????
EIAeEss A ?AIIAA N?AAeIAAAEIAUeA
I?i:
1. NIOeEAEUeII-YEIIIIE*ANEAss AEECIUe EIAeEE E IA*AEO N?AAeIAAAEIAUess.
2. AA?A?IUA IOIIOAIEss A IV— VI ?.
3. IAUEIII-EANOIAAss NENOAIA.
4. ?ANIAAe AeA?AEAAU AOIOIA E AICIEEIIAAIEA AINOAeA?NOAA OA?OE.
NIENIE EEOA?AOO?U.
NIOeEAEUeII-YEIIIIE*ANEAss AEECIUe EIAeEE E IA*AEO N?AAeIAAAEIAUess
Y?? A??a a ????e ???e ???? ???ae ? ????e e ??????th. A III a. ?n???ny
?????i E??, ?????? a ?? ???? ?th ???oth i???o N???e E??, e ?????i N?????
? Ae??a. I???? a?iy a E?? ????tho ??? ???????a ?????y, ???a ???a ????.
Ii a ??? IV a. ?i ???i ????i ?ycy *????? ????e ?ae ??e ???th ?????oth
??ue ??? A?? e ??? ??e ???? ?a?thth I?????. A 320 a. ? ?uy?e ?ay ?????i,
??ya ??e «???e ?? ?ae ??y?». N? ????ey ???? N?????a (?. 330—380) ?? ??i
??????? ????i a E?? ?? ???e. Ia ??? IV—V ?. ???y A??a, ???ea ?? ???u ?
A????? ??y, ???? ?????i ??? e ?????. E???ay ?????y ???ey ?y??? n ???
????? ?a??ey ???u *?????e II ?y????ue ?y? ???o ?y?a, a ????e E???u, ?oy
? ??i ?? y? ?y? ? ?? ?e ??a *????? II e ? ?? ?? ?i ???????.
A???y y?? ???y? ????a ??u ???? n ?????th?? ????e ????e ???e, ? ??? n ?i
??a e ?yae ??? ???e. I??a ??i, ???y ????? ????, ?e ????, ?i ????ey i???a
???? ????o ???a — ????e ?????e. E??ay i???ue eth?e ??????? ???, ?????
???, e ???? y?e ???e ????a ?????ue ??, ??a ?a ??, ?iy?y ?? ???e ????
???? ???; y? ?? ???? ??? ???u ?e ???? ????a ???e, ??ey?? ??? ?? ?????e ?
????. A ??? ??ayo ?? ??y ???? ???????i ????a n ???. I??????i, ?i ??a
????a ?????? a ???? ???? ??e E?? — ??? A?? — ?a a ??? ???? VII a. (?
???eyi ????? ???????a Nth?ue Oe??). E?ue a ???? ???yo ??y? n ???i ???i
?????? ??-?a ???, ???o ??????? ????.
E? e a ????e, ?y?i n ???????e ????? ?????? ?????a ???a ????a e ?????e,
????a ? ?o ?? ????? e ????-???? ????eth e ?????ao. A?? ???? ? ??? ????e
??? ????ey ????? – ?u??? ??y, ???e ????? e a ????o ??ayo ????e ??
???????a ?????y. O?? ???a ????ey? ???th ???n? ?y ???e, a ??? ???y? ??
???? ???e. Ae???? ??iy ????????e e ????ey ? ???, y? ??? ?eth??? a ?u?
??i ????e ?????e, ???u ???e ????? ???y??: ??? ????o ???e ???? ??, ????e
??? e ???y? ???? ???a ? ? ???o ?? ???ey. *?? y?o ??? ???y??, ???yy ?????
?? ????? ????.
Ii e ???? ??? E?? ?????i ?????ue ??o ??e ? ??ith ?????i ?????, ?????yi
?cy?o?, ????. O?, a ???o e ??????o ???o ?????? e N?? a??? ???? ??i
??????. A?ue ??ae ??e ??????? ??? ?e ??, ?i a ????o, ????? ? ???? ?????.
A ??i? ???i ??????y ?-? ?????? ??? ??a ???a ??a? a ?????? ?????? a ???th
e ?? ?????? ?i ??a. I???? ??????? ???a ???? ??a a ???? ??e ??iu A??
(????, ??u): ??ue ???? ????? ?????ue ? ?? i???y ????? ??????e.
N ??a I ?ny???y ? i. y. ???a ???????a ???? ???????? ???? ???? — ????a ??
??a. Y? ????i ??a ???i ????ue ???u Ae??a, ?a ?? ???a, ???a ? ???? e
????o ??u, ? ???? ?? ???a.
Ai ???o, ????? ?????? ???? ???o ???e ????????e ????e ?e ?n. Ii ???e ??e
?n??u ??????? ??????? ??a ?? n ??e ? ??y ????? ???, ? a ?y? ?? ????e e
??????o ?????? ??o??e. A ??? ??????a ????a ??????a ????ey ?? ????u a
????? ??? (E??????? ??a) ? ??? A???e e E??u ? ??? ?. E??e. A ???o ? ???e
??????ueth ???? ???? ????e ?? ???a, a ??a y??ue, ??i, ???a. E?-?a a ???o
?y y?? ??? ???y?? ??????a ???? ? ??ia, ??? e ????, ? ?? ???? ? E?? a
??i, ? ?? ????e a?a ??ue ???? e ????? ?? a ???? ?????i.
????a ????i ?cy??a ???? ?? ???????? ?e E?? ?e ???? ? ????e e ??????th:
??e??? ??a ?????, ???a ???????a ???? ? ??a ?i??o ????, ???a ?? ???? e
???? a ?? ? ??????iey, ????????? ??? ????ey, ???? ??????? a ???o ???yo.
A? ??a ???i ???? a ???a e ????. I ?i ???????o ???e y??? a I??ithth A?th
e N??????? ?e ???o, ?e e ???o ???????? ??? ? A????. Y????a ??e ??????
??a a I??a e ???yo ??? A??. A ???oth ???th e ??? I???e A?e ???? ???a
????? ????e n??, ??????ny ????? ???i, ??? e ?? ??i. N???i ???i ????? ?
???e a ??? ?? ??e y? ? A??e ???? o??? ?????o ???? ? ??o 100 ?i. ????e
(???y?y ???), ? ?o a E?eth — 50 ?i. ????e. I??a, n ???? ???? ???e ???ey
E?? n I???i A???i e A??? ??i ?????ue e ??a ??o?????ny ?? n VII—VIII ?.
O??e ???? n C??? ???????y ??ui ????i ???? n TH?-A???? A??, ??y?? ???e
???? a III— IV ?. i. y. A ??? y?? ??i? ???? a ???? ?????a ???y, ????
??e. A ???? a??? ?????e A???y, I??a, O???ae, a ??a ????? ??? N???e E??.
A??a n ???e ?? ???ey?? ???a ??y?, ??????, ??e. Y? ???u ???i ???? a ?????
???o e ?a?? ??oth ?? a ???? a TH?-A???? A?e ?y? ?e ????? «?????????
?????, ???? ???o ??????ue ?ae ??o? ?ey?? ????e ?????e.
I ??a ???????? ?e E?? ???????o e ????? ?????e ????y ??? e ?i ????e a
???uo ???o. Ii ??????yi ????a, ? ??? ??e y? ????a Ei?e ?yae ? ????i 25
?i. ???e, a e ??o I ?ny???y ??e y? ?i ???ey? ?a 50 ?i. I?? ????????i
????y ????e ??o? ??i ?????? ????e. I?????e ???ue ????o ??a???e ????o
????? a ???yo ?????? e ???????i ???a ???ye y??????i ??????ue ???th ??o
???a??i ?????? ????. A? y? ??? ?????ue ?????? i????e ????a a ??o ?????,
??????, ???o ???, ?i a ?ith ???ue ??????i ??n ? ???? ???e, ?????ey
e????, ????i ???y ?y ???ey ????, ????ath?e ??a??? ??? ??a ???? (y????
????). I?? ? ?? ???aea ? ????e e ??????th ?? ???????ue a ???? ????u e
????e ??e. A ???o ????????ue ???? ??????, ????, ?????ey, ??iy?a ? ??? o
?a ??u, ??????y, /?y?, ????a ??, ????ath?a ??????a ?????e ???i ????
????, ??? e ???i ?? ??????, ??????thu?ny ? ???o ???yo, ?????, ??? e ???
????e.
AA?A?IUA IOIIOAIEss A IV— VI ?.
A???? ??????e ??? ???? y?? ?? ?????a ?????i ??????y. I???a ??i y?o ???n
?iy??y a ???e ???a ????y? ???u ????o ?????e ? ?? ??????i? ???? ???. A
????e ???? ????e ??a e ??? ??? n ?????a ??? ????e a ???????th ??o e ??
????y ??ue ???? ????? ? ????i ?e ??????? ???? /??? ?oe. E ??o ????y A??a
???a ????? ?????: ???ay ??ue ???? ?? ???? ? ???? ?????, ????? ????????
????, ???i. I? ????e ?????e ????aoth?e ?? ????, ??????? ? ????i-??????e
??? — ??e ??a ???????e ?????e, ?????e ?y ????e?? E??.
A ???? ????i ???e i ?????yo ????ue ?????ue, ?i ??? ? ??? ???ue ??? ????o
?, ?i ? y?? ????? ???ue ??th («???? ??») e ?y?? ?????ny ?o. O? ? ????i
????y?? ??? e ?????, ??????ny a ??? y?? ??. O????e, ? ??? ??o ???e ?????
a ??? ??y e ????y ?????y ??i ? ?????; ?????? ? a ????? i ????o ???yo ??e
????y? ??e ?yae ??? ?ae??, ???? ???o ?? ? ????? ??c ????? ?????a???
?????i ????, ? ??i ?? ?????ue ?e ???? ?ae?? ???a e ?i ???a ? ??????
??ueth ???e. I?? ???ue, ?i ??? ????ny ? ???????? ???????a ????a, a
???????y e ???yi ???? ?????i ???ey ??a, ????yny ? ??????? ???a e ?????e,
??i ???o ??i ??????y a ?????e ? ???o ??y?? e ??i???e, ? a ??? ???o,
????? a ????, ????i ????.
Oa ? ????u ???? ???ey i ????a ??? ??????? ?ae ?????i ?o ?????. Ii ???e ?
??ei ??i ??a ???o ???a e ???e, ? e ??i ??????y ???? ????? ????y, a ? ?
??y ?i ? ?e ????? ? ??? a ??o ??o-?? ???e. I???????? ??a ?i ????? ? ??,
?y??? n ???i ??e e ???o ??? ?e ??? ????a ??y. Aea???e ???o ?????e ?????
???? a ?? ???ey ?e ??i ??? eth?e, ?????y ?, a ????e, n ???????o ???.
A???a ????e ???? ???iy????ue ??o ???? eth?e ? ??e ????, ????e ????ue ?,
? ?????.
C??????u ???? ???? ?????i, n????ny e ??o ?? ? ??i ??i ??????, ?e ??e,
?????a ??? e ??i, ??th??y?a e ?., o. a. ? ??i th????e ???a ?????iy??
???? ? ?o ? ?? ?e, ?i ?e ???? ?????ue?? ???? ???a ??????ey. *? ? ???ny
???o ??????, ???? ???o ???? ? ???? ??e, ?????i ???? ?????a e ?i ??a ??
«??? ??y», ? ?e ????? a ?????e ???? ??.
N??? ????-???? ??? ???a ?ae ?i ????? ??a ?? ??? a ?????e ? ????a ???ey.
A?iy?i, ?a ?? ??? ?e ????i ????i ???? e ??? ?e ???????. I????th ??????ue
? ???o ?e ?????? ?????y ?????i ????eyi, ?????ny e ?? ?????o ??????? e
??? ???? (?e ??e ?? ????, ????? ????e, ????a ??u). I??? a ??i ? ????e ??
???e i ???ia, ????? ????? ?????a ?e ?????e ??, ???i, ?i «? ????ny ?,
??ya ?? (???o ???e ???), ?e ?? ? ? ?e ???.
E????u ???e ???? ?ay??????i ?????y, ??????e ????? ???a ?ae ???? e ?????
?i ?? ?????? ????. O????a ????? ????e ?n?? ??? ?????e ????y ? ???a,
?????th ?y ??, ??u ??????ue ????? ?????e ????y? ?????e ??u, ???????? a
E??.
I????? ????o ???? ??i, ???y?? ????a ???e a ???????i ????a, ???ey? ?? ??
?????ey ?????e ?????th?? ?iy a ????????? e???? ????. Ae??i ??i ?? ?????
???? ???. I??e?o a ??? ???? ?????e ??? ??? ??? -?????a ?i??ey ??????
?????, ??????? ??u ???i ??y?a, ? ???e ?????o e ????o ??i ?????ue ??e
?????oth?o ???. E??i ?e ?????????? a ??? ???e ???n?, ????y? ???o ???. Ii
?????? ?ae ?????e, ??e a?? ?????y a ???a, n ???i ?????ue ????y, e ?? ?i
i??y ?? ???ue, ? ????ue ???? ?e ????? ?i ??????a e ????ue ? ???.
A?????ue a ?????e ?????th?e ??, y? ??a ???u ???i ?????ue a ?y? ??????
????y, ???o ????? e ???????, ???yy ??????? ???e ?????e e ?????e ??????.
I?y? n ?????th?i ??i, ??????y ?ae ???? ??i, ???oth??y ??n ????o ????
?eth?e a ?? ??? e ?????e ?????e ?? ??? ??????? y??????a. Eo ??????a
???ey?? ??????? ?????y? ?ae??? ???.
IAUEIII-EANOIAAss NENOAIA
A E?? ?????? ????a ?? ??i, ? a ??? ???????y a?? ????i ???? ???ny ??? ?i
???, ? ?ath?e ???? a ??? ???? ??. Y? ???ay ??? ?? ????i ??????, a ???
????? ???? ??e ? ???i ??????e ???e (a?iy?, ???y?, ???a), ???i ????.
E???? ??????a ???? ?????? ? ????e ??? ?i ????? ?????e ???? ??u ???iey —
???oth ???o. A ???e E?? ???ny ????e ???o ??i?o ????e — ????? ??e (??u),
??i ???? ??e ????????y a ???o ?? (??e), ????eyth?o ??e ???? eth?e,
?????? ?y?i ????a — ??i ??????? ?iy?e, y????i ???????, ?????y? ????e,
??ay?, e ???th??y ? ae??o ??i ????? ??????? e y????e ?????ueth.
A ??? ????i ???y ??o ?????? ?????a ??a: y?, ??? ??i ????? ? ?? ????????
e ??? ?? ?????e???? ??a, a ?i ??a ?????i. I? ????? ???? ???i-???? ???u
?a a ???e ???e ?????e ????? ???u. O?, ?????a a ??o ??????? ??e ???? ???a
??e ?? ???? a ???i-???? ???a, ?e ???i, ?? ? ??e ??? ????? ???ue — ?e
????? ?????o, ???th?o ???? ??????? ??? e ??????a ??u, ?e ?e ??? ???e
????e ?a ?iy? ????, ???????e ???? ???a a ???? ???? — eth?e ????i ????,
????o e ??????th ? ??o oy??o e ?y?? ???o. ????a ? ??????a ? ??????yi,
????yi ???? ? ????? ?????? ??iy???a. I??a ??u ??i ?????? ? ???? ?????e
?y ?o ????e, ? ??e ????ny e ????? ???e ??? ?y????e. I???? i????? a
?????i ??a e ????e a ???? ???, ?a ?????e ??? e ??e ??e ?? ????? ??????e
??? ??, ?? ??????, ? ????ay ??ue ??? y?o ?? ??????? a c????e. A ?o
??ayo, ??a ???? ??y, ????a a ???? ????ey ?????-???? ????e ??? ???e
?????, ??o?? a ?? ?????y e ???? ??????? ?ae ??i-? ???? ???????i ????, ?i
???? ?????a ?????ue ?????oth?i ?iy?? ? a ??? ???? ?????o ????th — ??i
??a ??y ?????? ?????i, ????o ?i ???? ??i, ?o?? ??? ?????? ???-???yi.
A ??? ?????? ???yo, ??????y y????i ???? ????y, ????????? ??u ?????
?c???ue ?-???, ? ?a ??? ????ue ??? ??ny??ny e ??a o??. E ????i ? a ???a
?? ??e ???? ??u, ???th??y ????? e ???????i. Ae??? ? ??u a ???a ??, ??i
???i, ????i ??????e, ??????e ????. Y? ??a ????y e ????i, ?????i ??????a
???? ??e ?????e. I??i ? ??a?i e a ??a ????a ?y??? ????a ??????y y????a
???, o. a. ??u.
A??? ?? ??? ???ey? ? ?????? ??u, ??????? e ?????th?e a ??? ????e
(«????thu?», ?e ??y? ??? a ?????o ???o) ??a. Y? ??? eth?e ?a?? ???????
??? e ??uey?, ???a a ??o ??o ?th ?cy?o??oth e ?????oth ??ue a ???, ????a
??? ????i ????ey, ???a ??? e ??? ?????o ?e ???? ???o. I??i i?????a ????e
?? ???????, ? ????o ? ???a e ??a ??e ?? ?cy??i ???iy???, ????y ??o ?? ??
???????, o. a. ?????e ? ?????a ?y?, a ????a. I?????a ????e, ????? ???y,
e ???ey? ????th, ???? ??n?oth ? ??e ?????e ???, ? ?cy????e e ????? ???ci
????e ??? ?eth?e ?e ?ith ?????oth ??ue ????ath?o i?????o ????? ?????a ?
??? eth?e ? ??? e ???a??? ??. I??a ??i, y? ?? ?????? e ??e, ??iy?? ?e ?
? ??iy?? ??? a i??a. N?? ??????a ?y???? ?? ???e, ???, ????, a???. N?? ??
????? ?? ????? ??? (y? ??? ???yee ???u), ??th??e, ???e. I????th?e ????
??? ??i ?eth?e ??a ???a, ???y??i ??? e ?????a ???e.
??????e e ??e ????th ?? ? ????? o ???. ???? ????ey ???e ???i ???i ? ????
??a????e ?????? ?e ????i ??e. A ??? ????e ?iy?a ?????? ??i ?y????e ???
?? ????? ? ????? ???e e ?? a ????o ??ayo ???? ?? ????? ????e. Ni ????
?????? ??u ?????y ????? ?????? ?y ???y ?cy??a e ?????y ??y?? ??? ??e
?????? e??ey? e ????, a ??a ??u ?????y ?????y????? i????e ??o ??????a e
??. O?? ???i, ???? ????u??y ???a ?????? ??? ??? ?y????e — ???a ????e. I?
????? ??? ? ?? ??a e ?????e ?y????e, e??? ?? ????? ????? ?y ??e ???. A
y?i ??? ????y ??? ????a ???th ??????ue ? ???? ??, ????o ?a ???? ?????e ?
??? ?????y?? ?a ??u ???i-ae???o ????e.
N??? ????e ??a ? ??? y?????? ??e, ? ?? ??a ???? ????? ?????a ??????i
???a ??e, ????i ?????th?e a ??? ??a. *?? y?o ????th?o ?? ??? ? ??e a ??
???? ?c ??? eth?e ? ??? e ??????o ??. I? ? ??e ?????ny e ??o ????e ???,
?e e? ??????a e ??? ????ue oy?? ????? ??????, e c?? ??cy ?? ???? ?c ???
????a (? ???? ??a y?? ???????, ?e e ?? ??? ??????o, ??a ??????? e? ??,
????ue ???e). I?????ue ???o a ???a ?a ??? ??? ??????e — ??????. I???? ?
??e ?? ???y e ???ue ??? — y? ????ue ?????i. A? ??? ??????o ?n?????e ???
? ?a ????ue ????? ??yae — ??e ?a ??a?? n ????? e ????e, ??a ???, ????ey?
??????a. Ia ????, ????? ??????a ?? ?????e, ????e ??oth ???. I?????a
????e ? ??? ????? ???????i ??? (?? ??i y? ???, ??a ?e ?????? e ???e ?e
?????e ??a). O?? ?e ???i ?? ? ?? ??a ?????a ??e ??e, ???? ?e ????th ??
?cy??i ??? ??????o ???o ????? e ??a.
Y? ?? ????ay ???, ??a ???e ??e i????ey?y ????? ? ??ue ???? ?? (1—3 ??),
? e ? ???? ?a ?? ??? a eth?e ??? ? ????o ?cy?a; ???ay ??a ???ey? ? ??a
???? ??ay, a ???i ????? ???th ??ue ??ay. O?? ?????i ??i ?????ue ????ny e
?cy?o ??e ? ???th, ?e ?e ?-? ???? o ??????o ? ? ???i ??? ??a, ? ? ?? ??a
?y ???, ? ? ????? ????i ??a. Ca ?a y? ??????i ??????ue ???ay ??a. Ia
??e-? ??e ????ny ??? ???? ????i y?????e ????iy???? ???o?a, ? ?ath?? ???
?cy??a, ? ???? ????a. I??i a ??i e ????? ?????a ???o ??????ue ?e
????i-y??????? ???yi.
I?????a ????e, y?y??ny ?????a??? ??????y?-??????e, ????????a ????? ec
??? ?o ? ???o ??, ?i e ?????? ????e, ??? ?????, ? ???e ??e ?????, ? ??a
??????o e ??????o ???ey? ??? ??n ????i-y???????i ???y??a. Oa????e ???
??? ????i-????? ???y??a a E?? ?ea ?i ????ay ???????. I?????ay ???ay
??????ue ??ey? ???a e ??? ??u. E??uey??i ? ???o ?? ??a ?ei ?????? ?????
??????y ??????? ????. I?ae????e ???o ??, ?? ??? ?? ?????e, ?????? ????e
a ???? y??????a ??? e ??????o ??. Iiy?? ??????e ??? ????e ???
????i-????? ???y??a ? ???e ???? ??o ????a, o. a. ? ????? ?ay ???i.
I??th ????o ????? ????e ???e n???y? ???a ????e ?????????? ??, y?y??ny a
i??eyth?i ?????a ??????y? ??? e ??????o ??. I?? ?????a y? ?? ??ay ?
?????e ????a ?????a??o ???????, ????o ? ?????? ?????. I??? yoe ????e ??
?y?? ????y? ??? ?????e n ?????ui ?cy?? e ?y?? ?? ???? ? ?? — y? ?????
????oth ?????ue. O??a ??? ?????tho ? ????a e ????, e a y?i ??? ???, ?e
?e e ? e ??? ?????? e ??? e ?????i? ??? e ????? ??? ?????i ???a ??????
?????o ????th, ??? ???a ????e, ??? ?? a ??? ???, a??i, ??e ?, ??th ?cy?
??e ??i, ???? ?eth ? ??ay (1/10 a ????e e a ??? ??????a; ??i 1/20 — e
??o ???o ??a).
Ii ?? ?????ey e ????ey ????e ?e??e ??? e ???i-???? ???u a ??i ?????a
??????? ???o ?? ?????ue ?a ??a ??? y???i, ??????e?y ?e ????a ????i ???a.
E ??? ??e y? ??u, ???, ?a??u e ???e ????ue ?a eth??, ? ??e ???a ??e
?????a??e ?? ?????, a ?????a («????) — ??????e ??? e ??????o ?? e i???o
???, ????, ???????ue ?e ???????a ? ??i? ??e e ??? ??a. Y?, ???i, ? ????,
?i ?a ?? y?e ????e ?????ue ??? (???o ?? ?????i), ? a ?o ??? ?e ? i??????
??a. A ???a ?? ?? ? ? ??? ??? e ??????o ?? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????? a
????e ???a. E? e a ????e, ?e ??????, ???y ???th ?o ? ?cy?a e ???yy a
???? ????a ???; ?a ?a ?? ?iyo e ? ???o ???o, ?i ?? ????a ? ????, ???y?
??? ??? ? ???? e ? ??. ?? a ?ae ?cy? ??e ? ? ??o ??e ? ?????th ?ayc?
???a e ? ?? ???a. N?uey ?? ?? ??? a ??? ?? ???u ????a e ??a ??i ???ue
????i ?????.
E?e, ??????? ???????? ????y e ??u y?????e ???????? ??????? ?????
????ueth e ? ??o ?? ????? ?e ??i ?????. N?????? ???? E?? ??o ?? ???i
????? ????o, ????o ???? ?n ????? ?i??????o ????e a ??e y?????? ???a ?e
?????i ?? ?? ???????? ????e, ? ???? ?y ?????.
?ANIAAe AeA?AEAAU AOIOIA E AICIEEIIAAIEA AINOAeA?NOAA OA?OE
E??ey A??a ????ue ????i ?????? ??????. O? n ???? V a. ??e c??? ????
??????i ???a a y?e ???a, ????? ???? ??? ?????a ?????y ???o ???o
???????a. ?a??o ?????a ??????? e ??iy?? ??????? ???iey n ??? ???? ?th?
????? ???, ????o ?ae ????i yo???a.
Y???u ?? a ???, ??? ??? ? ??, ? c?? ???u. O??e ? ????o ????e ??e N? THi,
????? a ??? ??y y???? I????u a ??? ? ?????i ?????. I?ei 533 a. I????a ?e
????? ????e, ? ? ??a ??????y ?i??? ?????yi ????e ?a ? ??????e ???? A??a
— ? ?????i ????ue.
I?? ????? ???a ????? ??u ? ??? E?? ?????ue ?????i, ???? ???? ?e a.
N?????a (??. O????, ???? a 100 ? e ??? ? Ae?e). I???? y?? ?????? ???? ??
??????e ??e ????????a. A y? ? ??y ????ue ???i ?????a A?? (A???y) ? ??e
O??? ??e ????ey a ?????e ??e ??? A?? e ?? ?????? ? ????? ? ?? y?e ????
???e. I??a ?? ????e ?th?? ??? ????? N????? e E???a (??ae a ????e ??e
Ae??a-A???? ???uey, y?y??ny ???? ???? ?????a). E ?o ????e ??????a ???y,
????a ? ??????i. A?? a ?i ??ia-???a «O?????» («I??th??y O??»). A 606 a.
????ue N????? ????? ???o, ?i ???? ?? e ????? ??atho ??? n a? ?th??? ?
E???a ? ??y ?????a n O???e, ????? ?e ???ay ???. A E???a ? ?????y ????i
?????, a a N????? ? ??iy?th ????? ????o ? ?ay ??? ???e ?? ????i ?????,
?a ??e ????e O?????? (?e a ?????i ???? ??e — O??). E???ue, ????? O??? ?e
? ??? i??e ??? e ?a ??ue ???? ?? ??? A??, ? ??? ?? ??o?e th?e O??. O???
???? ????ue. O?? ?????e e ??i ???eyi ????eth E?????i ?y???, ???th ??ue
??? A?? e I??o, ?????? ?y? ?? ?i ?th???. A 612 a. O?? ????y ?i???ny ?
Ae??, ? ????. I ??? ?????? O?????? (606—647) ? ?????? ??i ??i ? ?y?
?????, ??i ??? ? ???o y?y?ny ???? E?? ????i ????i-????? Nth?ue Oe??i.
Nth?ue Oe?i ??????, ?i ??a ??? ?ae ?????? A?? ?? ???? ??????y ????y: a
????e ???e ?e ?y?i, ?e ??uey, O?? e ?i ?th??, ?? A??a, a ? ?? ???? ?y?e
— ???? O??. O????i, ?i ?e ???? ??? ?????y ? N???e E?? Nth?ue Oe?i ???o
???????i n ???? e ???o, ??c ???a ii ????, ???y ???, ?i a ??e-? ???e ?o
??? ????y, ? ??a ?y? ? ????o, ?i ? ????y ? ????? ?????a Oa?e. I???i, ?i
???y O?? ??a ????i-??????th ????o: ???y ??ue ? ????? ????ey? ??e ???ey
????? eiy?e e ??a ??? ????, a ?ae ?? ?iye ????e ????ue, a ?y?i ?????
???? ?? ?? ????a ???e — ?i ??i. Y? ??????ny e ??????ny ????e ???
O??????: ?i ?i??th?y ???????? ??????y — ???e e ???, ??a ?, e?? ?? ?e
A??o. Eth???ay ??? ????ny a ??? ????i ????e i ?????e Nth?ue Oe??. O?
??????ny, ?i a ?? ???ey e ???? e ?????e ??? ?????i ????? O?????? ??e
????? ?o ??? n 80 ???? a I??a, ??? ?i ????i??e ??a ????ey ???? O???. O?
?? ???? a ?????y ?????a ??e. N???i ?? ? ????o ??? O?? ?y? (????a), ???e
???? A?-?a, ????e I???e, ????e a ?? ?? ? ????? ?a ?ny?a ????. O?? ???i,
???u ??y ??e ?? ????ue ?????y, o ?o ?? ?? ???u. Ii ???eth «O????e-?», ?e
??a ?? O?? ??? ??a ????ue ????? ?y?y e ???a ???u (???u). I???y ???a
????e ????? ???? ???? ???ny e a ??? ?????eyo ?e y??, a ??a ? ??? i???e
(y????e).
A??? ?? ???? ??e ???th ???, ???ay ? ??? ???? ??y?? ? ???o ??? ???a, ???
???????ue, ?i, ???a?, ??? ??e a ????i ?c ??? ??? ????e, o. a. ??? ??i?i
??y? ???a a ??i ???e ? «? ??a. A???y ???? ?? i???????, e n y?i ?y??
????? ???? e ?????? ?i??y????e, ?iy??? ? ????y e ?????a. A ???yo ??a??e
???????e ??? ??? ????? ?ay ??ue ????i, ii ????i a ??o ???eyo. I??i ? ???
???????a ???e?? ??e ?????? ?? ????? ???a ???u. I?? ??? O?? (a 647 a.) ?i
???y ????ue, e ????? ?y??? ??e ????i?e. ???? e ?? ??o ????? ?????? ?
??????th ??e???ue. I???? ?????? ?????y ??i ?????ue ???e ??a ???????
????, ??????a ? ????? ????o?e ?????e ??? ??????i ???e ?????? ??? ?????.
E?? ??, ??? ?????a ???? a ??? ?????i ?c??? ???y ?y ???? ????? e ???a
???e. A ????? i??y??i ?????ey ??o ?????? e ?????????e ?i??ey? e ????e
??o ?? ???a ???? ?????e ?????? ???u, a ????e, ???oth ?? ??? ???? ?????
????y. N??? ??? ???e e ?????e ????? a ????y?? ???? ?a ???? ????oth
????oth ???? e a ???? ?? ???ue ???????, ? a ??e ??? ????a, y???? ?????i.
O? ?? e n O??????e. I?? ?i ??? e ???a ???e a N?a?? E?? ? ???? VIII a. ?
?? ???? e ???o ?????.
O??? ?e ? ???i ????i ??????i, ???ay? ????ny ??? ????y. Ii ??? Nth?ue
Oe??, O?? ?th ??ue ??? a ???o, ?a ??y, ????ay? ? ??e ???? ???. AE? ? a
??? ???y????, ?e ???o Nth?ue Oe?i, ? ???, ?????i ? ??e, — ??y?i, y?
????a ??? ????? ? ???e, ????? ? ????? ????, ????a ??, ?e ??yo ???? ?? a
A???e e A??a e ????o ??? ???o Ei?e. I??i ?e ??ay ?i ???a — N?????, ?e e
E??? — ??ae, ???e ? ?????? ??? ???i ??e ???e, — ?? ???? i???ath?? ????.
N??e ?????:
E??ey ??i A?e e A??e a ???a ??. *.1. I.: E?????i I????? ??????. 1987.
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