????
EEOAE A IA?EIAe ?AIIAAI N?AAeIAAAEIAUess: EIIA?EE, AA?A?IUA IOIIOAIEss,
AI?IAe
I?i:
1. IA?ACIAAIEA ?AIIAOAIAeAEUeIUO EIIA?EE NOE E OAI
2. AA?A?IUA IOIIOAIEss VI—VII ?.
3. AI?IAeA, ?AIANEI, OI?AIAEss.
4. NIENIE EEOA?AOO?U.
IA?ACIAAIEA ?AIIAOAIAeAEUeIUO EIIA?EE NOE E OAI
Ai ??? ???? VI a. y?????? e ?????? ???ey ??o N??? e TH?i ?????i ?y???ue.
E???? ???????? a ??a ???? ????y, a ?????ay ????y ???a ??i ????a
???a??ue. E???? Oe????? A?e, ??? ??? ?thc — Oth??? ???o — ???? ?????.
I???? ? N??a ????ue ????ey ??i ?????yi ??a ???? ????, ????? ?????y ???i
?????a ?????? ???y?i.
A ??i ? ???? ????? *?o e ??? ?e?a ?????a ????-????? ??e N??i-C???? E?ay,
???y ???i ?????? ?e ???? ????ath?e ??e ????? ?????i ???. A ??????? n
???????e ?????y? «???o ??? ?a ????? ??????y ??? ?ae ???th ??e?a. A 581
a. ?????? N??a ssi Oecy? ?e ?????? ?????i ?i??e N? (581 — 618).
N?????i ???a ?????a ???? ???u ?????i ??i ?uy?y?? ????e ????e. Y?????? e
?????? ???? E?ay ????e ?????y ????? ?? e ?????y ????o ??? a ??oth ???th.
I??a e ??? ???a ia ??e ???? ???oth ????oth ???o ???????o ???a E?ay ?
???a ?????-???e. C?y???ny ??????a ??i???u ????e ???? ?cy??i, ???i,
???eth, ???iy? ?i????? ???? ??????e ???u. N???ayny ?a a ????e ????
????ey ?? ????? ?c ??????? ???ey. A??a n ?????y? ?????o ???? ?e e
???????o ??o o???? ???a e ???o ?e e ?? ? ?ae ?? ????i ????eyi. I???a
???? ?cy??i ??? ??i ???i ???????ue ?? a ???yo ??? ?cy????e ?????e.
?????? E?ay, ????? ???? e ???? ?????????? ???? ??? ??y?? ??? ????? a
?????e y???????. I????ue ? ???? ????o E?ay a??? e ?????a ???yi, ????ue
????th??y ??u y?????e e ??? n ?i ????ue ??? n ????e ?????y? a ???a ?? a
??iy?e ?? ???y ???.
I????? ??? ?????ue ?????? y????? ?????. O?y ????y ????? ????ue ? N??a
c????? ???, ?i ? TH?, ????a ???y?? TH? ??????i oy???a ???e y?o ???a ?? e
??o.
I????? ??e ???? ??i ???? ???a ????e ???e. Ia ??o ??????? y?? ???a e
??????? ??? ??y ???ey e ??????e. I????? ????o ??? e ?????a ?????? ???e
y?????? e ????? ???. ?????? ???ue ???a, ???i ????a. C??i ??????ue ???,
????ue ???ey. I?? ??? ???e e ??y??? ??ae, ???? ?ey?th e ??oth ????e,
????e ??th ???, ??????e ?? e ????u. E????, ?????oe ??????? ??ey, ??
????? ? ??? ???, ?e ?????? ?????i ???? y????, ???ay ? ??a ????a ?????o
????y ??.
N??? ?? ?????e ath??????th ???o ????i ???a. A ???e ???? ?e ??yo ?? ? ???
???i ? ???? ???????o e th?????? ???. ssi Oecy? ????y ?????ey ??????y e
????? ????y?y n ???? a????y?. A 604 a. ? ?e ?? ?????i ??i ssi A??i, ???e
e ??i? ??i ? ???e. I??o ?i ???? ???ey? ???ey?y, ???e??a ? ????? ??u,
y?????oth e ?????oth ??????th. ssi A?i ???n ???o a Eiyi, ????a a ?? ? 10
?n. ???o ??e. Ae???? ????, ????e ?? n ?????e ???ey?, ?????e c??y?, ???e
e ???? ???? ????e ???ueth.
Aeey ???ey ?y? n ????? e ????e ?i???, ????? ? ???i, ????e ???? ??? ??,
???e n???e ??? ?e O??y e ss?? n ??i. A??? ??e ?e ??? ? ?ca ???o e ??o
???a, ?e e ?? e ?? ?th?. A????e ??? ?? ?y?e y???? TH? e N??a, ??????e
???eth ????, ???a?th ?y? ???u n ?????, ???? ????o ????? ??a e ????? ??e.
E???e ???ey?y? ?? ???e ?? ????? e ????a A??? ??u.
N??????, ???u ??e e ??a, ???a ??u ?????i ???e y?????th. A??e ????e ????
??e?ey, ???? ???????a, ????e ??e ???u, ?i ????i io ??? ? ?????i ???.
O?ae ? ????? ? ????y ? ??a ??a. N???? ????, ?????e ??a, eth?, ?iy?a a
?????? e ??? oy??o ???o, ?? a ??ath?o ???yo.
A ??o ? ???? y?????e ???? ??ae?a ????y, ???? ???a e ???? a ??? ????
????e O??? e Oy??, ?a ????e ???a ??? ssi A??. C?? ????ue a??a ??u e
???e. E??i ?i a 610 a. ????i ???? ????a. I?n??u ????y?? n ?????e e
????e, ???? ????? ?i??y???a ???i, ?????? ????i Ae? Oecy?aey, ???i ????i
???? e ??a. A ??? ???o ??? ??a ?????e ???ey. E??? ???u ?? ????? ????i
?????e ???, ??i????th ??????a ???? ????y ???yi. A???????ue ???? ?????
???, ?e ??y? iy?ae, ssi A?i ??e ? tha, ?a e ?e ??. A ??? ???? ??a.
N????i ???ny ????? ????? – Ee TH?ue. N ???i a???, ????i ???? ?th??
oth??? ???, ? ???? *??? e ?? ?????i, ???a ??th ???eth O? (618-907).
I????eth ??? ?ae ???th ???? ?? ? ??? ??????? ???? Ee TH?y, ???e ????y
????e ????o ??i ????y. O?u ???? ???oth ??????ue ? ??e? ?? e ????? ??e
???????e ???u, ????? ???yi, ????o a ???i, a ???? ????e ???ue ???yi. I??
??? ?uy?? i ??? ???th?i, ?? ??? n ?????y? ?????. I?????-???? O?u ???e
?????a a ??? ?uy??ey ?e???e. I??a ???????i ????e ??? e ????. O?u ??a?
???eth ????? ???y?i. O? ? ??a ?? ????? ???i??? ???, a ?????? ????y Ae?
Oecy?aey ?e ??? ??e. Ai????y ??? ? ?????a ??? e ??ay ???? ?? O? ??i??e ?
e 628 a. ??oth ???. I? ????a Ee TH?y — ?i ?? Ee O??a (627—649) ????i
????? ????? ???e O? e ????? ? ?????.
A???a ????y VI—VII ?.
Ai ??y ?? ssi Oecyiy ??? ??e, ??a ??????? ??e e ????? — ?????i ?????y
???, ??e ????????. I??ue?y ???a ?????iy?? ? ????eth ?? ???. I????? ??
??????? ????a ?????o e ???? ??? e ????a??th ??????e ???u a ???o ????o.
O?????a ??? ??? a ??? ???i e ae????? ?????th ? ???a ?????a ?????e e
????a?th ??????. I? ssi Oecy? a ????? ??a ????y ??? ?y?? ??a 1,5 ?i.
???yi, ? ????o ??a a ???? ???. I????i ????e ??e, ??a ? n 2 n ??? ??e ??a
??? ? 3 ??e n ??, a ???ay ????? ???? 30 ?? a ?ae. A??ay ??ue ???, ?????
n ???????o ????, ????a a ??o, a ???y — a ???a n??u.
A ????a ssi A?? ???? e ???? ?????. A??????ay ???a ??a ?????. E????
?????o?tho i ?????i ??????e ???? ?e ??a: ? ??????i Eiy? ?? ???i 2 ?i.
????, ? ??????i A???i ??? e A?e?e ??u — 1 ?i., a a ??ae ? E?ath ??
?????? ??a 1 ?i.
A ???e N? ?????? ???a ????? c?????ey, ?e ????? ????? ??e e ?????, ?e
???i? ??e. *?? ??????e ???e, ???? ??e ?? (?ycy), ??e a??? ? 10 ?n. ?
??e. ssi A?i, ???? ??e ?????? ??e n ?ay? ? ??, ?i ??i ????y ????? ???ey
????. N???? ??e, ??ey?? ????? «? ?????, ????? ??? ?? ?i?????? ??o e
????? ? 100 ? 500 ? ??e.
Ae????a ??u e ?????y ??? VII a. ???e e ?????th ??? ???a ???, e ????eth
??e, e ???? ??? ???a??a. A?y? n ???????e ????e, ???a ????? ???? ????ue
????th ???o. Ii y??o 624 a. ???? ???a ? ??y ?i? ???????? ?? ??i ?
???-????e ??e, ?????ny a ??? ???? ??e, e ? ?? ?y ??? a 80 ?. N?? «?????»
????y?? n 18 ?o, ??a ?? ?? ???o ?e, a ??????, ??a ??i? ????e, — n 21 ??.
I? y?i ???u ???a ??e ????ny a ?????e ? ???? ??u e ???a ???. N??i-????e
??e ??i?? ????? ???? e ???e ???y?. I? ????o ?????yo ?i ??i ?? ????,
????ue e ?????ue. I???? ? e ??a??? ???? ???e, ??a ????? ??th????o ???a,
? ?????ue. I??i ???? ???? ??????otho i ?i, ?i ??y-?i?? e ???u ?? ??a ???
????ey?? ? ????. A????ai ??i ? ?ay ??? ???? ?????ue ????????a ???.
I?? ?e O? y??? ???a ??? (??a ??) ??a ? ??e. I?????i ??i ?????e ??i ????
??th ? ??a. ??u, ?????y ????????, ???? ??? ?e ????? ??e, ?i ????? ?????
? a ?????? ???yi — ????. I??i ??i y?o ? ???y ???o ??a.
O??? ????e ???? ?????e ??a i???o, ??u ? ??? ? ?o ? ???y? ?y ???????y.
O?o ?n??ey ??y ? iy? ????yi: ? ???ey ? 4 ?o, ? 4 ? 16, ? 16 ? 21 ??, ?
21 ? 60 e, ???oe, ??a 60. I?????i ??a ??a e ? ????a ???e — ?? ?? ?? ???o
???? ??????? ????, ? ????oy? ????? ?? ??; ?? ??-?? ????, ?. ????y ??.
I?????? ? ??e ?????? ? ??e.
I???e ??? y?????e ????? ??o??ay ??a-??a, e ? ??????a ?????ay ??a. A
????o n??yo ????a ??iy?? ????. I?? ???a ?? ????i ?aea, ?i ?e ???? N?.
Iay????? ????i ?????? ? ?e ? «??? ??????: ??a, ??a ?e ??? e ???? ?? e
????e. A??i 30 ?? ???u ?? ?????i 20 ?? a ??. A ???, ?a ? ??????ue ??e,
????ue ???i. O ????? ??e ???a. I???a????ue ?????ue ???: ?? ???? ?????e
??? ?????i ???e, ? ? ?????ny ? ??e ??? ??? ?e ??y?. I?iy?? ??? ?e ?????
a ??????? ??? ? ??y ??????ue ? ???e.
A??? ? ?th ???th ???ey ????e ??a? i ???i ???e ??i ??? ? ??? ? ????????
???ae????o. I?????a ? ??y y????e a Ae???? (? ???-??aea E?ay) ????a ???
??????otho i ???i ?????e y?o ???? ??y?? a ??ue ??? ? ??? ???? ????? ???.
I??? ?????? a E?? ????ny. A ???yo ????e ???u ???????? ??????e ?????? a
????i-????o ???yi, ?????? ??? n ???? ??? ??????? ??? ??????e ?????a e
????? ????? ???. I??a ???? ??i ? ????th ??????ue ????o a ?a ?cy??. Aa
??? ??i??? ??uey? ?????i ???? ?????a. A??a n ?i ??? ????a ?????, ?i ??a
???i ?a ? ?????, e ??? ????? ??? ????th ?? a ??????? ???????ey ???yi ?
??? ?? ???? ??a.
E??uey??a ??????a, th????e ????? a ???? ???????? ???, ????i ???y ?y
?cy?o???y e ???????a e ?i ??i ?????? ???? y???? ???. I??a ??????? ??????
a ??? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??????e ??? ?cy??a. I???? ???y? ?a??? ??????? e
??a, a ?????o ??? a ?? ?????a o??? ????ue ?????th ??????ue ? ??th e
????th ??o???? ? ????i ??????y.
Ia ?eyo ???o ???? ???????i y?i??????ue ??? ??? ????o. Y? ?? ?oethe, ey?,
aey?? — «a??????» ??e. I? ???e ? ???a ????a ???e ??e, ?a?? ??o e ???y?
??? ? ?i ????eth. O??? ?????? ??a ?? ??a, ? ?????i ??. Ia ?eyo, ??? a
????a ?????, ?? ??i ???? ???????a ????a ???y?.
E?oth ? ??o ? ????i ???????? ???yi, y? ??? ?e ????e ???e, ??????? ??????
i??y?. A????oth?e ??n, ?????ny ?? i ?????e ??? e ??u, ????th ?????ye
???y?i ?cy????th ?y????ue. I???? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???u e
??? ? y????. A ??? ???yi a ??? VII a. ??? ?????e ???ey? ???? e ?
???????th ?????th ?? ? ????a o??? a ?????? ?? ???a e ?????e.
N????? ??? ?? ???? i ???o ???eyo ???o ????. I??ay ?????th ??o ??ey,
????e ?a??otho ?? i ??yo, ?????? ????? ??????? ???e??e, ?e ???ey
???????e ? ???i. O?, ????e ??e ?a???? ???? a 10 ?n. ?, ??e ??? — 500 ?
??e. I????y ???ay ?????ey ??a ???ue ? 6 ?n. ? 500 ?. A ?????a ?????a e?
???a ????e —. ? 6 ?n. ? 300 ?.
*???? ??? n ????ueth ???? ??i ? ??ae n ??e ??????? ???. N???? ????e ????
? 200 aei 1200 ? ??e, ??????? ?? — ? 250 ? 1200 e, ???oe, ???a — ? 80 ?
600 io. A???y ???? ? ?? ? ??y ???.
A? ??e, ?e ??????? ???ey ??e, ?e e ????a ??? ?????, ??????ue ? ???a.
AI?IAeA, ?AIANEI, OI?AIAEss
Ai ??y ????? ?? e ????e ????? a IV — V ?. ??e ?a ??? E?ay ?? ?????u ?e
???u. Ae??? ???u *??? e Eiyi ?????? a ??u. Ia th? E?ay ??ue ??????y ???a
?ei ?i ????? ? ?????e.
E?ue a VI a. ?????ue ????y ??ue e ?????????. A??a ????e ?e ?????a
???-????, ?e ???i-????i? ??? ? ???o ??o e a ??? ??? ??y ?e ?e ???a ??u.
C??i ??????ue ???u — ??? ???? e ???a.
O? ???a ???u (*???, Eiyi, O?th?ue) ??e?? ???ueth e ????e ???? ??????o
???a, ??? e ??ae, ???e, ???e e ????? ?e ??o ??e.
E????e ??ae ??????? ?? *??? i???ny ???e ?????e. A ????e ??e ?????
??????a ???, ?? ??e e ???e. A ??? e ??o ????o ?? ?????? e ??? ethae. A
*??? ???? ?????u, ???u ? ???a A???i e N???i A???. A ??? VIII a. ??a
????, ????? ????? e ??? ???ue ?????a, ??????a, ??????? ?y???, ??? I??? e
??? ??u. A *??? ?? ????i ???. C?????th ??a? ???? ???u.
I???? A???i ???, ???????ay ???a e ???e ????? ????i ????y ??????? ???io
??o ????e y????.
Ia ???i ????a ? ????? A???i ?i?a ??? a ??? VII a. a. O???. Ia ?oyo n ???
? tha ??n E??i, a ? A??ii ??? — ss??o. E???e ???i-?????? ???? ??e *y?o,
*???, N??o. C????? ?????ue ???? ???: Oeth???o, A????, O?i. A??a ?????
??y?? ???, a ??? ?????ue n?? e ?????ue ????a ????.
A ???o, ?????y ? ???????e ??a, ????? ????ey, ??, oth??, ????ey ????e
????e, ?????ue ???? ????u, ????e e ???e. A??a ???y? ?a?i-??????oth,
???????oth, y?????oth e ????oth ???e. C?? ?? ?ey???a ????e e ???u, ????e
e ?????e?, ??u, ??? e ?????e ethae.
A ????o ????o, ?e e a ???a, ???a ?e N???o Aye ????? ?, a ??a ?i, ??? ??
?????? a iy???? e ?ny????. A??a a ???, ????? ????, ? ?? ?????. E??a ??y?
??iy?i ??????e ??u. A?i, ??a ???e?a ?? ??? ???, ??th ?????ue ???? ? ??o.
O??? ?e?u ????? 70 ????e ???e ???i, ?i ????y ?????y /?? ????e ?e ?e
????? ?????y.
?????????y th????ay ??ue ? ??e?? ???i e ???yi; ????? ????o ???? ?? ? ??.
A ???yo N? e O? ??? ?????ue ???e? ???i A???e ?????ath?a e ????? ????. A
Oecy?e ?i??y ??? ?????? ?????? e ????? ???e, a ss??o ????ue ???e. Ec
*y?o ???? ??e ???? ? ??ae ? A???o o???? ??. A ???o ????o ?? ??? ??,
????o ???? e ??y, ?????a ??? ? ????i ????a. E????u, ???e ? ??? e ??th,
???e ???e e ???? ???, ??u, ??a ???iey.
I???e ??? ?????e ?????? ?????? ?? ????y ????ay, y?y?ayny ?????? e ???:
?????? ???e ? ???i, a ?????ny ??? ???? ? ??a. I???? ?????? ????ue ?e
????yo. E?? ????? ????? ?? e ???a. A ???a ??y ???a ???a ????? ??????
???i ?????.
O? a ??? ??????a ?????? ??e n?????? ???? ? ??e ??a ?e a ??i ????. Ia ???
? e?? ???ey? ????a ?y? — ??. A VI ?? ? ? ??? ???e? ???i-?????a ?????y,
????? ???? ??ue e ?i. A o??? ??y a ????a ?? ???i ? 400 ??e. A VI — VII
?. ?????a ???o ?????e ?a ??? ?????, e ????e ?i e ??ue ?????? e ???? ?y?
? ???, e ??n???e ??e ????e, e ????? ?????a ?????. I??? ???a ?a ? ??.
A???ey? ???i-?????a ?????y ????. O?u ???????ee ??i a ???e, ??y ???, ???
??iy? ???a ???u, ???, i??y? ?ae ????i ??u, ?e ? ??e ??????? ?? ? ???o
???.
A VII — VIII ?. ?????i ????ue ???? ???i. I???ey ?c??o ???? e ????,
????o, ???o ?????,
???? ???, ????? ? ?????th ???e, ?????eth y???e e o. ae. ?a ? ??o e ??e ?
?ey? ? ???i??a ??a. I???e ???e ??e a ???? ????? ?? oy??? ?????? e ?????,
????? a ???i ? ?????ey. A ?o i??eyo ???a, ?a ?????ue ?????ey, ??? ????ue
????? ?iy?a ??????a a ???????.
N ?????? ???e ??? ????? ??i?y. Aa ?? ? ss?? e A???o ???, ? ??i, ?????
???i e ?i?i, ??ue ???? ????y. E????i ??? ??a ???a, ????i ?????? ???i —
ss??o. A ???o ???o ??iy?? ??e ?o???ue ?ae ????i ?????. N ???i ??? ???ey
??????. Ca ??th, ?iy?th ?ae ??e e ?????, ??a ???a ??o. Ia ??ao ?????ue
?iy??a ??e, ???, ??iy?a ??u, ???a ????a, ???, ????a ??, ?????? ?????a
??????y.
????a ???? ??o ?????e ???? n?????? ??????a y???. E ?????? ?????
???/???ue y??? ?????a, ??? e ?????a. Aeey ???? n ????e ????e ????? y???
? ???a.
??o ????e y????, ??? ????? e ???e ???? ??????? ????i ???????? ?e a ???
??? ?????. A ????? ????ey ?????y????e ????e, ????ey ??? ????, ??a ?e???a
??? a ????e ??ue ????a e ???e ??a ????ue ? ??e. ??o ???a ?e a ? ? ??y
?????i ?????i ???? i???ey ???a ? ????i ?cy??a.
I?????? ????? ????i ???? i? ????e. I??u, ??????a ?uy?y, ??? a ??? ??e,
??a????a ????? ???? oy??e ??a ????i.
A VII a. ????? ??oth ???????th ???oth ???o (oey?) — ???th ??? n ?????
?????, ??u ????? ? ??i?e ?? e ???ue ?y??e. E?? ???a ????? ? ???o ???.
O??? ??? ??e ???? ? ?? ???e e ? ? ????e: a N??a?, ss??e, E??. A ???o
???? ??????? ???u e ????, iiy??? ???? ???? ???y — «??th?a ???». Ii ??a,
??iy? ???ue ?? ?ey?a, ????a ? ??????a. I????i ??? ???y? ?????o ?????
???? ???a. A VIII a. ??a ??a ??? ?e? ? ?e. A ??? ??? ???? ??????? ?y a
??? ?c ?i ????? ???? ??e.
I?y?e ??????e ???e n ??????i? ??????ueth ? ??th, ath??????e ????, ????
???a???e ??e ????? ???? ???a, ? ???o ?????, ??o????y, ?????? ???.
N??e ?????:
E??ey ??i A?e e A??e a ???a ??. *.1. I.: E?????i I????? ??????. 1987.
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