Ieienoa?noai iauaai e n?aaeiaai ia?aciaaiey
Aaoee?neee Ainoaea?noaaiiue Iaaeaaiae/aneee Einoeooo
Enoi?e/aneee oaeoeueoao
Eaoaae?a Anaiauae enoi?ee
Aeieeaae
Oaia: Oieiaeiia i?oaeea e aeiniaoe
a n?aaeiea aaea
Auiieiee: nooaeaio II eo?na
a?oiiu ? 1124
Iaaethoia ?. O.
Iao/iue ?oeiaiaeeoaeue:
Eaiiiaa O. A.
Ooa – 1999
Ieai.
Aaaaeaiea.
I. Iniiaiay /anoue:
1) Aeiniaoe e aii?oaeaiea aa?iaineeo ieaiai.
2) Iiyaeaiea e ?acaeoea ?uoea?noaa a Caiaaeiie Aa?iia.
3) Neaiaeeiaaneia aii?oaeaiea e aai aeeyiea ia ?uoea?noai.
4) Aii?oaeaiea iaoiou a X – XIII aaeao e “e?anoueyineia” i?oaeea.
5) Oieiaeiia i?oaeea a XIV – XV aaeao.
Caeeth/aiea
Eniieueciaaiiay eeoa?aoo?a
Aaaaeaiea
Iinea iaaeaiey ?eineie Eiia?ee ia/aeny no?aieoaeueiue iiaeuai
aa?aa?neiai ie?a. A Caiaaeiie Aa?iia iniiaiuie aa?aa?neeie ieaiaiaie,
caeiaeeaoeie iniiao a ca?iaeaeaiea aa?iiaeneeo ainoaea?noa, auee
aa?iaioeu. Aieueoeinoai ainoaea?noa nia?aiaiiie Aa?iio iaycaiu naiei
i?ienoiaeaeaieai ?acee/iui aa?iaineei ieaiaiai.
Nouanoaiaaiea ethaie a?oiiu ethaeae, a iniaaiii oeaeuo ieaiai e
ia?iaeia, iaecaaaeii aea/ao ca niaie noieeiiaaiey eae n ie?oaeathuei
ie?ii, oae e n iiaeiaiuie naaa. Aeaiiua noieeiiaaiey, /anoi
ia?a?anoathuea a aiaiiua eiioeeeou, o?aaotho ?acaeoey n?aaenoa aeey
oie/oiaeaiey naaa iiaeiaiuo, a oaeaea n?aaenoa e niiniaia caueou io
i?iyaeaiey aa?annee.
N?aaeiaaaeiaue ia?eiae enoi?ee ia/aeny n iaaeaiey ?eia, eiaaea i?aeu
aa?aa?neeo ieaiai oeuioee ia oa??eoi?ee auaoeo ?eineeo i?iaeioeee,
ia?aciaaa iiaua ainoaea?noaa.
Eco/aiea N?aaeieo aaeia iaaiciiaeii aac eco/aiey aiaiiuo eiioeeeoia
iaaeaeo ainoaea?noaaie e oaiaeaeaie, niioaaonoaaiii iaiaoiaeeii eco/aoue
n?aaenoaa iaiaaeaiey e caueou, i?eiaiyaiua a aeaiiuo aiaiiuo eiioeeeoao,
o.a. eco/aiea oieiaeiiai i?oaeey ai anai aai iiiaiia?acee a aeaiiue
ia?eiae enoi?ee. Iaiaoiaeeii ioiaoeoue, /oi iiiyoea N?aaeiea Aaea o
aieueoeinoaa ethaeae iaeciaiii annioeee?oaony n ia?acii ?uoea?y,
iaea/aiiiai a eaou n ia?iiiui ia/ii a ?oea. Aeaaiaea?y iinoiyiiui
eiioeeeoai e aieiai ioiioaiea e oieiaeiiio i?oaeeth a oi a?aiy i?eia?aei
aeae naiaia?aciiai eoeueoa, oiio i?eia?ii iiaeao neoaeeoue iieiaiiaaiea
iaeaieaa oeaiiuo e ciaiaieouo aaeeieoe i?oaeey, a oaeaea nicaeaiea
eaaaiae i naa?ouanoanoaaiiuo naienoaao yoeo eeeieia (Aeth?aiaeaeue,
Yneaeeao? e ae?.)
A aeaiiie ne?iiiie ?aaioa iu oioaee au aeaoue e?aoeee iaci? ?acaeoey
aeaeia oieiaeiiai i?oaeey e aeiniaoia a N?aaeiea Aaea aieioue aei
iiyaeaiey iaiano?aeueiiai i?oaeey.
Iniiaiay /anoue.
Aeiniaoe e aii?oaeaiea aa?iaineeo ieaiai.
Oae eae iaeiei ec iniiaiuo enoi/ieeia i?iieoaiey aa?iaineeo ieaiai auea
ioioa, oi aeey aiaiiuo aeaenoaee iie eniieueciaaee oa aea aeaeu i?oaeey,
/oi e aeey ioiou. Oioy aa?iaioeu /anoi i?eniaieoieyee e o?aaeeoeeiiiiio
aii?oaeaieth caeinoaiaaiiua o ?eieyi ueou e ei?ioeea eiiuey (?eineea
ieeoiu). Ia ca?a n?aaeiaaaeiauey aa?iaineea ieaiaia ioaeatho
i?aaeii/oaiea i?oaeeth oaea?ii-ae?iayuaai oeia, /oi aiai?eo i
i?eieoeaiinoe i?oaeaeiiai aeaea. Oieueei i?e iiei?aiee Aaeeee, A?eoaiee
e ae?oaeo ?eineeo i?iaeioeee iiaeii iaaethaeaoue iinoaiaiiue ia?aoiae e
?aaeoua-eiethuaio oeio aii?oaeaiey. I?ienoiaeeo eciaiaiea o?aaeeoeeiiiuo
oi?i i?oaeey, i?eaiaeiuo e aeey ioiou e aeey aieiu, a noi?iio aai
i?eaioaoeee ia /enoi aiaiiua oeaee. Ecaioiaeaiea i?oaeey ia?anoaao
eiaoue ooo/iue oa?aeoa?, iiyaeythony eeanne/aneea oi?iu aii?oaeaiey, /oi
iicaieyao iaeaaeeoue ianniaia i?iecaiaenoai oieiaeiiai i?oaeey.
E eiioeo V aaea, i?oaeea aa?iaineeo ieaiai auei aeinoaoi/ii iaeiioeiii e
ninoiyei ec iaithaeiino?iai ia/a – spatha, ei?ioeiai ia/a – scramasax,
iiaea, aiaaiai oiii?a (aa?aeuoa) eee o?aioeenee, iaaieueoiai aiaiia,
ae?ioeea eee o?aiae e aieueoiai ueoa. Ioaeaeea i?oaeey ioee/aaony
aieueoie ?ineioueth, yoi aiai?eo i oii, /oi a ia?eiae ?aiiaai
n?aaeiaaaeiauey, eiaaea aa?iaineea ieaiaia caoaaoeee aiaaooth aeiau/o a
?eineie Eiia?ee, ia auei aiciiaeiinoae aeey aeeaaeuaaiey iaoa?eaeueiuo
n?aaenoa eoaea-eeai e?iia eae a ioaeaeeo e oe?aoaiea ee/iiai i?oaeey,
eioi?ia nii?iaiaeaeaei aieia e a iiaeeo.
Spatha – iaithaeiino?ia i?yiia eeeieiaia i?oaeea ?aaeoua-eiethuaai oeia,
n aeeeiiie eeeiea aei 80 ni i?e oe?eia aei 5 ni (eiiaaea e aieaa), n
iaeii?o/iie ?oeiyoueth e, eae i?aaeei, n iaaieueoie aa?aeie e ieineei
iaieiaueai. Eeeiee aeaiiiai oeia aiaaoi oe?aoaeenue, iie ano?a/athony ia
anae oa??eoi?ee ?annaeaiey aa?iaioeaa. Ii a aeaiioth yiioo ia/e
iiaeiaiiai oeia ninoaaeytho ?aaeeinoue e, eae aeaeii, eo iineee oieueei
aiaeaee. Yoi auei aeaai?iaeiia i?oaeea, ciae aeanoe.
Ne?aianaen (Scramasax) – /enoi aa?iaineia i?oaeea, eioi?ia auei iaeaieaa
oiio?aaeyaiui. Ne?aianaen eiae eeeiie aei 6,5 ni oe?eiie e aeeeiie
eeeiea io 44 aei 75 ni. Eeeiie eiae iaeiinoi?iiithth caoi/eo, y?ei
au?aaeaiiia eiethuaa ino?ea, eiiaaea ano?a/aeny iacia/eoaeueiue ecaea
eeeiea. ?oeiyoue i?aaeiacia/aeanue aeey iaaeo ?oe e /anoi aeinoeaaea
aeeeiu aei 20 ni. Ii eiae /a/aaeaeiia iaieiauea e iaaieueooth aeaeacioth
/aoa/eo, neoaeeaooth aa?aeie. A ia?a ni ne?aianaenii, eae i?oaeea eaaie
?oee, eniieueciaaeenue iaaieueoea iiaee io 10 aei 30 ni, yaeythueany aai
i?ioioeiii.
O?aioeenea – oieiaeiia i?oaeea oaea?ii-ae?iayuaai oeia, i?aaenoaaeythuaa
niaie ?acee/iua aa?eaiou aiaaiai oiii?a aa?iaioeaa, ia eiathuaa /aoeie
eeanneoeeaoeee e nenoaiaoecaoeee. Eiiaaea oiio?aaeyeinue eae
iaoaoaeueiia i?oaeea.
O?aiay – yoi ei?ioeia eiiuea, aeeeia eioi?iai ia i?aauoaao /aeiaa/aneiai
?inoa, eiathuaa iaeiia/iee eaa?iaeaeiie oi?iu a o?oaeo eioi?iai
anoaaeyeinue aea?aayiiia ae?aaei.
Aiaii – anoue iaei eciaiaiiue ?eineee ieeoi, n aeeeiiui (aei 90 ni)
iaeiia/ieeii, eioi?ue eniieueciaaeny eae iaoaoaeueiia i?oaeea.
Aa?iaioeu oiio?aaeyee aieueoea ueou e?oaeie oi?iu, aeaeaaoeany ec
aea?aaa eee ieaoaiiuo aaoie, eiiaaea iie iaoyaeaaeenue eiaeae e
oe?aieyeenue aeaeacii. Inoaeueiua yeaiaiou aeiniaoia ii anae aeaeeiinoe
o aa?iaineeo ieaiai ionoonoaiaaee, ca eneeth/aieai o?ioaeiuo ?eineeo
oeaiia.
Oaeei ia?acii iiaeii caeeth/eoue, /oi ianooiaoaeueiua nenoaiu
aii?oaeaiey i?aaenoaaeyee niaie aeaeieciaiaiiua i?oaeey o?oaea, ia eiaee
/aoeie nenoaiaoecaoeee e ia auee iaeiioeiiu.
Iiyaeaiea e ?acaeoea ?uoea?noaa a Caiaaeiie Aa?iia.
Iiyaeaiea ?uoea?noaa iai?yioth naycaii n ia?aciaaieai oeaio?aeeciaaiiiai
o?aieneiai ainoaea?noaa iiae oi?aaeaieai Ea?ea Aaeeeiai, e noaiiaeaiea
?uoea?noai i?ioaeaei ia anai i?ioyaeaiee ea?ieeianeie aeeianoee. Ea?e
i?aaieciaae e i?eaae a ii?yaeie aiaiiua iannu, nenoaiaoece?iaae e
oii?yaei/ee eo aii?oaeaiea. Eiaiii ii caiyeny nicaeaieai eiiiiai aienea,
?acaeaeee aienea ia eiiieoeo e iaoioo, oai naiui caeiaeea iniiau
?uoea?noaa. Eaaaea?eth ninoaaeyee oyaeaeiaii?oaeaiiua aieiu, yaeythueany
naiaiaeiuie ethaeueie e aannaeaie ei?iey, eiaiii iie ninoaaeyee yae?i
aienea. Iicaeiaa anaaeieee ia?aciaaee aeai?yineia nineiaea e ?uoea?noai.
Iaoaa aienei ninoiyei ec ianaiaiaeiuo neoa, eioi?ua auee ieeeia?aie eee
no?aeeaie. Oaeei ia?acii i?ienoiaeeo ?acaeaeaiea ia “iecoeo” e “aunoeo”,
/oi ei?aiiui ia?acii iiaeeyei ia aeaeueiaeoaa auaeaeaiea eaaaea?ee eae
aaaeiaeoaai ?iaea aiene. Eiiieoea aeaeaea a naaa ia yae?i aienea, ii
naii aienei.
Iiyaeaiea eaaaea?ee aea/ao ca niaie iieiia eciaiaiea aeiniaoia e
aii?oaeaiey. Aeeeiiue ia/, ecaanoiue iai aua ii a?aiaiai Ia?iaeiaia,
noaiiaeony iaeciaiiui ao?eaooii eaaeaeiai naiaiaeiiai /aeiaaea, iniiaiui
i?oaeeai eiiiiai aieia, i?aaeiaoii ieeoeaoai?ythuei naiaiaeo e /anoue.
Aianoa n oai oaaee/eaaaony e cia/aiea eiiuey, aai cia/aiea eae i?oaeey
iaiaaeaiey aeey ia?aiai oaea?a ?anoao n iaiaueiiaaiiie auno?ioie.
Aeeeiiue ueo aeoeaii eniieueciaaeny eaaaea?eae, a neaaenoaee
ianiaa?oainoaa aeiniaoia. Aeiniaoe i?aaenoaaeyee niaie iieoe?oaeue oeai,
iaaeaaaaiue iiaa?o iaoaeieea. Iaioee?ue, cae?uaathuee oaei, i?aaenoaaeye
niaie eeai a?iith ec aeaeaciuo /aooae iaoeouo ia eiaeo eee iaoa?eth, eee
ii ia?acoaony ec naoe oiieeo eiaeaiuo ?aiiae, iaeeaaeuaaaiuo ia ieaouea.
Oaeie aeiniao aue iaoeiaeaeiie oi?iu e nioneaeny ii/oe aei eieai. Eiaiii
oae auaeyaeaee ia?aiia/aeueii ?uoea?e O?aioeee e Aa?iaiee, aaea
?uoea?noai neiaeeeinue ?aiueoa ae?oaeo ?aaeiiia.
Ianeieueei iicaeiaa neiaeeeinue ?uoea?noai a Eoaeee, aaea iii ieeiaaea
ia auei iiiai/eneaiiui, e iniiaie aienea yaeyeanue iaoioa. Iniiaioth
/a?oo eoaeueyineiai aii?oaeaiey ninoaaeyao aai eaaeinoue. Ia/e (
iicaeiaa /eieaaaeay eee /eieoyaea) auee ei?ioeea e ino?ua, iaeiia/ieee
eiiee oceea e /anoi niaaaeaiu e?th/ueyie, ueo eiae e?oaeoth oi?iu e
iaaieueoea ?acia?u. Oeai iie?uaae anth aieiao. Aeiniaoe auee eaaee e
?aciiia?aciu.
A Eniaiee ec aioe/iuo ?aiie auoiaeyo oieueei: aeeeiiue iaithaeiino?ue
ia/ e iaeaiueeee eiaeaiue oeai.
A aii?oaeaiee eiiiiai aieia e iaoioeioea aua iao aieueoie ?acieoeu,
oieueei ueo eiiiiai aieia caino?yaony eieco. No?aeee eniieueciaaee eoee
e i?aue, oyaeaeay iaoioa ia?yaeo n eiiueyie eniieueciaaea naee?u,
oiii?u, aoeaau e ae?oaia i?oaeea oaea?ii-ae?iayoa-?oayuaai oeia
eonoa?iiai ecaioiaeaiey.
Ia/aei e?anoiauo iioiaeia (XI aae) iieacaei ana oycaeiua ianoa
?uoea?neiai aienea. Yoi aeaei ia/aei aeey aeaeueiaeoaai
niaa?oainoaiaaiey i?oaeey e aeiniaoia eaaaea?ee e aa ioaeaeaieth io
iaoiou. Aii?oaeaiea ?uoea?y i?aaenoaaeyei niaie oyaeaeue aeaeaciue oeai
a oi?ia ai?oea, eieue/aoue aeiniao (caeinoaiaaiiue ia Ainoiea) /anoi
oneeaiiue noaeueiuie iaeieaiieeaie, iaeieioieeaie, ca?oeaeaie,
iaiea/ieeaie e o.ae., eioi?ue eiiaaea eiiaeie?iaaeny n ieanoei/aoui
aeiniaoaie. Oaeie aeae aeiniaoia i?inouanoaiaae aei XIV aaea, oioy /aoei
i?ineaaeeaaaony aai “ooyaeaeaiea” a noi?iio ieanoei/aouo e eaoiuo aeaeia
aeiniaoia. Aeaaiaea?y aieaa niaa?oaiiui oi?iai caueou oiaiueoathony
?acia?u ueoia, eioi?ua aeaeathony i?i/iaa e eiatho ?aciiia?aciua oi?iu.
I?oaeea iiaeiaii aeiniaoai, oiaea oaaee/eaaaony a aana e ?acia?ao. Ia/e
aeinoeaatho ?acia?ia aei 1,2 iao?ia, eiatho i?yiie eeeiie, iaithaeioth
caoi/eo, e?anoiia?acioth aa?aeo, ?oeiyoue iiae iieooi?iue eee aeao?o/iue
oaao, ianneaiia iaieiauea, o?aaiiaaoeaathuea eeeiie. Eiiuea oaia?ue
oi?aaeyaony ia naiaiaeiie ?oeie, a oie?aaony a auaieo iaiea/ieea.
Iaeciaiiui ao?eaooii eaaeaeiai ?uoea?y yaeyeny eeiaeae eee noeeao,
eioi?ua eniieueciaaeenue eae aeey aaeu, oae e aeey aiy. Iaeaieueoaa
?ani?ino?aiaiea a yoi a?aiy iieo/eee eeiaeaeu ieeina?aeey – ieca?ei?aeu.
Eae aniiiiaaoaeueiia i?oaeea eiiiiai aieia /anoi eniieuecothony
?acee/iua aeaeu oaea?ii-ae?iayuaai i?oaeey: /aeai, aoeaaa, oanoiia?.
Oaeaea iaoiaeyo i?eiaiaiea oiii?u e naee?u.
N ?acaeoeai aeiniaoia e ii/oe iieiie caueuaiiinoueth anaaeieea,
i?ienoiaeeo ieii/aoaeueiia auaeaeaiea aeai?yineiai nineiaey. Iiyaeythony
aa?au e aa?aeueaeeea (ia?aue aa?a a 1127 aiaeo – aa?a a?aoa
Aiaeoeneiai), i?eia?aoatho oe?ieia ?ani?ino?aiaiea ?uoea?neea oo?ie?u,
eioi?ua ec aiaiiuo oi?aaeiaiee ia?a?inee a oaao?aeeciaaiiia c?aeeua. Aei
XIV aaea ia auei ?acee/ee iaaeaeo aiaaui e oo?ie?iui aii?oaeaieai.
Oaeaea aei yoiai a?aiaie ia auei oe?ieiai ?ani?ino?aiaiey eiineiai
aeiniaoa.
Neaiaeeiaaneia aii?oaeaiea e aai aeeyiea ia ?uoea?noai.
Ioaaaeiua ieaiaia, aeeaoea ia naaa?a Caiaaeiie Aa?iiu, oaea ia ca?a
n?aaeiaaaeiauey iaaiaeeee oaean ia ana ianaeaiea Aa?iiu, i?iieeee a
N?aaeecaiiia ii?a, iiauaaee ia ao?eeaineii, aceaoneii e aia?eeaineii
eiioeiaioao. I?iaiaey aeeciue a aeoaao e no?ainoaeyo, neaiaeeiaau
auianee ec naieo iiiai/eneaiiuo iioiaeia iaiaueiiaaiioth iiuoiinoue, e
ana /oi auei aeey ieo iiaiai e iieaciiai ioiineoaeueii aiaiiiai aeaea o
ae?oaeo ia?iaeia.
Ia ia?aii yoaia n?aaeiaaaeiauey aii?oaeaiea neaiaeeiaaneiai aieia auei
n?iaeie aa?iaineiio: oyaeaeue oe?ieee ia/ (aeeeia aei 80 ni, /anoi
oieueei ?oayuaa i?oaeea, iaeii?o/iay ?oeiyoue), ?acee/iua aeaeu naee? e
oiii?ia oeia o?aioeenee, ei?ioeea eiiuey. Ecaanoii, /oi neaiaeeiaau
i?aeoe/anee ia eniieueciaaee aeiniaoia e ia eiaee eaaaea?ee.
E X noieaoeth aii?oaeaiea neaiaeeiaaia caiaoii iia?aaeaao aii?oaeaiea
ae?oaeo no?ai. Yoi i?iecioei aeaaiaea?y i?aaie/iiio niaoaieth i?oaeaeiuo
o?aaeeoeee Caiaaea e Ainoiea o yoeo naaa?iuo ia?iaeia, i?ioaaeoeo
iieiaeio ie?a. Ooaa?aeeaoenue ia naaa?a O?aieneiai ainoaea?noaa (912
aiae), a iicaea iiei?ea A?eoaieth ii?iaiiu noaee iineoaeyie ia?aaeiauo
i?oaeaeiuo o?aaeeoeee a Aa?iia.
Aeeeiiua ia/e e eiiuey, ieiaeaeaaeaeiua ueou, ino?ieiia/iua oeaiu n
iaiinieeaie e aa?ieoeaie, eieue/aoua e /aooe/aoua aeiniaoe – aio e?aoeee
ia?a/aiue ii?iaiineeo iiaiaaaaeaiee a i?oaeaeiia aeaei Caiaaea. Oaeaea
o neaiaeeiaaneeo ia?iaeia iu aia?aua ano?a/aai eiiaeie?iaaiiia i?oaeea –
aiaeaiaeae (ii aea aeaoneee oiii?, coaanoay naee?a), eina?ue, aaecaia.
Eioi?ua iieo/eee oe?ieia ?ani?ino?aiaiea a Caiaaeiie Aa?iia e aeaee
ia/aei iaoe?iiio aa?iiaeneiio naiaenoao eiiaeie?iaaiiiai i?oaeey.
Aii?oaeaiea iaoiou a X – XIII aaeao e “e?anoueyineia” i?oaeea.
Oioy iu e oiiieiaee ?aiueoa, /oi aeiniaoe e aii?oaeaiea iaoiou aei
ia/aea e?anoiauo iioiaeia ia neeueii ioee/aeenue io eaaaea?ee, oai ia
iaiaa neaaeoao o/eouaaoue, /oi iaoioa aeoeaii o/anoaiaaea a aiaiiuo
noieeiiaaieyo e /anoi iiaaaeaeaea ?uoea?ae eiaiii aeaaiaea?y naiaio
i?oaeeth. Iaoioeioeu yoiai a?aiaie eiaee aeiniaoe ec aeaeaciuo aeyo
iaoeouo ia iaoa?eth ia iaia? /a?aieoeu eee aeiniaoe ec eiaee, e oieueei
a eiioea aeaiiiai ia?eiaea noaee eniieueciaaoueny eieue/aoua e
eiiaeie?iaaiiua aeaeu aeiniaoia, ii iie ia iieo/eee oe?ieiai
?ani?ino?aiaiey aaeaeo aunieie noieiinoe. Aieiaiie aeiniao ninoaaeyao
oeeeeiae?i-eiie/aneee oeai n iaiinieeii e caueoie uae, iiae caueuatho
eiaeaiua aao?u.
Aii?oaeaiea aeinoaoi/ii ?aciiia?acii. I?ienoiaeeo ?acaeaeaiea iaoiou ia
no?aeeia e oyaeaeoth iaoioo. No?aeee auee aii?oaeaiu aeeeiiui i?inoui
eoeii eee a?aaeaoii, eiaee aieueoie ueo, eioi?ue i?e no?aeueaa oie?aeny
a caieth e caueuae aieia. A iaaieueoii eiee/anoaa ano?a/aeenue i?aue.
No?aeee eiaee ei?ioeea ia/e, eeiaeaeu e oanaee. Oyaeaeay iaoioa auea
aii?oaeaia eiiueyie, ano?a/aeenue oiii?u, naee?u e aiaeaiaeaee.
E yoiio ia?eiaeo a?aiaie ia/eiaao oi?ie?iaaoueny iniaue aeae
aii?oaeaiey, iacaaiiue “e?anoueyineei”. ?acaeoea aeaiiiai aeaea i?oaeey
naycaii n o/anoeaoeieny noieeiiaaieyie iaaeaeo oaiaeaeueiuie a?ieyie e
e?anoueyiaie. I?oaeea aeaiiiai oeia eae i?aaeei i?aaenoaaeyao niaie
aeaeieciaiaiiua i?oaeey o?oaea e i?aaeiacia/aii aeey ai?ueau n
anaaeieeii. Iii eiaao oneiaioth eeanneoeeaoeeth e eae i?aaeei yaeyaony
eiiaeie?iaaiiui. Neaaeoao o/eouaaoue aii?oaeaiea e?anoueyi e aai ?ieue a
?acaeoee i?oaeaeiiai aeaea, o.e. iaeioi?ua aeaeu aeaiiiai oeia i?oaeey
eniieueciaaeenue e ?uoea?yie, e ec e?anoueyineee iiie/aiee iiyaeeanue
a?iciay iaiiaaaeeiay oaaeoea?neay iaoioa.
E i?oaeeth aeaiiiai oeia iiaeii ioianoe: ii?aaioa?i, aiaaie oeai, aiaaie
ae/, eenoaiue, aiaaua a?aaee, aiaaoth eino, aiaaie na?i, iaieao/a?
(aiaaie ooaao) o. ae. Anaaiciiaeiia eiiaeie?iaaiea eiethuaai, ?aaeouaai,
ae?iayuaai, ae?aaeiaiai i?oaeey a oaeaea i?oaeey n aeaeei yeaiaioii ia
iniiaa i?oaeee o?oaea e aeaei ie?o iaeaieaa no?aoiua aeaeu oieiaeiiai
i?oaeey.
Oieiaeiia i?oaeea a XIV – XV aaeao
E ia/aeo XIV noieaoey ?acaeoea aii?oaeaiey ?uoea?y noaiiaeony
aeiaieueii niaa?oaiiui e a XV aaea aeinoeaaao naiaai ieea.
Eieue/aoua e eiiaeie?iaaiiua aeiniaoe oaea ia iiaoo iieiinoueth
caueoeoue naiaai aeaaeaeueoea io oaea?ia oyaeaeuo ia/ae, a?aaeaoiuo
aieoia e no?ae. Oaeei ia?acii oaei iinoaiaiii iieiinoueth iie?uaaaony
aeaeacii e iiyaeyaony nieioiie aeiniao. E eiioeo XV noieaoey nieioiua
aeiniaoe aeinoeaatho naiaai iieiiai ?acaeoey, iaeaieaa “y?eei”
i?aaenoaaeoaeai nieioiuo aeiniaoia yaeyaony iaeneieeeaiianeee aeiniao,
eioi?ue ninoiye aieaa /ai ec 100 /anoae e aiaaoi oe?aoaeny.
Nieioiie aeiniao yoiai a?aiaie i?aaenoaaeye niaie ?yae
oeaeueiiiaoaeee/aneeo /anoae iiaeaeaeii ne?aieaiiuo iaaeaeo niaie.
Iaaieiauea aeiniaoa i?aaenoaaeyao niaie oeai – naeaae, iicaea iiyaeeny
aaoeeiao, e e eiioeo XV noieaoey – a?ia eee a?iao. Oeai i?eaei/eaaeny e
iaa?oaeieeo, oneeaiiiio ieaeiei ooieuaieai – iaioee?ai, e eioi?iio
e?aieeenue iaa?thoiee e iaaaae?aiieee, iiae auee caueuaiu iaaieaiieeaie,
iaeieaiieeaie, iaeyaeaaiieeaie, iaee?aiieeaie e noaeueiuie naiiaaie,
eiaaoeie oaeeeiaiioth oi?io aeey onoie/eainoe a naaeea. ?oee caueuaeenue
iaiea/ieeaie, iaeieioieeaie e eaoiuie ?oeaaeoeaie. Oaeie aeiniao /anoi
aeiiieiyeny eieue/aouie yeaiaioaie e ?ineioii ioaeaeuaaeny. Ueou
i?eiaiyeenue iaaieueoea oeaeueiiiaoaee/aneea, eniieueciaaeenue oa?/e,
eoea/iua ueou, ?iiaeaaee.
Aii?oaeaiea ?uoea?y i?aaenoaaeyao niaie oyaeaeia eiiuea n ueoeii,
cae?uaathuei ?oeo, e, oaea?aeeaaaiia aeaaiaea?y niaoeeaeueiui e?th/ueyi
ia aeiniaoao. Eeeieiaia i?oaeea i?aaenoaaeaii aeeeiiuie (aei 1,8 i) e
ioiineoaeueii oceeie ia/aie n ?acaeouie aa?aeaie e ianneaiuie aeeeiiuie
?oeiyoyie. I?eia?ii oaeiai i?oaeey yaeythony: yniaaeiiu, eeaeii?u.
Oaeaea a aieueoii oiio?aaeaiee iiyniua ia/e iienaiiua ?aiaa e eo
?acee/iua iiaeeoeeaoeee (oae iacuaaaiua aanoa?aeu). Aieueoia
?ani?ino?aiaiea eiatho anaaiciiaeiua aeaeu ei?ioeiai i?yiiai eeeieiaiai
i?oaeey: eeiaeaeu, aeaae, noeeaou, /eieoyaeu, ei?ioeea ia/e e eo
anaaiciiaeiua iiaeeoeeaoeee (aeaaa – o?acoaaoe). Aii?oaeaiea ?uoea?y
/anoi aeiiieiyaony ia?ia/ii, aoeaaie, oanoiia?ii, aiaaui ae/ii, /aeaiii,
oiii?ii, naee?ie. Aeaiiua aeaeu i?oaeey yaeythony aniiiiaaoaeueiuie, iie
/anoi aiaaoi oe?aoaeenue e ni a?aiaiai eo iioaiea i?eia?aei ?eooaeueiue
oa?aeoa?.
Aeiniaoe eioaaee i?aaenoaaeyee niaie eieue/aooth iiiiio oneeaiioth
oeaeueiiiaoaee/aneeie anoaaeaie.
Aeiniaoe e i?oaeea aeaiiiai a?aiaie aiaaoi ioaeaeuaaeenue e oe?aoaeenue.
I?iecioei ?acaeaeaiea ia oo?ie?iue e aiaaie aeiniaoe. Oo?ie?iue aeiniao
aeey eiiiiai ninoycaiey aue oieua n eaaie noi?iiu e ne?aieyeny oaeei
ia?acii, /oi aeaaae anaaeieeo aieueooth onoie/eainoue, ii iaeoth
iiaeaeaeiinoue. Oo?ie?iue iaoee aeiniao aue eaa/a e ioee/aeny
niaoeeaeueiie aeaeaciie thaeie.
Iaoioa eae e ?aiueoa aeaeeeanue ia oyaeaeoth iaoioo e no?aeeia. Ia?aay a
naith i/a?aaeue aeaeeeanue ia ieeeia?ia e “iaioee?ieeia”. Ieeeia?u auee
aii?oaeaiu aeeeiiuie ieeaie e eeiaeaeaie, aieiao caueuaee oeaia aac
caa?aea (naeaaeu, aa?athou, ii?eiiu, aaoeeiaou), a oaei a?eaaioeiu,
?aiiea ee?anu. Aoi?ie oei oyaeaeie iaoiou ioee/aaony aieaa ianneaiuie
aeiniaoaie e aii?oaeaieai. Iii i?aaenoaaeyei niaie oyaeaeua aeao?o/iua
ia/e e anaaiciiaeiia ae?aaeiaia eiiaeie?iaaiiia i?oaeea – aieiaee ycue,
eina?ue, niaia, aeaaa?aeu, i?ioacaiu e o.ae. Yoi auei i?oaeea
i?aaeiacia/aiiia aeey i?ieaiuaaiey no?iy i?ioeaieea.
No?aeee auee eaa/a iaeiniaoaiu e aii?oaeaiu a?aaeaoaie e ?aiieie aeaeaie
iaiano?aeueiiai i?oaeey.
Caeeth/aiea
Niaa?oainoaiaaiea iaiano?aeueiiai i?oaeey ia inoaiiaeei ?acaeoey
oieiaeiiai aii?oaeaiey. Oai ia iaiaa oieiaeiia i?oaeea iioa?yei naia
iiiiiieenoe/aneia cia/aiea eae n?aaenoai aeey oie/oiaeaiey naaa
iiaeiaiuo.
Iu iiaee iaaethaeaoue, eae ec i?oaeee o?oaea e ioiou iieo/aaony i?oaeea.
Iioii iii ia?aoiaeeo a eoeueo e ioee/eoaeueioth /a?oo /aeiaaea. Caoai
aii?oaeaiea e aeiniaoe i?eia?aoatho iieacaoaeueiue oa?aeoa?. E,
iaeiiaoe, oieiaeiia i?oaeea, a aieueoeinoaa naiai, noaei iineoue noaoai
aeaei?aoeaiue oa?aeoa?.
Eae ioia/aeinue auoa ?acaeoea n?aaenoa iaiaaeaiey e caueou io?aaeaao
nooiaiue nioeeaeueiiai, eoeueoo?iiai e oaoie/aneiai ?acaeoey iauanoaa.
Iiyoiio eco/aiea aii?oaeaiey – iaeia ec i?ei?eoaoiuo io?aneae
enoi?e/aneie iaoee.
Eniieueciaaiiay eeoa?aoo?a
1) I. oii Aeieea? “I?oaeea. ?oeiaiaenoai e enoi?ee, iienaieth e
ecia?aaeaieth ?o/iiai i?oaeey n ae?aaiaeoeo a?aiai aei ia/aea XIX aaea”,
Iineaa 1992
2) A. A. O?oaieeia “Aieueoie neiaa?ue i?oaeey”, I. Iieeaii 1997
3) “Aeaiueae/Aeiniaoe e i?oaeea”, Dorling Kindersley, Multimedia
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