Ieienoa?noai ia?aciaaiey ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee
Iineee ainoaea?noaaiiue iaaeaaiae/aneee oieaa?neoao
?aoa?ao
YIIOA OAICEIAOA
Iine 2009
Aaaaeaiea
Aeey ?yaea no?ai Ainoiea – Oo?oeee e E?aia, Eeoay e ssiiiee — XIX aae
i?ioae iiae ciaeii ?aoi?i. Eo eco/aiea i?aaenoaaeyaony naaiaeiy aaaeiui
e aeooaeueiui. Oaeie iiuo iia au noaoue eino?oiaioii aiaeeca
?aoi?iaoi?neeo ono?aieaiee nia?aiaiiiai /aeiaa/anoaa, /oi iniaaiii
oeaiii aeey oao neooaoeee, eioi?ua ii?aaeaeythony oaiaeaioeeae auno?iai
yeiiiie/aneiai e iao/ii-oaoie/aneiai i?ia?anna. Ionthaea caiaoiia
oneeaiea a iineaaeiaa a?aiy eioa?ana enneaaeiaaoaeae-oth?eieiaia e
oaeoaeaiiiio eco/aieth ?aoi?iaoi?neeo i?aia?aciaaiee a Oo?oeee, iniaaiii
e ia?eiaeo oae iacuaaaiuo «aeaaiaeaoaeueiuo ?aoi?i» («Oaiceiao – e
oae?eea»), aeeeaoaainy aieaa o?eaeoeaoe eao – n 1839 a. ii 1876 a.
I?enoaeueiia aieiaiea niaoeeaeenoia e ?aoi?iai Oaiceiaoa, e oe?ieiio
e?oao aii?inia, naycaiiuo n yoie oaiie, ii?aaeaeaii oie aieueoie
?ieueth, eioi?oth ea?ae a iiaie enoi?ee Oo?oeee yoio iniaue ia?eiae.
Aiaeec iiuoa acaeiiaeaenoaey i?aaeoaeuenoaa e iauanoaa a Iniaineie
eiia?ee XIX a. aeaao aiciiaeiinoue ecaea/ue o?iee e i?aaeioa?aoeoue
aiciiaeiua ioeaee a aiaeiae/iuo neooaoeeyo a nia?aiaiiie ianoaiiaea. A
ianoiyuee ia?eiae, eiaaea ?inneeneia ainoaea?noai ia?aaeeaaao o?oaeiinoe
aioo?aiiaai e aiaoiaai ii?yaeea, naycaiiua n yeiiiie/aneeie,
iieeoe/aneeie e nioeeaeueiuie i?iaeaiaie, eae iaeuecy ino?i noieo aii?in
ioiioaiee ?innee ni no?aiaie Aeeaeiaai Ainoiea. Ia iineaaeithth ?ieue a
au?aaioea no?aoaaee iauaiey n ieie ea?aao ciaiea enoi?ee ainoi/iie
eoeueoo?u e i?inaaoeoaeuenoaa. ?aoi?iu Oaiceiaoa iciaiaiiaaee e
iaoneiaeee aaaeiaeoea yeiiiie/aneea, iieeoe/aneea, nioeeaeueiua,
eoeueoo?iua i?aia?aciaaiey a aeecie iniaineiai iauanoaa. Iie yaeeenue
iaeieie ec cia/eiuo ?acoeueoaoia ionoue iaaeeaiiiai, iiae/an
iacaiaoiiai, ii iinooiaoaeueiiai nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneiai e
iieeoe/aneiai ?acaeoey Oo?oeee ii ao?aeoaciiio iooe ia iiai?ioiii yoaia
aai enoi?ee e iaeiia?aiaiii aeoeaiui enoi/ieeii e oaeoi?ii
i?ioeaiai?noaa noa?iai e iiaiai. «Aanue ie? caaiai?ee i aeaeea?aoeee,
i?iaicaeaoaiiie 3 iiya?y 1839 aiaea ecaanoiie iianthaeo iiae iacaaieai
Atheueoaiaeneiai oaoo-e oa?eoa, — ienae ?onneee iooaoanoaaiiee ii Iaeie
Acee a 40-o-50-o aa. XIX a. Iao? *eoa/aa. – Yoio iaieoano… eacaeinue
noeee Oo?oeee iiaoth y?o e a?aiy iieiiai aic?iaeaeaiey». ?aoi?iu
Oaiceiaoa auee aucaaiu iauaeoeaiuie iio?aaiinoyie ?acaeoey no?aiu.
Iaeaieaa aeaeueiiaeaeiua aeayoaee ec i?aayuae yeeou Iniaineie eiia?ee,
iniaaiii oa, eioi?ua iiauaaee a Caiaaeiie Aa?iia e iciaeiieeenue n
iieeoe/aneie nenoaiie, oneiaeyie yeiiiie/aneie e eoeueoo?iie aeecie,
i?eoee e iunee, /oi aac ?aoi?i ii caiaaeiiio ia?acoeo Iniaineia
ainoaea?noai ia aoaeao a ninoiyiee ?acaeaaoueny ii iooe i?ia?anna.
Inouanoaeyaoeany naa?oo iaiiiai/eneaiiuie ainoaea?noaaiiuie aeayoaeyie,
?aoi?iu ianee a naaa iiaua, iai?eau/iua aeey iniaineiai iauanoaa
i?aaenoaaeaiey i oeaiiinoe /aeiaa/aneie ee/iinoe, iai?eeiniiaaiiinoe
aeecie e eiouanoaa, ?aaainoaa ia?aae caeiiii ionoeueiai e ia ionoeueiai
– iiaeaeaiiuo eiia?ee, /oi iaeiaeeei ioia/aoie ia niaoeeoeeo ?acaeoey
i?inaauaiey e eoeueoo?u no?aiu. Ao?aeoaciua eaeae, caeinoaiaaiiua o
Caiaaea, o?ainoi?ie?iaaeenue a ?acee/iuo iaeanoyo: a i?aaa,
ainoaea?noaaiiii oi?aaeaiee, i?inaauaiee. Ii aeoeaiinoue eaeae
noeoaineiai oaooa, eo iaiaoiaeeiinoue aeey oniaoiiai ?acaeoey
ainoaea?noaa e aeey nicaeaiey oneiaee ooieoeeiie?iaaiey ao?aeoaciuo
einoeoooia iiieiaee iaiiiaea i?aaenoaaeoaee i?aayueo e?oaia Iniaineie
eiia?ee. Naie iie, i/aaeaeii, oae aea ia eiaee /aoeiai i?aaenoaaeaiey i
iooyo ?acaeoey o?aaeeoeeiiiiai ainoi/iiai iauanoaa i?e oneiaee aai
oniaoiiai ninouanoaiaaiey n ia?aaeiauie eaieoaeenoe/aneeie
ainoaea?noaaie Aa?iiu. Aeayoaee Oaiceiaoa eneaee aiciiaeiinoue
aacaieaciaiiie ia?ano?ieee o?aaeeoeeiiiuo ionoeueiaineeo einoeoooia.
Iaeiaei ?aoi?iu ia auee aacaieaciaiiuie. Iie caaeaaaee nioeeaeueiua,
iaoeeiiaeueiua, ?aeeaeiciua eioa?anu ?acee/iuo neiaa iniaineiai iauanoaa
e aucuaaee oe?ieia i?ioeaiaeaenoaea, a oii /enea e n?aaee naiiaieeia,
eiaaoeo iaiin?aaenoaaiiia ioiioaiea e ?oeiaiaenoao inouanoaeaieai
?aoi?i. Niauoey oao eao iieiaeeee ia/aei i?ioeanno, eioi?ue a
nia?aiaiiae ?inneeneie e ca?oaaaeiie enoi?eia?aoee ii?aaeaeyaony eae
«aa?iiaecaoeee» Oo?oeee, e nooue eioi?iai, a eiia/iii n/aoa, ninoiyea a
caoyioaoeany ia aeieaea aeanyoeeaoey eioaa?aoeee Iniaineiai ainoaea?noaa
a ie?iaoth eaieoaeenoe/aneoth nenoaio. Iniiaiie oeaeueth enneaaeiaaiey
yaeyaony eco/aiea i?iaeaiu ?aoi?iaoi?neiai aeaeaeaiey yiioe Oaiceiaoa
eae aaaeiaeoaai oneiaey i?aia?aciaaiee e, aiaeec aeeyiey oaiceiaoneeo
?aoi?i ia noa?u iauanoaaiiie aeecie iniaineiai iauanoaa.
Aeaaa I. I?aaeiinueee e aicieeiiaaieth ?aoi?i a Iniaineie eiia?ee
Aiaei-oo?aoeeay eiiaaioeey 1838a., a oaeaea oi?aiaua aeiaiai?u,
caeeth/aiiua Ii?oie iicaea n ae?oaeie aa?iiaeneeie aea?aeaaaie, caiaoii
onei?eee aiaea/aiea Iniaineie eiia?ee a ie?iaoth yeiiiie/aneoth nenoaio.
Yoi ianoiyoaeuenoai eiaei aaaeiua iineaaenoaey, eae aeey oo?aoeeiai, oae
e aeey ae?oaeo ia?iaeia eiia?ee, /ae aeaeueiaeoee i?ia?ann ai ana
aieueoae noaiaie noae caaenaoue io oiaea ?acaeoey ie?iaiai eaieoaeecia.
A neeo naiae nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneie ionoaeinoe Oo?aoeeay eiia?ey
auioaeaeaia auea i?aa?auaoueny a aa?a?ii-nu?ueaaie i?eaeaoie Aa?iiu.
Iniiaiuie i?aaeiaoaie auaica Aiaeee, O?aioeee, Aano?ee e ae?oaeo
aa?iiaeneeo ainoaea?noa ec Iniaineie eiia?ee auee oaee-nu?aoe, oa?noue,
iaauaeaeaiiua eiaee, ianee/iua naiaia, iaoo?aeueiua e?aneoaee, ieeaeiaia
ianei, oaaae a eenoueyo, ca?ii, i?aoe, iieoi. N?aaee aaiceiuo oiaa?ia
i?aiaeaaeaee oeii/aoiaoiaaeiua e oa?noyiua oeaie, iaoaeeu, ecaeaeey ec
iaoaeea e noaeea, eaea?noaa, aioiaay iaeaaeaea e ia?aaioaiiua eiaee.
I?aa?auaiea noeoaineeo aeaaeaiee a enoi/iee nu?uey e ?uiie nauoa aeey
eaieoaeenoe/aneeo no?ai i?eaaei e oaaee/aieth ?iee naeueneiai oicyenoaa
e iaaeaieth cia/eiinoe i?iiuoeaiiiai i?iecaiaenoaa a yeiiiieea eiia?ee.
Aieioue aei eiioea XVIII a. ianoiua ?aianeaiieee a oeaeii oaeiaeaoai?yee
iaaeeaiii aic?anoaaoee aioo?aiiee ni?in. Aieaa oiai, nicaeaeenue
aiciiaeiinoe aeey ?acaeoey iaiooaeoo?iiai i?iecaiaenoaa – oneeeeny
i?ioeann ?aceiaeaiey oeaoiaie i?aaiecaoeee ?aianea» ana aieueoea
ianooaau i?eia?aoaee neoiea, aaaine?iaaiea e ae?oaea i?inoaeoea oi?iu
iiae/eiaiey ?aianeaiiiai i?iecaiaenoaa oi?aiaiio eaieoaeo. Iaeiaei a
ia?aie iieiaeia XIX a., iniaaiii iinea caaa?oaiey i?iiuoeaiiie
?aaiethoeee a Aa?iia, oneiaey ooieoeeiie?iaaiey ai?iaeneiai ?aianea, eae
a aceaoneeo, oae e aa?iiaeneeo i?iaeioeeyo ?acei oooaeoeeenue, iiiaea
io?anee i?eoee a oiaaeie. A Aiaoieee iniaaiii iino?aaeaee oeaio?u
iaeaieaa ?acaeouo io?aneae i?iecaiaenoaa – oeii/aoiaoiaaeiie, noeiiiie,
oaeeiaie i?iiuoeaiiinoe, iaoaeeiia?aaioee – Ao?na, Aiea?a, Aeea?aaeu?,
Aianuey, Oieao. ?onneee iooaoanoaaiiee I.I. A?ii/aiei, aieiaoaeueii
eco/aaoee yeiiiie/aneia iieiaeaiea Iaeie Acee a 30-o aiaeao XIX a.,
ioia/ae, /oi /enei oa?noyiuo noaieia a Aiea?a nie?aoeeinue n 2000 aei
100, iineieueeo aa?iiaeneea ecaeaeey ec aiai?neie oa?noe noiyo ai?acaei
aeaoaaea. Ae?oaea io?anee, ia iuooeaoea a oaeie aea noaiaie aicaeaenoaey
eiino?aiiie eiieo?aioeee, auioaeaeaiu auee nie?auaoue i?iecaiaenoai
ec-ca cia/eoaeueiiai noaeaiey nu?ueaaie aacu a nayce ni niyoeai
ia?aie/aiee ia yenii?o ianoiie naeueneioicyenoaaiiie i?iaeoeoeee.
Naeueneia oicyenoai, a eioi?ii auei caiyoi aei 90 % ianaeaiey no?aiu,
?aaae?iaaei ia eciaiaiea yeiiiie/aneie neooaoeee cia/eoaeueii neaaaa.
?anoouee ni?in ia i?iaeoeou caieaaeaeey e neioiaiaenoaa niinianoaiaae
iaeioi?iio oaaee/aieth oiaa?iinoe naeueneioicyenoaaiiiai i?iecaiaenoaa,
ii ii ia eciaiee iauaai iieiaeaiey a aea?aaia. Caaeaaeaiiua oyaeaeui
a?aiaiai iaeiaia e iiaeiiinoae, io?acaiiua io ?uiea a iaeieo neo/ayo
aacaei?iaeueai, ia?acaeoinoueth o?ainii?oiuo n?aaenoa, a a ae?oaeo –
iaee/eai iin?aaeieeia-neoiueeia o?iaeay, e?anoueyineea oicyenoaa
nio?aiyee naie iaoo?aeueiue oa?aeoa?. Ia?u i?aaeoaeuenoaa, iai?aaeaiiua
ia iaania/aiea niieienoaey a noieeoea e i?iaeioeeyo, ioiaia
ainoaea?noaaiiie iiiiiieee ia caeoieo oa?noe e ?yaea ae?oaeo oiaa?ia
iinea 1838a., eeeaeaeaoeey aioo?aiieo aa?uea?ia e i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiuo
?aaeaiaioaoeee niinianoaiaaee iaeeaeaieth aioo?aiiae oi?aiaee, /oi
i?iyaeeinue a oaaee/aiee oiaa?iiaiaia iaaeaeo ioaeaeueiuie ?aeiiaie
no?aiu, iaeeaeaiee aaeaaiaeiuo y?ia?ie e aaeaiaaeaeueiuo aaca?ia.
Iienuaay Iaeoth Aceth, I.I. A?ii/aiei ioia/ae: “AEeoaee aea?aaaiue
i?iaeatho naie i?iecaaaeaiey e iieoiatho ioaeiua ei aaue ia oi?aao,
auaathueo a ecaanoiua aeie iaaeaee. Ii/oe eaaeaeue ai?iae e ianoa/ei
eiatho oaeea aeie aaca?a; a iaeioi?uo ianoao noa/aiea ia?iaea auaaao
i/aiue aaeeei. E?iia oiai, ii aea?aaiyi ?acaicyony e ?aciinyony oiaa?u
iniaui nineiaeai oi?aaoae ec ?aciuo iano”. Aeaeueiaeoaio ?acaeoeth
oi?aiaee e neeaaeuaaieth aaeeiiai aioo?aiiaai ?uiea i?aiyonoaiaaee
ainiiaenoai oaiaeaeueiuo ii?yaeeia e iaonoie/eainoue yeiiiie/aneiai
iieiaeaiey a eiia?ee. Iaeiiaieia e caiaaeeaiiia ?acaeoea iniaineie
yeiiiieee ieacaei aieueoia aeeyiea ia nioeeaeueiua i?ioeannu.
Iinoaiaiiia i?aa?auaiea eiia?ee a ia?eoa?eeiue eiiiiiaio ie?iaie
yeiiiie/aneie nenoaiu cao?oaeiyei neeaaeuaaiea ianoiie ao?aeoacee, ii
iiiiaaei o?ainoi?iaoeee iaeaieaa i?aaei?eei/eaie /anoe eoia/anoaa a
iin?aaeieeia aa?iiaeneeo eiiiaiee. Ec ieo neiaeeeny iniaue eeann
“eaaaioeeoeaa” – eeoe, iieueciaaaoeony iie?iaeoaeuenoaii aa?iiaeneeo
iinieuenoa e iieo/aaoeo io ieo iniaue aeieoiaio – aa?ao, aeaai; eioi?iio
iie iiaee iieueciaaoueny eaieooeyoeeiiiuie i?eaeeaaee. Iniiaioth ianno
“aa?aoeu” ninoaaeyee i?aaenoaaeoaee ?acee/iuo oo?aoeeeo ia?iaeiinoae,
nin?aaeioi/eaoea a naieo ?oeao iniiaiua aeioiaeu io
i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa. Iiyaeaiea eaieoaeenoe/aneeo yeaiaioa a iniaineii
iauanoaa oi?iiceeinue e oai ianoiyoaeuenoaii, /oi i?aayuay aa?oooea
i?aaeii/eoaea ia aeeaaeuaaoue e?oiiuo n?aaenoa a oicyenoaaiiua
ia/eiaiey. O?oaeiinoe iaeiieaiey aiaaonoaa e ia?aaea/e aai ii
ianeaaenoao nicaeaee neeueiaeoee noeioe aeey iaiiia?iiai e
?anoi/eoaeueiiai iio?aaeaiey. Iiyoiio a ?oeao aunoaai neiy ia
aeeoioee?iaaeenue aieueoea eaieoaeu, a iinoiyiiua aieiu i?aiyonoaiaaee
iaeiieaieth cia/eoaeueiuo noii a ainoaea?noaaiiie eacia.
I?aiyonoaey ia iooe oi?aiai-i?iiuoeaiiiai i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa oieeaee
iaeaieaa aiaaoua yeaiaiou iniaiioo?aoeeiai iauanoaa a noa?o
caieaaeaaeaiey. N oi?acaeiaieai neiaoeeneie nenoaiu ieii/aoaeueii
ioi?ieeny oei e?oiiiai caieaaeaaeaeueoea, aunooiaaoaai a ea/anoaa
oaeoe/aneiai nianoaaiieea caiee, oioy oi?iaeueii yoa caiey inoaaaeanue
/anoueth oiiaea ie?a, o.a. ainoaea?noaaiiuo oaiaeee. Ooaa?aeaeaiea
oaiaeaeueii-aaniethoenoneiai ?aaeeia ia?aie/eei iieeoe/aneia iiaouanoai
yoiai eeanna, ii ia cao?iioei ei?ie aai yeiiiie/aneie aeanoe. Iaee/ea a
aai ?oeao eiio?iey iaae caieae iaoneiaeei nio?aiaiea oaiaeaeueiuo
ii?yaeeia a naeueneeo ?aeiiao. ?aoi?iu Iaoioaea II nii?iaiaeaeaeenue
oneeaieai ee/iie aeanoe iiia?oa, ii iaei niinianoaiaaee i?ia?anno
oo?aoeeiai iauanoaa. Oo?ee ii-i?aaeiaio n/eoaeenue oicyaaaie eiia?ee, ii
ia aeaea noa?a eo aeeyiey ieacuaaeanue aanueia ia?aie/aiiie ec-ca ana
aieaa yanoaaiiiai ionoaaaiey a yeiiiie/aneii, eoeueoo?iii e yoie/aneii
?acaeoee ia oieueei io ianaeaiey Caiaaeiie Aa?iiu, ii e io ?yaea
ia?iaeia, iaoiaeeaoeony iiae aeanoueth iniaineeo noeoaiia. Aia Aiaoieee
eo ?ieue ii nouanoao naiaeeeanue e inouanoaeaieth aiaiiuo e iieeoe/aneeo
ooieoeee, /oi e iicaieeei nia?aiaiieeai aiai?eoue i ieo eae i eeanna
aiaiiuo ieeoiaioia. Iiyoiio ?aoi?iu ouaneaaiiai noeoaia ia niiaee
inoaiiaeoue aeaeueiaeoaai ?inoa inaiaiaeeoaeueiiai aeaeaeaiey n?aaee
iiae/eiaiiuo ia?iaeia.
Aeaaa II. Oaiceiao
Ia?aie/aiiinoue i?aia?aciaaiee 20-30-o aiaeia auea iiiyoia e iaeaieaa
aeaeueiiaeaeiui i?aaenoaaeoaeyi i?aayuae aa?oooee Iniaineie eiia?ee. Eo
acaeyaeu au?aaeaee /eaiu aeaoo aunoeo ainoaea?noaaiiuo niaaoia –
Eiinoeueoaoeaiie annaiaeae e Aunoaai niaaoa th?eaee/aneeo i?aaeienaiee,
eioi?ua auee nicaeaiu a 1838 a. ec eeoe, i?eiaaeeaaeaaoeo e aunoae
noiee/iie ath?ie?aoee e ciaeiiuo n aa?iiaeneeie ii?yaeeaie. Aeaaioth
?ieue a i?aaiecaoeee eo aeayoaeueiinoe ea?ae Ionoaoa ?aoeae-iaoa
(1800-1858), iieueciaaaoeeny aeiaa?eai noeoaia Iaoioaea I. A oa/aiea
?yaea eao ii aue iineii a Aiaeee e O?aioeee, a caoai aue iacia/ai
ieieno?ii eiino?aiiuo aeae. Iiae aai ?oeiaiaenoaii aue ?ac?aaioai ieai
iiauo ?aoi?i, i?ecaaiiuo oe?aieoue oeaio?aeueioth aeanoue,
i?aaeioa?aoeoue ?acaeoea iaoeeiiaeueii-inaiaiaeeoaeueiiai aeaeaeaiey ia
Aaeeaiao e ineaaeoue caaeneiinoue Ii?ou io aa?iiaeneeo aea?aeaa iooai
i?eniiniaeaiey nouanoaothuaai no?iy e ii?iai caiaaeiiaa?iiaeneie aeecie.
?aaioa ii iiaeaioiaea oeaca i ?aoi?iao ia/aoa auea i?e aeecie Iaoioaea
II, a caeii/aia i?e aai i?aaiieea noeoaia Aaaeoe-Iaaeaeeaea (1839-1861).
Yoio aeieoiaio (“oaoo-e oa?eo” – “nayuaiiue oeac”) aue iaia?iaeiaai a
iiya?a 1939 a. ia?aae noeoaineei eaoiei aeai?oeii Atheueoaia e iieo/ee
iacaaiea Atheueoaiaeneiai oaoo-e oa?eoa. Ii iieiaeee ia/aei iiaiio yoaio
?aoi?i a enoi?ee Oo?oeee, ecaanoiiio eae oaiceiao (ii. /enei io a?aa,
neiaa “oaicei” – oii?yaei/aiea). Atheueoaiaeneee oaoo-e oa?eo
i?iaicaeaoae o?e iniiaiua oeaee i?aia?aciaaiee: iaania/aiea aaciianiinoe
aeecie, /anoe e eiouanoaa aeey anao iiaeaeaiiuo eiia?ee aia caaeneiinoe
io ?aeeaeiciie i?eiaaeeaaeiinoe; i?aaeeueiia ?ani?aaeaeaiea e aceiaiea
iaeiaia; oii?yaei/aiea ?ae?ooneiai iaai?a e nie?auaiea n?iea aiaiiie
neoaeau. I?e inouanoaeaiee eaeae noeoaineiai oeaca 1839 a. Ionoaoa
?aoeae-iaoa noieeioeny n iaeanoi/aiiui nii?ioeaeaieai i?ioeaieeia
?aoi?iu, i?aaeaea anaai oeaiia e aunoeo /eiiaieeia, iaaeeaaaoeony ia
acyoi/ie/anoaa e ceioiio?aaeaieyo. Aeoeaiia i?ioeaiaeaenoaea
?aaeoeeiia?ia i?eaaei e oiio, /oi ?aoi?iu oaiceiaoa i?iaiaeeeenue
iaiineaaeiaaoaeueii. Iiiai aieiaiey oaeaeyeinue eieoeeaoi?aie
Atheueoaiaeneiai aeoa ?aaeecaoeee aai iieiaeaiey i iai?eeiniiaaiiinoe
aeecie, eiouanoaa e /anoe anao iiaeaeaiiuo. N yoie oeaeueth auei i?eiyoi
oaieiaiia oeiaeaiea, au?aaioai eiiia?/aneee eiaeaen, o/?aaeaeaiu
Ainoaea?noaaiiue niaao e i?iaeioeeaeueiua eiinoeueoaoeaiua niaaou –
iaaeaeeenu ec i?aaenoaaeoaeae ionoeueiaineie e iaionoeueiaineeo iauei.
Ana yoe ia?u niinianoaiaaee ecaanoiiio ia?aie/aieth i?iecaiea e
aaccaeiiee a aeaenoaeyo aaeieieno?aoeee, oiaiueoaieth neo/aaa
eiioeneaoeee eiouanoaa, i?eiaiaiey iuoie ia aeii?inao e nia?oiuo eaciae.
Iaeiaei iie ieeae ia cao?aaeaaee naiiaea?aeaaiie aeanoe noeoaia e iioiio
ia iiaee ?aaeeeaeueii eciaieoue nouanoaiaaaoea ii?yaeee. Atheueoaiaeneee
oaoo-e oa?eo iaauae o?aaiyoue a i?aaao ionoeueiai e iaionoeueiai, ia
i?aeoeea aea caeiiiaeaoaeueiua iieiaeaiey i i?aaao iaionoeueiai
eaii?e?iaaeenue eee eca?auaeenue. Oo?aoeeay i?aayuay aa?oooea nio?aieea
ca niaie iiiiiieeth ia ana aaaeiaeoea a?aaeaeaineea e aiaiiua
aeieaeiinoe. No?aiynue icaei?iaeoue yeiiiieeo no?aiu, Ionoaoa
?aoeae-iaoa ia?aoeeny e ia?aniio?o iaeiaiaie nenoaiu. Auee ioiaiaiu
/?acau/aeiua iaeiae, aa?ueia, oii?yaei/aii aceiaiea iiaeooiiai iaeiaa
iaionoeueiai – aeaeecuee. Aianoa n oai iiiuoea Ii?ou oi?acaeieoue
ioeoiioth nenoaio, ?aci?eoaeueioth aeey ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa e i/aiue
auaiaeioth aeey iaiaauaiey ioeoiueeia ca n/ao iaeiaiieaoaeueueeia,
ieii/eeanue iaoaea/ae. Oa aea o/anoue iinoeaea i?iaeou i?aaiecaoeee
iaoaeeiia?aaaouaathueo, oaenoeeueiuo e aoiaaeiuo i?aaei?eyoee ?aeiia
Noaiaoea, a Ecie?a e Ao?na, ia?ii?eyoey ii oeo/oaieth ninoiyiey
naeueneiai oicyenoaa, iiiuoea icaei?iaeoue oeiainu ca n/ao nicaeaiey
ainoaea?noaaiiiai aaiea e onoie/eaie aeaiaaeiie nenoaiu. Ie/aai ia auei
i?aaei?eiyoi aeey iaania/aiey i?ioaeoeee ianoiiai i?iecaiaenoaa io
eiieo?aioeee aeaoaauo eiino?aiiuo oiaa?ia. Aieaa oaea/ii inouanoaeyeanue
aiaiiay ?aoi?ia, ii eioi?ie aue aaaaeai ?aaoey?iue iaai? ?ae?ooia ia
iniiaa anaiauae (aeey ionoeueiai) aieineie iiaeiiinoe, a n?ie
aeaenoaeoaeueiie neoaeau a a?iee nie?auai n 15 aei 5-7 eao. Ionoaoa
?aoeae-iaoa i?aaei?eiye ?yae oaaia aeey ?ani?ino?aiaiey nenoaiu
naaoneiai ia?aciaaiey. Ii aai eieoeeaoeaa nicaeaaaeenue ia/aeueiua e
n?aaeiea oeieu, iaaeaaiae/aneea e eiua o/eeeua. Yoe iiaiaaaaeaiey
aucaaee iniaia iaaeiaieuenoai aeooiaainoaa, ia iiaeaea?aeaee
?aoi?iaoi?ia e caiaaeiua aea?aeaau. A ?acoeueoaoa i?ia?ann a iaeanoe
i?inaauaiey ieacaeny iaaieueoei, naaoneeo oeie auei nicaeaii iaei, ec-ca
iaoaaoee n?aaenoa e i?aiiaeaaaoaeueneeo eaae?ia ia oaeaeanue iiiuoea
ioe?uoue oieaa?neoao. Iaeiaei iiiiiieey oeaiia ia i?inaauaiea ia?iaea
auea na?ueacii ineaaeaia. Ia/aaoayny a 1853a. E?uineay aieia i?a?aaea
?aoi?iaoi?neoth aeayoaeueiinoue Ionoaou ?aueae-iaoe e aai noi?iiieeia.
Ia?aue yoai oaiceiaoa, 1839-1853 aa., aue a?aiaiai iaeaieaa eioaineaiuo
i?aia?aciaaiee a aaeieieno?aoeaiii e ainoaea?noaaiiii oi?aaeaiee, a
noa?a yeiiiieee e eoeueoo?u. Iauaeoeaii ana yoe ia?u niinianoaiaaee
?an/enoea iooae aeey ao?aeoaciiai ?acaeoey no?aiu, ?aceiaeaieth
o?aaeeoeeiiiuo einoeoooia a aea?aaia e ai?iaea, aieaa oe?ieiio
aiaae?aieth aeinoeaeaiee aa?iiaeneie oeeaeeecaoeee. Iaeiaei iie
inouanoaeyeenue ai eiy nianaiey eiia?ee i?aaenoaaeoaeyie aa i?aayuae
aa?oooee e iioiio i?eaaee eeoue e /anoe/iui eciaiaieyi a nouanoaiaaaoeo
ii?yaeeao. Naie ?aoi?iaoi?u ia iieo/eee oe?ieie iiaeaea?aeee a iauanoaa,
eai eo ia/eiaiey ia nii?iaiaeaeaeenue caiaoiui oeo/oaieai aeecie
ia?iaeiuo iann, ia eciaieeinue ea?aeeiaeueiui ia?acii e iieiaeaiea
oaiaoaiiuo iaionoeueiaineeo ia?iaeia. Ia auee ono?aiaiu iiaiaeu aeey
aiaoaoaeuenoaa aea?aeaa. A 1856 a. ia/aeny aoi?ie ia?eiae oaiceiaoa. Aai
iniiaiua iieiaeaiey niaea?aeaeenue a Oaoo-e-ooiathia 1856 a., eioi?ue
i?aaenoaaeye niaie oe?ieoth i?ia?aiio aioo?aiieo i?aia?aciaaiee. A
ia?eiae oaiceiaoa no?oeoo?a ainoaea?noaaiiuo i?aaiia oi?aaeaiey
iiaeaa?aeanue A 1856 a. ia/aeny aoi?ie ia?eiae oaiceiaoa. Aai iniiaiua
iieiaeaiey niaea?aeaeenue a Oaoo-e-ooiathia 1856 a., eioi?ue
i?aaenoaaeye niaie oe?ieoth i?ia?aiio aioo?aiieo i?aia?aciaaiee. A
ia?eiae oaiceiaoa no?oeoo?a ainoaea?noaaiiuo i?aaiia oi?aaeaiey
iiaeaa?aeanue cia/eoaeueiui eciaiaieyi. A i?ioeanna inouanoaeaiey ?aoi?i
nicaeaaaeenue iiaua i?aaiu, eioi?ua niioaaonoaiaaee iio?aaiinoyi
a?aiaie: Niaao ieieno?ia, ieienoa?noaa, niaaou (iaaeaeeenu)
iauaeiia?neea e niaoeeaeueiua, a oaeaea ii naiioi?aaeaieth. A oeaeyo
eieeaaeaeueiiai ianoaeaeaiey aii?inia ainoaea?noaaiiiai oi?aaeaiey
nicaeaaaeenue ?acee/iua niaoeeaeueiua niaauaoaeueiua i?aaiu i?e aunoeo
aaaeiinoaao a?aaeaeaineiai e aiaiiiai oi?aaeaiey. Auee nicaeaiu
neaaeothuea niaaou: oeiainiaue, n/aoiaiaenoaa, oi?aaeaiey iieeoeee, ii
iaaeci?o ca ii/oie e oaeaa?aoii, aaeie?aeoaenoaa, caieaaeaeey,
i?iiuoeaiiinoe, einaaiiuo iaeiaia. I?e Aaaeoe-Iaaeaeeaea I aaaeiaeoea
caaea/e aioo?aiiae e aiaoiae iieeoeee ainoaea?noaa oaeoe/anee ?aoaeenue
Niaaoii ieieno?ia, ii a neeo onoaiiaeaoaeny i?aeoeee aai ?aoaiey
oi?iaeueii ooaa?aeaeaeenue noeoaiii.
Aunoee niaao oaiceiaoa caieiae naiia aunieia iieiaeaiea ii ?aiao e
aaoi?eoaoo ii n?aaiaieth n ae?oaeie niaaoaie. Niaao eiae i?aai
?anniao?eaaoue caeiiii?iaeou ii anai aii?inai, eioi?ua ii n/eoae
caneoaeeaathueie aieiaiey, a oaeaea i?eieiaoue e ?anniao?eaaoue
i?aaeeiaeaiey, iaiin?aaenoaaiii i?aaeinoaaeaiiua aio ioeoeeaeueiuie e
iaioeoeeaeueiuie eeoeaie. Iaiaoiaeeii ioiaoeoue e ?aoi?io
i?iaeioeeaeueiiai oi?aaeaiey. Aieueoae /anoueth iniaineeo i?iaeioeee
oi?aaeyee iaoe (aoaa?iaoi?u, eee aaee), eioi?uo iacia/aei oeaio?aeueiia
i?aaeoaeuenoai. Aeayoaee oaiceiaoa no?aieeenue ia?aie/eoue iieiiii/ey
i?iaeioeeaeueiie aeanoe, iiae/eiea aoaa?iaoi?ia no?iaiio caeiio.
I?iaeioeeaeueiia oi?aaeaiea auei eee ?ai?aaieciaaii oaeei ia?acii, /oi
aiaiiua ooieoeee aoaa?iaoi?ia auee ia?aaeaiu iooaouco (o?aieoaeth),
oeiainiaua – aeaooa?aea?o (eacia/ath). I ?acoeueoaoao naiae
aeayoaeueiinoe iie io/eouaaeenue ia?aae Ii?oie. A 1864 aiaeo aue i?eiyo
caeii, ii eioi?iio onoaiaaeeaaeinue iiaia aaeieieno?aoeaiia aeaeaiea
iniaineie eiia?ee. No?aia auea ?acaeaeaia ia aeeaeaou (iaeanoe),
naiaeaeaee (ie?oaa), eaca (oacaeu), iaoeea (aieinoe). Yoe
aaeieieno?aoeaiua aaeeieoeu auee onoaiiaeaiu ii ia?acoeo o?aioeocneiai
aaeieieno?aoeaiiai aeaeaiey. Ai aeaaa eaaeaeie ec iacaaiiuo
aaeieieno?aoeaiuo aaeeieoe auee iinoaaeaiu niioaaonoaaiii: aaee,
ioianaouo, eaeiaeai, ithaee?. A naeao i?aaenoaaeoaeai aeanoe aue
noa?inoa – ioooa?. Oaeay nenoaia aeieaeia auea iaania/eoue eae no?iaoth
oeaio?aeecaoeeth aeanoe, oae e eiio?ieue i?aaeoaeuenoaa ca
aeayoaeueiinoueth i?iaeioeeaeueiie aaeieieno?aoeee, i?aaeaea anaai,
aaee. Caeii 1864 a. eeoae aaee noaeaaiie aeanoe, a oaeaea i?aaa
naiiee/ii ?anii?yaeaoueny oeiainaie, ninoiyaoeie ec noiiu iaeiaia.
Oeiainaie aeeaeaoa noae aaaeaoue niaoeeaeueiue eacia/ae – aeaooa?aea?,
iacia/aaiue Ii?oie. Iiaue caeii oaeaea i?aaeoniao?eaae nicaeaiea i?e
aaee e ieaeanoiyueo ia/aeueieeia aaeieieno?aoeaiuo aaeeieoe
eiinoeueoaoeaiuo niaaoia – iaaeaeeenia. *eaiu iaaeaeeena ecae?aeenue io
ianaeaiey e aeieaeiu auee i?eiaaeeaaeaoue e oae iacuaaaiui «eiaiiui»
ethaeyi – e?oiiui caieaaeaaeaeueoeai, ianoiui aiaa/ai e o. ae.
A 60-70-o aiaeao Ii?oa noaiiaeony ia iooue ia?aie/aiey naiioi?aaeaiey
iaionoeueiaineeo ?aeeaeiciuo iauei. Auee ?acaeaeaiu ?aeeaeiciua e
ie?neea ooieoeee iauei. Oaea a 1856 a. Ii?oa ?ac?aaioaea ?yae ia?,
i?aaeiacia/aiiuo aeey ia?aniio?a i?eaeeaaee iauei iiae i?aaeeiaii, /oi
iie oaea ia niioaaonoaotho iiaui eaeayi. Oaoo-e-ooiathi 1856 a.
iiaeoaa?aeee i?aaa e eueaioo, eioi?uie iieueciaaeenue iaionoeueiaineea
?aeeaeiciua iaueiu. Aianoa n oai ii i?aaeoniio?ae na?ueaciua eciaiaiey a
eo no?oeoo?a. ?oeiaiaenoai iauei, ninoiyaoaa ec aunoeo aeooiaiuo
naiiaieeia n iao?ea?oaie ai aeaaa, inaiaiaeaeaeanue io ooieoeee
naaoneiai oi?aaeaiey. Ei iaaeeaaeaei caieiaoueny eneeth/eoaeueii
oea?eiaiuie aeaeaie. Oo?aoeeee iiia?o ii-i?aaeiaio inoaaaeny
nin?aaeioi/aieai naaoneie aeanoe (eae noeoai) e aeooiaiie (eae oaeeo).
I?aaaea, aeooiaiay aeanoue i?aeoe/anee, ii oaea aeaaii neiaeeaoaeny
o?aaeeoeee, iaoiaeeeanue a ?oeao oaeo-oeue-eneaia e aai aiia?aoa. Oai ia
iaiaa, e aeooiaiay aeanoue noeoaia auea aanueia cia/eoaeueiie,
iineieueeo ii iacia/ae e niauae oaeo-oeue-eneaiia. A aeacao ieeeeiiia
ionoeueiai-noiieoia ai anai ie?a aeooiaiue aaoi?eoao oaeeoa noiye i/aiue
auniei. A 1868 a. aue iioaeeeiaai ?aaeaiaio i?aaiecaoeee
Ainoaea?noaaiiiai niaaoa. A iai cia/aiea Niaaoa ii?aaeaeyeinue oae:
«Ainoaea?noaaiiue niaao yaeyaony oeaio?aeueiui o/?aaeaeaieai eiia?ee,
ianoaeaeathuei ana aaeieieno?aoeaiua aeaea». Iniaay noaouey
iiae/a?eeaaea, /oi ainoaea?noaaiiue niaao ia aeieaeai aiaoeaaoueny a
aeaea eniieieoaeueiie aeanoe, /oi aai caaea/a ninoieo eneeth/eoaeueii a
ianoaeaeaiee aii?inia, ii?aaeaeaiiuo ?aaeaiaioii. Niaao aeieaeai eeoue
neaaeeoue ca niaethaeaieai niioaaonoaothueo caeiiia e iinoaiiaeaiee.
Iinea E?uineie aieiu i?iaeieaeaeenue i?aia?aciaaiey a oeaio?aeueiuo
i?aaiao eniieieoaeueiie aeanoe – ieienoa?noaao. Auee o/?aaeaeaiu iiaua
ieienoa?noaa – thnoeoeee, i?inaauaiey, iauanoaaiiuo ?aaio, aaeoia. A
oeaeii ?aoi?iu a oeaio?aeueiii aiia?aoa aeanoe auee iaaeinoaoi/iuie e
iaeiyooaeoeaiuie. Oaeaea ?aoi?iu einioeenue a?iee e oeioa. Caeiiii io 22
ethiy 1869a. oo?aoeeay a?iey auea ?ai?aaieciaaia ii o?aioeocneiio
ia?acoeo. «Iiaue caeii onoaiiaee aeaeaiea a?iee ia /aou?a /anoe:
iinoiyiioth (iecai), a aann?i/iii ioioneo (eooeoo), ?aca?a (?aaeeo) e
iaeanoiua aienea (ithnoaoouc)». Aue i?eiyo iiaue ii?yaeie eiiieaeoiaaiey
a?iee iooai aea?aaueaaee (a ia iooai iaai?a ?ae?ooia) ec iiaeeaaeaueo
i?ecuao ionoeueiai. N?ie neoaeau aue ii?aaeaeai a 20 eao. Auei oaeaeaii
aieiaiea nicaeaieth a Oo?oeee iiaiai aiaiiiai oeioa. I?ia?aiia
i?aia?aciaaiee, eceiaeaiiay a Oaoo-e-ooiathia 1856a., aeieaeia auea
niinianoaiaaoue noaiiaeaieth e ?acaeoeth ao?aeoaciuo einoeoooia e
o/?aaeaeaiee a Iniaineie eiia?ee, /oi aianoa n oai aeieaeii auei
nicaeaaaoue i?aaiaua e yeiiiie/aneea oneiaey aeey ?anoe?aiey
oi?aiai-yeiiiie/aneie yeniainee aa?iiaeneiai eaieoaea a iae. I?e yoii,
aoaeo/e caoeene?iaai a noaouea 9 Ia?eaeneiai ie?iiai aeiaiai?a,
Oaoo-e-ooiathi 1856a. i?eia?ae oa?aeoa? iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai iaycaoaeuenoaa
Ii?ou, eioi?ia caiaaeiua aea?aeaau eniieueciaaee a ea/anoaa
th?eaee/aneie iniiau aeey ?aaeecaoeee naieo yeiiiie/aneeo e iieeoe/aneeo
i?eoycaiee a noeoaineie Oo?oeee. «Eeanne/aneia» aacaei?iaeuea e
a?oae/iua o?ainii?oiua n?aaenoaa noeoaineie Oo?oeee oi?iiceee e iae
oi?aiai-yeiiiie/aneoth yeniaineth Caiaaea. Iniaineia i?aaeoaeuenoai
ioaeaaaei naaa io/ao a iaiaoiaeeiinoe oeo/oaiey iooae niiauaiey. A 1866
a. auea o/?aaeaeaia niaoeeaeueiay i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiay eiienney ii
?ac?aaioea i?iaeoia aei?iaeiiai no?ieoaeuenoaa a eiia?ee. I?aaaea, eae
iieacaea i?aeoeea, aeayoaeueiinoue yoie eiiennee naaeanue aeaaiui
ia?acii e ?aiiioo oeeoe Noaiaoea. Iiyoiio a aeeaeaoao aii?inu
aei?iaeiiai no?ieoaeuenoaa iaoiaeeeenue a ?oeao ianoiuo aeanoae.
Aieueoia aieiaiea aei?iaeiiio no?ieoaeuenoao oaeaeyeinue, iai?eia?, a
Aeoiaeneii aeeaeaoa ai aoi?ie iieiaeia 60-o aiaeia, eiaaea aoaa?iaoi?ii
aue Ieaeoao-iaoa. I?e iai a aeeaeaoa auei i?ieiaeaii ieiei 3 oun. ei
aei?ia e iino?iaii 420 iinoia. Iaiaeoth ?ieue a no?ieoaeuenoaa a?oioiauo
aei?ia nua?ae oiaaea e eiino?aiiue eaieoae o?aioeocneea eiiiaiee
iino?ieee a oa aiaeu aei?iae, naycaaoea Aae?oo e Aeaiane, a a Caiaaeiie
Aiaoieee Ao?no n Ioaeaiueae. Ninoiyiea aei?ia a ?yaea ?aeiiia Iniaineie
eiia?ee, oaeei ia?acii, ianeieueei oeo/oeeinue. Ai aoi?ie iieiaeia OIO
a. iniaineia ainoaea?noai auei aua ia a ninoiyiee naiinoiyoaeueii
inouanoaeyoue no?ieoaeuenoai e yenieoaoaoeeth aeaeaciuo aei?ia.
Oo?aoeeia i?aaeoaeuenoai auei auioaeaeaii ioeacaoueny io ia?aiia/aeueiuo
iaia?aiee no?ieoue aeaeaciua aei?iae naiinoiyoaeueii. AEaeaciiaei?iaeiia
no?ieoaeuenoai a Iniaineie eiia?ee a 50-70-a aiaeu O1O a. (eae ai?i/ai,
e iicaea) inouanoaeyeinue aeaaiui ia?acii eiino?aiiuie eiioeanneiia?aie.
Ia?auie ca aeaeaciiaei?iaeiia no?ieoaeuenoai acyeenue aiaee/aia. A 1856
a. aiaeeeneay eiiiaiey iieo/eea eiioeanneth ia no?ieoaeuenoai
130-eeeiiao?iaie aeaeaciie aei?iae Ecie?-Aoeaeui. Ae?oaia aiaeeeneia
aeoeeiia?iia iauanoai 1863 a. i?eia?aei eiioeanneth ia no?ieoaeuenoai
aeaeaciiaei?iaeiie eeiee Ecie? – Eanaoa (93ei). E 70-i aiaeai aeeeia
anao aeaeaciuo aei?ia eiia?ee ninoaaeyea eeoue 1600ei. Ana iie
i?aaenoaaeyee niaie n?aaieoaeueii iaaieueoea aeaeaciiaei?iaeiua aaoee.
Iniiaiia eo iacia/aiea caeeth/aeinue a oii, /oiau iaania/eoue
iaaeaaeioth naycue iniaineeo ii?oia n aioo?aiieie ?aeiiaie e oai naiui
nicaeaoue oneiaey aeey ?anoe?aiey nauoa aa?iiaeneie i?iaeoeoeee e auaica
ec no?aiu naeueneioicyenoaaiiiai nu?uey.
?aoi?iu oaiceiaoa, ianiio?y ia anth eo iaiineaaeiaaoaeueiinoue e
ia?aie/aiiue oa?aeoa?, ana aea niiaee nicaeaoue oneiaey aeey
ii?aaeaeaiiiai iiaeuaia oicyenoaaiiie aeecie Iniaineie eiia?ee. A
ia?eiae ?aoi?i iaaethaeaeny nouanoaaiiue ?ino naeueneioicyenoaaiiiai
i?iecaiaenoaa. Einaaiiui aeieacaoaeuenoaii yoiio iiaeao neoaeeoue
oaaee/aiea iauae noiiu aoa?a, niae?aaiiai ii no?aia. Ca a?aiy n 1848 ii
1876 aa. iinooieaiey a ainoaea?noaaiioth eacio ii yoie noaouea aeioiaea
aic?inee ii/oe a 4 ?aca, iiaeiyaoenue n 194,8 iei. aei 743,6 iei.
eo?ooae. Aaeain aiaoiae oi?aiaee no?aiu a ?anniao?eaaaiia a?aiy aue oaea
o?iie/anee aeaoeoeeoai. A 1863-1872 aa. noieiinoue eiii?oa i?aauoaei
noieiinoue yenii?oa a n?aaeiai ia 27 iei. o. aaeaaiaeii. Aeaoeoeeo
aiaoiae oi?aiaee eiia?ee iie?uaaeny eiino?aiiuie caeiaie e oneeeaae
iauayeiiiie/aneoth e oeiainiaoth caaeneiinoue no?aiu io aa?iiaeneiai
eaieoaea. Ai aoi?ie iieiaeia OIO aaea a Iniaineie eiia?ee ana io/aoeeaaa
noaee auaeaeyoueny ioaeaeueiua aaia?aoe/aneea ciiu i?aiaeaaeathuaai
yeiiiie/aneiai aeeyiey oie eee eiie eiino?aiiie aea?aeaau. Ii aianoa n
yoei ana yanoaaiiaa noaiiaeeanue e acaeiiay ai?ueaa,
oi?aiai-yeiiiie/aneay eiieo?aioeey no?ai Caiaaea, iaia/aeenue
oaiaeaioeee ia?aa?oiie?iaee eo nee e eciaiaiey neiaeeaoeony, i?aaeaea
anaai noa? yeiiiie/aneiai aeeyiey. N iaeiie noi?iiu, ie?iaie ?uiie
noeioee?iaae ?acaeoea a Iniaineie eiia?ee no?oeoo?u e iauaiia
i?iecaiaenoa a io?uaa io enoi?e/anee neiaeeaoeony a Iniaineii iauanoaa
iio?aaiinoae, a n ae?oaie – iiae aai aea aicaeaenoaeai o ianaeaiey no?ai
oi?ie?iaaeenue iiaay no?oeoo?a e iaai? iio?aaiinoae aac niioaaonoaothuae
ei aioo?aiiae i?iecaiaenoaaiiie aacu. Aicieeoea aeeni?iii?oeee, eee
«iiaeieoeu» a ?acaeoee noa? i?iecaiaenoaa e iio?aaeaiey icia/aee, /oi
iniaineay yeiiiieea iinoaiaiii oo?a/eaaea niiniaiinoue aini?iecaiaenoaa
ia naiae nianoaaiiie iniiaa. Yeiiiie/aneay naiinoiyoaeueiinoue Iniaineie
eiia?ee auea iiaei?aaia. Iinea E?uineie aieiu oo?aoeeea ?aoi?iaoi?u
no?aieeenue iaania/eoue oeiainiaoth aaco aeey i?iaiaeeiuo a no?aia
i?aia?aciaaiee, i?iaeieaeaee ia?ano?ieeo oeiainiaie e iaeiaiaie nenoaiu
eiia?ee. A aeooa ?aoi?i oaiceiaoa nicaeaaaeenue iiaua oeiainiaua
o/?aaeaeaiey, i?aaei?eieiaeenue oneeey ii oii?yaei/aieth aceiaiey n
ianaeaiey o?aaeeoeeiiiuo iaeiaia aaiaeeeenue iiaua. Ii oeneaeueiay
iieeoeea Ii?ou iinea E?uineie aieiu ii-i?aaeiaio «?aaioaea» aeaaiui
ia?acii ia ecuyoea i?iecaiaeeiiai iiaeaoiui ianaeaieai no?aiu i?iaeoeoa.
Oeaio?aeueiia i?aaeoaeuenoai no?aieeinue aueaeeaaoue n?aaenoaa ec
aeeaeaoia, iaane?iaeeaaei eo e iaei /oi i?aaeeaaaei acaiai. Ianiio?y ia
nio?aieaoeany ii?iee Iniaineie iaeiaiaie nenoaiu, iauaa iaeeaeaiea
oicyenoaaiiie aeecie eiia?ee a 50-60-o aiaeao iaania/eei nouanoaaiiia
oaaee/aiea iaeiaiauo iinooieaiee a ainoaea?noaaiioth eacio. Iauay noiia
aeioiaeia ainoaea?noaa n 1857 ii 1871 a. au?inea ii/oe aaeaia – n 1038
iei. aei 1920 iei. eo?ooae. Iaeiaei ?ino aeioiaeia iniaineiai
i?aaeoaeuenoaa a oio ia?eiae oaea yaii ia niioaaonoaiaae aeeiaieea aai
?anoiaeia. Aunieay noaiaiue oeiainiaie yenieoaoaoeee Iniaineie eiia?ee
aa?iiaeneei nnoaeiui eaieoaeii, e iauay e?eceniay neooaoeey a ie?iaie
yeiiiieea a na?aaeeia 70-o aiaeia, aannii?ii, yaeeenue oaie
aiaoiayeiiiie/aneeie oaeoi?aie, eioi?ua i?eaaee eiia?eth e aaie?ionoao.
Ii iiieii yoeo aiaoieo i?e/ei nouanoaiaaee aua e aioo?aiiea i?e/eiu.
Yoi, i?aaeaea anaai, oi, /oi athaeaeao eiia?ee oi?ie?iaaeny a iniiaiii
ca n/ao iaeiaia, niae?aaiuo n naeueneiai ianaeaiey, e aue, iiyoiio,
aanueia oycaei e iaonoie/ea. Oeiainiaia aaie?ionoai Ii?ou auei
caeiiiia?iui eoiaii aiaea/aiey eiia?ee n aa aa?a?iie, iecei
i?iecaiaeeoaeueiie yeiiiieeie e ionoaeui oaiaeaeueiui ainoaea?noaii a
nenoaio iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai eaieoaeenoe/aneiai e?aaeeoa. Athaeaeao
iniaineie eiia?ee a yoi a?aiy noaiiaeeny o?iie/anee aeaoeoeeoiui. Iinea
ia?auo eiino?aiiuo caeiia, iieo/aiiuo Ii?oie a aiaeu E?uineie aieiu,
iniaineia i?aaeoaeuenoai auei auioaeaeaii aiiaue ia?aoeoueny e aiaoiei
enoi/ieeai oeiaine?iaaiey. Aei naiaai aaie?ionoaa a 1875 a. Ii?oa noiaea
caeeth/eoue aeiaiai?u i aua 15 aiaoieo caeiao. A ?acoeueoaoa e 1875 a.
noiia caeiia aeinoeaea 242 iei. ee?.
Aiaoiyy caaeieaeaiiinoue no?aiu i/aiue auno?i ?inea. Anee a 1854 a. iia
ninoaaeyea 75 iei. o?aieia, a a 1863 a. – 200 iei. o?aieia, oi a 1874 a.
iia ?aaiyeanue oaea 1 ie?ae. o?aieia. A ieoya?a 1875 a. oo?aoeeia
i?aaeoaeuenoai auioaeaeaii auei iauyaeoue i naiae ianiiniaiinoe
iiaaoaoue aioo?aiiee aeiea a o?aaoaiuo ?acia?ao. A ioeoeeaeueiii
niiauaiee oo?aoeeiai i?aaeoaeuenoaa i aaie?ionoaa Oo?oeee oeacuaaeinue,
/oi a oa/aiea aeeaeaeoeo iyoe eao ?an/aou ii aiaoiei e aioo?aiiei
aeieaai aoaeoo nieaeaiu iaiieiaeio. Iaeiaei a 1876 a. auieaou ii
ainoaea?noaaiiiio aeieao auee aiiaua i?einoaiiaeaiu. Iniaineay eiia?ey
iaaie?ioeeanue. ?ino ainoaea?noaaiiie caaeieaeaiiinoe Iniaineie eiia?ee
aucuaae iiauoaiiia aieiaiea aa?iiaeneeo e?aaeeoi?ia e ninoiyieth aa
oeiainia. Iauaeoeaii iie auee caeioa?aniaaiu a iiaea?iecaoeee oeiainiaie
nenoaiu no?aiu, a ia?aoiaea Ii?ou io n?aaeiaaaeiauo e ao?aeoaciui ii?iai
a i?aaiecaoeee e inouanoaeaiee, eae iauae aa oeiainiaie iieeoeee, oae e
eiie?aoiie i?aeoeee oeiainiauo iia?aoeee. A i?ioeaiii neo/aa
yenieoaoaoeey Iniaineie eiia?ee ii eeiee auaica nnoaeiiai eaieoaea auea
au e?aeia cao?oaeiaia. E aioo?aiiea, e aiaoiea ianoiyoaeuenoaa iiaoaeeee
Ii?oo o/?aaeeoue a 1863 aiaeo ia aaca nouanoaiaaaoaai a no?aia n 1856
aiaea aiaeeeneiai Iooiiaineiai aaiea oeaio?aeueiue ainoaea?noaaiiue
aaie, i?ecaaiiue iiaea?iece?iaaoue oi?aaeaiea oeiainaie Iniaineie
eiia?ee. Eiioeanney ia i?aaiecaoeeth yoiai aaiea, iieo/eaoaai iacaaiea
“Eiia?neee Iooiiaineee aaie”, auea auaeaia ia?aiia/aeueii n?ieii ia 30
eao aiaeeeneei e o?aioeocneei oeiainenoai caoai iia auea i?iaeeaia aua
ia 50 eao. Ii oneiaeyi eiioeannee a iaycaiiinoe yoiai iiaiai aaiea
aoiaeeei ianeoaeeaaiea anao iia?aoeee, naycaiiuo n o/aoii oeiainiauo
iinooieaiee a ainoaea?noaaiioth eacio, a oaeaea inouanoaeaiea ec iaa ii
i?eeaco ieieno?a oeiainia iaiaoiaeeiuo auieao. Aaie iaeaaeae
eneeth/eoaeueiui i?aaii yiennee aaieiioia, aeaenoaeoaeueiuo ia anae
oa??eoi?ee eiia?ee. Iiyoiio, ia/eiay n 1863 aiaea, iiiaea eiino?aiiua
caeiu caeeth/aeenue i?e iaiin?aaenoaaiiii niaeaenoaee e o/anoee
Eiia?neiai iooiiaineiai aaiea. ssaeyynue oi?iaeueii ainoaea?noaaiiui,
yoio aaie ia aeaea i?eiaaeeaaeae aiaeeeneiio e o?aioeocneiio, a n 1875
aiaea aua e aano?eeneiio eaieoaeo. O?aaeeoeeiiii a iniaineii caiaeueiii
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa caiey aeaeeeanue ia o?e iniiaiua eaoaai?ee.
1. Ie?e — ainoaea?noaaiiay. E iae ioiineeny iniiaiie iannea caiaeue
no?aiu. I?aai aa?oiaiie nianoaaiiinoe yoeo caiaeue i?eiaaeeaaeaei
ainoaea?noao.
2. Itheuee — “/anoiinianoaaiiay”. Yoi aaconeiaiua oaiaeaeueiua
caiaeueiua iiaeaeiaaiey.
3. Aaeo — caiey, aeioiaeu n eioi?ie iinooiaee ?aeeaeiciui o/?aaeaeaieyi
eee ia iauanoaaiii-aeaaioai?eoaeueiua ioaeaeu.
A aeaeaa?a 1857 a. oaeo-oeue-eneai auian ?aoaiea, iaeia?aiiia aunoei
niaaoii thnoeoeee, i i?aaeeao ia?aaea/e caiaeue ie?e ioae/ei e aeaiuei,
oia?oeo aacaeaoiuie, e i ?anoe?aiee e?oaa eeoe, eiathueo i?aai iieo/eoue
eo caiee n oneiaeai oieaou oaio (aeieoiaio ia i?aai aeaaeaiey caieae
ie?e). Oaeea o/anoee auei ?aoaii, i?aaeaea anaai, ia?aaeaaaoue aanieaoii
iooeo eee iaoa?e oia?oaai. Anee eo ia auei, oi onoaiaaeeaaeanue
ii?aaeaeaiiay i/a?aaeiinoue ia?aaea/e iaaeaea ii oaio. Iinoaiiaeaiey i
?anoe?aiee e?oaa ianeaaeieeia auee aeeth/aiu a Caiaeueiue caeii 1858 a.
25 oaa?aey 1858 a. yoi iinoaiiaeaiea auei ?ani?ino?aiaii ia caiee ie?e,
aeioiaeu n eioi?uo auee iinayuaiu a aaeou (oae iacuaaaiua “iaenoeiiua”).
Ioiuia iaenoeiiua aaeou noaee iacuaaoueny noeoaineeie aaeoaie n
oii?yaei/aiiie aeieoiaioaoeeae. Iiaiaaaaeaiey 1839-1858 aa., eanaaoeany
aa?a?iuo ioiioaiee, auee iiaeaioiaeie e aa?a?iiio caeiio 1858 a.
Ia?ae/iay iiaeaioiaea caeiia auea aiceiaeaia ia niaoeeaeueioth
a?aiaiioth eiienneth. Auee ?anniio?aiu ana i?aaeuaeouea caiaeueiua
caeiiu, ia/eiay ni a?aiaie Noeaeiaia Eaioie, e ana oaoau
oaeo-oeue-eneaiia, naycaiiua n aii?inaie caieaaeaaeaiey. 21 ai?aey 1858
a. i?iaeo aue i?aaenoaaeai Niaaoo oaiceiaoa, caoai iinooiee ia
ooaa?aeaeaiea oaeo-oeue-eneaia e aaeeeiai aace?a. Iinea iaeia?aiey
noeoaia caeii aue ooaa?aeaeai ieii/aoaeueii 6 ethiy 1858 a. A Caiaeueiii
caeiia ?a/ue oea i i?aaii ?aaeeia aeaaeaiey caieyie ie?a, a oii /enea e
oaie, /oi iaoiaeeeenue a ?anii?yaeaiee aaeoia. Nianoaaiiinoue itheuee
eeoue oiiieiaeanue, oae eae aeaaeaiea yoie nianoaaiiinoueth ?aaoee?iaaee
caeiiu oa?eaoa. Auee iacaaiu iyoue eaoaai?ee caiaeue, nouanoaiaaaoeo a
ainoaea?noaa a niioaaonoaee n o?aaeeoeeiiiie iniaineie eeanneoeeaoeeae:
1) caiee itheuee (iaiethea), 2) ainoaea?noaaiiua (ie?eea), 3) aaeou
(iaaeooa), 4) iauanoaaiiua (ioo?aea), 5) ionoiii?iaeiea (iaaao)
Caiaeueiue caeii ioee/aeny eiina?aaoeciii. Iaeuecy auei eniieueciaaoue
caieth, eae oioaeinue, iai?eia?, caiyoueny ia naiai o/anoea
ecaioiaeaieai ee?ie/a. Cai?auaeinue oi?iieoue ia yoie caiea oia?oaai.
Aac ?ac?aoaiey /eiiaieea iaeuecy auei naaeaoue aea?aauey, ?acaiaeeoue
naaeu. Caieth ii caeiio 1858 a. ?ac?aoaeinue ia?aaeaaaoue aanieaoii eee
i?iaeaaaoue ca oneiaioth oeaio oieueei n ?ac?aoaiey niioaaonoaothuaai
i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiiai /eiiaieea. Aianoa n oai aiciiaeiinoe
caieaaeaaeaeueoea ?anii?yaeaoueny iaaeaeii ?anoe?eeenue. Ii iia ioaeaoue
naie iaaeae a a?aiaeo e acyoue ca iaai nnoaeo eee ioaeaoue caieth a
caeia. Oioy i?aaa e?anoueyi ia caieth ii caeiio 1858 aiaea ?anoe?eeenue,
i?aai nianoaaiiinoe ia noaei iieiui. Aa?oiaiia i?aai nianoaaiiinoe
inoaeinue ca ainoaea?noaii, auee nio?aiaiu oaiaeaeueiua ia?aie/aiey a
iieueciaaiee e ?anii?yaeaiee caieyie ie?e. A nayce n oneeaieai ni?ina,
aeaaiui ia?acii aiaoiaai, ia i?iaeoeou oo?aoeeiai naeueneiai oicyenoaa
ana aieueoaa ?ani?ino?aiaiea ia/aee iieo/aoue /eooeeee. A
nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneii niunea /eooeee i?aaenoaaeyao niaie
eiie?aoii-enoi?e/aneia i?iyaeaiea iauaai iauaeoeaiiai i?ioeanna ?acaeoey
oi?i ainoaea?noaaiiie caiaeueiie nianoaaiiinoe e /anoiie caiaeueiie
nianoaaiiinoe. *eoeeoe/eeneay caiaeueiay nianoaaiiinoue — yoi iiaay
ia?aaeiaay oi?ia caiaeueiie nianoaaiiinoe, oa?aeoa?iay aeey ia?eiaea
?aceiaeaiey iniaineiai oaiaeaeecia. *eooeeee a oiaaeaoieo oneiaeyo auee
i?ia?anneaiui oaeoi?ii a nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneeo ioiioaieyo a
naeueneii oicyenoaa, a neaaeiaaoaeueii, a Oo?oeee a oeaeii. Anee
aiai?eoue ia yaiethoeee iaeiaiaie iieeoeee a aiaeu oaiceiaoa, oi
iio?aaiaaeinue 15 eao iinea ecaeaiey Oaoo-e-ooiathia, i?aaeaea /ai auei
i?eiyoi iiaia iinoaiiaeaiea i ii?yaeea naea/e n oi?aia ioeoia aoa?a e
aceiaiey aai iaiin?aaenoaaiii ainoaea?noaii Ia?aue ?acaeae yoiai
iinoaiiaeaiey iiae?iaii ?anniao?eaae ii?yaeie i?aaiecaoeee oi?aia aeey
naea/e aoa?a ia ioeoi eeoeai, i?aaeeiaeeaoei onoaiiaeaiioth
aaeieieno?aoeeae oeaio, ii?yaeie aceiaiey aoa?a ioeoiueeaie a
caaeneiinoe io naeueneioicyenoaaiiie eoeueoo?u e i?. A iinoaiiaeaiee e
neiaa ia auei ia ioiaia ioeoia.
Eoae, a 60-70-o aiaeao a noieue aaaeiii aii?ina eae iaeiaiaia iaeiaeaiea
e?anoueyi, ia i?iecioei ieeaeeo eciaiaiee, ia auei i?iaaaeaii ie iaeiie,
oioy au iacia/eoaeueiie ?aoi?iu. Ii aeaaiiio aii?ino — i aeaaeaiee
caieae ie?eea e /anoueth aaeooiuo caiaeue — iiaia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai
nio?aieei iniiaiua ii?iu oa?eaoneiai i?aaa e, i?aaeaea anaai
ainoaea?noaaiioth nianoaaiiinoue ia yoe caiee. Oai naiui ia auee
ono?aiaiu oa i?aiyonoaey, eioi?ua iaoaee aiaea/aieth aieueoae /anoe
ia?aaaouaaaiuo caiaeue no?aiu a oiaa?ii-aeaiaaeiue iai?io e a i?ioeann
eaieoaeenoe/aneiai ?acaeoey. Iiaua caeiiu nicaeaee aieaa noaaeeueiua
oneiaey aeaaeaiey ainoaea?noaaiiie caieae, aeaaiui ia?acii aeey e?oiiuo
caiaeueiuo nianoaaiieeia. Aeaaiaea?y yoei caeiiai iineaaeiea cae?aieee
ca niaie i?aai aeaaeaiey caieyie, eioi?uie iie iacaeiiiui iooai
iaeaaeaee aei e a i?ioeanna eeeaeaeaoeee aiaiii-eaiiie nenoaiu. Iiaia
aa?a?iia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai ieneieueei ia iaeaa/eei iieiaeaiea
e?anoueyi, ia ineaaeei eo caaeneiinoe io e?oiiuo aeaaeaeueoeaa —
naaoneeo e aeooiaiuo; ia auee inouanoaeaiu aeaaea ieieiaeueiua
i?aia?aciaaiey a iaeiaiaie nenoaia. Oaeei ia?acii, iaauaiea
Oaoo-e-ooiathia ono?aieoue ana i?aiyonoaey ia iooe ?acaeoey naeueneiai
oicyenoaa ia auee auiieiaiu. Iiaia aa?a?iia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai ia
oaeiaeaoai?yei iio?aaiinoyi ?acaeoey naeueneiai oicyenoaa, eioa?anai,
eae e?oiiuo caieaaeaaeaeueoeaa, oae e oe?ieeo e?anoueyineeo iann, oo?ie
e iaoo?ie. Iiyoiio ai?ueaa ca aeaeueiaeoea ?aoi?iu a aa?a?iii
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa i?iaeieaeaeanue a oa/aiea iiiaeo aeanyoeeaoee e iinea
oaiceiaoa. A oeaeii i?aia?aciaaiey ia?eiaea oaiceiaoa naeaeaoaeuenoaotho
i oii, /oi noi?iiieee ?aoi?i ia ia?aie/eeenue oieueei aeaeea?aoeaiuie
iaauaieyie, a yia?ae/ii e ieaiiia?ii iuoaeenue inouanoaeoue i?eioeeiu
Atheueoaiaeneiai oaooa e ?ai?aaieciaaoue ainoaea?noaaiioth no?oeoo?o
iniaineiai iauanoaa. ?aoi?iu oaiceiaoa auee oanii naycaiu iaeii n
ae?oaie e n iniiaiie eaeaae oaooa, ?acaeaaee e eiie?aoece?iaaee aa.
I?aia?aciaaiey Ionoaou ?aoeae-iaoe, eiaaoea oeaeueth niinianoaiaaoue
eaieoaeenoe/aneiio ?acaeoeth iniaineiai ainoaea?noaa, auee iai?aaeaiu
i?aeiouanoaaiii ia ?aoi?iu ainoaea?noaaiiiai oi?aaeaiey, i?aaa,
i?inaauaiey e ai?acaei iaiueoa yeiiiieee. Ia?a/eneaiiua i?aia?aciaaiey
auee iaiaoiaeeiu, oae eae ?acaeoeth eaieoaeenoe/aneeo ioiioaiee a no?aia
iaoaei o?aaeeoeeiiiia n?aaeiaaaeiaia ainoaea?noaaiiia ono?ienoai,
ionoaeua i?aaiaua ii?iu, ionoonoaea nia?aiaiiiai ia?aciaaiey,
ainiiaenoai oaiaeaeueiie eaeaieiaee.
Auaiaeu
Oae eae ?aoi?iu oaiceiaoa a oie eee eiie ia?a i?ioeai?a/eee o?aaeeoeeyi
e oa?eaoo, a oaeaea cao?aaeaaee iaoa?eaeueiua e nioeeaeueiua eioa?anu
/eiiaieeia, aeooiaainoaa e ae?oaeo oaiaeaeueiuo yeaiaioia, oi eo
inouanoaeaiea o?aaiaaei aieueoeo oneeee e /anoi ieacuaaeinue
iaei?acoeueoaoeaiui. ?aoi?iu oaiceiaoa i?e anae eo i?ia?anneaiinoe
i?aaeiieaaaee oneeaiea oaiaoaiey Oo?oeeae o?enoeaineeo iiaeaeaiiuo
Ii?ou. Ii/aa aeey ao?aeoaciuo ?aoi?i a aa?iiaeneeo no?aiao e a Iniaineie
eiia?ee auea ?aciie a ieaia o?iaiy nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneiai ?acaeoey e
ainiiaenoaothueo eaeaieiaee. A Iniaineie eiia?ee auee na?ueaciua
oaeoi?u, iaoaaoea oniaoo ?aoi?i.
?aoi?iu oaiceiaoa ia ii?aaaeaee aiceaaaaoeony ia ieo iaaeaaeae, iaeiaei,
e aeinoeaiooua oniaoe eiaee aieueoia cia/aiea aeey aeaeueiaeoaai
enoi?e/aneiai ?acaeoey ainoaea?noaa. Neaaenoaea aaeieieno?aoeaiuo ?aoi?i
yaeeny caiaoiue ?ino a?aaeaeaineie ath?ie?aoee. Iia ieacaea oe?ieia
aeeyiea ia oiae i?aia?aciaaiee. Noa?ay aiaiii-oaiaeaeueiay ath?ie?aoey
iaoaea i?aia?aciaaieyi. A ia/aea 50-o aiaeia ?aci/a?iaaiea iniaineiai
i?aaeoaeuenoaa a ?acoeueoaoa ?aoi?i auei naycaii n i?iyaeaoaeny e yoiio
a?aiaie eioeyoeeae, o?iie/aneei aeaoeoeeoii a oeneaeueiuo aeaeao,
yeiiiie/aneie aeai?annee. Yoi iiaoaeaeaei iiiaeo naiiaieeia auneacaoueny
ca ioeac io aeaeueiaeoeo ?aoi?i. Ionoonoaea no?iaie io/aoiinoe a
oeiainao, nio?aiaiea ii/oe iaeciaiaiiuie i?eioeeiia iaeiaia iieeoeee
n?aaeiaaaeiaiai ainoaea?noaa, oaeaoiinoue e ceioiio?aaeaiey iaoaee
oii?yaei/aieth a oeiainiaie iaeanoe. A nayce n oai, /oi i?e nai?a
iaeiaia ia oieueei nio?aieeenue, ii aeaaea oneeeeenue ceioiio?aaeaiey
i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiuo /eiiaieeia, oe?ieea neie ianaeaiey oaeaea auee
iaaeiaieueiu ?aoi?iaie, ioiaeaeanoaeyy eo ni ceioiio?aaeaieyie. A
40-50-o aiaeao auee /anou ainnoaiey, aniuoeaaaoea a ?acee/iuo /anoyo
Iniaineie eiia?ee. I?iaeieaeeeenue iie a 60-70-o aa.
?aoi?iu oaiceiaoa auee eaeaieiae/anee ianiaianoeiu n caeiiaie oa?eaoa.
Neaaenoaeai yoiai yaeeenue ac?uau ionoeueiaineiai oaiaoecia a 40-a aiaeu
OIO aaea, nii?iaiaeaeaaoeany oaeenoaaie o?enoeai. Ana yoi iaoaei
?acaeoeth eaieoaeecia e ianoiie ao?aeoacee, eioi?ay iiaea au aicaeaaeoue
inouanoaeaiea ?aoi?i. Ai?ueaa ao?aeoaciuo einoeoooia n oaiaeaeueiuie
o?aaeeoeeyie a oneiaeyo Iniaineie eiia?ee e iio?aaiaaea iiiaeo
aeanyoeeaoee.
Nienie eeoa?aoo?u
1. Aeeieeia I.A., Ethenaiao?a I.A. I?aeoeeoi ii enoi?ee no?ai
ca?oaaaeiiai Ainoiea (Eiaeey, E?ai, Oo?oeey). – I.: Aunoay oeiea, 1963.
– 145 n.
2. O?anoiiaoey ii anaiauae enoi?ee ainoaea?noaa e i?aaa: O/. iiniaea /
Iiae ?aae. C.I. *a?ieeianeiai. Nino. A.I. Naaeeeia. – Iiaeaene, 1994. –
412 n.
3. O?anoiiaoey ii iiaie enoi?ee: a 3-o oo./ Iiae ?aae. A.A. Aoaa?a. –
I.: Iuneue, 1965. – O.2. – 752 n.
4. A?aiaaa Ae.A., Iaea? I.N. Enoi?ey Oo?oeee a n?aaeiea aaa?aiy: O/.
iiniaea. – I.: Ecae-ai IAO, 1992. – 248 n.
5. Iiaay enoi?ey no?ai Acee (aoi?ay iieiaeia XIX – ia/aea OX aa.)/Iiae
?aae. A.E. Ianyiieeiaa. – I.: IAO, 1995. – 329 n.
6. Iiaaeoay enoi?ey no?ai Acee e Ao?eee, OO aae: o/aa. aeey nooaeaioia
aunoeo o/aaiuo caaaaeaiee: a 2-o /./ Iiae ?aae. A.I. ?iae?eaana. – I.:
Aoiaieo. Ecae. Oeaio? AEAAeIN, 2001. – 4.1: 1900-1945. – 368 n.
Нашли опечатку? Выделите и нажмите CTRL+Enter
