????
«A??????i-?????? ???e E??a a XVI–XVIII ?.»
E?? a 1492 a. ??? e????i ??ey O????a E???a ????e A???, y? ???? i???
????ai ???????-???????? ??? ??????a a C???e A??a. Ii ? ?????y ? ?????
???y a TH?-A???? A??a ??i ??e ??e ???? a ?? I???? ???e, ?????e a 1453 a.
E????i??ue e ???? i?oth ??th ??, ????o ? ???o e y?????? n ????ey? ????
???a VII a. A ??? XVI a. ???? e ??? ???????-???????a ?? ???. N ????? a
1502 a. ?????e ???? a E?? ?????? ???a ???i, ?e???? e????e ???? ?e ??i
????i ??a. A 1526 a. ?y??? ????a ?????i Aa??o I???, ??????? a ???a ??e
?? ????. Ia ????? E???? ??i 1520 a. ??????? ?????a ?????i ????ue ? ?yae
eiy??a, ????y?? ??????? ???ey?. O?? ???i, ???y ???i ?i ?? ? I?????
?????a ???????? ???y?, ?????? ? ? A???.
Ai ?? ????yo ??a??e e ?????? ???, ?y??? n i????e ?? ?a?ey?, a ??a n
????e ???e ??? ??????ny ?????, ???y ??? ??? ???th ??: ?a ??? ???????
????? ????eyi ??th??y ???a e ????? ??i, a ??a ????yi ??y?o ??? ?????,
??????o a ??????e ???e e ?????? ???.
A ????? A???e ???e-???? ????? ??????y ??? ?y??? ??? ??? ????. A ?????
I???ay ???y ????a A????e ??i??a e A??o e ??a ?????ny ? ??ae ??ue ????i
????y A??e. N??i N?? I ???e ?????ue ?ay?? ?? ????? ? A??? A??? ?i, ?i a
?i ??o ????ue ?th? ? E?? e ?i ? ????? ?i ?????a ????? ?a ?y?o ??? ?????i
??? — I?? e I??a; ? yo? ????e ??? ?eth?e a ?ith ??oth ????? ?a ??? «??e
(????—E. E.) ??o ?y?o ????. N????o ???a i ?i, ?i ?????e ?e ??a ??????
N??? ????i ??th??? ???a ???e ?????o ???a I????? ????? ???e N??o ??? ???
e ?i ??? ?i a ?? ??u ??????? ??. A. A???ae ???e, ?i y? ???a ?? ???? ?
???o ???? ??i ???? ?iy??i ? ??? ??a?a XVIII a. Ai ?y?i ??? n 1517 a.
????a n??? ??e ???ue ?ay ????e ??y? ?? ????i.
Ae????? ?????o ??? ?ay?? ??? ?o, a ?? ??o ae??y ??? ?????ue. A???? ??n,
? ???? ??? ???? A?? ???? ?????i «????ey ??». I??a ??? ????ey? ???e
?????, ????o ??? ??ae a ????? ????ey; ???ue ???y ??a ????? ??? ?y ?/???
??ey. E ?? ??e ????ny, «i????ue ???» ??? ?e ???? ???a??e ???th ?e ???? —
?ae ?? ??a??, ???a ??yo a ??? ?i ?????a, ?e e ???? — ?ae ?????? ? ?? ??.
O?????e y? ??y?? ???? ???i, ? ?????e ??y ????ey ??i ??????ue ? ????a
????e. Oi, ?i ????? o??a ? ???tho oe?u, ????ey?? a ??y?a ??e, ????ue, ?i
n ?? ??i e ??i ??e ??th ? nay??oth ??o, ?e e ??? n ?????, a ??? i ?i,
??a e n ?i ???? ??o, ???y ?????y? ????n?e ???? e ????e. N??? ??, ??
in???? ??? ?????? ????? ???i ?? ? ???u. E?? a ??? XVIII a. E?i a ?? ??e
?aay?e ???? ???? e ????, ? ?e?? a ? ? ??y ?????? ????ai ???, y? ????i
???i e ??, ??u ??e ??o n E??i a oe?yo ?i ???i ????ey. A 1726 a. ???e?
?????i ????i n ??y??ey?, ? ???i a ?? ?ae? ?????? ??? ?? ??, ??? ?? ???a
??? ? o?? ???: «A?e ???? ??y? (????a?i.— E. E.) ?? ???i, ? ??? ??? ? ??.
I?????? ?????ey ????? ???a ?ae ?????? ??i ?? ???i ??????? ??a ???i E??a:
«A?e ? ?? ?i (? ??.— E. E.) ??, ??a A??a, ? ???e ? ?? (21, 22), Ii ??a
«??», ?e ???ao E??, ???? ? ???, e ??o ??y ??i??e ??????e ??? ??y ???
??u.
Y???ey ???a a N?a?? A??a ????a ???a ??????a a I???, ?y?-?? ???a
?????-?????n?th ????. A?????? e ??????? y?? ??????y ?e ????e ????? ??i
????a, ????e (??e) ???o y?y?? ?????? ???? e ??? ? ??? ?????th, ? e
???-??????oth ?? a ???? ???o ???a ???e??ey ??, ??? ?? ????i a?? ??? —
?y??oth ??o. A ??? ??? ??????o e ????o ??a???e ?????a ??????e ???a ?
????ey? ?????, ?i ?? ?a i ??????e ?????, ???? (??????i). Ii ???? ????e
??ae e ??? ?ni?????? a I??? ???? I????, e a ?????e ??? oth??, ?oy e ? e
??? ?? ??????-??e??. E ??ue, ???, ????? ?????a ?????a. I???u ????e a
???? ???? e ?????o ?????e ?e ????? o???, ??????? ? ?, ?i ?e ????yo ? ???
I????. O????a ???? ??u ??? ?? ?ae ?ey?? ????? ????a ??y?ny ? ?, ?i, ??y
e ???, ??? ????tho ?????? ??y?e ? ??a ?????? ???o, ??aa??? ????. E? ? ??
???u y? ???u, ?e ??????? ???eth ??e ??????? ?i???, ???y ????a eth?e n
???i a ??o ????ue ??? I???? e ???a. A??a ?? ????. A 1525 a. a ??? ?????
???ey ??o?, ?? ???? ????y ???? e ??????. I??? ??ye ??? ???a. I???? ????
?? ? y??, ????ny, ? ?o???ue, ?i ??????i a ????? ??a ???ey, ?? ?????a a
?????e ??a.
A????a ????y a I???? ???e, ??????ny ?ae ?ey?? ????i-?????? ????, ? ??e
??????? ???a ??a ?? ?y?? n ???????. Aeey ????ey ? ????ee ???y ????? ?e
??? ??? ??i, ????e ? a ????a ?????uo ???i – ?ey (??i), ???a???y ??i
?????e y?????e ?e ????????i ???i ????, ?e e ??n????? ??????. E???ay ???
??e ????i ????y ?? ???i ????? a ?????a ??u. O?, ???? ???i? a I?? A?e,
??????ny a 1511 a. ?ae ?????? O???, ????i ?ae ???? ???; ?i ????? ??????
y?y?? ??? ???yi e ????? ??? ??????? a ? ??y ???na ???ey ????? y?????e.
?????, ??ei ???????ny N??? I e ?i ?????e a ????e ?? ???e???o e ?????o
y????, ?????? ???e ??? ???, a ?????u ???? ???y?? ??oy? ?a ????a ?. A
???????a ??? «???» ?? ???ii ??? 40 ?n. ???e, ????? ??i ??????.
O??, n ??? ???u, ?? a ? ? ??y ?????-??????? ???? ????i ?????a N????. Ia
???? ????? E?? e C????y a ??a XV a. ?????? ?????? e ?????ea ??o ??e
?????a, ??i ? ???o ?? ???a ?y??? n ???i a ??? A???a. Ei ??a? ??e, ?????a
?ay N????e — io ???ey ????i ??? N???y, ???e ?e ? e ????y?y, a ?????i
???? ???ny ???e na??? ????i ??a. I?????i ???? ?? ????th?? ?????e ??y??e,
?????ny ???i a ?????a ?????y, ???i ??ae ????e ??? ?????? a ???????i ????
e ???ey ???e ??ae????? ???. E y?io ???a? e ??iy?? ??? ? ???u I???? ???e,
?????ny ????ue ?? ??a?y e ? ?? Ae??? ???. Ai ??a ???ey ? ???????a ?????a
??e N???u a ?? ??? ? ??o ?e??a ??th??y ??????? E???, ????? ???th,
?????oth ??th e, ??ay? ? ?a, ??a ?????i.
A ?eyo ????ey ?????e ????? ??y???? E??e ?uy?e ?ay ??? e ????i ?????? y??
?????y ???. O???i ?? ??ey?i a ??o ????i ?u??a, ?i e?? ???? ????? ??e: a
???yo ????? ???ay ????y n ? ???ui ???? i ?y??i ????? ??e-???, ???e ???
?????? ? ? oy??e ???, ?????? ?????, ?e ?i a ??a ????y ?? ??ei o??o e y??
???.
E??? ?????ue, ???i, ????y n ????i ??????? ???? ???a ? ???u ????-????, ?
?y ?o o ?? ?e ??????? ????: ???? ??? ????y e ????? ?y ???? ??????y ??i?,
e??????i ?????e ???i. I??i ??, ??????? ??? ???????e ???? ???y? ???????
????a ???ey e ??? ????a, ??????? ?????o ?????o. C??i ??i ?? ????ue ??o e
???oth ??ue o????e a?????e ? ?? ?????e ??? e ????, ??????? ?i ?????,
???a ?????? ???e a ??i. E???, e ???? ?????i ?? ??i ??????i ? ????? ??e
??. I? ???? ???a ???? a «???i a?? e, ??? ??, ?yae ?y?o ??, ??o? ????
??????a e ???? ???a ???. A??a y???ey ?????a N???? ???a e ??, ?i ? ?i
????? ????ue ???? ?y?? ??? — a??a I??o e E???, ???a ?y ????i ?????a ???e
?????e ae??a.
Y? ????i a ?????? ?????? ?? A??a I, ??ae?? a ???th n ???i «A????. A ??e
??????? ???? e ? ???a??????? ??o A?? ??? ??????y ???? ??e e ? ??o ???
??? ????? ?? ? ?? ???e ?????. O?, ?e ?y?e A??? ? ?e??e ????ue ?ny?e ?ny/
????. A????? ???i ? ????y ?? ? ??ie ???? ???????: ??? ???? ?? N?e-I?? ?
???? ??ue, a ae?o ???o ????. N???ay ??a ?y?y ??????? ?????? n ????e
?????? ?????? ?????e, ?? ?a??, ?i ??i ? ????y a ????e ????ey e ?????y ?
??? ??a?.
A E?? a ??? XVI a. ?????? ?????i A??? I???. Y? ???ue ???ue ???e ?????
???-oth??? ?????a ?ae ????????i ???a ? N??? A?e A??a a ??? ??? ????o
????. Aa ??????? ???? ?e ??i, ???????y??ny ???e ??e?a.
I? A??a, ??????i a ???e Ii??a n 1556 ? 1605 a., ?????e ???ey, ????eyth?a
???n ?y ???e ???e a ??i e ?y ???e ??? a ????e.
N???a ?yae ??????? ???a, A?? ??? ???? ???u ??e ???e, ?eth?a a ?a ??e
?nue E???i e ???th ??ue A?????. Ia ????? y?? ?????a ????ue ??i????a
????a, a ?????? ??e ?n? ??????? ? ??i, a ???i, ?a??i e ???i. N?? ????o
?? ? ??? ???y?, ?????? e ??? ????, ? e ???a ???u. A ??? n ?????? ??ue
??????? ??? e ???a, a ????e, ? ?????i ????? ??e e ??????eth ?e ????eth
??e ??????e, A?? ????i ae??i ?e ?????y n ?i, ?i ?a y? ????e ????? a
?????th ??o. A ??e ? ??a ??????? e ???? ??eth???a ???ey, ?????? ???
?????i ??a. A XVI a. ? ????? ???e I??? ?????e ? ???e ?? ?e ??o ???ey —
?????, ????a e ?????. I?e??a ???? ??e ????a, a ??? ae? ????? ????i.
A ???? ??????i ???ey ???????ue ????i ?? eth?e ??ae ??i ????? ? ? ????
??????? e ??????? e ???? ?e ???; a ???? ???ey (?a?e — «?????ue ??»)
??????y ?i ?????e ????. Ae???a ????? (? ??e ? ?????ey, ???????? ?ay
«???i-????» — I?? ????i) ???i??ue ??e ????o ??? ???-?ia?? ??e ???e. I?
??????i «???i ???????», ???i ????i ????i ?? ????i; a ???? y?o ???i
????ny ?e ??? ????y ????a ???? e ?????a a ??????ue iau?u ??th?o. ????? ?
??????? i????th, ?e ?????? ???a ?????a ?? e ?? ???th ??? ?e ??? I???, ?e
e ??? ???o ????? ?y?e. I???, a ???? ????a ?o? ????a ??ey?? ??e ??? ??a
???ey ??e-???, e ???o ???? n??? ?????ue ????th?a a ???? ??y?e. A ????
???i ??a ??a ???? ? ??a n ??? A?e ??a ?????? ????i ???o e ??? ?i ??o
??ath??ny; ?????? e ??a ?n?y?a ???a ???y?? ? ?? ??ey?i ?????y n ??th?o
?ny??.
I??u ?? ?????th ??? n ???????? ?????? ???eyie. A???? ??????? ???
????ueth, ?y?? ???a ????? ? ?y????e ia ???ey? ???i ??a, — ???i, yo? ?
?????ue ?e???y ??e ????e. A??ay ? ??? n ?????e e ????? ??y? ?oy?? ????;
?oy A?e e ??? ?????? ????a ?? ?y? a ?? e ???u, ???ey ?ae ?????i ????
?????? ?a ?? a XVII a. ????? ?? ???o??i ?????u ???? ???a ?? a ??? XVII
a.
N ??? ??? ????y A?? ?? ?iy?y? ?????th ?y ?? ???e ???????. N? ? ???e ?
???? a ??i, ???e ????y ?a? ????i ???e ???e a ????yo n ?????. I?? y?? ?e
??i ?yae ???, ?????o ?????? ?? e ???u. A?? ?????a ??e ????a ?y??ey, a
???o ????? ???? ??? ?e ? ?i ????e, ?i o ???? ?? ?????ue ???? ? ?e ???
??????ey i?? ???; y? ?? ?y?i ??????? o ???? e ????. A?? ????y a ????o e
?????o ?ycyo n ??????? ?y?y?, ???????e ???i. A??? ???e ??e ?i ??e ??
??????y ???a, ?? ??iy?ay ? ????a.
A?? ???? ????e ???? ???ae a ???i ?i, ?i ?e ?i ????? ?e ???n??? ???i a
??i. Ia ????????, ???, ??????? ??? ???????, A?? a 1582 a. ?????? ??oth
???o ???e e ???. Ii ???e ??????oth «?????oth ??», ???iy?oth a ??i ???
??a y??i? ???, ????, ????a, ???? e ?? ??????. I???i ?????i ??e ???e ??
?????? ??ae ????i, ???? ???? ????i ???ue ??? ? i?a e ??ue ? ??a. N? ??
?? ??? ?e ?? ???? i???ey a ???? «????? ????y». I?y?i e ???i ?????yi ???
???e ? ?????ue ???? ???ey. A??? ? ??e ???u ??th??y a ??????e ???????
?c??e e ??i???.
A?e ? ????a A??a ????? o???, ???y I??? ???? ? ????e? ??i a ??e ????????,
????? e ?????? ????. Y??, ???, ? ????i. A??o ? ???ue ??????? ??th ???th
a ???o ???? ???. I?? ??? A??a ?i ????e ? ??a ? ??? ?????y ? ?i ????????i
e ??????i ??iy e ????ue ? ???, ??????e ??.
I??i XVIII a. ??????? ???? ?????-??????e n??ey? a E??a. I????oe ?? O?i??
II I??, ??i ???i, a 1736 a. ?iye ??i ??. I??y? ?a o ???, I?? ???? ??o
?????a a ??i? ?ny? ??y? ?i ??ue ??i. A o???i ??? ???ey ???? ???? ?o???ue
???? ?????? ???e a ???i.
?????y, a ??? ?e?i ???? I??a ??? ??a ? ??n???a ?????y. O? ???e ?????ue
???e ??th?e ?? ????o ?????o, ???a ?e ????o N???? ??i ???th ??; ??i ????
? ?a, ??ii ??, ????ue a ??? ??? ?? ????a n N????e, ???a ?????ue ?a ????e
????e e ??????e; e ???oe, ??????? ?????ue ???i ??????y e ???e ???? ?????
i??i ???? e ???a. I??a, ?? i???? ??, ?i ???? ??e?? ???e ??????y ??a ??,
? I?? ?e a ? ??y ??ue ??ey?i a ??? ????y ???i ???i e ???i, ?y?? ? n ???
????? ?????e ? ??????ue ??? ???. Ae??????, ???aoeey E?? ??? ?c ???
?????.
O? ? ??a ? ???? ???? ??y?e ???? ??? n I??? a ???i ?????a ??? ? i?????ue.
A ??????i, ??a ????, i???? ??? ???? ???a ???y, a ??i ?a ??a ???ay ???ay
?i??ey. N? I?? ? ??a ??e ??e a ??? ?iy??? ?????? ???? ?? e ???? ?????
???? ??i e ???ye ?i ????e ???. Y? ? ??? ?o ??????? ???u ?????y ?? ?????e
???. A??a oi?, ???o ?e ??a ????ue ?? a ?? ??????— ????ey ??e n??????e
???e, ???y ???iy? ? ?a ????th?a.
C?? ???th ?? ??a ??? ? ?????y ?????-???????i ??y?a. A ???a ????e I???
i??i? ???e ????ue ?????, ?n???a ? ??? ??????, ? e ??o??? A??? e A??e,
????? N???? E????, ????? e ??y?. A ????? e ???a ???? ????ey e ????? ????
????e, I?? ??e ???ue e ?????i-??????oth ???o, ????th ??? ???iyth?th ??.
I??? ?i ?? ???? ? ???o, ?e y? ?? ??? e n ???? ?????i a????y A??a. E
????i-y?????? e ???-?????? ???y ????? ?? e ????aieth, a ? e ?????th e
??????e. E??????? ????? ????? y? ????th ?? ?????. A ??a a 1747 a. I?? ?e
?? ??????e, ????y ? ???y ??e ??o ????ue.
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