A. ?. Ae A ? AE A A E I
( 1 7 4 3 – 1 8 1 6 )
(iiiuoea iaci?a oai?/anoaa iiyoa)
Aea?aeaaei ia/ae ia/aoaoueny a 1773 aiaeo, iaeiaei, yoi ia auei
ia/aeii aai eeoa?aoo?iie aeayoaeueiinoe. Iieiaeie iiyo noae ienaoue
noeoe aua ia nieaeaoneie neoaeaa. Nio?aieeenue aeaa oao?aaee oiai
?aiiaai ia?eiaea oai?/anoaa, eiaaea ii “i?eiauaeny” e “aieoaeyi”
ii?iaoeaiiai noeoineiaeaiey. A aai ?aiieo ianaiinoiyoaeueiuo iiuoao
i?ineaaeeaaaony aeeyiea ia oieueei iauai?eciaiiuo iiyoia oiai a?aiaie,
ii e oaeeo iiaaoi?ia, eae *oeeia, Aa?eia, e eioi?ui iicaeiaa iu niiaeai
ioianoe e naiiai Aea?aeaaeia.
Niaa?oainoaiaaieth iiyoa i?aaeoanoaiaaei noaiiaeaiea aai eae oai?aoeea
eeoa?aoo?u.
A 1811 aiaeo ii iiaeaae eoia oai?aoe/aneie /anoe naiaai oai?/anoaa
?yaeii ?aaio, iaeiie ec eioi?uo auei “?annoaeaeaiea i ee?e/aneie iiycee
eee ia iaea”, aaea ii nouanoaaiii iooiaeeo io iauai?eiyouo ii?i
eeoa?aoo?ii-e?eoe/aneiai i/a?ea oiai a?aiaie ia oieueei ii oi?ia, ii e
ii niaea?aeaieth.
E?eoeea ?onneiai eeanneoeecia eiaea iai?aaeaiiinoue ii i?aeiouanoao
a?aiiaoeei-ycueiaoth, /oi ia iaoaei aeaeaoue caeeth/aiey i aeai?ao e
ae?oaeo iniaaiiinoyo ?acae?aaiuo i?iecaaaeaiee. E?eoee aeieaeai auoue
eneeth/eoaeueii no?ia e eaaeaeiio eiaeeaeaeoaeueiiio iooaieo, iaoathuaio
/enoioa noeey. Iiaeiaiay iaaeaioe/iinoue naienoaaiia e?eoeea
O?aaeeaeianeiai e Eiiiiiniaa.
?aoeeiiaeeci ynoaoeee eeanneoeecia i?aeiieeny a
i?inaaoeoaeuenei-iaaeaaiae/aneii iiieiaiee oeaee, noiyuae ia?aae
ii?iaoeaii-aeai?iaie e?eoeeie. Caaea/a auea aei i?aaeaea i?inoa e a oi
aea a?aiy iaaa?iyoii neiaeia: i?inaauaiea /eoaoaeae e ienaoaeae,
oi?ie?iaaiea i?aaeeueiiai (e oieueei!) neiaa, i?aaeeueiie iunee e
/oanoaa. A. I. Oaieia a noaouea
“I ea/anoaao noeoioai?oea ?annoaeaeaiea” ieoao: “…noeoioai?aoe, ia
ciathuee ieaea a?aiiaoe/aneeo i?aaee, ieaea ?eoi?e/aneeo, aea eiaaea aua
iaaeinoaoi/ai a ciaiee…aaoi?ia,…eioi?ua io ae?aaieo aaeia ia?acoeii
noeoioai?noao n/eoaeenue, …oiiaeiaeyaony oeceeo, ia ciathuaio
iaoaiaoeee, oeiee e aeae?aaeeee.” Oaeie iiyo “ieeiaaea aei iiciaiey
i?yiiai noeoioai?noaa aeinooieoue ia iiaeao.”
Eoae, ia iieao aaeioiiaaiey, a nianoaaiii oeeieiae/aneay y?oaeeoeey, ia
iieao /oanoaa, ii ?annoaeeoaeueiinoue oai?/aneiai i?ioeanna – aio /oi a
ia?aoth i/a?aaeue oeaieo a ienaoaea e?eoee-eeanneoeeno.
Aea?aeaaei aea iooiaeeo io auoaiaicia/aiiuo ii?i eeanneoeenoe/aneie
e?eoeee. A oaea oiiiyiooie noaouea “?annoaeaeaiea i ee?e/aneie iiycee
eee ia iaea” iiyo oae , iai?eia?, iauyniyao cia/aiea neiaa “iaea” :
“…a iiaaeoeo a?aiaiao … iia oi aea, /oi Eaioaoa, I?aoi?ey, ?iiain,
Aaeeaaea, Noain eee aeaaea i?inoay ianiy.” Caeanue iaeeoei ia?ooaiea ia
oieueei aeai?iaie ea?a?oee, ii e i?i/eo eaiiiia eeoa?aoo?u,
onoaiiaeaiiuo aua ?iaeiia/aeueieeaie eeanneoeecia. Aeaeaa Aea?aeaaei
?acuyniyao oaeea iiiyoey, eae “aaeioiiaaiea”, “aunieinoue”, “aanii?yaeie
ee?e/aneee”. Iiyo ieoao ia iaea: “…ainoi?aeaiiue oi ia oniaaaao
/?acia?ii auno?ioaeoueo iuneae ?aniieiaeeoue eiae/anee, Iiyoiio iaea
ieaia ia oa?ieo.” Aea?aeaaei ?anneacuaaao i “aaeeinoaa no?anoe” e i
“?aciiia?acee” aa iaeiia?aiaiii, i?aeiieyy /a?ac naia iiieiaiea i?aaeei
i aaeeinoaa ianoa, a?aiaie, aeaenoaey.
Aeaeaa Aea?aeaaei ?aooao ca e?aoeinoue iaeu e ca aa i?aaaeiiiaeiaea,
caia/ay, /oi “auiuneu enoeio oieueei oe?aoatho”. Iiyo iiao aeii
aaeioiiaaieth, iiaoi?yy, /oi eeoue iii niiniaii “…ia ao?iua ii?uau
/oanoaa, aunieea aiaeanoaaiiua iunee,…aeeaua eeoeaiiaeiaey, ioaaaeiua
ia?aiinu e i?i/ea ?eoi?neea oe?aoaiey, i eieo auei oaea aiai?aii.”
Iaeiaei i/aiue iiiaia ec oiai, /oi Aea?aeaaei i?eiaiye ia i?aeoeea ,
inoaeinue iaaeineacaiiui a yoie noaouea e iieo/eei i?eciaiea eeoue iinea
eco/aiey iiyoeee aaoi?a eae noeoioai?oea.
Iaeiie ec iniiaiuo iniaaiiinoae iiyoeee Aea?aeaaeia yaeyaony ?ac?ooaiea
aeai?iaie ea?a?oee: niaaeeiaiea “aunieiai” e “ieceiai”. O?aaeeoeeiiii
oiio?aaeaiea ieceie eaeneee auei aiciiaeii eneeth/eoaeueii a ieceeo
aeai?ao: aaniy, yiea?aiia, eiiaaeey . Ia?aaeei yoi nicaeaaaei
eaene/aneoth aeenaa?iiieth: “I?iaa?eie i?acaeiee nae e?anoueyineee”
(“E?anoueyineee i?acaeiee”). Caeanue iaeeoei niaoaiea
oea?eiaiineaayineie e ieciaie eaeneee.
Iao?e/aneea iaoi/iinoe /anoi o?ainoi?ie?iaaeenue a iiaua ?acia?u. Oae ,
a noeoioai?aiee “Eanoi/ea” Aea?aeaaei aaiaeeo aia?aua /a?aaeiaaiea
o?aoneiaeiuo aeaeoeeae e o?aoneiaeiiai aioea?aoey:
Oae ia eanoi/ea neaaeeiaeanay
Aeiiiaeoay ni cano?aoe –
Ao! Iiy ieeay, i?ae?aniay
I?i/ue oeaoaea, – n iae ooaoe.
Ii, iiaeaeoe, iaeaieaa oe?ieia ?ani?ino?aiaiea iieo/eea oae iacuaaaiay
“ia?aciay caoeiienue”, o. a. n iiiiuueth eioi?ie nicaeaaony ia?ac.
“Aeaaie a?aiai iaoaeea caii” – aie /ania (“Ia nia?oue ei. Iaua?neiai”),
“Naaa?iu a?iiu a a?iaa eaaeao” – ia?ac iieeiaiaeoea Noai?iaa
(“Niaae?ue”).
Aea?aeaaei oe?iei iieuecoaony iaoi/iuie ?eoiaie: “oai?aiuea” \ “ia?uey”,
“ai oueia” \ “ai nia” e o. ae.
Ecia?aceoaeueiinoue, ieanoe/iinoue iaoiaeyony o Aea?aeaaeia ia aunieii
o?iaia. A aai iiycee iiyaeyaony eiie?aoiue ee?e/aneee aa?ie
(“I?eaeaoaiea e iaaaeo”). ?acaeoea eaeae (ia nthaeaoa) naycaii n
i?eaioaoeeae iiyoa ia ioaee/iia ?eoi?e/aneia i?iecianaiea oaenoa. Oae,
iai?eia?, iino?iaia aeooiaiay iaea “Aia” (caiaoei, /oi iniiaiie i?eioeei
iino?iaiey – aioeoaoe/iinoue). Eaeay a yoie iaea ?acaeaaaony neaaeothuei
ia?acii: 1) n?aaiaiea aaee/ey Aiaa n ie/oiaeiinoueth /aeiaaea, 2) ii a
/aeiaaea anoue Aia, a neaaeiaaoaeueii, i?aaeoanoaothuay eaeay
ii?iaa?aiooa, 3) /aeiaae – oeaio? anaeaiiie oieueei aeaaiaea?y Aiao e
aaeeinoaaiiia, /oi aeieaeai aeaeaoue /aeiaae – no?aieoueny e Aiao.
Caeanue auno?aeaaaony ii?aaeaeaiiay iiiiceoeey:
AIA – IE? – ss
(ou) (iu)
Aicueiai ca iniiao yoe o?e iiiyoey e iiiuoaainy i?ineaaeeoue eo
niioiioaiey a oaenoa ii aeanyoenoeoeyi.
eoi ana niaith iaiieiyao
1) OU—————————————————————–
eiai eiai ieeoi
Iiyaeyaony neiiao?ey a oiio?aaeaiee ioaeaeueiuo neia.
5) iie ia?aae Oiaie
6) /oi i?aae Oiaith y
7) y i?aae Oiaie ie/oi
y aniue – eiia/ii anoue e Ou
8) Ou anue – e y oaea ie/oi
9) ss(10 ?ac)
10) Oaiae y
Oaiae iia iie oaiy
11) y iiae Oaiae
ei e Oaaa
Yoa eiiiiceoeey i?aaeiieaaaao iaieioee?iaaiea o?aiy neiaieaie (ss, AIA,
IE?) i?eiaieoaeueii e aeaoi ie?ai: aiaeueaio e caiiiio. E eaaeaeiio ec
yoeo neiaieia “i?eaycaiu” ii?aaeaeaiey. Aaee/ea Aiaa au?aaeaaony caeanue
aua e eiee/anoaaiiie iiiiceoeeae: “Eae eaiey a ii?a iiouaiia, \ Any
oaa?aeue ia?aae Oiaie ney; \ Ii /oi iiie c?eiay anaeaiia? \ E /oi ia?aae
Oiaith y?“ Eoiaii yoiai iaieioee?iaaiey noaiiayony no?i/ee: “Ou naao,
ioeoaea naao enoae” e oaea iauaecaanoiay aea?aeaaeineay oi?ioea: “ss
oea?ue – y ?aa, y /a?aue – y aia!”
Eoae , Aea?aeaaei noaiiaeony iiaaoi?ii, aa?iaa, nicaeaoaeai iiauo
oeeinioneeo iae. *aeiaae ?anniao?eaaaony ia ai aiaoiae a?aaeaeaineie
aeayoaeueiinoe, a a aeoaeiiuo naycyo n i?e?iaeie. Iaeia ec naiuo
iiaouanoaaiiuo – nia?oue: “Aeioaao oea?noaa ae/ia nia?oue”, “Nieioea ath
iioooathony…”. Iiyaeyaony iuneue i ?aaainoaa ethaeae ia?aae eeoeii
aa/iinoe, i?ienoiaeeo ia?aioeaiea iauanoaaiiuo oeaiiinoae :
Iiaeeoa n/anouey i?i/ue aiciiaeiu,
Au ana i?aiaiiu caeanue e eiaeiu:
ss a aeaa?yo aa/iinoe noith.
Iaeiaei iiyo ia i?iiiaaaeoao ianneieci: aeeciue i?eia?aoaao iniaoth
oeaiiinoue:
AEeciue anoue iaaan iaiiaaiiue aea?.
Aeey Aea?aeaaeia Aia – ia?aiia/aei, ia nouanoaothuaa ioaeaeueii io
i?e?iaeu. Oaeei ia?acii, iiyo i?eieiaao aeaeci, ?acaeoue aua Aa?iaeioii
e Eaioii. I nouanoaiaaiee Aiaa naeaeaoaeuenoaotho: “i?e?iaeiue /ei”, o.
a ii?yaeie, aa?iiiey, no?aieaiea /aeiaaea e noauaeoeaiiio oai?/aneiio
ia/aeo: “Oaay aeooa, auoue iiaeao, /aao…”. Ia?acu caeanue e?aeia
yiaeaiaoe/iu e neiaiee/iu. Noeoioai?aiea “Aiaeiiaae”(1791) yaeyaony
ia?acoeii iiaeiaiiai noeey. Caeanue neiaieii iaaeieaie neaau aa?iaa
noaiiaeony ia?ac inuiathuaeny ai?u: “Aeiacia nuieaony ai?a”. Nai
aiaeiiaae (Eeaa/ – aiaeiiaae a Ea?aeee) – ieeoeaoai?aiea aacaeiu,
aa/iinoe, a eioi?ie ana oiiao. Ia?ac /ania ia?aeeeeaaony n iiaeiaiui
ia?acii a noeoioai?aiee “Ia nia?oue ei. Iaua?neiai”. Iniaoth ?ieue a
eeoa?aoo?a XVIII aaea eiaao ia?auaiea e enoi?e/aneei eeoeai, eioi?ua
yaeythony i?eia?ii aeey iieieaiey. Ii iiaieth eeanneoeenoia, enoi?ey –
caieiooue e?oa iiaoi?ythueony niauoee, a neaaeiaaoaeueii, enoi?ey
ne?uaaao a naaa aacaeio ia?aeeaeae n ianoiyuei a?aiaiai. Aeey
Aea?aeaaeia Aaeena?ee – ieeaaaoaiiue iieeiaiaeaoe, n?aaieaathueeny n
“iaeei ioaeai naaeui”, oi anoue, nei?aa anaai, n ?oiyioeaaui, iai?anii
iono?aiaiiui io neoaeau.
Caneoaeaiii ia?auaao ia naay aieiaiea iaecaae. A 60-a aiaeu XVIII aaea
auoee a naao “Ianie Inneaia”, ni/eiaiiua oioeaiaeneei iiyoii
Iaeoa?niiii. Aeaaiui eo aa?iai aue oea?ue Oaiaae e aai nui Inneai .
Iniiaiuie oaiaie noaee aieia e ethaiaue. Ia oiia iiaanoaiaaiey
auaeaeyeny i?a/iue eiei?eoiue iaecaae. Aiineaaenoaee iiaeiaiue iaecaae
noae iacuaaoueny “inneaiianeei”. Aea?aeaaei caeinoaoao i?a/iinoue
iienaiee e cia/eoaeueiinoue aeeaai?ee:
Iiae iaeeiiaiiui eaae?ii aiec,
I?e no?aoiie nae e?ana i?e?iaeu,
Ia ooeii iia, eioi?ue naen
N ooana ia y?u aiaeu,
ss aeaeo – iaeee ioae naaeie
Neeiieeny ia ?oeo aeaaie.
Eiiuea e ia/ e ueo aaeeeie,
Noaia ioa/anoaa anaai,
E oeai, iaaeoue iiaeeeeie,
Eaaeao ai ioo o iia aai: … .
Neaeeo e, aci? aia?y e aiaeai.
A aeoaieie aeoia ?annoaeaeaao:
“Ia aeeciue ee /aeiaaeia iai
Nae aiaeiiaae ecia?aaeaao?
Ii oae aea aeaaii no?oe naieo
Iieo iaaeiaiiuo, e?ioeeo, ceuo. e o. ae.
Eoae , Aia aeey Aea?aeaaeia – “enoi/iee aeecie”, aeecie ia oieueei
aeooiaiie, ii e aeecie a ainoaea?noaa, e eioi?ie iiyo ia ?ac ia?auaeny a
naieo noeoao e iaeao ia oieueei eae a?aaeaeaiei, ii e eae “iaaaoe “, a
iiaeiaiia ni/aoaiea aeey eeanneoeecia iaaiciiaeii.
Eae oaea auei neacaii, iaea XVIII aaea ia oa?ieo e noeeaaiai niaoaiey.
Iaeiaei ia?aoeiny e n?aaieoaeueiiio aiaeeco eaeneee e noeey
i?iecaaaeaiee eeanneea aeai?a, I. A. Eiiiiiniaa, e A. ?. Aea?aeaaeia. A
naiae “Iaea ia ainoanoaea…” Eiiiiinia eniieuecoao i?aeiouanoaaiii
aicauoaiioth eaeneeo: “aena?”, “ii?oe?a”, “caoe?”, “aeooa”, “c?ae”,
“?ae” e iaoaoe/aneee noeeue:
Eiaaea ia o?ii iia anooieea
Eae Auoiee iiaeae ae aaiaoe,
Oaay a ?inneth aica?aoeea,
Aieia iinoaaeea eiiaoe;
Oaay i?eya iaeiaucaea:
Iia iieii oao iiaaae, neacaea,
Aeey eieo e?iae eueaony oie.
(“Ia aeaiue ainoanoaey…, 1747 a.”)
I?eaaaeai auaea?aeee ec i?iecaaaeaiey Aea?aeaaeia “Oaeeoea”: “
aiaiiiaeiaiay”, “eo?th oaaae”, “eioa iueth”, “caaaaethnue eaai inia”,
“ea?ath a aeo?aea n aeaiie”.
Iaa iiyoa aeatho i?aaeoaeueieoea ianoaaeaiey. Eiiiiinia iienuaaao
eaeaaeueioth oea?eoeo: “ Aiaeanoaaiiui onoai i?eee/ai, iiia?oeiy, nae
e?ioeee aean”. Aea?aeaaei aea , n?aaieaay e iienuaay aaoi?a e io?co,
eniieuecoao aiiaue aioeoaco, iieacuaay, eaeei ia aeieaeai auoue iiia?o,
iaeiia?aiaiii i?iny Oaeeoeo i ianoaaeaiee: “Iiaeae, Oaeeoea,
ianoaaeaiuea eae iuoii e i?aaaeeai aeeoue,..”. Eiiiiinia iuouaao
i?aainoiaenoai ainoaea?uie iaae niaie e iiyceae:
Iie/eoa, ieaiaiiua caoee, e eieaaaoue i?anoaiueoa naao:
Caeanue a ie?a ?anoe?youe iaoee ecaieeea Aeenaaao…
A aaciieaee ace?ae anaeaiia… .
Eiiiiinia – iiyo ainoaea?noaa, iiae/eiaiiiai “Oeeeoea”, eeoue
ainiaaathuee aa aeinoieinoaa. Ii canoaaeyao caiie/aoue aeaaea “ieaiaiiua
caoee iiycee” .
Aea?aeaaei aea, ia?auaynue e Aeaoa?eia( Oaeeoea – eao. felix –
n/anoeeaay), ii neiaai Aaeeineiai, “niaaeeiyao iaoaoe/aneee yeaiaio n
eiie/aneei…, /oi anoue ia /oi eiia, eae oiaiea i?aaenoaaeoue aeeciue a
aa enoeia.” Ia aiai?y oae i oii, /oi ana i?iecaaaeaiea i?iiecaii
naoe?e/aneeie iaiaeaie ia aunieiiinoaaeaiiuo /eiiaieeia.
*eoaaoue, ieoaoue i?aae iaeiai
Iiaeiaii a ea?ou ia ea?aaoue,
Eae y, io oo?a aei oo?a. . . .
Ia neeoeii ethaeoue ianea?aaeu,
A a eeia ia nooieoue e iiaie;
O?aiy iau/ae, ia?yaeu,
Ia aeiieeoionoaoaoue niaie;
Eiiy ia?iannea ia naaeeaaoue,
E aeooai a nia?aiuea ia auacaeaaoue
Ia oiaeeoue n o?iia ia Ainoie;… .
Iiiieia oi?iaeueii i?ieciineo iaeei /aeiaae, io?ca, ii oae ee yoi ii
nooe? Ia?ac io?cu iaiyaony. Eiaaea Oaeeoea i?ioeaiiinoaaeyaony io?ca,
eae i?aaeei, eiaao ianoi naoe?a eee aaeeee iaiae ia iiiaeanoai ?aaeueiuo
oaeoia “caoeo?iaaiiuo” a yoii noeoioai?aiee. Iaeiaei a iaoaoe/aneeo
iiiaioao ia?ac io?cu iaeneiaeueii i?eaeeaeaaony e aaoi?neiio:
Aaeeia ou eeoue ia iaeaeeoue
Ia inei?aeyaoue ieeiai,
Aeo?a/anoaa neaicue iaeueoeu aeaeeoue,
Eeoue cea ia oa?ieoue iaeiiai.
A naoe?e/aneeo ianoao ia?ac io?cu yaeyaony niae?aoaeueiui ia?acii
ii?i/iuo neoa:
Eee iocueie e iaaoeaie,
I?aaiii e aieuieie aae?oa,
Eee eoea/iuie aieoeaie
E ieyneie aanaeth iie aeoo;
Eee, i anao aeaeao caaioo
Inoaay, acaeo ia ioioo
E caaaaeythnue eaai inia
Eee iaae iaaneeie a?aaaie
ss oaoonue ii ii/ai ?iaaie
E a?aaeae oaeaeuo a?aaoeia… .
I/aaeaeii, “ss” Eiiiiiniaa i?aaeaeueii iaiauaii a ethaii aeai?a, a o
Aea?aeaaeia cia/aiea ee?e/aneiai “ss” aa?uee?oaony ia iniiaa oaiaoeee.
Oaiaoeea eeanneoeecia ii/oe anaaaea i?aaeiieaaaea ia?auaiea e aaeeeie
ee/iinoe a ioaeaeueiinoe e e iauanoao a oeaeii, ii aeaaea a yoii
Aea?aeaaeia iaeuecy n/eoaoue i?yiui iineaaeiaaoaeai ei?eoaaa
eeanneoeecia; aoaeo/e eeoaiiui na?aeeecia, ii ?acei auaeaeyaony ec
iauaai ?yaea ai iiiaii noiaeeo iiyoia yoie yiioe. Neiai a aai
i?iecaaaeaieyo oa?yao oo ieineinoiinoue, eioi?ay auea naienoaaiia iiycee
XVIII aaea, iii i?eia?aoaao iiaua inycaaiua oi?iu, noaiiaeony aaniiui.
Nienie eeoa?aoo?u
1)oaenou Aea?aeaaeia oeeoe?iaaeenue ii eieaa: A. ?. Aea?aeaaeiu
Eca?aiiuy noeoioai?aiiy; N.-Iaoa?ao?a.;iiae ?aaeaeoeeae I.Aueeiaeueaea;
1913
2)?onneay eeoa?aoo?iay e?eoeea XVIII aaea. Nai?iee oaenoiaI., Nia.
?inney, 1978
4)A. A. Iaaecaaoeeee. ?onneay eeoa?aoo?iay e?eoeea XVIII-XIX aaeia Eo?n
eaeoeee. I.,Ecae-ai IAO, 1994
3)Caiaaeia A. A., Aea?aeaaei, I ., 1958
4)E?aoeay eeoa?aoo?iay yioeeeeiiaaeey, I ., Nia. Yioeeeeiiaaeey, 1964
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