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Eugene Hlebtsevich and the establishment of free public libraries in Belauas in the early twentieth century in the context of socio-political and cul

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Eugene Hlebtsevich and the establishment of free public libraries in
Belarus in the early twentieth century in the context of socio-political
and cultural processes of the time

In the early twentieth-century in Czarist Russia, as well as on its
national border regions, including in Belarus (the so-called North-West
province), there was a series of democratic processes. There was a
massive struggle for social emancipation, which resulted in the
Revolution 1905 – 1907 period, resulting from the tsarist monarchy was
forced to transform itself into a constitutional (launched Duma). On the
outskirts of the national struggle for social emancipation and
reinforced by a battle for national interests. Tsarist government to
make certain concessions. So, December 25, 1904 was repealed a ban on
the Belarusian word in print, which operated since 1867. They began to
legally leave their native language Belarusian books, newspapers and
magazines. Intensified theatrical musical life. Unequivocal national
coloring acquired paintings. In general, this was the period of the
Belarusian national revival. On the cultural-historical arena there are
such giants as Yanka Kupala and Yakub Kolas in the literature, Ihnat
Bujnicki in the theatrical sphere, Euthymios Kars in philology and
bibliography, Eugene Hlebtsevich in Librarianship. In 1902, he formed
the first Belarusian National Party AAH (Belarusian Socialist Gromada) –
Leading party of students, officials and writers. In 1903, delegates of
the Congress I took AAH program aimed at achieving autonomy of Belarus.
In 1906 at the II Congress of the AAH thesis autonomy was deepened and
assigned, supplemented by the idea of convening the Diet. The most
important centers of the Belarusian national revival were then Vilna,
Minsk, Grodno and Petersburg, which uchilos many young people from
Belarus, especially in the Grodno region.

In the wake of the national liberation movement arose Belarusian
scientific-literary circle of students of St. Petersburg University.
Members of the circle, and the first known later library activist Eugene
Hlebtsevich, who initiated the establishment of free public libraries in
Belarus. As the historian of librarianship MI Bye, “was created 11
public libraries: nine in the Grodno province and two in Minsk. They
distributed literature among the residents of more than 100 villages
“[1, pp. 55]. The basis of these libraries were progressive book
publisher FF Pavlenkov. Brother Eugene Hlebtsevicha Vladimir wrote that
“a well-known publisher Pavlenkov donated as a bequest capital on the
device of public libraries” [2, pp. 139]. Active participation in the
selection of literature for public libraries and their supply has
democratic intelligentsia of Belarus. For example, Yanka Kupala, who was
at that time in St. Petersburg, ensure people’s library of publications
of Belarusian publishing house “Look sonce і ® our akontsa. Members of
the Belarusian scientific and literary circles of St. Petersburg
University bustled about getting books from publishers “Knowledge”,
“mediator” and others, organized evenings and concerts, part of the
collection of which was to purchase books for public libraries. At the
request of members of the group Petersburg Academy of Sciences as an
exception to free allocated libraries works of Russian classical
literature, sent their books Tolstoy, Gorky, Serafimovich. Due to public
libraries Belarusian peasants first opportunity to get acquainted with
the works of their national writers Yanka Kupala, Yakub Kolas, aunts, F.
Bahu?evi? and others, with the first Belarusian newspaper “Our share”
and “Nasha Niva”.

The idea of free public libraries, the desire to make the book
accessible to the masses organically fit into the socialist ideology,
which had been committed and Eugene Hlebtsevich, an active worker
masses. At the invitation of aunts, he took part in the II Congress of
AAH [3, pp. 194, 4, pp. 70, 5, pp. 310, 6, pp. 652]. He was personally
acquainted with many members of this party: the same aunt, K. lanterns,
A. Burbisom and others. The idea of socialism in the best sense of the
word is quite close to the Belarusian mentality, our character. Since
ancient times Belarus has its peculiar distribution of popular socialism
– toloka. During the agricultural works provided free collective
assistance to those in need: widows, soldiers’ wives, lonely elderly
people. Do not accidentally press organs of the Belarusian Socialist
masses of the newspaper “Our share” and especially “Nasha Niva” were
truly all-country newspapers. At the Library Science and literary themes
in them actively published Eugene Hlebtsevich.

Socialist ideology, in its ideal, in the correct, undistorted form and
is close to universal values, the Christian religion. Father Eugene
Hlebtsevicha had direct relevance to the spiritual service. Ivan
Hlebtsevich taught arithmetic, ancient Greek and Latin languages,
geography in Zhirovichi a religious school and also headed the library
Zhirovichi monastery. “In the library very often visited his son,
Eugene. He studied with his father, as one must be able to read the
book, to know it “, – notes the modern ethnographer SN Chigrin [7, pp.
27]. Any library appears to us as a kind of temple, especially the
monastic library – this is all we can say, a temple in the temple. Thus,
since early childhood Eugene Hlebtsevich had the opportunity to partake
of God’s great gift book, dreaming of making it socially meaningful,
accessible to all people. While studying Zhirovichi boy in a religious
school and Vilna Orthodox seminary only strengthened this desire. Then,
when Eugene Hlebtsevich was already a student at St. Petersburg
University, plans to “Library of socialism” were translated into real
life. Connected to this work and father Eugene. In the village of the
district Kleniki Belsky Grodno province, he headed the free public
library, reading room named after FF Pavlenkova, opened in 1907 through
the efforts of his son Eugene. At the same time here in Klenikah, Ivan
Hlebtsevich served in the local church Orthodox priest.

In 1911, Eugene Hlebtsevich attended the First All-Russia Congress of
Librarianship, where a presentation on “Library Development in Belarus”,
in which great attention paid to the activity of free public libraries.
In 1912, student’s circle has issued a pamphlet in Kovno E. Hlebtsevicha
“Libraries and cooperation”, one of the first works on the theory and
the organization of library science. Naturally, the basis for the
organization of library work by the author on the principle of the
socialist formation and functioning of national libraries. How
researcher of library science he wrote another book “The mass reader and
anti-religious propaganda”, “general reader, and work with the book, the
first of which was published in Moscow and Leningrad in 1928, the second
– in Moscow in 1936. The works were written in the spirit of socialism,
in the spirit of social justice, equality and democracy reader. E.
Hlebtsevich still very concerned about meeting the reading needs of the
common man, and anti-religious propaganda was to impose the Soviet
socio-political model is a travesty and distorts the true socialism. As
literary critic E. Hlebtsevich published in St. Petersburg in 1914 the
book “Revival of the Belarusian populist literature”, reprinted in 1917
under the title “Populist Poetry Belarusians.

Domestic cultural studies and literary AM Petkevich with regret that
Eugene Hlebtsevich “in 1930 was forced to flee from the Belarusian
intellectuals fleeing pogroms in Russia” [8, pp. 24]. In general, Eugene
Hlebtsevich went down in history as the famous Belarusian, and then the
Russian researcher of library science as the best man of his time, the
initiator of creation in Belarus network of free public libraries. Ideas
Hlebtsevicha accessible books, knowledge and education lives in our
country today.

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