Ia?eiaeOi?ia ain-aaI?aaiu oeaio?aeueiie aeanoeI?aaiu ianoiie
aeanoeIniiaiua ?aoi?iu a iaeanoe ain-iiai oi?aaeaieyYeiiiieeaAiaoiyy
iieeoeean/oI?ii-iinoueaeinoeaeaieyiioa?eIX- ia/aei XI
aa.?aiiaoaiaeaeueiay iiia?oeyEiycue, ae?oaeeia (noa?oay e ieaaeoay),
niaao noa?aeoei.Iinaaeieee, aiaaiaeu, ounyoeeea, aeaiieee. Iauaaeeiaiea
Eeaaa e Iiaai?iaea; ai a?aiy eiyaeaiey Eai?y e Ieueae i?eniaaeeiaiea e
Eeaao caiaeue oeaa?oeaa, oee/ae, ae?aaeyi; i?e Aeaaeeie?a I ana caiee
ainoi/iuo neaayi iauaaeeieeenue a ninoaaa E.?.; oe?aieaiea ain-iiai
aiia?aoa; iaania/eee caueoo caiaeue io iaaaaia ei/aaieeia (e?aiinoe,
canoaau); i?eiyoea o?enoeainoaa. Caieaaeaeea, aeeaioiiaiaenoai, ioioa,
?uaieianoai.?aianei, aieaa 60 aeaeia (ieioie/uea, aii/a?iia, i?oaeaeiia,
eocia/iia, thaaee?iia, eiaeaaaiiia, iieioiyiia e o.ae.)Aeiaiai? n
Aecaioeae, caeeth/ai Ieaaii; Nayoineaa a ?acoeueoaoa iiiai/eneaiiuo aiei
caaiaauaae caiee; ii?iaeieeenue n e?oiiaeoeie ei?ieaaneeie aeai?aie
Aa?iiu; oe?ieea oi?aiaua nayce n Aa?iiie. Iaaaae ei/aaieeia; ia?aoiae e
oaeaeueiie ?acae?iaeaiiinoe.Na?aaeeia XI- ia/aei XIII aa.Oaiaeaeueiua
aio/eiu- iiia?oey (Aeaaeeie?i-Nocaeaeueneia, Aaeeoeei- Aieuineia ei.);
aiy?neay ?anioaeeea (Iiaai?.,Ineianeay Eiycue; iauaai?iaeneia
aa/a.Aiy?a, aa/a; eiycue (i?eaeaoaiiue), iinaaeieee, a?oeaieneii,
ounyoeeee. ?ino /enea ai?iaeia; TH.Aeieai?.-aae no?ieoaeuenoai
oe?aieaiiuo ai?iaeia ia a?aieoeao eiyaeanoaa, caaiaauaae iiaua caiee,
A.Aiaie.- iauaaeeiee ?onneea caiee, ia?aian noieeoeo; Ae. Aaeeoeeee-
neiiee aiy?noai, caiye Eeaa, iauaaeaiee caiee; iiaai?iaeoeu ecae?aee
naie a?oeaieneiia. Iaoioiia caieaaeaeea, niaa?oainoaiaaeenue
i?oaeey o?oaea.Aeiau/a eaiaiiie niee, nieaaa?aiea, i?iecaiaenoai
aeaeaca.Ia?aciauaaeenue iiaua oi?aiaua iooe.Ineaaeaiea
iai?iiiniiniaiinoe no?aiu.Na?aaeeia XIII a.Iiaeaeaiie/aneea ioiioaiey
(eiycuey iacia/aeenue oaiaie) A 50-60aa XIII a – iacia/aeenue
iaianoieee-aaneaee (iiaeiiaaiea ianaeaiey, nai? aeaie); a ia/aea XIV a
nai? aeaie ia?aaeaee eiycueyi.A.Iaaneee caeeth/ee nithc n Aaouai, /oiau
i?ioeainoiyoue iaiaoeeie aa?annee, ii noa?aeny oneeeoue ?ieue eiycy e
ia?aie/eoue aeeyiea aiy?, i?e iai ia/aeinue auoaniaiea aaneaeia e caiaia
eo eiycai eae iin?aaeieeii n C.I. Caiaaeeeeinue ?acaeoea n/o, oaaee/aiea
ni?ina ia iaoa- iiauoaiea ?iee ioiou a oua?a caieaaeaeeth. En/ac ?yae
?aianeaiiuo niaoeeaeueiinoae (thaaee?iia aeaei)Iiaaaeu- Iaaneay aeoaa,
aeoaa ca Ineia, Eaaeiaia iiaieuan 1236-1240 iaoanoaea ia ?onue, a 1240-
acyoea Eeaaa, onoaiiaeeinue iiiaiei-oaoa?neia eai, ianooieaiea oaaaeneeo
e iaiaoeeeo ?uoea?aeXIV-XV aa.Oaiaeaeueiia ain-ai (aio/eiu)Eiycue
Eaai III-ainoaea?ue anay ?one Iineianeea iaianoieee, aiy?neay
aeoiaIiyaeeenue /anoiua oaiaeaeueiua caieaaeaaeaiey, ?acaeoea e
no?ieoaeuenoai iiauo ai?iaeia; aeaaiay caaea/a-naa?aeaiea
iiiaiei-oaoa?neiai eaa, Iineaa noaea noieeoeae; iauaaeeiaiea caiaeue
aie?oa Iineau. Noaeaaiee Eaaia III.; iiaunee i?anoeae Iineau, oe?aiee
ain-iue aiia?ao. Aea?aeaao noaee iacuaaoue ?inneae.Ainnoaiiaeaiea e
?acaeoea: oaaee/aiea ieiuaaeae iaoioiuo caiaeue, i?eiaiythony
iaoaeee/aneea i?oaeey o?oaea, ?acaeoea neioiaiaenoaa, ?uaieianoaa,
ioiou, iai?iaeie/anoai e naaeiaiaenoai, iana/iia
i/aeiaiaenoai.Aic?iaeaeaeinue eaiaiiia no?ieoaeuenoai, ?inei /enei
?aianeaiieeia (eocia/iia e eeoaeiia aeaei, iaoaeeiia?aaioea, iiiaoiia
i?iecaiaenoai)1480- naa?aeaiea iiiaiei-oaoa?neiai eaa, iiaaaea a
Eoeeeianeie aeoaa?aca?ii Iineau Oiooaiuoai, oaiaeaeueiay aieia.XVIa-XVII
a. (niooiia a?aiy)Nineiaii-i?aaenoaaeoaeueiay iiia?oey;
Naiiaea?aeaaiay iiia?oey n 1613 a.Eaai VI-oea?ue; naieaiy?ueia-1610a.
Eaeaaeieo?ee caae naay eiia?aoi?ii; a 1613a Ieoaee Oaaei?iae/ ?iiaiia
noae oea?ai. Eca?aiiay ?aaea- aei 1560a., aiy?neay aeoia, ieo?iiieeo,
caineee niai?, i?eeacuIoi?ieaiea i?eeaciie nenoaiu iicaieeei
oeaio?aeeciaaoue oi?aaeaiea no?aiie; noaeaaiee 1550 a.; aiaiiay ?aoi?ia;
ii?e/ieia; cae?aiiuaiea e?anoueyi; o/?aaeaeaiea iao?ea?oanoaa;
i?iaeieaeaiea e?aiinoie/aneie iieeoeee, iiaua iiai?u;
A 1611-ia?aia iiie/aiea aicaeaaee aeai?yiei Eyioiia, iii ?aniaeinue;
inaiueth 1611- aoi?ia iiie/aiea Ieiei e Iiaea?neee Iiianoiia
caieaaeaaeaieaNiaoeeaeecaoeey i?iecaiaenoaa naycaia n iaee/eai nu?uey,
iiyaeeenue eacaiiua i?aaei?eyoey(i?oaeaeiay iaeaoa, iooa/iue aeai?,
noeiiiue aeai? Auee onoaiiaeaiu ii?neea nayce n Aiaeeae; Aaeeeee
Aieaeneee oi?aiaue iooue-naycue ni no?aiaie Ainoiea; i?eniaaeeiaiea
Eacaie e Ano?aoaie; A. Ooeneee caeeth/ee aeiaiai? n Oaaoeeae i?ioea
Iieueoe; a 1617 caeeth/ai Noieaianeee ie? n Oaaoeeae;a 1618 caeeth/aii
Aeaoeeineia ia?aie?ea n Iieue. Eeaiineay aieia-25 eao; ii?ooa 70-80
a.-yeiiiie/aneee e?ecen; Iieueoa iauyaeea aieio ?innee; aiy?a i?ecaaee
ia i?anoie Aeaaeeneaaa e aionoeee aienea a E?aieue. XVII a. iinea
NioouNineiaii-i?aaenoaaeoaeueiay iiia?oey.Oea?ue Caineea niai?u,
aiy?neay aeoia, oea?eiaue , i?eeaciay nenoaia: iinoiyiiua i?eeacu
(iauaainoaea?noaaiiua, iaeanoiua, aeai?oeiaua, iao?ea?oea), a?aiaiiua
(oaeiue, n/aoiue, iiianou?neee) Aeaaiay caaea/a-ainnoaiiaeaiea
?ac?ooaiiie yeiiiieee, noaaeeueiinoe, aica?ao iioa?yiiuo caiaeue;
A 1667 a. ecaeai Iiaue oi?aiaue onoaa; ?anoe?aiea oa??eoi?ee ?innee e
aeaeaiea ia oacaeu; niai?iia oeiaeaiea 1649a.; auione iaaeiuo iiiao;
oea?eiaiua ?aoi?iu Ieeiia; Ainnoaiiaeaiea n/o; ?ino iauaiia ca n/ao
iiauo caiaeue.?aianei ia?a?inei a iaeeioiaa?iia i?iecaiaenoai; iieo/eee
?acaeoea iaoaeeo?aey e iaoaeeiia?aaioea, ecaeaeey ec aea?aaa, thaaee?iia
aeaei, oaenoeeueiua ecaeaeey, niee; iiyaeeinue ieiei 30 iaiooaeoo? a
1654 Oe?aeia i?eiyoa a ninoaa ?innee; iiaaaea a ?onnei-iieueneie aieia-
caaiaaaiea iiauo caiaeue; a 1681 a. –aao/ena?aeneee ie?; a 1686 a.-
Aa/iue ie? n Iieueoae (Niouey); a 1696 a acyoea Aciaa e iino?iaiea
e?aiinoe Oaaai?ia (Iao?). Niieaineay aieia; io Acia a i?eoeinue
ioeacaoueny ec-ca oiai /oiau ia anooiaoue a aieio n Oo?oeeae e E?uiii;
e?ui/aee ieaieee e i?iaeaee 150-200 oun. /ae.; ?onnei-oaaaeneay
aieia-ec-ca i?aaeaoaeuenoaa aaoiaia Auaianeiai Aaeoeea inoaeanue ca
Oaaoeeae; ia Oe?aeia a?aiaia ?aci?aiee e oniaeoe; e?uineea
iioiaeu;XVIIIa.
Yiioa aeai?oeiauo ia?aai?ioia, niaieeinue 6 iiia?oia, e?oiiie neeie auea
aaa?aeey.Aaniethoiay iiia?oeyEiia?aoi? Iao? I a 1721a.
Aeaoa?eia I
Iao? II
Aiia Eiaiiiaia
Eaai VI
Aeecaaaoa
Iao? III
Naiao, eieeaaee, neiiae
Oaai?eou Iaiueoeeia, Inoa?iai, Aieeoeui e o.ae.
Inoa?iai, Aeieai?oeea.
Ae?ii
Iaoue Aiia Eaiiieueaeiaia
?acoiianeea, Ooaaeia, Aanooaeaa –?thiei
Iao? i?aaieciaae aaeeeia iinieuenoai, iinaoeee Aa?iio aeey eco/aiey e
ia?aaiai?ia; no?iaiea caaiaeia; a 1722 ecaeai oeac i nicaeaiee
?aianeaiiuo oeaoia, a 1721- oeac- iieoiaoue e ia?anaeyoue e?anoueyi ia
caaiaeu; auoiae a aaeoeeneia ii?a niinianoaiaae ?inoo oi?aiaee;
oeo/oeeenue iooe niiauaiey (iino?iaiu eaiaeu); iiaeaea?aeea eoioeai e
i?iiuoeaiieeai, a 1724 aaaaeai 1 oi?aiaue oa?eo; ecaeaiea Oaaaee i
?aiaao- 14 ?aiaia; aaaaeaia iiaeooiay iiaeaoue.
Nicaeai aa?oiaiue oaeiue niaao.
Ana eeth/aaua ianoa ieacaeenue a ?oeao iaioeaa, nicaeaia oaeiay
eaioeaey?ey.
Auee ainnoaiiaeaiu a i?aaao Naiao, eieeaaee; ?anoe?aiea i?aa e
i?eaeeaaee aeai?yinoaa; o/?aaeaeai Aeai?yineee caiaeueiue aaie; ioiaia
aioo?aiieo oaiiaeaiiuo iioeei a 1754a.
Ecaeaii 192 oeaca; ianooiee cieioie aae aeai?yinoaa.
I?iaeieaeaaony inaiaiea iiauo caiaeue, ?anoe?eeenue iinaau oaoie/aneeo
eoeueoo? (eai, eiiiiey), ?acaiaeeeenue i?iaeoeoeaiua ii?iaeu neioa;
eiiaaiaenoai
Aieaa 100 iaiooaeoo?, aeaa iiauo i?iiuoeaiiuo oeaio?a O?ae e Iaoa?ao?a;
iaoaeeo?aey, oaenoeeueiay i?ii-oue, aicieeee iiaua io?anee:
noaeino?iaiea, oaeeii?yaeiia, noaeieueiia, oayiniaia aeaei,
i?iecaiaenoai aoiaae. Iieoaaneay aeoaa a 1709a.; a 1714- ia?aay iiaaaea
ia ii?a; Ieooaaeneee ie? a 1721a.n Oaaoeeae; eanieeneee iioiae-
1722-1723; a 1724-n Oo?oeeae caeeth/ai ie?.
?onnei-iieueneay aieia 1733-1735- acyoea Aaeaiuenea; ?onnei-oo?aoeeay
aieia 1735-1739- caeeth/ai Aaea?aaeneee ie? Acia ia?aoae ?innee (A.E.);
?onnei- oaaaeneay aieia 1741-1743- iaaeieueoay oa??eoi?ey a Oeieyiaeee
(Aeec.); i?eniaaeeiaiea Eacaonoaia (A.E.,Aeec.); Naieeaoiyy aieia n
I?onneae-iiaaaeu, caaiaaaiea iiauo oa??eoi?ee, i?e Iao?a III i?eoeinue
aa?iooue e caeeth/eoue ie?.
Naaa?iay aieia; 1710a aieia n Oo?oeeae- aa?ioee Acia.
Aeaoa?eia III?inaauaiiue aaniethoeciEiia?ao?eoea Naiao, neiiae,
oaai?eou (Iioaieei, I?eiau e o.ae.), aoaa?iaoi?u?acaeaeaiea Naiaoa ia 6
aeaia?oaiaioia; ioiaiaii aaoiaiianoai ia Oe?aeia; i?iaaaeaia
naeoey?ecaoeey oea?eiaiuo eiouanoa; aaaaeai i?eioeei aa?ioa?ieiinoue;
i?enooieee e iaaeaaaieth caiaeue; nicua Eiiennee aeey ni/eiaiey i?iaeoa
iiaiai Oeiaeaiey;
I?eaea/aiea eiino?aiiuo eieiienoia (yenii?o ca?ia); i?eiyou
caeiiiaeaoaeueiua aeou, aaea e?anoueyia iaei ioee/aeenue io
?aaia(i?iaeaoue, i?iea?aoue, iaeacuaaoue, nnueaoue a Neae?ue e o.ae.);
ecaeaii «?aianeaiiia iieiaeaiea» ; a 1775a ecaeai oeac ?ac?aoathuee
e?anoueyineoth i?iiuoeaiiinoue; a 1769 iiyaeeenue aoiaaeiua aeaiueae;
aoaa?ineay ?aoi?ia 1775a; ?aoi?ia ia?aciaaiey; aeaeiaaiiua a?aiiou
aeai?yinoao e ai?iaeai.
Ainiiaenoai aa?ueiu e ia?ieia. E?anoueyiei oa?ye naycue n caieae, /oi
aaei e ?ac?ooaieth e?anoueyineiai oicyenoaa. Aeaeueiaeoee ?ino
iaiooaeoo?iiai i?iecaiaenoaa; eniieueciaaeny aieueiiiaaiiue
o?oae.Aaaeouee oi?aiaue ia?oia? Aiaeey; ?onnei-oo?aoeeay aieia
1768-1774a. auoiae e *a?iiio ii?th, i?eniaaeeiaiea E?uia, ae?. iiauo
ai?iaeia; a 1783 caeeth/ai aeiaiai? n A?oceae (iie?iaeoaeuenoai);
?onnei- oo?aoeeay aieia 1787-1791a- acyoea I/aeiaa, Eciaeea; a
?acoeueoaoa yoeo aiei onei?eeinue oicyenoaaiiia inaiaiea noaiiiai thaa
?innee, oe?eeenue nayce ni no?aiaie N?aaeecaiiiii?uey, eeeaeaee?iaaii
E?uineia oainoai, iniiaaiu iiaua ai?iaea; a 1780 i?eiyoa aeaeea?aoeey i
aii?oaeaiiii iaeo?aeeoaoa; ainniaaeeiaiea n Oe?aeiie e Aaei?onneae
E?anoueyineay aieia Ioaa/aa; iinea ao?aeoaciie ?aaiethoeee ai O?aioeee,
?inney aeeieiiaoe/aneea e oi?aiaua ioiioaiey ?aci?aaea Ia?aay iieiaeia
XIXaAaniethoenoneia e e?aiinoie/aneia ainoaea?noaiEiia?aoi?
Aeaenaiae? I
Ieeieae I Iai?aiaiiue niaao, ieienoa?noaa, neiiae, naiao, ain.niaao
NAEAE.
?ieue ain. Niaaoa oiaiueoeeanue, a 1827 a i?eniaaeeiai ei?ion aeaiaea?i
e NAEAENicaeaiea ?acaaoaeaiiie aeaeaciiaei?iaeiie naoe; ?aca?aie/aiea
ooieoeee i?aaiia ain-iiai oi?aaeaiey; o/?aaeaeaiu ieienoa?noaa;
?aoi?ie?iaai Naiao; aaaaeaiea aiaiiuo iinaeaiee, a 1802 a nicaeaii
ieienoa?noai ia?iaeiiai i?inaauaiey, ioe?uou iiaua o/aaiua caaaaeaiey.
A 1839-1844 i?iaaaeaia oeiainiaay ?aoi?ia;
Aaaaeai einoeooo «ii/aoiuo a?aaeaeai», i?iaaaeaia eiaeeoeeaoeey
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa, i?aaei?eieiaeenue ia?u iai?aaeaiiua ia niya/aiea
e?aiinoiiai i?aaa, a 1849 iiiiaee Aaia?ee a ?aca?iia ?aaiethoeee; 1825a
?aca?ii aeaeaa?enoia. Ieiei iieiaeiu aa?a?iiai naeoi?a ninoaaeyei
iiiaue/uea oicyenoai; ana aieueoa i?iaeoeoeee i?iecaiaeeony ia
i?iaeaaeo; ioaeaeueiua iiiaueee niaa?oainoaiaaee iaoiaeu aaaeaiey
oicyenoaa, ii a iniiaiii i?eiaiyeny i?eioaeeoaeueiue o?oae e?anoueyi,
/oi iaoneiaeeaaei canoie e ?ooeiiinoue i?iecaiaeeoaeueiuo nee a
aea?aaia. *anoiiaeaaeaeue/aneea e ain-iue i?aaei?eyoey, eniieuecothuea
i?eioaeeoaeueiue o?oae noaee ia?aioaaaeueiua; a 30-40 a iaiooaeoo?iia
i?iecaiaenoai caiaiaii oaa?e/iui; caiaia ?o/iiai o?oaea ia iaoeiu;
i?ioeaaoaei eonoa?iia i?iecaiaenoai; e 1860 4/5 ninoaaeyee
aieueiiiaaiiua.?onnei-oo?aoeeay aieia 1806-1812a ,caeeth/ai Aooa?anoneee
aeiaiai?; ?onnei-e?aineay aieia 1804-1813a i?iieeiiaaiea a Caeaaeacuea,
iieo/eea i?aai eiaoue oeio ia Eaniee; ?onnei-oaaaeneay aieia 1808-1809
caaiaaaia Oeieyiaeey; a 1815 iiaeienai «nayuaiiue nithc» Aano?ey,
I?onney; Aieia n Iaiieaiiii, a 1807 iiaeienai ie?iue e nithciue
aeiaiai?, nicaeaeinue aa?oeianoai Aa?oaaneia iiae i?ioaeoi?aoii
Iaiieaiia, Oeeueceeueneee aeiaiai? iaycae n Aiaeeae ?aci?aaoue
iieeoe/aneea ioiioaiey, 1812 ioa/anoaaiiay aieia –oua?a a yeiiiieee
?innee, iiaeaei ieiei 300oun /aeiaae, iiiaea ?aeiiu ?aci?aiu.
Eaaeacneay aieia oea 30eao, caeii/eeanue aeeth/aieai Naaa?iiai e
Naaa?i-caiaaeiiai Eaaeaca a ninoaa ?innee.
Ii?aaeaiea a E?uineie aieia: ?inney iioa?yea i?aai iie?iaeoaeuenoaa
Aeoiaeneei eiyaeanoaai e Na?aee, cai?aoeee eiaoue a *a?iii ii?a
aiaiii-ii?neea neeu. Aoi?ay iieiaeia XIXaIiia?oey; a nayce n ?aoi?iaie
onoaiaaeeaaeny eaieoaeenoe/aneee no?ie Eiia?aoi?
Aeaenaiae? IIAin. Niaao;
Nae?aoiue eiieoao i?aia?aciaai a Aeaaiue eiieoao ii e?anoueyineiio
aeaeo;Ioiaia e?aiinoiiai i?aaa (ee/iia inaiaiaeaeaiea, iaaeaeu, aueoi
caiee; caineay, ai?iaeneay, noaeaaiay, aiaiiay ?aoi?iu; ?aoi?iu a noa?a
ia?aciaaiey e ia/aoe; iinea nia?oe Aeaenaiae?a II i?iecioee eciaiaiey a
nenoaia ianoiiai oi?aaeaiey e ia?aciaaiey e ia/aoe Oae i?ioeann
ia?a?ani?aaeaeaiey caiaeue (/anoue neoiaea ao?aeoacey); ia niio?y ia
neiaeiinoe, aa?a?iue naeoi? a yeiiiieea i?aa?auaeny a ?acaeaathueeny e
oiaa?iue.Nio?aiyeanue iiiaioeeaaeiinoue i?iiuoeaiiinoe; ia ?aaiiia?iia
?aciauaiea ii oa??eoi?ee e io?aneyi (oaenoeeueiay, oyaeaeay,
neaai-iaoeiino?iaiea); aiaoaoaeuenoai ain-aa (e?aaeeou, noaneaeee),
i?eoie eiino?aiiuo eiaanoi?ia; iinea i?iiuoeaiiiai ia?aai?ioa
?acaeaaeenue: oaieueiay, oaie/aneay, iaoeiino?ieoaeueiay i?iiuoe.
Neiiaeneee aeiaiai? n ssiiieae i ie?a e ae?oaeaa (Naoaeei a 1875 noae
?inneeneei, acaiai ia Eo?eeu); 1871a ioiaia iaeo?aeecaoeee *a?iiai ii?y;
i?eniaaeeiaiea N?aaeiae Acee e ?innee; ?onnei-oo?aoeeay aieia 1877-1878a
aa?ioea thae. Aanna?aaeth e i?eia?aea iiaua iii?iua ioieou ia Eaaeaca;
?onnei-o?aioeocneee nithc Aa?eeineee eiia?ann- ?inney a iieiie
ecieyoeee, eciaiaiu oneiaey aeiaiai?a ?aiaa iiaeienaiiiai n Oo?oeeae;
o?ienoaaiiue nithc i?ioea ?innee (Aa?iaiey, Aano?i-Aaia?ey, Eoaeey),
Ia/aei XXa.Iiiiiieenoe/aneee eaieoaeeci.Eiia?aoi?
Naiao, NAEAE, ain. Niaao, ain. Aeoia, Neiiae, niaao ieieno?ia Iieeoeea
i?aaeoaeuenoaa a ?aai/ai aii?ina (?ai?annee, caeiiiaeaoaeueiia
?aaoee?iaaiea, nicaeaiea eaaaeueiuo ?aai/eo i?aaiecaoeee); ?aaiethoeey
1905-1907 a.; Noieuieineay aa?a?iay ?aoi?ia.Nouanoaiaaee ?acee/iua oi?iu
caieaaeaaeaiey e caieaiieueciaaiey; i?iieeiiaaiea eaieoaeecia
ii?aaeaeyei aai iinooiaoaeueiia ?acaeoea, iniaaiii iinea aa?a?iie
?aoi?iu 1906-1910a. E?ecen 1900-1909a –iaaeaiea oeai, nie?auaiea
i?iecaiaenoaa, aac?aaioeoea; iiyaeeenue neiaeeeaou; a 1909-1913-iiaue
i?iiuoeaiiue iiaeuai.1896 nithc iaaeaeo Eeoaai e ?inneae i?ioea ssiiiee;
o?ienoaaiiia niaeanea- Aiaeey, O?aioeey, ?inney. ?onnei-yiiineay
aieia 1904-1905a-cia/eoaeueiua ethaeneea e oeiainiaua iioa?e, /anoue i.
Naoaeei; aaeeaineea e?ecenu 1908-1913a; ia?aay ie?iaay aieia
1914-1918a-o/anoaiaaei 38 ainoaea?noa, iiaeaei iiiai ie?iiai ianaeaiey,
iioa?y /anoe oa??eoi?ee.N 1917aEaieoaeeci;
Aeeeoaoo?a i?ieaoa?eaoa; iieeoeea «aiaiiiai eiiioiecia»;
Nioeeaeeci; ?acaeoie nioeeaeeci;
Ia?ano?ieea;A?aiaiiia i?aaeoaeuenoai (n oaa?aey ii ieoya?ue);
I?aaenaaeaoaeue Niaia?eiia Eaiei A.E. I?aceaeeoi AOeEE, NIE;
Aaia?aeueiue nae?aoa?ue OeE ?EI(a) Noaeei E.A.
Ia?aue nae?aoa?ue OeE EINN e aeaaa i?aaeoaeuenoaa
O?ouaa I.N.
Aaia?aeueiue nae?aoa?ue A?aaeiaa E.E.
Aiae?iiia TH.A.
*a?iaiei E.O.
Aaia?aeueiue nae?aoa?ue, i?aceaeaio NNN?
Ai?aa/aa I.N.
I?aceaeaio Aeueoeei A.I.Ai?iaeneea aeoiu, ieienoa?noaa, cainoaa;
A*E, ia?iaeiua noaeu, ia?iaeiue eiienna?eao thnoeoeee
IEAAe, I?aceaeeoi OeEE NNN?
Nae?aoa?eao OeE, niaao ieieno?ia,
Aa?oiaiue niaao NNN?, niaao nithca, niaao iaoeeiiaeueiinoae, aa?oiaiue
niaao nithciie ?anioaeeee.
Aa?oiaiue niaao, niaao ia?iaeiuo aeaiooaoia
N 1993a i?aaeoaeuenoai ?O, eiinoeoooeeiiiue noae, aa?oiaiue noae, aunoee
a?aeo?aaeiue noae, ia?eaiaio, niaao oaaea?aoeee, ain. Aeoia.
Nicaeaia *?acau/aeiay eiienney aeey ?anneaaeiaaiey aeayoaeueiinoe
aunoeo /eiiaieeia noa?iai ?aaeeia, i?eiyoea caeiia i 8-/aniaii ?aai/ai
aeia ioeeaaeuaaeinue, ia aeaeaiea caaa?oeoue aieio- aucaaei ianniaua
aunooieaiey.
?inione O/?aaeeoaeueiiai nia?aiey; nicaeaiea aaeeiiai caeiiiaeaoaeueiiai
i?aaia III Ana?inneeneiai nuacaea ?aai/eo, nieaeaoneeo e e?anoueyineeo
aeaiooaoia; i?eiyoea eiinoeoooeee ?NON? 1918a.; Aeae?ao i caiea;
ainoaea?noaaiiay iiiiiieey; 1921a –Eaiei i?aaeeiaeee iyi; ia?aciaaiea
NNN? a 1922a.
Iieeoeea eiaeono?eaeecaoeee, aaaaeaiea iyoeeaoie; ?acaeoea
i?iiuoeaiiinoe; ia?aoiae e eieeaeoeaecaoeee; onoaiiaeaiea aaeeiiee/iie
aeanoe; ?ai?annee; 1938-1941a- auee inouanoaeaiu niaoeeaeueiua
aiaiii-yeiiiie/aneea ia?ii?eyoey , nioeeaeueiua ia?ii?eyoey auee
iaoneiaeaiu ioaeaeaie iai?iiu, oe?aieaiea a?iee; a aiaeu aieiu iieiay
aiaiiay e o?oaeiaay iiaeeecaoeey no?aiu, ainnoaiiaeaiea ?ac?ooaiiie
i?iiuoeaiiinoe e n/o ia inaiaiaeaeaiiuo oa??eoi?eyo.
Ain. Ieai ia ainnoaiiaeaiea e ?acaeoea ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa; ia?aoiae e
ie?iiio no?ieoaeuenoao; iinea ieii/aiey aieiu oaeanoi/aiea
aioo?eiieeoe/aneiai eo?na.
Inouanoaeyeanue ?aaioa ii ?aaaeeeoaoeee iaaeiiuo aea?oa ?ai?annee;
ninoiyeny XX nuacae EINN; ioaee/iia inoaeaeaiea eoeueoa Noaeeia;
onei?aiiue iiaeuai n/o, ?aoi?ia oi?aaeaiey i?iiuoeaiiinoueth;
oaaee/eeenue ianooaau aeeeeuiiai no?ieoaeuenoaa.
Eiinoeoooeey 1977a; oicyenoaaiiua ?aoi?iu na?aaeeiu 60-o a.;
oi?ie?iaaiea aaeeiiai ia?iaeiioicyenoaaiiiai eiiieaena; eiaeono?eaeueiia
?acaeoea.
Eaae?iaua ia?anoaiiaee a ia?oeeiuo e ainoaea?noaaiiuo no?oeoo?ao,
ono?aiaiea iaaaoeaiuo yaeaiee iauanoaa.
Ia no?aieeny e i?iaaaeaieth ?aoi?i, iaaeaiea i?iiuoeaiiiai e aa?a?iiai
i?iecaiaenoaa.
?aoi?ia iieeoe/aneie nenoaiu, eciaiaiea ioiioaiey e ?aeeaee, nicaeaiea
iieeoe/aneeo ia?oee e aeaeaeaiee, yeiiiie/aneea ?aoi?iu ia oeo/oeee
iieiaeaiey aeae a ia?iaeiii oicyenoaa, nie?aoeeenue oaiiu i?iecaiaenoaa
i?iiuoeaiiie i?iaeoeoeee.
Eeaa?aeecaoeey oeai n 1992 , i?eaaoecaoeey,
Nie?auaiea i?iecaiaenoaa
Eiaeono?eaeueiue ?uaie oyaeaei io?aceeny ia n/o, a 1927a. oeaaiue
e?ecen, ec-ca iaino?aiey ioiioaiee n i?aaeoaeuenoaii oiaiueoaiu iinaaiua
ieiuaaee; ai a?aiy aieiu aieueoie o?ii n/o, iiyoiio onei?eeinue
?anoe?aiea iinaaiuo ieiuaaeae.
O?oaeiinoe ?acaeoey n/o,
Inaiaiea oeaeeiiuo e caeaaeiuo caiaeue; ?aeiiaiaeiaaeinue ia?aoiaeeoue e
iinaao eoeo?ocu, nie?auaiea ain. ?aca?aia ca?ia.
1965a. aaaaeaiu oaa?aeua ieaiu caeoiie naeueoici?iaeoeoeee, iiauneeanue
caeoii/iay oeaia ia ca?ii e neio; a 60-70 a nicaeaaaeenue
eioaa?e?iaaiiua oicyenoaa (aa?ii?iiuoeaiiua iauaaeeiaiey, eiiaeiaou,
iauaaeeiaiey).
Iiyaeeenue oa?ia?neea e /anoiua e?anoueyineea oicyenoaa.
Eioaineaiia ?acaeoea iiauo oi?i oicyenoaaiiinoe (IAI, CAI),
yeiiiie/aneee e?ecen io?aaeaeny ia n/o- ia oaaoaei oaeia?aiee,
aaoiiaoei, naeueoicoaoieee; iaaeaiea o?iaiy o?iaeaeiinoe, iiaieiauey
neioa.
Nie?auaiea i?iecaiaenoaa, ia?ooaiea ?uii/iuo ioiioaiee
?aeiino?oeoeey noa?uo e no?ieoaeuenoai iiauo caaiaeia; ?acaeoea
iaoeiino?iaiey; aicieeee iiaua io?anee ( oeie/aneay, noaiei, o?aeoi?i,
aaeano?ieoaeueiua); ai a?aiy aieiu 1943-1945 i?aainoiaenoai ia Aa?iaieae
a auionea aiaiiie oaoieee, ?ino i?iiuoeaiiiai i?iecaiaenoaa.
?aaiou ii ainnoaiiaeaieth i?iiuoeaiiinoe caaa?oaiu e 1948a.
Aunieeie oaiiaie ?acaeaaeinue iaoeiino?iaiea e i?eai?ino?iaiea, ai
aoi?ie iieiaeia 50-o a. i?iiuoeaiiinoue iiaeiyeanue ia ea/anoaaiii
iiaoth nooiaiue aiaae?aiea iaoee e oaoieee), ieiei 300 io?aneae.
Ia?aoiae ia nenoaio oic?an/aoa, no?ieoaeuenoai iiauo i?aaei?eyoee.
A ?acoeueoaoa i?eaaoecaoeee a /anoiua ?oee ia?aoei 110 oun. i?iiuoeaiiuo
i?aaei?eyoee, ?aniaae yia?aaoe/aneie eio?ano?oeoo?u.A?aaeaeaineay aieia
1918-1920a.- noaiiaeaiea aieueoaaecia ii anae no?aia, /anoue N?aaeiae
Acee, Eaaeaca; 1921-1922a caeeth/aiu oi?aiaua aeiaiai?a n iaeioi?uie
no?aiaie Aa?iiu e Acee; iiaeaea?aeaee iiiaieueneoth ?aaiethoeeth; a
1922a niaaonei-aa?iaineee nithc; 1924a i?eciaiea Aiaeee, a caoai e ae?.
ain-ie;.
A 1933a. NOA i?eciaea NNN?-
onoaiiaeeenue oi?aiai-yeiiiie/aneea nayce ; a na?aaeeia 30-o a. iooiae
io i?eioeeiia iaaiaoaoaeuenoaa a iaaeaeoia?iaeiua eiioeeeou
(iiaeaea?aeea ia?iaeiiai o?iioa a Eniaiee); 1939a. caeeth/eee oaeiue
aeiaiai? n Aa?iaieae, ion?i/eee aieio ia 2 aiaea; aieia n ssiiieae
–inaiaiaeaeaiea ?aiaa caiyouo ath caiaeue; n no?aiaie ainoi/iie Aa?iiu,
Ei?aae, Eeoaai caeeth/aiu aeiaiai?u i ae?oaeaa,.
Nicaeai aiaiii-iieeoe/aneee nithc nioeeaeenoe/aneiai eaaa?y, n ssiiieae
ainnoaiiaeeenue aeeieiiaoe/aneea e oi?aiaua ioiioaiey, iiiiuue no?aiai
o?aoueaai ie?a.
A 1966 iiaeienaiea aeaeea?aoeee n O?aioeeae; ?anoe?aiea oi?aiauo naycae
n Eoaeeae.
Eiiaoe oieiaeiie aieiu (iiaeienaiea aeiaiai?a ia ioeaca aeiaeaaoueny
aiaiiiai i?aainoiaenoaa n NOA ); 1988 caaa?oai auaiae aiene ec
Aoaaienoaia; ii?iaeecaoeey ioiioaiee n Eeoaai .
1993-1994a caeeth/aiu niaeaoaiey i nio?oaeie/anoaa e ia?oia?noaa n
ain-ie AN, 1997a iiaeienaii niaeaoaiea i acaeiiioiioaieyo ni no?aiaie
IAOI, iiauneeanue ?ieue aiaoiae oi?aiaee, A?anoneee aeiaiai? n
Aa?iaieae –iioa?y aieueoie /anoe oa??eoi?ee, auieaoa aeaiaaeiie
eiiiainaoeee, a 1918a a aa?iaiee i?iecioea ?aaiethoeey e A?anoneee
aeiaiai? iioa?ye neeo;
A?aaeaeaineay aieia yaeeanue no?aoiui aaaenoaeai: oooaeoaiea
yeiiiie/aneie neooaoeee, ?ac?ooa, iaaeiiua aea?oau.
Ia?aoiae ainoi/ii-aa?iiaeneeo no?ai e ia?eaiaioneie aeaiie?aoee i?eaae e
?aniaaeo nioeeaeenoe/aneiai niae?oaeanoaa.
1939a. aieia n Oeieyiaeeae- i?iaeaiiino?e?iaaee ieiooth iiaeaioiaeo
a?iee; AIA 1941-1945- aieueoea /aeiaa/aneea iioa?e, ?ac?ooa, aieiae;
ia/aei «oieiaeiie aieiu».
Ineiaeieeenue ioiioaiey n Eeoaai, NOA; ea?eaneee e?ecen.
Aiaoaoaeuenoai ai aioo?aiiea aeaea *aoineiaaeee, aaiae aiene a no?aiu
ainoi/iie Aa?iiu; noieeiiaaiey n Eeoaai,1979a aaiae aiene a Aoaaienoai,
o/anoea a aoaaineie aieia iiaeaeei iaaeaiea i?anoeaea ia ie?iaie a?aia,
nie?aoeeenue eiioaeou ni no?aiaie caiaaea e NOA; 1991a nicaeaiea NIA,
?aniaae NNN?.
?aniaae NNN? ia?ooee yeiiiie/aneea nayce n auaoeie ?anioaeeeaie.
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