Ieienoa?noai ia?aciaaiey e iaoee Oe?aeiu
?aoa?ao
ii oaia
«Enoi?ey Ii?ooaaeueneiai ainoaea?noaa»
Aeiiaoee 2008 a.
Niaea?aeaiea
Aaaaeaiea
1. ?anioaeeea Ii?ooaaeey
2. Ainoaea?noaaiiia ono?ienoai Ii?ooaaeee
3. Iniiaiua iai?aaeaiey yeiiiieee
4. I?e?iaeiue ie? Ii?ooaaeee
5. Eoeueoo?a Ii?ooaaeee
6. A?oeoaeoo?iua aeinoii?eia/aoaeueiinoe Ii?ooaaeee
Nienie eniieuecoaiie eeoa?aoo?u
Aaaaeaiea
Oioaeinue au iaiiiaeei ?anneacaoue ia iaeiii ec iaeaieaa ecaanoiuo a
ie?a caiaaeiiaa?iiaeneeo ainoaea?noa n ?aciiia?aciie eoeueoo?ie e naiae
?aciiia?aciie e e?ani/iie i?e?iaeie (e?aneauie niniiauie eanaie, a
iniiaiii aaeece iiaa?aaeuey), i Ii?ooaaeee. Yoa no?aia, iaeia ec
noa?aeoeo no?ai Aa?iiu n aiaaoie enoi?eae. Oi?ie?iaaiea
ainoaea?noaaiiinoe a Ii?ooaaeee i?iecioei a XII aaea, a a?aieoeu
inoathony iaeciaiiuie, ia/eiay n XIII aaea. Onoie/eaia
yeiiiieei-nioeeaeueiia ?acaeoea iicaieeei Ii?ooaaeee noaoue iieiii?aaiui
/eaiii Aa?iiaeneiai Nithca. Iniiaiua , iaeaieaa ecaanoiua ai?iaea
Ii?ooaaeee – yoi aa noieeoea Eennaaii, Ii?oi, Eieia?a, Yai?a, A?aaa,
Aaae?o, Oa?i. Iiieii yoiai Ii?ooaaeey aeeth/aao a naay Aci?neea ino?iaa
e a?oeiaeaa Iaaeae?a.
Naaiaeiy no?aia oniaoii ?acaeaaaony a io?anee oo?ecia, e ?acee/iiai
aeaea iooaoanoaee ii no?aia. Ii?ooaaeeth aaeaaiaeii iinauaao ieiei 23
iei. /aeiaae a oa/aiea anaai aiaea. Oaeia eiee/anoai oo?enoia
iaania/eaaaony aieueoeie ainoaea?noaaiiuie aeiaeaieyie a oo?enoe/aneee
aecian: eae neaaenoaea, a Ii?ooaaeee iaeie ec naiuo aeaaiono?iaiiuo
ieyaeae a Aa?iia. Iaeiaei ia oieueei yoi i?eaeaeaao nthaea oo?enoia ni
anaai ie?a. Aiaaoaeoay enoi?ey Ii?ooaaeee io?aceeanue a iaiyoieeao
a?oeoaeoo?u, auiieiaiiuo a oieeaeueiii noeea, ecaanoiii eae «iaioyeeii».
Iaioyeeii, yoi noeeue a?oeoaeoo?u a Ii?ooaaeee, a ia?eiae n 15 — 16
aaea, iaoeeiiaeueiue aa?eaio noeey Aic?iaeaeaiey, eee ?aiannaina, aue
iacaai ii eiaie ei?iey Iaioyea ?acaeaaaony no?aia naaiaeiy e a
eiaeono?ee, a oi/iaa a iaeanoe iaoeiino?iaiey.
1. ?anioaeeea Ii?ooaaeey
Ii?ooaaeey eee ?anioaeeea Ii?ooaaeey ?aniieiaeaia a thai-caiaaeiie
Aa?iia, ia Ie?aiaeneii iieoino?iaa (i?eia?ii oanoay /anoue iauae
ieiuaaee no?aiu) e ia ino?iaao Aci?neeo e Iaaeae?a a Aoeaioe/aneii
ieaaia. Ia caiaaea iiuaaaony aiaeaie Aoeaioe/aneiai ieaaia, a ia naaa?a
e ainoiea Ii?ooaaeey a?aie/eo n Eniaieae. Ieiuaaeue oa??eoi?ee no?aiu
ninoaaeyao 92 ouny/e ei2, i?e yoii /eneaiiinoue ianaeaiea no?aiu ieiei
10 ieeeeiiia /aeiaae. I ?aeueaoa noieo aeiaaaeoue, /oi a naaa?iie /anoe
Ii?ooaaeee iaoiaeyony ai?u, a thaeiay e oeaio?aeueiie /anoe ?aniieiaeaia
Ii?ooaaeueneay ieciaiiinoue, oieiu e ieceiai?uey. Eeeiao a no?aia
noao?iie/aneee, n?aaeecaiiiii?neee. N?aaeiea oaiia?aoo?u ceiie ieiei
5—10 °C, a eaoiaa a?aiy 20—27 °C. Inaaeeia ia ?aaieiao io 400 aei 800ii,
a ai?ao io 1000 aei 2500ii a aiae. A Ii?ooaaeee — ieciauey ?ae Aei?o
(Aeoy?i), Oaaeo (Oaoi), Aaaaeeaia.
2. Ainoaea?noaaiiia ono?ienoai Ii?ooaaeee
Eae i ainoaea?noaa noieo aeiaaaeoue, /oi Ii?ooaaeey yoi ia?eaiaioneay
?anioaeeea, i?aceaeaio ecae?aaony anaiauei aieiniaaieai ia n?ie a
oa/aiee 5 eao. I?aaeoaeuenoai Ii?ooaaeee — I?aaenaaeaoaeuenoai
ieieno?ia, a /enea eioi?iai 14 ieieno?ia, i?aaeoaeuenoai aicaeaaeyao
i?aiuea?-ieieno?, eioi?ue, eae i?aaeei, yaeyaony eeaea?ii iiaaaeeaoae ia
ia?eaiaioneeo auai?ao ia?oee, i?aiuea?-ieieno? oi?ie?oao ninoaa naiaai
eaaeiaoa. Ia?eaiaio (eee eae ii iacuaaaony – Annaiaeay ?anioaeeee)
ecae?aaony ii ia?oeeiui nieneai ia 4 aiaea, a ninoaa ia?eaiaioa aoiaeyo
230 aeaiooaoia. Ia aaeieieno?aoeaii oa??eoi?eaeueiii noieo oaeaea
aeiiieieoue, /oi aei 1976 aiaeo oa??eoi?ey Ii?ooaaeee auea ?acaeaeaia ia
i?iaeioeee. Iinea aaeieieno?aoeaiie ?aoi?iu oa??eoi?ey eiioeiaioaeueiie
Ii?ooaaeee ?acaeaeaia ia 18 ie?oaia, eioi?ua aeaeyony ia 308
ioieoeeiaeueiuo ?aeiiia, ninoiyueo ec i?eoiaeia. Ino?iaiua oa??eoi?ee,
no?aiu: Aci?neea ino?iaa e Iaaeae?a eiatho noaoon aaoiiiiiuo ?aaeiiia.
3. Enoi?ey Ii?ooaaeueneiai ainoaea?noaa
Anee aiai?eoue i enoi?ee ?acaeoey Ii?ooaaeee eae no?aiu io ae?aaieo
a?aiai e aei nia?aiaiiiai ainoaea?noaa, iiaeii ?anneacaoue i oii, /oi
aua a IV—III aa. aei i. y. aieueooth /anoue oa??eoi?ee Ii?ooaaeee
ianaeyee eoceoaiu (ae?aaiaa ieaiy, iaeoaaoaa ia thai-caiaaea
Ie?aiaeneiai iieoino?iaa, n 6 a. aei i. y.). A eiioea. 1 a. aei i. y.
auei caaa?oaii iiei?aiea Ii?ooaaeee ?eiii (iuiaoiea ii?ooaaeueneea
oa??eoi?ee auee caaiaaaiu ?eineeie aieneaie). Iicaeiaa, oaea ai aoi?ie
iieiaeia V—VI aaeao i. y. Ii?ooaaeeth caaiaaaee aanoaiou, a 713—718
aiaeao — a?aau. A oiaea ?aeiieenou auei nicaeaii a 1095 a?aonoai
Ii?ooaaeey, a 1139 aiaeo (ioeoeeaeueii a 1143 aiaeo) noaaoaa iacaaeneiui
ei?ieaanoaii. N XV aaea ia/aeanue eieiieaeueiay yeniainey Ii?ooaaeee,
iaeaunoaai ?anoeaaoa ii?ooaaeueneay eieiieaeueiay eiia?ey aeinoeaea a
ia?aie iieiaeia XVI aaea. N 1581 aiaea e ii 1640 aiae oa??eoi?ey
ainoaea?noaa auea iiae aeanoueth Eniaiee. A ia/aea XVIII aaea Ii?ooaaeey
o/anoaiaaea a aieia ca eniaineia ianeaaenoai. Iiaeienaiiua a oiaea aieiu
Eennaaiineee aeiaiai? e Iaooyineee aeiaiai? a 1703 aiaeo i?eaaee e
yeiiiie/aneie e iieeoe/aneie caaeneiinoe Ii?ooaaeee io Aaeeeia?eoaiee. A
1807 aiaeo a Ii?ooaaeeth aoi?aeenue aienea Iaiieaiia I, eioi?ua auee
ecaiaiu a 1808 aiaeo aiaeeeneeie aieneaie i?e iiaeaea?aeea
ii?ooaaeueneeo iao?eioia. A ia?eiae XIX noieaoey a enoi?ee Ii?ooaaeee
cia/eony ?aaiethoeeyie (Ii?ooaaeueneay ?aaiethoeey a 1820 aiaeo,
Naioya?ueneay ?aaiethoeey 1836 aiaea) e a?aaeaeaineeie aieiaie
(ieaaeenoneea aieiu, aieia Ia?ee aea Oiioa), a oaeaea ino?ie ai?ueaie
iaaeaeo noi?iiieeaie e i?ioeaieeaie eiinoeoooeee. Ni 2-e iie. XIX a. a
Ii?ooaaeee ?acaeaaaony ?anioaeeeaineia e nioeeaeenoe/aneia aeaeaeaiea.
A ?acoeueoaoa Ii?ooaaeueneie ?aaiethoeee i?iaaaeaiiie a 1910 aiaeo,
Ii?ooaaeey noaea ?anioaeeeie. No?aia i?eieiaea o/anoea a Ia?aie ie?iaie
aieia ia noi?iia nithca «Aioaiou» (nithc oaeeo ainoaea?noa eae O?aioeee,
Aaeeeia?eoaiee e ?innee, yoio aiaiii-iieeoe/aneee aeie aue nicaeai eae
i?ioeaiaan «O?ienoaaiiiio nithco»). A 1926 aiaeo aue niaa?oai
ainoaea?noaaiiue ia?aai?io, onoaiiaeeanue aiaiiay aeeeoaoo?a, oaea a
1932 aiaeo aeanoue caoaaoee Aioiieo Naeaca?, caaa?oeaoee nicaeaiea a
no?aia oaoenoneiai ?aaeeia. N 1961 aiaea Ii?ooaaeey auea auioaeaeaia
aanoe aieiu i?ioea iaoeeiiaeueii-inaiaiaeeoaeueiuo aeaeaeaiee a naieo
ao?eeaineeo eieiieyo. A eiioea ai?aey, a 1974 aiaeo ainnoaaoea aienea
iiae ?oeiaiaenoaii Aeaeaeaiey aii?oaeaiiuo nee naa?aee oaoenoneia
i?aaeoaeuenoai («?aaiethoeey aaicaeee»), ?ac?aoaia aeayoaeueiinoue
iieeoe/aneeo ia?oee. Caaa?oaia aeaeieiiecaoeey auaoeo ii?ooaaeueneeo
eieiiee a Ao?eea. A ai?aea 1976 i?eiyoa iiaay eiinoeoooeey. A ethea 1976
— aaaonoa 1978 o aeanoe iaoiaeeeinue i?aaeoaeuenoai, noi?ie?iaaiiia
Ii?ooaaeueneie nioeeaeenoe/aneie ia?oeae (INI, iniiaaia a 1973 aiaeo), n
yiaa?y 1981 — i?aaioeaio?enoneia eiaeeoeeiiiia i?aaeoaeuenoai (a
1983—1985 o aeanoe eiaeeoeey nioeeaeenoe/aneie e
nioeeae-aeaiie?aoe/aneie ia?oee), n 1987 — i?aaeoaeuenoai INI.
Naaiaeiy Ii?ooaaeey aiieia ?acaeoay no?aia, oioy aa e iaeuecy ioianoe
ii o?iaith ?acaeoey eae yeiiiieee, oae e eiaeono?ee a no?aia e oaeei
no?aiai eae NOA, Eeoae, ii ianiio?y ia yoi no?aia ?acaeaaaony
noaaeeueii, i?eaea?aeeaaynue n?aaeiaai o?iaiy.
4. Iniiaiua iai?aaeaiey yeiiiieee
Noieo neacaoue, /oi Ii?ooaaeey — eiaeono?eaeueii-aa?a?iay no?aia.
Iaeaieaa aaaeiua o?aaeeoeeiiiua io?anee i?iiuoeaiiinoe yoi: oaenoeeueiay
(oeii/aoiaoiaaeiay e oa?noyiay), oaaeiay, aeiiaeaeea, i?iecaiaenoai
ieeaeiaiai ianea, ?uaiuo eiina?aia, ia?aaioea i?iaeiaie ei?u (aaaeouaa
ianoi a ie?a). *??iay e oeaaoiay iaoaeeo?aey, iaoeiino?iaiea
(noaeino?iaiea e noaei?aiiio, aaoinai?ea, yeaeo?ioaoie/aneia);
?acaeaaaony oeie/aneay, iaooaia?a?aaaouaathuay e iaooaoeie/aneay,
oeaiaioiay, noaeeyiii-ea?aie/aneay (i?iecaiaenoai neiae iaeeoeiai/iie
ieeoee) i?iiuoeaiiinoue. A naeueneii oicyenoaa i?aiaeaaeaao caieaaeaeea.
Ieiei iieiaeiu ia?aaaouaaaiuo caiaeue caiyoi iaoiae, aeiia?aaea?noai,
ieiaeiaiaenoai, ieeaeiaua ianaaeaeaiey. A aeeaioiiaiaenoaa i?aiaeaaeaao
?acaaaeaiea e?oiiiai ?iaaoiai neioa, iaoeaaiaenoai, naeiiaiaenoai.
Yeiiiie/aneay iieeoeea iai?aaeaia ia eeaa?aeecaoeeth e iiaea?iecaoeeth
yeiiiieee, aeaeueiaeooth i?eaaoecaoeeth ainoaea?noaaiiuo eiiiaiee,
no?oeoo?ioth ia?ano?ieeo aaieianeiai e oaeaeiiioieeaoeeiiiiai naeoi?ia.
Iaeiaiai-athaeaeaoiay noa?a iinea iaeiaiaie ?aoi?iu iaania/eea i?eoie
ainoaea?noaaiiuo aeioiaeia e nie?auaiea athaeaeaoiiai aeaoeoeeoa ca
1996—2003 aa. n 5 aei 2,4 % AAI. A aeaiaaeii-e?aaeeoiie noa?a
i?iaiaeeeenue ia?ii?eyoey ii athaeaeaoii-oeiainiaie noaaeeueiinoe.
Nioeeaeueiay iieeoeea iai?aaeaia ia ?aoi?ie?iaaiea nenoaiu
nioeeaeueii-o?oaeiauo ioiioaiee e iaania/aiea caiyoinoe. A 2004a.
o?iaaiue aac?aaioeoeu ninoaaee 4,7 %, eiaeaen /aeiaa/aneiai ?acaeoey —
0,925.
Ia aeieth a AII i?iiuoeaiiinoue ninoaaeyao 40%, a naeueneia oicyenoai
6%. Aeiau/a ie?eoia, aieueo?aia, o?aia, ieiaa, aeaeaciie ?oaeu, oaey.
Ia n/ao yenii?oa i Ii?ooaaeee iiaeii aeiaaaeoue, yenii?oe?oao no?aia
oaeea oiaa?u eae: oaenoeeueiua e oaaeiua ecaeaeey, i?iaeiaieuenoaaiiua
oiaa?u, i?iaea, noaea, yeaeo?iiai?oaeiaaiea e ?aciiia?aciay oeie/aneay
i?iaeoeoeey. Iniiaiua aiaoiaoi?aiaua ia?oia?u Ii?ooaaeee yoi no?aiu
Aa?iiaeneiai niiauanoaa.
5. I?e?iaeiue ie? Ii?ooaaeee
Noieo caiaoeoue, /oi oei?a e oaoia Ii?ooaaeee aanueia e?aneaa e
i?e?iaeia, eeeiaoe/aneea iniaaiiinoe ?aaeiia io?aaeaiu anoanoaaiiie
n?aaeie: oei?ie e oaoiie. Aaeece iiaa?aaeuey ec ?anoeoaeueiinoe
i?aiaeaaeaao ninia. I?ea?aaeiay iieina oeaio?aeueiie e naaa?iie /anoe
no?aiu caieiatho eana (a iniiaiii — ii?ooaaeueneee aeoa, n?aaee
eonoa?ieeia — ?aeeoiee). A canooeeauo ianoiinoyo eeeiaoe/aneea oneiaey
niinianoaotho ?inoo i?iaeiaiai e eaiaiiiai aeoaia. I?eia?ii iyoay /anoue
ii?ooaaeueneie oa??eoi?ee iie?uoa eanii, ec eioi?ie ieiei 50 % eana
ninoaaeytho oaieiua aea?aauey (ii aieueoae /anoe — ninia). I?iaeiaue
aeoa ?annaaeai ia oa??eoi?ee 607 ouny/ aaeoa?ia. Aeaaiaea?y yoiio
Ii?ooaaeey iinoaaeyao ieiei 50 % i?iaeiaie ei?u ii anaio ie?o. Ia
oa??eoi?ee ainoaea?noaa ioaaaeaiu ieiuaaee e iiae ieaioaoeee yaeaeeioia,
eioi?ua ioee/athony auno?ui ?inoii e e oiio aea yoi aaaeiaeoee enoi/iee
nu?uey aeey oeaeetheicii-aoiaaeiie i?iiuoeaiiinoe. Oaeei ia?acii, iiaeii
neacaoue, /oi yeiiiieea Ii?ooaaeee ii aieueoae /anoe caaeneo io eania.
Oaoia Ii?ooaaeee a oeaeii niioaaonoaoao inoaeueiui no?aiai,
?aniieiaeaiiui a Oeaio?aeueiie Aa?iia. Ia a? oa??eoi?ee iiaeii
ano?aoeoue e ?unae, e aeeeeo eaniuo eioia, aieeia, eeneoe, eaaaiia,
iaaeaaaeae e iiiaea aeaeu a?ucoiia. Ec i?aaenoaaeoaeae naaa?iao?eeaineie
oaoiu — aaiaooo, oaiaeaiia e ae?. A nayce n oai, /oi Ii?ooaaeey
?aniieiaeaia ia iaeiii ec aeaaiuo iooae iea?aoeee ia?aeaoiuo ioeoe,
iiaeii ano?aoeoue ia?iiiia ?aciiia?acea ioeoe. Aeecinoue ieaaia
niinianoaoao ?acaeoeth ?uaieianoaa (ieiei 200 aeaeia ?ua iaeoatho a
i?ea?aaeiuo aiaeao Aoeaioe/aneiai ieaaia), n?aaee ieo, ?uau iauaai
iio?aaeaiey, iiaeii iacaaoue ieo oaeea eae: na?aeeiu, ai/ionu, ooioeu e
o.i.
Ia oa??eoi?ee Ii?ooaaeee /aoei auaeaeythony aeieeiu ?ae Aei?o e Oaaeo, a
aa?oieo oa/aieyo iie oceea e aeoaiei a?acaiiua, ieaea ii oa/aieth
?anoe?ythony e aeec aa?aaa Aoeaioe/aneiai ieaaia ia?aoiaeyo a ieineea
ieciaiiinoe. Ii yoei ?aeai i?ioiaeyo anoanoaaiiua a?aieoeu iyoe ec oanoe
aaia?aoe/aneeo iaeanoae no?aiu. A oi aea a?aiy a?aieoea iaaeaeo
Ii?ooaaeeae e Eniaieae ii/oe ieaaea ia nii?yaeaia n anoanoaaiiuie
?oaaaeaie. ?aeueao i?iaeioeee Ieiueth ia caiaaea e O?ac-oo-Iiioeo e
Aeoo-Aei?o ia ainoiea, ?aniieiaeaiiuo e naaa?o io ?aee Aei?o,
ia?ana/aiiue, ai?iue. I?iaeioeey Aae?a, i?inoe?athuayny io ?aee Aei?o
aei aa?oiaai o/anoea ?aee Oaaeo, ca eneeth/aieai i?ea?aaeiie ?aaieiu,
oiaea caiyoa ai?aie. A a? oeaio?aeueiie /anoe iaoiaeeony aunoay oi/ea
Ii?ooaaeee — ai?a Yoo?aea, eioi?ay aicauoaaony ia 1993 iao?a iaae
o?iaiai ii?y. Ieiaei?iaeiua ?aaieiu a ieciaueyo ?aee Oaaeo (i?iaeioeey
?eaaoaaeo) e a i?ea?aaeiie ciia e naaa?o e thao io noieeoeu no?aiu
Eennaaiia ioiinyony e i?iaeioeee Yoo?aiaaeo?a. E ainoieo e thao io ia?
i?inoe?aaony i?iaeioeey Aeaioaaeo, n iyaeei oieienoui ?aeueaoii, a anth
thaeioth /anoue Ii?ooaaeee caieiatho ?aaieiu i?iaeioeee Aeaa?ae, ii
i?e?iaeiui oneiaeyi noiaeiua ni n?aaeecaiiiii?neie ciiie Naaa?iie
Ao?eee. Ii/au Ii?ooaaeee a iniiaiii ian/aiua eeneua, noi?ie?iaaaoeany
i?aeiouanoaaiii ia aoeeaie/aneeo ii?iaeao. Eneeth/aiea ninoaaeytho
ieiaei?iaeiua noaeeienoua ii/au aeethaeaeueiie ?aaieiu a ieciaueyo ?aee
Oaaeo. Ia oa??eoi?ee Ii?ooaaeee auaeaeytho ianeieueei naenie/anee
aeoeaiuo cii, naiua e?oiiua ec ieo iaoiaeyony a Aeaa?ae, Ieiueth e aeec
Eennaaiia.
6. Eoeueoo?a Ii?ooaaeee
Eoeueoo?a Ii?ooaaeee oaeaea iaoe?ia naieie o?aaeeoeeyie e i?acaeieeaie,
e eioi?ui n oaaaeaieai ioiineony eaaeaeue ii?ooaaeaoe. Ii?ooaaeueoeu
ethayo i?acaeieee ni no?anoueth, aeinooiiie iaiiiaei ia?iaeai ie?a.
Iiaiaeaie aeey oi?aeanoa iiaoo neoaeeoue iiieiiaaiea aan/eneaiiuo
nayouo, iaeiiie/anoai, y?ia?ea. Ia naaa?a no?aiu ethaie naiue iaeaiueeee
iinaeie eiaao naie i?acaeie/iua o?aaeeoeee n iocueie, oaioeaie,
iaeooeoaeueiuie oaea?aa?eaie e niaoeeoe/aneeie ia?yaeaie. Iaeaieaa
ecaanoiua ec ieo yoi oaeea eae: 1 yiaa?y – I?acaeiee Aeaau Ia?ee eee aea
Iiaue aiae, 25 ai?aey – Aeaiue Naiaiaeu, No?anoiay iyoieoea, ii ia n/ao
aeaou noieo neacaoue, /oi iia iaiyaony a caaeneiinoe io oea?eiaiiai
eaeaiaea?y, 1 iay – Aeaiue o?oaea, 10 ethiy – Aeaiue Ii?ooaaeee, 15
aaaonoa – Oniaiea Aiai?iaeeoeu, Aicianaiea, a 5 ieoya?y ii?ooaaeueoeu
i?acaeiotho aeaiue I?iaicaeaoaiea ?anioaeeee, 25 aeaeaa?y – ?iaeaeanoai,
e aua iiiaeanoai oao i?acaeieeia eioi?ua yaeythony eeoiei iiaiaeii
iiaanaeeony eee ioiaoeoue aai anae no?aiie.
Ia n/ao aeooiaiiai ?acaeoey noieo neacaoue, /oi aieueoeinoai aa?othueo,
yoi ieiei 94 % ianaeaiey no?aiu eniiaaaeoao eaoieeoeeci. Yoi naycaii, a
ia?aoth i/a?aaeue n enoi?eae, ?iiaiecaoeeae e ninaaenoaii Eniaiee,
ecaanoiie naiei eaoieeoeeciii. Ianiio?y ia aunieee i?ioeaio aa?othueo
eaoieeeia, iinauaaiinoue oea?eae ?acei nieceeanue, iniaaiii a e?oiiuo
ai?iaeao e ia thaa no?aiu. Eaoieeoeeci a Ii?ooaaeee anaaaea aue naycai n
ianoiuie o?aaeeoeeyie, ianaeaiea iieeiiyeinue iiiaei iiioey?iui ianoiui
nayoui, /uee iaiyoiua aeie ioia/athony oi?aeanoaaiii, eae oea?eiaiua
i?acaeieee. Aeaaea aeaaii oia?oea ecaanoiua aeieoi?a e oeaeeoaee
ii/eoathony eae nayoua. Naeaiea Oaoeia, aaea a 1917 aiaeo aeaaa Ia?ey
yaeeanue o?ai aeaoyi, noaei iiioey?iui ianoii iaeiiie/anoaa. Nayouiae
yaeyaony oaeaea oea?eiaue Iina-Naiuei?a-aeo-?aiaaeeoo aeec Eaiaao,
iino?iaiiay a noeea aa?ieei.
A iauai-oi noaiiaeony ynii, /oi eoeueoo?iay aeeciue a no?aia, n
iiaeaea?aeaieai aa o?aaeeoeee e iau/aaa, ia aunoai o?iaia.
7. A?oeoaeoo?iua aeinoii?eia/aoaeueiinoe Ii?ooaaeee
Ia n/ao aeinoii?eia/aoaeueiinoae noieo neacaoue, /oi a Ii?ooaaeee eo
oaaoaao, a iniiaiii a?oeoaeoo?iiai iai?aaeaiey. A noieeoea no?aiu,
ai?iaea Eennaaiia, iiaeii iacaaoue oaeea eae: caiie Nai-AEi?aee,
Iao?ea?oay oea?eiaue, oea?eae Iaae?e aea Aeaoo e Nayoiai Aeinaioa aei
Oi?a, aeai?aoe Ieo?a, ieiuaaee I?ana aea Eiiia?neo e ?ineo, iiianou?ue
AEa?iieioo, noi?iaeaaay aaoiy Oi??a aea Aaeai, ia?e ei?iey Yaeoa?aea, a
oaeaea Iaoeeiiaeueiue iocae ae?aaiaai eneonnoaa, aaea o?aieony
aeeaiienue n ia?eiaea XII aaea e ii XIX aae, iocae nia?aiaiiiai
eneonnoaa, iaoeeiiaeueiue iocae anoanoaaiiie enoi?ee, yoiia?aoe/aneee
iocae, a?oaieiae/aneee e ii?neie iocae, iocae Eaeinoa Aoeueaaieeaia n
eieeaeoeeae i?aaeiaoia eneonnoaa n III aaea aei i.y. e aei XX, a oaeaea
iaiaoiaeeii oiiiyiooue aioe/aneee niai? XII aaea, iiianou?ue
ea?iieieoia, iino?iaiiue a /anoue ieaaaiey a Eiaeeth Aanei aea Aaia. A
ie?anoiinoyo Eennaaiia iaoiaeyony aaee/anoaaiiue iiianou?ue a Iao?a e
ecaanoiue eo?i?o Eaoeaeo, ai?iay a?yaea A??aaeaea e aeeaiieniay
Naceia?a, a?enoie?aoe/aneea onaaeueau Acaeoao, a oaeaea aeai?aoe Iaia –
eaoiyy ?aceaeaioeey ii?ooaaeueneeo ei?ieae, ei?ieaaneee aeai?aoe Iaa?ia.
Eieia?a – noa?eiiue oieaa?neoaoneee ai?iae: eieeaeoeey neoeueioo? XVI
aaea, ?eineee aeaaaeoe, niai? XII aaea a ?iiaineii noeea, e oea?eiaue
Naioa-E?oc XVI aaea.
Oaeaea oioaeinue au oiiiyiooue i nayouia Ii?ooaaeee – oea?eae
Aeii-Oanon. Ii?o, ?iaeeia ii?oaaeia: niai? XII-XVIII aaeia, a?aieoiay
aaoiy Eea?eeia XVIII aaea, aunioie 75 iao?ia. A Naooaaea (ai?iae e
ii?neie ii?o a Ii?ooaaeee) iaoiaeyony oaeea aeinoii?eia/aoaeueiinoe
a?oeoaeoo?u eae oea?eiaue Naioa-Ia?ey XVI aaea, auiieiaiay a aioe/aneii
noeea a?oeoaeoo?u. ?eineay a?oeoaeoo?a: o?ai Aeeaiu ia thai-ainoiea,
?acaaeeiu ai?iaea Eiieia?eaa ia caiaaeiii aa?aao. Oeeaeeecaoeey
ae?aaiaai ?eia inoaaeea naie neaaeu a Iee?ao, Oa?o, Aiea aeo ?eo,
Aeeaiio?a. Yooi?ee neaaeony ia oieueei e?oiiaeoeie eai?iuie aeiiaie e
ian/aiuie ieyaeaie, ii e naieie ae?aaieie e?aiinoyie – Oeeoaaeaeue ia
neaea, iiuaaaiie aiaeaie Aoeaioeee e Aeueyaieueneay e?aiinoue, neaea
eioi?ie aa?oeeaeueii ia?uaaaony a ieaai.
Nienie eniieuecoaiie eeoa?aoo?u
1. «Enoi?ey Ii?ooaaeee» Na?aeaa AEica Y?iaio, 2007a.
2. «Ii?ooaaeey» Naiaiia THeeai, 2002a.
3. «Ii?ooaaeey: aei?iae enoi?ee» I.E. Aa?ueyo , A.I. *a?iuo, 2001a.
4. «Ii?ooaaeey. Iooaaiaeeoaeue» Ieoaeue No?iaia, Iuea?-E?enoeai A?ioa,
Aeiieiee Icean, 2008a.
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