CORPUS
I. Ia?iaeu e ainoaea?noaa ia oa??eoi?ee iaoae no?aiu a ae?aaiinoe.
VII-VIaa aei i.y. – iniiaaiea aaaeiaeoeo a?a/aneeo eieiiee a Naaa?iii
I?e/a?iiii?uea (Ieueaey, Oa?niian, Ainii?) eiiaoe V-ia/aei VI aa aei
i.y. – ia?aciaaiea Neeoneiai ainoaea?noaa a Naaa?iii I?e/a?iiii?uea
Ia oa??eoi?ee Naaa?iiai I?e/a?iiii?uey aeeee iiiai/eneaiiua ei/aaua
ieaiaia, ia?aaeeaaaoea noaaeeth ?aceiaeaiey ia?aiauoii-iaueiiiai no?iy.
Iaeaieaa auno?i yoio i?ioeann oae o e?aiiycu/iuo neeoia, aaea
neeaaeuaaeinue eeanniaia iauanoai. Aa?iaeio (Va aei i.y.) iacuaaao
neeoaie ana ianaeaiea, i?iaeeaaaoaa e naaa?o io *a?iiai e Acianeiai
ii?ae. Aiciiaeii, /oi a /enei neeoia aeeth/aee e /anoue neaayi,
i?iaeeaaaoeo a N?aaeiai I?eaeiano?iauea (ai?enoaiyia, io ae?aaiaai
iacaaiey Aeiai?a – Ai?enoai). A ?onneii ycuea n oao a?aiai inoaeenue
neiaa, caeinoaiaaiiua ec e?aineiai. Aeey neeoia auei oa?aeoa?ii ?acaeoea
iao?ea?oaeueiiai ?aanoaa.
Ia?aua ai?iaea aicieeee a Naaa?iii I?e/a?iiii?uea aua a
eiioeaVII-ia/aeaVIaa aei i.y. eae ?acoeueoao a?a/aneie eieiiecaoeee.
E?oiiaeoea iieeoe/aneea e oicyenoaaiiua oeaio?u – Ieueaey e Oa?niian ia
E?uineii iieoino?iaa e Ainii?neia ainoaea?noai, ?aniieaaaaoaany ii iaiei
aa?aaai Ea?/aineiai i?ieeaa. (aeeaeaeoeie ninaaeyie yoeo eieiiee auee
neeoneea ieaiaia.)
A VI-IVaa aei i.y. neeou iauaaeeieeenue a iiuiue ieaiaiiie nithc. A III
a aei i.y. ia aai iniiaa neiaeeeinue neeueiia Neeoneia ainoaea?noai ni
noieeoeae a Iaaiiea Neeoneii (aeec Neioa?iiiey). Neeou-caieaaeaeueoeu
au?aueaaee ioaieoeo e yenii?oe?iaaee a A?aoeeth. Iin?aaeieeaie a
oi?aiaea aunooiaee a?a/aneea eieiiee: Ieueaey (iaaeaeaei io iuiaoiaai
Ieeieaaaa), Oa?niian (iuia oa??eoi?ey Naaanoiiiey), Iaioeeaiae (Ea?/ue),
Ieoeon (Ieoeoiaea), Ai?aeiiey (Aiaia), Aeeineo?aaea (Noooie), Oanen
(Eioa), Oaiaen (aeec ?inoiaa-ia-Aeiio), Ea?eeieoeaea (Aaiaoi?ey) e ae?.
Ai?iaea Naaa?iiai I?e/a?iiii?uey ai iiiaii eiie?iaaee ia?ac aeecie e
ono?ienoai a?a/aneiai ie?a.
A 107a aei i.y. a Ainii?a i?iecioei ainnoaiea ?aianeaiieeia, e?anoueyi e
?aaia iiae i?aaeaiaeeoaeuenoaii Naaiaea, eioi?ue aue i?iaicaeaoai oea?ai
Ainii?a (ia?aia e?oiiia ainnoaiea ia oa??eoi?ee iaoae no?aiu). N
iiiiuueth aiene Ieo?eaeaoa, oea?y Iiioa (ainoaea?noai a Iaeie Acee),
ainnoaiea auei iiaeaaeaii, a Naaiae eaciai.
A ia?auo aaeao iaoae y?u ai?iaea-ainoaea?noaa I?e/a?iiii?uey iiiaee a
caaeneiinoue io ?eia, a a IV-Vaa iaee iiae iaoeneii ieaiai aioia e
aoiiia.
II. I?ienoiaeaeaiea e ?aiiyy enoi?ey ainoi/iiai neaayinoaa.
IV-VIIaa – aaeeeia ia?anaeaiea ia?iaeia VIIIa – aicieeiiaaiea o
ainoi/iuo neaayi ia?aie oi?iu ainoaea?noaaiiinoe (ieaiaiiiai eiyaeaiey)
Neaayia ioiinyony e eiaeiaa?iiaeneie naiuea ia?iaeia (enoi?eee n/eoatho,
/oi iie iainiaeeenue a na?aaeeia II ouny/aeaoey aei i.y., a
i?aneaayineee ycue ia/ae neeaaeuaaoueny a na?aaeeia I ouny/aeaoey aei
i.y.).
Eo i?aaeee canaeyee oeaio?aeueii- e ainoi/iiaa?iiaeneea caiee n
anoanoaaiiuie a?aieoeaie: ?. Iaea? ia caiaaea, Aeiai? – ia ainoiea,
iiaa?aaeuea Aaeoeee – ia naaa?a, Ea?iaou – ia thaa. Cia/eoaeueiue ?ino
/eneaiiinoe neaayi i?eaae e eo iea?aoeee a VIa.
Enoi/ieee: 1. Aioe/iua. ?eineea enoi?eee Ieeiee Noa?oee e Oaoeeo (Ia
i.y.) niiauatho i aaiaaeao, iaeoaaoeo iaaeaeo aa?iaineeie e na?iaoneeie
ieaiaiaie. Oaoeeo ioia/ae aieinoaaiiinoue e aeanoieinoue aaiaaeia.
Iioiaeea naaaeaiey o aaia?aoa Ioieaiay Eeaaaeey (IIa), a oaeaea a
a?a/aneeo, a?aaneeo e aecaioeeneeo enoi/ieeao. Iiiaea nia?aiaiiua
enoi?eee iieaaatho, /oi aaiaaeu canaeyee oa??eoi?eth i?eaeeceoaeueii
iuiaoiae THai-Ainoi/iie Iieueoe, a oaeaea Aieuie e Iieanuey.
2. Aecaioeeneea aaoi?u VIa. Ei?aeai aicaiaeeo nia?aiaiiuo aio neaayi –
aaiaaeia, neeaaeiia e aioia – e iaeiiio ei?ith e oeene?oao ia/aei eo
?acaeaeaiey a VI-VIIIaa.
Ioiineoaeueii aaeeiue neaayineee ie? ?aniaaeaeny eae a ?acoeueoaoa
iea?aoeee, aucaaiiuo ?inoii /eneaiiinoe ianaeaiey e aeaaeaieai ae?oaeo
ieaiai, oae e a ?acoeueoaoa acaeiiaeaenoaey n ?aciiyoie/aneie n?aaeie, a
eioi?ie iie ?annaeyeenue (oa?i-oeiiu, aaeou, e?aiiycu/iua ieaiaia) e n
eioi?ie eiioaeoe?iaaee (aa?iaioeu, aecaioeeoeu).
3. Ae?aaia?onneea enoi/ieee. Aeaiiua i ainoi/iineaayineeo ieaiaiao
iaoiaeei a Iiaanoe a?aiaiiuo eao iiiaoa Ianoi?a (ia/ XIIa). I?a?iaeeio
neaayi ii ii?aaeaeyao a aannaeia Aeoiay(/oi naycuaaao n aeaeaeneie
eaaaiaeie i Aaaeeiineii noieiioai?aiee). I?eoiae neaayi ia Aeiai? n
Aeoiay ii iauyniyao iaiaaeaieai ia ieo aieinoaaiiuo ninaaeae – aieioia
(eoi oaeea,iaiiiyoii). Aoi?ie iooue i?iaeaeaeaiey neaayi a Ainoi/ioth
Aa?iio i?ioiaeee ec aannaeia Aeneu a ?aeii ica?a Eeueiaiue, /oi
iiaeoaa?aeaeaii aeaiiuie a?oaieiaee e eeiaaenoeee.
A yiioo Aaeeeiai ia?anaeaiey ia?iaeia (III-VIaa) neaayia inaieee
oa??eoi?eth Oeaio?aeueiie, Ainoi/iie e THai-Ainoi/iie Aa?iiu. Iie aeeee
a eaniie e eaninoaiiie ciia, aaea a ?acoeueoaoa ?ani?ino?aiaiey i?oaeee
o?oaea ec aeaeaca noaei aiciiaeii aanoe inaaeeia caieaaeaeue/aneia
oicyenoai. Canaeea Aaeeaiu, neaayia nua?aee cia/eoaeueioth ?ieue a
?ac?ooaiee aeoiaeneie a?aieoeu Aecaioee.
III. ?annaeaiea neaayi e VIIIa.
Ianoi? ieoao i neaaeothueo ainoi/iineaayineeo ieaiaiiuo nithcao:
– iieyia, iinaeeaoeany a N?aaeiai Iiaeiai?iauea (“a iieyo”)
– ae?aaeyia, aeeaoea io ieo e naaa?i-caiaaeo a eanao
– naaa?yia, iaeoaaoea e ainoieo e naaa?i-ainoieo io iieyi ii ?aeai
Aeania, Noea e Naaa?neee Aeiiaoe – ae?aaiae/e – iaaeaeo I?eiyoueth e
Caiaaeiie Aeaeiie (i?aaeiieiaeeoaeueii io ae?aaia?onneiai ae?yaaa/ae?aai
– aieioi) – iiei/aia – a aannaeia ?. Iieiou (i?eoie Caiaaeiie Aeaeiu) –
e?eae/e – a aa?oiaueyo Aieae e Aeiai?a
– ?aaeeie/e e ayoe/e – ii eaoiiene, i?iecioee io ?iaea eyoia (iieyeia) e
auee i?eaaaeaiu, nei?aa anaai, naieie noa?aeoeiaie – ?aaeeiii, eioi?ue
“i?eoae e nae” ia ?. Niaea, e Ayoei – ia ?. Iea
– eeueiaineea neiaaia iaeoaee ia naaa?a a aannaeia ica?a Eeueiaiue e ?.
Aieoia
– aoaeaia, eee aeoeaau (n Xa – aieuiyia) – a aa?oiaueyo ?. Aoa
– aaeua oi?aaou – a I?eea?iaouea
– oee/e – iaaeaeo ?aeaie THaeiue Aoa e Aeiano?
– oeaa?oeu – iaaeaeo Aeiano?ii e ?. I?oo
E?oiiaeoeie iieeoe/aneeie ia?aciaaieyie a VII-VIIIaa a thaeii-?onneeo
noaiyo auee Aieaa?neia oea?noai e Oaca?neee eaaaiao, a a ?aeiia Aeoae –
Oth?eneee eaaaiao. Ainoaea?noaa ei/aaieeia i?iiuoeyee aiaiiie aeiau/ae.
A ?acoeueoaoa ?aniaaea Aieaa?neiai oea?noaa /anoue aieaa? iiae
i?aaeaiaeeoaeuenoaii oaia Ania?ooa ioei/aaaea ia Aeoiae, aaea auea
anneieee?iaaia thaeiuie neaayiaie. Ae?oaay /anoue aieaa?-oth?ie n oaiii
Aaoaaai i?eoea ia n?aaeiaa oa/aiea Aieae, aaea aicieeei iiaia
ainoaea?noai – Aieaeneay Aieaa?ey (Aoeaa?ey). Aa ninaaeii, caieiaaoei n
na?aaeeiu VII a oa??eoi?eth Ieaeiaai Iiaieaeuey, noaie Naaa?iiai
Eaaeaca, I?e/a?iiii?uey e /anoe/ii E?ui, aue Oaca?neee eaaaiao, eioi?ue
aceiae aeaiue n i?eaeiai?ianeeo neaayi aei eiioea IXa.
Neaayia a VIa iaiaeiie?aoii niaa?oaee aiaiiua iioiaeu i?ioea Aecaioee.
Io yoiai a?aiaie aei ian aeioae ?yae ni/eiaiee aecaioeeneeo aaoi?ia.
I?ieiiee Eanna?eeneee (VIa) ienae, /oi ieaiaia neaayi e aioia ia
oi?aaeyeenue iaeiei /aeiaaeii e ana aaaeiua ?aoaiey i?eieiaee niiaua
(“ia?iaeii?aanoai”, eioi?ia enoi?eee i?icaaee “aiaiiie aeaiie?aoeae” –
i?aia?ac ia?iaeiuo nia?aiee aa/a, a eioi?uo iiaee i?eieiaoue o/anoea
oieueei ioae/eiu – aieiu). Iaa?eeee No?aoaa (VIa) ia?auaao aieiaiea ia
niia?ie/anoai iaaeaeo aiaiiuie aiaeaeyie: ?acoeueoaou ?acaea/e
iaa?aaeaiiuo aiaaonoa oe?aieyee i?anoeae auai?iuo aiaiiuo
i?aaenoaaeoaeae e i?eaiaeeee e neeaaeuaaieth ae?oaeeiu, ninoiyuae eo
i?ioanneiiaeueiuo aiaiiuo.
Aecaioeeoeu n/eoaee neaayi aanueia ionoaeui ia?iaeii.
A yoi aea a?aiy i?ienoiaeeo ia?aoiae io ?iaeiaie iaueiu e ninaaeneie
(caieaaeaeue/aneie).
Naaaeaiey i ia?auo eiycueyo niaea?aeaony a IAE. A ioiioaiee iieyi
nouanoaoao eaaaiaea i eiycueyo-iniiaaoaeyo ai?iaea Eeaaa: Eea, Uaea,
Oi?eaa e eo nano?a Euaaaee (enoi?eee n/eoatho. /oi yoe niauoey
i?iecioee a eiioea V-VIaa)
Eiaiii caiey iieyi, ii oeacaieth eaoiienae, iacuaaeanue “?onue”.
Aiciiaeii, oae iacuaaeinue iaeii ec neaayineeo ieaiai, aeeaoaa ii ?aea
?inue e noaaoaa iniiaie iieyineiai ieaiaiiiai nithca.
A?aaneee yioeeeeiiaaeeno ae-Ianoaee (Xa) ienae, /oi caaeieai aei aai
a?aiaie o neaayi nouanoaiaaei iieeoe/aneia iauaaeeiaiea, iacaaiiia ei
Aaeeiaia. Nei?aa anaai, ?a/ue oea i aieuiyiao (aeoeaaao), /ae nithc aue
nie?ooai (ii aeaiiui IAE) aaa?neei iaoanoaeai a ia/aea VIIa. A o?oaeao
ae?oaeo a?aaneeo aaoi?ia niaea?aeaony naaaeaiey i o?ao oeaio?ao
ainoi/iiai neaayinoaa: Eoyaa, Neaaee e A?oaiee. Ia?aue iaeioi?ua
enoi?eee ioiaeaeanoaeytho n iinaeaieyie ia ianoa aoaeouaai Eeaaa, aoi?ie
– Iiaai?iaea. *oi oaeia A?oaiey, aeiiiaeeeiii iaecaanoii.
Ninaaeyie ainoi/iuo neaayi auee ia naaa?i-caiaaea aaeoeeneea eeoianeea
(aeioaeue, eeoaa, i?onnu, eaoaaeu, caiaaeu, eo?oe) e oeiii-oai?neea
(/oaeue, ynou, eeau) ieaiaia. Oeiii-oa?u ninaaenoaiaaee n ainoi/iuie
neaayiaie e n naaa?a, e ia naaa?i-ainoiea (aiaeue, eaei?a, ea?aeu,
naaie, aanue, ia?iue). A aa?oiaueyo Au/aaaeu, Ia/i?u e Eaiu aeeee tha?u,
ia?y, /a?aienu-ia?u, io?iia, iaua?a, ii?aeaa, ao?oanu. ia ainoiea io
aiaaeaiey ?. Aaeie a Eaio aei n?aaeiae Aieae ?aniieaaaeanue
Aieaenei-Eaineay Aoeaa?ey, aa ianaeaiea ninoaaeyee oth?ee. Eo ninaaeyie
auee aaoee?u. THaeii-?onneea noaie a VIII-IXaa caieiaee iaaeuey?u
(aaia?u) – oeiii-oai?neea neioiaiaeu, eioi?uo iinea eo ia?anaeaiey a
?aeii ica?a Aaeaoii niaieee a IX a ia/aiaae. Ia Ieaeiae Aieaa e a noaiyo
iaaeaeo Acianeei e Eanieeneei ii?yie – Oaca?neee eaaaiao. A ?aeiia
*a?iiai ii?y – Aeoiaeneay Aieaa?ey e Aecaioeeneay eiia?ey.
Iniiao oicyenoaaiiie aeecie neaayi ninoaaeyee caieaaeaeea, inaaeeia
neioiaiaenoai, ioioa, ?uaieianoai. Ec naeueneioicyenoaaiiuo eoeueoo?
aicaeaeuaaee ioaieoeo, ?iaeue, iaan, y/iaiue, i?ini, ai?io, aiau,
a?a/eoo, eiiiieth. ?ani?ino?aiaii auei iiaena/iia (iiaena/ii-iaiaaia)
caieaaeaeea. Ia inaiaiaeaeaiiuo io eana a ?acoeueoaoa au?oaee e
auaeeaaiey caieyo au?aueaaee 2-3 aiaea naeueneioicyenoaaiiua eoeueoo?u,
eniieuecoy anoanoaaiiia ieiaei?iaeea ii/a, oneeaiiia cieie. Iinea
enoiuaiey o/anoie a?inaee e aioiaeee iiaue. A noaiiuo ?aeiiao
i?eiaiyeinue ia?aeiaeiia caieaaeaeea, eiaaea naeeaaee iieaaua o?aau. N
VIIIa a thaeiuo ?aeiiao ?ani?ino?aiyaony iieaaia iaoaiiia caieaaeaeea,
iniiaaiiia ia eniieueciaaiee ieoaa n aeaeaciui eaiaoii, oyaeiaiai neioa
e aea?aayiiie nioe, nio?aieaoaeny aei ia/aea XXa. Aeey nai?a o?iaeay
eniieueciaaee na?i. ?acaeaaeenue ?aianea. Aieueoia cia/aiea
aiineaaenoaee aoaeao eiaoue aiaoiyy oi?aiaey, ?acaeaaaoayny eae ia
Aaeoeenei-Aieaeneii iooe, ii eioi?iio a Aa?iio iinooiaei a?aaneia
na?aa?i, oae e ia iooe “ec aa?ya a a?aee”, naycuaaaoai aecaioeeneee ie?
/a?ac Aeiai? n Aaeoeeneei ?aaeiiii.
Aaeeeee aiaeiue iooue “ec aa?ya a a?aee” naycuaae Naaa?ioth e THaeioth
Aa?iio. Ii aiciee a eiioea IXa. Ec Aaeoeeneiai (Aa?yaeneiai) ii?y ii ?.
Iaaa ea?aaaiu eoioeia iiiaaeaee a eaaeiaeneia ica?i (Iaai), ioooaea ii
?aea Aieoia a ica?i Eeueiaiue e aeaeaa ii ?. Eiaaoue aei aa?oiaueaa
Aeiai?a. N Eiaaoe ia Aeiai? a ?aeiia Niieainea e ia aeiai?ianeeo ii?iaao
ia?aoiaeeee “aieieiauie iooyie”. Caiaaeiui aa?aaii *a?iiai ii?y
aeioiaeeee aei Eiinoaioeiiiiey, Iiaai?iae e Eeaa eiio?iee?iaaee naaa?iue
e thaeiue o/anoee oi?aiaiai iooe. Yoi ianoiyoaeuenoai aeaei iniiaaiea
?yaeo enoi?eeia ooaa?aeaeaoue, /oi oi?aiaey iaoii, aineii e iaaeii auea
aeaaiui caiyoeai ainoi/iuo neaayi.
IV. ?aeeaey ainoi/iuo neaayi.
A iniiaa ie?inica?oeaiey ainoi/iuo neaayi eaaeaei ycu/anoai –
iaiaeanoaeaiea nee i?e?iaeu, aini?eyoea i?e?iaeiiai e /aeiaa/aneiai ie?a
eae aaeeiiai oeaeiai. Ca?iaeaeaiea ycu/aneeo eoeueoia i?iecioei a yiioo
aa?oiaai iaeaieeoa, ieiei 30 oun eao aei i.y. Ainnoaiiaeaiea eioi?iaoeee
i neaayineii ycu/anoaa cao?oaeiaii, iineieueeo ia nio?aieeinue
i?aeoe/anee ieeaeeo ienueiaiiuo enoi/ieeia.
A aeoaieie ae?aaiinoe o neaayi aue oe?iei ?ani?ino?aiai eoeueo ?iaea e
?iaeaieoe, oanii naycaiiue n iieeiiaieai i?aaeeai. ?iae aiauae a naay
anth Anaeaiioth: iaai, caieth e iiaecaiiia iaeoaeeua i?aaeeia. Eaaeaeia
ieaiy eiaei naiaai aiaa-iie?iaeoaey e /anoi aeaaea naie iaioaii.
A aeaeueiaeoai iniaia cia/aiea i?eia?aoaao eoeueo aaeeeiai Naa?iaa
(iieyineea eiaia) – aiaa iaaa, e aai nuiiaae Aeaaeaeueaiaa e No?eaiaa –
aiaia nieioea e aao?a. Ni a?aiaiai ana aieueooth ?ieue ea?aao Ia?oi –
aia a?icu e aeiaeaey, eioi?ue iniaaiii ii/eoaeny a n?aaea aieiia e
eiycae. Naiua ecaanoiua i?aaenoaaeoaee neaayineiai iaioaiia – Aaean,
Iieioue, Aaeiaia e ae?. iaoiaeyo naieo ii/eoaoaeae e a iaoe aeie, oioy
eo eoeueou ii n?aaiaieth n ecia/aeueiuie cia/eoaeueii aeaoi?ie?iaaiu.
Nio?aiyeenue e oioaie/aneea i?aaenoaaeaiey, naycaiiua n aa?ie a
ienoe/aneoth naycue ?iaea n eaeei-eeai aeeaioiui, ?anoaieai eee
i?aaeiaoii. E?iia oiai, neaayia aa?eee a ia?iiiia eiee/anoai eieaeueiuo
aeooia.
I ycu/aneeo ae?aoeao oi/iuo aeaiiuo iao; aa?iyoii, eie auee eaoiieniua
aieoau, ai?iaoeany a XIa n o?enoeainoaii. Aeaaie eoeueoa aue aiaeaeue, a
caoai eiycue. Ai a?aiy eoeueoiauo ?eooaeia, i?ioiaeeaoeo a niaoeeaeueiuo
ianoao – eaieuao (io noa?ineaayineiai “eaiue” – ecia?aaeaiea, eaeie),
aiaai i?eiineeenue aea?oau, a o./. e /aeiaa/aneea.
O neaayi oae e ia iiyaeeanue ieoieiaey, iauyniythuay i?ienoiaeaeaiea
ie?a e /aeiaaea, ?anneacuaathuay i aiaao e aa?iyo e o.i. E Xa
?aeeaeiciay nenoaia oaea ia niioaaonoaiaaea o?iaith iauanoaaiiiai
?acaeoey neaayi.
[Nai oa?iei “ycu/anoai” i?iecioae io oea?eiaiineaayineiai “ycuoee” –
ia?iaeu, eiicaioeu. Oae iacuaaee ia?iaeu, ia i?eiyaoea o?enoeainoai.] a
i?i aiaia iu e oae oaea ana ciaai 8)
V. Oi?ie?iaaiea ae?aaia?onneiai ainoaea?noaa.
862a – i?ecaaiea ?th?eea
862-879aa – i?aaeaiea ?th?eea
879-912aa – i?aaeaiea Ieaaa
882a – iiei?aiea Iiaai?iaeii Eeaaa, ia?aciaaiea ainoaea?noaa
907a, 911a – iioiaeu Ieaaa ia Aecaioeth, ?onnei-aecaioeeneee aeiaiai?
912-945aa – i?aaeaiea Eai?y
941-944aa – iioiaeu Eai?y ia Aecaioeth
945a – oaeenoai Eai?y ae?aaeyiaie
945-972aa – i?aaeaiea Nayoineaaa
945-964aa – ?aaaionoai Ieueae
965a – iiei?aiea Oaca?neiai eaaaiaoa
968a – iiaaaea iaae Aieaeneie Aoeaa?eae
972-980aa – i?aaeaiea ss?iiieea
980-1015aa – i?aaeaiea Aeaaeeie?a Nayoiai
988a – i?eiyoea o?enoeainoaa
I?aaeiinueee iauaaeeiaiey ?onneeo caiaeue:
1. Nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneea: a) ?acaeoea caieaaeaeey. I?eaiaeeei e
iiyaeaieth ecauoi/iiai i?iaeoeoa, /oi nicaeaaaei aiciiaeiinoue aeey
auaeaeaiey eiyaeanei-ae?oaeeiiie a?oiie?iaee ec iaueiu (ioaeaeaiea
aiaiii-oi?aaeai/aneiai o?oaea io i?iecaiaeeoaeueiiai).
a) Ia Naaa?i-Ainoiea Aa?iiu ec-ca iaiiaeoiaeyueo aeey caieaaeaeey
eeeiaoe/aneeo oneiaee aieueooth ?ieue ea?aee i?iiuneu; aicieeiiaaiea aea
ecauoi/iiai i?iaeoeoa noaei i?e/eiie aicieeiiaaiey iaiaia e aiaoiae
oi?aiaee.
a) Yaiethoeey ?iaeiaie iaueiu, o?ainoi?iaoeey aa a ninaaeneoth
(oa??eoi?eaeueioth). Yoi nicaeaaaei oneiaey aeey eiouanoaaiiie
aeeooa?aioeeaoeee, ii nioeeaeueiiai ?anneiaiey aioo?e iaueiu ia
i?ienoiaeeei.
a) Ia?aaiiia?iinoue ?acaeoey ioaeaeueiuo ieaiaiiuo nithcia.
2. Nioeeaeueii-iieeoe/aneea:
a) Oneiaeiaiea aioo?eieaiaiiuo ioiioaiee e iaaeieaiaiiua noieeiiaaiey
onei?yee noaiiaeaiea eiyaeaneie aeanoe, iiauoaee ?ieue eiycae e
ae?oaeeiu, eioi?ua iai?iiyee ieaiy io aiaoieo a?aaia e aunooiaee a ?iee
a?aeo?ia ai aioo?aiieo nii?ao.
a) Ai?ueaa iaaeaeo ieaiaiaie i?eaiaeeea e neeaaeuaaieth ieaiaiiuo
nithciaai aeaaa n iaeaieaa neeueiui ieaiaiai e aai eiycai. A eoiaa
aeanoue eiycy oe?aieyeanue e ana iaiueoa caaenaea io aiee aa/aauo
nia?aiee.
3. Aeooiaiua: Ii ia?a ?inoa aiaiiiai iiaouanoaa eiycy i?ienoiaeeei aai
io/oaeaeaiea io aeecie ?yaeiauo iaueiieeia. Iiieii yoiai, ii auiieiye
oi?aaeai/aneea ooieoeee; ana aianoa i?eaiaeeei e nae?aeecaoeee
eiyaeaneie aeanoe. Ee/iinoue eiycy iaaeaeyeanue naa?ouanoanoaaiiuie
neeaie, a iai ia/eiaee aeaeaoue caeia aeaaiiieo/ey anaai ieaiaie.
4. Aiaoiea: a) No?aieaiea ii?iaiiia acyoue iiae eiio?ieue oi?aiaua iooe,
naycuaaaoea Caiaae n Ainoieii e THaii, onei?yei neeaaeuaaiea
eiyaeanei-ae?oaeeiiuo a?oii, aoyaeaaaoeony ai aiaoithth oi?aiaeth (iie
iaiyee i?iaeoeou i?iiuneia e aiaiiiieaiiuo ia na?aa?i e i?aaeiaou
?ineioe). Ni a?aiaiai ianoiay ciaoue, iauaaeeieaoenue n aa?yaeneeie
aieiaie-oi?aiaoeaie, ia/aea inouanoaeyoue eiio?ieue ca oi?aiauie iooyie
e naiie oi?aiaeae, /oi i?eaaei e oe?aieaieth e iauaaeeiaieth ?aiaa
?ac?iciaiiuo ieaiaiiuo eiyaeaiee, ?aniieiaeaiiuo aaeieue yoeo iooae.
a) Acaeiiaeaenoaea n aieaa ?acaeouie oeeaeeecaoeeyie – Oaca?neei
eaaaiaoii e Aecaioeae – i?eaiaeeei e caeinoaiaaieth iaeioi?uo
iauanoaaiii-iieeoe/aneeo oi?i eo aeecie. Eaeaaeii
ainoaea?noaaiii-iieeoe/aneiai ono?ienoaa n/eoaeanue Aecaioeeneay
eiia?ey. I?e yoii aaeeeea eiycuey iacuaaeenue ii i?eia?o oaca? –
oaeaiaie.
Nouanoaiaaiea a ieciaueyo Aieae Oaca?neiai eaaaiaoa caueuaei ainoi/iuo
neaayi io iaaaaia ei/aaieeia, eioi?ua a i?aaeoanoaothuea yiioe(aoiiu a
IV-Vaa e aaa?u a VIII a) oi?iiceee eo ?acaeoea.
Iniiaiua yoaiu neeaaeuaaiey ae?aaia?onneiai ainoaea?noaa:
I. VIII-na?aaeeia IXaa. I?ienoiaeeo auc?aaaiea i?aaeiinueie. A iaeioi?uo
ieaiaiiuo nithcao, nei?aa anaai o iieyi, ae?aaiae/ae, e?eae/ae e
eeueiaineeo neiaai, auee naie i?aaeainoaea?noaaiiua ia?aciaaiey –
eiyaeaiey. Iaaeaeo ieie ?acai?a/eaaeanue ai?ueaa ca oi?aiaua iooe,
i?iiuneiaua oaiaeuey e caiee. E IXa ainoiaeeo iiyaeaiea nenoaiu
iiethaeuey – nai?a n iaueiieeia a iieueco eiycy aeaie, eioi?ay a oi
a?aiy iineea aua aeia?iaieueiue oa?aeoa?, ia?aaeaiaioe?iaaiiue iauai e
aini?eieiaeanue eae aiciauaiea ca caueoo, aiaiiua e oi?aaeai/aneea
oneoae.
II. Aoi?ay iieiaeia IXa-na?aaeeia Xa. I?ioeann neeaaeuaaiey ainoaea?noaa
onei?eeny ai iiiaii aeaaiaea?y aiaoaoaeuenoao aiaoieo nee – oaca? e
ii?iaiiia (aa?ya). IAE niiauaao i iaaaaao aieinoaaiiuo iaeoaoaeae
Naaa?iie Aa?iiu, auioaeeaoeo eeueiaineeo neiaai, e?eae/ae e
oeiii-oai?neea ieaiaia /oaee e aane ieaoeoue aeaiue. Ia thaa oaca?u
aceiaee icaeo n iieyi, naaa?yi, ?aaeeie/ae e ayoe/ae.
VI. Oai?ee ia?aciaaiey ae?aaia?onneiai ainoaea?noaa.
I. Ii?iaiineay.
A iniiao aa eaaea eaaaiaea ec IAE, niaeanii eioi?ie iacaaeieai aei
ia?aciaaiey Eeaaneie ?one naaa?iua ieaiaia neaayi e eo ninaaee ieaoeee
aeaiue aa?yaai, a thaeiua ieaiaia iaoiaeeeenue a caaeneiinoe io oaca?. A
859a iiaai?iaeoeu ecaiaee aa?yaia “ca ii?a”, ii eeoeeenue i?e yoii
ioiineoaeueii oeaio?aeeciaaiiie aeanoe, /oi i?eaaei e iaaeaeioniaeoea.
Oiaaea neaayia e oa?i-oeiiu ?aoeee ia?aoeoueny e ninaaeyi-aa?yaai,
iacuaaaoeieny ?onueth, e eo eiioiao ?th?eeo e aai a?aoueyi Neiaono e
O?oai?o. ?th?ee nae eiyaeeoue a Iiaai?iaea (ii ae?oaei naaaeaieyi – a
Noa?ie Eaaeiaa), Neiaon – a Aaeiica?a, O?oai? – a Ecai?nea. Aeaei auei a
862 a. *a?ac aeaa aiaea a?aouey neii/aeenue e ?th?ee noae i?aaeoue
aaeeiiee/ii. A 882a i?aaiiee ?th?eea eiycue Ieaa oeo?inoueth caoaaoee
Eeaa, oaea i?aaeaoeo oai Aneieueaea e Aee?a – ii?iaiiia, ooaaeoeo ?aiaa
io ?th?eea. Iinea yoiai ii inaiaiaeee neaayineea ieaiaia io oaca?neie
aeaie e iiae/eiee eo naiae aeanoe. Anoue naaaeaiey, /oi Ieaa aue
?iaenoaaiieeii ?th?eea, iaeiaei aieueoeinoai enoi?eeia n/eoatho aai
?oeiaiaeeoaeai ae?oaeeiu e aeiaa?aiiui eeoeii eiioiaa.
Naia ii?iaiineay oai?ey auea ?ac?aaioaia a XVIIIa iaiaoeeeie o/aiuie
A.C.Aaea?ii, A.O.Ieeea?ii e A.E.Oeaoea?ii, neoaeeaoeie i?e ?onneii
aeai?a. Ii?iaiienou n/eoatho, /oi neaayia oiaaea aua auee ionoaeui
ia?iaeii, ia niiniaiui e naiinoiyoaeueiiio enoi?e/aneiio oai?/anoao.
Iniiaiay neiaeiinoue oai?ee ninoieo a oii, /oi aeiiiaeeeiii iaecaanoii,
eoi oaeea aa?yae e auea ee o ieo naieo ainoaea?noaaiiinoue. Iiiaea
enoi?eee n/eoatho, /oi aa?yaaie iacuaaee neaiaeeiaaneeo aieiia,
ninoiyaoeo ia neoaeaa o aecaioeeneiai eiia?aoi?a; eia-eoi iieaaaao, /oi
yoi ?onneia ieaiy, aeeaoaa ia thaeiii aa?aao Aaeoeeneiai ii?y e ia
ino?iaa ?thaai.
II. Aioeii?iaiieci.
A iaoa a?aiy ii?iaiineoth oai?eth n/eoatho iao/ii ianinoiyoaeueiie, o.e.
n/eoaaony, /oi o ainoi/iuo neaayi onoie/eaua o?aaeeoeee
ainoaea?noaaiiinoe neiaeeeenue caaeieai aei i?ecaaiey aa?yaia. Aeaaeaiee
A.A.?uaaeia aeieacuaae, /oi Eeaaneia ainoaea?noai neiaeeeinue oaea a
VIa, a ii?iaiiu eniieueciaaeenue eeoue eae iaaiiay aiaiiay neea.
Eaoiienue i i?ecaaiee aa?yaia ii n/eoae iicaeiae anoaaeie. “?onue” aea,
ii aai iiaieth, – i?iecaiaeiia io iacaaiey ?aee ?inue (i?aaue i?eoie
Aeiai?a thaeiaa Eeaaa).
III. Oeaio?enoneay.
Nia?aiaiiua enoi?eee iuoathony i?aiaeieaoue e?aeiinoe iaaeo yoeo oai?ee.
Iie i?eoee e aio eaeei auaiaeai: – ii?iaiiu naie a oi a?aiy ia eiaee
ainoaea?noaaiiinoe
– i?ioeann oi?ie?iaaiey ainoaea?noaa ia/aeny aei i?eoiaea ?th?eea; nai
oaeo aai i?eaeaoaiey ia eiyaeaiea aiai?eo i oii, /oi yoa oi?ia aeanoe
auea oaea ecaanoia neaayiai
– aii?in i oii, yaeyaony ee ?th?ee ?aaeueiie enoi?e/aneie ee/iinoueth,
ia naycai n i?iaeaiie ia?aciaaiey ainoaea?noaa; eaeei au iooai ii ia
i?eoae e aeanoe (anoue aa?ney, /oi ii caoaaoee Iiaai?iae neeie), ii
caaeaaeae ae a oie oi?ia, a eaeie iia nouanoaiaaea o eeueiaineeo neiaai
– Ieaa, iauaaeeiea Iiaai?iaeneoth e Eeaaneoth caiee e onoaiiaea
eiio?ieue iaae aeaoiy aaaeiaeoeie io?aceaie iooe “ec aa?ya a a?aee”,
iiaeaae yeiiiie/aneoth aaco iiae neeaaeuaathuaany ainoaea?noai.
VII. Oai?ee i?ienoiaeaeaiey iacaaiey ?onue.
1. A Aecaioee a ia?aie iieiaeia IXa aiciee oa?iei “?in”. Oae iacuaaee
aa?ya, eee oaaaeia. Aa?iaineee eaoiienaoe aiai?eo, /oi yoi naiiiacaaiea
aeeeiaia (?inu, eee ?onu). Ei?iey ?onia iacuaaee eaaai – iaiiiyoii,
yaeyaony ee yoi neiai i?iecaiaeiui io oth?eneiai “oaeai” eee
neaiaeeiaaneiai “eiioia”.
2. Aeue-Ianoaee a Xa iiyniye niune iacaaiey oae: “Aecaioeeoeu ia?aeatho
eo ?oneea, niune yoiai – “e?aniua”, “?uaeea”.” A?aau ioia/atho e?aniioo
eeoe ?onia e neaayi – aiciiaeii, iineaaenoaey iaoiaeaeaiey ia nieioea
iai?eau/iuo naaa?yi.
3. Eiiiiinia e eia-eoi ec aai iineaaeiaaoaeae ioia/atho, /oi ia?iae
“?in” oiiiyioo aua a VIa Caoa?eai ?eoi?ii, aaea ii iiiauaaony a Naaa?iii
I?e/a?iiii?uea. N yoie oi/ee c?aiey aai aicaiaeyo e na?iaoneei ieaiaiai
?ienaeaiia eee ?iniiiiia, oiiieiaaiuo aioe/iuie aaoi?aie.
4. Aa?iaaeneee iieaaae, /oi ?onu aeeee a aeaeueoa Eoaaie e acyee yoi eiy
io ?ienaeaiia (“naaoeuo aeaiia”, o.e. ruksi – aaeue, naaoeue -> rutsi ->
russi), eioi?ua, ii aai iiaieth, auee /anoueth aioia. I?e yoii ii n/eoae
?onia yoie/aneeie neaiaeeiaaaie.
5. E?aiiycu/iua ieaiaia, i?iaeeaathuea ia naaa?i-caiaaea iuiaoiae
?innee, eiaiiaaeenue ?ionaeaiaie (?oonaeaiaie), aa?iyoii io eiaie caiee
?oon (?ion) (io na?iaoneiai ruh (rohs) – naaoeue, nayoie).
6. Oeineia ruotsi iaicia/aao “oaaaeu”, ia ynoiineii oaaaeu iacuaathony
rootsi. N/eoaaony, /oi oeiii-oai?neia ianaeaiea iacuaaei oae
neaiaeeiaaia, niae?athueo aeaiue. A a oeineii ycuea neiai ruotsi
aicieeei ia iniiaa ae?aaianeaiaeeiaaneiai ei?iy rotp-, naycaiiiai n
a?aaeae, noaeioiaenoaii. Aiciiaeii, ia?aiia/aeueii ruotsi iaicia/aei
“a?aaoeu”, e oiaaea yoi niae?aoaeueiia eiy, iiae eioi?ui ne?uaaeanue ia
yoie/aneay, a yoiinioeeaeueiay a?oiia, ninoiyaoay ec i?aaenoaaeoaeae
?aciuo ia?iaeia, caieiaaoeony ii?neei ?acaiai e oi?aiaeae.
7. Ienaoaeue XIIa Naenii A?aiiaoee oiiieiaao iaeoth ?onneth, a aeeoaeae
iacuaaao ?oneiaie. Ii aai aa?nee, ?onue iaoiaeeeanue ia iiaa?aaeuea
Aaeoeee aaea-oi ca Eo?eyiaeeae e Ynoiieae, eiaea iiiai aiaeaeae e
neeueiue oeio ia Aaeoeea.
8. Iaeioi?ua enoi?eee iieaaatho, /oi ?th?ee iia i?eeoe ec I?onnee.
Einaaiii yoi iiaeoaa?aeaeaaony iai?aaeaieai oi?aiauo iioieia iooe “ec
aa?ya a a?aee”. A i?onneeo caieyo ioia/ai enoi?e/aneee aeae?iiei ?onn
eae iacaaiea Iaiaia a ieaeiai oa/aiee. A oii aea ?aaeiia ieiei
nia?aiaiiiai Aaeaai (Iieueoa) eiaaony ?aea aeae?iiei, caienaiiay a
iaiaoeeie oi?ia eae ?onna. Iaa iacaaiey i?ienoiaeyo io aaeoeeneiai ei?iy
ni cia/aieai “iaaeeaiii oa/ue”. Iaaeaeo ?. Iaiiiei (ae?aaiaeoaa ?onei
Iaiaia) e nia?aiaiiie ?onia (?oenie) aue ia?iiiue ino?ia, eioi?ue e iia
eiaoue iacaaiea ?onue.
A yiioo i?aaeaiey Ieaaa (879-912aa) a aai ?oeao nin?aaeioi/eeanue
aeanoue iaae oa??eoi?eae io Eaaeiae aei ieciaueaa Aeiai?a. Neiaeeeanue
naiaia?aciay oaaea?aoeey ieaiaiiuo eiyaeaiee ai aeaaa n eiycai eeaaneei.
Aai aeanoue i?iyaeyeanue a i?aaa nai?a aeaie ni anao aoiaeeaoeo a yoi
iauaaeeiaiea ieaiai. Ieaa. iie?aynue ia iiuue neaayii-ii?iaiineeo
ae?oaeei e aiaa (aii?oaeaiiuo naiaiaeiuo iaueiieeia), niaa?oee a 907a
oniaoiue iioiae ia Aecaioeth. A ?acoeueoaoa aue iiaeienai auaiaeiue aeey
?one aeiaiai?, iaania/eaathuee ae i?aai aaniioeeiiie oi?aiaee ia
oa??eoi?ee eiia?ee.
Eai?ue (912-945aa) no?aieeny nio?aieoue aaeeinoai ainoaea?noaa, a oaeaea
caueuae aai a?aieoeu io ia/aiaaia. A 40-o aa ii niaa?oee aeaa iioiaea ia
Aecaioeth, ia?ooeaooth naie niaeaoaiey n ?onueth. A 944a ii caeeth/ee
iaiaa auaiaeiue aeiaiai? n eiia?eae. A 945a ai a?aiy nai?a iiethaeuey a
ae?aaeyineie caiea aue oaeo ca o?aaiaaiea aeaie, i?aauoaaoae iau/iue
?acia?.
Iinea aai nia?oe ?aaaiooae i?e o?aoeaoiai nuia Nayoineaaa noaea Ieueaa
(945-964aa). Ioiinoea ca nia?oue ioaea, Ieueaa onoaiiaeea oeene?iaaiiue
?acia? aeaie e ii?aaeaeeea ianoa aa nai?a – iiainou, aaea neaeae aiy?ei
n iaeie ae?oaeeiie.
Nayoineaa oaeoe/anee ia/ae i?aaeoue a 964a. Ii aeiaeeny iiaaaeu iaae
Oaca?eae e i?aaei?eiye iioiaeu ia Aeoiae (970-971aa), eoaea niae?aeny
ia?aianoe noieeoeo ?one.
Ieii/aoaeueiay eeeaeaeaoeey ieaiaiiuo eiyaeaiee i?iecioea a i?aaeaiea
Aeaaeeie?a Nayoiai (980-1015aa), nuia Nayoineaaa e Iaeooe. Aeaaeeie?
oeo?inoueth iiaaaeee naiaai a?aoa ss?iiieea (972-980aa) a ai?ueaa ca
eeaaneee noie. A 981a, i?iaeieaeea iieeoeeo ?anoe?aiey oa??eoi?ee, ii
i?eniaaeeiee thai-caiaaeiua (Aaeeoeeth, Aieuiue) e caiaaeiua
(Iieioeeoth, Oo?ianeoth) caiee.
Iiiuoaeny ?ai?aaieciaaoue ycu/aneoth aa?o – nicaeae iaioaii ec iyoe
iniiaiuo aiaia ai aeaaa n Ia?oiii. Ii ieaiaiiua iieyineea aiae ia auee
i?eiyou ae?oaeie neaayiaie. Oiaaea a 988a ii aaae o?enoeainoai,
onoaiiaea iaycaoaeueiia io/eneaiea a iieueco oea?eae a ?acia?a aeanyoie
/anoe iiethaeuey. Anao ianoiuo ieaiaiiuo eiycae Aeaaeeie? caiaiee naieie
nuiiaueyie, i?aa?aoea oai naiui ?onue ai aeaaeaiea ?th?eeiae/ae.
Oe?aieaiea aeanoe aeaei aio aiciiaeiinoue iiaeeeciaaoue ianaeaiea no?aiu
aeey nicaeaiey iai?iieoaeueiuo ?oaaaeae ia thaeiuo a?aieoeao e
ia?anaeeoue nthaea /anoue neiaai, e?eae/ae, /oaee e ayoe/ae.
VIII. ?onue eiioea IX-ia/aea Xaa.
1015-1019aa – i?aaeaiea Nayoiiieea I Ieayiiai
1019-1054aa – i?aaeaiea ss?ineaaa Ioae?iai
1054a – ?acaeaeaiea o?enoeaineie oea?eae ia i?aaineaaioth e
eaoiee/aneoth
1054-1078aa – i?aaeaiea Ecyneaaa I
1078-1093aa – i?aaeaiea Anaaieiaea I
1093-1113aa – i?aaeaiea Nayoiiieea II
1097a – nuacae eiycae a Ethaa/a
1113-1125aa – i?aaeaiea Aeaaeeie?a Iiiiiaoa
[Aneieueae e Aee? inaiaiaeeee Eeaa io oaca?neie aeaie, oioy a
aieueoeinoaa o/aaieeia ii enoi?ee ieooo, /oi yoi naeaeae Ieaa. Anoue
aeaaea aa?ney, /oi iie – iineaaeiea i?aaenoaaeoaee ?iaea Eey. Ii a oaeii
neo/aa eae iie iiiaee a ae?oaeeio ?th?eea e eai yoie/anee yaeyeny Eee e
aai ?iaeiy?]
[Eiycue Nayoineaa aue oaeo a 972a ii aei?iaa a Eeaa – iiiae a canaaeo,
ono?iaiioth ia/aiaaaie o aeiai?ianeeo ii?iaia. Ia/aiaaeneee oai i?eeacae
naeaeaoue ec aai /a?aia /aoo, ieiaaiioth cieioii, e iee ec iaa ia ie?ao,
n/eoay, /oi e iaio ia?aeaeoo aeinoieinoaa oaeoiai.]
[O?enoeainoai ia ?one auei ?ani?ino?aiaii caaeieai aei aai i?eiyoey a
ea/anoaa ainoaea?noaaiiie ?aeeaee. Aai, yeiau, i?iiiaaaeiaae Aiae?ae
Ia?aicaaiiue, oioy a yoii neo/aa aicieeaao ?yae i?iaeai n o?iiieiaeae.
Eae naeaeaoaeuenoaoao IAE, Aiae?ae ioi?aaeeny nia/aea a Neeoeth, ioooaea
iiaeiyeny aei n?aaeiaai oa/aiey Aeiai?a, onoaiiaee ia eeaaneeo oieiao
e?ano e i?aaeneacae, /oi Eeaa aoaeao “iaoa?ueth ai?iaeia ?onneeo”.
Aeaeueiaeoee iooue aiinoiea eaaeae /a?ac Iiaai?iae, aaea, ii neiaai
eaoiienoea, aai i?eaaea a ecoieaiea ?onneay aaiy, ia Aaeoeeo e aeaeaa
aie?oa Aa?iiu a ?ei.
Eiyaeiy Ieueaa n ae?oaeeiie i?eiyea e?auaiea a Eiinoaioeiiiiea a 957a
iiae eiaiai Aeaiu.
I?aaeiieaaatho, /oi Aneieueae e Aee? oaeaea auee o?enoeaiaie.
A?aouey Eiinoaioei e Ieoaee i?iiiaaaeiaaee o?enoeainoai a na?aaeeia
IXa.]
Aeaaiaaeoeaoue nuiiaae Aeaaeeie?a I io ianeieueeeo a?aeia oi?aaeyee
e?oiiaeoeie aieinoyie ia ?one. Iinea aai nia?oe eeaaneee i?anoie ia?aoae
e noa?oaio a ?iaeo Nayoiiieeo (1015-1019aa). Ai aniuoioaoae
iaaeaeioniaeoea ii i?eeaco iiaiai eiycy auee oaeou a?aouey – Ai?en
?inoianeee e Aeaa Io?iineee. Iicaea iie auee i?e/eneaiu e eeeo nayouo, a
Nayoiiiee ca nea caa?noai iieo/ee i?icaeua Ieayiue.
[A ae?aaia?onneie eeoa?aoo?a nthaeao ia oaeaiee Ai?ena e Aeaaa aue
i/aiue ?ani?ino?aiai. Iaeaieaa iieiua aa?nee i?eienuaathony Ianoi?o e
/a?ii?ecoeo Eaeiao.
A iaeioi?uo enoi/ieeao Nayoiiieea iacuaatho ianuieii Aeaaeeie?a. Ai?en e
Aeaa, eae ?iaeiua nuiiauey eiycy, auee aeeaeaeoeie i?aoaiaeaioaie ia
i?anoie. Ia aeaeay iaaeaeioniaeoeu, Ai?en i?eciae aeanoue Nayoiiieea e a
ciae iiaeiiaaiey ?anionoee naith ae?oaeeio. Ii oaeeoeu – auoai?iaeoeu
niaeanii “AEeoeth Ai?ena e Aeaaa” eee aa?yae-iaaiieee ii “Naaa ia
Yeioiaea” (aa?ya Yeioiae n ae?oaeeiie yeiau ai a?aiaia oniaeoeu aiaaae
ia noi?iia ss?ineaaa) – aioee e iaio a oaoa?, eiaaea ii iieeeny, e
caeieiee eiiueyie.
Aiiaoe, iineaiiue io ss?ineaaa, ia?aaeaao Aeaao aanoue i nia?oe iooea e
oaeenoaa Ai?ena. Ii, ii-aeaeeiiio, ?aiueoa aei Aeaaa aeiae?aaony aiiaoe
Nayoiiieea n ecaanoeai i oii, /oi ioaoe oyaeaei aieai e aeaeaao aeaeaoue
aai. Eiycy ie?oaeatho ?acaieieee, eiaaea ii ieuaao ii ?aea a eiaeea. Ii
i?eeaco aeaaa?y ?acaieieeia iiaa? Aeaaa ca?acae naiaai oicyeia iiaeii.
O/eouaay, /oi, niaeanii eaoiiene, Ai?en e Aeaa ia?auie ec a?aoueaa
i?eciaee aeanoue Nayoiiieea, yoa enoi?ey eaaeaony iaeiae/iie. Iaeioi?ua
enneaaeiaaoaee iieaaatho, /oi eo nia?oue – aeaei ?oe ss?ineaaa, a
Nayoiiiee noae aea?oaie a?aiioiie oaeueneoeeaoeee.]
Iie?aynue ia iiiiuue iiaai?iaeoeaa e aa?yaia, iiaaaeo a oniaeoea
iaea?aeae ss?ineaa Aeaaeeie?iae/ (1019-1054aa), eiyaeeaoee aei oiai a
Iiaai?iaea Aaeeeii. Anei?a i?ioea iaai aunooiee ae?oaie nui Aeaaeeie?a –
Inoeneaa. Iinea ?yaea noieeiiaaiee a?aouey i?eoee e niaeaoaieth,
?acaeaeea a 1024a ?onue ia aeaa /anoe: eaaiaa?aaeuea Aeiai?a n oeaio?ii
a *a?ieaiaa ioioei e Inoeneaao, a i?aaiaa?aaeiua caiee n Eeaaii e naaa?
?one n Iiaai?iaeii inoaeenue ca ss?ineaaii. A 1036 (1035?)a oia? ia
eiaaoee ianeaaeieeia Inoeneaa, /oi iicaieeei ss?ineaao aiiaue
iauaaeeieoue iiae naiae aeanoueth ?onneea caiee.
I?e ss?ineaaa Ioae?ii Eeaaneay ?onue aeinoeaea iaeaunoaai iiaouanoaa.
Aio oaeaeinue iaaciianeoue ?onue io ia/aiaaeneeo iaaaaia. A 1030a iinea
oniaoiiai iioiaea ia i?eaaeoeeneoth /oaeue ss?ineaa iniiaae iaiiaeaeaeo
io *oaeneiai ica?a ai?iae TH?ueaa (iuia Oa?oo a Ynoiiee), ooaa?aeea
?onneea iiceoeee a I?eaaeoeea.
Eeaa i?aa?aoeeny a iaeei ec e?oiiaeoeo ai?iaeia Aa?iiu, niia?ie/aaoee n
Eiinoaioeiiiieai. Ii aeioaaeoei naaaeaieyi, a ai?iaea auei ieiei
/aou?aonio oea?eaae e ainaiue ?uieia. Ii i?aaeaieth., a 1037a ia ianoa,
aaea ss?ineaa ?aiaa ?acaee ia/aiaaia, aue aicaaaeai Nioeeneee niai?. I?e
iai aea a Eeaaa auee nii?oaeaiu Cieioua ai?ioa – ia?aaeiue auacae a
noieeoeo.
Aei/a?e ss?ineaaa – Aiia, Aianoaney e Aeecaaaoa – auoee caioae ca
ei?ieae O?aioeee, Aaia?ee e Ii?aaaee. Nai ss?ineaa aue aeaiao ia
oaaaeneie i?eioeanna. Iieueneee ei?ieue aeaieeny ia nano?a ss?ineaaa, a
aai aio/ea auoea caioae ca aa?iaineiai eiia?aoi?a. Nui ss?ineaaa
Anaaieiae aeaieeny ia aei/a?e aecaioeeneiai eiia?aoi?a Eiinoaioeia
Iiiiiaoa.
?ino aaoi?eoaoa ?one iicaieee ss?ineaao aia?aua iacia/eoue eeaaneei
ieo?iiieeoii ainoaea?noaaiiiai aeayoaey e ienaoaey Eeea?eiia – ?onneiai
ii i?ienoiaeaeaieth. Nai eiycue iacuaaeny, iiaeiaii aecaioeeneei
i?aaeoaeyi, oea?ai, i /ai naeaeaoaeuenoaoao iaaeienue XIa ia noaia
Nioeeneiai niai?a. Iaae na?eioaaii, auiieiaiiui ec oeaeiai eonea
i?aii?a, a eioi?ii iioi?iiai ss?ineaa, iiaeii i?i/anoue oi?aeanoaaiioth
iaaeienue “ia oniaiee oea?y iaoaai”.
Oe?iei aaeenue ?aaiou ii ia?aienea e ia?aaiaeo eiea ia ?onneee ycue,
iao/aieth a?aiioa. Ia/aeinue ninoaaeaiea ienueiaiiuo caeiiia.
IX. ?onneay I?aaaea.
Iiauoaiiia aieiaiea enneaaeiaaoaeae e yoiio naiaeo caeiiia iauyniyaony
oai, /oi ii ninoaaeyeny a oa/aiea iieooi?a aaeia, io?aaeay e oeene?oy a
naieo ii?iao yaiethoeeth ae?aaia?onneiai iauanoaa. Ecaanoii o?e
?aaeaeoeee ?onneie I?aaaeu:
– E?aoeay I?aaaea, ninoiyuay ec Ae?aaiaeoae I?aaaeu, eee I?aaaeu
ss?ineaaa (1016?) e onoaaa ss?ineaae/ae (1072?)
– I?ino?aiiay I?aaaea (XIIa)
– Nie?auaiiay I?aaaea (XIV-XVaa)
1. I?aaaea ss?ineaaa ninoieo ec 17 noaoae. A ia?aie noaouea aiai?eony i
i?aaa e?iaiie ianoe ca oaeenoai naiaiaeiiai ioaea. Iaeiaei, no?iai
ia?aie/ai e?oa ?iaenoaaiieeia, eiathueo i?aai inoeoue, e aaaaeai
aeueoa?iaoeaiue oo?ao ca oaeenoai a 40 a?eaai, /oi aiai?eo i ?aniaaea
?iaeiieaiaiiuo ioiioaiee e oneeaiee aeanoe eiycy.
Ia?a?anoaiea ?iaeiaie iaueiu a caieaaeaeue/aneoth i?eaiaeeei e iioa?a
iiiaeie ethaeueie naiaai nioeeaeueiiai noaoona e ineaaeaieth
nioeeaeueiie caueou ni noi?iiu ?iaea. Iie auioaeaeaiu auee eneaoue
iie?iaeoaeuenoaa o eiycy e aai ie?oaeaiey, iiiaaeay i?e yoii a
iaeioi?oth caaeneiinoue. Oaeei ia?acii, iac?aea iaiaoiaeeiinoue
ianeieueei nenoaiaoece?iaaoue i?aaiaua ii?iu.
2. A I?aaaea ss?ineaae/ae e?iaiay ianoue oaea cai?auaia. E?iia oiai, a
iae oeene?oaony e aieaa neiaeiay no?oeoo?a iauanoaa, a eioi?ie
iiyaeeenue iiaua nioeeaeueii ia?aaiii?aaiua a?oiiu ethaeae. A ?acee/iuo
noaoueyo I?aaaeu oiiieiathony /aeyaeue e oieiiu (?aau), a oaeaea
nia?aeu. Eo aeeciue a ioee/ea io naiaiaeiuo caueuaaony oo?aoii (ae?ie) a
5 a?eaai. AEeciue iaeioi?uo eiyaeaneeo ethaeae – oeoiia, iaieuai (nei?aa
anaai, oi?aaeoaeae oicyenoa) – noieea 80 a?eaai.
Anoue noaouee. noiyuea ia no?aaea eiyaeaneie nianoaaiiinoe e aai
caiaeueiuo aeaaeaiee. Yoi aeaei iniiaaiea iaeioi?ui niaaoneei enoi?eeai
naeaeaoue auaiae i ca?iaeaeaiee oaiaeaeueiie nianoaaiiinoe e
oaiaeaeueiuo ioiioaiee a Ae?aaiae ?one.
3. A Onoaaa Aeaaeeie?a Iiiiiaoa (1113a), aoiaeyuai a ninoaa I?ino?aiiie
I?aaaeu, caoeene?iaaii iiyaeaiea iiaie a?oiiu caaeneiuo ethaeae –
caeoiia, eioi?uo caeii caueuae io iieiiai caeaaaeaiey. Oai aea
niaea?aeeony ?yae caeiiia, ia?aie/eaaaoeo ?inoiaue/anoai.
X. Nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneee no?ie.
Aii?in i i?e?iaea nioeeaeueiiai no?iy a Ae?aaiae ?one n/eoaaony iaeiei
eo naiuo nii?iuo e caiooaiiuo. Iaeie enoi?eee n/eoatho, /oi oai
neiaeeeenue ?aaiaeaaeaeue/aneea ioiioaiey (A.E.Ai?aiueeia), ae?oaea
ii?aaeaeytho yoi iauanoai eae ia?aoiaeiia e aeieeanniaia, a eioi?ii
nouanoaiaaei ianeieueei nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneeo oeeaaeia, ii
i?aiaeaaeaee iaueiiua ioiioaiey (E.ss.O?iyiia). Aieueoeinoai noiaeeony a
oii, /oi a ?aieao Ae?aaiae ?one oae i?ioeann ca?iaeaeaiey
?aiiaoaiaeaeueiiai iauanoaa, aua cia/eoaeueii ioee/aaoaainy io c?aeiai
oaiaeaeecia.
Iniiaiua /a?ou c?aeiai oaiaeaeueiiai no?iy:
– iiiiiieueiay nianoaaiiinoue oaiaeaeia ia caieth
– iaee/ea naiinoiyoaeueiiai e?anoueyineiai oicyenoaa, a eioi?ii
i?iecaiaeeoaeue aeaaeae
i?oaeeyie o?oaea, neioii e iieueciaaeny /anoueth caiee, ia?aaeaaaaiie
aio oaiaeaeii
– ca iieueciaaiea caieae e?anoueyiei ian iiaeiiinoe – ia?ie, aa?ueio eee
aeaiaaeioth ?aioo
– ee/iay caaeneiinoue e?anoueyieia io oaiaeaea
– ainiiaenoai iaoo?aeueiiai oicyenoaa
1. Iaueia e naiaiaeiua iaueiieee.
Iniiaiui ianaeaieai Ae?aaiae ?one auee naiaiaeiua iaueiieee – ethaee
(ionthaea oa?iei, iaicia/athuee nai? aeaie – iiethaeuea).
Caieaaeaeue/aneay iaueia – aa?aue – ninoaaeyea yeiiiie/aneoth e
nioeeaeueioth iniiao iauanoaa (neiai yoi, aa?iyoii, i?ienoiaeeo io
“aa?aue” a cia/aiee “aa?aaea”, eioi?oth iiia/aeo eniieueciaaee aeey
auaeaeaiey a?aieoe ioaeaeueiuo o/anoeia). Iia ioaa/aea ca iauanoaaiiue
ii?yaeie ia naiae oa??eoi?ee ia?aae ainoaea?noaii (iai?eia?, ca o?oi,
iaeaeaiiue ia aa oa??eoi?ee, iia aeieaeia auea caieaoeoue oo?ao eee
iaeoe e auaeaoue oaeeoeo), ieaoeea oo?aou ca naieo /eaiia, aeaaeaea
caieae, eioi?oth ia?eiaee/anee ?acaeaeyea iaaeaeo naiueyie. Ca aeaaeaiea
caieae e io?aio io iaaaaia ei/aaieeia iaueiieee ieaoeee aeaiue eiycth,
eioi?ue n/eoaeny aa?oiaiui nianoaaiieeii caiee.
2. Eiycue e ae?oaeeia.
Iniiaiui enoi/ieeii aeioiaea eiycy iiieii aeaie auea aiaiiay aeiau/a. Ii
oaea a eiioea Xa iiyaeeenue eiyaeaneea naea, oicyenoai eioi?uo iineei
i?iiuneiaue e eiiaaiae/aneee oa?aeoa?. Aeiauaaaiay iooieia i?iaeaaaeanue
ia?yaeo n yenii?oiie /anoueth aeaie ia ?uieao Eiinoaioeiiiiey.
N oiiiaeaieai /enea ae?oaeeiieeia aeaie noaei ia oaaoaoue. Eiycuey noaee
iinueaoue naieo iaianoieeia-aiy? ia “ei?ieaiea”, ia?aaeaaay ei i?aai
nai?a aeaie a eaeie-eeai aieinoe. A ioaeaeueiuo neo/ayo a aeaea
naiaia?aciiai aiciaa?aaeaeaiey ca neoaeao eiycth ioaeaeueiua naea
cae?aieyeenue ca ei?ieaiueeii, ia?aoiaey ii ianeaaenoao e i?aa?auaynue a
aio/eio.
Ca?iaeaeaieth ?aiiaoaiaeaeueiuo ioiioaiee niinianoaiaaee neaaeothuea
oaeoi?u:
– oaaee/aiea /eneaiiinoe eiyaeanei-ae?oaeeiiie aa?oooee
– nie?auaiea o?aaeeoeeiiiuo enoi/ieeia aa nouanoaiaaiey (aeaie, ae?u,
aiaiiay aeiau/a) e
oaanaiea oi?aiaiai iooe “ec aa?ya a a?aee” a eiioea XIa
– ?acaeoea caieaaeaeey e aic?anoaiea oeaiiinoe iaoioiie caiee
– iiyaeaiea aiciiaeiinoe iaania/eaaoue caieth ?aai/ae neeie a nayce n
?aceiaeaieai iaueiu e
oaaee/aieai /eneaiiinoe ?acee/iiai ?iaea nioeeaeueiuo ecaiaa
– eciaiaiea noa?aioeiia niciaiey e iiaaaeaiey ae?oaeeiieeia, eioi?ua, n
iaeiie noi?iiu, ana
aieaa no?aieeenue ia e aiaaie neaaa e neoaeaieth eiycth, a e aiaaonoaai,
n ae?oaie – aeaaiie
oeaiiinoueth noaee n/eoaoue ia aeaeaeeiia eiouanoai, a caieth.
3. Caaeneiia ianaeaiea.
Iniiaiay ianna naeueneiai ianaeaiey, caaeneiiai io eiycy, iacuaaeanue
nia?aeaie. Iie iiaea aeeoue eae a e?anoueyineeo iaueiao, eioi?ua ianee
iiaeiiinoue a iieueco ainoaea?noaa, oae e a aio/eiiuo. Oa nia?aeu.
eioi?ua aeeee a aio/eiao, iaoiaeeeenue a aieaa oyaeaeie oi?ia
caaeneiinoe e oa?yee ee/ioth naiaiaeo.
Iaeiei ec iooae caeaaaeaiey naiaiaeiiai ianaeaiey auei caeoiie/anoai.
?aci?eaoeany eee iaaaeiaaoea e?anoueyia a?aee o oaiaeaea a aeiea “eoio”
– /anoue o?iaeay, neioa, aeaiueae. Ionthaea iacaaiea yoie eaoaai?ee
ianaeaiey – caeoiu. Caeoi aeieaeai aue ?aaioaoue ia naiaai e?aaeeoi?a e
iiae/eiyoueny aio. iiea ia aa?iao aeiea.
?aci?eaoeany iaueiieee /anoi oee a eaaaeo ii aeiaiai?o – “?yaeo”, ca /oi
e caaeenue ?yaeiae/e.
A eiyaeaneie e aiy?neie aio/eia auee ?aau – oieiiu e /aeyaeue. Oi auee
aiaiiiieaiiua e aeaaea aacaeiiiua niieaiaiieee. Ae?oaeie enoi/ieeaie
oieiinoaa auee aeaieoueau ia ?aaa, a oaeaea neoaeaa oeoiii aac
niaoeeaeueiiai aeiaiai?a ia yoio n/ao. Oicyei iieiinoueth ?anii?yaeaeny
aeeciueth naiaai ?aaa, a ca aai oaeenoai ian eeoue oea?eiaiia iaeacaiea.
Aeeaiacii eniieueciaaiey ?aaneiai o?oaea aue i/aiue oe?ieei – io iaoie
(?ieaeiua oieiiu) aei oi?aaeaiey onaaeueaie (oeoiu, iaieuaia – io
“iaieua” – aeii). Cai?auaeinue ia?auaiea a ?aanoai ca aeieae.
Aeaaiie oi?iie yenieoaoaoeee ?acee/iuo eaoaai?ee naeueneiai ianaeaiey a
X-XIIaa auea iaoo?aeueiay iiaeiiinoue. Eae i?aaeei, aeaaaeaeu a aiae
caaeneiua e?anoueyia ioaiceee naiei oicyaaai iaiai?aiiia eiee/anoai
i?iaeoeoia, neioeiu, oienoia e o.ae.
Aaaeiui yaeaieai a oicyenoaaiiie e iieeoe/aneie aeecie Ae?aaiae ?one
noaei iiyaeaiea aieueoiai /enea ai?iaeia. Iniiaiie eaoaai?eae ianaeaiey
a ieo auee ?aianeaiieee e oi?aiaoeu. Ianiio?y ia oneeaiea aeanoe eiycy e
aiy?, nio?aieeanue aunieay ?ieue aa/aauo i?aaiia aeanoe. Ai?iaeneia aa/a
aaaeaei aii?inaie aieiu e ie?a, iauyaeyei nicua iiie/aiey, ii?ie aeaaea
iiaei niaieoue eiycy. I?aai aieina ia aa/aauo nia?aieyo i?eiaaeeaaeaei
aiy?ai, ea?a?oai oea?eae, aiaaoui ai?iaeaiai e eoioeai.
XI. Ainoaea?noaaiiue no?ie e iieeoe/aneay aeeciue a XIa.
E.ss.O?iyiia n/eoaao, /oi ia niaio oaaea?aoeee ieaiaiiuo eiyaeaiee ai
aoi?ie iieiaeia XIa i?eoee ai?iaea-ainoaea?noaa n ?anioaeeeaineie oi?iie
i?aaeaiey (aa/a).
Aieueoeinoai enoi?eeia ii?aaeaeytho ae?aaia?onneia ainoaea?noai eae
?aiiaoaiaeaeueioth iiia?oeth ai aeaaa n aaeeeei eiycai eeaaneei –
caueoieeii caiee, caeiiiaeaoaeai, aa?oiaiui noaeueae, aae?anaoii e
?ani?aaeaeeoaeai aeaie.
Iniaaiiinoe ?aiiaoaiaeaeueiie iiia?oee i?iyaeyeenue a nio?aiaiee
yeaiaioia aeiainoaea?noaaiiie nenoaiu i?aaiecaoeee iauanoaa, i?eoaaeoeo
ec yiioe aiaiiie aeaiie?aoee e ia?aie/eaaaoeo eiyaeaneoth aeanoue:
1. Aa/a. Ecaanoii, /oi aeoeaii aeaenoaiaaei a Iiaai?iaea ia i?ioyaeaiee
anaai XIa e iicaeiaa. I aai nouanoaiaaiee a Eeaaa ecaanoii iaiueoa.
2. Aeaiyeoth ?ieue ea?aea eiyaeaneay ae?oaeeia. N iaeiie noi?iiu, iia
auea iineoaeueieoeae i?eioeeia ainoaea?noaaiiinoe, a n ae?oaie –
nio?aiyea o?aaeeoeee ieaiaiiie aeaiie?aoee. Ae?oaeeiieee aini?eieiaee
naay ia iiaeaeaiiuie, a ni?aoieeaie e niaaoieeaie eiycy. Iaeaieaa
aaoi?eoaoiua noa?oea ae?oaeeiieee, ninoaaeyaoea iinoiyiiue niaao eiycy
(aeoio), iacuaaeenue aiy?aie. Ieaaeoea ae?oaeeiieee – ?yaeiaua aieiu –
eiaiiaaeenue io?ieaie e a?eaee.
3. Aii?oaeaiea naiaiaeiuo iaueiieeia – aiaa, oa?aeoa?iia aeey ieaiaiiiai
no?iy, nio?aiyeinue, oioy e ai ana oiaiueoaaoainy ianooaaa.
4. Aeeianoe/aneee oa?aeoa? ianeaaeiaaiey aeanoe i?aaeiieaaae eanoae/iia
i?aai ianeaaeiaaiey, o.a. ia?aaea/o aeanoe ii noa?oeinoao (ia noa?oaio
nuio, a a?aoo oia?oaai eiycy, noaaoaai noa?oei a ?iaeo, e eeoue iinea
nia?oe iineaaeiaai ec a?aoueaa – noa?oaio nuio noa?oaai a?aoa e o.ae.).
Oaeei ia?acii, eiycue eiae aeanoue ia noieueei ee/ioth, ii eeoue eae
i?aaenoaaeoaeue naiaai ?iaea.
5. Nae?aeecaoeey ee/iinoe eiycy nicaeaaaea aeooiaiua i?aaeiinueee aeey
?acaeoey naiiaeanoey e oe?aieaiey eiyaeaneie aeanoe.
Nioeeaeueii-iieeoe/aneay ai?ueaa.
Aei iaaeaaiaai a?aiaie ia?iaeiua aeaeaeaiey, eiaaoea ianoi a
ae?aaia?onneii iauanoaa, o?aeoiaaeenue eae “i?iyaeaiey eeanniaie
ai?ueau, iineaoae aioeoaiaeaeueiue oa?aeoa?”. Nia?aiaiiua enneaaeiaaoaee
iiae/a?eeaatho eae iaiaeiicia/iinoue eo nioeeaeueiie i?e?iaeu, oae e
?aciiia?acea ii?iaeaeaaoeo eo oaeoi?ia. E?oiiaeoea ia?iaeiua
aunooieaiey:
1. Aieiaiea a 1024a a Nocaeaeueneie caiea auei aucaaii iao?iaeayie e
i?ioiaeeei iiae ?oeiaiaenoaii aieoaia. Aieoau-i?iaeaeoeu “oaeaeaee”, /oi
ieaiaiiay ciaoue caaea?aeeaaao ?ino ca?ia. N yoie oi/ee c?aiey oaeenoai
ciaoe auaeyaeeo ia i?iyaeaieai eeanniaie ai?ueau, a ?eooaeueiui
aeaenoaii, i?ecaaiiui iaania/eoue o?iaeae. Ii ae?oaie aa?nee, i?e/eiie
ainnoaiey noae eiioeeeo iaaeaeo aieoaaie e o?enoeaineeie nayuaiieeaie.
2. Ainnoaiea 1068a a Eeaaa aniuoioei a ?acoeueoaoa ii?aaeaiey, eioi?ia
iioa?iaee nuiiauey ss?ineaaa – Ecyneaa (oi. 1078), Nayoineaa (oi. 1076)
e Anaaieiae (oi. 1093) – io iieiaoeaa ia ?aea Aeueoa. A Eeaaa ia
Iiaeiea, a ?aianeaiiie /anoe ai?iaea, ninoiyeinue aa/a. Eeaaeyia
ia?aoeeenue e eiycueyi n i?inueaie auaeaoue i?oaeea, /oiau niiaa
n?aceoueny n iieiaoeaie. ss?ineaae/e ioeacaeenue auaeaoue i?oaeea,
aiynue, /oi ia?iae iai?aaeo aai i?ioea ieo. Oiaaea ia?iae ?aca?iiee
aeai?u aiaaouo aiy? e ?aca?aaee eiouanoai eiycy Ecyneaaa. Iineaaeiee
aaaeae a Iieueoo, e oieueei n iiiiuueth iieueneeo oaiaeaeia aa?ioeny ia
eeaaneee i?anoie a 1069a.
3. Ainnoaiea a 1113a a Eeaaa noaei neaaenoaeai nioeeaeueiiai e?ecena,
aucaaiiiai oooaeoaieai yeiiiie/aneiai iieiaeaiey, caneeeai ?inoiaueeia,
i?iaeieaeaieai iaaeaeioniaeoe e iaiiioey?iie iieeoeeie eiycy Nayoiiieea
Ecyneaae/a, niinianoaiaaaoae caeaaaeaieth naiaiaeiuo ethaeae. N?aco aea
iinea aai nia?oe eeaaeyia i?eaeaneee ia eiyaeaiea i?ineaaeaoaainy naiae
ioae?ie iieeoeeie e oaea/iuie iioiaeaie ia iieiaoeaa ia?ayneaaneiai
eiycy Aeaaeeie?a Iiiiiaoa. Iaeiaei /anoue ciaoe naeaeaea noaaeo ia
/a?ieaianeiai eiycy Ieaaa Nayoineaae/a. Ociaa i ieaiao aa?oia, eeaaeyia
?aca?iieee aeiia ounyoeeiai, nioneeo e ?inoiaueeia e ianoiyee ia
i?eaeaoaiee Aeaaeeie?a. Eiycue, eaey iaano?a/o o?aaiaaieyi ai?iaeai,
i?eiye Onoaa, ia?aie/eaoee ?inoiaue/aneoth noaaeo aeaaaeoeaoueth
i?ioeaioaie e cai?aoeaoee iieiia ii?aaiuaiea ca aeieae.
Oie?ay, ss?ineaa Ioae?ue ?acaeaeeee oa??eoi?eth aea?aeaau iaaeaeo
iyoueth naieie nuiiaueyie e ieaiyiieeii io oia?oaai nuia Aeaaeeie?a. Ii
caaauae ianeaaeieeai aeeoue a ie?a e neooaoueny ai anai noa?oaai a?aoa
Ecyneaaa.
Neiaeiinoue aeeianoe/aneeo n/aoia n iaeiie noi?iiu, ?ino iiaouanoaa
eaaeaeiai ioaeaeueiiai eiyaeanoaa n ae?oaie, ee/iua aiaeoeee n o?aoueae
iaieioaii aaee e eiyaeaneei oniaeoeai.
Ni nia?oueth a 1093a iineaaeiaai ec ss?ineaae/ae – Anaaieiaea a
niioaaonoaee n eanoae/iui ii?yaeeii i?anoieiianeaaeey aeanoue iaae
Eeaaii ia?aoea e noa?aeoaio a ?iaeo Nayoiiieeo II Ecyneaae/o
(1993-1113aa). Iiaue eiycue ia noiae ni?aaeony n oniaeoeaie,
i?ioeainoiyoue iieiaoeai. I?e iai i?ioeaaoaei ?inoiaue/anoai, oe?iei
aaeanue niaeoeyoeey oeaaii e nieueth.
Iaeaieaa iiioey?iui ia ?one a oi a?aiy aue Aeaaeeie? Anaaieiaeiae/
Iiiiiao. Ii aai eieoeeaoeaa a 1097a ninoiyeny Ethaa/neee nuacae eiycae.
Auei i?eiyoi ?aoaiea i?ae?aoeoue oniaeoeu e i?iaicaeaoai i?eioeei
“eaaeaeue aea aea?aeeo io/eio naith”, niaethaeaiea eioi?iai i?eaaei e
caiaia ?iaeiaiai aeaaeaiey naiaeiui, a ?iaeiaiai noa?aeoeinoaa –
iieeoe/aneei aaeeiiaeanoeai. Iaeiaei oniaeoeu i?iaeieaeaeenue.
Aiaoiee oaeoi?, a eiaiii – iaiaoiaeeiinoue ioii?a iiyaeaoeiny e
na?aaeeia XIa a thaeii?onneeo noaiyo ei/aaieeai-iieiaoeai, aua
oaea?aeeaae iaeioi?ia a?aiy Eeaaneoth ?onue io ?aniaaea ia ioaeaeueiua
eiyaeanoaa. Enoi?eee ian/eouaatho ieiei 50 iieiaaoeeeo aoi?aeaiee n
na?aaeeiu XIa aei ia/aea XIIIa.
Aeaaeeie?o Iiiiiaoo oaeaeinue oaea?aeaoue iiae naiae aeanoueth anth
?onneoth caieth. I?e iai oe?aieeny iaaeaeoia?iaeiue aaoi?eoao ?one. Ii
aeaieeny ia aiaeeeneie i?eioeanna. I?e iai auea ninoaaeaia ia/aeueiay
?onneay eaoiienue – IAE.
Nuio Aeaaeeie?a – Inoeneaao I Aaeeeiio (1125-1132aa) oaeaaaeinue aua
iaeioi?ia a?aiy oaea?aeeaaoue aaeeinoai ?onneeo caiaeue. Iinea aai
nia?oe ?onue ieii/aoaeueii ?aniaeanue ia iieoi?a aeanyoea
eiyaeanoa-ainoaea?noa.
XII. Ainoaea?noaaiiay ?acae?iaeaiiinoue Ae?aaiae ?one XII-XIIIaa.
I?aaeiinueee: 1. Oi?ie?iaaiea ianoiuo eiyaeaneeo aeeianoee. Ia?a?anoaiea
?iaeiaiai aeaaeaiey
?th?eeiae/ae a naiaeiua aeaaeaiey ioaeaeueiuo aaoaae ?iaea i?eaiaeeei e
inaaeaieth eiycae
ia ii?aaeaeaiiuo oa??eoi?eyo. Ia?anoaiea iaaeaeioniaeoe, no?aieaiea
eiycae oe?aieoue e
?anoe?eoue naie aeaaeaiey.
2. Oe?aieaiea ianoiiai aiy?noaa. Neeaaeuaaiea aiy?neeo ?aaeiiaeueiuo
a?oiie?iaie,
aucaaiiia eae oniaoaie caieaaeaeey, oae e ?inoii /eneaiiinoe ae?oaeeiu.
3. ?acaeoea ?aianea e oi?aiaee. ?ino e oe?aieaiea ai?iaeia, eioi?ua
i?aa?auaeenue a oeaio?u ioaeaeueiuo oa??eoi?ee. Ai?iaeneia ianaeaiea
oyaioeeinue iaiaoiaeeiinoueth auieaou aeaie eeaaneiio eiycth, a caueoo
io iaaaaia ei/aaieeia oaia?ue iaania/eaaee ianoiua eiyaeaneea ae?oaeeiu.
4. Eciaieeenue iieiaeaiea e ?ieue naiiai Eeaaa. N iioa?ae cia/aiey
oi?aiaiai iooe “ec aa?ya a a?aee” a XIIa ineaaaaaea yeiiiie/aneay iniiaa
aaeeinoaa. Ianaeaiea iieeaeaei caieth a iieneao iaoioiuo oaiaeee e
nianaynue io iaaeaeioniaeoe e iaaaaia iieiaoeaa.
5. eiaaea i?ae?aoeeenue iieiaaoeeea iaaaae, iio?aaiinoue a aaeeinoaa
i?iiaea. ?onneea eiycuey e iieiaoeu iaeiiaoe aeiaiai?eeenue,
caeeth/aeenue aeaaea a?aee n i?aaenoaaeoaeyie oaineeo naiae.
6. Aeooiaiua i?aaeiinueee. Oi?ie?iaaiea i?aaenoaaeaiey i aiaeanoaaiiii
i?ienoiaeaeaiee eiyaeaneie aeanoe -> ianaeaiea eaaeaeie iaeanoe
iiaeaea?aeeaaei nianoaaiiiai eiycy.
7. Ainiiaenoai iaoo?aeueiiai oicyenoaa. Caiee iaania/eaaee naay naie, ia
auei iio?aaiinoe a oe?aieaiee oi?aiauo naycae.
Ia iniiaa Eeaaneie ?one neiaeeeinue i?eia?ii 15 eiyaeanoa e caiaeue e
na?aaeeia XIIa, ieiei 50 e ia/aeo XIIIa, i?eia?ii 250 – a XIVa.
Oaiaeaioeey e ?acaeaeaieth iaiaoeeanue aua a yiioo i?aaeaiey
ss?ineaae/ae e, iinoaiaiii ia?anoay, aueeeanue a XIa a eiyaeaneea
iaaeaeioniaeoeu. Iaeiaei a ia/aea XIIa ?acaeaeaiea no?aiu auei
i?einoaiiaeaii iiae aicaeaenoaeai aeoeaiie aeayoaeueiinoe Aeaaeeie?a
Iiiiiaoa. Aai nuio, Inoeneaao Aaeeeiio, oaeaeinue i?iaeieaeeoue iieeoeeo
iooea e nio?aieoue aeinoeaiooia; ii n?aco aea iinea aai nia?oe
ia/eiaaony ?acaeaeaiea.
Nayce iaaeaeo ?onneeie caieyie iiaeaea?aeeaaeenue aeaaiaea?y iauae aa?a,
ycueo, aeaenoaeth iaueo caeiiia.
Iaeioi?ua enoi?eee n/eoatho, /oi i?iecioae ia iieiue ?aniaae
ae?aaia?onneiai ainoaea?noaa , a aai o?ainoi?iaoeey a oaaea?aoeeth
eiyaeanoa ai aeaaa n eiycai eeaaneei. Ii aai aeanoue auea iiieiaeueiie,
a ni a?aiaiai e aiana oo?aoeea cia/aiea.
1. Aeaaeeie?i-Nocaeaeueneia eiyaeanoai (?inoiai-Nocaeaeueneay caiey).
?aniieiaeaia ia Naaa?i-Ainoiea ?one a iaaeaeo?a/uea Iee e Aieae.
Cia/eoaeueioth /anoue aa oa??eoi?ee caieiaee eana, ii/au auee
iiaecieenoua, iaeiieiaei?iaeiua, ca eneeth/aieai oae iacuaaaiuo iiieee –
ia?iiiuo iieyi ia ie?aeia eania a ?aeiia ?inoiaa, Ia?ayneaaey-Caeanneiai
e Nocaeaey, n ioiineoaeueii iiuiui /a?iicaiiui neiai. Caeanue
?acaeaaeinue iaoaiiia caieaaeaeea, iiyaeeenue iiianou?neea e aiy?neea
aio/eiu.
Aicieeaea iiaua ai?iaea. O aiaaeaiey Iee a Aieao a 1221a aue iniiaai
Ieaeiee Iiaai?iae – e?oiiaeoee iii?iue e oi?aiaue oeaio? ia ainoiea
eiyaeanoaa. Iiaua ai?iaea-e?aiinoe: Aeieo?ia, TH?ueaa, Iieueneie,
Caaieai?iae, Ia?ayneaaeue-Caeanneee, Eino?iia, Iineaa
(i?aaeiieiaeeoaeueii 1147a), Aaee/-Eino?iineie.
[Iineaa auea iino?iaia ia ianoa auaoae onaaeueau aiy?eia Eo/ee,
eiioeneiaaiiie TH?eai Aeieai?oeei. 4 ai?aey 1147a oai ninoiyeenue
ia?aaiai?u TH?ey n /a?ieaianeei eiycai Nayoineaaii, i?eaacoei TH?eth a
ea/anoaa iiaea?ea oeo?o aa?na.]
Oi?aiaua iooe i?ioiaeeee /a?ac Iiaai?iaeneea caiee ia caiaae e /a?ac
Aieaeneoth Aoeaa?eth ia ainoie e thai-ainoie. Aieaeneee oi?aiaue iooue
naycuaae naaa?i-ainoi/ioth ?onue ni no?aiaie Ainoiea.
Oa??eoi?ey auea oi?ioi caueuaia io aoi?aeaiee anoanoaaiiuie i?aa?aaeaie.
Aieueoie i?eoie ianaeaiey n naaa?i-caiaaea.
?inoiai-Nocaeaeueneay caiey auoea ec-iiae aeanoe Eeaaa a 30a aa XIIa i?e
ieaaeoai nuia Aeaaeeie?a Iiiiiaoa TH?ee (1125-1157aa), iieo/eaoai
i?icaeua Aeieai?oeee ca no?aieaiea i?aaeoue a Eeaaa e aiaoeaaoueny a
aeaea ninaaeieo eiyaeanoa. Oeaio? naiae caiee ii ia?aian ec ?inoiaa a
Nocaeaeue. Iie?aynue ia iiaeaea?aeeo naiaai aiy?noaa e nithc n Aaeeoeeei
eiyaeanoaii, iinea ianeieueeeo iiiuoie TH?ee caiye eeaaneee i?anoie a
1155a. A 1157a ii oia? (ii iaeiie ec aa?nee – aue io?aaeai eeaaeyiaie,
iaaeiaieueiuie aai i?aaeaieai), a i?eoaaeoea n iei nocaeaeueoeu auee
ia?aaeou.
A 1155a nui TH?ey – Aiae?ae – ni naieie i?eaeeaeaiiuie aaaeae ec Eeaaa,
i?eoaaoea “nayouith ?one” – eeiio Aeaaeeie?neie Aiaiiaoa?e, a
?inoiai-Nocaeaeueneoth caieth, eoaea aue i?eaeaoai ianoiui aiy?noaii.
Eeiia auea iinoaaeaia ai Aeaaeeie?a-ia-Eeycueia.
Aiae?ae Aiaiethaneee (1157-1174aa) ia?aian noieeoeo eiyaeanoaa ec
?inoiaa a oio aea Aeaaeeie?. Oai auee aicaaaeaiu Cieioua ai?ioa,
Oniaineee niai?. A oanoe eeeiiao?ao i noieeoeu ia neeyiee ?ae Ia?eue e
Eeycueia Aiae?ae iniiaae naith caai?iaeioth ?aceaeaioeeth – Aiaiethaiai,
ca /oi e iieo/ee naia i?icaeua. Ia?aiin noieeoeu aue aucaai no?aieaieai
Aiae?ay e naiiaeanoeth e aai aeaeaieai ecaaaeaoue aeeyiey noa?iai
?inoiai-nocaeaeueneiai aiy?noaa. I?iyaeaieai iiauo oaiaeaioeee noaei e
i?aa?auaiea ae?oaeeiieeia ec niaaoieeia e ni?aoieeia eiycy a aai
iiaeaeaiiuo, iieo/aaoeo ca naith neoaeao caiaeueiua aeaaeaiey. Iaeiaei
aa?oiaiay nianoaaiiinoue ia caieth nio?aiyeanue ca eiycai.
I?aaeoaee Aeaaeeie?i-Nocaeaeueneiai eiyaeanoaa iineee oeooe aaeeeeo
eiycae. A 1169a noa?oee nui Aiae?ay n nithciuie iieiaoeaie caoaaoee Eeaa
e ?aca?aaee aai.
Aiae?ae iiiuoaeny o/?aaeeoue nianoaaiioth ieo?iiiee/ueth eaoaae?o, ii
aaconiaoii. Caoi aio oaeaeinue ianeieueei ?anoe?eoue oa??eoi?eth
eiyaeanoaa, eioi?iio ieaoeee aeaiue aeaaea aieaeneea aoeaa?u.
?ai?annee i?ioea iaeioi?uo aiy? e ?yae aiaiiuo iaoaea/ i?eaaee e oiio,
/oi i?eaeeaeaiiua Aiae?ay a 1174a i?aaieciaaee caaiai? e oaeee eiycy a
aai caiea a Aiaiethaiai. Aneaae ca yoei ii anaio eiyaeanoao i?ieaoeeenue
aieiaiey.
Iinea nia?oe Aiae?ay noa?oea ae?oaeeiieee TH?ey Aeieai?oeiai – aiy?a
noa?uo ai?iaeia – i?aaeeiaeeee i?anoie ?inoeneaae/ai, ieaiyiieeai
oaeoiai eiycy, ii aeaaeeie?oeu auaeaeioee aai naiaeiuo ieaaeoeo a?aoueaa
– Ieoaeei e Anaaieiaea. Iinea e?iaii?ieeoiie oniaeoeu iiaaaeo iaea?aeaee
a?aouey.
Anaaieiae Aieueoia Aiacaei (1176-1212aa), niaieaoee ?aii oia?oaai a?aoa
Ieoaeei, cia/eoaeueii oe?aiee eiyaeanoai e naio eiyaeaneoth aeanoue. Ii
?anoe?ee naie aeaaeaiey, oe?aiee ae?oaeeio, iiae/eiee naiaio aeeyieth
Iiaai?iae e ?ycaiue, i?aaei?eiye iiaue iioiae ia Aieaeneoth Aoeaa?eth.
I?icaeua oaeia ii iieo/ee, iioiio /oi o iaai auei iiiai nuiiaae. Ii yoie
aea i?e/eia iinea aai nia?oe ia/aeanue i/a?aaeiay oniaeoea, ineaaeaoay
eiyaeanoai. A ?acoeueoaoa e aeanoe i?eoae aai nui TH?ee (1218-1238aa).
I?e iai aue onoaiiaeai ieii/aoaeueiue eiio?ieue iaae Aaeeeei
Iiaai?iaeii. I?ioeann aeaeueiaeoaai yeiiiie/aneiai iiaeuaia aue i?a?aai
iiiaieueneei iaoanoaeai.
2. Aaeeoeei-Aieuineay caiey.
THai-Caiaaeiay ?onue. Caieiaei naaa?i-ainoi/iua neeiiu Ea?iao e
oa??eoi?eth iaaeaeo ?aeaie Aeiano? e I?oo.
Eiaeenue oo/iua /a?iicaiu, a oaeaea iaoe?iua eaniua ianneau, oaeiaiua
aeey i?iiuneiaie aeayoaeueiinoe, e cia/eoaeueiua caeaaee eaiaiiie niee,
eioi?oth auaiceee a ninaaeiea no?aiu. ?aii noi?ie?iaaeinue e?oiiia
/anoiia caieaaeaaeaiea e iiuiay aiy?neay i?ineieea. E?oiiua ai?iaea:
Aaee/, Aeaaeeie?-Aieuineee, Oiei, Aa?anouea (A?ano), Eueaia, Ia?aiuoeue,
Aei?iaiaoae, O?aaiaeue, Eooee e o.ae.
Oaeiaiia aaia?aoe/aneia iieiaeaiea (ninaaenoai n Aaia?eae, Iieueoae,
*aoeae) iicaieyei aanoe aeoeaioth aiaoithth oi?aiaeth. Ioiineoaeueiay
aaciianiinoue io ei/aaieeia.
A ia?aua aiaeu iinea ioaeaeaiey io Eeaaa Aaeeoeeia e Aieuineia
eiyaeanoaa nouanoaiaaee eae ioaeaeueiua. Iinea nia?oe ss?ineaaa ioae?iai
ai?iaea THai-Caiaaeiie ?one iau/ii ioaeaaaeenue a oi?aaeaiea ieaaeoei
nuiiaueyi e eiycueyi-ecaiyi. Iai?eia?. iyoiio nuio ss?ineaaa – Eai?th –
aeinoaeny a eiyaeaiea Aeaaeeie?-Aieuineee, iicaea aai i?aaioeai
Aaneeueei e Aieiaea?th auee auaeaeaiu O?aaiaeue e Ia?aiuoeue. Nui Eai?y
Aeaaeae ia/ae i?aoaiaeiaaoue ia yoe caiee e i?e ne?uoie iiaeaea?aeea
Nayoiiieea Eeaaneiai ii caoaaoee ii/oe ana thai-caiaaeiua caiee. Iaeiaei
iinea Aeoe/aaneiai nuacaea eiycae (1100a) Aieuineia eiyaeanoai auei
ioia?aii o Aeaaeaea e ia?aaeaii a ?oee Iiiiiaoe/ae, a Aaeeoeey inoaeanue
o Aaneeueei e Aieiaea?y. Eo iioiiee, noaa oaea iieiinoueth iacaaeneiuie
i?aaeoaeyie, iuoaeenue iauaaeeieoue thai-caiaaeiua caiee a aaeeiia
eiyaeanoai, iie?aynue i?e yoii ia iiaeaea?aeeo TH?ey Aeieai?oeiai,
oiaaea eae aieuineea eiycuey i?eaioe?iaaeenue ia nithc n Eeaaii.
Iiaeuai Aaeeoeeiai eiyaeanoaa ia/aeny i?e ss?ineaaa I Iniiiunea
(1153-1187aa) (ciae 8 eiino?aiiuo ycueia, ca /oi e iieo/ee oaeia
i?icaeua; ii ae?oaie aa?nee – “ainueieiuneaiiue”, o.a. ioae?ue). Aio
oaeaeinue a 1159a iaeaaeaoue Eeaaii. Iinea aai nia?oe a Aaeeoeee
ia/aeanue aeieaay niooa, ineiaeiaiiay aiaoaoaeuenoaii Aaia?ee e Iieueoe.
Iauaaeeiaiea Aaeeoeeiai e Aieuineiai eiyaeanoa i?iecioei a 1199a i?e
aieuineii eiyca ?iiaia Inoeneaae/a (1170-1205aa), i?aaioea Inoeneaaa
Aaeeeiai. Iie?aynue ia ai?iaeai e iaeeeo caieaaeaaeaeueoeaa, ii
?ani?aaeeny n iaaeiaieueiui aai iieeoeeie aiy?noaii. Inouanoaeye iioiaeu
ia Eeoao, iieyeia e iieiaoeaa. A 1203a iaiaaeieai iiae/eiee naaa Eeaa e
i?eiye oeooe aaeeeiai eiycy (oioy iaia ?eineee i?aaeeaaae aio i?eiyoue
ei?ieaaneee oeooe). A aai aeaaeaieyo iaoae naaa oaaaeeua aecaioeeneee
eiia?aoi? Aeaenae III Aiaae, ecaiaiiue caiaaeiiaa?iiaeneeie
e?anoiiinoeaie ec Eiinoaioeiiiiey.
Noa?oaio nuio ?iiaia Inoeneaae/a Aeaieeeo (1221-1264aa) auei anaai
/aou?a aiaea, eiaaea oia? aai ioaoe. Aio i?eoeinue auaea?aeaoue
aeeeoaeueioth ai?ueao ca i?anoie n aaiaa?neeie, iieueneeie e ?onneeie
eiycueyie. Eeoue a 1221a, iaaai/aaoenue n aei/a?ueth iiaai?iaeneiai
eiycy Inoeneaaa Oaeaeiai, Aeaieee niia aa?iooue naaa Aieuineia
eiyaeanoai, a a 1234(1238)a iaeaaeaoue e aaeeoeeei i?anoieii. Ai aeaaa
naiae ae?oaeeiu Aeaieee i?eiye o/anoea a aeoaa n iiiaieaie ia ?. Eaeea a
1223a. A 1239(1240)a, acya Eeaa, ii iauaaeeiee thaeioth e
thai-caiaaeioth ?onue, ii a oii aea aiaeo yoe caiee auee ?aci?aiu
iiiaieaie. Iinea nia?oe Aeaieeea ?iiaiiae/a a 1246a eiyaeanoai auei
iiaeaeaii iaaeaeo aai nuiiaueyie, a a XIVa aai caiee aioee a ninoaa
Iieueoe (Aaee/), Eeoau (Aieuiue) e Aaia?ee.
3. Iiaai?iaeneay caiey.
I?inoe?aeanue io Oeineiai caeeaa aei O?aea e io Naaa?iiai Eaaeiaeoiai
ieaaia aei aa?oiaueaa Aieae.
Niaoaiiue yoie/aneee ninoaa ianaeaiey. Aaaeiua ii/au e oieiaeiue eeeiao
auee i?e/eiie ia?eiaee/aneiai iaaeinoaoea oeaaa. Yoi yeiiiie/anee
i?eaycuaaei Iiaai?iae e Aeaaeeie?neie caiea, ioeoaea, a iniiaiii, e
iinoaaeyee ca?ii.
Iaoiaeeeanue aeaeaei io ei/aaieeia e ia iiaeaa?aaeanue iaaaaai.
Cia/eoaeueiia ?acaeoea iieo/eee i?iiuneiaua caiyoey (ioioa, ?uaieianoai,
ai?oie/anoai), nieaaa?aiea, i?iecaiaenoai aeaeaca. Ana yoi i?eiineei
iaiaeua aeioiaeu aiy?noao, eioi?ia i?ioeaaoaei oaeaea aeaaiaea?y
iaee/eth ia?iiiiai caiaeueiiai oiiaea. Iiaai?iae iinoaaeye aa?iiaeneei
no?aiai iooieio, iaae, eiaee, i?iaeoeou ii?neiai i?iiunea;
niioaaonoaaiii, iaee/anoaiaaei caaeeoi/iia eoia/anoai.
Iiaai?iaeneia aiy?noai i?ienoiaeeei ec ianoiie ieaiaiiie ciaoe e
noi?ie?iaaeinue eae ianeaaenoaaiiay a?enoie?aoey a aeieiyaeaneee
ia?eiae. Ieacaa iiiiuue ss?ineaao Ioae?iio a aai ai?ueaa ca eeaaneee
i?anoie, aiy?noai iieo/eei ?yae i?eaeeaaee, /oi aua aieaa oe?aieei aai
iiceoeee e iicaieeei iinoaiaiii caaeaaeaoue iaueiiuie caieyie.
A Iiaai?iaea oae e ia iiyaeeanue naiy eiyaeaneay aeeianoey. Ii inoaaaeny
ianeaaenoaaiiui aeaaeaieai eeaaneeo eiycae, eioi?ua iinueaee ooaea naieo
iaianoieeia. Iiaai?iae noae aiy?neie ?anioaeeeie. Aunoei i?aaiii
?anioaeeee auei aa/a, ia eioi?ii ecae?aeinue ia?iaeiia oi?aaeaiea,
?anniao?eaaeenue aaaeiaeoea aii?inu aioo?aiiae e aiaoiae iieeoeee.
Ia?yaeo n iauaai?iaeneei aa/a nouanoaiaaee “eii/aineea” (ai?iae
aeaeeeny ia 5 ?aeiiia – eiioeia, a any Iiaai?iaeneay caiey ia 5 iaeanoae
– iyoei) e “oee/aineea” (iauaaeeiyaoea aeeoaeae oeeoe) aa/aaua noiaeu.
Oaeoe/aneeie oicyaaaie ia aa/a auee 300 “cieiouo iiynia” – e?oiiaeoea
aiy?a Iiaai?iaea. Aeaaiui aeieaeiinoiui eeoeii a ai?iaeneii oi?aaeaiee
aue iinaaeiee, eioi?ue yaeyeny aeaaie i?aaeoaeuenoaa – a aai ?oeao auee
oi?aaeaiea e noae, ii aeaaeae eaciie, eiio?iee?iaae aiaoiea niioaiey
Iiaai?iaea, oi?aiaua ia?u e o.ae. Aa/a auae?aei aeaao oea?eae – aieneiia
(iicaea – a?oeaieneiia). Ca/ai ii ioaeai, iaiiiyoii, ii eiae aeaaea naie
nianoaaiiue iiee. O?aoueei aaaeiui eeoeii ai?iaeneiai oi?aaeaiey aue
ounyoeeee, aaaeaaoee ai?iaeneei iiie/aieai, noaeii ii oi?aiaui aeaeai e
nai?ii iaeiaia. Aa/a i?eaeaoaei eiycy, eioi?ue oi?aaeye a?ieae ai a?aiy
aiaiiuo aeaenoaee; aai ae?oaeeia iiaeaea?aeeaaea ii?yaeie a ai?iaea. N
eiycai caeeth/aeny aeiaiai?, ia?aie/eaaaoee e?oa aai iieiiii/ee. A
neo/aa ia?ooaiey aeiaiai?a eiycue ecaiiyeny. Ii ia eiae i?aaa
aiaoeaaoueny ai aioo?aiiea aeaea ai?iaeneiai oi?aaeaiey, i?eia?aoaoue
caiee a iiaai?iaeneeo aieinoyo, niaiyoue aeieaeiinoiuo eeoe.
A 40o aa XIIIa Iiaai?iaeneiio iiie/aieth oaeaeinue ioaeoue iaoene
iaiaoeei-oaaaeneeo aiene. Ia niiaee caoaaoeoue ai?iae e iiiaiei-oaoa?u.
A 1478a Iiaai?iaeneay caiey auea i?eniaaeeiaia e Iineianeiio
ainoaea?noao.
4. Eeaaneia eiyaeanoai.
Ii o?aaeeoeee eiycuey aua niia?ie/aee ca Eeaa, oioy aeeyiea aai ia
iaua?onneoth aeeciue ineaaei. Iaeaioia iiiaieueneiai iaoanoaey a iai
ooaa?aeeeanue aeanoue aaeeoeei-aieuineiai eiycy Aeaieeea ?iiaiiae/a. A
1299a ?onneee ieo?iiieeo ia?aian naith ?aceaeaioeeth ai
Aeaaeeie?-ia-Eeycueia. Iiiaieueneia aoi?aeaiea n ainoiea, yeniainey
eaoiee/aneie oea?eae n caiaaea, eciaiaiey a ie?a (ineaaeaiea Aecaioee e
i?.) ai iiiaii ii?aaeaeeee oa?aeoa? aeaeueiaeoaai ?acaeoey ?onneeo
caiaeue.
Iineaaenoaey iieeoe/aneie ?acae?iaeaiiinoe:
– Iieiaeeoaeueiua – a oneiaeyo eiieo?aioeee onei?eeinue yeiiiie/aneia e
eoeueoo?iia ?acaeoea eiyaeanoa
– Io?eoeaoaeueiua – ?acei nie?aoeeanue iai?iiiniiniaiinoue, /oi
i?iyaeeinue ai a?aiy iiiaieueneiaiiaoanoaey
XIII. Ai?ueaa ?one ca iacaaeneiinoue a XIIIa.
1206a – ia?aciaaiea Iiiaieueneie aea?aeaau, i?iaicaeaoaiea Oaio/eia
*eiaenoaiii
1223a – aeoaa ia ?. Eaeea
1237a – ia/aei iioiaea Aaoo ia Naaa?i-Ainoi/ioth ?onue
1238a – aeoaa ia ?. Neoe
1239-1240aa – iioiae Aaoo ia THai-Caiaaeioth ?onue
15 ethey 1240a – Iaaneay aeoaa
5 ai?aey 1242a – Eaaeiaia iiaieua
I?aaeiinueee caaiaaaiee iiiaieia:
1. No?iaua i?e?iaeiua oneiaey ?aaeiia iaeoaiey iiiaieueneeo ieaiai
ii?aaeaeeee iaaiciiaeiinoue caiyoee i?iaeoeoeaiui caieaaeaeeai e
inaaeeui neioiaiaenoaii.
2. Iiiaieueneea ieaiaia, ei/aaaaoea a noaiyo Oeaio?aeueiie Acee,
ia?aaeeaaee ai aoi?ie iieiaeia XIIa ia?eiae ?aceiaeaiey ?iaeiauo
ioiioaiee. Oi?ie?othuayny ciaoue (iieiiu e eo ae?oaeeiieee ioea?u) aaea
ai?ueao ca ianoaeua e neio.
3. Yenoaineaiue oa?aeoa? ei/aaiai neioiaiae/aneiai oicyenoaa, enoiuaiea
ianoaeu nicaeaaaee iaeio ec i?aaeiinueie aeey aiei e caoaaoia /oaeeo
caiaeue.
4. Iiae aeeyieai aieaa ?acaeouo ninaaeieo oeeaeeecaoeee o ei/aaie ciaoe
iiyaeeenue iio?aaiinoe, eioi?ua iia ia iiaea oaeiaeaoai?eoue ca n/ao
yenieoaoaoeee ?yaeiauo iiiaieia – a?aoia, iiyoiio i?aaeiaou ?ineioe
aa?oooea iieo/aea a ?acoeueoaoa eee oi?aiaiai iaiaia, eee aii?oaeaiiiai
a?aaaaea.
Ia?aciaaiea ?aiiaai iiiaieueneiai ainoaea?noaa.
Noieeiiaaiea ?acee/iuo ei/aauo ieaiai ia ?oaaaea XII-XIIIaa caeii/eeenue
iiaaaeie a?oiie?iaee Oaio/eia (a 1206a ia eo?oeoaa (oo?aea) – nuacaea
ciaoe – ia ?. Iiii aio i?enaiai oeooe *eiaenoaia – aaeeeiai i?aaeoaey),
iauaaeeieaoaai ana iiiaieueneea ieaiaia.
Ii iaeiie ec aa?nee, iaeaieaa oii?iia nii?ioeaeaiea ieacaee oaoa?u, eiy
eioi?uo iinea eno?aaeaiey anao ioae/ei ieaiaie ia?aoei ia anao iiiaieia.
A ia/aea XIIIa ainoaea?noai iiiaieia caieiaei oa??eoi?eth io Aaeeaea e
aa?oiaueaa Aienay e E?ouoa ia naaa?a aei thaeiuo ?aeiiia ionouia Aiae e
Aaeeeie Eeoaeneie noaiu.
Ei/aaay ainoaea?noaaiiinoue ia iiaea nouanoaiaaoue ca n/ao naieo
aioo?aiieo ?ano?nia e auea auioaeaeaia caaiaauaaoue oa??eoi?ee naieo
aieaa ?acaeouo ninaaeae. Naie iioiaeu iiiaieu ia/aee n aeeaeaeoeo
ninaaeae – ao?yo, yaaieia, yeooia, oeao?ia, aienaeneeo ee?aecia. Ia/aeii
caaiaaaiey aiaoiaai ie?a noae caoaao Naaa?iiai Eeoay (1211-1215),
cia/eoaeueii oe?aieaoee aiaiioth iiuue iiiaieia (iie io?aaioaee i?eaiu
ooo?ia eaiaiiuo e?aiinoae, iiciaeiieeenue n inaaeiie oaoieeie, noaee
caae?aoue a ?aanoai eeoaeneeo ?aianeaiieeia, inaieee iaiaiaoiua
i?oaeey). A 1215a ii acyee Iaeei, ii ieii/aoaeueii Eeoae aue caaiaaai
oieueei a 1279a. A 1218a auea caaiaaaia Ei?ay.
A 1219a aienea Oaio/eia iaiaee ia ainoaea?noai Oi?aciaoaoia. I?aaeeiaii
aeey aa?annee iineoaeeei oie/oiaeaiea a ai?iaea Io?a?a iiiaieueneiai
eoia/aneiai ea?aaaia, inouanoaeaiiia ii i?eeaco naiiai Oaio/eia. A
1219-1220aa ia oieueei ai?iaea Naia?eaiae e Aooa?a, ii e any no?aia
auea ?aci?aia, ia noiaa ec-ca aioo?aiieo ?ani?ae ieacaoue na?ueaciiai
nii?ioeaeaiey. Oao Iooaiiaae aaaeae a E?ai.
Iiiaieu eiaee oi?ioi i?aaieciaaiiia aienei, nio?aieaoaa ?iaeiaua nayce.
Aienei aeaeeeinue ia aeanyoee, nioie e ouny/e. Aeanyoue ouny/ aieiia
iacuaaeenue “oueia” (ooiai). Ooiaiu auee ia oieueei aiaiiuie, ii e
aaeieieno?aoeaiuie aaeeieoeaie. Iniiaioth oaea?ioth neeo ninoaaeyea
eiiieoea. Eaaeaeue aiei eiae aeaa-o?e eoea, ianeieueei eie/aiia ni
no?aeaie, oiii?, a?eai, oi?ioi aeaaeae naaeae. Eioaaeue aieia
iie?uaaeanue oeo?aie, /oi caueuaei aa io no?ae e i?oaeey i?ioeaieea. O
naiiai aieia aue aeaeaciue eee iaaeiue oeai e iaioee?ue ec eiaee.
Iinea aica?auaiey ec N?aaeiae Acee iniiaiuo nee iiiaieia, 30-ouny/iay
a?iey iiae eiiaiaeiaaieai eo/oeo iiiaieueneeo aiaia/aeueieeia Aeaeaaa e
Noaaaeay ioi?aaeeanue a aeaeueiee ?acaaaeuaaoaeueiue iioiae /a?ac E?ai e
Caeaaeacuea ia Caiaae. ?acaea iauaaeeiaiiua a?iyii-a?oceineea aienea,
iiiaieu ana aea auee auioaeaeaiu iieeiooue oa??eoi?eth A?ocee, A?iaiee e
Aca?aaeaeaeaia, iineieueeo ano?aoeee neeueiia nii?ioeaeaiea ianaeaiey.
Ieii Aea?aaioa iiiaieueneea aienea auoee a noaie Naaa?iiai Eaaeaca.
Caeanue iie iaianee ii?aaeaiea aeaiai (inaoeiai) e iieiaoeai, iinea /aai
?aci?eee ai?iae Noaeae (No?iae) a E?uio. Iieiaoeu ai aeaaa n eiycai
Eiaaiii, oanoai aaeeoeeiai eiycy Inoeneaaa Oaeaeiai, ia?aoeeenue ca
iiiiuueth e ?onneei eiycueyi.
31 iay 1223a iiiaieu ?acaeee nithciua neeu iieiaaoeeeo e ?onneeo eiycae
a i?eacianeeo noaiyo ia ?. Eaeea. Aeaaiay i?e/eia ii?aaeaiey
caeeth/aeanue a ianiaeaniaaiiinoe aeaenoaee, ionoonoaee aaeeiiai
eiiaiaeiaaiey, iaciaiee iiue e aiaiiuo oeo?inoae iiiaieia.
[I?eiyoue o/anoea a aeoaa niaeaneeenue aeaeaei ia ana eiycuey. Eeaaneee
eiycue Inoeneaa ?iiaiiae/, oe?aieaoenue ni naiei aieneii ia oieia,
iaaethaeae ca iiaieuai ni noi?iiu oae e ia ieacaa iiiiue nithcieeai.
?aca?iiea iniiaiua aienea, iiiaieu inaaeeee oiei. Iie iiiaauaee eiycth
ioionoeoue ?onneeo a neo/aa aeia?iaieueiie naea/e. Inoeneaa iiaa?ee e ia
o?aoee aeaiue inaaeu neiaeee i?oaeea. Ii e ana aai aieiu auee oaeou.]
Iiiaieu aeioee aei Aeiai?a, ii anooieoue a i?aaeaeu ?one ia ?aoeeenue.
Caoi ono?ieee i?acaeianoai a /anoue iiaaaeu. Caoaa/aiiua a ieai eiycuey
auee ?acaeaaeaiu aeineaie, ia eioi?uo iiiaieu neaeaee ai a?aiy ie?a.
Iinea nia?oe Oaio/eia a 1227a ia?iiiay eiia?ey auea ?acaeaeaia ia oeonu
– oaeaeueiua aeaaeaiey aai nuiiaae e aioeia, oi?iaeueii iiae/eiyaoeony
aeaaa ?iaea. Oai caiaaeiiai oeona Aaoo noae aioiaeoueny e iiaiio
iioiaeo. A 1235a ia eo?oeoaa a noieeoea eiia?ee a Ea?aei?oia auei
i?eiyoi ?aoaiea i?aaieciaaoue caaiaaaiea anae Aa?iiu.
Inaiueth 1236a aienea Aaoo ?aci?eee Aieaeneoth Aoeaa?eth, a a oa/aiea
1237a iaianee ianeieueei ii?aaeaiee iieiaoeai. ?onneea eiycuey ciaee ia
iianiinoe aoi?aeaiey, ii oae e ia niiaee aeiaiai?eoueny i niaianoiie
iai?iia.
A aeaeaa?a 1237a aienea oaia Aaoo (oaeoe/anee ?oeiaiaeeoaeai aienea aue
Noaaaeae) anooieee a i?aaeaeu ?ycaineiai eiyaeanoaa. O enoi?eeia iao
aaeeiiai iiaiey ioiineoaeueii /eneaiiinoe iiiaieueneie a?iee.
Nia?aiaiiua enneaaeiaaoaee ii?iaa?aatho eaoiieniua aeaiiua i 600 oun /ae
e iieaaatho, /oi eo auei io 30 aei 120 oun. Nei?aa anaai, a aiaiiuo
aeaenoaeyo i?ioea ?one i?eieiaee o/anoea i?eia?ii 50 oun aieiia, i?e/ai
nianoaaiii iiiaieia oai auei ia aieaa 10 oun, a inoaeueiua –
i?aaenoaaeoaee iiei?aiiuo ia?iaeia.
Aeaaeeie?neee e *a?ieaianeee eiycuey ioeacaee ?ycaie a iiiiue, e ia
oanoie aeaiue inaaeu ai?iae aue acyo. Iiaeaee eiycue TH?ee Eai?aae/, aai
naiuey e ana aeeoaee ai?iaea, eioi?ue iiiaieu, ?aca?aaea, n?aaiyee n
caieae. Ia noa?ii ianoa ?ycaiue oae e ia aic?iaeeeanue; nia?aiaiiay –
yoi iiaue ai?iae, iaoiaeeaoeeny a 60 ei io noa?ie ?ycaie, aei eiioea
XVIIIa ii iacuaaeny Ia?ayneaaeue ?ycaineee.
A yiaa?a 1238a ii caia?coae Iea aieiu Aaoo auoee e Eieiiia, aaea
ano?aoeeenue n inoaoeaie ?ycaineie ?aoe e ae?oaeeiie aeaaeeie?neiai
eiycy ai aeaaa n aai nuiii, oaaeoae ia iiiiuue ?ycaie. Aeaaeeie?neia
aienei auei oie/oiaeaii.
Neeueiia nii?ioeaeaiea a oa/aiea 5 aeiae ieacuaaei ianaeaiea Iineau,
?oeiaiaeeiia aiaaiaeie Oeeeiiii Iyieie. Iinea acyoey iiiaieaie Iineaa
auea niaeaeaia, a aa aeeoaee ia?aaeou.
4 oaa?aey 1238a Aaoo inaaeee Aeaaeeie?. 7 oaa?aey ai?iae iae. Eiyaeaneay
naiuey e inoaoee aiene oe?ueenue a Oniaineii niai?a; ia ioae?noaoy,
iiiaieu iaeiaeeee caeaiea aea?aaueyie e iiaeiaeaee.
Caoaaoea iinea aeaooiaaeaeueiie inaaeu iaaieueoie iia?aie/iue ai?iae
Oi?aeie, iiiaieu aeaeioeenue ia Iiaai?iae, ii, ia aeieaey 100 aa?no,
iiaa?ioee ia tha. ?acaeaeeaoenue ia ioaeaeueiua io?yaeu, caoaao/eee
i?i/anuaaee ie?anoiua ai?iaea. Niieaineo oaeaeinue ioaeoueny, ae?oaea
oeaio?u auee ?acaeou. Naiue iaaeaeue aea?aeaeny Eicaeuene, ca /oi Aaoo
i?icaae aai “ceui ai?iaeii”.
Aaniie 1239a Aaoo ?aca?iie THaeioth ?onue (Ia?ayneaaeue THaeiue),
inaiueth – *a?ieaianeia eiyaeanoai. Inaiueth 1240a iiiaieueneea aienea,
oi?ne?iaaa Aeiai?, inaaeeee Eeaa. Iinea aeeeoaeueiie iai?iiu, eioi?oth
aicaeaaee aiaaiaea Aeieo?, Eeaa aue ?aca?iieai. A 1241a iaiaaeaieth
iiaeaa?aeinue Aaeeoeei-Aieuineia eiyaeanoai.
Caoai iiiaieu aeaeioeenue a Aa?iio. Auee ?aci?aiu Iieueoa, Aaia?ey,
*aoey, aaeeaineea no?aiu. Iiiaieu auoee e a?aieoeai Aa?iaineie eiia?ee,
aeioee aei Aae?eaoe/aneiai ii?y. Iaeiaei a eiioea 1242a eo iinoea ?yae
iaoaea/ a *aoee e Aaia?ee. Aaniie oiai aea aiaea ec Ea?aei?oia i?eoea
aanoue i nia?oe aaeeeiai oaia Oaaaeay (o?aoee nui Oaio/eia) e Aaoo
iiaa?ioe aienea ia?aoii, iianaynue iaaeaaii?eyoiuo aeey naay
?acoeueoaoia auai?ia iiaiai aaeeeiai oaia.
I?e/eiu ii?aaeaiey ?onneeo caeeth/aeenue a iieeoe/aneie ?acae?iaeaiiinoe
?onneeo caiaeue, a oaeaea i?aainoiaenoaa iiiaieia eae a /eneaiiinoe, oae
e a iiaeaioiaeaiiinoe aiene e aaaeaieth e?oiiiianooaaiuo aiaiiuo
aeaenoaee, o?iaia aiaiiie aeenoeeieeiu, a oae aea a i?eiaiaiee eie
caeinoaiaaiiie aiaiiie oaoieee.
A XIIa iaiaoeeia ?uoea?noai ia/aei caoaao i?eiaaeeaaeaueo neaayiai
caiaeue ca Iaea?ii e a Aaeoeeneii iiii?uea. Iaeiia?aiaiii aaeinue
ianooieaiea ia caiee i?eaaeoeeneeo ia?iaeia. Iiaa?aaeuea io Aeneu aei
ainoi/iiai aa?aaa Aaeoeeneiai ii?y auei canaeaii neaayineeie,
aaeoeeneeie (eeoianeea e eaouoneea) e oeiii-oai?neeie ieaiaiaie (ynou,
ea?aeu e ae?.) ieaiaiaie. E eiioeo XII-ia/aeo XIIIaa o ia?iaeia
I?eaaeoeee caaa?oaaony i?ioeann ?aceiaeaiey ia?aiauoii-iaueiiiai no?iy e
neeaaeuaaiey ?aiiaeeanniaiai iauanoaa e ainoaea?noaaiiinoe.
Aoi?aeaiea e?anoiiinoeaa ia caiee I?eaaeoeee e Naaa?i-Caiaaeiie ?one
auei naieoeeiie?iaaii iaiie ?eineei e aa?iaineei eiia?aoi?ii O?eae?eoii
II. A e?anoiaii iioiaea i?eiyee o/anoea aa?iaineea, aeaoneea,
ii?aaaeneea ?uoea?e e aieinoai ec ae?oaeo naaa?iuo no?ai Aa?iiu.
A 1201a e?anoiiinoeu caoaaoeee onouea Caiaaeiie Aeaeiu (Aeaoaaaa), aaea
iniiaaee e?aiinoue ?eao. Aeey caaiaaaiey caiaeue ynoia e eaouoae ec
?acaeouo a Iaeie Acee io?yaeia e?anoiiinoeaa. ?uoea?e iineee iaeaaeaeo n
ecia?aaeaieai ia/a e e?anoa. Iie aaee caoaaoie/aneoth iieeoeeo iiae
eicoiaii o?enoeaiecaoeee (“eoi ia aeaeaao e?anoeoueny, oio aeieaeai
oia?aoue”).
A 1219a aeaoneea ?uoea?e caoaaoeee /anoue iiaa?aaeuey I?eaaeoeee,
iniiaaa ia ianoa ynoiineiai iinaeaiey ai?iae ?aaaeue (Oaeeei). A 1224a
e?anoiiinoeu acyee TH?ueaa (Oa?oo). Aeey caaiaaaiey caiaeue Eeoau
(i?onnia) e thaeii?onneeo caiaeue a 1226a i?eauee ?uoea?e Oaaoiineiai
i?aeaia, iniiaaiiiai a 1198a a Ne?ee ai a?aiy e?anoiauo iioiaeia. *eaiu
i?aeaia iineee aaeua ieaue n /a?iui e?anoii ia eaaii iea/a. A 1234a
ia/aiinoeu iioa?iaee ii?aaeaiea io iiaai?iaenei-nocaeaeueneeo aiene, a
aua /a?ac aeaa aiaea – io eeoiaoeaa e caiaaeia. A 1237a ia/aiinoeu
iauaaeeieeenue n oaaoiiaie, ia?aciaaa Eeaiineee i?aeai, iacaaiiue oae ii
iaeiaiiaaieth oa??eoi?ee, canaeaiiie ieaiaiai eeaia, eioi?oth caoaaoeee
e?anoiiinoeu.
A ethea 1240a oaaaeneee oeio aioae a onouea Iaau. Iiaeiyaoenue ii Iaaa
aei aiaaeaiey a iaa ?aee Eaei?u, ?uoea?neay eiiieoea aunaaeeeanue ia
aa?aa. Oaaaeu oioaee caoaaoeoue Noa?oth Eaaeiao, a caoai e Iiaai?iae.
Eiycue Aeaenaiae? ss?ineaae/, eioi?iio oiaaea auei 20 eao, ni naiae
ae?oaeeiie iaiae ia eaaa?ue oaaaeia, a iaaieueoia iiie/aiea io?acaei ei
iooue e ?aea. Iinea yoiai Aeaenaiae? e iieo/ee i?icaeua Iaaneee.
Cia/aiea yoie iiaaaeu a oii, /oi iia iaaeieai inoaiiaeea oaaaeneia
aoi?aeaiea ia ainoie, nio?aieea ca ?onueth auoiae e Aaeoeeneiio
iiaa?aaeueth.
Eaoii 1240a Eeaiineee i?aeai, a oaeaea aeaoneea e aa?iaineea ?uoea?e
iaiaee ia ?onue e caoaaoeee ai?iae Ecai?ne. Anei?a ec-ca i?aaeaoaeuenoaa
iinaaeieea Oaa?aeeeu e /anoe aiy? aue acyo Ineia (1241a). Aeaenaiae?
Iaaneee aue ecaiai aiy?aie ec Iiaai?iaea, a iinaio ia iiiiuue i?eeoe ia
niia. Iaeiaei eiaaea io?yaeu e?anoiiinoeaa ieacaeenue a 30 ei io noai
Iiaai?iaea, aa/a iio?aaiaaei aica?auaiey Aeaenaiae?a. Ii inaiaiaeee
Ineia, Ecai?ne e ae?oaea ai?iaea e ia?ae?ue ?uoea?yi aeaeueiaeoee iooue,
?acianoea naie aienea ia eueaeo *oaeneiai ica?a iiae i?ee?uoeai e?ooiai
aa?aaa, eneeth/ea aiciiaeiinoue a?aaeaneie ?acaaaeee e eeoea i?ioeaieea
naiaiaeu iaiaa?a. O/eouaay iino?iaiea ?uoea?ae naeiueae, Aeaenaiae?
?aniieiaeee naie iieee a aeaea o?aoaieueieea, ino?eai a aa?aa. Ia?aae
n?aaeaieai /anoue ?onneeo aieiia auea niaaaeaia niaoeeaeueiuie
e?th/ueyie, /oiau noaneeaaoue ?uoea?ae n eiiy. 5 ai?aey 1242a ia eueaeo
*oaeneiai ica?a ninoiyeanue aeoaa, iieo/eaoay iacaaiea Eaaeiaiai
iiaieua. ?uoea?e, ia auaea?aeaa oaea?a, a iaieea aaaeaee. Naiue aa?no
aiaee eo iiaai?iaeoeu ii eueaeo, eioi?ue e aania ai iiiaeo ianoao noae
neaaui e i?iaaeeaaeny iiae oyaeaeiaaniuie ?uoea?yie.
[Caaaaii, /oi ii aeaiiui Iiaai?iaeneie eaoiiene a aeoaa iiaeaei “iaiaoe
400, e 50 acyoi a ieai”, iaiaoeeea aea o?iieee ioeaieee /enei iiaeaoeo
anaai a 25 ?uoea?ae]
Ieaiiua ?uoea?e n iici?ii auee i?iaaaeaiu ii oeeoeai Iiaai?iaea.
Cia/aiea yoie iiaaaeu ninoieo a oii, /oi auea ineaaeaia aiaiiay iiuue
Eeaiineiai i?aeaia, ec-ca /aai oneeeeanue inaiaiaeeoaeueiay ai?ueaa a
I?eaaeoeea. Iaeiaei, iie?aynue ia iiiiuue ?eineie eaoiee/aneie oea?eae,
?uoea?e a eiioea XIIIa caoaaoeee cia/eoaeueioth /anoue I?eaaeoeeneeo
caiaeue.
XIV. Cieioay I?aea.
A na?aaeeia XIIIa iaeei ec aioeia Oaio/eia – Ooaoeae – ia?aian naith
noaaeo a Iaeei, iniiaaa aeeianoeth THaiue. Inoaeueiay /anoue
iiiaieueneie aea?aeaau iiieiaeueii iiae/eiyeanue aaeeeiio oaio a
Ea?aei?oia. Iaeei ec nuiiaae Oaio/eia – Aeaeaaaoae – iieo/ee caiee
aieueoae /anoe N?aaeiae Acee, a aioe Coeaao aeaaeae oa??eoi?eae E?aia,
/anoueth Ia?aaeiae e N?aaeiae Acee e Caeaaeacuey (yoio oeon, auaeaeaiiue
a 1265a, iacuaaeny ainoaea?noaii Ooeaaoeaeia). Aaoo – aioe Oaio/eia io
aai noa?oaai nuia, Aeaeo/e, iniiaae ainoaea?noai Cieioay I?aea. Iii
i?inoe?aeinue io Ea?iao aei Caiaaeiie Neae?e e Oi?acia. Aai noieeoeae
noae iniiaaiiue a ieciaueyo Aieae a. Na?ae. I?aea aeeth/eea a naay E?ui,
Naaa?iue Eaaeac, /anoue caiaeue ?one, ?aniieiaeaiiuo a noaie, auaoea
caiee Aieaeneie Aoeaa?ee e ei/aauo ia?iaeia, Caiaaeioth Neae?ue e /anoue
N?aaeiae Acee. Iia ninoiyea ec iieonaiinoiyoaeueiuo oeonia,
iauaaeeiaiiuo iiae aeanoueth oaia. Oi?aaeyee eie a?aouey Aaoo e ianoiay
a?enoie?aoey. ?ieue naiaia?aciiai a?enoie?aoe/aneiai niaaoa ea?ae
“aeeaai”, aaea ?aoaeenue aiaiiua e oeiainiaua aii?inu. A ia?aua
aeanyoeeaoey nouanoaiaaiey I?aeu aa ?aeeaeae auei ycu/anoai.
?anoeaao Cieioie I?aeu i?eoiaeeony ia a?aiy i?aaeaiey oaia Ocaaea
(1312-1342aa). A yoo yiioo (1312a) ainoaea?noaaiiie ?aeeaeae noae eneai.
Caoai I?aea ia?aaeeaaea ia?eiae ?acae?iaeaiiinoe. Oaea a XIVa io iaa
ioaeaeeeenue n?aaeiaaceaoneea aeaaeaiey, a a XVa auaeaeeeenue Eacaineia
(1438a), E?uineia (1443a), Ano?aoaineia (na?aaeeia XVa) e Neae?neia
(eiiaoe XVa) oainoaa.
XV. ?onue e I?aea.
Yeiiiie/aneay caaeneiinoue ?one ia?aie/eaaeanue auieaoie ?acee/iuo
aeaeia aeaie – i?aeuineiai auoiaea, eioi?ue aei ia/aea XIVa niae?aee
i?aaenoaaeoaee oaia (aaneaee) e ioeoiueee ec ionoeueiaineeo eoioeia
(aanna?iaiu), a iicaea – naie ?onneea eiycuey. A n?aaeiai a aeaiaaeiii
yeaeaaeaioa aeaiue ninoaaeyea ieiei 1300 ea na?aa?a a aiae. Io iaeiaia
inaiaiaeaeaeenue o/aiua, a?a/e, ieuea e aeooiaainoai. Aeey oaeianoaa
nai?a iiiaieu i?iaaee ia?aienue ianaeaiey – /enei (1257a).
A 1243a a?ao oaeoiai ia ?. Neoue aaeeeiai aeaaeeie?neiai eiycy TH?ey
ss?ineaa Anaaieiaeiae/ (1238-1246aa) aue i?ecaai a noaaeo oaia. Ii
i?eciae aannaeueioth caaeneiinoue io Cieioie I?aeu e iieo/ee y?eue ia
aaeeeia eiyaeaiea Aeaaeeie?neia e cieiooth aeiua/eo iaeaeco – i?iione
/a?ac i?aeuineoth oa??eoi?eth. Aneaae ca ieie a I?aeo iiaoaee e ae?oaea
eiycuey.
Eiycae eiio?iee?iaaee aaneaee, a neo/aa iaiiei?iinoe eiycy eeoaee y?euea
(/aua aianoa n aeeciueth) eee niaa?oaee ea?aoaeueiua iioiaeu a aai
caiee. E?iia oiai, ?onneea ianee e aieineoth iiaeiiinoue, inaiaiaeeoueny
io eioi?ie oaeaeinue oieueei Aeaenaiae?o Iaaneiio. Ii aea caiyeny
ainnoaiiaeaieai yeiiiieee ?onneeo caiaeue i?e iiaeaea?aeea oea?eae.
ss?ineaa Anaaieiaeiae/ aue io?aaeai a 1246a a Ea?aei?oia ca naie
iieeoe/aneea eio?eaeee.
E na?aaeeia XIIIa n?aaee ?onneeo eiycae neiaeeeenue aeaa a?oiie?iaee.
Iaeia ec ieo ai aeaaa n Aiae?aai ss?ineaae/ai (eiycue aeaaeeie?neee
1249-1252aa) e Aeaieeeii ?iiaiiae/ai Aaeeoeeei, iiaeaea?aeeaaaiay
eiycueyie caiaaeiuo caiaeue, aunooieea i?ioea i?eciaiey caaeneiinoe io
I?aeu. Ae?oaay a?oiie?iaea, eoaea aoiaeeee a iniiaiii eiycuey
Naaa?i-Ainoi/iie ?one e oea?eiaue, neeiiyeanue e niaeaoaieth.
Ia?aienue ianaeaiey a 50-60a aa XIIIa ioia/aia iiiai/eneaiiuie
ainnoaieyie ?onneeo ethaeae i?ioea aaneaeia, oaineeo iineia,
ia?aien/eeia. A 1262a ?ani?aaeyeenue ni nai?ueeaie aeaie aeeoaee
?inoiaa, Aeaaeeie?a, ss?ineaaey, Nocaeaey, Onothaa. A 1257a ainnoaieai a
Iiaai?iaea ?oeiaiaeee nui Aeaenaiae?a Iaaneiai – Aaneeee. N eiioea XIIIa
nai? aeaie aue ii?o/ai ?onneei eiycueyi.
Iineaaenoaey iaoanoaey: 1. Iaoanoaea e eai noaei iniiaiie ec i?e/ei
iniiaaiey ?one io ?acaeouo
no?ai Caiaaeiie Aa?iiu.
2. ?aci?aiu iiiaea ai?iaea, i?eoee a oiaaeie ?aianea, caiaaeeeeinue
?acaeoea oiaa?ii-aeaiaaeiuo ioiioaiee.
3. Oneeeeanue iaoo?aeecaoeey oicyenoaa.
4. Iaianai oua?a ia oieueei yeiiiie/aneiio, ii e iieeoe/aneiio e
eoeueoo?iiio ?acaeoeth.
5. Caaiaaaiea eiina?ae?iaaei iieeoe/aneoth ?acae?iaeaiiinoue, ineaaeei
nayce iaaeaeo ?acee/iuie /anoyie ainoaea?noaa. Auee ia?ooaiu
o?aaeeoeeiiiua
iieeoe/aneea e oi?aiaua nayce n ae?oaeie no?aiaie.
6. Oeeaeeecaoeeiiiay i?eaioaoeey ?one naeaeioeanue a ainoi/ioth noi?iio,
/oi i?e nio?aiaiee aa?iiaeneeo iniiaaiee i?eaiaeeei e iauaio iaaeaieth
o?iaiy eoeueoo?u.
A.Oiiaiei e A.Iinianeee n/eoatho, /oi iiiaiei-oaoa?neiai eaa aiiaua ia
auei. Acaeiiaeaenoaea ?onneeo eiyaeanoa n Cieioie I?aeie aieueoa
iaiiieiaei nithcie/aneea ioiioaiey: ?onue ieaoeea aeaiue (i?e/ai aiieia
iineeueioth), a I?aea acaiai iaania/eaaea aaciianiinoue a?aieoe
ineaaeaiiuo e ?ac?iciaiiuo eiyaeanoa.
XVI. Iauaaeeiaiea ?onneeo caiaeue e ia?aciaaiea Iineianeiai ainoaea?noaa
(XIV-ia/aei XVIaa).
1276a – ia?aciaaiea Iineianeiai eiyaeanoaa
1325-1340aa – eiyaeaiea Eaaia Eaeeou
1359-1389aa – eiyaeaiea Aeieo?ey Aeiineiai
8 naioya?y 1380 a – Eoeeeianeay aeoaa
I?aaeiinueee iauaaeeiaiey: 1. Nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneea:
a) ?acaeoea caieaaeaeey. ?ani?ino?aiaiea o?aoiieueiie nenoaiu, iaeioi?ia
iaeeaeaiea ?aianea e oi?aiaee a ainnoaiiaeaiiuo ai?iaeao, inaiaiea iiae
iaoith Naaa?i-Ainoi/iie ?one, caiaoiue aeaiia?aoe/aneee iiaeuai a naeao,
?acaeoea a ieo i?iiuneia.
a) ?ino aiy?neiai nineiaey e oaiaeaeueiiai caieaaeaaeaiey a ioaeaeueiuo
caieyo Naaa?i-Ainoi/iie ?one. Iniiaiie enoi/iee ?acaeoey aiy?neeo aio/ei
– eiyaeaneea iiaeaeiaaiey caiee n e?anoueyiaie. Ana aieueoa iuouaeny
aeaoeoeeo iaoioiuo caiaeue, /oi ia?aie/eaaei oi?ie?iaaiea
aiaiii-neoaeeeiai nineiaey e iiae?uaaei neeu eiycy.
a) ?acaeoea iiianoiiai caieaaeaaeaiey. ?ani?ino?aieeinue ai aoi?ie
iieiaeia XVa ai iiiaii aeaaiaea?y ?anoe?aieth a?aaea iaoioiuo caiaeue.
Neoae eiycy (“aieueiua” e “neoae ii aeai?neei”) a ioee/ea io aio/eiieeia
ia iiaee naiaiaeii ?anii?yaeaoueny caieae e aeaaeaee ae eeoue ia
oneiaeyo neoaeau, a iinaio iiaeaea?aeeaaee eiycy. ?ino /eneaiiinoe
neoaeeeiai aeai?yinoaa noae iniiaie oneeaiey aiaiiiai iioaioeeaea
eiycae.
2. Nioeeaeueii-iieeoe/aneea:
a) Iaino?yeenue i?ioeai?a/ey iaaeaeo eiycueyie. Yoi i?eaaei e ai?ueaa
ca ?anoe?aiea iaeieo aeaaeaiee ca n/ao ae?oaeo.
a) Aaeeeia eiyaeanoai Aeaaeeie?neia i?aaenoaaeyei niaie aioiaue einoeooo
aeanoe aeey aoaeouaai ainoaea?noaa. Eiycue, aeaaeaaoee y?eueii ia
aaeeeia eiyaeaiea, iieueciaaeny aaoi?eoaoii, iicaieyaoei aio iiae/eiyoue
ae?oaea ?onneea caiee.
a) I?aaineaaiay oea?eiaue auea caeioa?aniaaia a iauaaeeiaiee, /oiau
nio?aieoue e oi?i/eoue aaeeioth oea?eiaioth i?aaiecaoeeth,
eeeaeaee?iaaoue oa?ico aa iiceoeeyi eae n Caiaaea (eaoiee/aneay
yeniainey), oae e n Ainoiea (iinea i?eiyoey I?aeie eneaia).
a) Caaea/a inaiaiaeaeaiey no?aiu io i?aeuineiai eaa e i?ioeainoiyiea
Naaa?i-Ainoi/iie ?one Aaeeeiio eiyaeanoao Eeoianeiio.
3. Eoeueoo?iua
: a) Iauee ycue, aa?a, i?aaiaua ii?iu.
a) Iauaa iaoeeiiaeueiia naiiniciaiea.
E ia/aeo XIVa aic?inei cia/aiea iiauo iieeoe/aneeo oeaio?ia: Oaa?e,
Iineau, Ieaeiaai Iiaai?iaea, oiaaea eae iiiaea noa?ua ai?iaea oae e ia
ainnoaiiaeeenue iinea iaoanoaey. Aaeeeee eiycue Aeaaeeie?neee, aoaeo/e
iiieiaeueiui aeaaie anae caiee, i?aeoe/anee inoaaaeny i?aaeoaeai oieueei
a nianoaaiiii eiyaeanoaa e ia ia?aacaeae ai Aeaaeeie?. Iaeiaei ii
?anii?yaeaeny caieyie aie?oa Aeaaeeie?a e iia ?acaeaaaoue eo naiei
neoaai, eiio?iee?iaae nai? aeaie e i?aaenoaaeye ?onue a I?aea, /oi
iiaeieiaei aai i?anoeae. Iiyoiio eiycuey ioaeaeueiuo caiaeue aaee
iaeanoi/aiioth ai?ueao ca y?eue ia aaeeeia eiyaeaiea. A XIVa iniiaiuie
i?aoaiaeaioaie ia iiaaaeo auee oaa?neea, iineianeea e
nocaeaeuenei-ieaeaai?iaeneea eiycuey.
Ia ?oaaaea XIII-XIVaa i?aiaeaaeathuea iiceoeee i?eiaaeeaaeaee Oaa?neiio
eiyaeanoao. Iinea nia?oe Aeaenaiae?a Iaaneiai aaeeeieiyaeaneee i?anoie
caiye aai ieaaeoee a?ao oaa?neie eiycue ss?ineaa. Auaiaeiia
aaia?aoe/aneia iieiaeaiea e ieiaei?iaeiua caiee i?eoyaeaaee nthaea
ianaeaiea. Iineianeia aea eiyaeanoai, aeinoaaoaany ieaaeoaio nuio
Iaaneiai Aeaieeeo, a naiinoiyoaeueiia auaeaeeeinue eeoue a 1270o aa.
Aeaieee noiae naeaeaoue ?yae caiaeueiuo i?eia?aoaiee (a 1301a o ?ycaie
auea ioaiaaaia Eieiiia, a a 1302a i?eniaaeeiaii Ia?ayneaaneia eiyaeaiea)
e ianeieueei oe?aieoue Iineianeia eiyaeanoai.
Nui Aeaieeea TH?ee (1303-1324aa) iiaae oaea ?aoeoaeueioth ai?ueao ca
y?eue n aaeeeei eiycai Ieoaeeii ss?ineaae/ai Oaa?neei. A 1303a aio
oaeaeinue caoaaoeoue Iiaeaene, /oi iicaieeei acyoue iiae eiio?ieue aanue
aannaei Iineau-?aee. AEaieaoenue ia nano?a oaia Ocaaea Eii/aea (a
e?auaiee Aaaouea) TH?ee a 1317a iieo/ee y?eue. Ii anei?a a n?aaeaiee n
aieneaie Ieoaeea ii iioa?iae ii?aaeaiea, a aai aeaia iiiaea a ieai. A
Oaa?e iia oia?ea, /oi aeaei iniiaaiea TH?eth iaaeieoue oaa?neiai eiycy a
aa io?aaeaiee, iaiiae/eiaiee oaio e nie?uoee /anoe aeaie. A 1318a a
I?aea Ieoaee ss?ineaae/ aue eaciai.
A 1324a nui Ieoaeea Aeieo?ee A?iciua I/e oaee a I?aea TH?ey. Ca yoio
naiinoae ii oiaea aue eaciai, ii y?eue ia aaeeeia eiyaeaiea oai Ocaae
ia?aaeae ieaaeoaio a?aoo Aeieo?ey – Aeaenaiae?o.
A 1327a a Oaa?e aniuoioei ainnoaiea i?ioea aaneaea *ieoaia,
?iaenoaaiieea Ocaaea. Oaa?neie eiycue Aeaenaiae? Ieoaeeiae/ caiye
auaeeaeaoaeueioth iiceoeeth. Ai?iaeaia ia?aaeee anao oaoa?. Yoei
ainiieueciaaeny a?ao e i?aaiiee iineianeiai eiycy TH?ey Eaai Aeaieeeiae/
ii i?icaeuo Eaeeoa (oae iacuaaeny eioaeue aeey aeaiaa). Ii yaeeny a
Oaa?ue n iiiaieueneei io?yaeii e iiaeaaee ainnoaiea, ca /oi iieo/ee
y?eue ia aaeeeia eiyaeaiea.
Iinea ainnoaiey I?aea ieii/aoaeueii ioeacaeanue io nenoaiu aanea/anoaa e
ia?aaeaea nai? aeaie a ?oee aaeeeiai eiycy. Eaai Aeaieeeiae/ auiieiye
yoo iaycaiiinoue aanueia aeia?iniaanoii, /oi iicaieeei iaaeieai
iaaciianeoue caieth io iaaaaia I?aea. ?anoe?yy naie aeaaeaiey
(i?eniaaeeiee Oaee/, Aaeica?ne, Aaee/ e ae?.), ii nicaeaaae
aeaaii?eyoiua oneiaey aeey yeiiiie/aneiai ?acaeoey naiaai eiyaeanoaa.
E?iia oiai, Eaeeoa nai i?eia?aoae e iiiu?ye iieoieo naieie aiy?aie nae a
ninaaeieo eiyaeanoaao.
A 1325a, ainiieueciaaaoenue nni?ie ieo?iiieeoa Iao?a n oaa?neei eiycai,
Eaai ia?aian ieo?iiiee/ueth eaoaae?o a Iineao, aeaaiaea?y /aio iia noaea
?aeeaeiciui oeaio?ii Naaa?i-Ainoi/iie ?one. a ?acoeueoaoa inoi?iaeiie
iieeoeea Eaaia Eaeeou e aai nuiiaae – Neiaiia Ai?aeiai (1340-1353aa) e
Eaaia II E?aniiai (1353-1359aa) – Iineianeay caiey ianeieueei
aeanyoeeaoee ia ciaea iiiaieueneeo iaaaaia.
Aioe Eaeeou Aeieo?ee Eaaiiae/ (1359-11389aa) a 9 eao ieacaeny ai aeaaa
Iineianeiai eiyaeanoaa. Ainiieueciaaaoenue aai iaeieaonoaii, y?eue
iieo/ee nocaeaeuenei-ieaeaai?iaeneee eiycue Aeieo?ee Eiinoaioeiiae/. Ii
iineianeia aiy?noai, ?oeiaiaeeiia ieo?iiieeoii Aeaenaai, noiaei
aica?aoeoue y?eue naiaio eiycth. Aai niia?ieeii aunooieea Eeoaa, ia
eioi?oth iie?aeanue Oaa?ue. Aaeeeia eiyaeanoai Eeoianeia (9/10 aai
aeeoaeae ninoaaeyee i?aaineaaiua, ianaeyaoea thaeiua, thai-caiaaeiua e
caiaaeiua caiee auaoae Ae?aaiae ?one) iiae ?oeiaiaenoaii eiycy
Ieueaa?aea i?aa?aoeeinue a iiuioth neeo , i?aoaiaeiaaaooth ia
iauaaeeiaiea anao ?onneeo caiaeue. Ieueaa?ae iaian ?yae ii?aaeaiee I?aea
e inaiaiaeee Eeaaneia, *a?ieaianeia e Aieuineia eiyaeanoaa. Iioiaeu ia
Iineao (1368a, 1370a, 1372a) ia i?eianee oniaoa. Ec-ca aioo?aiieo
?aeeaeiciuo e yoie/aneeo i?ioeai?a/ee, neaainoe eiyaeaneie aeanoe e
aiaoaoaeuenoaa eaoiee/aneeo no?ai Eeoaa oae e ia noiaea noaoue ai aeaaa
i?ioeanna iauaaeeiaiey ?onneeo caiaeue.
A 1375a Aeieo?ee Eaaiiae/ ai aeaaa eiaeeoeee eiycae Naaa?i-Ainoi/iie
?one niaa?oee iioiae ia Oaa?ue, ioia?ae y?eue, eioi?ue a ?acoeueoaoa
eio?ea ieacaeny a ?oeao oaa?neiai eiycy, e canoaaee iineaaeiaai
i?eciaoue aannaeueioth caaeneiinoue io Iineau. A yoii aea aiaeo aeanoue
a I?aea caoaaoee oaiiee Iaiae, eioi?ue, ia aoaeo/e /eiaeceaeii, ia eiae
caeiiiuo i?aa ia oaineee i?anoie. Ainiieueciaaaoenue yoei eae
i?aaeeiaii, Aeieo?ee Eaaiiae/ ioeacaeny ieaoeoue aeaiue. Iinea ia?aie
iaoaea/e ?onneeo ia ?. Iueyie a 1377a Aeieo?ee a 1378a ee/ii aicaeaaee
iieee e iaian nie?ooeoaeueiia ii?aaeaiea aieneai io?cu Aaae/a ia ?.
Aiaea.
?aoathuaa n?aaeaiea i?iecioei 8 naioya?y 1380a ia Eoeeeiaii iiea. Iaiae
caeeth/ee nithc n eeoianeei eiycai ssaaeei e aeaeaaeny aio iaano?a/o.
Aeieo?ee, nia?aa neeu ii/oe anao caiaeue Naaa?i-Ainoi/iie ?one (e?iia
Oaa?neie e Ieaeaai?iaenei-Nocaeaeueneie; i?ioeai?a/eau naaaeaiey ia
o/anoee iiie/aiey iiaai?iaeoeaa), iiaeaea?aeeaaaiue Aiae?aai Iieioeeei e
Aeieo?eai A?yineei (a?aoueyie eiycy ssaaeei), ia?aoae Aeii, /oiau ia
aeaoue aiciiaeiinoe nithcieeai niaaeeieoueny. Yoei ii io?acae e iooe e
ionooieaieth ?onneei aieneai. Neeu noi?ii auee ?aaiu – i?eia?ii ii 50
oun /ae. A ioee/ea io aeoau ia ?. Eaeea, ?onneia aienei iiae/eiyeinue
iaeiiio eiycth e aeaenoaiaaei ii /aoeiio ieaio. Iiaaaea auea iaea?aeaia
ai iiiaii aeaaiaea?y canaaeiiio iieeo, eioi?ui ?oeiaiaeeee aeaith?iaeiue
a?ao Aeieo?ey Aeaaeeie? Aiae?aaae/ Na?iooianeee e aiaaiaea Aeieo?ee
Aia?ie-Aieuiaoe. Iinea aeoau Aeieo?ee iieo/ee i?icaeua Aeiineie.
Enoi?e/aneia cia/aiea yoie iiaaaeu caeeth/aeinue a oii, /oi ?onue auea
nianaia io ?aci?aiey, Iineaa ieii/aoaeueii cae?aieea ca niaie ?ieue
iauaaeeieoaey.
A 1382a oai Oiooaiuo, /eiaeceae, aicaeaaeaoee I?aeo iinea oaeenoaa
Iaiay, naeaa Iineao. Aeieo?ee ooae ec ai?iaea aua aei iaaaaa, /oiau
iaa?aoue iiaia aienei. ?onue aiciaiiaeea auieaoo aeaie, ii iieeoe/aneay
caaeneiinoue io I?aeu cia/eoaeueii ineaaea. A naiai caaauaiee Aeieo?ee
Aeiineie ia?aaeae i?aai ia aaeeeia eiyaeaiea naiaio nuio Aaneeeth I
(1389-1425aa) ia ni?aoeaay iicaieaiey oaia.
A 1392a Aaneeeth oaeaeinue i?eniaaeeieoue Ieaeaai?iaeneia eiyaeanoai;
aeaaiaea?y aeaieoueaa ia aei/a?e eeoianeiai eiycy Aeoiaoa oaeaeinue
oeo/oeoue ioiioaiey n Eeoaie. A 1408a Aaneeee ionoiye Iineao io iaaaaa
aiene oaia Aaeeaay.
Ai aoi?ie /aoaa?oe XVa ai?ueaa oea oaea aioo?e iineianeiai eiyaeaneiai
aeiia. Aaneeee II (1425-1462aa) iaoiaeeeny iiae iie?iaeoaeuenoaii eiycy
Aeoiaoa, /oi auioaeeei aai aeyaeth TH?ey Aeieo?eaae/a Aaeeoeeiai
(aoi?iai nuia Aeiineiai) i?eciaoue 13-eaoiaai ieaiyiieea aaeeeei eiycai.
Ii iinea nia?oe Aeoiaoa TH?ee ecaiae Aaneeey II ec Iineau (a 1433a).
Iaeiaei aue auioaeaeai iieeiooue ai?iae, o.e. ia iieo/ee iiaeaea?aeee
aiy?noaa (eioi?ia noaei ianniai iouacaeaoue e Aaneeeth a Eieiiio). A
1434a iiae Aaee/ai aienea eiycy auee ?acaeou e TH?ee aiiaue caiye
iineianeee i?anoie. Anei?a TH?ee oia? e ai?ueao ca aaeeeia eiyaeaiea
i?iaeieaeee aai noa?oee nui – Aaneeee Einie (aai ieaaeoea a?aouey –
Aeieo?ee Oaiyea e Aeieo?ee E?aniue – i?eciaee aai caeiiiui
ianeaaeieeii). Aeiaeaoenue iiaaaeu, Aaneeee II caoaaoee a ieai Aaneeey
Einiai e i?eeacae ineaieoue aai.
Eaoii 1445a Aaneeee II iioa?iae ii?aaeaiea io nuiiaae iniiaaoaey
Eacaineiai oainoaa Oeo-Iooaiiaaea e iiiae a ieai. Aai ioionoeee ca
ia?iiiue aueoi, eioi?ue niae?aee n i?inoiai ianaeaiey.
Ainiieueciaaaoenue iaaeiaieuenoaii iineae/ae, Aeieo?ee Oaiyea a 1446a
niaa?oee ia?aai?io. Caoaaoea iineianeee i?anoie, ii ineaiee Aaneeey II
(ca /oi oio iieo/ee i?icaeua Oaiiue) e nineae a Oaee/. Ii iineianeia
aiy?noai niiaa iouaoaei, /oi iicaieeei Aaneeeth II, iieo/eaoaio e oiio
aea iiaeaea?aeeo oea?eae e oaa?neiai eiycy, a 1447a a i/a?aaeiie ?ac
aa?iooue naaa i?anoie. A 1453a Aeieo?ee Oaiyea aue io?aaeai a Iiaai?iaea
ii i?eeaco Aaneeey II.
Aaneeee II i?iaae ia?aienue iiaeaoiiai ianaeaiey, nie?aoee caiaeueiua
iiaeaeiaaiey aiy?ai e oaaee/ee /enei iiiaueeia. Ia niaio ae?oaeeiiie
i?aaiecaoeee aienea oei iiie/aiea neoaeeeuo ethaeae. Iinea oiai eae
ieo?iiieeo Eneaei? iiaeienae Oei?aioeeneoth oieth (1439a) e i?eciae
aa?oiaioth aeanoue iaiu ?eineiai, Aaneeee II i?eeacae aai a?anoiaaoue. A
1448a ia niai?a ea?a?oia ?onneie oea?eae ieo?iiieeoii aue iinoaaeai
?ycaineee aieneii Eiia, iinea /aai oea?eiaue noaea iieiinoueth
iacaaeneiie io Eiinoaioeiiiieueneiai iao?ea?oaoa (aaoieaoaeey).
Nui Aaneeey II aaeeeee eiycue Eaai III (1462-1505aa) e 1468a iieiinoueth
iiae/eiee ss?ineaaneia eiyaeanoai, a 1474a eeeaeaee?iaae inoaoee
iacaaeneiinoe ?inoianeiai eiyaeanoaa. Aieaa iai?yaeaiii i?ienoiaeeei
i?eniaaeeiaiea Iiaai?iaea. *anoue iiaai?iaeneiai aiy?noaa iioea ia nithc
n Eaceie?ii IV – aaeeeei eiycai eeoianeei e ei?ieai iieueneei. A 1471a
ia ?. Oaeiie Eaai III ?acaee iiaai?iaeneia iiie/aiea. A 1478a Iiaai?iae
aue iieiinoueth aeeth/ai a ninoaa Iineianeiai ainoaea?noaa.
A 1485a Oaa?ue, ie?oaeaiiay aieneaie Eaaia III e iieeiooay naiei eiycai
Ieoaeeii Ai?eniae/ai, auioaeaeaiiui eneaoue nianaiey a Eeoaa, ieacaeanue
aeeth/aiiie a ninoaa iineianeeo aeaaeaiee. A 1489a auea iiei?aia ayoneay
caiey. A ?acoeueoaoa aiei n Eeoaie (1487-1494aa, 1500-1503aa) e
ia?aoiaea ia iineianeoth neoaeao ni naieie caieyie ?onneeo i?aaineaaiuo
eiycae ec Eeoau aaeeeiio eiycth iineianeiio oaeaeinue aua aieueoa
?anoe?eoue naie aeaaeaiey. A ninoaaa Iineianeiai ainoaea?noaa ieacaeenue
eiyaeanoaa, ?aniieiaeaiiua a aa?oiaueyo Iee (Ai?iouineia, Iaeiaaneia,
O?oaaoeeia e ae?.), Aycueia e *a?ieaiai-Naaa?neea caiee.
I?e nuia Eaaia III – Aaneeee III (1505-1533aa) auee i?eniaaeeiaiu Ineia
(1510a), iinea iiaie aieiu n Eeoaie – Niieaine (1514a), a a 1521a
ieii/aoaeueii aioea a ninoaa Iineianeiai eiyaeanoaa ?ycaiue. Anee Eaaio
III i?e ainoanoaee ia i?anoie aeinoaeanue oa??eoi?ey a 430 oun ea ei, oi
aai aioeo – Eaaio IV a 1533a oaea a 6 ?ac aieueoa.
A 1480a oai Aoiao ?aoee canoaaeoue ?onue auieaoeoue aeaiue, iinooieaiea
eioi?ie i?ae?aoeeinue, aa?iyoii, a na?aaeeia 70o aa. Aeey yoiai ii
nia?ae ia?iiiia aienei e, caeeth/ea aiaiiue nithc n eeoianeei eiycai
Eaceie?ii, aeaeioeny e THai-Caiaaeiui ?oaaaeai ?one. Aienea Eaaia III
iiae eiiaiaeiaaieai aai nuia (Eaaia Iieiaeoaai) e aiaaiaeu Aeaieeea
Oieineiai cae?uee aei?iao oaoa?ai, anoaa ia aa?aao ?. Oa?u – i?eoiea
Iee. Iiiuoee oaia ia?ai?aaeony /a?ac Oa?o auee ioaeou ?onneeie aieneaie.
Ia aeiaeaeaaoenue iiiiue ni noi?iiu Eaceie?a (aai aeaenoaey auee
iaeo?aeeciaaiu oa?icie iaaaaa ia Eeoao aiene e?uineiai oaia Iaiaee-Ae?ay
– nithcieea Eaaia III), a oaeaea iianaynue ?aiieo oieiaeia, Aoiao
ionooiee.
Iinea yoiai I?aea anei?a ieii/aoaeueii ?aniaeanue ia ?yae
naiinoiyoaeueiuo oainoa.
Iaaeiaaa, Eaai III aeaieeny a 1472a ai aoi?ie ?ac ia ieaiyiieoea
iineaaeiaai aecaioeeneiai eiia?aoi?a Niouea Iaeaieia. A i?aaeaiea Eaaia
III iiyaeeenue neiaieu aeanoe – aaeeeieiyaeaneay ei?iia (“oaiea
Iiiiiaoa”, yeiau aeinoaaoayny eeaaneiio eiycth Aeaaeeie?o io aai aeaaea
– Eiinoaioeia Iiiiiaoa), aea?aeaaa e neeiao?. Iiyaeeny oeooe “ainoaea?ue
anay ?one”.
Naiiaeanoea eiycy auei ia?aie/aii o?aaeeoeeiiiuie i?aaiaie oi?aaeaiey e
ii?iaie i?aaa. Nio?aiyeanue aiy?neay Aeoia, eioi?ay auiieiyea
niaauaoaeueiua ooieoeee. A aa ninoaa aoiaeeee i?aaenoaaeoaee noa?uo
iineianeeo ?iaeia, n na?aaeeiu XVa iia noaea iiiieiyoueny ca n/ao
aaeeeeo eiycae i?eniaaeeiaiiuo caiaeue, iicaea – eiycueyie,
ia?aoiaeeaoeie ec Eeoau ia neoaeao e iineianeiio eiycth. Ia?iiioth ?ieue
a oi?aaeaiee no?aiie ea?aea Eacia – aeaaiia ainoaea?aai o?aieeeua, a
e?iia oiai, ainoaea?noaaiiay eaioeaey?ey, caieiaaoayny iiieii i?i/aai e
aiaoiaiieeoe/aneeie aii?inaie. A Eacia ia/ae oi?ie?iaaoueny ooao
aeueyeia – ainoaea?noaaiiuo /eiiaieeia. A
aaeieieno?aoeaii-oa??eoi?eaeueiii ioiioaiee no?aia aeaeeeanue ia oacaea
(iau/ii a a?aieoeao auaoeo eiyaeaiee). Oacaeu oi?aaeyeenue
aiy?aie-iaianoieeaie, iieo/aaoeie eo a iaa?aaeo ca i?aaeithth aiaiioth
neoaeao. Iie ei?ieeenue n iiaeaeanoiie oa??eoi?ee, o.e. iieo/aee /anoue
iaeiaia, e iacuaaeenue ei?ieaiueeaie. Eo aeayoaeueiinoue i?aeoe/anee ia
eiio?iee?iaaeanue ec oeaio?a. Oaeaeu aeaeeeenue ia aieinoe, ai aeaaa
eioi?uo noiyee aieinoaee ni noiaeeie i?aaaie e ooieoeeyie.
Iniiaiie aiaiiie neeie noaiiaeeinue aienei, ninoiyaoaa ec neoaeeeuo
ethaeae. Ca auiieiaiea naieo neoaeaaiuo iaycaiiinoae iie iieo/aee
caiaeueiia aeaaeaiea, o.a. “eniiiauaeenue” ia caiea – ionthaea e oa?iei
“iiiauee”.
A 1497a aue i?eiyo Noaeaaiee (68 noaoae) – ia?aue naiae caeiiia aaeeiiai
ainoaea?noaa. Ii ?aca?aie/eaae eiiiaoaioeeth aaeeeieiyaeaneiai e
aiy?neiai noaeia, ii?aaeaeye ii?iu iaeacaiey. E?iia oiai, aaiaeee iauaa
aeey anao caiaeue i?aaeei, ?aaoee?othuaa auoiae e?anoueyi io naiaai
oaiaeaea (no 57). A TH?ueaa aeaiue inaiiee (26 iiya?y – aeaiue nayoiai
Aai?aey), a oi/iaa, ca iaaeaeth aei e iaaeaeth iinea iaai, e?anoueyiei
iia ia?aeoe ia ae?oaea caiee, auieaoea naiaio i?aaeiaio oicyeio
“iiaeeeia” – ieaoo ca i?iaeeoua aiaeu.
[Iieiue oeooe Eaaia III aue oaeia: “Aiaeueae ieeinoeth ainoaea?ue Anay
?one aaeeeee eiycue Aeaaeeie?neee e Iineianeee, Iiaai?iaeneee e
Ineianeee, e Oaa?neie, e THai?neee, e Ia?ineee, e Aieaa?neee, e eiuo
caiaeue”]
[A XVa a Iiaai?iaea aicieeea naeoa no?eaieueieeia. Ia aieiaa
i?eieiaaiiai a iiiaoe auno?eaaeenue e?anoiia?acii aieinu. Yoi
neiaieece?iaaei, /oi aa?a noaiao e?ai/a, anee aoaeao iie?aoueny ia
?acoi.
A eiioea XVa a Iiaai?iaea, a caoai a Iineaa ?ani?ino?aieeanue a?anue
aeeaeianoaothuay (aa ca/eiaoaeai n/eoaee aa?aeneiai eoioea). A?aoeee
io?eoeaee aeanoue nayuaiieeia e o?aaiaaee ?aaainoaa anao ethaeae,
aiai?eee, /oi iiianou?e ia eiatho i?aaa aeaaeaoue caieae e e?anoueyiaie.
Eineoeyia – iineaaeiaaoaee Eineoa Aieioeeiai, iniiaaoaey Oniaineiai
iiianou?y – ?acei aunooiaee i?ioea a?aoeeia.
Ianoyaeaoaee (ni?eaia) – iineaaeiaaoaee iooaeueieea Ieea Ni?neiai –
aic?aaeaee i?ioea iaeiieaiey aiaaonoa e caiaeueiuo aeaaeaiee
oea?eiaueth.
Eaai III ia oea?eiaiii niai?a 1502a iiaeaea?aeae eineoeyi. A?aoeee auee
eaciaiu.]
XVII. Nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneia ?acaeoea ?innee a XV-ia?aie iieiaeia
XVIaa.
?inney i?aaenoaaeyea niaie aa?a?ioth no?aio ni cia/eoaeueiui
i?aiaeaaeaiea naeueneiai ianaeaiey (e na?aaeeia XVIa ec i?eia?ii 6 iei
aeeoaeae ai?iaeneia ianaeaiea ninoaaeyei ia aieaa 5%). Aeaaiui caiyoeai
inoaaaeinue caieaaeaeea. Ana aieaa ?ani?ino?aiyeanue o?aoiieueiay
nenoaia. Aeaaiui i?oaeeyi auea nioa, eioi?ay ianeieueei
oniaa?oainoaiaaeanue. Au?aueaaee ?iaeue, y/iaiue, iaan, ioaieoeo,
iai?iaeiua eoeueoo?u. A neeo ieceiai ieiaei?iaeey ii/a e
iaaeaaii?eyoiiai eeeiaoa (n/o nacii – anaai 5,5 ianyoeaa) o?iaeaeiinoue
inoaaaeanue iaaunieie. A ?acoeueoaoa caieaaeaeea nio?aiyei yenoaineaiue
oa?aeoa?, /oi ii?iaeaeaei eieiiecaoeeth eae iiauo oa??eoi?ee (ia Naaa?a,
a I?eo?aeuea, ca Ieie), oae e inaiaiea eana iiae iaoith ai aioo?aiieo
?aeiiao. A n?aaeiai e?anoueyineia oicyenoai ioaeaaaei ainoaea?noao e
naiaio oaiaeaeo aei 30% anaai i?iecaaaeaiiiai i?iaeoeoa.
E?anoueyiei yaeyeny noauaeoii i?aaa – ii iia noaeeoueny ni naiei
oaiaeaeii, naeaeaoaeuenoaiaaoue i?ioea iaai ia noaea. Aieaa oiai, eo/oea
e?anoueyia i?enoonoaiaaee ia noaea aiy?-ei?ieaiueeia a ea/anoaa “noaeiuo
ioaeae”.
Ia?yaeo n ?acee/iuie oi?iaie oaiaeaeueiiai caieaaeaaeaiey a ?innee
nio?aiyeenue e naiaiaeiua e?anoueyineea aeaaeaiey ia oae iacuaaaiuo
“/a?iinioiuo caieyo” (nioie iacuaaee ia?o ieiuaaee ia?aaaouaaaiie caiee;
“/a?iuie”, a ioee/ea io “iaaeaiiuo” -oao, eoi ieaoee iaeiae
ainoaea?noao). *a?iinioiua e?anoueyia inoaaaeenue iieiinoueth
naiaiaeiuie e ieaoeee iaeiae aaeeeiio eiycth. Iinoaiaiii ainoaea?noai
noaei ia?aaeaaaoue /a?iinioiua caiee a iiianouey.
E?anoueyia iauaaeeiyeenue a iaueio, eioi?ay aicaeaenoaiaaea ia
e?anoueyineia caieaiieueciaaiea, eiio?iee?iaaea naiieiniua oaiaeuey e
i?iiuneiaua oa??eoi?ee, neoaeeea iin?aaeieeii a ioiioaieyo e?anoueyi ni
naiei oaiaeaeii e ainoaea?noaii.
Ca ianaiea aiaiiie neoaeau ainoaea?noai noaei iaaeaeyoue caieyie neoa
aaeeeiai eiycy e “aeaoae aiy?neeo” ia ia?aie/aiiuo oneiaeyo – cai?auay
ei i?iaeaaaoue e aea?eoue caieth, o.e ?aiaa iiiaea aio/eiieee aea?eee
caiee oea?eae ai eneoieaiea a?aoia.
Iauea /a?ou iiianouey e aio/ei a XVIa: – iiianouea, eae e aio/eia,
ia?aaeaaaeinue ii ianeaaenoao, iioiio /oi ainoaea?noao aue iaauaiaeai
auoiae caiee ec neoaeau.
– iau/ii o iiiaueea ia?yaeo n iiianoueai a nianoaaiiinoe iiaea auoue e
aio/eia, a o aiy?eia – iiianouea.
– aio/eiiee oaeaea aue iaycai neoaeeoue iiae oa?icie eiioeneaoeee
aeaaeaiey, eai aaeeeee eiycue n/eoaeny aa?oiaiui nianoaaiieeii anao
caiaeue.
Iiiai/eneaiiua neoaeeeua ethaee iauaaeeiyeenue a ianoiua
oa??eoi?eaeueiua ei?ii?aoeee, a eo aa?oe, ia?yaeo n aiy?noaii,
iinoaiaiii aeeth/aeenue a Ainoaea?aa aeai?. Aai i?aaenoaaeoaee eiaee
i?aai ia iieo/aiea eiiaiaeiuo aiaiiuo e aaeieieno?aoeaiuo aeieaeiinoae,
oyaeiauo caiaeue e o.i.
A ia/aea XVIa ia oa??eoi?ee ?inneeneiai ainoaea?noaa ian/eouaaeinue
ieiei 130 iinaeaiee ai?iaeneiai oeia. Ec ieo oieueei Iineao (130 oun) e
Iiaai?iae (32 oun) iiaeii ioianoe e aeinoaoi/ii e?oiiui ai?iaeai.
Cia/eoaeueiuie ai?iaeneei oeaio?aie yaeyeenue Oaa?ue, ss?ineaaeue,
Aieiaaea, Eino?iia, Ieaeiee Iiaai?iae e ?yae ae?oaeo. Iauay /eneaiiinoue
ai?iaeneiai ianaeaiey ia i?aauoaea 300 oun /ae.
A eiioea XVa a Iineaa aicieeea ainoaea?noaaiiay iaiooaeoo?a ii
ecaioiaeaieth iooae e ae?oaiai iaiano?aeueiiai i?oaeey. Ii iieiinoueth
iie?uoue iio?aaiinoue a?iee a nia?aiaiiii aii?oaeaiee iia ia iiaea.
E?iia oiai, ?inney ia eiaea ?acaaaeaiiuo ianoi?iaeaeaiee oeaaoiuo e
aeaai?iaeiuo iaoaeeia.
?aianeaiieee, iaeeea oi?aiaoeu, iai?iaeieee iauaaeeiyeenue ii
oa??eoi?eaeueiiio i?eciaeo a nioie e iieonioie. Aa?oooee eoia/anoaa
iauaaeeiyeenue a ei?ii?aoeee ainoae, Noeiiiie e Ainoeiie nioai, /eaiu
eioi?uo iaeaaeaee aieueoeie i?eaeeaaeyie, e ii ?yaeo ioieoia eo noaoon
naeeaeaeny n iieiaeaieai aiy?noaa – iie ia ieaoeee iiaeaoae, iiaee
aeaaeaoue caieyie e e?anoueyiaie. Ec ieo ecae?aeenue ?oeiaiaeeoaee
ai?iaeneiai naiioi?aaeaiey, aaaeaaoaai nai?ii iaeiaia e i?aaiecaoeeae
ioauaaiey iiaeiiinoae. Iauaa oi?aaeaiea ai?iaeaie iaoiaeeeinue a ?oeao
aaeeeieiyaeaneie aeanoe e inouanoaeyeinue /a?ac iaianoieeia. Ai?iaeneay
caiey n/eoaeanue nianoaaiiinoueth ainoaea?noaa. A XVIa ia thaeiuo e
thai-ainoi/iuo a?aieoeao ?inneeneiai ainoaea?noaa i?iaeieaeaeinue
neeaaeuaaiea eaca/anoaa (io oth?eneiai “eacae” – aieueiue /aeiaae,
oaeaeaoe) – iniaie nioeeaeueiie a?oiiu ec aaaeiai e?anoueyineiai e
iinaaeneiai ianaeaiey, a oaeaea i?aaenoaaeoaeae ?acee/iuo ianoiuo
ia?iaeiinoae. iniiao oicyenoaaiiie aeecie eaca/anoaa ninoaaeyee
i?iiuneu, oi?aiaey, a iicaeiaa – aeaeiaaiea io ainoaea?y ca aiaiioth
neoaeao. Ana aaaeiaeoea aeaea ianoaeaeaeenue ia iauai noiaea – eacaoeeii
e?oaa. Caeanue aea auae?aeenue aoaiai e noa?oeiu.
XVIII. Nioeeaeueii-iieeoe/aneia ?acaeoea ?innee a XVIa.
1547a – aai/aiea Eaaia IV ia oea?noai
1550a – ecaeaiea Noaeaaieea
1556a – ioiaia nenoaiu ei?ieaiee
1560a – ieii/aiea aeayoaeueiinoe Eca?aiiie ?aaeu
1565a – o/?aaeaeaiea ii?e/ieiu
1572a – ioiaia ii?e/ieiu
1584a – nia?oue Eaaia IV
Aaneeee III aeieaia a?aiy ia eiae aeaoae e aeaaea cai?auae a nayce n
yoei aeaieoueny ?iaeiui a?aoueyi, /oiau eo aieaa ac?ineua nuiiauey ia
noaee niia?ie/aoue aai i?yiiio ianeaaeieeo. A 1525a ii ?acaaeny ni naiae
aeaiie Nieiiiieae Naao?iaie, iaaeiea aa a aacaeaoiinoe, e caoi/ee a
iiianou?ue. Aoi?ui a?aeii ii aeaieeny ia Aeaia Aeeineie (aei/ue eiycy
Aeeineiai ec Eeoau). A 1530a o ieo ?iaeeeny nui.
A 1533a iinea nia?oe Aaneeey III ia i?anoiea ieacaeny o?aoeaoiee Eaai
(1533-1584aa). Aua i?e aeecie Aaneeey III i?e iaeieaoiai nuia aue
noi?ie?iaai iiaeoineee niaao ec iaeaieaa aeiaa?aiiuo e i?aaeaiiuo aiy?
(aieueoay eo /anoue i?eoiaeeeanue ?iaenoaaiieeaie oea?th). Iaeiei ec aai
ia?auo oaaia noae a?ano ?iaeiiai aeyaee Eaaia – TH?ey Eaaiiae/a, eioi?ue
neii/aeny a caoi/aiee. Aeaia Aeeineay, eniieuecoy i?ioeai?a/ey iaaeaeo
iiaeoineei niaaoii e inoaeueiie /anoueth aiy?neie Aeoiu e iie?aynue ia
aa aeaao – E.O.Ia/eio-Oaeaiiaaa-Iaieaineiai, caoaaoeea aeanoue. N aai
iiiiuueth Aeeineay a?anoiaaea aeaao iiaeoineiai niaaoa, aeyaeth aaeeeiai
eiycy Aiae?ay Eaaiiae/a Noa?eoeeiai, a caoai ?ani?aaeeanue ni naiei
aeyaeae Ieoaeeii Aeeineei. Iaa oaeaea oia?ee a oth?ueia.
Aeaia i?iaaea aeaiaaeioth ?aoi?io, eioi?ay i?eaaea e neeaaeuaaieth
aaeeiie iiiaoiie nenoaiu (aa iniiaie noaea Iiaai?iaeneay eiiaeea).
Ia/aeanue ?aoi?ia ianoiiai oi?aaeaiey (aoaiay). Iaiaeeaeaiiay nia?oue
?aaaiooe a 1538a nii?iaiaeaeaeanue neooaie i aa io?aaeaiee.
Iinea yoiai ia/aeanue ai?ueaa ca aeanoue aiy?neeo a?oiie?iaie. Aia/aea
aa caoaaoeee Ooeneea, caoai Aaeueneea, iioii niiaa Ooeneea. E 1543a,
eniieuecoy naia aeeyiea ia aaeeeiai eiycy, e aeanoe i?eoee Aeeineea.
A yiaa?a 1547a Eaai IV i?eiye oeooe oea?y (yoio oeooe n/eoaeny ?aaiui
eiia?aoi?neiio e iiae/a?eeaae i?aainoaaiiinoue aeanoe io Aecaioee). A
ia?oa oiai aea aiaea ii aeaieeny ia Aianoanee ?iiaiiaia
Caoa?ueeiie-TH?ueaaie, i?aaenoaaeoaeueieoea noa?eiiiai ?iaea iineianeeo
aiy?.
A ethia 1547a a Iineaa ia A?aaoa aniuoioe neeueiue iiaea?, eioi?ue
i?iaeieaeaeny aeaa aeiy. Ai?iae ii/oe iieiinoueth auai?ae, iiaeaei ieiei
4 oun /aeiaae. Eaai IV e aai i?eaeeaeaiiua ioneaeaeenue a naea
Ai?iaueaai. Aeio ca neo/eaoaany ia?iae aiceiaeee ia Aeeineeo. A E?aiea
ia ieiuaaee ieiei Oniaineiai niai?a nia?aeinue aa/a. Iaeei ec Aeeineeo
aue ?anoa?cai ainnoaaoei ia?iaeii, aeai?u eo noi?iiieeia e
?iaenoaaiieeia auee niaeaeaiu e ?aca?aaeaiu. Aunooieaiea i?ioea aeanoae
i?iecioee a Iii/ea, iicaea – a Ineiaa e Onothaa.
Naiaia?aciui eaeaieiaii ?aoi?i aue ioaeeoeeno e aeai?yiei Eaai Naiaiiae/
Ia?anaaoia. Ii ia?aoeeny e oea?th n /aeiaeoiuie, a eioi?uo auea
eceiaeaia i?ia?aiia i?aia?aciaaiee. Aai i?aaeeiaeaiey ai iiiaii
i?aaeainoeoeee aeaenoaey Eaaia IV. Iaeioi?ua enoi?eee, i?aaaea, n/eoaee,
/oi ieeaeiai Ia?anaaoiaa ia nouanoaiaaei, ii iuia aeieacaii ia?aoiia.
Ieiei 1549a aie?oa Eaaia neiaeeeny niaao aeeceeo e iaio ethaeae,
iieo/eaoee iaioeoeeaeueiia iacaaiea Eca?aiiie ?aaeu. Oae iacaae aai ia
iieueneee iaia? A.Eo?aneee a iaeiii ec naieo ni/eiaiee.
Ninoaa ?aaeu: – Aeaenae Oaaei?iae/ Aaeaoaa. Aeoiiue aeai?yiei, n 1553a –
ieieueie/ee, auoiaeaoe ec iaciaoiiai, ii aiaaoiai ?iaea aio/eiieeia. Ii
?oeiaiaeee aeayoaeueiinoueth *aeiaeoiie ecau,i?eieiaaoae aeaeiau e
aeiiinu.
– Neeueaano?. Nayuaiiee, ec?yaeii iiniinianoaiaaaoee ia?aciaaieth Eaaia.
– Ieo?iiieeo Iaea?ee.
– E.Aeneiaaoue. Aeueye iinieueneiai i?eeaca.
– eiycue A.I. Eo?aneee
– eiycue I.Ai?iouineee
– eiycue Ae.Eo?eyoaa
Eioi?iaoeey ia oi/ia e eniieueciaaieth ia yecaiaia ia iiaeeaaeeo.
Ia/aeii ?aoi?i noae nicua a 1549a ia?aiai Caineiai Niai?a, ninoiyaoaai
ec Aiy?neie Aeoiu, i?eaeai?iuo e?oaia, aa?oooee aeooiaainoaa,
aeai?yinoaa e eoia/anoaa. N iii?ie ia ?aoaiea Niai?a a 1550a aue i?eiyo
iiaue Noaeaaiee, a eioi?ii i?aaeoniao?eaaeenue iaeacaiey aeey aiy? e
aeueyeia ca aeieaeiinoiua i?anooieaiey, auee ia?aie/aiu noaeaaiua i?aaa
iaianoieeia. Nio?aiyeny TH?ueaa aeaiue, oioy iiaeeeia auei oaaee/aii. A
1551a aue nicaai oea?eiaiue Niai?, iieo/eaoee iacaaiea Noiaeaaue
(nai?iee aai ?aoaiee ninoiye ec 100 aeaa), ia eioi?ii i?enoonoaiaaee
ia?yaeo n aeooiaainoaii aiy?a e aa?oe aeai?yinoaa. Auei i?eiyoi ?aoaiea
i ia?aniio?a aeaaeaeue/aneeo i?aa oea?eae ia caiee, iieo/aiiua ath iinea
1533a.
A 1550o aa caaa?oeeinue neeaaeuaaiea i?eeaciie nenoaiu.
Niaoeeaeece?iaaiiua aaaeiinoaa aei 1568a iacuaaeenue “i?eeaciuie
ecaaie”. Aiaoiae iieeoeeie caieiaeny Iinieueneee i?eeac, Iiianoiue
aaaeae ?ani?aaeaeaieai caiee n?aaee neoaeeeuo ethaeae, ?ac?yaeiue –
nai?ii aeai?yineiai iiie/aiey e iacia/aieai aiaaiae, ?acaieiue – iieieie
i?anooiieeia, Aieueoie i?eoiae – oeiainaie e o.i. Ai aeaaa i?eeaca noiye
aiy?ei eee aeueye.
A 1552a aue ninoaaeai iieiue nienie Ainoaea?aaa aeai?a. Eeoea, a iaai
aoiaeeaoea (nia/aea ieiei 4 oun /ae), noaee iacuaaoueny aeai?yiaie.
A 1550a io?yaeu ieuaeueueeia auee i?aia?aciaaiu a no?aeaoeeia aienei.
No?aeueoeu ca neoaeao iieo/aee aeaiaaeiia aeaeiaaiuea e ia ieaoee
iiaeaoae. A yoii aea aiaeo aeanoue ia?aie/eea ianoie/anoai a aiaiiie
noa?a. Cai?auaeinue a ia?eiae aiaiiuo aeaenoaee aanoe ianoie/aneea
nii?u, ooaa?aeaeaeny i?eioeei aaeeiiia/aeey. A 1556a i?eiyoi “Oeiaeaiea
i neoaeaa”, onoaiiaeaoaa aaeeiue ii?yaeie i?aaiecaoeee aiaiiuo nee.
Oaia?ue n ii?aaeaeaiiiai eiee/anoaa caiee (100 /aoaa?oae) aeieaeai aue
aunoaaeyoueny aii?oaeaiiue aiei ia eiia. Neoaeeeua ethaee aeaeeeenue ia
aeaa iniiaiua a?oiiu – “ii ioa/anoao” e “ii i?eai?o”.
A 1555-1556aa caaa?oeeanue ?aoi?ia ianoiiai oi?aaeaiey, ia/aoay i?e
Aeaia Aeeineie, auea ioiaiaia nenoaia ei?ieaiee. Aeai?yia e aeaoe
aiy?neea ecae?aee aoaiuo noa?ino, aicaeaaeyaoeo aoaioth ecao –
oa??eoi?eaeueiue ie?oa, aeeth/aaoee iaeei-aeaa oacaea. Oai, aaea ia auei
aeai?yineiai caieaaeaaeaiey, iinaaeneea ethaee e /a?iinioiua e?anoueyia
ecae?aee caineeo noa?ino.
?acei oaaee/eeinue iaeiaiiaeiaeaiea ianaeaiey, aaiaeeeenue iiaua
iiaeiiinoe.
A ?acoeueoaoa ?aoi?i i?iecioea ioiineoaeueiay eiinieeaeaoeey neoaeeeiai
nineiaey, oeo/oeeinue aioo?aiiaa iieiaeaiea a no?aia, ie?aiee
ainoaea?noaaiiue aiia?ao oi?aaeaiey e a?iey.
Naiinoiyoaeueiinoue acaeyaeia e aeaenoaee Aaeaoaaa e Neeueaano?a,
?aciiaeaney ii iieeoe/aneei aii?inai i?eaaee e oiio, /oi a 1560a
Eca?aiiay ?aaea i?ae?aoeea naia nouanoaiaaiea.
I?aaeiinueee ii?e/ieiu: – no?aieaiea Eaaia VI e iaia?aie/aiiiio
naiiaeanoeth
– oooaeoaiea ianoaiiaee a no?aia a nayce n Eeaiineie aieiie, o?aaiaaaoae
iiaeeecaoeee ?ano?nia; oaaee/aiea iaeiaiauo iinooieaiee
– no?aieaiea aeanoe nianoe naie aaoi?eoao
– ?aeeaeiciua i?aaenoaaeaiey oea?y e ia?iaea
– ee/iua ea/anoaa oea?y
Iaiin?aaenoaaiiiio ia?aoiaeo e ii?e/ieia i?aaeoanoaiaae ?yae oyaeaeuo
ii?aaeaiee ?onneeo aiene, a oaeaea aaanoai eiycy Eo?aneiai a Eeoao.
E?iia oiai, no?aio ii?acee iao?iaeae, a Iineaa ia?aianea 4 iiaea?a. A
aeaeaa?a 1564a oea?ue iaiaeeaeaiii iieeioe noieeoeo, caa?aa eacio,
aeaeeioaeo, neiaieu aeanoe e iaeaieaa oeaiiua eeiiu. Ii ia?aaoae a
Aeaenaiae?iao neiaiaeo, ioeoaea a yiaa?a 1565a iineae aeaa a?aiiou. A
iaeiie ii iaaeiee i?eaeai?iuo a eciaia, eaciie?aaenoaa, ianeeee iaae
ia?iaeii e cayaee i naiai ?aoaiee inoaaeoue oea?noaiaaiea. A ae?oaie
a?aiioa, ia?auaiiie e iinaaeneei ethaeyi, ii iauyaee, /oi cea ia ieo ia
aea?aeeo.
Aiy?a auioaeaeaiu auee i?eiyoue o?aaiaaiey oea?y: – ?acaeaeaiea no?aiu
ia caiueio n i?aaeiae
Aiy?neie Aeoiie e i?eeacaie e ii?e/ieio ni naiae
Aeoiie, i?eeacaie, aieneii
– i?aai oea?y iieiinoueth e aaneiio?ieueii
?anii?yaeaoueny aeeciyie ethaeae eae a caiueia, oae e
a ii?e/ieia
– i?aaeinoaaeaiea caiueiie 100 oun ?oa ia
“iaono?ienoai” ii?e/ieiu.
Ii?e/iee, i?eiineaoee oea?th eeyoao aa?iinoe (neiaieaie eo i?aaeaiiinoe
noaee iaoea e niaa/uey aieiaa, i?ee?aieyaoeany e naaeeo), iaycuaaeny ia
iauaoueny n caineeie. A aienei aoiaeeee e i?aaenoaaeoaee ciaoe, e aiy?a,
e iinaaeneea ethaee, e eiino?aioeu. Iiia/aeo oa??i? aue iai?aaeai i?ioea
nocaeaeueneie eiyaeaneie a?oiie?iaee, a o./. Ooeneeo (oioy iaeioi?ua ec
ieo auee acyou a ii?e/ieio), eioi?ay auea aunaeaia ni naieo caiaeue, /oi
iiaei?aaei aa yeiiiie/aneia e iieeoe/aneia iiaouanoai. Auee eaciaiu
iiiaea aiy?a e aeai?yia. A 1568a aue niauai ni naiaai iinoa, a caoai
oaeo ieo?iiieeo Oeeeii, inoaeaeaaoee ii?e/iue oa??i?. A ia/aea 1570a
oea?ue aicaeaaee ea?aoaeueioth yeniaaeeoeee i?ioea Iiaai?iaea, yeiau
eciaieaoaai oea?th. A ethea 1570a a eciaia auee iaaeiaiu oaea /eaiu
ii?e/iiai aienea.
A 1571a oea?ue ia noiae i?aaieciaaoue iai?iio Iineau io iaaaaia
e?uineiai oaia Aeaaeao-Ae?ay, ai?iae aue niaeaeai. A 1572a ia?aae
oa?icie iiaiai iaoanoaey oaoa? Eaai IV auioaeaeai aue ioeacaoueny io
?acaeaeaiey aienea. Yoi aeaei aiciiaeiinoue caineiio aiaaiaea eiycth
I.E.Ai?iouineiio, eiiaiaeoy iauaaeeiaiiuie io?yaeaie, ?acaeoue oaoa? a
aeoaa o n. Iieiaee. Ii?e/ieia eae iniaay oa??eoi?ey auea ioiaiaia.
A 1575a Eaai IV “aicaae” ia oea?neee i?anoie naiaai noaaeaiieea –
oaoa?neiai neoaeeeiai oaia Neiaiia Aaeaoeaoiae/a, a a 1576a aa?ioe naaa
o?ii.
Ii?e/iay iieeoeea noaea iaeiie ec i?e/ei ii?aaeaiey a Eeaiineie aieia.
Aieia aea aeoia n ?aci?eoaeueiie aioo?aiiae iieeoeeie i?eaaea e
oyaeaeiio yeiiiie/aneiio e?eceno, ?aci?aieth ianaeaiey e aai aaanoao ec
oeaio?a ia ie?aeiu.
A 1581a auee aaaaeaiu “caiiaaaeiua aiaeu” – yeiau a?aiaiiay ioiaia
TH?ueaaa aeiy.
XIX. Aiaoiyy iieeoeea ?innee a eiioea XV-XVIaa.
1552a – acyoea Eacaie
1556a – acyoea Ano?aoaie
1558-1583aa – Eeaiineay aieia
1581a – iioiae A?iaea a Neae?ue
Iniiaiua iai?aaeaiey: 1. Caiaae. Ai?ueaa ca auoiae e Aaeoeeneiio ii?th.
2. THai-Ainoie e Ainoie. Ai?ueaa n Eacaineei e Ano?aoaineei oainoaaie e
ia/aei inaiaiey Neae?e.
3. THa. Caueoa no?aiu io iaaaaia e?uineiai oaia.
A oiaea aieiu n Eeoaie 1487-1494aa ?innee oaeaeinue iaeaaeaoue Aycueiie,
Ioeaineii, Ethaooneii e ae?. A ?acoeueoaoa aieiu 1500-1503aa e Iineaa
ia?aoee Iiaai?iae-Naaa?neea caiee, A?yine, Aiiaeue. A 1514a ?onneea
aienea acyee Niieaine, ii auee ?acaeou iiae I?oae, /oi ia iicaieeei ei
i?iaeaeiooueny aeaeueoa, ia oa??eoi?eth nia?aiaiiie Aaei?onnee. Ii
ia?aie?eth 1522a Niieaineea caiee iooiaeeee e ?innee.
A eiioea 80oa aa XVa Eaai III oe?aiee naie iiceoeee a I?eaaeoeea. A
1487a ii eeeaeaee?iaae i?eaeeaaee Aaicaeneiai nithca a oi?aiaea n
Iiaai?iaeii, a a 1492a ia/ae no?ieoaeuenoai ia?aiai ?onneiai ii?oa ia
Aaeoeea – Eaaiai?iaea iai?ioea eeaiineie e?aiinoe Ia?aa. A ioaao Aaica
cai?aoeea oi?aiaaoue n ?inneae /a?ac Eaaiai?iae e i?iaeaaaoue ae ?yae
no?aoaae/aneeo oiaa?ia (aeaeaci, oeaaoiua iaoaeeu e i?.). Eaai III ia/ae
aieio n eeaie e iie?iaeoaeuenoaiaaaoae ae Oaaoeeae (1495-1497aa).
Nithcieeii ?innee aunooieea Aeaiey. ?onneea aienea ia noiaee acyoue
Auai?a. Eeoue a 1514a iinea ?yaea onooiie iia aeiaeeanue niyoey oi?aiaie
aeieaaeu.
Na?ueacioth oa?ico aeey ?innee i?aaenoaaeyei Eacaineia oainoai. Ia eiay
aeinoaoi/ii nee aeey aai iiei?aiey, Eaai III aicaae ia eacaineee i?anoie
noaaeaiieea Iineau Iooaiiaae-Yieia.
E?uineia oainoai yaeyeinue n 1475a aannaeii oo?aoeeiai noeoaia. ?inney
onoaiiaeea aeeieiiaoe/aneea ioiioaiey n Oo?oeeae e nio?aiyea ie? n
iniaiaie aei na?aaeeiu XVIIa.
I?aaeaiea a Eacaie i?aaenoaaeoaey e?uineie aeeianoee Naoa-Ae?ay i?eaaei
e iaino?aieth aa ioiioaiee n ?inneae e ia/aeo aieiu (1545-1552aa).
Iiiuoee Iineau neeie ooaa?aeeoue ia oaineee i?anoie naiaai noaaeaiieea
ie /aio ia i?eaaee. A ieoya?a 1552a iineianeia aienei (150 oun /ae)
iinea aeeeoaeueiie inaaeu e ooo?ia acyei ai?iae. A 30 ei io Eacaie aue
aicaaaeai ai?iae Naeyaene, noaaoei iii?iui ioieoii ?onneeo aiene.
A 1554-1556aa auei caaiaaaii Ano?aoaineia oainoai, a Iiaaeneay I?aea e
aaoee?neea caiee aeia?iaieueii niaeaneeenue ia?aeoe a caaeneiinoue io
Iineau.
A ?acoeueoaoa aanue Aieaeneee oi?aiaue iooue ieacaeny iiae eiio?ieai
Iineau, ?anoe?eeenue nayce n ia?iaeaie Naaa?iiai Eaaeaca e N?aaeiae
Acee. Aianoa n oai eeeaeaeaoeey Eacaineiai oainoaa aaea e oooaeoaieth
ioiioaiee n E?uiii e Iniaineie eiia?eae.
Eeaiineay aieia (1558-1583aa)
I?e/eiu: – aaiiieeoe/aneea eioa?anu ?innee canoaaeyee aa oe?aieoueny a
I?eaaeoeea, aaea a nayce
n ineaaeaieai Eeaiineiai i?aeaia ia aai oa??eoi?eth i?aoaiaeiaaee
ninaaeiea ainoaea?noaa, a
ia?aoth i/a?aaeue Eeoaa e Oaaoeey
– aeaaiaa no?aieaiea ?innee i?i?aaoueny e aaeoeeneie oi?aiaea e
i?aiaeieaoue aa?uea?,
nicaeaaaaiue Aaicie, a caoai Nayuaiiie ?eineie eiia?eae
– Eaai IV iaaeayeny iiianoeoue ia caaiaaaiiuo caieyo neoaeeeuo ethaeae e
oai naiui
ineaaeoue e?ecen neoaeeeiai caieaaeaaeaiey
Iiaiaeii e aieia noaea iaoieaoa eeaiioeaie aeaie, a oaeaea ia?ooaiea
iaycaoaeuenoaa ia caeeth/aoue nithciuo niaeaoaiee n Eeoaie.
Yoaiu: 1. 1558-1562aa. ?onneea aienea caoaaoeee Ia?ao, Aea?io, Oaeeei e
?yae ae?oaeo ai?iaeia naaa?iie e oeaio?aeueiie /anoe Eeaiiee. *a?ac
Ia?ao a ?inneth iioee no?aoaae/aneea oiaa?u:
ii?io, naeiaoe, iaiano?aeueiia i?oaeea, na?aa?i. Anei?a a ai?ueao
aeeth/eeenue ninaaeiea ainoaea?noaa. A 1561a caiee i?aeaia ia?aoee a
aannaeueioth caaeneiinoue io Iieuenei-Aieuineiai ainoaea?noaa. Ianaeaiea
Naaa?iie Ynoiiee i?enyaioei oaaaeneiio ei?ieth. Eaai IV caeeth/ee
ia?aie?ea ni Oaaoeeae e noae aioiaeoueny e iioiaeo ia Eeoao.
2. 1563-1571aa. ?inney aaea ai?ueao ca I?eaaeoeeo a oneiaeyo
eiio?iioaoeee n E?uiii. Ia?aoiae e ?ai?anneyi aioo?e no?aiu ineaaee
aiaiiia ?oeiaiaenoai ?onneie a?iee. A ia/aea 1563a iineianeea aienea
acyee Iieioee, /oi ioe?uei ei aei?iao ia noieeoeo Eeoau Aeeueii. Ii a
1564a iie iioa?iaee ii?aaeaiea ia ?. Oea. A 1569a niaeanii Ethaeeineie
oiee Iieueoa e Eeoaa ieii/aoaeueii iauaaeeieeenue iiae aeanoueth iaeiiai
ei?iey, nicaeaa ?a/ue Iiniieeooth.
3. 1572-1577aa. Oia? Neaecioiae II Aaaono. Ainiieueciaaaoenue neooaoeeae
aacaeanoey a Iieueoa, ?inney, ?acaeaoay e oiio a?aiaie e?uineeo oaoa? o
n. Iieiaee, niiaea nicaeaoue ia oa??eoi?ee Eeaiiee caaeneiia io Iineau
ainoaea?noai ai aeaaa n aeaoneei i?eioeai Iaaionii. A 1577a ?onneea e
aeao/aia iiae/eieee cia/eoaeueioth /anoue Eeaiiee. Iiaui iieueneei
ei?ieai aue eca?ai iieeiaiaeaoe Noaoai Aaoi?ee.
4. 1578-1583aa. A 1579a iieueneea aienea aa?ioee naaa Iieioee. Oaaaeu
iaeaaeaee Ia?aie e ?yaeii ae?oaeo eeaiineeo e?aiinoae. Eaai IV
iinni?eeny n Iaaionii e oio ia?aoae a eaaa?ue i?ioeaieea. A 1580a Noaoai
caoaaoee Aaeeeea Eoee. Eeoue oanoeiany/iay iai?iia Ineiaa a
1581a nianea no?aio io iieiiai ii?aaeaiey e auioaeeea iieyeia iieoe ia
ie?iua ia?aaiai?u. A 1582a a ssia-Caiieueneii ?onneea iineu caeeth/eee
ia?aie?ea n ?a/ueth Iiniieeoie ia 10 eao.
?inney oa?yea Iieioee e ana caaiaaaiiua caiee a Eeaiiee. A 1583a auei
iiaeienaii Iethnneia ia?aie?ea ni Oaaoeeae, niaeanii eioi?iio ?inney
ioaeaaaea /aou?a naieo e?aiinoe e oaeoe/anee eeoaeanue auoiaea e
Aaeoeeneiio ii?th.
I?iiuoeaiieee No?iaaiiau iieo/eee ia N?aaeiai O?aea caiaeueiua
aeaaeaiey, a?aie/eaoea n Neae?neei oainoaii. Aeey eo caueou io iaaaaia
oaia Eo/oia iie i?eaeaneee io?yae eacaeia ai aeaaa n A?iaeii
Oeiioaaae/ai. A 1582a eacaee (ieiei 600 /ae) ia/aee iioiae a Neae?ue e
caiyee noieeoeo oainoaa Enea? (Eaoeue). Eaoii 1583a A?iae ioi?aaee
iinieuenoai e Eaaio IV n ynaeii e ecaanoeai i iiaaaea. Ieii/aoaeueii aea
Caiaaeiay Neae?ue aioea a ninoaa ?innee eeoue e 1598a.
XX. ?inney ia ?oaaaea XVI-XVIIaa. Yiioa nioou.
1598-1605aa – i?aaeaiea Ai?ena Aiaeoiiaa
1605-1606aa – i?aaeaiea Eaeaaeieo?ey I
1606-1610aa – i?aaeaiea Aaneeey Ooeneiai
1611a – ia?aia iiie/aiea
1612a – aoi?ia iiie/aiea
1617a – Noieaianeee ie? ni Oaaoeeae
1618a – Aeaoeeineia ia?aie?ea n Iieueoae
I?aaeiinueee Nioou: 1. Oicyenoaaiiue e?ecen eiioea XVIa e oaueue
oyaeiaiai ianaeaiey nii?iaiaeaeaeenue oaaee/aieai iaeiaiaiai e
oaiaeaeueiiai aiaoa.
2. Cae?aiiuaiea e?anoueyi e oooaeoaiea iieiaeaiey oieiiia. Ai a?aiy
ianniaiai aieiaea ia/aea XVIIa iiiaea oieiiu auee aua?ioaiu naieie
oicyaaaie ia oeeoeo.
Iie iauaaeeiyeenue a io?yaeu “ai?ianeeo ethaeae” e oa??i?ece?iaaee
ie?iia ianaeaiea.
3. A nayce n aeaoeoeeoii ?aai/ae neeu iaino?eeenue ioiioaiey iaaeaeo
?acee/iuie a?oiie?iaeaie neoaeeeiai nineiaey: a) aeai?yia thaa iuoaeenue
i?eaea/ue a naie oicyenoaa aaaeuo e?anoueyi, nicaeaaaee ei eueaioiua
oneiaey, oiaaea eae aeai?yia oeaio?aeueiuo oacaeia, iie?aynue ia oeac
1597a, noa?aeenue ia oieueei oaea?aeaoue naieo e?anoueyi, ii e aa?iooue
ooaaeoeo.
a) nio?aiyeenue ?acee/ey iaaeaeo e?oiiui aio/eiiui caieaaeaaeaieai,
eoaea oaeaea ooiaeeee aaaeua e?anoueyia.
a) e?ecen iaeeiiiianoiiai aeai?yinoaa thaa ?innee i?aa?auae aai a iaeio
ec aeaaiuo aioei?aaeoaeuenoaaiiuo nee.
4. Neoaeeeua ethaee “ii i?eai?o” iuoaeenue nio?aieoue e oeo/oeoue naia
iaoa?eaeueiia iieiaeaiea.
5. Eaca/anoai auei iaaeiaieueii iieeoeeie oeaio?aeueiie aeanoe. Ai?en
Aiaeoiia iiiuoaeny iiae/eieoue naaa eaca/ueth aieueieoeo, cai?aoee
eacaeai iiyaeyoueny a ?onneeo ii?oaaaeiuo ai?iaeao e aanoe oai
oi?aiaeth.
6. Iinea i?ana/aiey ?iaea Aeaieeiae/ae a 1598a ia/aeny aeeianoe/aneee
e?ecen, eioi?ue iaino?eeny a nayce n ai?ueaie ca aeanoue ?acee/iuo
aiy?neeo eeaiia.
7. Aeooiaiue e?ecen iauanoaa. Aeanoue oea?y aini?eieiaeanue eae eaeouay
io aiaa, e ionoonoaea caeiiiiai ainoaea?y iniciaaaeanue eae no?aoiay
oa?ica anaio ?onneiio ia?iaeo e no?aia.
8. Iieeoeea ninaaeieo ainoaea?noa, aiaoeaaaoeony ai aioo?aiiea aeaea
?innee, iieuecoynue aa ianoaaeeueiinoueth a iieeoe/aneii e yeiiiie/aneii
ioiioaiee.
18 ia?oa 1584a ai a?aiy ea?u a oaoiaou oia? Eaai IV. Aai ieaaeoaio nuio
Aeieo?eth auei oiaaea anaai aeaa aiaea. Aianoa ni naiae iaoa?ueth,
naaeueiie aeaiie Eaaia IV Ia?eae Iaaie ii aeee a Oaee/a, ioaeaiiii aio
a oaeae. Ia i?anoie anooiee aeaaaeoeaoeeaoiee Oaaei? (1584-1598aa), ia
niiniaiue e oi?aaeaieth ainoaea?noaii a neeo iaeioi?ie oinoaaiiie
iaiieiioeaiiinoe. Iiyoiio aua i?e aeecie Eaaia IV aue nicaeai iiaeoineee
niaao ec 5 aiy?. A iai anei?a ia/aeanue ai?ueaa ca aeanoue,
caeii/eaoayny iiaaaeie Ai?ena Aiaeoiiaa, eioi?ue auaeaeioeny a aiaeu
ii?e/ieiu aeaaiaea?y naiei ee/iui ea/anoaai, a?aeo nano?u E?eiu n
oea?aae/ai Oaaei?ii, a oaeaea nianoaaiiie aeaieoueaa ia aei/a?e Iaethou
Neo?aoiaa. Oaeoe/anee oi?aaeyy no?aiie, Aiaeoiia noiae aeiaeoueny
ioiineoaeueiie nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneie e iieeoe/aneie noaaeeueiinoe ca
n/ao cae?aiiuaiey e?anoueyi (oeacu 1592a e 1597a), iiaeaea?aeee n?aaeieo
e iaeeeo caieaaeaaeaeueoeaa e iaeaa/aiey iieiaeaiey iinaaeneeo ethaeae.
I?e iai aicieeee iiaua ai?iaea: Naia?a, Na?aoia, Aaeai?iae, Eo?ne,
Oea?eoeui e ae?. A 1589a aue eca?ai ia?aue ?onneee iao?ea?o.
Iinea aieiu ni Oaaoeeae 1590-1593aa ii Oyaceineiio aeiaiai?o (1595a)
?inney aa?ioea /anoue oo?a/aiiuo ath oa??eoi?ee e niiaa iieo/eea auoiae
e Aaeoeeneiio ii?th.
A 1591a a Oaee/a i?e caaaaei/iuo ianoiyoaeuenoaao iiaea oea?aae/
Aeieo?ee, yeiau iaii?iaoenue ia iiae ai a?aiy i?eiaaeea yieeainee.
Ioeoeeaeueioth eiienneth ii ?anneaaeiaaieth aicaeaaee A.E.Ooeneee.
?ani?ino?aieeenue neooe, /oi nia?oue auea iiaeno?iaia Aiaeoiiaui, ii
nia?aiaiiua enoi?eee ia neeiiiu oae n/eoaoue. A ia/aea 1598a oia?
aacaeaoiue Oaaei?. Caineee niai? i?e iiaeaea?aeea iao?ea?oa Eiaa eca?ae
ia oea?noai Ai?ena Aiaeoiiaa (1598-1605aa). I?e iai iaiaoeeinue
naeeaeaiea n caiaaeii. Ia neoaeao i?eaeaoaeenue eiino?aioeu, ?onneea
iieiaeua aeai?yia ioi?aaeyeenue o/eoueny ca a?aieoeo. Aianoa n oai ii
iiaeaa?a ?ai?anneyi iioaioeeaeueiuo i?aoaiaeaioia ia i?anoie, eiaeii
iaaeiea, iai?eia?, aiy? ?iiaiiauo a ainoaea?noaaiiie eciaia.
A 1601 e 1602aa ec-ca aeiaeaeae e ?aiieo oieiaeia iiaea aanue o?iaeae,
/oi i?eaaei e no?aoiiio aieiaeo. A?aiaiii aue ainnoaiiaeai TH?ueaa
aeaiue aeey iaeioi?uo eaoaai?ee e?anoueyi, i?iaiaeeeenue aanieaoiua
?acaea/e oeaaa ec oea?neeo aiaa?ia, ii yoi ia nianei neooaoeeth.
Ia/aeenue ia?iaeiua aunooieaiey. Oea?neei aiaaiaeai a 1603a oaeaeinue
iiaeaaeoue aeaeaeaiea “aiaauo oieiiia”, auaiaiiuo ia oeeoeo naieie
oicyaaaie e a?aaeaoeo iaicu n i?iaeiaieuenoaeai iiae Iineaie.
Ee/iinoue /aeiaaea, aaaeaaoaai a 1602a ec ?innee a Iieueoo e auaeaaoaai
naay ca oea?aae/a Aeieo?ey, aei neo ii? inoaaony caaaaeeie. Niaeanii
ioeoeeaeueiie aa?nee, ei au aaaeue iiiao-?anno?eaa A?eai?ee Io?aiueaa.
Ii i?ienoiaeee ec iaaaeiaaoaai aeai?yineiai ?iaea, aue oieiiii aiy?
?iiaiiauo, iinea ?ani?aau iaae eioi?uie aio i?eoeinue ne?uaaoueny. Ii
iino?eany a iiiaoe e aeaaea neoaeee ee/iui nae?aoa?ai iao?ea?oa Eiaa.
Eoae, a 1603a a ?a/e Iiniieeoie iiyaeeny iaeoi, ooaa?aeaeathuee, /oi ii
– ieaaeoee nui Eaaia IV. Iaauay oa??eoi?eaeueiua onooiee e aeaiaaeiua
aiciaa?aaeaeaiey ii ca?o/eeny iiaeaea?aeeie /anoe iieueneie oeyoou.
E?iia oiai, ii ia?o/eeny n aei/a?ueth naiaeiie?neiai aiaaiaeu Ia?eiie
Iieoae, iaauaa ae iinea caaiaaaiey oea?neiai i?anoiea ia?aaeaoue a
i?aaeaiea Iiaai?iae e Ineia. A ieoya?a 1604a n iaaieueoei io?yaeii (4-6
oun /ae, 1 oun ec eioi?uo iieyee) Eaeaaeieo?ee ia?aoae ?onneoth a?aieoeo
ieiei *a?ieaiaa. A yiaa?a 1605a o Aeia?uie/ae oea?neea aienea iaianee
aai io?yaeai nie?ooeoaeueiia ii?aaeaiea, iinea /aai aai iieeioee ana
iieyee. Iaeiaei, ianoiia ianaeaiea ni/ei Eaeaaeieo?ey caeiiiui
ianeaaeieeii e canoaaeei i?iaeieaeaoue ai?ueao. Iinea iaiaeeaeaiiie
nia?oe Aiaeoiiaa a ai?aea 1605a a oea?neie a?iee, inaaeaeaaoae E?iiu,
nic?ae caaiai?, a ?acoeueoaoa eioi?iai cia/eoaeueiay aa /anoue ia?aoea
ia noi?iio Eaeaaeieo?ey. A Iineaa aea a ia/aea ethey aue naa?aioo, a
caoai e oaeo ianeaaeiee Aiaeoiiaa 16-eaoiee Oaaei?. I?aaieciaaa ano?a/o
n Ia?eae Iaaie, yeiau ociaaoae nuia, Eaeaaeieo?ee ieii/aoaeueii oaaaeee
iauanoaaiiinoue a naiae iiaeeeiiinoe. A ethea 1605a, caeeth/ea nithc n
aiy?neie Aeoiie, ii aai/aeny ia oea?noai. Ioeacaaoenue auiieiyoue
iaauaiey, aeaiiua iieueneiio ei?ieth e eaoiee/aneie oea?eae, ii iioa?ye
iiaeaea?aeeo aiaoieo nee. Ii ia?aeiaiiaae Aeoio a Naiao, /ai aucaae
iaaeiaieuenoai aiy? e aeooiaainoaa – aai iaaeiyee a “caiaaeie/aneeo”
acaeyaeao. Oaeaea Aeoia auea iaaeiaieueia aai naiinoiyoaeueiinoueth a
i?eiyoee ?aoaiee. Aaniie 1606a ii iauyaee i?ecua ia neoaeao e noae
aioiaeoueny e iioiaeo ia E?ui, /oi ia aucaaea ainoi?aa o neoaeeeuo
ethaeae. Auaae eaca/uee io?yaeu ec Iineau. Ia auiieiye oea?eiaiua
?eooaeu, cai?inoi iauaeny n ethaeueie ia oeeoea, ie?oaeee naay
eiino?aioeaie, aae ?acaoeueiue ia?ac aeecie – o.a. niaa?oaiii ia
niioaaonoaiaae ia?iaeiiio i?aaenoaaeaieth i oii, eaeei aeieaeai auoue
ii?iaeueiue oea?ue. A iaa 1606a Eaeaaeieo?ee ono?iee naaaeueao n Ia?eiie
Iieoae, ia eioi?ie nii?iaiaeaeaaoea aa iieyee aaee naay e?aeia
iai?eee/ii. Iinaio aiy?ai ai aeaaa n Ooeneeie ia ninoaaeei o?oaea
noeioee?iaaoue ia?iaeiia iaaeiaieuenoai. Eaeaaeieo?ee aue oaeo.
Ia eii?iaece?iaaiiii caineii niai?a oea?ai aue i?iaicaeaoai Aaneeee
Eaaiiae/ Ooeneee (1606-1610aa). Aio i?eoeinue aeaoue
e?anoioeaeiaaeueioth caienue, ia?aie/eaaaooth oea?neoth aeanoue. Ii
iaycaeny ia eacieoue aac noaea e ia ioieiaoue eiouanoai o ?iaenoaaiieeia
inoaeaeaiiuo aiy?.
A ethia 1606a a Iooeaea iiae ?oeiaiaenoaii aiaaiaeu eiycy A.I.Oaoianeiai
iiaeiyeny iyoaae i?ioea oeaio?aeueiie aeanoe. A aaaonoa auaoee “aiaiiue
oieii” E.E.Aieioieeia aicaeaaee aeaeaeaiea. Iaiany ?yae ii?aaeaiee
aieneai Ooeneiai, a?iey Aieioieeiaa, ian/eouaaaoay aei 100 oun /ae,
inaiueth inaaeeea Iineao. E noieeoea iiaeioee oaeaea io?yaeu ec ?ycaie e
Ooeu ai aeaaa n aeai?yiaie I.Eyioiiaui e E.Iaoeiaui, aunooieaoeie i?ioea
Ooeneiai. A ?aoathuee iiiaio ec-ca i?ioeai?a/ee n?aaee eiiaiaeiaaiey
iianoaioeaa Eyioiia e Iaoeia ia?aoee ia noi?iio i?aaeoaeuenoaa. Inaaea
i?iaaeeeanue, e Aieioieeia ionooiee nia/aea e Eaeoaa, a a iaa 1607a e
Ooea, niaaeeieaoenue oai n eaca/ueeie io?yaeaie i/a?aaeiiai naiicaaioea
– “oea?aae/a Iao?a Oaaei?iae/a” (ca ianouanoaothuaai nuia oea?y Oaaei?a
naay auaeaaae oa?neie eacae Eeaeea Io?iiaoe). Iinea aeeeoaeueiie inaaeu
a naioya?a 1607a Ooea auea acyoa, a ?oeiaiaeeoaee ainnoaiey acyou iiae
no?aaeo e iicaea eaciaiu.
Eaoii 1607a ia thaa no?aiu iiyaeeny Eaeaaeieo?ee II. Aai iiaeaea?aeaee
io?yaeu iieueneie oeyoou, nianaaoaeny io Neaecioiaea II iinea
iiaeaaeaiey aioeei?ieaaneiai aunooieaiey, e inoaoee aieioieeianeeo
aiene. Eaeaaeieo?ee II oe?aieeny a Oooeii iiae Iineaie (ca /oi e aue
i?icaai Oooeineei ai?ii). E iaio ia neoaeao ia?aoee iaeioi?ua iineianeea
aiy?a e aeueyee. Oaeoe/anee aea neeaie oooeioeaa ?oeiaiaeee aaoiai
?oaeeineee. Aai io?yaeu ?aci?yee ie?iia ianaeaiea. A oaa?aea 1609a
Ooeneee iioae ia niaeaoaiea ni Oaaoeeae. Oaaaenei-?onneea aienea iiae
eiiaiaeiaaieai ieaiyiieea oea?y eiycy I.A.Neiieia-Ooeneiai iaianee ?yae
ii?aaeaiee io?yaeai Eaeaaeieo?ey. Ii aiaoaoaeuenoai Oaaoeee iineoaeeei
iiaiaeii ei?ieth Neaecioiaeo III aeey ia?aoiaea e ioe?uoie eioa?aaioeee.
A naioya?a 1609a iieueneea aienea inaaeeee Niieaine. Iieyee ec eaaa?y
Eaeaaeieo?ey i?eniaaeeieeenue e ei?ieth. Eaeaaeieo?ee aaaeae a Eaeoao,
aaea a aeaeaa?a 1610a aue oaeo naiei oaeio?aieoaeai.
Neaecioiae III aeaeioe /anoue naieo aiene iiae ?oeiaiaenoaii aaoiaia
AEieeaaneiai e Iineaa. Aeec Iiaeaenea o n. Eeooeii a ethia 1610a iieyee
iaianee nie?ooeoaeueiia ii?aaeaiea oea?neei aieneai, /oi i?eaaei e
naa?aeaieth Ooeneiai. Nai Ooeneee ianeeueii aue iino?eaeai a iiiaoe e
iicaea oia? a iieueneii ieaio.
Aiy?neia i?aaeoaeuenoai (naieaiy?ueia) ai aeaaa n O.E.Inoeneaaneei
iiaeienaei aeiaiai? n Neaecioiaeii III i aicaaaeaiee ia iineianeee
i?anoie iieueneiai ei?ieaae/a Aeaaeeneaaa. A naioya?a 1610a iieueneea
io?yaeu ai aeaaa n “iaianoieeii oea?y Aeaaeeneaaa” Aiinaaneei aioee a
Iineao. Oaaaeneea aienea caoaaoeee cia/eoaeueioth /anoue naaa?a ?innee,
aeeth/ay Iiaai?iae e i?enooieee e inaaea Ineiaa. A oaa?aea 1611a ec
io?yaeia A. Ooeneiai, Eaeaaeieo?ey II, aeai?yi, eacaeia, neoaeeeuo oaoa?
neiaeeeinue ia?aia iiie/aiea, inaaeeaoaa Iineao n oeaeueth ecaiaiey
iieyeia. Ii ec-ca aioo?aiieo ?aciiaeanee iii ?aniaeinue. A ethia 1611a
iinea ii/oe aeaoo eao iai?iiu, i?aaieciaaiiie aiy?eiii I.Oaeiui, iae
Niieaine.
E?eoe/aneay ianoaiiaea onei?eea nicaeaiea aoi?iai iiie/aiey. Aai
eieoeeaoi?ii noae ieaeaai?iaeneee caineee noa?inoa Eocueia Ieiei, a
aiaiiui ?oeiaiaeeoaeai – eiycue Ae.I.Iiaea?neee. Aoi?ia iiie/aiea,
oi?ioi iiaeaioiaeaoenue, a aaaonoa 1612a iiaeioei e Iineaa. Aai
iiaeaea?aeaee eacaee iiae ?oeiaiaenoaii eiycy Ae.O?oaaoeeiai, inoaaoeany
caeanue iinea ?aniaaea ia?aiai iiie/aiey. Ioaea iiiuoeo iieyeia iiii/ue
inaaeaeaiiui, 26 ieoya?y 1612a iiie/aioeu inaiaiaeeee noieeoeo.
A 1617a ni Oaaoeeae aue iiaeienai Noieaianeee ie?, ii eioi?iio ?innee
aica?auaeenue iiaai?iaeneea caiee, ii naia iia oa?yea auoiae e
Aaeoeeneiio ii?th.
A 1618a auei caeeth/aii Aeaoeeineia ia?aie?ea. ?inney iioa?yea
niieaineea e naaa?neea caiee, ii a no?aio aica?auaeenue ?onneea ieaiiua,
a o./. e Oeea?ao (iiaeueiue ?iiaiia).
A 1613a ninoiyeny caineee niai? a Iineaa, ia eioi?ii noiye aii?in i
auai?a iiaiai oea?y. A ea/anoaa eaiaeeaeaoia auee i?aaeeiaeaiu iieueneee
ei?ieaae/ Aeaaeeneaa, nui oaaaeneiai ei?iey Ea?e-Oeeeii, nui
Eaeaaeieo?ey II e Ia?eiu Iieoae Eaai, a oaeaea i?aaenoaaeoaee e?oiiaeoeo
aiy?neeo oaieeee. 21 oaa?aey 1613a niai? inoaiiaee naie auai? ia Ieoaeea
Oaaei?iae/a ?iiaiiaa, 16-eaoiai aio/aoii ieaiyiieea ia?aie aeaiu Eaaia
IV Aianoanee ?iiaiiaie. A Eiaoueaaneee iiianou?ue iiae Eino?iiie, aaea
iaoiaeeeny a oi a?aiy Ieoaee n iaoa?ueth, auei iai?aaeaii iinieuenoai.
11 ethey Ieoaee aai/aeny ia oea?noai. Anei?a aaaeouaa ianoi a oi?aaeaiee
no?aiie caiye aai ioaoe – iao?ea?o Oeea?ao.
XXI. Nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneia ?acaeoea ?innee XVIIa.
1649a – i?eiyoea Niai?iiai oeiaeaiey
1653a – iineaaeiee Caineee niai?
1682a – ioiaia ianoie/anoaa
Iniiaiay caaea/a a yeiiiieea no?aiu ia/aea XVIIa ninoiyea a i?aiaeieaiee
iineaaenoaee Nioou. Aa ?aoaiea cao?oaeiyeinue neaaeothueie oaeoi?aie: –
oyaeaeuie ethaeneeie e oa??eoi?eaeueiuie iioa?yie
– ieceei ieiaei?iaeeai ii/a Ia/a?iicaiuey, aaea aei
na?aaeeiu XVIIa ?aciauaeanue iniiaiay ianna ianaeaiey
– oe?aieaieai e?aiinoie/anoaa
– iio?aaeoaeueneei oa?aeoa?ii e?anoueyineiai
oicyenoaa
– oneeaieai iaeiaiaiai a?aiaie
Aeaaiaea?y inaiaieth /a?iicaiiuo caiaeue oeaio?a ?innee e N?aaeiaai
Iiaieaeuey iaiaoeeny ?ino naeueneioicyenoaaiiiai i?iecaiaenoaa.
?aianeaiiia i?iecaiaenoai a ai?iaea iinoaiaiii ia?ai?eaioe?iaaeinue n
caeaca ia i?iaeaaeo, o.a. noaiiaeeinue iaeeioiaa?iui. ?ino
i?iecaiaenoaa, ?ann/eoaiiiai ia ?uiie, aue aucaai niaoeeaeecaoeeae
ioaeaeueiuo ?aeiiia. Iai?eia?, Iiaieaeuea neaaeeinue ia?aaioeie eiae,
Iiii?uea – ecaeaeeyie ec aea?aaa e aeiau/ae niee, Iiaai?iae – eueiyiui
iieioiii, Ooea e Eaoe?a – aeaeaciuie ecaeaeeyie. ?aianeaiiee, iaeiaei,
ia ii?uaae aei eiioea n caieaaeaeeai.
Iiyaeeenue ia?aua ?onneea iaiooaeoo?u – e?oiiia i?iecaiaenoai,
iniiaaiiia ia ?o/iii o?oaea, ioee/athuaany io ?aianeaiiie ianoa?neie
?acaeaeaieai o?oaea iaaeaeo ?aaioieeaie. Anaai e eiioeo XVIIa
ian/eouaaeinue ieiei 30 (ii ae?oaei aeaiiui – nauoa 60) iaiooaeoo? –
iaoaeeo?ae/aneeo, i?oaeaeiuo, eaiaoiuo, iieioiyiuo, nieaaa?iuo e o.ae.,
nicaeaiiuo a iniiaiii ii eieoeeaoeaa ainoaea?noaa eee eiino?aiiuo
i?aaei?eieiaoaeae, ?aaea – aiy? e ainoae. Ia ainoaea?noaaiiuo
iaiooaeoo?ao ?aaioaee e?aiinoiua.
E?oiiaeoei oi?aiaui oeaio?ii auea Iineaa, ia?iiioth ?ieue ea?aee y?ia?ee
– Iaea?ueaaneay (a n?aaeiai oa/aiee Aieae), E?aeoneay (Caiaaeiay
Neae?ue), Naaineay e ae?. A ai?iaeneeo oeaio?ao auno?i ?inei /enei
oi?aiauo caaaaeaiee. Yenii?o: iaoa, ca?ii, eai, iaiueea, eiaee, naei.
Eiii?o: i?iiuoeaiiua ecaeaeey, iaoaeeu, noeii, i?aaeiaou ?ineioe, /ae.
Ii?neay oi?aiaey n Aa?iiie inouanoaeyeanue /a?ac aaeeinoaaiiue ii?o –
A?oaiaaeuene, n ainoi/iuie no?aiaie – /a?ac Ano?aoaiue. Ii/oe any
aiaoiyy oi?aiaey iaoiaeeeanue a ?oeao eiino?aiiuo eoioeia.
I?aaeoaeuenoai ia/aei i?iaiaeeoue iieeoeeo i?ioaeoeeiiecia. A 1653a aue
i?eiyo Oi?aiaue onoaa, onoaiiaeaoee 5% iioeeio n oeaiu aaiceiiai oiaa?a,
a a 1667a – Iiaioi?aiaue onoaa, aaiaeeaoee 10% iioeeio ia eiino?aiiua
oiaa?u, i?iaeaaaaoeany aioo?e no?aiu.
Aunoei nineiaeai a no?aia auei aiy?noai, a n?aaeo eioi?iai aoiaeeei
iiiai iioiieia auaoeo aaeeeeo e oaeaeueiuo eiycae. Ieiei nioie aiy?neeo
naiae aeaaeaee aio/eiaie, neoaeeee oea?th e caieiaee ?oeiaiaeyuea
aeieaeiinoe. E eiioeo XVIIa aiy?noai ana aieaa oo?a/eaaei naith iiuue e
naeeaeaeinue n aeai?yinoaii. Aeai?yia ninoaaeyee aa?oiee neie
ainoaea?aauo neoaeeeuo ethaeae ii ioa/anoao. Iie aeaaeaee iiianoueyie ia
ianeaaenoaaiiii i?aaa a neo/aa i?iaeieaeaiey neoaeau aeaoueie iinea eo
?iaeeoaeae. Yoio neie oaiaeaeia aeeth/ae a naay eeoe, neoaeeaoeo i?e
oea?neii aeai?a, a oaeaea ai?iaeiauo, o.a. i?iaeioeeaeueiuo aeai?yi e
aeaoae aiy?neeo. E iecoaio neith neoaeeeuo ethaeae ioiineeenue neoaeeeua
ii i?eai?o. Ii aeeth/ae a naay no?aeueoeia, iooea?ae, yiueeia, neoaeeeuo
eacaeia, eacaiuo ianoa?ia e o.i. E neoaeeeui ii noaoono auee aeecee
inaiaiaeaeaiiua io iinaaeneiai oyaea eoia/aneea ei?ii?aoeee ainoae,
Ainoeiie e Noeiiiie nioai. iniiaioth ianno ianaeaiey ninoaaeyee oyaeua
ethaee – iinaaeneia ianaeaiea e e?anoueyinoai. E?anoueyia, aeeaoea ia
caieyo aio/ei e iiianoee, iacuaaeenue aeaaeaeue/aneeie
(/anoiiaeaaeaeue/aneeie) – 67% – e ianee oyaei a iieueco ainoaea?noaa e
naiaai oaiaeaea. Aeeceia e iei iieiaeaiea caieiaee e?anoueyia
iiianou?neea – 13%.*a?iinioiua e?anoueyia – 11% – ianee oyaei oieueei a
iieueco ainoaea?noaa. Iie i?iaeeaaee ia ie?aeiao no?aiu (Iiii?neee
Naaa?, O?ae, Neae?ue, tha) e iauaaeeiyeenue a iaueiu. Iie ia eiaee i?aaa
iieeaeaoue naie caiee, anee ia iaoiaeeee naaa niaio. “*a?iua caiee”
iiaeii auei i?iaeaaaoue, caeeaaeuaaoue, ia?aaeaaaoue ii ianeaaenoao.
N?aaeiaa iieiaeaiea iaaeaeo /a?iinioiuie e /anoiiaeaaeaeue/aneeie
caieiaee aeai?oeiaua e?anoueyia, ianeoaeeaaaoea oicyenoaaiiua
iio?aaiinoe oea?neiai aeai?a – 9%. Iie eiaee naiioi?aaeaiea e
iiae/eiyeenue aeai?oeiaui i?eeac/eeai. Iniiaiay ianna ai?iaeneiai
ianaeaiey iauaaeeiyeanue a oyaeiaoth iaueio. Ai?iaeneea ?aianeaiieee
iauaaeeiyeenue ii i?ioanneiiaeueiiio i?eciaeo a neiaiaeu e nioie. Iie
ieaoeee iaeia ainoaea?noao, auae?aee naieo noa?ino e nioeeeo (/a?iua
neiaiaeu). E?iia oiai, nouanoaiaaee aaeua neiaiaeu, i?eiaaeeaaeaaoea
aiy?ai, iiianou?yi, aieneiiai. Iie inaiaiaeaeaeenue io iaeiaia.
Ii-i?aaeiaio nouanoaiaaei cia/eoaeueiia /enei oieiiia. Iieiua oieiiu
yaeyeenue ianeaaenoaaiiie nianoaaiiinoueth naieo ainiiae. Neie
eaaaeueiuo oieiiia oi?ie?iaaeny ec /enea iiiaaoeo a ?aaneia ninoiyiea
?aiaa naiaiaeiuo ethaeae, iai?eia?, ca aeieae. Iie neoaeeee aei nia?oe
e?aaeeoi?a, anee aeia?iaieueii ia i?eieiaee ia naay iiaoth eaaaeo a
iieueco ianeaaeieea oia?oaai. A aeooiaainoai aoiaeeee a?oea?ae e iiiaoe
– /a?iia aeooiaainoai, e nayuaiieee – aaeia. Niai?iia oeiaeaiea 1649a
cai?aoeei iiianou?yi i?eia?aoaoue iiaua aio/eiu. Aieueiua e aoeyuea
ethaee (aieueiua eacaee, aeaoe nayuaiieeia, neoaeeeuo e iinaaeneeo
ethaeae, iaaiiua ?aai/ea, a?iaey/ea iocueaiou e neiii?ioe, ieuea,
a?iaeyae) ia iiiaee a aio/eiu, iiianouey eee ai?iaeneea iaueiu e ia
ianee ainoaea?noaaiiiai oyaea.
XXII. Nioeeaeueii-iieeoe/aneia ?acaeoea ?innee a XVIIa.
Nieyiie aoio 1648a. I?aaeiinueee: 1. ?ino iaeiaia e iaoaea/a iaeiaiaie
?aoi?iu i?aaeoaeuenoaa
A.E.Ii?iciaa. A 1646a ii ioiaiee ?yae i?yiuo iaeiaia e aaae
einaaiiue
– ia nieue. Ia?iae ?acei nie?aoee aa iio?aaeaiea. I?aaeoaeuenoai,
auioaeaeaiiia ainnoaiiaeoue noa?ua oeaiu ia nieue, noaei niae?aoue
iaaeieiee ii ioiaiaiiui iaeiaai ca 2 aiaea.
2. Acyoi/ie/anoai e i?iecaie aeanoae.
3. iaaeaeaiea Ii?iciaa o/eouaaoue eioa?anu iniiaiie iannu
neoaeeeuo ethaeae.
4. ?ino /eneaiiinoe ianaeaiey aaeuo neiaiae.
Iiaiaeii e ainnoaieth iineoaeee ?acaii no?aeueoeaie 1 ethiy 1648a oieiu
iineae/ae, iuoaaoeony iiaeaoue oea?th /aeiaeoioth a?aiioo. Anei?a oieia
ai?aaeanue a E?aieue. a no?aeueoeu, aeieaia a?aiy ia iieo/aaoea
aeaeiaaiuea, ioeacaeenue auiieiyoue i?eeacu i?aaeoaeuenoaa. Ia
?anoa?caiea oieia ioaeaee aeaao Caineiai i?eeaca E.Ieauaaaa e
ieieueie/aai I.O?aoaieioiaa, aicaeaaeyaoaai Iooea?neee i?eeac.
A.Ii?iciaa oea?th oaeaeinue nianoe. Aeaaiay onooiea caeeth/aeanue a
nicuaa Caineiai niai?a, ia eioi?ii auei i?eiyoi ?aoaiea i ?ac?aaioea
iiaiai naiaea caeiiia, ooaa?aeaeaiiiai a 1649a. Niai?iia oeiaeaiea
inouanoaeei cae?aiiuaiea e?anoueyi e caeiaeeei iniiau iinaaeneie
?aoi?iu, i?iaaaeaiiie /ooue iicaea. Ia?yaeo n Nieyiui aoioii ainnoaiey
neo/eeenue aieaa /ai a 30 ai?iaeao no?aiu: a 1648a a Onothaa, Eo?nea,
Ai?iiaaea; a 1650a – oeaaiua aoiou a Iiaai?iaea e Ineiaa.
A 1662a aniuoioe Iaaeiue aoio, aucaaiiue aeaiaaeiie ?aoi?iie.
Caoyioaoayny ?onnei-iieueneay aieia iionoioeea eacio, e aeanoue iioea ia
/?acau/aeiua ia?u – auione iaaeiuo aeaiaa. eiaaoeo oiaeaeaiea ia?yaeo n
na?aa?yiuie iiiaoaie. Yoi i?eaaei e aeaaaeueaaoeee, io eioi?ie iniaaiii
iino?aaeaee neoaeeeua ethaee, iieo/aaoea aeaiaaeiia aeaeiaaiuea, a
oaeaea ?aianeaiieee e oi?aiaoeu. A eoiaa aunooieaiea auei iiaeaaeaii, ii
i?aaeoaeuenoao i?eoeinue ecuyoue iaaeiua aeaiueae ec ia?auaiey.
Ainnoaiea iiae ?oeiaiaenoaii Noaiaia ?aceia 1667-1671aa.
I?aaeiinueee ainnoaiey: – ioi?ieaiea e?aiinoiiai i?aaa e oneeaiea
iaeiaiaiai a?aiaie, i?eaaaeoea
e ?aceiio oooaeoaieth iieiaeaiey e?anoueyinoaa e iinaaeneeo ethaeae e
aaanoao eo
ia ie?aeiu
– iaino?aiea ianoaiiaee ia Aeiio a nayce n ?inoii eaca/anoaa ec aaaeuo
ethaeae
– iauaa oooaeoaiea neooaoeee a no?aia
– oea?eiaiay ?aoi?ia iao?ea?oa Ieeiia, iiaeaeoay ca niaie eaeaeiue
?aneie
– no?aieaiea aeanoe acyoue iiae eiio?ieue eaca/ueth aieueieoeo
Ai aeaaa eacaoeeie “aieuoueau” ieacaeny Noaiai Oeiioaaae/ ?acei,
auoiaeaoe ec aa?oia eaca/anoaa. Aai noa?oaai a?aoa Eaaia eacieee ca
iaauiieiaiea i?eeaca oea?neiai aiaaiaeu ai a?aiy aieiu n Iieueoae.
A iaa 1667a ?acei i?eaae eacaeia n Aeiia ia Aieao. Ieiiaaa Ano?aoaiue e
ia?aaea ii aei?iaa ea?aaai noaeia, ?aceioeu auoee a Eanieeneia ii?a.
Caoai, iinea ceiiaee a sseoeeii ai?iaeea, eacaee niaa?oeee oaea/iua
iaaaae ia aeaaeaiey e?aineiai oaia. A aaaonoa 1669a iie aa?ioeenue ia
Aeii n aiaaoie aeiau/ae. A ai?aea 1670a ?aceioeu aac nii?ioeaeaiey
caoaaoeee ai?iae Oea?eoeui. Caoai, aeaaiaea?y iiiiue ianoiiai ianaeaiey
e no?aeueoeia, iie acyee oi?ioi oe?aieaiioth Ano?aoaiue. Caoai
aeaeioeenue aaa?o ii Aieaa e aac aiy caoaaoeee Na?aoia e Naia?o. E
?aceio i?eiueaea aaaeua ethaee, ainnoaiea ioaaoeei ia?iiioth oa??eoi?eth
Iiaieaeuey. Ainnoaaoea aacaea aaiaeeee eaca/uea ono?ienoai e aeanoiei
?ani?aaeyeenue n aiy?aie, aeai?yiaie, i?eeaciuie; a?aaeee ia oieueei
eiaiey e iiianou?e, ii e caaeeoi/iuo e?anoueyi. Oea?neea aienea a
eiee/anoaa 60 oun iaianee ii?aaeaiea 20-ouny/iiio io?yaeo ?aceia o
Neiae?nea a ieoya?a 1670a. Nai aoaiai iieo/e oyaeaeia ?aiaiea e aaaeae
ia Aeii. Anei?a ii aue noaa/ai aeiiiaeouie eacaeaie e auaeai aeanoyi. A
ethia 1671a ?aceia iinea aeanoieeo iuoie eacieee ia E?aniie ieiuaaee. A
a iiya?a i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiua aienea acyee Ano?aoaiue – iineaaeiee iieio
ainnoaaoeo. Iiieii oiai, /oi a?iey ?aceia auea iaiiiai iaiueoa
i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiie, iia auea iai?aaieciaaiiie, ieioi aii?oaeaiiie e ia
eiaea /aoeeo oeaeae. A 1671a aeiineia eaca/anoai auei i?eaaaeaii e
i?enyaa ia aa?iinoue oea?neie neoaeaa.
Aoi?ay iieiaeia XVIIa oa?aeoa?eciaaeanue oneeaieai aaniethoenoneeo
oaiaeaioeee, aeanoue oea?y noaiiaeeanue iaiaa aeaniioe/iie ii oi?ia, ii
aieaa neeueiie e iaia?aie/aiiie ii nouanoao. Oaeoi?u, iaoneiaeaoea
oneeaiea naiiaea?aeaaiie aeanoe: – cae?aiiuaiea ianaeaiea e iaino?aiea
nioeeaeueiuo i?ioeai?a/ee
– caaa?oaiea oi?ie?iaaiey neoaeeeiai nineiaey
– ainnoaiiaeaiea yeiiiieee
– oneiaeiaiea nenoaiu oi?aaeaiey, ?ino aiia?aoa /eiiaie/anoaa
– iiyaeaiea iiauo aiaoiaiieeoe/aneeo caaea/
Aaniethoenoneea oaiaeaioeee i?iyaeyeenue: 1. A eciaiaiee oeooea oea?y.
“Aiaeeae ieeinoueth aaeeeee
ainoaea?ue, oea?ue e aaeeeee eiycue anay Aaeeeea e Iaeua e
Aaeua ?onee naiiaea?aeaaaoe”.
2. A oe?aieaiee aaoi?eoaoa aeanoe e i?anoeaea ee/iinoe oea?y.
I?anooieaiea i?ioea ee/iinoe iiia?oa i?e?aaieaaeinue e i?anooieaieth
i?ioea ainoaea?noaa.
3. A i?eiyoee Oeiaeaiey, nenoaiaoece?iaaaoaai e eiaeeoeoee?iaaaoaai
caeiiu.
4. A caoooaiee aeayoaeueiinoe caineeo niai?ia.
5. A eciaiaiee ninoaaa e ?iee Aiy?neie Aeoiu.
6. A ?acaeoee i?eeaciie nenoaiu. Neeaaeuaaiea aianineiaiiai
i?ioanneiiaeueiiai /eiiaie/anoaa.
7. A oe?aieaiee iiceoeee oeaio?aeueiie aeanoe ia ianoao.
8. A ia/aea ?ai?aaiecaoeee a?iee. Iiyaeeenue iaoioiua e eiiiua iieee,
auoaniyaoea aeai?yineia iiie/aiea.
9. A oneeaiee iiae/eiaiey oea?eae ainoaea?noao.
Oaeoi?u, caiaaeeyaoea noaiiaeaiea aaniethoecia: – yeiiiie/aneay
ionoaeinoue
– nioeeaeueiay iac?aeinoue aeai?yinoaa
– nio?aiaiea iiiaeo ii?i e i?aaiia o?aaeeoeeiiiie
nenoaiu oi?aaeaiey
– ianoiay nenoaia oi?aaeaiey oaeaea nio?aiyea a
naaa iiiai a?oae/iuo /a?o
– aeai?yineia iiie/aiea inoaaaeinue aeaaiie
aiaiiie neeie
[Aeaenae Ieoaeeiae/ nai no?aiie oi?aaeyoue ia ethaee, iinaio yoei
caieiaeenue aai caiu: A.E.Ii?icia, eiycue I.E.Iaeiaaneee, iao?ea?o
Ieeii, A.E.I?aeei-Iauieei, A.N.Iaoaaaa. Ana oaieeee ioaeii iiiieoue]
XXIII. ?aoi?iu ?onneie i?aaineaaiie oea?eae. ?aneie.
1653-1655aa – ?aoi?iu iao?ea?oa Ieeiia.
I?aaeiinueee ?aoi?i: 1. Nioeeaeueiue e?ecen na?aaeeiu XVIIa cao?aaeaae
ioiioaiey iaaeaeo ainoaea?noaii e oea?eiaueth – e?oiiui
caieaaeaaeaeueoeai, eiaaoei noaeaaiua e iaeiaiaua i?eaeeaaee,
iaeaaeaaoei ia?iiiui iieeoe/aneei e eaeaieiae/aneei aeeyieai.
2. Ieceee o?iaaiue i?ioanneiiaeueiie iiaeaioiaee aeooiaainoaa,
?acii/oaiea a nayuaiiuo eieaao e ?acee/ey a ia?yaeao, eneaaeaiea
iaeioi?uo oea?eiaiuo neoaea iiae?uaaee aaoi?eoao oea?eae.
3. Aeooiaiue e?ecen a iauanoaa. N iaeiie noi?iiu, iaie?uaiea niciaiey
i?iyaeyeinue a aai ?aoeeiiaeecaoeee o /anoe iinaaeneeo ethaeae e aa?oia
iauanoaa.
?acaeaaeanue eiaeeaeaeoaeecaoeey niciaiey, ?in eioa?an e ee/iinoe.
Ae?oaay oaiaeaioeey auea naycaia ni no?aieaieai iiaeiyoue ?onneia
aeaai/anoea e nae?aeece?iaaoue iianaaeiaaioth aeeciue.
4. Aiaoiaiieeoe/aneea eioa?anu no?aiu. ?inney iuoaeanue iauaaeeieoue
iiae naiae yaeaeie ana i?aaineaaiua oea?eae e ia?iaeu.
[A eiioea 1640o aa a Iineaa aiciee “e?oaeie ?aaieoaeae ae?aaiaai
aeaai/anoey”. *eaiu aai no?aieeenue iaiiaeoue ?onneoth oea?eiaue,
onoaiiaea anaiauaa aeaai/anoea ?onneiai ia?iaea. N?aaee ieo ia/aeenue
?anoiaeaeaiey ii aii?ino auai?a ia?acoeia, ii eioi?ui iaaeeaaeeo
i?iecaiaeeoue eni?aaeaiey. Iaeie, ai aeaaa n N.Aiieoaoueaaui, aoaeouei
iao?ea?oii Ieeiiii e O.?oeuaaui, n/eoaee, eae e nai oea?ue, /oi i?aaeoue
?onneea oea?eiaiua eieae e ia?yaeu ioaeii ii a?a/aneei ia?eai. Ae?oaea –
E.Ia?iiia, i?ioiiii Aaaaeoi – nooue ?aoi?iu aeaeaee a aica?auaiee e
?onneie noa?eia, ?aoaieyi Noiaeaaiai niai?a e n/eoaee aiciiaeiui
eni?aaeyoue oea?eiaiua eieae eeoue ii ae?aaiei neaayineei ?oeiienyi.]
Auei i?iecaaaeaii eciaiaiea oea?eiaiuo ia?yaeia e aiaineoaeaaiuo eiea a
niioaaonoaee n iiaaeoeie a?a/aneeie ia?acoeaie. E?anoeoueny oaia?ue
iaaeeaaeaei o?aiy iaeueoeaie, a ia aeaoiy, eae ?aiueoa; eiui noaei
i?i/oaiea neiaiea aa?u; eiy O?enoa noaei ienaoueny Eenon aianoi Enon;
i?aaeienuaaeenue eeiiu a?a/aneiai ia?acoea; aue aaaaeai /aou?aoeiia/iue
“eaoeineee” e?ano. I?iecioea ?aoi?ia oea?eiaiineaayineiai ycuea:
eciaieeenue eaeneea, a?aiiaoeea, oaea?aiey.
Ia ?. Eno?a Ieeii ia/ae no?ieoaeuenoai Aine?anaineiai iiianou?y –
Iiaiai Ea?onaeeia, eioi?ue aeieaeai aue noaoue aeooiaiui oeaio?ii
ie?iaiai i?aaineaaey.
Ieeii noae a 1652-1658aa oaeoe/aneei nii?aaeoaeai oea?y, aeiaeeny oeooea
“Aaeeeee Ainoaea?ue”. Ii anai aii?inai, ianoaeaeaaoeiny Aiy?neie Aeoiie,
nia/aea aeieeaaeuaaee iao?ea?oo. A 1667a aue ioiaiai naaoneee noae a
ioiioaiee aeooiaiuo eeoe, a a 1677a oi?acaeiai Iiianou?neee i?eeac.
Oae iacuaaaiia noa?iia?yae/anoai yaeeinue iaeiei ec iaeaieaa neiaeiuo
iineaaenoaee ?aoi?iu. Ii iaeioi?ui aeaiiui, aieueoa o?aoe i?aaineaaiiai
ianaeaiey i?ieaii?e?iaaei iiaiaaaaeaiey. Iaia?aciaaiiue ia?iae oaeaeae a
?aoi?ia iieooaiea ia aa?o iooeia, oioy ia naie iniiau o/aiey iia ieeae
ia iiaeeyea. Noa?ay aa?a ioiaeaeanoaeyeanue eie n eaeaae “nayoie ?one”.
Eaeaeiua aiaeaee noa?iia?yae/anoaa, E.Ia?iiia, i?ioiiii Aaaaeoi e i?.
i?ecuaaee e ioeaco i iiaoanoa e ai?ueaa ca “enoeiioth aa?o”. A
1668-1676aa iiaeiyeinue ainnoaiea a Nieiaaoeeii iiianou?a. Iiiaea
oaaeeiyeenue a eaniuo neeoao eee aaaeaee a Neae?ue; iaeioi?ua ?aaeeeaeu
ono?aeaaee ianniaua naiiniaeaeaiey.
[Nui ii?aeianeiai e?anoueyieia Ieeii – a ie?o Ieeeoa Ieiia – i?eiye
iiiaoaneee iino?ea ia Nieiaaoeeeo ino?iaao e anei?a noae eaoiaiii
Eiaeaica?neiai iiianou?y (?aeii Ea?aiiiey). Iicaea noaiiaeony
a?oeiaiae?eoii iineianeiai Iiainianneiai iiianou?y – ?iaeiaie
onuiaeueieoeu ?iiaiiauo. Iinea ei?ioeiai i?aauaaiey ieo?iiieeoii
Iiaai?iaeneei Ieeii a 1652a aue eca?ai iineianeei iao?ea?oii]
XXIII. Aiaoiyy iieeoeea ?innee a XVIIa.
Iniiaiua caaea/e: 1. Aica?auaiea oa??eoi?ee, iioa?yiiuo a ia?eiae Nioou,
a a ia?niaeoeaa –
i?eniaaeeiaiea oe?aeineeo e ae?oaeo caiaeue, aoiaeeaoeo a ninoaa
Ae?aaiae ?one.
2. Ai?ueaa ca auoiae e Aaeoeeneiio e *a?iiio ii?yi.
3. Aeaeueiaeoaa i?iaeaeaeaiea ia ainoie.
I?aiyonoaea ?aoaieth yoeo caaea/: 1. Yeiiiie/aneay e aiaiiay ionoaeinoue
?innee.
2. caaeneiinoue io eiii?oa i?oaeey.
3. Aeeieiiaoe/aneay e eoeueoo?iay ecieyoeey ?innee.
Niieaineay aieia 1632-1634aa.
A 1632a Caineee niai? i?eiye ?aoaiea aa?iooue Niieaine. Caaea/o
iaeaa/aee nia?oue Neaecioiaea III e auai?u iiaiai iiia?oa. 30-ouny/iia
?onneia aienei i?e 150 iooeao inaaeeei Niieaine. Inaaea caaa?oeeanue
e?oiiie iaoaea/ae, o.e. ?onneay a?iey auea neaaie, a iieueneiio ei?ieth
Aeaaeeneaao oaeaeinue aeiaiai?eoueny n e?uineeie oaoa?aie i niaianoiuo
aeaenoaeyo. A ethea 1634a iaiiaeaeaeo io a. Aycueiu aue iiaeienai
Iieyiianeee ie?. Ca Iieueoae inoaaaeenue Niieaineea, *a?ieaianeea e
Iiaai?iae-Naaa?neea caiee. Aeaaeeneaa ioeacaeny io i?eoycaiee ia ?onneee
i?anoie. Aeiiaieeaie aea ii?aaeaiey iauyaeee aiaaiae Oaeia e Eciaeeiaa e
io?oaeee ei aieiau.
Acyoea Aciaa.
A 1637a aeiineea eacaee ii nianoaaiiie eieoeeaoeaa caoaaoeee oo?aoeeoth
e?aiinoue Acia a onouea Aeiia. Eacaee ia?aoeeenue e oea?th n i?inueaie
i?eiyoue Acia iiae naith aeanoue. Ii caineee niai? ioeacae, o.e. a yoii
neo/aa i?eoeinue au aanoe aieio n Oo?oeeae e E?uiii. Eacaee auioaeaeaiu
auee inoaaeoue Acia.
Inaiaiaeeoaeueiia aeaeaeaiea a Oe?aeia.
A 1648a a Oe?aeia aniuoioei i/a?aaeiia ainnoaiea, aucaaiiia nioeeaeueiui
aiaoii, iieeoe/aneei, ?aeeaeiciui e iaoeeiiaeueiui ia?aaiii?aaeai,
eioi?ia eniuouaaei ia naaa oe?aeineia e aaei?onneia i?aaineaaiia
ianaeaiea, iaoiaeynue a ninoaaa eaoiee/aneie ?a/e Iiniieeoie.
Ca/eiueeaie aunooieaiey noaee caii?iaeneea eacaee. Aeey caueou io
iaaaaia e?uineeo oaoa? ca aeiai?ianeeie ii?iaaie nii?oaeeee
niaoeeaeueioth nenoaio oe?aieaiee ec n?oaeaiiuo aea?aaueaa – “canaee”
(ionthaea iacaaiea – Caii?iaeneay Na/ue; oeaio? – ino?ia Oi?oeoea).
Caeanue neiaeeeanue naiaia?aciay eaca/uey ?anioaeeea n auai?iuie
aoaiaiaie. ?a/ue Iiniieeoay, aeaeay i?eaea/ue eaca/anoai ia naith
noi?iio, noaea ninoaaeyoue iniaua nienee – ?aano?u. Eacae, caienaiiue a
?aano?, n/eoaeny ia neoaeaa o iieueneiai ei?iey e iieo/ae aeaeiaaiuea. A
1648a aaoiaiii Caii?iaeneiai aienea aue aua?ai Aiaaeai Oiaeueieoeeee.
[Aiaaeai Oiaeueieoeeee (ie 1595-1657aa) aue nuiii eacaoeeiai noa?oeiu,
iieo/ee oi?ioaa ia?aciaaiea a Eeaaa e Eueaiaa, ciae iieueneee,
eaoeineee, oo?aoeeee ycuee (iineaaeiee ii auo/ee a Oo?oeee, aaea aeaa
aiaea aue a ieaio). Ianeieueei ?ac o/anoaiaae a iinieuenoaao e
iieueneiio ei?ieth, aaea iaeiaaeaeu ia iaai auei niaa?oaii iieooaiea.
Ioe?uoi aunooiee i?ioea iieueneeo caaiaaaoaeae, eiaaea oeyooe/
*aieeineee iaiae ia aai oooi?, ?aca?aaee aeii, naeaa ianaeo e aoiii,
canae aei nia?oe aai aeanyoeeaoiaai nuia e oaac aeaio.]
Io?yaeu Aiaaeaia, oneeaiiua e?anoueyiaie e ai?iaeaiaie ec Oe?aeiu e
Aaei?onnee, a ?yaea n?aaeaiee ?aca?iieee iieueneea aienea e a aeaeaa?a
1648a caiyee Eeaa. A aaaonoa 1649a iinea iiaaaeu iianoaioeaa iiae
Cai?iaii (ii?a/aiiie i?aaeaoaeuenoaii eo nithcieea – e?uineiai oaia,
iiaeeoieaiiiai iieyeaie) aue iiaeienai ie?iue aeiaiai?. Ii iaio
/eneaiiinoue ?aano?iauo eacaeia oaaee/eaaeanue aei 40 oun, Aiaaeai
i?eciaaaeny aaoiaiii Oe?aeiu, iiae aai aaoiiiiiia i?aaeaiea
ia?aaeaaaeenue o?e aiaaiaenoaa: Eeaaneia, *a?ieaianeia e A?aoeeaaneia.
A 1650a aiaiiua aeaenoaey aiciaiiaeeenue. Eaoii 1651a iiae Aa?anoa/eii
(?aea Nou?ue ia Aieuie) aienea Aiaaeaia iioa?iaee ii?aaeaiea, a
iiaeienaiiue Aaeioea?eianeee aeiaiai? nie?aoee eacaoeeee ?aano? aei 20
oun. e inoaaee ia?aie/aiey aeey iieueneie oeyoou oieueei a Eeaaneii
aiaaiaenoaa. A 1653a Caineee niai? ?aoee “i?eiyoue Oe?aeio iiae naith
?oeo”. Ioaaoii ia aeiaiai?, caeeth/aiiue iiae Aaeie oea?eiaueth, auee
ianniaua ia?iaeiua aunooieaiey a I?eaeiai?iauea.
Aaniie 1652a Aiaaeai ?acaee iieueneoth a?ieth iiae Aaoiaii (ia ?.
THaeiue Aoa). 1 ieoya?y 1653a ?inney iauyaeea aieio Iieueoa, a 8 yiaa?y
1654a a Ia?ayneaaea ninoiyeanue ?aaea, i?eiyaoay ?aoaiea i
i?eniaaeeiaiee Oe?aeiu e ?innee. Oai nio?aiyeinue auai?iia eaca/uea
oi?aaeaiea ai aeaaa n aaoiaiii, eioi?ue eiae i?aai aiaoiaiieeoe/aneeo
niioaiee ni anaie no?aiaie, e?iia Iieueoe e Oo?oeee. ?aano?iaua aienea
ia aeieaeiu auee i?aauoaoue 60 oun, iaeiae aeieaeiu iinooiaoue a
oea?neoth eacio.
Aieia n Iieueoae 1654-1667aa e Oaaoeeae 1656-1658aa.
A 1654a ?onneea aienea iaeaaeaee Niieaineii e ?yaeii ai?iaeia
Aaei?onnee, ano?aoea i?e yoi iiaeaea?aeeo ianoiiai ianaeaiey.
Ainiieueciaaaoenue iaoaea/aie Iieueoe, a 1655a oaaaeneea aienea caiyee
Aa?oaao. ?inney caeeth/eea ia?aie?ea n Iieueoae e anooieea a aieio ni
Oaaoeeae. A a 1660a Oaaoeey iiaeienaea ie? n Iieueoae. A 1661a ?inney
iiaeienaea Ea?aeenneee ie? ni Oaaoeeae, ii eioi?iio aica?aoeea
caaiaaaiiua ath caiee a Eeaiiee e aiiaue eeoeeanue auoiaea e ii?th (o.a.
ainnoaiaaeeaaeenue oneiaey Noieaianeiai ie?a). Iinea nia?oe Aiaaeaia
/anoue eaca/ueaai ?oeiaiaenoaa aunooieea ia noi?iia Iieueoe. E oieueei a
1667a ?inney aeiaeeanue iiaeienaiey Aiae?onianeiai ia?aie?ey, ii
eioi?iio ae aica?auaeny Niieaine e ia?aoiaeeee caiee Eaaiaa?aaeiie
Oe?aeiu. Eeaa ioaeaaaeny ia aeaa aiaea, ii oae e ia aue aica?auai
Iieueoa. Oneiaey yoiai ia?aie?ey auee cae?aieaiu “Aa/iui ie?ii” 1686a,
eioi?ue cae?aiee Eeaa ca ?inneae.
?onnei-oo?aoeeay aieia 1677-1681aa.
?onnei-oe?aeineei aieneai a 1677a oaeaeinue ionoiyoue no?aoaae/anee
aaaeioth e?aiinoue *eae?ei. Oii?iia nii?ioeaeaiea ?innee canoaaeei
ineaaaaooth e oiio a?aiaie Ii?oo iiaeienaoue a 1681a a Aao/ena?aa
20-eaoiaa ia?aie?ea n ?inneae, ii eioi?iio i?eciaaaeenue aa
i?eia?aoaiey, a caiee iaaeaeo Aeiai?ii e Aoaii i?eciaaaeenue
iaeo?aeueiuie.
A 1684a Auea nicaeaia Nayuaiiay eeaa – eiaeeoeey a ninoaaa Aano?ee,
Iieueoe Aaiaoeee, ?ann/eouaaaoay e ia iiaeaea?aeeo ?innee a
i?ioeainoiyiee Iniaineie eiia?ee. Ii ianoiyieth Eeae iineianeia
i?aaeoaeuenoai ?aci?aaei ia?aie?ea e a 1686a iauyaeei aieio Ii?oa. Ii
iiiuoee A.A.Aieeoeuia a 1687 e 1689aa iaeaaeaoue E?uiii caeii/eeenue
iaoaea/ae.
A oa/aiea XVIIa ?onneea caieai?ioiaeoeu i?iaeaeioeenue io Caiaaeiie
Neae?e aei aa?aaia Oeoiai ieaaia. Ii iooe auee nicaeaiu iii?iua ioieou:
E?aniiy?neee ino?ia, E?eooneia ceiiauea e o.ae. N ianoiiai ianaeaiey
niae?aee ynae. E eiioeo aaea ?onneia ianaeaiea THaeiie Neae?e ninoaaeyei
150 oun /ae.
XXIV. Yiioa iao?ianeeo i?aia?aciaaiee.
1682-1689aa – i?aaeaiea oea?aaiu Niouee
1689-1725aa – oea?noaiaaiea Iao?a I
I?aaeiinueee ?aoi?i: – yeiiiie/aneia e aiaiiia ionoaaaiea ?innee io
aa?iiaeneeo no?ai
– neoaeeeia nineiaea ie ii naiaio nioeeaeueii-iieeoe/aneiio, ie ii
eoeueoo?iiio ?acaeoeth ia niioaaonoaiaaei o?aaiaaieyi iauanoaaiiiai
?acaeoey no?aiu
– nioeeaeueiay ianoaaeeueiinoue ii?iaeaeaea iaiaoiaeeiinoue oe?aieaiey
iiceoeee i?aayuaai nineiaey e niaa?oainoaiaaiey ainoaea?noaaiiiai
aiia?aoa oi?aaeaiey e a?iee
– aiaoiaiieeoe/aneay e eoeueoo?iay ecieyoeey
– aeooiaiue e?ecen iauanoaa
– no?oeoo?iue e?ecen
Aiciiaeiinoue iao?ianeeo i?aia?aciaaiee nicaeaaaeanue a ?acoeueoaoa
eciaiaiee, i?ienoiaeeaoeo a no?aia a oa/aiea XVIIa: 1. A nioeeaeueiie
noa?a. Naeeaeaiea iiianoiiai e aio/eiiiai caieaaeaaeaiey, ioiaia
ianoie/anoaa, ?ino /enea neoaeeeuo ethaeae.
2. A yeiiiie/aneie noa?a. ?acaeoea ?aianae, iiyaeaiea ia?auo iaiooaeoo?,
?acaeoea oi?aiaee e iieeoeea i?ioaeoeeiiecia.
3. A iieeoe/aneie noa?a. I?iyaeaiea /a?o aaniethoiie iiia?oee.
4. Ai aiaoiae iieeoeea. I?eniaaeeiaiea Eaaiaa?aaeiie Oe?aeiu e
i?aiaeieaiea aeeieiiaoe/aneie ecieyoeee (anooieaiea a Nayuaiioth Eeao).
5. A aeooiaiie noa?a. Iaie?uaiea eoeueoo?u, i?aia?aciaaiey a
?aeeaeicii-oea?eiaiie iaeanoe, aa?iiaecaoeey auoa aa?oia iauanoaa.
Oa?aeoa? ?aoi?i: 1. Iaoiaeu i?iaaaeaiey – ianeeuenoaaiiua (“?aaiethoeey
naa?oo”).
2. Nioeeaeueiua iineaaenoaey – iaiiaeaiea e aa?iiaecaoeey ni/aoaeenue n
oe?aieaieai naiiaea?aeaaey e e?aiinoie/anoaa.
3. Nioeeaeueii-iieeoe/aneia niaea?aeaiea – ?aoi?iu oe?aieee
naiiaea?aeaaea, nicaeaee ath?ie?aoeth e , i?aia?aciaaa neoaeeeia
nineiaea, i?aa?aoeee aai a aeai?yinoai, noaaoaa iii?ie aaniethoecia.
4. Iniiaiua /a?ou: – iiaa?oiinoiia e auai?iia caeinoaiaaiea o
aa?iiaeneeo no?ai oaoie/aneeo aeinoeaeaiee aeey aiaiiuo oeaeae
– oaeanoi/aiea yenieoaoaoeee ia?iaea o?aaeeoeeiiiuie iaoiaeaie
– ?anoouay oeaio?aeecaoeey e ath?ie?aoecaoeey oi?aaeaiey
Ii o?aaeeoeee ianeaaeiaaoue Oaaei?o aeieaeai aue aai a?ao Eaai. Iaeiaei
15-eaoiee oea?aae/ aue aieaciaiiui, iieoneaiui e iaei aiaeeeny aeey ?iee
oea?y. Nia?aaoeany ai aeai?oea iao?ea?o Eiaeei e aiy?a ?aoeee, /oi
oea?ai neaaeoao i?iaicaeaneoue nuia aoi?ie aeaiu Aeaenay Ieoaeeiae/a
I.E.Ia?uoeeiie – Iao?a. Iie?aynue ia no?aeueoeia, a?oiie?iaea
Ieeineaaneeo, n?aaee eioi?uo auea nano?a Eaaia Niouey, ?aoeoaeueii
iiaaea ai?ueao ca aeanoue.
A 1682a ii Iineaa aue iouai neoo, /oi Eaai caaeooai. Aii?oaeaiiua
no?aeueoeu, aeaaii oaea iaaeiaieueiua iioa?ae i?eaeeaaee, anooieee a
E?aieue. Ia?uoeeia auaaea ia aeai?oeiaia e?ueueoei iaieo oea?aae/ae –
Iao?a e Eaaia. Iaeiaei, yoi ia oniieieei no?aeueoeia, iie i?iaeieaeaee
aoyieoue o?e aeiy. Ii eo o?aaiaaieth ia?aui oea?ai aue i?iaicaeaoai
Eaai, aoi?ui – Iao?, a aei eo niaa?oaiiieaoey oea?aaia Niouey
iacia/aeanue ?aaaiooae. Aa i?aaeoaeuenoaii ?oeiaiaeee A.A.Aieeoeui,
/aeiaae n aa?iiaeneei ia?aciaaieai, eiaaoee ieaiu ?aoi?i ii ia
iieo/eaoee aiciiaeiinoe eo inouanoaeoue.
?onneay a?iey iiae eiiaiaeiaaieai Aieeoeuia i?aaei?eiyea aeaa iaoaea/iuo
iioiaea i?ioea E?uineiai oainoaa. Ai a?aiy iioiaea 1687a oaoa?u
iiaeiaeaee noaiue e a?iey Aieeoeuia auioaeaeaia auea aa?iooueny ia
aeieaey aei E?uia. A 1689a aieaa /ai 100-ouny/iia aienei aeinoeaei
Ia?aeiia, ii anooieoue a i?aaeaeu E?uia ia ?aoeeanue.
A aiaeu i?aaeaiey Niouee Iao? e aai iaoue aeeee i?aeiouanoaaiii a
iiaeiineiaiuo naeao – I?aia?aaeaineii, Eieiiaineii, Naiaiianeii. A?aiioa
Iao? iao/eeny n o?ao eao, ii nenoaiaoe/aneiai ia?aciaaiey ia iieo/ee. A
ia/aea 1689a Iao? aeaieeny ia aiy?neie aei/a?e Aaaeieee Eiiooeiie, /oi
icia/aei aai niaa?oaiiieaoea e aeaaaei i?aai ia naiinoiyoaeueiia
i?aaeaiea.
Ii/ueth a aaaonoa 1683a Iao? aue ?acaoaeai a I?aia?aaeaineii iaeiei ec
naieo noi?iiieeia niiauaieai i oii, /oi no?aeaoeeea iieee iiaeiyou ii
o?aaiaa e aioiau noaaoeoue aai. Iao? aaaeae a O?ieoea-Na?aeaa
iiianou?ue, ooaea aea anei?a iiaeioee I?aia?aaeaineee e Naiaiianeee
iieee. Iao?a iiaeaea?aeaee iiiaea aiy?a e aeai?yia, iineianeee iao?ea?o
e ianeieueei no?aeaoeeeo iieeia. Nioueth caeeth/eee a Iiaiaeaae/ee
iiianou?ue a Iineaa, ?oeiaiaeeoaeue no?aeueoeia aue eaciai, Aieeoeui
ioi?aaeai a nnueeo. O?ii ia?aoae e Iao?o. Eaai V, ?aaeueii ia
o/anoaiaaaoee a oi?aaeaiee ainoaea?noaii, oi?iaeueii inoaaaeny
nii?aaeoaeai Iao?a aieioue aei naiae nia?oe a 1696a.
Acianeea iioiaeu.
A 1695a aue i?aaieciaai ia?aue Acianeee iioiae, ii ec-ca ionoonoaey
oeioa e?aiinoue acyoue ia oaeaeinue. A 1696a aeaaiaea?y aeaenoaeyi
iino?iaiiuo ia aa?oyo Ai?iiaaea aaea? oaeaeinue acyoue Acia.
“Aaeeeia iinieuenoai” a Aa?iio 1697a.
Oeaee: – oe?aieaiea e ?anoe?aiea aioeoo?aoeeiai nithca
– i?eaeaoaiea ia ?onneoth neoaeao niaoeeaeenoia, caeoiea e caeac
aii?oaeaiey
– ee/iia iciaeiieaiea n iieeoe/aneie ianoaiiaeie, yeiiiie/aneeie e
eoeueoo?iuie
aeinoeaeaieyie
Caiaaeiie Aa?iiu
A oneiaeyo iiaeaioiaee aa?iiaeneeo no?ai e aieia ca “eniaineia
ianeaaenoai” Iao?o ia oaeaeinue ?aoeoue aeaaioth aeeieiiaoe/aneoth
caaea/o e i?aaeioa?aoeoue iiaeienaiea naia?aoiiai ie?a Aano?ee n
Oo?oeeae. Caoi ii noiae i?eaeaneoue ia neoaeao eiino?aiiuo
niaoeeaeenoia, inoaaeoue aeey iao/aiey ca ?oaaaeii ?onneeo aeai?yi,
caeoieoue aii?oaeaiea. Aa?ioaoenue ec Aa?iiu Iao? iiae no?aoii oo?aoia e
ii?ee i?eeacae neoaeeeui ethaeyi a?eoue ai?iaeu e iineoue aa?iiaeneoth
iaeaaeaeo.
N 1699a ia/aeinue eiiieaeoiaaiea ?aaoey?iie a?iee iooai ianeeuenoaaiiiai
iaai?a “aeaoi/iuo ethaeae” (n 1705a ooaa?aeaeaaony oa?iei “?ae?oou”).
Oeac 1699a i nicaeaiee Ao?ienoa?neie iaeaou (iicaea – ?aoooe) aaiaeee a
ai?iaeao auai?iia naiioi?aaeaiea.
A oicyenoaaiiue iai?io aaiaeeeenue iiaua caiee thaeiuo oacaeia,
Iiaieaeuey, Neae?e. Aeaaiaea?y aiaoaoaeuenoao ainoaea?noaa ?anoe?eeenue
iinaau oaoie/aneeo eoeueoo? (eueia, eiiiiee, oaaaea), ianaaeaeaeenue
iiaua ii?iaeu iaaoe, ?acaeaaeinue eiiaaiaenoai.
Ca aiaeu oea?noaiaaiey Iao?a I a ?innee auei iniiaaii nauoa 200
iaiooaeoo?, ia n/eoay ai?iuo caaiaeia. N 1699-1670aa ?anoe?yeenue
aeaeaciaeaeaoaeueiua caaiaeu a Ooea Eaoe?a e no?ieeenue iiaua a Ea?aeee
e ia O?aea. Eaaeay i?iiuoeaiiinoue ?acaeaaeanue ca n/ao no?ieoaeuenoaa
iaiooaeoo?, auioneaaoeo i?iaeoeoeeth aeey aiaiiuo ioaeae e a iaiueoae
noaiaie – aeey aioo?aiiaai ?uiea. Auee nicaeaiu aeanyoee eiaeaaaiiuo,
aeiieo?aiiuo, noaeieueiuo e ae?. caaiaeia. N eiioea ia?aiai aeanyoeeaoey
XVIIIa eacaiua i?aaei?eyoey ia?aaeaaaeenue a /anoiua ?oee. Iiiu?yeinue
/anoiia i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoai. Nicaeaiea eoia/aneeo eiiiaiee,
i?aaeinoaaeaiea ei nnoae e eueaio oe?aieyei iieiaeaiea aaaeoueo
caaiae/eeia. Eiio?ieue iaae ieie inouanoaeyeny /a?ac nenoaio eacaiuo
caeacia. A ia/aea aaea ia i?aaei?eyoeyo ?aaioaee, a iniiaiii ii iaeio,
ethaee ?aciiai nioeeaeueiiai iieiaeaiey, a o./. naiaiaeiua e aaaeua
e?anoueyia. N ?inoii i?iiuoeaiiinoe iaia?oaeeeny ino?ue aeaoeoeeo
?aai/ae neeu, e ia iaiooaeoo?u noaee nnueaoue inoaeaeaiiuo e ieaiiuo e
i?eienuaaoue e?anoueyi. N 1721a Iao? ?ac?aoee iaiooaeoo?enoai iieoiaoue
e caaiaeai e?aiinoiuo, eioi?ua iicaea noaee iacuaaoueny iinanneiiiuie.
Ai aioo?aiiae oi?aiaea aaaeouoth ?ieue a iioiauo iia?aoeeyo i?iaeieaeaee
ea?aoue y?ia?ee. E?anoueyineay oi?aiaey iaeaaaeanue aeiiieieoaeueiuie
iaeiaaie, ii iinea oiai eae a ?acoeueoaoa iiaeiaiie iieeoeee aeioiaeu
eaciu oiaee, a 1711a auei ?ac?aoaii anai nineiaeyi oi?aiaaoue aacaea e
ethauie oiaa?aie n iau/iuie nai?aie. Oi?aiaey nieueth, oaaaeii, aeiii
auea iauyaeaia ainoaea?noaaiiie iiiiiieeae e ioaeaaaeanue a ioeoia
ioaeaeueiui eoioeai.
Aiaoiyy oi?aiaey iinoaiaiii auea ia?aaaaeaia ec A?oaiaaeuenea a
Iaoa?ao?a, /oi aucaaei ?aci?aiea iiiaeo noa?uo eoia/aneeo oaieeee. Aeey
?onneeo eoioeia iioeeiu auee a aeaa ?aca ieaea, /ai aeey eiino?aiiuo. A
1724a aue aaaaeai oaiiaeaiiue i?ioaeoeeiienoneee oa?eo. Ia yenii?o
aaiaeeeenue ieceea iioeeiu, ia aaic onoaiaaeeaaeanue aunieay iioeeia,
anee yoa i?iaeoeoeey i?iecaiaeeeanue a ?innee, e ieceay, anee iia ia
i?iecaiaeeeanue e auea iaiaoiaeeia aeey ioa/anoaaiiie i?iiuoeaiiinoe
(e?anee, oa?noue, naoa? e ae?.)
Eciaiaiey a nioeeaeueiie noa?a.
A ia/aea i?aaeaiey Iao?a I ian/eouaaeinue ieiei 15 ouny/ aeai?yi.
Iieeoeea i?aaeoaeuenoaa auea iai?aaeaia ia oe?aieaiea eo ?yaeia,
oaaee/aiea e niei/aiea ?onneiai aeai?yinoaa, e a ?acoeueoaoa aai
/eneaiiinoue oaaee/eeanue a iyoue ?ac.
Oeac 1714a i aaeeiiianeaaeee th?eaee/anee o?aaiye iiianouey e aio/eiu,
iauyaea ana /eneeaoeany ca aeai?yiaie eiaiey eo ianeaaenoaaiiie
aaconeiaiie nianoaaiiinoueth. Caeii a oi aea a?aiy aeiionea
ianeaaeiaaiea nianoaaiiinoe oieueei iaeiei ec nuiiaae, /oi aeieaeii auei
i?aaeioa?aoeoue ae?iaeaiea eiaiee e ?aniueaiea aeai?yineiai nineiaey.
O.a. o iniiaiie iannu aeai?yinoaa aicieeea iaoa?eaeueiay
caeioa?aniaaiiinoue a neoaeaiee ainoaea?noao. Ieaaeoea aeai?yineea aeaoe
oaia?ue auioaeaeaiu auee neoaeeoue a a?iee, ia oeioa eee a
ath?ie?aoe/aneii aiia?aoa. Cai?auaeinue i?iecaiaeeoue a ioeoea?u
aeai?yi, ia i?ioaaeoeo neoaeao ?yaeiauie a aaa?aeaeneeo iieeao,
aeaieoueny aeai?yineei “iaaei?ineyi”, ia iaeaaeaaoei acaie iaoaiaoeee,
iieoiaoue eiaiey oai, eoi ieaaea ia neoaeee e o.ae.
24 yiaa?y 1722a aue i?eiyo “Oaaaeue i ?aiaao” – ainoaea?noaaiiue caeii,
ii?aaeaeyaoee ii?yaeie i?ioiaeaeaiey neoaeau e onoaiaaeeaaaoee ea?a?oeth
neoaeaaiuo ?ac?yaeia. I?eioeei caiyoey ainoaea?noaaiiuo aeieaeiinoae ii
ciaoiinoe caiaiyeny ath?ie?aoe/aneei. A o?ao ?ac?yaeao neoaeau –
a?aaeaeaineie, aiaiiie e aeai?oeiaie – ana aeieaeiinoe ?acaeaeyeenue ia
14 ?aiaia – io 1ai, aunoaai (iai?eia?, eaioeea?a a a?aaeaeaineie
neoaeaa), aei 14ai, iecoaai – eieeaaeneiai ?aaeno?aoi?a. I?e Iao?a
/eiiaieee oaea n 14 ?aiaa iieo/aee ee/iia, a n 8ai – iioiinoaaiiia
aeai?yinoai. Aeey aiaiiuo iioiinoaaiiia aeai?yinoai i?aaeinoaaeyeinue
oaea n 14 ?aiaa – iecoaai ioeoea?neiai /eia i?aii?ueea.
Aieaa anaai io ianeeuenoaaiiie iiaea?iecaoeee no?aaeaei e?anoueyinoai,
ninoaaeyaoaa 92% ianaeaiey ?innee. Nioie ouny/ e?anoueyi, iiaeeeciaaiiuo
ainoaea?noaii, no?ieee aa?oe, e?aiinoe, caaiaeu, aicaiaeeee ia aieioao
iiaoth noieeoeo – Iaoa?ao?a. Ainoaea?noai, i?iaiaey n 1718a ia?aienue
ianaeaiey, ia?aoei e iiaeooiiio iaeiaiiaeiaeaieth. N 1724a iiiaiia?aciua
iaeiae auee caiaiaiu aaeeiie iiaeooiie iiaeaoueth, eioi?ay ninoaaeyea
80, caoai 74 eiiaeee n e?anoueyieia ioaeneiai iiea e 80 eiiaae n
iinaaeneiai. E?iia oiai, iiiaue/uee e?anoueyia ioaeaaaee aeaaeaeueoeo
iaoo?aeueioth, aeaiaaeioth e io?aaioi/ioth ?aioo, a ainoaea?noaaiiua –
ieaoeee aeiiieieoaeueiua 40 eiiaae “ia?i/iie” aeaie e eniieiyee
iaoo?aeueiua iiaeiiinoe, iinoaaeyee oeaa, eioaaeae, ethaeae ia
no?ieoaeuenoai e i?.
A eoiaa: – iauee iauai iaeiaiiaeiaeaiey au?in a 2-3 ?aca.
– iaeiaiaay ?aoi?ia oe?aieea e?aiinoie/anoai (e?aiinoiua ninoaaeyee 60%
anao e?anoueyi). Iiai/iui ?acoeueoaoii noaea eeeaeaeaoeey oieiinoaa.
oneeeaaeanue aeanoue iiiaueea iaae e?aiinoiuie.
– aue ia?aciaai iiaue ?ac?yae e?anoueyi – ainoaea?noaaiiua. A iaai aioee
/a?iinioiua e iaoaiiua e?anoueyia Naaa?a e Neae?e, ynaoiua ethaee
Iiaieaeuey e Neae?e.
– auea nicaeaia ianii?oiay nenoaia. E?anoueyiei, ooiaeeaoee ia ca?aaioee
aeaeaa 30 aa?no io ianoa aeeoaeuenoaa, aeieaeai aue eiaoue ianii?o –
aoiaaeeo io iiiaueea n oeacaieai n?iea aica?auaiey aeiiie.
– noiia oo?aoa ca oe?uaaoaeuenoai aaaeiai oaaee/eeanue aei 100 ?oaeae.
Iao?ianeea oeacu i?eeacuaaee iono?aiyoue io oi?aaeaiey eiaieai iiiaueea,
?aci?yaoaai e?anoueyi iaiiia?iuie iiaeiiinoyie, iaycuaaee iiiaueeia
ei?ieoue e?anoueyi a aieiaeiua aiaeu, e?anoueyia oaia?ue ia ioaa/aee ca
aeieae naiaai ainiiaeeia. Iiiauee oaeaea aue iaycai neaaeeoue ca oai,
/oiau e?anoueyia ?aaoey?ii iinauaee oea?eiaue, aia?aiy anooiaee a a?ae e
o.i.
Ia?iaeiua aieiaiey.
Iaeaieaa ?ani?ino?aiaiiie oi?iie i?ioanoa noaei aaanoai e?anoueyi. E
eiioeo i?aaeaiey Iao?a I auei caoeene?iaaii ieiei 200 oun aaaeuo aeoo.
I?e/eiaie ainnoaiey a 1705a a Ano?aoaie noaee i?iecaie ianoiiai
ia/aeuenoaa, aaaaeaiea iiauo iiaeiiinoae, nie?auaiea aeaeiaaiuey
no?aeueoeai, ianeeuenoaaiiia i?eaaaeaiea a aeeciue i?eeacia i
a?aaeia?eoee e iioaiee aa?iiaeneie iaeaaeaeu. A ainnoaiee i?eiyee
o/anoea aa?oe e iecu iinaaea, no?aeueoeu. Iinea ?ani?aau n aiaaiaeie,
i?eeaciuie ethaeueie, ioeoea?aie e eiino?aioeaie ainnoaaoea nicaeaee
caineia oi?aaeaiea. A ia?oa 1706a A.I.Oa?aiaoueaa ooo?iii acye ai?iae e
?ani?aaeeny n ainnoaaoei.
Oeaio?aeueiay aeanoue no?aieeanue ia?aie/eoue aaoiiiieth Aeiia. A
?acoeueoaoa a 1707a “iiaii?eoeua ethaee” iiae ?oeiaiaenoaii Eiiae?aoey
Aoeaaeia iaiaee ia io?yae, iai?aaeaiiue ia Aeii aeey aica?auaiey aaaeuo,
e oie/oiaeeee aai. Aa?iua i?aaeoaeuenoao aeiiiaeoua eacaee ?acaeee
iyoaaeieeia, aiaeae eo naaaeae a Caii?iaeuea. A oaa?aea 1708a,
eniieuecoy oyaeaeoth aiaoiaiieeoe/aneoth neooaoeeth, Aoeaaei aiiaue
nia?ae cia/eoaeueiua neeu e caoaaoee *a?eanne – noieeoeo Aienea
Aeiineiai. Aoaiai aue eaciai, a Aoeaaeia ia eaca/ueai e?oaa eca?aee ia
aai ianoi. Iinea iaoaea/iie inaaeu Aciaa Aoeaaei aue oaeo eacaoeeei
noa?oeiie. Aai niiaeaeaeiee, E.Iae?ania, oaae inoaoee iianoai/aneeo
io?yaeia ia Eoaaiue, a caoai ai aeaaeaiey oo?aoeeiai noeoaia, aaea iie
iniiaaee naith eieiieth, i?inouanoaiaaaooth aei 60o aa XXa.
N 1705a ii 1711a i?ienoiaeeee aieiaiey aaoee?neiai ia?iaea, aucaaiiua
iaeiaiaui, aaeieieno?aoeaiui e iaoeeiiaeueiui aiaoii.
?aoi?iu oeaio?aeueiuo i?aaiia oi?aaeaiey.
Ioi?aaeyynue a I?ooneee iioiae, Iao? I inoaaee a 1711a aeey oi?aaeaiey
no?aiie Naiao. Iicaeiaa ii i?aa?aoeeny a aunoee ?anii?yaeeoaeueiue,
noaeaaiue e caeiiiniaauaoaeueiue i?aai. Ia?aiia/aeueii ninoiye ec 9
/aeiaae, iacia/aaoeony oea?ai.
A 1717-1722aa ia niaio ecaeeaoei naay i?eeacai i?eoee eieeaaee. Aunoae
eieeaaeae aue Naiao. Ia?aaeoea o?e – Aiaiiay, Aaeie?aeoaeneay e
Eiino?aiiay. O?e yeiiiie/aneea – Aa?a-eieeaaey (oyaeaeay
i?iiuoeaiiinoue), Iaiooaeoo?-eieeaaey (eaaeay i?iiuoeaiiinoue) e
Eiiia?oe-eieeaaey (aiaoiyy oi?aiaey). O?e oeiainiaua – Eaia?-eieeaaey
(nai? iaeiaia), Ooaon-eieeaaey (?anoiaeu) e ?aaeceii-eieeaaey (eiio?ieue
ca ?anoiaeaie e aeioiaeaie), anei?a aeeaoayny a Naiao. THnoeoe-eieeaaey.
Aianoi Iiianoiiai i?eeaca auea nicaeaia Aio/eiiay eieeaaey. Ai?iaeaie
oi?aaeye Aeaaiue Iaaeno?ao. Iieeoe/aneei nuneii aaaeae I?aia?aaeaineee
i?eeac, oneeaiiue a aeaeueiaeoai Oaeiie eaioeaey?eae. Aeaa eieeaaee auei
nicaeaii aeey oi?aaeaiey Oe?aeiie e I?eaaeoeeie. A 1721a a niioaaonoaee
n “Aeooiaiui ?aaeaiaioii” auea nicaeaia Aeooiaiay eieeaaey, ninoiyaoay
ec i?aaineaaiuo a?oea?aaa, anei?a ia?aeiaiiaaiiay a Neiiae. A
?acoeueoaoa oea?eiaiay ea?a?oey iieiinoueth iiae/eieeanue ainoaea?noao.
Aeey ai?ueau ni ceioiio?aaeaieyie /eiiaieeia a ainoaea?noaaiiuo, aiaiiuo
e oea?eiaiuo o/?aaeaeaieyo a 1711a auee nicaeaiu i?aaiu iaaeaniiai
iaaeci?a, eioi?ue inouanoaeyee oeneaeu ai aeaaa n iaa?-oeneaeii.
A 1722a auea o/?aaeaeaia aeieaeiinoue aaia?ae-i?ieo?i?a Naiaoa. A aai
iaycaiiinoe aoiaeeei iaaethaeaiea ca auiieiaieai caeiiia e i?aaee, ii
iia i?einoaiiaeoue e inii?eoue ?aoaiea Naiaoa, aio auee iiae/eiaiu
oeneaeu. Ia?aui i?ieo?i?ii aue I.E.ssaoaeeineee. I?ieo?i?u iacia/aeenue
ai ana ainoaea?noaaiiua o/?aaeaeaiey.
No?oeoo?a e ooieoeee iiauo i?aaiia aeanoe auee iiae?iaii ?ac?aaioaiu a
Aaia?aeueiii ?aaeaiaioa e ?aaeaiaioao ioaeaeueiuo eieeaaee.
A oiaea iaeanoiie ?aoi?iu 1708-1710aa no?aia auea ?acaeaeaia ia 8
aoaa?iee (iicaea – 11) ai aeaaa n aaia?ae-aoaa?iaoi?aie, iacia/aaiuie
oea?ai. Iie nin?aaeioi/eee a naieo ?oeao aunoea aiaiiua e a?aaeaeaineea
ooieoeee e anth iieiioo noaeaaiie aeanoe ia ianoao. A iiae/eiaiee
aoaa?iaoi?ia iaoiaeeeenue iaa?-eiiaiaeaio (aiaiiia aaaeiinoai),
iaa?-eiienna? e iaa?-i?iaeaioiaenoa? (aeaiaaeiua e oeaaiua nai?u),
eaiae?eooa? (noaeaaiua aeaea). E aoaa?ieyi i?eienuaaeenue iieee. N 1719a
aoaa?iee noaee aeaeeoueny ia 50 i?iaeioeee, a iineaaeiea – ia oacaeu.
A 1722a iiyaeeny Onoaa i ianeaaeee i?anoiea, aeaaoee eiia?aoi?o i?aai
iacia/eoue naaa i?aaiieea ii naiaio oniio?aieth Aai iiyaeaiea ai iiiaii
aucaaii aeaeii oea?aae/a Aeaenay, eioi?ue a 1718a aue iaaeiai a
ainoaea?noaaiiie eciaia e i?eaiai?ai e nia?oiie eacie.
XXV. Aiaoiyy iieeoeea ?innee a ia?aie /aoaa?oe XVIIIa.
Naaa?iay aieia 1700-1721aa.
Caeeth/ea ia?aie?ea n Oo?oeeae (8 aaaonoa 1700a), ?inney a nithca n
Naeniieae (aa eo?othno Aaaono I aue iaeiia?aiaiii iieueneei ei?ieai) e
Aeaieae (Naaa?iue nithc) iauyaeea a 1700 a aieio Oaaoeee. Ea?e XII –
ei?ieue Oaaoeee – i?e iiaeaea?aeea aiaeeeneiai e aieeaiaeneiai oeioia
aunaaeeeny o Eiiaiaaaaia, auioaeee Aeaieth iiaeienaoue ie? e aueoe ec
Naaa?iiai nithca. Iiiuoea Aaaonoa I acyoue ?eao auea ioaeoa oaaaeneeie
aieneaie, aunaaeeaoeieny a I?eaaeoeea. ?onneea aienea inaaeeee ai?iae
Ia?ao, aaea e auee ?acaeou 19 iiya?y oaaaeneeie aieneaie. Ea?e XII
aeaeioe naith a?ieth ia Iieueoo, a Iao? I aeoeaii i?eiyeny ca
?aoi?ie?iaaiea a?iee. Ii oi?ne?iaae nicaeaiea iai?iiiie i?iiuoeaiiinoe e
?ai?aaiecaoeeth aii?oaeaiiuo nee. ?yaeiaie ninoaa eiiieaeoiaaeny ca n/ao
e?anoueyi e iinaaeneeo ethaeae – iaeei /aeiaae io 20-25 aeai?ia.
Neoaeaa auea iiaeeciaiiie. N 1699a ii 1725a a a?ieth auee acyou ieiei
400 oun /aeiaae. Ioeoea?neee ei?ion oi?ie?iaaeny ec aeai?yi.
A eiioea 1701a ?onneea aienea ai aeaaa n A.I.Oa?aiaoueaaui ?acaeee
oaaaeneee io?yae aeec Aea?ioa (TH?ueaa-Oa?oo). A 1702a o enoieia Iaau
auea acyoa e?aiinoue Iioaao?a (I?aoae), ia?aeiaiiaaiiay Iao?ii a
Oeennaeueao?a (Eeth/-ai?iae). A iaa 1703a aeec caoaa/aiiie o oaaaeia a
onouea Iaau e?aiinoe Ieaioaioe Iao? caeiaeee iiaue ai?iae –
Naieo-Iaoa?ao?a, noaaoee a 1713a noieeoeae ?innee. Aeey aai caueou n
ii?y ia ino?iaa Eioeei auea aicaaaeaia e?aiinoue E?iioeio (n 1723a –
E?iiaeooaaeo). Iinea iniiaaiey Iaoa?ao?aa ia/aeinue nicaeaiea
aaeoeeneiai oeioa. A 1704a n caoaaoii Aea?ioa e Ia?au iinoaaeaiiua
?inneae aiaoiaiieeoe/aneea caaea/e i?aeoe/anee auee auiieiaiu.
A 1704a aeanoue a Iieueoa ia?aoea a ?oe e oaaaeneiai noaaeaiieea
Noaieneaaa Eaueineiai, a a 1706a Aaaono II iioa?ye naeniineoth ei?iio e
aue auioaeaeai iiaeienaoue Aeueo?aiooaaeoneee ie?, iinea /aai Naaa?iue
nithc i?ae?aoee naia nouanoaiaaiea. A ia/aea 1708a aienea Ea?ea XII
aoi?aeenue a caiaaeiua i?aaeaeu ?innee. Iie caiyee Ieine, Iiaeeaa e
iiaa?ioee a Oe?aeio, aaea Ea?e ?ann/eouaae iieo/eoue iiaeaea?aeeo io
aaoiaia Iacaiu e e?uineeo oaoa?. Iaeiaei n Iacaiie i?eoei ia aieaa 4 oun
eacaeia, a i?iaeaio, o?aieaoeeny a ai?iaea Aaoo?eia, aue niaeaeai
?onneeie aieneaie iiae ?oeiaiaenoaii A.Ae.Iaioeeiaa. 28 naioya?y
eaaaea?enoneee io?yae ii ?oeiaiaenoaii Iao?a iaaeaeaei io Iiaeeaaa, o
aea?aaie Eaniie, ia?aoaaoee e oie/oiaeee oaaeoee ec ?eae ia iiiiuue
Ea?eo ei?ion aaia?aea Aeaaaiaaoioa n ia?iiiui iaicii. A?iey Ea?ea
inoaeanue i?aeoe/anee aac ii?ioa e i?iaeaioa. ?aiiei oo?ii 27 ethiy
1709a i?iecioei ?aoathuaa n?aaeaiea iiae Iieoaaie. Ec 30 oun oaaaeneeo
nieaeao 9 oun auee oaeou e 3 oun acyou a ieai, aua 16 oun auee ieaiaiu a
oiaea i?aneaaeiaaiey. Ea?eo e Iacaia n iaaieueoeie neeaie oaeaeinue
ne?uoueny ia oa??eoi?ee oo?aoeeie Iieaeaaee.
Cia/aiea aeoau: – i?eaaea e oie/oiaeaieth oaaaeneie a?iee, /oi
i?aaeii?aaeaeeei enoiae aieiu (a
1710a iaee iineaaeiea oe?aieaiey a Ainoi/iie I?eaaeoeea – ?eaa, Iy?io e
?aaaeue)
– Iao? iauyaee ?inneeneie oa??eoi?eae ia oieueei Ynoeyiaeeth, ii e
Eeoeyiaeeth
– aue ainnoaiiaeai Naaa?iue nithc, ia noi?iio ?innee ia?aoee Iieueoa,
I?onney e
Aaiiiaa?
Oaaoeey aeieaia a?aiy eiaea i?aeiouanoai ia ii?a. Aieia caoyioeanue
oaeaea e a ?acoeueoaoa aeaenoaee aeeieiiaoee Aiaeee e O?aioeee,
iuoaaoeony ia aeiionoeoue aicauoaiey ?innee e nio?aieoue aaeain nee ia
naaa?a Aa?iiu. Ai iiiaii aeaaiaea?y eo noa?aieyi ?aniaeny a 1716a
Naaa?iue nithc, a Oaaoeey ieoaea iaaeaaeaeu ia aiaeeeneoth aiaiioth
iiiiuue. Iaeiaei oneeey ?inneeneie aeeieiiaoee e ?acaaaeee, ia?aua
aaaeiua iiaaaeu ?onneiai oeioa (o iuna Aaiaoo a 1714a e o ino?iaa
A?aiaai a 1720a, aaea auea caoaa/aia /anoue oaaaeneie yneaae?u),
aeoeaiua aeaenoaey ?onneeo aiene a THaeiie I?eaaeoeea, eeoeaoea Oaaoeeth
iineaaeieo ieaoeaea?iia, caoaao Oeieyiaeee e aunaaeea ?onneiai aeanaioa
ia oa??eoi?ee naiie Oaaoeee a eoiaa canoaaeee aa iieoe ia ie?iia
niaeaoaiea. A 1721a aue iiaeienai Ieooaaeoneee ie?iue aeiaiai?, ii
eioi?iio ?inney i?eia?aea Eia?eth, Ynoeyiaeeth, Eeoeyiaeeth, Ea?aeeth n
Auai?aii. Oeieyiaeey ia?aaeaaaeanue Oaaoeee, eioi?ay iieo/eea e 2 iei
?oaeae na?aa?ii a ea/anoaa eiiiainaoeee ca iioa?yiiua oa??eoi?ee.
Enoi?e/aneia cia/aiea aieiu: – ?inney iieo/eea auoiae e ii?th e
ia?aieeanniua ii?ou – ?eao,
?aaaeue e Iaoa?ao?a
– iiyaeeenue aeaaii?eyoiua i?aaeiinueee aeey ?acaeoey eoeueoo?iuo,
yeiiiie/aneeo e iieeoe/aneeo naycae ni no?aiaie Caiaaeiie Aa?iiu
– iiyaeeenue iiaua caiee
– au?in iaaeaeoia?iaeiue aaoi?eoao
– iiaaaea oe?aieea naiiaea?aeaaioth aeanoue iiia?oa, eioi?ue iieo/ee
oeooe “eiia?aoi?a ana?inneeneiai”
Ai?ueau n Iniaineie eiia?eae. I?ooneee iioiae.
A 1710a i?e iiaeno?aeaoaeuenoaa aa?iiaeneeo aea?aeaa, i?aaeaea anaai
O?aioeee e Oaaoeee, Oo?oeey iauyaeea aieio ?innee. A ethea 1711a ii/oe
130-ouny/iay oo?aoeeay a?iey ie?oaeeea ?onneea aienea. Oieueei aa?ioa
Oo?oeee Acia e ?ac?ooea Oaaai?ia e iicaieea Ea?eo XII aa?iooueny a
Oaaoeeth, ?inney aeiaeeanue ia?aie?ey. Aeaei auei ia ?aea I?oo, /oi a
Iieaeaaee.
Eanieeneee iioiae 1722-1723aa.
I?e/eiu: – yeiiiie/aneea eioa?anu ?innee, iuoaaoaeny acyoue iiae
eiio?ieue oi?aiaua iooe,
naycuaathuea Aa?iio n Ainoieii
– neaainoue Ia?nee, aucaaiiay iaino?aieai aioo?eiieeoe/aneie ianoaiiaee
e ai?ueaie ca
aeanoue
– no?aieaiea Oo?oeee caoaaoeoue i?eiaaeeaaeaaooth Ia?nee /anoue
Caeaaeacuey e auoiae e
Eanieeneiio ii?th
A ethea 1722a ?onneea nooiiooiua aienea auee aeinoaaeaiu ia ei?aaeyo ec
Ano?aoaie e onoueth Oa?aea. Anei?a ei oaeaeinue acyoue Aea?aaio. A 1723a
?onneee oeio iaeaaeae ianeieueeeie ai?iaeaie ia iiaa?aaeuea Eanieeneiai
ii?y n ai?iaeaie Aaeo, ?aoo, Eaiei?aiue e Ano?aaaae. A 1724a a
Eiinoaioeiiiiea oaeaeinue caeeth/eoue ?onnei-oo?aoeeee aeiaiai?, ii
eioi?iio i?eciaaaeenue oa??eoi?eaeueiua i?eia?aoaiey ?innee ia Eaniee,
ii iia niaeaoaeanue n caaiaaaieyie Oo?oeee a Caiaaeiii Caeaaeacuea.
?innee oaeaeinue i?aaeioa?aoeoue i?i?ua oo?ie e Eanieeneiio ii?th e
nio?aieoue iacaaeneiinoue Ia?nee.
XXVI. Yiioa aeai?oeiauo ia?aai?ioia.
I?aaeiinueee: 1. I?ioeai?a/ey iaaeaeo ?acee/iuie aeai?yineeie
a?oiie?iaeaie.
2. Aeoeaiay iiceoeey aaa?aeee.
3. Ianneaiinoue ia?iaeiuo iann.
4. Iaino?aiea i?iaeaiu i?anoieiianeaaeey a nayce n i?eiyoeai oeaca
1722a.
5. Aeooiaiay aoiinoa?a, neeaaeuaaaoayny a ?acoeueoaoa ioeaca aeai?yinoaa
io o?aaeeoeeiiiuo ii?i iiaaaeaiey e ii?aee, iiaeoaeeeaaea e aeoeaiie,
ca/anooth aani?eioeeiiie iieeoe/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe.
Iao? I oia? 28 yiaa?y 1725a, ia inoaaea ?anii?yaeaiey i i?aaiieea.
Niaeanii eaaaiaea, iaienae “Ioaeaeoa ana…” e oia? (io caaieaaaiey
i?aaenoaoaeueiie aeaeacu eee ii/aeaiaiiie aieacie). Aai aeeaeaeoea
ni?aoieee (A.Ae.Iaioeeia, I.A.Oienoie, E.E.Aooo?eei, I.E.ssaoaeeineee e
ae?.) aunooieee ca aai aoi?oth aeaio Aeaoa?eio, a i?aaenoaaeoaee
?iaeiaeoie ciaoe (Ae.I.Aieeoeui, A.A.Aeieai?oeee e i?.) ionoaeaaee
eaiaeeaeaoo?o aioea – Iao?a Aeaenaaae/a. Enoiae nii?a ?aoeee aaa?aeey,
iiaeaea?aeaaoay eiia?ao?eoeo.
Aeaoa?eia I. 1725- 1727aa.
A yoio ia?eiae Iaioeeia oaeoe/anee noae i?aaeoaeai. Aeey eo/oaai
oi?aaeaiey aue nicaeai Aa?oiaiue Oaeiue Niaao, eioi?iio iiae/eiyeenue
ia?aua o?e eieeaaee e Naiao. A aai ninoaa aoiaeeee A.Ae.Iaioeeia,
A.E.Inoa?iai, O.I.Ai?aenei, A.E.Aieiaeei, I.A.Oienoie, Ae.I.Aieeoeui e
aieooeineee aa?oeia Ea?e O?eae?eo – ioae noa?oae aei/a?e Iao?a I Aiiu.
Iaioeeia caaeoiae oi?i/eoue naia iieiaeaiea ca n/ao a?aea naiae aei/a?e
n iaeieaoiei aioeii Iao?a. Aunooieaoee i?ioea yoiai ieaia Oienoie
ieacaeny a oth?ueia.
Iao? II. 1727-1730aa.
A iaa 1727a Aeaoa?eia oia?ea, e eiia?aoi?ii, niaeanii aa caaauaieth,
noae 12-eaoiee Iao? Aeaenaaae/ i?e ?aaaionoaa AON. Aeeyiea Iaioeeiaa i?e
aeai?a oneeeaaeinue, ii aeaaea iieo/ee /ei aaia?aeenneiona. Ii anei?a ii
iioa?ye aeeyiea ia eiia?aoi?a e a naioya?a 1727a aue a?anoiaai e nineai
ni anae naiueae a Neae?ue, a a. Aa?acia, aaea e oia? a 1729a. A AON
oaia?ue aeaea aa?oeee /aoaa?i eiycae Aeieai?oeeo e aeaia Aieeoeuiuo, a
oaeaea Inoa?iai.
Iao? II iauyaee naay iieiii?aaiui i?aaeoaeai e ei?iiiaaeny a Iineaa.
Anei?a eiia?aoi?neee aeai? ia?aaoae ooaea. Nano?a Eaaia Aeieai?oeiai,
oaai?eoa oea?y, Aeaoa?eia auea ia?o/aia n Iao?ii, ii ai a?aiy
iiaeaioiaee e naaaeueaa ii oia? io /a?iie iniu. Ia iai i?anaeeanue
ioaeneay eeiey ?iiaiiauo, a iacia/eoue ianeaaeieea Iao? ia oniae.
Caaiai? aa?oiaieeia.
AON, ninoiyaoee e oiio a?aiaie ec 8 /aeiaae, ?aoee i?eaeaneoue ia
i?anoie aei/ue Eaaia V, ieaiyiieoeo Iao?a I, aa?oeiaeith Eo?eyiaeneoth
Aiio Eiaiiaio, o.e. iia ia eiaea noi?iiieeia e naycae a ?innee, /oi
aeaaaei aiciiaeiinoue iaaycaoue ae naie oneiaey e aeiaeoueny niaeaney ia
ia?aie/aiea aeanoe. Ae.I.Aieeoeui aunooiee n eieoeeaoeaie ninoaaeaiey
“eiiaeeoeee” (oneiaee), a niioaaonoaee n eioi?uie: – Aiia aeaaaea
iaycaoaeuenoai i?aaeoue aianoa n AON, eioi?ue oaeoe/anee i?aa?auaeny a
aunoee i?aai oi?aaeaiey no?aiie
– aac iaeia?aiey AON iia ia iiaea ecaeaaaoue caeiiu, aaiaeeoue iaeiae,
?anii?yaeaoueny eaciie, iauyaeyoue aieio eee caeeth/aoue ie?, aeaeiaaoue
eiaiey e /eiu auoa iieeiaie/ueaai ?aiaa, aac noaea eeoaoue aeaaeaeueoeaa
eiaiee
– aaa?aeey iiae/eiyeanue AON
– Aiia iaycaeanue ia anooiaoue a a?ae e ia iacia/aoue ianeaaeieea, a
neo/aa aea iaauiieiaiey eaeiai-eeai ec yoeo oneiaee iia eeoaeanue
ei?iiu.
Aiia Eiaiiaia niaeaneeanue ia yoe oneiaey. Iaeiaei ieaiu AON noaee
ecaanoiu aaa?aeee e iniiaiie ianna oeyoaonoaa. Ec yoie n?aaeu ia/aee
auoiaeeoue iiaua i?iaeou iieeoe/aneiai ia?aono?ienoaa ?innee (iaeaieaa
c?aeue i?eiaaeeaaeae A.I.Oaoeuaao), aeeth/aaoea ?anoe?aiea ninoaaa AON,
i?aai aeai?yi auae?aoue i?aaenoaaeoaeae aunoeo i?aaiia aeanoe,
iaeaa/aiea oneiaee eo neoaeau. Ae.I.Aieeoeui iioae iaano?a/o yoei
iiaeaeaieyi e ?ac?aaioae iiaue i?iaeo, i?aaeiieaaaaoee ia?aie/aiea
naiiaea?aeaaey nenoaiie auai?iuo i?aaiia. Aunoei ec ieo inoaaaeny AON ec
12 /eaiia. I?aaeaa?eoaeueii ana aii?inu ianoaeaeaeenue a Naiaoa ec 30
/aeiaae, Aeai?yineie iaeaoa ec 200 ?yaeiauo aeai?yi e iaeaoa ai?iaeai
(ii 2 i?aaenoaaeoaey io eaaeaeiai ai?iaea). Aeai?yinoai inaiaiaeaeaeinue
io iaycaoaeueiie neoaeau. Iaeiaei Inoa?iai e O.I?ieiiiae/ iiaeaea?aeaee
Aiio Eiaiiaio , e iia ?aci?aaea “eiiaeeoeee”.
Aiia Eiaiiaia. 1730-1740aa.
Iia eeeaeaee?iaaea AON, nicaeaa aianoi iaai Eaaeiao ieieno?ia,
oaeoe/aneei ?oeiaiaeeoaeai eioi?iai noae Inoa?iai. N 1735a ii aa oeaco
iiaeienue o?ao eaaeiao-ieieno?ia i?e?aaieaaeanue e iiaeiene
eiia?ao?eoeu. Aeieai?oeea e Aieeoeuiu auee ?ai?anne?iaaiu. Iinoaiaiii
Aiia iioea ia oaeiaeaoai?aiea iaeioi?uo o?aaiaaiee aeai?yinoaa: –
ia?aie/ai 25 aiaeaie n?ie eo neoaeau
– ioiaiaia oa /anoue oeaca i aaeeiiianeaaeee, eioi?ay ia?aie/eaaea i?aai
aeai?yi ?anii?yaeaoueny eiaieai i?e aai ia?aaea/a ii ianeaaenoao
– iaeaa/aii iieo/aiea ioeoea?neiai /eia; aeey yoiai nicaeai eaaeaoneee
aeai?yineee ei?ion, ii ieii/aiee eioi?iai i?enaaeaaeinue ioeoea?neia
caaiea
– ?ac?aoaii caienuaaoue aeaoae aeai?yineeo ia neoaeao n ieaaeai/aneiai
aic?anoa, /oi aeaaaei ei aiciiaeiinoue ii aeinoeaeaiee niaa?oaiiiea
oeyiieo/eoue ioeoea?neee /ei “ii auneoaa” cai/ii Naia Aiia
ainoaea?noaaiiuie aeaeaie caieiaoueny ia ethaeea, i?aaeii/eoaea
?acaeaeaoueny ca n/ao eaciu. Iinaio ie?oaeeea naay auoiaeoeaie ec
I?eaaeoeee; aeaaioth ?ieue i?e aeai?a noae ea?aoue aa oaai?eo Y?ino
Ae?ii aianoa ni naiei a?aoii. Ana eeth/aaua iinou caieiaee iaioeu:
eiino?aiiua aeaea aae Inoa?iai, a?ieae eiiaiaeiaae A-E Ieieo, aaa?aeeae
O-E Eaaaiaieueaea… e oieueei ai aeaaa Oaeiie eaioeaey?ee iaaanoue
ii/aio noiye A.E.Ooaeia. Ae?ii noiae aaanoe a ninoaa Eaaeiaoa ieieno?ia
naiaai noaaeaiieea – A.I.Aieuineiai. Ii ?ac?aaioae “I?iaeo i iii?aaeaiee
aioo?aiieo ainoaea?noaaiiuo aeae”, a eioi?ii ?aoiaae ca aeaeueiaeoaa
?anoe?aiea i?eaeeaaee aeai?yinoaa e cao?iioe aii?in i caneeee
eiino?aioeaa. Ca yoi ii aue iaaeiai a “inei?aeaiee aa eiia?aoi?neiai
aaee/anoaa” eaciai a 1740a.
Aiia Eiaiiaia oia?ea a aic?anoa 47 eao, iacia/ea i?aaiieeii nuia naiae
ieaiyiieoeu Aiiu Eaiiieueaeiaiu, aa?oeiaeie A?aoioaaeaneie, ieaaeaioea
Eaaia Aioiiiae/a i?e ?aaaionoaa Ae?iia. ?aaaio iiiuoaeny ?aoi?ie?iaaoue
aaa?aeeth, ca /oi aue naa?aioo aeaaie Aiaiiie eieeaaee oaeueaeia?oaeii
Ieieoii. Iineaaeiee e nai anei?a aue ionoaaeai Inoa?iaiii.
Aeecaaaoa Iao?iaia. 1741-1761aa.
25 iiya?y 1741a aeua?ue Iao?a Aaeeeiai, iie?aynue ia iiaeaea?aeeo
aaa?aeee, caoaaoeea aeanoue. Iia eiaea oe?ieoth iiaeaea?aeeo i?inouo
ai?iaeai e aaa?aeaeneee iecia. Yoio ia?aai?io eiae iao?eioe/aneoth
ie?aneo, o.e. aue iai?aaeai i?ioea caneeey eiino?aioeaa.
Aeecaaaoa oi?acaeieea Eaaeiao ieieno?ia e aa?ioea Naiaoo cia/aiea
aunoaai ainoaea?noaaiiiai i?aaia, ainnoaiiaeea Aa?a- e
Iaiooaeoo?-eieeaaee. Ia niaio iaiaoeeei oaai?eoai i?eoee ?onneea e
oe?aeineea aeai?yia. I?e niaeaenoaee aa iieiaeiai oaai?eoa E.E.Ooaaeiaa
aue ioe?uo a 1755a Iineianeee oieaa?neoao, iniiaaia Aeaaeaiey
ooaeiaeanoa. A 1753a aue ecaeai oeac “ia oie/oiaeaiee aioo?aiieo
oaiiaeaiiuo e iaei/iuo nai?ia”, aeaaoee eiioeuen ?acaeoeth oi?aiaee e
oi?ie?iaaieth aioo?aiiaai ana?inneeneiai ?uiea, ?ac?aaioaia
yeiiiie/aneay iieeoeea (nicaeaiea Aeai?yineiai e Eoia/aneiai aaieia,
Aaia?aeueiia iaaeaaaiea, ?ai?aaiecaoeey aeaiaaeiiai ia?auaiey e i?.). Ii
oeaco 1744a a ?innee oaeoe/anee ioiaiyeanue nia?oiay eaciue. Iiiaueee
iieo/eee i?aai i?iaeaaaoue naieo e?anoueyi a ?ae?oou (1747a) e nnueaoue
eo aac noaea a Neae?ue (1760a). A 1756a ?inney ia noi?iia eiaeeoeee, a
eioi?oth aoiaeeee Aano?ey, O?aioeey, Oaaoeey e Naeniiey, anooieea a
aieio n I?onneae, iiaeaea?aeeaaaiie Aiaeeae. A 1756-1763aa ?inney
o/anoaiaaea a Naieeaoiae aieia. A aaaonoa 1757a a aeoaa i?e
A?inn-Aaa?naei?oa ?onneay a?iey N.O.Ai?aeneia a ?acoeueoaoa oniaoiuo
aeaenoaee io?yaea I.A.?oiyioeaaa aeiaeeanue ia?aie iiaaaeu. A aaaonoa
1759a i?e Eoia?naei?oa aienea iiae ?oeiaiaenoaii iiaiai eiiaiaeothuaai
I.N.Naeoueiaa ?aca?iieee a?ieth O?eae?eoa. Inaiueth 1760a
?onnei-aano?eeneea aienea caoaaoeee Aa?eei e eeoue nia?oue Aeecaaaou
Iao?iaiu a 1761a nianea I?onneth io iieiiai ?aca?iia. Aa ianeaaeiee Iao?
III auoae ec eiaeeoeee e caeeth/ee n O?eae?eoii II ie?iue aeiaiai?,
aa?ioa I?onnee ana iioa?yiiia a aieia. Iinea nia?oe eiia?ao?eoeu
inoaeinue 15 oun aa ieaoueaa.
Iao? III. 1761-1762aa.
Ieaiyiiee Aeecaaaou, nui noa?oae nano?u aa Aiia Iao?iaiu e aa?oeiaa
Ea?ea Oeue?eoa, ?iaeeeny a Aieooeiee. A 1745a aai aeaieee ia aei/a?e
iaeiiai ec iaeeeo iaiaoeeeo eiycueeia Aioaeueo-Oea?anoneie i?eioeanna
Niouea O?aaea?eea Aaaonoa (a i?aaineaaee ii/aio oi ia?a/aiiie Aeaoa?eiie
Aeaenaaaiie). Iao? ainnoaiiaee i?ioea naay aeai?yinoai e aaa?aeeth
naieie i?iiaiaoeeeie neiiaoeyie, iao?aaiiaaoaiiui iiaaaeaieai, aaaaeaiea
i?onneeo ioiaee?ia e ieaiaie ioi?aaeoue aaa?aeeth aiaaaoue ca eioa?anu
Aieooeiee a Aeaiee. 18 oaa?aey 1762a ii iiaeienae iaieoano “I aea?iaaiee
aieueiinoe e naiaiaeu anaio ?inneeneiio aeai?yinoao”, inaiaiaeeaoee
aeai?yi io iaycaoaeueiie neoaeau, ioiaiyaoee aeey ieo oaeaniua iaeacaiey
e i?aa?auaaoee eo a iiaeeeiii i?eaeeaae?iaaiiia nineiaea. E?iia oiai,
Iao? cai?aoee iieoiaoue e?aiinoiuo e caaiaeai anai, e?iia aeai?yi, niiaa
iieo/eaoeo iiiiiieeth ia eniieueciaaiea aeaoaaiai o?oaea. Auea
oi?acaeiaia Oaeiay eaioeaey?ey. Ii i?ae?aoee i?aneaaeiaaiea
noa?iia?yaeoeaa e i?eiye ?aoaiea i naeoey?ecaoeee
oea?eiaii-iiianou?neiai caieaaeaaeaiey, iiaeaioiaee oeac ia o?aaiaiee
anao ?aeeaee. Ca 6 ianyoeaa i?aaeaiey Iao?a anaai auei ecaeaii 192
oeaca.
Anaai a 50-60o aa caoeene?iaaii aieaa 60 ainnoaiee iiianou?neeo
e?anoueyi, aieiaiey i?eieniuo ia 54 e?oiiaeoeo i?aaei?eyoeyo O?aea.
Aeaaaeaeu – ainnoaiey a Aaoee?ee. Ianniaua aieiaiey iiiai/eneaiiuo
ia?iaeia I?eo?aeuey e Iiaieaeuey.
XXVII. Aioo?aiiyy iieeoeea ?innee a 60-90o aa XVIIIa.
1762-1796aa – i?aaeaiea Aeaoa?eiu II
1764a – eeeaeaeaoeey aaoiaineiai i?aaeaiey a Oe?aeia
1767-1768aa – ?aaioa Oeiaeaiiie eiiennee
1775a – aoaa?ineay ?aoi?ia
1785a – aeaeiaaiiua a?aiiou ai?iaeai e aeai?yinoao
28 iay 1762a aaa?aeaeneea ioeoea?u ai aeaaa n a?aoueyie I?eianeeie e
aeaia Iao?a III Aeaoa?eia niaa?oeee aeai?oeiaue ia?aai?io. A Eacaineii
niai?a Iaoa?ao?aa Aeaoa?eia auea i?iaicaeaoaia iiaie eiia?ao?eoeae, ae
i?enyaioee Naiao e Neiiae. Iao? III iiaeienae io?a/aiea, /a?ac
ianeieueei aeiae oia?. I?aaeiieaaatho, /oi ii aue oaeo Aeaenaai I?eiaui
e io?aiie; a noieeoea aea iauyaeee, /oi eiia?aoi? neii/aeny io
aaii??ieaeaeueiie eieeee. Ii aue iioi?iiai a Aeaenaiae?i-Iaaneie eaa?a
aac ieacaiey oea?neeo ii/anoae.
[Aeaoa?eia auei 33 aiaea, eiaaea iia anooieea ia i?anoie. Aieueoa anaai
iia ethaeea eieeaeoeeiie?iaaoue oaai?eoia. Eia-eoi ec ieo aue
oaeaioeeaui iieeoeeii, a eoi-oi – iao, ii caiiiieoue iaeioi?uo ec ieo ia
iiiaoaao: I.E.Iaiei, A.A.Aacai?iaeei, A.A.Iioaieei, E.E.Ooaaeia,
I.A.?oiyioeaa, A.A.Nie?eaeia, O.O.Ooaeia, A.A.Noai?ia, E.E.Aaoeeie,
A.?.Aea?aeaaei, ss.A.Neaa?a, A.A.Aycaineee.]
“I?inaauaiiue aaniethoeci” – iaeia ec oi?i ainoaea?noaaiiie iieeoeee
iiiaeo no?ai Aa?iiu, aicieeoay ia ii?aaeaeaiiie noaaeee eo ?acaeoey a
?acoeueoaoa eciaiaiee, i?ienoiaeeaoeo a nioeeaeueiie noa?a e aeooiaiie
aeecie iauanoaa. Ii neeaaeuaaeny iiae aeeyieai eaeae I?inaauaiey.
I?inaaoeoaee inoaeaeaee nineiaiia ia?aaainoai, i?iecaie aeanoe, caneeea
oea?eae a eaeaeiie noa?a e iainiiaaee “anoanoaaiiua i?aaa” /aeiaaea –
naiaiaeo, ?aaainoai, i?aai ia /anoioth nianoaaiiinoue, a oaeaea i?eioeei
?acaeaeaiey aeanoae, aa?oiaainoai caeiia e o.ae. Iie iieaaaee, /oi
i?inaauaiiua iiia?oe n eeaa?aeueiuie acaeyaeaie, i?iaiaey ?aoi?iu,
ooaa?aeaeay ?acoiiua caeiiu e niinianoaoy ?ani?ino?aiaieth ciaiee,
niiaoo inouanoaeoue eaeaae iauaai aeaaa, o.a. aeiaeoueny yeiiiie/aneiai
i?ioeaaoaiey, nioeeaeueiie aa?iiiee e aaciianiinoe aeey naieo ia?iaeia.
A ?innee iieeoeea i?inaauaiiiai aaniethoecia auea aucaaia e aeecie
neaaeothueie oaeoi?aie: – no?aieaieai aa?oiaiie aeanoe i?iaeieaeeoue
iiaea?iecaoeeth no?aiu, eioi?ay auea iaaiciiaeia aac ?acaeoey
i?iiuoeaiiinoe e oi?aiaee, aac oi?ie?iaaiey “o?aoueaai nineiaey” –
iniciaieai ?oeiaiaenoaii ainoaea?noaa iaiaoiaeeiinoe i?eaanoe nenoaio
oi?aaeaiey e o?iaaiue eoeueoo?iiai ?acaeoey iauanoaa a niioaaonoaea n
“aeooii a?aiaie”, o?aaiaaieyie nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneiai ?acaeoey
no?aiu – ino?ioie nioeeaeueiuo i?ioeai?a/ee, iaiaoiaeeiinoueth i?eiyoey
oaeeo ia?, eioi?ua au niya/aee iaaeiaieuenoai iecia e oe?aieyee
aaniethoenoneia ainoaea?noai
– i?eoycaieyie ?innee ia
aaaeouoth ?ieue a nenoaia
iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo ioiioaiee
– i?inaaoeoaeueneeie
acaeyaeaie Aeaoa?eiu II
I?aeoe/aneia ionoonoaea iaoeeiiaeueiie ao?aeoacee, iai?inaauaiiinoue
iniiaiie iannu aeai?yinoaa, iao?ea?oaeueiinoue ai?iaeneiai ianaeaiey e
e?anoueyinoaa, nai oa?aeoa? naiiaea?aeaaey i?eaiaeeee e oiio, /oi
iieeoeea i?inaauaiiiai aaniethoecia iineea e?aeia i?ioeai?a/eaue
oa?aeoa?. A ?acoeueoaoa eeaa?aeueiua ia?u ni/aoaeenue n oe?aieaieai
e?aiinoie/anoaa, n eniieueciaaieai ianeeuenoaaiiuo iaoiaeia.
Caaea/e i?inaauaiiiai aaniethoecia: 1. Oe?aieaiea naiiaea?aeaaey e
ainoaea?noaa ca n/ao iiaea?iecaoeee e niaa?oainoaiaaiey nenoaiu
oi?aaeaiey.
2. ?anoe?aiea i?aa aeai?yinoaa.
3. I?iaaaeaiea ia?, iai?aaeaiiuo ia oneeaiea aeanoe iiiaueeia iaae
naieie e?anoueyiaie, ii i?e yoii i?ecaaiiuo niya/eoue nioeeaeueioth
iai?yaeaiiinoue.
4. ?ani?ino?aiaiea ciaiee, ?acaeoea aa?iiaeneeo oi?i eoeueoo?u e
ia?aciaaiey.
5. Iiauoaiea aaoi?eoaoa ?innee ca a?aieoeae.
N?aco iinea ia?aai?ioa 1762a naiiaiee Ieeeoa Iaiei ?ac?aaioae i?iaeo,
i?ecaaiiue ia?aie/eoue aeanoue naiiaea?aeoea “eiia?aoi?neei niaaoii”.
Aeaoa?eia II ioaa?aea aai , a a 1763a i?iaaea ?aoi?io Naiaoa, eioi?ue
aue ?acaeaeai ia 6 aeaia?oaiaioia, eeoai iiiaeo iieiiii/ee e i?aa?auai a
aunoaa noaeaaii-aiaeyoeeiiiia o/?aaeaeaiea. Aaaeiaeoei iaoaieciii
ainoaea?noaaiiiai oi?aaeaiey noae Eaaeiao. A 1763-1764aa auea i?iaaaeaia
naeoey?ecaoeey oea?eiaiuo caiaeue, /oi oe?aieei yeiiiieeo ainoaea?noaa e
i?ae?aoeei aieiaiey iiianou?neeo e?anoueyi.
A 1767a Aeaoa?eia II nicaaea Oeiaeaiioth eiienneth, i?ecaaiioth
?ac?aaioaoue iiaue naiae caeiiia. Aeaiooaou ecae?aeenue ec anao nineiaee
e?iia iiiaue/ueeo e?anoueyi, ii iiaeaaeythuaa aieueoeinoai iano
i?eiaaeeaaeaei aeai?yiai e ai?iaeaiai. Ia iniiaa eaeae o?aioeocneeo
i?inaaoeoaeae Aeaoa?eia iiaeaioiaeea “iaeac” Oeiaeaiiie eiiennee, a
eioi?ii i?iaicaeaoaeinue ?aaainoai nineiaee ia?aae caeiiii,
i?aaeeiaeaiey ii niya/aieth e?aiinoiiai no?iy e iaeiia?aiaiii
iainiiauaaeanue aaniethoiay iiia?oey e aeanoue iiiaueeia iaae
e?anoueyiaie. Aeaiooaoneea aea iaeacu ia oee aeaeueoa caueou
oceinineiaiuo eioa?ania. Iieuecu io eiiennee ia aue ieeaeie, iiyoiio
Aeaoa?eia ?anionoeea aa a 1768a iiae i?aaeeiaii ia/aaoaeny aieiu n
Oo?oeeae.
A 1764a auei eeeaeaee?iaaii aaoiainoai a Oe?aeia, ia?aie/aiu i?eaeeaaee
eaca/anoaa. A 1775a iinea ioaa/aaneiai ainnoaiey eeeaeaee?iaaii
Caii?iaeneia aienei, a ia Aeiio aaaaeaia iau/iay nenoaia aoaa?ineeo
o/?aaeaeaiee.
?aoi?ia ianoiiai oi?aaeaiey auea i?ecaaia oe?aieoue ainoaea?noaaiioth
aeanoue ia ianoao, ia?aaeaoue iaeanoiui i?aaiai iaeioi?ua ooieoeee
oeaio?aeueiuo i?aaiia e oai naiui iiauneoue eo yooaeoeaiinoue. A 1775a
Aeaoa?eia II ecaeaea “O/?aaeaeaiea aeey oi?aaeaiey aoaa?iee
Ana?inneeneie eiia?ee”. ?inney aeaeeeanue ia 50 aoaa?iee, eaaeaeay ec
eioi?uo – ia 10-15 oacaeia n ianaeaieai aei 30 oun /aeiaae. Ooieoeee
aoaa?ineiai i?aaeaiey cia/eoaeueii ?anoe?eeenue ca n/ao ia?aaea/e
oeiainiauo, aaeieieno?aoeaiuo e noaeaaiuo iieiiii/ee ec oeaio?a. A
oacaea aeaaiui i?aaiii oi?aaeaiey aue “iecoee caineee noae” ai aeaaa n
eaieoaiii-eni?aaieeii, eioi?ue ecae?aeny aeai?yiaie ec ianoiuo
iiiaueeia. Aeai?yia iieo/aee i?aai nicaeaaaoue oacaeiua e aoaa?ineea
aeai?yineea nia?aiey.
E?aiinoie/aneay nenoaia aua aieaa oe?aieeanue, /oi i?iyaeyeinue a: –
oe?ieie i?aeoeea ?acaea/e ainoaea?noaaiiuo e?anoueyi e caiaeue a ?oee
e?aiinoieeia – eeeaeaeaoeee inoaoeia i?aa e?aiinoiuo e?anoueyi(iiiaueeai
auei ?ac?aoaii aac noaea ioaeaaaoue eo ia eaoi?aeiua ?aaiou – 1765a,
naaeaoue a oth?ueio – 1775a, e?aiinoiui cai?aoeee aeaeiaaoueny
ainoaea?uia ia iiiaueeia, i?eieiaoue i?enyao a noaea, a?aoue ioeoia e
iiae?yaeu) – oaaee/aiea ciiu e?aiinoie/anoaa, eioi?ia a 1783a
ieii/aoaeueii ioi?ieeinue a Oe?aeia – ?anoe?aiee i?eaeeaaee aeai?yi,
eioi?ua iieo/eee i?aai ia neoaeeoue (Iaieoano 1762a), a oaeaea
iiiiiieueiia i?aai ia aeaaeaiea caieae, iaae?aie e e?aiinoiuie (a?aiioa
17785a)
I?aaeinoaaeaiea a 1785a AEaeiaaiiie a?aiiou ai?iaeai iaania/eaaei
iaeioi?uie i?eaeeaaeyie “ai?iaeneeo iauaaoaeae”, ?acaeaeaiiuo ia 6
?ac?yaeia a caaeneiinoe io ?iaea caiyoee e iaoa?eaeueiiai iieiaeaiey, a
oaeaea ?aaoee?iaaei ?aaioo i?aaiia naiioi?aaeaiey.
Eoiae: 1. Oe?aieeinue e iiaea?iece?iaaeinue naiiaea?aeaaea.
2. Iaeeaeeanue iauanoaaiiay aeeciue.
3. Oneeeeinue e?aiinoie/anoai.
4. Oeo/oeeinue iieiaeaiea ai?iaeneiai ianaeaiey.
5. Ca?iaeeeinue iiiyoea naiaiaeu e i?aa ee/iinoe.
6. Iieeoeea “yeiiiie/aneiai eeaa?aeecia” niinianoaiaaea ca?iaeaeaieth
eaieoaeenoe/aneiai oeeaaea.
7. Ianiiniaiinoue ?aaeeciaaoue aeaeea?e?iaaiiua eeaa?aeueiua i?eioeeiu
i?eaaee /anoue iauanoaa e ?aci/a?iaaieth a ?aoi?iaoi?neie iieeoeea e
ca?iaeaeaieth ?aaeeeaeueiuo ?aaiethoeeiiiuo eaeae.
XXVIII. Nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneia ?acaeoea ?innee a 60-80a aa XVIIIa.
?acaeoea aa?a?iiai i?iecaiaenoaa eiaei i?aaeaea anaai yenoaineaiue
oa?aeoa? e aeinoeaaeinue ca n/ao anoanoaaiiiai ?inoa ianaeaiey e
inaiaiey iiauo oa??eoi?ee. Oneeeeanue ?aaeiiaeueiay niaoeeaeecaoeey
aa?a?iiai i?iecaiaenoaa, aaiaeeeenue iiaua naeueneioicyenoaaiiua
eoeueoo?u (iiaenieia/iee, naoa?iay naaeea), i?aaei?eiyou iiiuoee
eniieueciaaiey iiauo iaoiaeia e oaoiieiaee aeey ?acaeoey aa?a?iiai
i?iecaiaenoaa. Iiauneeanue oiaa?iinoue naeueneiai oicyenoaa, a
ianeieueei ?ac oaaee/eeny yenii?o ca?ia a Caiaaeioth Aa?iio. Iiauneeenue
oeaiu ia i?iaeoeou naeueneiai oicyenoaa.
Auno?i ?acaeaaeanue oyaeaeay i?iiuoeaiiinoue, iniaaiii ai?iiaeiauaathuay
io?aneue. ?inneeneia aeaeaci yenii?oe?iaaeinue a Caiaaeioth Aa?iio. A
Neae?e ia/aeanue aeiau/a cieioa. Auno?i ?inea oaenoeeueiay
i?iiuoeaiiinoue. ?aianeaiiia i?iecaiaenoai, ii/oe iieiinoueth noaaoaa
iaeeioiaa?iui, ?acaeaaeinue eae a ai?iaea, oae e a aea?aaia. Iaiooaeoo?a
auea iniiaiui aeaeii i?aaei?eyoey a /a?iie iaoaeeo?aee, i?iecaiaenoaa
iieioia, noeia, oaeea e ae?oaeo io?aneyo. *enei eo auno?i aic?anoaei – n
600 a na?aaeeia XVIIIa aei 1200 e eiioeo aaea. Eacaiua iaiooaeoo?u
iaania/eaaeenue caeacaie aeey a?iee e oeioa, eniieueciaaee e?aiinoiie
o?oae e ?acaeaaeenue iaaeeaiii. Auee aua iinanneiiiua, aio/eiiua,
eoia/aneea e e?anoueyineea.
Aiaoiyy oi?aiaey eiaea iaaieueoie iauai (3,5% ie?iaiai iai?ioa a eiioea
XVIIIa), ii ?acaeaaeanue aeiaieueii auno?i. Auaiceeenue aeaeaci,
ia?oniia iieioii, eueiyiua oeaie, iaiueea, ean, eiaea. I?e Aeaoa?eia II
ia/aeny auaic ?inneeneiai oeaaa /a?ac Iaoa?ao?a e A?oaiaaeuene. Aeaaiui
aiaoiaoi?aiaui ia?oia?ii ?innee a Aa?iia inoaaaeanue Aiaeey, ?inneeneea
i?aaei?eyoey oi?aiaaee oaeaea n I?onneae e Oaaoeeae; a Acee – n Ia?neae,
Oo?oeeae, Eeoaai, Aooa?ie.
A 1769a auee auiouaiu anneaiaoeee – ia?aua ?inneeneea aoiaaeiua
aeaiueae. Aeey i?aaiecaoeee eo ia?auaiey auee nicaeaiu Iaoa?ao?aneee e
Iineianeee anneaiaoeeiiiua aaiee (iauaaeeiaiu a 1786a), iaiaieaaaoea
anneaiaoeee ia iaaeioth iiiaoo. ?inney aia?aua i?eaaaea e ca?oaaaeiui
caeiai a Aieeaiaeee e Eoaeee, o.e. ainoaea?noaaiiue athaeaeao aue
io?eoeaoaeueiui.
A 1754a aue nicaeai Aeai?yineee caaiiue aaie, auaeaaaaoee nnoaeu iiae
ieceee i?ioeaio, aaaaeaia iiiiiieey aeai?yi ia aeiieo?aiea (1755a),
ia?aie/aia oi?aiaey e?anoueyi a ai?iaeao. A 1762a iaiooaeoo?enoai
iaaeai?yineiai i?ienoiaeaeaiey auei cai?auaii iieoiaoue e naiei
i?aaei?eyoeyi e?aiinoiuo.
A 1766a aue ecaeai oeac ia inaiaiaeaeaiee eoioeia io ?ae?ooneie
iiaeiiinoe (ca ieaoo), a 1775a i?iaaaeaia Aeeueaeeeneay ?aoi?ia.
Ai?iaeneia ianaeaiea a caaeneiinoe io ?acia?a eaieoaea auei ?acaeaeaii
ia 4 ?ac?yaea: iauai – “iioeuo ethaeae” (iaiaa 500?oa) e eoia/anoai o?ao
aeeueaeee, inaiaiaeaeaiiia io iiaeooiie iiaeaoe. Eoioeu ia?aie aeeueaeee
iiaee oi?aiaaoue ca ?oaaaeii, ia?aay e aoi?ay aeeueaeee iiaee “eiaoue
eee caaiaeeoue oaa?eee e caaiaeu”, auee inaiaiaeaeaiu io oaeaniuo
iaeacaiee, a a 1785a e io ?ae?ooneiai iaai?a. ?aianeaiiia iieiaeaiea
1785a cai?auaei ?aianeaiieeai, ia caienaiiui a oeaoe, ?aaioaoue a
ai?iaeao, aaea oaea aicieeee oaeea i?aaiecaoeee. Aua a 1762a Aeaoa?eia
II ioiaieea iiiiiieee a oi?aiaea e i?iiuoeaiiinoe. A ia/aea 70o aa anai
aeaeathuei auei ?ac?aoaii caaiaeeoue oeaoeeea noaiee, cayaea ia yoii a
Iaiooaeoo?-eieeaaeth e caieaoea nai?. A 1784a auoae oeac i iiiu?aiee
ianoiie eaaeie i?iiuoeaiiinoe, eae e?anoueyineie, oae e aeai?yineie.
Iaieoano 1775a ioiaiye ana ia?aie/aiey “aacoeaciiai”
i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa 30-50o aa.
XXIX. Ainnoaiea iiae ?oeiaiaenoaii A.E.Ioaa/aaa 1773-1775aa.
[Aiaeueyi Eaaiiae/ Ioaa/aa ?iaeeeny a Ceiiaaeneie noaieoea ia Aeiio, a
naiuea aaaeiuo eacaeia. N 17 eao ii i?eieiae o/anoea a aieiao n I?onneae
e Oo?oeeae, iieo/ee ieaaeoee ioeoea?neee /ei oi?oiaeaai ca o?aa?inoue a
aiyo. Ii ia ?ac aunooia a ?iee /aeiaeo/eea io e?anoueyi e i?inouo
eacaeia, ca /oi e aue a?anoiaai aeanoyie. A 1733a ii aaaeae ec eacaineie
oth?ueiu (aio aue 31 aiae) ia ssee, aaea ianoiui eacaeai i?aaenoaaeeny
eae eiia?aoi? Iao? III]
I?e/eiu ainnoaiey: 1. Iaaeiaieuenoai yeoeeiai (o?aeueneiai) eaca/anoaa
ia?ii?eyoeyie i?aaeoaeuenoaa,
iai?aaeaiiuie ia eeeaeaeaoeeth aai i?eaeeaaee.
2. Oneeaiea ee/iie caaeneiinoe e?anoueyi io iiiaueeia, ?ino
ainoaea?noaaiiuo iaeiaia e aeaaeaeue/aneeo iiaeiiinoae.
3. Oyaeaeua oneiaey aeecie e o?oaea ?aaioiuo ethaeae e i?eieniuo
e?anoueyi ia caaiaeao O?aea.
4. Iaaeaeay iaoeeiiaeueia iieeoeea i?aaeoaeuenoaa.
5. Oooaeoaiea yeiiiie/aneie ianoaiiaee a no?aia a nayce n
?onnei-oo?aoeeie aieiie.
Ainnoaiea ia/aeinue 17 naioya?y n aunooieaiey iaaieueoiai io?yaea
eacaeia, eioi?ua, iiiieiea naie ?yaeu e caoaaoea ?yae iaaieueoeo
e?aiinoae, iiaeioae e I?aiao?ao. Iineaiiua ia iiiiuue oea?neea io?yaeu
auee ?acaeou ia iiaenooiao e e?aiinoe. Aienei aeinoeaei /eneaiiinoe 30
oun /aeiaae, auea nicaeaia Ainoaea?noaaiiay aiaiiay eieeaaey aeey aai
i?aaiecaoeee. Aeaeaeaiea ioaaoeei iiaua oa??eoi?ee, i?aaei?eieiaeenue
iiiuoee caoaaoa Oou. 22 ia?oa 1774a iiae Oaoeuaaie e?aiinoueth
ea?aoaeueiua aienea iaianee iianoaioeai aeanoieia ii?aaeaiea. Ioaa/aa n
500 eacaeaie ooae ia O?ae.
Anei?a iiaay a?iey Ioaa/aaa caoaaoeea ?yae caaiaeia ia O?aea e,
i?aneaaeoaiay oea?neeie aieneaie, auoea e Eacaie. Oae e ia oniaa acyoue
Eacaineee e?aieue, 20-ouny/iay a?iey iianoaioeaa auea ?acaeoa
i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiuie aieneaie iiae ?oeiaiaenoaii Ieoaeueniia. Ieacaaoenue
a ciia nieioiiai e?aiinoie/anoaa, Ioaa/aa auno?i iiiieiee naie neeu. I?e
i?eaeeaeaiee aai io?yaeia e?anoueyia naie ?ani?aaeyeenue n iiiaueeaie e
/eiiaieeaie. A ethea auoae ciaiaieoue iaieoano Ioaa/aaa, ioaa/aaoee
/ayieyi ?onneiai e?anoueyinoaa. Ioaa/aa iiaa?ioe ia tha, iaaeaynue
iiaeiyoue Aeiineia eaca/anoai. A aaaonoa eciioaiiua e ieioi aii?oaeaiiua
io?yaeu iiaeioee e Oea?eoeuio, ii acyoue ai?iae ia niiaee, e anei?a auee
ianoeaioou e iieiinoueth ?acaeou. Ioaa/aa ne?ueny ia eaaii aa?aao Aieae,
ii aue auaeai aeanoyi nii?iaiaeaeaaoei aai eacaeaie. Aienea A.A.Noai?iaa
iiaeaaeee iineaaeiea i/aae ainnoaiey. A yiaa?a 1775a a Iineaa ia
Aieioiie ieiuaaee ninoiyeanue eaciue Ioaa/aaa e aeeaeaeoeo aai
ni?aoieeia.
XXX. Aiaoiyy iieeoeea ?innee a 60-90o aa XVIIIa.
1768-1774aa – ?onnei-oo?aoeeay aieia
1770a – *aniaineia n?aaeaiea
1774a – Eth/oe-Eaeia?aeaee?neee ie?
1783a – i?eniaaeeiaiea E?uia e ?innee
1787-1791aa – ?onnei-oo?aoeeay aieia
1787a – n?aaeaiea iiae Eeiao?iii
1778 a – acyoea I/aeiaa
1791a – ssnneee ie?
Caaea/e: 1. Iaania/aiea auoiaea e *a?iiio ii?th, iaiaoiaeeiinoue
eioi?iai aucuaaeanue: – iio?aaiinoyie yeiiiie/aneiai ?acaeoey ?innee –
no?aieaieai oe?aieoue aiaiii-no?aoaae/aneea iiceoeee ia thaeiuo
?oaaaeao- aaiiieeoe/aneeie niia?aaeaieyie.
2. I?eniaaeeiaiea I?aaiaa?aaeiie Oe?aeiu e Aaei?onnee.
3. Nio?aiaiea caaiaaaiee Iao?a I e oe?aieaiea iiceoeee a I?eaaeoeea.
4. I?ioeainoiyiea Aiaeee e O?aioeee.
5. Ai?ueaa n ?aaiethoeeiiiie O?aioeeae, iaaeiiouaiea ?ani?ino?aiaiey
eaeae o?aioeocneie ?aaiethoeee.
?onnei-oo?aoeeea aieiu.
I?e/eiu: – iaino?aiea ?onnei-oo?aoeeeo i?ioeai?a/ee a Naaa?iii
I?e/a?iiii?uea, Iieaeaaee e Caeaaeacuea
– iaaaae e?uineiai oaia ia ?onneea caiee
– caeioa?aniaaiiinoue Aiaeee e O?aioeee a aieia Oo?oeee n ?inneae
Ia?aay aieia. 1768-1774aa.
Oo?oeey ia/aea aiaiiua aeaenoaey iiae i?aaeeiaii aiaoaoaeuenoaa ?innee
ai aioo?aiiea aeaea Iieueoe e ioeaca auaiaea ?onneeo aiene n iieueneie
oa??eoi?ee. A naioya?a 1769a ?onneay a?iey acyea Oioei e oai naiui
i?aaeioa?aoeea oa?ico niaaeeiaiey oo?aoeeeo aiene n iieueneeie
iianoaioeaie ec Aa?neie eiioaaea?aoeee. A 1770a a?iey I.A.?oiyioeaaa
?acaeea i?aainoiaeyuea neeu i?ioeaieea nia/aea o ?. Ea?aa, a caoai ia
aa?aaao ?. Eaaoe. Iniaineea aienea inoaaeee ?yae e?aiinoae ia Aeoiaa. A
*aniaineie aoooa yneaae?a aaeie?aea A.A.Nie?eaeiaa oie/oiaeeea oo?aoeeee
oeio. A 1771a ?onneea aienea i?i?aaeenue a E?ui. A 1774a a aieaa?neii
ianoa/ea Eth/oe-Eaeiaaeaee auei iiaeienaii niaeaoaiea, ii eioi?iio:
– ?inney iieo/eea i?aai ia iaeaaeaiea aiaiiui oeioii ia *a?iii ii?a e ia
i?ioiae naiaai
oi?aiaiai oeioa /a?ac i?ieeau Ainoi? e Aea?aeaiaeeu
– e ?innee ia?aoiaeeee caiee iaaeaeo Aeiai?ii e THaeiui Aoaii n
e?aiinoueth Eeiao?i, e?aiinoue Ea?/ue e
Aieeaea a E?uio, Eaaa?aea e Inaoey ia Eaaeaca
– Iieaeaaey e Aaeaoey iieo/aee aaoiiiieth a ninoaaa Iniaineie eiia?ee
– ca ?inneae i?eciaaaeinue i?aai iie?iaeoaeuenoaiaaoue o?enoeaiai –
iiaeaeaiiui Oo?oeee, eioi?ay
iaycuaaeanue iaania/eoue naiaiaeo o?enoeaineiai aa?ieniiaaaeaiey ia anae
naiae oa??eoi?ee
– E?uineia oainoai ec aannaea Oo?oeee i?aa?auaeinue a iacaaeneiia
ainoaea?noai
– Oo?oeey iaycuaaeanue oieaoeoue ?innee eiio?eaooeeth a ?acia?a 4,5 iei
?oaeae
Aoi?ay aieia. 1787-1791aa.
A 80o aa ioiioaiey ?innee e Oo?oeee niiaa iaino?eeenue a ?acoeueoaoa
aeaenoaee ?innee, eioi?ay a 1783a caoaaoeea E?ui e iiaeienaea
Aai?aeaaneee o?aeoao n Ainoi/iie A?oceae ia onoaiiaeaiee oai naiaai
i?ioaeoi?aoa, a oaeaea iiae aeeyieai ?aaaioenoneeo iano?iaiee oo?aoeeeo
i?aayueo e?oaia, iiaeia?aaaaiuo caiaaeiie aeeieiiaoeae. A 1787a
oo?aoeeee aeanaio iiiuoaeny acyoue Eeiao?i, ii aue oie/oiaeai aa?ieciiii
iiae eiiaiaeiaaieai A.A.Noai?iaa. Neooaoeey aeey ?innee ineiaeieeanue a
1788a a nayce n iaiaaeaieai ia iaa Oaaoeee e iaiaoiaeeiinoueth aanoe
aieio ia aeaa o?iioa. A 1789a A.A.Noai?ia ?acaee i?aainoiaeyuea ii
/eneaiiinoe oo?aoeeea aienea i?e Oieneaiao e ia ?. ?uiiee. A 1790a auea
acyoa no?aoaae/anee aaaeiay e?aiinoue Eciaee, a ?onneee *a?iiii?neee
oeio iiae eiiaiaeiaaieai O.O.Ooaeiaa a 1791a ?aca?iiee oo?aoeeee oeio o
iuna Eaeeae?ey. A 1791a aue iiaeienai ssnneee ie?iue aeiaiai?,
aeeth/eaoee a naay neaaeothuea iieiaeaiey: – e ?innee ia?aoiaeeee caiee
iaaeaeo THaeiui Aoaii e Aeiano?ii
– Oo?oeey iiaeoaa?aeeea i?aaa ?innee ii Eth/oe-Eaeia?aeaee?neiio
aeiaiai?o e i?eciaea
i?eniaaeeiaiea E?uia e onoaiiaeaiea i?ioaeoi?aoa iaae Ainoi/iie A?oceae
– ?inney iaycaeanue aa?iooue Oo?oeee Aanna?aaeth, Aaeaoeth e Iieaeaaeth,
caoaa/aiiua
?onneeie aieneaie a oiaea aieiu
Iieeoeea ?innee a ioiioaiee Iieueoe.
A ia/aea naiaai i?aaeaiey Aeaoa?eia II aunooiaea i?ioea ?acaeaea Iieueoe
e i?iaiaeeea iieeoeeo nio?aiaiey oeaeinoiinoe e noaa?aieoaoa ?a/e
Iiniieeoie. A oi aea a?aiy iia n/eoaea, /oi oneeaiea Iieueoe ia ioaa/aao
eioa?anai ?innee e iioiio iioea ia iiaeienaiea n O?eae?eoii II
aeiaiai?a, i?aaeoniao?eaaaoaai i?aai eaaeaeiai aeaiooaoa naeia
iaeeaaeuaaoue cai?ao ia ethaie caeiiii?iaeo (i?aai aaoi). A 1768a
iieueneee naei i?eiye caeii, o?aaiyaoee a i?aaao n eaoieeeaie oae
iacuaaaiuo aeenneaeaioia – ethaeae eiie aa?u. *anoue ianiaeaniuo n yoei
?aoaieai aeaiooaoia, nia?aaoeony a a. Aa?a, nicaeaea Aa?neoth
eiioaaea?aoeeth e ia/aea aiaiiua aeaenoaey i?ioea ei?iey e iaoiaeeaoeony
ia iieueneie oa??eoi?ee ?onneeo aiene. A 1770a Aano?ey e I?onney
caoaaoeee /anoue oa??eoi?ee Iieueoe. A eoiaa ?inney niaeaneeanue ia
?acaeae ?a/e Iiniieeoie, eioi?ue aue ioi?ieai a 1772a. Ii yoiio ?acaeaeo
iia iieo/eea Ainoi/ioth Aaei?onneth, Aano?ey – Aieeoeeth, a I?onney –
Iiii?uea e /anoue Aaeeeie Iieueoe.
A 1791a naei ioiaiee i?aai aaoi aeaiooaoia. “Naiiaieueiia” eciaiaiea
eiinoeoooeee noaei i?aaeeiaii aeey iiaiai ?acaeaea. A 1793a a
?acoeueoaoa aoi?iai ?acaeaea Iieueoe e ?innee ia?aoea I?aaiaa?aaeiay
Oe?aeia e oeaio?aeueiay /anoue Aaei?onnee n Ieineii. A ioaao ia yoi a
Iieueoa aniuoioei iiuiia iaoeeiiaeueii-inaiaiaeeoaeueiia aeaeaeaiea iiae
?oeiaiaenoaii O.Einothoei – aaia?aea naaa?iaia?eeaineie a?iee. Anei?a
iii auei iiaeaaeaii ?onneeie aieneaie iiae eiiaiaeiaaieai A.A.Noai?iaa,
a a 1795a i?iecioae o?aoee ?acaeae. Ii iaio e ?innee ioioee Caiaaeiay
Aaei?onney, Eeoaa, Eo?eyiaeey e /anoue Aieuie. Aano?ey e I?onney
caoaaoeee nianoaaiii iieueneea caiee, /oi i?eaaei e i?ae?auaieth
nouanoaiaaiey iieueneiai ainoaea?noaa.
?inney e ?aaiethoeeiiiay O?aioeey.
Iinea eacie a yiaa?a 1793a ei?iey Ethaeiaeea XVI ?inney ?aci?aaea n
O?aioeeae aeeieiiaoe/aneea ioiioaiey e caeeth/eea nithc n Aiaeeae,
I?onneae e Aano?eae aeey niaianoiuo aiaiiuo aeaenoaee. I?yiiio o/anoeth
?onneeo aiene a eioa?aaioeee iiiaoaee nia/aea niauoey a Iieueoa, a caoai
– nia?oue Aeaoa?eiu II. Iaaae I ioeacaeny ioi?aaeoue oaea
iiaeaioiaeaiiue yeniaaeeoeeiiiue ei?ion ai O?aioeeth, ii a 1797a iinea
caoaaoa Iaiieaiiii ino?iaa Iaeueoa, iaoiaeeaoaainy iiae
iie?iaeoaeuenoaii ?onneiai eiia?aoi?a, ?onnei-o?aioeocneea ioiioaiey
aiiaue ?acei oooaeoeeenue. Yneaae?a iiae eiiaiaeiaaieai O.O.Ooaeiaa
iaeaaeaea Eiie/aneei ino?iaaie, a nooiiooiua aienea ai aeaaa n
Noai?iaui, aeaaiaea?y iiaaaeai 1799a i?e Aaeaea, O?aaee, Iiae, i/enoeee
io o?aioeocia Naaa?ioth Eoaeeth. Iaeiaei anei?a Noai?ia aue ioi?aaeai a
Oaaeoea?eth ia iiiiuue ei?iona ?eineiai-Ei?naeiaa. Iaaae ?aci?aae
ioiioaiey n Aano?eae e Aiaeeae e iioae ia niaeaoaiea n Iaiieaiiii i
niaianoiuo aeaenoaeyo i?ioea Aiaeee.
Iaaae I. 1796-1801aa.
Anooiee ia i?anoie iinea nia?oe iaoa?e a aic?anoa 42 eao. Aeaoa?eia II
oaeaeeea aai io aeai?a a Aao/eio, aaea ii caaae aeanoeea ii?yaeee,
iniiaaiiua ia aeaeaciie aeenoeeieeia e aneaoecia. Noaa eiia?aoi?ii, ii
iiiuoaeny oe?aieoue ?aaeei iooai oneeaiey ?aaeeia e aeanoe n oai, /oiau
eneeth/eoue ana i?iyaeaiey eeaa?aeecia e naiaiaeiiuneey.
Iieeoeea: 1. Ioeac io iieeoeee i?inaauaiiiai aaniethoecia a ioiioaiee e
aeai?yinoao (ia?aie/aiea i?aa,
i?aaeinoaaeaiiuo aeaeiaaiiie a?aiioie; ?ac?aoaiea iiaeaa?aaoue aeai?yi
oaeaniui iaeacaieyi, ioiaia aeai?yineeo aoaa?ineeo nia?aiee,
ainnoaiiaeaiea iaycaiiinoe neoaeeoue, cai?ao naiaiaeiiai auacaea ca
a?aieoeo e o.i.)
2. Ia?aoiae e aeanoeie ?aaeaiaioaoeee a a?iee e ainoaea?noaaiiuo
o/?aaeaeaieyo. Iaaae ianaaeaeae a a?iee i?onneea ii?yaeee e i?onneea
ioiaee?u, oaieee anao iaeieaoieo aeai?yi, oi?iaeueii iaoiaeeaoeony ia
neoaeaa.
3. Aaae aeanoeoth oeaico?o, cai?aoee ana /anoiua oeiia?aoee,
oiio?aaeaiea oaeeo neia eae “a?aaeaeaiei”, “ioa/anoai”, “iauanoai” e i?.
4. I?aaei?eiye ?yae ia?, iieiaeeaoeo ia/aei ia?aie/aieth
e?aiinoie/anoaa: e?anoueyia iieo/eee i?aai i?enyaaoue eiia?aoi?o, a
1797a i?eiyo oeac i o?aoaeiaaiie aa?ueia. A 1798a ia ?ac?aoaeanue
i?iaeaaea iaei?inneeneeo e?anoueyi aac caiee.
5. A 1797a auei ecaeaii “O/?aaeaeaiea ia eiia?aoi?neie oaieeee”, ii
eioi?iio ioiaiyeny iao?ianeee oeac i i?anoieiianeaaeee. Oaia?ue aeanoue
ia?aaeaaaeanue io iooea oieueei e noa?oaio nuio, a i?e ionoonoaee
nuiiaae e noa?oaio ec a?aoueaa.
Iieeoeea Iaaea I aucaaea ?aceia iaaeiaieuenoai, iniaaiii n?aaee
noiee/iiai aaa?aeaeneiai aeai?yinoaa. Iinoaiaiii a aaa?aeaeneeo e?oaao
nic?ae caaiai?. Ia?aai?io aue iiaeaioiaeai iiae ?oeiaiaenoaii naiiaieeia
ec aeeaeaeoaai ie?oaeaiey eiia?aoi?a – I.A.Iaeaia e I.E.Iaieia. A ii/ue
ia 12 ia?oa 1801a Iaaae aue oaeo a Ieoaeeianeii caiea a Iaoa?ao?aa. Aio
ianeaaeiaae noa?oee nui Aeaenaiae?, eioi?ue au a eo?na caaiai?a.
XXXI. Nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneia ?acaeoea ?innee a ia?aie iieiaeia XIXa.
I?iaeieaeaeinue inaiaiea caiaeue thaa Oe?aeiu e Iiai?innee, Naaa?iiai
Eaaeaca, Caaieaeuey, Neae?e. Ii anae no?aia iinaaiua ieiuaaee
oaaee/eeenue a 1,5 ?aca. Onei?eeinue eioaineaiia ?acaeoea naeueneiai
oicyenoaa. A nayce n ?acaeoeai i?iiuoeaiiinoe, ?inoii ai?iaeia e
oaaee/aieai yenii?oa iaiyeanue no?oeoo?a aa?a?iiai i?iecaiaenoaa.
?anoe?yeenue iinaau oaoie/aneeo eoeueoo?. A ia/a?iicaiiii oeaioa aeoeaii
?acaeaaeinue iai?iaeie/anoai e oiaa?iia ioeoeaaiaenoai. E na?aaeeia XIXa
ea?oioaeue noae iniiaiie iai?iaeiie eoeueoo?ie. A I?eaaeoeea e ?yaea
?aeiiia Naaa?i-Caiaaea ?acaeaaeinue oiaa?iia neioiaiaenoai. Iyni noaei
iinoaaeyoueny ia yenii?o. ?inea oiaa?iinoue ca?iiaiai oicyenoaa. A
naeueneii oicyenoaa ana /aua eniieueciaaeenue naciiiua iaaiiua ?aai/ea,
iniaaiii a I?eaaeoeea, noaiiuo e thaeiuo ?aeiiao. Ia/aeinue ia?aie/aiiia
eniieueciaaiea a iaeioi?uo iiiaue/ueeo oicyenoaao iiauo
naeueneioicyenoaaiiuo iaoei – aayeie. iieioeeie, nayeie.
I?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoue aa?ueiiiai o?oaea auea i/aiue ieceie, a aeiey
aa?ueiiuo e?anoueyi a eo iauai /enea oaaee/eeanue aei 70%. A
i?iecaiaenoaa oiaa?ia ianniaiai iio?aaeaiey ainiiaenoaiaaea iaeeay
e?anoueyineay e ?aianeaiiay i?iiuoeaiiinoue.
I?iiuoeaiiue ia?aai?io – nicaeaiea e?oiiie i?iiuoeaiiinoe, iniiaaiiie ia
eniieueciaaiee oaoieee e iaaiiiai o?oaea. A ?innee ia/aeny a 1830-40a aa
e i?iaeieaeaeny aei 1880-90o aa. Ii inouanoaeyeny:
– i?aaiecaoeeiiii-oaoie/anee (i?ienoiaeeea caiaia ?o/iiai o?oaea
iaoeiiui, ia/aeinue
nenoaiaoe/aneia i?eiaiaiea iaoeiiie oaoieee ia e?oiiuo i?aaei?eyoeyo)
– nioeeaeueii (oi?ie?iaaeenue iiaua iauanoaaiiua a?oiiu: neie
i?aaei?eieiaoaeae-nianoaaiieeia e
oi?aaeaioeaa (ao?aeoacey), neie eiaeaia?ii-oaoie/aneeo ?aaioieeia
(oaoie/aneay eioaeeeaaioeey),
e iaaiiue ?aai/ee eeann (i?ieaoa?eao))
Ia?aoiae io iaiooaeoo?u e oaa?eea ia/aeny a ia?aie iieiaeia XIXa
i?aeiouanoaaiii a eaaeie i?iiuoeaiiinoe. I?aeoe/anee any iiaay oaoieea
auea eiii?oiie. Anaai ca aoi?oth /aoaa?oue XIXa aaic iaoei oaaee/eeny ii
noieiinoe a 20 ?ac.
Iniaaiiinoe i?iiuoeaiiiai ia?aai?ioa a ?innee: – ia/aeny iicaea, /ai a
ia?aaeiauo no?aiao Aa?iiu
– eiae aunieea oaiiu ?acaeoey e i?ienoiaeee ii/oe
aaeaia auno?aa, /ai a Aiaeee
– aue naycai n eniieueciaaieai oaoie/aneeo
aeinoeaeaiee, eiaeaia?iuo eaae?ia e i?aaiecaoeeiiiiai iiuoa
no?ai Caiaaea
– cao?aaeaae eeoue ioaeaeueiua io?anee, ioee/aeny
ioiineoaeueii neaaui ?acaeoeai iaoeiino?iaiey
– iiiaea i?aaei?eyoey ?yaea aaaeoueo iaeanoae
?aciauaeenue a naeueneie ianoiinoe
– ia?aue yoai naiaai ?acaeoey (30-50a aa) i?ioae a
oneiaeyo e?aiinoiiai i?aaa
A ia?aie iieiaeia XIXa ia/aeinue no?ieoaeuenoai aeaeaciuo e oinnaeiuo
aei?ia. A 1838a auea iino?iaia ia?aay a ?innee aeaeaciay aei?iaa iaaeaeo
Iaoa?ao?aii e Oea?neei Naeii (27ei), a 1851a ioe?ueanue aeaeaciay
aei?iaa Iaoa?ao?a-Iineaa, ia/aeinue no?ieoaeuenoai aei?iae ec Iaoa?ao?aa
a Aa?oaao. N 1817a ia/aeinue no?ieoaeuenoai oinnaeiuo aei?ia.
XXXII. Aioo?aiiyy iieeoeea ?innee ia?aie /aoaa?oe XIXa.
1801-1825aa – i?aaeaiea Aeaenaiae?a I
1 yiaa?y 1810a – o/?aaeaeaiea Ainoaea?noaaiiiai niaaoa
14 aeaeaa?y 1825a – ainnoaiea aeaeaa?enoia ia Naiaoneie ieiuaaee
Iniaaiiinoe: – ia/aei ?aceiaeaiey e?aiinoie/aneie nenoaiu
– ia?anoaiea ?acee/ee a iauanoaaiiii e yeiiiie/aneii ?acaeoee ?innee e
no?ai Caiaaea
– aeoeaiay aiaoiyy iieeoeea
– iieeoecaoeey /anoe aeai?yineiai iauanoaa
– oneiaeiaiea nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneie, iieeoe/aneie e aeooiaiie aeecie
N?aco aea iinea ia?aai?ioa 11 ia?oa 1801a Aeaenaiae? I ioiaiee oa
onoaiiaeaiey naiaai iooea, eioi?ua aucuaaee iaeaieaa ino?ia
iaaeiaieuenoai aeai?yi: – iieiinoueth ainnoaiiaeaiu ana noaouee
AEaeiaaiiie
a?aiiou aeai?yinoao, /oi aica?aoeei aio noaoon
i?eaeeaae?iaaiiiai nineiaey
– iiaeoaa?aeaeaia AEaeiaaiiay a?aiioa ai?iaeai
– i?iaaaeaia aiienoey (2 oun caeeth/aiiuo)
– ioiaiaiu oeacu i cai?aoa auacaeaoue ca a?aieoeo,
auienuaaoue eiino?aiiua aacaou e aeo?iaeu, eiaoue /anoiua
oeiia?aoee
– i?ae?auaia iiaeaioiaea aiaiiiai iioiaea a Eiaeeth e
niyo cai?ao ia oi?aiaeth n Aiaeeae
Aeaenaiae? I iie?aeny ia ae?ocae thiinoe: A.I.Ei/oaay, I.A.No?iaaiiaa,
I.I.Iiaineeueoeaaa, A.A.*a?oi?ueneiai. Ec ieo neiaeeeny e?oaeie,
iieo/eaoee iacaaiea Iaaeaniiai eiieoaoa, auiieiyaoee ooieoeee
iaioeoeeaeueiiai i?aaeoaeuenoaa e caieiaaoeeny iiaeaioiaeie ?aoi?i.
Ioeoeeaeueii a ea/anoaa aunoaai niaauaoaeueiiai i?aaia i?e eiia?aoi?a
aeaenoaiaae nicaeaiiue a 1801a Iai?aiaiiue niaao, ninoaa eioi?iai
iacia/aeny iiia?oii ec aunoeo naiiaieeia. Naiao aue ainnoaiiaeai a naieo
i?a?iaaoeaao aunoaai noaeaaii-aaeieieno?aoeaiiai i?aaia.
Ia?ii?eyoey a ioiioaiee e?anoueyinoaa: 1. Ai a?aiy ei?iiaoeee inaiueth
1801a Aeaenaiae? I iauyaee i
i?ae?auaiee iiaeaeiaaiee eacaiuo e?anoueyi a /anoiua ?oee. Yoi
i?eaaei e ?inoo eiee/anoaa ioiineoaeueii naiaiaeiuo
ainoaea?noaaiiuo e oaeaeueiuo e?anoueyi.
2. Cai?auaii ia/aoaoue iauyaeaiey i i?iaeaaea e?anoueyi.
3. A 1803a aue i?eiyo oeac i “aieueiuo oeaaiiaooeao”,
iicaieyaoee e?aiinoiui aueoiaoueny ia naiaiaeo n caieae n
niaeaney iiiaueea.
4. Iiiaueeai auei cai?auaii nnueaoue e?anoueyi ia eaoi?ao e a
Neae?ue (1809a).
5. A 1804-1805aa ia/aeanue ioiaia e?aiinoiiai i?aaa a
I?eaaeoeea.
E ia/aeo XIXa aaeieieno?aoeaiay nenoaia ia ioaa/aea o?aaiaaieyi a?aiaie.
A 1802a o/?aaeaeaiu e a 1802-1811aa nicaeaiu 8 ieienoa?noa (Aiaiiia,
Ii?neia, Eiino?aiiuo aeae, Aioo?aiieo aeae, Eiiia?oeee, Oeiainia,
Ia?iaeiiai i?inaauaiey e THnoeoeee), a ninoaa eioi?uo aioee eieeaaee. A
1809a Aeaenaiae? ii?o/ee /eiiaieeo I.I.Nia?aineiio ?ac?aaioaoue i?iaeo
?aoi?i ainoaea?noaaiiiai no?iy. A iniiao ?ac?aaioaiiiai ei i?iaeoa
“Aaaaeaiea e oeiaeaieth ainoaea?noaaiiuo caeiiia” aue iieiaeai
eeaa?aeueiue i?eioeei ?acaeaeaiey aeanoae ia anao o?iaiyo oi?aaeaiey
no?aiie. Ieaie?iaaeinue nicaeaoue ana?inneeneee auai?iue
i?aaenoaaeoaeueiue i?aai – Ainoaea?noaaiioth Aeoio, eioi?ay aeieaeia
auea aeaaaoue caeeth/aiey ii i?aaeeiaeaiiui caeiiii?iaeoai e
caneooeaaoue io/aou ieieno?ia. I?aaenoaaeoaee anao aaoaae aeanoe
niaaeeiyeenue a Ainoaea?noaaiiii Niaaoa, /eaiu eioi?iai iacia/aeenue au
oea?ai. E eiaiii ?aoaiea Ainoaea?noaaiiiai Niaaoa, ooaa?aeaeaiiia
oea?ai, noaiiaeeinue caeiiii. A eoiaa ec anaai iaia/aiiiai oea?ue
?aaeeciaae eeoue o/?aaeaeaiea a 1810a Ainoaea?noaaiiiai Niaaoa,
iaeaaeaaoaai caeiiiniaauaoaeueiuie ooieoeeyie. Nia?aineee aea a 1812a
aue a?anoiaai e nineai.
A aeai?yineeo e?oaao neiaeeeanue iiuiay iiiiceoeey, iaaeiaieueiay
eeaa?aeueiie iieeoeeie Aeaenaiae?a I. Iinea iaiieaiiianeeo aiei a aai
iieeoeea i?iyaeeenue ?aaeoeeiiiua oaiaeaioeee. A.A.A?ae/aaa, a caoai
niaoeeaeueii nicaeaiiue Nae?aoiue eiieoao ii ii?o/aieth oea?y
?ac?aaioaee i?iaeo ioiaiu e?aiinoiiai i?aaa. I?iaeo A?ae/aaaa
i?aaeoniao?eaae iinoaiaiiue aueoi iiiaue/ueeo e?anoueyi ainoaea?noaii. A
1816-1819aa auea caaa?oaia e?anoueyineay ?aoi?ia a I?eaaeoeea.
Auee nieaeaiu oaiiaeaiiua iioeeiu.
A 1815a Iieueoa i?aaeinoaaeaia Eiinoeoooeey, iineaoay eeaa?aeueiue
oa?aeoa? e i?aaeiieaaaaoay aioo?aiiaa naiioi?aaeaiea “Oea?noaa
Iieueneiai” a ninoaaa ?innee.
A 1818a oea?ue ii?o/ee ieieno?o thnoeoeee I.I.Iiaineeueoeaao
iiaeaioiaeoue Ainoaea?noaaiioth Onoaaioth a?aiioo ?inneeneie eiia?ee,
iniiaaiioth ia i?eioeeiao iieueneie eiinoeoooeee e i?iaeoa Nia?aineiai.
Yoe ieaiu ia auee ?aaeeciaaiu.
A a?iee auea ainnoaiiaeaia “iaei/iay” aeenoeeieeia, iaeiei ec
?acoeueoaoia eioi?ie noaee aieiaiey 1820a a Naiaiianeii iieeo.
A 1821a iiaeaa?aeenue ?aca?iio Eacaineee e Iaoa?ao?aneee oieaa?neoaou.
Ia/aeenue aiiaiey ia i?ia?anneaiuo i?ioanni?ia e iaeiyeueiuo nooaeaioia.
Oneeeeanue oeaico?a. A 1822a iineaaeiaae oeac i cai?auaiee oaeiuo
i?aaiecaoeee e ianiineeo eiae. A yoii aea aiaeo Aeaenaiae? ainnoaiiaee
i?aai iiiaueeia nnueaoue a Neae?ue e ioi?aaeyoue ia eaoi?ao e?aiinoiuo
e?anoueyi.
Aieiu eiioea XVIII-ia/aea XIXaa iieacaee, /oi iaiaoiaeeii ?aoi?ie?iaaoue
a?ieth. Aeaaiuie caaea/aie auee nie?auaiea cao?ao ia a?ieth ia aeiioneay
i?e yoii nie?auaiey /eneaiiinoe aiene (a 1816a cao?aou ninoaaeyee nauoa
50% ainoaea?noaaiiuo ?anoiaeia) e nicaeaiea iiaie nenoaiu eiiieaeoiaaiey
a?iee. N 1816-1817aa o?aoue a?iee auea ia?aaaaeaia ia aiaiiua iinaeaiey.
A iinaeaiey auee ca/eneaiu e ainoaea?noaaiiua e?anoueyia iaeioi?uo
aieinoae. A iinaeaieyo ana ac?ineua ioae/eiu ianee aiaiioth neoaeao e
iaeiia?aiaiii auiieiyee naeueneioicyenoaaiiua ?aaiou. Iaeue/eee
ca/eneyeenue a eaioiienou e, aeinoeaioa niaa?oaiiieaoey, iinooiaee a
iiee. Iinaeyia-oicyaaa auee inaiaiaeaeaiu io anao iiaeiiinoae e
niaaaeaee i?iaeiaieuenoaeai a?ieth. A iinaeaieyo auea aieineay
aeenoeeieeia, iaeacaiey ca iaiiaeiiaaiea. A eoiaa /anoue a?iee noaea
yeiiiie/anee ioiineoaeueii naiinoiyoaeueiie, ii nee aacia?acey aucuaaee
iaaeiaieuenoai o naieo iinaeyi. Iinea ?yaea ainnoaiee iinaeaiey
iaiaeiie?aoii ?ai?aaieciauaaee, ii a oeaeii nenoaia auea ioiaiaia
oieueei Aeaenaiae?ii II a 1857a.
XXXIII. Aiaoiyy iieeoeea ?innee ia?aie /aoaa?oe XIXa.
1805a – aeoaa i?e Aonoa?eeoea
25 ethiy 1807a – Oeeueceoneee ie?
1809a – O?eae?eonaaineee aeiaiai?
1812a – Aooa?anoneee ie?
26 aaaonoa 1812a – Ai?iaeeineay aeoaa
2 naioya?y 1812a – caiyoea o?aioeocneeie aieneaie Iineau
25 aeaeaa?y 1812a – iaieoano Aeaenaiae?a I ia ieii/aiee Ioa/anoaaiiie
aieiu
1813a – Atheenoaineee ie?
4-7 ieoya?y 1813a – aeoaa i?e Eaeioeeaa
28 iay 1815a – ieii/aiea Aaineiai eiia?anna
14 naioya?y 1815a – ia?aciaaiea Nayuaiiiai Nithca
Iniiaiua caaea/e: 1. Io?aaeaiea aiaoiae aa?annee.
2. Oneeaiea aeeyiey ?innee a Aa?iia.
3. Oneeaiea aeeyiey ia Aeeaeiai Ainoiea.
4. ?anoe?aiea aeinooia ?innee e ie?iaiio ?uieo e e aaaeiaeoei oi?aiaui
iooyi.
5. Ieacaiea iiaeaea?aeee o?enoeaineei ia?iaeai ia Aaeeaiao e a
Caeaaeacuea.
6. Iiaeaaeaiea ?aaiethoeeiiiuo aunooieaiee a aa?iiaeneeo no?aiao.
O/anoea a iaiieaiiianeeo aieiao.
Oeaee ?innee caeeth/aeenue a no?aieaiee ia aeiionoeoue o?aioeocneie
aaaaiiiee a Aa?iia e ia Ainoiea a oua?a ?onneiio aeeyieth, a oaeaea a
i?aaeioa?auaiee ?ani?ino?aiaiey i?eioeeiia e eaeae O?aioeocneie
?aaiethoeee. Nithcieeaie ?innee yaeyeenue Aiaeey, Aano?ey, I?onney e
Oaaoeey. A 1805a Iaiieaii ?aca?iiee ?onnei-aano?eeneea aienea a
n?aaeaiee i?e Aonoa?eeoea. A 1806a ii eieoeeaoeaa I?onnee auea nicaeaia
i/a?aaeiay (/aoaa?oay) aioeo?aioeocneay eiaeeoeey. A n?aaeaieyo iiae
Ioeooneii e I?aeneo-Yeeao ?onneea aienea oaeaea iioa?iaee ii?aaeaiea.
Iiae O?eaeeaiaeii a 1807a iie auee ?aca?iieaiu e ioa?ioaiu ca Iaiai.
Iiaaaeu Iaiieaiia i?eaaee e: – onoaiiaeaiee aaaaiiiee O?aioeee a
Caiaaeiie e Oeaio?aeueiie Aa?iia (o?aioeocneay a?iey ieeoie?iaaea
Aano?eth e I?onneth) – nicaeaieth aannaeueiiai O?aioeee ainoaea?noaa
Aa?oaaneiai (ia iieueneie oa??eoi?ee, ieacaaoaeny a ninoaaa I?onnee e
Aano?ee a ?acoeueoaoa ?acaeaeia), noaaoaai ieaoeaea?iii aeey aeaaeaiey
ia ?inneth – iiaeienaieth Aeaenaiae?ii I Oeeueceoneiai ie?iiai aeiaiai?a
(1807a), ii eioi?iio ?inney auioaeaeaia auea i?eniaaeeieoueny e oi?aiaie
aeieaaea Aiaeee – oooaeoaieth yeiiiie/aneie e aioo?eiieeoe/aneie
ianoaiiaee a ?innee, aeene?aaeeoaoeee ee/iinoe aa iiia?oa
THaeiia iai?aaeaiea.
A 1801a Ainoi/iay A?ocey ii i?inueaa Aai?aey XII auea i?eiyoa a ninoaa
?innee, a a 1803-1804aa i?iecioei i?eniaaeeiaiea e Caiaaeiie A?ocee.
Ooaa?aeaeaiea ?innee a Caeaaeacuea i?eaaei aa e aieia n E?aiii
(1804-1813aa). Iniiaiay /anoue Naaa?iiai Aca?aaeaeaeaia ieacaeanue iiae
eiio?ieai ?innee, /oi cae?aiee Atheenoaineee ie?iue aeiaiai? 1813a.
Aieia n Oo?oeeae 1806-1812aa.
A 1806a ia/aeanue aieia ?innee n Iniaineie eiia?eae, iiaeno?aeaaiie
O?aioeeae. Iiaiaeii e aieia iineoaeeei cae?uoea oo?eaie /a?iiii?neeo
i?ieeaia aeey ?onneeo noaeia. A 1811a o e?aiinoe ?ouoe oo?ee auee
?acaeou Aeoiaeneie a?ieae iiae ?oeiaiaenoaii I.E.Eooociaa. A 1812a a
Aooa?anoa aue iiaeienai ie?iue aeiaiai?, ii eioi?iio e ?innee iooiaeeea
ainoi/iay /anoue Iieaeaaee (Aanna?aaneay iaeanoue), a a?aieoea n
Oo?oeeae onoaiiaeeanue ii ?aea I?oo. Na?aey iieo/eea aaoiiiieth.
Ioa/anoaaiiay aieia 1812a.
I?e/eiu: 1. No?aieaiea Iaiieaiia I onoaiiaeoue ie?iaoth aaaaiiieth.
2. Iaino?aiea i?ioeai?a/ee iaaeaeo ?inneae e O?aioeeae, aucaaiiia: –
ianiaethaeaieai ?inneae oneiaee eiioeiaioaeueiie Aeieaaeu –
iiaeaea?aeeie Iaiieaiiii aioe?onneeo iano?iaiee a aa?oeianoaa Aa?oaaneii
– iioa?ae ?inneae i?aaeiaai aeeyiey a Oeaio?aeueiie Aa?iia e aeaenoaeyie
Iaiieaiia, iai?aaeaiiuie ia iiae?ua aa iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai aaoi?eoaoa –
iiaeno?aeaoaeuenoaii O?aioeeae Oo?oeee e E?aia e aieia n ?inneae –
ia?anoaieai ee/iie iai?eycie iaaeaeo Aeaenaiae?ii I e Iaiieaiiii –
?inoii iaaeiaieuenoaa ?onneiai aeai?yinoaa ?acoeueoaoaie aiaoiae
iieeoeee Aeaenaiae?a I
3. Ieaiu ?innee ii ainnoaiiaeaieth iiia?oe/aneeo ?aaeeiia e noa?uo
ii?yaeeia a no?aiao, ieeoie?iaaiiuo Iaiieaiiii eee iaoiaeyueony iiae aai
eiio?ieai.
Iaiieaii nicaeae aioe?onneoth eiaeeoeeth, a eioi?oth aoiaeeee Aano?ey,
I?onney, Ieaea?eaiaeu, Eoaeey, Aa?oeianoai Aa?oaaneia, aa?iaineea
ainoaea?noaa. ?inney, auioaeaeaiiay iiae iaaeeiii Iaiieaiia iauyaeoue a
1808a aieio Oaaoeee, eioi?ay ia?ooeea eiioeiaioaeueioth aeieaaeo, noiaea
e 1809a iaea?aeaoue iiaaaeo e ii O?eae?eonaaineiio ie?iiio aeiaiai?o
i?eniaaeeieoue e naaa Oeieyiaeeth. E?iia oiai, ni Oaaoeeae iaeaioia
iaiieaiiianeiai aoi?aeaiey aue caeeth/ai oaeiue aeiaiai? i acaeiiiiiiue,
a Oo?oeey a aiaeu aieiu caiyea iaeo?aeueioth iiceoeeth.
Iaiieaiiianeie a?ieae ?oeiaiaeeee Aeaao, Iae, Oaeeii, Ith?ao,
Iaeaeiiaeueae e ae?. Iia ian/eouaaea aei 650 oun /aeiaae e auea
iiiaiiaoeeiiaeueiie (eeoue iieiaeio aa ninoaaeyee o?aioeocu). ?inney
niiaea i?ioeaiiinoaaeoue i?ioeaieeo eeoue 317 oun nieaeao,
?ann?aaeioi/aiiuo a o?ao a?ieyo, ?aniieiaeaiiuo aaeieue aa caiaaeiuo
a?aieoe: – 1ay a?iey aiaiiiai ieieno?a I.A.Aa?eeay aea Oieee i?ee?uaaea
iaoa?ao?aneia iai?aaeaiea e ian/eouaaea i?eia?ii 120 oun /aeiaae
– 2ay – aaia?aea I.E.Aaa?aoeiia – ?aniieaaaeanue ia iineianeii
iai?aaeaiee e ian/eouaaea ieiei 49,5 oun /aeiaae
– 3y – aaia?aea A.E.Oi?ianiaa – i?ee?uaaea Eeaa e ian/eouaaea 44 oun
E?iia oiai, o ?innee eiaeenue iyoue ioaeaeueiuo ei?ionia i?eia?ii a 180
oun. Aua aei iauyaeaiey aieiu aienea Iaiieaiia 12 ethiy 1812a ia?aoee ?.
Iaiai. Eo aeaaiay caaea/a ninoiyea a oii, /oiau ia aeiionoeoue
iauaaeeiaiey a?iee Aa?eeay aea Oieee e Aaa?aoeiia. Iie ana aea
niaaeeieeenue iiae Niieaineii, ii 6 aaaonoa auioaeaeaiu auee inoaaeoue
ai?iae. Aeaenaiae? I iiaeienae iaieoano i nicuaa ia?iaeiiai iiie/aiey e
?acaa?ouaaiee ia?oecaineie aieiu e iacia/ee aeaaiieiiaiaeothuei
I.E.Eooociaa.
Iaiieaiiianeea ei?iona aeaeioeenue ia Eeaa, aaea auee inoaiiaeaiu
Oi?ianiaui, e ia ?eao, eioi?oth i?ee?uaae ei?ion I.O.Aeoaaiooaeia. Iinea
?aoeoeeaoeee ie?a n Oo?oeeae ia niaaeeiaiea n Oi?ianiaui auaeaeioeanue
Aeoiaeneay a?iey I.A.*e/aaiaa. 26 aaaonoa 1812a ia/aeinue Ai?iaeeineia
n?aaeaiea. Iaa noi?iiu iiianee oyaeaeua iioa?e, e ?onneea, ia eiay nee
aeey i?iaeieaeaiey aiaa, oo?ii ioioee n iiey. Iinea niaauaiey a
iiaeiineiaiuo Oeeyo ?oeiaiaenoai a?iee i?eiyei ?aoaiea ia inoaaeaiee
Iineau. Ianaeaiea iieeioei ai?iae, naeeaay ana, /oi iaeuecy auei oianoe
n niaie. A ie?anoiinoyo aeaenoaiaaee ia?oecaiu. ?onneay a?iey
?aniieiaeeeanue eaaa?ai iiae Oa?ooeii thaeiaa Iineau. Iaoiaeynue a
Iineaa, Iaiieaii iuoaeny caeeth/eoue ie?, ii iieo/ee ioeac. 7 ieoya?y
Iaiieaii aeaeioe naith a?ieth e Eaeoaa. 12 ieoya?y o Iaeiy?ineaaoea aai
ano?aoeee aienea Eooociaa e auioaeeee ionooieoue ia Niieaineoth aei?iao.
I?iaeaeaaynue ia caiaae, Iaiieaii i?eaae a Niieaine eeoue 50 oun
/aeiaae, o.e. ii iooe a?iey iinoiyiii iiaeaa?aaeanue iaaaaai eaoo/eo
io?yaeia, aea e eooaoue ei auei ia/aai. A n?aaeaieyo o naea E?aniia e ia
?. Aa?aceia (28 iiya?y) o?aioeocneay a?iey auea oaeoe/anee ?aca?iieaia.
Iaiieaii ia?aaeae eiiaiaeiaaiea inoaoeaie naieo aiene Ith?aoo e iiniaoee
a Ia?eae. 25 aeaeaa?y Aeaenaiae? I ecaeae iaieoano ia ieii/aiee aieiu.
A yiaa?a 1813a ?onneea aienea anooieee ia oa??eoi?eth Oeaio?aeueiie
Aa?iiu. Ia noi?iio ?innee ia?aoee I?onney e Aano?ey. Neii/aaoeeny a
ai?aea 1813a Eooocia aue caiaiai Aeoaaiooaeiii. A n?aaeaiee iiae
Eaeioeeaii (ieoya?ue 1813a), iieo/eaoai iacaaiea “aeoau ia?iaeia”,
Iaiieaii aue ieii/aoaeueii ?acaeo. Ii Ia?eaeneiio ie?iiio aeiaiai?o (iae
1814a) O?aioeey aica?auaeanue e a?aieoeai 1793a, ainnoaiaaeeaaeanue
aeeianoey Ao?aii, a Iaiieaii aue nineai ia ino?ia Yeueao.
A naioya?a 1814a a Aaia nia?aeenue aeaeaaaoeee no?ai-iiaaaeeoaeueieoe
aeey ?aoaiey nii?iuo oa??eoi?eaeueiuo aii?inia. A ia?oa 1815a Iaiieaii
iaiaaeieai aa?ioeny e aeanoe. Ainnicaeaiiay eiaeeoeey ?aca?iieea aai
aienea a aeoaa i?e Aaoa?eii (ethiue 1815a)
Naeniiey ia?aoea e I?onnee, a iniiaiay /anoue aa?oeianoaa Aa?oaaneiai ni
naiae noieeoeae – e ?innee.
A 1815a aue nicaeai Nayuaiiue nithc. A iaai aioee ana iiia?oe Aa?iiu, ii
eeth/aaoth ?ieue ea?aee ?inney, I?onney e Aano?ey. Oeaee Nithca
caeeth/aeenue a io?aiaiee onoaiiaeaiiuo Aaineei eiia?annii
ainoaea?noaaiiuo a?aieoe e caueoa oae iacuaaaiuo eaaeoeiiuo iiia?oee e
iiaeaaeaiee ?aaiethoeeiiiuo e iaoeeiiaeueii-inaiaiaeeoaeueiuo
aeaeaeaiee.
XXXIV. Aeaeaeaiea aeaeaa?enoia.
I?aaeiinueee: 1. E?aiinoiie no?ie noae aini?eieiaoueny iuneyuae /anoueth
?onneiai iauanoaa eae iniiaiay
i?e/eia aaaenoaee e ionoaeinoe no?aiu.
2. Aieia 1812a iieacaea ia?iiiua iioaioeeaeueiua aiciiaeiinoe ?innee.
3. ?aci/a?iaaiea a iieeoeea Aeaenaiae?a I.
4. ?aaeoeeiiiue aiaoiaiieeoe/aneee eo?n i?aaeoaeuenoaa.
5. Aeeyiea eaeae aa?iiaeneiai I?inaauaiey.
6. Aeeyiea iiuoa aia?eeaineie e o?aioeocneie ?aaiethoeee,
?aaiethoeeiiiiai aeaeaeaiey a Eniaiee, Eoaeee, A?aoeee.
Ia?auie iineoaeyie inaiaiaeeoaeueiuo eaeae a ?innee aunooiaee
i?aaenoaaeoaee i?eaeeaae?iaaiiiai nineiaey. Yoio oaiiiai ai iiiaii
iauyniyaony aunieeie ii?aeueiuie ea/anoaaie ia?aaeiaie /anoe ?onneiai
aeai?yinoaa. Aeaeaa?enou ia iie?aeenue ia eaeie-eeai nioeeaeueiue neie e
ia no?aieeenue iaeoe iiaeaea?aeeo ia?iaea.
Aeaeaa?enoneea i?aaiecaoeee: 1. “A?oaeue” ioeoea?ia Naiaiianeiai iieea.
1815a. Nicaeaia I.I.Io?aaueaaui, ninoiyea anaai ec 15-20 /aeiaae. oeaee
iayniu. Ii oeacaieth Aeaenaiae?a I auea ?aniouaia, ii aa /eaiu
i?iaeieaeaee niae?aoueny.
2. “Nithc nianaiey”. 1816-1818aa. Ia?aay oaeiay ioeoea?neay i?aaiecaoeey
ai
aeaaa n iieeiaieeii Aaia?aeueiiai ooaaa A.I.Io?aaueaaui. O aa enoieia
noiyee
oaeaea eiycue N.I.O?oaaoeeie, I.I.Io?aaueaa, I.E. e
N.E.Io?aaueaau-Aiinoieu,
E.Ae.sseooeei – ana o/anoieee Ioa/anoaaiiie aieiu. Iinea i?eoiaea a
i?aaiecaoeeth
I.E.Ianoaey a 1817a iia auea ia?aeiaiiaaia a “Iauanoai enoeiiuo e aa?iuo
nuiia ioa/anoaa”. A iauanoaa ninoiyei ieiei 30 /aeiaae. Oeaeueth
i?aaiecaoeee auei aaaaeaiea eiinoeoooeee e a?aaeaeaineeo naiaiae, /oi
icia/aei eeeaeaeaoeeth e?aiinoie/anoaa e ia?aie/aiea naiiaea?aeaaey.
3. “Nithc aeaaiaeainoaey”. 1818-1821aa. Iauanoai auei i?aaieciaaii oaie
aea eeoeaie, /oi e “Nithc nianaiey”. Iie ia?aciaaee Ei?aiioth oi?aao,
eioi?ie iiae/eiyeenue ianoiua oi?aau a Iaoa?ao?aa, Iineaa, Ooeue/eia,
Eeoeiaaa. Anaai a i?aaiecaoeeth aoiaeeei ieiei 200 /aeiaae.
Aaee i?iiaaaiaeo a a?iee e a aaeeeinaaoneeo naeiiao. Iiae aai aeeyieai
iaoiaeeeenue eeoa?aoo?iua iauanoaa – “Caeaiay eaiia”, “Eciaeeianeia
iauanoai”, a oaeaea “Iauanoai aeey ?ani?ino?aiaiey eaieanoa?neeo o/eeeu”
(aeey acaeiiiai iao/aiey). O iauanoaa aue naie onoaa – “Caeaiay eieaa”.
Oeaee – i?inaauaiea niioa/anoaaiieeia, aaaaeaiea eiinoeoooeee,
eeeaeaeaoeey e?aiinoie/anoaa. A 1820a auei aianaii i?aaeeiaeaiea ia
onoaiiaeaiee ?anioaeeee. Iaoiaeu – i?iiaaaiaea, i?inaauaiea,
oi?ie?iaaiea iauanoaaiiiai iiaiey a aeooa i?inaaoeoaeueneeo eaeae, /oi
iicaieeo eao /a?ac 10-20 i?iaanoe ie?ioth ?aaiethoeeth.
A oiaea aeayoaeueiinoe Nithca neiaeeeinue aeaa iniiaiuo
eaeaeii-iieeoe/aneeo iai?aaeaiey: – oia?aiii-eeaa?aeueiia (eeeaeaeaoeey
e?aiinoie/anoaa, i?inaauaiea, eiinoeoooeeiiiay iiia?oey) –
?anioaeeeaineia (?aaeeeaeueiia ?aoaiea aa?a?iiai aii?ina, iaaeaeaiea
e?anoueyi caieae ca n/ao iiiaueeia, ?anioaeeea) A 1821a auea i?iaaaeaia
?ai?aaiecaoeey iauanoaa, /oi i?eaaei e iiaaaea oia?aiiiai iai?aaeaiey. A
eiioea 1821a ia oaeiii nuacaea auei i?eiyoi ?aoaiea i naii?inionea.
4. THaeiia iauanoai. 1821-1825aa. Ai aeaaa n I.E.Ianoaeai,
N.A.Aieeiineei, N.E.Io?aaueaaui-Aiinoieii, A.I.THoiaaneei. Aeaenoaiaaei
a Oe?aeia. Eiaei o?e oi?aau – Ooeue/eineoth, Eaiaineoth,
Aaneeueeianeoth.
I?ia?aiiiui aeieoiaioii iauanoaa noaea “?onneay i?aaaea”, iaienaiiay
Ianoaeai e aeeth/aaoay neaaeothuea iieiaeaiey: – oie/oiaeaiea
naiiaea?aeaaea e onoaiiaeaiea ?anioaeeee – eeeaeaeaoeey nineiaee,
?aaiii?aaea anao a?aaeaeai, aaaaeaiea noaea i?enyaeiuo – aaaaeaiea
naiaiaeu neiaa, aa?ieniiaaaeaiey, caiyoee – ?inney inoaaony aaeeiui
oieoa?iui ainoaea?noaii, oieueei Iieueoa iieo/aao i?aai ia aaoiiiieth –
?acaeaeaiea aeanoae ia caeiiiaeaoaeueioth – Ia?iaeiia aa/a (ia?eaiaio),
eniieieoaeueioth – Aea?aeaaiay aeoia ec 5 ecae?aaiuo ia 5 eao /eaiia e
aethnoeoaeueioth (noaeaaioth) – Aa?oiaiue niai? – iieeoe/aneea i?aaa
iieo/eee ioae/eiu, aeinoeaoea 20-eaoiaai aic?anoa – eeeaeaeaoeey
e?aiinoiiai i?aaa – caiey aeaeeony ia /anoioth e iauanoaaiioth, ec
eioi?ie eaaeaeue iia iieo/eoue o/anoie iaoie ii?aaeaeaiiiai ?acia?a –
aaaaeaiea a aeaenoaea “?onneie i?aaaeu” aeieaeii i?iecieoe aeae?aoii
A?aiaiiiai ?aaiethoeeiiiiai i?aaeoaeuenoaa, iaeaaeathuaai aeeeoaoi?neie
aeanoueth
5. Naaa?iia iauanoai. 1822-1825aa. Ai aeaaa n I.I.Io?aaueaaui,
N.I.O?oaaoeeei, a n 1823a – E.O.?ueaaaui. Aeaenoaiaaei a Iaoa?ao?aa e a
Iineaa. I?ia?aiiiui aeieoiaioii noaea Eiinoeoooeey, iaienaiiay Ieeeoie
Io?aaueaaui e i?aaeiieaaaaoay: – aaaaeaiea eiinoeoooeeiiiie iiia?oee –
oaaea?aoeaiia ono?ienoai no?aiu, ninoiyuae ec 13 aea?aeaa e 2 iaeanoae.
Noieeoea ia?aiineony a Ieaeiee Iiaai?iae, eioi?ue ia?aeiaiiauaaaony a
Neaayine – ?acaeaeaiea aeanoae ia caeiiiaeaoaeueioth (aeaooiaeaoiia
Ia?iaeiia aa/a e Aea?aeaaiua aa/a a eaaeaeie aea?aeaaa),
eniieieoaeueioth (Aa?oiaiay aeoia ai aeaaa n eiia?aoi?ii, eioi?ue
auiieiyao oaeaea ooieoeee aeaaiieiiaiaeothuaai), noaeaaioth (Aa?oiaiia
noaeeeeua e aieinoiie “niaaoiue” noae) – eeeaeaeaoeey e?aiinoiiai i?aaa
– iaania/aiea caeiiii i?aa e naiaiae a?aaeaeai – aaaaeaiea ia?aie/aiiiai
?acee/iuie oeaicaie (eiouanoaaiiui, aic?anoiui, inaaeeinoe)
ecae?aoaeueiiai i?aaa – nio?aiaiea nianoaaiiinoe iiiaueeia ia caieth a
ii?aaeaeaiiuo ?acia?ao – iaaeaeaiea e?anoueyi i?eonaaeaaiui o/anoeii,
iaoioiie caieae a aeaa aeanyoeiu; inoaeueiay caiey aeieaeia
a?aiaeiaaoueny o iiiaueea – ?anniio?aiea e i?eiyoee Eiinoeoooeee
O/?aaeeoaeueiui nia?aieai
Ainnoaiea.
THaeiia e Naaa?iia iauanoaa aaee ia?aaiai?u i eii?aeeiaoeee aeaenoaee e
onoaiiaeee eiioaeou n Iieueneei iao?eioe/aneei iauanoaii e Iauanoaii
niaaeeiaiey neaayi. Aeaeaa?enou ieaie?iaaee oaeoue oea?y ia aiaiiii
niio?a, neeaie aaa?aeee caoaaoeoue aeanoue. Aunooieaiea iaia/aeinue ia
1826a.
19 iiya?y 1825a a Oaaai?iaa aiacaiii neii/aeny Aeaenaiae? I. O?ii
aeieaeai aue ia?aeoe e aai a?aoo Eiinoaioeio, ii oio aua a 1823a oaeii
io?aeny io i?anoiea, eioi?ue oaia?ue ia?aoiaeee e neaaeothuaio ii
noa?oeinoao a?aoo – Ieeieath. Ia ciay ia io?a/aiee Eiinoaioeia, Naiao,
aaa?aeey e a?iey i?enyaioee aio 27 iiya?y. Iinea auyniaiey neooaoeee
iacia/eee ia?ai?enyao Ieeieath, eioi?iai ia ethaeee a aaa?aeee.
Aeaeaa?enou ?aoeee a neiaeeaoaeny neooaoeee iiaeiyoue aaa?aeaeneea
iieee, nia?aoue eo ia Naiaoneie ieiuaaee e canoaaeoue Naiao ecaeaoue
“Iaieoano e ?onneiio ia?iaeo”, eioi?ue iauyaeye ia oie/oiaeaiee
naiiaea?aeaaey, eeeaeaeaoeee e?aiinoiiai i?aaa, o/?aaeaeaiee A?aiaiiiai
i?aaeoaeuenoaa, aaaaeaiee naiaiae e o.i. *anoue ainnoaaoeo aeieaeia auea
caoaaoeoue Ceiiee aeai?aoe e a?anoiaaoue oea?neoth naiueth;
ieaie?iaaeinue caoaaoeoue e Iao?iiaaeianeoth e?aiinoue. ?oeiaiaeeoaeai
ainnoaiey aue eca?ai eiycue O?oaaoeeie.
N ?aiiaai oo?a 14 aeaeaa?y ioeoea?u – /eaiu Naaa?iiai iauanoaa aaee
aaeoaoeeth n?aaee nieaeao e iao?inia, oaaaeaeay eo ia i?enyaaoue
Ieeieath, a iiaeaea?aeaoue Eiinoaioeia. ei oaeaeinue auaanoe /anoue
Iineianeiai e A?aiaaea?neee iieee e Aaa?aeaeneee ii?neie yeeiaae ia
Naiaoneoth ieiuaaeue (anaai ieiei 3,5 oun /aeiaae). Ii e oiio a?aiaie
naiaoi?u oaea i?enyaioee Ieeieath e ?acioeenue. Ieeieae ie?oaeee
ieiuaaeue aa?iuie aio aieneaie (12 oun /aeiaae e 4 i?oaeey). Ainnoaaoea
ioaeee aoaee eiiieoeu, a aaia?ae-aoaa?iaoi? I.A.Ieei?aaeiae/,
iiiuoaaoeeny neeiieoue eo e naea/a i?oaeey, aue nia?oaeueii ?aiai
Eaoianeei. Iinea yoiai a aeaei iioea a?oeeea?ey e aunooieaiea auei
iiaeaaeaii, a aa/a?ii ia/aeenue ianniaua a?anou. Anaai a yoio aeaiue
iiaea 1271 /aeiaae.
Ia thaa i niauoeyo a noieeoea ociaee n iiicaeaieai. 29 aeaeaa?y ainnoae
*a?ieaianeee iiee ai aeaaa n N.E.Io?aaueaaui-Aiinoieii, ii iiaeiyoue
anth a?ieth ia oaeaeinue. 3 yiaa?y i?e iiaeoiaea e naeo O?eeanu
*a?ieaianeee iiee aue ano?a/ai i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiuie aieneaie ai aeaaa n
Eiinoaioeiii e ?anno?aeyi ea?oa/ueth.
I?e/eiu ii?aaeaiey: – oceay nioeeaeueiay aaca
– iaaeinoaoi/iay eiinie?aoeey
– ionoonoaea aaeeinoaa e niaeaniaaiiinoe aeaenoaee
– iaaioiaiinoue aieueoae /anoe iauanoaa e eeeaeaeaoeee naiiaea?aeaaey e
e?aiinoie/anoaa
– nioeeieoeueoo?iue ?aneie iauanoaa
XXXV. Iauanoaaiiia aeaeaeaiea aoi?ie /aoaa?oe XIXa.
Oaeoi?u ?acaeoey: – e?ecen e?aiinoie/aneiai no?iy
– ?acaeoea ia?aciaaiey e i?inaauaiey
– iaaioiaiinoue e ianiiniaiinoue i?aaeoaeuenoaa Ieeieay I inouanoaeoue
ei?aiiua
?aoi?iu
– ?aaeoeeiiiue eo?n aiaoiae iieeoeee
– aeeyiea iiuoa iauanoaaiiiai e yeiiiie/aneiai ?acaeoey caiaaeiuo no?ai
– aeeyiea nioeeaeueiuo, iieeoe/aneeo e oeeinioneeo eaeae caiaaeiuo
iuneeoaeae
– eaeae e iiuo aeaeaa?enoia
Iniiaiua i?aaiecaoeee eiioea 20o-ia/aea 30o aa.
1. “Iauanoai ethaiioae?ey”. 1823-ia/aei30o aa. Eeoa?aoo?ii-oeeinioneee
e?oaeie, aicieeoee a Iineaa. A iaai a ?aciua ia?eiaeu aoiaeeee
A.O.Iaeiaaneee, A.E.Eiiaeaa, E.A.Ee?aaaneee, I.I.?iaeaeei, N.I.Oaau?aa,
A.I.Oeoia e i?. i?aaenoaaeoaee yeeoiie aeai?yineie iieiaeaaee. Aai
eeaea?ii aue Ae.A.Aaiaaeoeiaa (oia? a 1827a). *eaiu e?oaeea iuoaeenue n
iiiiuueth oeeinioneie nenoaiu Oaeeeiaa iniuneeoue enoi?e/aneia
i?aaeiacia/aiea ?innee, aeaeaee naith caaea/o a iino?iaiee
ie?iaicc?ai/aneie iniiau ?onneie eoeueoo?u e enoi?ee.
2. E?oaeie a?aoueaa E?eoneeo. 1826-1827aa. Ninoiye ec 6 /aeiaae. Aai
/eaiu aiaeece?iaaee enoi?eth e ia?niaeoeau ?acaeoey ?innee e ia/oaee ia
oie/oiaeaiee e?aiinoie/anoaa. Aue ?aca?iieai aeanoyie.
3. Noiao?ianeia iauanoai. 1831a. Ninoiye ec 26 /aeiaae. Aai
?oeiaiaeeoaeyie auee I.I.Noiao?ia, ss.E.Einoaiaoeeee, A.O.Eiiaeio.
Iauanoai ieaie?iaaei iiaeaioiaeoue aii?oaeaiiia ainnoaiea n i?eaea/aieai
?aai/eo iineianeeo oaa?ee e ai?iaeneie “/a?ie”. *eaiu e?oaeea auee
a?anoiaaiu.
4. Nooaeai/aneee e?oaeie A.E.Aa?oeaia e I.I.Iaa?aaa. 1831-1834aa.
O/anoieee: I.E.Naciiia, I.I.Naoei, A.I.Naae/, I.O.Eao/a? e ae?oaea
nooaeaiou Iineianeiai oieaa?neoaoa. E?eoe/anee ioeaieaaee nouanoaiaaaoee
no?ie, eco/aee o?oaeu o?aioeocneiai nioeeaeenoa E.A.Nai-Neiiia,
i?iiiaaaeiaaee iaiaaenoue e iieeoe/aneiio i?iecaieo, aeaeeaie?iaaee
cai?auaiiua noeoe e iueyinoaiaaee. A 1834a Aa?oeai, Iaa?aa e iaeioi?ua
ae?oaea o/anoieee e?oaeea auee a?anoiaaiu e nineaiu a ioaeaeaiiua
aoaa?iee.
Iauanoaaiiia aeaeaeaiea 30o aa.
1. Aeayoaeueiinoue e?oaeea I.A.Noaieaae/a. 1831-1839aa. A ?aciua aiaeu
aoiaeeee: I.A.Aaeoiei, A.A.Aaeeineee, A.I.Aioeei, E.N.Aenaeia,
A.E.Aa?oeai, O.I.A?aiianeee, I.I.Eaoeia, TH.O.Naia?ei e ae?. Eco/aee
oeeinioneea nenoaiu Oeooa, Aaaaey, Oaeeeiaa, iuoaeenue n eo iiiiuueth
iauynieoue ?acaeoea ?innee.
2. Eiina?aaoeaiia iai?aaeaiea. Ioi?ieeinue a eaeaeiii ioiioaiee ?aiueoa
ae?oaeo oa/aiee. Iii auei i?ecaaii iainiiaaoue iacuaeaiinoue
nouanoaothueo a ?innee ii?yaeeia e i?ioeainoiyoue ?ani?ino?aiaieth
eaeoueo n Caiaaea eaeae.
Aai iaeaieaa cia/eoaeueiuie i?aaenoaaeoaeyie noaee enoi?ee I.I.Iiaiaeei,
oeeinio N.I.Oaau?aa, ecaanoiua aeo?iaeenou ss.E.A?a/ e O.A.Aoeaa?ei.
Iie?aynue ia iaeioi?ua iunee I.I.Ea?aiceia ia enoi?e/aneeo iniaaiiinoyo
?innee, Iiaiaeei a na?aaeeia 20o aa i?aaeeiaeee eiioeaioeeth
naiiauoiinoe ?innee. Enoi?ey no?aiu iniiaaia ia “aa/iii ia/aea. ?onneii
aeooa”, eioi?ue aiieiuaaony a i?aaineaaee e naiiaea?aeaaee.
E?aiinoie/anoai ?anniao?eaaaony ei eae nenoaia ioiioaiee,
iaania/eaathuay i?aaie/aneoth naycue iaaeaeo caieaaeaaeaeueoeai e
e?anoueyiaie. Oaau?aa aeieacuaae eiaeiinoue eaoiee/anoaa e
i?ioanoaioecia, i?aaiciinee i?aaineaaea eae “enoeiiia i?inaauaiea”,
iaania/eaathuaa ie?iia ?acaeoea ?innee.
I?aceaeaio Aeaaeaiee iaoe N.N.Oaa?ia, noaaoee a 1834a ieieno?ii
ia?iaeiiai i?inaauaiey, eniieuecoy iaeioi?ua iieiaeaiey ec ?aaio
Ea?aiceia e Iiaiaeeia, a 1832a noi?ioee?iaae iniiau oai?ee, eioi?ay
i?aneaaeiaaea oeaeue ainieoaiey thiioanoaa a iaoeeiiaeueiii aeooa, auea
i?ecaaia iainiiaaoue naiiauoiinoue ?innee e aa i?aainoiaenoai iaae
Caiaaeii. Nooue aa caeeth/aeanue a oii, /oi “naiiaea?aeaaea, i?aaineaaea
e ia?iaeiinoue” eae iniiau ?onneie enoi?ee iaania/eaatho aeaaiaeainoaea
e iiaouanoai ?innee, ie? iaaeaeo nineiaeyie e caueoo io oeaoai?iuo
?aaiethoeeiiiuo eaeae Caiaaea. Ana yoi aeiiieiyeinue oacenii i
iaiaoiaeeiinoe ?acaeoey aa?iiaeneiai ia?aciaaiey.
A 1836a a aeo?iaea “Oaeaneii” auei iioaeeeiaaii ienueii I.ss.*aaaeaaaa,
noaaoaa naiaia?aciui ioaaoii ia i?iiaaaiaeo oai?ee “ioeoeeaeueiie
ia?iaeiinoe”. *aaaeaaa ioeaiee iniaaiiue iooue ?acaeoey ?innee eae
ia?aeathuee aa ia ionoaeinoue, iieeoe/aneia e aeooiaiia ?aanoai.
I?e/eiie oiio ii n/eoae ecieyoeeth ?innee io Aa?iiu, aucaaiioth
i?eiyoeai i?aaineaaiie oi?iu o?enoeainoaa. Aaoi? ienueia aue iauyaeai
aioeiao?eioii, ?onioiaii e aiana oiaeeoaiiui e aeieai iaoiaeeeny iiae
iaaeci?ii iieeoeee.
Iauanoaaiiia aeaeaeaiea 40o aa.
1. Neaayiioeeuenoai. Iiyaeeinue a ia/aea 40o aa. Aai eaeaieiaaie auee
eeoa?aoi?u e oeeiniou A.N.Oiiyeia, a?aouey E.A. e I.A.Ee?aaaneea, E.N e
E.N.Aenaeiau, TH.O.Naia?ei e ae?.
Iniiaiua iieiaeaiey: – aaaeiaeoae oa?aeoa?enoeeie ?inneeneiai iauanoaa e
ainoaea?noaa yaeyaony ia?iaeiinoue, a a iniiaa naiiauoiiai ?inneeneiai
iooe ?acaeoey eaaeao i?aaineaaea, iaueia e iaoeeiiaeueiue ?onneee
oa?aeoa? – a aeiiao?ianeie ?innee aeanoue iaoiaeeeanue a aa?iiiee n
ia?iaeii a i?ioeaiiieiaeiinoue Aa?iia, aaea iaino?yeenue nioeeaeueiua
eiioeeeou; naiiaea?aeaaea ecaaaeyei iauanoai io iieeoe/aneie ai?ueau –
iniiau ?onneie iauanoaaiiie aeecie caeeth/athony a iaueiiii no?ia a
aea?aaia, eieeaeoeaecia, niai?iinoe – ?inney ?acaeaaaony
iaianeeuenoaaiiui iooai – a ?innee aeooiaiua ono?aieaiey i?aiaeaaeatho
iaae iaoa?eaeueiuie oeaiiinoyie – Iao? I ianeeuenoaaiiuie iaoiaeaie
aiaae?ye iiuo, iaoaie/anee caeinoaiaaiiue o Caiaaea, /oi i?eaaei e
ia?ooaieth anoanoaaiiiai oa?aeoa?a ?acaeoey ?innee, caeiina?ae?iaaei
e?aiinoie/anoai e ii?iaeeei nioeeaeueiua eiioeeeou
Oeaee: eeeaeaee?iaaoue e?aiinoiia i?aai, nio?aiea i?e yoii iaueio e
iao?ea?oaeueiue oeeaae aeecie. Aeey ii?aaeaeaiey iooe aeaeueiaeoaai
?acaeoey iaiaoiaeeii nicaaoue Caineee niai?.
Io?eoeaee ?aaiethoeeth e ?aaeeeaeueiua ?aoi?iu, n/eoay aiciiaeiui eeoue
iinoaiaiiua i?aia?aciaaiey, i?iaiaeeiua naa?oo. Ia?aie/eaaeenue
oai?/aneie e ioaeeoeenoe/aneie aeayoaeueiinoueth.
2. Caiaaeie/anoai. Ioi?ieeinue a ?aaioao e aeayoaeueiinoe enoi?eeia,
th?enoia e eeoa?aoi?ia O.I.A?aiianeiai, E.Ae.Eaaaeeia, I.A.Aiiaieiaa,
A.I.*e/a?eia, N.I.Nieiaueaaa, A.A.Aaeeineiai.
Iniiaiua eaeae: – ?inney, ?acaeaathuayny ii oieaa?naeueiui caeiiai
enoi?ee, ionoaao io Caiaaea e nio?aiyao ?yae iaoeeiiaeueiuo iniaaiiinoae
– iaiaoiaeeii eeeaeaee?iaaoue enoi?e/aneia ionoaaaiea, nio?aiea i?e yoii
iaoeeiiaeueioth eaeaioe/iinoue
– a ?innee neaaeoao ooaa?aeeoue eeaa?aeueiua eaeaaeu naiaiaeu ee/iinoe,
a?aaeaeaineiai
iauanoaa e i?inaaoea ia?iae onoaiiaeoue eiinoeoooeeiiioth iiia?oeth
– aaaeii ?acaeaaoue ?uii/iua ioiioaiey, i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoai,
i?iiuoeaiiinoue e oi?aiaeth, i?eiyoue caeiiu, caueuathuea /anoioth
nianoaaiiinoue
– iaiaoiaeeii ioiaieoue e?aiinoiia i?aai, ia?aaeaoue e?anoueyiai caieth
ca aueoi
– neaaeoao ?acaeaaoue ia?aciaaiea e ?ani?ino?aiyoue iao/iua ciaiey
Naith ioaeeoeenoe/aneoth, iao/ioth e i?aiiaeaaaoaeueneoth
aeayoaeueiinoue iie iai?aaeyee ia oi?ie?iaaiea iauanoaaiiiai iiaiey aeey
iiaeaioiaee i?aia?aciaaiee. Aaeeinoaaiii aiciiaeiui n?aaenoaii
iaiiaeaiey ?innee n/eoaee ?aoi?iu naa?oo.
3. ?aaiethoeeiiiay aeaiie?aoey. Niaiauaiea ?yaea eaeae caiaaeie/anoaa,
neaayiioeeuenoaa e aa?iiaeneiai nioeeaeecia. Oeaeue – nicaeaiea
nioeeaeecia. Aaeenue nii?u i i?aaeii/oeoaeueiinoe ?aaeeeaeueiuo ?aoi?i
eee ia?iaeiie ?aaiethoeee.
Oai?ey “?onneiai iaueiiiai nioeeaeecia” 9ia?iaeie/anoai).
Iniiaiiieiaeieeii oai?ee aunooiee A.E.Aa?oeai, ae?oaeie eaeaieiaaie –
I.A.*a?iuoaaneee, I.I.Iaa?aa, I.A.Aeia?iethaia, I.A.Aaeoiei, eioi?ua
noaaeee naiae oeaeueth “aeinoeaeaiea nioeeaeecia eae iauanoaa
ni?aaaaeeeainoe”.
Iniiaiua eaeae: – aeinoe/ue oeaee iiaeii, iie?aynue ia naeueneoth iaueio
n aa eieeaeoeaeciii e naiioi?aaeaieai
– iaiaoiaeeii aeaeaaoueny ii iaeaieoaeenoe/aneiio iooe – io
e?aiinoie/anoaa e nioeeaeecio
– e?aiinoie/anoai, “iaiaoeeay iiia?oey”, iao?ea?oaeueiua ii?yaeee naiie
iaueiu aeooao eieoeeaoeao e naiaiaeo ee/iinoe
– aeaeaoaeueii ecaaaeaoue e?iaaaie ?aaiethoeee, a i?aia?aciaaiey
i?iaanoe n iiiiuueth ?aaeeeaeueiuo ?aoi?i
– neaaeoao aaanoe a?aaeaeaineea naiaiaeu e aeaiie?aoe/aneia i?aaeaiea
A.A.Aaeeineee caieiaeny ioaeeoeenoe/aneie ?aaioie e eeoa?aoo?iie
e?eoeeie. Aa?oeai ecaeaaae a Eiiaeiia aacaoo “Eieieie”, a eioi?ie
e?eoeeiaae ?onneoth aeaenoaeoaeueiinoue e iainiiauaae oai?eth “?onneiai
nioeeaeecia”. Aaeoiei o/anoaiaae a aa?iiaeneeo ?aaiethoeeyo 1848-1849aa,
?aaioae a Ia?aii Eioa?iaoeeiiaea, nicaeae ia Caiaaea ?yae
?aaiethoeeiiiuo i?aaiecaoeee, noae oai?aoeeii aia?oecia. *a?iuoaaneee
?acaeaae e i?iiaaaiaee?iaae eaeae “?onneiai nioeeaeecia”.
4. Iao?aoaaoeu. 1845-1849aa. *eaiu e?oaeea, niae?aaoaainy ia eaa?oe?a
I.A.Aooaoaae/a-Iao?aoaaneiai (I.A.Niaoiaa, I.A.Naeoueia-Uaae?ei,
A.I.Ieauaaa, O.I.Aeinoiaaneee e ae?.) aiai?eee i iaiaoiaeeiinoe ioiaiu
e?aiinoiiai i?aaa, eco/aee i?iecaaaeaiey AE.Oo?uea e ae?oaeo aa?iiaeneeo
nioeeaeenoia. *anoue eo neeiiyeanue e eaeaa nicaeaiey oaeiiai iauanoaa e
iiaeaioiaee ia?iaeiiai ainnoaiey. Iaeiaei ana ia?aie/eaaeinue eeoue
oai?aoe/aneeie aeeneonneyie e ecaeaoaeueneie aeayoaeueiinoueth. A 1849a
e?oaeie aue ?aca?iieai.
XXXVI. Aioo?aiiyy iieeoeea ?innee aoi?ie /aoaa?oe XIXa.
1837-1841aa – ?aoi?ia oi?aaeaiey ainoaea?noaaiiuie e?anoueyiaie
1842a – oeac ia “iaycaiiuo e?anoueyiao”
Oaeoi?u: – no?aieaiea aeanoe oe?aieoue nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneia
iieiaeaiea no?aiu e onei?eoue ?acaeoea
i?iiuoeaiiinoe
– iaiaoiaeeiinoue oneeaiey naiiaea?aeaaey
– iniciaiea /anoueth i?aayueo aa?oia iaecaaaeiinoe eciaiaiee
– iaaeiiouaiea aeeyiey ?aaiethoeeiiiuo eaeae
– ia?aaeiaay /anoue aeai?yineie eioaeeeaaioeee i?ae?auaea
nio?oaeie/anoai n ainoaea?noaii
Iiyaeeenue iiaua ieienoa?noaa e aaaeiinoaa: a 1826a – Ieienoa?noai
eiia?aoi?neiai aeai?a e oaeaeia, a 1837a Ieienoa?noai ainoaea?noaaiiuo
eiouanoa e o.ae.
Aeaaiui eino?oiaioii aeanoe noaea Nianoaaiiay Aai Eiia?aoi?neiai
Aaee/anoaa eaioeaey?ey. Iia aicieeea a eiioea XVIIIa e caieiaeanue
aeaeii?iecaiaenoaii. I?e Ieeieaa I eaioeaey?ey ?ac?ineanue, aeeth/ea a
naay a eoiaa 6 ioaeaeaiee. A yiaa?a 1826a auei nicaeaii I ioaeaeaiea,
neaaeeaoaa ca oiaeii eniieiaiey oea?neeo oeacia, aioiaeaoaa eo i?iaeou e
eiio?iee?iaaaoaa neoaeao a?aaeaeaineeo /eiiaieeia; ia?aciaaii II
ioaeaeaiea, i?enooieaoaa e eiaeeoeeaoeee caeiiia. Iiae ia/aeii
I.I.Nia?aineiai auee nenoaiaoece?iaaiu e ecaeaiu ana caeiiu, i?eiyoua n
1649a – “Iieiia nia?aiea caeiiia ?inneeneie eiia?ee”. A ethea 1826a
o/?aaeaeaii III ioaeaeaiea, eioi?ia auiieiyei ooieoeee iieeoe/aneie
iieeoeee. Ia/aeueieeo ioaeaeaiey, eioi?ui aeieaia a?aiy aue
A.O.Aaieaiaei?o, iiae/eiyeny oaeaea nicaeaiiue ei?ion aeaiaea?iia.
Ae?oaea ioaeaeaiey aaaeaee o/aaiuie e ainieoaoaeueiuie caaaaeaieyie,
ainoaea?noaaiiie aea?aaiae, oi?aaeaiea eaaeacneeie oa??eoi?eyie.
A 1842a ecaeai oeac ia “iaycaiiuo e?anoueyiao”, eioi?ue iiaeoaa?aeee
i?aai iiiaueeia ia caieth e ?ac?aoee ei ii naiae aiea i?aaeinoaaeyoue
ee/ioth naiaiaeo e?anoueyiai n auaeaeaieai ei iaaeaea a iieueciaaiea. Ca
iieo/aiioth caieth e?anoueyiei aue iaycai ianoe iiaeiiinoe, ii?iu
eioi?uo auee oeene?iaaiu.
A 1847a a Aaei?onnee e I?aaiaa?aaeiie Oe?aeia auea i?iaaaeaia
eiaaioa?iay ?aoi?ia – caoeene?iaaiu ?acia?u e?anoueyineeo iaaeaeia e
iiaeiiinoae a iieueco iiiaueeia, eioi?ua ai?aaeue iaeuecy auei
eciaiyoue. Anaai auei ecaeaii aieaa 100 oeacia ii e?anoueyineiio
aii?ino.
A 1837-1841aa ieieno?ii ainoaea?noaaiiuo eiouanoa a?aoii I.O.Eenaeaaui
auea i?iaaaeaia ?aoi?ia, oe?aieaoay e?anoueyineia naiioi?aaeaiea,
i?eaaaeoay e ioe?uoeth aieueieoe e naeueneeo oeie, ii oneeeea
iieeoeaeneee iaaeci? ca e?anoueyiaie.
A 1832a aeey e?oiiuo i?aaei?eieiaoaeae, o/aiuo, ooaeiaeieeia, ienaoaeae,
nayuaiieeia e /eiiaieeia, eiaaoeo caneoae ia?aae ainoaea?noaii, auea
nicaeaia iiaay i?eaeeaae?iaaiiay eaoaai?ey “ii/aoiuo a?aaeaeai”, eioi?ui
i?aaeinoaaeyeinue inaiaiaeaeaiea io ?ae?ooneie iiaeiiinoe, oieaou
iiaeooiuo iiaeaoae e oaeaniuo iaeacaiee.
A 1845a auoae oeac, cao?oaeiyaoee iieo/aiea iioiinoaaiiiai e ee/iiai
aeai?yinoaa ca auneoao.
U 1839-1843aa auea i?iaaaeaia aeaiaaeiay ?aoi?ia ieieno?a oeiainia
A.O.Eaie?eia, iai?aaeaiiay ia oii?yaei/aiea aeaiaaeiiai ia?auaiey.
XXXVII. Aiaoiyy iieeoeea ?innee a 1825-1856aa.
1826-1828aa – aieia n E?aiii
1828a – Oo?iai/aeneee ie?
1828-1829aa – aieia n Oo?oeeae
1829a – Aae?eaiiiieueneee ie?
1834-1864aa – Eaaeacneay aieia
1853-1856aa – E?uineay aieia
1856a – Ia?eaeneee o?aeoao
Iniiaiua caaea/e: – nio?aiaiea Aaineie nenoaiu e aiaoiaiieeoe/aneiai
aaoi?eoaoa ?innee a Aa?iia
– i?eniaaeeiaiea iiauo oa??eoi?ee ia Aeeaeiai Ainoiea, iieo/aiea
eiio?iey iaae i?ieeaaie Ainoi? e Aea?aeaiaeeu, ?anoe?aiea noa?u aeeyiey
ia Aaeeaiao e a Caeaaeacuea
– iiaeaaeaiea ?aaiethoeeiiiuo aunooieaiee
A 1821a a A?aoeee ia/aeinue ainnoaiea i?ioea oo?aoeeiai eaa, a eioi?ii
i?eiyee aeoeaiia o/anoea a?aee, i?iaeeaaaoea a ?innee. Ieeieae I a 1826a
iiaeienae n Aiaeeae i?ioieie, o?aaiaaaoee io noeoaia i?aaeinoaaeoue
aaoiiiieth A?aoeee. Oo?oeey ioaa?aea yoi o?aaiaaiea. A ioaao
iauaaeeiaiiay yneaae?a ?innee, Aiaeee e O?aioeee a aeoaa i?e Iaaa?eia a
1827a ?aca?iieea oo?aoeeee oeio. A 1829a aue iiaeienai Aae?eaiiiieueneee
ie?iue aeiaiai?, eioi?ue caoeene?iaae aaoiiiieth A?aoeee. Eiiaeiineay
eiioa?aioeey 1832a i?eciaea iacaaeneiinoue A?aoeee, a aa ia?aui
i?aceaeaioii noae E.A.Eaiiaeeno?ey, eioi?ue aei oiai caieiae aunieee /ei
a IEAe ?innee.
?onnei-oo?aoeeay aieia. 1828-1829aa.
Ia/aeanue ec-ca a?aaeaeaaiuo aeaenoaee oo?aoeeie noi?iiu, iaaeiaieueiie
iiaeaea?aeeie ?inneae ainnoaiey a A?aoeee e cae?uaoae /a?iiii?neea
i?ieeau aeey ?onneeo noaeia. Ne?uooth iiaeaea?aeeo Oo?oeee ieacuaaee
Aiaeey, O?aioeey e Aano?ey. A eoiaa aienea noeoaia auee ?aca?iieaiu ia
Aaeeaiao, a Caeaaeacuea e ia *a?iii ii?a. ?onneay a?iey caiyea
Aae?eaiiiieue. Ii Aae?eaiiiieueneiio ie?iiio aeiaiai?o 1829a e ?innee
iooiaeeea THaeiay Aanna?aaey n onoueai Aeoiay, Aoaeeooneay iaeanoue a
Caeaaeacuea e ainoi/iia iiaa?aaeuea *a?iiai ii?y io Eoaaie aei Iioe.
*a?iiii?neea i?ieeau ioe?uaaeenue aeey ?onneeo e eiino?aiiuo oi?aiauo
noaeia, Oo?oeey auiea/eaaea aieueooth eiio?eaooeeth. A?aoeey iieo/eea
aaoiiiieth, ?anoe?yeanue aaoiiiiey Na?aee, Aaeaoee e Iieaeaaee.
Aannae oo?aoeeiai noeoaia, i?aaeoaeue Aaeioa Iooaiiaae Aee ia/ae ai?ueao
ca iacaaeneiinoue. ?inney, ia caeioa?aniaaiiay a auno?ii ?aniaaea
Iniaineie eiia?ee, iai?aaeea a Ainoi? naie oeio aeey iiaeaaeaiey
ainnoaiey. Oo?aoeeee noeoai iiaeienae n ?inneae a ianoa/ea
Oiey?-Eneaeane nithciue aeiaiai? (1832a). Ii iaio ?inney noaea aa?aioii
oa??eoi?eaeueiie oeaeinoiinoe Oo?oeee, eioi?ay iaycuaaeanue a neo/aa
aieiu cae?uaaoue /a?iiii?neea i?ieeau aeey oeioia a?aaeaeaaiuo ?innee
ainoaea?noa. Iaeiaei a 1840-1841aa a Eiiaeiia auee iiaeienaiu aeaa
eiiaaioeee, ii eioi?ui i?ieeau noaaeeenue iiae eiio?ieue anao aaeeeeo
aea?aeaa.
?onnei-e?aineay aieia. 1826-1828aa.
I?e iiaeaea?aeea Aiaeee aiio ia/ae E?ai, ?ann/eouaaaoee aa?iooue naaa
oo?a/aiiua a i?aaeuaeouae aieia n ?inneae caiee. Iinea iacia/aiey
aeaaiieiiaiaeothuei Eaaeacneei ei?ionii E.O.Ianeaae/a ?onneea aienea
aeiaeeenue ?yaea no?aoaae/aneeo oniaoia. Ii Oo?eiai/aeneiio ie?iiio
aeiaiai?o 1828a e ?innee ioioea Ainoi/iay A?iaiey (A?aaaineia e
Iaoe/aaaineia oainoaa), E?ai auiea/eaae aieueooth eiio?eaooeeth,
iiaeoaa?aeaeaeinue eneeth/eoaeueiia i?aai ?innee aea?aeaoue oeio ia
Eanieeneii ii?a, ?onneea eoioeu iieo/aee i?aai naiaiaeiie oi?aiaee ia
oa??eoi?ee E?aia.
Eaaeacneay aieia. 1817-1864aa.
Io?yaeu ai?oeaa-ionoeueiai (Aeaaanoai, *a/iy, Aaeuaay) niaa?oaee
iinoiyiiua iaaaae ia iia?aie/iua ?onneea e a?oceineea oa??eoi?ee.
Eaaeacneee ei?ion iiae eiiaiaeiaaieai aaia?aea A.I.A?iieiaa iiaae
aeoeaiua aiaiiua aeaenoaey, ?ac?ooay aoeu e ie?oaeay ai?iua ?aeiia
Naaa?iiai Eaaeaca eieueoeii e?aiinoae (A?iciay, Aiacaiiay, Ao?iay e
o.i.). Iinea niaiu A?iieiaa aaia?aeii Ianeaae/ai (1827a) ia/aeenue
ea?aoaeueiua yeniaaeeoeee a ai?iua ?aeiiu. Ai a?aiy i?aaeaiey o?aoueaai
eiaia Oaieey (1834-1859aa) ainoaea?noai Aeaaanoaia e *a/ie iniaaiii
oe?aieeinue e niiaei iaianoe ?yae ii?aaeaiee ?onneei aieneai. A
1857-1858aa ?onneea aienea caoaaoeee *a/ith. Iiae eo oaea?aie ia/aeny
?aniaae eiaiaoa. A 1859a aue caoaa/ai a ieai Oaieeue e iaeioi?ua aai
noi?iiieee. Inoaaoeany i/aae nii?ioeaeaiey auee iiaeaaeaiu eeoue e
1864a.
A 1830a neo/eeenue ainnoaiey ai O?aioeee e Aaeueaee. ?onneay a?iey
ia/aea iiaeaioiaeo e eioa?aaioeee a oeaeyo ainnoaiiaeaiey iieeoe/aneiai
ii?yaeea. Ii I?onney, Aano?ey e Aiaeey aa ia iiaeaea?aeaee e Ieeieae I
aue auioaeaeai i?eciaoue iiaiai ei?iey O?aioeee Eoe Oeeeiia e
iacaaeneiinoue Aaeueaee.
Ainnoaiea a Iieueoa 1830-1831aa aniuoioei iiae eicoiaii ia?aoaiey
iacaaeneiinoe e ioaeaeaiey io ?innee. Ainnoaiea auei iiaeaaeaii e
ia/aeenue ianniaua ?ai?annee. Eiinoeoooeey 1815a auea ioiaiaia, a
iieueneea caiee iieo/eee noaoon ?inneeneeo aoaa?iee.
Oaea e na?aaeeia 20o aa Nayuaiiue Nithc i?aeoe/anee i?ae?aoee naith
aeayoaeueiinoue. Iaeiaei e ia/aeo 30o aa aa?iiaeneea iiia?oe iiae
aeeyieai ia?anoaaoaai ?aaiethoeeiiiiai aeaeaeaiey ?aoeee aai
ainnicaeaoue. A iaai aioee oieueei ?inney, I?onney e Aano?ey.
A oaa?aea 1848a aniuoioea ?aaiethoeey ai O?aioeee. Caoai ?aaiethoeee
ioaaoeee aa?iaineea ainoaea?noaa, Aano?eth, Eoaeeth, Aaeaoeth,
Iieaeaaeth, Aaia?eth. ?onneia i?aaeoaeuenoai iuoaeinue i?aaieciaaoue
eiaeeoeeth i?ioea ?aaiethoeeiiiie O?aioeee, ii aai ieeoi ia
iiaeaea?aeae. Aaniie-eaoii 1848a ?onneea aienea auee iai?aaeaiu a
Iieaeaaeth e Aaeaoeth, aaea niaianoii n oo?aoeeeie aieneaie iiaeaaeee
aunooieaiey. Aaniie 1849a 150-ouny/iue ei?ion Ianeaae/a niaianoii n
aano?eeneie a?ieae iiaeaaee ?aaiethoeeth a Aaia?ee.
E?uineay aieia. 1853-1856aa.
Iiaiaeii e aieia noae nii? iaaeaeo i?aaineaaiie (?inney) e eaoiee/aneie
(O?aioeey) oea?eayie ca i?aai eiio?iee?iaaoue o?enoeaineea nayouie a
Iaeanoeia.
Yoaiu: 1. ?onnei-oo?aoeeay aieia. Ethiue-aeaeaa?ue 1853a.
?onneay a?iey iinea ioeeiiaiey oo?aoeeei noeoaiii oeueoeiaooia i
i?aaeinoaaeaiee ?inneeneiio
eiia?aoi?o i?aaa iie?iaeoaeuenoaiaaoue i?aaineaaiui iiaeaeaiiui
Iniaineie eiia?ee a eiioea ethiy
1853a caiyea Iieaeaaeth, Aaeaoeth e auoea e Aeoiath. A ieoya?a noeoai
iauyaee aieio ?innee.
Oo?aoeeea aienea ia?aoee a ianooieaiea a Caeaaeacuea, eo iaoene aue
io?aaeai Eaaeacneei ei?ionii.
*a?iiii?neay yneaae?a iiae eiiaiaeiaaieai I.N.Iaoeiiaa a iiya?a 1853a a
n?aaeaiee o Neiiia
oie/oiaeeea oo?aoeeee oeio.
2. Ia/aei aieiu ?innee n eiaeeoeeae aa?iiaeneeo no?ai. Aania-eaoi 1854a.
A ia?oa Aiaeey e O?aioeee caeeth/eee nithc i?ioea ?innee e anooieee a
aieio iiae i?aaeeiaii caueou
Oo?oeee. Iicaea e iei i?eniaaeeieeinue Na?aeeineia ei?ieaanoai. Yneaae?u
nithcieeia iano?aeyee
?onneea oe?aieaiey ia Aeaineeo ino?iaao a Aaeoeeneii ii?a, ia Nieiaeao a
Aaeii ii?a, ia
Eieueneii iieoino?iaa, a Iao?iiaaeianea-Eai/aoneii, Iaeanna, Ieeieaaaa,
Ea?/e ia *a?iii ii?a.
Aano?ey, oa?iaeay ?innee aieiie, aeaeioea naie aienea e a?aieoeai
Aeoiaeneeo eiyaeanoa, /oi
auioaeeei ?onneoth a?ieth inoaaeoue Iieaeaaeth e Aaeaoeth.
3. Iai?iia Naaanoiiiey e caaa?oaiea aieiu.
A naioya?a 1854a aiaei-o?aioeocneay a?iey aunaaeeeanue a E?uio. ?onneay
a?iey, aicaeaaeyaiay
aaia?aeii A.N.Iaioeeiaui, iioa?iaea ii?aaeaiea ia ?. Aeueia e inoaaeea
Naaanoiiieue aaccaueoiui.
Iai?iio e?aiinoe iinea caoiieaiey ia?oniiai oeioa a naaanoiiieueneie
aoooa acyee ia naay
ii?yee ai aeaaa n aeoea-aaeie?aeaie A.A.Ei?ieeiaui, I.N.Iaoeiiaui,
eiio?-aaeie?aeii
A.E.Enoiieiui e eiaeaia?ii-iieeiaieeii Y.E.Oioeaaaiii. A eiioea ieoya?y
?onneea aienea
iioa?iaee ii?aaeaiea iiae Eiea?iaiii, a a ethia 1855a caeii/eeinue
iaoaea/ae ianooieaiea ?onneeo
aiene ia *a?iie ?a/ea, inouanoaeaiiia iiae eiiaiaeiaaieai
I.Ae.Ai?/aeiaa. 27 aaaonoa ?onneea
aienea inoaaeee Naaanoiiieue, aci?aaa oe?aieaiey.
?onneea aienea aeiaeeenue cia/eoaeueiuo oniaoia iaae i?aainoiaeyueie
neeaie oo?ie ia eaaeacneii
o?iioa, aaea a iiya?a 1855a auea acyoa e?oiiaeoay oo?aoeeay e?aiinoue
Ea?n. Anei?a iinea nia?oe
Ieeieay I (oaa?aeue 1855a) Aeaenaiae? II niaeaneeny ia ie?iua
ia?aaiai?u, ia/aaoeany a ia?oa
1856a a Ia?eaea.
Oneiaey Ia?eaeneiai ie?iiai aeiaiai?a 1856a: – ?inney oa?yea THaeioth
Aanna?aaeth n onoueai Aeoiay, a Ea?n
aica?auaeny Oo?oeee a iaiai ia Naaanoiiieue
– ?inney eeoaeanue i?aaa iie?iaeoaeuenoaiaaoue o?enoeaiai
Iniaineie eiia?ee
– *a?iia ii?a iauyaeyeinue iaeo?aeueiui, ?inney oa?yea
i?aai eiaoue oai aiaiiue oeio e oe?aieaiey
– onoaiiaeeanue naiaiaea ieaaaiey ii Aeoiath
XXXVIII. Nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneia ?acaeoea a 1860o-ia/aea 1890o aa.
I?ia?aiia aeayoaeueiinoe I.O.?aeoa?ia (1862-1878aa)eaaea a iniiao
ioeoeeaeueiiai eo?na yeiiiie/aneie iieeoeee. A niioaaonoaee n iae
inouanoaeyeanue aeoeaiay iiaeaea?aeea oi?ne?iaaiiiai nicaeaiey
aeaeaciiaei?iaeiie naoe, iiauo io?aneae oyaeaeie i?iiuoeaiiinoe e
e?aaeeoiie nenoaiu n o/anoeai eiiia?/aneeo aaieia. Ainoaea?noai
auaeaaaei eueaioiua caeacu, e?aaeeou, eiioeannee, iai?yioth o/anoaiaaei
a nicaeaiee iiauo i?aaei?eyoee e aaieia. Iaiaoiaeeiue aeey yoiai eaieoae
i?eaeaeaeny i?e iiiiue ainoaea?noaaiiuo caeiia, ?aciauaaoeony ca
?oaaaeii.
I.O.Aoiaa (1881-1886aa) e E.A.Auoaa?aaeneee (1882-1892aa) i?iaeieaeeee
iieeoeeo ?aeoa?ia, noeioee?oy aaic eiino?aiiiai eaieoaea, a ia oiaa?ia,
aioiaeee aeaiaaeioth ?aoi?io, iaeaieeaay cieioie caian e ?ai?aaiecoy
aiaoiee aeiea. I?e Auoiaa?aaeneii oneeeeanue iieeoeea oaiiaeaiiiai
i?ioaeoeeiiecia.
A 60-90a aa oaaee/eeinue i?iecaiaenoai anao aeaeia naeueneioicyenoaaiiie
i?iaeoeoeee. Nai? ca?iiauo aic?in a 1,7 ?aca; ea?oioaey – a 2,5 ?aca;
naoa?iie naaeeu – ii/oe a 20 ?ac. Iinaaiua ieiuaaee au?inee ia 40%.
Oaaee/eeinue i?iecaiaenoai oaoie/aneeo eoeueoo?.
Eioaineaiia ?acaeoea: – aieaa /ai ia 20% aic?inea o?iaeaeiinoue
– iiauneeanue i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoue o?oaea
– noaei aieaa /anoui eniieueciaaiea oaeia?aiee e naeueneioicyenoaaiiuo
iaoei
– ?inea oiaa?iinoue (auaic ca?ia oaaee/eeny a 5 ?ac). E 1890i aa
caaa?oeeinue oi?ie?iaaiea ana?inneeneiai aa?a?iiai ?uiea
– oaeoaeyeanue niaoeeaeecaoeey ?aeiiia a i?iecaiaenoaa
naeueneioicyenoaaiiuo eoeueoo?: – oiaa?iia ca?iiaiaenoai ?acaeaaeinue a
Oeaio?aeueiii /a?iicaiiii ?aeiia, Iiaieaeuea, Iiai?innee, Oe?aeia e ia
Naaa?iii Eaaeaca
– eueiiaiaenoai – a Oeaio?aeueiii i?iiuoeaiiii ?aeiia
– oiaa?iia neioiaiaenoai – ia Naaa?a e Naaa?i-Caiaaea, aeeth/ay
I?eaaeoeeo
– naaeeiaiaenoai a iaeioi?uo ?aeiiao Oe?aeiu
– oaaaeiaiaenoai, o?oeoiaiaenoai e aeiia?aaea?noai a Aanna?aaee e
Caeaaeacuea
Aeai?yineia caieaaeaaeaiea ai aoi?ie iieiaeia XIXa oiaiueoeeinue ia 27%.
E?anoueyineay /anoiiaeaaeaeue/aneay caiey oaaee/eeanue n 5 aei 15%
ieiuaaee /anoiuo caiaeue, ianeieueei au?inea e ieiuaaeue iaaeaeueiie
caiaeueiie nianoaaiiinoe. Ieiei 80 aeanyoei ii anae no?aia ioiineeinue e
eaca/ueei caieyi, 80% eioi?ie auei cae?aieaii ca noaieoeaie e ?acaeaeaii
ia iae, iaoiaeeaoeany a iieueciaaiee noaie/ieeia.
[1 aeanyoeia = 1,09 aaeoa?a; 1 aaeoa? = 10000ea.i.]
Ianiio?y ia ana auoaia?a/eneaiiia, naeueneia oicyenoai inoaaaeinue
aeiaieueii ionoaeui. Ia/aeanue yeiiiie/aneay e nioeeaeueiay
aeeooa?aioeeaoeey e?anoueyinoaa.
A 1867a aue nicaeai ainoaea?noaaiiue oiiae iiiiue /anoiiio
aeaeaciiaei?iaeiiio no?ieoaeuenoao. Iaeiia?aiaiii auaeaaaeenue e?aaeeou
aeey no?ieoaeuenoaa ia?iaici- e aaaiiino?ieoaeueiuo caaiaeia. A
?acoeueoaoa auea nicaeaia e?oiiay naoue aeaeaciuo aei?ia (a 1900a – 48
oun aa?no), aeinoeaiooi o?ainii?oiia iaania/aiea oiaa?iuo iioieia,
aicieeea nia?aiaiiay aaca oyaeaeie i?iiuoeaiiinoe, iaania/aiu ioaeaeu
a?iee.
[1 aa?noa = 500 naaeaiae = 1066,8 i]
85% aei?ia i?eoiaeeeinue ia Aa?iiaeneoth ?inneth. ?a/iua noaea, /enei
eioi?uo oaaee/eeinue a 4 ?aca, ia?aaiceee cia/eoaeueioth /anoue nu?uey e
aioiaie i?iaeoeoeee. *enei ?a/iuo ia?ioiaeia au?inei n 1854 ii 1894aa a
17 ?ac. Ii?neie oi?aiaue o?ainii?o na?ueacii ionoaaae. Nauoa 90%
yenii?oiuo e eiii?oiuo oiaa?ia, ia?aaiceaoeony ii?ai,
o?ainii?oe?iaaeenue ia cao?aooiaaiiuo eiino?aiiuo noaeao eee
eiino?aiiuie eiiiaieyie. Aieueoia cia/aiea nio?aiye aoaeaaie o?ainii?o.
N 1880a a e?oiiaeoeo ai?iaeao no?aiu iiyaeeenue oaeaoiiiua naoe.
A 1860-1890a aa auieaaea /oaoia oaaee/eeanue a 4,4 ?aca, aeiau/a oaey a
55 ?ac. E ia/aeo XXa ?inney i?iecaiaeeea aeaaaeoeaooth /anoue ie?iaiai
/oaoia, iaooe, oeii/aoiaoiaaeiuo oeaiae; ii ii i?iecaiaenoao i?iaeoeoeee
ia aeooo ianaeaiey aeaeaei ionoaaaea io no?ai Caiaaea.
E eiioeo noieaoey aicieeei oyaeaeia iaoeiino?iaiea, iaooaaeiauaathuay,
oeie/aneay e yeaeo?ioaoie/aneay eiaeono?ey. I?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoue o?oaea
a i?iiuoeaiiinoe oaaee/eeanue aieaa /ai a 1,5 ?aca. Iaeeay
i?iiuoeaiiinoue ninoaaeyea nauoa o?aoe anaai i?iiuoeaiiiai i?iecaiaenoaa
?innee.
A 80-90a aa a oeaeii caaa?oeeny i?iiuoeaiiue ia?aai?io a iniiaiuo
io?aneyo e?oiiie i?iiuoeaiiinoe. Iiaie oi?iie aa i?aaiecaoeee noaee
aeoeeiia?iua iauanoaa e iaaaua oiaa?euanoaa, e ia/aeo XXa ninoaaeaoea
nauoa iieiaeiu anao e?oiiuo i?aaei?eyoee.
Naiuie e?oiiuie inoaaaeenue oaenoeeueiay e ieuaaay io?anee. Aieueoay
/anoue iaoei e iai?oaeiaaiey caeoiaeanue ca ?oaaaeii.
A oiaea i?iiuoeaiiiai ia?aai?ioa ioi?ieeny neie i?aaei?eieiaoaeae
(ao?aeoacey) e ?aai/ee eeann (i?ieaoa?eao). *eneaiiinoue iaaiiuo
?aaioieeia a eiioea XIXa ninoaaeyea 10 iei /aeiaae; 1,5 iei ethaeae
ioiineeenue e e?oiiui e iaeeei i?aaei?eieiaoaeyi. N ia/aea 80o aa iiae
aeaaeaieai iauanoaaiiinoe e ?aai/eo aunooieaiee nicaeaaaeinue
niaoeeaeueiia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai: caeiiu i cai?aoa o?oaea aeaoae aei 12
eao e ia?aie/aiea o?oaea iiae?inoeia 8 /anaie (1882a), cai?aoa ii/iiai
o?oaea iiae?inoeia e aeaiuei (1885a), i iaeia ?aai/eo, ia ia?aie/aiee
oo?aoia (1886a) e o.ae. Nicaeaiiay a 1882a Oaa?e/iay einiaeoeey e
Aoaa?ineea i?enoonoaey ii ?aai/ei aeaeai (1886a) ia iiaee iaania/eoue
oi/iiai auiieiaiey yoeo caeiiia. Caeiiu i?aaeoniao?eaaee no?iaia
iaeacaiea ca o/anoea a noa/eao e ?aai/eo i?aaiecaoeeyo.
Aioo?aiiyy oi?aiaey a 60-90a aa aic?inea iiiaie?aoii. Naiui
cia/eoaeueiui noae oeaaiue ?uiie. Aicieeaee iiaua oiaa?iua ae?aee,
?acaeaaeanue naoue ?icie/iie iaaaceiiie oi?aiaee.
Aiaoiyy oi?aiaey au?inea ii/oe a 3 ?aca. Yenii?o: oeaa, eai, iaiueea,
ean, oa?noue, oeaie, naoa?, iaooue. Nu?uea caeoiaeinue i?aaeaea anaai
Aa?iaieae, Aiaeeae, Ieaea?eaiaeaie, O?aioeeae, Eoaeeae, Aano?eae e ae?.
no?aiaie Aa?iiu. ?inneeneee oaenoeeue iinoaaeyeny aceaoneei ia?oia?ai –
a Ia?neth e Eeoae. Eiii?o: noaiee, iai?oaeiaaiea, oeiiie, /ae.
A 1860a aue nicaeai ?inneeneee aaie. A na?aaeeia 60o aa auei ?ac?aoaii
nicaeaiea aeoeeiia?iuo eiiia?/aneeo aaieia. ?acaeaaeanue naoue
ai?iaeneeo aaieia, iauanoa acaeiiiai e?aaeeoa.
XXXIX. Aioo?aiiyy iieeoeea ?innee a 1860-1881aa.
1861a – Iaieoano ia ioiaia e?aiinoiiai i?aaa
1864a – caineay e noaeaaiay ?aoi?iu
1870a – ai?iaeneay ?aoi?ia
1874a – i?eiyoea iiaiai aiaiiiai onoaaa
Oaeoi?u: – ionoaaaiea ?innee io caiaaeiuo no?ai
– aunieee o?iaaiue nioeeaeueiie iai?yaeaiiinoe (e?anoueyineea aieiaiey e
caaanoiaee ?aai/eo, aeayoaeueiinoue iiaeiieueiuo i?aaiecaoeee
?aaiethoeeiia?ia, oi?ie?iaaiea eeaa?aeueiie iiiiceoeee) – iniciaiea
eiia?aoi?ii e iiiaeie aunoeie naiiaieeaie iaecaaaeiinoe i?aia?aciaaiee e
?ac?aaioea eie i?iaeoia ?aoi?i – ?ino iauanoaaiiiai niciaiey e
eoeueoo?iiai o?iaiy ianaeaiey
?aoi?iu i?iaiaeeeenue, i?aaeaea anaai, aeey oe?aieaiey ainoaea?noaa e
aiaiiie iiue ?innee. I?aia?aciaaiey auee iai?aaeaiu ia oi, /oiau
i?eaanoe a niioaaonoaea n eciaieaoeieny nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneeie
oneiaeyie nenoaio oi?aaeaiey ia ianoao, noae, a?ieth e i?. i?e
nio?aiaiee nineiaiiai no?iy e iiceoeee aeai?yinoaa.
?inney inoaaaeanue aaniethoenoneie iiia?oeae. Oeaio?aeueiuie i?aaiaie
oi?aaeaiey, iiae/eiaiiuie oea?th, auee: – Ainoaea?noaaiiue niaao –
aunoaa caeiiiniaauaoaeueiia o/?aaeaeaiea
– Eiieoao ieieno?ia (n 1802a) – caeiiiniaauaoaeueiue e oi?aaeai/aneee
i?aai, eii?aeeie?iaaaoee
aeayoaeueiinoue ieieno?ia e aaaeiinoa
– Niaao ieieno?ia – aunoee i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiue i?aai (n 1857a),
eii?aeeie?iaaaoee e ioeaieaaaoee
aeayoaeueiinoue ieieno?ia, ?anniao?eaaaoee caeiiii?iaeou
– Neiiae – aunoee i?aai oi?aaeaiey oea?eiaiuie aeaeaie, ?oeiaiaeeiue
ainoaea?noaaiiui /eiiaieeii
– Naiao – aunoee noaeaaiue e aaeieieno?aoeaii-iaaeci?iue i?aai
Ianoiua i?aaiu oi?aaeaiey aicaeaaeye aoaa?iaoi?. Aio iiae/eiyeenue
aoaa?ineea i?aaeaiey, eaioeaey?ey e iieeoeey.
?aoi?iu 60-70o aa: 1. E?anoueyineay ?aoi?ia (ni. Appendix)
2. Caineay ?aoi?ia. Ia/aeanue a yiaa?a 1864a. I.A. e O.A.Ieethoeiu,
A.A.Aieiaei,
I.A.Aaeoaa (iaae). Nicaeaaaeenue ananineiaiua auai?iua
i?aaenoaaeoaeueiua i?aaiu ianoiiai naiioi?aaeaiey a oacaeao e aoaa?ieyo.
Caineea o/?aaeaeaiey aaaeaee ianoiuie oicyenoaaiiuie e nioeeaeueiuie
aii?inaie. Iauanoaaiii-iieeoe/aneay aeayoaeueiinoue cainoa ia
aeiioneaeanue. Auai?u a caineea i?aaiu i?iaiaeeeenue ?ac a o?e aiaea ii
o?ai eo?eyi: – ii 1 – e?oiiua caieaaeaaeaeueoeu e aeaaeaeueoeu e?oiiie
iaaeaeaeeiinoe a naeueneie ianoiinoe ecae?aee auai?ueeia ia naie
oacaeiue nuacae
– ii 2 – ecae?aeenue i?aaenoaaeoaee e?oiiuo ai?iaeneeo
oi?aiai-i?iiuoeaiiuo
caaaaeaiee e ai?iaeneie iaaeaeaeeiinoe
– ii 3 – e?anoueyineay eo?ey: naeueneee noiae – aieinoiie noiae –
oacaeiue nuacae auai?ueeia
Oacaeiua caineea nia?aiey yaeyeenue ?anii?yaeeoaeueiuie i?aaiaie e
auae?aee eniieieoaeueiua i?aaiu – caineea oi?aau, aeaniuo a aoaa?ineea
caineea nia?aiey, eioi?ua no?ieeenue ii oiio aea i?eioeeio.
I?aaenaaeaoaeai caineeo nia?aiee aaoiiaoe/anee noaiiaeeny
i?aaeaiaeeoaeue oacaeiiai eee aoaa?ineiai aeai?yinoaa.
Oaeoe/anee cainoaa iaoiaeeeenue iiae eiio?ieai ianoiie aaeieieno?aoeee,
eioi?ie iiae/eiyeanue iieeoeey. I?iaaaeaiea ?aoi?iu caiyei aieaa 15 eao.
3. Ai?iaeneay ?aoi?ia. Ia/aeanue a 1870a. Auai?u i?iaiaeeeenue ia iniiaa
eiouanoaaiiiai oeaica. Ecae?aoaeueiua i?aaa i?aaeinoaaeyeenue eeoue
eeoeai ioaeneiai
iiea, aeinoeaoei 25 eao e ieaoeaoei iaeiae a iieueco ai?iaea. Iaeaieaa
e?oiiuie
a?oiiaie ecae?aoaeae noaee: – aeaaeaeueoeu iaaeaeaeeiinoe a /a?oa
ai?iaea
– niaea?aeaoaee oi?aiauo e i?iiuoeaiiuo caaaaeaiee
– iaeaaeaoaee eoia/aneeo e i?iiuneiauo naeaeaoaeuenoa,
i?eeac/ee e?oiiuo caaaaeaiee
Ecae?aoaee aeaeeeenue ia o?e eo?ee: e?oiiuo, n?aaeieo e iaeeeo
iaeiaiieaoaeueueeia.
Eca?aiiua aeaniua oi?ie?iaaee Ai?iaeneoth aeoio, yaeyaoothny
?anii?yaeeoaeueiui i?aaiii.
Aeoia ecae?aea Ai?iaeneoth oi?aao, iacia/aea ai?iaeneiai aeaao e aai
caianoeoaey.
Ai?iaeneia naiioi?aaeaiea caieiaeinue aeaaiono?ienoaii ai?iaea,
ia?aciaaieai,
cae?aaiio?aiaieai, iiia/aieai oi?aiaee e i?iiuoeaiiinoe; eiaei naith
athaeaeao, /anoue
eioi?iai oea ia niaea?aeaiea iiaea?iie io?aiu, iieeoeee, oth?ai.
4. Noaeaaiay ?aoi?ia. ia/aeanue n aaaaeaiey a 1864a iiauo noaeaaiuo
onoaaia.
N.E.Ca?oaeiue, Ae.A.?aaeineee, E.I.Iiaaaeiiinoeaa e ae?. Iniiaiua
i?eioeeiu iiaie
noaeaaiie nenoaiu: – aannineiaiinoue, oi?iaeueiia ?aaainoai anao ia?aae
caeiiii
– iacaaeneiinoue noaea io eniieieoaeueiie aeanoe
– ianiaiyaiinoue noaeae
– aeaniinoue
– ninoycaoaeueiinoue
– einoeooo auai?iuo i?enyaeiuo canaaeaoaeae
A iniiaa iauaai (ei?iiiiai) noaea iaoiaeeeny ie?oaeiie noae (2-3 ia
eaaeaeoth aoaa?ieth) – noae ia?aie einoaioeee (ii oaieiaiui aeaeai – n
i?enyaeiuie canaaeaoaeyie). Aoi?ie einoaioeeae ii a?aaeaeaineei aeaeai
noaea noaeaaiay iaeaoa (iaeia ia ianeieueei aoaa?iee). Aeieaeiinoiua
i?anooieaiey /eiiaieeia n?aaeieo ?aiaia iia ?anniao?eaaea eae noae
ia?aie einoaioeee. ?ieue aunoae eannaoeeiiiie einoaioeee ii anai aeaeai
i?eiaaeeaaeaea I?aaeoaeuenoaothuaio Naiaoo, noaeeaoaio oaeaea ca
aeieaeiinoiua
i?anooieaiey aunoeo /eiiaieeia (e?iia ieieno?ia). Ec aaaeaiey noaeaaiuo
iaeao a 1872a auee ia?aaeaiu a Naiao oaeaea ainoaea?noaaiiua
i?anooieaiey. Naiuie aaaeiuie iieeoe/aneeie i?ioeannaie e aeieaeiinoiuie
i?anooieaieyie ieieno?ia caieiaeny Aunoee oaieiaiue noae. Ia?aeeaeueii
ei?iiiiio noaeo aeaenoaiaaea nenoaia ie?iauo noaeia (ianeieueei ia iaeei
oacaeiue ie?oa) n oi?iuaiiui noaeii?iecaiaenoaii. Ie?iaua noaeuee
caieiaeenue ?acai?ii ioiineoaeueii iaeeeo aeae. I?ieo?aoo?a
i?aa?aoeeanue a i?aai noaeaaiiai iaaeci?a e auea iiae/eiaia ieieno?o
thnoeoeee. Aaeaieaoo?a (i?enyaeiua eee /anoiua iiaa?aiiua) ninoiyea i?e
noaeaaiuo ianoao, ii auea naiinoiyoaeueia a naieo aeaenoaeyo. Aeey
?acai?a eiioeeeoia a e?anoueyineie n?aaea aue nicaeai nineiaiue
aieinoiie noae, ?oeiaiaenoaiaaaoeeny iau/iui i?aaii e o?aaeeoeeyie.
5. ?aoi?ia nenoaiu ia?aciaaiey. 1863-1864aa. A.A.Aieiaiei (ieieno?
ia?iaeiiai i?inaauaiey). Niinianoaiaaea ?acaeoeth iaoee, ?inoo
eioaeeeaaioeee, aeaiie?aoeciaaea aunoaa, n?aaeiaa e ia/aeueiia
ia?aciaaiea, ?anoe?eea naoue oeie.
6. ?aoi?ia ia/aoe. 1865a. Ioiaieea i?aaeaa?eoaeueioth oeaico?o aeey eiea
e aeo?iaeia, ii nio?aiyea aa aeey aacao.
7. Aiaiiay ?aoi?ia. Ae.A.Ieethoei. Ia/aeanue n?aco iinea E?uineie aieiu
a eiioea 50o aa e i?iaiaeeeanue a ianeieueei yoaiia. Niaea?aeaiea: –
nie?auaiea /eneaiiinoe a?iee ia 40%
– nicaeaiea naoe aiaiiuo e thiea?neeo o/eeeu
– oniaa?oainoaiaaiea nenoaiu aiaiiiai oi?aaeaiey, aaaaeaiea aiaiiuo
ie?oaia (1864a), nicaeaiea Aeaaiiai ooaaa
– nicaeaiea aeaniuo e ninoycaoaeueiuo aiaiiuo noaeia, aiaiiie
i?ieo?aoo?u
– ioiaia oaeaniuo iaeacaiee a a?iee
– ia?aaii?oaeaiea a?iee e oeioa, ?aeiino?oeoeey eacaiuo aiaiiuo caaiaeia
– aaaaeaiea a 1874a anaiauae aieineie iiaeiiinoe aianoi ?ae?ooneiai
iaai?a e nie?auaiea n?iea neoaeau aei 6 eao a a?iee (+9 eao a caiana) e
7 ia oeioa (+3 aiaea a caiana). Eeoea n ia/aeueiui ia?aciaaieai
i?ecuaaeenue ia 4 aiaea, ni n?aaeiei – ia 1,5 aiaea, n aunoei
– ia ianeieueei ianyoeaa. Ieiei 20% i?ecuaieeia inaiaiaeaeaeenue io
neoaeau ec-ca oece/aneie iai?eaiaeiinoe, aieaa 50% – ii naiaeiiio
iieiaeaieth.
Iieeoe/aneee e?ecen ia ?oaaaea 70-80o aa.
I?e/eiu: – i?ioeai?a/ey iaaeaeo aeoeaecaoeeae iauanoaaiiie aeecie,
aucaaiiie ?aoi?iaie, e caiaaeeaieai oaiiia i?aia?aciaaiee a 70a aa
– ionoonoaea ieieiaeueiuo iieeoe/aneeo naiaiae a no?aia
– ?onnei-oo?aoeeay aieia 1811-1878aa
I?iyaeaiey e?ecena: – aeayoaeueiinoue ia?iaeie/aneie i?aaiecaoeee
“Ia?iaeiay aiey”
– aeoeaece?iaaeinue eeaa?aeueiia aeaeaeaiea
– au?inei /enei e?anoueyineeo aieiaiee, ia/aeenue aunooieaiey ?aai/eo
– aeanoe ia?aoee e /?acau/aeiui iaoiaeai i?aaeaiey
– a n?aaea aunoeo naiiaieeia noi?ie?iaaeanue a?oiia
eeaa?aeia-?aoi?iaoi?ia
– I.O.Ei?en-Iaeeeia auaeaeioe i?iaeo nicaeaiey auai?iiai
caeiiiniaauaoaeueiiai i?aaia
Iinea oaeenoaa 1 ia?oa 1881a Aeaenaiae?a II ia i?anoie acioae Aeaenaiae?
III. Ioaa?aioa i?iaeo Ei?en-Iaeeeiaa, ii auioaeee oeoe a ionoaaeo
eeaa?aeueii iano?iaiiuo ieieno?ia. Ieieno?ii aioo?aiieo aeae aue
iacia/ai neaayiioee I.I.Eaiaoueaa. Aai a 1882a caiaiee eiina?aaoi?
Ae.A.Oienoie, eioi?iai iiaeaea?aeeaae iaa?-i?ieo?i? Neiiaea
E.I.Iiaaaeiiinoeaa.
[Ia Aeaenaiae?a II auei niaa?oaii ianeieueei iieooaiee: Ae.A.Ea?aeiciaui
a 1866a, iieueneei yiea?aioii Aioiiii Aa?acianeei 25 iay 1867a a
Iaoa?ao?aa. eniieieoaeueiue eiieoao “Ia?iaeiie aiee” 26 aaaonoa 1879a
i?eiye ?aoaiea ia oaeenoaa Aeaenaiae?a (iiiuoea ac?uaa eiia?aoi?neiai
iiacaea iiae Iineaie 19 iiya?y 1879a, ac?ua a Ceiiai aeai?oea,
i?iecaaaeaiiue N.I.Oaeoo?eiui 5 (17) oaa?aey 1880a). Aeey io?aiu
ainoaea?noaaiiiai ii?yaeea e ai?ueau n ?aaiethoeeiia?aie auea nicaeaia
?anii?yaeeoaeueiay eiienney ai aeaaa n aaia?aeii Ei?en-Iaeeeiaui. 1 (13)
ia?oa1881a Aeaenaiae? aue nia?oaeueii ?aiai ia iaaa?aaeiie
Aeaoa?eiao?aneiai eaiaea a Iaoa?ao?aa aiiaie, a?ioaiiie ia?iaeiaieueoeai
Eaiaoeai A?eiaaeoeeei.]
XL. Aiaoiyy iieeoeea ?innee ai aoi?ie iieiaeia XIXa.
1865-1881aa – i?eniaaeeiaiea N?aaeiae Acee
1858a – Aeaoineee aeiaiai?
1860a – Iaeeineee aeiaiai?
1860a – iniiaaiea Aeaaeeainoiea
1855a – Neiiaeneee aeiaiai?
1867a – ia?aaea/a Aeynee
Caaea/e: – iaania/aiea aeaaii?eyoiuo iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo oneiaee aeey
i?iaaaeaiey ?aoi?i e iaania/aiey onei?aiiie iiaea?iecaoeee
– aeinoeaeaiea ioiaiu ia?aie/eoaeueiuo noaoae Ia?eaeneiai aeiaiai?a
1856a
– onoaiiaeaiea eiio?iey iaae /a?iiii?neeie i?ieeaaie
– ainnoaiiaeaiea aeeyiey ?innee ia Aaeeaiao e ieacaiea iiiiue
o?enoeaineei ia?iaeai
Iniaineie eiia?ee
– auoiae ec aeeieiiaoe/aneie ecieyoeee ia?eiaea E?uineie aieiu e iiene
nithcieeia a oneiaeyo
iaino?aiey ai?ueau ca noa?u aeeyiey
– i?eniaaeeiaiea N?aaeiae Acee
– oe?aieaiea iiceoeee ia Aeaeueiai Ainoiea
Oaeoi?u: – i?ioeann iiaea?iecaoeee ?innee
– nio?aiaiea oaoieei-yeiiiie/aneie ionoaeinoe
– ii?aaeaiea a E?uineie aieia
– ia?eiae aioo?aiiae nioeeaeueiie e iieeoe/aneie ianoaaeeueiinoe
– ?acaeoea eaieoaeecia a ?innee
– eciaieeanue aaiiieeoe/aneay neooaoeey a ie?a, iiyaeyeenue iiaua
aea?aeaau e nithcu: – iauaaeeiyeenue aa?iaineea ainoaea?noaa, aicieeea
Aa?iaineay eiia?ey
– i?iecioei iauaaeeiaiea Eoaeee
– iinea ?aoi?i Iyeaece oneeeaaaony ssiiiey, i?aoaiaeoy ia
aaaaiiieth ia Aeaeueiai Ainoiea
– NOA iinoaiaiii i?aa?auaeenue a ie?iaoth aea?aeaao
– neeaaeuaaeny nithc Aa?iaiee, Aano?i-Aaia?ee e Eoaeee
A 1857a a Ooooaa?oa ninoiyeanue ano?a/a Aeaenaiae?a II n o?aioeocneei
iiia?oii Iaiieaiiii III. A 1858a O?aioeey e ?inney niaianoii
iiaeaea?aeaee Na?aeth e *a?iiai?eth a eo ai?ueaa i?ioea Oo?oeee. A 1859a
aue iiaeienai ?onnei-o?aioeocneee aeiaiai?, ii eioi?iio: – ?inney
iaauaea iaeo?aeeoao O?aioeee a neo/aa aa aieiu n Aano?eae ca Naaa?ioth
Eoaeeth
– O?aioeey iaauaea iiaeaea?aeaoue o?aaiaaiey ?innee ioiaiu
“iaeo?aeecaoeee” *a?iiai ii?y
O?aioeey a 1859a ?aca?iieea aano?eeoeaa e i?eniaaeeieea Naaieth e
Ieoeoeo i?e aeeieiiaoe/aneie iiaeaea?aeea ?innee. Iaeiaei, aeiaeaoenue
oa??eoi?eaeueiuo onooiie io Aano?ee, Iaiieaii III ia?anoae n/eoaoueny n
eioa?anaie ?innee. Ai a?aiy iieueneiai ainnoaiey 1863-1864aa,
iiaeaaeaiiiai ?onneie a?ieae, O?aioeey iauaaeeieeanue a Aiaeeae e
Aano?eae. ?inney iioea ia naeeaeaiea n I?onneae, a iioiio ia
i?aiyonoaiaaea aeaenoaeyi aa i?aaeoaeuenoaa ai aeaaa n Aenia?eii,
iai?aaeaiiui ia iiae/eiaiea naaa aa?iaineeo ainoaea?noa, eo iauaaeeiaiea
e nicaeaiea iiaie eiia?ee. A 1864a I?onney aiiaene?iaaea Oeacaea e
Aieueooeieth e ?aca?iieea Aeaieth, a 1866a i?e aeeieiiaoe/aneie
iiaeaea?aeea ?innee – Aano?eth. A 1870-1871aa I?onney iaianea ii?aaeaiea
O?aioeee, caoaaoea Yeuecan e Eioa?eiaeth. Nei caaa?oeeinue nicaeaiea
Aa?iaineie eiia?ee.
A 1870-1871aa ?onneee ieieno? eiino?aiiuo aeae A.I.Ai?/aeia aeiaeeny
aeeieiiaoe/aneei iooai ioiaiu iaeo?aeecaoeee *a?iiai ii?y. Ii oneiaeyi
Eiiaeiineie eiiaaioeee 1871a, i?eiyoie i?e iiaeaea?aeea Aa?iaiee, ?inney
iieo/aea i?aai aea?aeaoue ia ii?a oeio e no?ieoue ia iiaa?aaeuea aiaiiua
oe?aieaiey, oioy i?ieeau inoaaaeenue cae?uouie aeey aiaiiuo noaeia anao
no?ai.
A 1873a aue caeeth/ai “Nithc o?ao eiia?aoi?ia” (?onneiai, aa?iaineiai e
aano?i-aaiaa?neiai). Ii eiae aioeaiaeeeneoth iai?aaeaiiinoue,
niinianoaiaae ainnoaiiaeaieth aeeyiey ?innee ia aa?iiaeneoth iieeoeeo,
aeaaae iaeioi?oth aa?aioeth aaciianiinoe aa caiaaeiuo a?aieoe.
I?eniaaeeiaiea N?aaeiae Acee.
Yoaiu: 1. 1864-1868aa. Aaniie 1864a ia/aeinue ianooieaiea ?onneeo aiene
ia Eieaiaeneia oainoai, caaa?oeaoaany acyoeai ai?iaeia *eieaioa e
Oo?eanoaia. A iaa 1865a aaia?ae I.A.*a?iaaa aac i?eeaca ec Iaoa?ao?aa,
ainiieueciaaaoenue ai?ueaie Eieaiaea n Aooa?neei yie?aoii, iaeaaeae
Oaoeaioii. A 1867a ii noae oeaio?ii Oo?eanoaineiai
aaia?ae-aoaa?iaoi?noaa, ia?aciaaiiiai ia caiyoie ?onneeie aieneaie /anoe
oa??eoi?ee Eieaiaeneiai e Aooa?neiai ainoaea?noa. A 1868a iinea
iiaeaaeaiey ?yaea aunooieaiee ?inney caeeth/eea ie?iue aeiaiai?, ii
eioi?iio Aooa?a e Eieaiae, nio?aiyy noaoon naiinoiyoaeueiuo ainoaea?noa,
ieacaeenue a caaeneiinoe io ?innee, onooiea ae /anoue naieo oa??eoi?ee e
ia?aii?o/ea Iaoa?ao?ao aiaoiaiieeoe/aneea ooieoeee.
2. 1873-1876aa. A 1873a ?inney ia?aoea a ianooieaiea ia Oeaeineia
oainoai, eioi?ia a eoiaa i?eciaei aannaeueioth caaeneiinoue io ?innee.
Iinea iiaeaaeaiey aieneaie aaia?aea I.Ae.Neiaaeaaa i/a?aaeiiai ainnoaiey
a Eieaiaea, a 1876a ii aue i?aia?aciaai a Oa?aaineoth iaeanoue e
aeeth/ai a ninoaa Oo?eanoaineiai aaia?ae-aoaa?iaoi?noaa.
3. Iinea oii?iie ai?ueau n iianoaioeaie a 1880-1881aa caiee anao
oo?eiaineeo ieaiai aioee a
ninoaa ?innee. Acyoea ?yaea oe?aieaiiuo ioieoia e”aeia?iaieueiia”
aoiaeaeaiea a 1864a ieaiai Ia?aa
a ninoaa ?innee caaa?oeee i?ioeann i?eniaaeeiaiey N?aaeiae Acee.
Aeiaiai? n Aiaeeae (eioi?ay
iiaaeaaaea Aoaaienoaiii) 1887a cae?aieye ca ?inneae ana aa
oa??eoi?eaeueiua i?eia?aoaiey a
N?aaeiae Acee, onoaiaaeeaae a?aieoeu iaaeaeo ?inneae e Aoaaienoaiii. A
1895a iinea caiyoey ?onneei
io?yaeii Ai?iiai Aaaeaooaia e iiaeienaiey iiaiai ?onnei-aiaeeeneiai
aeiaiai?a ieii/aoaeueii onoaiaaeeaaeanue thaeiay a?aieoea ?innee, e
eioi?ie iooiaeee Iaie?.
A 1858a aue iiaeienai Aeaoineee ie?iue aeiaiai? n Eeoaai,
?aca?aie/eaaaoee oa??eoi?ee aeaoo ainoaea?noa e ia?aniao?eaaaoee
iieiaeaiey Ia?/eineiai aeiaiai?a 1689a. Ii iiaiio niaeaoaieth aeaaeaiey
?innee i?inoe?aeenue ii eaaiio aa?aao Aio?a, a caiee io ?. Onno?e aei
Oeoiai ieaaia iaoiaeeeenue a niaianoiii iieueciaaiee n Eeoaai. Ii
Iaeeineiio aeiaiai?o 1860a ana yoe oa??eoi?ee iieiinoueth iooiaeeee e
?innee. A yoii aea aiaeo aue iniiaai ai?iae Aeaaeeainoie.
Ii Neiiaeneiio aeiaiai?o n ssiiieae 1855a Eo?eeueneea ino?iaa, ca
eneeth/aieai eo thaeiie a?oiiu, ia?aoiaeeee e ?innee, a Naoaeei
i?eciaaaeny niaianoiui aeaaeaieai. A 1875a a Iaoa?ao?aa aue iiaeienai
aeiaiai?, ii eioi?iio ssiiiey iieo/eea i?eiaaeeaaeauea ?innee
Eo?eeueneea ino?iaa a iaiai ia ioeac io i?eoycaiee ia THaeiue Naoaeei.
A 1867a ?inney onooieea Aia?eea Aeyneo ca 7,2 iei aeieea?ia.
?onnei-oo?aoeeay aieia. 1877-1878aa.
Aaeeaineee e?ecen 70o aa.
Ainnoaiey a Aa?oeaaiaeia e Ainiee 1875a e a Aieaa?ee 1876a auee
iiaeaaeaiu oo?eaie. A ue1876a Na?aey e *a?iiai?ey iauyaeee aieio
Iniaineie eiia?ee. Na?aneie a?ieae eiiaiaeiaae ?onneee aaia?ae a
ionoaaea I.A.*a?iyaa, ia iiiiuue na?aai i?eauei 4 oun ?onneeo
aeia?iaieueoeaa. Iaeiaei oo?aoeeie a?iee i?e iiaeaea?aeea Aiaeee
oaeaeinue ?aca?iieoue na?aia, io iieiiai ii?aaeaiey eo nian oieueei
oeueoeiaooi, i?aaeuyaeaiiue ?inneae Oo?oeee. Aano?i-Aaia?ey nia/aea
anoaea ia noi?iio Oo?oeee, ii a ethea 1876a ia ano?a/a a ?aeoooaaeoa
?onneee e aano?eeneee eiia?aoi?u aeiaiai?eeenue, /oi Aano?ey ia aoaeao
i?aiyonoaiaaoue ?innee a ai?ueaa n Oo?oeeae e iieo/eea ca yoi /anoue
Ainiee e Aa?oeaaiaeiu. A 1877a aa?iiaeneea aea?aeaau iio?aaiaaee io
noeoaia i?iaanoe ?aoi?iu a oeaeyo oeo/oaiey iieiaeaiey o?enoeai a
Iniaineie eiia?ee. Ii?oa ioeacaeanue, e oiaaea ?inney a ai?aea 1877a
iauyaeea Oo?oeee aieio.
Oiae aiaiiuo aeaenoaee: 1. Aaeeaineee o?iio. A ai?aea 1877a ?onneea
aienea iiae eiiaiaeiaaiea a?aoa oea?y Ieeieay Ieeieaaae/a noaee
i?iaeaeaaoueny e Aeoiath. Io?yae aaia?aea E.A.Ao?ei caiye no?aoaae/anee
aaaeiue ia?aaae Oeiea, ii aue inoaiiaeai oo?eaie e n ethiy ii aeaeaa?ue
1877a iai?iiye Oeieo io i?aainoiaeyueo nee i?ioeaieea. iniaia cia/aiea
eiaea e?aiinoue Ieaaia. O?e aa ooo?ia, i?aaei?eiyoua ?onneeie aieneaie,
caeii/eeenue iaoaea/ae. Oieueei aeieaaea ai?iaea iiae ?oeiaiaenoaii
aaia?aea Y.E.Oioeaaaia i?eaaea a aeaeaa?a 1877a e iaaeaieth Ieaaiu e
eaieooeyoeee Iniai-iaoe. Aeaaiaea?y aeaenoaeyi aaia?aeia Ao?ei e
Neiaaeaaa e iiaeaea?aeea ianoiiai ianaeaiey oaeaeinue acyoue Nioeth,
Oeeeiiiiieue e Aae?eaiiiieue e aieoe a Nai-Noaoaii, iaoiaeyueeny ia
iiaenooiao e Noaiaoeo.
2. Eaaeacneee o?iio. Ei?ion I.O.Ei?en-Iaeeeiaa a iaa 1877a iaeaaeae
e?aiinoyie Aaycao e A?aeaaai. A iiya?a ?onneea aienea ooo?iii acyee
e?aiinoue Ea?n.
Ii Nai-Noaoaineiio ie?iiio aeiaiai?o, iiaeienaiiiio 19 oaa?aey (3 ia?oa)
1878a: – ?inney iieo/aea ia Eaaeaca ai?iaea Ea?n, A?aeaaai, Aaycao,
Aaooi
– ?innee aica?auaeenue ioioaaeoea io iaa a 1856a tha Aanna?aaee e
onouea Aeoiay
– Oo?oeey ieaoeea aieueooth eiio?eaooeeth
– nicaeaaaeinue neaayineia ainoaea?noai ia Aaeeaiao – aaoiiiiiia
eiyaeanoai Aieaa?ey n a?aieoeaie io
Aeoiay aei Yaaeneiai ii?y
– Na?aey, *a?iiai?ey
e ?oiuiey iieo/aee
oa??eoi?eaeueiua
i?e?auaiey e iieioth
iacaaeneiinoue
– i?iaiaeeeenue
?aoi?iu aeey oeo/oaiey
iieiaeaiey o?enoeai a
Iniaineie eiia?ee
Iaeiaei iiae aeaaeaieai Aiaeee e Aano?i-Aaia?ee, iiionoeoaeuenoaa
Aa?iaiee e a ?acoeueoaoa i?in/aoia ?inneeneie aeeieiiaoee a 1878a ia
Aa?eeineii eiia?anna aue inouanoaeai ia?aniio?ia eoiaia aieiu.
A eoiaa: – ?inney aica?auaea Aaycao Oo?oeee
– Aieaa?ey auea ?acaeaeaia ia o?e /anoe: Naaa?iay Aieaa?ey iieo/aea
ia?aie/aiioth
iacaaeneiinoue, Ainoi/iay ?oiaeey – aaoiiiieth a ninoaaa Oo?oeee,
Iaeaaeiiey inoaaaeanue /anoueth
Oo?oeee
– i?eia?aoaiey Na?aee e *a?iiai?ee nie?auaeenue
– Ainiey e Aa?oeaaiaeia ia?aaeaaaeenue iiae oi?aaeaiea Aano?i-Aaia?ee e
anei?a auee
ieeoie?iaaiu aa aieneaie
– Aiaeey aaaea aienea ia i?eiaaeeaaeauee Oo?oeee ino?ia E?eo
XLI. Aioo?aiiyy iieeoeea ?innee a 1881-1894aa.
1886a – caeii i acaeiiioiioaieyo i?aaei?eieiaoaeae n ?aai/eie
1890a – i?eiyoea iiaiai iieiaeaiey i cainoaao
1892a – i?eiyoea iiaiai ai?iaeiaiai iieiaeaiey
Oaeoi?u: – ino?ue yeiiiie/aneee e?ecen
– iaino?aiea nioeeaeueii-iieeoe/aneie ianoaiiaee
– i?aaenoaaeaiea i ?aoi?iao 1860-1870o aa eae i aeaaiii enoi/ieea aaae
no?aiu
– i?iaeieaeathueeny i?ioeann eaieoaeenoe/aneie iiaea?iecaoeee
A ai?aea 1881a eiia?aoi? iiaeienae Iaieoano “I iacuaeaiinoe
naiiaea?aeaaey”. I?eia?ii oiaaea aea auei i?eiyoi “Iieiaeaiea i a?ao e
io?aiaieth ainoaea?noaaiiiai ii?yaeea e iauanoaaiiiai niieienoaey e
i?eaaaeaiee ii?aaeaeaiiuo ianoiinoae eiia?ee a ninoiyiea oneeaiiie
io?aiu.” Caeii oneeee iieeoeaeneee ?aaeei a no?aia. Aeanoe i?e aaaaeaiee
eaeie-eeai ianoiinoe a oneeaiiue ?aaeei eee ?aaeei /?acau/aeiie io?aiu
iiaee aac noaea aunueaoue iaaeaeaoaeueiuo eeoe, cae?uaaoue o/aaiua
caaaaeaiey, i?aaiu ia/aoe e oi?aiai-i?iiuoeaiiua i?aaei?eyoey. A 1881a
auee aaaaeaiu “a?aiaiiua i?aaeea” i ia/aoe, oneeeaaaoea oeaico?o. Auee
nicaeaiu io?aiiua ioaeaeaiey, ?anoe?aiu ooieoeee Aeaia?oaiaioa iieeoeee,
i?iaaaeaia ?aoi?ia IAAe, i?e eioi?ii iiyaeeanue nianoaaiiay noaeaaiay
einoaioeey, caieiaaoayny aeaeaie i iieeoe/aneie iaaeaaiiaaeaaeiinoe, i
caaiaeneeo e e?anoueyineeo aanii?yaeeao e naeoao.
A 1889a i?aaeoaeuenoai aaaei “Iieiaeaiea i caineeo o/anoeiauo
ia/aeueieeao”, eioi?ia, oi?acaeiea auai?iue ie?iaie noae, ie?iauo
iin?aaeieeia e oacaeiua i?enoonoaey ii e?anoueyineei aeaeai, ia?aaeaaaei
aaeieieno?aoeaioth e noaeaaioth aeanoue ia ianoao iacia/aaiui ieieno?ii
aioo?aiieo aeae ia yoo aeieaeiinoue iioiinoaaiiui aeai?yiai ec ianoiuo
iiiaueeia.
Caineay eiio??aoi?ia 1890a – a caineeo o/?aaeaeaieyo oaaee/eaaeinue
i?aaenoaaeoaeuenoai aeai?yi e oneeeaaeny eiio?ieue iaae cainoaaie ni
noi?iiu aaeieieno?aoeee.
Ai?iaeneay eiio??aoi?ia 1892a – iiauneea eiouanoaaiiue oeaic aeey
o/anoey a auai?ao, /oi nie?aoeei eiee/anoai ecae?aoaeae a 3 ?aca. Aeanoe
eiaee i?aai ioeeiieoue eaiaeeaeaoo?o aua?aiiiai e naiinoiyoaeueii
ooaa?aeaeaoue aanue ?oeiaiaeyuee ninoaa ai?iaeneiai oi?aaeaiey.
A noaeao auea ia?aie/aia aeaniinoue, ec th?enaeeeoeee noaea i?enyaeiuo
ecuiaeenue ana aeaea i ianeeuenoaaiiuo aeaenoaeyo i?ioea aeieaeiinoiuo
eeoe e ia?aaeaaaeenue ia ?anniio?aiea a aiaiiue noae. Ia?aie/eaaeanue
ioaee/iinoue noaeaaiuo canaaeaiee, ia?ooaeny i?eioeei ianiaiyaiinoe
noaeae, iiauneeny eiouanoaaiiue oeaic aeey i?enyaeiuo.
A iaoeeiiaeueiuo ?aaeiiao – Iieueoa, Oe?aeia, i?eaaeoeeneeo aoaa?ieyo –
i?aaei?eieiaeenue ia?u ii aaaaeaieth ?onneiai ycuea a aeaeii?iecaiaenoaa
e i?aiiaeaaaiee a aocao e oeieao. Ia?aie/eaaeenue i?aaa eeoe
iai?aaineaaiiai aa?ieniiaaaeaiey, iniaaiii eoaeaaa (a 1882a ei cai?aoeee
naeeoueny aia ai?iaeia e ianoa/ae, iieoiaoue e a?aiaeiaaoue caieth, a a
1887a ecaeai oee?eoey?, onoaiaaeeaathuee i?ioeaioioth ii?io aeey aa?aaa
a n?aaeieo e aunoeo o/aaiuo caaaaeaieyo).
A 1882a ia/ae aeaenoaiaaoue E?anoueyineee iicaiaeueiue aaie, auaeaaaaoee
nnoaeo ia iieoieo caiee. N 1883a ana e?anoueyia ia?aaiaeeeenue ia
iaycaoaeueiue aueoi. Nie?auaeanue noiia aueoiiuo ieaoaaeae, auea
ioiaiaia iiaeooiay iiaeaoue, auei ia?aie/aii i?aai iaueiu ia ia?aaeae
caiee (1893a), ia?aie/eaaeinue ia?anaeaiea e?anoueyi ec oeaio?aeueiuo
aoaa?iee ia naiaiaeiua caiee ie?aei, ia?aie/aiu naiaeiua ?acaeaeu,
cai?auaii caeeaaeuaaoue iaaeaeueioth caieth (1893a), cai?auai auoiae ec
iaueiu.
A 1882a nicaeaia ainoaea?noaaiiay oaa?e/iay einiaeoeey aeey eiio?iey ca
niaethaeaieai io?aiu o?oaea. Oicyaaa i?aaei?eyoee auee iaycaiu niiauaoue
a iieeoeeth i ?aai/eo aieiaieyo. Oaeanoi/aeinue iaeacaiea ca
iiaeno?aeaoaeuenoai e noa/eai e o/anoea a ieo.
Iiaue oieaa?neoaoneee onoaa, i?eiyoue a 1884a, oaeoe/anee eeeaeaee?iaae
oieaa?neoaoneoth aaoiiiieth.
A 1885a nicaeai Aeai?yineee caiaeueiue aaie, a eioi?ii iiiaueee iiaee
iieo/eoue eueaioiue aeieain?i/iue e?aaeeo iiae caeia eiaiee.
Iniiaiua iai?aaeaiey iieeoeee eiaeono?eaeecaoeee: – oaiiaeaiiue
i?ioaeoeeiieci, eueaioiua nnoaeu e
eiioeannee, iiaeaea?aeea ioa/anoaaiiie i?iiuoeaiiinoe
– e?oiiia aeaeaciiaei?iaeiia no?ieoaeuenoai
– i?eaea/aiea eiino?aiiuo eaieoaeia
XLII. Iauanoaaiiia aeaeaeaiea 60-90o aa.
I?e/eiu aeoeaecaoeee: – ia?aoiaeiue oa?aeoa? yeiiiie/aneie e
nioeeaeueiie no?oeoo?u
– nio?aiaiea naiiaea?aeaaey, e?oiiiai iiiaue/ueaai caieaaeaaeaiey,
naeueneie iaueiu
– oi?ne?iaaiiia ?acaeoea eaieoaeecia
– iaieuaiea /anoe e?anoueyinoaa
– iaiineaaeiaaoaeueiinoue aioo?eiieeoe/aneiai eo?na i?aaeoaeuenoaa
– ?inei aeeyiea oai?ee, i?iieeaaoeo n Caiaaea
– iaeioi?ua iniaaiiinoe niciaiey e iiaaaeaiey ?onneie eioaeeeaaioeee
1. ?onneee eiina?aaoeci.
E?oiiaeoea aai i?aaenoaaeoaee – ainoaea?noaaiiua aeayoaee, eeoa?aoi?u e
oeeiniou E.I.Iiaaaeiiinoeaa, Ae.A.Oienoie, I.I.Eaoeia, A.I.Iaua?neee,
A.A.Oao, I.ss.Aeaieeaaneee, E.I.Eaiioueaa a naieo ?aaioao ?acaeaaee
o?aaeeoeee I.I.Iiaiaeeia, N.I.Oaau?aaa, N.N.Oaa?iaa. I?e anao ?acee/eyo
eiina?aaoi?ia iauaaeeiye ?yae iaueo eaeaeiuo onoaiiaie: – ?onneay
iaoeeiiaeueiay eaeay, i?aaenoaaeaiea i i?aainoiaenoaa
?onneiai ia?aca aeecie, ?onneie ?aeeaeiciinoe, ?inneeneiai
iauanoaaiiiai ono?ienoaa
– iniiaiui eaeaieiae/aneei i?eioeeiii inoaaaeanue oi?ioea
“naiiaea?aeaaea – i?aaineaaea – ia?iaeiinoue”, aeaaiie caaea/ae –
nio?aiaiea iacuaeaiinoe naiiaea?aeaaey eae iniiau nouanoaiaaiey ?onneiai
iaoeeiiaeueiiai iauanoaa e aaeeinoaaiiiai au?aceoaey eioa?ania ia?iaea
– io?eoeaeanue iaiaoiaeeiinoue eaeaieiae/aneie aa?iiaecaoeee ?innee,
iineieueeo iia iiaea aucaaoue nioeeaeueiua eiioeeeou e iaoeeiiaeueioth
eaoano?ioo
– iiaeaa?aaeenue e?eoeea ?aoi?iu Aeaenaiae?a II, a eioi?uo eiina?aaoi?u
aeaeaee ionooieaiea io anoanoaaiiiai iooe ?acaeoey ?innee
– nio?aiyeanue aa?a a iaoeeiiaeueii i?aainoiaenoai aaeeei?innia,
oaa?aiiinoue a ianneaineii i?aaeiacia/aiee ?innee Iniiaiua iai?aaeaiey:
a) Ainoaea?noaaiiue eiina?aaoeci. E.I.Iiaaaeiiinoeaa. Enoiaey ec eaeae
ianiaa?oainoaa /aeiaaea, ii ioaa?aae ethaoth ia?ano?ieeo nioeeaeueiiai
auoey e iieaaae, /oi oieueei inaauaiiia oai?oeii ainoaea?noai niiniaii
oaea?aeaoue iauanoai io nioeeaeueiie eaoano?iou. I?ioeaaoaiea ?innee
naycuaae n ainieoaieai aunieeo i?aanoaaiiuo ia/ae ethaeae e oe?aieaieai
i?aaineaaey e iiia?oe/aneie aeanoe.
I.A.Aaeoaa, I.A.Ooaaeia, E.E.Ai?iioeia-Aeaoeia e ae?. a 60-80o aa
i?aaeeaaaee oia?aiiua ?aoi?iu, aieioue aei nicaeaiey i?aaenoaaeoaeueiiai
niaauaoaeueiiai i?aaia.
a) ?aeeaeicii-oeeinioneee eiina?aaoeci. E.I.Eaiioueaa, E.I.Oeoiie?ia.
Iiene iiauo iaoiaeia ?aoaiey noa?uo aii?inia, aeoo oai?/anoaa.
a) Iaineaayiioeeuenoai. I.ss.Aeaieeaaneee, I.I.No?aoia. Nicaeaiea
iauaneaayineiai ainoaea?noaa ai aeaaa n ?onneei naiiaea?aeoeai
(iaineaaeci).
Eiina?aaoeci ia iieo/ee a oi a?aiy i?aaiecaoeeiiiiai ioi?ieaiey, o.e.
ioe?uoi iiaeaea?aeeaaeny aeanoyie e ia ioaeaeaeny a i?aaiecaoeee.
Aeayoaeueiinoue – ioaeeeaoeey eiea e noaoae. Iinea oaeenoaa Aeaenaiae?a
II aeey ai?ueau n ?aaiethoeeiia?aie e iaania/aiey aaciianiinoe iiaiai
eiia?aoi?a ii nicaeaee eiinie?aoeaiia iauanoai – Nayuaiioth ae?oaeeio.
*eaiaie iauanoaa auee a iniiaiii a?enoie?aou. Iauanoai auei ?aniouaii
iinea ?aca?iia “Ia?iaeiie aiee”.
2. Eeaa?aeueiia aeaeaeaiea.
A iniiaiii i?aaenoaaeoaee iao/iie e oai?/aneie eioaeeeaaioeee –
A.I.*e/a?ei, E.O.Eaaaeei, I.I.Noantheaae/, A.I.Oieianeee,
E.E.Iao?oieaae/, N.A.Io?iaoeaa, A.A,Aieueoeaa + iaeioi?ua aunoea
/eiiaieee, a o./. ieieno?u – I.O.Ei?en-Iaeeeia, I.A. e Ae.A. Ieethoeiu,
A.A.Aaaca.
Eaeaeiua onoaiiaee: – aeey ?acaeoey iauanoaa iaiaoiaeeii ooaa?aeaeaiea
naiaiaeu, iaania/aiea i?aa ee/iinoe, caueoa /anoiie nianoaaiiinoe
– neaaeoao nicaeaaaoue i?aaenoaaeoaeueiua i?aaiu aeanoe, ia/eiay n
cainoa e caaa?oay iaua?onneei ia?eaiaioii
– iioeiaeueiie oi?iie ainoaea?noaaiiiai ono?ienoaa yaeyaony
eiinoeoooeeiiiay iiia?oey, ii aeey ia?aoiaea e iae iaiaoiaeeii nicaeaoue
niioaaonoaothuea nioeeaeueiua e eoeueoo?iua i?aaeiinueee, aac eioi?uo
?inney eeoeony nioeeaeueiie noaaeeueiinoe
– neaaeoao aa?iiaece?iaaoue ?inneth a eoeueoo?iii ioiioaiee,
?ani?ino?aiyoue ia?aciaaiea e iao/iua ciaiey
– ?inney aeieaeia ?acaeaaoueny yaiethoeeiiiui iooai n iiiiuueth ?aoi?i
naa?oo
– iaaeiionoeiu eae ?ai?annee e i?iecaie naiiaea?aeaaey, oae e
?aaiethoeeiiiia ianeeea ?aaeeeaeueiie eioaeeeaaioeee
– iauanoai aeieaeii iiaeaioaaeeaaoue naay e a?aaeaeaineei e iieeoe/aneei
naiaiaeai
– iniiaiay caaea/a eioaeeeaaioeee – i?inaauaoue ia?iae e
aicaeaenoaiaaoue ia aeanoue, neeiiyy aa ie?iuie n?aaenoaaie e
i?iaeieaeaieth eeaa?aeueiuo ?aoi?i
?onneee eeaa?aeeci ia aue i?aaiecaoeeiiii ioi?ieai e i?iyaeeny a caineii
aeaeaeaiee, eeaa?aeueiie ioaeeoeenoeea, aeaaeaie/aneeo enneaaeiaaieyo e
naeiiiuo aeeneonneyo, ?aoi?iaoi?neeo oneeeyo iaeaieaa i?ia?anneaiuo
naiiaieeia.
Iniiaiua iai?aaeaiey: a) Caiaaeie/aneee eeaa?aeeci. *e/a?ei,
Noantheaae/, A?naiueaa. Eaeay iaecaaaeiinoe
iiaoi?aiey ?inneae caiaaeiiaa?iiaeneiai iooe ?acaeoey; ianoaeaaee ia
iaiaoiaeeiinoe ecaeeaaiey “naiiauoie/anoaa” e ie?iiai aoiaeaeaiey a
aa?iiaeneoth
oeeaeeecaoeeth.
a) Iaoeeiiaeueiue eeaa?aeeci. Iaeioi?ua aeayoaee iuoaeenue
neioace?iaaoue eaeae eeaa?aeecia e neaayiioeeuenoaa, n/eoaee
iaiaoiaeeiui o/eouaaoue iaoeeiiaeueioth niaoeeoeeo. Auaeaeaaee i?ia?aiio
iinoaiaiiiai niaaeeiaiey o?aaeeoeeiiiuo yeaiaioia ?inneeneiai iauanoaa
(iaueiu) n eeaa?aeueiuie oeaiiinoyie (a?aaeaeaineia iauanoai e i?.)
?onneea eeaa?aeu caieiaeenue aeoeaiie i?inaaoeoaeueneie
aeayoaeueiinoueth. A ?aciia a?aiy eie ecaeaaaeenue aeo?iaeu
“Ioa/anoaaiiua caienee”, “Aanoiee Aa?iiu”, “?onneay iuneue”; aacaou
“Aiein”, “Iieaa”, “?onneea aaaeiiinoe”, “Cainoai”, “Ii?yaeie”.
A eiioea 70o aa noi?ie?iaaeinue iaeaaaeueiia “Iauanoai caineiai nithca e
naiioi?aaeaiey”. ?aaeeeaeueii iano?iaiiua aeayoaee iauanoaa aaee
ia?aaiai?u n ?aaiethoeeiia?aie i niaeaniaaiee oaeoeee a aeaea
ia?aie/aiey naiiaea?aeaaey, ii iinea ioeaca iineaaeieo i?ae?aoeoue
oa??i? ?aci?aaee n ieie ioiioaiey. E?iia oiai, eeaa?aeu eniieueciaaee
eaaaeueiua iauanoaa, oaeea eae Aieueiia yeiiiie/aneia iauanoai,
Iineianeia th?eaee/aneia iauanoai e o.ae.
3. Ia?iaeie/aneia aeaeaeaiea.
Eaeaeiuie iniiaiiieiaeieeaie auee A.E.Aa?oeai e I.A.*a?iuoaaneee, a
1850o-ia/aea 60o aa ?ac?aaioaaoea iniiaiua oai?aoe/aneea iieiaeaiey. Iie
auee ?aaeeeaeueiuie aeaiie?aoaie, ii no?aieeenue ecaaaeaoue ianeeey.
Iaeiaei iiiaea aaeaiou ia?iaeie/anoaa enoieeiaaee eo oai?eth eae i?ecua
e ia?iaeiie ?aaiethoeee.
Iniiaiua eaeae: – io?eoeaiea enoi?e/aneiai cia/aiey eaieoaeecia e
no?aieaiea ia aeiionoeoue aai
?acaeoey a ?innee
– no?aieaiea nicaeaoue nioeeaeenoe/aneia iauanoai eae nenoaio
iauanoaaiiuo ioiioaiee,
iniiaaiioth ia ni?aaaaeeeainoe e eieeaeoeaecia
– oaaaeaeaiea, /oi eeoue a ni?aaaaeeeaii iauanoaa nouanoaotho oneiaey,
iaania/eaathuea
ananoi?iiiaa ?acaeoea ee/iinoe
– eaeaaeecaoeey e?anoueyineie iaueiu e iaaeaaeaeu /a?ac iaa i?eeoe e
nioeeaeecio
– i?aaenoaaeaiea i ?onneii e?anoueyieia-iaueiieea eae /aeiaaea
aoaeouaai, “nioeeaeenoa
ii i?e?iaea”
– e?eoeea eee aeaaea io?eoeaiea ainoaea?noaaiiinoe eae oi?iu
iauanoaaiiiai oi?aaeaiey,
io?eoeaiea cia/aiey iieeoe/aneie ai?ueau ca naiaiaeu e i?aaa ee/iinoe
Iniiaiua iai?aaeaiey: a) I?iiaaaiaeenoneia. I.E.Eaa?ia a naieo ?aaioao
“Enoi?e/aneea ienueia”,
“I?ia?aiia
i?aanoaaiiinoe” e ae?.
ii?aaeaeee neaaeothuea iieiaeaiey: – aeaeaeouae neeie enoi?ee yaeythony
e?eoe/anee
iuneyuea ee/iinoe, o.a. eioaeeeaaioeey
– eioaeeeaaioeey niiaea iiyaeoueny e oinoaaiii ?acaeoueny, o.e. auea
inaiaiaeaeaia io oece/aneiai o?oaea, eioi?ue auiieiye ca iaa ia?iae,
iinaio iia aeieaeia aa?iooue ia?iaeo yoio aeiea
– e?anoueyinoai ia aioiai e nioeeaeueiie ?aaiethoeee, iiyoiio caaea/a
eioaeeeaaioeee – aeeeoaeueiay i?iiaaaiaea eaeae nioeeaeecia a ia?iaea,
iineieueeo aac iaa aunooieaiey iann i?eio ianeeuenoaaiiua, aoioa?neea
oi?iu e ia i?eaaaeoo e onoaiiaeaieth aoiaiiuo nioeeaeenoe/aneeo
ioiioaiee
– aeey i?iiaaaiaeu e i?aaiecaoeee ia?iaeiuo nee iaaei nicaeaoue ia?oeth,
iauaaeeiythuoth a naieo ?yaeao eioaeeeaaioeeth e iaeaieaa ?acaeouo
i?aaenoaaeoaeae ia?iaea, i?iaeieaeathuoth e iinea ?aaiethoeee
?oeiaiaeeoue no?ieoaeuenoaii nioeeaeecia
– iinea iiaaaeu ia?iaea iaiaoiaeeii nio?aiaiea “ainoaea?noaaiiiai
yeaiaioa”, ?ieue eioi?iai aoaeao oiaiueoaoueny ii ia?a ooaa?aeaeaiey
nioeeaeenoe/aneeo ioiioaiee
– nioeeaeenoe/aneia iauanoai iiaeao ?acaeaaoueny oieueei i?e oneiaee
naiaiaeu ee/iinoe, neioaca aa eioa?ania n eioa?anaie eieeaeoeaa, o.a.
iaania/aiee nieeaea?iinoe a iauanoaaiiuo oi?iao
a) Aoioa?neia (aia?oenoneia). I.A.Aaeoiei a ?aaioa “Ainoaea?noaaiiinoue
e aia?oey” aeieacuaae, /oi: – aeaaiay ianouanoaothuay ni?aaaaeeeainoue –
nioeeaeueiia ia?aaainoai, a iniiaiui iineoaeai e aa?aioii
iani?aaaaeeeainoe yaeyaony ainoaea?noai
– oeaeue ai?ueau – eeeaeaeaoeey nouanoaothuaai ainoaea?noaa e
iaaeiiouaiea nicaeaiey iiaiai
– iniiaiia n?aaenoai ai?ueau – ?aaiethoeeiiiue aoio ia?iaea; ioaeia
aaeoaoeey a oeaeyo inouanoaeaiey iaiaaeeaiiiai ainnoaiey
– iinea ?aaiethoeeiiiie eeeaeaeaoeee ainoaea?noaaiiinoe e ia?aaainoaa
ia?iae nai i?aaiecoaony a oaaea?aoeee iauei oacaeia, aoaa?iee
?inneeneiai, neaayineiai ie?a. A ?acoeueoaoa aoaeoo nicaeaiu
aia?oenoneea Niaaeeiaiiua Ooaou Aa?iiu e anaai ie?a
a) Caaiai?ue/aneia (aeaieeci). I.I.Oea/aa: – e?anoueyinoai ia aioiai ie
e ?aaiethoeee, ie e naiinoiyoaeueiiio iino?iaieth nioeeaeenoe/aneiai
iauanoaa – iao niunea ie a i?iiaaaiaea nioeeaeecia, ie a aaeoaoeee e
i?ecuaa e aoioo
– naiiaea?aeaaea ia eiaao iii?u ie a iaeiii nineiaee ?onneiai iauanoaa,
iiyoiio eioaeeeaaioeey aeieaeia nicaeaoue caeiinie?e?iaaiioth ia?oeth,
eioi?ay caoaaoeo aeanoue, onoaiiaeo naith aeeeoaoo?o e aoaeao
?oeiaiaeeoue nioeeaeenoe/aneei ia?aono?ienoaii iauanoaa
– aeey aeinoeaeaiey iinoaaeaiiie oeaee iaiaoiaeeii eniieueciaaoue ana
iaoiaeu, aeeth/ay i?ioeaicaeiiiua e aii?aeueiua n oi/ee c?aiey iauanoaa
oiai a?aiaie
Ia?aua iiaeiieueiua i?aaiecaoeee ia?iaeieeia aicieeee a eiioea
50o-ia/aea 60o aa: nooaeai/aneee e?oaeie a Oa?ueeianeii oieaa?neoaoa
(1856-1858aa), caoai e?oaeie i?iiaaaiaeenoia a Iineaa ai aeaaa n I.Y.
A?ae?iioei e I.A.Cae/iaaneei (1861a).
Iniiaiua i?aaiecaoeee: a) “Caiey e aiey”. 1861-1864aa. A.A.Neaioeia,
I.A.Na?ii-Nieiaueaae/,
I.I.Ia?o/aa, A.N.Eo?i/eei, I.E.Ooei. Aeaaiay oeaeue – nicaeaiea oneiaee
aeey ?aaiethoeee, eioi?ay auea iaia/aia ia 1863a Eniieueciaaeanue
eaaaeueiay iaeaaaeueiay i?iiaaaiaea, ecaeaaaeenue i?ieeaiaoeee. Ai
aoi?ie iieiaeia 1863a i?aaiecaoeey naii?anionoeeanue.
a) “Eoooeioeu”. Nooaeaiou Iineianeiai oieaa?neoaoa ai aeaaa n
I.A.Eoooeiui noaee nicaeaaaoue a?oaeueiua ianoa?neea. Iaeiaei ia niiaee
aeieacaoue i?aeiouanoai eieeaeoeaiiai o?oaea iaae eiaeeaeaeoaeueiui,
iineieueeo aeaeaoue ie/aai ia oiaee. Aioo?e e?oaeea aicieeei
iauaaeeiaiea n iacaaieai “AAe”, a eioi?ia aoiaeee Ae.A.Ea?aeicia,
niaa?oeaoee a 1866a iieooaiea ia Aeaenaiae?a II. Ii aue iiaaoai, a
inoaeueiua /eaiu e?oaeea nineaiu ia eaoi?ao e a nnueeo.
a) “Ia?iaeiay ?ani?aaa”. Nicaeaia a eiioea 60o aa N.A.Ia/aaaui. “Oeaeue
ii?aaaeuaaao n?aaenoaa”, io?eoeaiea ethaie ii?aee. ?aaee eioa?ania
?aaiethoeeiiiiai aeaea ii iioae ia i?aaiecaoeeth eieeaeoeaiiai oaeenoaa
ioeacaaoaainy aio iiae/eiyoueny nooaeaioa E.E.Eaaiiaa. Iinea ?ane?uoey
i?anooieaiey Ia/aaa aaaeae a Oaaeoea?eth, ii aue auaeai ?onneei aeanoyi
eae iieeoe/aneee i?anooiiee.
a) “Aieueoia iauanoai i?iiaaaiaeu” (/aeeiaoeu). 1869-1874aa.
I.A.Iaoainii, I.A.*aeeianeee, N.E.Ia?ianeay, N.I.E?aa/eineee,
I.A.E?iiioeei e o.ae. Eco/aee nioeeaeenoe/aneoth eeoa?aoo?o. A 1874a
o/anoaiaaee a aeoeee “oiaeaeaiea a ia?iae”.
Nauoa 3 oun i?iiaaaiaeenoia (a iniiaiii nooaeaiou e aeiiacenou)
ioi?aaeeenue a aea?aaith aeey aaeoaoeee ainnoaiey, i?iiaaaiaeu
nioeeaeecia e i?inoi iciaeiieaiey n aeeciueth ia?iaea. E?anoueyia
aeoeeth ia ioeaieee; iieeoeey i?iaaea ianniaua a?anou.
ae) “Caiey e aiey”. 1876-1879aa. Ia?oeth nicaeaee ia?iaeieee,
ecaaaeaaoea a?anoia iinea “oiaeaeaiey”. I.A.Iaoainii, A.Ae.Ieoaeeia,
A.A.Ieaoaiia, E.A.Oeoiie?ia, I.A.Ii?icia, N.E.Ia?ianeay e i?. Ia?aoee e
“inaaeeie” i?iiaaaiaea – noaee nicaeaaaoue iinaeaiey ia?iaeieeia a
aea?aaia. 6 aeaeaa?y 1876a o Eacaineiai niai?a a Iaoa?ao?aa ono?ieee
iieeoe/aneoth aeaiiino?aoeeth. I?e o/anoee iaeaieaa iieeoece?iaaiiuo
?aai/eo nicaeaee a Iaoa?ao?aa “Naaa?iue nithc ?onneeo ?aai/eo” a 1876a.
Ia?aie aea ?aai/ae i?aaiecaoeeae a ?innee noae “THaeii?onneee nithc
?aai/eo”, nicaeaiiue a 1875a ia?iaeieeii A.I.Caneaaneei a Iaeanna.
Caieaaieueoeu n/eoaee iaiaoiaeeiui i?iaiaeeoue i?aaiecaoi?neoth
aeayoaeueiinoue n oeaeueth ia?aaea/e anae caiee e?anoueyiai ia i?aaao
iaueiiiai aeaaeaiey, aaaaeaiey ie?neiai naiioi?aaeaieyaeaiie?aoe/aneeo
naiaiae; a oaeaea aeoeee ii aeaci?aaiecaoeee ainoaea?noaa. A 2879a
ia?oey ?aneieieanue ia noi?iiieeia i?iiaaaiaeu e i?iaeieaeaiey ai?ueau
ca nioeeaeenoe/aneea eaeaaeu (“aea?aaaiueeia”), iauaaeeieaoeony ai aeaaa
n A.A.Ieaoaiiaui a ia?oeth “*a?iue ia?aaeae”, e noi?iiieeia iieeoe/aneie
ai?ueau e aeinoeaeaiey iieeoe/aneie naiaiaeu eae iaiaoiaeeiiai oneiaey
aeey nioeeaeueiie i?iiaaaiaeu (“iieeoeeia”), ia?aciaaaoeo “Ia?iaeioth
aieth”.
a) “Ia?iaeiay aiey”. 1879-1882a. Aa aicaeaaeye Eniieieoaeueiue eiieoao,
a eioi?ue aoiaeeee A.E.AEaeyaia, A.Ae.Ieoaeeia, N.E.Ia?ianeay,
A.I.Oeaia?, I.A.Ii?icia e ae?. Ia?iaeiaieueoeu noaaeee naiae oeaeueth
naa?aeaiea iiia?oee e ?aaiethoeeiiiue caoaao aeanoe, nicua
O/?aaeeoaeueiiai nia?aiey e ia?aaea/a aeanoe eca?aiieeai ia?iaea,
ooaa?aeaeaiea iieeoe/aneeo naiaiae, iino?iaiea (a ia?niaeoeaa) iaueiiiai
nioeeaeecia. Iniiaiia n?aaenoai – iieeoe/aneee ia?aai?io n iiiiuueth
a?iee e i?e iiaeaea?aeea ia?iaea. Iinoaiaiii aeaaiui n?aaenoaii
iieeoe/aneie ai?ueau noae oa??i?. I?aaei?eiya ianeieueei iiiuoie, iie
iaeiiaoe oaeee oea?y. Ia?oey auea ?aca?iieaia iieeoeeae.
ae) “*a?iue ia?aaeae”. 1879-1882. A.A.Ieaoaiia., I.A.Aenaeue?iae,
E.A.Aeae/, A.E.Canoee/. Caaea/a – iiaeaioiaea e?anoueyineie ?aaiethoeee
i?e iiiiue i?iiaaaiaea a aea?aaia. A 1883a, ?aci/a?iaaaoenue a
ia?iaeie/anoaa e ieacaaoenue a yiea?aoeee, /a?iiia?aaeaeueoeu ia?aoee ia
iiceoeee ia?enecia e nicaeaee a AEaiaaa a?oiio “Inaiaiaeaeaiee o?oaea” –
ia?aoth ?inneeneoth nioeeae-aeaiie?aoe/aneoth i?aaiecaoeeth.
A 80-90o aa oe?ieia ?ani?ino?aiaiea a eioaeeeaaioneie n?aaea iieo/eee
eaeae ?aoi?iaoi?neiai ia?iaeie/anoaa (A.I.Ai?iioeia, E.E.Eaaeeoe,
I.E.Ieoaeeianeee e ae?.): – iuoaeenue iainiiaaoue i?aeiouanoaa iaeeiai
i?iecaiaenoaa, iniiaaiiiai ia iaueiiuo eee a?oaeueiuo ia/aeao;
inoaeaeaee Eaieoaeeci
– aeieacuaaee aiciiaeiinoue ie?iiai ia?aoiaea e nioeeaeecio a
?acoeueoaoa ?aoi?i
– n/eoaee, /oi ia?eneci e e?anoueyineie ?innee iai?eiaiei
– n/eoaee eaeaaeii iauanoaaiiiai ono?ienoaa aa?iiie/iia ni/aoaiea
naiaiaeu ee/iinoe e iaueiiie nieeaea?iinoe
A eoiaa iie aunooiaee eae i?ioea ?aaeoeee, oae e i?ioea ?aaiethoeee,
inoaeaeaee ianeeuenoaaiiua iaoiaeu i?aia?aciaaiee.
4. Ca?iaeaeaiea ?onneie nioeeae-aeaiie?aoee.
I?e/eiu: – ?aci/a?iaaiea /anoe eioaeeeaaioeee a eaeaieiaee
ia?iaeie/anoaa
– ia?anoaiea n eiioea 70o aa aunooieaiee ?aai/eo
– oniaoe nioeeae-aeaiie?aoee e ?aai/aai aeaeaeaiey ia Caiaaea
A?oiia “Inaiaiaeaeaiea o?oaea” auea nicaeaia a 1883a a AEaiaaa
Ieaoaiiaui, Aenaeue?iaeii, Canoee/, Aeae/ai. Oeaeue – iiaeaioiaea
nioeeaeenoe/aneie i?ieaoa?neie ?aaiethoeee. A?oiia a iniiaiii
caieiaeanue ia?aaiaeaie ia ?onneee ycue i?iecaaaeaiee Ia?ena e
Yiaaeuena, i?iaiaeeea aiaeec iieeoe/aneeo i?ioeannia a ?innee n oi/ee
c?aiey ia?enecia. Ieaoaiiaui auee iaienaiu ia?aua ?onneea ia?enenoneea
?aaiou “Nioeeaeeci e iieeoe/aneay ai?ueaa”, “Iaoe ?aciiaeaney”, a
eioi?uo iaecaaaeiinoue ?aceiaeaiey e?anoueyineie iaueiu e ooaa?aeaeaiea
eaieoaeecia, ii?aaeaeyeanue ?ieue i?ieaoa?eaoa aeey aoaeouaai ?innee,
auaeaeaaeanue caaea/a nicaeaiey nioeeaeueii-aeaiie?aoe/aneie ia?oee. N
eiioea 80o aa a?oiia noaea i?eieiaoue o/anoea a aeayoaeueiinoe II
Eioa?iaoeeiiaea.
Ia?aua ia?enenoneea e?oaeee a ?innee aicieeee a 80a aa. Ioaeaeueiuie
e?oaeeaie e eo iauaaeeiaieyie ?oeiaiaeeee Ae.E.Aeaaiaa, I.E.A?onia,
I.A.Oaaeinaaa. ?aaioa e?oaeeia naiaeeeanue e eco/aieth ia?enenoneie
eeoa?aoo?u.
XLIII. Nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneia ?acaeoea a eiioea XIX-ia/aea XXa.
Ii i?iecaiaenoao ca?ia ?inney caieiaea 1 ianoi a ie?a, aeaaay iieiaeio
ie?iaiai o?iaeay ?aee e 1/5 ioaieoeu. *aoaa?oue ie?iaiai yenii?oa ca?ia
i?eiaaeeaaeaea ?innee. A 1900-1913aa ieiuaaeue iinaaia au?inea ia 15%,
i?e yoii o?iaeaeiinoue oeaaia oaaee/eeanue ia 10%, nai? ca?ia ia aeooo
ianaeaiey aic?in aieaa /ai ia 20%. Aaic naeueneioicyenoaaiiuo iaoei
oaaee/eeny a 3,5 ?aca. Ana aea oieueei 1-2% ?inneeneiai e?anoueyinoaa
iieueciaaeenue naeueneioicyenoaaiiie oaoieeie, a 63% aeaaea ia eiaee
iaoaeee/aneiai ieoaa e iieueciaaeenue aea?aayiiie nioie.
Iiiaueee-aeai?yia yaeyeenue nianoaaiieeaie aieaa /ai 60%
/anoiiaeaaeaeue/aneie caiee. A oeaio?aeueiuo ?aeiiao caiey
i?eiaaeeaaeaea iaueia; a caiaaeiuo aoaa?ieyo iaueiu ia nouanoaiaaei, ii
naiaeiue iaaeae iaeuecy auei i?iaeaaaoue, aea?eoue eee caeeaaeuaaoue.
Iau/ii 50-70% naiae caiee iiiaueee naeaaaee a a?aiaeo. Ia eiay aeaiaa,
cia/eoaeueiay /anoue e?anoueyi a?aiaeo io?aaaouaaea.
Yeiiiie/aneia ?anneiaiea e?anoueyinoaa: – aaaeiyee – a 1905a ii/oe 60%
anao e?anoueyi eiaee iaaeaeu aei
9 aeanyoei, a nauoa 60% eniieueciaaee a oicyenoaa iaeio eioaaeue
eee aiiaua aa ia eiaee
– na?aaeiyee – iaiiiaei aieaa 30% e?anoueyi, eiaaoea iaaeae io
9 aei 20 aeanyoei e 1-2 eioaaeue
– caaeeoi/iua – 10% e?anoueyi aeaaeaee iaaeaeaie aieueoa 20
aeanyoei e eiaee ii 5-6 eioaaeae
Iieoi?ieaoa?ee – aaceioaaeiua, iaei- e aaccaiaeueiua e?anoueyia
iiiieiyee ?yaeu naeueneeo ?aai/eo e aao?aeia. Oaeeo auei 10-15%. *anoue
iiiainaiaeiuo na?aaeiyeia e caaeeoi/iuo e?anoueyi (10-15%) aaea
iaeeioiaa?iia oicyenoai, o.a. i?iaeaaaea eceeoee oeaaa ia ?uiea.
I?aaei?eieiaoaeueneia oicyenoai aaee eeoue 1-2% e?anoueyi.
Ia 1893-1899aa i?eoiaeeony i?iiuoeaiiue iiaeuai. Iauee iauai
i?iiuoeaiiiai i?iecaiaenoaa oaaee/eeny a 2 ?aca, a a oyaeaeie
i?iiuoeaiiinoe – a 3 ?aca. AEaeaciiaei?iaeiay naoue au?inea ca 10 eao
(90-99aa) a 2 ?aca.
Iiaue ieieno? oeiainia N.TH.Aeooa (1892-1903aa) iiaunee oaiiaeaiiua
oa?eou, i?iaae ?aoi?io oi?aiai-i?iiuoeaiiiai iaeiaiiaeiaeaiey, ?anoe?ee
aiaoaoaeuenoai ainoaea?noaa a yeiiiieeo.
Ie?iaie yeiiiie/aneee e?ecen 1900-1903aa ia ?inneeneie i?iiuoeaiiinoe
nouanoaaiii ia io?aceeny.
Aeai?anney 1904-1909aa i?iaeieaeaeanue aeieueoa, /ai a Aa?iia, aaea
yeiiiie/aneia iaeeaeaiea ia/aeinue oaea a 1904a. ?inney aua ianeieueei
eao ia?aaeeaaea i?iiuoeaiiue canoie e aeai?anneth, i?iaeeaiioth
iaoaea/iie ?onnei-yiiineie aieiie, aucaaiiui ath oeiainiaui e?ecenii,
?aaiethoeeae 1905-1907aa e iao?iaeayie.
A ia?eiae i?iiuoeaiiiai iiaeuaia 1910-1914aa i?iecaiaenoai
oaaee/eaaeinue ?aei?aeiuie oaiiaie – 10,5% a aiae. A 1909a aue caeeth/ai
iineaaeiee ainoaea?noaaiiue caai, iinea /aai ia/ae nie?auaoueny aiaoiee
aeiea. ?inneeneay i?iiuoeaiiinoue a aiaiiia a?aiy (1914-1916aa) a oeaeii
au?inea aua ia 22%.
A 1895-1899aa Aeooa auea i?iaaaeaia aeaiaaeiay ?aoi?ia. A 1897a a
ea/anoaa aaethoiie aaeeieoeu aue i?eiyo cieioie ?oaeue. E?aaeeoiua
aeeaou iaania/eaaeenue iaeiieaiiui cieioui caianii e naiaiaeii
iaiaieaaeenue ia cieioi ii ii?aaeaeaiiiio eo?no. A 1899a aue i?eiyo
Iiiaoiue onoaa.
Auno?i ?inee aeoeeiia?iua eiiia?/aneea aaiee. Oe?eeanue naoue iauanoa
acaeiiiai e?aaeeoa, ai?iaeneeo aaieia e naa?eann, ianeoaeeaaaoeo iaeeeo
aeeaae/eeia; ?acaeaaeanue, i?aaeaea anaai a aea?aaia, e?aaeeoiay
eiiia?aoeey.
Aioo?aiiyy oi?aiaey au?inea a 1900-1913aa ia 65%. ?inea iioiaay
oi?aiaey. Aiaoiyy oi?aiaey ?anoe?eeanue a 1897-1914aa a 2 ?aca.
Auaiceeenue a iniiaiii naeueneioicyenoaaiiay i?iaeoeoeey e nu?uea (90%
yenii?oa). 10% – oeaie, naoa?, iaoaee e iaoaeee/aneea ecaeaeey.
Aaiceeenue, i?aaeaea anaai, iaoeiu e iai?oaeiaaiea. Aeaaiuie oi?aiauie
ia?oia?aie ?innee yaeyeenue Aa?iaiey e Aiaeey. ?acaeaaeanue oi?aiaey n
E?aiii, Eeoaai e ae?oaeie no?aiaie Acee; ?onneea i?iiuoeaiiua oiaa?u
iiyaeeenue ia aa?iiaeneeo e thaeiiaia?eeaineeo ?uieao.
Auno?i ?acaeaaeny aiaeiue e aeaeaciiaei?iaeiue o?ainii?o.
Iiiiiieenoe/aneee eaieoaeeci a ?innee e aai iniaaiiinoe. A niioaaonoaee
n aieueoaaenoneie oai?eae eiia?eaeecia, oaoieei-yeiiiie/aneia ?acaeoea
ia?aaeiauo no?ai ia ?oaaaea XIX-XXaa caaa?oeeanue yiioie ainiiaenoaa
iiiiiieenoe/aneiai eaieoaea – eiia?eaeeciii, aunoae e iineaaeiae
noaaeeae “oie?athuaai” eaieoaeecia. Ia yoii yoaia i?iecioei ananoi?iiiaa
iaiauanoaeaiea i?iecaiaenoaa. Iaeeea i?aaei?eyoey en/acaee, aianoi
iiiaeo i?iecaiaeeoaeae i?iiuoeaiiinoue e oeiainu ieacuaaeenue a ?oeao
ianeieueeeo iiiiiieee. I?iiuoeaiiue e aaieianeee eaieoae iauaaeeiyeenue
a oae iacuaaaiue oeiainiaue eaieoae. Ii i?e yoii nio?aiyeanue /anoiay
nianoaaiiinoue e oneeeeanue eiieo?aioeey ia ie?iaie a?aia. I?ioeai?a/ea
iaaeaeo iauanoaaiiui oa?aeoa?ii i?iecaiaenoaa e /anoiie oi?iie
nianoaaiiinoe, eae n/eoaee aaoi?u aeaiiie oai?ee – Oeueyiia e Aooa?ei –
i?eaaei e caaieaaieth eaieoaeecia e nicaeaei iaoa?eaeueioth aaco aeey
ia?aoiaea e nioeeaeecio.
A ?innee aea “ia?aaeiaie eaieoaeeci” a e?oiiie i?iiuoeaiiinoe aue
ioyaiuai oaiaeaeueiuie e ?aiiaeaieoaeenoe/aneeie ia?aaeeoeaie
yeiiiie/aneiai e nioeeaeueii-iieeoe/aneiai oa?aeoa?a. Iiyoiio Oeueyiia
iacaae ?inneeneee eiia?eaeeci aiaiii-oaiaeaeueiui.
Ecia?aoaiey iineaaeiae o?aoe XIXa, oaoie/aneia ?acaeoea i?iiuoeaiiinoe,
iaiaoiaeeiinoue aeeaaeuaaoue ana aieueoa eaieoaea a ?acaeoea e
oniaa?oainoaiaaiea i?iecaiaenoaa iaeiaeeeenue a eiioea XIX a ia
iaino?aiea eiieo?aioeee. A yoeo oneiaeyo i?aaei?eyoey e i?aaei?eieiaoaee
noaee iauaaeeiyoueny, aeaau oaaee/eoue naie eaieoae, nieceoue ino?ioo
eiieo?aioeee, ?acaeaeeoue ?uiie nauoa e o.ae.
A ?innee aua a 1880aa ia/aee nicaeaaaoueny ia?aua iiiiiieenoe/aneea
nithcu – ea?oaee. Iie ia eiaee iauaai i?aaia e auno?i ?aniaeenue, eiaaea
eiieo?aioeey ianeieueei niya/eeanue. ai a?aiy e?ecena 900o aa e
iineaaeiae aeai?annee aicieeea neiaeeeaou – nauoiaua iiiiiieueiua
iauaaeeiaiey n aaeeiui oeaio?ii. A ?innee iiiiiieee oi?iaeueii auee
cai?auaiu, ii nouanoaiaaei aieaa 150 neiaeeeaoia. I?iecaiaenoaaiiua
iiiiiieee i?aaenoaaeyee niaie iauaaeeiaiea e i?iecaiaenoaa, e nauoa.
I?aaei?eyoey, aoiaeeaoea a eiioea?i, oi?iaeueii nio?aiyee th?eaee/aneoth
naiinoiyoaeueiinoue, ii oaeoe/anee iiae/eiyeenue aaeeiiio ?oeiaiaenoao.
Iauaaeeiaiea a o?anou auei ianoieueei iieiui, /oi e th?eaee/anee yoi aue
oaea ia nithc, a iiaia aaeeiia i?aaei?eyoea.
Ianaeaiea no?aiu a 1897-1913aa oaaee/eeinue ni 125 aei 165 iei /aeiaae;
/enei ai?iaeneeo aeeoaeae oaaee/eeinue ia 70%.
E 1914a ian/eouaaeinue 35-40 oun e?oiiuo i?aaei?eieiaoaeae.
A 1890-1914aa ii/oe a 2 ?aca aic?inei /enei eeoe iaaiiiai o?oaea (n 10
aei 17 iei /aeiaae), aieaa /ai a 2,5 ?aca – /enei i?iiuoeaiiuo ?aai/eo
(n 1,5 aei 4,2 iei /aeiaae). 3/4 ?aai/eo nio?aiyee i?i/iua nayce n
aea?aaiae.
XLIV. Nioeeaeueii-iieeoe/aneee e?ecen ia/aea 1900o aa.
I?aaeiinueee: – nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneea ia?aaeeoee a naeueneii
oicyenoaa ni/aoaeenue n ?acaeoeai eaieoaeecia eae a naeueneii oicyenoaa,
oae e a i?iiuoeaiiinoe, /oi niinianoaiaaei iaino?aieth i?ioeai?a/ee a
?inneeneii iauanoaa
– iao?iaeae 1900a, yeiiiie/aneee e?ecen 190-1903aa e oeiainiaua
iineaaenoaey ?onnei
-yiiineie aieiu 1904-1905aa onoaoaeee aa?a?iue e?ecen e i?eaaee e
oooaeoaieth yeiiiie/aneiai iieiaeaiey oe?ieeo ia?iaeiuo iann
– nio?aiaiea naiiaea?aeaaey i?aiyonoaiaaei nioeeaeueii-iieeoe/aneei
eciaiaieyi e auei ianiiniaii iiaea?iece?iaaoue iauanoaaiiue no?ie ?innee
– ?aaeei iieeoe/aneiai aani?aaey
– nioeeaeueii-iieeoe/aneea aeaeaeaiey i?ioanoa
– iaino?aiea iaoeeiiaeueiiai aii?ina, aicieeiiaaiea iaoeeiiaeueiuo
inaiaiaeeoaeueiuo aeaeaeaiee
Ia?aoaiiinoue aa?a?iiai aii?ina i?eaaea a ia/aea XXa e ?inoo
e?anoueyineeo aunooieaiee. Ca ia?aua 4 aiaea XXa ioia/aii 670 aieiaiee.
Aaniie 1902a a 14 aoaa?ieyo Aa?iiaeneie ?innee aniuoioee e?anoueyineea
ainnoaiey. Iaeaieueoaai ?aciaoa iie aeinoeaee a Oa?ueeianeie e
Iieoaaneie aoaa?ieyo. Aeaaiui o?aaiaaieai o/anoieeia aue ia?aaeae
iiiaue/ueae caiee. Oea?neea aienea aeanoiei iiaeaaeee ainnoaiea.
A 1902a aeey iiaeaioiaee iiaie aa?a?iie ?aoi?iu iiae ?oeiaiaenoaii
ieieno?a oeiainia Aeooa auei nicaeaii Iniaia niaauaiea i ioaeaeao
naeueneioicyenoaaiiie i?iiuoeaiiinoe. Ianoaeaeaiea aaeinue oaeaea a
aoaa?ineeo e oacaeiuo eiieoaoao, niaoeeaeueii ia?aciaaiiuo ia aaca
cainoa. Niaauaiea i?eoei e auaiaeo i iaiaoiaeeiinoe ia?aeoe io iaueiiiai
e iiaeai?iiio e oooi?neiio caieaaeaaeaieth, o?aaiyoue e?anoueyi n
ae?oaeie nineiaeyie e aeoeaece?iaaoue ia?anaeaiea e?anoueyi ec oeaio?a
ia iaeiianaeaiiua caiee. Ii ?aaeueiia inouanoaeaiea ?aoi?i oae e ia
ia/aeinue. Ieeieae II a Iaieoanoa io oaa?aey 1903a iauyaee i nio?aiaiee
nineiaiiai no?iy e iaio/oaeaeaaiinoe iaueiiuo iaaeaeia. A aea?aaia auee
ioiaiaiu oaeaniua iaeacaiey e?anoueyi (1904a) e e?oaiaay ii?oea
iaueiieeia i?e nai?a iaaeieiie.
?acaeaaaoaany ?aai/aa aeaeaeaiea oneeeeinue a ia?eiae yeiiiie/aneiai
e?ecena. Aeaaiui n?aaenoaii ai?ueau i?iiuoeaiiiai i?ieaoa?eaoa
inoaaaeenue noa/ee. Caaanoiaueee ana /aua auaeaeaaee iieeoe/aneea
o?aaiaaiey, i?aai ia nicaeaiea i?ionithcia, i?iaaaeaiea caaanoiaie,
8-/aniaie ?aai/ee aeaiue, iiauoaiea ca?ieaou. A iaa 1901a ia Iaooianeii
aiaiiii caaiaea a Iaoa?ao?aa ai a?aiy caaanoiaee 3,5 oun ?aai/eo
i?iecioei noieeiiaaiea n iieeoeeae; a iiya?a 1902a o/anoieee noa/ee a
?inoiaa-ia-Aeiio i?eiaieee i?oaeea i?ioea eacaeia e iieeoeee. A
ethea-aaaonoa 1903a anaiauay caaanoiaea ioaaoeea aanue tha ?innee – io
Eeaaa e Iaeannu aei Oeoeena e Aaooia. A iae o/anoaiaaei aieaa 200 oun
?aai/eo.
aeoeaece?iaaeanue oaa?e/iay einiaeoeey, a 1903a auee ecaeaiu caeiiu i
aiciaa?aaeaeaiee ?aai/eo i?e ian/anoiuo neo/ayo ia i?iecaiaenoaa e ia
eca?aiee oaa?e/iuo noa?ino aeey iin?aaeie/anoaa a eiioeeeoao n
oicyaaaie. Iiae iaaeci?ii iieeoeee auee nicaeaiu “iauanoaa acaeiiiai
aniiiiuanoaiaaiey ?aai/eo”, eioi?ua aeieaeiu auee i?aiyonoaiaaoue
?ani?ino?aiaieth aeeyiey aeanoe nioeeaeenoia e iiiiaaee ?ac?aoaoue
eiioeeeou n oicyaaaie /a?ac iin?aaeie/anoai aeanoae. Ii eieoeeaoeaa
ia/aeueieea Iineianeiai io?aiiiai ioaeaeaiey N.A.Coaaoiaa a 1901-1902aa
a 10 e?oiiaeoeo ai?iaeao ?innee aicieeei aieaa 30 oaeeo iauanoa. A 1903a
/eaiu “coaaoianeeo” i?aaiecaoeee i?eiyee o/anoea ai anaiauae caaanoiaea
ia thaa no?aiu, ii eeoue n ia/aeii ?aaiethoeee 1905-1907aa iie
ieii/aoaeueii ia?anoaee nouanoaiaaoue.
?acaa?ioeinue oe?ieia aeaeaeaiea eioaeeeaaioeee e o/aueony. Nooaeaiou
ai?ieenue ca aica?auaiea oieaa?neoaoai aaoiiiiee e i?iaiaeeee caaanoiaee
e aeaiiino?aoeee. A 1901a i?ioae Ana?inneeneee nuacae o/eoaeae, a caoai
e o/eoaeueneea caaanoiaee n auaeaeaeaieai iieeoe/aneeo o?aaiaaiee. Ca
o/eoaeyie iineaaeiaaee nuacaea a?a/ae, oa?iaoeaaoia e o.ae.
A 1904a yny?aie aue oaeo ieieno? aioo?aiieo aeae A.E.Ieaaa,
i?iaeieaeaaoee ?ai?anneaioth iieeoeeo Ae.N.Neiyaeia, oiaea oaeoiai
iaiia?iaeieeaie a 1902a. Ieeieae II aue auioaeaeai iacia/eoue ieieno?ii
I.Ae.Nayoiiiee-Ie?neiai, ecaanoiiai naieie eeaa?aeueiuie acaeyaeaie. Ii
nicaeae “I?iaeo iieeoe/aneie i?ia?aiiu i?aaeoaeuenoaa, iiaeaiiue oea?th
a iiya?a 1904a. I?iaeo i?aaeeaaae eca?aoue i?aaenoaaeoaeae io cainoa e
ai?iaeia a caeiiiniaauaoaeueiue Ainoaea?noaaiiue niaao, ?ani?ino?aieoue
caineoth ?aoi?io ia oa ?aaeiiu no?aiu, aaea iia ia auea i?iaaaeaia a 60a
aa, aeaoue ecae?aoaeueiua i?aaa i?e auai?ao a cainoaa e ai?iaeneea
i?aaiu naiioi?aaeaiey aieaa oe?ieei neiyi ianaeaiey, ?anoe?eoue
nineiaiua i?aaa e?anoueyi, i?enooieoue e ?aoaieth iaoeeiiaeueiiai
aii?ina e o.ae. Aianoi yoiai Ieeieae II ecaeae oeac “I ia?ao
niaa?oainoaiaaiey ainoaea?noaaiiiai ii?yaeea” 12 aeaeaa?y 1904a, aaea
iaauae ?anoe?eoue i?aaa cainoa e ia?aniio?aoue caeiiu i e?anoueyinoaa,
aaanoe ainoaea?noaaiiia no?aoiaaiea ?aai/eo e ae?.
Aicieeiiaaiea iieeoe/aneeo i?aaiecaoeee.
I?aaiecaoeee ia?iaeieeia aicieeaee aua a 1890o aa. A eiioea 90o aa a
Iaoa?ao?aa, Ai?iiaaea, Iaica. Iieoaaa, Oaiaiaa e ae?. aeaenoaiaaee
nithcu e e?oaeee nioeeaeenoia-?aaiethoeeiiai?ia. *eaiu yoeo
i?aaiecaoeee, a iniiaiii ec eioaeeeaaioeee nio?aiyee ia?iaeie/aneoth
oi/eo c?aiey e iiiaia caeinoaiaaee ec ia?enecia: 1. ?oeiaiaeeoaeue
oaiaianeiai e?oaeea A.I.*a?iia. yiea?e?iaaaoee a Ia?eae, i?aaieciaae
Aa?a?ii-iieeoe/aneoth eeao (1900a) e aunooiee aeaaiui oai?aoeeii
iaiiaeaiiiai ia?iaeie/aneiai o/aiey. A 1902a THaeiay ia?oey yny?ia e
Nithc nioeeaeenoia-?aaiethoeeiia?ia cayaeee ia iauaaeeiaiee a Ia?oeth
?onneeo nioeeae-?aaiethoeeiia?ia, e eioi?ie i?eniaaeeieeenue e ae?oaea
ia?oee a ?innee e ca ?oaaaeii. Ia?oeth aicaeaaee *a?iia, a ?oeiaiaenoai
aoiaeeee oaeaea A.A.Aa?ooie, I.Ae.Aaenaioueaa, A.?.Aioe e o.ae.
I?ia?aiia ia?oee auea i?eiyoa eeoue a 1905a, ii a i?aae?aaiethoeeiiiue
ia?eiae yny?u noi?ioee?iaaee aa iniiaiua iieiaeaiey a aacaoa
“?aaiethoeeiiiay ?inney” e aeo?iaea “Aanoiee ?onneie ?aaiethoeee”.
Iaiia?iaeieee ianoaeaaee ia aioiaiinoe e?anoueyineiai iaueiiiai ie?a e
aini?eyoeth aa?a?ii-nioeeaeenoe/aneeo eaeae, eioi?ua aeieaeia i?eaianoe
a e?anoueyinoai eioaeeeaaioeey. Aaeoaoeeth neaaeoao aanoe e n?aaee
i?ieaoa?eaoa, ninoaaeythuaai aianoa n e?anoueyinoaii aaeeiue o?oaeiaie
eeann, aeaeaeouoth neeo ?aaiethoeee. Oeaio?aeueiui a i?ia?aiia yaeyeinue
iieiaeaiea i nioeeaeecaoeee caiee, ?ani?aaeaeyaiie ia iniiaa
o?aaieoaeueii-o?oaeiaiai i?eioeeia ianoiuie i?aaiaie ianoiiai
naiioi?aaeaiey. Ia?aay /anoue i?ia?aiiu (i?ia?aiia-ieieioi0 auea
iaoeaeaia ia naa?aeaiea naiiaea?aeaaey e i?aa?auaiea ?innee a
oaaea?aoeaioth aeaiie?aoe/aneoth ?anioaeeeo ni anaie a?aaeaeaineei
naiaiaeaie. Caoai a ?aieao auiieiaiey aoi?ie /anoe (i?ia?aiia-iaeneioi)
ieaie?iaaeny ie?iue ia?aoiae e aa?a?iiio nioeeaeecio iooai
ainoaea?noaaiiuo ?aoi?i e ie?iie ai?ueau o?oaeiauo iann.
Ia?oey yny?ia eiaea neaaoth e iaei/eneaiioth i?aaiecaoeeth (2,5 oun
/aeiaae e 1905a), ninoiyea a iniiaiii ec eioaeeeaaioeee (e?anoueyia e
?aai/ea = 1/4 /eaiia). Iaeaieaa aeaenoaaiiie ieacaeanue naiinoiyoaeueiay
e ioiineoaeueii oeaio?aeeciaaiiay Aiaaay i?aaiecaoeey ia?oee, nicaeaiiay
Aa?ooie e caieiaaoayny oa??i?ii i?ioea i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiuo /eiiaieeia.
Aeey aaaeaiey ia?oeeiie ?aaiou a iannao auee nicaeaiu E?anoueyineee
nithc (1902a), Nithc ia?iaeiuo o/eoaeae (1903a), ianeieueei ?aai/eo
nithcia (1903-1904aa).
2. Nioeeae-aeaiie?aou. A na?aaeeia 1890o aa ia iniiaa ia?enenoneeo
e?oaeeia Iaoa?ao?aa, Iineaa, Eeaaa, Aeaoa?eiineaaa auee nicaeaiu “Nithcu
ai?ueau ca inaiaiaeaeaiea ?aai/aai eeanna”. Nithcu aaee i?iiaaaiaeo e
aaeoaoeeth n?aaee ?aai/eo, i?aaieciauaaee yeiiiie/aneea caaanoiaee. A
ia?oa 1898a 9 aeaeaaaoia, i?aaenoaaeyaoeo ia?enenoia ?aciuo iai?aaeaiee,
i?iaaee nuacae a Ieinea, iauyaeaoee i nicaeaiee nioeeae-aeaiie?aoe/aneie
ia?oee. Aa i?aaiecaoeeiiiia ioi?ieaiea ia/aeinue n ecaeaieai a AEaiaaa
aacaou “Ene?a” (1900a). A.A.Ieaoaiia, I.A.Aenaeue?iae, A.E.Canoee/,
A.E.Oeueyiia, TH.I.Oeaaea?aaoi, A.I.Iio?ania. Ene?iaoeu i?aaieciaaee II
nuacae (Eiiaeii-A?thnnaeue 1903a). I?ia?aiia ia?oee auea i?eiyoa ia
nuacaea aianoa n onoaaii e aei 1917a i?eciaaaeanue anaie o?aeoeeyie.
I?ia?aiia-ieieioi oi?ioee?iaaea caaea/e ia yoaia
ao?aeoacii-aeaiie?aoe/aneie ?aaiethoeee: – naa?aeaiea naiiaea?aeaaey
– onoaiiaeaiea a?aaeaeaineeo naiaiae
– onoaiiaeaiea aeaiie?aoe/aneie ?anioaeeee
– i?eciaiea i?aaa iaoeee ia naiiii?aaeaeaiea
– oeo/oaiea iieiaeaiey ?aai/eo
– aica?auaiea e?anoueyiai io?aceia, ioiaia aueoiiuo ieaoaaeae e
aica?auaiea oaea auiea/aiiuo aeaiaa
A i?ia?aiia-iaeneioi, ia i?iienaiiie iiae?iaii, i?aaeiieaaaeinue iinea
i?aa?auaiey ?aai/eo a aieueoeinoai ianaeaiey inouanoaeoue
nioeeaeenoe/aneoth ?aaiethoeeth e onoaiiaeoue aeeeoaoo?o i?ieaoa?eaoa.
Ia nuacaea i?iecioei eaeaeiia ?acaeaeaiea ii aii?ino i oa?aeoa?a
nicaeathuaeny ia?oee. Oeueyiia n/eoae, /oi iauaeoeaiua i?aaeiinueee
ie?iaie nioeeaeenoe/aneie ?aaiethoeee oaea nic?aee e ia?oey aeieaeia
?oeiaiaeeoue ai?ueaie i?ieaoa?eaoa; ia?oey aeieaeia auoue iiaeiieueiie
iaeaaaeueiie oeaio?aeeciaaiiie i?aaiecaoeeae i?ioanneiiaeueiuo
?aaiethoeeiia?ia, nicaeaaaaoaeny ?oeiaiaenoaii naa?oo aiec. Oeaaea?aaoi
(Ia?oia) ianoaeaae ia iaiaoiaeeiinoe ia o/anoey, a eeoue niaeaenoaey
ia?oee ni noi?iiu aa /eaiia. A eoiaa auea i?eiyoa oi?ioee?iaea
Oeaaea?aaoia. I?e auai?ao a OeE aieueoeinoai iiaeaea?aeaei Oeueyiiaa.
Aeiaeaaoueny naieo oeaeae ia?oey aeieaeia auea i?e iiiiue i?iiaaaiaeu,
aaeoaoeee, i?aaiecaoeee ?aai/eo noa/ae e aeaiiino?aoeee; oaeaea oe?iei
i?eiaiyeenue ianeeuenoaaiiua iaoiaeu.
3. Caioeu-eiinoeoooeeiiaeenou. N 90o aa i?iaiaeeeenue iaeaaaeueiua e
iieoeaaaeueiua caineea nuacaeu. A 1902a auei nicaeaii I?aaiecaoeeiiiia
ath?i caioeaa (i?aaenaaeaoaeue Ae.I.Oeiia).
Eaaua caioeu a 1903a ia iaeaaaeueiii o/?aaeeoaeueiii nuacaea iniiaaee
Nithc caioeaa -eiinoeoooeeiiaeenoia, eca?aaoee Ath?i. Nithc ia eiae
i?ia?aiiu, ii aai aeayoaee n/eoaee iaiaoiaeeiui aaaaeaiea
eiinoeoooeeiiiie iiia?oee, anaiauaai ecae?aoaeueiiai i?aaa, o?aaiaiea a
i?aaao anao nineiaee e aaaaeaiea aeaiie?aoe/aneeo naiaiae.
4. “Nithc inaiaiaeaeaiey”. A 1902a auaoee yeiiiie/aneee ia?eneno
I.A.No?oaa a Ooooaa?oa ia/ae ecaeaaaoue aeo?iae “Inaiaiaeaeaiea” n
oeaeueth nieioeoue i?aaiecaoeee eeaa?aeueiie eioaeeeaaioeee a ?innee. A
22 ai?iaeao no?aiu aicieeee “inaiaiaeaeai/aneea” e?oaeee. A 1904a aue
nicaeai Nithc, o?aaiaaaoee aaaaeaiey eiinoeoooeeiiiie iiia?oee,
anaiauaai, ?aaiiai, oaeiiai, i?yiiai ecae?aoaeueiiai i?aaa,
i?eioaeeoaeueiiai io/oaeaeaiey iiiaue/ueeo caiaeue, i?aaa iaoeee ia
naiiii?aaeaeaiea. Nithc, a ?oeiaiaenoai eioi?iai aoiaeeee
E.E.Iao?oieaae/, I.ss.Aiiaineee, N.I.I?ieiiiae/ e ae?., ecaeaaae
eenoiaee, aeo?iae e aacaou, iuoaeny i?aaieciaaoue
i?ioanneiiaeueii-iieeoe/aneea nithcu eioaeeeaaioeee.
5. Eiina?aaoeaii-io?aieoaeueiua i?aaiecaoeee. A 1881a aeey ai?ueau n
?aaiethoeeiia?aie auee nicaeaiu Nayuaiiay ae?oaeeia a Iaoa?ao?aa e
Aeia?iaieueiay ia?iaeiay io?aia a Iineaa. A ia/aea XXa a i?ioeaiaan
aioei?aaeoaeuenoaaiiui aeaeaeaieyi A.E.Aaee/ei, I.A.Yiaaeueaa?aeo,
Ae.I.Aieeoeui, e ae?. nicaeaee iaoeeiiaeenoe/aneee e?oaeie ?onneia
nia?aiea. A 1901-1904aa /eneaiiinoue /eaiia nia?aiey auno?i
oaaee/eaaeanue, nicaeaaaeenue ioaeaeu a ae?oaeo ai?iaeao.
Nia?aiea ?acaa?ioei iieeoe/aneoth i?iiaaaiaeo e aaeoaoeeth, inoaeaeay
aeaenoaey Nayoiiiee-Ie?neiai e i?aaeinoa?aaay oea?y io ?aoi?i.
A 1901-1904aa aeoeaece?iaaeenue ?aiiaa nicaeaiiua iaoeeiiaeueiua ia?oee,
a aieueoeinoaa iaiia?iaeie/aneea e nioeeae-aeaiie?aoe/aneea: Ai/ae
(1887a) e Aeaoiaeoeoothi (1890a) a A?iaiee, Nioeeae-aeaiie?aou
Ei?ieaanoaa Iieueneiai e Eeoau (1893a), Iieueneay nioeeaeenoe/aneay
ia?oey (1892a), Aoiae – Anaiauee aa?aeneee ?aai/ee nithc (1897a) e ae?.
A yoio ia?eiae aicieeaee e iiaua i?aaiecaoeee: Ia?oey
nioeeaeenoia-oaaea?aeenoia A?ocee (1901a), Oe?aeineay ia?iaeiay ia?oey
(1901a), Aaei?onneay nioeeaeenoe/aneay a?iiaaea (1902a) e i?. Yoe ia?oee
aunooiaee a iniiaiii ca iaoeeiiaeueioth aaoiiiieth naieo ia?iaeia,
eiiaaea – oieueei ca eoeueoo?ioth aaoiiiieth.
A iaeaieaa ?acaeouo ?aeiiao – Oeieyiaeee, Iieueoa e Eeoaa – ia ?oaaaea
aaeia aiciee ?yae eeaa?aeueiuo ia?oee – Eeoianeay aeaiie?aoe/aneay
ia?oey (1902a) e o.i. – auaeaeaaaoeo aieaa ?aaeeeaeueiua eicoiae,
aieioue aei ioaeaeaiey io ?innee. A ia/aea aaea noaei i?aaieciauaaoueny
iaoeeiiaeueii-eiioanneiiaeueiia ionoeueiaineia aeaeaeaiea
aeaeaaeeaeenoia Iiaieaeuey, Caeaaeacuey e Eacaonoaia.
A 1903a auea naeaanoe?iaaia (ia?aaeaia a oi?aaeaiea ainoaea?noaa)
nianoaaiiinoue a?iyineie oea?eae, /oi i?eaaei e noieeiiaaieyi n
iieeoeeae. Ianeieueei i?iaeoia i aeiiouaiee i?aiiaeaaaiey a oeiea ia
iaoeeiiaeueiuo ycueao, ?iaeiuo aeey ianoiiai ianaeaiey, ia auee i?eiyou.
Nio?aiyeenue cia/eoaeueiua ia?aie/aiey aeey aa?aaa ia
i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneoth aeayoaeueiinoue, aeaaeaiea nianoaaiiinoueth.
iao/aiea a aocao e i?iaeeaaiea a oeaio?aeueiuo e ainoi/iuo ?aeiiao
?innee. A 1903a a Eeoeiaaa e Aiiaea auee i?iaaaeaiu aa?aeneea iia?iiu,
/oi aucaaei iiaua ianniaua aunooieaiey i?ioea i?aaeoaeuenoaa.
N ia/aeii ?onnei-yiiineie aieiu, a iniaaiii iinea ia?auo a iae iaoaea/,
ia/aeenue aieiaiey a a?iee e ia oeioa. A 45 ianaeaiiuo ioieoao
iiaia?aioeu aunooieee i?ioea ioi?aaee ia o?iio. Iaeaieaa cia/eoaeueiui
noaei aii?oaeaiiia ainnoaiea ii?yeia a Naaanoiiiea a iiya?a 1904a.
XLV. Aiaoiyy iieeoeea ?innee a eiioea XIXa-1905a.
1899a – Aaaaneay eiioa?aioeey ii i?iaeaiai ?aci?oaeaiey
1904-1905aa – ?onnei-yiiineay aieia
aaaono 1905a – Ii?oniooneee ie?iue aeiaiai?
A eiioea XIX-ia/aea XXaa ia/aeanue ai?ueaa ca yeiiiie/aneee ?acaeae
anaai ie?a. A Aa?iia ?inney noa?aeanue ia aeiionoeoue
aiaiii-iieeoe/aneie aaaaiiiee Aa?iaiee, inoaiiaeoue yeniaineth
Aano?i-Aaia?ee ia Aaeeaiao e onoaiiaeoue eiio?ieue iaae /a?iiii?neeie
i?ieeaaie. A Acee oneeey ?inneeneie aeeieiiaoee auee iai?aaeaiu ia oi,
/oiau aini?aiyonoaiaaoue ?anoe?aieth aeeyiey Aiaeee a Ia?nee e Eeoaa,
i?ioeaiaeaenoaiaaoue yeniainee Aa?iaiee ia Aeeaeiai Ainoiea,
i?ioeainoiyoue yiiineiio i?iaeaeaeaieth ia eiioeiaio, i?aaeaea anaai a
Ei?aa, a caoai ieii/aoaeueii ooaa?aeeoue ?inneeneia ainiiaenoai a
Ia?nee, Naaa?iii Eeoaa, onoaiiaeoue eiio?ieue iaae oeoiieaaineei
iiaa?aaeueai Acee.
A 90a aa oe?aieyeny nithc n O?aioeeae, ii niaeaoaieth 1892a ?inney
iaycaeanue aunooieoue ia aa noi?iia a neo/aa o?aiei-aa?iaineie aieiu.
A ia/aea XXa ineiaeieeenue ?inneenei-aa?iaineea oi?aiaua ioiioaiey. A
1903a ?inney i?eiyea aioeaa?iaineee oaiiaeaiiue oa?eo.
A iaa-ethia ii eieoeeaoeaa ?innee a Aaaaa (Ieaea?eaiaeu) n o/anoeai 27
ainoaea?noa i?ioiaeeea eiioa?aioeey ii aii?inai ia?aie/aiey aiiee
aii?oaeaiee e i ie?iii ?ac?aoaiee iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo eiioeeeoia. Oaeaeinue
aeiaiai?eoueny i caeiiao e iau/ayo aaaeaiey aieiu, iai?eiaiaiee
yaeiaeouo aacia, ?ac?uaiuo ioeue e aoiaiiuo oneiaeyo niaea?aeaiey
aiaiiiieaiiuo.
1891-1903aa – no?ieoaeuenoai O?ainneae?neie aeaeaciie aei?iae.
1896-1901aa – no?ieoaeuenoai Eeoaenei-Ainoi/iie aeaeaciie aei?iae.
Iinea yiiii-eeoaeneie aieiu 1894-1895aa e iieo/aiey ssiiieae ii
Neiiiinaeneiio ie?iiio aeiaiai?o n Eeoaai i?aa ia Ei?ath e Eyiaeoineee
iieoino?ia ?inney a nithca n Aa?iaieae e O?aioeeae aeiaeeanue ioeaca
ssiiiee io Eyiaeoia. A 1896a ?inney iiaeienaea aioeyiiineee nithciue
aeiaiai? n Eeoaai. A 1897a ?onneay yneaae?a caiyee Ii?o-A?oo? ia
Eyiaeoia, a a 1898a ?inney aeiaeeanue a?aiaeu Eaaiooineiai iieoino?iaa
(thaeiay /anoue Eyiaeoia) ia 25 eao n i?aaii no?ieoaeuenoaa aeaeaciie
aei?iae.
A 1902a ssiiiey, caaa?oea aiaiioth iiaeaioiaeo e iino?iea oeio,
oaoie/anee e /eneaiii i?aainoiaeyuee ?onneee, iieo/eea e?aaeeo io NOA e
caeeth/eea nithc N Aiaeeae. 31 aeaeaa?y 1903a ssiiiey i?aaeuyaeea
oeueoeiaooi i i?eciaiee aa eneeth/eoaeueiiai i?aaa ia Ei?ath e
Iaiue/aeo?eth. Iineaiiay 22 yiaa?y 1904a oaeaa?aiia n ioaaoii,
niaea?aeaaoay onooiee ii aieueoeinoao o?aaiaaiee, auea caaea?aeaia
yiiioeaie e aeioea aei ?inneeneiai iinea a Oieei oaea iinea iauyaeaiey
ssiiieae aieiu.
?onnei-yiiineay aieia. 1904-1905aa.
Aei iauyaeaiey aieiu, a ii/ue ia 27 yiaa?y, ssiiiey i?iaaea ieiioth
aoaeo i?ioea Oeoiieaaineie yneaae?u, noiyaoae ia ?aeaea o Ii?o-A?oo?a.
Aunaaeeaoayny a Ei?aa Ia?aay yiiineay a?iey aeaeioeanue e a?aieoea n
Iaiue/aeo?eae, aaea iiae Oth?ai/aiii ioa?ineea ?onneee Ainoi/iue io?yae
(iae). Aoi?ay (ai?aeue) e *aoaa?oay (ethiue) yiiineea a?iee iinea
aunaaeee aeaeioeenue ia Ii?o-A?oo?; ia?a?acaee aei?iao e iaio, acyee
aoi?ie eaaiooineee ii?o Aeaieyiue e ?aca?iieee iiae Aaoaiaio oaaeoee ia
iiiiuue a Ii?o-A?oo? Neae?neee ei?ion. Aa?iecii Ii?o-A?oo?a (50,5 oun
/aeiaae) ai aeaaa n aaia?aeii ?.E.Eiiae?aoaiei e eiiaiaeaioii e?aiinoe
E.I.Nie?iiaui naea?aeaee 6 ooo?iia (aaaono-aeaeaa?ue) 200-ouny/iie
yiiineie a?iee. 20 aeaeaa?y e?aiinoue auea naeaia. A yiaa?a 1905a
?onneay a?iey i?iaaea iaoaea/ioth ianooiaoaeueioth iia?aoeeth ia ?.
Oaoy.
Aeey o/anoey a Aeaeueiaainoi/iie aieia ia Aaeoeeneii e *a?iii ii?yo auee
noi?ie?iaaiu Aoi?ay e O?aouey Oeoiieaaineea yneaae?u. Iinea oyaeaeiai
ia?aoiaea aie?oa Ao?eee niaaeeiaiea iiae eiiaiaeiaaieai aaeie?aea
C.I.?iaeanoaaineiai aioei a AEaeoia ii?a. 4 iay aicea ino?iaia Oeoneia
30 ?inneeneeo e?aena?ia, a?iiaiinoeaa e ynieioeaa anooieee a aie n 89
aiaiiuie noaeaie ssiiiee. Oo?ii 15 iay 5 ?inneeneeo ei?aaeae naeaeenue;
13 ei?aaeae caoiieaii; 5 e?aena?ia e 2 ieiiiinoea niiaee i?i?aaoueny ai
Aeaaeeainoie e eeoaeneea ii?ou.
A ethea 1905a ii eieoeeaoeaa ssiiiee a aia?eeaineii ai?iaea Ii?oniooa
i?e iin?aaeie/anoaa NOA ia/aeenue ie?iua ia?aaiai?u. O?aaiaaiey ssiiiee:
– ioe?uoea aeey iaa Iaiue/aeo?ee
– auieaoa eiio?eaooeee
– ia?aie/aiea /enea ?onneiai oeioa ia Aeaeueiai Ainoiea
– niaeanea ia yiiineoth ieeoiaoeeth Naoaeeia
Aeiaiai? aue iiaeienai 23 aaaonoa 1905a. ssiiiey ia auea i?eciaia
iiaaaeeoaeai a aieia, ia iieo/eea eiio?eaooeee, ii: – Ei?ay
i?eciaaaeanue noa?ie aeeyiey ssiiiee
– ssiiiey iieo/aea a a?aiaeo Eyiaeoineee iieoino?ia n Ii?o-A?oo?ii e
Aeaieyiii
– ssiiiey ieeoie?iaaea thaeioth iieiaeio Naoaeeia
– Iaiue/aeo?ey oaeoe/anee ?acaeaeyeanue ia noa?u aeeyiey ?innee e
ssiiiee, eioi?ua
niaeaoaeenue ia iaoaoue yeiiiie/aneiio i?iieeiiaaieth a ?aaeii e ae?oaeo
ainoaea?noa
– yiiioeu iieo/aee i?aai aeiaeoue ?uao aaeieue anaai ?inneeneiai
aeaeueiaainoi/iiai iiaa?aaeuey
?inney cao?aoeea ia aieio 2,3 ie?ae ?oaeae, eiouanoaa auei iioa?yii aua
ia 0,5 ie?ae ?oaeae. Aieia oeiaine?iaaeanue ca n/ao ?inoa
ainoaea?noaaiiiai aeieaa e i?eaaea e ?anno?ienoao oeiainiaie nenoaiu,
oaaee/aieth eioeyoeee, ?inoo iaeiaia.
XLVI. Ia?aay ?inneeneay ?aaiethoeey 1905-1907aa.
Iniiaiie i?aaeiinueeie ?aaiethoeee yaeyaony i?ioeai?a/ea iaaeaeo
?acaeoeai no?aiu e ia?aaeeoeaie a iieeoe/aneie, nioeeaeueiie,
nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneie e ae?. noa?ao, a oaeaea iauaiaoeeiiaeueiue
iieeoe/aneee e?ecen.
3 yiaa?y ia Iooeeianeii caaiaea aniuoioea noa/ea, e eioi?ie
i?eniaaeeieeinue nauoa 100oun ?aai/eo ae?oaeo i?aaei?eyoee. I?aaiecaoi?u
noa/ee aoiaeeee a “Nia?aiea ?onneeo oaa?e/ii-caaiaeneeo ?aai/eo
Naieo-Iaoa?ao?aa”, nicaeaiiia a 1904a e aicaeaaeyaoaany nayuaiieeii
Aai?aeai Aaiiiii. Ii iiaeaea?aeae eaeath ?aai/eo iiaeaoue oea?th
iaoeoeeth, a eioi?oth aioee e iieeoe/aneea o?aaiaaiey. 8 yiaa?y ieieno?
aioo?aiieo aeae Nayoiiiee-Ie?neee ia i?eiye aeaeaaaoeeth eioaeeeaaioeee,
i?ineaooth ia aeiionoeoue e?iaii?ieeoey. Aeaeaaaoeey auea a?anoiaaia.
Oo?ii 9 yiaa?y ieiei 140 oun ?aai/eo aeaeioeenue e Ceiiaio aeai?oeo, ii
aua aeaeaei io iaai auee iano?aeyiu aieneaie. Ianeieueei ouny/
aeaiiino?aioia ana aea aeioee aea Aeai?oeiaie ieiuaaee, aaea auee
?anno?aeyiu e ?aciaiaiu eiiiuie aeaiaea?iaie. Aiciouaiiua ?ani?aaie
?aai/ea no?ieee ia oeeoea aa??eeaaeu. Ii anae no?aia ia/aeenue
caaanoiaee. A yiaa?a-ia?oa a ieo i?eiyee o/anoea 810 oun /aeiaae.
?aai/eo iiaeaea?aeaee nooaeaiou, neoaeauea, iaeeea i?aaei?eieiaoaee,
eioaeeeaaioeey. Aeaeaeaiea auei iiaeaea?aeaii cainoaaie. Ana o?aaiaaee
aaaaeaiey ia?iaeiiai i?aaenoaaeoaeuenoaa.
E?anoueyineia aeaeaeaiea ?acaa?ioeinue a oaa?aea-ia?oa. E?anoueyia
a?iieee eiaiey e o?aaiaaee ?acaeaea iiiaue/ueae caiee.
Ieeieae II ia?aie/eeny ?ane?eioii ia eiy iiaiai ieieno?a aioo?aiieo aeae
A.A.Aoeuaeia i iiaeaioiaea i?iaeoa caeiiiniaauaoaeueiie Aeoiu. (18
oaa?aey).
A ai?aea-aaaonoa a noa/eao o/anoaiaaei 740 oun /aeiaae. Naiay
auaeathuayny – noa/ea oaenoeeueueeia Eaaiiai-Aicianainea 12 iay-26
ethey. ?aai/ea noi?ie?iaaee Nia?aiea eca?aiiuo aeaiooaoia, acyaoaa ia
naay aeanoue a ai?iaea. A ethea-aaaonoa ia?aciaaeny Ana?inneeneee
e?anoueyineee nithc, i?eiyaoee aa?a?ioth i?ia?aiio yny?ia. Ia/aeinue
aeaeaeaiea a a?iee e ia oeioa.
Auea ainnoaiiaeaia aaoiiiiey oieaa?neoaoia. Oeac 17 ai?aey “Ia
oe?aieaiee ia/ae aa?ioa?ieiinoe” o?aaieaae ana eiioannee, e?iia
eoaeaecia, a iieeoe/aneeo e nioeeaeueiuo i?aaao; a aaaonoa ecaeaiu caeii
e iieiaeaiea i auai?ao a caeiiiniaauaoaeueioth Ainoaea?noaaiioth aeoio,
ii eioi?ui eeoue iaaieueoay /anoue ianaeaiey iiaea i?eiyoue o/anoea a
auai?ao. Ia?iae nei ia oaeiaeaoai?eeny, e Aeoia oae e ia auea nicaeaia.
Naiui ianniaui aunooieaieai ?aaiethoeee noaea Ana?inneeneay ieoya?ueneay
iieeoe/aneay noa/ea 6-25 ieoya?y, ia/aoay ?aai/eie-aeaeaciiaei?iaeieeaie
Iineau. A caaanoiaea i?eiyee o/anoea 2 iei /aeiaae. ?acaa?ioeinue
nicaeaiea ?aai/eo i?aaiia aeanoe – Niaaoia, eioi?uo inaiueth aicieeei
aieaa 50. A aeaeaa?a 150 oun ?aai/eo ia/aee ia?ano?aeee n iieeoeeae,
no?ieee a ai?iaea aa??eeaaeu.
A Iaieoanoa io 17 ieoya?y, iiaeaioiaeaiiii Aeooa, Ieeieae II “aea?iaae”
naiaiaeo neiaa, ia/aoe, nia?aiee, nithcia e Caeiiiaeaoaeueioth Aeoio. 11
aeaeaa?y auee iioaeeeiaaiu i?eeac i i?iaaaeaiee auai?ia e ecae?aoaeueiue
caeii. 3 iiya?y auei iauyaeaii ia ioiaia aueoiiuo ieaoaaeae n 1907a e
nie?auaiee aaeaia iauaia auieao ia 1906a. A ieoya?a Niaao ieieno?ia aue
i?aia?aciaai a iinoiyiii aeaenoaothuaa i?aaeoaeuenoai ai aeaaa n
i?aiuea?-ieieno?ii (Aeooa).
Yny?u aeoeaii o/anoaiaaee a i?aaiecaoeee aioei?aaeoaeuenoaaiiuo
aunooieaiee, eieoeee?iaaee nicaeaiea e?anoueyineeo nithcia, iuoaeenue
iaeaaeeoue aeinoaaeo i?oaeey ec-ca ?oaaaea.
Iinea ioaeeeaoeee Iaieoanoa iiyaeeenue iiaua ia?oee: eiinoeoooeeiiii
aeaiie?aoe/aneay (I.I.Ieetheia, I.Ae.Aeieai?oeia, N.A.Io?iioeaa), “Nithc
17 ieoya?y” (A.E.Ao/eia, Ae.E.Oeiia), Nithc ?onneiai ia?iaea
(A.E.Aeoa?iaei, A.I.Io?eoeaae/), ?onneay iiia?oe/aneay ia?oey
(A.A.A?eiaioo).
Ecae?aoaeueiue caeii 1905a. Auai?u ia?aaiua e iiiainooiai/aoua: – 1ay
eo?ey. 32% auai?ueeia, 1
aeaiooao io 2 oun e?oiiuo caieaaeaaeaeueoeaa
– 2ay eo?ey. 22% auai?ueeia, 1 aeaiooao io 4 oun aeaaeaeueoeaa
ai?iaeneie iaaeaeaeeiinoe, oi?aiauo e i?iiuoeaiiuo caaaaeaiee,
ainoaea?noaiiuo /eiiaieeia
– 3y eo?ey. 43% auai?ueeia, 1 aeaiooao io 30 oun e?anoueyi
– 4ay eo?ey. 3% auai?ueeia, 1
aeaiooao io 90 oun ?aai/eo
Ia eiaee ecae?aoaeueiuo i?aa aiaiiua, iieeoeaeneea . o/aueany, aeaiueiu,
ei/aaua ia?iaeu, inoaeaeaiiua e iiaeneaaenoaaiiua.
A I Ainoaea?noaaiiie aeoia (ai?aeue-etheue 1906a) ?oeiaiaeyuay ?ieue
i?eiaaeeaaeaea eaaeaoai, aoi?ia ianoi – O?oaeiaay a?oiia.
II Ainoaea?noaaiiay aeoia (oaa?aeue-ethiue 1907a): 43% iano –
iaiia?iaeieee e ynaeyee; 45% – eaaeaou, ieoya?enou, e i?i/ea eeaa?aeu;
4% – /a?iinioaioeu.
A 1906-1907aa 8 ianyoeaa aeaenoaiaaee aiaiii-iieaaua noaeu aeey
a?aaeaeaineeo eeoe “ii caeiiai aiaiiiai a?aiaie”. 23 ai?aey 1906a auee
iioaeeeiaaiu iiaeienaiiua Ieeieaai II “Iniiaiua ainoaea?noaaiiua caeiiu
?inneeneie eiia?ee”, ia?aie/eaaaoea aeanoue oea?y.
A ii/ue ia 3 ethiy 1907a aeanoe i?enooieee e ianniaui a?anoai; aue
auiouai oeac ia eciaiaiee ecae?aoaeueiiai caeiia.
XLVII. “O?aoueaethiueneay” iiia?oey 1907-1914aa.
A niioaaonoaee n iniiaiuie caeiiaie eiia?aoi? aeaeee caeiiiaeaoaeueioth
aeanoue n aeaooiaeaoiui ia?eaiaioii. Ainoaea?noaaiiue niaao e
Ainoaea?noaaiiay aeoia, /eaiu eioi?uo ia ianee ioaaonoaaiiinoe ia?aae
ecae?aoaeyie, i?eieiaee caeiiu e athaeaeao. Ninoaa Ainoaea?noaaiiie
aeoiu ii?aaeaeyeny ecae?aoaeueiui caeiiii, eciaiaiiui aac niaeaney
ia?eaiaioa a ia?ooaiea iniiaiuo caeiiia. Ii iiaiio iieiaeaieth i auai?ao
io 3 ethiy 1907a auei nie?auaii i?aaenoaaeoaeuenoai io e?anoueyi a 2
?aca, io ?aai/eo a 3 ?aca e io Iieueoe, Eaaeaca e Aceaoneie ?innee a
oeaeii a 3 ?aca. Io iiiaueeia (0,2% ecae?aoaeae) /enei auai?ueeia
ninoaaeei 51%, e?anoueyi e eacaeia (90% ecae?aoaeae) – 22%, ?aai/eo –
2%. Ai?iaeneay eo?ey auea ?acaeaeaia ii eiouanoaaiiiio i?eciaeo ia aeaa
/anoe, i?e/ai iaiueoeinoai (a?aaeaeaia 1ai ?ac?yaea) ecae?aei 13%
auai?ueeia, a aieueoeinoai – 11%. Aiiaua a /enei ecae?aoaeae aoiaeeee
eeoue 13% ianaeaiey no?aiu. Eiia?aoi? iacia/ae iieiaeio /eaiia
Ainoaea?noaaiiiai niaaoa, eiae i?aai caeiiiaeaoaeueiie eieoeeaoeau e
ooaa?aeaeae ana caeiiu ia?aae eo anooieaieai a aeaenoaea, iia
?anionoeoue Aeoio eee i?einoaiiaeoue aa aeayoaeueiinoue. Ii noaouea 87
Iniiaiuo caeiiia a ia?eiae aacaeaenoaey Aeoiu oea?ue iia ecaeaaaoue
oeacu, eioi?ua n?aco anooiaee a aeaenoaea, ii aeieaeiu auee
ia?aaeaaaoueny aeey ianoaeaeaiey a Aeoio iinea aiciaiiaeaiey canaaeaiee.
Eniieieoaeueiay aeanoue iieiinoueth eiio?iee?iaaeanue oea?ai,
iacia/aaoei /eaiia Niaaoa ieieno?ia, ia caaenyuaai io ia?eaiaioa.
?oeiaiaeee i?aaeoaeuenoaii i?aiuea?-ieieno?. Io eiaie i?aiuea?a e
ieieno?ia iiaee ecaeaaaoueny eino?oeoeee e oee?eoey?u. Noaeaaiay aeanoue
inouanoaeyeanue io eiaie eiia?aoi?a, iacia/aaoaai aunoee noaeaaiue i?aai
– Naiao. A ie?oaeiua noaeu e noaeaaiua iaeaou noaeuee ecae?aeenue
iiaeeciaiii, i?enyaeiua canaaeaoaee – ia ii?aaeaeaiiue n?ie ia iniiaa
eiouanoaaiiiai oeaica.
Iniiaiuie caeiiaie oi?iaeueii iaania/eaaeenue naiaiaeu, caaiaaaiiua ai
a?aiy ?aaiethoeee: – aeaenoaiaaee
A?aiaiiua i?aaeea ia iauanoaao e nithcao, ?aaoee?iaaaoea nicaeaiea
i?ionithcia
– A?aiaiiua i?aaeea i nia?aieyo – aeiioneaeenue yeiiiie/aneea noa/ee
– ioiaiyeanue i?aaeaa?eoaeueiay
oeaico?a e o.ae.
Aeaaiuie caaea/aie i?aaeoaeuenoaa yaeyeenue i?aaeioa?auaiea iiaie
?aaiethoeee e oe?aieaiea ainoaea?noaa. A niioaaonoaee n i?ia?aiiie
aeayoaeueiinoe i?aaeoaeuenoaa io 25 aaaonoa 1906a ieaie?iaaeinue:
– aa?a?iay ?aoi?ia
– aaaaeaiea iiaiai ?aai/aai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa
– ?ai?aaiecaoeee aieinoiiai naiioi?aaeaiey ia aannineiaiuo ia/aeao
– ?acaeoea noaeaaiie ?aoi?iu, a o./. ia?aaea/a noaeaaiie aeanoe auai?iui
ie?iaui noaeueyi
– ?aoi?ia ia?aciaaiey n iineaaeothuei aaaaeaieai iaycaoaeueiiai
ia/aeueiiai ia?aciaaiey
– iaeiaiaay ?aoi?ia (aaaaeaiea iiaeioiaeiiai iaeiaa)
A 1909a a Aeoio iinooiee i?iaeo i aaaaeaiee a 10-eaoiee n?ie anaiauaai
ia/aeueiiai iao/aiey. I?aaeoaeuenoai, ia aeiaeeaeaynue i?eiyoey caeiia,
oaea n 1905a auaeaeyei cainoaai e ai?iaeai n?aaenoaa ia ?acaeoea oeie. E
1911a aieaa iieiaeiu cainoa ia/aee iiaeaioiaeo e aaaaeaieth anaiauaai
ia/aeueiiai ia?aciaaiey.
III Ainoaea?noaaiiay aeoia (iiya?ue 1907-ethiue 1908aa):
i?aaiiaoeeiiaeenoe/aneea a?oiiu aianoa – 32%, ieoya?enou – 30%, eaaeaou
e i?ia?annenou – 21%, eaaua (ynaeyee e o?oaeiaeee) – 7%.
IV Ainoaea?noaaiiay aeoia ieacaeanue aieaa eaaie, oioy ynaeyee e
o?oaeiaeee oiaiueoee naia i?aaenoaaeoaeuenoai.
XLVIII. Noieuieineay aa?a?iay ?aoi?ia 1906-1917aa.
[I.A.Noieuiei (1862-1911aa) – i?aiuea?-ieieno? a 1906-1911aa, ieieno?
aioo?aiieo aeae]
Oeaee: – i?eaea/ue ia noi?iio ?aaeeia oe?ieea neie e?anoueyinoaa
– ?ac?ooeoue naeueneoth iaueio
– ia cao?iiooue eioa?anu iiiaueeia
– iiaeiyoue o?iaaiue naeueneiai oicyenoaa no?aiu
Iiaeaioiaea i?iaeoa ?aoi?i oaeoe/anee ia/aeanue n Niaauaiey i ioaeaeao
naeueneioicyenoaaiiie i?iiuoeaiiinoe iiae ?oeiaiaenoaii Aeooa a
1902-1903aa. Eciaiaiea oi?iu nianoaaiiinoe ia e?anoueyineoth caieth,
i?aa?auaiea e?anoueyi a iieiii?aaiuo aeaaeaeueoeaa naieo iaaeaeia
caeiiii 1910a i?aaeiieaaaeinue inouanoaeoue i?aaeaea anaai iooai
oe?aieaiey iaaeaeia a /anoioth nianoaaiiinoue. Ii caeiio 1911a
?ac?aoaeinue i?iaiaeeoue caieaono?ienoai aac oe?aieaiey.
Aeey ?aoaiey i?iaeaiu e?anoueyineiai iaeicaiaeuey e aa?a?iie
ia?aianaeaiiinoe a oeaio?aeueiuo ?aaeiiao aeoeaece?iaaeanue
ia?anaeai/aneay iieeoeea. Auaeaeyeenue n?aaenoaa aeey o?ainii?oe?iaee
aeaeathueo ia iiaua ianoa, i?aaeaea anaai a Neae?ue. Ca O?aeii
e?anoueyiai aacaiciacaeii ia?aaeaaaeenue caiee, aeey iiaeuaia oicyenoaa
e aeaaiono?ienoaa auaeaaaeenue nnoaeu. I?iaeaaea e?anoueyiai caiee a
?ann?i/eo /a?ac E?anoueyineee iicaiaeueiue aaie oaeaea iaiaoiaeeia auea
aeey nie?auaiey iaeicaiaeuey.
Caeiiiaeaoaeueiie iniiaie ?aoi?iu noae oeac 9 iiya?y 1906a. iniiaiua
iieiaeaiey oeaca auee cae?aieaiu a caeiia 19010a. ?aoi?ia
inouanoaeyeanue oneeeyie Aeaaiiai oi?aaeaiey caieaono?ienoaa e
caieaaeaeey, aicaeaaeyaoaainy A.A.E?eaioaeiui, e Ieienoa?noaii
aioo?aiieo aeae. I?aa?auaiea e?anoueyi a caieaaeaaeaeueoeaa oei
ianeieueeeie iooyie: – Oe?aieaiea /a?aniieiniuo o/anoeia a
nianoaaiiinoue. Ia
ia?aii yoaia (1907-1910aa) a niioaaonoaee n oeacii 9 iiya?y
1906a auei oe?aieaii 2 iei iaaeaeia.
– Caieaono?ienoai ia aoi?ii yoaia (1911-1916aa) ii caeiiai
1910a e 1911a aeaaaei aiciiaeiinoue iieo/aiey iaaeaea a
nianoaaiiinoue aaoiiaoe/anee – iinea nicaeaiey io?oaia e
oooi?ia.
– A iaueiao, aaea ia auei ia?aaeaeia (“noa?iaeoiiuo”) ii
caeiio 1910a e?anoueyia aaoiiaoe/anee i?eciaaaeenue
nianoaaiieeaie iaaeaeia. Oaeea iaueiu ninoaaeyee 30% io eo
iauaai /enea.
– Iiaeai?iua aeaaeaiey. E?anoueyia caiaaeiuo aoaa?iee e
iaeioi?uo ?aeiiia thaa, aaea iaueiu ia nouanoaiaaei, oaeaea
aaoiiaoe/anee noaiiaeeenue nianoaaiieeaie.
Ca O?ae ioi?aaeeenue 3,3 iei /aeiaae. 0,5 iei aa?ioeenue, iiiaea
iiiieieee ianaeaiea neae?neeo ai?iaeia eee i?aa?aoeeenue a
naeueneioicyenoaaiiuo ?aai/eo.
XLIX. Aiaoiyy iieeoeea ?innee a 1906-1914aa.
Aeaaiuie i?ioeaieeaie ia ie?iaie a?aia noaee Aiaeey e Aa?iaiey. Ia
aa?iiaeneii eiioeiaioa Aa?iaiey niia?ie/aea n O?aioeeae. Aaeeaiu
inoaaaeenue i/aaii i?ioeai?a/ee e?oiiaeoeo aa?iiaeneeo ainoaea?noa –
Aiaeee, O?aioeee, Aa?iaiee, Aano?i-Aaia?ee, ?innee. Aeoeae?iaaeenue
aeaenoaey aaaeoueo ie?iauo aea?aeaa a aeeaeiaainoi/iii ?aaeiia. A
ea/anoaa aeaaiie oeaee ?inneeneie aiaoiae iieeoeee noaaeeanue caaea/a
nei?aeoaai auaaaeaiey no?aiu ec aiaoiaiieeoe/aneiai e?ecena e
noaaeeecaoeee aa iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai iieiaeaiey. ?innee iaiaoiaeeii auei
iaania/eoue aeeeoaeueiue ie? aeey ?aoaiey aioo?eiieeoe/aneeo i?iaeai.
Iinea ?onnei-yiiineie aieiu a ?innee neiaeeeenue aeaa a?oiie?iaee ii
aii?inai aiaoiae iieeoeee. Iaeia ec ieo, iauaaeeiyaoay /anoue aunoae
ath?ie?aoee e e?aeia i?aauo (/a?iinioaioeaa) a Aeoia e i?e aeai?a,
aunooiaea ca naeeaeaiea n eaeca?ianeie Aa?iaieae, nithc n eioi?ie iia
iiii/ue ?innee iaeo?aeeciaaoue Aiaeeth e aeiaeoueny ?aaaioa ia Aeaeueiai
Ainoiea. Aoi?ay i?eaioe?iaaeanue ia oe?aieaiea ioiioaiee n Aiaeeae – yoo
eeieth iiaeaea?aeeaaee eeaa?aeueiua e oia?aiiua neeu a i?aaeoaeuenoaa e
ia?eaiaioa. Ieeieae II iiia/aeo neeiiyeny e naeeaeaieth n Aa?iaieae e a
1905a iiaeienae ia oaeiie ano?a/a n Aeeueaaeueiii II Auea?eneia
niaeaoaiea, i?aaeiieaaaaoaa nicaeaiea ?inneenei-aa?iaineiai nithca e
?ac?ua ?onnei-aiaeeeneeo e ?onnei-o?aioeocneeo naycae. Aeooa e ieieno?o
eiino?aiiuo aeae A.I.Eainaei?oo oaeaeinue oaaaeeoue Ieeieay II ia
auiieiyoue iieiaeaiee niaeaoaiey, eioi?ia a eoiaa ia anooieei a neeo.
Iicaea eiia?aoi? iiaeaea?aeae iiaiai ieieno?a eiino?aiiuo aeae
A.I.Ecaieueneiai a iieeoeea eiii?iiennia n iaaeie noi?iiaie i?e
iaeioi?ii oeeiia a noi?iio Aiaeee.
Ia?aaiai?u n Aiaeeae e Aa?iaieae ia/aeenue iaeiia?aiaiii a 1906a, ii
niaeaoaiea auei iiaeienaii eeoue n Aiaeeae a aaaonoa 1907a. Auee
?aca?aie/aiu noa?u aeeyiey a Ia?nee, Oeaio?aeueiie Acee, aaea ?inney
ioeacaeanue io i?aoaicee ia Aoaaienoai. A iaiai ?inney ca?o/aeanue
iaauaieai Aiaeee iiaeaea?aeaoue aa a no?aieaiee i?aaa i?ioiaea
?inneeneeo aiaiiuo noaeia /a?ac /a?iiii?neea i?ieeau. A 1907a auee
iiaeienaiu ?onnei-aa?iaineee i?ioieie i noaoon-eai ia Aaeoeea,
?onnei-aa?iainei-aano?eeneia niaeaoaiea i iaianoaeaeaiee aii?ina ia
ia?aie/aiee aii?oaeaiey ia aoi?ie Aaaaneie ie?iie eiioa?aioeee e ae?oaea
aeieoiaiou. Iaeiaei Aa?iaiey iiaeaea?aeaea aa?anneaioth iieeoeeo
Aano?i-Aaia?ee ia Aaeeaiao e oe?aieyea aiaiiia nio?oaeie/anoai n
aioe?onnee iano?iaiiie Oo?oeeae. Iionaeaineia niaeaoaiea 1911a
?aca?aie/eei noa?u aeeyiey ?innee e Aa?iaiee a E?aia.
A 1908a Aano?ey i?aaei?eiyea iiiuoeo ?anoe?eoue naia aeeyiea ia
Aaeeaiao, aiiaene?iaaa Ainieth e Aa?oeaaiaeio a iaiai ia iiaeaea?aeeo
o?aaiaaiey ?innee i i?aaeinoaaeaiee aiciiaeiinoe naiaiaeiiai i?ioiaea
?onneiai oeioa /a?ac Ainoi? e Aea?aeaiaeeu. Aa?iaiey iiaeaea?aeaea
Aano?i-Aaia?eth, oa?iaeaaooth i?aaei?eiyoue iioiae i?ioea Na?aee. ?inney
auea auioaeaeaia auea niaeaneoueny ia i?eniaaeeiaiee Ainiee e
Aa?oeaaiaeiu e Aano?ee, ia iieo/ea ie/aai acaiai.
A 1912a aue nicaeai aioeoo?aoeeee nithc Na?aee, Aieaa?ee, A?aoeee e
*a?iiai?ee.
I Aaeeaineay aieia. 1912-1913aa.
*a?iiai?ey ia/aea aieio n Oo?oeeae, aaeeaineea no?aiu iio?aaiaaee
i?aaeinoaaeoue ana i?aaa o?enoeaineiio ianaeaieth Iniaineie eiia?ee.
Aienea Aaeeaineiai nithca ?acaeee oo?aoeeoth a?ieth e i?iaeaeioeenue
aeaeaei aaeoaue oo?aoeeie /anoe Aaeeaineiai iieoino?iaa, ii ?inney
aianoa n Aiaeeae e O?aioeeae ianoiyee ia i?iaaaeaiee ia?aaiai?ia.
Ianaiai?/eainoue Oo?oeee aucaaea aiciaiiaeaiea aiaiiuo aeaenoaee e
acyoea Aae?eaiiiiey. Ii aeiaiai?ai 1912 e 1913aa nithcieeai iooiaeeee
ana caiyoua oa??eoi?ee ca eneeth/aieai aeaaineeo caiaeue, ioaeaeyaoeo
Na?aeth io Aae?eaoe/aneiai ii?y.
II Aaeeaineay aieia. 1913a.
Ii aii?ino i ?acaeaea i?eia?aoaiiuo oa??eoi?ee iaaeaeo iiaaaeeoaeyie
?acaa?ioeanue ai?ueaa ae?oaeo aea?aeaa. Aano?ey, ia/aaoay aiaiioth
iiaeeecaoeeth, aioiaa auea i?eciaoue iacaaeneiinoue iiaiai ainoaea?noaa
– Aeaaiee, ?inney iiaeaea?aeeaaea Na?aeth a aa no?aieaiee iieo/eoue
auoiae e Aae?eaoeea. I?ioeai?a/ey i?eaaee e aieia Aieaa?ee i?ioea
Na?aee, A?aoeee, *a?iiai?ee e i?eniaaeeieaoaeny e iei ?oiuiee. Iinea
na?ueaciuo ii?aaeaiee aieaa? a aieio anooieea e Oo?oeey. A eoiaa aieiu
Aieaa?ey iioa?yea /anoue oa??eoi?ee, a iiceoeee ?innee ia Aaeeaiao
oooaeoeeenue.
L. ?inney a ia?aie ie?iaie aieia (1914-1916aa).
I?e/eiu aieiu: – iaino?aiea i?ioeainoiyiey aaeeeeo aea?aeaa a ie?iaii
ianooaaa, ai?ueaa ca “ia?aaeae ie?a”
– ?acaeoea i?ioeai?a/ee a ioaeaeueiuo ?aaeiiao (Aaeeaiu, Aeeaeiee e
Aeaeueiee Ainoie)
– iieeoe/aneia e yeiiiie/aneia niia?ie/anoai Aa?iaiee e O?aioeee,
ai?iaoeony ca
onoaiiaeaiea yeiiiie/aneie aaaaiiiee a Aa?iia
A 1908-1913aa a ?innee aue i?iaaaeai ?yae aiaiiuo ?aoi?i. Aic?inea
/eneaiiinoue a?iee, oaaee/eeny n?ie neoaeau, oeo/oeeanue nenoaia aiaaie
iiaeaioiaee. Eciaieeny ioeoea?neee ninoaa, auee ioiaiaiu ia?aie/aiey i?e
i?eaia a ioeoea?neea o/eeeua. Aiaiiua ?anoiaeu oaaee/eeenue ca yoio
ia?eiae a 3,7 ?aca, ninoaaea 40% athaeaeaoa no?aiu. Ia/ae
aic?iaeaeaoueny oeio, aeaaea ia/aeinue no?ieoaeuenoai iiaeaiaeiuo
eiaeie. Iiaea?iece?iaaeinue aii?oaeaiea nooiiooiuo aiene.
A 1914a auea iiaeaioiaeaia aiaiii-ii?neay eiiaaioeey ?innee e Aiaeee,
iiaeienaiiay oaea iinea ia/aea aieiu.
15 (28) ethiy 1914a aeieaeiu auee ia/aoueny i?iaieaoeeiiiua aiaiiua
iaiaa?u Aano?i-Aaia?ee, iai?aaeaiiua i?ioea Na?aee. A yoio aeaiue a
Na?aaai, noieeoea Ainiee, na?aii Aaa?eeie I?eioeeiii aue oaeo
y?oeaa?oeia O?aioe Oa?aeeiaiae, ianeaaeiee aano?eeneiai eiia?aoi?a.
Aano?ey, iaaeiea a oaeenoaa na?aneoth iaoeeiiaeenoe/aneoth
i?aaiecaoeeth, iio?aaiaaea aaiaea aiene a Na?aeth e aeiionea
neaaeiaaoaeae ia aa oa??eoi?eth. Na?aey i?eiyea oeueoeiaooi, ioaa?aioa
eeoue ieeoiaoeeth. 15 ethey aano?eeneay a?oeeea?ey iano?aeyea Aaea?aae
(noieeoeo Na?aee).
17 (30) ethey ?inney iauyaeea anaiauoth iiaeeecaoeeth. Aa?iaiey
iio?aaiaaea i?ae?auaiey iiaeeecaoeee e, ia iieo/ea ioaaoa, 19 ethey (1
aaaonoa) 1914a iauyaeea aieio ?innee. 2 aaaonoa ia/aea iiaeeecaoeeth
O?aioeey, iauyaeaoay i iiaeaea?aeea ?innee. 3 aaaonoa Aa?iaiey iauyaeea
aieio O?aioeee e ia/aea ianooieaiea /a?ac Aaeueaeth e Ethenaiao?a. 4
aaaonoa anooieea a aieio Aiaeey, 6 aaaonoa – Aano?i-Aaia?ey, iauyaeaoay
aieio ?innee. 23 aaaonoa e Aioaioa i?eniaaeeieeanue ssiiiey, a 1915a –
Eoaeey, a 1916a – ?oiuiey, a 1917a – NOA. Oo?oeey (1914a) e Aieaa?ey
(1915a) aunooieee nithcieeaie Aa?iaiee e Aano?i-Aaia?ee. Anaai a aieia
o/anoaiaaei 38 ainoaea?noa.
Iinea ii?aaeaiey o?aiei-aiaeeeneeo aiene ia a?aieoea O?aioeee e auno?iai
i?iaeaeaeaiey aa?iaineeo aiene e Ia?eaeo ?inney aua aei caaa?oaiey
iiaeeecaoeee ia/aea, ii i?inueaa O?aioeee, ianooieaiea a Ainoi/iie
I?onnee e a Aaeeoeee. A Ainoi/iie I?onnee ianooiaaoay n ainoiea – Ia?aay
(iiae eiiaiaeiaaieai I.O.?aiiaieaiioa) e n thaa – Aoi?ay (iiae
eiiaiaeiaaieai A.A.Nainiiiaa) ?onneea a?iee a eiioea aaaonoa iaianee
?yae ii?aaeaiee aa?iaineei aieneai. Iinea i?eaea/aiey ?aca?aiuo /anoae
Aa?iaiey ie?oaeeea e oie/oiaeeea aeaa ei?iona Aoi?ie a?iee (Nainiiia
cano?aeeeny); Ia?aay a?iey ionooieea. Ianooieaiea a Aaeeoeee a
aaaonoa-naioya?a 1914a auei aieaa oniaoiui. Ainueiay a?iey
(A.A.A?oneeia0 acyea Eueaia e Aaee/, ?inneeneea aienea inaaeeee
Ia?aiuoeue, iooaniea aano?eeoeaa ia 300 ei io a?aieoeu ca ?aeo Nai.
Aeey aoi?aeaiey a Aa?iaieth ?inneeneia eiiaiaeiaaiea ia/aei ia?aa?ineo
aiene ec Aaeeoeee a Iieueoo, ii a naioya?a-ieoya?a aano?i-aa?iaineea
a?iee i?aaei?eiyee oi?aaeaeathuaa ianooieaiea ia Eiaecue e Aa?oaao.
?inney inoaiiaeea ianooieaiea, ii ia niiaea i?aaei?eiyoue iioiae ia
Aa?eei e ionooieea aaeoaue Iieueoe.
Aieia n Oo?oeeae ia/aeanue n aoaee 29 ieoya?y aa?iaineeo ei?aaeae,
oaaeoeo iiae oo?aoeeei oeaaii ia Naaanoiiieue, Iaeanno, Iiai?inneene e
Oaiaeineth, e ianooieaiey oo?aoeeeo aiene ia Eaaeaca. Eaaeacneay a?iey
iaianea ii?aaeaiea oo?aoeeei neeai.
A ai?aea-iaa 1915a aano?i-aa?iaineea aienea caoaaoeee aieueooth /anoue
Aaeeoeee e Aieuie. Eaoii iaiaoeeea a?iee caiyee Iieueoo n Aa?oaaie,
caoai /anoue Aaei?onnee, Eeoau (aeeth/ay Aeeueii), Eaoaee e auoee e
?eaa.
Nithcieee ?innee ia?aie/eaaeenue iinoaaeaie aii?oaeaiey e oaey, a
aeoeaiua aeaenoaey ia anooiaee.
A 1916a aa?iaineia eiiaiaeiaaiea ia?aianei iniiaiua aiaiiua aeaenoaey ia
Caiaaeiue o?iio. Ia/aeanue aeoaa ca e?aiinoue Aa?aeai, i?aa?aaeaeaaooth
iooue ia Ia?eae. A iaa aienea A?oneeiaa inoaiiaeee aano?eeneea aienea.
Eaaeacneay a?iey acyea Y?c?oi e O?iiacoiae. Aiaeey e O?aioeey a
1915-1916aa caeeth/eee niaeaoaiey n ?inneae i aa iineaaiaiiuo
oa??eoi?eaeueiuo i?eia?aoaieyo a I?eaaeoeea e aoaeouae ia?aaea/ae iiae
aa eiio?ieue i?ieeaia Ainoi? e Aea?aeaiaeeu e Eiinoaioeiiiiey.
LI. Oaa?aeueneay ?aaiethoeey a ?innee.
I?aaeiinueee: 1. Yeiiiie/aneea: – nio?aiaiea iiiaioeeaaeiie yeiiiieee
– ia?aaiiia?iia ?acaeoea eaieoaeecia ii ioaeaeueiui ?aeiiai e io?aneyi
– aiaoaoaeuenoai ainoaea?noaa a i?ioeann i?iiuoeaiiiai i?iecaiaenoaa
– ?ino oeai ia a?aiaeo e iieoieo caiee
2. Nioeeaeueii-iieeoe/aneea: – ionoonoaea ?acaa?iooie nioeeaeueiie
no?oeoo?u
– iac?aeinoue iieeoe/aneiai aeaeaeaiey, ia?oee e iauanoaaiiuo
I?aaiecaoeee – nio?aiaiea iiia?oee
3. Oooaeoaiea nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneiai iieiaeaiey.
4. E?ecen aeanoe.
5. ?aaeeeaeecaoeey iann.
?aaiethoeey ia/aeanue n iiuiiai iiaeuaia noa/a/iiai aeaeaeaiey a
Iao?ia?aaea. Ec-ca ia?aaiaa n iinoaaeaie i?iaeiaieuenoaey a ai?iaea
i?iecioee iia?iiu e caaanoiaee. 23 oaa?aey ?aaioieoea Iao?ia?aaea auoee
ia aeaiiino?aoeeth i?ioanoa i?ioea iaoaaoee oeaaa, aei?iaiaeciu e
i?iaeieaeaiey aieiu. Eo iiaeaea?aeaee ?aai/ea ?acee/iuo i?aaei?eyoee. A
iauai aanoiaaee ii/oe 128 oun /aeiaae n 50 i?aaei?eyoee. E iei
i?eniaaeeieeenue ai?iaeneea neoaeauea, eioaeeeaaioeey. 14 oaa?aey 1917a
a noieeoea aanoiaaee oaea 214 oun /aeiaae. Nioeeaeenoe/aneea ia?oee
?acaa?ioee ?aaiethoeeiiioth i?iiaaaiaeo, i?ecuaay e naa?aeaieth
iiia?oee. 25 oaa?aey yeiiiie/aneea caaanoiaee ia?a?inee ai anaiauoth
iieeoe/aneoth noa/eo n o/anoeai 305 oun /aeiaae. 26 oaa?aey ia/aeenue
iia?iiu iaaaceiia e eaaie. A noieeoea auee i?iaaaeaiu ianniaua a?anou
o/anoieeia aunooieaiee e ia?oeeiuo aeayoaeae, i?ienoiaeeee aii?oaeaiiua
noieeiiaaiey aeaiiino?aioia n iieeoeeae. 27 oaa?aey ia noi?iio
?aaiethoeee ia?aoee 70 oun nieaeao caianiuo aaoaeueiiia e ?aca?aiuo
iieeia. Ainnoaaoeie auee caoaa/aiu aiecaeu, iinou, aeaaiue A?naiae,
aaaeiua i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiua o/?aaeaeaiey, auee a?anoiaaiu oea?neea
ieieno?u. 28 oaa?aey aue caoaa/ai Ceiiee aeai?aoe. E 1 ia?oa aanue
Iao?ia?aaeneee aa?iecii (ii/oe 170 oun /aeiaae) ieacaeny ia noi?iia
ainnoaaoeo.
Aneaae ca Iao?ia?aaeii ?aaiethoeey iiaaaeeea a Iineaa e aeaeaa ii anae
no?aia.
25 oaa?aey oea?ue ecaeae oeac i i?einoaiiaeaiee canaaeaiee
Ainoaea?noaaiiie aeoiu. A ii/ue n 1 ia 2 ia?oa oea?ue iiae aeaaeaieai
Noaaee caiicaeaei iiaeienae iaieoano i nicaeaiee “ioaaonoaaiiiai
ieienoa?noaa” e ecaeae i?eeac ia inoaiiaea yeniaaeeoeee aaia?aea
I.E.Eaaiiaa, iai?aaeaiiie ia iiaeaaeaiea aunooieaiee. 2 ia?oa Ieeieae II
io?aeny io i?anoiea ca naay e ianeaaeieea a iieueco a?aoa Ieoaeea
Aeaenaiae?iae/a. Iineaaeiee oaeaea ioeacaeny io i?eoycaiee ia i?anoie.
I?ieaoa?eao Iao?ia?aaea e ?aaiethoeeiiiua ia?oee nicaeaee Niaao ?aai/eo
aeaiooaoia. 2 ia?oa a ?acoeueoaoa ia?aaiai?ia iaaeaeo eniieeiiii
Iao?iniaaoa e A?aiaiiui eiieoaoii /eaiia Ainoaea?noaaiiie aeoiu auea
aeinoeaiooa aeiaiai?aiiinoue i oi?ie?iaaiee a?aiaiiiai i?aaeoaeuenoaa ai
aeaaa n ieieno?ii-i?aaenaaeaoaeai e ieieno?ii aioo?aiieo aeae eiycai
A.A.Eueaiaui. 3 ia?oa 1917a a i?eiyoie Aeaeea?aoeee A?aiaiiia
i?aaeoaeuenoai i?iaicaeaneei naay aunoae caeiiiaeaoaeueiie e
eniieieoaeueiie aeanoueth a ?innee. Niaoeeaeueiui oeacii io 5 ia?oa
aeanoue ia ianoao ia?aaeaaaeanue aoaa?ineei e oacaeiui eiienna?ai
A?aiaiiiai i?aaeoaeuenoaa. Aeieaeiinoue aoaa?iaoi?a oi?acaeiyeanue.
Iao?ia?aaeneee niaao inouanoaeye eiio?iee?othuea ooieoeee ii ioiioaieth
e i?aaeoaeuenoao.
LII. ?inney iaaeaeo ?aaiethoeeyie 1917a.
Ii anae no?aia i?ienoiaeeei oneeaiea ?iee Niaaoia, eioi?ua iie?aeenue ia
aii?oaeaiiua io?yaeu nieaeao, ?aai/oth E?anioth aaa?aeeth, oaacaaeiiu. A
ia?oa 1917a a 393 ianaeaiiuo ioieoao ?innee nouanoaiaaei 513 Niaaoia, e
ieoya?th eo /enei oaaee/eeinue aei 1,5 oun. Ia o?iioao aiaeiaaie Niaaoia
yaeyeenue nieaeaoneea eiieoaou, /enei eioi?uo aeinoeaaei 50 oun. A
Niaaoao i?aiaeaaeaee yny?u e iaiueoaaeee. ?oeiaiaenoai Niaaoia
iiaeaea?aeeaaei A?aiaiiia i?aaeoaeuenoai.
A aeaeea?aoeee i?aaeoaeuenoaa io 3 ia?oa e aai ia?auaiee e ia?iaeo io 6
ia?oa auea iaeaoaia i?ia?aiia aeayoaeueiinoe ia aeeaeaeoea ianyoeu:
iieeoe/aneay aiienoey, ioiaia nia?oiie eacie, eeeaeaeaoeey nineiaiiai
no?iy e anao iaoeeiiaeueiuo e ?aeeaeiciuo ia?aie/aiee. Auee cai?auaiu
a?anou aac noaea, oi?acaeiaia aeieaeiinoue iaa?-i?ieo?i?a Neiiaea e ana
aeaea oea?eae ia?aaeaaaeenue a iiaia ieienoa?noai ii aeaeai
eniiaaaeaiee. A ai?aea auee i?eiyou caeiiiaeaoaeueiua aeou, a eioi?uo
?aaeeciauaaeenue iieiaeaiey ia?oianeeo aeaeea?aoeee: “I ?aaeno?aoeee
oiaa?euanoa, iauanoa e nithcia”, “I ?aai/eo eiieoaoao”, “I ia/aoe” e
ae?.
Aue i?iaaaeai Ana?inneeneee nuacae Niaaoia ?aai/eo, nieaeaoneeo e
e?anoueyineeo aeaiooaoia, iieeoe/aneeo ia?oee e i?aaiecaoeee.
28 oaa?aey aue i?eiyo i?eeac ?1 Iao?ia?aaeneiai niaaoa, iieiaeeaoee
ia/aei oae iacuaaaiie aeaiie?aoecaoeee a?iee. Nieaeaou e ioeoea?u
o?aaieaaeenue a a?aaeaeaineeo i?aaao, i?iaiaeeeanue /enoea aunoaai
eiiaiaeiiai ninoaaa aiene, auee ioiaiaiu aiaiii-iieaaua noaeu, aaiaeeeny
einoeooo eiienna?ia i?aaeoaeuenoaa, iaaethaeaaoeo ca iieeoe/aneie
eiyeueiinoueth ioeoea?ia. Auee nicaeaiu auai?iua eiieoaou nieaeao e
iao?inia, eioi?ua ?anii?yaeaeenue iaee/iui i?oaeeai, eiio?iee?iaaee
aeayoaeueiinoue ioeoea?ia e o.i.
A iaa-ieoya?a auee ?aniouaiu Ainoaea?noaaiiue niaao e Ainoaea?noaaiiay
aeoia.
Aeey io?aiu iauanoaaiiiai ii?yaeea a ai?aea ia/aeinue nicaeaiea
ieeeoeee. Aeey ?anneaaeiaaiey aeaenoaee aunoeo /eiiaieeia oea?neiai
?aaeeia auea nicaeaia *?acau/aeiay neaaenoaaiiay eiienney.
Ia anth ?inneth auea ?ani?ino?aiaia nenoaia cainoa, aeaiie?aoece?iaaia
eo ecae?aoaeueiay nenoaia. 15 ai?aey A?aiaiiia i?aaeoaeuenoai i?eiyei
“Iieiaeaiea i auai?ao a iiaua i?aaiu ianoiiai naiioi?aaeaiey”, niaeanii
eioi?iio i?iaicaeaoaeinue anaiauaa e ?aaiia ecae?aoaeueiia i?aai aeey
?inneeneeo a?aaeaeai, aeeth/ay aeaiuei, aiaiiineoaeaueo e
i?aaenoaaeoaeae anao iaoeeiiaeueiinoae. A iaa-ethia auea i?iaaaeaia
?aoi?ia ianoiiai naiioi?aaeaiey. Iiauie i?aaiaie ianoiie aeanoe noaee
iauanoaaiiua eniieieoaeueiua eiieoaou. Iecoei o?iaiai noaee aieinoiua
cainoaa e ?aeiiiua aeoiu a ai?iaeao. Ianoiua caineea i?aaiu e
iauanoaaiiua eiieoaou aeaenoaiaaee iiae eiio?ieai aoaa?ineeo, oacaeiuo e
aieinoiuo eiienna?ia, iacia/aaiuo A?aiaiiui i?aaeoaeuenoaii.
19 ia?oa A?aiaiiia i?aaeoaeuenoai a niaoeeaeueiie aeaeea?aoeee iauyaeei
i ia/aea iiaeaioiaee aa?a?iie ?aoi?iu. Iii i?iaaei iaoeeiiaeecaoeeth
caiaeue, i?eiaaeeaaeaueo oea?neie oaieeee. A ai?aea ia/aee nicaeaaaoueny
aoaa?ineea, oacaeiua e aieinoiua caiaeueiua eiieoaou, eioi?ua
caieiaeenue o?aaoee?iaaieai caiaeueiuo nii?ia e ia?aienueth caiaeue
ia?aae ?aoi?iie. A ia/aea iay i?ioea ia?aay nanney Aeaaiiai caiaeueiiai
eiieoaoa, eioi?iio ii?o/aii auei aioiaeoue caiaeueioth ?aoi?io, aa
ieii/aoaeueiue i?iaeo aeieaeii auei i?eiyoue O/?aaeeoaeueiia nia?aiea.
E?anoueyinoai ia iaueiiuo noiaeao nicaeaaaei nianoaaiiua eiieoaou,
eioi?ua i?enaaeaaee iaia?aaaouaaaiua caiee, caoaaouaaee
naeueneioicyenoaaiiue eiaaioa?ue e neio iiiaueeia.
12 ai?aey aue ecaeai caeii i nia?aieyo e nithcao, i?iaicaeaoaaoee
naiaiaeo i?ionithcia. A ?acoeueoaoa e eiioeo 1917a a no?aia
ian/eouaaeinue aieaa 2 oun i?ionithcia ai aeaaa n Ana?inneeneei
oeaio?aeueiui niaaoii i?ioanneiiaeueiuo nithcia.
A iaa-aaaonoa auee nicaeaiu Ieienoa?noai o?oaea, o?oaeiaua ie?oaa ai
aeaaa n eiienna?aie e ae?aee o?oaea. A iaa auei nicaeaii Ieienoa?noai
i?ec?aiey, acyaoaa ia naay ooieoeee auaoeo aeaaioai?eoaeueiuo iauanoa.
Ia /anoiuo i?aaei?eyoeyo e iauaeoao ainoaea?noaaiiie i?iiuoeaiiinoe
aaiaeeeny ?aai/ee eiio?ieue. 23 ai?aey i?aaeoaeuenoai ocaeiieei
nicaeaiea ia i?aaei?eyoeyo oaa?e/ii-caaiaeneeo eiieoaoia. Auei aaaaeaii
oaeaea ainoaea?noaaiiia no?aoiaaiea ?aai/eo, ?ac?aoaiu caaanoiaee.
Caeiiii io 20 ia?oa ioiaiyeenue ana aa?ieniiaaaeaeueiua e iaoeeiiaeueiua
ia?aie/aiey, a o./. e a eniieueciaaiee iaoeeiiaeueiuo ycueia. 4 ia?oa
nioeeaeenoe/aneea ia?oee Oe?aeiu nicaeaee Oeaio?aeueioth ?aaeo, eioi?ay
10 ethiy i?eiyea aeieoiaio n o?aaiaaieai i i?aaeinoaaeaiee Oe?aeia
iaoeeiiaeueii-oa??eoi?eaeueiie aaoiiiiee a ninoaaa ?innee. A ethea
oeineee naei i?iaicaeanee iacaaeneiinoue Oeieyiaeee e iauyaee naay
aunoae aeanoueth, /oi i?eaaei e aaaaeaieth ?inneeneeo aiene ia aa
oa??eoi?eth e ?acaiio naeia.
I?e A?aiaiiii i?aaeoaeuenoaa auee o/?aaeaeaiu I?iaeiaieuenoaaiiue
eiieoao, Ieienoa?noai i?iaeiaieuenoaey, Yeiiiie/aneee niaao e
auiieiyaoee ?ieue Ieienoa?noaa yeiiiieee Aeaaiue yeiiiie/aneee eiieoao n
o/anoeai i?aaenoaaeoaeae i?ionithcia. 25 ia?oa aue i?eiyo caeii i
oeaaiie iiiiiieee, ii eioi?iio aeaaeaeueoeai inoaaaeny ieieioi,
iaiaoiaeeiue aeey ieoaiey, iinaaa, niaea?aeaiey neioa e ioeoeu, a
inoaeueiie oeaa aeieaeai aue naeaaaoueny ianoiui i?iaeiaieuenoaaiiui
i?aaiai ii oaa?aeui oeaiai.
18 ai?aey ieieno? eiino?aiiuo aeae I.I.Ieetheia ia?aoeeny e nithcieeai n
iioie, a eioi?ie iiaeoaa?aeaeaeenue iaycaoaeuenoaa ?innee aanoe aieio
aei iiaaaeiiai eiioea. Yoi aucaaei iiuiua aeaiiino?aoeee i?ioanoa. A iaa
auei noi?ie?iaaii Ia?aia eiaeeoeeiiiia i?aaeoaeuenoai (5 iay-2 ethey).
Iii aunooieei n cayaeaieai i no?aieaiee e aeaiie?aoe/aneiio ie?o aac
aiiaenee e eiio?eaooeee.
Ia?aue Ana?inneeneee nuacae Niaaoia 3-24 ethiy. Aieueoeinoai aeaeaaaoia
nuacaea i?aaenoaaeyei ia?oee yny?ia e iaiueoaaeeia . Aieueoaaenoneay
aeaeaaaoeey iio?aaiaaea io nuacaea acyoue aeanoue a naie ?oee e
noi?ie?iaaoue nioeeaeenoe/aneia i?aaeoaeuenoai. Eniieeii ioaa?a yoi
o?aaiaaiea e iacia/ee ia 18 ethiy aeaiiino?aoeeth a iiaeaea?aeeo
i?aaeoaeuenoaa. Iaeiaei a ethia ii no?aia i?ieaoeeanue aieia
aioei?aaeoaeuenoaaiiuo aeaiiino?aoeee.
A aaaonoa aaia?ae E.A.Ei?ieeia i?aaei?eiye iiiuoeo onoaiiaeaiey aiaiiie
aeeeoaoo?u.
E inaie i?iecioei oaeoaeaiea yeiiiie/aneiai e?ecena. I?iiuoeaiiia
i?iecaiaenoai oiaiueoeeinue ia 35%. Auno?i ?inee eioeyoeey e oeaiu.
N 14 ii 22 naioya?y a Iao?ia?aaea i?ioiaeeei Ana?inneeneia
Aeaiie?aoe/aneia niaauaiea n o/anoeai i?aaenoaaeoaeae iieeoe/aneeo
ia?oee, cainoa, ai?iaeneeo aeoi, i?ionithcia. Niaauaiea eca?aei Niaao
?anioaeeee. 25 naioya?y auei ia?aciaaii O?aouea eiaeeoeeiiiia
i?aaeoaeuenoai. Oneeeaaeinue aeeyiea aieueoaaeeia.
A ethia auea aaaaeaia ea?oi/iay nenoaia ?ani?aaeaeaiey i?iaeoeoia
ieoaiey.
LIII. Ieoya?ueneay ?aaiethoeey e iieeoeea aieueoaaeeia a ia?aua aiaeu
niaaoneie aeanoe.
16 ieoya?y ninoiyeinue ?anoe?aiiia canaaeaiea OeE ia?oee aieueoaaeeia,
ia eioi?ii auei i?eiyoi ?aoaiea i iiaeaioiaea ainnoaiey.
Ainiieueciaaaoenue i?eeacaie aeanoae i auaiaea /anoe Iao?ia?aaeneiai
aa?ieciia ia o?iio e cae?uoee aieueoaaenoneie oeiia?aoee, E.Ae.O?ioeeee
cayaee, /oi ia/aeinue aunooieaiea eiio??aaiethoeeiiiuo nee. Oo?ii 24
ieoya?y /anoe A?E auee i?eaaaeaiu a aiaaoth aioiaiinoue. A ii/ue n 24 ia
25 ieoya?y iiae i?aaeeiaii iai?iiu e caueou ?aaiethoeee neeaie
e?aniiaaa?aeaeoeaa, ioaeaeueiuo /anoae aa?ieciia e e?iiooaaeoneeo
iao?inia (anaai ieiei 6 oun /aeiaae) auee caiyou Aeaaiue ii/oaio,
aeaaiay ai?iaeneay yeaeo?inoaioeey, Oeaio?aeueiue oaeaa?ao, Aeaaiay
eiioi?a Ainoaea?noaaiiiai aaiea. Oo?ii 25 ieoya?y auei iaia?iaeiaaii
aiccaaiea A?E “E a?aaeaeaiai ?innee”, a eioi?ii A?aiaiiia i?aaeoaeuenoai
iauyaeyeinue ieceiaeaiiui e i?iaicaeaoaeny ia?aoiae aeanoe e A?E,
ia?aaeaaoaai aa i/a?aaeiiio nuacaeo Niaaoia. A ii/ue n 25 ia 26 ieoya?y
a oiaea ii/oe aane?iaiiai ooo?ia Ceiiaai aeai?oea, ia/aaoaainy n
oieinouo caeiia e?aena?a “Aa?i?a”, /eaiu A?aiaiiiai i?aaeoaeuenoaa auee
a?anoiaaiu.
Ia II Ana?inneeneii nuacaea Niaaoia i?enoonoaiaaee 1046 aeaeaaaoia io
Niaaoia ?aai/eo e nieaeaoneeo aeaiooaoia no?aiu, a oaeaea i?aaenoaaeoaee
a?iee, oeioa e iaoeeiiaeueiuo ie?aei.
Eoiae nuacaea: – i?eciae ?acoeueoaou ?aaiethoeee
– i?iaicaeanee onoaiiaeaiea aeanoe Niaaoia
– i?eiye Aeae?ao i ie?a n i?aaeeiaeaieai e aiththuei ia?iaeai e eo
i?aaeoaeuenoaai i caeeth/aiee ni?aaaaeeeaiai aeaiie?aoe/aneiai ie?a aac
aiiaenee e eiio?eaooeee
– i?eiye aeae?ao i caiea n o?aaiaaieyie ioiaiu /anoiie nianoaaiiinoe ia
caieth, cai?auaiey eoiee-i?iaeaaee caiee, o?aaieoaeueiiai
caieaiieueciaaiey, iaaeiiouaiey iaaiiiai o?oaea e o.ae., /oi
niioaaonoaiaaei yny?ianeie i?ia?aiia iaoeeiiaeecaoeee caiee
– i?eiye iinoaiiaeaiea ia ioiaia nia?oiie eacie ia o?iioa, ia
inaiaiaeaeaiee a?anoiaaiiuo /eaiia caineeo eiieoaoia
– iauyaee i iaiaoiaeeiinoe nei?aeoaai nicuaa O/?aaeeoaeueiiai nia?aiey
Aunoei caeiiiaeaoaeueiui i?aaiii i?iaicaeaoaeny Ana?inneeneee nuacae
Niaaoia. Caeiiiaeaoaeueiua, ?anii?yaeeoaeueiua e eiio?iee?othuea
ooieoeee iieo/ae eca?aiiue nuacaeii AOeEE, a ninoaa eioi?iai aioee 102
/aeiaaea (62 aieueoaaeea, 29 eaauo yny?ia, 6 ynaeyeia, 3 oe?aeineeo
nioeeaeenoa 1 yny?-iaeneiaeeno). I?aaenaaeaoaeai AOeEE aue eca?ai
E.A.Eaiaiaa. Nuacae noi?ie?iaae A?aiaiiia ?aaiethoeeiiiia i?aaeoaeuenoai
– Niaao ia?iaeiuo eiienna?ia ai aeaaa n A.E.Oeueyiiaui.
A ?aaeiiao n iaeaieaa aonoie naoueth Niaaoia i?ienoiaeeea ioiineoaeueii
auno?ay niaia aeanoe. A Neae?e e ia Aeaeueiai Ainoiea niaaoneay aeanoue
auea onoaiiaeaia eeoue a e?oiiuo oeaio?ao e aaeieue aeaeaciuo aei?ia. A
oa/aiea neaaeothueo ianyoeaa niaaoneay aeanoue ?ani?ino?aiyeanue a
naeueneie ianoiinoe Oeaio?aeueiie ?innee. N iiiiuueth aii?oaeaiiuo
io?yaeia E?aniie aaa?aeee e aania 1918a niaaoneay aeanoue iiaaaeeea a
Ynoiiee, Eaoaee, Aaei?onnee, Oe?aeia, ia Naaa?iii Eaaeaca, thai-ainoiea
no?aiu. A Caeaaeacuea ionoeueiaineea aeaiie?aoe/aneea ia?oee – Ionaaao
(Aca?aaeaeaeai), Aeaoiaeoeoothi (A?iaiey) e a?oceineea
nioeeae-aeaiie?aou – nicaeaee i?e iiaeaea?aeea Aioaiou iauaaeeiaiiia
i?aaeoaeuenoai – Caeaaeacneee eiienna?eao, a caoai i?iaicaeaneee
iacaaeneiua ?anioaeeee.
A Iao?ia?aaea n?aco iinea aieueoaaenoneiai aunooieaiey aue noi?ie?iaai
Eiieoao nianaiey ?iaeeiu e ?aaiethoeee.
Ai?ieenue n niaaoneie aeanoueth eacaee ia Aeiio iiae ?oeiaiaenoaii
aoaiaia A.I.Eaeaaeeia e ia O?aea iiae eiiaiaeiaaieai aoaiaia
A.E.Aeooiaa.
12 iiya?y i?ioee auai?u a O/?aaeeoaeueiia nia?aiea. A ieo o/anoaiaaei
iaiiiaei aieaa 50% anao ecae?aoaeae – 47 iei /aeiaae. Aieueoeinoai
aieinia ia auai?ao iieo/eee i?aaenoaaeoaee ia?oee yny?ia – 40,4%; 17% –
eeaa?aeu e i?aaua; 23,2% – aieueoaaeee.
22 iiya?y aue i?eiyo Aeae?ao i noaea. Oi?acaeiyeanue noa?ay noaeaaiay
nenoaia. Io?aiyoue “eeanniaua eioa?anu o?oaeyueony” auee i?ecaaiu
ia?iaeiua noaeu e ?aaiethoeeiiiua o?eaoiaeu, o/?aaeaeaiiua aeey
noaeii?iecaiaenoaa ii iaaeiaieyi a eiio??aaiethoeeiiiuo i?anooieaieyo. 7
aeaeaa?y 1917a auea nicaeaia Ana?inneeneay eiienney ii ai?ueaa n
eiio??aaiethoeeae e naaioaaeai (i?aaenaaeaoaeue – OYAe).
10 iiya?y auea i?iaaaeaia aeaiiaeeecaoeey a?iee e caiaia aa anaiauei
aii?oaeaieai ia?iaea. Aeae?aoii io 16 aeaeaa?y aue aaaaeai i?eioeei
auai?iinoe eiiaiaeothuaai ninoaaa e aeieaeiinoiuo eeoe. 15 yiaa?y 1918a
aue i?eiyo aeae?ao “Ia i?aaiecaoeee ?aai/a-e?anoueyineie E?aniie a?iee”
eae ?aaoey?iie. 29 yiaa?y – aeae?ao i nicaeaiee ?aai/a-e?anoueyineiai
E?aniiai oeioa. Auei aaaaeaii anaiauaa aieineia iao/aiea.
2 iiya?y auea i?eiyoa “Aeaeea?aoeey i?aa ia?iaeia ?innee”, a eioi?ie
i?iaicaeaoaeenue: – ?aaainoai e noaa?aiiinoue anao iaoeee e ia?iaeiinoae
– i?aai ia?iaeia ia naiaiaeiia naiiii?aaeaeaiea, aieioue aei ioaeaeaiey
e ia?aciaaiey naiinoiyoaeueiuo ainoaea?noa – naiaiaeiia ?acaeoea
iaoeeiiaeueiuo iaiueoeinoa e yoiia?aoe/aneeo a?oii, ianaeythueo
oa??eoi?eth ?innee
10 yiaa?y 1918a ia III Ana?inneeneii nuacaea Niaaoia ?inney auea
i?iaicaeaoaia Niaaoneie Oaaea?aoeaiie Nioeeaeenoe/aneie ?anioaeeeie.
V Ana?inneeneee nuacae Niaaoia (etheue 1918a) i?eiye Eiinoeoooeeth
?NON?. Iia ii?aaeaeyea iniiau iieeoe/aneie nenoaiu Niaaoneiai
ainoaea?noaa: – iauanoaaiiay nianoaaiiinoue ia n?aaenoaa i?iecaiaenoaa
– aeeeoaoo?a i?ieaoa?eaoa
– oaaea?aoeaiia ono?ienoai ainoaea?noaa
Iia aea eeoaea ecae?aoaeueiuo i?aa auaoea “yenieoaoaoi?neea eeannu”. Au
ai?u a Niaaou auee iiiainooiai/aoua, iai?yiua e ioe?uoua.
Ia iniiaa aeae?aoa io 19 aeaeaa?y 1917a “I iaoeeiiaeecaoeee aaieia”
aaieianeia aeaei iauyaeyeinue ainoaea?noaaiiie iiiiiieeae. 21 yiaa?y
1918a aue iioaeeeiaai aeae?ao ia aiioee?iaaiee ainoaea?noaaiiuo caeiia
oea?neiai e A?aiaiiiai i?aaeoaeuenoa. I?iaiaeeeanue iaoeeiiaeecaoeey
e?oiiuo i?aaei?eyoee. Aaaaeaia ainoaea?noaaiiay iiiiiieey ia aiaoithth
oi?aiaeth.
Aue aaaaeai 8-/aniaie ?aai/ee aeaiue, cai?auaeny aeaoneee o?oae,
iaycaoaeueiie i?eciaaaeanue auieaoa iiniaee ii aac?aaioeoea,
i?iaicaeaoaeinue o?aaiaiea a i?aaao aeaiuei e ioae/ei, ioiaiyeenue
noa?ua oea?neea /eiu, oeooeu e iaa?aaeu, aeaeea?e?iaaeanue naiaiaea
niaanoe. Oea?eiaue auea ioaeaeaia io ainoaea?noaa, a oeiea io oea?eae.
3 ia?oa 1918a a A?ano-Eeoianea aue iiaeienai ie?iue aeiaiai? n
i?aaenoaaeoaeyie Oeaio?aeueiie ?aaeu, Aa?iaiee e aa nithcieeia.
Oa??eoi?eaeueiua iioa?e ?innee ninoaaeee 780 oun ea ei, auiea/eaaeanue
3-ieeeiiiay eiio?eaooeey a iieueco Aa?iaiee, neaaeiaaea iieiay
aeaiiaeeecaoeee ?inneeneeo aii?oaeaiiuo nee. E eaoo 1918a Aa?iaiey e
Aano?i-Aaia?ey ieeoie?iaaee I?eaaeoeeo, Oe?aeio, ?yae aoaa?iee
Aaei?onnee e ?innee. A iaa-ethia aa?iaineea aienea aoi?aeenue ia
oa??eoi?eth Caeaaeacuey.
LIV. A?aaeaeaineay aieia a ?innee.
I?e/eiu: – eciaiaiea oa?aeoa?a iieeoe/aneie aeanoe
– ioeac aieueoaaeeia io eaeae iaeii?iaeiiai nioeeaeenoe/aneiai
i?aaeoaeuenoaa e i?eioeeiia ia?eaiaioa?ecia
– iaaeaiie?aoe/aneea ia?u aieueoaaeeia
– caeeth/aiea A?anoneiai ie?a
– yeiiiie/aneay iieeoeea niaaoneie aeanoe a aea?aaia
Eiino?aiiay aiaiiay eioa?aaioeey oaeaea auea iaoneiaeaia ?yaeii
oaeoi?ia: – iai?eciaiea eaieoaeenoe/aneeie ainoaea?noaaie iiaie
oi?iuiieeoe/aneie aeanoe a ?innee- iai?eyoea aieueoaaenoneiai
eicoiaa ie?iaie ?aaiethoeee
– iaaeiaieuenoai ia?ooaieai ?inneae nithcie/aneeo iaycaoaeuenoa e
auoiaeii aa ec aieiu
– i?ioano i?ioea iaoeeiiaeecaoeee eiino?aiiie nianoaaiiinoe e ioeaca io
auieaou aiaoieo aeieaia
– nianoaaiiua yeiiiie/aneea e aaiiieeoe/aneea eioa?anu, iai?aaeaiiua ia
ineaaeaiea ?innee e iooi?aeaiea io iaa iaeioi?uo oa??eoi?ee
E eaoo 1918a aanue niaeo? iieeoe/aneeo nee, i?ioeainoiyaoeo
aieueoaaeeai, ?acaeaeeeny ia o?e iniiaiuo eaaa?y: – aioeniaaoneee,
i?aaenoaaeaiiue eiaeeoeeae e?oiiuo i?aaei?eieiaoaeae, aeai?yinoaa,
iieeoe/aneie yeeou i?e aaaeouae ?iee ia?oee eaaeaoia
– eaaa?ue “o?aoueaai iooe” (“aeaiie?aoe/aneie eiio??aaiethoeee”)
ninoaaeee yny?u e i?eiueaaoea e iei ia ?aciuo yoaiao iaiueoaaeee, /uey
aeayoaeueiinoue ia i?aeoeea au?aaeaeanue a nicaeaiee naiiiauayeaiiuo
i?aaeoaeuenoa
– a iniiaiii auaoea nithcieee aieueoaaeeia – aia?oenou e eaaua yny?u
A aiaeu A?aaeaeaineie aieiu aaaeouae aiaiiie neeie a ai?ueaa n
aieueoaaeeaie e niaaoneie aeanoueth noaei Aaeia aeaeaeaiea. Iniiaiui aai
eicoiaii noaea ai?ueaa “ca nianaiea ?innee”, a oaeaea: – o?aaiaaiea
nicuaa O/?aaeeoaeueiiai nia?aiey – caueoa i?aa /anoiie nianoaaiiinoe-
ainnoaiiaeaiea ?onneie a?iee ia ia/aeao iiaeeeiiie aiaiiie aeenoeeieeiu-
iaoeeiiaeueiay eaeay e eicoia aaeeiie iaaeaeeiie ?innee
Yoaiu A?aaeaeaineie aieiu: 1. Ieoya?ue 1917a-iae 1918a. Aii?oaeaiiua
noieeiiaaiey iineee eieaeueiue oa?aeoa?. Iinea ieoya?ueneiai ainnoaiey
ia ai?ueao n ?aaiethoeeae iiaeiyeny aaia?ae A.I.Eaeaaeei, neaaeii –
naa?aiooue i?aiuea? A.O.Ea?aineee, eaca/ee aaia?ae I.I.E?aniia, ia thaa
O?aea – aoaiai A.E.Aeooia. Ia thaa ?innee i?ioeaiiaie aeanoe aunooieea
Oeaio?aeueiay ?aaea Oe?aeiu. Ia Aeiio auea noi?ie?iaaia
Aeia?iaieue/aneay a?iey (A.A.Aeaenaaa, E.A.Ei?ieeia, A.E.Aeaieeei). A
oaa?aea Oo?oeee ia/aea ianooieaiea ia Caeaaeacuea, /oi i?eaaei e caoaaoo
aai /anoe, ?aniaaeo Caeaaeacneiai eiienna?eaoa ia iacaaeneiua A?oceth,
A?iaieth e Aca?aaeaeaeai e aaiaeo a ?aaeii aa?iaineeo aiene. A
ia?oa-ai?aea i?iecioea aunaaeea iiae?acaeaeaiee aiaeeeneeo (a
Io?iainea), aia?eeaineeo e yiiineeo (ia Aeaeueiai Ainoiea) aiene.
2. Iae-iiya?ue 1918a. A eiioea iay ia/aeinue aii?oaeaiiia aunooieaiea a
Neae?e 45-ouny/iiai *aoineiaaoeeiai ei?iona. A Eacaie ii caoaaoee
cieioie caian ?innee (nauoa 30 oun ioaeia cieioa e na?aa?a iauae
noieiinoueth 650 iei ?oaeae). A ethea aienea ssiiiee e NOA aunaaeeeenue
ai Aeaaeeainoiea. A aaaonoa aiaee/aia auoanieee ec Caeaaeacuey iaiaoeeea
aienea; aiaei-aia?eeaineee aeanaio caiye A?oaiaaeuene. Iaeiia?aiaiii ai
iiiaeo oeaio?aeueiuo aoaa?ieyo ?innee a aii?oaeaiioth ai?ueao
aeeth/eeenue e?anoueyia, iaaeiaieueiua i?iaeiaieuenoaaiiie iieeoeeie
aieueoaaeeia. Eaoii i?ioei aieaa 200 ainnoaiee. A Iiaieaeuea e ia O?aea
niaaoneay aeanoue a?aiaiii iaea. A aaaonoa i?iecioei aioeaieueoaaenoneia
ainnoaiea ?aai/eo Eaeaaneiai e Aioeeineiai caaiaeia ia O?aea, nicaeaaoeo
a?ieth /eneaiiinoueth ieiei 30 oun /aeiaae i?iaea?aeaaoeony aei iiya?y,
iinea /aai ainnoaaoea auee auioaeaeaiu ionooieoue e oeoe n naiueyie a
a?ieth Eie/aea.
Nioeeaeenoe/aneea ia?oee, iie?aynue ia e?anoueyineea iianoai/aneea
io?yaeu, ia?aciaaee eaoii ?yae i?aaeoaeuenoa a A?oaiaaeuenea, Naia?a,
Aeaoa?eiao?aa, Oiinea, Iinea, Aooaaaaea e ae?. Eo i?ia?aiiu aeeth/aee a
naay o?aaiaaiey nicuaa iiaiai O/?aaeeoaeueiiai nia?aiey, ainnoaiiaeaiey
iieeoe/aneeo i?aa a?aaeaeai, ioeaca io iaeiiia?oeeiie aeeeoaoo?u e
aeanoeie ainoaea?noaaiiie ?aaeaiaioaoeee oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe
e?anoueyi e i?. 18 iiya?y a Iinea aaeie?ae A.A.Eie/ae i?iecaae
ia?aai?io, a ?acoeueoaoa eioi?iai auee ?aciaiaiu a?aiaiiua
i?aaeoaeuenoaa e onoaiiaeaia aiaiiay aeeeoaoo?a. Eie/ae aue i?iaicaeaoai
Aa?oiaiui i?aaeoaeai ?innee. I?e iai nicaeaaaeinue Iineia
i?aaeoaeuenoai, iiae aeanoueth eioi?iai ieacaeenue any Neae?ue, O?ae,
I?aiao?aneay aoaa?iey. 2 naioya?y AOeEE i?eiye ?aoaiea i i?aa?auaiee
Niaaoneie ?anioaeeee a aiaiiue eaaa?ue. A naioya?a aue nicaeai
?aaaiainiaao ?anioaeeee iiae i?aaenaaeaoaeuenoaii O?ioeeiai. 3 iiya?y
aue i?eiyo aeae?ao AOeEE ia ia?aciaaiee Niaaoa ?aai/ae e e?anoueyineie
iai?iiu ai aeaaa n Oeueyiiaui. Auea i?iaaaeaia i?eioaeeoaeueiay
iiaeeecaoeey, nicaeai einoeooo aiaiiuo eiienna?ia. E eiioeo aiaea
/eneaiiinoue E?aniie A?iee i?aauneea 15 iei /aeiaae. A naioya?a auee
acyou Eacaiue e Neiae?ne, a ieoya?a – Naia?a, a iiya?a – Eaeaane.
3. Iiya?ue 1918a-aania 1919a. Aaaeouae neeie a ai?ueaa n aieueoaaeeaie
noaee aiaiii-aeeeoaoi?neea ?aaeeiu ia ainoiea (aaeie?ae Eie/ae), thaa
(aaia?ae Aeaieeei), naaa?i-caiaaea (aaia?ae THaeaie/) e naaa?a (aaia?ae
Ieeea?). A eiioea iiya?y o?aioeocneea e aiaeeeneea aienea aunaaeeeenue a
Iiai?inneenea, Iaeanna e Naaanoiiiea. Inaiueth ia Ainoi/iii o?iioa
?acaa?ioeinue eiio?ianooieaiea EA iiae eiiaiaeiaaieai E.E.Aaoeaoena, a
oiaea eioi?iai aaeiaaa?aeaeneea /anoe auee auoaniaiu ni N?aaeiaai
Iiaieaeuey e I?eeaiuey.
4. Aania 1919a-ai?aeue 1920a. A ia?oa 1919a n ainoiea n oeaeueth
niaaeeiaiey n aeaieeeineeie aieneaie aeey niaianoiiai oaea?a ia Iineao
ia/aea ianooieaiea a?iey Eie/aea; ia naaa?i-caiaaea – a?iey THaeaie/a a
ethia iiaeioea e Iao?ia?aaeo.
E eaoo oeaio? ai?ueau ia?aianoeeny ia THaeiue o?iio, aaea a?iey
Aeaieeeia ia/aea aeaeaeaiea ia Iineao, a ieoya?a acya Ai?iiaae e I?ae e
iiaeieaey e Ooea. Aaniie ia/aeenue e?anoueyineea aunooieaiey ia O?aea, a
Oe?aeia, Noaa?iiieuea, Iiaieaeuea. A ia?oa ia Aeiio aniuoioei ainnoaiea
30 oun eacaeia, eioi?ia i?iaeieaeaeinue aei eaoa, iinea /aai
niaaeeieeinue n Aaeui aeaeaeaieai. A eiioea ieoya?y aaeua auee
inoaiiaeaiu aieneaie THaeiiai o?iioa (A.E.Aai?ia) e i?e iiaeaea?aeea
e?anoueyineie a?iee I.E.Iaoii ioa?ioaiu a I?e/a?iiii?uea. A?iey
THaeaie/a auea iooaniaia a Ynoiieth, inoaoee aiene Aeaieeeia
(I.I.A?aiaaeue) oe?aieeenue a E?uio. Aienea Eie/aea auee ieii/aoaeueii
?acaeou.
5. Iae-iiya?ue 1920a. A iaa EA anooieea a iaoaea/ioth aieio n Iieueoae.
A ia?oa aue iiaeienai ?eaeneee ie?iue aeiaiai?, ii oneiaeyi eioi?iai e
Iieueoa ioioea cia/eoaeueiay /anoue oa??eoi?ee Oe?aeiu e Aaei?onnee.
Aienea THaeiiai o?iioa iiae eiiaiaeiaaieai I.A.O?oica a iiya?a
iieiinoueth iaeaaeaea E?uiii.
6. Eiiaoe 1920a-1922a. A oa/aiea 1920-1921aa n iiiiuueth io?yaeia EA
caaa?oeeny i?ioeann “niaaoecaoeee” ia oa??eoi?ee N?aaeiae Acee e
Caeaaeacuey. E eiioeo 1922a i?ae?aoeeenue aiaaua aeaenoaey ia Aeaeueiai
Ainoiea. 14 iiya?y Aeaeueiaainoi/iay ?anioaeeea ainniaaeeieeanue n
?NON?.
LV. Yeiiiie/aneay iieeoeea niaaoneiai ainoaea?noaa a ia?eiae
A?aaeaeaineie aieiu 1918-1920aa.
Yeiiiie/aneay iieeoeea aieueoaaeeia ia?eiaea A?aaeaeaineie aieiu
iieo/eea iacaaiea “aiaiiiai eiiioiecia”. A ia?oeeiuo aeieoiaioao ?EI(a)
aeiieie?iaaea eaeay “iaiin?aaenoaaiiiai ia?aoiaea e nioeeaeecio aac
i?aaeaa?eoaeueiiai ia?eiaea, i?eniinaaeeaathuaai noa?oth yeiiiieeo e
yeiiiieea nioeeaeenoe/aneie”.
I?iaeiaieuenoaaiiay aeeeoaoo?a, cae?aieaiiay aeae?aoaie AOeEEa io 13 e
27 iay 1918a, iieacaea naith iayooaeoeaiinoue. Aeey ecuyoey oeaaiuo
caiania o caaeeoi/iiai e?anoueyinoaa eniieueciaaeenue i?iaeio?yaeu ec
?aai/eo e nieaeao, eioi?ua ia eiieoaou aea?aaaineie aaaeiiou (eiiaaaeu),
ia?aciaaiiua a ethia 1918a. A eoiaa i?iaeiaieuenoaaiiay aeeeoaoo?a ia
oieueei ia niiaea iaania/eoue ai?iae oeaaii, ii e i?eaaea e ianniaui
aioeaieueoaaenoneei aunooieaieyi e?anoueyi. Iiyoiio a 1918a eiiaaaeu
auee ?aniouaiu e aeae?aoii io 11 yiaa?y 1919a aaaaeaia i?iae?acaa?noea.
Iia i?aaenoaaeyea niaie oii?yaei/aiioth eiioeneaoeeth oeaaa.
Ainoaea?noai niiauaei oeeo?o naieo iio?aaiinoae a ca?ia, caoai yoi
eiee/anoai ?ani?aaeaeyeinue ii aoaa?ieyi, oacaeai e aieinoyi. E?iia
oiai, nenoaia aeeth/aea a naay niaieoiiinoue o?oaeiauo iaoo?aeueiuo
iiaeiiinoae (?an/enoea aei?ia, caaioiaea ae?ia, aoaeaaay iiaeiiinoue e
o.i.). N inaie 1919a ?acaa?noea ?ani?ino?aieeanue ia ea?oioaeue e naii,
n 1920a – ia iyni e aua 20 aeaeia nu?uey e i?iaeiaieuenoaey.
E eaoo 1918a ainoaea?noai iinoaaeei caaea/o nicaeaiey nioeeaeenoe/aneiai
oeeaaea iooai i?aaiecaoeee eiiioi e a?oaeae. E 1 aeaeaa?y 1918a a ?innee
ian/eouaaeinue 975 eiiioi e 604 a?oaee. A aeaeueiaeoai aue i?eiyo eo?n
ia oi?ne?iaaiiia iauaaeeiaiea aaeeiiee/iuo oicyenoa a eieeaeoeaiua, a
oaeaea ia nicaeaiea niaoicia. Ia?aoiae e eiiioienoe/aneiio i?iecaiaenoao
e ?ani?aaeaeaieth a naeueneii oicyenoaa caeiiiaeaoaeueii ioi?ieee aeaa
aeieoiaioa: iinoaiiaeaiea AOeEEa io 14 oaa?aey 1919a “Iieiaeaiea i
nioeeaeenoe/aneii caieaono?ienoaa e i ia?ao ia?aoiaea e
nioeeaeenoe/aneiio caieaaeaeeth” e aeae?ao NIE io 16 ia?oa 1919a “I
iio?aaeoaeueneeo eiiioiao”.
Caiaeueiue oiiae ia?aaeaaaeny a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue niaoicai e eiiioiai,
ai aoi?oth – o?oaeiaui a?oaeyi e oiaa?euanoaai ii niaianoiie ia?aaioea
caiee. Oieueei a 1919a ec anao ia?aciaaiiuo eieeaeoeaiuo oicyenoa
eaaeaeia /aoaa?oia ?aniaeinue.
Ia iniiaa aeae?aoa io 28 ethiy 1918a ia/aeanue onei?aiiay
iaoeeiiaeecaoeey anao io?aneae i?iiuoeaiiinoe. *a?ac aiae auei
iaoeeiiaeece?iaaii 80% e?oiiuo e n?aaeieo i?aaei?eyoee.
22 ethey 1918a aue i?eiyo aeae?ao NIE “I niaeoeyoeee”, cai?auaaoee
anyeoth /anoioth oi?aiaeth. E ia/aeo 1919a iieiinoueth auee
iaoeeiiaeece?iaaiu eee cae?uou /anoiua oi?aiaua i?aaei?eyoey.
Iaania/aiea ianaeaiey i?iaeiaieuenoaeai e i?aaeiaoaie ee/iiai
iio?aaeaiey inouanoaeyeinue /a?ac naoue ainoaea?noaaiiiai niaaaeaiey,
aeey /aai auee aaaaeaiu ea?oi/ee, iaeee e ii?iu auaea/e. A 1919-1920aa
nicaeaia iio?aaeoaeueneay eiiia?aoeey – oaeoe/anee ainoaea?noaaiiay
i?aaiecaoeey, caieiaaoayny ?ani?aaeaeaieai. N 1 yiaa?y 1921a auei
aaaaeaii aanieaoiia niaaaeaiea i?iaeoeoaie ieoaiey, i?iiuoeaiiuie
oiaa?aie e ianeoaeeaaiea ?aai/eo e neoaeaueo ainoaea?noaaiiuo
i?aaei?eyoee, /eaiia eo naiae e e?aniia?iaeoeaa. Caoai auea ioiaiaia
ieaoa ca oiieeai e eiiioiaeueiua oneoae.
A ia?eiae “aiaiiiai eiiioiecia” auea aaaaeaia anaiauay o?oaeiaay
iiaeiiinoue, nia/aea aeey “ao?aeoaciuo yeaiaioia”, a n ai?aey 1919a –
aeey anaai ianaeaiey a aic?anoa io 16 aei 50 eao. Aeey oe?aieaiey
?aai/ae neeu ia iaeiii ianoa a ethia 1919a auee aaaaeaiu o?oaeiaua
eieaeee. A iiya?a 1918a anao caiyouo a aeaeaciiaei?iaeiii, a n ia?oa
1919a – ia ii?neii e ?a/iii o?ainii?oa – ieeeoa?ecaoeey. N 1920a ?aai/ea
e e?anoueyia ia?aaiaeeeenue ia iieiaeaiea iiaeeeciaaiiuo nieaeao. A
yiaa?a 1920a ia/aeinue nicaeaiea o?oaeiauo a?iee ec oueiauo a?iaeneeo
/anoae ia O?aea, a Iiaieaeuea, a caiaaeiuo aoaa?ieyo, ia Eaaeaca.
E 1920a iaoeeiiaeueiue aeioiae oiae n 11 aei 4 ie?ae ?oaeae ii
n?aaiaieth n 1913a; i?iecaiaenoai e?oiiie i?iiuoeaiiinoe ninoaaeyei 13%
io aeiaiaiiiai o?iaiy. I?ioiaeeee caaanoiaee ?aai/eo, e?anoueyineea
ainnoaiey, aunooieaiey a a?iee e ia oeioa.
Iinea X nuacaea ?EI(a) a ia?oa 1921a ia/aeanue iinoaiaiiay ioiaia
iieeoeee “aiaiiiai eiiioiecia”.
LVI. Niaaoneay ?inney a aiaeu iiaie yeiiiie/aneie iieeoeee
(1921-1928aa).
I?aaeiinueee IYI: – ainoaea?noaaiiay iieeoeea ?ani?aaeaeaiey ia
auiieieea caaea/o iaania/aiey ai?iaeneiai ianaeaiey i?iaeiaieuenoaeai
– yeiiiie/aneee e nioeeaeueiue e?ecen, aucaaiiue A?aaeaeaineie aieiie e
iieeoeeie “aiaiiiai eiiioiecia”
Ia/aei yoie iieeoeea iieiaeeei ?aoaiea i caiaia i?iae?acaa?noee
iaoo?aeueiui iaeiaii, i?eiyoia ia X nuacaea ?EI(a) a ia?oa 1921a. N
oeaeueth ainnoaiiaeaiey i?iiuoeaiiinoe e iaeaaeeaaiey oiaa?iiaiaiii
iaaeaeo ai?iaeii e aea?aaiae: – i?aaeoniao?eaaeinue i?iaaaeaiea
/anoe/iie aeaiaoeeiiaeecaoeee n?aaeiae
i?iiuoeaiiinoe, ?acaeoea iaeeiai e eonoa?iiai i?iecaiaenoaa
– aaiaeeeny oic?an/ao, nicaeaaaeenue oic?an/aoiua iauaaeeiaiey – o?anou
e neiaeeeaou
– i?iecioae ioeac io o?oaeiauo iiaeeecaoeee e o?aaieoaeueiie iieaou
o?oaea
– nicaeaaaeenue ioaeaeueiua e?oiiua iaeaieoaeenoe/aneea i?aaei?eyoey – a
oi?ia eiioeannee, niaoaiiuo iauanoa, a?aiaeu
Aaiaeeiue aianoi i?iae?acaa?noee i?iaeiaeia aue onoaiiaeai nia/aea ia
o?iaia 20% io /enoiai i?iaeoeoa e?anoueyineiai o?oaea, a caoai nieaeai
aei 10% o?iaeay e iaiueoa e i?eiye aeaiaaeioth oi?io. Eceeoee,
inoaaaaoeany o e?anoueyi, ?ac?aoaeinue i?iaeaaaoue ii ?uii/iui oeaiai.
A 1922a ii iiaiio Caiaeueiiio eiaeaeno aeiioneaeanue naea/a caiee a
aeieain?i/ioth a?aiaeo (aei 12 eao), auaeaeaiea e?anoueyi ec iaueiu aeey
nicaeaiey oooi?neeo e io?oaiuo oicyenoa. ?ac?aoaeinue ia?aie/aiiia
i?eiaiaiea iaaiiiai o?oaea e nicaeaiea e?aaeeoiuo oiaa?euanoa.
Nie?auaeanue iauay noiia aaeeiiai naeueoiciaeiaa.
A ia?eiae IYI eiiia?aoeey noaea naiiaeayoaeueiie i?aaiecaoeeae, eioi?oth
oa?aeoa?eciaaei aeia?iaieueiia /eainoai, iaaaua aciinu, a oaeaea
i?eioeeiu iaoa?eaeueiie caeioa?aniaaiiinoe e oic?an/aoa.
Naeueneioicyenoaaiiay eiiia?aoeey iauaaeeiyea 6,5 iei e?anoueyineeo
oicyenoa.
Auea aaaaeaia nenoaia i?yiuo e einaaiiuo iaeiaia (i?iiuneiaue,
iiaeioiaeiue, ianoiua e ae?.)
Aeaiaaeiay ?aoi?ia 1922-1924aa noaaeeece?iaaea oeiainiaia iieiaeaiea. A
ia?auaiea auea auiouaia onoie/eaay aaethoa – /a?aiiaoe, eioi?ue
i?e?aaieaaeny e 10 aei?aaiethoeeiiiui cieioui ?oaeyi.
Aeaaee auee oi?acaeiaiu, a aianoi ieo nicaeaiu o?anou – aieaa iaeeea
iauaaeeiaiey iaeiiio?aneaauo i?aaei?eyoee, iieo/aaoeo /anoe/ioth
oicyenoaaiioth e yeiiiie/aneoth naiinoiyoaeueiinoue. A 1922a ieiei 90%
i?iiuoeaiiuo i?aaei?eyoee auee iauaaeeiaiu a 421 o?ano. O?anou
iauaaeeiyeenue a neiaeeeaou, caieiaaoeany nauoii, niaaaeaieai,
e?aaeeoiaaieai. A i?iiuoeaiiinoe, aaea 28% i?iaeoeoeee aeaaaee /anoiua
i?aaei?eyoey (a iniiaiii iaeeea), iieo/eea ?acaeoea a?aiaea
ainoaea?noaaiiuo i?aaei?eyoee.
Auea ioiaiaia iaycaoaeueiay o?oaeiaay iiaeiiinoue e niyou iniiaiua
ia?aie/aiey ia niaio ianoa ?aaiou. I?iaeieaeeoaeueiinoue ?aai/aai aeiy
ninoaaeyea 7 /ania i?e 6-aeiaaiie ?aai/ae iaaeaea.
A 1922a auee i?eiyou: eiaeaen caeiiia i o?oaea, caiaeueiue e
a?aaeaeaineee eiaeaenu, iiaeaioiaeaia noaeaaiay ?aoi?ia. Auee ioiaiaiu
?aao?eaoiaeu, aiciaiiaeeanue aeayoaeueiinoue i?ieo?aoo?u e aaeaieaoo?u,
A*E iioa?yea i?aai aianoaeaaiiai i?aneaaeiaaiey. Iaeiaei eiienney i?e
IEAAe iiaea aac noaea auiineoue ?aoaiey i aunueea e caeeth/aiee a eaaa?y
“nioeeaeueii iaaeaaiiaaeaaeiuo yeaiaioia”. Aaeanue aeanoeay ai?ueaa n
ae?oaeie iieeoe/aneeie ia?oeyie e aioo?eia?oeeiie iiiiceoeeae.
LVII. Iaoeeiiaeueiay iieeoeea niaaoneai ainoaea?noaa.
I?aaeiinueee ia?aciaaiey NNN?: – aeaceioaa?aoeey auaoaai aaeeiiai
ainoaea?noaaiiiai i?ino?ainoaa
– aieueoaaenoneay eaeay ie?iaie ?aaiethoeee e nicaeaiey a aoaeouai
anaie?iie oaaea?aoeaiie ?anioaeeee niaaoia oi?ie?iaaea iiaue
iauaaeeieoaeueiue i?ioeann
– aaeeiue oa?aeoa? iieeoe/aneiai no?iy (aeeeoaoo?a i?ieaoa?eaoa e i?.),
noiaeiua /a?ou i?aaiecaoeee ainoaea?noaaiiie aeanoe e oi?aaeaiey
– iaonoie/eainoue iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai iieiaeaiey iieiaeuo niaaoneeo
?anioaeee
– iaee/ea iiiaieaoieo yeiiiie/aneeo e eoeueoo?iuo naycae
Aeaeea?e?oaiua i?eioeeiu iaoeeiiaeueiie iieeoeee niaaoneie aeanoe
niinianoaiaaee iauaaeeieoaeueiui i?ioeannai. Iie aeeth/aee a naay: –
i?eioeei ?aaainoaa anao iaoeee e ia?iaeiinoae
– i?eciaiea i?aaa iaoeee ia naiiii?aaeaeaiea aieioue aei nicaeaiey
naiinoiyoaeueiiai ainoaea?noaa
Eaoii 1919a neiaeeeny aiaiii-iieeoe/aneee nithc niaaoneeo ?anioaeee. 1
ethiy aue iiaeienai aeae?ao “Ia iauaaeeiaiee niaaoneeo ?anioaeee ?innee,
Oe?aeiu, Eaoaee, Eeoau, Aaei?onnee aeey ai?ueau n ie?iaui
eiia?eaeeciii”. Ia aai iniiaa nicaeaii aaeeiia aiaiiia eiiaiaeiaaiea,
iauaaeeiyeenue niaia?oicu, o?ainii?o, eiienna?eaou oeiainia e o?oaea. N
aaniu 1921a ii oeacaieth Oeueyiiaa i oicyenoaaiiii iauaaeeiaiee A?ocee,
A?iaiee, Aca?aaeaeaeaia ia/aeinue nicaeaiea Caeaaeacneie Oaaea?aoeee,
i?aaiecaoeeiiii ioi?ieaoaeny a ia?oa 1922a.
A 1918-1922aa ia?iaeu, i?aeiouanoaaiii iaeua e eiiiaeoii i?iaeeaathuea a
ie?oaeaiee ?onneeo caiaeue, iieo/eee a ninoaaa ?NON? aaoiiiieth aeaoo
o?iaiae: – ?anioaeeeaineoth – 11 aaoiiiiiuo ?anioaeee,
eioi?ua eiaee i?aai ia naiinoiyoaeueiia ?aoaiea ?yaea aioo?aiieo
aii?inia
– iaeanoioth – 10 aaoiiiiiuo iaeanoae e 2 o?oaeiauo eiiioiiu (iaioeaa
Iiaieaeuey e Ea?aeueneay), eioi?ua eiaee i?aai ia naiinoiyoaeueiia
?aoaiea iaiueoaai /enea aii?inia
Oi?iaeueii iacaaeneiua iaoeeiiaeueiua niaaoneea ?anioaeeee aia ?NON?
oaeaea ia eiaee iieiiai noaa?aieoaoa. Iaoeeiiaeueiua eiiioienoe/aneea
ia?oee yaeyeenue ninoaaeythueie /anoyie ?EI(a).
30 aeaeaa?y 1922a ioe?ueny I nuacae Niaaoia. A iai i?eiyee o/anoea 2215
aeaeaaaoia. Nuacae ooaa?aeee Aeaeea?aoeeth e Aeiaiai? i nicaeaiee NNN? a
ninoaaa /aou?ao ?anioaeee – ?NON?, Oe?aeineie NN?, Aaei?onneie NN? e
CNON?. Nuacae eca?ae OeEE – aa?oiaiue i?aai aeanoe a ia?a?uaa iaaeaeo
nuacaeaie. A yiaa?a 1924a auea i?eiyoa ia?aay Eiinoeoooeey NNN?. A 1925a
auee ia?aciaaiu Oo?eiaineay e Ocaaeneay NN? a ninoaaa NNN?, a 1929a –
Oaaeaeeeneay NN?, a 1936a – Ee?aecneay e Eacaoneay NN?. A oii aea aiaeo
auea oi?acaeiaia Caeaaeacneay Oaaea?aoeey e A?iaiey, Aca?aaeaeaeai e
A?ocey aioee a ninoaa NNN?. A 1939a e NNN? auee i?eniaaeeiaiu Caiaaeiay
Oe?aeia e Caiaaeiay Aaei?onney. Iinea caaa?oaiey aieiu n Oeieyiaeeae
(ia?o 1940a) e i?eniaaeeiaiey iiauo oa??eoi?ee e Ea?aeueneie ANN?
iineaaeiyy auea i?aia?aciaaia a Ea?aei-Oeineoth NN?. Eaoii 1940a a
ninoaaa NNN? ieacaeenue Eaoaey, Eeoaa, Ynoiiey, Aanna?aaey, eioi?ay auea
i?eniaaeeiaia e Iieaeaaneie NN?, e Naaa?iay Aoeiaeia, aioaaeoay a ninoaa
ONN?. A 1944a ia i?aaao aaoiiiiiie iaeanoe ?NON? a nithc auea i?eiyoa
Ooaeineay ia?iaeiay ?anioaeeea.
LVIII. Iieeoe/aneay ai?ueaa a ia?oee a 1920-a aa.
A ia?eiae aieacie Oeueyiiaa e iath 1922a a ?oeiaiaenoaa ia?oee iniiaiia
ianoi caiyea o?ieea /eaiia Iieeoath?i – Ceiiaueaa, Noaeei, Eaiaiaa. A
1923-1924aa iie ?acaa?ioee ai?ueao n O?ioeeei e aai noi?iiieeaie
(Iyoaeiaui, I?aia?aaeaineei e ae?.), i?aaeeiaeeaoeie auoiae ec e?ecena n
iiiiuueth aeanoeiai ainoaea?noaaiiiai ieaie?iaaiey, i?eaea/aiey ?ano?nia
ec /anoiiai naeoi?a aeey nicaeaiey oyaeaeie i?iiuoeaiiinoe. A yiaa?a
1924a XIII ia?oeiioa?aioeey inoaeeea O?ioeeiai e iiiiceoeeth eae
“iaeeiao?aeoaciue oeeii” a ia?oee. A 1925a O?ioeeee aue inaiaiaeaeai n
iinoa ia?eiiaiaiii?a e i?aaenaaeaoaey ?aaaiainiaaoa. A 1925a
aioeo?ioeeenoneee o?eoiae?ao ?aniaeny. Ceiiaueaa e Eaiaiaa,
iiaeaea?aeaiiua A.ss.Nieieueieeiaui e I.E.E?oineie, ninoaaeee “iiaoth
iiiiceoeeth”. A 1926a auaoea i?ioeaieee – O?ioeeee, Ceiiaueaa, Eaiaiaa,
aunooieaoea aaeeiie o?aeoeeae, ieacaeenue a iiiiceoeee e ioeoeeaeueiie
iieeoeea, i?ioea /aoaa?ee aieueoeinoaa a Iieeoath?i – Noaeeia,
I.E.Aooa?eia, A.E.?ueiaa, I.I.Oiineiai. O?ioeeiai e Eaiaiaaa auaaee ec
ninoaaa Iieeoath?i. Iinea o/anoey a iiya?ueneie aeaiiino?aoeee 1927a
iiae nianoaaiiuie eicoiaaie Ceiiaueaa e O?ioeeee auee eneeth/aiu ec
ia?oee, a aianoa n ieie aua 93 /eaia iiiiceoeee. A 1928a O?ioeeee e 30
aai noi?iiieeia auee auneaiu ec Iineau a Aeia-Aoo. a ioooaea – a
Oo?oeeth. A 1930a ii e /eaiu aai naiuee auee eeoaiu niaaoneiai
a?aaeaeainoaa.
A 1927a ?aniaeanue i?inoaeeineay eiaeeoeey; Aooa?ei, ?ueia e Oiineee
aunooieee i?ioea noaeeineiai eo?na, ii?aaeaeea aai iieeoeeo /?acau/aeiuo
ia? eae ianiaianoeioth n nioeeaeeciii. A 1929a ec ninoaaa Iieeoath?i
auee auaaaeaiu Aooa?ei e aai noi?iiiee I.A.Oaeaiia; neaaeii eeoeeenue
iinoia ?ueia e Oiineee. Noaeei e aai ie?oaeaiea ia?aee aac?acaeaeueiue
eiio?ieue iaae ia?oeae.
LIX. Aiaoiyy iieeoeea niaaoneiai ainoaea?noaa a 1920-a aa.
Niaaoneea eeaea?u i?aneaaeiaaee ai aiaoiae iieeoeea aeaa i?ioeai?a/eaua
oeaee: iiaeaioiaeo ie?iaie i?ieaoa?neie ?aaiethoeee e a oi aea a?aiy
onoaiiaeaiea ie?iuo ioiioaiee n ae?oaeie ainoaea?noaaie.
N 1921a ia/aeinue onoaiiaeaiea oi?aiauo ioiioaiee n Aiaeeae, Aa?iaieae,
Aano?eae, Ii?aaaeae, Aeaieae, Eoaeeae, *aoineiaaeeae. Ionoonoaea
aeeieiiaoe/aneeo ioiioaiee n NOA (aei 1933a) ia iaoaei aia?eeaineei
i?aaei?eieiaoaeyi iiaeaea?aeeaaoue eiioaeou n niaaoneei iinieuenoaii ia
iniiaa eiioeaioeee “oi?aiaey aac i?eciaiey”.
10 ai?aey-19 iay 1922a – Iaaeaeoia?iaeiay yeiiiie/aneay e oeiainiaay
eiioa?aioeey a Aaioa (Eoaeey).
26 ethiy-19ethey 1922a – eiioa?aioeey yenia?oia a Aaaaa.
16 ai?aey 1922a niaaoneea i?aaenoaaeoaee a ianoa/ea ?aiaeei (iaaeaeaei
io Aaioe) caeeth/eee aeaoonoi?iiiee aeiaiai? n Aa?iaieae. A aai iniiao
aue iieiaeai acaeiiue ioeac io aiciauaiey aeieaia, ?aaeei iaeaieueoaai
aeaaii?eyonoaiaaiey a oi?aiaea. A ai?aea 1926a iaaeaeo NNN? e Aa?iaieae
aue caeeth/ai Aa?eeineee aeiaiai? i iaiaiaaeaiee e aiaiiii iaeo?aeeoaoa.
E 1925a NNN? aea-th?a i?eciaee Aaeeeia?eoaiey, O?aioeey, Eoaeey,
Ii?aaaey, Aano?ey, A?aoeey, Oaaoeey, ssiiiey, Eeoae, Iaeneea, O?oaaae.
Anaai ca 1921-1925aa ?inneae auei caeeth/aii 40 niaeaoaiee e aeiaiai?ia.
A 1922-1923aa NNN? i?eiye o/anoea a Eicaiineie ie?iie eiioa?aioeee. N
na?aaeeiu 20o aa NNN? noae o/anoieeii ai?ueau ca ?aci?oaeaiea, ia/aeinue
aai naeeaeaiea n Eeaie Iaoeee. A 1928a NNN? i?eniaaeeieeny e iaeoo
Eaeeiaa-A?eaia i cai?auaiee eniieueciaaiey aieiu eae n?aaenoaa
o?aaoee?iaaiey iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo nii?ia e i?oaeey iaoeeiiaeueiie
iieeoeee.
LX. Nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneia ?acaeoea NNN? a 1920-30a aa.
Oeaee iiaea?iecaoeee yeiiiieee: – caaa?oaiea eiaeono?eaeecaoeee
– nicaeaiea iaoa?eaeueiie aacu aeey “auaeeaaiey a oneiaeyo
eaieoaeenoe/aneiai ie?oaeaiey” e iino?iaiey nioeeaeecia – i?aiaeieaiea
oaoieei-yeiiiie/aneie ionoaeinoe
– ia?aueaaiea iai?iiiiai iioaioeeaea
Eiaeono?eaeecaoeey inouanoaeyeanue aeaaiui ia?acii ca n/ao aioo?aiieo
?aca?aia: – n?aaenoaa io aa?a?iiai naeoi?a, iieo/aiiua a oiaea
yeni?ii?eaoeee aea?aaie – aeioiaeu io ae?oaeo io?aneae i?iiuoeaiiinoe –
iiiiiieee aiaoiae Oi?aiaee – aioo?aiiea aeaiaaeiua caeiu o ianaeaiey –
iaeiaiaua iinooieaiey, nie?auaiea iai?iecaiaeeoaeueiuo ?anoiaeia –
o?oaeiaie yiooceaci ia?iaea (ianeeuenoaaiiue) – eniieueciaaiea
aiayeiiiie/aneiai i?eioaeaeaiey (o?oae caeeth/aiiuo)
A 1926a ia/aeinue no?ieoaeuenoai /aou?ao e?oiiuo yeaeo?inoaioeee, a
1927a – aua 14. Auee caeiaeaiu iiaua oaieueiua oaoou, ia/aoi
no?ieoaeuenoai e?oiiuo iaoaeeo?ae/aneeo e iaoeiino?ieoaeueiuo caaiaeia.
A 1927a niaaoneea yeiiiienou i?enooieee e ?ac?aaioea ia?aiai iyoeeaoiaai
ieaia, eioi?ue ?aoae caaea/o eiiieaeniiai ?acaeoey anao ?aeiiia e
eniieueciaaiey ?ano?nia aeey eiaeono?eaeecaoeee. A ?acoeueoaoa ia?aie
iyoeeaoee aic?inea /eneaiiinoue ?aai/aai eeanna, oi?aaeai/aneiai e
eiaeaia?ii-oaoie/aneiai ia?niiaea. Iaeiaei oiaea o?oaeiaay aeenoeeieeia
e iiieceeanue i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoue. Ca 1928-1932aa a 10 ?ac aic?inei
/enei oaoie/aneeo aocia. Aaaaeaia naeaeueiay iieaoa o?oaea. O?iaaiue
aeecie ?aai/eo nieceeny ii ?aciui aeaiiui io 1,5 aei 2,2 ?aca.
1927-1928aa – oeaaicaaioiaeoaeueiue e?ecen. N 1928a ia/aeenue
eiioeneaoeee oeaaiuo eceeoeia, cai?auaiea eoiee-i?iaeaaee oeaaa,
cae?uoea ?uieia, iaunee e o.i. Inaiueth 1928a auee aaaaeaiu oeaaiua
ea?oi/ee. A eiioea 1929a auea i?iaicaeaoaia caaea/a i?iaaaeaiey a
ca?iiauo ?aeiiao “nieioiie eieeaeoeaecaoeee” ca aiae. A eiioea aeaeaa?y
oiai aea aiaea Noaeei iauyaee i ia?aoiaea e iieeoeea “eeeaeaeaoeee
eoea/anoaa eae eeanna”. Eoeaeaie n/eoaeenue e?anoueyia, i?eiaiyaoea
iaaiiue o?oae e eiaaoea 2 ei?iau e 2 eioaaee. N eiioea 1929a aei
na?aaeeiu 1930a auei ?aneoea/aii (a?anoiaaii eee auneaii) 320 oun
e?anoueyi. Auaoea eoeaee aunueaeenue ia Naaa?, a Eacaonoai, a Neae?ue,
ia O?ae, Aeaeueiee Ainoie, Naaa?iue Eaaeac. Ianeeuenoaaiiua iaoiaea
aucuaaee aioeeieoiciua iyoaaee e ainnoaiey ia Naaa?iii Eaaeaca, N?aaeiae
e Ieaeiae Aieaa e ae?. N 1929a a ?anioaeeeao N?aaeiae Acee e Eacaonoaia
ia/aeanue e?anoueyineay aieia, eioi?oth oaeaeinue iiaeaaeoue eeoue e
inaie 1931a. E eaoo 1935a a eieoicao ieacaeinue 83,2% e?anoueyineeo
aeai?ia e 94,1% iinaaiuo ieiuaaeae. Aeey iaoaiecaoeee naeueneiai
oicyenoaa nicaeaaaeenue iaoeiii-o?aeoi?iua noaioeee. ?aci?aiea aea?aaie
i?eaaei e neeueiaeoaio aieiaeo 1932-1933aa.
LXI. Iauanoaaiii-iieeoe/aneia ?acaeoea NNN? a 1930a aa.
I?aaeiinueee neeaaeuaaiey iiaiai iauanoaaiiiai no?iy: – ieceee
nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneee e eoeueoo?iue
o?iaaiue ianaeaiey
– neeaaeuaaiea iaeiiia?oeeiie nenoaiu
– ath?ie?aoecaoeey ia?oeeiiai e ainoaea?noaaiiiai
aiia?aoa
– ai?ueaa ca eeaea?noai a ia?oee
– aiaoiaiieeoe/aneea oaeoi?u
Ia/aeenue ?ai?annee i?ioea ia?oeeii-ainoaea?noaaiiiai aiia?aoa e
iiaeaaeaiea eiaeiiuneey a n?aaea eioaeeeaaioeee.
Eiinoeoooeey NNN?, i?eiyoay ia VIII *?acau/aeiii nuacaea Niaaoia 5
aeaeaa?y 1936a, caeiiiaeaoaeueii cae?aieyea “iiaaaeo nioeeaeenoe/aneiai
no?iy”. Aunoei i?aaiii ainoaea?noaaiiie aeanoe noaiiaeeny Aa?oiaiue
Niaao NNN?, a iaaeaeo aai nanneyie – I?aceaeeoi Aa?oiaiiai Niaaoa.
Eiinoeoooeey i?iaicaeaoaea eeeaeaeaoeeth /anoiie nianoaaiiinoe ia
n?aaenoaa i?iecaiaenoaa, yenieoaoaoeee /aeiaaea /aeiaaeii; auee niyou
eeanniaua ia?aie/aiey a ecae?aoaeueiie nenoaia, onoaiaaeeaaeenue
anaiauea, ?aaiua, i?yiua auai?u i?e oaeiii aieiniaaiee.
Eaeaieiaecaoeey eoeueoo?u e anao noi?ii aeecie.
LXII. Aiaoiyy iieeoeea NNN? a eiioea 1920o-1930a aa.
Aiaoithth iieeoeeo ii?aaeaeye aeaaiue iieeoe/aneee oacen i
a?aaeaeaaiinoe anao eaieoaeenoe/aneeo aea?aeaa e NNN? e iaiaoiaeeiinoe
eniieueciaaiey eo acaeiiuo i?ioeai?a/ee. Iaeii ec aaaeiaeoeo iai?aaeaiee
– iiaeaea?aeea iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai eiiioienoe/aneiai aeaeaeaiey.
No?aiynue iaania/eoue aaciianiinoue a?aieoe, NNN? a 1932a iiaeienae
na?eth aeaonoi?iiieo iaeoia i iaiaiaaeaiee n Oeieyiaeeae, Eaoaeae,
Ynoiieae, Iieueoae, ?oiuieae, E?aiii; o?aiei-niaaoneia niaeaoaiea i
iaiaiaaeaiee auei aeiiieiaii aeiaiai?ii i acaeiiiiiiue a neo/aa aa?annee
a Aa?iia.
A 1929a i?iecioae aii?oaeaiiue niaaonei-eeoaeneee eiioeeeo ia EAAEAe, a
oiaea eioi?iai EA ?aca?iieea iia?aie/iua aienea Eeoay ia eo aea
oa??eoi?ee. A 1931a i?iecioei aoi?aeaiea ssiiiee a Iaiue/aeo?eth, /oi
i?eaaei e nicaeaieth aiaiiiai ieaoeaea?ia ssiiiee ia aeaeueiaainoi/iuo
a?aieoeao NNN?. A 1932a NNN? ainnoaiiaee ioiioaiey n Aiieiueaeaiii.
Iinea i?eoiaea e aeanoe oaoecia a Aa?iaiee a 1933a NNN? i?ae?aoee n iae
aiaiiia nio?oaeie/anoai. A 1934a NNN? aue i?eiyo a Eeao Iaoeee.
Eaoii 1938a ssiiiey aeoeaece?iaaea naie aeaenoaey ia
niaaonei-iaiue/aeo?neie a?aieoea. A ethea-aaaonoa i?iecioei n?aaeaiea EA
n yiiineeie aieneaie a Ainoi/iie Neae?e, a ?aeiia ica?a Oanai. A aaaonoa
1939a i?iecioei noieeiiaaiea ia iaiue/aeo?nei-iiiaieueneie a?aieoea a
?aeiia ?aee Oaeoei-Aie. 13 ai?aey 1941a iaaeaeo NNN? e ssiiieae aue
iiaeienai iaeo i iaeo?aeeoaoa n?ieii ia 4 aiaea.
23 aaaonoa 1939a ieieno?aie eiino?aiiuo aeae NNN? e Aa?iaiee
A.I.Iieioiaui e E.?eaaaio?iiii aue iiaeienai iaeo i iaiaiaaeaiee n?ieii
ia 10 eao. Aeiaiai? niaea?aeae oaeaea nae?aoiue i?ioieie i ?aca?aie/aiee
noa? aeeyiey a Ainoi/iie Aa?iia. Noa?ie eioa?ania NNN? i?eciaaaeenue
Ynoiiey, Eaoaey, Oeieyiaeey, Aanna?aaey e Naaa?iay Aoeiaeia; iaiaoeeie
noa?ie – Eeoaa. 28 naioya?y 1939a iinea anooieaiey aiene aa?iaooa e EA
ia oa??eoi?eth Iieueoe, a Iineaa aue iiaeienai niaaonei-aa?iaineee
aeiaiai? “I ae?oaeaa e a?aieoea”, i?aaeoniao?eaaaoee aeaeueiaeoaa
?acaeoea ioiioaiee e ii?aaeaeeaoee a?aieoeu iaaeaeo aeaoiy no?aiaie ii
oa??eoi?ee Iieueoe (?aeai Aoa e Ia?aa). A noa?o aeeyiey NNN? iooiaeeee
Eeoaa a iaiai ia Ethaeeineia e /anoue Aa?oaaneiai aiaaiaenoa.
18 aeaeaa?y 1940a Aeoea? iiaeienae aee?aeoeao ?21 ia ?acaa?ouaaiea
aiaauo aeaenoaee i?ioea NNN?, ecaanoioth eae “ieai Aa?aa?inna”. Iinea
iaiaaeaiey Aa?iaiee ia Iieueoo 1 naioya?y 1939a a niioaaonoaee n
nae?aoiuie noaoueyie niaaonei-aa?iaineiai iaeoa EA 17 naioya?y ia?aoea
niaaonei-iieueneoth a?aieoeo a oeaeyo ieacaiey iiiiue “oe?aeineei e
aaei?onneei a?aoueyi”. A ?acoeueoaoa aiaauo aeaenoaee n iieueneeie
aieneaie e NNN? auee i?eniaaeeiaiu Caiaaeiay Oe?aeia e Caiaaeiay
Aaei?onney, caoaa/aiiua Iieueoae a 1920a. A naioya?a-ieoya?a 1939a auee
caeeth/aiu “aeiaiai?u i acaeiiiiiiue” n i?eaaeoeeneeie ainoaea?noaaie,
i?aaeinoaaeyaoea niaaoneie noi?iia i?aai ?aciauaoue caeanue naie
aieineee eiioeiaaio.
30 iiya?y 1939a iinea ?yaea iaoaea/iuo ia?aaiai?ia n i?aaeoaeuenoaii e
naeiii Oeieyiaeee, NNN? ia/ae aieio i?ioea iaa. Niaao Eeae Iaoeee a
aeaeaa?a 1939a eneeth/ee NNN? ec naiaai ninoaaa, O?aioeey e Aiaeey
aioiaeee aiaiioth iiiiuue Oeieyiaeee. 12 ia?oa 1940a aue iiaeienai
ie?iue aeiaiai?, ii eioi?iio e NNN? ioioee Ea?aeueneee ia?aoaae e ?yae
ino?iaia a Oeineii caeeaa. A a?aiaeo ia 30 eao NNN? iieo/ae
aiaiii-ii?neoth aaco ia ino?iaa Oaiei.
A ethia 1940a iinea i?aaeuyaeaiey oeueoeiaooiia i?aaeoaeuenoaai Eeoau,
Eaoaee e Ynoiiee iiae i?aaeeiaii ia?ooaiey aeiaiai?ia i acaeiiiiiiue ia
oa??eoi?eth i?eaaeoeeneeo ainoaea?noa auee aaaaeaiu aeiiieieoaeueiua
niaaoneea aienea. A aaaonoa i?eaaeoeeneea ?anioaeeee, yeiau “ii eo
i?inueaa”, auee i?eiyou a ninoaa NNN?. A eiioea ethiy 1940a ?aeiiu
Aanna?aaee e Naaa?iie Aoeiaeiu, ieeoie?iaaiiua ?oiuieae a 1918a, oaeaea
auee i?eniaaeeiaiu e NNN? e aieueoae /anoueth aioee a ninoaa
ia?aciaaiiie a aaaonoa iieaeaaneie NN?.
LXIII. Aaeeeay Ioa/anoaaiiay aieia 1941-1945aa.
22 ethiy 1941a ia/aeinue ianooieaiea Aa?iaiee ia NNN?. Iniiaiie oaea?
i?eoaeny ia naaa?i-caiaaeiua, caiaaeiua e thai-caiaaeiua ?aeiiu no?aiu.
23 ethiy aeey no?aoaae/aneiai ?oeiaiaenoaa aii?oaeaiiuie neeaie auea
nicaeaia Noaaea Aeaaiiai eiiaiaeiaaiey ai aeaaa n ia?eiiii iai?iiu
N.E.Oeiioaiei (aiineaaenoaee Noaaea Aa?oiaiiai Aeaaiieiiaiaeiaaiey ai
aeaaa ni Noaeeiui). 29 ethiy a no?aia auei aaaaeaii aiaiiia iieiaeaiea.
30 ethiy aue nicaeai Ainoaea?noaaiiue eiieoao iai?iiu e ooaa?aeaeai
aiaiii-oicyenoaaiiue ieai i?iecaiaenoaa anao aeaeia aii?oaeaiee e
aiai?eiania. Auee nicaeaiu Eiieoao i?iaeiaieuenoaaiiiai e aauaaiai
niaaaeaiey EA, Niaao ii yaaeoaoeee, Aeaaiia oi?aaeaiea ouea i?e NIE
NNN?.
16 ethey auei ecaeaii iinoaiiaeaiea AEI ia a?anoa e i?aaeaiee noaeo
a?oiiu aaia?aeia ai aeaaa n eiiaiaeothuei Caiaaeiui o?iioii aaia?aeii
a?iee Ae.A.Iaaeiaui, ?anno?aeyiiuo 22 ethey. 16 aaaonoa aue ecaeai
i?eeac ?270, iauyaeyaoee anao ieacaaoeony a ieaio i?aaeaoaeyie e
eciaiieeaie. A iiya?a auea a?anoiaaia a?oiia aaia?aeia – i?aiiaeaaaoaeae
aiaiiie aeaaeaiee eiaie I.A.O?oica, eioi?ui aiaiyeenue a aeio
ii?aaeai/aneea iano?iaiey e “iiiuoea naea/e Iineau” iaioeai.
Oeacii I?aceaeeoia AN NNN? io 28 aaaonoa ca O?ae – a Eacaonoai e Neae?ue
– auee aunaeaiu niaaoneea iaioeu, a eo aaoiiiiey a Iiaieaeuea auea
eeeaeaee?iaaia. Aeaii?oaoeee einioeenue oaeaea iieyeia e oeiiia.
Ianooieaiea iaiaoeeeo aiene aaeinue iaeiia?aiaiii ia o?ao iai?aaeaieyo:
a?oiiu a?iee “Naaa?”, “Oeaio?” e “THa” ianooiaee a iai?aaeaieyo
niioaaonoaaiii Eaieia?aaea, Iineau e Eeaaa. Auee ieeoie?iaaiu Eaoaey,
Eeoaa, Aaei?onney, I?aaiaa?aaeiay Oe?aeia, Iieaeaaey. A aaaonoa iaioeu
acyee Niieaine, a naioya?a aeiee?iaaee Eaieia?aae, caiyee Eeaa, a
ieoya?a iaea Iaeanna. 30 naioya?y ia/aeanue Iineianeay aeoaa. Iaioeu
caoaaoeee Iiaeaene, Eaeeiei, Iaeiy?ineaaaoe. A noieeoea ia/aeanue
yaaeoaoeey. 19 ieoya?y auei aaaaeaii inaaeiia iieiaeaiea. A iiya?a
iaioeu i?eaeeceeenue e noieeoea ia 30 ei. Eeoue a eiioea ianyoea aieneai
Caiaaeiiai o?iioa (A.E.AEoeia) oaeaeinue inoaiiaeoue ianooieaiea. 5-6
aeaeaa?y niaaoneea aienea ia/aee eiio?ianooieaiea. A iaa-ethea 1942a
iaiaoeeea aienea caiyee Oa?ueeia, caaeaaeaee anai E?uiii; iicaea
ieeoie?iaaee Aeiiaann. auoee e Naaa?iiio Eaaeaco e Aieaa. N 17 ethey
ia/aeanue iai?iia Noaeeia?aaea.
Eaoii 1942a i?eeacii IEI ?227 (“Ie oaao iacaae!”) nicaeaaaeenue
caa?aaeeoaeueiua io?yaeu, i?ecaaiiua a neo/aa iaieee e aanii?yaei/iiai
iooiaea ?anno?aeeaaoue “iaieea?ia e o?onia” ia ianoa.
12 ethey 1941a a Iineaa auei caeeth/aii niaaonei-aiaeeeneia niaeaoaiea i
niaianoiuo aeaenoaeyo a aieia i?ioea Aa?iaiee e aa nithcieeia,
iieiaeeaoaa ia/aei nicaeaieth aioeaeoea?ianeie eiaeeoeee. A ieoya?a
1941a NNN?, Aiaeey e NOA aeinoeaee aeiaiai?aiiinoe ia aiaei-aia?eeaineeo
iinoaaeao aeey NNN? aii?oaeaiee e i?iaeiaieuenoaey a iaiai ia
no?aoaae/aneia nu?uea. A ethea 1942a iii auei aeiiieiaii niaeaoaieai n
NOA i iiiiue ii eaiae-eeco (o.a. i?aaeinoaaeaiee NNN? a e?aaeeo
aii?oaeaiee, iai?oaeiaaiey, i?iaeiaieuenoaey).
1 yiaa?y 1942a – Aeaeea?aoeey Iauaaeeiaiiuo Iaoeee (26 ainoaea?noa).
Iinea Noaeeia?aaeneie aeoau (caeii/eeanue 2 oaa?aey 1943a)
no?aoaae/aneay eieoeeaoeaa ia?aoea a ?oee niaaoneeo aii?oaeaiiuo nee. A
yiaa?a 1943a auea i?i?aaia aeieaaea Eaieia?aaea, e eaoo inaiaiaeaeaia
cia/eoaeueiay /anoue Naaa?iiai Eaaeaca.
5 ethey-23 aaaonoa – Eo?neay aeoaa.
6 iiya?y inaiaiaeaeai Eeaa.
Oaea eaoii 1941a a oueo aa?iaineeo aiene ?acaa?ioeanue aeayoaeueiinoue
ia?oecaineeo io?yaeia (3500) e iiaeiieueiuo a?oii nii?ioeaeaiey. 30 iay
1942a aue nicaeai Oeaio?aeueiue ooaa ia?oecaineiai aeaeaeaiey ai aeaaa n
I.E.Iiiiia?aiei.
A 1942a auea aaaaeaia o?oaeiaay iiaeeecaoeey anaai ai?iaeneiai e
naeueneiai ianaeaiey, aeinoeaoaai 14 eao, ?aai/ee aeaiue aue oaaee/ai
aei 11 /ania. Ec i?eo?iioiauo iaeanoae ca aiaeu aieiu auei yaaeoe?iaaii
ia ainoie 2593 caaiaea e aieaa 10 iei /aeiaae. A?aaeaeaineee naeoi?
i?iiuoeaiiinoe aue ia?aaaaeai ia auione aiaiii i?iaeoeoeee.
A iiya?a 1943a ninoiyeanue Oaaa?aineay eiioa?aioeey ?oeiaiaeeoaeae
Aaeeeia?eoaiee (O.*a?/eeeue), NOA (O.?ocaaeueo) e NNN? (E.A.Noaeei), ia
eioi?ie auea aeinoeaiooa aeiaiai?aiiinoue i i?iaaaeaiee iia?aoeee
“Iaa?ei?ae” ii aunaaeea nithcie/aneeo aiene ai O?aioeee a iaa 1944a,
iaiaa?eaaeenue oneiaey iineaaiaiiiai ono?ienoaa ie?a.
6 ethiy 1944a aue ioe?uo Aoi?ie o?iio a Aa?iia – aienea nithcieeia iiae
eiiaiaeiaaieai aaia?aea Ae.Yecaioaoy?a aunaaeeeenue a Ii?iaiaeee. A
yiaa?a 1944a auea i?iaaaeaia Ei?noiue-Oaa/aineay iia?aoeey. a oiaea
eioi?ie aienea THai-Caiaaeiiai o?iioa inaiaiaeeee I?aaiaa?aaeioth
Oe?aeio, a ia/aea iay – E?ui. Eaoii 1944a ia/aeinue ianooieaiea a
Ea?aeee (10 ethiy-9 aaaonoa) e Iieaeaaee (22-29 aaaonoa). A oiaea
Aaei?onneie iia?aoeee auea ?aca?iieaia a?oiia a?iee “Oeaio?” e
inaiaiaeaeaiu Aaei?onney, Eaoaey, /anoue Eeoau, ainoi/iay /anoue
Iieueoe.
19 naioya?y 1944a Oeieyiaeey iiaeienaea ia?aie?ea n NNN?, a 4 ia?oa iia
iauyaeea aieio Aa?iaiee.
A oiaea Eueaianei-Naiaeiie?neie iia?aoeee auee inaiaiaeaeaiu caiaaeiua
iaeanoe Oe?aeiu e thai-ainoi/iua ?aeiiu Iieueoe. A oiaea
ssnnei-Eeoeiaaneie iia?aoeee auee oie/oiaeaiu 22 iaiaoeeeo aeeaecee,
inaiaiaeaeaia Iieaeaaey e auaaaeaia ec aieiu ia noi?iia Aa?iaiee
?oiuiey. E eiioeo 1944a aue inaiaiaeaeaiu THaineaaey, A?aoeey, Aeaaiey.
A oiaea Aenei-Iaea?neie iia?aoeee (12 yiaa?y-3 oaa?aey 1945a) auea
?aca?iieaia a?oiie?iaea, iai?iiyaoayny ia oa??eoi?ee Iieueoe. A eiioea
ia?oa-ia?aie iieiaeia ai?aey auee inaiaiaeaeaiu Aaia?ey, ainoi/iay
/anoue Aano?ee. N 16 ai?aey ii 8 iay 1945a i?ioiaeeea caeeth/eoaeueiay
Aa?eeineay iia?aoeey iiae ?oeiaiaenoaii ia?oaeia A.E.AEoeiaa,
E.E.?ieinnianeiai e E.N.Eiiaaa. 8 iay aue iiaeienai aeo i eaieooeyoeee
Aa?iaiee. 9 iay niaaoneea aienea inaiaiaeeee I?aao.
4-11 oaa?aey 1945a – eiioa?aioeey a sseoa.
17 ethey-2 aaaonoa 1945a – eiioa?aioeey a Iionaeaia.
Aa?iaiey aeaeeeanue ia /aou?a ieeoiaoeeiiiuo ciiu, i?aaeoniao?eaaeinue
aa ?aci?oaeaiea, eeeaeaeaoeey aa?iaineie aiaiiie i?iiuoeaiiinoe e
oaoenoneie ia?oee.
A iaiai ia niaeaoaiea ia/aoue aieio n ssiiieae NNN? iieo/ae naieoeeth ia
aica?auaiea THaeiiai Naoaeeia e Eo?eeueneeo ino?iaia. Ainoi/iay I?onney
auea iiaeaeaia iaaeaeo NNN? e Iieueoae (?inney iieo/eea Eaieanaa?a).
Nicaeaaaeanue I?aaiecaoeey Iauaaeeiaiiuo Iaoeee eae eino?oiaio
iiaeaea?aeaiey ie?a e ?acaeoey nio?oaeie/anoaa.
8 aaaonoa 1945a NNN? iauyaee aieio ssiiiee. Iaeaioia, 6 e 9 aaaonoa, ia
ssiiineea ai?iaea Oe?ineia e Iaaanaee auee na?ioaiu aia?eeaineea aoiiiua
aiiau. A oiaea aiaauo iia?aoeee ia Aeaeueiai Ainoiea niaaoneea aienea
inaiaiaeeee Iaiue/aeo?eth, ai?iaea Aeaeueiee e Ii?o-A?oo?, Naaa?ioth
Ei?ath, iaeaaeaee THaeiui Naoaeeiii e Eo?eeueneeie ino?iaaie. 14 aaaonoa
yiiineia i?aaeoaeuenoai i?eiyei ?aoaiea i eaieooeyoeee. 19 aaaonoa
ia/aeanue ianniaay naea/a yiiineeo nieaeao e ioeoea?ia a ieai. 2
naioya?y 1945a a Oieeeneie aoooa ia ai?oo aia?eeaineiai eeiei?a
“Ienno?e” i?aaenoaaeoaee ssiiiee iiaeienaee aeo i aaciaiai?i/iie
eaieooeyoeee.
LXIV. NNN? ai aoi?ie iieiaeia 1940o-ia/aea 1950o aa.
A naioya?a 1945a a NNN? auei ioiaiaii /?acau/aeiia iieiaeaiea e
oi?acaeiai AEI. A ia?oa 1946a Niaia?eii aue i?aia?aciaai a Niaao
ieieno?ia, a ia?eiiaou – a ieienoa?noaa.
A ieoya?a 1952a ia XIX nuacaea AEI(a) auea ia?aeiaiiaaia a EINN.
Iieeoath?i i?aia?aciaaeinue a I?aceaeeoi OeE.
Ia?aii/a?aaeiie caaea/ae iineaaiaiiiai a?aiaie noaei ainnoaiiaeaiea
yeiiiieee e eiiaa?ney aiaiiiai i?iecaiaenoaa. Aeaaiuie inoaaaeenue
aioo?aiiea enoi/ieee: – oeaio?aeeciaaiiay yeiiiieea
– ?aia?aoeee n Aa?iaiee (4,3 ie?ae ?oaeae)
– aeaiaaeiay ?aoi?ia 1947a e ainoaea?noaaiiua
caeiu
– ia?a?ani?aaeaeaiea n?aaenoa ec aa?a?iiai
naeoi?a a i?iiuoeaiiue
– nie?auaiea ?anoiaeia ia nioeeaeueioth noa?o
– aanieaoiue o?oae ocieeia AOEAAa e
aiaiiiieaiiuo
Aue ainnoaiiaeai 8-/aniaie ?aai/ee aeaiue, aiciaiiaeaiu ioionea. 4
aeaeaa?y 1947a auei i?eiyoi iinoaiiaeaiea Niaaoa ieieno?ia NNN? e AEI(a)
“I i?iaaaeaiee aeaiaaeiie ?aoi?iu e ioiaia ea?oi/ae ia
i?iaeiaieuenoaaiiua e i?iiuoeaiiua oiaa?u”. Iniiaiua iieiaeaiey: –
auione aeaiaa iiaiai ia?acoea e
ia?aaiae ?oaey ia cieiooth iniiao
– ia?aioeaiea aeeaaeia a?aaeaeai a
naa?eannao
– ioiaia ea?oi/iie nenoaiu
– ioiaia eiiia?/aneeo oeai e aaiae
aaeeiuo ?icie/iuo oeai
LXV. Iauanoaaiii-iieeoe/aneia ?acaeoea NNN? a na?aaeeia 1950o-ia/aea
1960o aa.
Iinea nia?oe Noaeeia a ia?oa 1953a o aeanoe ieacaeny o?eoiae?ao –
Iaeaieia, Aa?ey, O?ouaa.
Ioiaiyeenue aianoaeaaiua i?aaiu, ?aoi?ie?iaaeanue nenoaia AOEAAa, auea
i?iaaaeaia aiienoey.
26 ethiy ia canaaeaiee I?aceaeeoia OeE Aa?ey aue a?anoiaai. Ia
naioya?ueneii ieaioia OeE EINN I.N.O?ouaa aue eca?ai Ia?aui nae?aoa?ai
OeE. I?aaiu ainaaciianiinoe auee auaaaeaiu ec nenoaiu IAAe e iinoaaeaiu
iiae eiio?ieue ia?oeeiuo i?aaiia. A ia?oa 1954a ia?aciaaeny Eiieoao
ainoaea?noaaiiie aaciianiinoe (EAA) ai aeaaa n E.A.Na?iaui.
A yiaa?a 1955a Iaeaieia aue niyo n iinoa I?aaenaaeaoaey Niaaoa ieieno?ia
e caiaiai I.A.Aoeaaieiui.
Ia XX nuacaea EINN (oaa?aeue 1956a) auee aianaiu eciaiaiey a
eaeaieiae/aneoth eiioeaioeeth ia?oee: i?icao/ae ioeac io eaeae
aeeeoaoo?u i?ieaoa?eaoa e aue i?iaicaeaoai oacen ia iauaia?iaeiii
ainoaea?noaa. Iieeoe/aneea e yeiiiie/aneea i?in/aou i?aaeuaeoueo
aeanyoeeaoee iauyniyeenue “eoeueoii ee/iinoe Noaeeia”. Iinea nuacaea
ia/aeny i?ioeann ?aaaeeeoaoeee ?ai?anne?iaaiiuo a 1930o-ia/aea 1950o aa.
Auee ainnoaiiaeaiu a i?aaao oeaeua ia?iaeu. A oaa?aea 1957a auea
aica?auaia iaoeeiiaeueiay aaoiiiiey aaeea?neiai, /a/aineiai, eiaooneiai,
eaeiuoeeiai e ea?a/aaaneiai ia?iaeia.
A 1960a aue ecaeai ia?aue Oaieiaiue eiaeaen. A niioaaonoaee n iei
auianaiea oaieiaiuo iaeacaiee inouanoaeyeinue oieueei ii noaeo, eioi?ue
noaiiaeeny ioe?uoui. Ooaa?aeaeaeenue i?acoiioeey iaaeiiaiinoe e i?aai ia
caueoo.
Nithciui ?anioaeeeai i?aaeinoaaeyeinue i?aai nicaeaaaoue ia naiae
oa??eoi?ee iiaua e?ay e iaeanoe.
Ia XXI nuacaea EINN (1961a) a onoaaa ia?oee iiyaeeinue iieiaeaiea,
niaeanii eioi?iio ieeoi ia iia caieiaoue auai?ioth aeieaeiinoue a ia?oee
aieaa o?ao n?ieia iiae?yae, a ninoaa ?oeiaiaeyueo i?aaiia aeieaeai
iaiiaeyoueny ii iaiueoae ia?a ia 1/3.
LXI. Nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneia ?acaeoea NNN? a 1950o-na?aaeeia 1960o aa.
A 1954a ia/aeinue inaiaiea oeaeeiiuo caiaeue a Caaieaeuea, Neae?e e
Eacaonoaia. A aeaa ?aca auee iiauoaiu ainoaea?noaaiiua caeoii/iua oeaiu
ia naeueneioicyenoaaiioth i?iaeoeoeeth, nienaiu aeieae eieoicia ii
naeueneioicyenoaaiiiio iaeiao i?ioeuo eao, ioiaiyeenue iaeioi?ua iaeiae
ia ee/iia iiaeniaiia oicyenoai, eieoicu iieo/eee i?aai aiineoue
eciaiaiey a naie onoaau.
A 1954a auea iino?iaia ia?aay a ie?a aoiiiay yeaeo?inoaioeey a ai?iaea
Iaieinea. A 1957a a NNN? aue inouanoaeai caione ia?aiai a ie?a
eneonnoaaiiiai niooieea Caiee.
LXII. Aiaoiyy iieeoeea NNN? a na?aaeeia 1950o-ia/aea 1960o aa.
A 1955a a AEaiaaa ia niaauaiee aeaa i?aaeoaeuenoa NNN?, NOA, Aiaeee e
O?aioeee niaaoneay aeaeaaaoeey aianea i?iaeo aeiaiai?a i eieeaeoeaiie
aaciianiinoe a Aa?iia. A aaaonoa 1955a NNN?I iauyaee ia iaeiinoi?iiiai
nie?auaiee naieo aii?oaeaiiuo nee ia 640 oun /aeiaae, a a iaa 1956a –
aua ia 1,2 iei. NNN? eeeaeaee?iaae aiaiiua aacu ia oa??eoi?ee Oeieyiaeee
e Eeoay. A 1958a a NNN? aue iauyaeai iaeiinoi?iiiee ii?aoi?ee ia
yaea?iua eniuoaiey. A aaaonoa 1963a a Iineaa iaaeaeo NNN?, NOA e Aiaeeae
aue iiaeienai aeiaiai? i cai?auaiee eniuoaiey yaea?iiai i?oaeey a
aoiinoa?a, einiina e iiae aiaeie (e iaio i?eniaaeeieeenue ieiei 100
ainoaea?noa).
eaoii 1962a ii ?aoaieth niaaoneiai ?oeiaiaenoaa ia Eoaa oaeii auee
?aciauaiu niaaoneea yaea?iua ?aeaou n?aaeiae aeaeueiinoe. Iaia?oaeea eo,
NOA iauyaeee aicaeooioth e ii?neoth aeieaaeo Eoaa e i?eaaee a iieioth
aioiaiinoue naie aienea. Aiaeiae/ii iinooiee e NNN?. 22-27 ieoya?y
Aeae.Eaiiaaee e I.N.O?ouaa caeeth/eee a?aiaiiue eiii?iienn: NNN?
niaeaneeny aeaiiioe?iaaoue e auaacoe n Eoau ana ?aeaou, a NOA
aa?aioe?iaaee aaciianiinoue Eoau e niaeaoaeenue auaacoe ?aeaou n aiaiiuo
aac a Oo?oeee e Eoaeee.
A ieoya?a 1956a a Aaia?ee aniuoioei ainnoaiea, eioi?ia auei iiaeaaeaii
niaianoiuie aeaenoaeyie aaiaa?neeo eiiioienoia e /anoae niaaoneie a?iee.
A aaaonoa 1961a a ioaao ia ianniaia aaanoai ainoi/iuo iaioeaa a
Caiaaeiue Aa?eei iaaeaeo aeaoiy /anoyie ai?iaea auea aicaeaeaiooa
Aa?eeineay noaia.
LXIII. NNN? a na?aaeeia 1960o-ia/aea1980o aa.
14 ieoya?y 1964a ia ieaioia OeE EINN O?ouaa aue niauai n iinoia Ia?aiai
nae?aoa?y OeE, /eaia I?aceaeeoia OeE e I?aaenaaeaoaey Niaaoa ieieno?ia
“a nayce n i?aeeiiiui aic?anoii e oooaeoaieai ninoiyiey caei?iauey”.
Ia?aui nae?aoa?ai OeE noae E.E.A?aaeiaa.
A 1966a auei ioiaiaii o?aaiaaiea ia?eiaee/aneie ?ioaoeee ia?oeeiuo
eaae?ia.
LXIV. NNN? a aiaeu “ia?ano?ieee” 1985-1991aa.
I?aaeiinueee ?aoi?i: 1. Yeiiiie/aneea: – niaaoneay yeiiiieea
ieii/aoaeueii oo?aoeea aeeiaieci
– i?iecioei iaaeaiea oaiiia ?inoa a i?iiuoeaiiinoe e
i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoe o?oaea
– aieueoie oaeaeueiue aan aiaiiuo ?anoiaeia a athaeaeaoa
– ia/aeinue nieaeaiea o?iaiy aeecie ianaeaiey
2. Iieeoe/aneea: – iayooaeoeaiinoue niaaoneie ath?ie?aoe/aneie nenoaiu
– aeaa?aaeaoeey i?aayuae aa?oooee
3. Nioeeaeueiua e aeooiaiua: – oooaeoaeinue ea/anoai cae?aaiio?aiaiey
– nie?auaeanue i?iaeieaeeoaeueiinoue aeecie ethaeae
– iaaeaiea i?aanoaaiiinoe
4. Aiaoiaiieeoe/aneea: – iineaaenoaey “oieiaeiie aieiu”
– ineaaeaiea iiceoeee NNN? a ie?a
A eaeaieiaeth “ia?ano?ieee” auee aeeth/aiu iaeioi?ua
eeaa?aeueii-aeaiie?aoe/aneea i?eioeeiu (?acaeaeaiea aeanoae,
i?aaenoaaeoaeueiie aeaiie?aoee, caueou a?aaeaeaineeo e iieeoe/aneeo i?aa
/aeiaaea). Oe?ieia ?ani?ino?aiaiea iieo/eea aeaniinoue, e?eoeea
“aeaoi?iaoeee nioeeaeecia” a yeiiiie/aneie iieeoeea e aeooiaiie noa?a. A
?aieao aeaiie?aoecaoeee i?ienoiaeeei ioi?ieaiea ia?oeeiiai ieth?aeecia.
A 1988a aaiaeeeny i?eioeei aeueoa?iaoeaiuo auai?ia ia?iaeiuo aeaiooaoia
NNN?. A 1990a aue aaaaeai einoeooo i?aceaeaionoaa. III nuacae ia?iaeiuo
aeaiooaoia NNN? a ia?oa 1990a eca?ae I.N.Ai?aa/aaa I?aceaeaioii NNN?. A
aeaeaa?a 1991a i?ioee auai?u i?aceaeaioia a aieueoeinoaa nithciuo
?anioaeee. 12 ethiy 1991a I?aceaeaioii ?NON? aue eca?ai A.I.Aeueoeei.
A 1988a auee i?eiyou Caeii i eiiia?aoeee e Caeii ia eiaeeaeaeoaeueiie
o?oaeiaie aeayoaeueiinoe. A 1987a – Caeii i ainoaea?noaaiiii
i?aaei?eyoee. I?aaei?eyoey ia?aaiaeeeenue ia naiiieoiaaiinoue e
oic?an/ao, iieo/ay i?aai ia aiaoiayeiiiie/aneoth aeayoaeueiinoue,
nicaeaiea niaianoiuo i?aaei?eyoee. Ii Caeiio i o?oaeiauo eieeaeoeaao
aaiaeeeanue nenoaia auai?ia ?oeiaiaeeoaeae i?aaei?eyoee e o/?aaeaeaiee.
A oa/aiea 1989-1990aa iiiaea ?anioaeeee NNN?, aeeth/ay ?inneth, i?eiyee
aeaeea?aoeee i iaoeeiiaeueiii noaa?aieoaoa. 8 aeaeaa?y 1991a ia
aaei?onneie ano?a/a ?oeiaiaeeoaeae o?ao noaa?aiiuo ?anioaeee – ?innee,
Oe?aeiu e Aaei?onnee – auei cayaeaii i i?ae?auaiee nouanoaiaaiey NNN? e
ia?aciaaiee Niae?oaeanoaa Iacaaeneiuo Ainoaea?noa (NIA). 21 aeaeaa?y a
Aeia-Aoa 11 auaoeo nithciuo ?anioaeee iiaeaea?aeaee Aaeiaaaeneia
niaeaoaiea. 25 aeaeaa?y i?aceaeaio NNN? Ai?aa/aa neiaeee naie
iieiiii/ey.
I?e/eiu ?aniaaea NNN?: – iaeaieeaaaoeany iaoeeiiaeueiua i?ioeai?a/ey
– iaoaea/e yeiiiie/aneeo ?aoi?i Ai?aa/aaa
– e?ecen eiiioienoe/aneie eaeaieiaee e ineaaeaiea ?iee EINN n
iineaaeothuae
eeeaeaeaoeeae aa ia?oeeii-iieeoe/aneie iiiiiieee
– aeaeaeaiea ca iaoeeiiaeueiia naiiii?aaeaeaiea ?anioaeee
Iaeiei ec neaaenoaee ?aniaaea ainoaea?noaa noaei iaino?aiea
iaaeiaoeeiiaeueiuo ioiioaiee ia oa??eoi?ee iinoniaaoneeo ?anioaeee, /oi
i?eaaei e aicieeiiaaieth oa??eoi?eaeueiuo eiioeeeoia ai iiiaeo ?aaeiiao
auaoaai NNN?.
LXV. Aiaoiyy iieeoeea NNN? a aiaeu “ia?ano?ieee”.
Iniiaiua i?ei?eoaou ai aiaoiaiieeoe/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe NNN? iinea
1985a: – niya/aiea iai?yaeaiiinoe
iaaeaeo Ainoieii e Caiaaeii
iin?aaenoaii ia?aaiai?ia n
NOA i ?aci?oaeaiee
– o?aaoee?iaaiea
?aaeiiaeueiuo eiioeeeoia
– ?anoe?aiea yeiiiie/aneeo
naycae ni anaie
ainoaea?noaaie
8 aeaeaa?y 1987a aue caeeth/ai aeiaiai? n NOA ia oie/oiaeaiee oeaeiai
eeanna yaea?iuo aii?oaeaiee – ?aeao n?aaeiaai e aeeaeiaai ?aaeeona
aeaenoaey. A 1991a aue iiaeienai aeiaiai? ia ia?aie/aiee no?aoaae/aneeo
ianooiaoaeueiuo aii?oaeaiee. A 1989a aue i?eiyo oeac I?aceaeeoia
Aa?oiaiiai Niaaoa NNN? i nie?auaiee aii?oaeaiiuo nee NNN? e ?anoiaeia ia
iai?iio a 1989-1990aa, ii eioi?iio /eneaiiinoue a?iee oiaiueoeeanue ia
500 oun /aeiaae, a ?anoiaeu ia iai?iio – ia 14,2%. A Aa?iia e 1990a
eeeaeaee?iaaee niaaoneea e aia?eeaineea ?aeaou n?aaeiae e iaiueoae
aeaeueiinoe. NNN? oaeaea aeaiiioe?iaae /anoue ?aea n?aaeiae aeaeueiinoe
a Neae?e e ia Aeaeueiai Ainoiea, iai?aaeaiiuo i?ioea ssiiiee, THaeiie
Ei?ae e Eeoay.
LXVI. Nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneia ?acaeoea ?O a 90a aa XXa-ia/aea XXIa.
N ia/aea 1922a ia/aeinue aaaaeaiea naiaiaeiiai oeaiiia?aciaaiey e
eeaa?aeecaoeey oi?aiaee. Auea oi?acaeiaia oeaio?aeeciaaiiay nenoaia
?ani?aaeaeaiey ?ano?nia. Ia ianoa eieoicia e niaoicia nicaeaaaeenue
aeoeeiia?iua iauanoaa eee i?iecaiaenoaaiiua eiiia?aoeau.
N oeaeueth i?eaaoecaoeee ainoaea?noaaiiuo i?aaei?eyoee e aeeeuey aue
nicaeai Ainoaea?noaaiiue eiieoao ii oi?aaeaieth ainoaea?noaaiiui
eiouanoaii ?NON? (A.A.*oaaen). A?aaeaeaiai auaeaaaeenue
i?eaaoecaoeeiiiua /aee – aao/a?u, icia/aaoea i?aai ia aeieth
nianoaaiiinoe i?eaaoece?oaiuo i?aaei?eyoee. Oa a ?innee neeaaeuaaeny
/anoiue, a o./. aeoeeiia?iue eaieoae.
A aaaonoa 1998a a no?aia ?ac?aceeny neeueiaeoee oeiainiaue e?ecen. 23
aaaonoa i/a?aaeiia i?aaeoaeuenoai auei ioi?aaeaii a ionoaaeo.
A oaa?aea 2002a aue i?eiyo caeii ia aeueoa?iaoeaiie neoaeaa a a?iee.
LVII. Iauanoaaiii-iieeoe/aneia ?acaeoea ?innee a 1991-2004aa.
Aeaiie?aoecaoeey iieeoe/aneiai ?aaeeia, ia/aaoayny a ia?eiae
“ia?ano?ieee”, i?eaaea e ooaa?aeaeaieth a iieeoe/aneie nenoaia i?eioeeia
?acaeaeaiey aeanoae. 21 naioya?y 1993a i?aceaeaio iiaeienae oeac i
?inionea nuacaea ia?iaeiuo aeaiooaoia e Aa?oiaiiai niaaoa e i
i?iaaaeaiee iiyoaiiie eiinoeoooeeiiiie ?aoi?iu. 12 aeaeaa?y1993a a oiaea
ia?iaeiiai aieiniaaiey auea i?eiyoa iiaay Eiinoeoooeey ?innee. A oio aea
aeaiue ninoiyeenue auai?u a Ainoaea?noaaiioth aeoio. 16 ethiy 1996a
ninoiyeenue auai?u i?aceaeaioa ?innee.
31 aeaeaa?y 1999a Aeueoeei iauyaee i naiae ionoaaea e ia?aaea/a
iieiiii/ee i?aiuea?-ieieno?o A.A.Iooeio. 26 ia?oa 2000a iineaaeiee aue
eca?ai i?aceaeaioii.
A 1999-2004aa aaeanue ?aaioa ii iaiiaeaieth caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa.
Oaaea?aeueiia Nia?aiea i?eiyei iiaua O?oaeiaie e Caiaeueiue eiaeaenu,
Oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiue, A?aaeaeaineee i?ioeannoaeueiue e
A?aeo?aaeii-i?ioeannoaeueiue eiaeaenu. Auee ooaa?aeaeaiu
ainoaea?noaaiiua neiaieu. Ia/aeinue aaaaeaiea noaeia i?enyaeiuo.
14 ia?oa 2004a ninoiyeenue i/a?aaeiua auai?u i?aceaeaioa.
31 ia?oa 1992a a Iineaa aue iiaeienai Oaaea?aoeaiue aeiaiai?, aaea
iaiaa?eaaeenue iieiiii/ey noauaeoia Oaaea?aoeee e iaicia/aeenue a?aieoeu
iaaeaeo ieie. A 2000a auee nicaeaiu 7 oaaea?aeueiuo ie?oaia ai aeaaa n
iieiiii/iuie i?aaenoaaeoaeyie i?aceaeaioa.
APPENDIX
I. Cae?aiiuaiea e?anoueyi a ?innee.
I?aaeiinueee: 1. I?e?iaeiay n?aaea e aeaiia?aoe/aneay neooaoeey. Ecuyoea
ana aieueoae /anoe aini?iecaiaeeaoaainy e?anoueyiaie i?iaeoeoa,
iaiaoiaeeiiai aeey ?acaeoey iauanoaa, o?aaiaaei nicaeaiea aeanoeiai
iaoaiecia iayeiiiie/aneiai i?eioaeaeaiey. E yoiio aea aaea
iaei/eneaiiinoue ianaeaiey.
2. I?ioeainoiyiea e?anoueyineie iaueiu iiianoiiio caieaaeaaeaieth. O
e?anoueyi neiaeeeanue aeaienoaaiiay eaeay nianoaaiiinoe, aaea
?acee/aeenue aa?oiaiia iaeaaeaiea e oicyenoaaiiia eniieueciaaiea.
?ani?ino?aiaiea iiianoiiai caieaaeaaeaiey ano?a/aei nii?ioeaeaiea
iaueiu, eioi?ia aiciiaeii auei i?aiaeieaoue oieueei iieiinoueth
iiae/eiea e?anoueyi.
3. Ainoaea?noai ioaeaeaeinue a aa?aioe?iaaiiii iinooieaiee iaeiaia.
4. A ?acoeueoaoa aaanoaa ianaeaiey ec ?aci?aiiiai oeaio?a ia ie?aeiu
?acei iaino?eeanue i?iaeaia iaania/aiey neoaeeeiai nineiae y?aai/ae
neeie, a ainoaea?noaa – iaeiaiieaoaeueueeaie.
5. Aeooiaiua oaeoi?u. E?anoueyia n/eoaee, /oi iiiauee i?ecaai caueuaoue
eo io a?aaeaeaaiuo aiaoieo nee.
Yoaiu: 1. Noaeaaiee 1497a oii?yaei/ee ioiioaiey iaaeaeo e?anoueyiaie e
caieaaeaaeaeueoeaie ia anae oa??eoi?ee aaeeiiai ainoaea?noaa,
iiaeoaa?aeee i?aai aeaaeaeue/aneeo e?anoueyi ia aiciiaeiinoue auoiaea a
TH?ueaa aeaiue iinea auieaou “iiaeeeiai”. Aeaiiia i?aai canoaaeyei
caieaaeaaeaeueoeaa n/eoaoueny n eioa?anaie e?anoueyi, /oi aeaaioai?ii
neacuaaeinue ia eo iieiaeaiee.
2. A 1581a Eaai IV aaae “caiiaaaeiua aiaeu”, cai?auaaoea auoiae ia
oa??eoi?eyo , iaeaieaa iino?aaeaaoeo io aaaenoaee.
3. A 1592a (eee a 1593), a yiioo i?aaeaiey Ai?ena Aiaeoiiaa, auoae oeac,
cai?auaaoee e?anoueyineee auoiae oaea ii anae no?aia e aac a?aiaiiuo
ia?aie/aiee. A yoii aea aiaeo inaiaiaeaeaeanue io iaeiaia “aa?neay
caiaoea”,/oi noeioee?iaaei neoaeeeuo ethaeae e oaaee/aieth aa ieiuaaee.
4. 1597a – “o?i/iua aiaeu”. Onoaiiaeee n?ie nunea aaaeuo e?anoueyi –
ia?aiia/aeueii 5 eao. Ii enoa/aiee yoiai n?iea aaaeua iieo/aee naiaiaeo,
anee ia auee iaeaeaiu. Aianoa n oai iie iiaee auoue cae?aiiuaiu ia iiauo
ianoao.
5. X aeaaa “I e?anoueyiao” Niai?iiai oeiaeaiey 1649a ioiaieea “o?i/iua
aiaeu”, aaaea aann?i/iue nune e?anoueyi ainoaea?noaaiiuie /eiiaieeaie,
iauyaeea “aa/ioth e iioiinoaaiioth e?aiinoue”.
6. Ii caeiio 1675a aeaaeaeueoeu oaea iiaee i?iaeaaaoue e?anoueyi aac
caiee, a eiioea XVIIIa – iiaeaa?aaoue oaeaniui iaeacaieyi. A XVIII a
iiiaueee iieo/eee iieiia i?aai ?anii?yaeaoueny ee/iinoueth e eiouanoaii
e?anoueyi, a o./. e nnueaoue eo aac noaea a Neae?ue e ia eaoi?ao,
i?iaeaaaoue a ?ae?oou.
7. Eiiaoe XVIIIa-1861a. ainoaea?noai i?eiyei ia?u, ianeieueei
ia?aie/eaathuea i?iecaie iiiaueeia. A eoiaa e?aiinoie/anoai auei
ioiaiaii Iaieoanoii Aeaenaiae?a II a oaa?aea 1861a.
Iineaaenoaey: 1. I?eaaei e ooaa?aeaeaieth e?aeia iayooaeoeaiie oi?iu
oaiaeaeueiuo ioiioaiee, eiina?ae?iaaaoae ionoaeinoue ?onneiai iauanoaa.
2. Onoaoaeei nioeeaeueiue ?aneie iauanoaa, aucaaei ianniaua ia?iaeiua
aunooieaiey.
3. Eaaei a iniiao aeaniioe/aneie oi?iu aeanoe.
4. Ia?aeaei ia?iae ia iao?ea?oaeueiinoue e iaaaaeanoai, i?aiyonoaiaaei
i?iieeiiaaieth eoeueoo?iuo oeaiiinoae a ia?iaeioth n?aaeo.
II. Ioiaia e?aiinoiiai i?aaa.
Oaeoi?u: 1. Nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneee e?ecen: – ieceay
i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoue o?oaea
– iaiaoeeinue nioeeaeueiia e yeiiiie/aneia ?anneiaiea
e?anoueyinoaa
– ?inea iiiaue/uey caaeieaeaiiinoue ainoaea?noao
– i?ia?anne?othuaa iaaccaiaeeaaiea e?anoueyi
– i?iiuoeaiiue ia?aai?io ii?iaeaeae iaiaoiaeeiinoue a
naiaiaeiie e eaaeeoeoee?iaaiiie ?aai/ae neea
– oooaeoeeinue oeiainiaia iieiaeaiea
2. Iieiaeaiea a nioeeaeueiie noa?a: – ia?anoaiea nioeeaeueiuo eiioeeeoia
(oaaee/eeinue /enei
iaaeiaieueiuo e?anoueyi ia aeeciue iiiaueeia, i?iecioae ?ino
e?anoueyineeo ainnoaiee)
3. Iieeoe/aneay noa?a: – aac ioiaiu e?aiinoiiai i?aaa ieacaeinue
iaaiciiaeii oe?aieoue e
oniaa?oainoaiaaoue ainoaea?noaaiioth nenoaio oi?aaeaiey
– i?aayuea a?oiiu iniciaee , /oi aac ?aoi?iu iaaiciiaeii i?aiaeieaoue
ionoaeinoue no?aiu e aa?iooue ?innee oo?a/aiiia iinea E?uineie aieiu
iaaeaeoia?iaeiia aeeyiea
– aeoeaece?iaaeanue iauanoaaiii-iieeoe/aneay aeeciue
4. Aeooiaiay noa?a: – a iauanoaa iieo/eee ?ani?ino?aiaiea eaeae
eeaa?aeeci
– iiuo ia?aaeiauo aa?iiaeneeo no?ai
5. Aiaoiaiieeoe/aneay noa?a: – a ?acoeueoaoa E?uineie aieiu auyaeeanue
ionoaeinoue ?innee
– a ?acoeueoaoa aa aea auei ouaieaii iaoeeiiaeueiia niciaiea
– aicieeea iaiaoiaeeiinoue aica?auaiey ?innee noaoona aaeeeie
aea?aeaau
A ia/aea 1857a aue nicaeai Nae?aoiue eiieoao ii e?anoueyineiio aeaeo, ii
aai aeayoaeueiinoue ieacaeanue iaeii?iaeoeoeaiie. Oiaaea ii oeacaieth
oea?y auee o/?aaeaeaiu aoaa?ineea aeai?yineea eiieoaou ii iiaeaioiaea
?aoi?iu, a Nae?aoiue a oaa?aea 1858a i?aia?aciaai a Aeaaiue eiieoao ii
e?anoueyineiio aeaeo. I?e iai a oaa?aea 1859a auee ia?aciaaiu
?aaeaeoeeiiiua eiiennee, i?ecaaiiua ninoaaeoue i?iaeo ?aoi?i.
Eiina?aaoeaiua aeayoaee aeiioneaee inaiaiaeaeaiea e?anoueyi aac caiee
eee n i/aiue iaeaiueeei iaaeaeii. Eeaa?aeu caueuaee eaeath
inaiaiaeaeaiey n caieae, ii ca aieueoie aueoi. Iinea ?aoi?i
?aaiethoeeiiii iano?iaiiay /anoue ?acii/eineie eioaeeeaaioeee noaea
i?iiaaaiaee?iaaoue iaiaoiaeeiinoue ianeeuenoaaiiiai caoaaoa anao
iiiaue/ueeo caiaeue e eo o?aaieoaeueiue ia?aaeae a iieueco e?anoueyi.
iniiaiua i?eioeeiu e oneiaey ioiaiu e?aiinoiiai i?aaa auee
noi?ioee?iaaiu a Iaieoanoa e Iieiaeaieyo, eioi?ua Aeaenaiae? II
ooaa?aeee 19 oaa?aey 1861a.
iniiaiua iieiaeaiey ?aoi?iu: 1. 22,5 iei iiiaue/ueeo e?anoueyi
iauyaeyeenue ee/ii naiaiaeiuie e
noaiiaeeenue th?eaee/aneeie eeoeaie. Ei i?aaeinoaaeyeny noaoon
“naeueneeo
iauaaoaeae” e iaeioi?ua yeiiiie/aneea e a?aaeaeaineea i?aaa: – iieoiaoue
ia naia eiy caieth, aeiia e o.i.
– caueuaoue naie i?aaa a noaea
– naiaiaeii oi?aiaaoue, iniiauaaoue oaa?eee, oi?aiaua e ?aianeaiiua
caaaaeaiey
– anooiaoue a a?ae aac niaeaney iiiaueea e i?.
2. E?anoueyia iieo/aee ca aueoi onaaeueao (aeii n iai?iaeii) e a
iieueciaaiea
– iieaaie iaaeae, ca eioi?ue iie ianee oeene?iaaiiua iiaeiiinoe, a o./.
ia?ie e aa?ueio. A onoaaiie a?aiioa oeene?iaaeny ?acia? iaaeaea, aueoia
e iiaeiiinoae, eioi?ua e?anoueyiei ian aei ia/aea aueoiiie iia?aoeee.
A?aiioa ninoaaeyeanue iiiaueeii ca 2 aiaea. A neo/aa ioeaca e?anoueyieia
iiaeienaoue
a?aiioo a aeaei anooiae ie?iaie iin?aaeiee, eioi?ue e i?eieiae
ieii/aoaeueiia ?aoaiea ii nii?iui aii?inai. ?acia?u iaaeaeia auee
?acee/iu ii o?ai ciiai: – a /a?iicaiiie ciia aue aaaaeai oiaiueoaiiue
aeooaaie iaaeae
– io 2,75 aei 6 aeanyoei
– a ia/a?iicaiiie – io 3 aei 7 aeanyoei
– a noaiiie – io 3 aei 12 aeanyoei
Caiee naa?o iaeneiaeueiie ii?iu ecuiaeenue. ?acia? aueoia ca iieaaie
iaaeae en/eneyeny oae: noieiinoue aiaeiaiai ia?iea i?eieiaeanue ca 6%
aueoiiie noiiu, iiiaueeo e?anoueyiei auiea/eaae nai 20-25% io aueoia,
eiiaaea a ?ann?i/eo. *anoi yoa aeiey aueoia caiaiyeanue io?aaioeaie.
Ainoaea?noai iiea/eaaei iiiaueeai 75-80% aueoia (ca au/aoii aeieaa
e?aaeeoiui i?aaiecaoeeyi) niaoeeaeueiuie iaeeaaoeeyie. Yoo noiio
e?anoueyiei iieo/ae a aeaea nnoaeu e aeieaeai aue aa aica?aoeoue
ainoaea?noao a oa/aiee 49 eao, auiea/eaay aua 6% aiaeiauo. E?anoueyia
eiaee i?aai ii ia?aiio naiaio o?aaiaaieth aueoieoue onaaeaaioth e
iaoaiioth caieth ia ?aiaa, /ai /a?ac 9 eao, ii niaeaoaieth n iiiaueeii.
Aei ia?aoiaea ia aueoi, eniieiyy iiaeiiinoe a iieueco iiiaueea,
e?anoueyiei n/eoaeny “a?aiaiiiiaycaiiui”. E 1881a 85% a?aiaiiiiaycaiiuo
ia?aoee ia aueoi.
Iinea caaa?oaiey aueoiiie iia?aoeee nianoaaiieeii iaoaiiie caiee
noaiiaeeanue iaueia, ii n?aco iinea yoiai e?anoueyia iieo/aee i?aai ia
auoiae ec iaueiu n caieae e i?aa?auaiea a aaeeiiee/iiai nianoaaiieea
caiee. Iaueia auiieiyea caiea?ani?aaeaeeoaeueiua ooieoeee e eiaea i?aai
i?iecaiaeeoue ia?aaeaeu a niioaaonoaee n /eneaiiinoueth e?anoueyineie
naiuee, ioaa/aea ca aaeieieno?aoeaiue iieeoeaeneee ii?yaeie e nai?
iaeiaia. Naeueneee noiae, ia eioi?ii iiaee i?enoonoaiaaoue eeoue
aeiiioicyaaa, yaeyeny aeaaiui i?aaiii oi?aaeaiey iaueiu. Ia noiaea
ecae?aeny nai?uee iiaeaoae e noa?inoa, eniieiyaoee ?aoaiey noiaea e
?anii?yaeaiey aieinoiiai noa?oeiu e ie?iaiai iin?aaeieea. Ia noiaea aea
auaeaeaaeenue i?aaenoaaeoaee (iaeei io 10 aeai?ia) ia aieinoiie noiae,
aaea ecae?aeny aieinoiie noa?oeia e aieinoiie noae. Aianoa n naeueneeie
noa?inoaie aieinoiie noa?oeia aoiaeee a aieinoioth oi?aao.
E?anoueyia ioianeenue e Iaieoanoo io?eoeaoaeueii e n iaaeiaa?eai.
?ani?ino?aiyeenue neooe i oii, /oi iiiaueee ni?yoaee “ianoiyuoth aieth”.
A eoiaa a ?yaea iano aniuoioee aoiou. Anaai ceiie e aaniie 1861a ii
ioeoeeaeueiui aeaiiui auei 1370 ianniauo aunooieaiee. Ca
ethiue-aeaeaa?ue i?iecioei aua 519 ainnoaiee.
Ii iieiaeaieth 1863a oaeaeueiua e?anoueyia (4%) noaiiaeeenue
nianoaaiieeaie caiee. A 1866a ia/aeanue ?aoi?ia ainoaea?noaaiiie
aea?aaie. Ainoaea?noaaiiua e?anoueyia (44%) iieo/eee aanue naie iaaeae,
noieiinoue eioi?iai ia/aee auiea/eaaoue n 1886a. E?anoueyineay ?aoi?ia
ia iaoeeiiaeueiuo ie?aeiao i?iaiaeeeanue iicaea (a Caeaaeacuea – a
1864-1883aa, a Aanna?aaee – a 1868a) e ia ooaeoeo aeey e?anoueyi
oneiaeyo. /ai a Oeaio?aeueiie ?innee.
III. Neiaa?ue.
AAOIIIIEss – i?aai naiinoiyoaeueiiai inouanoaeaiey ainoaea?noaaiiie
aeanoe eee oi?aaeaiey, i?aaeinoaaeaiiia eiinoeoooeeae eaeie-eeai /anoe
ainoaea?noaa.
AAOI?EOA?IINOUe – i?aiaeaaeaiea aeanoe iaeiiai eeoea a ainoaea?noaa eee
a eieeaeoeaa.
AA?A?IUE AII?IN – a oe?ieii niunea neiaa aii?in i nianoaaiiinoe ia
caieth, ia ioiioaieyo iaaeaeo iauanoaaiiuie eeannaie ii iiaiaeo
caiaeueiie nianoaaiiinoe.
AEOeEIIE?IAAIEA – iaeei ec niiniaia i?eaaoecaoeee /a?ac auione aeoeee ia
iniiaiua oiiaeu i?aaei?eyoey n iineaaeothuae ia?aaea/ae yoeo aeoeee a
?oee /anoiuo eeoe.
AIA?OEss – ninoiyiea iauanoaa, oa?aeoa?ecothuaany ionoonoaeai
i?aaiecaoi?neie aeanoe, caeiiia, iaycaoaeueiuo ii?i iiaaaeaiey;
aacaeanoea.
AIIAENEss – ianeeuenoaaiiia i?eniaaeeiaiea iaeiei ainoaea?noaii
oa??eoi?ee (eee aa /anoe) ae?oaiai ainoaea?noaa.
AIOENAIEOECI – oi?ia iaoeeiiaeueiie iaoa?ieiinoe, au?aaeathuayny ai
a?aaeaeaaiii ioiioaiee e aa?ayi, ouaieaiee eo th?eaee/aneeo e
nioeeaeueiuo i?aa.
AIA?OAEAe – iieeoeea ianeeuenoaaiiiai ?acaeaeaiey ianaeaiey no?aiu,
iniiaaiiay ia ?aniaie aeene?eieiaoeee.
AIIAIA?OECI – oi?ia ainoaea?noaaiiiai i?aaeaiey, i?e eioi?ie aeanoue
iie?aaony ia eiina?aaoeaii iano?iaiiua e?oae aiaiiuo e i?iaiaeeo
iieeoeeo eaae?iaaiey iaaeaeo ?acee/iuie eeannaie e nioeeaeueiuie
a?oiiaie.
AIAIIAss AeEEOAOO?A – ie/ai ia ia?aie/aiiay ainoaea?noaaiiay aeanoue,
iie?athuayny ia neeu aiaiiuo.
AIAIIUE IA?AAI?IO – oi?ia ainoaea?noaaiiiai ia?aai?ioa, inouanoaeaiiiai
i?e iaiin?aaenoaaiiii o/anoee aiaiiuo e n iineaaeothuei eo i?eoiaeii e
oi?aaeaieth ainoaea?noaii.
AIETHIOA?ECI – i?iecaieueiua iieeoe/aneea ?aoaiey, eaii?e?othuea
iauaeoeaiua caeiiu, ?aaeueiua oneiaey e aiciiaeiinoe.
AAIIIEEOE*ANEIA IIEIAEAIEA – iniaaiiinoe i?ino?ainoaaiii-aaia?aoe/aneiai
iieiaeaiey ainoaea?noaa (eee aeiea ainoaea?noa) a aai aicaeaenoaee ia
eieaeueiua e aeiaaeueiua iaaeaeoia?iaeiua i?ioeannu.
AINOAeA?NOAAIIUE IA?AAI?IO – ianeeuenoaaiiay niaia aeanoe a no?aia a
iaoiae aeaenoaothuaai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa.
A?AAEAeAINEIA IAUANOAI – iauanoai, aieueoeinoai a?aaeaeai eioi?iai
caieiath i?i/iia yeiiiie/aneia, nioeeaeueiia e iieeoe/aneia iieiaeaiea,
aeathuaa ei ii?aaeaeaiioth iacaaeneiinoue io ainoaea?noaa e
aiciiaeiinoue aeeyoue ia i?eieiaaiua aeanoyie ?aoaiey.
AeAI?OeIAUE IA?AAI?IO – oi?ia ainoaea?noaaiiiai ia?aai?ioa,
i?eioaeeoaeueiia niauaiea n o?iia iaeiiai iiia?oa e caiaia aai ae?oaei.
AeACEIOAA?AOeEss – ?aniaae, ?an/eaiaiea oeaeiai ia ninoaaiua /anoe.
AeAIIE?AOE*ANEEE OeAIO?AEECI – i?eioeei i?aaiecaoeeiiiiai no?iaiey
ia?oee, icia/athuee auai?iinoue ?oeiaiaeyueo i?aaiia nieco aeiaa?oo,
iiae/eiaiea iaiueoeinoaa aieueoeinoao, iaycaiiinoue ?aoaiee aunoeo
i?aaiia aeey iecoeo.
AeAIIINAOeEss – cayaeaiea eaeiai-eeai ainoaea?noaa i i?ae?auaiee
aeaenoaey, i ?anoi?aeaiee iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai aeiaiai?a.
AeEEOAOO?A I?IEAOA?EAOA – a niioaaonoaee n ia?enenoneie oai?eae aeanoue
?aai/aai eeanna, onoaiaaeeaaaiay a ?acoeueoaoa nioeeaeenoe/aneie
?aaiethoeee e eiathuay oeaeueth iino?iaiea nioeeaeecia.
AeENNEAeAIO – eeoei, ianiaeaniia n ainiiaenoaothuae eaeaieiaeae e
iieeoeeie aeanoae, eiaeiiuneyuee.
EIAeONO?EAEECAOeEss – i?ioeann nicaeaiey e?oiiiai iaoeiiiai
i?iecaiaenoaa ai anao io?aneyo ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa, e i?aaeaea anaai a
i?iiuoeaiiinoe.
EIOA?AAIOeEss – aiaoaoaeuenoai iaeiiai ainoaea?noaa ai aioo?aiiea aeaea
ae?oaiai.
EIOEssOeEss – iaaeaiea iieoiaoaeueiie niiniaiinoe aeaiaa, eo
iaanoeaieaaiea, naycaiiia n ecauoeii aeaiaaeiie iannu e iaaeinoaoeii
iio?aaeoaeueneeo oiaa?ia.
EAIEOAEECI – iauanoaaiii-yeiiiie/aneay oi?iaoeey, iniiaaiiay ia /anoiie
nianoaaiiinoe ia n?aaenoaa i?iecaiaenoaa e yenieoaoaoeee iaaiiiai o?oaea
eaieoaeii.
EIEEAAI?AOeEIIECI – aeia?iaieueiia nio?oaeie/anoai n iaaycaiiui ecaia
neeie iieeoe/aneei ?aaeeiii.
EIIAA?NEss – ia?aaiae aiaiii-i?iiuoeaiiuo i?aaei?eyoee ia auione ie?iie
i?iaeoeoeee.
EIIAA?OE?OAIINOUe – aani?aiyonoaaiiue iaiai aeaiaaeiuo ciaeia iaeiie
no?aiu ia aeaiaaeiua ciaee ae?oaie.
EIIO?EAOOeEss – ieaoaaee, iaeaaaaiua ia iiaaaeaeaiiia ainoaea?noai a
iieueco ainoaea?noaa-iiaaaeeoaey.
EIIOI?IECI – niaeanea, i?eie?aiea, i?eniiniaeaiea e ainiiaenoaothuei
acaeyaeai e iano?iaieyi.
EIIOeANNEss – aeiaiai? i ia?aaea/a a yenieoaoaoeeth ia ii?aaeaeaiiue
n?ie i?e?iaeiuo aiaaonoa, i?aaei?eyoee e ae?oaeo oicyenoaaiiuo iauaeoia,
i?eiaaeeaaeaueo ainoaea?noao.
EINIIIIEEOECI – eaeaieiae/aneia oa/aiea, i?iiiaaaeothuaa ioeac io
iaoeeiiaeueiuo o?aaeeoeee, eoeueoo?u e iao?eioecia, auaeaeaathuaa eaeae
ie?iaiai ainoaea?noaa, ie?iaiai a?aaeaeainoaa.
EO?Ess – ?ac?yae ecae?aoaeae, ninoaaeaiiue ii eiouanoaaiiiio,
nioeeaeueiiio, iaoeeiiaeueiiio eee eaeiio-eeai ae?oaiio i?eciaeo.
EEAA?AEECI – iieeoe/aneia e eaeaieiae/aneia oa/aiea, iauaaeeiythuaa
noi?iiieeia ia?eaiaioneiai no?iy, /anoiie nianoaaiiinoe, iaia?aie/aiiie
naiaiaeu i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa e oi?aiaee.
EIAAE – ?acee/iua iauanoaaiii-iieeoe/aneea a?oiiu, ieacuaathuaa
iaioeoeeaeueiia aicaeaenoaea ia i?ioeaaeo?o i?eiyoey ainoaea?noaaiiuo
?aoaiee, caeiiia e ae?.
EIEAOO – oi?ia ai?ueau aeaaeaeueoeaa oaa?ee e caaiaeia i?ioea ?aai/eo,
au?aaeathuayny a cae?uoee i?aaei?eyoee e ianniaii oaieueiaiee iaaiiuo
?aaioieeia n oeaeueth ieacaiey ia ieo yeiiiie/aneiai aeaaeaiey,
i?aaeioa?auaiey caaanoiaie.
IA?ENECI – iao/iay nenoaia oeeinioneeo, yeiiiie/aneeo e
nioeeaeueii-iieeoe/aneeo acaeyaeia, aicieeoay a na?aaeeia XIXa., o/aiea
i ?aaiethoeeiiiie ai?ueaa ?aai/aai eeanna ca naa?aeaiea eaieoaeecia,
iino?iaiea nioeeaeenoe/aneiai e eiiioienoe/aneiai iauanoaa.
II?AOI?EE – ion?i/ea eniieiaiey iaycaoaeuenoa, onoaiaaeeaaaiay
i?aaeoaeuenoaii ia ii?aaeaeaiiue n?ie eee a nayce n eaeeie-eeai
niauoeyie.
IAOeEIIAEECAOeEss – ia?aoiae /anoiuo i?aaei?eyoee a nianoaaiiinoue
ainoaea?noaa.
IAOeEIIAEECI – eaeaieiaey, iieeoeea, a iniiaa eioi?ie eaaeeo eaeay
iaoeeiiaeueiiai i?aainoiaenoaa, i?aaa iaeiie iaoeee ainiiaenoaiaaoue
iaae inoaeueiuie.
IIIAIEEAOO?A – e?oa aeieaeiinoiuo eeoe, iacia/aaiuo aeanoyie.
IA?EOAO – ?aaainoai, ?aaiii?aaea noi?ii a /ai-eeai.
IA?EAIAIO – aunoaa ainoaea?noaaiiia caeiiiaeaoaeueiia nia?aiea,
iino?iaiiia oeaeeeii eee /anoe/ii ia auai?iuo ia/aeao.
IA?OIE?AOEss – aaaeiaeoay ninoaaiay /anoue iiiaieeaoo?u, aeeth/athuay a
naay aunoaa e n?aaeiaa ia?oeeiia ?oeiaiaenoai.
IICEOeEIIIAss AIEIA – oi?ia aiaauo aeaenoaee, oa?aeoa?ecothuayny iaeie
iiaeaeaeiinoueth aii?oaeaiiuo a?oiie?iaie ia o?iioao e i?eaioe?iaaiiuo
ia oaea?aeaiea ?aiaa caaiaaaiiuo iiceoeee.
IIIOEECI – iieeoe/aneea aeaenoaey, iai?aaeaiiua ia caaiaaaiea
iauanoaaiiiai aeiaa?ey e iiaeaea?aeee ecae?aoaeae.
I?AAIAIA AINOAeA?NOAI – oei ainoaea?noaa, a eioi?ii nouanoaoao ?aaeei
eiinoeoooeeiiiiai i?aaeaiey, ?aaeueiia ?acaeaeaiea aeanoae n eo
yooaeoeaiui acaeiiaeaenoaeai acaeiiui eiio?ieai, a oaeaea eiio?ieue
iauanoaa iaae ainoaea?noaaiiie aeanoueth.
I?EAAOECAOeEss – ?acainoaea?noaeaiea nianoaaiiinoe, ia?aaea/a aa a
?aciuo oi?iao a ?oee /anoiuo eeoe, aeoeeiia?iuo iauanoa e i?.
?AOEOEEAOeEss – ooaa?aeaeaiea aa?oiaiui i?aaiii ainoaea?noaaiiie aeanoe
iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai aeiaiai?a, iiaeienaiiiai oiieiiii/aiiui
i?aaenoaaeoaeai ainoaea?noaa.
?AIAO?EAOeEss – aica?auaiea ia ?iaeeio aiaiiiieaiiuo, aaaeaioeaa,
yiea?aioia, ianeeuenoaaiii ia?aiauaiiuo eeoe.
?AOA?AIAeOI – anaia?iaeiia aieiniaaiea, i?iaiaeeiia a nayce n i?eiyoeai
iiaie eiinoeoooeee, aaaeiuo caeiiia eee aianaieai a ieo eciaiaiee.
?AOI?IA – i?ia?anneaiia i?aia?aciaaiea eaeie-eeai noi?iiu iauanoaaiiie
aeecie, ia oie/oiaeathuaa iniia nouanoaothueo nioeeaeueiuo,
yeiiiie/aneeo, iieeoe/aneeo e i?. no?oeoo?.
NAOAEEEO – ainoaea?noai, oi?iaeueii iacaaeneiia, ii oaeoe/anee
iiae/eiaiiia ae?oaiio ainoaea?noao.
NAIA?AOECI – no?aieaiea e ioaeaeaieth.
NIOeEAEECI – ii ia?enenoeie oai?ee ia?aay oaca eiiioienoe/aneie
oi?iaoeee, eaeouae ia niaio eaieoaeecio, i?e eioi?ie aeieaeia auoue
oie/oiaeaia /anoiay nianoaaiiinoue, onoaiiaeaiu ?aaiii?aaiia aeaaeaiea
n?aaenoaaie i?iecaiaenoaa e nioeeaeueiay ni?aaaaeeeainoue, aeinoeaiooi
aunieia aeaaininoiyiea ia?iaea.
NOAAIAOeEss – yeiiiie/aneee e?ecen, oa?aeoa?ecothueeny canoiai a
i?iecaiaenoaa e oi?aiaea.
OIOAEEOA?ECI – ainoaea?noaaiiue no?ie, no?aiyueeny inouanoaeyoue iieiue
eiio?ieue iaae anaie iaeanoyie iauanoaaiiie aeecie.
OIEOEEAOeEss – i?eaaaeaiea /aai-eeai e aaeeiie ii?ia, aaeeiiia?aceth.
OAAeA?AOeEss – oi?ia ainoaea?noaaiiiai ono?ienoaa, i?e eioi?ie aoiaeyuea
a ninoaa ainoaea?noaa oaaea?aeueiua aaeeieoeu th?eaee/anee iaeaaeatho
ii?aaeaeaiiie naiinoiyoaeueiinoueth, eiatho nianoaaiiua eiinoeoooeee,
caeiiiaeaoaeueiua, eniieieoaeueiua, noaeaaiua i?aaiu, ia?yaeo n yoei
ia?acothony oaaea?aeueiua i?aaiu ainoaea?noaaiiie aeanoe,
onoaiaaeeaathony iauaa a?aaeaeainoai, aeaiaaeiay nenoaia e o.ae.
O?AEOeEss – a?oiia /eaiia iaeiie iieeoe/aneie ia?oee, eca?aiiuo a
ia?eaiaio, iainiaeaiiay /anoue ia?oee, eiathuay naie acaeyaeu,
ioee/athueany io acaeyaeia ia?oeeiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa.
YENIAINEss – ?anoe?aiea noa? aeeyiey, inouanoaeyaiia eae n
eniieueciaaieai ie?iuo n?aaenoa, oae e iooai aii?oaeaiiuo caoaaoia iiauo
oa??eoi?ee.
IV. I?aaeoaee.
862-879 – ?th?ee
879-912 – Ieaa
912-945 – Eai?ue
945-964 – Ieueaa
964-972 – Nayoineaa
972-980 – ss?iiiee
980-1015 – Aeaaeeie? Nayoie
1015-1019 – Nayoiiiee I Ieayiue (?), oniaeoea
1019-1054 – ss?ineaa Ioae?ue
1054-1078 – Ecyneaa I
1078-1093 – Anaaieiae I
1093-1113 – Nayoiiiee II
1113-1125 – Aeaaeeie? Iiiiiao
1125-1132 – Inoeneaa Aaeeeee
1125-1157 – TH?ee Aeieai?oeee
1153-1187 – ss?ineaa Iniiiune
1157-1174 – Aiae?ae Aiaiethaneee
1174-1176 – Ieoaeei
1176-1212 – Anaaieiae Aieueoia Aiacaei
1212-1216 – TH?ee II
1216-1219 – Eiinoaioei
1219-1238 – TH?ee II Anaaieiaeiae/
1238-1246 – ss?ineaa Anaaieiaeiae/
1246-1247 – Nayoineaa
1247-1248 – Ieoaee
1249-1252 – Aiae?ae ss?ineaae/
1252-1263 – Aeaenaiae? Iaaneee
1263-1272 – ss?ineaa ss?ineaae/
1272-1276 – Aaneeee Eino?iineie
1276-1033 – Aeaieee Aeaenaiae?iae/
1303-1324 – TH?ee
1325-1327 – Aeaenaiae? Ieoaeeiae/
1327-1340 – Eaai Eaeeoa
1340-1353 – Neiaii Ai?aeue
1353-1359 – Eaai II E?aniue
1359-1389 – Aeieo?ee Eaaiiae/
1389-1425 – Aaneeee I
1425-1462 – Aaneeee II
1462-1505 – Eaai III
1505-1533 – Aaneeee III
1533-1584 – Eaai IV A?iciue
1584-1598 – Oaaei? Eaaiiae/
1598-1605 – Ai?en Aiaeoiia
1605-1606 – Eaeaaeieo?ee I
1606-1610 – Aaneeee Ooeneee
1610-1613 – naieaiy?ueia
1613-1645 – Ieoaee Oaaei?iae/
1645-1676 – Aeaenae Ieoaeeiae/
1676-1682 – Oaaei? Aeaenaaae/
1682-1689 – Niouey
1682-1696 – Eaai V
1682-1725 – Iao? I
1725-1727 – Aeaoa?eia I
1727-1730 – Iao? II
1730-1740 – Aiia Eiaiiaia
1740-1741 – Aiia Eaiiieueaeiaia
1740-1741 – Eaai VI Aioiiiae/
1741-1761 – Aeecaaaoa Iao?iaia
1761-1762 – Iao? III
1762-1796 – Aeaoa?eia II
1796-1801 – Iaaae
1801-1825 – Aeaenaiae? I
1825-1855 – Ieeieae I
1855-1881 – Aeaenaiae? II
1881-1894 – Aeaenaiae? III
1894-1917 – Ieeieae II
V. Aeaou.
862 a – i?ecaaiea ?th?eea, Neiaona e O?oai?a
882 a – caoaao Eeaaa Ieaaii
907 a – iioiae Ieaaa ia Aecaioeth
911 a – aua iaeei
988 a – ioeoeeaeueiia i?eiyoea o?enoeainoaa eae ainoaea?noaaiiie ?aeeaee
989 a – iiaai?iaeneay Nioey
996 a – Aeanyoeiiay oea?eiaue
1016 a – i?aaaea ss?ineaaa
1024 a – ainnoaiea a Nocaeaea
1036 a – Niani-I?aia?aaeaineee niai? a *a?ieaiaa
1037 a – Nioeeneee niai? a Eeaaa
1050 a – Nioeeneee niai? a Iiaai?iaea
1054 a – ?acaeaeaiea o?enoeainoaa ia i?aaineaaioth e eaoiee/aneoth aaoae
1068 a – ainnoaiea a Eeaaa
1072 a – Onoaa ss?ineaae/ae
1097 a – Ethaa/neee nuacae eiycae
1100 a – Aeoe/aaneee nuacae eiycae
1113 a – Onoaa Aeaaeeie?a Iiiiiaoa
1113 a – ainnoaiea a Eeaaa
1165 a – oea?eiaue Iie?iaa ia Ia?ee
1169 a – ?aci?aiea Eeaaa aieneaie Aiae?ay Aiaiethaneiai
1198 a – iniiaaiea Oaaoiineiai i?aeaia
1201 a – iniiaaiea ?eae e?anoiiinoeaie
1202 a – nicaeaiea I?aeaia ia/aiinoeaa
1206 a – Oaio/ei iieo/ee oeooe *eiaenoaia
1211-1215 – caoaao Naaa?iiai Eeoay iiiaieaie
1219-1220 – ?aci?aiea iiiaieaie N?aaeiae Acee
1223 a 31 iay – aeoaa ia ?. Eaeea
1227 a – nia?oue *eiaenoaia
1236 a – ?aci?aiea Aieaeneie Aoeaa?ee aieneaie Aaouy
1237 a – ia?aue iioiae Aaouy ia ?onue
1237 a – ia?aciaaiea Eeaiineiai i?aeaia
1238 a 4 ia?oa – aeoaa ia ?. Neoe
1239 a – aoi?ie iioiae Aaouy ia ?onue
1240 a – acyoea iiiaieaie Eeaaa
1240 a 15 ethey – aeoaa ni oaaaeneei io?yaeii a onouea Iaau (Aeaenaiae?
ss?ineaae/)
1242 a 5 ai?aey – aeoaa ia *oaeneii ica?a
1257 a – ainnoaiea a Iiaai?iaea
1276 a – ia?aciaaiea Iineianeiai eiyaeanoaa
1285-1290 – o?ai Niana-I?aia?aaeaiey a Oaa?e
1302 a – iniiaaiea eaiaiiiai e?aiey a Iiaai?iaea
1325 a – ia?aiin ieo?iiiee/ueae eaoaae?u a Iineao
1327 a – ainnoaiea a Oaa?e
1367 a – no?ieoaeuenoai Iineianeiai E?aiey
1377 a – aeoaa ia ?. Iueyie
1378 a – aeoaa ia ?. Aiaea
1380 a 8 naioya?y – Eoeeeianeay aeoaa
1382 a – niaeaeaiea Iineau oaiii Oiooaiuoai
1410 a – ?aoi?i iinaaeie/aneia oi?aaeaiey a Iiaai?iaea
1413 a – Ai?iaeaeueneay oiey
1433 a – A?aiiaeoay iaeaoa a Iiaai?iaea
1439 a – Oei?aioeeneay oiey
1453 a – caaiaaaiea oo?eaie Eiinoaioeiiiiey
1471 a – aeoaa ia ?.Oaeiie
1478 a – aeeth/aiea Iiaai?iaea a ninoaa Iineianeiai ainoaea?noaa
1480 a – noiyiea ia ?. Oa?a
1484-1489 – Aeaaiaauaineee niai?
1485 a – i?eniaaeeiaiea Oaa?e e Iineianeiio ainoaea?noao
1487-1494 – aieia n Eeoaie
1495-1497 – aieia ni Oaaoeeae
1497 a – i?eiyoea Noaeaaieea
1500-1503 – aieia n Eeoaie
1505-1508 – A?oaiaaeueneee niai?
1545-1552 – aieia n Eacaineei oainoaii
1547 a yiaa?ue – i?eiyoea oeooea oea?y Eaaiii IV
1547 a ethiue – ainnoaiea a Iineaa
1549 a – nicua ia?aiai Caineiai niai?a
1550 a – iiaue Noaeaaiee
1551 a – Noiaeaaue Niai?
1552 a – acyoea Eacaie
1553 a – iiyaeaiea eieaiia/aoaiey
1554-1556 – caaiaaaiea Ano?aoaineiai oainoaa
1556 a – i?eiyoea “Oeiaeaiey i neoaeaa”
1556 a – acyoea Ano?aoaie
1558-1583 – Eeaiineay aieia
1563 a – ioe?uoea a Iineaa ia?aie oeiia?aoee
1565 a – o/?aaeaeaiea ii?e/ieiu
1569 a – Ethaeeineay oiey
1572 a – ioiaia ii?e/ieiu
1581 a – aaaaeaiu “caiiaaaeiua aiaeu”
1581 a iioiae A?iaea a Neae?ue
1582 a – ssi-Caiieueneia ia?aie?ea
1583 a – Iethnneia ia?aie?ea
1590-1593 – aieia ni Oaaoeeae
1595 a – Oyaceineee aeiaiai?
1597 a – “O?i/iua aiaeu”
1603-1604 – ainnoaiea Oeiiea
1606-1607 – ainnoaiea Aieioieeiaa
1617 a – Noieaianeee ie?
1618 a – Aeaoeeineia ia?aie?ea
1632-1634 – Niieaineay aieia
1634 a – Iieyiianeee ie?
1648 a – Nieyiie aoio
1648-1653 – ainnoaiea Aiaaeaia Oiaeueieoeeiai
1649 a – Niai?iia oeiaeaiea
1653 a – Oi?aiaue onoaa
1654 a 8 yia – i?eniaaeeiaiea Oe?aeiu e ?innee
1654-1667 – aieia n Iieueoae
1656-1658 – aieia ni Oaaoeeae
1661 a – Ea?aeenneee ie?
1662 a – Iaaeiue aoio
1667 a – Iiaioi?aiaue onoaa
1667 a – Aiae?onianeia ia?aie?ea
1667-1671 – ainnoaiea Noaiaia ?aceia
1668-1676 – ainnoaiea a Nieiaaoeeii iiianou?a
1672 a – nicaeaiea i?eaeai?iiai oaao?a a Iineaa
1677-1681 – aieia n Oo?oeeae
1681 a – Aao/ena?aeneia ia?aie?ea
1682 a – ioiaia ianoie/anoaa
1682 a – ainnoaiea a Iineaa
1684 a – nicaeaiea Nayuaiiie Eeae
1686 a – “Aa/iue ie?”
1687 a – ioe?uoea Neaayii-a?aei-eaoeineie aeaaeaiee a Iineaa
1695 a – ia?aue Acianeee iioiae
1696 a – aoi?ie Acianeee iioiae
1697 a – “Aaeeeia iinieuenoai” a Aa?iio
1700-1721 – Naaa?iay aieia
1703 a iae – iniiaaiea Naieo-Iaoa?ao?aa
1708 a 28 naioya?y – aeoaa o Eaniie
1709 a 27 ethiy – Iieoaaneay aeoaa
1711 a – nicaeaiea Naiaoa
1713 a – ia?aiin noieeoeu a Naieo-Iaoa?ao?a
1714 a – oeac i aaeeiiianeaaeee
1714 a – aie o i. Aaiaoo
1719 a – ioe?uoea Eoinoeaia?u
1720 a – aie o i. A?aiaai
1721 a – nicaeaiea Aeooiaiie eieeaaee
1721 a – Ieooaaeoneee ie?iue aeiaiai?
1722 a 24 yiaa?y – “Oaaaeue i ?aiaao”
1722-1723 – Eanieeneee iioiae
1723 a – Iaoa?ao?aneee aeiaiai?
1754 a – nicaeaiea Aeai?yineiai caaiiiai aaiea
1755 a – ioe?uoea Iineianeiai eiia?aoi?neiai oieaa?neoaoa
1756-1763 – Naieeaoiyy aieia
1762 a – Iaieoano i aieueiinoe aeai?yinoaa
1764 a – ioe?uoea Niieueiiai einoeoooa aeaai?iaeiuo aeaaeoe
1767 a – nicaeaiea Oeiaeaiiie eiiennee
1768-1774 – aieia n Oo?oeeae
1774 a – Eth/oe-Eaeia?aeaee?neee ie?
1773-1775 – ainnoaiea Aiaeueyia Ioaa/aaa
1785 a – AEaeiaaiiay a?aiioa aeai?yinoao
1785 a – AEaeiaaiiay a?aiioa ai?iaeai
1787-1791 – aieia n Oo?oeeae
1791 a – ssnneee ie?iue aeiaiai?
1797 a – caeii i i?anoieiianeaaeee
1804-1813 – aieia n Ia?neae
1805 a – aeoaa i?e Aonoa?eeoea
1806-1812 – aieia n Oo?oeeae
1807 a – Oeeueceoneee ie?iue aeiaiai?
1812 a 26 aaaonoa – Ai?iaeeineia n?aaeaiea
1813 a 4-7 ieo – aeoaa iiae Eaeioeeaii
1814 a – Aaineee eiia?ann
1815 a ethiue – aeoaa i?e Aaoa?eii
1815 a naioya?ue – nicaeaiea Nayuaiiiai nithca
1817-1864 – Eaaeacneay aieia
1825 a 14 aeaeaa?y – ainnoaiea ia Naiaoneie ieiuaaee
1826-1828 – aieia n E?aiii
1827 a – aeoaa i?e Iaaa?eia
1828 a – Oo?eiai/aeneee ie?iue aeiaiai?
1828-1829 – aieia n Oo?oeeae
1838 a – no?ieoaeuenoai ia?aie aeaeaciie aei?iae
1853-1856 – E?uineay aieia
1855 a – Neiiaeneee aeiaiai?
1856 a – Ia?eaeneee ie?iue aeiaiai?
1856 a – Aeaoineee aeiaiai?
1860 a – Iaeeineee aeiaiai?
1861 a oaa?aeue – Iaieoano ia ioiaia e?aiinoie/anoaa
1867 a – i?iaeaaea Aeynee
1871 a – Eiiaeiineay eiiaaioeey
1873 a – Nithc o?ao eiia?aoi?ia
1877-1878 – aieia n Oo?oeeae
1878 a 19 oaa?aey – Nai-Noaoaineee ie?iue aeiaiai?
1878 a – Aa?eeineee eiia?ann
1881-1887 – aoi?ie Nithc o?ao eiia?aoi?ia
1882 a – nicaeaiea O?ienoaaiiiai nithca
1899 a iae-ethiue – eiioa?aioeey a Aaaaa
1904-1905 – aieia n ssiiieae
1905 a 9 yiaa?y – E?iaaaia aine?anaiuea
1905 a etheue – Ii?oniooneee ie?iue aeiaiai?
1905-1907 – ia?aay ?inneeneay ?aaiethoeey
1906-1917 – Noieuieineay aa?a?iay ?aoi?ia
1907-1914 – “O?aoueaethiueneay” iiia?oey
1908-1909 – Ainieeneee e?ecen
1914-1918 – ia?aay ie?iaay aieia
1917 a oaa?aeue, ieoya?ue – ?aaiethoeee
1917-1922 – a?aaeaeaineay aieia
1918 a 3 ia?oa – A?ano-Eeoianeee ie?iue aeiaiai?
1918 a etheue – i?eiyoea Eiinoeoooeee ?NON?
1920 a ai?aeue-ieoya?ue – aieia n Iieueoae
1922 a ai?aeue – eca?aiea E.A.Noaeeia aaia?aeueiui nae?aoa?ai OeE ?EI(a)
1922 a 30 aeaeaa?y – ia?aciaaiea NNN?
1924 a aeaeaa?ue – i?eiyoea Eiinoeoooeee NNN?
1936 a aeaeaa?ue – i?eiyoea Eiinoeoooeee NNN?
1939 a 1 naioya?y – ia/aei Aoi?ie ie?iaie aieiu
1939 a iiya?ue-1940 a ia?o – aieia n Oeieyiaeeae
1941 a 22 ethiy – ia/aei Aaeeeie Ioa/anoaaiiie aieiu
1945 a 8 iay – aaciaiai?i/iay eaieooeyoeey Aa?iaiee
1945 a ethiue – iiaeienaiea Onoaaa III
1953 a naioya?ue – eca?aiea ia?aui nae?aoa?ai OeE EINN I.N.O?ouaaa
1962 a – Ea?eaneee e?ecen
1964 a ieoya?ue – eca?aiea ia?aui nae?aoa?ai OeE EINN E.E.A?aaeiaaa
1977 a ieoya?ue – i?eiyoea Eiinoeoooeee NNN?
1985 a ia?o – eca?aiea aaia?aeueiui nae?aoa?ai OeE EINN I.N.Ai?aa/aaa
1990 a ia?o – eca?aiea I.N.Ai?aa/aaa i?aceaeaioii NNN?
1990 a ethiue – i?eiyoea Aeaeea?aoeee i ainoaea?noaaiiii noaa?aieoaoa
?NON?
1991 a 12 ethiy – eca?aiea i?aceaeaioii ?NON? A.I.Aeueoeeia
1991 a 8 aeaeaa?y – nicaeaiea NIA (Aaeiaaaeneia niaeaoaiea)
2000 a ia?o – eca?aiea A.A.Iooeia i?aceaeaioii ?O
2008 a ia?o – eca?aiea Ae.A.Iaaeaaaeaaa i?aceaeaioii ?O
Salvadoro
26/06/2008
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