?a??o
«E?? a III – XIII ??o»
A ??a II ?? ????a «??? ?ay?? ???i O???e ???e ??, ? ???? ?a ?e e ? ?i?a
????ny. I???y ? ?, ?i iy?ae ?e ????, ?????y ??oue a ????i ?????a O?ue
????ue ???i ??a, ??u ???ny n ?????e ???. I?? ????ey ????y ???a, ?????y
??a ?? ? ? ?????i ????i, ???a ? ??i ? ??? ?ey?th ??y?ny n ? — ????i
?????, ?e ????? «???? ???????», ????? e ??????e ??????e, ??? ????ii ?y
?? ??e ? ??? ??. A ??a, a 192 ?? ?e ???? ????o ??????a, Oe? Oe?, Eth Aye
e N?ue Oecy?, ???? ??o ??e ???ey ???? ?????a. I??i ????i ???y O?ue ?????
?????? ? 220 ??, ?oy ??? ???? ??? ?a ? ??.
Eth Aye ???? ??? O?i e *?? (????y Oo-i?ue). A 215 ?? ? ???ny ??? N?ue
Oecyiy e a ????? ???e n ?i ???o Oe???o. Oe? Oe? ?i ???? ???ny ? ??? e
???e O????i. *?? 4 ?? ??a ????e Eth Aye ???? ?i o Oe? Oe?, a N?ue Oecy?
??a ? ?iye Oe????. A 220 ?? Oe? Oe? ??, a ?i ?i Oe? Ie ???? ????? ????i
????? Ny?-? e ?????? ?ay ?????i ???a Aye n ?????i ???u a Eiy?. A ??oth?i
?? ?a a ???a Oo ?????? ?ay ?????i Eth Aye, ??? ??e ???? ??ae *yi?. Ia
y?i ? ? ?????y e n ???? ???i ???? ??? N?ue Oecyiy. I?????e ????? ?e ???
e ???? a A??/yi. A 223 ?? ? n???ny, e ? ???e ???a Oo ??? ?i ?i Eth O?ue.
I???a ??? a ???? ???i O, ? ????e n ?i ????a ????y.
N?? ????i ?????y ? ???i N?ue Oecyiue a 229 ??. N???e ?i ???u O ?? ??ae
Oecy?a (?????e I??i). I??y? ? ??? ?????? ??ae — ?? ss??, ?????i O ???i
????e ??? ?? ? ??? e ? ??? ???i ???y?? ? ?i??? ???a Aye, ? e ??????? ??
?ey?a ?? ? ???th.
A???i E?ay, ?e ?????a, ??? ????a?ue ??a ???a ? ?? ??? — Ay??a. Oe??? Oo
?? ?ae ???? ?i ??? a 263 ??. I?? y?? ?? ? ?????a Aye ? ??e N?a ss? a 265
?? ???? ???? Oe? Oe?, ?????? ?ay ?????i e ???e ??th ???eth — C???y Oe??.
A 280 ?? N?a ss? ?? ????th ??e?? ?? Oo e O, ??a ?? ?? E?? ??ue ???ny ?ae
???th ??? e????a.
E? ????, E?? ?a ? ??? ??e y? (???? a IX — III ??o) ??? ??eth ???i??y
?????, ???e, ?e e ? ?? A?e, ???e a y?e ??? ????? ??????e ?????y?. A? ?
??? ???e O?ue a E?? ?u????a ???a ???? ????, ???y ????ay ?????ey, ???y
??????ue ? ??th, ?????? ??u, ??????? ?i?? e ???ey. I??i ????y ? ??a
??????? ????? a ?????? ????, ?????? ?a y? y???u ?????i ??? ????ue
?????????e e ?????ue ? ??? XX ??. A III ? ?? i. y. ????? N?a ssiue ??e
???? ?? ???o ???? e ??? ????th ???o. A C???e Oe?? ?? ????a ??????ey ??e
e ???a ????y ???a. E?? ?y ??y ??a ???????e, N?a ss? ??e ??, ???? ???? ?a
????a E?ay ???? ???? ???, ? ?????a ???? ????i ???ue ??a a ??o. E??uey?
???? ??? ?? ??a — ?y ????e a ??? ?????a e ?y ?????? ?????y. E?? ??i
???i, ????e ???a ?? ?y?? ?????? ???oth ????? — ?????ue a ???o ? ?????th,
???o e n?????? ?????? ???, ???ue ??o, ???ny n ????e ????? ?e. I??i ??ue
??? a ?? ????? ??? N?a ss? ??e ??i ??????i, ?i ?????? e ???? C???th
Oe??. N?? ??a ??? ????? a 290 ?? a ??? ???y «Iy?ae ??? ???, a???? ????
?y?e, ???a ???ue 16 ?o e ????i ?? ???i? N?a ss?i ???e, ??? ? ??? ???e
?????.
O? a ???a Aye ????y ???? ??o ???yi ? ???o ????e, ??? ? ???o ????? ?????e
??a ???, ???? ?cy??i ?? ? ??? ??????i, ? e ???? ae????a ????. A ???th
??e ?????ny ???a ????, a ?o?? ??a ?????? ?????i ???? ???o ????e. A??a
???? ??????ue a ?????e ??????e, ???y ??? a?a ???? ???th. I?????? ?????
????e ?????a ???o ????e e ????? ? a ????? ???? e ???, ??? ???? ? ?e y?i
? ?????.
E??i ?y?? a 280 ?? y? ???a ?? ???? i???? ????????i.
E??a 5 ???? ??? ???ey? ??? ??i. N??? ??i ??iy? ?a ? 5 iy????, ??????i, ?
25 ???. A?o? ??? y?y?? ?????a ? 5 ???o ???a e ?????i ?a ? ??i ? ??, a
125 ???. Ai ??a ???i ? y?o ???a ?iye ????. Ii ??e ??i ?????i ?e ????? ?o
?????y, ???? ?ae?u, ???e ??? e ??th?e ? ?????i ????y? ???a ? ?y????e ?
????th e ????a ???????o ????.
E?? ???i ? ???, ?????i ????i ?? ???ue ?y ???ey e ??a ?a e ????, ?????i
??????e ath??????e ???o. N??a a ???? ??? ??i ? «????i? ???, ??? n ????
??a ?a ??? n ?? ??y??. Io ????? ????e ???e e ??? ???. I? y?i ????
«?????? ???» ? ?? ??a ????ue ?i ?e ????? ? ?????. I??a, i?? ?? ???? ??
?e ??o ?ith ????ue. N?????e ??a «????? ???», ?????y?? a ??y?a ???i ??
????e ?a?e, ????o ???iyy ??? ??a y?o ??e ?iy?. A???a ??yie, ??????y a
??o ????, ?? ???????. I???? ?a ?e ??? ??a-??? ???, ? ??y ????? «????i
????. A?a ?a ?? ????y ????? ??? — ???ey ?????. E?? o???a, ???????o a
?????? n ????e ????, nth? ???e ????a ?????y ?????. Y?????? ???? ??????y
????e ???u ?? ????? ???a e ????ey a ??? i??u.
Y?? O?????y e ???e Oe?? ????? ? ?????? E?ath ?????????th. A?? 80 %
????????? ?? ???e, ???a ????? ?? ????a ??? a ?e ????? «a??? ??? ?? ?? a
???o ????yo. A?e ??? ??a ??i ???? ??ey e ???????, ? ??? ? ??? ??i ??e ??
????e e ?????e ????o, ???i ???? e ??o ???a ??e. I??i ?a y? ???? ????i ?
???????e ??????o ?i?????o ??????th, a ???i ???a ????ue ??? ???e?, ?i ?
??? ???????ue ????? Ae??. A??a ?e ?? a ?a??, ?e e ????? ? ?o ?????a.
I??? ??? (nth?o) ??? ??y ?? ?e i ?e n ????e e ??iy? ? ?o ??i ???? ???. A
???? I ?? ????y ???a ??a?? ??? a ???o ??a ?y ??a ???e A??oth ????th ??o
e n ????ey ???? ????? ?e ???? a ???? ???o ????. I??i a ??? IV ?? ??a ???
??? ???? ???a ??? ?iy?y? ????oth ??????ue. A 304 ?? ?e ????? a N???i E??
?????a ?????i, a n 311 ?? ??? ??o ??? C???e Oe??. *?? 5 ?o ??u ????e
???o ???e, ??ae *??ue. I? ??? ? ?????e ???e?a ????a ??? ? tha ? ?? ss??,
???y ?? ??????i ?aiy???i ?y ???u ???. O?, ? th?, a 317 ?? ???e N?a ssiy
???ee ???eth A???ay Oe??. E?? ???ny ?????i ? ?a ??e, e a a? ???e ????
y?? N???o e TH?? ????.
I???? ???ay ??ue ??? ????ue ?ae ???th ?????, ????y ????????ue ???a ??? ?
th?. Cae?ue a ???a ?? ??a ?? ??a ????ue 6 ????, ??ay ? ???o ?????? ? ??a
50 ?o, a ? ??a ???? 28 ?????a, ????a ? ?o ?????e ??a ????. Y?o ??? ???e
???? «O?? ae????, ?-???? — Eth?i.
O? ???? ??????a e ??? ? ?? ss?? ?????? ?? ???i ???? «O????? ??? iy? ????
???». O?y??e N???? E?ay ??u ????? ??a ????, a 351 a?o ? ?????i, ?????
????? ????? N???a *?i, ?ei ?ae ???? ??? ????? — ny????.
N?? ??a y?? ????? ???? ??a ?????i Oey?-ss?, ? e ?i ?????? ???i, ? ????
????y ???-???? a 370 ??. E y?? ???e ???-???? ???ue ????ue ?? ?a ???a,
????a ??a a N???i, N??i-C???i e C???i E??. I?? y?? ?e ????? ??????? ??
?ey?a e ? TH?? E??. I??i a 383 ?? ???ay ??y ? ????, ny???? e ????o? e ?i
??? ?? ?????a ????i ????i ???i a ??a ?e Oy??.
A 386 ?? ?????? ?????i, ???? ????e ?? ???? N???a Aye. I? ???? a ?????
?????y ny????o ??? ?ae ???th ????? ??y ? ??e O?a A?, ???e ?iye, ?i ?????
???? ? ?ith ???o ????o ????? ?y ??y???y ???????? ??y e ???a. O?a A? ??e
???ey? ????o ?????? ???a e ???a, ??u ????? ??????a ????a ??? ???. Aeey
y?? ? ??eye ???yi ??? ? n?o ?????a.
A????? N???a Aye ???? ????ue ???th ??? n ???e ?????e e, a ????e, n
??-iy?. AE??a — ?aiy, ????a ? ????? ???? I???e ? 2-e ???? IV e a ??? V
??. I? ???e ???? ??????i ? Oy?-O?y ? O????? ???. N?????? ny???? n ??iy?
?????? ??a ????, e ?? a 449 ?? ????a ?? ????u ? ??? N???? Ayy e ????th
??????. N?o ?????i ?????y ????e ? ??? ???a ??, ? e ????? ??????.
A 555 ?? oth?e ????e ?a ???ey ???e, ? ??a ???o 30 ?n. ??? (???? 130 ?n.
???e) ????? ??? ? ??ae, ?a ??e ???? ?ae ????i ???. A ???i ???e Ae?ay ??u
?y??? a 557 ? ?, a ??oy 11 ?o ??ue ?????y A???e ???o ? ???eth ????? ??y
???e — ???. AE??a??u ????? ?? ???, ? ??? ?a ? A???th e ??e ??yi.
O? ???? ???y a TH?? E?? ?????ue ??oth?i ???i. A??? n ??? ???? ????? ????
th?, ?????? ?????a a y?? O?????y. C?? a ?????o ??? ae??? ??? ????? ?n.
A????y ??eyi ????? n ??? ?e?a y?o ??i ?????y a ???ue ????i ????ey, ???y
???? ??i ?th ???th. Ia th? ?????ue ????y ???a ???????ey, ??? ??e ???,
?????ue ???a.
A 420 ?? ????e ??????e ?i ?e ????, e ??? a TH?? E?? ??a, ? ????ay? ???i
??a, ????? e ??????yi ????o ???o ??a, ???a ??? ???e ??a ii ??i ???eyi:
N?, Oee, Eyi e *y?. A???i E?ay ?? ??????i n ???. A 581 ?? ???e ???i ???a
N???a Aye, ?a ??a ???a ny???ay ???ey N???a *?o, ?iye ?????e ????? ssi
Oecyiue. A ???a 9 ?o ??e ????? ?e ??????? ??u, ???e ?? n??? e ????e ?ae
??e ???th ?? E??. I?? ?????i ??i ????ny ???? N?, ? ??e ????, ????? ssi
Oecy?i. Ae??oey N? ?????a ?yae ????o ?????? e y?????? ??? aeey ????y
?????e ???. *?? ???? ?? ????a e ??? ?ey?y ???a ????? ??u, ssi Oecy? ???
a ???e ????th ???o, ???y ????ue ? ????th ???o. E???? ??e, ??u ??? ?????
?? ?????a ??, ????? ? ?????a, e ??? ???. O??ue ?a ???? ????a E?ay,
?eth?y ??? e ??a, ??i ??i ? ????e ???e, ? ???e ????i ???ue ????a i??e e
?????? ???oth ?????. A ????? ?????e ?o??, a ?? ???e ?? ????i ????? ?????
????e e ???? ??e, ???ue ??????? ????o ??? a E?? ?????ue a 2,5 ??. N??y
????ay ??ue ???? ?????? ?? ??? a?y?y, ? ssi Oecy? ???e ????? ??i ??e a
???y??a ??o ?????a. A ??a, ??? ? ??? ????ue ???a ?????? ????? ???? —
?????y?a ?????, ?y ??? ????ue ia ???yi, ????? ? ???????o ??yo, e ????,
???? ?????? ??? ?e ???i ????i e ?????ue ???yi.
E???? ssi Oecy? ? ?? ?????? ???ue e??? ????? ??u, e y? ???? ????e ?i ?i
ssi A?i, ???e ??? ? ???e a 605 ??. I?? ????? ???? ??th ???o Eiyi, ??
???? ????e 10 ?n. ??o ???o e ???o ????????o ??e ? ??i E?ay. ssi A?i ??e
???ue ????oth ???th, ? a ????? ???e ???eth N?, ???e ???i ?? ???????ue
??i 30 ?o.
Ii ?i ???o a ??e ???a ?? ????u ????a ???????. *?? ????? ??i n th? a
Eiyi, ?e ??o A?e?e ??e n ???????e ?th??, ?y???e ?? ss?? e O??y. I?? y??
ssi A?i ???? ?????? A??oth ????th ??o, ???y e ?? ???e ???? ?y?a ???????
???? e ??? a ??n??a. A? y? ????? ???e ????e ???? ???a e ????a ???o ?e.
N??????i, ??? ? ???yi ??e ????i ???. E ?? ?, ????? ?e ??iy?? ??u n
oth??e ? ???, a E?? — ia ???a e A???a — ? ???.
A 614 ?? ??a ????? ??? a E?ath a ??? ???? ????y ???yi, ????? ?????th??ny
???? e ???e ? ???o ???? ???? N?. C?? ??a ?? ????? ????e ?????, e a ???a
??? ????, ? ??a ???? ??e ?a????e Ee TH?ue. ssi A?i ??e ? ???u, ? a 618
?? ?e ???i e ??ai. I?? ?????i ?? Ee TH?ue, ???e ???e ??? ????th ???? O?.
E ?? ???e ??? n oth??e, ???a ????ey? ???th ????ue ?y E?ay, ??a ???e
????????? ???e ??e ????. Oe??? Oth???i ???? ???a ?? ???y A?ay. I?? 563 e
567 ??i Oth??? ???o a ?th? n ?????i E??i ??? y???? e ???? ?? N??thth
A?th ? ?? A???e. C????? ? ?????ue ? ????thth ??ue ?????o ????, ?????y?
a???? ??. C??, ????a ???e, oth?e ????e ???? ?????? Oe????? A?e ??? ?
AE??? ??y, e E?? ?e ???? ?i???? ? ?????oth ?? (? 100 ?n. ??? ??a ????).
I????? ???e E?ay e ???? ??, ???a ? ?? a N??thth A?th, ????ue ?ae ????i
Oth???i ????. *?? ???? ??? ?????, ????? ???? ????e ???yee ??????th ???o,
?eth??oth ?e ?y?a ???a ??u, ?e e ???, a ??a ????? ???.
A ??? ????y Ee TH?y O??ay ???y ??a i??????y ?? ???????i e ???????i ??a a
????e ?????? ???? ???e. I??i ?a ?i ?i Ee O??ue ??e ????? e ??????
?????th ? oth?e. E???? ??i ????y i???? ???, ???yy ???oth ?? e ???? ? ??.
*?? ???ue ?? ???, ?????ue ?? ? ???eth ????i ?cy??a. Ae?ue, ?o?oth ????
?????? ??? ? ????? ???a, ???ey? ????o ????ue ????y. E??? ?y??e ???y? y?
????a i?y??ey ????i ??a, ???y ????, ???? e ?y?e ???e i??ueth.
A? y? ?? ?? ?????: a 629 ?? ???? ?????? A???? Oth??? ???o, ? a 80-o ??o
VII ?? ????? ???ue ?i ??????. I??a, ??????? ? ?????? ???i — ? 744 ?aea,
??a ?????ay ??? n ???? e ????e ??ue ???a ?i e ????. A 657 ?? ?ae ???
E?ay ???a e ???ay ??ue C???? Oth???i ????. Ia ??? A?e ???? ???i ??????
?e E?i, o??ey?? ????e N????, ? ? ?e ?ae ???e ???, ?i ????i O??? ???e
????ue ??????oth ???? e a y?i ???a. A 751 ?? a ??a ?e ?? O??? ???u ?????
???? ?????a A???? ????. N??y ????a ??y ??o ???e ?????e ????? ??? ????y e
???? ????ay ???ey. E?? ?????e ???? ?ae A??? ???? ??i, ?i ????i ?o ???ue
a?oth ?????oth e y?????oth ??.
E??ey ?? ????a ??u ? th?-???a e ? ???-???a, ?????a e ??i ???eyi ??e ??
E????, ?????ue a ??????, ???th ?? ?e ?????a ? E???? ???o??: N??, E??a e
Iy?a. O?? ???i, e ??? VIII ?? E?? ?? ??e ? ?i? ???o e ??????? ???o ???.
A? ?ey?a ???????? ? ???? ??? e ?? ? C???th A??o. ???? ??????? ????i ???
?????? ??????e ?? ????e ???? e ???????, a ?????????a ???? ??????? ???eth
??e, ????? e ????a.
A ??? ????ey ???? O? ?e ???i ???i ??????e e ????ey ??? ???a ???. A???
????????? ???? y?y??: ???????ay, ??? ??????o y??? e ??? ????????o ???.
Ai ??a ??? ??? ?iye ??? ???? ???e. Ae? ?i ????a, ???e e ???e, e ?a
????y, ???y?? ??y ???? ?????a, ???y? y? ????th ???eth. A ??oth ? ??i
???i: ?????? ??a, ???? ????ey? e ????e ?????o ?oe; ?????? ??a, ???? ??,
?i ???? ???a; ?????? ????e, ???a e ??y?a; ?????? ???o ?e, th??? e ??????
??o. A ????? ?????? ????????? ???? ????y ???o ? ???.
N??a ?? ????a ? ???e, ???, ??u, ???e e ???e. N?? ??? ???, ?e ?a ?????
??a, ????ue iy????. E?? ??, ?? E?? ?e ???i ?a e ? ???a ???, ?o?? e ????
VII ?? ??????ue 634. E??e ??e ??a ?e ?y?i ????ue 800—1200 ???.
I??a ???? a ???e O? ??y?? ????? ?????. A E?? n ????? ??? ?????? ???a
???iey ????? ??i ??? ???? ?????? ????? ? y??a?o. Y? ???a ?? ???? ?
?????? ??????i ???? a????y ? ???????a ??u ??a ??? e ????o. A ???i E??
y?o ???i ?? ???i ?e ??? ?????, ??? ??? ??u ?? ?i ???y?? e ?????a; ???a —
?? ??? ?????ui ????i e ??? ??ue y???u. A?e a ??e-?? ???a ?y?y?y ????e
???y??e ???e, ? ?y ??? ??? ?o ???? ??i??ey, ???e ?? ? ?ay ???u ? ?i
???eth. I???? ????a ???????o ????? ?? ??ue ?????, a ??? ???i ???o y????
a ??? ????ny e ?i ????, e ?i ?????ue, e any ?i ???y.
Ec-? ???a ????i ?cy??a ??e ??i ?c???ny e ?? ???e y????. A ??? ?y???
??????i, ?n??i ?????? ???? ??????ay ????a ???e e ?????? ??????. O?????
??? ???? ????? — ???, ???a, ?? e ??a. I??i ??i ?i ?????? ???, a n VII ??
???? ???????. A??a n ????i ???e ???? ?? ????yy e ??iyy ???ey. I???a ????
?y ???ey ???? ???? A??? ??e. Ni a???i ?? ????i ?a 11 ???a ???e ??y????.
Y? ?? ?a????o e ?????? ???e ?y??? ??????? ???a ???a. A 1-e ???? VIII a?a
????a ???u *??? (?????e N?? a ????e O??e) ?n???? ??i ???? ???e. Ae??i
???i ?e Eiyi (?????e Oy?? a ????e Oy??). O?? ???a ???? ?? ?? A???o — ???
?ey?e ????. Ai ????? ???? ??? ??i ?iye ??ae *y?o — ???? ????e a ?????a
?y, ??? e ???.
A???i ???? O??? ???e ????y ????a Nth????, ?e ???i ???? e y???? ??? ????
??? ??e ??? ???ey.
O? ? ??a, a y???? ???? ???? ???, ????e ?e ??? ?????ey? a ????o ????yo,
???e e ???e ???eth. A??y ? ???e, ???a ????? ??ae ? ??? ????????e ???? e
????e ????th ???o. I??i ??? ???? y???? ???? ????? ? ??? e ???o, a ???o?a
?? ??th ??? ???? e ????ue. E? ???i, ????e ??a? ????a ??? ?????ny ???yi,
???a ????? ???oue ? ?e ?e ???e. I??u ???yi ?????ue, ? ??? ????? i???e. A
? ? ??y ????e ? ???e ???a n ????e ??e, ?e???y ????? n ?a ??ae. I???? ?
??? ?y ??y ?? ??o????th ?????a, ? ??cy ?? ????ue e ????. Iiy?? ?????
Nth???i ???? y??u, ?????a ????? ???ue ??ouey??a ??e, ? ?a ?? ?????.
A 733 ?? ????? Nth???i ????e ????e ????o ????? (?i). A ?????o ???yo ??
???u ???????. I????e (???e) ???? ??i ?????ue ??? ?ae ??i ??????i, ??u
???? ??? ????o e ????? ???. Y? ???a ????ue ???e ???e ?????, ????o ???e
??a???? a ??o ??o ???i ??i ???. N?? ??????? ??o? ?? A? E??ue, ???e
?????? ???ye ??y ????????. A 755 ?? ? ??ye iy?ae ??? ????? Nth???? e ???
???? ????? ??? ???e — Eiyi e *???. Nth???i ??e a N??iue, a A? E??ue
?????? ?ay ?????i. I??i ??? A? E??y a???? ??? ???e, ? ???? ???y?ny
?????.
N??y ?a ?? A? E??ue ?e ?? a ????? ????, ???e ????e Oe N??. I??i a 763 ??
iy?ae ?e ?????ii ????, e ??? ????ue e ???? O?. I?? ??????i ??ei ????
????th?a a y???? ????a ??e e ????ny ? ?ae??? ???u. A ?i ? 763 ?? ??a n
??? e ??? ??? ?? ???iu ??? ???i, ???e ???ny n ????a, ??? ??i n ??e. A?
c??????u ?? ???? ? 9 ????e a ?????e ? ???? ?c??a ? ????, n ???o ?e ??? e
??? ?? ?????ue ???. I?????i ???ue ????o ??? ?? ????a a 6 ?c. A 780 ?? ?
i????eth ???? ssi ssiy ????y ???a ?? ?????? ????. A????? ????? ? ??o ??
? ??th, ???? ? ????th ??th-???o. O? ? ??a, y? ? ????, ?i ???a ?????
?????e ??????? ???? ???. A????? ????ue ???ue ca ?i, ??u ??? ????e
???????a ? ???y?? (a ????i? ?? n ?o ? ??e ???) e ??u ???y?, ????a ??????
o????, ? ?????ue ??????e ??????.
C???ay ???a ???? ??y ????y ??n?e O?, ? ?a a ???? IX ?? ????a ??ue ???
????ny. O??? ????? ????u ?? ?????? ????a ???ey ????? ?????, ? e y? ??
????i ????i ????? ??oe ????.
A 875 ?? a ????yo Oy?? e O??? ???y ??ae ????? ???. Oy??a ????a ???yi
?????ue ?-? ??a? ???a, ???a ?e ??? ?? ???ue ? ????? ????o ??e a y?o
????yo. A Oy?? ????i ????a, ???a ????e A? Ny?-?e. A???? ??? ???????? ?
????th O???, ?a ?i ????e ???y?i O?i *?.
A 878 ?? A? Ny??e ?e ??. ?????? ?????, ???a ???? ???oth ????eth ???,
???i e O?i *?. Ii ???? ???o ???e — *???. E???? N??i ??e a N???. N??y 2
?? O?i *? ?????? ?ay ?????i. I?? y?? ???e ?????? ????? *? Ay? ???e ?
???o N???, ? ?i ???e ? ????? ??? «Oeth-?ue-??» («I???ueth ???») e ?i
????i??th?? ????????? ????. I? ?i ???e a 883 ?? O?i *? ???? ? *??iy a
O???, ?a ?????? ???? n ??e. A??a?a ?????ue, ??? ???y??a ???ey ?????? ?a
a ??i? 20 ?o.
I?????i ???a ????a ??e ????y, a 907 ?? *? Ay? ???? ????? ????? ? ????
O?. A??a ?????i ?????ue, e ??? ???? a y?? Iy? ???? e ?nyoe ???, ???a
????? ???e ????o ??????a.
A???????ue ?????i E?ay, a ?i ? ?? ? I????e a ?i ?????? ???e ????ue
?????a ???a ???e ? ??a n ??? A????. 916 ?? ? ??? ??ue ?????i ???e, ???a
???? ???? Eyi. N??y 10 ?o A???ue, ???a O???, ???? e A???? ???i, ????e
Eyi a ??th ??????oth ???o N??i-A???? A?e.
E ???? X ?? ??? ????e ??e ??? ?a ?????? ?i??? N???? E?ay.
I?? ???ey ???a Eyi a E?? ?? ????a?? ??ay ???y. A 960 ?? ???e *?i
E??-?ue, ????e a ???????e ??a ?? ?????, ?????? ?ay ?????i e ???e ???eth
N?. N???e ???e N? ?? ??ae Ay? (E??i). A??? ??/? ??? ?????a ??a ??? ??e
????? ? ????o ??a???.
N ???a ??? ??????y ???y N? ?? a?? n ??iy?, ???a ????? ????e ??? ? N????
E?ay. I???, a 1004 ?? ???a ????? ??th?? oy??e ?y ?ay ?? n ?ae???i ????,
? ???? ?y??? ???? ?????ue Eyi 8 o ???? e 200 ?n. ??? ??a. I??i ??ue ??i
? ??o ??iyi ??? ???u, ???a ?ae ???i ??y *?i TH?ue-?i ????ue a N???e E??
e a 1032 ?? ???? ? ?????o ??yo ?????i N???a Ny. *?? 10 n ????i ?o ???y
N?, ????ay ??iy??e ?????e ???ie, ????a n ?? ??, ??a ?y???ue ???ue ??.
Ae?ay ???e ????, ???a ????? ??a?? ????ue ?????? ??? ???’ ?????a. I??i
??a ??? ????e ???u ?y? ???yi-???????a ?????? ?y?, a ????? ???o ????o
???? ??????ue. I?? ?????? ?????ny ???yi ??? ?? ??e ? eth?i ??????i e ??
??????e ??? ?y ????y. C???? ??? ???? ????ny e ???? XI ??. A 1069 ??
????i ???e N? ?e ???? A? A??. Ii?e ??? ???? ??? ???u, ???a ??? ?? ????
y???? e ???th ?? ?????a. O?, ???????a ?? ??y???, a a?ey ????a ?? ????
?????i ?????. ???? A? A?? ???e ???? ????a ???? N?, ? ?e ? ??e ????
?????i ? ???e ????e.
A 1113 ?? ???a ???y?e, ????? ? y?? a TH?? I????e, ?ae ????????i ??y A??
??? ? ???i Eyi e ??c 2 ?? ???? ? ?????o o ???e ??yo ?????i Oe??. I??i ?a
???i ???e, e a 1125 ?? ???y? ????th ????? ???i Eyi. O??ue ???a ???ue
???? N?. N??y ?ae ???y? a???? a E?? e ???? ?i ???? ??ueth, a ?i ??a ???e
???? E??i. E???? A??? ??e ? tha ??? a ??ae E??? (O??io), ?a ?? ???i
?????i TH?ay N?.
A??o n ???yiy? ????? ?????a ????? O?ue Oe-?? e Ei Oye. I? ????? ?????a
?????a e ???? ?yae ??ae. I??i y? ??? ????ue ???????. I? ??a ????? ???i
????? ??? ??o ???y?e Oe?ue A?, ???e ???e ?? ???i ????. Ii ???e ????? e
?? n ???yiy?, ???e e ?e ??th?i a 1142 ??. TH?ay N? ???? ??? N???? E?ay e
?y??? ?????ue ???th ?? ???? e ???. A ??? XIII ?? ????? /??aey?e ?-?
????? ???? ?????i ???i. E??ey TH?ay N? ????? e ???? ???o. I??i a y? ??y
? ??? ?y??nue ??y ??, ???y, ? ??eth th???-?? ?????a, ??a ????? ???y?e, —
???u ? ??a n *?????.
TH?ay N? ???a e *????o ??? e ???o ?????, ???a ???e ???? ????e ???e ??a,
a ?i ??a ????o ??? ?????o ???a ?e ??? ???o ??i. A ????? a ?? ??u 1211
—1215 ??a ???i-??? ????? ??????a ?????i Oe??. N??y ?? ??a 10 ?o, a 1226—
1227 ??o, *???? ?? n ?oea ??e ????? N???a Ny. I??i ?a ???i ???e, e a
1231 — 1234 ??o ???i-????y ???a e ???a ??? ????? Oe??. I??i, a??? ???eyi
TH?? N?, ???u ? ??e ? ? ???i, ? ?? ?th?e??. A 1271 ?? ?i O??? ???n ?ith
???o ? I???e a ss???ue (I??) e ??e ? ?????th ??????e ???th TH?ay N?.
N??y 8 ?o, a 1279 ??, th????? ??????i ?c ?y ??i ???o ???e ??ae O??? e
????i ??????oth ???ey?th. O??ue ?? E?? ??o? ?ae ??? ????, ???a ????
?????th ???eth TH?ue.
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