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Эпоха Мэйдзи

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Aeaaa 1. I?aaeiinueee e oiae ?aaiethoeee

I?eiyoay aeaoa ia/aea ?aaiethoeee Iyeaece, 1868 aiae, yaeyaony aanueia
oneiaiie. Yoei aiaeii iiaeii ia?aie/eaaoueny oieueei a oii neo/aa, anee
i?eiyoue aa?neth ioeoeeaeueiie yiiineie enoi?eia?aoee i niauoeyo Iyeaece
enei, nouiinoue eioi?uo naiaeeony e ?anoaa?aoeee aeanoe eiia?aoi?a.
Enoeiiia niaea?aeaiea yoeo niauoee iiaeii ioeaieoue, oieueei o/oy aanue
eiiieaen iniiaiuo ia?ii?eyoee, i?iaaaeaiea eioi?uo caiyei ianeieueei eao
e eioi?ua aoiaeyo ninoaaiie /anoueth a iiiyoea ?aaiethoeee 1868 a.

Ainoaea?noaaiiue ia?aai?io 3 yiaa?y 1868 a., a ?acoeueoaoa eioi?iai aue
eeeaeaee?iaai n?aoiao, i?eaae e aeanoe auoiaeoeaa ec iecei?aiaiaiai
naio?aenoaa, au?aaeaaoeo eioa?anu iiaiai eeanna caieaaeaaeaeueoeaa e
oi?aiai-i?iiuoeaiiie ao?aeoacee. ?aaiethoeey Iyeaece, — /a?aaea niauoee,
i?eaaaeoay e cia/eoaeueiui eciaiaieyi a yiiineie iieeoe/aneie e
nioeeaeueiie no?oeoo?a. *aou??oeaoiee ia?eiae n 1866 ii 1869 aa.,
aeeth/athuee a naay iineaaeiea aiaeu ia?eiaea Yaei e ia/aei ia?eiaea
Iyeaece. ?anoaa?aoeey Iyeaece auea i?yiui neaaenoaeai ioe?uoey ssiiiee
aeey Caiaaeiuo no?ai, i?iecioaaeoaai iinea i?eauoey «/??iuo ei?aaeae»
eiiaiaei?a Iyoueth Iy??e.

A 1853 a. o aa?aaia ssiiiee iiyaeeanue aia?eeaineay yneaae?a. Aa
eiiaiaeothuee – aaeie?ae Iy??e oeueoeiaoeaii iio?aaiaae caeeth/aiey
oi?aiaiai aeiaiai?a ia aia?eeaineeo oneiaeyo, oaeoe/anee eeoaaoeo
ssiiieth oaiiaeaiiie aaoiiiiee. Iiae oa?icie i?eiaiaiey neeu yiiineia
i?aaeoaeuenoai auioaeaeaii auei iiae/eieoueny. A 1858 aiaeo aue
iiaeienai ia?aaiii?aaiue aeiaiai?, ii eioi?iio ssiiiey ia iiaea
onoaiaaeeaaoue iioeeiu ia aaiceiua ec NOA oiaa?u auoa ii?aaeaeaiiiai
i?ioeaioa (io 5 aei 35), aeieaeia auea i?eciaoue yenoa??eoi?eaeueiinoue
aia?eeaioeaa a ssiiiee (oi anoue eo iaiiaenoaeiinoue yiiineei noaeai) e
o. ae. Anei?a ii/oe aiaeiae/iua aeiaiai?u auee iiaeienaiu e n
aa?iiaeneeie aea?aeaaaie (Aiaeeae, Aieeaiaeeae, O?aioeeae e ae?.). «Ia
aeiaieuenoaoynue aiciiaeiinoyie ioe?uoiai a?aaaaea ssiiiee, eiino?aiiua
aea?aeaau no?aieeenue e i?aa?auaieth aa a eieiieth». A 1862 aiaeo
aiaeeeneee oeio iiaeaa?a ?ac?ooeoaeueiie aiiaa?aee?iaea ai?iae Eaaineia,
/oiau auioaeeoue yiiineea aeanoe oieaoeoue ia?iiioth eiio?eaooeeth ca
oaeenoai aiaeeeneiai a?aaeaeaieia. A 1864 aiaeo niaaeeiaiiue oeio NOA,
Aiaeee, O?aioeee e Aieeaiaeee – aeaaiuo eieiieaeueiuo aea?aeaa oiai
a?aiaie – iano?aeye ai?iae-e?aiinoue Neiiiinaee, auioaeea yiiineea
aeanoe e oaeiaeaoai?aieth o?aaiaaiee i aani?aiyonoaaiiii i?ioiaeaeaiee
noaeia /a?ac Neiiiinaeneee i?ieea. Iianiinoue eieiieaeueiiai ii?aaiuaiey
ssiiiee auea i/aaeaeiie. Yoi i?eaaei e neeyieth aioeoaiaeaeueiie ai?ueau
e iaoeeiiaeueii-inaiaiaeeoaeueiiai aeaeaeaiey.

A yoio ia?eiae aeaaie ainoaea?noaa iiieiaeueii n/eoaeny eiia?aoi?, ii
?aaeueiay aeanoue iaoiaeeeanue a ?oeao n?aoia – aunoaai aeieaeiinoiiai
eeoea, yaeyaoaainy aeaaiieiiaiaeothuei e ia/aeueieeii anaai aiia?aoa
ainoaea?noaaiiiai oi?aaeaiey, aaneiio?ieueii inouanoaeyaoaai
eniieieoaeueii-?anii?yaeeoaeueiua, oeneaeueiua e caeiiiaeaoaeueiua
ooieoeee. Ia/eiay n XVII a. iino n?aoia caieiaee i?aaenoaaeoaee aeiia
Oieoaaaa – naiiai aiaaoiai oaiaeaeueiiai eeaia no?aiu, i?ioeaeaoaainy
ethaui i?ia?anneaiui ?aoi?iai. A oaeeo oneiaeyo auee noi?ioee?iaaiu
eiie?aoiua caaea/e eiyaeanei-naio?aeneiai aeaeaeaiey: naa?aiooue
n?aoiao, ainnoaiiaeoue aeanoue eiia?aoi?a e io aai eiaie i?iaanoe
iaiaoiaeeiua ?aoi?iu. A yiiineie ioeoeeaeueiie enoi?eia?aoee yoio
ia?eiae iau/ii iacuaatho «?anoaa?aoeey Iyeaece» (Iyeaece – iacaaiea
a?aiaie i?aaeaiey eiia?aoi?a Iooeooeoi; «Iyeaece» – «i?inaauaiiia
i?aaeoaeuenoai»). «N?aoi eiae aianoa ni naieie i?yiuie aannaeaie a
nianoaaiiii aeaaeaiee ieiei 1/4 caiaeueiuo oaiaeee no?aiu. Inoaeueiay
caiey iaoiaeeeanue a eaiiii iieueciaaiee eiycae (aeaei?) (i?eia?ii 260
eiyaeanoa a 18-19 aa.). Aeaei? eiaee naieo aannaeia ec iecoaai
aeai?yinoaa – naio?aaa, eioi?ua iieo/aee iau/ii aeaeiaaiuea a aeaea
?eniauo iaeeia. N oiaaeeii eiyaeanoa iiiaea naio?ae ooiaeeee a ai?iaea e
i?aa?auaeenue a iaeeeo oi?aiaoeaa e neoaeaueo, o/eoaeae e o. ae.»1

«?aaiethoeey Iyeaece ia auea ?acoeueoaoii iiaaaeiiiniiai ainnoaiey
ai?iaeneeo naietheioia e aaccaiaeueiuo e?anoueyi, eae yoi auei ai
O?aioeee, a i?aaenoaaeyea niaie niaeaoaiea, aeinoeaiooia iaaeaeo iaeiei
e?ueii oaiaeaeueiiai eeanna – e?oiiaeoeie oiaecaia, a ea/anoaa
i?aaenoaaeoaeae eioi?uo aunooiaee naio?ae e ai?iei, e aiaaoaeoei
ai?iaeneei eoia/anoaii». Onoaiiaeaiea aaniethoiie iiia?oee eae oi?iu
ainoaea?noaaiiie aeanoe (i?e oi?iaeueiii eiinoeoooeeiiiii i?aaeaiee,
aaaaeaiiii iicaea), eiii?iienniua ia?u a ioiioaiee aa?oooee auaoaai
eeanna oaiaeaeia, nicaeaiea iiaiai eeanna iiiaueeia, eniieuecothueo a
cia/eoaeueiie ia?a aeieaieoaeenoe/aneea oi?iu yenieoaoaoeee, – ana yoi
aiai?eo i iieiaei/aoii, iacaaa?oaiiii oa?aeoa?a ?aaiethoeee.

Aoaeouee iiia?o-?aoi?iaoi? ?iaeeeny 3 iiya?y 1852 aiaea a eiia?aoi?neii
aeai?oea a Eeioi. Iooeooeoi aue nuiii eiia?aoi?a Eiiye e aai iaeiaeieoeu
Aneei. Oioy iia e ia auea ioeoeeaeueiie aeaiie eiia?aoi?a, Iooeooeoi ii
yiiineei caeiiai n/eoaeny i?eioeai, a iineieueeo inoaeueiua aeaoe Eiiye
oie?aee a ?aiiai aeaonoaa, Iooeooeoi ieacaeny ni a?aiaiai aaeeinoaaiiui
i?aoaiaeaioii ia O?ecaioaiiaue o?ii. Iaeiaei oiaaea a ssiiiee auoue
eiia?aoi?ii aiana ia icia/aei oi?aaeyoue no?aiie. N ae?aaieo a?aiai
eiia?aoi?, n/eoaaoeeny iioiieii aiaia, e i?eaeai?iay a?enoie?aoey
caieiaeenue eeoue eniieiaieai iiiai/eneaiiuo ?aeeaeiciuo ?eooaeia,
i?ecaaiiuo iaania/eoue no?aia niieienoaea, oi?ioea o?iaeae ?ena e caueoo
io caieao?ynaiee, a oi a?aiy eae ?aaeueiay aeanoue auea a ?oeao o
naaoiia – aiaiiuo aeeeoaoi?ia ec iaeaieaa neeueiuo naio?aeneeo eeaiia. N
XVII aaea ainoaea?noaii oi?aaeyee naaoiu ec ?iaea Oieoaaaa, /uey
?aceaeaioeey ?aniieaaaeanue a Yaei (iuiaoiee Oieei), a eiia?aoi?u auee
eciee?iaaiu a Eeioi e aeaaea ia eiaee i?aaa iieeaeaoue naie aeai?aoe.
Oieoaaaa, i?eoaaeoea e aeanoe a ?acoeueoaoa e?iaii?ieeoiie a?aaeaeaineie
aieiu, n/eoaee naiei aeieaii iaania/eoue no?aia ie? e iieie, e yoi ei
oaeaaaeinue ia i?ioyaeaiee aeaoo n iieiaeiie aaeia. Naaoiao inoaiiaee
aaneiia/iua oaiaeaeueiua aieiu, aiaae?ee no?iaoth nineiaioth nenoaio,
i?e eioi?ie eaaeaeue ciae naia ianoi, naae e ieieioio eiioaeou n
eiicaioeaie e aeaaea cai?aoee yiiioeai iieeaeaoue ?iaeiua aa?aaa.
Iai?ioiie noi?iiie noaaeeueiinoe e ie?a auea noaaiaoeey, e a XIX aaea
ssiiiee i?eoeinue iniciaoue, /ai /?aaaoi ionoaaaiea a iaeanoe
oaoie/aneiai i?ia?anna.

Aoaeouee eiia?aoi?, iieo/eaoee i?e ?iaeaeaiee eiy Naoe ii iey (i?eioe
Naoe), i?ia?e aieueooth /anoue aeaonoaa a naiaenoaa Iaeayia a Eeioi, a
niioaaonoaee n iau/aai aeiaa?youe ainieoaiea eiia?aoi?neeo aeaoae
ciaoiui naiaenoaai. Ii aue oi?iaeueii onuiiae?i Anaei I?ai (iicaeiaa
aaeianoaothuay eiia?ao?eoea Yen?), aeaaiie noi?oaie Eiia?aoi?a Eiiye 11
ethey 1860 a. Oiaaea aea ii iieo/ee eiy Iooeooeoi e caaiea neiii:
(eiia?neiai i?eioea, a neaaeiaaoaeueii, aiciiaeiiai ianeaaeieea o?iia).
Ianeaaeiue i?eioe Iooeooeoi oianeaaeiaae o?ecaioaiiaue o?ii 3 oaa?aey
1867 a. a aic?anoa iyoiaaeoeaoe eao. Iicaea yoio aiae aue iauyaeai
ia?aui aiaeii y?u Iyeaece, /oi cia/eo «i?inaau?iiia i?aaeaiea». Yoi
iieiaeeei ia/aei o?aaeeoeee iauyaeyoue iiaoth y?o n ainoiaeaeaieai ia
i?anoie iiaiai eiia?aoi?a, eioi?ue iinea nia?oe iieo/ae eiy y?u naiaai
i?aaeaiey.2 naioya?y 1867 a. Eiia?aoi? Iyeaece aeaieeny ia Oa?oei (28
iay 1849-19 ai?aey 1914), o?aoueae aei/a?e ei?aea Eoe? Oaaeaei, iaeii
a?aiy caieiaaoaai aeieaeiinoue eaaiai ieieno?a. Ecaanoiay aiineaaenoaee
eae eiia?ao?eoea N?eai, iia auea ia?aie eiia?aoi?neie noi?oaie ca
ianeieueei nioai eao, iieo/eaoae oeooe eiai (aoeaaeueii: eiia?aoi?neay
aeaia). Oioy iia auea ia?aie yiiineie eiia?ao?eoeae, ea?aaoae ioaee/ioth
?ieue, o ia? ia auei aeaoae. Eiia?aoi? Iyeaece eiae iyoiaaeoeaoue aeaoae
io iyoe o?aeeei. Oieueei iyoue ec iyoiaaeoeaoe aeiaeeee aei ac?ineiai
ninoiyiey: i?eioe, ?iaeae?iiue io eaaee Ia?oei (1855—1943), aei/a?e
ssiaaeaa?a Ieoeoia?o, e /aou?a i?eioeannu, ?iaeae?iiua io eaaee Naoeei
(1867—1947), noa?oae aei/a?e a?aoa Niii Iioinaoe), e eiaea aeaoae. I
?iee naiiai eiia?aoi?a a yiioo Iyeaece eaeoo nii?u. «Ii ii?aaeae?iii ia
oi?aaeye ssiiieae, ii eaeia eiaiii ii eiae aeeyiea — iaecaanoii».

3 yiaa?y 1868a. auei nicaeaii i?aaeoaeuenoai Iyeaece, iieo/eaoaa
iacaaiea «nain?eo» («o?e aaaeiinoaa»). A Iyeaece aoiaeeee aeaa a?oiiu
ainoaea?noaaiiuo niaaoieeia: 10 noa?oeo (aeaec?) e 20 ieaaeoeo (naiu?);
ai aeaaa aai noiye i?aaenaaeaoaeue (ninae). Ia iino i?aaenaaeaoaey aue
iacia/ai /eai eiia?aoi?neie oaieeee eiycue A?enoaaaa. Noa?oeie
niaaoieeaie noaee /eaiu eiia?aoi?neie oaieeee, eoay e aeaei? ec
eiyaeanoa Naoeoia, Oina, Aee, Iaa?e e Yoeaecyi; ieaaeoeie
niaaoieeaie—iyoue eoay e ii o?e naio?ay io eaaeaeiai ec auoaoeacaiiuo
eiyaeanoa, n?aaee eioi?uo auee iniiaiua ?oeiaiaeyuea aeayoaee aeaeaeaiey
ca naa?aeaiea n?aoiaoa — Ieoai, Aioi, Eoaaaee, Niyaeceia.

I?aaeoaee eiyaeanoa, i?eiueaaoeo e thai-caiaaeiie eiaeeoeee eee aeoeaii
ia i?ioeaiaeaenoaiaaaoeo iiaiio i?aaeoaeuenoao, nio?aieee naith aeanoue.
Aeaaeaiey e ai?iaea, i?eiaaeeaaeaaoea iaiin?aaenoaaiii n?aoiaoo, auee
iiae/eiaiu iiaiio i?aaeoaeuenoao e ?ai?aaieciaaiu a i?aoaeoo?u (eyi) e
noiee/iua i?aoaeoo?u (oo). Ai aeaaa i?aoaeoo? auee iinoaaeaiu
aoaa?iaoi?u, ai aeaaa ai?iaeia — a?aaeiia/aeueieee, iacia/aiiua
oeaio?aeueiui i?aaeoaeuenoaii.

Aiaiiua aeaenoaey i?aaeoaeuenoaa i?ioea oieoaaaneeo aiene iio?aaiaaee
?ai?aaiecaoeee ainoaea?noaaiiiai aiia?aoa. A oaa?aea 1868 a. auea
inouanoaeaia ia?aay /anoe/iay ?ai?aaiecaoeey i?aaeoaeuenoaa, a
?acoeueoaoa eioi?ie ia?aciaaeinue naiue aaeieieno?aoeaiuo
aeaia?oaiaioia: ii aeaeai ainoaea?noaaiiie ?aeeaee neioi, aioo?aiieo
aeae, eiino?aiiuo aeae, a?iee, oeioa, thnoeoeee, caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa.

Eaaeaeue aeaia?oaiaio aicaeaaeye /eai eiia?aoi?neie naiuee eee eoay,
eioi?ua aei yoiai auee noa?oeie niaaoieeaie. Ieaaeoea niaaoieee caiyee
iinou /eiiaieeia aaeieieno?aoeaiuo aeaia?oaiaioia. A nicaeaiiia
oi?aaeaiea i?e aeaaa i?aaeoaeuenoaa aioee iaeaieaa aeaeiua aeayoaee
thai-caiaaeiie eiaeeoeee — Eeaei, Ieoai, Aioi, Eiiaoeo e ae?oaea.

«Oioy aunoea iinou a i?aaeoaeuenoaa Iyeaece auee ?ani?aaeaeaiu n?aaee
oceiai e?oaa ethaeae, i?eiaaeeaaeaaoeo e eiia?aoi?neie naiuea,
i?eaeai?iie a?enoie?aoee e aunoaio aeai?yinoao (aeaei?), oaeoe/anee
aiia?ao iiaie aeanoe ieacaeny a ?oeao aeaaiui ia?acii i?aaenoaaeoaeae
iecoaai naio?aenoaa thai-caiaaeiuo eiyaeanoa (Naoeoia, O?nth, Oina e
Oeaecyi), aunooiaaoeo a ea/anoaa eeaea?ia aeaeaeaiey ca naa?aeaiea
n?aoiaoa».

«6 ai?aey 1868 a. ai aeai?oea a Eeioi auei nicaaii nia?aiea i?eaeai?iie
a?enoie?aoee (eoay) e oaiaeaeueiuo eiycae (aeaei?), a i?enoonoaee
eioi?uo iaeieaoiee eiia?aoi? Iooeooeoi i?iaicaeanee oae iacuaaaiia
eeyoaaiiia iaauaiea iiaiai i?aaeoaeuenoaa, ninoiyaoaa ec neaaeothueo
iyoe ioieoia:

1. Aoaeao nicaeaii oe?ieia nia?aiea, e ana ainoaea?noaaiiua aeaea aoaeoo
?aoaoueny a niioaaonoaee n iauanoaaiiui iiaieai.

2. Ana ethaee, eae i?aaeoaee, oae e oi?aaeyaiua, aeieaeiu aaeeiiaeooii
iinayoeoue naay i?aoniaaaieth iaoeee.

3. Anai aiaiiui e a?aaeaeaineei /eiai e anaio i?inoiio ia?iaeo aoaeao
iicaieaii inouanoaeyoue naie nianoaaiiua no?aieaiey, e ?acaeaaoue naith
aeayoaeueiinoue.

4. Ana ieioea iau/ae i?ioeiai aoaeoo oi?acaeiaiu; aoaeoo niaethaeaoueny
i?aainoaeea e aani?eno?anoea, eae iie iiieiathony anaie.

5. Ciaiey aoaeoo caeinoaiaaoueny ai anai ie?a, e oaeei iooai iniiau
eiia?ee aoaeoo oi?i/aiu».

Yoi auea ia?aay aeaeea?aoeey iiaie aeanoe ia iniiaiuo i?eioeeiao aa
iieeoeee, iauyaeaiiay aua a oio ia?eiae, eiaaea oea a?aaeaeaineay aieia.
I?aaeoaeuenoai i?iaicaeaneei iieeoeeo «iiaea?iecaoeee no?aiu». Aianoa n
oai aeaeea?aoeey auea ?ann/eoaia ia oe?aieaiea iaoeeiiaeueiiai
aaeeinoaa, ia iaania/aiea iiaeaea?aeee i?aaeoaeuenoaa ni noi?iiu
aeai?yinoaa e e?oiiie oi?aiai-?inoiaue/aneie ao?aeoacee.

Aeaaay iaauaiey i nicuaa oe?ieiai nia?aiey, i ?aoaiee anao
ainoaea?noaaiiuo aeae a niioaaonoaee n iauanoaaiiui iiaieai, iiaia
i?aaeoaeuenoai ?ann/eouaaei iaania/eoue naaa iiaeaea?aeeo naio?aenoaa e
ao?aeoacee a ai?ueaa i?ioea ?aaeoeeiiiuo nee noa?iai ?aaeeia. Iaea?aeaa
iiaaaeo a a?aaeaeaineie aieia, iii ioeacaeinue auiieieoue yoe iaauaiey.
Aeanoe n?aco aea i?aaei?eiyee ia?u e iiaeaaeaieth ia?iaeiuo aunooieaiee.
I?eia?ii a oi a?aiy, eiaaea i?iaicaeaoaeanue eiia?aoi?neay «eeyoaa», a
ai?iaeao e aea?aaiyo iauyaeyeenue i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiua i?eeacu,
cai?auathuea ianaeaieth iauaaeeiyoueny a caueoo naieo eioa?ania,
ia?auaoueny e aeanoyi n i?inueaaie ia iaeaa/aiee eo o/anoe e o. ae.

A 1868 a. a ssiiiee i?iecioea iacaaa?oaiiay ao?aeoaciay ?aaiethoeey.
Aioo?e aioen?aoineie eiaeeoeee thai-caiaaeiuo eiyaeanoa auei aeaa
oa/aiey. Noi?iiieee iaeiiai noiyee ca aii?oaeaiiia naa?aeaiea n?aoiaoa e
nicaeaiea aianoi iaai aaniethoenoneiai i?aaeoaeuenoaa ai aeaaa n
eiia?aoi?ii. Yoi oa/aiea iineei iaeiaiiaaiea «oiaaeooa», aai aeaaiui
eicoiaii auei «oiaaeo» (naa?aeaiea n?aoiaoa). Noi?iiieee ae?oaiai
iniiaiui i?eioeeiii naiae iieeoeee i?iaicaeaneee «oi?aaeaiea
iin?aaenoaii ioe?uoiai ianoaeaeaiey» («eiaenyeoae ?ii»). Iie auee i?ioea
aii?oaeaiiiai naa?aeaiey n?aoiaoa, oae eae n/eoaee, /oi i?eiaiaiea neeu
iaecaaaeii auciaao a?aaeaeaineoth aieio a no?aia e iiaeao ?acaycaoue
?aaiethoeeiiiua aunooieaiey iann. Ia?aia ec ieo aicaeaaeye Ieoai, iii
eiaei iaeaieueoaa /enei noi?iiieeia a Naoeoia e O?nth; aoi?ia, ai aeaaa
eioi?iai noiye Aioi N?aece?i, auei i?aaenoaaeaii a iniiaiii naio?ayie
Oina.

Iaa oa/aiey aunooiaee iiae eicoiaii ?anoaa?aoeee eiia?aoi?neie aeanoe,
ii a oaeoe/aneii ioiioaiee e a ii?aaeaeaiee: oa?aeoa?a iiaie aeanoe eo
ieaooi?iu ioee/aeenue. I?aaaea, iiceoeee e noi?iiieeia Ieoai e
noi?iiieeia Aioi a cia/eoaeueiie ia?a ii?aaeaeyeenue o?aeoeeiiiuie
eioa?anaie, ai?ueaie yoeo aeaoo oa/aiee ca ?oeiaiaeyuoth ?ieue a
aioen?aoineii aeaeaeaiee e, neaaeiaaoaeueii, ca ?oeiaiaeyuaa iieiaeaiea
a iiaii i?aaeoaeuenoaa, eioi?ia aeieaeii auei i?eeoe ia niaio n?aoiaoo.
Aeaaa eiyaeanoaa Oina — ssiaiiooe — e aai aeiaa?aiiua eeoea (Aioi e
ae?.) auaeaeioee eiii?iienniue ieai ono?aiaiey aeaiaaeanoey (n?aoiao e
eiia?aoi?neee aeai?) aac i?eiaiaiey aii?oaeaiiie neeu. Niaeanii yoiio
ieaio naaoi Eyeee aeieaeai aue ii nianoaaiiie aiea ioeacaoueny io
aa?oiaiie aeanoe a iieueco eiia?aoi?a. I?e yoii i?aaeiieaaaeinue, /oi
Eyeee ii-i?aaeiaio inoaiaony aeaaie aeiia Oieoaaaa n oaie aea i?aaaie,
/oi e ae?oaea e?oiiua aeaei?, a ana ainoaea?noaaiiua aeaea aoaeoo
?aoaoueny aeai?yineei i?aaenoaaeoaeueiui i?aaiii, aeaaie eioi?iai
iaia/aeinue iacia/eoue eeoaiiiai n?aoineiai oeooea Eyeee.

29 ieoya?y 1867 a. Aioi io eiaie eiycy ssiaiiooe ia?aaeae naaoio,
iaoiaeeaoaiony a yoi a?aiy a Eeioi, ia?auaiea, a eioi?ii aio
i?aaeeaaaeinue «aa?iooue» aa?oiaioth aeanoue eiia?aoi?o. A yoii
ia?auaiee aiai?eeinue: «Ni a?aiaie iiyaeaiey eiino?aioeaa iu
i?iaeieaeaee nii?eoue iaaeaeo niaie, aucuaay oe?ieea iauanoaaiiua
aeeneonnee. Ainoie e Caiaae aunooieee n i?oaeeai ae?oa i?ioea ae?oaa, e
iai?a?uaii eaeao a?aaeaeaineay aieia, a ?acoeueoaoa /aai iu
iiaeaa?aaainy inei?aeaieyi ni noi?iiu eiino?aiiuo aea?aeaa. I?e/eiie
anaai yoiai yaeyaony oi, /oi oi?aaeaiea no?aiie aaaeaony ec aeaoo
oeaio?ia e aieiaiea eiia?ee ?acaeaaeaaaony. Oiae niauoee iinoaaee a
ii?yaeie aeiy ?aaiethoeeth, e noa?ay nenoaia ia iiaeao aeieueoa
nio?aiyoueny. Aaoaio auni/anoao ioaeii aa?iooue aa?oiaioth aeanoue
eiia?aoi?o e oaeei ia?acii caeiaeeoue ooiaeaiaio, ia eioi?ii niiaeao
aicauneoueny ssiiiey, eae ?aaiay ni anaie ae?oaeie no?aiaie». E
ia?auaieth aue i?eeiaeai iaoe?iue aeieoiaio, iiaeienaiiue ?oeiaiaeyueie
aeayoaeyie eiyaeanoaa Oina. A iai eceaaaeenue iniiaiua i?eioeeiu
iieeoeee iiaie aeanoe, a /anoiinoe oeacuaaeinue, /oi oi?aaeaiea no?aiie
aeieaeii auoue ia?aaeaii a ?oee eiia?aoi?a; ana ainoaea?noaaiiua aeaea,
aeeth/ay aii?inu ainoaea?noaaiiiai ono?ienoaa, ecaeaiea caeiiia,
aeieaeiu ?aoaoueny caeiiiaeaoaeueiui i?aaiii eiia?ee. 3 iiya?y 1867 a. a
Eeioi ninoiyeinue nae?aoiia niaauaiea eeaea?ia oiaaeooa n o/anoeai
Ieoai, Naeai e Eiiaoeo (io eiyaeanoaa Naoeoia), Oe?iaecaaa e Neiaaaaa
(io O?nth), Oeoaece (io Aee) e ae?oaeo, ia eioi?ii aue i?eiyo eiie?aoiue
ieai naa?aeaiey n?aoiaoa aii?oaeaiiui iooai.

O/anoieee niaauaiey niaeaniaaee aii?in i auaeaeaiee aiene io eaaeaeiai
eiyaeanoaa a nicaeaaaaioth iauaaeeiaiioth a?ieth e aeiaiai?eeenue n
Ieoeoe, Eiiieey e ae?oaeie aiaaouie eoioeaie Eeioi e Inaee i
oeiaine?iaaiee iineaaeieie aiaiiuo iia?aoeee. Iinea niaauaiey Ieoai,
Naeai e Eiiaoeo aianoa n i?eiueaaoeie e yoie a?oiie?iaea
i?aaenoaaeoaeyie i?eaeai?iie ciaoe a?o/eee iaeieaoiaio eiia?aoi?o
Iooeooeoi ieai inouanoaeaiey ?anoaa?aoeee e i?iaeo eiia?aoi?neiai
?ane?eioa i iaiaaeeaiiii naa?aeaiee n?aoiaoa.8 iiya?y a ?aceaeaioeee
Eaaeo?a, iaeiiai ec iaeaieaa aeeyoaeueiuo a oi a?aiy eeoe i?e aeai?a,
yoio ?ane?eio aue a?o/ai io eiaie eiia?aoi?a i?aaenoaaeoaeyi eiyaeanoa
Naoeoia e O?nth. Iaeiia?aiaiii auei iauyaeaii eiia?aoi?neia
?anii?yaeaiea i iiieeiaaiee Ii?e, eiycy O?nth, e ainnoaiiaeaiee aai a
i?aaeiai caaiee e i?aaao.

I?eaeeaeaiiue naaoia eoay Iaeayia oio/an aea aeieiaeee Eyeee ia yoeo
niauoeyo. Ia neaaeothuee aeaiue, 9 iiya?y, iineaaeiaaei ioeoeeaeueiia
cayaeaiea Eyeee i aica?auaiee ei aa?oiaiie aeanoe eiia?aoi?o. Yoi
«aeia?iaieueiia io?a/aiea» auei yaii ?ann/eoaii ia n?ua iaia/aiiiai
ieaia aiaiiiai aunooieaiey thai-caiaaeiie eiaeeoeee. I?e yoii Eyeee eae
aeaaa aeiia Oieoaaaa no?aieeny nio?aieoue naie ia?iiiua caiaeueiua
aeaaeaiey, ninoaaeyaoea nauoa iaeiie /aoaa?oe anae oa??eoi?ee no?aiu.
Naaoi ?ann/eouaae, /oi, ?aniieaaay eieinnaeueiuie aeioiaeaie io naieo
aeaaeaiee e eiay a naiai iiae/eiaiee aieueoeinoai ooaeae-aeaei?, ii
niiaeao oaea?aeaoue ca niaie ?oeiaiaeyuoth ?ieue a iiaii i?aaeoaeuenoaa
e i?e aeai?a. A ia?auaiee naaoia ii iiaiaeo aai io?a/aiey io aeanoe
oeacuaaeinue, /oi ii i?aaei?eieiaao yoio oaa eeoue i?e oii oneiaee, /oi
aiineaaenoaee aoaeao nicaeaii aeai?yineia caeiiiaeaoaeueiia nia?aiea,
ninoiyuaa ec aunoae aeai?oeiaie ciaoe, eiycae e naio?aaa.

«Naaoi Eyeee aue oaaaeiieai, /oi aai ioeac io aa?oiaiie aeanoe a
i?eioeeia i?eiyo aeai?ii, ii /oi ieii/aoaeueiia o?aaoee?iaaiea aii?ina i
aeanoe i?iecieaeao a aeeaeaeoaa a?aiy ia /?acau/aeiii nia?aiee anao
aeaei? a Eeioi. Ai?aaeue aei nicuaa nia?aiey e nicaeaiey iiaie aeanoe
aio i?aaeeaaaeinue i?iaeieaeaoue inouanoaeyoue ana ooieoeee, i?enouea
aeaaa i?aaeoaeuenoaa».

Iaeiaei aeaeaeaiea ca naa?aeaiea n?aoiaoa i?iaeieaeaei ia?anoaoue.
Eeaea?u oiaaeooa ioithaeue ia niae?aeenue inoaiiaeoueny ia aeinoeaiooii.
Iye iinoaaeee naiae oeaeueth ieii/aoaeueii oie/oiaeeoue ainiiaenoai
aeiia Oieoaaaa, eeoeoue naaoia ia oieueei iieeoe/aneie aeanoe, ii e aa
yeiiiie/aneie iniiau.

?aoeoaeueiay iiceoeey ?oeiaiaeeoaeae oiaaeooa iauyniyeanue, i?aaeaea
anaai, oai, /oi a yoii e?uea aioen?aoineiai aeaeaeaiey auei neeueii
aeeyiea ao?aeoacee e iecoeo neiaa aeai?yinoaa, eioi?ua a?aaeaeaaii
ioiineeenue ia oieueei e n?aoiaoo, ii e ei anaio aunoaio aeai?yinoao.
Iie aeiaeaaeenue ia oieueei ia?aaea/e aeanoe naaoia eiia?aoi?o, ii e
i?iaaaeaiey iaeioi?uo i?aia?aciaaiee. Yoe i?aia?aciaaiey, ia ouaieyy
nouanoaaiii eioa?ania aeai?yinoaa, aeieaeiu auee a ecaanoiie ia?a
oaeiaeaoai?eoue o?aaiaaiey e?oiiie e n?aaeiae ao?aeoacee, iiauo
iiiaueeia.

12 iiya?y 1867 a. Ieoai, Naeai, Oe?iaecaaa e ae?oaea eeaea?u
thai-caiaaeiie eiaeeoeee ioi?aaeeenue a naie eiyaeanoaa aeey
i?aaiecaoeee ia?aa?inee aeiiieieoaeueiuo aiene a Eeioi. Anei?a iinea
yoiai a Eeioi i?eaue Neiaaeco ai aeaaa o?aoouny/iie a?iee e auee
i?eaaaeaiu a aiaaoth aioiaiinoue aua 10 oun. /aeiaae. Aneaae ca aieneaie
Naoeoia a Eeioi ia/aee i?eauaaoue aienea O?nth, Aee e ae?oaeo eiyaeanoa.
Ec aiaiiuo /anoae iyoe eiyaeanoa—Naoeoia, Aee, Oina, Yoiaecyi e
Iaa?e—auea noi?ie?iaaia iiaay (aioen?aoineay) a?iey iiae eiiaiaeiaaieai
Naeai Oaeaii?e. 3 aeaeaa?y a Eeioi ninoiyeinue nia?aiea i?aaenoaaeoaeae
40 aannaeueiuo eiyaeanoa aeiia Oieoaaaa, eioi?ia iaeia?eei ?aoaiea
n?aoiaoa ia io?a/aiee io aa?oiaiie aeanoe a iieueco eiia?aoi?a.

Oo?ii 3 yiaa?y 1868 a. io eiaie eiia?aoi?a aue ecaeai oeac ia
iono?aiaiee aiene ?iaenoaaiiuo Oieoaaaa i?aaeoaeae eiyaeanoa Aeaeco e
Eoaaia io ianaiey ea?aoeueiie neoaeau o aeaaiuo ai?io eiia?aoi?neiai
aeai?oea. Io?aia ai?io aeai?oea auea ii?o/aia aieneai Naeai. A yoio aea
aeaiue, a o?e /ana iiiieoaeie, /aniaua i?iionoeee ai aeai?aoe o?ao
/eaiia eiia?aoi?neie oaieeee, ainaiue eoay, iyoue aeaei? e iyoiaaeoeaoue
naio?aaa. Yoi auee /eaiu iiaiai i?aaeoaeuenoaa, caaeaaia?aiaiii
noi?ie?iaaiiiai aioen?aoineie eiaeeoeeae.

«Yoe eeoea i?ineaaeiaaee a iaeue cae eiia?aoi?neiai aeai?oea (Eiain?),
aaea a i?enoonoaee eiia?aoi?a ninoiyeinue niaauaiea, ia eioi?ii auee
ca/eoaiu ca?aiaa caaioiaeaiiua e o?aieaoeany a ii?ooaea eoay Eaaeo?a
iniiaiua eiia?aoi?neea ?ane?eiou: i ?anoaa?aoeee eiia?aoi?neie aeanoe,
ia oi?acaeiaiee n?aoiaoa, ia o/?aaeaeaiee iiaiai i?aaeoaeuenoaa, i
?aaaeeeoaoeee anao eoay, iiaeaa?aoeony ?aiaa ?ai?anneyi ca
i?eiaaeeaaeiinoue e aioen?aoineie eiaeeoeee»

Ia niaauaiee a Eiain? n?aco aea aicieeee ino?ua ?aciiaeaney iaaeaeo Aioi
e Eaaeo?a ii aii?ino ia ioiioaiee e auaoaio naaoio Eyeee. Iaeiaei
iaee/ea aii?oaeaiiie neeu a ?oeao oiaaeooa ?aoeei enoiae ai?ueau iaaeaeo
Aioi e Eaaeo?a. Eyeee aue eeoai anyeie iieeoe/aneie aeanoe; aio
i?aaeeiaeeee iaiaaeeaiii ia?aaeaoue eiia?aoi?o caiaeueiua aeaaeaiey e
eacio n?aoiaoa. Yoei aue iaianai ?aoathuee oaea? ii n?aoiaoo. Iaeiaei
ieii/aoaeueii ainiiaenoai aeiia Oieoaaaa auei neiieaii eeoue a i?ioeanna
iineaaeiaaaoae e?iaii?ieeoiie a?aaeaeaineie aieiu, ioaaoeaoae
cia/eoaeueioth /anoue no?aiu. Naa?aeaiea n?aoiaoa yaeeinue naiui e?oiiui
oniaoii ?aaiethoeee 1868 a.

Oaeei ia?acii, ?aca?ii aiene n?aoiaoa e iiaaaea iiaie aeanoe a
cia/eoaeueiie noaiaie auee ?acoeueoaoii e?anoueyineie ?aaiethoeeiiiie
ai?ueau. Iaeiaei n?aco aea iinea iiaaaeu iiaia i?aaeoaeuenoai noaei
iiaeaaeyoue e?anoueyineia aeaeaeaiea.

Iniaaiii aeanoiei aeanoe ?ani?aaeeenue n aeeoaeyie ino?iaia Iee,
aoiaeeaoeo ai aeaaeaiey Oieoaaaa. Ianaeaiea yoeo ino?iaia iaeaioia
ainoaea?noaaiiiai ia?aai?ioa 3 yiaa?y 1868 a. iiaeiyei ainnoaiea,
i?iaiaei i?aaenoaaeoaeae n?aoiaoa e nicaeaei naia ianoiia
i?aaeoaeuenoai, eioi?ia ieacuaaei iiiiuue aieneai oeaio?aeueiiai
i?aaeoaeuenoaa a ai?ueaa i?ioea oieoaaaneeo nee.

Iaeiaei anei?a aea iinea ia?aai?ioa i?aaeoaeuenoai iai?aaeei ia ino?iaa
Iee naieo i?aaenoaaeoaeae, ieacaaoeony a cia/eoaeueiie /anoe oaie naiuie
iaiaaenoiuie /eiiaieeaie n?aoiaoa, eioi?ua auee iacaaeieai aei yoiai
ecaiaiu n ino?iaia a ?acoeueoaoa ia?iaeiiai ainnoaiey. Iinea
iai?iaeieaeeoaeueiiai nii?ioeaeaiey ainnoaiea aeeoaeae auei aeanoiei
iiaeaaeaii.

Ecaeaiiue 17 iay 1868 a. aeae?ao i ainoaea?noaaiiii ono?ienoaa
«Nyeoan?», eioi?ue eiiaaea iacuaatho ia?aie eiinoeoooeeae i?aaeoaeuenoaa
Iyeaece, i?aaeoniao?eaae nicaeaiea aianoi i?aaeiaai aunoaai
ainoaea?noaaiiiai i?aaia (nain?eo) ainoaea?noaaiiiai niaaoa
(aeaaec?eai), iaea/aiiiai caeiiiaeaoaeueiie, eniieieoaeueiie e noaeaaiie
aeanoueth. A yoii aeae?aoa oeacuaaeinue, /oi ana ioaaonoaaiiua iinou a
i?aaeoaeuenoaa aeieaeiu i?aaeinoaaeyoueny aunoae i?eaeai?iie ciaoe e
aeaei?; n?aaeiea e iecoea aeieaeiinoe aeieaeiu i?aaeinoaaeyoueny
naio?ayi «a ciae oaaaeaiey e eo ioae?inoe».

Aeae?ao ia i?aaeoniao?eaae o/anoey i?aaenoaaeoaeae ae?oaeo nineiaee a
i?aaeoaeuenoaa. Ii eeoue oeacuaae, /oi anai eeoeai, aeaeathuei aeaoue
niaao i?aaeoaeuenoao ii ethaiio aii?ino, aeieaeia auoue i?aaeinoaaeaia
aiciiaeiinoue onoaiaaeeaaoue eiioaeo n niioaaonoaothueie aeanoyie a
ioeoeeaeueiii ii?yaeea. Aeae?ao ia?aie/eaae oaeaea aeanoue oaiaeaeueiuo
eiycae: eeoae eo i?aaa aac niaeaney ainoaea?noaaiiiai niaaoa
i?enaaeaaoue oeooeu, /aeaieoue iiiaoo, i?eieiaoue ia neoaeao
eiino?aioeaa e ie i?e eaeeo ianoiyoaeuenoaao ia ?ac?aoae ei caeeth/aoue
aeiaiai?u n eiino?aiiuie ainoaea?noaaie eee anooiaoue a nithc n ae?oaeie
oaiaeaeueiuie eiycueyie. Yoe ia?ii?eyoey auee iai?aaeaiu ia
inouanoaeaiea iniiaiie caaea/e iiaiai i?aaeoaeuenoaa—oeaio?aeecaoeee
ainoaea?noaaiiiai oi?aaeaiey, iauaaeeiaiey no?aiu iiae aeanoueth
aaniethoiie iiia?oee.

Caoyioaoayny a?aaeaeaineay aieia oneeeaaea iianiinoue aa?a?iie
?aaiethoeee, i?eaeeaeaiea eioi?ie iuouaeinue a ia?anoaaoai e?anoueyineii
aeaeaeaiee. Ionthaea no?aieaiea iiaiai i?aaeoaeuenoaa e nei?aeoaio
caaa?oaieth aieiu, aeaaea iooai eiii?iienna n i?aaenoaaeoaeyie noa?iai
?aaeeia. Neacuaaeanue e nineiaiay nieeaea?iinoue anaai naio?aenoaa.

«Enoi?e/aneia cia/aiea ainoaea?noaaiiiai ia?aai?ioa 3 yiaa?y 1868 a. e
iineaaeiaaaoae ca iei a?aaeaeaineie aieiu caeeth/aaony ia a oi?iaeueiie
?anoaa?aoeee eiia?aoi?neie aeeianoee, a a eeeaeaeaoeee n?aoiaoa
Oieoaaaa, yaeyaoaainy iieioii e?oiiuo oaiaeaeia, e i?eoiaea e aeanoe
iecoaai aeai?yinoaa, a cia/eoaeueiie ia?a io?aaeaaoaai eioa?anu
oi?aiai-i?iiuoeaiiie ao?aeoacee e iiauo iiiaueeia.

Niaia aeanoe i?iecioea a oneiaeyo e?aeiaai iaino?aiey eeanniaie ai?ueau,
?inoa iaoeeiiaeueiiai e iieeoe/aneiai naiiniciaiey yiiineiai ia?iaea, a
oneiaeyo aeoaieiai e?ecena anae oaiaeaeueiie nenoaiu, e iiyoiio iiaia
i?aaeoaeuenoai auioaeaeaii auei i?iaiaeeoue iieeoeeo «iiaea?iecaoeee
no?aiu», o. a. ao?aeoaciuo ?aoi?i».

Naa?aeaiea n?aoiaoa iineoaeeei ia/aeii ia?eiaea aaaeiuo iieeoe/aneeo e
nioeeaeueiuo i?aia?aciaaiee, ioe?uaoeo iooue aeey onoaiiaeaiey
eaieoaeenoe/aneiai niiniaa i?iecaiaenoaa a ssiiiee.

?acaeae 2

Iaauaiea nicaaoue a 1890 a. ia?eaiaio, i?icao/aaoaa a eiia?aoi?neii
oeaca io 12 ieoya?y 1881 a., caiaoii iaeeaeei iieeoe/aneoth ianoaiiaeo a
no?aia. Aicieeiiaaiea ia?aie ao?aeoaciie iieeoe/aneie ia?oee a ssiiiee
ioiineony e 1881 a. Iia auea iacaaia “aecethoi”, /oi icia/aao
“eeaa?aeueiay ia?oey”. A 1898 a. eiia?aoi?neia i?aaeoaeuenoai,
oioae?aiiia iiuoii ia?eaiaioneiai i?aaeaiey, ?aoeei i?aa?aoeoue aecethoi
a iieoi?aaeoaeuenoaaiioth ia?oeth. A 1900 a. ia?oey auea ia?aeiaiiaaia a
naetheae (“annioeeaoeey iieeoe/aneeo ae?ocae”). *eaiaie aa iiaee noaoue
aeaiooaou ia?eaiaioa, /eiiaieee ianoiuo i?aaiia aeanoe, aeaau oi?aiauo
iaeao, i?aaenaaeaoaee aeoeeiia?iuo iauanoa n eaieoaeii ia ieaea 50 oun.
eai, aee?aeoi?a aaieia, eaieoae eioi?uo i?aauoaao 100 oun. eai,
aaeaieaou, e?oiiua iaeiaiieaoaeueueee. Iie?iaeoaeai ia?oee noaiiaeony
e?oiiaeoee i?iiuoeaiiue eiioea?i “Ieoeoe”.

Eioa?anu ae?oaiai e?oiiiai eiioea?ia – “Ieoeoaene” – au?aaeaea ia?oey
ieinaeoi (“ia?oey ia?iaeiie iieeoeee”).

A naiua e?ao/aeoea n?iee auee noi?ie?iaaiu iieeoe/aneea ia?oee —
eeaa?aeueiay e eiinoeoooeeiiiuo ?aoi?i. Iie io?aaeaee a iniiaiii
eioa?anu iiiaueeia, n?aaeiae /anoe ao?aeoacee, iaei naycaiiuo n
i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiuie noa?aie e iaaeayaoeony aeiaeoueny oioue iaaieueoie,
aanueia oia?aiiie eeaa?aeecaoeee nouanoaiaaaoaai no?iy, i?e eioi?ii a
i?aaeoaeuenoaa aeiieie?iaaea eeeea auoiaeoeaa ec eiyaeanoa Naoeoia e
Oanth. Iiiuoaeenue i?aaieciaaoueny e nioeeaeenou, nicaeaaoea Ainoi/ioth
nioeeaeenoe/aneoth ia?oeth n aia?oe/aneei oeeiiii. «A ioee/ea io
aa?iiaeneeo no?ai, iieeoe/aneea ia?oee a ssiiiee auee noi?ie?iaaiu ia
iinea, a aei iiyaeaiey ia?eaiaioa. Ii aeaaea e yoe aanueia ?iaeea oaae
auee ano?a/aiu aeanoyie a oouee».

A 1882 a. aue ecaeai caeii, ia?aie/eaaaoee aeayoaeueiinoue iauanoaaiiuo
i?aaiecaoeee e iaycuaaaoee iieeoe/aneea ia?oee niaeaniauaaoue ana naie
aeaenoaey n aeanoyie. Aieaa oiai, a ea/anoaa ioaaoiie ia?u a ia?oa 1882
a. auea noi?ie?iaaia ec i?aaenoaaeoaeae aunoaai /eiiaie/anoaa Ia?oey
eiinoeoooeeiiiuo ?aoi?i ioe?iaaiii iiia?oe/aneiai oieea. Oai ia iaiaa a
?yaeao iiiiceoeee, iniaaiii n?aaee ianoiuo ioaeaeaiee Eeaa?aeueiie
ia?oee, noaee oneeeaaoueny ?aaeeeaeueiua oa/aiey, noaaeaoea naiae
oeaeueth aiaiiue ia?aai?io e ia eneeth/aaoea aiciiaeiinoe
oa??i?enoe/aneeo aeoia. Ana yoi i?ienoiaeeei ia oiia iiiai/eneaiiuo
e?anoueyineeo aieiaiee, aucaaiiuo a?aaeoaeueneeie iiai?aie e iaeiaaie.
Aeoeaiay aeayoaeueiinoue eaauo a?oii iaioaaea ?oeiaiaeeoaeae
Eeaa?aeueiie ia?oee, e a 1884 a. iie i?eiyee ?aoaiea i naii?inionea. A
aiaeii ?aiueoa auea ?aniouaia e Ia?oey eiinoeoooeeiiiuo ?aoi?i. Ai?i/ai,
yoi auee /enoi oaeoe/aneea oaae. N?aaeiea neie ia ioeacuaaeenue io iunee
aeiaeoueny auaiaeiuo aeey naay iiaeaeaeae a ainoaea?noaaiiie no?oeoo?a.
A?aiaiiinoue ia?aaeuoee iuouaeanue e a i?aaeoaeuenoaa. A 1882 a. ca
?oaaae auea ioi?aaeaia i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiay ienney ai aeaaa n iaeiei ec
iaeaieaa eiina?aaoeaiuo aeayoaeae Eoi Oe?iaoie aeey eco/aiey
eiinoeoooeeiiiiai iiuoa aa?iiaeneeo no?ai. *a?ac iieoi?a aiaea Eoi
aianoa ni niooieeaie aa?ioeny ia ?iaeeio ea iieiii nae?aoa io
iauanoaaiiinoe ia/ae ?aaioo iaae i?iaeoii Eiinoeoooeee ssiiiee. Ca
ia?acaoe ei aue aua?ai naiue ?aaeoeeiiiue aa?eaio — Eiinoeoooeey
I?onnee. «Ii i?aaeaea /ai i?iaeo aue i?aaeeiaeai ia ?anniio?aiea
i?aaeoaeuenoaa e eiia?aoi?a, i?eoeinue i?iaanoe iaeoth
iiaeaioiaeoaeueioth ?aaioo, /oiau eneeth/eoue aiciiaeiinoue oioy au
iaeaeoae ?aaeeeaeecaoeee ieaie?oaiiai ia?eaiaioa. Ai-ia?auo, eeaa?aeeci
auai?iie ieaeiae iaeaou auei ?aoaii ecia/aeueii ia?aie/eoue
eiina?aaoeciii aa?oiae, iacia/aaiie». Aeey yoiai a 1884 a. a no?aia aue
nicaeai einoeooo iy?ia e onoaiiaeaiu a?enoie?aoe/aneea oeooeu (eiycue,
ia?eec, a?ao, aeeiio e aa?ii), eioi?uie iaaeaeyeenue auaoea aeaei?,
i?eaeai?iay ciaoue e iaeioi?ua iaeaieaa ?aaiinoiua noi?iiieee o?iia.
Ai-aoi?uo, i?iecioea ?ai?aaiecaoeey i?aaeoaeuenoaa ii aa?iiaeneiio
ia?acoeo. Ia?aue eaaeiao ieieno?ia ssiiiee, aicaeaaeaiiue Eoi Oe?iaoie,
ninoiye ec 10 /aeiaae — i?aiuea?a e 9 ieieno?ia (8 ec ieo auee
auoiaeoeaie ec Naoeoia e O?nth). E?iia oiai, ec Oieei aeanoe auneaee
ieiei oanoenio i?aaenoaaeoaeae iiiiceoeee. Iaeaieaa ?aaeeeaeueiua ec ieo
auee iinaaeaiu a oth?ueio. N ae?oaie noi?iiu, i?iyaeaoea aioiaiinoue e
nio?oaeie/anoao auaoea aeaeiua /eaiu Eeaa?aeueiie ia?oee e Ia?oee
eiinoeoooeeiiiuo ?aoi?i Ieoia Neayiiao e Aioi N?aece?i auee iaeaneaiu,
iiaeaeiaaiu a?aoneeie oeooeaie e i?eaeaoaiu aeey ?aaiou a
i?aaeoaeuenoaa. Iiaeaioiaea Eiinoeoooeee Iyeaece auea caeii/aia eeoue e
1888 a. I?iaeo ?aoeee ia auiineoue ia oe?ieia ianoaeaeaiea, eae yoiai
aeiaeaaeanue iiiiceoeey, a ?anniio?aoue ia Oaeiii niaaoa, nicaeaiiii i?e
eiia?aoi?a e ninoiyaoai ec 12 i?aaenoaaeoaeae auaoae oaiaeaeueiie
a?enoie?aoee, a iniiaiii ec eiyaeanoa Naoeoia, O?nth, Oina e Oeaecyi.
Oaeiue niaao aicaeaaee ana oio aea Eoi Oe?iaoie, ioeacaaoeeny ?aaee
yoiai io iinoa i?aiuea?-ieieno?a. Ieiei iieoaiaea Oaeiue niaao ca
cae?uouie aeaa?yie caieiaeny oeeoiaeie oaenoa Eiinoeoooeee.

Iaeiiaoe a iiya?a 1888 a. iia auea ca/eoaia eiia?aoi?ii ai aeai?oea a
i?enoonoaee /eaiia i?aaeoaeuenoaa, aunoeo naiiaieeia e eiino?aiiuo
i?aaenoaaeoaeae. E eeoue 11 oaa?aey 1889 a. oaeno Eiinoeoooeee aue
iaia?iaeiaai. Aeaoa aeey yoiai auea aua?aia ia neo/aeii. 11 oaa?aey
ssiiiey ioia/aea Eeayinyoeo — iaiyoioth, ii aanueia oneiaioth aeaoo
ainoanoaey ia i?anoie a 660 a. aei i.y. eaaaiaea?iiai eiia?aoi?a
Aeceiio. Naii iiyaeaiea a ssiiiee Eiinoeoooeee, i?aaeoniao?eaaaoae
ioe?uoea ia?eaiaioa, eiia/ii aea, iiaeii ?anniao?eaaoue eae niauoea
ii/oe ?aaiethoeeiiiia. Oioy i?e aeeaeaeoai ?anniio?aiee ieacaeinue, /oi
anee eiia?aoi? e iinooieeny naieie i?aaaie a iieueco ia?iaea, oi eeoue
naioth iaeinoue. Iniaa eiia?aoi?a auea i?iaicaeaoaia nayuaiiie e
iai?eeiniiaaiiie, iaeaaeathuae e oiio aea iaia?aie/aiiuie i?aaaie aeaau
ainoaea?noaa e aa?oiaiiai aeaaiieiiaiaeothuaai. Aio i?eiaaeeaaeaea any
iieiioa caeiiiaeaoaeueiie, eniieieoaeueiie, noaeaaiie e aiaiiie aeanoe a
no?aia. A aio i?aaa iiaeaeaiiuo, iai?eia? naiaiaea neiaa, ia?aienee,
ia/aoe, nia?aiee e nithcia, auee i?iienaiu a Eiinoeoooeee ai?acaei
ne?iiiaa, n iinoiyiiie iaiai?eie: «…a i?aaeaeao, onoaiiaeaiiuo
caeiiii»6. Noieue aea o?acaiiuie auee e aiciiaeiinoe, ioe?uaoeany ia?aae
aoaeoueie ia?eaiaioa?eyie. Iie iiaee niae?aoueny ia canaaeaiey ia ii
nianoaaiiiio oniio?aieth, a eeoue ii iiaaeaieth eiia?aoi?a. Eiia?aoi?
iacia/ae ieieno?a-i?aceaeaioa (i?aiuea?a) e ii aai i?aaenoaaeaieth anao
inoaeueiuo ieieno?ia. Eaaeiao ieieno?ia ian ioaaonoaaiiinoue oieueei
ia?aae eiia?aoi?ii. Aai ia iiaee naaeeoue ie aiooi iaaeiaa?ey,
iineieueeo iineaaeiee ia aue i?aaeoniio?ai eiinoeoooeeae, ie ionoaaea
ioaeaeueiuo ieieno?ia, iineieueeo caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai ia i?aaeoniao?eaaei
eieeaaeaeueiie ioaaonoaaiiinoe ieieno?ia, ie ioeeiiaiea ia?eaiaioii
athaeaeaoa, oae eae eiinoeoooeey ?ac?aoaea a yoii neo/aa i?eiaiaiea
athaeaeaoa i?aaeoanoaothuaai aiaea.

Caeiiiaeaoaeueiay aeanoue i?eiaaeeaaeaea eiia?aoi?o niaianoii n
ia?eaiaioii. Caeiiu, i?eiyoua ia?eaiaioii, ia iiaee auoue iaia?iaeiaaiu
e i?eiyou e eniieiaieth aac eiia?aoi?neiai ooaa?aeaeaiey e iiaeiene, e
aac naieoeee Oaeiiai niaaoa. A i?iiaaeooeao iaaeaeo nanneyie ia?eaiaioa
eiia?aoi? iia ecaeaaaoue oeacu, eiathuea neeo caeiia. Eiia?aoi? nicuaae
ia?eaiaio e cae?uaae aai, ia?aiinee n?iee ia?eaiaioneeo canaaeaiee, iia
?anionoeoue iaeaoo aeaiooaoia. Eiia?aoi? oaeaea eiae i?aai ia aiienoee,
iiieeiaaiey, niya/aiey iaeacaiey e ainnoaiiaeaiey a i?aaao. Eiinoeoooeey
ia oi?acaeieea aeayoaeueiinoue niaauaoaeueiuo i?aaiia i?e eiia?aoi?a. E
eo /eneo ioiineeenue: “oaeiue niaao”, “aai?i” – aiaeiinoeoooeeiiiue
niaauaoaeueiue i?aai i?e eiia?aoi?a; ieienoa?noai eiia?aoi?neiai aeai?a;
niaao ia?oaeia e aaeie?aeia e ae?. Oaeiiio niaaoo auei ia?aaeaii
?anniio?aiea aaaeiaeoeo ainoaea?noaaiiuo aeae. I?aaeoaeuenoai
niaaoiaaeinue n iei ii anai aaaeiui aii?inai iieeoeee; io iaai enoiaeeei
iaeia?aiea eiia?aoi?neeo oeacia i iacia/aieyo; ii eiae i?aai oieeiaaiey
eiinoeoooeee.

Eiinoeoooeey 1889 a. caeiaeeea ainoaea?noaaiii-i?aaiaua iniiau
eaieoaeenoe/aneiai ?acaeoey no?aiu. Iaeiaei a aeaeueiaeoai ?acaeoea
ssiiiee eaeao ii iooe ieeeoa?ecaoeee ainoaea?noaa. Iiceoeee aiaiiuo auee
i/aiue neeueiu a iaeiinoeoooeeiiiuo o/?aaeaeaieyo – Oaeiue niaao e
aai?i. A 1895a. aue caeiiiaeaoaeueii iiaeoaa?aeaeai ii?yaeie, ii
eioi?iio ia iinou aiaiiiai e aiaiii-ii?neiai ieieno?ia iacia/aeenue
oieueei /eiu aunoaai aiaiiiai e aiaiii-ii?neiai eiiaiaeiaaiey. Oai naiui
aiaiueia iieo/eea aeiiieieoaeueioth aiciiaeiinoue aeaaeaiey ia
i?aaeoaeuenoai e ia?eaiaio. N 79-o aa. OIO a. ssiiiey noaiiaeony ia
iooue aa?anneaiuo aiei e eieiieaeueiuo caoaaoia.

Ca ia?eaiaioii ia i?eciaaaeinue i?aai i?iaiaeeoue ?anneaaeiaaiey eee
aeaaaoue ioeaiee ioaaoai i?aaeoaeuenoaa ia ia?eaiaioneea cai?inu.
Eiia?aoi? iia ecaeaaaoue iaycaoaeueiua e eniieiaieth oeacu ii ethaiio
iiaiaeo, ia eiinoeueoe?oynue n ia?eaiaioii. Ii naiae no?oeoo?a ia?eaiaio
aue ii?aaeaeai aeaooiaeaoiui. Aa?oiyy iaeaoa iy?ia ninoiyea ec /eaiia
eiia?aoi?neie oaieeee, oeooeiaaiiie a?enoie?aoee e oeiainiaie ciaoe.
Aeeyoaeueiinoue aa auea ai?acaei auoa, /ai o ieaeiae iaeaou
i?aaenoaaeoaeae. Ii ecae?aoaeueiiio caeiio i?aai auae?aoue a ieaeithth
iaeaoo i?aaeinoaaeyeinue ioae/eiai noa?oa 25 eao, ieaoeaoei ia iaiaa 15
eai i?yiiai iaeiaa e i?iaeeaaaoei a naiai ie?oaa ia iaiaa iieooi?a eao.
Oi anoue aaiaeeeenue oeaicu iieiaie, aic?anoiie, eiouanoaaiiue e
inaaeeinoe. Yoi ioe?uaaei aeiione e ecae?aoaeueiui o?iai eeoue aeey
iaeiiai ec eaaeaeuo noa aeeoaeae no?aiu.

Eiinoeoooeey ii?aaeaeeea oaeaea i?aaa eaaeiaoa ieieno?ia e iacia/aaiiai
eiia?aoi?ii Oaeiiai niaaoa, ioaaonoaaiiuo oieueei ia?aae o?iiii e ieeae
ia caaenyueo io ia?eaiaioa. Eiuie neiaaie, a ssiiiee nio?aiyeanue
naiiaea?aeaaiay iiia?oey. «*oiau ianeieueei i?eaeooeoue yiooceaci iann,
ii?iaeaeaiiue Eiinoeoooeeae e oneeaiiui i?iieeiiaaieai a no?aio
caiaaeiie eoeueoo?u, eiia?aoi? iaia?iaeiaae a 1890 a. ?ane?eio ii
i?iaeaiai ia?aciaaiey. ?oeiaiaenoai oeie e ae?oaeo o/aaiuo caaaaeaiee
auei iaycaii ?aaoey?ii ca/eouaaoue o/aueiny yoio aeieoiaio, i?iieoaiiue
aeooii iaoeeiiaeecia, aa?iiiiaeaeaiie/anoaa ii ioiioaieth e eiia?aoi?o,
eiyeueiinoe e oaaaeaiey e aeanoyi. A aieiau oeieueieeia aaeaeaeeaaeanue
iuneue i oii, /oi Eiinoeoooeey e ia?eaiaio auee aea?iaaiu ia?iaeo
ssiiiee ieeinoueth e i?ia?anneaiie aieae eiia?aoi?a Iyeaece. Anei?a
eaaeaeue yiiiaoe ciae oaeno ?ane?eioa iaeconoue. I?e i/a?aaeiii ca/oaiee
?ane?eioa ioaaoeaaeenue aeoaieea iieeiiu ia?aae ii?o?aoii eiia?aoi?a. A
anee aae?oa aeaaeo?iue o/eoaeue, eioi?iio ?ac?aoaeinue aea?aeaoue eiieth
?ane?eioa ia eia/a eae a aaeuo ia?aaeiuo ia?/aoeao, naeaaeny a oaenoa,
aai iaeeaeaee iaieioaiia oaieueiaiea e iiaea».

1 ethey 1890 a. a no?aia i?ioee ia?aua ia?eaiaioneea auai?u. Ianiio?y ia
nouanoaiaaiea ?acee/iuo oeaicia e ia?aie/aiee, aieaa iieiaeiu ec 300
eca?aiiuo a ieaeithth iaeaoo aeaiooaoia i?eiaaeeaaeaee e
aioei?aaeoaeuenoaaiiie iiiiceoeee — Eeaa?aeueiie ia?oee e Ia?oee
eiinoeoooeeiiiuo ?aoi?i, eioi?ua e oiio a?aiaie oaeoe/anee
ainnoaiiaeeenue, oioy e ia aunooiaee iiae naieie i?aaeieie
iaeiaiiaaieyie. A iaeaoo iy?ia auei iacia/aii 250 aa iinoiyiiuo e
a?aiaiiuo (ia n?ie 7 eao) /eaiia. Iaaeaeo i?aaeoaeuenoaii e ieaeiae
iaeaoie n naiiai ia/aea neiaeeeenue iai?yaeaiiua, aeaaea a?aaeaeaaiua
ioiioaiey. Ia?eaiaioa?ee o?aaiaaee nieaeaiey iaeiaia, oaeaoaaeaiey
i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiiai aiia?aoa, nie?auaiey ain?anoiaeia. Iniaaiii ino?ua
noieeiiaaiey aicieeee ii iiaiaeo anneaiiaaiee ia aiaiiua ioaeaeu.
Caeoeeniuie iaiaa?aie aeanoyi oaeaeinue ?aneieioue ia?eaiaioneoth
iiiiceoeeth, eo?n ia aii?oaeaiea no?aiu aue i?eiyo, oioy e a ianeieueei
ona/aiiii aeaea. I?ioeainoiyiea yoeo aaoaae aeanoe i?iaeieaeaeinue
aeiaieueii aeieai n ia?aiaiiui oniaoii. Oi iiiiceoeey iauyaeyea
i?aaeoaeuenoao aiooi iaaeiaa?ey, iiioaeaeay aai ooiaeeoue a ionoaaeo, oi
eaaeiao ieieno?ia eieoeee?iaae ?inione ia?eaiaioa. Ai?i/ai,
i?ioeaiai?noaothuea noi?iiu auee aaeeiiaeooiu a iaeiii ioieoa —
iaiaoiaeeiinoe ioiaiu ia?aaiii?aaiuo aeiaiai?ia n caiaaeiuie no?aiaie.
Aeaei auei, eiia/ii, ia oieueei a ainoaea?noaaiiii i?anoeaea e
iaiiaenoaeiinoe eiino?aioeaa yiiineei caeiiai. Ieceea aaiciua iioeeiu,
iioieie eioi?uo ii?aaeaeyeny iiyoue-oaee caeeth/aiiuie a oiaea

Eaaeiao ieieno?ia aue iaiiiai/eneaiiui. A ia?aue ia?eiae naiaai
nouanoaiaaiey ii ninoiye ec 10 /aeiaae: ieieno?a-i?aceaeaioa, ieieno?a
eiino?aiiuo aeae, aioo?aiieo aeae, oeiainia, aiaiiiai, ii?neiai,
thnoeoeee, i?inaauaiey, naeueneiai oicyenoaa e oi?aiaee, nayce.

Noaeaaiay ?aoi?ia.

A iaeanoe aioo?eainoaea?noaaiiuo iiaiaaaaeaiee iaeaieaa aaaeiie auea
?ai?aaiecaoeey ia aa?iiaeneeo ia/aeao noaeaaiie nenoaiu. Ii caeiio
1890a. o/?aaeaeathony aaeeiua ii anae no?aia noaeu. Aa oa??eoi?ey
aeaeeony ia 298 ie?oaia, a eaaeaeii ec eioi?uo nicaeaaony ianoiue noae.
Neaaeothueie einoaioeeyie noaee 49 aoaa?ineeo noaeia, 7 aiaeeyoeeiiiuo
noaeia e Aunieee eiia?neee noae, a eiiiaoaioeee eioi?iai aoiaeeei
?anniio?aiea iaeaieaa aaaeiuo aeae, aunoay aiaeeyoeey e ?acuyniaiea
caeiiia. Eiie?aoece?iaaeny noaoon i?ieo?aoo?u, ?anoe?yeenue aa
i?aaiii/ey. Ia i?ieo?aoo?o aiceaaaeinue:

a) ?oeiaiaenoai i?aaeaa?eoaeueiui ?anneaaeiaaieai;

a) iiaeaea?aeaiea iaaeiaiey a noaea;

a) ii?ioanoiaaiea i?eaiai?ia e inouanoaeaiea iaaeci?a ca noaeaie.

A 1890 a. iieo/ee iiaoth ?aaeaeoeeth oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiue eiaeaen.

Noaeaaiia neaaenoaea aeieaeii auei iniiauaaoueny ia i?eioeeiao
aeaniinoe, onoiinoe, ninoycaoaeueiinoe. A ia/aea OO a. a ssiiiee aue
aaaaeai noae i?enyaeiuo canaaeaoaeae.

N 1872 aiaea a noaeu noaee aeiioneaoueny i?aaenoaaeoaee i?annu, auee
cai?auaiu iuoee i?e ?ac?aoaiee a?aaeaeaineeo aeae, oi?iaeueii
oie/oiaeaiu nineiaiua ?acee/ey, cai?auaia e?iaiay ianoue. A 1874 aiaeo
ia?aie/eaathony, a caoai iieiinoueth cai?auathony iuoee a oaieiaiii
noaeii?iecaiaenoaa.

Caeii 1890 aiaea a niioaaonoaee n eiinoeoooeeae oi?iaeueii cae?aiee
i?eioeei ianiaiyaiinoe e iacaaeneiinoe noaeae, i?aaeoniio?aa
aiciiaeiinoue niauaiey, iiieaeaiey noaeuee a aeieaeiinoe oieueei a
neo/ayo i?eaea/aiey aai e oaieiaiie ioaaonoaaiiinoe eee iaeacaiey a
aeenoeeieeia?iii ii?yaeea. N yoie oeaeueth a yoii aea aiaeo aue i?eiyo
Caeii i aeenoeeieeia?iie ioaaonoaaiiinoe noaeae. Iaiin?aaenoaaiiua
?u/aae aeaaeaiey ia noaeae nio?aiyeenue o ieieno?a thnoeoeee,
iaania/eaathuaai iauee aaeieieno?aoeaiue iaaeci? ca yiiineei
i?aainoaeeai, iaeaaeathuaai i?aaii auaeaeaeaiey noaeae ia aunoea
noaeaaiua e aaeieieno?aoeaiua iinou. Aeey caiauaiey aeieaeiinoe noaeuee,
niaeanii Caeiio 1890 aiaea, o?aaiaaeenue th?eaee/aneea ciaiey e
i?ioanneiiaeueiue iiuo. Noaeueyie noaiiaeeenue eeoea, naeaaoea
niioaaonoaothuea yecaiaiu e oniaoii i?ioaaeoea eniuoaoaeueiue n?ie
neoaeau a i?aaiao noaea e i?ieo?aoo?u a oa/aiea o?ao eao.

Caeiiii 1890 aiaea i?aaeoniao?eaaeinue oaeaea nicaeaiea Aunoaai
ioaee/iiai aeaia?oaiaioa i?ieo?aoo?u ni ooaoii ianoiuo i?ieo?i?ia,
iiae/eiythueony no?iaie noai?aeeiaoeee. E i?ieo?i?ai i?aaeuyaeyeenue oa
aea eaaeeoeeaoeeiiiua o?aaiaaiey, /oi e e noaeueyi, ia ieo oaeaea
?ani?ino?aiyeny eiio?ieue ieieno?a thnoeoeee, eioi?iio i?eiaaeeaaeaei
i?aai aeaaaoue oeacaiey i?ieo?i?ai ii oai eee eiui noaeaaiui aeaeai.

A 1893 aiaeo aue i?eiyo Caeii ia aaeaieaoo?a. Aaeaieaou noaee
o/anoaiaaoue a ?aaioa noaea. Aaeaieaoneee ei?ion iaoiaeeeny iiae
aeanoeei eiio?ieai eae ieieno?a thnoeoeee, oae e i?ieo?aoo?u. Aaeaieaou
oaeaea iiaeiaaeaee iiae th?enaeeeoeeth aeenoeeieeia?iuo noaeia. I?aai
i?eaeaeaoue eo e aeenoeeieeia?iie ioaaonoaaiiinoe i?eiaaeeaaeaei
i?ieo?i?ai. Ianiio?y ia ana yoe iiaiaaaaeaiey «i?aaiio?aieoaeueiay»
nenoaia ssiiiee aua aeieai inoaaaeanue ?ai?anneaiui i?eaeaoeii eiia?neie
aeanoe.

Aa?a?iua i?aia?aciaaiey

Cia/aiea aa?a?iuo i?aia?aciaaiee, i?iaaaeaiiuo a ia?aua aiaeu ia?eiaea
Iyeaece, e?aeia aaeeei. Iie ieacaee ananoi?iiiaa aeeyiea ia
iineaaeothuaa ?acaeoea anaai yiiineiai iauanoaa. N ?aoi?iie aa?a?iuo
ioiioaiee a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue naycaiu oaeea ia?ii?eyoey i?aaeoaeuenoaa,
eae ioiaia oaiaeaeueiie caaeneiinoe e?anoueyi, oaiaeaeueiie
nianoaaiiinoueth ia caieth, aaaaeaiea naiaiaeu auai?a aicaeaeuaaaiuo
eoeueoo? e, iaeiiaoe, ?aoi?ia iicaiaeueiiai iaeiaa. A ni/aoaiee n
eciaiaieai eeanniaiai oa?aeoa?a aeanoe (oioy e ia ?aaeeeaeueiui) iaeieo
yoeo i?aia?aciaaiee aeinoaoi/ii, /oiau i?eciaoue niauoey Iyeaece
ao?aeoaciie ?aaiethoeeae.

«Inouanoaeaiea yoeo ia? i?eaaei e ooaa?aeaeaieth /anoiie nianoaaiiinoe
ia caieth n i?aaii aa eoiee e i?iaeaaee, /oi ?anoe?eei aiciiaeiinoue
iiaeeecaoeee caiee. Ioiaia oaiaeaeueiie nianoaaiiinoe e oaiaeaeueiuo
iiaeiiinoae, eaeiaua yaeyeenue i?aaiaie iniiaie ecuyoey caiaeueiie
?aiou, auaoae aeaaiui aeioiaeii i?aayuaai eeanna, iio?aaiaaea
onoaiiaeaiey iiaie i?aaiaie nenoaiu, niioaaonoaiaaaoae
eaieoaeenoe/aneiio niiniao yenieoaoaoeee. Aeaaiui enoi/ieeii nicaeaiey
iaoa?eaeueiuo oeaiiinoae a ainoaea?noaa auei naeueneioicyenoaaiiia
i?iecaiaenoai, e yoi i?eaeaaaei aa?a?iiio caeiiiaeaoaeuenoao iniaia
cia/aiea».

I?aaiaoth iniiao iiaui aa?a?iui ioiioaieyi aeaea ?aoi?ia iicaiaeueiiai
iaeiaa.

Iaiin?aaenoaaiiie i?e/eiie aaaaeaiey iicaiaeueiiai iaeiaa iineoaeeea
iio?aaiinoue iiaiai i?aaeoaeuenoaa a enoi/ieeao aeioiaea aeey
iaania/aiey ainoaea?noaaiiiai athaeaeaoa. Oaiaeaeueiay ?aioa-iaeia a
nouanoaiaaaoae i?aaeaea oi?ia auea eeeaeaee?iaaia aianoa n oaiaeaeueiui
i?aaii. Aaeeinoaaiiui aiciiaeiui noaaeeueiui enoi/ieeii aeioiaeia aeey
ainoaea?noaaiiuo ioaeae iia auoue oieueei iicaiaeueiue iaeia. Iaeiaei
aeey aai aaaaeaiey auei iaiaoiaeeii th?eaee/anee oi/iia ii?aaeaeaiea
i?aaa nianoaaiiinoe ia ana caiee. I?e/ai ?a/ue iiaea eaeoe eeoue i
/anoiie nianoaaiiinoe.

«I?e yoii a /enea i?i/eo anoaei aeaa aaaeiuo aii?ina: ia ioi?ieaiee i?aa
nianoaaiiinoe ia caieth e i ?acia?a iicaiaeueiiai iaeiaa. Iaa yoe
i?iaeaiu ia ia?auo ii?ao auee ?aoaiu iin?aaenoaii auaea/e oaeinoiaa?aiee
i i?aaa nianoaaiiinoe ia caieth (oeeyi). Yoi ia?ii?eyoea eiaei i/aiue
aieueoia cia/aiea. Ii nouanoao, iii cae?aieei neiaeeaoaany iieiaeaiea a
iaeanoe oaeoe/aneiai aeaaeaiey caieae. Yoe ia?ii?eyoey ii a?aiaie
niaiaee n ia?ii?eyoeyie ii eeeaeaeaoeee oaiaeaeueiie nenoaiu
caieaiieueciaaiey».

25 aeaeaa?y 1871 a. aue ecaeai oeac ia oi?acaeiaiee eaoaai?ee caiaeue
naio?aaa e oaiaeaeia (aoeyaece) e caiaeue ai?iaeai (o?aece) ia
oa??eoi?ee i?aoaeoo?u Oieei, i auaea/a ia ieo oeeyi e ia oieaoa n ieo
iicaiaeueiiai iaeiaa. Oieei aue eca?ai eae ia/aeueiue ioieo auaea/e
oeeyi. A yiaa?a 1872 a. ieienoa?noai oeiainia iioaeeeiaaei iieiaeaiea
ioiineoaeueii auaea/e oeeyi ia oeacaiiua caiee a i?aoaeoo?a Oieei e
oieaou n ieo iicaiaeueiiai iaeiaa. A oii aea ianyoea auei iioaeeeiaaii
?anii?yaeaiea ioiineoaeueii ?ani?ino?aiaiey oeacaiiiai iieiaeaiey ia ana
inoaeueiua i?aoaeoo?u. 15 oaa?aey 1872 a. oeacii aeaaec?eai
(i?aaeoaeuenoaa) auei ioiaiaii cai?auaiea eoiee-i?iaeaaee ia?aaaouaaaiie
caiee.

A oa/aiea aieaa /ai iieoaiaea, ii etheue 1872 a. auea caaa?oaia auaea/a
oeeyi. Oeeyi noaee ia iaeioi?ia a?aiy aaeeinoaaiiui naeaeaoaeuenoaii
i?aaa nianoaaiiinoe ia caieth. Aeieoiaiou ia aeaaeaiea caieae auee
auaeaiu i?aaeaea anaai «iiaui iiiaueeai» («neiaecoione» eee i?inoi
«aeceione»). Oeeyi iieo/ee oio, eoi niia aeieacaoue, /oi ii yaeyaony
oaeoe/aneei aeaaeaeueoeai caiee. Eia/a aiai?y, oa, eiio e?anoueyia
naeaaaee naith caieth a caeeaae, ieacaeenue aeaaeaeueoeaie caiee, a
caeiaeeaoea caieth e?anoueyia i?aa?auaeenue a aa a?aiaeaoi?ia. E?iia
oiai, e aei ?aoi?iu i?iecaiaeeeenue ?acee/iua naeaeee ii eoiea e
i?iaeaaea caiee, e aeieoiaiou, oaeinoiaa?yaoea yoe naeaeee, neoaeeee
aeieacaoaeuenoaii i?eciaiey i?aaa nianoaaiiinoe ia iaa. Nouanoaiaaee e
ae?oaea oi?iu io/oaeaeaiey e?anoueyineie caiee, eioi?ay i?aa?auaeanue a
a?aiaeoaioth caieth.

A ai?aea 1873 a. auei iioaeeeiaaii iieiaeaiea i ?aoi?ia iicaiaeueiiai
iaeiaa, eioi?ia i?eia?aei neeo caeiia (oeni eaenye aec??ye). A
niioaaonoaee n iieiaeaieai i ?aoi?ia iicaiaeueiiai iaeiaa auee aaaaeaiu
aaaeiua eciaiaiey ia oieueei a nai iicaiaeueiue iaeia (o. a. a
nouanoaiaaaooth ?aioo-iaeia), ii e ai anth nenoaio yenieoaoaoeee
e?anoueyinoaa. Iaeiaeaieth iaeiaii iiaeeaaeaee caiee, ia eioi?ua auee
auaeaiu oeeyi. A ioee/ea io i?aaeiaai iaeiaeaiey, eioi?ia
i?iecaiaeeeinue n iauaia o?iaeay ?ena, ?acia? iaeiaa ii?aaeaeyeny a
niioaaonoaee n oeaiie caiee.

A oiaea i?iaaaeaiey ?aoi?iu iicaiaeueiiai iaeiaa auee ninoaaeaiu
eaaeano?iaua eieae, a eioi?ua auee aianaiu eiaia caieaaeaaeaeueoeaa,
ea/anoai e oeaia eo caiee.

Ia/eiay n 1873 a. auei i?iaaaeaii iauaiaoeeiiaeueiia ianeaaeiaaiea
caiaeue e ii?aaeaeaiea eo oeaiu. Any caiey auea ?acaeaeaia ia 100 iei.
o/anoeia. Eaaeaeiio aeaaeaeueoeo eae i?aaeei i?eiaaeeaaeaei ianeieueei
o/anoeia. Auea naeaeaia aieaa eee iaiaa oniaoiay iiiuoea i?iaanoe yoi
ianeaaeiaaiea ii aaeeiie iaoiaeeea. Iaeiaei i?aaeoaeuenoai ia
?aniieaaaei ie iaiaoiaeeiuie n?aaenoaaie, ie iiuoii, /oiau i?iaanoe aai
ia aeinoaoi/iii o?iaia.

Ninoaaeaiea eaaeano?a aeaei aiciiaeiinoue onoaiiaeoue oeaiu anao
eiaaoeony a iaee/ee caiaeue. Caiee, a niioaaonoaee n eo ea/anoaii, auee
?acaeaeaiu ia o?e a?oiiu: aunoay, n?aaeiyy e iecoay. ?acia?
ainoaea?noaaiiiai iicaiaeueiiai iaeiaa onoaiaaeeaaeny a caaeneiinoe ia
io o?iaeay, a io oeaiu caiee e aue ii?aaeaeai ?aaiui 3% io aa noieiinoe
(e yoiio aeiaaaeyeny ianoiue iicaiaeueiue iaeia aaee/eiie 1%). Iaeia
aeieaeai aue aiineoueny ia iaoo?ie, eae yoi auei i?aaeaea, a oieueei
aeaiueaaie. Iiaue iicaiaeueiue iaeia ?aaiyeny i?eia?ii 30-35% noieiinoe
o?iaeay.

A oiaea i?iaaaeaiey ?aoi?iu auei inouanoaeaii ?acaeaeaiea caiaeue ia
/anoiua e ainoaea?noaaiiua. Aei ?aoi?iu a neeo neiaeeaoaeny i?aeoeee
e?anoueyia anae iaueiie iieueciaaeenue eiyaeaneeie eoaaie e eanaie. A
oiaea ?aoi?iu cia/eoaeueiay /anoue yoeo oaiaeee auea i?eciaia
nianoaaiiinoueth ainoaea?noaa eee eiia?aoi?neiai aeiia, /oi i?eaaei e
oiio, /oi iiiaea e?anoueyia iioa?yee eaeoth-eeai aiciiaeiinoue
iieueciaaoueny eie.

Oaeei ia?acii iieiaeaiea e?anoueyinoaa a ?acoeueoaoa ?aaiethoeee Iyeaece
nouanoaaiii eciaieeinue, oioy aeey iiiaeo ia noaei eo/oa, /ai iii auei.

Eeanniaay no?oeoo?a ii?aoi?iaiiie aea?aaie ii?aaeaeyeanue nouanoaiaaieai
aeaoo iniiaiuo eeannia: eeanna iiiaueeia e eeanna e?anoueyi.
Ioeoeeaeueii iiyaeaoeeny iinea ia?auo i?aia?aciaaiee Iyeaece (oaeoe/anee
ii aiciee ai?acaei ?aiueoa) eeann iiiaueeia cia/eoaeueii ioee/aeny io
eeanna oaiaeaeia, eioi?ue ainiiaenoaiaae a yiioo oaiaeaeecia.

*anoue iiauo caieaaeaaeaeueoeaa auoea ec ?yaeia aa?oiaai neiy oaiaeaeia
– aeaei?, eioi?ua, oioy e eeoeeenue oaiaeaeueiuo i?eaeeaaee, oai ia
iaiaa ieacaeenue aeaaeaeueoeaie cia/eoaeueiuo aeaiaaeiuo noii. Auaoea
aeaei? iieo/eee a 1876 a. iaeeaaoeee a ?acoeueoaoa eaieoaeecaoeee eo
?eniauo iainee. Oae, 289 auaoeo aeaei? noaee iaeaaeaoaeyie iaeeaaoeee a
n?aaeiai ii 97 oun. eai, 148 eoay – ii 14 oun. eai, a i?aaenoaaeoaee
iecoaai neiy aone aeinoaeinue a n?aaeiai eeoue ii 415 eai ia /aeiaaea.
Iiiaea aone i?iaeeee yoe n?aaenoaa, a auaoea e?oiiua oaiaeaeu iniiaaee
aaiee, aeiaeeee aeaiueae a iieoieo caiee, ia?aaeei oaaee/ea naia
aiaaonoai.

Neaaeothuay a?oiia caieaaeaaeaeueoeaa neiaeeeanue ec auaoeo aine.
Naeueneea naio?ae (aine) ?acee/aeenue ii naiaio i?ienoiaeaeaieth. Yoi
auee iieocaieaaeaeueoeu -iieoiiiaueee. Iie eiaee i?aai iineoue ia/e. A
eaoaai?eth aine iiiaaeaee e oa caaeeoi/iua e?anoueyia e eoioeu, eioi?ua
ecuyaeee aeaeaiea inaaeaaoue oeaeeiiua caiee. Oaeei ia?acii, /a?ac aine
oaeaea oei ?aciuaaiea a?aieoe iaaeaeo nineiaeyie. Aua aei ?aaiethoeee
Iyeaece aine iinoaiaiii noaee ea?aoue ana aieaa cia/eoaeueioth ?ieue ia
naea; iie /anoi auee noa?inoaie eee caieiaee ae?oaea aaaeiua
aea?aaaineea aeieaeiinoe. A iaeioi?uo eiyaeanoaao (iai?eia?, Naoeoia)
aine i?aaenoaaeyee niaie iaeeeo iiiaueeia, ii/oe ia o/anoaiaaaoeo a
ia?aaioea caiee naieie ?oeaie.

«Caaiea aine a ?yaea neo/aaa aeaeiaaeinue ca aiaiiua caneoae eee oai,
eoi eiae eaeie-oi aan a aea?aaia (iai?eia?, caaeeoi/iui e?anoueyiai).
Aine ia ianee aiaiiie neoaeau o aeaei?. Iie ia iieo/aee aeioiaea io
caiee nthca?aiia. Aine iau/ii ia?aaaouaaee naie nianoaaiiua caiee. Eo
aiaiiua ooieoeee ia?aie/eaaeenue iai?iiie naiae i?iaeioeee. A iaeioi?uo
eiyaeanoaao aine auiieiyee oaeaea iaeioi?ua aaeieieno?aoeaiua ooieoeee a
ea/anoaa aaaioia eiyaeaneeo i?aaeoaeuenoa. A oeaeii aine auee iecoei
neiai naio?aeneiai nineiaey. Ana aine a ?acoeueoaoa ?aoi?i Iyeaece noaee
caieaaeaaeaeueoeaie, ninoaaea cia/eoaeueioth /anoue iiauo iiiaueeia».

Cia/eoaeueioth /anoue iiiaueeia ninoaaeee i?aaenoaaeoaee
oi?aiai-?inoiaue/aneiai eaieoaea, noiaaoea aua i?e Oieoaaaa (iniaaiii a
ia?eiae ?aceiaeaiey oaiaeaeecia) i?eia?anoe oai eee eiui iooai caiee.
Noaa a aiaeu Iyeaece caeiiiuie aeaaeaeueoeaie caiee, iie i?iaeieaeaee
caieiaoueny oi?aiaeae e ?inoiaue/anoaii. Iaeioi?ua ec iiiaueeia aeeee a
aea?aaia e aaee naie oicyenoaa n iiiiuueth iaaiiie ?aai/ae neeu. Iie
i?aaenoaaeyee niaie, oaeei ia?acii, eaieoaeenoe/aneea yeaiaiou a
aea?aaia.

Neaaeoao naeaeaoue nouanoaaiioth iaiai?eo ioiineoaeueii eniieueciaaiey
oa?ieia «iiiauee» i?eiaieoaeueii e yiiineei oneiaeyi. A yiiineii ycuea
iao oa?ieia, iieiinoueth aaeaeaaoiiai ?onneiio neiao «iiiauee». Neiai
«aeceione», eioi?ia /anoi o ian ia?aaiaeeony eae «iiiauee», ia naiii
aeaea ia aiieia niaiaaeaao n iineaaeiei ii niuneo. Iii iau/ii
eniieuecoaony aeey iaicia/aiey caieaaeaaeaeueoea, naeathuaai anth eee
/anoue naiae caiee a a?aiaeo aia caaeneiinoe io ?acia?ia caieaaeaaeaiey.

Ia ana aeceione auee iiiaueeaie. *enei aeceione cia/eoaeueii i?aauoaei
/enei caieaaeaaeaeueoeaa, eioi?uo iiaeii iacaaoue ianoiyueie iiiaueeaie,
o. a. e?oiiuo eee n?aaeieo caieaaeaaeaeueoeaa, naeathueo caieth a
a?aiaeo. A /enei aeceione aoiaeeei iiiai iaeeeo e iaeue/aeoeo
caieaaeaaeaeueoeaa, eioi?ua naeaaaee a a?aiaeo naie iaaieueoea o/anoee
caiee, a naie, caieiaynue iiaeniaiuie i?iiuneaie, aiana ia ia?aaaouaaee
caieth eee ia?aaaouaaee iaaieueoea eei/ee. *anoe/ii yoe iaeeea
caieaaeaaeaeueoeu naeaaaee caieth caaeeoi/iui e?anoueyiai.

?aoi?ia iicaiaeueiiai iaeiaa, i?aaeaea anaai, eciaieea iieiaeaiea
a?aiaeaoi?ia. A yiioo Oieoaaaa nouanoaiaaei o?e iniiaiuo aeaea a?aiaeu.
Ia?aue – yoi iau/iay a?aiaea, i?e eioi?ie a?aiaeaoi? ia eiae ieeaeeo
iniauo i?aa e oeaeeeii caaenae io aiee oaiaeaea. Aoi?ie aeae – yoi
«aa/iay» a?aiaea, iniiaaiiay ia iau/iii i?aaa. A yoii neo/aa
caieaaeaaeaeaoe ia iia i?iecaieueii niaiaoue a?aiaeaoi?a n caiee. Iau/ii
yoei i?aaii iaeaaeaee e?anoueyia, naieie ?oeaie inaieaoea oeaeeiioth
caieth eee oeo/oeaoea i?iaaaeaiea iaeei?aoeaiuo ?aaio. Iaeiie ec
?aciiaeaeiinoae aa/iie a?aiaeu auea a?aiaea, i?eciaiiay iiiaueeii aa/iie
iinea 20 eao iieueciaaiey caieae a?aiaeaoi?ii. O?aoueei aeaeii a?aiaeu
auea a?aiaea ia caeiaeaiiie nianoaaiieeii caiea. E?iia oiai,
nouanoaiaaei iiiai ?acee/iuo oeiia eiiaeiaoeee oeiia a?aiaeu,
?acee/aaoeony a caaeneiinoe io ?aeiia.

«I?aaeoaeuenoai, inouanoaeyy ?aoi?io, i?iaiaeeei aeanoeoth iieeoeeo
ioaeaeaiey nianoaaiieeia caiee io a?aiaeaoi?ia e no?aieeinue
eeeaeaee?iaaoue ia?aoiaeiua oi?iu, eioi?ua iiaee nicaeaoue
iaii?aaeaeaiiinoue ai aceiaiee iaeiaa. Aeaaiay aea oeaeue yoiai
ioaeaeaiey ninoiyea a oe?aieaiee iieiaeaiey iiaiai eeanna
caieaaeaaeaeueoeaa. A ?aieao yoeo ia?ii?eyoee i?aaeoaeuenoai
eeeaeaee?iaaei aa/ioth a?aiaeo, ia?aie/ea aa n?ie aeaaaeoeaoueth
aiaeaie. Anee ?a/ue oea i caieyo, ?an/euaiu e?anoueyiaie (eee eo
i?aaeeaie), oi yoo caieth aeieaeai aue aueoieoue eee iiiauee, eee
a?aiaeaoi?. Ana yoi, anoanoaaiii, neeueii ia?aie/eaaei i?aaa
a?aiaeaoi?ia».

Oaeei ia?acii, a yoe aiaeu a iniiaiii neiaeeeny oa?aeoa? nioeeaeueiie
no?oeoo?u iineaiyeaeceenoneie aea?aaie. Ainiiaenoaothuae neeie a
aea?aaia noaee n?aaieoaeueii e?oiiua caieaaeaaeaeueoeu, aa?oiee neie
eioi?uo ninoaaeyee iiiaueee. Iniiaiie oi?iie yenieoaoaoeee
e?anoueyinoaa, eioi?oth eniieueciaaee yoe caieaaeaaeaeueoeu, auea naea/a
caiee a a?aiaeo iaeeei oiaa?ii?iecaiaeeoaeyi-e?anoueyiai. Aeaiiue oei
a?aiaeu iinee aeieaieoaeenoe/aneee oa?aeoa?: a?aiaeaoi?ii yaeyeny
aaccaiaeueiue eee iaeicaiaeueiue e?anoueyiei, a?aiaeiaaaoee caieth n
oeaeueth niaea?aeaiey naiae naiuee ec iieo/aaiie ei /anoe i?iecaiaeeiuo
i?iaeoeoia. ?ino oeai ia ?en, iaaethaeaaoeeny a iaeioi?ua ia?eiaeu,
iaei, /oi i?eiinee a?aiaeaoi?o, oae eae iineaaeiee aue ii/oe ioaeaeai io
?uiea, e, iaiai?io, i?eiinee aa?uoe caieaaeaaeaeueoeo.

A?aiaeaoi? ia ieaoee iicaiaeueiue iaeia, ii auiea/eaae a?aiaeioth ieaoo,
eae i?aaeei, iaoo?ie. ?acia? a?aiaeiie ieaou ii ?eniaui iieyi ninoaaeye
50-60% o?iaeay.

Neiaeeeanue e auea ocaeiiaia /anoe/ii iiaay nenoaia yenieoaoaoeee. *enoi
oaiaeaeueiay oi?ia yenieoaoaoeee a aeaea ?aiou-iaeiaa auea
eeeaeaee?iaaia. E?anoueyia-caieaaeaaeaeueoeu, ia naeathuea caieth a
a?aiaeo, noaee ieaoeoue iicaiaeueiue iaeia. Yoi auea aeaaiay oi?ia eo
yenieoaoaoeee /a?ac ainoaea?noaaiiua i?aaiu.

Oaeei ia?acii, aa?a?iua i?aia?aciaaiey, inouanoaeaiiua a nayce n
?aaiethoeeae 1868 a., i?eaaee e caiaoiui ia?aiaiai, eioi?ua eiaee
cia/aiea ia oieueei aeey aea?aaie, ii e ieacaee neeueiia aeeyiea ia anth
nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneoth no?oeoo?o ainoaea?noaa. Aianoi oaiaeaeueiie
oi?iu nianoaaiiinoe ia caieth auea aaaaeaia ao?aeoaciay nianoaaiiinoue.
A oiaea yoiai i?ioeanna auea eeoaia i?aaa nianoaaiiinoe ia caieth
cia/eoaeueiay /anoue e?anoueyinoaa. A aea?aaia aiciee iiaue eeann
caieaaeaaeaeueoeaa – aeceione, niaiauaaoee eniieueciaaiea
aeieaieoaeenoe/aneeo iaoiaeia yenieoaoaoeee e?anoueyinoaa (naea/a caiee
a a?aiaeo) n caiyoeai ?acee/iiai ?iaea i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaii.

Aa?a?iua i?aia?aciaaiey aeaee neeueiue noeioe ?acaeoeth i?ioeanna
ia?aiia/aeueiiai iaeiieaiey, a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue iooai aaaaeaiey
iicaiaeueiiai iaeiaa.

Aaeieieno?aoeaiay ?aoi?ia

Ianoiia oi?aaeaiea a ssiiiee a yiioo naaoiaoa aeinoaoi/ii o?aaeeoeeiiii
aeey n?aaeiaaaeiauo ainoaea?noa: aeiiaieaeueiia oi?aaeaiea n aeinoaoi/ii
aieueoie, ii ia aa?aioe?iaaiiie aaoiiiieae naeueneeo iauei (ao?aeo) e
oneiaiia aea?aeaiea caiaeue neoaeeeie ciaoueth, aeaeia. Oieoeeaoeey
ianoiiai oi?aaeaiey i?ioiaee a yiioo Iyeaece (1868-1912). A ?acoeueoaoa
?aoi?iu oa??eoi?eaeueiie i?aaiecaoeee nicaeathony iiaua
aaeieieno?aoeaii-oa??eoi?eaeueiua aaeeieoeu: i?aoaeoo?u (eai) e, a
eaaeaeie i?aoaeoo?a, ie?oaa (eo). Oi?aaeythueo i?aoaeoo?ie iacia/aei
i?aaeoaeuenoai, a iie, a naith i/a?aaeue, iacia/aee oi?aaeythueo
ie?oaaie. Eaaeaeue ie?oa iauaaeeiye ianeieueei o?aaeeoeeiiiuo naeueneeo
iauei, eioi?ua iiaia i?aaeoaeuenoai ia i?eciaaaei a ea/anoaa iineoaeae
ioaee/iie aeanoe. Ianoiua yeeou – naeueneea noa?inou – aeoeaii
nii?ioeaeyeenue iiaiaaaaeaieyi, aeaaea i?iaioee?iaaee eieaeueiua aoiou.
I?aaeoaeuenoai auei auioaeaeaii ia?aniio?aoue oa??eoi?eaeueioth
i?aaiecaoeeth no?aiu: ia iniiaaiee i?eiyouo a 1878 a. O?ao Iiauo Caeiiia
ie?oaa oi?acaeiythony e ainnoaiaaeeaaaony iinaeai/aneee i?eioeei
oa??eoi?eaeueiiai aeaeaiey. Eaaeaeue ai?iae e iinaeie noaiiaeony
naiinoiyoaeueiui th?eaee/aneei eeoeii. Caeii i ioieoeeiaeueiuo nia?aieyo
1880 a. o/?aaeaeaao auai?iua niaaou e aeieaeiinoue aeaau ianoiie
aaeieieno?aoeee. Aeaaa aaeieieno?aoeee ecae?aaony niaaoii, ii anooiaao a
aeieaeiinoue oieueei iinea eo ooaa?aeaeaiey oi?aaeythuei i?aoaeoo?u.
Oaeoe/anee eiaiii aeaaa aaeieieno?aoeee oi?aaeyao ioieoeeiaeueiui
ia?aciaaieai: ii iaeaaeaao i?aaii aaniethoiiai aaoi e ianao
ioaaonoaaiiinoue ca aeaenoaey ioieoeeiaeeoaoa ia?aae oi?aaeythuei
i?aoaeoo?ie. A oio aea ia?eiae caeii nicaeaao auai?iua niaaou a
i?aoaeoo?ao; eo iieiiii/ey ia?aie/aiu aeanoueth oi?aaeythuaai, eioi?iai
iacia/aao i?aaeoaeuenoai. Ecae?aoaeueiia i?aai ia yaeyeinue anaiauei:
i?aaii ecae?aoue iaeaaeaee eeoue ioae/eiu, ieaoeaoea ianoiua iaeiae,
i?e/ai aieiniaaiea i?ioiaeeei ii eo?eyi, a caaeneiinoe io noiiu
oiea/aiiiai iaeiaa, o.a., a eiia/iii n/aoa, io nianoaaiiinoe. Nenoaia
oi?aaeaiey a oeaeii iaiiieiaao ?inneeneoth caineoth nenoaio, eee ianoiia
oi?aaeaiea a I?onnee a oio aea ia?eiae. *aou?a Eiaeaena,
onoaiaaeeaathuea iauea ii?iu ianoiiai oi?aaeaiey (1888-1889), auee
ninoaaeaiu n iiiiuueth iaiaoeeeo yenia?oia. Iiaia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai
nicaeaao iniaue oei oa??eoi?eaeueiuo ia?aciaaiee – ai?iaea (ne), e
eioi?iio ioianaiu ianaeaiiua ioieou n /eneaiiinoueth ianaeaiey aieaa 30
000 /aeiaae. Iaeiia?aiaiii Eiaeaen ai?iaeia i?aaeienuaaao iauaaeeiaiea
ioieoeeiaeeoaoia, anee iie ia ni?aaeythony n i?aaeienaiiuie ooieoeeyie.
Oaeea iauaaeeiaiey i?ienoiaeyo (e 1890 a. eiee/anoai ioieoeeiaeeoaoia
nie?auaaony a iyoue ?ac), ii i?aaeiea oa??eoi?eaeueiua iaueiu nio?aiytho
yeaiaiou naiinoiyoaeueiinoe: iie iaeaaeatho nianoaaiiinoueth, aaiaeyo
naie iaeiae e o.ae. Naiinoiyoaeueiinoue iauei iiaee?aieyaony oai, /oi ia
ioieoeeiaeueiuo auai?ao eaaeaeay iaueia aieinoao aaeeiiaeanii:
ioieoeeiaeueiua niaaou ninoiyo ec i?aaenoaaeoaeae iauei, a ia ec
i?aaenoaaeoaeae ecae?aoaeae. A eiioea eiioeia caeiiiaeaoaeue i?eciaao
yoe ia?aciaaiey – aecaenaieo – a ea/anoaa aeia?iaieueiuo iauaaeeiaiee
a?aaeaeai.

«I?aaiaia ?aaoee?iaaiea ianoiiai oi?aaeaiey a ssiiiee iie?aaony ia o?e
iniiaiuo i?aaiauo o?aaeeoeee: 1) nianoaaiii yiiineay o?aaeeoeey, eaeouay
ni a?aiai n?aaeiaaaeiauey; 2) caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai e i?aaiaua i?eioeeiu
ia?eiaea Iyeaece, ?ac?aaioaiiua iiae aeeyieai aa?iiaeneeo
eiioeiaioaeueiuo iiaeaeae, i?aeiouanoaaiii iaiaoeeie e o?aioeocneie; 3)
i?aaiaua ii?iu e i?eioeeiu, aaaaeaiiua ieeoiaoeeiiiuie aieneaie a
iineaaiaiiue ia?eiae e io?aaeathuea aeeyiea aiaeinaeniineiai i?aaa».
Aaeaeo ?acii?iaeiinoe aeeyiee, n aa?iiaeneie oi/ee c?aiey yiiineay
nenoaia ianoiiai oi?aaeaiey i?aaenoaaeyaony aea?eaeiie e aioo?aiia
i?ioeai?a/eaie. A niioaaonoaee n aiaeinaeniineie o?aaeeoeeae, noaoon e
iieiiii/ey ianoiuo aeanoae ?aaoee?othony ioaeaeueiuie caeiiaie,
iinayuaiiuie eiie?aoiui nthaeaoai. Aianoa n oai, nouanoaoao e iauee
caeii i ianoiie aaoiiiiee, eioi?ue ii?aaeaeyao iniiau i?aaiecaoeee
ianoiie aeanoe. ssiiineee ia?eaiaio i?eieiaao oaeaea /anoiua caeiiu,
aae?aniaaiiua eiie?aoiie oa??eoi?ee. Eiinoeoooeey e caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai
i?eciatho i?eioeei iauae eiiiaoaioeee ianoiuo aeanoae; aianoa n oai,
iiae?iaiia ?aaoee?iaaiea aieueoiai iauaia iaycaoaeueiuo iieiiii/ee
naiaeeo yoio i?eioeei ia iao. Nouanoaaiioth ?ieue a ii?aaeaeaiee
ooieoeee ianoiuo aeanoae e eo ioiioaiee n ainoaea?noaii ea?atho ?aoaiey
Aa?oiaiiai Noaea no?aiu, a /anoiinoe – a ?aieao aai iieiiii/ee ii
oieeiaaieth eiinoeoooeee. Ianoiia oi?aaeaiea a ssiiiee aeeth/aao aeaa
iniiaiuo o?iaiy oa??eoi?eaeueiie i?aaiecaoeee: ioieoeeiaeeoaou (aieaa 3
000) e i?aoaeoo?u (47).Aaeieieno?aoeaiua aaeeieoeu iiae?acaeaeythony ia
/aou?a iniiaiua eaoaai?ee: ai?iaea n iniaui noaoonii, ai?iaea (ne),
iinaeee (aeca) e aea?aaie (nii e io?a). «?acee/ey iaaeaeo aeaoiy
iineaaeieie eaoaai?eyie ianouanoaaiiu, e iinyo nei?aa neiaiee/aneee
oa?aeoa?; noaoon iinaeea i?enaaeaaaony ianaeaiiiio ioieoo ii/oe
aaoiiaoe/anee ?aoaieai i?aaenoaaeoaeueiiai i?aaia i?aoaeoo?u, anee
/eneaiiinoue ianaeaiey i?aauoaao ii?aaeaeaiiue ii?ia. Noaoon ai?iaea
i?enaaeaaaony ioieoeeiaeueiiio ia?aciaaieth (eee a?oiia
ioieoeeiaeeoaoia, eioi?ua i?e yoii iauaaeeiythony) aeae?aoii ieieno?a
aioo?aiieo aeae, anee iii niioaaonoaoao neaaeothuei e?eoa?eyi: 1)
/eneaiiinoue ianaeaiey i?aauoaao 50 000 /aeiaae; 2) oeaio?aeueiay /anoue
ai?iaea (oeaio?aeueiue ianaeaiiue ioieo) iauaaeeiyao aieaa 60%
ianaeaiey; 3) a naeueneii oicyenoaa caiyoi iaiaa 40% ianaeaiey. Noaoon
ai?iaea iaycuaaao nicaeaaaoue iaeioi?ua aaeieieno?aoeaiua no?oeoo?u
(eacia/aeneee oeaio?, neoaeau nioeeaeueiie iiiiue). Ioieoeeiaeueiua
i?aaiu aeanoe ecae?athony, a niioaaonoaee n eiinoeoooeeae, i?yiuie
anaiaueie auai?aie». A eaaeaeii ioieoeeiaeeoaoa nouanoaoao
i?aaenoaaeoaeueiue i?aai – ioieoeeiaeueiia nia?aiea – e ecae?aaiue
ianaeaieai aeaaa aaeieieno?aoeee. A iaieo neo/ayo n?ie iieiiii/ee – 4
aiaea, auai?u i?ioiaeyo ii iaaei?eoa?iie nenoaia ioiineoaeueiiai
aieueoeinoaa. Aeinoaoi/ii aieueoea ii /eneaiiinoe ianoiua nia?aiey (io
12 aei 100 /aeiaae, a caaeneiinoe io /eneaiiinoe ianaeaiey) iaeaaeatho
noaiaea?oiui iaai?ii iieiiii/ee: i?eiyoea athaeaeaoa, i?eiyoea ?aoaiee
ii iniiaiui aii?inai nianoaaiiuo eiiiaoaioeee ioieoeeiaeeoaoa. Aeaaa
aaeieieno?aoeee aaeeiiee/ii ?oeiaiaeeo eniieieoaeueiie aeanoueth,
auiieiyao ?aoaiey annaiaeae, iacia/aao e niaiyao ianoiuo neoaeaueo.
Iiaeii aiai?eoue i nouanoaiaaiee a ssiiiee oeie/iie noaiu niaao –
neeueiue iy?, iaeiaei yiiineea aeaau aaeieieno?aoeee iaeaaeatho aieueoei
iauaiii iieiiii/ee, /ai aieueoeinoai eo aia?eeaineeo eieeaa. Oae, aeaaa
aaeieieno?aoeee iiaeao ?anionoeoue nia?aiea (eioi?ia, a naith i/a?aaeue,
iiaeao ioi?aaeoue aai a ionoaaeo). Iniiaiie enoi/iee aeanoe aeaa
aaeieieno?aoeee – iieiiii/ey, eioi?ua aeaeaae?othony ei i?aaiaie
ainoaea?noaaiiie aeanoe. Nia?aiey ia eiatho i?aaa aiaoeaaoueny a
inouanoaeaiea yoeo iieiiii/ee.

Ana 47 yiiineeo i?aoaeoo? ia iaiyee naieo a?aieoe n 1888 a. 43
i?aoaeoo?u (eai, iai?eia? Oiooi?e-eai) eiatho iauee noaoon; ii/oe ia
ioee/athony io ieo ii i?aaiaiio iieiaeaieth aeaa i?aoaeoo?u (oo),
ioaaouaathuea aeaa e?oiiaeoea ai?iaeneea aaeiia?aoeee: Eeioi e Inaea
(Eeioi-oo e Inaea-oo; a ioee/ea io ae?oaeo i?aoaeoo?, a oo nouanoaotho
aaeieieno?aoeaiua ?aeiiu). Iniaue noaoon eiao i?aoaeoo?a (oi) Oieei e
i?aoaeoo?a (aei) Oieeaeaei. Oa??eoi?ey i?aoaeoo?u Oieei-oi ninoieo ec 23
ie?oaia (eo), eaaeaeue ec eioi?uo i?eaeeaeaaony ii naiaio noaoono e
ai?iaeo (ne). A ie?oaao ecae?athony ie?oaeiua nia?aiey e aeaau
aaeieieno?aoeee. A oeaeii oi?aaeaiea Oieei noiaea n oi?aaeaieai Aieueoei
Eiiaeiiii. Ino?ia Oieeaeaei i?aaenoaaeyao niaie ioaeaeueioth i?aoaeoo?o
(Oieeaeaei-aei); iaeiaei cia/eoaeueiay /anoue iieiiii/ee a iaeanoe
yeiiiie/aneiai ?acaeoey ecuyoa o auai?iuo i?aaiia aeanoe: eo
inouanoaeyao i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiia aaaionoai ii ?acaeoeth Oieeaeaei.
I?aoaeoo?u oi?aaeythony auai?iuie nia?aieyie (io 40 aei 120 /eaiia) e
ecae?aaiui ianaeaieai iai?yioth oi?aaeythuei. ?ani?aaeaeaiea iieiiii/ee
iaaeaeo i?aaenoaaeoaeueiie e eniieieoaeueiie aeanoueth, n?iee i?aauaaiey
a aeieaeiinoe, ecae?aoaeueiay nenoaia iieiinoueth aini?iecaiaeyo
i?aaeea, onoaiiaeaiiua aeey ioieoeeiaeeoaoia. E a ioieoeeiaeeoaoao, e a
i?aoaeoo?ao iiiaea aii?inu iiaoo ?aoaoueny iaiin?aaenoaaiii ianaeaieai
iooai ?aoa?aiaeoia. Oae, aeey i?iaaaeaiey ?aoa?aiaeoia ii iiaiaeo iocuaa
aeaau aaeieieno?aoeee (oi?aaeythuaai) aeinoaoi/ii iiaeienae iaeiie o?aoe
ecae?aoaeae. Ecae?aoaee iieuecothony e i?aaii eieoeeaoeau a iaeanoe
?aoaiee ianoiuo nia?aiee: nia?aiea iaycaii ?anniio?aoue cayaeo e
i?eiyoue niioaaonoaothuaa ?aoaiea, anee cayaea ii iiaiaeo i?eiyoey
eaeiai-eeai aeoa iiaeienaia 1/50 io iauaai /enea ecae?aoaeae. Iaeiaei ia
i?aeoeea eieoeeaoeaa ianaeaiey eniieuecoaony ?aaeei.

Nouanoaaiioth ?ieue a ianoiii oi?aaeaiee ssiiiee ea?atho
oa??eoi?eaeueiua ia?aciaaiey, nouanoaothuea aioo?e ioieoeeiaeeoaoia –
aecaenaieo. A iaeioi?uo naeueneeo ?aaeiiao – yoi i?inoi o?aaeeoeeiiiua
iaueiu, iaiyaoea naie noaoon, ii ia iaiyaoeany ii nouanoao ia
i?ioyaeaiee aaeia. AEeoaee aecaenaieo, eae i?aaeei, ecae?atho noa?inoo,
eioi?ue aaoiiaoe/anee aeeth/aaony a ninoaa ioieoeeiaeueiie
aaeieieno?aoeee. A ai?iaeao iiaeiaiua niiauanoaa iieo/atho ioeoeeaeueiue
noaoon Iauanoa iiiiue iieeoeee, I?ioeaiiiaea?iuo iauaaeeiaiee a?aaeaeai
e o.ae. I?aaiu aeanoe aecaenaieo onoaiaaeeaatho nianoaaiiua nai?u
(ioeoeeaeueii ?a/ue eaeao i aeia?iaieueiuo iiaea?oaiaaieyo e aciinao), a
ioieoeeiaeueiua aeanoe /anoi aeaeaae?otho ei cia/eoaeueiua iieiiii/ey.

Aiaiiay ?aoi?ia

A 1872 aiaeo aue ecaeai oeac i aaaaeaiee anaiauae aieineie iiaeiiinoe,
/ai iiae?uaaeinue iiiiiieueiia i?aai naio?aaa ia aiaiioth neoaeao.

I?aia?aciaaiey nouanoaaiii cao?iioee auaoaa i?eaeeaae?iaaiiia nineiaea
aiaiiiai aeai?yinoaa — naio?aaa. E?oiiua oaiaeaeueiua caieaaeaaeaeueoeu
— eiycuey iieo/eee uaae?oth aeaiaaeioth eiiiainaoeeth ca ioeac io naieo
oaiaeaeueiuo i?aa a iieueco eiia?aoi?a, ii iieiaeaiea ?yaeiaiai
naio?aenoaa a oeaeii oooaeoeeinue. *anoue naio?aaa cae?aieeanue a
ainoaea?noaaiiii aiia?aoa, iiiieiea ?yaeu /eiiaieeia; a a?iee iie
ii-i?aaeiaio ninoaaeyee einoye ioeoea?noaa. Iaeioi?ua naio?ae
i?aa?aoeeenue a iiiaueeia, ii cia/eoaeueiay /anoue inoaeanue aac
eaeiai-eeai onoie/eaiai enoi/ieea aeioiaeia e ia iiaea i?eniiniaeoueny e
iiaui oneiaeyi aeaiaaeiiai oicyenoaa. Yoi auea aaniieieiay e ouaneaaiay
«aieueieoea», eioi?ay ia aeaeaea i?eie?eoueny n oo?aoie naiaai
i?eaeeaae?iaaiiiai iieiaeaiey.

A 70-o aiaeao XIX a. i?iecioae ?yae ?aaeoeeiiiuo naio?aeneeo iyoaaeae,
o/anoieee eioi?uo aeiaeaaeenue ainnoaiiaeaiey i?aaeieo oaiaeaeueiuo
ii?yaeeia e, a /anoiinoe, oaeeo niaoeeaeueiuo naio?aeneeo i?eaeeaaee,
eae i?aai iineoue i?oaeea. Aaaaeaiea anaiauae aieineie iiaeiiinoe
ieii/aoaeueii iiaei?aaei iiiiiieeth naio?aaa ia aiaiiia aeaei; ?aceia
nie?auaiea ainoaea?noaaiiuo iainee, auiea/eaaaoeony naio?ayi, aucaaei
n?aaee ieo iniaia aiciouaiea. E yoiio i?eniaaeeiyeinue iaaeiaieuenoai
«neaaie», o. a. iaaeinoaoi/ii aa?anneaiie, ii eo iiaieth, aiaoiae
iieeoeeie yiiineiai i?aaeoaeuenoaa, ia noeeaoae a aeeaeaeoai aoaeouai
ieeaeeo caaiaaaoaeueiuo iioiaeia, eioi?ua aeaee au naio?ayi
aiciiaeiinoue auaeaeiooueny e iaiaaoeoueny.

Iaaeiaieueiuo aicaeaaee aiaiiue ieieno? Naeai Oaeaii?e. Ii ?acei
e?eoeeiaae aiaoithth iieeoeeo i?aaeoaeuenoaa e o?aaiaae, /oiau ssiiiey
«iieacaea naay». Naeai, a /anoiinoe, ianoaeaae ia ?acaycuaaiee aieiu
aeey caaiaaaiey Ei?ae. Iiaeiaiiai ?iaea aa?anneaiua e a oi aea a?aiy
aaaioth?enoe/aneea iano?iaiey naio?aeneie iiiiceoeee ia ?acaeaeyeenue
aieueoeinoaii i?aayueo e?oaia. I?eiyoea ioe?iaaiii aa?anneaiiai
aiaoiaiieeoe/aneiai eo?na a aieueoeo ianooaaao a?iceei au ionoaeie,
neaaie a yeiiiie/aneii e a aiaiiii ioiioaieyo ssiiiee iianiuie
iineaaenoaeyie. Iiyoiio i?aaenoaaeaiiui a i?aaeoaeuenoaa noi?iiieeai
aiaiiuo aaaioth? ai aeaaa n Naeai ia oaeaeinue iiai?ioue nii?ioeaeaiea
aaeaa inoi?iaeiuo yeaiaioia, a?oiie?iaaaoeony aie?oa Ieoai Oineieoe.
Ieoai, eae e Naeai, i?eiaaeeaaeae e naio?aenoao. Iaeiaei Ieoai aue
eeaea?ii iaeaieaa iao?aeoaceaoeony neiaa oaiaeaeueiiai aeai?yinoaa, any
aeayoaeueiinoue eioi?uo iai?aaeyeanue ia iienee eiii?iienna n
ao?aeoaceae n oeaeueth i?iaaaeaiey ioiineoaeueii eeaa?aeueiiai
aioo?eiieeoe/aneiai eo?na e nei?aeoae iiaea?iecaoeee ssiiiee.

Oaa?e/ii-caaiaeneay i?iiuoeaiiinoue.

«I?iiuoeaiiay iieeoeea i?aaeoaeuenoaa Iyeaece caeeth/aeanue a
neaaeothuai: iinoaaeoue iiae ainoaea?noaaiiue eiio?ieue a?naiaeu,
/oaoiieeoaeiua e noaeino?ieoaeueiua caaiaeu e oaoou, ?aiaa
i?eiaaeeaaeaaoea ?acee/iui eeaiai eee aaeooo, caoai oeaio?aeeciaaoue eo
e aeiaanoe aei aunieiai o?iaiy ?acaeoey; a oi aea a?aiy nicaeaaaoue e
ae?oaea i?aaei?eyoey no?aoaae/aneiai cia/aiey, oaeea, eae oeie/aneea
caaiaeu (caaiaeu na?iie eeneiou, noaeieueiua e oeaiaioiua caaiaeu).
Oieueei iinea yoiai i?aaeoaeuenoai iaia?aaaeinue i?iaeaoue aieueooth
/anoue yoeo caaiaeia eo/ea iieuecothueony aai aeiaa?eai oeiainiauo
iaaiaoia. Iaeiaei eiio?ieue iaae naiuie aaaeiuie a no?aoaae/aneii
ioiioaiee i?aaei?eyoeyie, oaeeie, eae aiaiiua a?naiaeu,
noaeino?ieoaeueiua caaiaeu e iaeioi?ua i?aaei?eyoey ai?iie
i?iiuoeaiiinoe, inoaaaeny a ?oeao i?aaeoaeuenoaa».

Ana oaoou e ?oaeieee, eioi?ua ?aiaa i?eiaaeeaaeaee i?aaeoaeuenoao aaeooo
e eeaiiaui aeanoyi, auee eiioeneiaaiu e caoai i?iaeaiu i?aaenoaaeoaeyi
oao oeiainiauo e?oaia. eioi?ua noiyee aeecei e i?aaeoaeuenoao. Yoa
i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiay iieeoeea auea neaaeothuei ia?acii eceiaeaia iaeiei
yiiineei niaoeeaeenoia: «A oi a?aiy (ai a?aiy ?anoaa?aoeee) aeanyoue
e?oiiaeoeo i?aaei?eyoee ai?iiaeiauaathuae i?iiuoeaiiinoe, a eiaiii:
Naaei, Ieiey, Eeoii, Oaeaneia, Aie, Eiiae, Eaiaene, Iaeaeinaea, Ieaoeo?a
e Einea, oi?aaeyeenue naiei i?aaeoaeuenoaii a oeaeyo eo auno?aeoaai
?acaeoey; ii iinea oiai eae iie auee aaaaeaiu a no?ii, eo ia?aaeaee a
?oee /anoiuo eeoe. A ianoiyuaa a?aiy ana i?aaei?eyoey ai?iiaeiauaathuae
i?iiuoeaiiinoe, ca eneeth/aieai ianeieueeeo ?oaeieeia e oaoo
niaoeeaeueiiai iacia/aiey, i?eiaaeeaaeao /anoiui eeoeai».

Aeey oaaee/aiey i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoe yoeo i?aaei?eyoee i?aaeoaeuenoai
i?eaeaeaei naiuo eo/oeo eiino?aiiuo niaoeeaeenoia.

O?ainii?o e naycue ?acaeaaeenue auno?uie oaiiaie aeaaiaea?y iaooiieiie
yia?aee eeaea?ia i?aaeoaeuenoaa Iyiaece. I?aaeoaeuenoai i?enoaeueii
neaaeeei ca ?acaeoeai e aeayoaeueiinoueth o?ainii?oa. Aeaaiie caaea/ae
aeaeaciiaei?iaeiiai o?ainii?oa yaeyeinue ?anoe?aiea aioo?aiiaai ?uiea.
Oioy /anoiue eaieoae e i?eaeaeaeny aeey no?ieoaeuenoaa aeaeaciuo aei?ia,
ia?aua aeaeaciiaei?iaeiua eeiee a ssiiiee auee iino?iaiu i?aaeoaeuenoaii
i?e iiiiue caeia ia noiio 913 oun. o. no., iieo/aiiiai a Eiiaeiia. E
eiioeo noieaoey /anoiue eaieoae a aeaeaciiaei?iaeiii o?ainii?oa noae
i?aaaee?iaaoue iaae i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiui, ii a 1906 a. ana aeaeaciua
aei?iae no?aiu, e?iia oceieieaeiuo, auee iaoeeiiaeece?iaaiu.

«Aiaeece?oy yoio oaa n aiaiii-iieeoe/aneie oi/ee c?aiey, iu aeieaeiu
ioiaoeoue, /oi aeaeaciua aei?iae anaaaea ?anniao?eaaeenue
i?aaeoaeuenoaii eae iaeii ec naiuo iiuiuo n?aaenoa aeey iauaaeeiaiey
no?aiu, i?e/ai aiaiiua eeaea?u Iyeaece ieeiaaea ia oioneaee ec aeaeo e
no?aoaae/aneia cia/aiea o?ainii?oa. Oae, iai?eia?, iaeiia?aiaiii n
caeiiii i aeaeaciiaei?iaeiii no?ieoaeuenoaa 1892 a., onoaiiaeaoei
i?eioeei ainoaea?noaaiiie nianoaaiiinoe ia aeaeaciua aei?iae, aue
nicaeai iaaethaeaoaeueiue niaao». Yoio niaao iacuaaeny «oyioeoaei eaeae»
e ninoiye ec aeaaaeoeaoe /aeiaae, n?aaee eioi?uo auei ianeieueei
aiaiiuo, a ia?aue i?aaenaaeaoaeue yoiai niaaoa, aaia?ae Eaaaeaie Ni?ieo,
aue, iiaeaeoe, naiui auaeathueiny no?aoaaii oiai a?aiaie. Ianeieueei
aiaiii-no?aoaae/aneea niia?aaeaiey i?aaaee?iaaee iaae eiiia?/aneeie,
eiaaea ?a/ue caoiaeeea i aeaeaciiaei?iaeiii no?ieoaeuenoaa, iieacuaaao
aeeneonney, ?acaa?ioaoayny ii aii?ino i no?ieoaeuenoaa
aeaeaciiaei?iaeiie eeiee Iaeanyiaei, ia?anaeathuae ai?enooth
iaeiianaeaiioth ianoiinoue. O?oaeiinoe e cao?aou, naycaiiua n
nii?oaeaieai yoie aei?iae, eacaeenue ianoieueei aieueoeie, /oi ieai
no?ieoaeuenoaa aue a?aiaiii ioeiaeai. Ii, eae ooaa?aeaeaao niaoeeaeeno
ii yiiineei aeaeaciui aei?iaai aeeiio Eiioy, «i?ioea yoiai (o. n. ioeaca
no?ieoue yoo aei?iao) aunooieee n i?ioanoii aiaiiua, eioi?ua ianoie/eai
oeacuaaee ia no?aoaae/aneea i?aeiouanoaa ia?o?ooa Iaeanyiaei»8.
No?aoaae/aneea niia?aaeaiey ea?aee ia?ainoaiaiioth ?ieue i?e
inouanoaeaiee no?ieoaeuenoaa aeaeaciuo aei?ia, a oaeaea oaeaoiiiie e
oaeaa?aoiie naoe.

Aeey eeethno?aoeee oiai, eaeia ia?iiiia aieiaiea i?aaeoaeuenoai oaeaeyei
no?aoaae/aneiio cia/aieth oaeaa?aoiie e oaeaoiiiie naoe, aeinoaoi/ii
nineaoueny ia iaeei eee aeaa i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiuo aeieoiaioa. Oae,
iai?eia?, a nayce n aicaoaeaeaieai oiaeaoaenoaa i ia?aaea/a oaeaoiiiuo
eeiee a nianoaaiiinoue /anoiui eeoeai 2 aaaonoa 1872 a. a Aeaaec?eai
(Ainoaea?noaaiiue niaao) iinooieei i?aaeeiaeaiea, o?aaiaaaoaa ioeeiieoue
oiiiyiooia auoa oiaeaoaenoai. A yoii i?aaeeiaeaiee, a /anoiinoe,
oeacuaaeinue: «Ia Caiaaea eiathony no?aiu, aaea nouanoaotho /anoiua
eeiee nayce; iaeiaei /anoiua eeiee /anoi i?aaenoaaeytho aieueoea
iaoaeianoaa a ioiioaiee nio?aiaiee ainoaea?noaaiiie oaeiu. E?iia oiai,
naycue ea?aao aieueooth ?ieue a iaoeo acaeiiioiioaieyo n ae?oaeie
no?aiaie; iiyoiio aeaeaoaeueii, /oiau n yoiai a?aiaie aue iieiaeai
eiiaoe nouanoaiaaieth /anoiuo eeiee e /oiau a aoaeouai ?.na eeiee nayce
ia?aoee a ?anii?yaeaiea i?aaeoaeuenoaa»9. Yoi i?aaeeiaeaiea auei
i?eiyoi. I?aaeoaeuenoai Iyeaece i/aiue nei?i ioeaieei cia/aiea oaeaa?aoa
aeey aaaeaiey nia?aiaiiie aieiu, /oi iiaeoaa?aeaeaaony yooaeoeaiui
eniieueciaaieai yoiai n?aaenoaa nayce i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiuie aieneaie i?e
iiaeaaeaiee naoeoineeo iyoaaeieeia a 1877 a.

Ia?aoiue ii?yaeie eiaeono?eaeecaoeee aucaae ecaanoioth aeeni?iii?oeeth a
oaoie/aneii ?acaeoee ssiiiee. I?aaeoaeuenoai n naiiai ia/aea oaeaeyei
ia?iiiia aieiaiea aiaiii-no?aoaae/aneei io?aneyi i?iiuoeaiiinoe, e
iiyoiio a oaoie/aneii ioiioaiee yoe io?anee nei?i aeinoeaee o?iaiy
iaeaieaa «?acaeouo caiaaeiuo no?ai. Aia/aea a?naiaeu a Iaaanaee
iaoiaeeeenue iiae ?oeiaiaenoaii aieeaiaeoeaa, noaeino?ieoaeueiue e
/oaoiieeoaeiue caaiaeu a ?einea — iiae ?oeiaiaenoaii o?aioeocia, a
ae?oaea noaeino?ieoaeueiua caaiaeu —iiae ?oeiaiaenoaii aiaee/ai. Yoe
eiino?aiiua niaoeeaeenou iao/aee yiiioeaa, e ni a?aiaiai yiiineea
?aai/ea a oaoie/aneii ioiioaiee aeiaiaee naieo eiino?aiiuo o/eoaeae.
Eiino?aiiua oi?aaeythuea e iiiiuieee oi?aaeythueo eniieueciaaeenue
oaeaea e a oaenoeeueiie i?iiuoeaiiinoe: aiaeeeneea niaoeeaeenou — ia
i?yaeeeueiie oaa?eea a Eaaineia, o?aioeocneea — ia caaiaea a Oiieiea i
Ooeoiea, oaaeoea?neea e eoaeueyineea niaoeeaeenou — ia oaeeiiioaeueiie
oaa?eea Iayaane.

Aeey iao/aiey oaoieea iaoeiino?iaiey i?aaeoaeuenoai iniiaaei oaoie/aneea
oeieu n i?eaea/aieai eiino?aiiuo i?aiiaeaaaoaeae, a iaeaieaa niiniaiuo
yiiineeo nooaeaioia iinueaei ca a?aieoeo aeey iaeaaeaiey iiaaeoae
oaoieeie, n oai /oiau ii aica?auaiee ia ?iaeeio iie iiaee caiaieoue
eiino?aiiuo niaoeeaeenoia.

Oaeei ia?acii, eeth/aaua io?anee i?iiuoeaiiinoe auee oaoie/anee
?acaeouie, oiaaea eae oa io?anee i?iiuoeaiiinoe, eioi?ua ia eiaee
no?aoaae/aneiai cia/aiey eee aea ia i?iecaiaeeee i?iaeoeoeee,
eiieo?e?othuae n eiino?aiiuie oiaa?aie ia aiaoiai eee aioo?aiiai ?uieao,
inoaaaeenue ia i?eieoeaiii o?iaia ?acaeoey.

«Naiaia?acea ?aiiae yiiineie eiaeono?eaeecaoeee — ainoaea?noaaiiue
eiio?ieue iaae i?iiuoeaiiui i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaii — neacaeinue e ia
oii, eaeei ia?acii i?aaeoaeuenoai, nio?aiyy e oneeeaay eiio?ieue iaae
eeth/aauie io?aneyie i?iiuoeaiiinoe, inaiaiaeaeaeinue io ia?eoa?eeiuo
eee iaiaa aaaeiuo a no?aoaae/aneii ioiioaiee i?aaei?eyoee iooai
i?iaeaaee eo /anoiui eeoeai».

Eciaiaiea i?iiuoeaiiie iieeoeee i?aaeoaeuenoaa, au?aceaoaany a ia?aoiaea
io i?yiiai eiio?iey e iie?iaeoaeuenoao, auei iciaiaiiaaii ecaeaieai
iieiaeaiey eee caeiia «I ia?aaea/a caaiaeia» («eiaec? oa?ae-naay
aaenieo») io 5 iiya?y 1880 a. A i?aaiaoea yoiai caeiia i?aaeoaeuenoai
neaaeothuei ia?acii iauyniyao i?e/eiu eciaiaiey naiae iieeoeee:

«Caaiaeu, nicaeaiiua aeey iiiu?aiey i?iiuoeaiiinoe, a ianoiyuaa a?aiy
oi?ioi i?aaieciaaiu e ?aaioatho ia iieioth iiuiinoue; iiyoiio
i?aaeoaeuenoai ioeacuaaaony io naieo i?aa nianoaaiiinoe ia caaiaeu,
eioi?ua aeieaeiu oi?aaeyoueny ia?iaeii»10. Oioy a i?aaiaoea e
au?aaeaaony oaa?aiiinoue a oii, /oi ?acee/iua i?aaei?eyoey, nicaeaiiua
i?aaeoaeuenoaii, oaia?ue iiaoo auoue ia?aaeaiu a /anoiua ?oee aeey
yenieoaoaoeee eo n oeaeueth iieo/aiey i?eauee, iaeiaei Iaaeoeaoa
oeacuaaao, /oi iiiaea i?aaei?eyoey, iaoiaeeaoeany iiae iaiin?aaenoaaiiui
ainoaea?noaaiiui eiio?ieai, aiana ia auee ?aioaaaeueiuie e aeaaea,
iaiai?io, iiaee nei?aa noaoue iaocie aeey eacia/aenoaa, /ai enoi/ieeii
aeioiaea.

Iinoaiaiiue ia?aoiae a ?oee /anoiuo aeaaeaeueoeaa i?aaei?eyoee, aeaaiui
ia?acii, eae iu oaeaeei aeaeueoa, ia eiathueo aieueoiai aiaiiiai
cia/aiey, aeae i?aaeoaeuenoao aiciiaeiinoue iai?aaeoue ana naia aieiaiea
ia oeo/oaiea oeiainiaiai e aaeieieno?aoeaiiai iieiaeaiey i?aaei?eyoee
aiaiiie eee no?aoaae/aneie i?iiuoeaiiinoe.

Ia neaaeoao, iaeiaei, aeoiaoue, /oi iiaay iieeoeea, aaaaeaiiay caeiiii i
i?iaeaaea caaiaeia, ?acaeaeeea yiiineoth i?iiuoeaiiinoue ia aeaa ?acei
?aca?aie/aiiua /anoe — ia a?oiio i?aaei?eyoee aiaiiuo io?aneae
i?iiuoeaiiinoe, aaea nio?aieeny i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiue eiio?ieue, e a
ae?oaoth a?oiio, ioaaouaathuoth ana inoaeueiua i?aaei?eyoey, ia eiathuea
no?aoaae/aneiai cia/aiey, eioi?ua aae?oa ieacaeenue iiaeaa?aeaiiuie anai
i?aa?aoiinoyi naiaiaeiiai i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa. Iiyaeeanue eeoue eiay
oi?ia iie?iaeoaeuenoaa, aaaaeaiiay i?aaeoaeuenoaii iinea 1880 a.

Ia?aaea/a iaeioi?uo i?aaei?eyoee iie?iaeoaeuenoaoaiui oeiainenoai aeaea
i?aaeoaeuenoao aiciiaeiinoue neiioeaio?e?iaaoue naia aieiaiea ia aiaiiuo
io?aneyo i?iiuoeaiiinoe, eioi?ua i?iaeieaeaee inoaaaoueny iiae oaeei aea
no?iaei i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiui eiio?ieai, eae e i?aaeaea. Iinea iiaeaaeaiey
Naoeoineiai ainnoaiey i?aaeoaeuenoai ?aoeoaeueii noaei ia iooue
?anoe?aiey i?iiuoeaiiinoe ii i?iecaiaenoao aii?oaeaiey. Ianiio?y ia
nie?auaiea ?anoiaeia ii ae?oaei noaoueyi ainoaea?noaaiiiai athaeaeaoa a
1881—1887 aa., a yoio ia?eiae i?iecioei ?aceia oaaee/aiea aiaiiuo
?anoiaeia (ia 60%), a ca ia?eiae n 1881 ii 1891 a. oaaee/aiea
aiaiii-ii?neeo ?anoiaeia (ia 200%).

«Auiieiaiea ieaiia aii?oaeaiey o?aaiaaei aaica aei?iainoiyuaai aioiaiai
aiaiiiai nia?yaeaiey e iieooaa?eeaoia. A yoie iaeanoe i?iecaiaenoaa
i?eaueue eee oauoie ia i?eieiaeenue a ?an/ao, caeanue eiaee cia/aiea
oieueei no?aoaae/aneea niia?aaeaiey. Iaeiaei ia?iiiia ?anoe?aiea
i?iecaiaenoaa aii?oaeaiey noeioee?iaaei aeaeaeaiea ca yeiiiie/aneoth
naiinoiyoaeueiinoue yiiineie i?iiuoeaiiinoe. I?aaei?eyoey aiaiiie
i?iiuoeaiiinoe iineoaeeee a yoii ioiioaiee i?eia?ii aeey yiiineie
oyaeaeie i?iiuoeaiiinoe».

Iieeoeea nio?aiaiey no?iaiai eiio?iey iaae aiaiiie i?iiuoeaiiinoueth i?e
niioaaonoaothuai iie?iaeoaeuenoaa ae?oaei io?aneyi i?iiuoeaiiinoe
i?iaiaeeony aieioue aei ianoiyuaai a?aiaie e yaeyaony iaeiie ec iaeaieaa
ioee/eoaeueiuo iniaaiiinoae enoi?ee yiiineie eiaeono?eaeecaoeee. Yoa
iieeoeea ooiaeeo naieie ei?iyie a ia?eiae, i?aaeoanoaiaaaoee
?anoaa?aoeee, eiaaea oaiaeaeueiua eiycuey ia/aee i?iyaeyoue eioa?an e
i?eia?aoaieth caiaaeiiai aiaiiiai nia?yaeaiey aua caaeieai aei oiai, eae
iie ?aoeee caieiaoueny ae?oaeie aeaeaie i?iiuoeaiiie
aeayoaeueiinoe.?acaeae 3

Aiaoiyy iieeoeea

?anoaa?aoeee Iyeaece aeiaiai?aie n caiaaeiuie aea?aeaaaie, ?aci?yee
iaeeiai e n?aaeiaai i?iecaiaeeoaey a ssiiiee, iiae?uaaee ?acaeoea
iaoeeiiaeueiie yeiiiieee. Iiyoiio eicoia ai?ueau ca ioiaio
ia?aaiii?aaiuo aeiaiai?ia iauaaeeiye e ciaoue, e i?inoiethaeeiia, e
i?aaeoaeuenoai, e ia?eaiaioneoth iiiiceoeeth. Ana yoi i?ienoiaeeei ia
oiia oneeeaaaoaeny oiaeienoe/aneie i?iiaaaiaeu, i?ecuaaaoae ssiiieth
noaoue «caueoieeii aeaeouo ia?iaeia io oe?aiee aaeuo ?an»11. Iaoiaeynue
oaeoe/anee ana aua a iieoaannaeueiie caaeneiinoe io caiaaeiuo aea?aeaa,
yiiineay eiia?ey a oi aea a?aiy no?aieeanue ?ani?ino?aieoue nianoaaiiia
aeeyiea ia ie?oaeathuea no?aiu Acee. E iaeaieueoea aiiaoeou o yiiioeaa
aucuaaea ninaaeiyy Ei?ay.

Naie ia?aue eaaaeueiue aeiaiai? ssiiiey iaaycaea Ei?aa aua a 1876 a. N
oao ii? yiiioeu iieueciaaeenue ii/oe iiiiiieueiuie i?aaaie ia ei?aeneii
?uiea, ia oieueei auoaniyy ioooaea eeoaeneeo eiieo?aioia, ii e iiaeaaeyy
ei?aeneeo eoioeia. «Oae ianoiyuee a?aaaae Ei?ae, ianoee ia?iaeo yoie
no?aiu ?aci?aiea e ieuaoo. Noieue aanoea?aiiiiia oicyeie/aiuea aucaaei
ianniaia aioeyiiineia aeaeaeaiea.»

A ethea 1882 a. a Naoea aniuoioei ainnoaiea. ssiiioeai i?eoeinue a
iaieea aaaeaoue ec ai?iaea, ii anei?a iie aa?ioeenue a nii?iaiaeaeaiee
yneaae?u aiaiiuo noaeia. Iiae aeoeaie iooae i?aaeoaeuenoai Ei?ae
auioaeaeaii auei oieaoeoue ia?iiioth eiio?eaooeeth e ?ac?aoeoue yiiineie
iennee aea?aeaoue a Naoea aeey naiae io?aiu aienea. A a aeaeaa?a 1884 a.
yiiioeu i?aaieciaaee a Naoea ainoaea?noaaiiue ia?aai?io, i?eaaaey e
aeanoe naieo noaaeaiieeia.

Ioe?iaaiii eieiiecaoi?neay iieeoeea ssiiiee ia iiaea i?ieoe iacaia/aiiie
a Eeoaa, eioi?ue a oa/aiea ianeieueeeo aaeia n/eoaeny nthca?aiii Ei?ae.
Ia iieoino?ia auee ioi?aaeaiu eeoaeneea aienea. Oiaaea yiiineea
aeeieiiaou i?aaeeiaeeee Iaeeio ioicaaoue e eeoaeneea, e yiiineea aienea
ec Ei?ae e a aeaeueiaeoai iinueaoue ooaea yeniaaeeoeeiiiua ei?iona eeoue
ii acaeiiie aeiaiai?aiiinoe. Yoa eaeay auea caoeene?iaaia a
Oyiueoeceineii aeiaiai?a (ai?aeue 1885 a.). Iiaeienaa aai, Iaeei oai
naiui ioeacaeny io naieo iniauo i?aa e i?eciae ?aaainoai naieo e
yiiineeo iiceoeee a Ei?aa. Ia?niaeoeaa caoaaoa Ei?aeneiai iieoino?iaa
ssiiieae noaiiaeeanue ana aieaa i/aaeaeiie. Niauoey noaee ?acaeaaoueny
ni ana ia?anoathuae auno?ioie. Ainiieueciaaaoenue aniuoeie a 1893 a.
e?anoueyineiai ainnoaiey, yiiioeu iaiaaeeaiii iineaee a Naoe io?yae
ii?neie iaoiou, e iinea iaaaaeaiey «ii?yaeea» ioeacaeenue aai ioicaaoue.
Iiiuoee Eeoay e Ei?ae ia?aoeoueny ca niaeaenoaeai e eiino?aiiui
ainoaea?noaai ie/aai ia aeaee. Caiaaeiua aea?aeaau auee caeioa?aniaaiu a
aeanoaaeeecaoeee neooaoeee a Ainoi/iie Acee. Aieaa oiai, eiaiii a yoio
iiiaio Aiaeey niaeaneeanue ia?aniio?aoue oneiaey ia?aaiii?aaiiai
aeiaiai?a n ssiiieae. A?eoaioeu ioeacaeenue (i?aaaea, ia/eiay eeoue n
1889 a.) io eiinoeueneie th?enaeeeoeee e io aaoiiiiee naieo
naooeueiaioia a Eieiaaia, Iaaanaee e ae?oaeo ii?oao ssiiiee. Nenoaia
caieaeaiiuo eiii?oiuo iioeei auea nio?aiaia, iaeiaei yoi oaea ia iiaei
enii?oeoue iano?iaiey yiiineiai i?aaeoaeuenoaa, aeiaeaoaainy iaeiiaoe-oi
ii/oe ?aaiiai iieiaeaiey n i?i/eie aea?aeaaaie. Oai aieaa /oi aneaae ca
Aiaeeae ioeacaeenue io naieo i?aa yenoa??eoi?eaeueiinoe a ssiiiee NOA,
Aa?iaiey, O?aioeey, ?inney.

Iieo/ea, oaeei ia?acii, i?eciaiea ia iaaeaeoia?iaeiie a?aia, ssiiiey
ia/aea eieiieaeueiua caoaaou. A ethea 1894 a. yiiineea aiaiiua ei?aaee
iioiieee aiaeeeneee o?ainii?o, ia?aaiceaoee eeoaeneeo nieaeao. Caoai
iani?iaioee?iaaiiia ianooieaiea auei i?aaei?eiyoi i?ioea eeoaeneie
a?iaeneie a?oiie?iaee, ?aneaa?oe?iaaiiie a Ei?aa. Iinea na?ee oniaoiuo
aeaenoaee i?ioea ieioi i?aaieciaaiiuo eeoaeneeo aiene any Ei?ay
ieacaeanue iiae aiaiiui eiio?ieai yiiioeaa. A aiaiiua aeaenoaey
ia?aeeioeenue ia oa??eoi?eth Eeoay. A oiaea ssiiii-eeoaeneie aieiu
1894–1895 aa. iaea e?aiinoue Oeceiue/aeio, yiiioeu caiyee aiaiii-ii?neea
aacu Ii?o-A?oo? e Ayeoaeaye, e?aiinoue Ethooiueeio. Iaeei n?i/ii
cai?inee i ia?aie?ee. ssiiioeu auaeaeioee a ioaao aeiaieueii aeanoeea
oneiaey, i?aaeoniao?eaaaoea ioeac Eeoay io any/aneeo i?aa ia Ei?ath,
onooieo a iieueco ssiiiee ?yaea eeoaeneeo oa??eoi?ee (Eyiaeoineiai
iieoino?iaa, Oaeaaiy, ino?iaia Iyiooeeaeai) e ia?iiioth aeaiaaeioth
eiio?eaooeeth. Auioaeaeaiiia niaeanea Eeoay ia yoe a?aaeoaeueneea
o?aaiaaiey auei caoeene?iaaii a Neiiiinyeneii aeiaiai?a (ai?aeue 1895
a.). Iaeiaei iieiinoueth ?aaeeciaaoue yoe aeiaiai?aiiinoe ssiiiey ia
noiaea. «?inney, iuouaaoay ana aic?anoathuoth aiaiioth oa?ico ni noi?iiu
ssiiiee, «iiniaaoiaaea» ae ioeacaoueny io aiiaenee Eyiaeoineiai
iieoino?iaa. E i?inueaa ?innee i?eniaaeeieeenue O?aioeey e Aa?iaiey. Ia
aioiaay e i?ioeainoiyieth ia noieue aunieii o?iaia, ssiiiey auioaeaeaia
auea i?eiyoue «niaao» aaeeeeo aea?aeaa».

A ?acoeueoaoa iiaaaeu iaae oeeineei Eeoaai ssiiiey anooieea a ?yaeu
eieiieaeueiuo eiia?ee. Ec 365 iei. eai eiio?eaooeee, iieo/aiiie io
Eeoay, 20 iei. auei i?aaeinoaaeaii eiia?aoi?o, ii 10 iei. anneaiiaaii ia
ia?aciaaiea e caueoo io noeoeeiuo aaaenoaee, a 325 iei. eai iioei ia
auieaoo caeia, auiouaiiiai aeey iie?uoey aiaiiuo ?anoiaeia ia oaaee/aiea
aii?oaeaiee. I?e/ai 200 iei. eai ooei iaiin?aaenoaaiii ia ioaeaeu a?iee
e oeioa. Iaeiaaea auaeaeiooue a oiaea i?aia?aciaaiee Iyeaece i?ecua
«Aiaaoay no?aia — neeueiay a?iey»12 i?aa?aoeeny ec eicoiaa a
?aaeueiinoue.

Iac?aaaei ?onnei-yiiineia aiaiiia i?ioeainoiyiea… E ?oaaaeo XX a.
ssiiiey iiaeioea, yeiiiie/anee ie?aiioa. Iaoeeiiaeueiue aeioiae
oaaee/eaaeny a yoe aiaeu ia 3% aaeaaiaeii. Yoi aanueia iaieioie
iieacaoaeue, anee o/anoue, /oi iiaeiaiay oaiaeaioeey nio?aiyeanue
aeinoaoi/ii aeieai — n 1885 a. Noieue iiuiui ?uaeii ec oaiaeaeecia a
eiia?eaeeci ssiiiey auea iaycaia ioithaeue ia aiaoiae iiiiue, a noaoai
aioo?aiiei oaeoi?ai — aaoi?eoa?iiio iaoeeiiaeecio, noiaaoaio neeie
iiaeeeciaaoue eiaaoeany a no?aia ?ano?nu e oeaio?aeeciaaiii iai?aaeoue
eo ia ioaeaeu aii?oaeaaoaainy ainoaea?noaa, ?aoeoaeueiinoe a
aeinoeaeaiee iinoaaeaiiuo oeaeae, aeanoeie, aeanoieie nioeeaeueiie e
o?oaeiaie aeenoeeieeia, oiaeie ia?aea/ea ?aai/eo ?oe ec aa?a?iiai
naeoi?a a i?iiuoeaiiue, n?aaieoaeueii aunieiio o?iaith ia?aciaaiey.
Iiuiui noeioeii noaea e ia?iiiay eiio?eaooeey, acuneaiiay yiiioeaie n
iiaaaeaeaiiiai Eeoay. I?aayuea e?oae ssiiiee acyee eo?n ia aeaeueiaeoaa
?anoe?aiea naiae eiia?ee ca n/ao ninaaeieo ainoaea?noa. Iniiaiiai
eiieo?aioa ia yoii iii?eua iie aeaeaee a oea?neie ?innee.

Oaea a 1896 a. a ?aieao iiaeaioiaee aoaeouaai aiaiiiai noieeiiaaiey n
?inneae yiiineia i?aaeoaeuenoai i?iaaei /a?ac ia?eaiaio aieueooth
aiaiioth i?ia?aiio, iaoeaeaiioth ia ?aceia oaaee/aiea /eneaiiinoe e
aiaaie iiue a?iee e Aiaiii-ii?neiai oeioa. Noieue aea na?ueaciay
iiaeaioiaea aaeanue e a aeeieiiaoe/aneie noa?a. «Ia i?inoi?ao Aeaeueiaai
Ainoiea oea ioe?iaaiiay ai?ueaa iaaeaeo ie?iauie eieiieaeueiuie
aea?aeaaaie ca iaeaieaa i?eaueueiua eieiiee. Aicieeaee e ?aniaaeaeenue
aeueyinu, oae iiene aaeaina eioa?ania. Aa?iiaeneea aea?aeaau aoeaaeueii
?aaee ia /anoe iaanneeaaoee Eeoae. Eaeca?ianeay Aa?iaiey caoaaoeea aoooo
Oecyi/aeio a i?iaeioeee Oaiueaeoi. Aiaeey — ii?o Ayeoaeaye e iieoino?ia
Eioeii, i?eeaaathuee e Aiieiiao. O?aioeee aeinoaeny ii?o Aoai/aeio.
Oea?neay ?inney caoaaoeea Ii?o-A?oo?. Iaeiia?aiaiii ii?aaeaeyeenue
«noa?u aeeyiey e eioa?ania». Aiaeey cae?aieea ca niaie aeieeio ?aee
ssioecu, O?aioeey — ino?ia Oaeiaiue e i?iaeioeee Aoaiaeoi, Aoaine e
THiueiaiue, Aa?iaiey — i?iaeioeeth Oaiueaeoi, ?inney — Iaiue/aeo?eth,
ssiiiey — i?iaeioeeth Oooecyiue, eaaeauoth iai?ioea oaea caoaa/aiiiai
ath Oaeaaiy. NOA, caiyoua a oi a?aiy ai?ueaie ca «eniaineia ianeaaenoai»
— Oeeeiieiu, Aoai e Ioy?oi-?eei, iiyoiio inoaaoeany aac ii?aaeaeaiiiai
eeoaeneiai iaaeaea aia?eeaioeu i?iaicaeaneee iieeoeeo «ioe?uouo aeaa?ae»
e iinoa?aeenue ca?o/eoueny i?eciaieai yoiai i?eioeeia ni noi?iiu i?i/eo
o/anoieeia eieiieaeueiiai ia?aaeaea. ssiiiey ia?aaia n ae?oaeie
aea?aeaaaie o/anoaiaaea a ea?aoaeueiuo aeaenoaeyo e iiaeaaeaiee
ainnoaiey Aiena?ia a 1900 a. e, niioaaonoaaiii, a aeaeaaea i/a?aaeiie
eiio?eaooeee».

Ii iiiuoee oe?aieoue naie iiceoeee a Eeoaa ssiiiee a oio iiiaio ia
oaeaeenue. A iniiaiii ec-ca i?ioeaiaeaenoaey ?innee e Aa?iaiee, ia
aeaeaaoeo oneeaiey naiaai eiieo?aioa ia Aeaeueiai Ainoiea.
Aioe?inneeneea iano?iaiey a ssiiiee e?aiee, ii aua ia aioiaay e
ioe?uoiio i?ioeaiai?noao, iia eneaea iiaeaea?aeee o ae?oaeo aea?aeaa,
i?iyaeyaoeo eioa?an e ?aaeiio. Oaeiai nithcieea iia iaoea a eeoea
Aiaeee, oaeaea caeioa?aniaaiiie a ineaaeaiee iiceoeee oea?neie ?innee —
eae ia Aeaeueiai Ainoiea, oae e a Oeaio?aeueiie Acee. A 1902 a. auei
iiaeienaii aiaei-yiiineia nithciia niaeaoaiea, iiaeoaa?aeeaoaa iaee/ea
«niaoeeaeueiuo eioa?ania» a?eoaioeaa a Eeoaa, a yiiioeaa — a Eeoaa e
Ei?aa. E Eiiaeii, e Oieei iaauaee ae?oa ae?oao nithcie/aneoth iiiiuue,
aieioue aei aii?oaeaiiiai niaeaenoaey, a neo/aa aieiu n aeaoiy eee aieaa
ainoaea?noaaie. Ie oa, ie ae?oaay noi?iia ia iuoaeenue aeaaea ne?uaaoue
aioe?inneeneoth iai?aaeaiiinoue niaeaoaiey. Iiaeaea?aeeo ia yoii iooe
ssiiiey iieo/eea e io Aia?eee.

Ii?aaeaeeaoenue, oaeei ia?acii, n nithcieeaie e i?ioeaieeaie, Oieei
ioi?aaee a eiioea ethey 1903 a. aeaiaoo a Naieo-Iaoa?ao?a n
i?aaeeiaeaieai ia/aoue ia?aaiai?u. Oeaeue eo auea a oii, /oiau
canoaaeoue ?inneth i?eciaoue i?aiaeaaeathuea eioa?anu ssiiiee ia oieueei
a Ei?aa, ii e a Iaiue/aeo?ee. Oieei niaeaoaeny o/eouaaoue «niaoeeaeueiua
eioa?anu» ?onneeo, ii oieueei a aeaeaciiaei?iaeiuo i?aaei?eyoeyo ia
oa??eoi?ee Iaiue/aeo?ee. ?inney, anoanoaaiii, ia iiaea niaeaneoueny n
oaeie neooaoeeae. Iaecaaaeiinoue ?onnei-ssiiineie aieiu noaiiaeeanue
i/aaeaeiie.

A ii/ue n 8 ia 9 oaa?aey 1904 a. yiiineee oeio iiae eiiaiaeiaaieai
aeoea-aaeie?aea Oiai Oyeoaoe?i aiacaiii aoaeiaae ?onneoth yneaae?o,
noiyaooth ia ii?o-a?oo?neii ?aeaea. Iaiaaeaiey ieeoi ia aeaeae, e iioiio
iioa?e ?onneeo ii?yeia ieacaeenue aanueia /oanoaeoaeueiuie. Aeaa
a?iiaiinoea e iaeei e?aena? auee auaaaeaiu ec no?iy. Oo?ii neaaeothuaai
aeiy iaeao yiiineeo ieiiiinoeaa aue iiaoi?ai, e iiyoue oniaoii.
Iaeiia?aiaiii yiiioeu iiiuoaeenue caoaaoeoue ?onneea aiaiiua ei?aaee,
caoaaeoea a ei?aeneee ii?o *aioeueii. E?aena? «Aa?ya» e eaiiia?neay
eiaeea «Ei?aaoe» i?eiyee ia?aaiue aie, a caoai auee caoiieaiu naieie
eiiaiaeaie. Oae aoeaaeueii ca aeaa aeiy aaeain aiaiii-ii?neeo nee
eciaieeny a iieueco ssiiiee. E eeoue 10 oaa?aey ssiiiey ioeoeeaeueii
iauyaeea aieio ?innee. Ei?ay iiniaoeea cayaeoue i naiai iaeo?aeeoaoa a
ia/aaoainy eiioeeeoa. Ii yoi ia inoaiiaeei yiiineoth a?ieth. Aienea auee
aunaaeaiu a *aioeueii e Naoea e ia/aee i?iaeaeaeaiea ia naaa?. 29 ai?aey
yiiioeu iaianee ia?aia ii?aaeaiea nooiiooiui neeai ?innee (Oth?ai/aineee
aie), ia?aoee iia?aie/ioth ?aeo sseo e noaee oaeoaeyoueny a
Iaiue/aeo?eth. Aeaa ae?oaea yiiineea a?iee aunaaeeeenue e naaa?o io
Ii?o-A?oo?a, eciee?iaaee aai io ae?oaeo nee ?onneeo e a eiioea iay
caiyee iacaueuaiiue ai?iae Aeaeueiee. Ia/aeanue inaaea Ii?o-A?oo?a.

Yoa oi?ioi caueuaiiay n ii?y e?aiinoue ia Eyiaeoineii iieoino?iaa ni
noi?iiu nooe i?aeoe/anee ia auea oe?aieaia. Ii e a yoeo iaaeaaii?eyoiuo
oneiaeyo aa?iecii Ii?o-A?oo?a ianeieueei ianyoeaa oniaoii io?aaeae aoaee
yiiioeaa. Iiae noaiaie ii?neie e?aiinoe yiiineay a?iey iioa?yea nauoa
110 ouny/ nieaeao e ioeoea?ia. Iaiaa oniaoii aeaenoaiaaee ?inneeneea
aiaiiua ei?aaee, oaeoe/anee caia?oua a aoooa Ii?o-A?oo?a. Iiiuoea aueoe
a ii?a e aeaoue aie yiiineiio oeioo i?iaaeeeanue. A?iiaiinaoe
«Iao?iiaaeiane», auoaaeoee 13 ai?aey 1904 a. ec aooou iiae oeaaii
eiiaiaeothuaai Oeoiieaaineei oeioii aaeie?aea N. Iaea?iaa, iaii?ieny ia
ieiu e iioae ei aeio. Ii?yee ?aoeee aeaeaoue i?eoiaea iiaee?aieaiee n
Aaeoeee. Ii ia aeiaeaeaeenue. 2 yiaa?y 1905 a. eiiaiaeaio Ii?o-A?oo?a,
aaia?ae Noannaeue naeae e?aiinoue yiiioeai.

Iaaeaeo oai neooaoeey neeaaeuaaeanue iaaeaaii?eyoii aeey ?onneeo aiene e
ia oa??eoi?ee Iaiue/aeo?ee. *eneaiii i?aainoiaeyuea neeu yiiioeaa
iaianee ii?aaeaiea ?onneei i?e Eyiyia (29 aaaonoa — 3 naioya?y 1904 a.),
a caoai e iiae Ioeaeaiii (10 ia?oa 1905 a.). Iineaaeiei aeei?aeii a yoie
o?aae/aneie aeey ?inneyi /a?aaea niauoee noaei Oeoneineia n?aaeaiea.
Ineaaeaiiay aeaeueiei ia?aoiaeii n Aaeoeee, ?onneay yneaae?a ia niiaea
ieacaoue aeieaeiiai nii?ioeaeaiey yiiineiio oeioo e 15 iay auea
?aca?iieaia.

«Iaaei neacaoue, /oi iiaaaea a aieia n ?inneae aeaeanue yiiineiio
ainoaea?noao iaeaaei. Ethaeneea ?aca?au auee en/a?iaiu. Ca ia?eiae aieiu
a a?ieth e oeio auei iiaeeeciaaii 1185 ouny/ /aeiaae (ieiei 2% anaai
ianaeaiey no?aiu). Ec ieo eaaeaeue iyoue aue ?aiai eee oaeo. Iauay noiia
aiaiiuo ecaea?aeae i?aauneea 1,5 ie?ae. eai. No?aia ieacaeanue a aeieaao
ia?aae eiino?aiiuie aea?aeaaaie. Yeiiiieea auea ia a?aie n?uaa. N?aaee
e?anoueyi e ?aai/eo oe?iei ?ani?ino?aiyeenue aioeaiaiiua iano?iaiey.
Aeaeueoa i?iaeieaeaoue aieio ssiiiey oaea ia iiaea». Aaniie 1905 a.
i?aaenoaaeoaee yiiineiai i?aaeoaeuenoaa ia?aoeeenue e aia?eeaineiio
i?aceaeaioo Oaiaei?o ?ocaaeueoo n i?inueaie a ea/anoaa iin?aaeieea
i?aaieciaaoue ie?iua ia?aaiai?u. A ia?aaiai?ao auee caeioa?aniaaiu e
?inneeneea aeanoe, aeey eioi?uo oyaeanoue aiaiiuo ii?aaeaiee ia
Aeaeueiai Ainoiea onoaoaeyeanue ?aaiethoeeiiiuie aunooieaieyie a Iineaa
e ae?oaeo ai?iaeao no?aiu. Ie?iua ia?aaiai?u ia/aeenue 9 aaaonoa 1905 a.
a aia?eeaineii ai?iaea Ii?onioo. ?inneeneoth aeaeaaaoeeth aicaeaaeye
i?aiuea?-ieieno? N. Aeooa, yiiineoth — ieieno? eiino?aiiuo aeae Eiio?a
Aecthoa?i. Ia noie ia?aaiai?ia ssiiieyaeaeaea io ?innee i?eciaiey naieo
iieeoe/aneeo, yeiiiie/aneeo e aiaiiuo eioa?ania a Ei?aa, ia?aaea/e
ssiiiee Eyiaeoineiai iieoino?iaa n aeaeaciie aei?iaie Oa?aei —
Ii?o-A?oo?, onooiee Naoaeeia, auieaou ia?iiiie eiio?eaooeee, ia?aie/aiey
ii?neeo nee ?innee ia Aeaeueiai Ainoiea, i?aaa aeey yiiineeo iiaeaeaiiuo
eiaeoue ?uao o ?inneeneeo aa?aaia. I?aceaeaio ?ocaaeueo,
caeioa?aniaaiiue a aeaeueiaeoai ineaaeaiee ?inneeneiai i?enoonoaey ia
Oeoii ieaaia, iieiinoueth iiaeaea?aeae o?aaiaaiey yiiineie noi?iiu.
Iaeiaei yoio iaaeei aue i?ieaii?e?iaai ?inneeneie aeaeaaaoeeae.
Niaeaoaynue n iiiaeie ioieoaie yiiineie i?ia?aiiu, Aeooa iaio?ac
ioeacaeny io onooiee Naoaeeia e auieaou eiio?eaooeee. Eiio?a
oaeaa?aoe?iaae a Oieei, /oi ia?aaiai?u iiaoo auoue i?a?aaiu. A yoi
icia/aei aiciiaeiinoue aiciaiiaeaiey aiaiiuo aeaenoaee. Eciiaeaeaiiay
aieiie, ssiiiey ?eneiaaoue ia noaea. E ia oaeiii niaauaiee
i?aaeoaeuenoaa n o/anoeai eiia?aoi?a auei ?aoaii ioeacaoueny io
o?aaiaaiee, eanathueony Naoaeeia e eiio?eaooeee. «Ii a aeaei iiyoue
aiaoaeenue aia?eeaioeu. Eo iineaiiee ano?aoeeny a Naieo-Iaoa?ao?aa n
oea?ai Ieeieaai II, /oiau ianoaeeoue oneiaey ie?iiai aeiaiai?a. A
?acaiai?a oea?ue ia?iiee o?aco i aioiaiinoe onooieoue yiiioeai thaeioth
/anoue Naoaeeia. Ia yoii iaiaaeeaiii noaei ecaanoii yiiioeai. Eiio?a
aian niioaaonoaothuea ei??aeoeau a ioeoeeaeueioth yiiineoth iiceoeeth, e
a ieii/aoaeueiue oaeno ie?iiai aeiaiai?a aue aeeth/ai ioieo i ia?aaea/a
ssiiiee iieiaeiu ino?iaa Naoaeei. Aanneaaiue aeey ?innee eiiaoe
aanneaaiie eaiiaiee. Ii e a ssiiiee oneiaey Ii?oniooneiai aeiaiai?a auee
ano?a/aiu aeaeaei ia n oaeiaeaoai?aieai. ssiiiee eae aicaeoo auee
iaiaoiaeeiu aeaiueae, /oiau iii?aaeoue iioaoioaoothny ca ianyoeu aieiu
yeiiiieeo. Oieueei i?ioeaiou ii ainoaea?noaaiiiio aeieao ninoaaeyee 110
iei. eai, ec ieo 90 iei. eai i?eoiaeeeinue ia i?ioeaiou ii aiaiiui
caeiai. «Iiueyiaiiua aeanoyueie iiaaaeaie naieo aaia?aeia e aaeie?aeia,
yiiioeu aeaeaee iiaoi?aiey «cieioiai aeiaeaey», i?ieeaoaainy aeanyoue
eao iacaae ia no?aio iinea iiaaaeu iaae Eeoaai. A ia/aoe ana?ueac
ianoaeaeaeenue o?aaiaaiey i?eniaaeeieoue e ssiiiee anth ?onneoth
oa??eoi?eth ainoi/iaa Aaeeaea. A ooo — aanueia ona/aiiua, n oi/ee c?aiey
yiiineiai iauaaoaey, onooiee ni noi?iiu iiaaaeaeaiiie ?innee!»12. A
aeaiue iiaeienaiey Ii?oniooneiai ie?iiai aeiaiai?a (23 aaaonoa 1905 a.)
a Oieei, a caoai e a ae?oaeo ai?iaeao no?aiu aniuoioee aieiaiey. Auee
?aca?iieaiu ?aaeaeoeee i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiuo aacao, iieeoeaeneea o/anoee.
Aanii?yaeee i?eoeinue iiaeaaeyoue aii?oaeaiiie neeie. *enei oaeouo e
?aiaiuo i?aauneei 2 ouny/e /aeiaae. I?aaeoaeuenoai auioaeaeaii auei oeoe
a ionoaaeo. Iiaaaea iaae ?inneae ioe?uea aeey ssiiiee iiaoth no?aieoeo
aa enoi?ee. No?aia ainoiaeyuaai nieioea noaea e?oiiie eieiieaeueiie
eiia?eae. ?acei aic?in aa iaaeaeoia?iaeiue aaoi?eoao. 12 aaaonoa, aua
aei iiaeienaiey Ii?oniooneiai aeiaiai?a, a Eiiaeiia auei caeeth/aii
iaiiaeaiiia aiaei-yiiineia nithciia niaeaoaiea, caiaieaoaa aeiaiai? 1902
a. «Anee i?aaeiea aeiaiai?aiiinoe iaaeaeo Eiiaeiiii e Oieei aeeth/aee
ioieo i «iai?eeiniiaaiiinoe Ei?ae», oi oaia?ue Aiaeey i?eciaea
«i?aiaeaaeathuea iieeoe/aneea, aiaiiua e yeiiiie/aneea eioa?anu» ssiiiee
a Ei?aa e niaeaneeanue, /oi ssiiiey «iiaeao i?eieiaoue oaeea ia?u
?oeiaiaenoaa, eiio?iey e iie?iaeoaeuenoaa a Ei?aa, eaeea iia ni/oao
niioaaonoaothueie e iaiaoiaeeiuie aeey io?aiu e ?acaeoey yoeo
eioa?ania»13. Ni naiae noi?iiu ssiiiey ioioii iiaeaea?aeaea i?aoaicee
Aiaeee a ioiioaiee Oeaaoa, Aoaaienoaia e Ia?nee ai eiy «io?aiu a?aieoe
Eiaeee».. Cia/eoaeueii au?in aa iaaeaeoia?iaeiue aaoi?eoao. N oao ii?
No?aio ainoiaeyuaai nieioea noaee i?e/eneyoue e aaeeeei aea?aeaaai. Yoi
i?iyaeeinue, i?aaeaea anaai, a oii, /oi aa?iiaeneea ainoaea?noaa e NOA a
1905 a. iiauneee ?aia naieo ioeoeeaeueiuo i?aaenoaaeoaeae a ssiiiee n
iineaiieea aei iinea. «I?aaaea, noieue aunieee iaaeaeoia?iaeiue noaoon
ia nieiae ino?uo i?iaeai aioo?e no?aiu. Ia iieo/ea eiio?eaooeee io
iiaaaeaeaiiie ?innee, ia /oi noieue iaaeayeenue a Oieei, ssiiiey oae e
ia noiaea ia?aaanoe naith yeiiiieeo ia ?aeuenu iaiaa cao?aoiiai ie?iiai
?acaeoey. ?anoiaeu ia aeaeueiaeooth ieeeoa?ecaoeeth no?aiu (aei 40
i?ioe. athaeaeaoa) nuaaeaee ana n?aaenoaa, iieo/aaiua io aiaoieo e
aioo?aiieo caeiia. Ainoaea?noaaiiue aeiea a 1906 a. aeinoea 2420 iei.
eai. (Eaia a oi a?aiy auea ?aaia cieioiio ?oaeth)».

Ii Ii?oniooneiio ie?iiio aeiaiai?o ?inney i?aaeinoaaeea ssiiiee naiaiaeo
aeaenoaee a Ei?aa. A iiya?a 1905 a. Ei?aa aue iaaycai yiiineee
i?ioaeoi?ao. ssiiineea nieaeaou ie?oaeeee aeai?aoe, a eioi?ii i?ioiaeeei
canaaeaiea ei?aeneiai i?aaeoaeuenoaa, e ia auioneaee ieieno?ia aei oao
ii?, iiea iie ia iinoaaeee naie iiaeiene iiae aeiaiai?ii i i?ioaeoi?aoa.
Ia?aay noaouey aeiaiai?a onoaiaaeeaaea, /oi «yiiineia i?aaeoaeuenoai
/a?ac naia ieienoa?noai a Oieei aoaeao ai?aaeue inouanoaeyoue eiio?ieue
ca aiaoieie niioaieyie Ei?ae e oi?aaeaieai eiino?aiiuie aeaeaie
Ei?ae»14. Ei?aeneee eiia?aoi? ia?aoeeny ca iiiiuueth e iiaeaea?aeeie e
i?aaeoaeuenoao NOA, ii aac?acoeueoaoii. Aia?eeaioeu ia oieueei ia
ieacaee iiiiue Ei?aa, ii e ia?auie n?aaee aaeeeeo aea?aeaa ioicaaee ec
No?aiu oo?aiiae naaaeanoe (eae naith no?aio iacuaatho ei?aeoeu) naith
aeeieiiaoe/aneoth ienneth, i?iaeaiiino?e?iaaa oai naiui aioiaiinoue
?aoaoue ana i?iaeaiu, eanathueany iieoino?iaa, eneeth/eoaeueii /a?ac
yiiineeo aeeieiiaoia. Inoaeueiua aa?iiaeneea no?aiu ooo aea iineaaeiaaee
i?eia?o NOA.

A oaa?aea 1906 a. yiiineia i?aaeoaeuenoai o/?aaeeei a Naoea aeieaeiinoue
aaia?aeueiiai ?aceaeaioa, iaea/aiiiai oe?i/aeoeie iieiiii/eyie.
Aaia?aeueiue ?aceaeaio noae ia oieueei ?oeiaiaeeoue aiaoieie aeaeaie
Ei?ae, ii e aiaoeaaeny ai ana aioo?aiiea i?iaeaiu. Ii iauaio iieiiii/ee
yoi auea aeieaeiinoue aaia?ae-aoaa?iaoi?a eieiiee.

A thaeiuo i?iaeioeeyo no?aiu ia/aeenue ainnoaiey. Eiia?aoi? Ei?ae a
ethia 1907 a. oaeii ioi?aaeeny a Aa?iio, aaea a oi a?aiy i?ioiaeeea II
Aaaaneay ie?iay eiioa?aioeey, a iaaeaaeaea ia?anoe iaaeaeoia?iaeioth
caueoo . A iaeacaiea yiiineia i?aaeoaeuenoai canoaaeei eiia?aoi?a Ei?ae
io?a/ueny io i?anoiea a iieueco ianeaaeiiai i?eioea, a Ei?aa auee
iaaycaiu iiaua oneiaey ia?oia?noaa, ioaeaaaaoea a noa?o aaaeaiey
yiiineiai aaia?aeueiiai ?aceaeaioa e ana aioo?aiiea aeaea yoie no?aiu.

A aaaonoa 1907 a., ii o?aaiaaieth yiiioeaa, auea ?aniouaia ei?aeneay
a?iey. Any aeanoue ia iieoino?iaa ia?aoea a ?oee yiiineiai aaia?aeueiiai
?aceaeaioa. Anei?a oieeeneia ?oeiaiaenoai i?eoei e iiaieth, /oi
aeaeueiaeoaa nio?aiaiea aeaeeiinoe «aeaiaaeanoey» a Ei?aa oaea ia
ii?aaaeaiii e i?eoei a?aiy iinoaaeoue oi/eo a eieiiecaoeee yoie no?aiu.
?aoaiea yiiineiai eaaeiaoa ieieno?ia ia aiiaenee Ei?ae auei i?eiyoi a
ethea 1909 a., ia /oi ooo aea iineaaeiaaei niaeanea yiiineiai
eiia?aoi?a. Ai eniieiaiea yoiai ieaia ia aeieaeiinoue aaia?aeueiiai
?aceaeaioa aue iacia/ai aiaiiue ieieno? ssiiiee Oy?aooe Nyeee, eioi?ue
aeaeaciie ?oeie e inouanoaee iaia/aiioth iia?aoeeth. Ii aaae a Ei?ath
aeiiieieoaeueiua iiae?acaeaeaiey aiaiiie aeaiaea?ia?ee, neiioeaio?e?iaae
o aa?aaia iieoino?iaa aeanyoee aiaiiuo ei?aaeae. Iaeiia?aiaiii auee
cae?uou i?aeoe/anee ana ei?aeneea aacaou iao?eioe/aneiai oieea. 16
aaaonoa 1910 a. iaaeaeo aaia?aeii Oy?aooe e aeaaie ei?aeneiai
i?aaeoaeuenoaa Ee Aai Eiiii ia/aeenue ia?aaiai?u. I?iaeeeeenue iie anaai
iaaeaeth, e 22 aaaonoa aue iiaeienai aeiaiai? ia aiiaenee, ii eioi?iio
ei?aeneee eiia?aoi? «iieiinoueth e ia aa/iua a?aiaia» onooiae yiiineiio
eiia?aoi?o «ana i?aaa noaa?aieoaoa ia anth Ei?ath»15. Ei?ay eae
naiinoiyoaeueiia, iacaaeneiia ainoaea?noai ia?anoaea nouanoaiaaoue e
auea i?aa?auaia a yiiineia aaia?ae-aoaa?iaoi?noai.

«Ia/aeny aeeeoaeueiue ia?eiae eioaineaiiai a?aaaaea iaoeeiiaeueiuo
aiaaonoa Ei?ae. ssiiiey ia oieueei auea/eaaea i?iaeiaieuenoaaiiia e
i?iiuoeaiiia nu?uea ec Ei?ae, ii e iai?aaeyea ia iieoino?ia nioie naieo
ia?anaeaioeaa, eioi?ua caoaaouaaee eo/oea caiee, ia?auaee ianoiuo
aeeoaeae a iieoe?aiinoiuo. Eeoaiiua caiee, ca?aaioea e eonea oeaaa,
ei?aeoeu oaaaaee io eieiiecaoi?ia, ouny/aie yiea?e?iaaee a ae?oaea
no?aiu — a Eeoae, ia Aaaaeneea ino?iaa, ia ?onneee Aeaeueiee Ainoie».

N?aco aea iinea ieii/aiey ?onnei-yiiineie aieiu yiiioeu auioaeeee Iaeei
ia?aaeaoue ei a?aiaeiua i?aaa ia Eyiaeoineee iieoino?ia n e?aiinoueth
Ii?o-A?oo?. Iaeiia?aiaiii auei iaiai?aii ?anoe?aiea yiiineeo eioa?ania a
Iaiue/aeo?ee, eioi?ay aei oiai a?aiaie auea a noa?a ?inneeneeo
i?eoycaiee. Eeoae ioe?ue ?yae iiauo ii?oia aeey oi?aiaee e aeeoaeuenoaa
yiiioeaa, i?aaeinoaaee ssiiiee eiioeanneth ia no?ieoaeuenoai aeaeaciie
aei?iae Ioeaeai — Aiueaeoi, niaeaneeny ia nicaeaiea niaoaiiiai
yiiii-eeoaeneiai aeoeeiia?iiai iauanoaa ii yenieoaoaoeee eaniie
eiioeannee ia ?aea sseo. Aei aieiu yoie eiioeannee aeiaeaaeinue oea?neia
i?aaeoaeuenoai. Iaeiaei aeaeueiaeoea iiiuoee i?ea?aoue e ?oeai
Iaiue/aeo?eth ano?aoeee y?inoiia nii?ioeaeaiea. Ii ia ni noi?iiu ?innee,
eae iaeeaeaeinue, a ni noi?iiu iaeiiai ec iniiaiuo nithcieeia ssiiiee —
NOA. Aia?eeaioeu, ieacaaoea nouanoaaiioth iiaeaea?aeeo ssiiiee a ai?ueaa
n oea?neie ?inneae, ?ann/eouaaee ia naith /anoue a eieiieaeueiii
ia?aaeaea Eeoay.

A 1907 a. auea iiaeienaia ?onnei-yiiineay ?uaieiaiay eiiaaioeey,
?aaoee?othuay yiiineee i?iiunae a ?onneeo aeaeueiaainoi/iuo aiaeao. A a
1910 a. iaa no?aiu caeeth/eee aeiaiai?, a eioi?ii acaeiii iaycaeenue
ieacuaaoue ae?oa ae?oao «ae?oaeanoaaiiia niaeaenoaea aeey oeo/oaiey eo
aeaeaciiaei?iaeiuo eeiee» a Iaiue/aeo?ee, a oaeaea iiaeaea?aeeaaoue e
oaaaeaoue status quo a yoii ?aaeiia. «A Aia?eea n iane?uaaaiui
?acae?aaeaieai neaaeeee ca yoeie i?ioeannaie. Iai?eyciue e yiiioeai ia
oieueei iaoiaeeea io?aaeaiea ia ioeoeeaeueiii o?iaia, ii e a
cia/eoaeueiie noaiaie iiiiaea oi?ie?iaaieth aioeyiiineeo iano?iaiee
n?aaee iauanoaaiiinoe NOA. Iniaaiii ino?i yoa a?aaeaea i?iyaeyea naay ia
Caiaaeiii iiaa?aaeuea NOA, a Eaeeoi?iee, aaea ioioii inaaeaee yiea?aiou
ec ssiiiee e ia?aciauaaeenue aeiaieueii iiiai/eneaiiua yiiineea
caiey/anoaa. Oai a 1907 a. i?ieaoeeanue oeaeay na?ey yiiineeo iia?iiia.
*oiau ianeieueei ?ac?yaeeoue ianoaiiaeo (iiiaea iieeoeee oiai a?aiaie
iaeeaeaee aeaaea nei?ie aniuoee yiiii-aia?eeaineie aieiu),
i?aaeoaeuenoaa aeaoo no?ai iaiaiyeenue iioaie e caeeth/eee a iiya?a 1908
a. niaeaoaiea, i?aaeoniao?eaaaoaa nio?aiaiea status quo a Oeoiieaaineii
?aaeiia e iiaeoaa?aeaeaaoaa i?eioeei «ioe?uouo aeaa?ae» a Eeoaa. Oioy,
iaaei i?eciaoue, /oi aeaeea?e?iaaiiiai ia?aeiia e eo/oaio ie a
ioiioaieyo iaaeaeo ssiiieae e NOA, ie a oneiaeyo i?iieeiiaaiey
aia?eeaineiai eaieoaea a Eeoae oae e ia i?iecioei. Iaiaoeeinue iaeioi?ia
ioeaaeaeaiea e a noaaeeueii ae?oaeanoaaiiuo aei oiai a?aiaie
yiiii-aiaeeeneeo naycyo. Eae e a neo/aa n NOA, ia?oia?u ssiiiee ec
Ooiaiiiai Aeueaeiia noaee iiieiaoue, /oi iai?ae?auathuayny yeniainey
ssiiiee ia eiioeiaio eaeao aeaeueoa, /ai yoi iuneeeinue i?e caeeth/aiee
yiiii-aiaeeeneiai nithca, e aieaciaiii cao?aaeaaao eioa?anu
Aaeeeia?eoaiee a Eeoaa. Ii i?iyaeyoue naie ai?aeue ii?ia aiaee/aia ia
niaoeee. A Aa?iia iieiui oiaeii oee i?eaioiaeaiey e aiaiiiio
i?ioeainoiyieth iaaeaeo no?aiaie Aioaiou e Aa?iaieae. Iooaeeeaaoue a
yoeo oneiaeyo naiaai iioaioeeaeueiiai nithcieea ia Aeaeueiai Ainoiea
a?eoaioeu ia oioaee. Iiyoiio ana eciaiaiey a iiaue oaeno aiaei-yiiineiai
niaeaoaiey (etheue 1911 a.) aiineeenue aanueia inoi?iaeii, ec-ca /aai
yoio aeieoiaio aue ano?a/ai aeiaieueii i?ioeaaeii e a Eiiaeiia, e a
Oieei. ssiiioeu iaaeaeo oai ia?aueaaee naie oneeey a Iaiue/aeo?ee. Ii
anee aei oiai a?aiaie iie ia?aie/eaaeenue eeoue yeiiiie/aneie
yeniaineae, oi n 1909 a. ia/aeanue e yneaeaoeey aiaiiiai i?enoonoaey
ssiiiee a yoii ?aaeiia. Aeaaii?eyoioth aiciiaeiinoue aeey ia?aueaaiey
naieo aieineeo eiioeiaaioia a THaeiie Iaiue/aeo?ee ssiiiey oniio?aea a
eeoaeneie ?aaiethoeee 1911–1913 aa. ssiiineea aaia?aeu o?aaiaaee
ioe?uoiai aiaoaoaeuenoaa a eeoaeneea aeaea, iainiiauaay yoi iaaaoeaiui
aeeyieai, eioi?ia yeiau iiaeao ieacaoue aeaiie?aoe/aneia aeaeaeaiea a
Eeoaa ia iiia?oe/aneee no?ie a ssiiiee. Aiaiiia ieienoa?noai ssiiiee
i?aaeeiaeeei aiaiiiio aaaioo (aooaoa) ?innee a Oieei iiae?iaii
?ac?aaioaiiue ieai niaianoiie ?onnei-yiiineie aii?oaeaiiie eioa?aaioeee
a Eeoaa. Ii oea?neia i?aaeoaeuenoai oeeiieeinue io yoiai i?aaeeiaeaiey.
A ethea 1912 a. Naieo-Iaoa?ao?a iinaoeea yiiineay iaioeoeeaeueiay
ienney, eioi?ay iiiuoaeanue oaiai?eoue ?onneia i?aaeoaeuenoai eae-oi
?aca?aie/eoue noa?u aeeyiey aeaoo ainoaea?noa a Iaiue/aeo?ee. Auei
aeinoeaiooi nae?aoiia niaeaoaiea i ?acaeaea «ii Iaeeineiio ia?eaeeaio» —
a ainoi/iie /anoe Aioo?aiiae Iiiaieee auee i?eciaiu «niaoeeaeueiua
eioa?anu» ssiiiee, a a caiaaeiie — eioa?anu ?innee. Ii a yoe aea
etheueneea aeie neii/aeny eiia?aoi? ssiiiee Iooeooeoi, e aieiaiea
yiiineie aiaiueiu ia iaeioi?ia a?aiy auei ia?aeeth/aii aioo?ue no?aiu,
aaea ia/aeanue y?inoiay ai?ueaa ca ainoaea?noaaiiua iinou.»16

I?eoaaeoee e aeanoe iiaue eaaeiao ieieno?ia ssiiiee ?aoee a?aiaiii
aicaea?aeaoueny io aiaiiie eioa?aaioeee a Eeoaa. Ia i?anoie acioae
eiia?aoi? ?neoeoi. Oae caaa?oeeanue neaaiay aeey ssiiiee yiioa Iyeaece e
ia/aeanue yiioa Oaena.

Caeeth/aiea

Yiioa i?iiuoeaiiiai ?acaeoey a ssiiiee ii/oe iieiinoueth niaiaea ni
a?aiaiai ia?aoiaea e e?oiiiio ei?ii?aoeaiiio eaieoaeecio. Yoiio
niinianoaiaaea oeaeaiai?aaeaiiay iieeoeea aaniethoenoneiai ainoaea?noaa,
inouanoaeaiea ei oe?ieeo yeiiiie/aneeo e aiaiiuo ooieoeee. A oeaeyo
i?aiaeieaiey oaoie/aneiai e aiaiiiai ionoaaaiey io ia?aaeiauo
eaieoaeenoe/aneeo ainoaea?noa yiiineia ainoaea?noai ia oieueei
noeioee?iaaei ?acaeoea /anoiiai i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa, ii e naii aeoeaii
o/anoaiaaei a i?iiuoeaiiii no?ieoaeuenoaa, oe?iei noaneaee?oaiii ca n/ao
iaeiaiauo iinooieaiee. Ainoaea?noaaiiie eaciie oeiaine?iaaeinue
no?ieoaeuenoai aieueoiai /enea aiaiiuo i?aaei?eyoee, aeaeaciuo aei?ia e
i?. I?iiuoeaiiui no?ieoaeuenoaii ?oeiaiaeeei nicaeaiiia a 1870 aiaeo
ieienoa?noai i?iiuoeaiiinoe.

N?aueaaiea aaieianeiai e i?iiuoeaiiiai eaieoaeia, ioiineoaeueii ?aiiaa
ia?aciaaiea yiiineeo iiiiiieee auee onei?aiu iineaaeothuae ia?aaea/ae ca
aanoeaiie aaieianeei aeiiai, oaeei, eae Ieoeoe, Noieoiii e ae?oaea,
i?iiuoeaiiuo i?aaei?eyoee, i?eiaaeeaaeaaoeo ainoaea?noao. Aicieeatho
iiiiiieenoe/aneea eiioea?iu («aecaeaaoeo»), i?aaenoaaeythuea niaie ?yae
naycaiiuo oe?i, eiio?iee?oaiuo iaeiie iaoa?eineie oe?iie eee a?oiiie
oeiainenoia.

ssiiineia ainoaea?noai, iaeiaei, eiina?ae?oy oaiaeaeueiua ia?aaeeoee ai
anao noa?ao aeeciaaeayoaeueiinoe yiiineiai iauanoaa, aua aeieai onooiaei
ii o?iaith ?acaeoey Aa?iia e NOA. A nioeeaeueiie iaeanoe nouanoaiaaee ia
oieueei iieooaiaeaeueiia iiiaue/uea caieaaeaaeaiea, eaaaeueiay
yenieoaoaoeey e?anoueyi-a?aiaeaoi?ia, caneeea ?inoiaueeia, nineiaiua
?acee/ey, ii e aeanoi/aeoea oi?iu yenieoaoaoeee i?iiuoeaiieeaie ?aai/ae
neeu a aea?aaia. A iieeoe/aneie iaeanoe oaiaeaeueiua ia?aaeeoee
au?aaeaeenue a aaniethoenoneii oa?aeoa?a yiiineie iiia?oee n
i?aiaeaaeathuae ?ieueth iiiaueeia a i?aayuai iiiaue/uea-ao?aeoaciii
aeiea, nio?aiyaoainy aieioue aei ia?aie ie?iaie aieiu.

Nicaeaiea aieueoie nia?aiaiiie a?iee e aiaiii-ii?neiai oeioa noaei
iniaie caaioie iiaiai yiiineiai eiia?aoi?neiai i?aaeoaeuenoaa n ia?auo
aeiae aai nouanoaiaaiey. Yoiio niinianoaiaaee oa aaaeiay ?ieue, eioi?oth
ea?aee a ainoaea?noaa aeeyoaeueiua ieeeoa?enoneea eeeee, iaaeiaieuenoai
nioai ouny/ naio?aaa, ieacaaoeony ia o aeae, eeoeaoeony naieo i?aaeieo
oaiaeaeueiuo i?eaeeaaee.

Ianiio?y ia iaaeieaiaa/iinoue e eneonnoaaiiinoue ia?eaiaioneiai
eaaeiaoa, a eioi?ue aioee i?aaenoaaeoaee iaeiie i?ii?aaeoaeuenoaaiiie
ia?oee, nai oaeo aai nicaeaiey noae aaaeiui iieeoe/aneei niauoeai,
canoaaeaoei aiaiii-ath?ie?aoe/aneea e?oae ii-iiaiio acaeyiooue ia ?ieue
iieeoe/aneeo ia?oee e naiiai ia?eaiaioa. A 1890 a. a ssiiiee auea
i?iaaaeaia ?aoi?ia ecae?aoaeueiiai i?aaa, ?anoe?eaoay /enei ecae?aoaeae.
Oae ia/aeinue iaaeeaiiia, iaiineaaeiaaoaeueiia (nii?iaiaeaeaaiia,
iai?eia?, ?anoe?aieai iieiiii/ee Oaeiiai niaaoa ca n/ao ia?eaiaioa)
ia?a?anoaiea aaniethoiie iiia?oee a ia?aie/aiioth, aeoaeenoe/aneoth,
eioi?ia auei i?a?aaii iineaaeothuae iiaeaioiaeie a «aieueoie aieia» e
onoaiiaeaieai iiia?oi-oaoenoneiai ?aaeeia a ssiiiee.

Ianoiyoaeuenoaa, iaoneiaeaoea yeiiiie/aneoth iieeoeeo Iyeaece, iiaoo
auoue noi?ioee?iaaiu neaaeothuei ia?acii: ai-ia?auo, iaaeinoaoi/iia
iaeiieaiea eaieoaea nicaeaei iaiaoiaeeiinoue a ainoaea?noaaiiie
eieoeeaoeaa a iaeanoe yeiiiieee e niinianoaiaaei eiioeaio?aoeee eaieoaea
e yeiiiie/aneie iiue e ?oeao oeiainiaie ieeaa?oee. Aeaaea iinea oiai eae
ainoaea?noaaiiua i?aaei?eyoey auee /anoe/ii ia?aaeaiu /anoiui
i?aaei?eieiaoaeyi, i?aaeoaeuenoai ia oieueei ia i?ae?aoeei auaea/o
noaneaeee, ii e a cia/eoaeueiie noaiaie oneeeei oeiainiaoth iiiiuue
i?aaei?eieiaoaeyi. Yoa iieeoeea auea io/anoe aucaaia nenoaiie aiaoieo
aeiaiai?ia, oae eae iinea ia?aiai oi?aiaiai aeiaiai?a 1858 a. auee
onoaiiaeaiu i/aiue ieceea oa?eou, eioi?ua auee aua aieaa nieaeaiu
niaeanii oa?eoiie eiiaaioeee 1866 a. Eeoue a 1899 a. ssiiiey aeiaeeanue
oa?eoiie aaoiiiiee o?e iiiiue iauaai ia?aniio?a nenoaiu aeiaiai?ia; ii
i?aaeiea aeiaiai?u iioa?yee neeo oieueei a 1910 a.

Ai-aoi?uo, aiaiiia cia/aiea eiaeono?eaeecaoeee, iaoneiaeaiiia
iaaeaeoia?iaeiui e aioo?aiiei iieiaeaieai, niinianoaiaaei oiio, /oi ?yae
io?aneae i?iiuoeaiiinoe, eioi?ua oanii naycaiu n iai?iiie, aeaaea aei
ianoiyuaai a?aiaie iaoiaeeony iiae no?iaei ainoaea?noaaiiui
iaaethaeaieai.

E, iaeiiaoe, iieeoeea ia?aaea/e iaeioi?uo io?aneae i?iiuoeaiiinoe oceiio
e?oao e?oiiuo aaieianeeo aeiiia oe?aieea eo iiceoeee, a ?acoeueoaoa /aai
iie i?iaeieaeatho ainiiaenoaiaaoue a i?iiuoeaiiinoe ssiiiee aieioue aei
ianoiyuaai a?aiaie.

A oaoie/aneii ?acaeoee a ssiiiee a ia?eiae eiaeono?eaeecaoeee io/aoeeai
aunooiatho aeaa oaiaeaioeee. Ai-ia?auo, iaaethaeaaony ?ino oao io?aneae
ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa, eioi?ua aieaa oanii naycaiu n aiaiiuie
i?aaei?eyoeyie, — iaoeiino?iaiey, noaeino?iaiey, ai?iiai aeaea,
aeaeaciuo aei?ia e o. i., aaea ainoaea?noai inouanoaeyei no?iaee
eiio?ieue, iie?aynue ia iiaeaea?aeeo oeiainiauo aeiiia, iieueciaaaoeony
aeiaa?eai i?aaeoaeuenoaa. Yoe io?anee i?iiuoeaiiinoe, iaeaieaa auniei
?acaeoua a oaoie/aneii ioiioaiee e nicaeaiiua ii iiaaeoei caiaaeiui
ia?acoeai, yaeyeenue ai?aeinoueth ath?ie?aoee, eioi?ay .?aaiinoii
iaa?aaaea eo aeaaea iinea oiai, eae cia/eoaeueiay /anoue i?aaei?eyoee
auea ia?aaeaia /anoiui i?aaei?eieiaoaeyi. Ai-aoi?uo, iu iaaethaeaai
?acaeoea «caa?ioaiiuo» io?aneae i?iiuoeaiiinoe, i?iecaiaeyueo oeie/ii
yiiineea aeaeu i?iaeoeoeee, eae aeey aioo?aiiaai, oae e aeey aiaoiaai
?uiea.

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