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Aeaoa?eia ?iaeeeanue 21 ai?aey 1729 aiaea. Ioaoe a?, i?eioe
O?enoeai-Aaaono Aiaieueo-Oea?anoneee, aue ieaaeoei a?aoii iaiaoeeiai
aeaaeaoaeueiiai eiycy. I?eioe O?enoeai-Aaaono aue i/aiue aaaeai, e aio
i?eoeinue neoaeeoue. I?onneee ei?ieue O?eae?eo Aaeeeee aeae aio ianoi
aoaa?iaoi?a Iiia?aiee. AEaiie i?eioea O?enoeaia noaea o?iaeae?iiay
Eiaiia-Aeenaaaoa Aieueooaei-Aiooi?ineay I?eioe iaaeii ethaee naith aeaio
e aei/ue, aue ia?acoeiaui naiueyieiii, oi?aaeye Iiia?aineie i?iaeioeeae
e eiiaiaeiaae iaoioiui Aiaaeueo-Oea?anoneei iaoioiui iieeii. AEeee
?iaeeoaee aoaeouae eiia?ao?eoeu aaaeii, a iaueiiaaiiii aeiia a ia ai
aeai?oea. Ecaanoii, ec caienie Aeaoa?eiu, /oi ?iaeeoaee aeaee ae
ia?aciaaiea: o ia? a aeaonoaa auea aoaa?iaioea, o?aioeoaeaiea Ea?aeaeue
,e aeaa o/eoaey: eaiaeeai Ia?i e i?aiiaeaaaoaeue /enoiienaiey Ei?ai.
O/eee a? e iocuea – iaiaoe ?aeea aeaaae ae o?iee ia eeaaaneia
.Aeaaiaea?y naiae aoaa?iaioea Aeaoa?eia II iiciaeiieeanue n ?aneiii ,
Ei?iaeai , Iieuea?ii ; o/eoaeue iaiaoeeiai ycuea Aaoa? noa?aeny aiooeoue
ae ethaiaue e iaiaoeeie eeoa?aoo?a.

Iaoue Niouee-Aaaonou-O?aaea?eee-Yieeee (iieiia eiy Aeaoa?eiu)
ai?aeeeanue naiei ?iaenoaii n ?onneei eiia?aoi?neei aeiiii. A?
aeaith?iaeiue a?ao , i?eioe Aieueooaei-Aiooi?ineee aue aeaiao ia ?iaeiie
nano?a eiia?ao?eoeu Aeecaaaou Iao?iaiu , Aiia Iao?iaia. A ?iaeiie a?ao
a? , i?eioe Ea?e-Aaaono ,aieneii Ethaneee , aue aeaieoii Aeecaaaou
Iao?iaiu , n eioi?ui a? iiiieaeee i?e aeecie aa iaoa?e , eiia?ao?eoeu
Aeaoa?eiu I ( aoi?ie aeaiu Iao?a I).Aeecaaaoa Iao?iaia no?anoii ethaeea
naiaai aeaieoa , ii ii caaieae iacaaeieai aei naaaeueau e oia? , e
aaca?aie/iiio io/ayieth naiae iaaanou , eioi?ay
anth aeeciue n oineie aniiieiaea i i?i. Ii anai yoei i?e/eiai
Aieueooaei-Aiooi?ineee aeii aue iniaaiii iee na?aeoeo Aeecaaaou
Iao?iaiu.

Anooiea ia i?anoie e nineaa iaeaiueeiai oea?y Eiaiia Aioiiiae/a
A?aoieaaeaneiai n ?iaeeoaeyie a A?oaiaaeueneoth aoaa?ieth , Aeecaaaoa
Iao?iaia nae/an aea auienaea naiaai ieaiyiieea i?eioea Ea?ea-Oeue?eea ,
ie?anoeea aai a i?aaineaaioth aa?o, ia?aeea Iao?ii e iacia/eea
ianeaaeieeii i?anoiea. Oeana?aae/ au?in e eiia?ao?eoea iiaeaeaea
aeaieoue aai . I?onneee ei?ieue auaeaeioe ia?aie eaiaeeaeaoeie
i?eioeanno O?aaea?eeo -Aiaeeth Aiaaeueo-Oea?aneoth. Iao?o naaoaee
aei/ue iieueneiai ei?iey Ia?eaiio e iaeio ec o?aioeocneeo i?eioeann. Ii
O?eae?eo Aaeeeee ia oioae nithca ?onneiai oea?neiai aeiia n Naeniieae e
Iieueoae.

E?iia oiai oeana?aae/ ia?aaeee i/aiue oyaeaeoth ae?aio ,ii ethaee
o?aeeeio Eiiooeio ,iaoue eioi?ie auea aeoaiei iaiaaenoia Aeecaaaoa.
Iaeaiueeay i?eioeanna Nioey -O?aaea?eea n?aco aiooeea aio ioa?auaiea,ii
Nioee auei aac?acee/ii ethaeo a? Iao? eee iao .Iia oioaea auoue ?onneie
oea?eoeae.

9 oaa?aey 1739 aiaea iaoue n aei/a?ueth i?eauee a Iineao .

E Nioee i?enoaaeee aeaoo o/eoaeae : Neiaiia Iieioeeiai ,aeey iao/aiey a?
Caeiio Aiaeeth e Aaeaaeo?iaa ,i?aiiaeaaaoaey ?onneiai ycuea. O Nioee
ieacaeenue aeanoyuea niiniaiinoe. Iia aeaaeii o/eeanue ii -?onnee , ii
eaouie , /eoaea Oaoeeoa , Aieueoa?a , Aeeae?i , iaaethaeay , a oi aea
a?aiy i?eaeai?ioth aeeciue. A 16 eao Nioey auoea caioae ca Iao?a.
Aeaoa?eia i?eaoaea a ?inneth ,eiay ,anaai 3 ieaouey e iieaethaeeiu
?oaao e noieueei aea iiniauo ieaoeia .Oaia?ue iia caaeeea n
iaiaueiiaaiiie ?ineioueth. Aeecaaaoa iiaea?eea ae ia?iiioth noiio aeaiaa
a ee/iia iieueciaaiea ,ioaaea ?ineioiua aia?oaiaiou e iacia/eea e
i?eioeanna Aeaoa?eia iuoioth naeoo noaon-aeai e eaia?aa?ia. Ianeaaeieoea
i?anoiea iao/eeanue ni?eoue ?onneeie aeaiueaaie, n/eoay ?inneth e
?onneoth eacio naiae ee/iie nianoaaiiinoueth. Iia iaaeaeaea iiiai
aeieaia, ioi?aaeyy aeaiueae iaoa?e .Iaoue Aeaoa?eiu auea auneaia ec
?innee Aeecaaaoie ca oi, /oi iia acaeoiaea oi?aaeyoue ?inneae ii oeacea
O?eae?eoa Aaeeeiai .Aeecaaaoa cai?aoeea Aeaoa?eia ia?aieneo n ?iaeiuie.
Ana eiino?aioeu ,ie?oaeaaoea Aeaoa?eio e Iao?a auee ioi?aaeaiu a
Aa?iaieth. Aeaoa?eia aiooaea Aeecaaaoa neeueiua iianaiey naiei
/anoiethaeai, Aeaoa?eia oaea a ?aiiae iieiaeinoe ia/aea ia/oaoue i
caoaaoa aeanoe Aeecaaaoa i?eiyea ia?u ,iia aiyeanue iiioey?iinoe
Aeaoa?eiu. Aeaoa?eia n a? oiii e ia?aciaaieai auea iianiie niia?ieoeae
,Aeecaaaoa anaaaea aiyeanue aeai?oeiaiai ia?aai?ioa ,iiaeiaii oiio,
eioi?ue aue ae ono?iai. Aeaoa?eio ie?oaeeee i?aaeaiiua Aeecaaaoa oieiiu
/enoi ?onneiai i?ienoiaeaeaiey .Ii Aeaoa?eia noiaea eoieoue eo na?aeoea
,iao/eaoenue io eaeaaa ia?iaeiui iineiaeoeai e au?aaeaieyi, eioi?uie oae
ethaeea uaaieyoue .Yoa ia?iaeiinoue naeaeaea a? iioii iiioey?iie n?aaee
i?aia?aaeaioeaa e naiaiiaoeaa. A 1754 a. o Aeaoa?eiu ?iaeeeny nui
Iaaae . Iaaae aue iioiae ia naiaai iooea, oioy aei neo ii? oi/ii ia
onoaiiaeaii aai i?ienoiaeaeaiea. Ainieoaieai Iaaea caiyeanue naia
Aeecaaaoa .Aeaoa?eia ia?anoaea ea?aoue aaaeioth ?ieue .Iia aeaea ?innee
ianeaaeieea i?anoiea e auea i?aaeinoaaeaia naia naaa. Aeaoa?eia aea ia
oioaea auoue a noi?iia io aeae . Iia i?iaeieaeaea caieiaoueny iieeoeeie
.Aeaaiaea?y iiiiue Aanooaeaaa Aeaoa?eia aaea oaeioth ia?aieneo n
?iaeiuie, iuoaeanue aiciaiiaeoue aeiaiai? ?onneiai aeai?a n Aiaeeae .
Ii i?onneee ei?ieue aeiaeeny oiai, /oi aiaeeeneiai iinea ioicaaee, ii
Aeaoa?eia ia/aea auaeaaaoue aiaeeeneiio iineaiieeo ainoaea?noaaiiua
oaeiu (aeiaiai?u ?innee n eiino?aiiuie aea?aeaaaie).Aeecaaaoa ,ociaa ia
yoii, iaaeieea Aeaoa?eio a ainoaea?noaaiiie eciaia .Aeaoa?eia n o?oaeii
auiieeea o ia? i?iuaiey, aiaeeeneee iinie Aeeueyin, aue ioicaai a
Aiaeeth. Ia ?inneth ai O?aioeee niio?aee eae ia Aa?aa?neoth no?aio,
eioi?ie iiaeii oi?aaeyoue e iiioeaoue e aeaeaiea ?onneiai i?aaeoaeuenoaa
eiaoue ?aoathuee aiein a Aa?iia, eacaeny no?aiiui, ?inney eeoue i?e
Iao?a Ia?aii aunooieea ia iooue oeeaeeecaoeee, ae auei anaai 30 eao.
Aeecaaaoa anaaaea onooiaea anai o?aaiaaieyi Caiaaeiie Aa?iiu. Aeaoa?eia
a aeaiiie neooaoeee cayaeea eaioeea?o Aanooaeaao, /oi ?inney oa?yao naia
aeeyiea ,onooiay anai o?aaiaaieyi Caiaaea. Ii a? iiaieth ,aaeeeay e
neeueiay aea?aeaaa aeieaeia i?aaeuyaeyoue o?aaiaaiey, a ia ?aanee
eniieiyoue ana ,/aai o?aaoao caiaaeiay oeacea. Aeecaaaoa niaeaneeanue n
aeiaiaeaie Aeaoa?eiu. A ia?aue ?ac O?aioeey iieo/eea neeueiue ioii? e
oaeaeaea, /oi oooeoue n ?inneae ia noieo .Ai O?aioeee auee i/aiue
iaaeiaieueiu ia?aiaiie .?aiueoa ieieno?u ?innee oaiaeeeai neooaeenue
O?aioeeth ,a oaia?ue iiyaeeanue iieiaeay aeaiueia e anaio iaoaao .Oaea a
yoi a?aiy Aeaoa?eia i?iyaeea naay ainoaea?noaaiiui aeayoaeai ,oe?aiea
aaoi?eoaou aaciianiinoe ?inneeneiai ainoaea?noaa.

Aeecaaaoa ioeaieea a? oaa?aeue oi e ai?aeinoue e /anoi i?eaaaaea e a?
niaaoai a Aa?iiaeneie iieeoeea. Ana ieieno?u ia/aee n/eoaoueny n aaeeeie
eiyaeiae ,aieueoa /ai n ianeaaeieeii i?anoiea. E nai Iao? Oaaei?iae/
aeaeae a iae naith iii?o. Ai anao cao?oaeieoaeueiuo neo/ayo ii
ni?aoeaae o aeaiu ,eae aueoe ec iieiaeaiey ,iaeiaei o/eouaay eo
noi?oaeaneea ioiioaiey, Iao? ,caoaee aeaaeaeo ianoe ca iaeaeaiiia
ioaeneia naiiethaea e aei nia?oe Aeecaaaou Iao?iaiu ,ii ioe?uoi aiai?ee,
/oi aeaia aoaeao ioi?aaeaia a iiianou?ue, ii ainoanoaee aai ia i?anoie.

Iaaeaeo oai ia caiaaea i?ienoiaeeee aaaeiua niauoey .Aanooaeaa aiaeae
?inneth a aieio n I?onneae ii oeacaieth O?aioeee. I?onneee ei?ieue
iaea?aeae iiaaaeo. Aeaoa?eia ai a?aiy aieiu aaea ia?aieneo n O?eae?eoii
e a? iaaeieee a oii ,/oi iia i?eeacaea aaia?aeo Ai?aeneio ia ianooiaoue
ia i?onneea aienea, a aeaoue O?eae?eoo ii?aaeoueny io ii?aaeaiey i?e
Iaiaea. A 1757 aiaeo Aanooaeaa aue a?anoiaai e auneai. Aeaoa?eia a?icee
?acaiae e aunueea a Aa?iaieth. Ii Aeaoa?eia auea?aea e a yoio ?ac. O
Aeaoa?eiu ia?aciaaeanue neeueiay ia?oey i?e aeai?a – Aeaoa?eia
Ai?iioeiaa- Aeaoeiaa e ananeeueiue eaioeea? Iaiei ,niaieaoee
Aanooaeaaa-?thieia, auneaiiiai ec Iaoa?ao?aa.

A aeaeaa?a 1761 aiaea neii/aeanue eiia?ao?eoea Aeecaaaoa e Iao?, nui
noa?oae aei/a?e Iao?a Ia?aiai Aiiu e aa?oeiaa Aieooaei-Aiooi?iineiai
Ea?ea-O?eae?eoa, acioae ia i?anoie. Iao? aiai?ee, /oi «ia ?iaeaeai aeey
?innee, /oi ii ia i?eaiaeai ?onneei e ?onneea iai?eaiaeiu aio e
oaaaeaeai ,/oi ii iiaeaiao a ?innee.»Iaciaiea ?innee ,i?ac?aiea e iae
,no?aieaiea oeoe ec ia? aieooaeineea neiiaoee e ionoonoaea c?aeie
ee/iinoe ,ioee/aee aoaeouaai ?onneiai eiia?aoi?a .Eaioeea? Aanooaeaa
na?ueacii aeoiae i oii ,/oiau ono?aieoue Iao?a io aeanoe, aicaanoe ia
i?anoie Aeaoa?eio eee a? nuia Iaaea Iao?iae/a ,i?e/ai iaoue Aeaoa?eia
iieo/eea au i?aaa ?aaaiooe.

Oaia?ue e?aoei ?anniio?ei aaaeiaeoea ia?ii?eyoey Iao?a e i?e/eiu
i?eoiaea e aeanoe Aeaoa?eiu.

Ai aioo?aiiae iieeoeea

1. 25 yiaa?y 1762 aiaea a Naiaoa aue iiaeienai Oeac «I aica?auaiee
iiaeueiuo ethaeae».

2.Auea oi?acaeiaia oaeiay eaioeaey?ey ,iaaiaeeaoay oaean ia ?inneth.

3.I?iecaaaeaii ecuyoea aeaaeaiee o i?aaineaaiiai
aeooiaainoaa.(Cae?uoea aeiiiauo oea?eaae ,oie/oiaeaiea eeii a oea?eayo).

4.Aue ioiaiai Oeac Iao?a Aaeeeiai « Io iaycaoaeueiie neoaeau
aeai?yinoaa».»Aeai?yiai neoaeao i?iaeieaeaoue ii naiae aiea, neieueei e
aaea iiaeaeatho».

Oaea i?e Aeecaaaoa aeai?yinoai noaiiaeony i?eaeeaae?iaaiiui eeannii,
iieo/ea eiouanoaaiiua i?aaa ,eaeeo ia eiaee ae?oaea iauanoaaiiua
eeannu, inaiaiaeaeay aai io ee/iie ainoaea?noaaiiie neoaeau ,Iao?
O?aoee nicaeaao ee/iua i?eaeeaaee ,/oaeaeua ae?oaei eeannai . Ei a?aiaie
Aeaoa?eiu Aoi?ie ,oaeei ia?acii aeai?yinoai ,aeaeaaony oaea aiieia
i?eaeeaae?iaaiiui nineiaeai. Ii iii ia eiaao aioo?aiiae i?aaiecaoeee-
aei neo ii? aio i?aaiecaoeeth aeaaaea naia neoaeaa ii iieeai ,aai
niaaeeiyee neoaeaaiua nayce ,oaia?ue i?aaiecaoeey aeieaeia auea
iioa?youe naith i?aaeithth ?ieue, eai aeai?yinoai oneeaiii ooiaeeei ec
neoaeau a aea?aaith e ioaeaeaeinue a iiaie i?aaiecaoeee – nineiaiie .A?
aeaea aeai?yinoao Aeaoa?eia Aoi?ay.

5. Iao? O?aoee oneeee no?iainoe a a?iee, eioi?ua iiaoi?eeenue iioii
i?e aai aioea Ieeieaa Iaaeiae/a .Ca iaeaeoea i?iaeiiinoe ,nieaeaoa aeee
iaeeaie, aeaaaee ii 2000-3000 oaea?ia .Iao? iiae?aaeae O?eae?eoo e aai
i?onneie aeenoeeieeia ;iiae?aaeae ?aanee, neaii.

Ai aiaoiae iieeoeea .

1.I?ae?aoee aieio n I?onneae .Aienea aa?ioeenue a ?inneth e
caeeth/eee n I?onneae naia?aoiue ie? .Aano?ey ,Eniaiey, O?aioeey auee
ii?aaeaiu oaeeie aeaenoaeyie nithcieea. Iao? i?eia?ae neeueiaeoeo
a?aaia a eeoea nithciuo ei?ieae e iineaiieeia .Ana yoi auei ia ?oeo
Aeaoa?eia . «Oi?aaeyoue- cia/eo i?aaeaeaeaoue» ,aiai?eea Aeaoa?eia .A
Iao? ia oiae i?aaeaeaeaoue. Ii ia oieueei ia oiae i?aaeaeaeaoue ,ii e ia
aeaeae ie/aai .Ia?aoeoaeueiinoue e iaaeeeoaeueiinoue iiaoaeea Iao?a.
Aeayoaeueiinoue e ee/iinoue Iao?a aucuaaee ia?iaeiia iaaiaeiaaiea. ?iiio
aue «anaia?iaeiui».Ana oioaee ia?aiaiu ia i?anoiea e aiai?eee ia yoii
ioe?uoi .Iao? ei anaio ioiineeny eaaei. Yoi e iiiiaei ?acaeoeth caaiai?a
,eioi?ue nic?ae ii iau/ath ainaiiaaeoeaoiai aaea, i?e aeai?a e a
aaa?aeee.

?oeiaiaeee caaiai?ii ia Ooaaeia e caaiai? aue ia a iieueco Eiaiia
Aioiiiae/a .I nouanoaiaaiee caaiai?a ciaee naiua aunieiiinoaaeaiiua
eeoea i?e Iao?a(aaia?ae -i?ieo?i? Aeaaia ,ia/aeueiee iieeoeee Ei?o,
Ee?eee ?acoiianeee ,aeeieiiao I.E. Iaiei e ae?.) ii iie ia i?aaeaee
caaiai?ueeia ,oioy e ia i?enoaee e iei i?yii .Iaeiaei a ieiooo
ia?aai?ioa ,ia/aoiai iieiaeaaeueth ,aaeueiiaee i?yii noaee ia noi?iio
Aeaoa?eiu e iiaeaioiaeee ae auno?ue e ?aoeoaeueiue oniao. Iie neaaeeee
ca ?acaeoeai caaiai?a /a?ac oaeeo eeoe, eae A.? .Aeaoeiaa,
?iaeaeaiiay Ai?iioeiaa. Ii ioaeo i?eiaaeeaaeaea e e?oao aaa?aeaeneiai
ioeoea?noaa ,ii iooeianeie naiuea iia auea aeecea e e?oao aaeueiiae e
neoaeeea naycueth iaaeaeo iaieie e?oaaie caaiai?ueeia. Ieaaeoee e?oa
caaiai?ueeia a?oiie?iaaeny aie?oa naiaenoaa I?eiauo .Aeaoa?eia a eeoea
A?eai?ey I?eiaa e aai /aou?ao a?aoueaa eiaea neeueiuo i?eaa?aeaioeaa,
eioi?ua caaiaaaee ae neiiaoee anao aaa?aeaeneeo iieeia, caaeouo iaeeaie
Iao?a O?aoueaai. Eaneiaia aeaineia aeaaeu/anoai
«iaoooae-oea?eoe»,i?aaenoaaeyeinue aaa?aeaeoeai aieaa aeaeaiiui, iie n
ainoi?aii niaeaneeenue aicaanoe Aeaoa?eio ia i?anoie. Iaiei e eiyaeia
Aeaoeiaa ,oaeaea auee noi?iiieeaie nei?aeoaai ia?aai?ioa .Oioy Iaiei
aeaeae eeoue ?aaaionoaa Aeaoa?eiu. A caaiai?a naiia oe?ieia o/anoea
i?eiye o?aioeocneee iinie aa?ii aea A?aoaeue. Aeaoa?eia ioaeiu auee
aeaiueae ,/oiau iiaeeoieoue nieaeao e ioeoea?ia. Iao? ia?aie/eaae a? a
n?aaenoaao. O?aioeocneee iinie i?aaeeiaeee ae iaia?aie/aiiue e?aaeeo.
*oiau i?eaea/ue ia naith noi?iio ?onneee ia?iae e aeooiaainoai, iia
aaeaaeiaaii acaeeea a oea?eiaue a o?ao?iii ieaouea ,neoaeeea iaieoeaeu
ii Aeecaaaoa e auiieiyea ana ia?yaeu i?aaineaaey .Oioy a oaniii e?oao
iacuaaea eo ycu/aneeie e oaeeaeyeanue eo «aeeeinoe».A aeaiue ia?aai?ioa
Aeaoa?eia iiyaeeanue n?aaee aaa?aeaeoeaa .Iao? iaoiaeeeny a I?eaiaaoia.
Ioeoea? Ia?oeeueaa auaeae aio caaiai? ,aue a?anoiaai ii?o/ee Iannae,
y?ue noi?iiiee Aeaoa?eiu. Iao?a eeoeee i?anoiea a aeaiue aai ?iaeaeaiey
.Ociaa ,/oi Aeaoa?eia i?iaicaeaneea naay eiia?ao?eoeae ,ii iiieue a
E?iiooaaeo ,ii aai iaia?aiey oe?aieoueny a E?iiooaaeoa i?iaaeeeenue
.Ecio/aiiue Iao? ioaue a I?eaiaaoi (iuia Eiiiiinia)Ii aue aeaeie
,ian/anoai, aaniiiiuai. Ana aai inoaaeee. Aienea aai iaiaaeaeaee ,e ii
ia aue iianai aeey aeaaeu/anoaa Aeaoa?eiu .Ii Aeaoa?eia ia aeaeaea,
/oiau Iao? inoaaaeny a aeeauo .Iia oiaea i?aaeaeaeaoue e ciaea, /oi
ia?iae ieeiaaea ia auaaao aeiaieai naieie i?aaeoaeyie. A iaaeiaieueiua
anaaaea iiaee ainiieueciaaoueny Iao?ii O?aoueei aeey naieo oeaeae. Iao?
i?eneae naiae aeaia ienueii ,oiieye ioionoeoue aai a Aieuoaieth .Ii aeey
iaai oaea aue aioia eacaiao ,?yaeii n oaiieoeae ian/anoiiai eiia?aoi?a
Eiaiia Aioiiiae/a. Ii ianoiyieth Aeaoa?eiu , Iao? iiaeienae io?a/aiea e
aai iiae neeueiui eiiaiai ioi?aaeee a ?iiuo. Aeaenae I?eia caoaye n
eiia?aoi?ii nni?o, ii I?o? ia ioaa/ae. I?eia oaea?ee eiia?aoi?a,
caaiai?ueee iaa?ineeenue ia Iao?a. Eiycue Aa?yoeineee i?iicee eiia?aoi?a
ncaaee eeiaeaeii , ?aiaiiai aai i?iaeieaeaee aeoue e aeooeoue. Oae
caeii/eeinue a?aiy Iao?a e ianooieea yiioa Aeaoa?eiu Aaeeeie. Eae
aiai?eee nia?aiaiieee «Iaeaiueeay iaiaoeeay eiyaeia caoaaoeea ei?iio e
iaiaoeeiai i?eioea». Iia iieo/eea i?anoie , naiaiaeo.

Aeaoa?eia ,/oiau ii?aaaeaoue naie iinooiie auioneaao iaieoano.
Iaieoano aue iioaeeeiaai oieueei nionoy ianeieueei aeiae ,eiaiii 6
ethey .A iaieoanoa Aeaoa?eia ia iineoieeanue ia e?anee aei oiai , /oi
iioii, a 1797 aiaeo ii aue ecuyo ec ia?auaiey. A iaieoanoa auei neacaii
,/oi iieeoeea Iao?a auea ia i?aaineaaia e ia iaoeeiiaeueia ,e
aeieacuaaeinue yoi i/aiue i?ino?aiii. «Ia eiaee Iu iaia?aiey, ie
aeaeaiey oaeei niiniaii aioea?eoueny ,eaeiaui Aia, ii iaaaaeiiui Aai
I?iiuneai, iai ii?aaeaeee I?anoie Ioa/anoaa ?inneeneee aini?eyoue» .
«Anooieaiea iaoa ia eiia?aoi?neee i?anoie anoue aeieacaoaeuenoai oie
enoeiu, /oi aea aeaenoaoao iaeeoeaia?iua na?aeoea , oai ?oea Aiaeey
i?aaeaiaeeoaeuenoaoao». «Auaoee eiia?aoi? aieath Aiaeeae aiacaiii
neii/aeny io aaii??ieaeaeueiiai i?eiaaeea e i?aaeanoieie aiee a eeoeao».
E aio ,eae ?ac a oa aeie ,eiaaea iaieoano aue iioaeeeiaai e Iaoa?ao?a
aai, /eoae ,i?eoei ecaanoea i nia?oe Iao?a. I?eeacaii auei ono?ieoue aio
i?enoieiua iioi?iiu , ii aac ieacaiey oea?neeo ii/anoae.(Ii aue
iioi?iiai a Iaaneii iiianou?a , a ia a Iao?iiaaeianeie e?aiinoe.)

Aeaoa?eia oi?aeanoaiaaea e e?aiei aea?aeaea a ?oeao caia/eaiiue e?iaueth
Iao?a O?aoueaai neeiao?. Iaaae Iao?iae/ neo/aeii iouneae ienueii
Aeaenay I?eiaa e Aeaoa?eia ec ?iiue. Iaaae naeaa yoi ienueii, auea
nio?aiaia eiiey yoiai ienueia ,niyoay O. ?inoii/eiui . Enoi?e/aneea
enoi/ieee i?aiiaeiinyo yoio oaeo ii ?aciiio .A iaeieo aiai?eony , /oi
eiia?aoi? Iaaae eiae aiciiaeiinoue oaaaeeoueny ,/oi ioaaonoaaiiinoue ca
yoio ian/anoiue neo/ae nianai ia eaaeeo ia iaiyoe Aeaoa?eiu ,ii ae?oaei
Iaaae ieeiaaea ia i?inoee iaoa?e yoie oaeaniie ieioou ,eiaaea iia
naa?aea ioaea e caoaaoeea o?ii nuia.

Oae ia/aeinue naiiaea?aeaaea Aeaoa?eiu Aoi?ie. Ia ana, eoi oioae a?
aeanoe ,aeoiaee i a? naiiaea?aeaaee, aue aiciiaeai e ae?oaie enoiae
ia?aai?ioa- aioea?aiea Iaaea e ?aaaionoai aai iaoa?e. Ii Aeaoa?eia auea
i?iaicaeaoaia eiia?ao?eoeae a Eacaineii niai?a ?aiaa , /ai aii?in i a?
?aaaionoaa iia auoue iiaeiyo noi?iiieeaie yoie eiiaeiaoeee.

Anooieaiea Aeaoa?eiu ia i?anoie eiaao iiiai iauaai n anooieaieai ia
i?anoie Aeecaaaou a 1741aiaeo. Iieeoeea Aeaoa?eiu auea iaoeeiiaeueiie
e aeaaii?eyoiie aeai?yinoao. I?aaeoaeuenoai Aeecaaaou ioee/aeinue
?acoiiinoueth, aoiaiiinoueth, aeaaiaiaaieai e iaiyoe Iao?a Aaeeeiai ,ii
iii ia eiaei naiae i?ia?aiiu, e aeaenoaiaaei ii ia/aeai Iao?a.
I?aaeoaeuenoai Aeaoa?eiu ,oiiie ,oaeaioeeaie eiia?ao?eoeu ,eniieueciaaei
noa?ua ia?acoeu i?aaeaiey, ii e aaei ainoaea?noai aia?aae ii
nianoaaiiie i?ia?aiia ,eioi?oth i?eia?aei iaei -ii iaeo ii oeacaieyi
i?aeoeee e ioaea/aiiuo oai?ee ,onaiaiiuo eiia?ao?eoeae .A yoii Aeaoa?eia
auea i?ioeaiiieiaeia naiae i?aaeoanoaaiieoea. I?e iae auea nenoaia a
oi?aaeaiee, e iiyoiio neo/aeiua eeoea ,oaai?eou ,iaiaa io?aaeaeenue ia
oiaea ainoaea?noaaiiuo aeae, /ai yoi i?e Aeecaaaoa ,oioy oaai?eou
Aeaoa?eiu auee i/aiue caiaoiu ia oieueei aeayoaeueiinoueth e neeie
aeeyiey ,ii aeaaea eai?ecaie e ceioiio?aaeaieyie.

I?eaaaeai nienie ecaanoiuo oaai?eoia Aeaoa?eiu Aoi?ie :

Yoio nienie aue ninoaaeai ?onneei enoi?eeii, niaoeeaeenoii ii
aeaoa?eieineie yiioa ss. E. Aa?neiaui .

1752-1754a. N. A. Naeoueia . Aeeieiiao .Iineaiiee a Aaiao?aa, Ia?eaea,
Ae?acaeaia. Ia?aui ii?o/aieai N. A. Naeoueiaa noaea ienney a Noieaieuei-
n ecaanoeai i ?iaeaeaiee aaeeeiai eiycy Iaaea Iao?iae/a, iooeii
eioi?iai ,ii i?aaeaieth, yaeyaony ii nai.

1756-1758a. N. Iiiyoianeee . Iieuenei- naeniineee iinie a ?innee. N
iiiiuueth Aeaoa?eiu e i?e iiaeaea?aeea i?onneiai ei?iey O?eae?eoa
Aoi?iai a 1764 aiaeo noae ei?ieai Iieueoe. Ana aiaeu i?aaeaiey a naiae
iieeoeea i?eaioe?iaaeny ia ?inneth .*oi noaei iaeiie ec i?e/ei aai
io?a/aiey io i?anoiea a 1795a.

1761-1772a. A. .A .I?eia Aue aioeii aoioiaueea-no?aeueoea,
iiieeiaaiiiai Iao?ii Aaeeeei ca aanno?aoea .Aeoeaiaeoee o/anoiee
aeai?oeiaiai ia?aai?ioa a 1762aiaeo. A?eai?ee I?eia a ea/anoaa oaai?eoa
iieo/ee caaiea naiaoi?a ,a?aoa ,aaia?ae -aaeuthoaioa. Ea?ae
cia/eoaeueioth ?ieue a nicaeaiee Aieueiiai yeiiiie/aneiai iauanoaa. Aue
aai i?aceaeaioii .A 1771aiaeo ?oeiaiaeee iiaeaaeaieai «/oiiiai aoioa»a
Iineaa .N 1772a.oo?a/eaaao naia aeeyiea i?e aeai?a e a 1775 aiaeo
auoiaeeo a ionoaaeo .Iioaieei a?o/ee I?eiao eiia?aoi?neee oeac ,aaea aio
i?aaeienuaaeinue aacauacaeii aeeoue a Aao/eia iiae io?aiie ,ai?aaeue
aei iniauo iiauo ?anii?yaeaiee eiia?ao?eoeu.

1772-1774a.A.N.Aaneeue/eeia .Aaaeiue ioeoea? .Auee iiaeaeiaaiu
Aeaoa?eiie oeooeu : a?ao, eaia?aa?. Iieo/ee caaiey eaaaea?a i?aeaia
nayoiai Aeaenaiae?a Iaaneiai e noae aeaaeaeueoeai ia?iiiuo eiaiee e
nioai ouny/ e?anoueyineeo aeoo .Aue auneae ec Iaoa?ao?aa a Iineao .

1774-1776a.A.A.Iioaieei.Nui niieaineiai aeai?yieia ,a 1762a. n?aaee
caaiai?ueeia , iinea /aai noaiiaeony iiaeii?o/eeii aaa?aeee. O/anoaoao a
?onnei-oo?aoeeie aieia ( 1768-1774) e iieo/aao caaiea aaia?aea .Caoai
aeoea-i?aceaeaio Aiaiiie eieeaaee ,a?ao ,aaia?ae-oaeueaeia?oae, oao
?aaoey?iuo aiene. Aeeaeaeoee iiiiuiee eiia?ao?eoeu a i?iaaaeaiee
iieeoeee oe?aieaiey aaniethoenoneiai ainoaea?noaa, oi?ie?iaaiey nenoaiu
Noa?iaeoaneiai iiaaoa, ia/ae ea?uea?o ia iinoo nae?aoiie «i?inaauaiiie
iiia?oee». I?aaiecaoi? iiaeaaeaiey ioaa/aaneiai aoioa e eieoeeaoi?
eeeaeaeaoeee Caii?iaeneie Na/e. Iaeaaeae ia?iiiie aeanoueth ,aoaeo/e
aoaa?iaoi?ii Iiai?i?inneeneie ,Acianeie ,Ano?aoaineie aoaa?iee, eiycai
Nayuaiiie ?eineie eiia?ee, naaoeaeoei eiycai Oaa?e/aneei ) yoio oeooe
iieo/ee ca i?eniaaeeiaiea a 1783 aiaeo E?uia e ?innee.) Niinianoaiaae
inaiaieth naaa?iiai I?e/a?iiii?uey , no?ieoaeuenoao Oa?niia ,Ieeieaaaa e
Naaanoiiiey ,Aeaoa?eiineaaa .Aue i?aaiecaoi?ii no?ieoaeuenoaa aiaiiiai e
oi?aiaiai oeioia ia *a?iii ii?a .E?oiiue aeeieiiao.

1776-1777a. I.A. Caaaaeianeee . Nui eacaea eaioeaey?ee i?e ooaaa I.A.
?oiyioeaaa -Caaeoiaeneiai ai a?aiy ?onnei- oo?aoeeie aieiu
1768-1774a.Aue i?aaenoaaeai eiia?ao?eoea eae aaoi? aeiianaiee e
aeieeaaeia ii aeaeai Iaei?innee. Aicauoaiea Caaaaeianeiai iioei oae
auno?i ,/oi a iai aeaeaee aeaaea niia?ieea Iioaieeia .Oioy oaai?eoii
aue iaaeieai, yoi iaania/eei aio naiiaii-ath?ie?aoe/aneoth ea?uea?o .
Caaaaeianeee oi?aaeye Aeai?yineei e Anneaiaoeeiiiui aaieaie ,aue
aee?aeoi?ii Iaaeaneiai ei?iona .A i?e o/?aaeaeaiee ieienoa?noa a 1802
aiaeo noae ieieno?ii ia?iaeiiai i?inaauaiey.

1777-1778a.N.A.Ci?e/ Ieaiyiiee aeooa?ee ,io?aaeaoae iaaanoeo Aeaoa?eiu.
Yoi aue ionoie, aao?aiue iio e ea?ie. I?e yoii ii ia aue aa?ai Aeaoa?eia
.Aue auneai ec Iaoa?ao?aa a E?ui, e Iioaieeio.

1778-1779a.E.I.Ei?naeia .Iaei? .Aeaeaa oeeaaeue-aaeuthoaio.

1780-1784a.A.Ae.Eaineie .Yoi aaeeinoaaiiue ec oaai?eoia ,eioi?ue ia
aiaoeaaeny a iieeoeeo e ioeacuaaeny io aeeyiey ,/eiia ,e i?aeaiia, oioy
Aeaoa?eia auioaeeea aai i?eiyoue io ia? a?aoneee oeooe, ia?iiiua caiee
,aeanyoee ouny/ e?anoueyi e /ei oeeaaeue-aaeuthoaioa. Aeaoa?eia oioaea
aueoe ca iaai caioae e iauyaeea ia yoii Iaieio e Iioaieeio .A 1784 aiaeo
aue io?aaeai ii i?eeaco Iioaieeia

1785-1786a.A.I.A?iieia .Ioeoea?, aaeuthoaio Iioaieeia ,oeeaaeue
-aaeuthoaio. Iieo/ee 100 ouny/ ?oaeae e aue auneae ec Iaoa?ao?aa ,eae
ana a?aiaiiua oaai?eou.

1786-1789a. A.I .Iaiiiia .Ioeoea? ,aaeuthoaio Iioaieeia .I?eia?ae
ia?iiiia aeeyiea ia aioo?aiithth e aiaoithth iieeoeeo .Aue iaa?aaeaeai
i?aeaiii Aeaenaiae?a Iaaneiai ,inuiaiiui noiouny/iuie a?eeeeaioaie,
aeaoiy aunoeie iieueneeie i?aeaiaie.

1789-1796a. I.A. Coaia .Iineaaeiee oaai?eo Aeaoa?eiu Aoi?ie .Ie/ai ia
i?iyaee naay ia iinoo aaia?ae -aoaa?iaoi?a Iiai?innee e a aeieaeiinoe
aeaaiieiiaiaeothuaai *a?iiii?neei oeioii. Eiia?ao?eoea iiaea?eea aio
ia?iiiua iiianouey e iiaeaeiaaea oeooe naaoeaeoaai eiycy.

Ioiuia oaai?eoeci naeaeaeny a ?innee i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiui o/?aaeaeaieai,
eae ai O?aioeee i?e Ethaeiaeea XIV, XV

,a oaai?eou, aeeay n eiia?ao?eoeae ,i?eciaaaeenue ethaeueie, neoaeeaoeie
ioa/anoao e i?anoieo.

Ai-ia?auo ,,iiiaea ec ieo auee niiniaiuie ethaeueie, eae Iaiei, Iioaieei
,Aacai?iaeei, Ci?e/. Ai-aoi?uo, iie oneaaeaeaee aeinoae naiae
ainoaea?uie, iiaeaaay ae neeo aeey iiauo o?oaeia .Oae niio?aea ia aeaei
naia Aeaoa?eia.

Aiaeeeneee iineaiiee Aa??en e Eanoa?a ,ecaanoiue enoi?ee ,au/eneeee ,ai
/oi, iaioeenue ?innee oaai?eou Aeaoa?eiu Aoi?ie .Iaee/iuie aeaiueaaie
iie iieo/eee io ia? aieaa 100 ieeeeiiia ?oaeae .I?e oiaaeaoiai ?onneii
athaeaeaoa ,ia i?aauoaaoei 80 ieeeeiiia a aiae ,yoi auea ia?iiiay
noiia. Noieiinoue i?eiaaeeaaeaueo oaai?eoai caiaeue auea ia iaiaa
ia?iiia .E?iia oiai a iiaea?ie aoiaeeee e?anoueyia, aeai?oeu, iiiai
ae?aaioeaiiinoae ,iinoaeu.

Aiiaua oaai?eoeci a ?innee n/eoaeny noeoeeiui aaaenoaeai ,eioi?ia
?aci?yei anth no?aio e oi?iiceei a? ?acaeoea. Aeaiueae ,eioi?ua
aeieaeiu auee eaeoe ia ia?aciaaiea ia?iaea, ?acaeoey eneonnoaa ,?aianae
e i?iiuoeaiiinoe ,ia ioe?uoea oeie, ooiaeeee ia ee/iua oaeiaieuenoaey
oaai?eoia e oieuaaee a eo aacaeiiiua ea?iaiu.

Ia?aia a?aiy i?aaeaiey.

Ia?aua aiaeu i?aaeaiey Aeaoa?eiu auee aeey ia? o?oaeiui a?aiaiai .Naia
iia ia ciaea oaeoueo ainoaea?noaaiiuo aeae e ia eiaea iiiiuieeia .I.E.
Ooaaeia oia?, ec anao ae?oaeo aaeueiiae iia aeiaa?yea a?aoo Ieeeoa
Eaaiiae/o Iaieio. Ii aue aeeieiiaoii i?e Aeecaaaoa (iineii a Oaaoeee
,ainieouaae aaeeeiai eiycy Iaaea Iao?iae/a). Iaiei caaaaeiaae aiaoieie
aeaeaie ?innee. Aeecaaaoa niaaoiaaeanue n Aanooaeaaui – ?thieiui,
aica?auaiiui ath ec nnueee. Ii Aeaoa?eia ia/oaea i iiiiuieeao a eeoea
oao ethaeae ,eioi?ua aicaaee a? ia i?anoie, o.a. ieaaeoeo aiaeaeia ii
iia iiieiaea ,/oi iie iiea ia eiaee ie ciaiee ,ie niiniaiinoae e
oi?aaeaieth.

Oae ,Aeaoa?eia, ia eiay aiaeiuo e aeanoe iaaeaaeiuo ethaeae ,ia iiaea ie
ia eiai iia?aoueny. Iia auea iaeeiiea e yoi caia/aee aeaaea eiino?aiiua
iineu. O?aioeocneee iinie A?aoaeeue ienae:”A aieueoeo nia?aieyo i?e
aeai?a ethaiiuoii auei iaaethaeaoue oyaeaeoth caaioo ,n eaeie
eiia?ao?eoea noa?aaony iii?aaeoueny anai ,naiaiaeo e iaaeiaaeeeainoue ,n
eaeeie ana oieeotho ae i naieo aeaeao e i naieo iiaieyo….

Cia/eo ,neeueii aea /oanoaoao iia naith caaeneiinoue ,/oiau
ia?aiineoue yoi.”Yoi naiaiaeiia ia?auaiea i?eaeai?iie n?aaeu auei i/aiue
oyaeaei aeey Aeaoa?eiu, ii i?ana/ue aai iia ia iiaea ,iioiio /oi ia
eiaea aa?iuo ae?ocae, aiyeanue ca naith aeanoue e /oanoaiaaea ,/oi
nio?aieoue a? iia iiaeao oieueei ethaiaueth aeai?a e iiaeaeaiiuo .Iia e
oiio?aaeyea ana n?aaenoaa ,/oiau ii au?aaeaieth aiaeeeneiai iinea
Aoeeiaaia ,i?eia?anoe aeiaa?ea e ethaiaue iiaeaeaiiuo. O Aeaoa?eiu
aeaenoaeoaeueii auee iianaiey ca naith aeanoue. Iia ooaa?aeeea oeac
Iao?a ia ioiyoee oea?eiaiuo eiouanoa. Aeooiaainoai auei ath
iaaeiaieueii. Aeooiaainoai eiaei ia?iiiia aeeyiea ia ia?iae, eioi?ue
oaeaea aue iaaeiaieai oea?eoeae .Iaaeiaieueii auei e aunoaa aeai?yinoai.

A 1764 aiaeo aue ?ane?uo caaiai? ,i?ioea eiia?ao?eoeu, a iieueco Eiaiia
Aioiiiae/a, eioi?ue au? i?e Aeecaaaoa aue caeeth/ai a Oeenna?ao?aneoth
e?aiinoue ,a naie 20 eao ii iia aiai?eoue oieueei ia?aie/aiiia /enei
neia ,aai ia auioneaee ia i?iaoeee, aaeeinoaaiiui caiyoeai a eaia?a
yoiai iieiaeiai /aeiaaea auea ea?a n iaoa?eineeie ae?aaioeaiiinoyie.

A 1762 aiaeo .Aeaoa?eia ?aoeea aueoe caioae ca Eiaiia Aioiiiae/a .Iia
aiai?eea “ss caaeaaeo i?e/eiaiioth aio iani?aaaaeeeainoue”, e ?onneee
ia?iae ,aeaeathuee aaaeiiai caeeth/aiiiai oea?y ,aoaeao iaiy
aiaioai?eoue. Ii iinaoea e?aiinoue e oaeaeaa ,aeaaeiiai no?aaeaeueoea,
aac aeiu aeiiaaoiai ?aaaiea ,eioi?iai caio/eee oieueei iioiio, /oi
Aiia Eiaiiiaia ,aai iaoue ,acaeoiaea inoaaeoue aio ,aaeaa ii ?iaeeeny
naie ie?iaaaeaiiue o?ii ; Aeaoa?eia neacaea: ”Iao y ia iiao aueoe ca
iaai …Yoi oaeanii. .Ian/anoiue i?eioe…Ii ie a /ai ia aue aeiiaao”.Ii
/a?ac aeaa aiaea ,o.a. a 1764 aiaeo, eiaaea eaieoai Ie?iiiae/ i?e iiiiue
aei/a?e e?aiinoiiai eiiaiaeaioa caaeoiae inaiaiaeeoue Eiaiia e aicaanoe
aai ia i?anoie, Aeaoa?eia, ociaa ia yoii caaiai?a ia iieieaaaeanue
ieii/aoaeueii inaiaiaeeoueny io Eiaiia Aioiiiae/a Ii a? i?eeaco ii aue
oaeo. E aia aienea Aeaoa?eia iiaea eiaeoue i?eciaee a?iaeaiey e
iaaeiaieuenoaa: oae eae ia aa?eee nia?oe Iao?a O?aoueaai. I?e iiaeiaiuo
oneiaeyo Aeaoa?eia, ia iiaea n?aco au?aaioaoue ii?aaeaeaiioth i?ia?aiio
i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe. Oii?ii o?oaeynue, Aeaoa?eia i?iaaea
ia?aua aiaeu naiaai oea?noaiaaiey a oii ,/oi ciaeiieeanue n ?inneae e n
iieiaeaieai aeae ,iiaeae?aea niaaoieeia e oe?aieyea naia ee/iia
iieiaeaiea ai aeanoe.

A 1762aiaeo Aeaoa?eia a naiai “Iaieoanoa”io 6 ethey ,aeaeaea, /oiau
“eaaeaeia ainoaea?noaaiiia ianoi eiaei naie caeiiu e i?aaeaeu”.Iiyoiio
iia iinoa?aeanue ono?aieoue iai?aaeeueiinoe a iieiaeaiee Naiaoa e
aeaoaeou a aai aeayoaeueiinoe e iaei- iiiaeo naaea aai ia noaiaiue
oeaio?aeueiiai aaeieieno?aoeaii- noaeaaiiai o/?aaeaeaiey, aini?aoea aio
caeiiiaeaoaeueioth aeayoaeueiinoue .Aeey nei?aeoaai i?iecaiaenoaa aeae
iia ?acaeaeeea Naiao ia 6 aeaia?oaiaioia ,eae yoi auei i?e Aiia
Eiaiiiaia, i?eaeaa eaaeaeiio ec ieo niaoeeaeueiue oa?aeoa? . (1763a.)N
Naiaoii noaea niineoueny /a?ac aaia?ae- i?ieo?i?a A.A. Aycaineiai
.I?iaaea ana naie aaaeiaeoea ia?ii?eyoey iiieii Naiaoa naiath ee/iie
eieoeeaoeaie e aaoi?eoaoii. A ?acoeueoaoa auea nouanoaaiiay ia?aiaia a
oeaio?a oi?aaeaiey :Oiaeaiea Naiaoa e oneeaiea aaeeiiee/iuo aeanoae,
noiyaoeo ai aeaaa ioaeaeueiuo aaaeiinoa. Aeaoa?eia eneaea n?aaenoaa
iii?aaeoue oeiainiaia iieiaeaiea, caieiaeanue e?anoueyineei aii?inii
“Iaia?aiu iu iiiaueeia i?e eo iiaieyo e aeaaeaieyo iaia?ooeii nio?aiyoue
,a e?anoueyi a aeieaeiii ei iiaeiiaaiee niaea?aeaoue.” Aeaoa?eia
ieii/aoaeueii cae?aiinoeea e?anoueyi. Iia cai?aoeea o/eoue ioaeeeia
a?aiioa ,e ianeieueei /aeiaae ,eciaee/aiiuo a i?inaaoeoaeueneie
aeayoaeueiinoe n?aaee e?anoueyi ,auee caeeth/aiu a Oeennaeueao?aneoth
e?aiinoue .*oiau eiaoue iii?o a aeai?yinoaa ,Aeaoa?eia i?ecaaea ia
neoaeao noi aeaaaeoeaoue ouny/ ?onneeo aeai?yi-iaaei?ineae ,eae eo
iacuaaee .Aeai?yia oaeaea ia ciaee a?aiiou ,ii eo iiaaeaii auei o/eoue
ianeeueii. Aei Aeaoa?eiu e?anoueyi iaeuecy auei i?iaeaoue ioaeaeueii io
caiee .Cai?auaia auea i?iaeaaea /eaiia iaeiie naiuee a ?icieoeo
.Aeaoa?eia naia i?iaeaaaea e?anoueyi e ?ac?aoeea i?iaeaaaoue eo, eae
oaiaeii : aeaoae io iaoa?e ,iooea io naiuee ,aeaio io ioaea. A aacaoao
iiyaeeenue iauyaeaiey «I?iaea?ony iiaeeeuo eao aeaaea ,oiathuay oeoue
,iuoue e aeaaeeoue. Oai aea i?iaeathony aaaiaua ae?iaeaee». E?anoueyiei
noae iacuaaoueny a yiioo Aeaoa?eiu ?aaii. Aai noaeueae aue aeai?yiei,
aai aeaaeaeaoe. AEaeiaaoueny ia enoycaiey iiiaueea ioaeee ia eiae i?aaa.
Aeai?yia eiaee i?aai i?iaeaaaoue e?anoueyi a ?ae?oou e nnueaoue eo a
Neae?ue aac noaea ,canaeaoue ?icaaie aei nia?oe e ?aceo/aoue
naiuee.”Eiia/ii ,?aa, ia ia?niia – aiai?eea Aeaoa?eia .-Ii ana-oaee aai
iaaei e neioii i?eciaaaoue ,a ni neioaie iaaei ia?auaoueny
/aeiaaeiethaeai.»

?yaeii n yoei aeaeii oei ae?oaia : a?aiioa Iao?a O?aoueaai i aeai?yinoaa
,eiaaea aeai?yia iieeaeaee neoaeao – Aeaoa?eia i?einoaiiaea a? aeaenoaea
a 1763aiaeo(i /ai aiai?eeinue auoa),o/?aaeeea eiienneth aeey a?
ia?aniio?a .Ii yoa eiienney ia ni?aaeeanue n aiceiaeaiiuie ia ia?
caaea/aie, e aeaei caoyioeinue aei 1785 aiaea. Ia/eiay n Iao?a Aaeeeiai
,ana i?aaiieee iuoaeenue nicaeaoue iiaue caeiiiaeaoaeueiuo eiaeaen .Ii
o?oaeiay caaea/a eie ia auea ?aoaia., E Aeaoa?eia Aoi?ay na?ueacii
caaeoiaeanue i ia?aaioea ?onneiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa a no?ieioth
nenoaio.

Eco/ay ,iieiaeaiea aeae a ?innee ,Aeaoa?eia aeaeaea iiciaeiieoueny n
naiie ?inneae .Iia i?aaei?eiyea ?yae iiacaeie ii ainoaea?noao: a 1763
aiaeo acaeeea ec Iineau a ?inoia e ss?ineaaeue ,a 1764 aiaeo – a
Inocaeneee e?ae, a1764 aiaeo i?iaoaea ii Aieaa aei Neiae?nea. Iinea
Iao?a Aaeeeiai, Aeaoa?eia auea ia?aay ainoaea?uiy, eioi?ay
i?aaei?eieiaea iooaoanoaey ii ?innee n i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiuie
oeaeyie.(Nieiaueaa 26,8.).

Caeiiiaeaoaeueiay aeayoaeueiinoue Aeaoa?eiu Aoi?ie .

Iaeac e Eiienney 1767- 1768a.

Aeaoa?eia au?aceea aeaeaiea i?eaanoe ana i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiua ianoa a
aeieaeiue ii?yaeie ,aeaoue ei oi/iua “i?aaeaeu e caeiiu”.Eniieiaiea yoie
iunee yaeeinue a inoi?iaeiii i?aia?aciaaiee Naiaoa. I.E. Iaiei iiaeae
eiia?ao?eoea ianoiyoaeueii iioeae?iaaiiue i?iaeo o/?aaeaeaiee
eiia?aoi?neiai niaaoa(1762a.),aeieacuaay ianiaa?oainoaa i?aaeiaai
oi?aaeaiey aeiioneaaoaai oe?ieia aeeyiea oaai?eoecia ia aeaea, Iaiei
ianoaeaae ia o/?aaeaeaiee caeiiiaeaoaeueiiai”aa?oiaiiai
ianoa”,ninoiyuaai ec iaiiiaeo eeoe n caeiiiaeaoaeueiui oa?aeoa?ii
aeayoaeueiinoe, ii-

neiaai Iaieia aeaenoaea yoiai niaaoa niiaei “ia?aaeeoue naiiaea?aeaaioth
aeanoue io ne?uouo eiiaaea iioeoeoaeae iiie” ,o.a. a?aiaiueeia .Ii ii
i?aaeeaaae noa?ia n?aaenoai : a ?innee nouanoaiaaee “aa?oiaiua
ianoa”(Aa?oiaiue oaeiue niaao e Eaaeiao),eioi?ua ,iaeiaei ia
i?aaeio?aiyee io oaai?eoia e ia io?aiyee caeiiiinoe .N ae?oaie noi?iiu
,”aa?oiaiia ianoi» ,onaiea caeiiiaeaoaeueioth ooieoeeth, noaniyei au
aa?oiaioth aeanoue. Oaeei ia?acii Aeaoa?eia oeacaee ,/oi e?oiiay
aaeieieno?aoeaiay ?aoi?ia, ia eioi?oth iia ii/oe niaeaneeanue ,iiaeao
i?aa?aoeoue ?inneth ec naiiaea?aeaaiie iiia?oee a iiia?oeth
,oi?aaeyaioth ieeaa?oe/aneei niaaoii /eiiaiie a?enoie?aoee. Iiiyoii, /oi
Aeaoa?eia ia iiaea ooaa?aeeoue oaeiai i?iaeoa .Ioeeiiea i?aaeeiaeaiey
Iaieia, Aeaoa?eia naia ninoaaeyao ieai oii?yaei/eaaiey
caeiiiaeaoaeueiiai iaoa?eaea ,a a? ieaiu aoiaeeei nicaeaiea iiauo
caeiiiaeaoaeueiuo ii?i ,eioi?ua niaeaenoaiaaee onoaiiaeaieth ii?yaeea e
caeiiiinoe a ainoaea?noaa .A? iuneue i au?aaioea iiaiai
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa i?eaaea Aeaoa?eio e ciaiaieoie “Eiiennee aeey
ni/eiaiey i?iaeoa iiaiai Oeiaeaiey”,ii iiaiaeo ,eioi?ie eiia?ao?eoea
aia?aua cayaeea i naieo oe?ieeo ?aoi?iaoi?neeo ieaiao. I noa?uo ?onneeo
caeiiao , aeaenoaiaaaoeo i?e iae ,iia iocuaaeanue ?acei ,n/eoaea eo
a?aaeiuie e nenoaiaoece?iaaoue eo ia oioaea. Iia aeaeaea i?yii
onoaiiaeoue ioaea/aiiua iauea i?aaeea, i?eioeeiu caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa e
aeoiaea ,/oi yoi ae oaeanony.”Iiaeii eaaei iaeoe iauea i?aaeea – ienaea
iia Aieueoa?o a 1767 a. – ii ia iiae?iaiinoe. Yoi ii/oe ana ?aaii ,/oi
nicaeaoue oeaeue ie?”.Aeaoa?eia ioeacaeanue io iiiiue /eiiaie/anoaa e
“eaaeia “,eae iia aeoiaea, aeaei onoaiiaeaiey i?eioeeiia aoaeouaai
eiaeaena Aeaoa?eia acyea ia naay. O?oaeiinoe onoaiiaeaiey iiae?iaiinoae
iia iaoea anaai i?eee/iaa aiceiaeeoue ia caineeo i?aaenoaaeoaeae
,ioaeaeai eioi?uo aeieaeiu auee oaeiaeaoai?eoue iiaua caeiiu. Oaea n
1765aiaea Aeaoa?eia oneae/eai i?eiyeanue ca eceiaeaiea
caeiiiaeaoaeueiuo i?eioeeiia.”Aeaa aiaea y /eoaea e ienaea ,ia aiai?y i
oii iieaiaea ie neiaa”- aiai?eo naia eiia?ao?eoea. Noaouee
,caaioiaeaiiua Aeaoa?eiie ,auee a? Iaeacii. Aeaaiaeoea eeoa?aoo?iua
enoi/ieee yoi: L` Esprit des Lois Iiioaneuea ,Institutions politigues
Aeoaeueaea e auoaaeoaa a 1764 a. Ni/eiaiey eoaeueyioea Aaeea?ea “I
i?anooieaieyo e iaeacaieyo .Aeia?ay iieiaeia noaoae Iaeaca anoue
ia?aneac “Aeooa caeiiia”(Iiioaneuea).Oaeei ia?acii, naie i?eioeeiu
iiaiai ?onneiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa Aeaoa?eia onoaiiaeea ia ii/aa
oeeinionei – ioaeeoeenoe/aneeo oinoaiaaiee nia?aiaiiie aa?iiaeneie
eeoa?aoo?u .Yoe i?eioeeiu ,auee a aunoae noaiaie eeaa?aeueiu, n ae?oaie
noi?iiu /oaeaeu ?onneie aeecie .A nai?i Iaeaca Aeaoa?eia ooaa?aeaeaao
,/oi aaeeinoaaiiie aiciiaeiie aeey ?innee oi?iie aeanoe yaeyaony
naiiaea?aeaaea eae ii iaoe?iinoe no?aiu ,oae e iioiio ,/oi iaeiie aeanoe
eo/oa iiaeiiaaoueny ,/ai iiiaei ainiiaeai e “?inney anoue aa?iiaeneay
aea?aeaaa.”Eoae ,ii iiaieth Aeaoa?eiu, ae?aaiyy ?inney aeeea n /oaeaeuie
i?aaaie ,eioi?ua neaaeiaaei ia?aaeaeaoue ia aa?iiaeneee eaae, iioiio /oi
?inney – no?aia aa?iiaeneay .Iinea inoaeaeaiey Iaeaca , iaia/aoaii auei
iaiaa /aoaa?oe oiai, /oi iia ninoaaeea Aic?aaeaiey eca?aiiuo a?
oeaici?ia iai?aaeaiu auee ia oi ,/oi auei eeaa?aeueii, e ia
niioaaonoaiaaei ?onneei i?aaai. Oeaico?a canoaaeea Aeaoa?eio ioeacaoueny
io iaia/aoaiey aanueia aaaeiuo aeey ia? /anoiinoae .Onooi/eainoue
Aeaoa?eiu a aeaea ninoaaeaiey Iaeaca aeieacuaaao a? caaeneiinoue io
ie?oaeaiey a ia?aua aiaeu i?aaeaiey e ianiioaaonoaey a? ee/iuo
aicc?aiee acaeyaeai , eioi?ua iia auneacuaaea ioeoeeaeueii.

Iaeac ,nie?auaiiue e auaea?aeaaoee oeaico?o nio?oaeieeia Aeaoa?eiu
,iinea iioaeeeiaaiey i?iecaae neeueiia aia/aoeaiea e a ?innee e ca
a?aieoeae .Ai O?aioeee ii aue aeaaea cai?auai .Iaeac niaea?aeeo 20
aeaa(aeaa aeaau 21,22 i iieeoeee e i ainoaea?noaaiiii oicyenoaa
Aeaoa?eia i?eienaea e Iaeaco oaea a 1768 aiaeo e aieaa 500 ia?aa?aoia
.Iaeac ,eae oiai e oioaea Aeaoa?eia ,anoue oieueei eceiaeaiea i?eioeeiia
,eaeeie aeieaeai ?oeiaiaeeony ainoaea?noaaiiue /aeiaae ,ieoouee caeiiu.

Aeayoaeueiinoue eiiennee.

?anniio?ei aii?in ?ac?aaioee iiae?iaiinoae iiaiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa
.Aeey ninoaaeaiey iiaiai eiaeaena iaieoanoii 14aeaeaa?y 1766a. auee
nicaaiu a Iineao i?aaenoaaeoaee nineiaee e i?enoonoaaiiuo iano .Eo
nia?aiea iieo/eei iacaaiea «Eiiennee aeey ni/eiaiey i?iaeoa iiaiai
oeiaeaiey». Iniiaaiey i?aaenoaaeoaeuenoaa auee ?acee/iu :iaeie /anoe
ianaeaiey iinueaee i?aaenoaaeoaeae oacaea, ae?oaea – io i?iaeioeee
,o?aouee- io ioaeaeueiiai ieaiaie ,/aoaa?oua io i?enoonoaaiiiai ianoa,
iaeie ecae?aee iinineiaii (aeai?yia e e?anoueyia),ae?oaea -ii ianoo
aeeoaeuenoaa(ai?iaeaia – aeiiiaeaaeaeueoeu
,eii?iaeoeu.)*anoiiaeaaeaeue/aneea e?anoueyia e nianai auee eeoaiu i?aaa
i?aaenoaaeoaeuenoaa .Ia auei e i?yiuo i?aaenoaaeoaeae aeooiaainoaa.
Aeaiooao iaania/eaaeny ia a?aiy i?aauaaiey a eiiennee eacaiiui
aeaeiaaiueai e aeieaeai aue a Iineao i?eaacoe eino?oeoeeth io naieo
ecae?aoaeae n ecia?aaeaieai eo ioaeae e aeaeaiee .Yoe eino?oeoeee
iieo/eee iacaaiey aeaiooaoneeo iaeacia ,a Iaeac Aeaoa?eiu noae
iacuaaoueny “aieueoei Iaeacii”.Aeaiooaou iaanaaaea inaiaiaeaeaeenue io
eacie, oaeaniiai iaeacaiey e eiioeneaoeee eiaiey, ca iaeaeo aeaiooaoa
aeiiaiue ian aeaieiia iaeacaiea.30ethey 1767 aiaea n oi?aeanoaii auee
ioe?uou canaaeaiey Eiiennee a A?aiiaeoie iaeaoa a Iineaa .Anao
i?aaenoaaeoaeae ,yaeaoeony a Eiienneth ,auei 565.Iaeia o?aoue ec ieo
auee aeai?yia ,ae?oaay o?aoue -ai?iaeaia ,ec naeueneiai eeanna aei 100 e
io i?enoonoaaiiuo iano auei 28.Iauaa nia?aiea Eiiennee auaeaeeei ec naay
eiiennee ,eioi?ua aeieaeiu auee i?iaanoe aniiiiaaoaeueiua e
iiaeaioiaeoaeueiua ?aaiou .Iaeia ec eiiennee ,aee?aeoeeiiiay
,?oeiaiaeeea caiyoeyie eae /anoiuo eiiennee ,oae e iauaai nia?aiey . A
oae eae ioiioaiey /anoiuo eiiennee e iauaai nia?aiey ia auee oi/ii
ii?aaeaeaiu , oi iaecaaaeiu auee aanii?yaeie e iooaieoea a eo
aeayoaeueiinoe . Oae ianiaa?oainoai aiaoiae i?aaiecaoeee aeaea , a?
neiaeiinoue e iaii?aaeae?iiinoue nicaeaaaee ia?aia i?aiyonoaea aeey
oniaoiiai aaaeaiey aeaea. A oiaea caiyoee Eiiennee iaeae?i e ae?oaea
i?aiyonoaey. Iauaa nia?aiea i?aaeaea anaai i?i/eoaei Iaeac eiia?ao?eoeu
e ociaei ec iaai oa ioaea/?iiua i?eioeeiu aeayoaeueiinoe , eioi?ua aio
noaaeea Aeaoa?eia. Aianoa n oai /eaiu nia?aiey i?eaacee n niaie aieaa
1000 aeaiooaoneeo iaeacia , aeieaeiu auee iciaeiieoueny n ieie e
oynieoue oa ioaeaeu e aeaeaiey ?onneiai iauanoaa , eaeea a ieo
iaoiaeeeenue. Yoe ioaeaeu e aeaeaiey aeaiooaou aeieaeiu auee i?eie?eoue
n oai?aoe/aneeie aeaeaieyie iaeaca e neeoue eo a aa?iiie/anee no?ieiue
caeiiiaeaoaeueiue eiaeaen . Aeey oaeie oeaee iaiaoiaeeii auei ?acia?aoue
aeaiooaoneea iaeacu e i?eaanoe a nenoaio an? eo niaea?aeaiea . Yoio
e?iiioeeaue o?oae iia auoue niaa?o?i oieueei niaoeeaeueiie eiienneae ,
iioiio /oi aue iaoaeiaai aeey nia?aiey a 500 /aeiaae . Ia?yaeo n
nenoaiaoecaoeeae aeaiooaoneeo iaeacia nouanoaiaaea ae?oaay
iiaeaioiaeoaeueiay ?aaioa , ia aeinooiiay iauaio nia?aieth –
nenoaiaoecaoeey eee i?inoia nia?aiea noa?uo caeiiia . Iiea iaa yoe
?aaiou ia auee eniieiaiu , iauaio nia?aieth ia/aai auei aeaeaoue, iii
aeieaeii auei aeaeaoue eo eniieiaiey e caoai oaea ianoaeaeaoue
i?eaioiaeaiiua iaoa?eaeu e niaeaniaaoue eo n oai?aoe/aneeie ia/aeaie .
Ii yoeo ?aaio ia aeoiaee eniieiyoue i?aaeaa?eoaeueii e iaeeaeaee eo io
iauaai nia?aiey. Aeaoa?eia ia iauaa nia?aiea aiceaaaao iaycaiiinoue
«/eoaoue caeiiu , a iii?aaeaiee eioi?uo aieaa ninoieo ioaeaeu» , e
«/eoaoue iaeacu , ?acia?aa ii iaoa?eyi e naeaeaa auieneo». A yoii
ne?uaaaony ionoonoaea yniiai i?aaenoaaeaiey i oii , /oi
iiaeaioiaeoaeueiua caeiiiaeaoaeueiua ?aaiou iaaeinooiiu aeey iaoe?iiai
nia?aiey , ia eiathuaai a ieo aeinoaoi/iiai iaauea . Oae , ?yaeii n
ianiaa?oainoaaie aiaoiae i?aaiecaoeee e iaoiaeay iinoaiiaea naieo
caaea/ , niaoaiea iiaeaioiaeoaeueiuo ?aaio n i?yiie iaycaiiinoueth
Eiiennee neoaeeee aoi?ui i?aiyonoaeai e oniaoo aeaea . I?i/oy iaeac
Aeaoa?eiu , iia i?enooieea e /oaieth iaeacia aeaiooaoneeo e i?ineooaea
ianeieueei e?anoueyineeo iaeacia . Ia ieii/ea yoiai aeaea , iia ia?aoea
e /oaieth caeiiia i aeai?yinoaa , caoai i eoia/anoaa . Iio?aoea ia yoi
ieiei 60 canaaeaiee , Eiienney caiyeanue aii?inii i i?aaao inocaeneeo
aeai?yi e ia ieii/eea yoiai aeaea , eae ia eii/eea i?aaeieo . A eiioea
1767 a. Eiienneth ia?aaaee a Iaoa?ao?a , aaea iia oaeaea ia?aoiaeeea io
i?aaeiaoa e i?aaeiaoo e ie/aai ia aeinoeaea . A eiioea 1768 a. /eaiu
iauaai nia?aiey auee ?aniouaiu aaeaeo aieiu n Oo?oeeae . *anoiua
eiiennee ?aaioaee iaiiiaei eo/oa . Aeaoa?eia /oanoaiaaea iaoniao aeaea ,
noa?aeanue aio iiii/ue , iinueaea ianoaaeaiey Eiiennee e ia aeiaeeanue
ie/aai . Oae ?yaeii n ae?oaeie i?aiyonoaeyie iaoiaiea aeeaeaeoeo
?oeiaiaeeoaeae (ia?oae Aeaeeia) aeaea iaoaei aai oniaoo . Aeaoa?eia
ioeaiea ianoaiiaeo ?anionoeea iauaa nia?aiea e inoaaeea iaeioi?ua
/anoiua eiiennee, eioi?ua ?aaioaee aei 1774 aiaea. Iauaa nia?aiea auei
?aniouaii ia a?aiy. Iiaeaioiaeoaeueiua ?aaiou ia i?ae?aoeeenue ,ii eo
ianoaeaeaiea a iauai nia?aiee auei ion?i/aii. Yoi aue i?aaeeueiue oaa a
oiaea caeiiiaeaoaeueiuo ?aaio, ii n 1775 aiaea Aeaoa?eia noaea caauaaoue
i naiae Eiiennee e ?aoeea iiaanoe naith caeiiiaeaoaeueioth
aeayoaeueiinoue aac a? o/anoey. Eiienney ia auea nicaaia aoi?e/ii.
Aeanoyuea e oe?ieea ieaiu ia inouanoaeeenue ,caoay iiaiai
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa ia oaeaeanue.

Aneaaenoaea:

1.Ionoonaey iiaeaioiaeoaeueiuo ?aaio.

2.Iai?aeoe/iinoe e iaii?aaeaeaiiinoe aiaoiae i?aaiecaoeee aeaea.

3.I?aeoe/aneiai iaoiaiey ?oeiaiaeeoaeae.

Eiienney ia oieueei ia niaa?oeea anaai naiaai aeaea ,ia oieueei ia
ia?aaioaea eaeie -ie aoaeue /anoe eiaeaena, ii aeaaea a iieoi?a aiaea, a
200 naieo canaaeaieyo, ia i?i/ea anao aeaiooaoneeo iaeacia.

A?aiaeeiciue i?iaeo iiaiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa aue iaaeinoeaeeiie ooiieae
,i?aaeaea anaai ii eiee/anoao iaiaoiaeeiiai aeey iaai o?oaea. E?iia oiai
,iaeuecy auei i?eie?eoue eeaa?aeueiua i?eioeeiu o?aioeocneie oeeinioee n
i?ioeai?a/eauie aeaeaieyie ?onneeo nineiaee. Aeaiooaou noiyee a yoii
ioiioaiee n?aaee iiiaeo eneeth/athueo ae?oa ae?oaa i?ioeaiiieiaeiinoae ,
e iiaeii ?o/aoueny ,/oi iie ieeiaaea ia auoee au ec ieo, eae ia iiaea
aueoe ec ieo naia Aeaoa?eia.

Ianiio?y ia iieioth iaoaea/o Eiiennee, iia ana-oaee eiaea aaaeiua
iineaaenoaey aeey iineaaeothuae aeayoaeueiinoe Aeaoa?eiu. A yoii ieaia
aieueooth ?ieue nua?aei nia?aiea aeaiooaoia 1767-1768 aiaea. Aeaiooaou
i?eaacee ianno iaeacia, eo aunooieaiey auee inoaaeaiu a a?oeaao
Eiiennee, oaeei ia?acii iiaiey eae nineiaee ,oae e ioaeaeueiuo eca?aiiuo
eie eeoe i i?aaeiaoao ,eioa?aniaaaoeo Aeaoa?eio ,auee auneacaiu.
Nio?aiyy naie i?eioeeiu ,iia iaeaaeaea oaia?ue iiaieyie e aeaeaieyie
?onneiai iauanoaa e iiaea eo eco/aoue ianoiyoaeueii. Ii a? nianoaaiiiio
i?eciaieth ,Eiienney iiaeaea “naao e naaaeaiey i anae eiia?ee e n eai
aeaei eiaai e i eii iaoenue aeieaeii”. Ia ii/aa ioaea/aiiie oeeinioee e
ynii auneacaiiuo caineeo aeaeaiee ae i?aaenoiyea aiciiaeiinoue no?ieoue
caeiiiaeaoaeueiua ?aoi?iu, eioi?ua iiaee auoue ioaaoii ia caineea
aeaeaiey .N iaoaea/ae Eiiennee ia oie?aei a? aeaei .Anee iii ia
oaeaeinue aeaiooaoai ,oi iiaei auoue ii neeai eiia?ao?eoea. Nicuaay
Eiienneth ,Aeaoa?eia eiaea oieueei i?eioeeiu ;Eiienney iieacaea ,/oi
eiaiii iaaei eni?aaeoue ,e /aio ioaeii i?eeiaeeoue yoe i?eioeeiu ,i /ai
i?aaeaea anaai “iauenue aeieaeii”.Iia i?eiyeanue ii /anoyi auiieiyoue
naie ieai ,aeaea ?yae ioaeaeueiuo caeiiiiieiaeaiee ,ec eioi?uo
caia/aoaeueiu aoaa?ineea o/?aaeaeaiey 1775 aiaea e a?aiioa nineiaeyi
1785 aiaea.

Aoaa?ineea o/?aaeaeaiey Aeaoa?eiu Aoi?ie e a?aiiou 1785 aiaea.

Aoaa?ineea o/?aaeaeaiey eiia?ao?eoeu Aeaoa?eiu ninoaaeee yiioo a enoi?ee
ianoiiai oi?aaeaiey ?innee.

Iu oaea aiai?eee /oi, Aeaoa?eia ioiyea iieiiii/ey o Naiaoa, eaeeie ii
iieueciaaeny i?e Aeecaaaoa. Naiao iieo/ee yoe iieiiii/ey eae au a
ianeaaenoai io Eaaeiaoa Aiiu ,ii Aeaoa?eia ia ainnoaiiaeea Eaaeiaoa e ia
aea?aeaea i?e naaa niaaoa ec 9 /aeiaae ,eaeie aue noi?ie?iaai i?e Iao?a
O?aoueai. A ainoaea?noaaiiii oi?aaeaiee aiiaua ie/aai ia auei auoa
Naiaoa. Oieueei n 1768 aiaea ,ii neo/ath ia/aaoaeny aieiu n oo?eaie, o
ia? iiyaeeanue iuneue ono?ieoue i?e naaa niaao ia iaia? Eiioa?aioeee
Aeecaaaou. Yoio niaao nouanoaiaae ,ii ia aeeye caiaoii ia oi?aaeaiea.
Yoei e ia?aie/eaaeanue ?aoi?iaoi?neay aeayoaeueiinoue Aeaoa?eiu
ioiineoaeueii oeaio?aeueiuo o/?aaeaeaiee.

A 1775 aiaeo auee ecaeaiu «O/?aaeaeaiey aeey oi?aaeaiey aoaa?iee».
Aianoi i?aaeieo 20 aoaa?iee a 1766 ii yoei “o/?aaeaeaieyi i aoaa?ieyo “
a 1795 aiaeo auea i?aaieciaaia 51 aoaa?iey. I?aaeaea aoaa?iee aeaeeeenue
ia i?iaeioeee, a i?iaeioeee ia – oacaeu, oaia?ue aoaa?iee aeaeyony i?yii
ia oacaeu. I?aaeaea iaeanoiia aeaeaiea i?iecaiaeeeinue neo/aeii e
auoiaeeei oae ,/oi /eneaiiue ooao aaeieieno?aoeee aeey ?aciuo aoaa?iee,
ioee/athueony eiee/anoaii, i?iaeeaathueo ethaeae ,aue i?eaeeceoaeueii
iaeeiaeia. I?e iiaii aaeieieno?aoeaiii ?acaeaeaiee ,auei i?eiyoi ca
i?aaeei, /oiau a eaaeaeie aoaa?iee auei io 300 aei 400 oun. aeeoaeae
,a a oacaea – io 20 aei 30 oun. I?e aieueoae ae?iaiinoe iiauo
aaeieieno?aoeaiuo ie?oaia ioaeii auei e aieueoa aaeieieno?aoeaiuo
oeaio?ia, iiyoiio aicieeei iiiai iiauo ai?iaeia ,nicaeaiiuo niaa?oaiii
eneonnoaaiii.

Eciaiea iaeanoiua a?aieoeu, o/?aaeaeaiea i aoaa?ieyo eciaieei e
ono?ienoai iaeanoiiai oi?aaeaiey. Aei 1775 aiaea aeaaiui i?aaiii
oi?aaeaiey a aoaa?ieyo, i?iaeioeeyo e oacaeao auee aoaa?iaoi?u e
aiaaiaeu ni naieie eaioeaey?eyie. Caineee yeaiaio ,aaaaeaiiue a
iaeanoiia oi?aaeaiea Iao?ii Aaeeeei ,oaea?aeaeny oieueei a ai?iaeneii
naiioi?aaeaiee e en/ac ec aoaa?ineiai oi?aaeaiey ,ii/aio ianoiay
aaeieieno?aoeey noaea ath?ie?aoe/aneie .Noae ,ioaeaeaiiue i?e Iao?a io
aaeieieno?aoeee aiiaue neeeny n iae. Oaeei ia?acii ,ath?ie?aoeci e
niaoaiea aaaeiinoa noaee ioee/eoaeueiuie i?eciaeaie ianoiiai oi?aaeaiey
; i?e yoii ninoaa aaeieieno?aoeee aue iaei/eneai e neaa. Yoa neaainoue
ynii neacaeanue ai a?aiy Iineianeiai aoioa a 1771aiaeo, i?ienoaaeoaai
iiae aia/aoeaieai /oiu. Iineianeee aeaaiieiiaiaeothuee a?ao Naeoueia
ienae Aeaoa?eia “ss iaeei a ai?iaea e Naiaoa, iiiiuieeia iao, eiiaiaeu
aiaiiie iaaeinoaao … iiii/ue iia iaeiio.”Aua neeueiaa neacaeanue
neaainoue aaeieieno?aoeee ai a?aiy ioaa/aaneiai aoioa
(1773-1774a.a.)Yoio aoio aiciee n?aaee eaca/anoaa ia O?aea e aue
iineaaeiae iiiuoeie aai ai?ueau n ?aaeeiii ainoaea?noaa. Yoio aoio,
iiaeaea?aeaee e?anoueyia Iiaieaeuey, oea aieia n Oo?oeeae, e
aaeieieno?aoeey ia iiaea naea?aeaoue e?anoueyineea aieiaiey e
iaaciianeoue naay io ethauo neo/aeiinoae. I?e oaeeo oneiaeyo Ioaa/aa
iiae eiaiai Iao?a O?aoueaai iaeaaeae ia?iiiuie i?ino?ainoaaie io
I?aiao?aa aei Eacaie, ia/aeanue oii?iay aieia. Iinea ianeieueeeo aeoa
Ioaa/aa aue iieiai e eaciai a 1774 aiaeo, ii aieiaiey ooeoee ia nei?i.
Iiae aia/aoeaieai yoeo aieiaiee Aeaoa?eia au?aaioaea naie o/?aaeaeaiey i
aoaa?ieyo .Aeaoa?eia no?aieeanue oaaee/eoue neeu aaeieieno?aoeee,
?aca?aie/eoue aaaeiinoaa e i?eaea/ue e oi?aaeaieth caineea yeaiaiou.

A eaaeaeii aoaa?ineii ai?iaea auee onoaiiaeaiu :

1.Aoaa?ineia i?aaeaiea ai aeaaa n aoaa?iaoi?ii. Eiaei aaeieieno?aoeaiue
oa?aeoa? ,i?aaenoaaeyei i?aaeoaeuenoaaiioth aeanoue, yaeyeinue ?aaeci?ii
anaai oi?aaeaiey.

2.Iaeaou oaieiaiay e a?aaeaeaineay – aunoea i?aaiu noaea a aoaa?iee.

3.Iaeaoa eacaiiay – i?aai oeiainiaiai oi?aaeaiey.

Ana yoe o/?aaeaeaiey eiaee eieeaaeaeueiue oa?aeoa?, ii ?aaeueii any
aeanoue i?eiaaeeaaeaea aoaa?iaoi?o.

4.Aa?oiee caineie noae- noaeaaiia ianoi aeey aeai?yineeo oyaea e aeey
noaea iaae aeai?yiaie.

5.Aoaa?ineee iaaeno?ao- noaeaaiia ianoi aeey eeoe ai?iaeneiai nineiaey
ii eneai e oyaeaai ia ieo.

6.Aa?oiyy ?ani?aaa -noaeaaiia ianoi aeey iaeiiaeai?oeaa e
ainoaea?noaaiiuo e?anoueyi.

Yoe noaeu eiaee eieeaaeaeueiue oa?aeoa?, ninoiyee ec i?aaenaaeaoaeae
-ei?iiiuo noaeae e canaaeaoaeae, i?aaenoaaeoaeae oiai nineiaey ,aeaeaie
eioi?uo caieiaeinue o/?aaeaeaiea. Yoe o/?aaeaeaiey n/eoaeenue nineiaiuie
,ii aeaenoaiaaee iiae ?oeiaiaenoaii ei?iiiuo /eiiaieeia.

7.Niaanoiie noae – aeey ?aoaiey oyaea e aeey noaea iaae iaaiaiyaiuie
i?anooiieeaie e iai?aaeiaia?aiiuie i?anooieaieyie .

8.I?eeac iauanoaaiiiai i?ec?aiey – aeey ono?ienoaa oeie, aiaaaeaeai
,i?ethoia e o.i.

A iaieo yoeo ianoao i?aaenaaeaoaeuenoaiaaee ei?iiiua /eiiaieee,
canaaeaee i?aaenoaaeoaee anao nineiaee e aaaeaeenue eeoea anao nineiaee.
Oae ,ia aoaeo/e nineiaiuie ,yoe o/?aaeaeaiey ia auee ath?ie?aoe/aneeie.

A eaaeaeii oacaeiii ai?iaea iaoiaeeeenue :

1.Ieaeiee caineee noae – aaaeaaoee oacaeioth iieeoeeth e
aaeieieno?aoeeth, ninoiyaoee ec eni?aaieea(eaieoaia -eni?aaieea)e
canaaeaoaeae ;e oio, e ae?oaea ecae?aeenue ec aeai?yi oacaea. Eni?aaiee
n/eoaeny ia/aeueieeii oacaea e aue eniieieoaeueiui i?aaiii aoaa?ineiai
oi?aaeaiey.

2.Oacaeiue noae -aeey aeai?yi ,iiae/eiaiiue Aa?oiaio caineiio noaeo.

3.Ai?iaeneie iaaeno?ao- noaeaaiia ianoi aeey ai?iaeai ,iiae/eiaiiia
aoaa?ineiio iaaeno?aoo(ai?iaeneay iieeoeey auea aaa?aia ei?iiiiio
/eiiaieeo -ai?iaeie/aio ).

4.Ieaeiyy ?ani?aaa – noae aeey ainoaea?noaaiiuo e?anoueyi ,iiae/eiaiiue
aa?oiae ?ani?aaa.

Ana yoe o/?aaeaeaiey ii naiaio ninoaao auee eieeaaeaeueiuie e nineiaiuie
ianoaie (ec eeoe oiai nineiaey, aeaea eioi?iai aaaeaee);oieueei
i?aaenaaeaoaeue ieaeiae ?ani?aau aue iacia/aai io i?aaeoaeuenoaa

E?iia ia?a/eneaiiuo o/?aaeaeaiee neaaeoao caiaoeoue aua aeaa : aeey
iiia/aiey i aaeiaao e aeaoyo aeai?yi auea onoaiiaeaia Aeai?yineay Iiaea
(i?e eaaeaeii Aa?oiai caineii noaea),a aeey i?ec?aiey aaeia e ne?io
ai?iaeai ne?ioneee noae ( i?e eaaeaeii ai?iaeii iaaeno?aoa.)

E a oii e ae?oaii o/?aaeaeaiee /eaiaie auee nineiaiua i?aaenoaaeoaee .A
Aeai?yineie Iiaea i?aaenaaeaoaeuenoaiaae i?aaeaiaeeoaeue aeai?yinoaa
(iie noaee nouanoaiaaoue ni a?aiaie Aeaoa?eieineie eiiennee.),a a
ne?ioneii noaea -ai?iaeneay aieiaa.

Oaeiaa auea nenoaia ianoiuo o/?aaeaeaiee Aeaoa?eiu Aoi?ie. I?e iaeeee
iiauo o/?aaeaeaiee auaea?aeeaaaony iiaeiue a 18 aaea i?eioeei
?acaeaeaiey aaaeiinoa e aeanoae: aaeieieno?aoeey a ieo ioaeaeaia io
noaea ,noae- io oeiainiaiai oi?aaeaiey. Ianoiua iauanoaa iieo/eee ia
nineiaiii i?eioeeia oe?ieia o/anoea a aeaeao ianoiiai oi?aaeaiey.
Ianoiay aaeieieno?aoeey i?eiyea aeae caineiai naiioi?aaeaiey, iiae
eiio?ieai iaiiiaeo i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiuo eeoe e ath?ie?aoe/aneeo i?aaiia.
Aeaoa?eia aeoiaea, /oi iia aeinoeaea naieo oeaeae :

oneeeea ninoaa aaeieieno?aoeee ,i?aaeeueii ?ani?aaeaeeea aaaeiinoaa
iaaeaeo i?aaiaie oi?aaeaiey e aeaea oe?ieia o/anoea cainoao a iiauo
o/?aaeaeaieyo .I naiioi?aaeaiee aiai?eee a eiiennee 1767-1768. Ii
iaaeinoaoeii ianoiiai o/?aaeaeaiey 1775aiaea yaeeinue i?aaeiyy nenoaia a
oeaio?aeueiii oi?aaeaiee, iaycaiiinoue ?oeiaiaenoaa e iauaai
iaaethaeaiey. Iaaeaiea i?aaeiae nenoaiu a oi?aaeaiee oeaio?aeueiii
i?iecioei i?e i?aaeaiee Iaaea Ia?aiai e caeii/eeinue o/?aaeaeaieai
Ieienoa?noa i?e Aeaenaiae?a Ia?aii.

Oaeiau auee aeaaiua ia?u Aeaoa?eiu ioiineoaeueii oi?aaeaiey. Ca
eneeth/aieai aeaoo o/?aaeaeaiee (niaanoiiai noaea e i?eeaca
iauanoaaiiiai i?ec?aiey ),ana inoaeueiua auee i?aaiaie eaeiai-ieaoaeue
iaeiiai nineiaey. Naiioi?aaeaiea iieo/eei no?iai nineiaiue oa?aeoa? :iii
ia auei iiainoueth aeey ai?iaeai, caoi a?iiaaeiie iiainoueth auei aeey
aeai?yinoaa.

Nineiaey.

Noaiiaynue i?eaeeaae?iaaiiui e iainiaeaiiui nineiaeai ,aeai?yinoai ia
eiaei au? nineiaiie i?aaiecaoeee ,a n oie/oiaeaieai iaycaoaeueiie
neoaeau iiaei iioa?youe e neoaeaaioth i?aaiecaoeeth O/?aaeaeaiey 1775
aiaea, aeaaay aeai?yinoao naiioi?aaeaiea ,yoei naiui aeaaaee aio
aioo?aiithth i?aaiecaoeeth. Eaaeaeua o?e aiaea ,aeey eca?aiey
aeieaeiinoiuo eeoe aeai?yia aeieaeiu auee nuacaeaoueny anai oacaeii
,ecae?aee oacaeiiai i?aaeaiaeeoaey, eaieoaia -eni?aaieea e canaaeaoaeae
a ?acee/iua o/?aaeaeaiey. Aeai?yinoai eaaeaeiai oacaea noaiiaeeinue
oeaeui niei/aiiui iauanoaii e /a?ac naieo i?aaenoaaeoaeae oi?aaeyei
anaie aeaeaie oacaea; e iieeoeey, e aaeieieno?aoeey iaoiaeeeenue a ?oeao
aeai?yineiai o/?aaeaeaiey (ieaeiee caineee noae).Ii naiaio nineiaiiio
iieiaeaieth aeai?yia noaiiaeeenue n 1775 aiaea ia oieueei
caieaaeaaeaeueoeaie oacaea, ii e aai aaeieieno?aoi?aie.

Oae eae a?iiaaeiia /enei /eiiaieeia i?eiaaeeaaeaei e aeai?yinoao ,oi ia
oieueei oacaeiia ,ii e aoaa?ineia oi?aaeaiea aiiaua nin?aaeioi/eaaeinue
a aeai?yineeo ?oeao. Aeai?yinoai ec naieo ?yaeia iinoaaeyei aeaaiuo
aeayoaeae a oeaio?aeueiua

o/?aaeaeaiey .Oaeei ia?acii ,n 1775 aiaea any ?inney io aunoeo aei
iecoeo nooiaiae oi?aaeaiey (e?iia ?acaa ai?iaeiauo iaaeno?aoia )noaea
oi?aaeyoueny aeai?yinoaii : aaa?oo iie aeaenoaiaaee a aeaea ath?ie?aoee
: aieco- a ea/anoaa i?aaenoaaeoaeae aeai?yineeo naiioi?aaeythueony
iauanoa. Oaeia cia/aiea eiaee aeey aeai?yinoaa eiaee ?aoi?iu
1775aiaea,iie aeaee aio nineiaioth i?aaiecaoeeth e ia?aainoaothuaa
aaeieieno?aoeaiia cia/aiea a no?aia. A «O/?aaeaeaieyo aeey oi?aaeaiey
aoaa?iee»,i?aaiecaoeey aeaiiay aeai?yinoao e a? aeeyiea ia ianoiia
naiioi?aaeaiea ?anniao?eaathony eae oaeou ,nicaeaiiua a eioa?anao
ainoaea?noaaiiiai oi?aaeaiey, a ia nineiaee. A 1785 aiaeo Aeaoa?eia
ecaeaea AEaeiaaiioth a?aiioo aeai?yinoao. Caeanue oaea ia/aea nineiaiiai
naiioi?aaeaiey ?anniao?eaathony eae nineiaiua i?eaeeaaee ,ia?yaeo ni
anaie i?aaaie e eueaioaie, eaeea aeai?yia eiaee ?aiueoa .Oaeei ia?acii
AEaeiaaiiay a?aiioa 1785 aiaea yaeeanue iiaeoaa?aeaeaieai caeiia i
aeai?yinoaa e a iae auei aeiaaaeaii – i?eciaiea aeai?yinoaa oaea ia
iaeiiai oacaea ,ii e oeaeie aoaa?iee ca ioaeaeueiia iauanoai n
oa?aeoa?ii th?eaee/aneiai .A?aiioie 1785 aiaea caaa?oai aue i?ioeann
neiaeaiey e iiauoaiey aeai?yineiai nineiaey ,eaeie iu iaaethaeaee a18
aaea.

I?e Iao?a Ia?aii aeai?yiei ii?aaeaeye iaycaiiinoueth aann?i/iie neoaeau
e i?aaii ee/iiai caieaaeaaeaiey ,i?e/ai yoi i?aai i?eiaaeeaaeaei aio ia
eneeth/eoaeueii e ia aiieia.

I?e eiia?ao?eoea Aiia aeai?yiei iaeaa/ee naith ainoaea?noaaiioth
neoaeao e oaaee/ee caieaaeaaeaeue/aneea i?aaa.

I?e Aeecaaaoa ii aeinoea ia?auo nineiaiuo i?eaeeaaee a noa?a
eiouanoaaiiuo i?aa e iieiaeee ia/aei nineiaiie caieiooinoe.

I?e Iao?a O?aoueai niye n naay neoaeaaioth iiaeiiinoue e iieo/ee
iaeioi?ua eneeth/eoaeueiua ee/iua i?aaa.

I?e Aeaoa?eia Aoi?ie aeai?yiei noae /eaiii aoaa?ineie aeai?yineie
ei?ii?aoeee ,i?eaeeaae?iaaiiie e aea?aeaaoae a naieo ?oeao ianoiia
naiioi?aaeaiea .A?aiioa 1785 aiaea onoaiiaeea ,/oi aeai?yiei ia iiaeao
eia/a ,eae ii noaeo ,eeoeoueny naiaai caaiey ,ia?aaeaao aai aeaoyi e
aeaia, noaeeony oieueei ?aaiui naaa, naiaiaeai io iiaeaoae e oaeaniuo
iaeacaiee. aeaaeaao eae iaiouaieaiie nianoaaiiinoueth anai, /oi
iaoiaeeony a aai eiaiee ; naiaiaeai io ainoaea?noaaiiie neoaeau , ii ia
iiaeao i?eieiaoue o/anoey a auai?ao ia aeai?yineea aeieaeiinoe , anee ia
eiaao «ioeoea?neiai /eia». Oaeiau aeaaiaeoea i?aaa anyeiai aeai?yieia .
Iiieii yoiai aeai?yineea iauanoaa eiaee ana i?aaa th?eaee/aneeo eeoe . E
oaeei ?acoeueoaoai aeai?yinoai i?eoei e eiioeo 18 aaea ;
eneeth/eoaeueiua ee/iua i?aaa , oe?ieia i?aai nineiaiiai naiioi?aaeaiey
e neeueiia aeeyiea ia ianoiia oi?aaeaiea – aio ?acoeueoaou , e eaeei
i?eaaea aeai?yineia nineiaea iieeoeea eiia?ao?eoeu . E yoei ?acoeueoaoai
neaaeoao i?e/eneeoue e i?ia?ann e?aiinoiiai i?aaa . Iu aeaeaee , /oi
iieiaeaiea e?anoueyi iai?a?uaii oooaeoaeinue a 18 aaea . Aeaoa?eia
ia/oaea i e?anoueyineii inaiaiaeaeaiee , no?ieea aai i?iaeou , ii iia
acioea ia i?anoie e i?aaeea n iiiiuueth aeai?yinoaa e ia iiaea ia?ooeoue
nithc naie n ainiiaenoaothuei nineiaeai . I?e Aeaoa?eia e?aiinoiia i?aai
?inei e a niunea aai neeu e oe?iou aai ?ani?ino?aiaiey . Ii aianoa n oai
?inee e aeoiu i aai oie/oiaeaiee e a naiie eiia?ao?eoea , e a ethaeyo ,
oaaeoeo ca oa/aieai aaea . Caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai i e?anoueyiao a?aiaie
Aeaoa?eiu ii-i?aaeiaio iai?aaeyeinue e aeaeueiaeoaio ia?aie/aieth
e?anoueyineeo i?aa e oneeaieth aeanoe iaae ieie iiiaueea . Ii oaeie
acaeyae ia e?anoueyinoai ia iia?e e iieiiio oie/oiaeaieth a?aaeaeaineie
ee/iinoe e?anoueyi : iie i?iaeieaeaee n/eoaoueny iiaeaoiui eeannii
iauanoaa , eiaee i?aai eneaoue a noaeao e auoue naeaeaoaeyie ia noaea ,
iiaee anooiaoue a a?aaeaeaineea iaycaoaeuenoaa e aeaaea caienuaaoueny a
eoioeu n niaeaney iiiaueea . Eacia aeaaea aeiioneaea eo e ioeoiai ca
ii?o/eoaeuenoaii iiiaueea . A aeacao caeiia , oaeei ia?acii ,
e?anoueyiei iaeiia?aiaiii aue e /anoiui ?aaii e a?aaeaeaieiii . Oaeay
aeaienoaaiiinoue caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa a ioiioaiee e?anoueyi oeacuaaea ia
ionoonoaea oa??aeiai acaeyaea ia ieo o i?aaeoaeuenoaa . O i?aaeoaeuenoaa
auei oaea aeaa ecaanoiuo iai iai?aaeaiey a aii?ina i e?anoueyiao :
eiia?ao?eoea oioaea eo inaiaiaeaeaiey , ie?oaeathuea a? – aeaeueiaeoaai
?acaeoey iiiaue/ueeo i?aa . Aio ii/aio a iieiaeaiee e?anoueyineiai
aii?ina i?e Aeaoa?eia iaaethaeaaony ?yae i?ioeai?a/ee . ?anniio?ei
iaeioi?ua ec ieo . ?yaeii oeacia Aeaoa?eia noa?aeanue ia?aie/eoue
?ani?ino?aiaiea e?aiinoiiai i?aaa e i?yii cai?auaea naiaiaeiui ethaeyi e
aieueiiioiouaiiui aiiaue anooiaoue a e?aiinoioth caaeneiinoue .
O/?aaeaeay iiaua ai?iaea ec n?e , ianae?iiuo e?aiinoiuie ,
i?aaeoaeuenoai aueoiaei e?anoueyi e ia?auaei a ai?iaeai . Any ianna ,
ieiei ieeeeiia e?anoueyi, i?eiaaeeaaeaueo aeooiaainoao , auea
ieii/aoaeueii ecuyoa ec /anoiiai aeaaeaiey e i?aa?auaia a iniaue ?ac?yae
ainoaea?noaaiiuo e?anoueyi iiae eiaiai yeiiiie/aneeo (1763) .Ii ?yaeii n
yoei Aeaoa?eia uaae?i ?acaeaaaea i?eaeeae?iiui ethaeyi eiaiey , e /enei
iiauo e?aiinoiuo a yoeo eiaieyo aeinoeaaei a?iiaaeiie oeeo?u . Aeaeaa ,
ai an? naia oea?noaiaaiea Aeaoa?eia ene?aiia no?ieea i?iaeou
inaiaiaeaeaiey e?anoueyi ; oaea ai aoi?oth iieiaeio a? oea?noaiaaiey
aeaeaee i?iaeo caeiia i oii , /oiau iauyaeoue naiaiaeiuie anao e?anoueyi
?iaeae?iiuo iinea AEaeiaaiiie a?aiiou 1785 aiaea . Ii ia?yaeo n yoei
Aeaoa?eia aini?aoeea naiaiaeiue ia?aoiae iaei?onneeo e?anoueyi e oai
oi?iaeueii aiaeai?eea a Iaei?innee e?aiinoiia i?aai , oioy iaaei
neacaoue , /oi naia aeeciue aei ia? oaea iiaeaioiaeea aai . ?acoeueoaoii
oaeeo i?ioeai?a/ee auei ia i?ae?auaiea eee ia?aie/aiea e?aiinoiiai i?aaa
, a au? aieueoee aai ?anoeaao . Enneaaeiaaoaee enoi?ee e?aiinoiiai i?aaa
caia/atho , /oi aae Aeaoa?eiu aue aaeii iaeaieueoaai ?acaeoey
e?anoueyineie caaeneiinoe . E eae ?ac a yoi aea naiia a?aiy iauanoaaiiay
iuneue ia?aoeeanue e oai?aoe/aneiio ianoaeaeaieth e?aiinoiiai i?aaa . A
iauanoaa yaeeny oae iacuaaaiue e?anoueyineee aii?in e aeaa acaeyaea ia
iaai : iaeei a iieueco inaiaiaeaeaiey e?anoueyi , ae?oaie i?ioea
inaiaiaeaeaiey . Aeaoa?eia aeiionoeea ianoaeaeaiea yoiai aii?ina ia
oieueei a i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiuo e?oaao ,aaea noaeueaa e?anoueyinoaa aeaaii
ninoaaeyea aii?in ,ii e a noa?a iauanoaaiiie aeecie. A Iaoa?ao?aneii
Aieueiii Yeiiiie/aneii Iauanoaa ,ono?iaiiii a 1765 aiaeo aeey iiiu?aiey
iieaciuo ciaiee a iaeanoe naeueneiai oicyenoaa ,aue iiaeiyo aii?in i
auoa e?anoueyi. A.A. I?eia i?aaeeiaeee ioaee/ii ianoaeeoue aii?in i
e?aiinoiie caaeneiinoe e i i?aaao e?anoueyi. Auei ?anniio?aii aieueoia
eiee/anoai o?aeoaoia ec ?innee e caa?aieoeu. i?aiey auea i?enoaeaeaia
o/aiiio Aaa?aea- Aeaeaaath, eioi?ue auneacaeny a inaiaiaeeoaeueiii
aeooa.

Oaeiau auee aeaaiaeoea oaeou caeiiiaeaoaeueiie aeayoaeueiinoe
eiia?ao?eoeu Aeaoa?eiu. A i?ioeaiiieiaeiinoue Iao?o Aaeeeiio Aeaoa?eia
aunooieea ia iiea aeayoaeueiinoe n oe?ieei i?aia?aciaaoaeueiui ieaiii, a
iniiaaiea eioi?iai eaaee ioaea/aiiua i?eioeeiu. Iia ia oniaea auiieieoue
naiaai ieaia oeaeeeii e ia i?iaaea iineaaeiaaoaeueii naieo eaeae. Iunee
Iaeaca ia ia?aoee a i?aeoeeo ,caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai ia auei ia?ano?iaii ia
iiauo iniiaaieyo, ioiioaiey nineiaee inoaeenue ii nouanoao ,i?aaeieie e
?acaeaaeenue a oii iai?aaeaiee, eaeia auei aeaii a i?aaeoanoaothuaa
a?aiy. ?acaeoea e?aiinoiiai i?aaa e nineiaiinoue naiioi?aaeaiey i?yii
i?ioeai?a/eee oai ioaea/aiiui oai?eyi, eaeei iieeiiyeanue eiia?ao?eoea,
ii niioaaonoaiaaee aeeyoaeueiiio nineiaeth -aeai?yinoao. Aeaoa?eia
anaaaea onooiaea aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe ai anao a? aaaeiuo aeaeao. Yoi au?
?ac aeieacaei aanneeea ee/iinoe eciaieoue iauee oiae niauoee .Eae
enoi?e/aneee aeayoaeue, Aeaoa?eia inoaeanue aa?ia oai ia/aeai ?onneie
aeecie ,eaeea ae auee caaauaiu ,a?aiaiaie i?aaeuaeoueie, iia
i?iaeieaeaea naith aeayoaeueiinoue a oii aea iai?aaeaiee, a eioi?ii
?aaioaee a? i?aaeoanoaaiieee, oioy eiiaaea ia aeaeaea aeaenoaiaaoue eae
iie.

Ioaeaeueiua ia?ii?eyoey.

Ec ioaeaeueiuo ia?ii?eyoee i?inaauaiiiai i?aaeoaeuenoaa Aeaoa?eiu
iniaaiii caia/aoaeueiu ia?u ioiineoaeueii ia?iaeiiai ia?aciaaiey e
caaiou i ia?iaeiie aeaeaia. N Iao?a ia?aciaaiea a ?innee iineei
i?aeoe/aneee oa?aeoa? -onaiaiea ciaiee aeey iio?aaiinoae neoaeau e
aeecie. Aeaoa?eia a naiai Iaeaca ia?aay caaiai?eea i ainieoaoaeueiii
cia/aiee ia?aciaaiey e noaea caoai caaioeony ia o/?aaeaeaiee
ainieoaoaeueiuo caaaaeaiee Aeey oiai /oiau, /oiau ainieoaoue ?onneia
iauanoai ,Aeaoa?eia eo/oei n?aaenoaii n/eoaea “i?iecaanoe nia?aa
niiniaii ainieoaiey ,oae neacaoue ,iiaoth ii?iaeo eee iiauo iooeia e
iaoa?ae”,i?aanoaaiii niaa?oaiiuo .Yoa ii?iaea ethaeae aeieaeia auea
au?anoe a ainieoaoaeueiuo o/eeeuao iiae iaaeci?ii iiuoiuo iaaeaaiaia ,a
iieiii ?aciauaiee n naiueae e iauanoaii. Oaeeie ainieoaoaeueiuie
o/eeeuaie yaeeenue : ainieoaoaeueiua aeiia a Iineaa (1763 i?e aai
o/?aaeaeaiee e iiiai iiiiaae naieie aeeaaeaie Aeaieaeia ,aioe
ciaiaieoiai caaiae/eea a Ooea. Aaeeee oae oi?ioi ono?iee Ainieoaoaeueiue
aeii ,/oi ii ,ianiio?y ia aieueoea ecaea?aeee, iia nai naay niaea?aeaoue
,aeaaiue aeioiae aai ninoaaeye eiiaa?ae.) e Iaoa?ao?aa (1767),cae?uoua
einoeooou ioaeaeueii aeey aeaaeoe -aeai?yiie e aeey aeaaeoe
-ai?iaeaiie(n 1764)a. e eaaeaoneea ei?iona. E?iia caaaaeaiee
ainieoaoaeueiuo Aeaoa?eia caaioeeanue oaeaea i ?ani?ino?aiaiee ioe?uouo
o/eeeu: a eaaeaeii oacaeiii ai?iaea aeieaeiu auee yaeoueny -Aeaaiua
ia?iaeiua o/eeeua. A Aeaoaoa?eiineaaa ,Iaica, *a?ieaiaa e Ineiaa
i?aaeiieaaaeinue o/?aaeeoue oieaa?neoaou, ii ia oaaoeei n?aaenoa.
Yia?aey a yoii aeaea Aeaoa?eiu e a? iiiiuieea E.E. Aaoeeiai caneoaeeaaao
aeaaiaea?iiai aieiaiey.

Caaiou i ia?iaeiii caei?iauea e aeaeaia aucaaee i?e Aeaoa?eia iiiuoeo
i?aaeeueii i?aaieciaaoue a?a/aaioth iiiiuue ai anae no?aia.
Iaaeeoeeineay eiienney, o/?aaeaeaiiay a 1763 aiaeo e i?eeacu
iauanoaaiiiai i?ec?aiey aeieaeiu auee aethnoe iaaeeoeeineoth /anoue a
eiia?ee. Eaaeaeue ai?iae iaycai aue eiaoue a?a/ae ia oieueei ai?iaea,
ii e aeey oacaea, iaycai oaeaea aue ono?aeaaoue ainieoaee e aieueieoeu,
caaiaeeoue i?ethou aeey iaecea/eiuo aieueiuo e noianoaaeoeo. Oae eae
a?a/ae iaaeinoaaaei, oi eo auienuaaee ec- ca a?aieoeu, e i?iaiaeeee
iao/aiea ?onneeo eaea?ae e oe?o?aia. A oi aea a?aiy iniiauaaee aioaee e
oaa?eee oe?o?ae/aneeo eino?oiaioia. Caaeneiinoue io caiaaeiiaa?iiaeneeo
eaeae neacuaaeanue a ioiioaiee Aeaoa?eiu e ?onneie oi?aiaea e
i?iiuoeaiiinoe. Iia no?aieeanue iie?iaeoaeuenoaiaaoue ei: aeaea

A 1785 aiaeo AEaeiaaiioth a?aiioo ai?iaeai, iiaeoaa?aeaeay ath i?aaa
ai?iaeneiai naiioi?aaeaiey;

AEaeaea eo/oa i?aaieciaaoue e?aaeeo e o/?aaeeea Ainoaea?noaaiiue caaiiue
aaie n aieueoei eaieoaeii

Ii a? yeiiiie/aneay iieeoeea ioee/aeanue nouanoaaiii io iieeoeee
i?aaeuaeoueo oea?noaiaaiee. N Iao?a Ia?aiai a ?innee onoaiiaeeanue iaae
oi?aiaeae e i?iiuoeaiiinoueth nenoaia no?iai i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiiai
eiio?iey, e aeayoaeueiinoue oi?ai- i?iiuoeaiiiai eeanna auea noaniaia
?aaeaiaioaoeeae .Aeaoa?eia niyea yoe noaniaiey ,oie/oiaeeea naiua i?aaiu
eiio?iey -Aa?a-Iaiooaeoo?-eieeaaeth-Iia niaeaenoaiaaea ?acaeoeth
i?iiuoeaiiinoe e oi?aiaee. I?e iae aia?aua auee auiouaiu anneaiaoeee
,eee aoiaaeiua aeaiueae, /oi i/aiue iiiiaei oi?aiaea.

Aeaoa?eia Aoi?ay aeinoeaea aanueia cia/eoaeueiuo ?acoeueoaoia a aeaea
i?inaauaiey e «aanoa?iecaoeee» naieo iiaeaeaiiuo. Naia Aeaoa?eia auea
aanueia aunieiia?aciaaiiui ,ii aa?iiaeneei ia?eai ,/aeiaaeii . Aeaoa?eia
iaienaea aeaaiaaeoeaoue oiiia i?iecaaaeaiee ?aciuo aeai?ia .Iiiai
iiyaeeinue ienaoaeae i?e Aeaoa?eia Aoi?ie .Naiua ecaanoiua Aea?aeaaei,
Oiiaecei, Iiaeeia. Aea?aeaaei ienae iaeu ,aeey i?ineaaeaiey Aiaa,
Aeaoa?eiu ,a? iieeiaiaeoeaa, Iniaaiii ciaiaieoa aai iaea «Aia».Aeaoa?eia
noiaea i?eaea/ue ia ainoaea?noaaiioth neoaeao Aea?aeaaeia a ea/anoaa
ieieno?a. Oiiaecei iaienae aeaa eiiaaeee «A?eaaaee?»e «Iaaei?ineue»A ieo
ii iniaye aeai?yi, eioi?ua ia oioaee o/eoueny .Iiaeeia ecaeaaae iiiai
aeo?iaeia. Iiae ?oeiaiaenoai A.?.Aeaoeiaie auee i?iaaaeaiu ?aaiou ii
nicaeaieth «Neiaa?y Aeaaeaiee ?inneeneie» ,auoaaeoee a naao a oanoe
/anoyo a 1789-1794aiae.Yoi aue ia?aue oieeiaue e ii?iaoeaiue neiaa?ue
,caeeth/aaoee a naay 40000 neia. Aeey ?aaiou iaae yoei neiaa?ai auee
i?eaea/aiu aeaeiaeoea o/aiua e ienaoaee -Ae.E .Oiiaecei, A.
?.Aea?aeaaei, E.E.Eaiaoeia, N.ss.?oiianeee. e ae?oaea.»Neiaa?ue
Aeaaeaiee ?inneeneie «nua?ae a?iiaaeioth ?ieue a onoaiiaeaiee
eaene/aneeo ii?i ?onneiai eeoa?aoo?iiai ycuea». Ii aue auniei ioeaiai
Iooeeiui, eioi?ue a 1836 aiaeo i?eaiaeee neiaa Ea?aiceia «… iu c?aai
ia aaeaie, a aeanyoeeaoeyie.». Auee auiouaiu a Iaoa?ao?aa a 6 /anoyo
«Iieiia nia?aiea ni/eiaiee Ieoaeea Aaneeueaae/a Eiiiiiniaa».A 1783 aiaeo
,21 ieoya?y ii i?eeaco Aeaoa?eiu auea oi?aeanoaaiii ioe?uoa ?inneeneay
Aeaaeaiey ,I?aceaeaioii auea iacia/aia A.?.Aeaoeiaa N1783-ii 1796 aiae
auei eca?aii 78 aeaenoaeoaeueiuo aa /eaiia.

I?e Aeaoa?eia aicieeea aiooeoaeueiay iniiaa eieeaeoeee naaiaeiyoiaai
Y?ieoaaea, a? aaaiou -eneonnoaiaaaeu ?acuacaeaee ii iaaaeiaaoei aeai?ai
aa?iiaeneeo i?aaeoaeae e aeaaeaoaeueiuo inia, iieoiay oaaeaa?u e oeaeua
eieeaeoeee aeey Naaa?iie Naie?aieaeu, eae iacuaaee Aeaoa?eio
o?aioeocneea i?inaaoeoaee. A Iaoa?ao?aa i?e iae iieo/eea iinoiyiioth
«i?iieneo iia?iay o?oiia eoaeueyioeaa, a iia?a «Naaeeueneee
oee?theueiee»Iaeceaeei aia?aua a 1782 aiaeo eniieiyeanue a eiioea?oiii
caea Y?ieoaaea. Iinea naiae ia?aie iiacaeea ii ?innee a 1766 aiaeo
.Aeaoa?eia ,eiaaea ae aeiaaeinue oaeaeaoue e oneuoaoue iaiea
i?eaaonoaaiiuo eaioia ,ia?iaeiua iaeiaeee e ieynee, ia?aoeea aieiaiea
ia ainieoaiea ioa/anoaaiiie iocueaeueiie niaiu. E yoi au?aceeinue a
eiie?aoiie iiaeaea?aeea iocueaioia -?inneyi /a?ac aee?aeoeeth
eiia?aoi?neeo oaao?ia.( Aue ioe?uo aieueoie oaao?.)

Aiaoiyy iieeoeea Aeaoa?eiu Aoi?ie.

Ai aioo?aiiae iieeoeea Aeaoa?eia ia iiae?aaeaea ie Iao?o ,ie Aeecaaaoa
,iia au? iaiaa iiae?aaeaea iaiaoeeei i?aaeoaeuenoaai ,auaoei ia ?one –
i?e iae o aeae noiyee ?onneea ethaee e eioa?anu ?innee iiieiaeenue
/enoi ii-?onnee. Aeaoa?eia auea iaoeeiiaeueiie ainoaea?uiae ia iaiaa,
/ai Aeecaaaoa .

E ai aiaoiae iieeoeea Aeaoa?eia ia no?aieeanue iiae?aaeaoue eiio au oi
ie auei ec naieo i?aaeoanoaaiieeia e aianoa n oai oiaea iiiyoue
eneiiiua caaea/e ?onneie iieeoeee e iioiio auea i?yiie
iiae?aaeaoaeueieoeae Iao?a. Iu aeaeaee , /oi ec o??o aii?inia ?onneie
aiaoiae iieeoeee , noiyaoeo ia i/a?aaee i?e Iao?a , – oaaaeneiai ,
iieueneiai , oo?aoeeiai – I?o? ?ac?aoee oieueei ia?aue . Aai i?aaiieee
ia ?ac?aoeee ie aoi?iai , ie o?aoueaai . Eo ?ac?aoeea Aeaoa?eia II , e
oioy iaeioi?ua e aeoiatho , /oi a? ?aoaiea i?iecaaaeaii n ioeaeaie , oai
ia iaiaa o Aeaoa?eiu iaeuecy ioiyoue oie /anoe , /oi iia iiiyea e
n/anoeeai caeii/eea oi , /aai ia oniae caeii/eoue I?o?. Ei a?aiaie
Aeaoa?eiu caaea/e ?innee ninoiyee a oii , /oiau acyoue o Oo?oeee E?ui e
naaa?iua aa?aaa *??iiai ii?y , eia/a aiai?y, aeinoeaiooue ia thaa
anoanoaaiiuo aaia?aoe/aneeo a?aieoe eiia?ee . Ii ioiioaieth e Iieueoa
caaea/e ?innee ninoiyee a oii , /oiau inaiaiaeeoue i?aaineaaii – ?onneia
ianaeaiea Iieueoe io eaoiee/anei-iieueneiai aeaaeu/anoaa , o.a. acyoue o
Iieueoe Noa?i?onneea caiee e aeinoeaiooue n yoie noi?iiu yoiia?aoe/aneeo
a?aieoe ?onneie ia?iaeiinoe . Aeaoa?eia n/anoeeai eniieieea an? yoi:
?inney i?e iae caaiaaaea E?ui e aa?aaa *??iiai ii?y e i?eniaaeeieea io
Iieueoe ana ?onneea iaeanoe , e?iia Aaeeoeee . A yoii caeeth/aeenue
aaaeiaeoea ?acoeueoaou aiaoiae iieeoeee Aeaoa?eiu , oaaee/eaoae
ianaeaiea eiia?ee ia 12 iei. Aeoo ; ii yoei ia en/a?iuaaeinue a?
niaea?aeaiea .

Anooiay ia i?anoie , Aeaoa?eia canoaea eiiaoe Naieeaoiae aieiu a
Aa?iia , a a ?innee – ioeaaeaeaiea e Aano?ee e naeeaeaiea n I?onneae ,
iaeiiaoe , i?eaioiaeaiey e aieia n Aeaieae , naeaeaiiua Iao?ii III .
I?ae?aoea eo e nio?aiea iaeo?aeeoao a Naieeaoiae aieia , Aeaoa?eia
oie/oiaeeea I?onneia aeeyiea i?e ?onneii aeai?a e iinoa?aeanue
iinoaaeoue naay aia anyeeo nithcia e aeeieiiaoe/aneeo iaycaoaeuenoa .
Iia oioaea ie?a , /oiau oi?i/eoue nai? iieiaeaiea e ecaaaaea
ianoiyoaeuenoa ,/oiau ?acaycaoue naaa ?oee a Iieueoa , aaea iaeeaeaee
nia?oe Aaaonoa III e aaea neaaeiaaei iinaaeeoue oaeiaiiai aeey ?innee
ei?iey . Iaaeaeo oai aa?iiaeneea aeai?u eneaee nithca n ?inneae , /oiau
n a? iiiiuueth iieo/eoue auaiaeiua oneiaey aeey ie?a i?e ieii/aiee
Naieeaoiae aieiu. Aeaoa?eia ioaeii auei aieueoia eneonnoai e iaiaei
o?oaea ,/oiau io anao ioaeaeaoueny e ieeiai ia iaeaeaoue. ”Ni anaie
ainoaea?yie Aa?iiu y aaaeo naay, eae eneoniay eieaoea “,- aiai?eea i
naaa Aeaoa?eia. ii iieiaeaiea aeae canoaaeei Aeaoa?eio naycaoue naay
nithcii n I?onneae aiaaaoue n Iieueoae e i?eiyoue aieio n Oo?oeeae ,
iauyaeaiioth aneaaenoaea eio?ea O?aioeee. Yoi auee aeaaiaeoea aiaoiea
niauoey ia?aie iieiaeiu oea?noaiaaiey Aeaoa?eiu. Ana iie iaoiaeeeenue a
caaeneiinoe iaeii io ae?oaiai e io aiaoiaai iieiaeaiey aeae a Aa?iia. N
ia?auo eao a? iieeoeee o ia? yaeeanue ecaanoiay iieeoe/aneay nenoaia, e,
iocuaaynue ia oo eee ae?oaoth iieeoe/aneea neo/aeiinoe ,iia
?oeiaiaenoaiaaeanue naiae nenoaiie .Yoa nenoaia ?iaeeeanue a aieiaa
?onneiai aeeieiiaoa -iaioea Ei?oa, auea ?ac?aaioaia Iaieiui e i?eiyoa
Aeaoa?eiie .Nenoaia auea ecaanoia iiae naiaia?aciui iacaaieai “Naaa?iiai
aeei?aea” e ii niaea?aeaieth auea aieueoie ooiieae. Ei?o e Iaiei aeaeaee
“ia naaa?a ninoaaeoue ciaoiue e neeueiue nithc aea?aeaa” ec ?innee
,I?onnee, Iieueoe e Aiaeee ,ae?oaeo naaa?iuo ainoaea?noa e n oeaeueth
ie?a i?ioeaiiinoaaeoue aai o?aioeocnei -aano?eeneiio nithco. Iaaiciiaeii
auei aeaeaoue ,/oiau ana naaa?iua ainoaea?noaa ,eiaaoea iaaeaeo niaie
iiiai n/aoia e iaoaeiaieuenoaee ,iiaee naeeceoueny a i?i/iue e aeieaee
nithc .Iaeiaei eaeay “Naaa?iiai aeei?aea”auea i?e/eiie ?ac?uaa
o?aaeeoeeiiiiai nithca ?innee n Aano?eae ,aea?aeaaoaainy ni a?aiaie
Iao?a Aaeeeiai .A 1764 aiaeo ?inney anooieea a nithc n a?aaii Aano?ee
,O?eae?eoii I?onneei ,aeey niaianoiuo aeaenoaee a Iieueoa. Ioiineoaeueii
ia?aiai ?acaeaea Iieueoe ,/oi a ?aeeaeiciuo e iieeoe/aneeo niooao ,eaeea
ia/aeenue a Iieueoa ni nia?oueth Aaaonoa O?aoueaai e anooieaieai ia
i?anoie Aaaonoa /aoaa?oiai (Iiiyoianeiai),?inney auea caeioa?aniaaia
aieaa ae?oaeo ninaaeae Iieueoe, iioiio /oi ae i?eoiaeeeinue
iaeiia?aiaiii caueuaoue aeaiyeiai ?iaea eioa?anu -iieeoe/aneea e
?aeeaeicii-iaoeeiiaeueiua. Eae aa?iiaeneay aea?aeaaa ,ninaaeiyy n
Iieueoae ,?inney ia aeaeaea ieeaeeo ia?aiai a Iieueoa e aeiaiai?ii 1768
aiaea aa?aioe?iaaea iieueneiio ei?ieth iaeciaiyaiinoue iieeoe/aneiai
no?iy Iieueoe. Ii ainoaea?noai i?aaineaaiia ,?inney aiaeii ?aiueoa
aeiaeeanue aaaeiie ?aoi?iu a iieueneii ainoaea?noaaiiii no?ia anao
iieeoe/aneeo i?aa aeey eeoe, ia eniiaaaeothueo eaoieeoeeci.
Aeaienoaaiiinoue eioa?ania nicaeaaaea aeaienoaaiiinoue iieeoeee ,
caueuay i?aaineaaea a Iieueoa, ?inney a oi aea a?aiy aa?aioe?iaaea
iai?eeiniiaaiiinoue i?aa iieueneeo iaiia ia e?aiinoiuo
i?aaineaaiuo e?anoueyi. Iaeiia?aiaiii ianoie/eaia aiaoaoaeuenoai ?innee
a iieueneoth aeeciue nicaeaaaei ae?oaia iaoaeianoai – aiyciue
/?acia?iiai oneeaiey ?innee. O?aioeey ,aeaenoaiaaaoay i?ioea ?innee
i?yii a naiie Iieueoa, aeaenoaiaaee e iin?aaenoaii Oo?oeee – iia
iiaeaeea Oo?oeeth ia aieio ,e n 1769 a. neeu ?innee iiaeaeeeenue
iaaeaeo aeaoiy a?aaaie. Iaa aieiu caoyioeenue ,ii ieii/eeenue oniaoii
aeey ?innee, ianiio?y ia oi, /oi iieueneei eiioaaea?aoai iiiiaaee
O?aioeey e Naeniiey, a Oo?oeee oioaea iiii/ue Aano?ey. Neeu
eiioaaea?aoeee auee oie/oiaeaiu, aeaeaeaiea caoeoei ,O?eae?eo I?onneee
ionoee a oiae ecethaeaiioth naith iuneue i ?acaeaea Iieueoe iaaeaeo a?
ninaaeyie -?inneae, I?onneae e Aano?eae. N ieaiaie ?acaeaea aue ciaeii
au? Iao? Ia?aue e ia ni/oanoaiaae. Ii Aeaoa?eia niaeaneeanue ia ?acaeae
iioiio, /oi auea iiae neeueiui aeaaeaieai I?onnee e Aano?ee ,ia iiaea ei
aeaoue ioii?a, iaoiaeynue a aieia n Oo?oeeae. A 1772-1773 aiae ?innee
ioioea Aaei?onney, Aeaoa?eia ia auea aeiaieueia enoiaeii aeaea , ec-ca
naieo onooiie nithcieoea I?onnee e a?aaeaeaaiie Aano?ee. Iaiei oaeaea
aue ia aeiaieai ,oae eae aai nenoaia ia?ooaeanue ?acaeaeii Iieueoe e
o/anoeai a iai Aano?ee.

Ianiio?y ia ?yae iieeoe/aneeo cao?oaeiaiee ,aieia n Oo?oeeae ni noi?iiu
?innee aaeanue aeoeaii. ?onneee oeio iaioae anth Aa?iio ,yaeeny a
A?oeiaeaaa, aiciooee Ii?ath i?ioea oo?ie e iaea?aeae iaae ieie iiaaaeu.
Oae eae oo?ee oe?aieee Aea?aeaiaeeu ,?inneeneee oeio ia niia i?ieoe a
*a?iia ii?a.

Ia iaiaa aeanoyua auee iiaaaeu ?oiyioeaaa ,ia?aoaaeoaai aeaaea Aeoiae ,e
eiycy Aeieai?oeiai ,caiyaoaai aanue E?ui. Ie? 1774 aiaea aeae ?innee
aa?aaa *a?iiai e Acianeiai ii?ae e naeaeae e?uineiai oaia iacaaeneiui io
Oo?oeee. ?acoeueoaoii Yoeo oneiaee yaeeinue i?eniaaeeiaiea a 1783 aiaeo
E?uia. Oaeei ia?acii ,oeaeue auea aeinoeaiooa – ia thaa i?eia?aoaiu
anoanoaaiiua a?aieoeu.1774 aiaeii ieii/eeny ia?aue ,o?oaeiue e
o?aaiaeiue ia?eiae aeaoa?eieineeo aiei. Aiaiiia iiaouanoai ?innee auei
aeieacaii e aeaaaei ?onneie aeeieiiaoee aanueia oaa?aiiue oii, aunieia
/oanoai nianoaaiiiai aeinoieinoaa e niciaiea neeu i?aaenoaaeyaiiai ath
ainoaea?noaa. O Aeaoa?eiu e a? iiiiuieeia (iniaaiii o A.A. Iio?ieeia )
?inee a?aiaeeiciua ieaiu caaiaaaiee , c?ae oae iacuaaaiue «a?a/aneee
i?iaeo» . Ii ninoiye a oii , /oiau caaiaaaoue Oo?oeeth , eioi?ay
eacaeanue oaea i/aiue neaaui ainoaea?noaii, e ia a? ianoa ainnoaiiaeoue
A?a/aneoth eiia?eth n ?onneei i?aaeoaeuenoaii . Enoi?ey yoiai i?iaeoa ,
auoue iiaeao , iaoiaeeony a nayce n ae?aaia?onneeie ia/oaie i acyoee
Oea?uea?aaea e n ieaiii oo?aoeeie aieiu Iao?a a 1711 a. Acyoue aea
ioaeaeueii , a?a/aneee i?iaeo i?aaenoaaeyaony aeanoyuae ia/oie , ii
iaauiieieiui aeaeii ; iaeiaei e oiio aeaeo oee i?eaioiaeaiey : aue caiyo
E?ui , eieiieciaaeny e ono?aeaaeny *a?iiii?neee e?ae (Iiaay ?inney ) ,
caaiaeeeny /a?iiii?neee oeio . Aeey aeaenoaee i?ioea Oo?oeee Aeaoa?eia
anooieea aeaaea a nithc n Aano?eae e inoaaeea nithc n I?onneae. Yoa
ia?aiaia nithca a 1787 a. e aieinoaaiiua caiuneu ?innee iineoaeeee
i?e/eiie iiauo aiei , oiaaoeo ia ?inneth ai aoi?oth iieiaeio
oea?noaiaaiey Aeaoa?eiu . I?onney e Aiaeey ,a? nithcieoea , iiaeiyee
Oo?oeeth ia iiaoth aieio n ?inneae (1787-1791) e aucaaee ia oiaea naiia
Oaaoeeth (1788-1790) . Oaaaeneay aieia caeii/eeanue aeey ?innee ie/ai ,
io Oo?oeee ?inney iieo/eea I/aeia . Au? ia eii/eeenue yoe aieiu , eae
Aeaoa?eia aeieaeia auea aiaoaoueny a iieueneea aeaea . 3 iay 1791 aiaea
a Iieueoa auei i?iaicaeaoaii iiaia ainoaea?noaaiiia ono?ienoai i?e
oaeiii ni/oanoaee e o/anoee I?onnee a yoii ia?aai?ioa. Ii ?inney ,
aa?aioe?iaaaoay iai?eeiniiaaiiinoue noa?iai iieueneiai ?aaeeia ,
iaiaaeeaiii iineaea a Iieueoo aienea. A 1793 aiaeo e ?onneei aieneai
i?eniaaeeieeenue i?onneea e aue i?iecaaae?i aoi?ie ?acaeae Iieueoe ,
aeaaoee ?innee 4500 eaaae?aoiuo ieeue . Eiaaea aea a Iieueoa yaeeanue
iiiuoea ainnoaiiaeoue i?aaeiea a?aieoeu , oi a 1795 aiaeo iineaaeiaaei
ieii/aoaeueiia oie/oiaeaiea Iieueneiai ainoaea?noaa. Ii o?aoueaio
?acaeaeo ?inney iieo/eea Eeoao e Eo?eyiaeeth . Yoei caeii/eeanue aoi?ay
na?ey Aeaoa?eieineeo aiei , aeinoaaeaoay ?innee iiaua caaiaaaiey .
?onneea caiee , a oa/aiee iiiaeo aaeia auaoea iiae aeanoueth Eeoau e
Iieueoe , aica?aoeeenue e ?innee ; acyoi auei iiiai eeoiaai. Ii
*a?aiiiay ?onue , eee Aaeeoeey , ioaeaia auea Aano?ee .

Oaeiai a e?aoeeo /a?oao niaea?aeaiea aiaoiae iieeoeee Aeaoa?eiu e
?acoeueoaou , ath aeinoeaiooua . I?e iinoiyiiii aicaeaenoaee caiaaeiuo
aea?aeaa , i?e i/aiue neiaeiuo iieeoe/aneeo cao?oaeiaieyo aeeieiiaoey
Aeaoa?eiu ia anaaaea iiaea aeinoeaiooue oiai , e /aio no?aieeanue , ia
anaaaea ynii iniciaaaea , e /aio ae neaaeoao no?aieoueny ,- neiaii ,
oa?iaea iaoaea/e e aeaeaea ioeaee , ii caaa?oeea oniaoiui eiioeii
aaeiaua no?aieaiey iaoaai ieaiaie , e ieai/eaay ?aoaiea noa?uo caaea/ ,
niaoeea noaaeoue iiaua , a?iaea a?a/aneiai i?iaeoa , ia anaaaea
auoaeaaoea ec ?aaeueiuo iio?aaiinoae a?aiaie ia?iaea , ii eiiaaea
aeeceea ia?iaeiiio aeaeo.

Enoi?e/aneia cia/aiea aeayoaeueiinoe Aeaoa?eiu II .

Enoi?e/aneia cia/aiea aeayoaeueiinoe Aeaoa?eiu II ii?aaeaeyaony
aeiaieueii eaaei ia iniiaaiee oiai , /oi auei neacaii auoa ia
ioaeaeueiuo noi?iiao aeaoa?eieineie iieeoeee. Iu aeaeaee , /oi Aeaoa?eia
ii anooieaiee ia i?anoie ia/oaea i oe?ieeo aioo?aiieo i?aia?aciaaieyo ,
a a iieeoeea aiaoiae ioeacaeanue neaaeiaaoue ca naieie
i?aaeoanoaaiieeaie , Aeecaaaoie e Iao?ii III . Iia niciaoaeueii
ionooiaea io o?aaeeoeee , neiaeeaoeony i?e Iaoa?ao?aneii aeai?a , a
iaaeaeo oai ?acoeueoaou a? aeayoaeueiinoe ii naiaio nouanoao auee oaeiau
, /oi caaa?oeee niaie eiaiii o?aaeeoeeiiiua no?aieaiey ?onneiai ia?iaea
e i?aaeoaeuenoaa . A aeaeao aioo?aiieo caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai Aeaoa?eiu II
caaa?oeei niaie oio enoi?e/aneee i?ioeann , eioi?ue ia/aeny i?e
a?aiaiueeao . ?aaiiaanea a iieiaeaiee aeaaiuo nineiaee , ai anae neea
nouanoaiaaaoaa i?e Iao?a Aaeeeii , ia/aei ?ac?ooaoueny eiaiii a yiioo
a?aiaiueeia (1725-1741) , eiaaea aeai?yinoai , iaeaa/ay naie
ainoaea?noaaiiua iiaeiiinoe , noaei aeinoeaaoue iaeioi?uo eiouanoaaiiuo
i?eaeeaaee e aieueoae aeanoe iaae e?anoueyiaie – ii caeiio. Ia?auaiea
aeai?yineeo i?aa iaaethaeaee iu ai a?aiy e Aeecaaaou , e Iao?a III . I?e
Aeaoa?eia aea aeai?yinoai noaiiaeoueny ia oieueei i?eaeeaae?iaaiiui
nineiaeai , eiathuei i?aaeeueioth aioo?aiithth i?aaiecaoeeth , ii e
nineiaeai , ainiiaenoaothuei a oacaea ( a ea/anoaa caieaaeaaeaeue/aneiai
nineiaey) e a iauai oi?aaeaiee ( eae ath?ie?aoey ) . Ia?aeeaeueii ?inoo
aeai?yineeo i?aa e a caaeneiinoe io iaai iaaeatho a?aaeaeaineea i?aaa
aeaaeaeue/aneeo e?anoueyi . ?anoeaao aeai?yineeo i?eaeeaaee a OVIII aaea
iaiaoiaeeii niaaeeiyeny n ?anoeaaoii e?aiinoiiai i?aaa. Iiyoiio a?aiy
Aeaoa?eiu II auei oai enoi?e/aneei iiiaioii , eiaaea e?aiinoiia i?aai
aeinoeaei iieiiai e iaeaieueoaai naiaai ?acaeoey . Oaeei ia?acii
aeayoaeueiinoue Aeaoa?eiu II a ioiioaiee nineiaee (Ia caaoaeai , /oi
aaeieieno?aoeaiua ia?u Aeaoa?eiu II iineee oa?aeoa? nineiaiuo ia? ) auea
i?yiui i?iaeieaeaieai e caaa?oaieai oao oeeiiaiee io noa?i?onneiai no?iy
, eaeea ?acaeaaeenue a XVIII aaea . Aeaoa?eia a naiae aioo?aiiae
iieeoeea aeaenoaiaaea ii o?aaeeoeeyi , caaauaiiui ae io ?yaea aeeaeaeoeo
a? i?aaeoanoaaiieeia , e aeiaaea aei eiioea oi , /oi iie ia/aee .

Iai?ioea , a iieeoeea aiaoiae Aeaoa?eia , eae iu aeaeaee , auea
i?yiie iineaaeiaaoaeueieoeae Iao?a Aaeeeiai , a ia iaeeeo iieeoeeia
XVIII aaea . Iia noiaea , eae I?o? Aaeeeee, iiiyoue ei?aiiua caaea/e
aiaoiae ?onneie iieeoeee e oiaea caaa?oeoue oi , e /aio no?aieeenue
aaeaie ?onneea ainoaea?e . E caeanue , eae a iieeoeea aioo?aiiae , iia
aeiaaea aei eiioea nai? aeaei , e iinea ia? ?onneay aeeieiiaoey aeieaeia
auea noaaeoue naaa iiaua caaea/e , iioiio /oi noa?ua auee en/a?iaiu e
oi?acaeiaiu . Anee au a eiioea oea?noaiaaiey Aeaoa?eiu iiyaeeny a ?innee
iineianeee aeeieiiao XVI eee XVII aa. , oi ii au ii/oanoaiaae naay
aiieia oaeiaeaoai??iiui , oae eae oaeaeae au ?ao?iiuie
oaeiaeaoai?eoaeueii ana aii?inu aiaoiae iieeoeee , eioi?ua oae aieiiaaee
aai nia?aiaiieeia. Eoae , Aeaoa?eia – o?aaeeoeeiiiue aeayoaeue ,ianiio?y
ia io?eoeaoaeueiia ioiioaiea e ?onneiio i?ioeiio , ianiio?y , iaeiiaoe
ia oi , /oi iia aianea iiaua i?e?iu a oi?aaeaiea , iiaua eaeae a
iauanoaaiiue iai?io. Aeaienoaaiiinoue oao o?aaeeoeee , eioi?ui iia
neaaeiaaea , ii?aaeaeyao e aeaiyeia ioiioaiea e iae iioiieia . Anee
iaeie ia aac iniiaaiey oeacuaatho ia oi , /oi aioo?aiiyy aeayoaeueiinoue
Aeaoa?eiu ocaeiieea iaii?iaeueiua iineaaenoaey o?iiuo yiio XVIII a. , oi
ae?oaea i?aeeiiythony ia?aae aaee/eai ?acoeueoaoia a? aiaoiae iieeoeee .
Eae au oi ie auei , enoi?e/aneia cia/aiea aeaoa?eieineie yiioe
/?acau/aeii aaeeei eiaiii iioiio , /oi a yoo yiioo auee iiaeaaaeaiu
eoiae i?aaeuaeouae enoi?ee , caaa?oeeenue enoi?e/aneea i?ioeannu ,
?aiueoa ?acaeaaaoeany. Yoa niiniaiinoue Aeaoa?eiu aeiaiaeeoue aei eiioea
, aei iieiiai ?ac?aoaiey oa aii?inu , eaeea ae noaaeea enoi?ey ,
canoaaeyao anao i?eciaoue a iae ia?ainoaiaiiiai enoi?e/aneiai aeayoaey ,
iacaaeneii io a? ee/iuo ioeaie e neaainoae.

NOAOENOEEA :

1. Ono?iaii aoaa?iee ii iiaiio ia?acoeo : 29

Iino?iaii ai?iaeia : 144

Eiiaaioeee e o?aeoaoia caeeth/aii : 30

Iiaaae iaea?aeaii :78

Caia/aoaeueiuo oeacia ecaeaii : 88

Oeacia aeey iaeaa/aiey ia?iaea : 123 ; eoiai , 492 aeaea.

Ioai?aaiu o Iieueoe e Oo?oeee caiee n ianaeaieai aei 7 iei. /aeiaae .

Ianaeaiea eiia?ee oaaee/aii n 19 iei. /aeiaae ( 1762 a.) aei 36 iei. (
1796 a.) .

A?iey n 162 oun. /aeiaae oneeaia aei 312 oun. .

Oeio n 21 eeiaeiuo ei?aaeae e 6 o?aaaoia oneeai aei 67 eeiaeiuo e 40
o?aaaoia.

Noiia ainoaea?noaaiiuo aeioiaeia n 16 iei. ?oaeae iiaeiyeanue aei 69
iei. ?oaeae.

*enei oaa?ee oaaee/eeinue n 500 aei 2 oun. .

Oaaee/ai aaic – auaic aiaoiae aaeoeeneie oi?aiaee n 9 iei. aei 44 iei.
?oaeae.

Oaaee/ai aaic – auaic aiaoiae /a?iiii?neie (nicaeaiiie Aeaoa?eiie)
oi?aiaee n 390 oun. aei 1 900 oun. ?oaeae.

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