?AOA?AO
ii eo?no «Enoi?ey ?innee»
ii oaia: «Aeie aieineie neaau ?innee: ii?neea n?aaeaiey»
Aaaaeaiea
Iiaaaeu ?onneiai i?oaeey iaae a?aaaie Ioa/anoaa ecae?aaea oe?iei
ioia/aeenue a ?innee. Yoi auee iniaua aeie, eiaaea iauanoai, /anoaoy
a?ieth e oeio, aicaeaaaei aeaiue aieineiio iiaeaeao, neaaa e aeiaeanoe
naieo caueoieeia. Aic?iaeaeay yoo o?aaeeoeeth, 10 oaa?aey 1995 a. aue
i?eiyo Oaaea?aeueiue caeii «I aeiyo aieineie neaau (iiaaaeiuo aeiyo)
?innee», a 15 aeaeaa?y 2004 a. a iaai auee aianaiu eciaiaiey.
1. 1 aeaeaa?y -Aeaiue iiaaaeu
E?uineay aieia (1853-1856 aa.) iaaeaeo ?inneae e eiaeeoeeae no?ai, a
eioi?oth aoiaeeee Aaeeeia?eoaiey, O?aioeey e Oo?oeey, auea ii?iaeaeaia
noieeiiaaieai eioa?ania a aannaeia *a?iiai ii?y, ia Eaaeaca e ia
Aaeeaiao. Yoi auei a?aiy oi?ie?iaaiey iiauo eiia?ee – A?eoaineie,
O?aioeocneie e ?inneeneie. Aaeeeia?eoaiey e O?aioeey ?aoeee ?anoe?eoue
naie eieiieaeueiua aeaaeaiey, caaiaaaoue iiaua ?uiee. Iaeiaei
caoaaoie/aneea ieaiu caiaaeiuo aea?aeaa ano?aoeee nii?ioeaeaiea ?innee,
eioi?ay no?aieeanue ionoiyoue naie o?aaeeoeeiiiua noa?u aeeyiey,
yeiiiie/aneea e iieeoe/aneea eioa?anu a *a?iiii?neii aannaeia, a oaeaea
oe?aieoue iiceoeee a Caeaaeacuea e ia Aaeeaiao.
Ia?aae eeoeii noieue na?ueaciie aiaiiie oa?icu ?inney ?aci?aaea
aeeieiiaoe/aneea ioiioaiey n Oo?oeeae e 21 ethiy 1853 a. aaaea aienea a
Aeoiaeneea eiyaeanoaa – Iieaeaaeth e Aaeaoeth.
Oo?aoeeee noeoai Aaaeoe-Iaaeeae, eioi?iai iiaeaea?aeaee nithcieee ii
eiaeeoeee – Aaeeeia?eoaiey e O?aioeey, 27 naioya?y iio?aaiaae aa?iooue
eiyaeanoaa, a /a?ac iaaeaeth iauyaee aieio ?innee.
Iaoae no?aia, a?iey eioi?ie ian/eouaaea ieiei 700 ouny/ /aeiaae,
i?eoeinue aanoe aieio n eiaeeoeeae neeueiuo ainoaea?noa, /uee
aii?oaeaiiua neeu ian/eouaaee ieiei 1 iei. /aeiaae. I?e yoii ?inney
cia/eoaeueii onooiaea caiaaeiiaa?iiaeneei no?aiai ia oieueei ii
/eneaiiinoe a?iee, ii aua e ii oaoie/aneiio iniauaieth naieo
aii?oaeaiiuo nee. Aa a?iey auea aii?oaeaia aeaaiui ia?acii e?aiiaauie
aeaaeeinoaieueiuie ?oaeueyie n iaaieueoie aeaeueiinoueth no?aeueau,
?inneeneee oeio ninoiye a iniiaiii ec onoa?aaoeo e oiio a?aiaie ia?oniuo
ei?aaeae. A a aii?oaeaiiuo neeao no?ai eiaeeoeee, i?ioeainoiyaoae
?innee, auee i?aeiouanoaaiii ia?aciua ?oaeuey e ia?iaie oeio.
Nooiiooiua aienea ?acaa?ioee aiaaua aeaenoaey ia Aaeeaiao, Eaaeaca e a
E?uio, a oeio – a iniiaiii ia *a?iii ii?a e ia?aie/aiii ia Oeoii ieaaia.
O iaaeo noi?ii ia auei eiie?aoiuo ieaiia aaaeaiey yoie aieiu. ?onneia
i?aaeoaeuenoai iaaeayeinue, /oi aei aieueoie aieiu aeaei ia aeieaeao e
iiaeii ia?aie/eoueny aeaiiino?aoeeae aiaiiie neeu.
Oo?aoeeea aiaia/aeueieee, ianiio?y ia cia/eoaeueiia i?aainoiaenoai a
neeao iaae ?onneeie aieneaie, i?aaeii/eoaee aeaeaoue anooieaiey a aieio
naieo nithcieeia, ia i?iyaeyy aeoeaiinoe.
A aio ?onneee *a?iiii?neee oeio n ia/aeii E?uineie aieiu oniaoii
aeaenoaiaae ia ii?neeo eiiioieeaoeeyo i?ioeaieea, aeiee?iaae oo?aoeeee
oeio a ii?oao.
Ia naaa?iii iiaa?aaeuea Oo?oeee a Neiiineie aoooa noiyea ia ?aeaea
i?eauaoay ooaea a ia/aea iiya?y 1853 a. ec Noaiaoea oo?aoeeay yneaae?a
iiae eiiaiaeiaaieai iaeiiai ec eo/oeo oeioiaiaeoeaa Iniaineie eiia?ee
Iniai-iaoe. Aa ia?aaace?iaaiea ec eiia?neie noieeoeu auei aucaaii oai,
/oi oo?aoeeia eiiaiaeiaaiea iaia?aaaeinue aunaaeeoue e?oiiua aeanaiou ia
*a?iiii?neii iiaa?aaeuea Eaaeaca – a ?aeiiao Noooi-Eaea (Noooie) e Iioe,
/oiau ioooaea ?acaa?iooue aiaaua aeaenoaey i?ioea ?inneeneeo aiene. Aeey
yoiai a Neiii oo?ee noyaeaaee aienea, i?aaeiacia/aiiua aeey aeanaioa n
ei?aaeae, iiaeaiceee ?acee/iua aieineea i?eianu.
?onneia eiiaiaeiaaiea ?acaaaeaei yoe ieaiu iai?eyoaey. *oiau oi?aaeeoue
aai, ni?aaoue aunaaeeo aeanaioa aiene, ec Naaanoiiiey auoea yneaae?a
*a?iiii?neiai oeioa iiae eiiaiaeiaaieai iaeiiai ec naiuo auaeathueony a
enoi?ee ?innee oeioiaiaeoeaa aeoea-aaeie?aea I.N. Iaoeiiaa.
A ia/aea iiya?y 1853 a. aaeie?ae Iaoeiia ec ii?ina eiiaiae oi?aiauo
noaeia ociae, /oi oo?aoeeay yneaae?a a ninoaaa naie o?aaaoia, o?ao
ei?aaoia, aeaoo ia?ioiaeio?aaaoia, aeaoo a?eaia e aeaoo aiaiiuo
o?ainii?oia (anaai 472 i?oaeey) oe?ueanue io ooi?ia a Neiiineie aoooa
iiae caueoo neeueiuo aa?aaiauo aaoa?ae.
8 iiya?y ?onneea ei?aaee iiaeioee e Neiiineie aoooa e iaia?oaeeee
oo?aoeeee oeio. Ianiio?y ia iaei/eneaiiinoue yneaae?u, Iaoeiia ?aoee
aeiee?iaaoue iai?eyoaey a aoooa, a n i?eauoeai iiaee?aieaiey ec
Naaanoiiiey oie/oiaeeoue aai.
?onneay yneaae?a eiaea iaeioi?ia eiee/anoaaiiia i?aainoiaenoai a
a?oeeea?ee. Ii i?ioeaiiieiaeiay noi?iia ?aniieaaaea aa?aaiauie
aaoa?ayie, onoaiiaeaiiuie ia aicauoaiiuo aa?aaao e aea?aeaaoeie iiae
iano?aeii iiaeoiaeu e Neiiineie aoooa. Yoi cia/eoaeueii oneeeaaei
iiceoeeth oo?ie.
I?aaeeueii ioeaiea neiaeeaoothny ianoaiiaeo, Iaoeiia ia noae aeaeaoue
auoiaea iai?eyoaeueneiai oeioa ec Neiiia, a ?aoee aoaeiaaoue e
oie/oiaeeoue aai a aoooa. Oaeoe/aneee caiunae Iaoeiiaa naiaeeeny e oiio,
/oiau eae iiaeii auno?aa aaanoe naie ei?aaee ia Neiiineee ?aeae e n
ei?ioeie aeenoaioeee aoaeiaaoue i?ioeaieea iaeiia?aiaiii anaie eeiaeiuie
ei?aaeyie. Iaoeiia i?eiye ?aoaiea i?iecaanoe naeeaeaiea n i?ioeaieeii
aeaoiy eieiiiaie ii o?e eeiaeiuo ei?aaey a eaaeaeie. Iino?iaiea ei?aaeae
a aeaa eieiiiu e auno?ia ?acaa?ouaaiea nee nie?auaee a?aiy eo i?aauaaiey
iiae iaiai i?ioeaieea a iiiaio naeeaeaiey e iicaieyee a e?ao/aeoee n?ie
aaanoe ana eeiaeiua ei?aaee. No?aiynue e auno?iio e ?aoeoaeueiiio
?aca?iio oo?aoeeie yneaae?u, aaeie?ae Iaoeiia onoaiiaee aeenoaioeeth aiy
210-270 iao?ia, i?e/ai aeey eaaeaeiai ei?aaey ca?aiaa auea iacia/aia
iaiaaay iiceoeey. Onoaiiaeaiiay Iaoeiiaui aeenoaioeey ei?aaeae ia
Neiiineii ?aeaea e aeenoaioeey aiy iaania/eaaee yooaeoeaiia
eniieueciaaiea a?oeeea?ee anao eaeea?ia e aaaeaiea nin?aaeioi/aiiiai
iaiy ianeieueeeo ei?aaeae ii iaeiie oeaee.
A aiaaii i?eeaca Iaoeiia ia?auae iniaia aieiaiea ia eniieueciaaiea
a?oeeea?ee, eioi?ay aeieaeia auea a e?ao/aeoee n?ie oie/oiaeeoue
iai?eyoaeueneee oeio.
18 iiya?y a 9 /ania 30 ieioo ?onneay yneaae?a niyeanue n yei?y e a aeaoo
eeeueaaoa?iuo eieiiiao, ii o?e eeiaeiuo ei?aaey a eaaeaeie, iai?aaeeanue
ia Neiiineee ?aeae. A 12 /ania 28 ieioo oeaaiaineee ei?aaeue i?ioeaieea
«Aaie-Aeeao» ia?aui ioe?ue iaiiue, aneaae ca iei ioe?uee iaiiue ii
iiaeoiaeyuei ?onneei ei?aaeyi inoaeueiua oo?aoeeea ei?aaee e aa?aaiaua
aaoa?ae. Oo?ee aaee iaiiue aeaaiui ia?acii ii ?aiaiooo e ia?onai,
no?aiynue cao?oaeieoue aeaeaeaiea ?onneeo ei?aaeae ia ?aeae e canoaaeoue
Iaoeiiaa ioeacaoueny io aoaee.
Ianiio?y ia iaeanoi/aiiue iaiiue, ?onneea ei?aaee aac aaeeiiai auno?aea
i?iaeieaeaee naeeaeaoueny n i?ioeaieeii e oieueei n i?eoiaeii ia
iacia/aiiua ianoa ioe?uee ioaaoiue iaiiue. *eneaiiia i?aainoiaenoai
?onneie yneaae?u a a?oeeea?ee e i?ae?aniay iiaeaioiaea ?onneeo
eiiaiaei?ia n?aco aea neacaeanue ia ?acoeueoaoao n?aaeaiey.
Ianiio?y ia y?inoiia nii?ioeaeaiea iai?eyoaey, iooee ?onneie yneaae?u
*a?iiii?neiai oeioa n eaaeaeie ieiooie ana aieaa i?aa?auaee Neiiineia
n?aaeaiea aeey oo?aoeeeo ii?yeia a nouee aae. Ca ia?aua aeaa /ana aiy
i?oaeey ?onneeo ei?aaeae ia?ooeee ia a?aaa 18 ouny/ nia?yaeia. A naiua
iai?yaeaiiua ia?eiaeu a?oeeea?eeneie aeoyee iie i?iecaiaeeee aei 200
auno?aeia a ieiooo.
Oo?ee a iaieea niaoii ?oaeee yei?iua eaiaou, a?inaee naie aiaaua ei?aaee
e naiiio aa?aao, eua ecaaaeaiey io aoaeoaeueiiai iaiy iiae i?ee?uoeai
e?aiinoiuo aaoa?ae. Ii e yoi ia nianaei eo io nie?ooeoaeueiiai ?aca?iia,
iioiio /oi ?onneea eiiaiaei?u, a?iiy iai?eyoaeueneea ei?aaee,
iaeiia?aiaiii iaiineee oaea?u e ii aa?aaiaie a?oeeea?ee oo?ie.
No?aeueaa ?onneeo ei?aaeae ioee/aeanue aunieie oi/iinoueth. Ca o?e /ana
?onneay yneaae?a oie/oiaeeea 15 ei?aaeae i?ioeaieea e canoaaeea
caiie/aoue ana aai aa?aaiaua aaoa?ae.
Oaeei ia?acii, Neiiineia n?aaeaiea caeii/eeinue iieiie iiaaaeie ?onneiai
oeioa. Oo?ee iioa?yee 15 ei?aaeae ec 16 e ieiei 3 ouny/ oaeouie e
?aiaiuie. A ieai auee acyou eiiaiaeothuee oo?aoeeie yneaae?ie aaeie?ae
Iniai-iaoa, o?e eiiaiaee?a ei?aaeae, ieiei 200 iao?inia. ?onneay
yneaae?a ia eiaea iioa?ue a ei?aaeyo, ii iiiaea ec ieo iieo/eee
na?ueaciua iia?aaeaeaiey, iniaaiii a ?aiaiooa e ia?onao. Iioa?e a ee/iii
ninoaaa ninoaaeyee 37 oaeouie e 233 ?aiaiuie.
Auaeathuayny iiaaaea ?onneiai oeioa a Neiiineii n?aaeaiee ieacaea
aieueoia aeeyiea ia iineaaeothuee oiae aieiu. Oie/oiaeaiea
iai?eyoaeueneie yneaae?u – iniiaiiai yae?a oo?aoeeiai oeioa – ni?aaei
aioiaeaoeeny aeanaio oo?ie ia Eaaeacneia iiaa?aaeuea e eeoeei Oo?oeeth
aiciiaeiinoe aanoe aiaaua aeaenoaey ia *a?iii ii?a.
2. 9 aaaonoa – Aeaiue o iuna Aaiaoo (1714 aiae)
Aaiaooneia ii?neia n?aaeaiea i?iecioei a oiaea Naaa?iie aieiu (1700-1721
aa.) iaaeaeo ?onneei e oaaaeneei oeioaie 26-27 ethey 1714 a. naaa?iaa
iieoino?iaa Aaiaoo (Oaiei) ia Aaeoeeneii ii?a.
Naaa?iay aieia aaeanue ca aica?auaiea eneiiii ?onneeo caiaeue,
?aniieiaeaiiuo ii aa?aaai Iaau e Oeineiai caeeaa. Aa ieaiii ia eaiiaieth
1714 a. i?aaeoniao?eaaeinue iieiia iaeaaeaiea Oeieyiaeeae, caiyoea
Aeaiaeneeo ino?iaia e ia?aianaiea aiaauo aeaenoaee ia oa??eoi?eth
Oaaoeee. A ?aaeecaoeee aai – ia?yaeo n a?aaiuie ei?aaeyie e a?ieae
-aaaeiay ?ieue ioaiaeeeanue ia?oniiio oeioo, eioi?ue noae oaea aieaa
iiuiui e iia ia ?aaiuo i?ioeainoiyoue oaaaeneiio oeioo.
Ii?neea neeu ?onneeo ia Aaeoeeneii ii?a ninoiyee ec aaea?iiai e
ia?oniiai oeioia. Ei?aaee-ia?onieee iiaee eaeoe oieueei iiae ia?onaie,
i?e iaee/ee aao?a.
Aaea?u – iaaieueoea noaea n iaeeie inaaeeie, aei 4 oooia, aeaeaaeenue
i?e iiiiue aanae, oioy iiaee oiaeeoue oaeaea e n iiiiuueth ia?onia. Iie
iiae?acaeaeyeenue ia aieueoea aaea?u e neaiiaaae (iieoaaea?u). Aieueoea
aaea?u eiaee ii 52 aanea e aiauaee aei 300 /aeiaae eaaeaeay; ia
neaiiaaaa eiaeinue 36 aanae, e aiauaea iia aei 150 /aeiaae. Eaaeaeay
aaea?a auea aii?oaeaia 24-ooioiaie iooeie ia iino e ianeieueeeie iaeeeie
iooeaie ii ai?oai. Aeenoaioeey eo no?aeueau aeinoeaaea 300-500 iao?ia,
iniiaiui oaeoe/aneei i?eaiii aiy yaeyeny aai?aeaae.
A eiioea ethiy 1714 a. ?onneee a?aaiie oeio a ninoaaa 99 aaea? e
neaiiaaae n 15 ouny/aie /aeiaae aeanaioa iiae eiiaiaeiaaieai O.I.
Ai?aeneia nin?aaeioi/eeny o ainoi/iiai iiaa?aaeuey iieoino?iaa Aaiaoo n
oeaeueth i?i?aaoueny e Aai-Aeaiaeneei ooa?ai e aunaaeeoue aeanaio aeey
oneeaiey ?onneiai aa?ieciia a Aai (100 ei naaa?i-caiaaeiaa iuna Aaiaoo).
A aeaeueiaeoai i?aaeoniao?eaaeenue niaianoiua aeaenoaey n aieneaie
aaia?aea I.I. Aieeoeuia, iaoiaeyueieny a Oeieyiaeee. Iaeiia?aiaiii ec
Iaoa?ao?aa auoae ia?oniue oeio a ninoaaa 17 ei?aaeae, o?aaaoia e oiya,
eioi?ue aeieaeai aue i?ee?uaaoue aaea?iue n ii?y aei aoiaea aai a ?aeii
ooa?, a caoai eaeoe a ?aaaeue, aaea noiyei 7 ?onneeo ei?aaeae, /oiau
ieacuaaoue iiaeaea?aeeo aaea?iiio oeioo e ia aeiioneaoue oaaaeneee oeio
a aeoaue Oeineiai caeeaa. Iauaa ?oeiaiaenoai iaae ia?oniui oeioii acye
ia naay Iao? I -eiio?-aaeie?ae ?onneiai oeioa.
Aaea?iue oeio a eiioea ethiy i?eaue a Oaa?ieineoth aoooo e auioaeaeai
aue caeanue caaea?aeaoueny, oae eae o naiie ieiia/iinoe Aaiaooneiai
iieoino?iaa noiye neeueiue oaaaeneee oeio, eioi?ue, ainiieueciaaaoenue
oai, /oi caiaaeiay /anoue Oeineiai caeeaa ?aiueoa inaiaiaeaeaaony ioi
eueaea, iaaeaee ainoi/iay, aua a ai?aea i?eaue e Aaiaooo. ?acaaaeeie
auei onoaiiaeaii, /oi ii ninoieo ec 15 eeiaeiuo ei?aaeae, 3 o?aaaoia e 7
iaeeeo noaeia i?e 832 i?oaeeyo e iaoiaeeony iiae eiiaiaeiaaieai
aeoea-aaeie?aea A. Aao?aiaa. Iieo/ea aeiianaiea i nicaeaaoaeny
ianoaiiaea, Iao? I ioi?aaeeny e aaea?iiio oeioo. 20 ethey ii oaea
iaoiaeeeny ia iieoino?iaa Aaiaoo. 21-22 ethey Iao? ee/ii i?iaae
?aeiaiinoee?iaeo ie?anoiinoae. Ii i?eeacae e a?oiia ino?iaia, aeeaeaeoeo
e iuno Aaiaoo, iineaoue 15 neaiiaaae, eioi?ua aeieaeiu auee iaaethaeaoue
ca i?ioeaieeii.
Ii i?eeaco Iao?a I a iaeaieaa oceie /anoe iieoino?iaa (ieiei 2,5 ei)
auea ono?iaia «ia?aaieiea» ia ae?oaoth noi?iio iieoino?iaa ianeieueeeo
neaiiaaae a oue i?ioeaieeo. Iiyaeaieai eo a oueo iuneeeinue aianoe
caiaoaoaeuenoai a ?yaeu iai?eyoaey e ?anoyiooue aai neeu, iaania/ea oai
naiui i?ioiae aeey aaea?.
?an/aou oea?y iieiinoueth ii?aaaeaeenue. Aeoea-aaeie?ae A. Aao?aia,
ociaa i ?aaioao ia «ia?aaieiea», ?acaeaeee naith yneaae?o e 25 ethey
iineae io?yae ec iaeiiai o?aaaoa e aeaayoe ooa?iuo noaeia iiae
ia/aeuenoaii eiio?-aaeie?aea I. Y?aioaeueaea e caiaaeiiio aa?aao
iieoino?iaa n oai, /oiau iiiaoaoue ia?aoaneeaaieth ?onneeo aaea?, e
io?yae ec ainueie eeiaeiuo e aeaoo aiiaa?aee?neeo ei?aaeae iiae
eiiaiaeiaaieai aeoea-aaeie?aea Eeeeuea e Oaa?ieia aeey iaiaaeaiey ia
aeaaiua neeu ?onneiai oeioa.
Iao? I, ia oa?yy a?aiaie, ainiieueciaaeny yoie na?ueaciie ioeaeie
oaaaeia. Ciay, /oi a eaoiaa a?aiy a aeaaoi?ee Aaiaooa ii oo?ai /anoi
noieo ooeeue, ii i?eeacae O.I. Ai?aeneio i?iecaiaeeoue i?i?ua oeioa ii
/anoyi a oo?aiiea /anu, eiaaea oaaaeneea ia?oniua ei?aaee ii i?e/eia
aacaao?ey ia iiaoo naiaiaeii ia?aaeaeaaoueny.
?aiiei oo?ii 26 ethey ianooiee ooeeue, Iao? I iai?aaee 35 neaiiaaae a
iaoiae oaaaeneiai oeioa. Aeaoiy io?yaeaie aaea?u iaioee ia aaneao
oaaaeneea ei?aaee a iaaeinyaaaiinoe a?oeeea?eeneiai iaiy ni noi?iiu
ii?y. I?i?aaaoeany aaea?u caaeiee?iaaee io?yae eiio?-aaeie?aea I.
Y?aioaeueaea, noiyaoee o ianoa aua?aiiie ?onneeie «ia?aaieiee».
Aeoea-aaeie?ae A. Aao?aia iinea i?i?uaa iaoeo aaea? aa?ioe io?yae
Eeeeuea e ?aniieiaeee noaea aeaeueoa io aa?aaa n oai, /oiau ia
i?iionoeoue inoaeueiua ?onneea aaea?u.
Oo?ii 27 ethey i?e i?iaeieaeaaoainy ooeea aeaaiua neeu ?onneiai
aaea?iiai oeioa ai aeaaa n aaia?ae-aaeie?aeii O.I. Ai?aeneiui
i?i?aaeenue /a?ac inoaaeaiiue oaaaeaie naiaiaeiue i?ioiae iiae aa?aaii.
A yoio aea aeaiue i?iecioei n?aaeaiea i?e Aaiaooa iaaeaeo ?onneeie
aaea?aie e io?yaeii Y?aioaeueaea o ?eeaen-oei?aea. Y?aioaeueae iino?iee
naie noaea – 18- iooa/iue ei?aaeue «Yeaoaio» e oanoue aaea? – a no?ie
iieoianyoea, iinoaaea ca aai n?aaeiae eeieae o?e 4-6 – iooa/iuo ooa?aioa
(anaai 116 iooae). ?onneee aaaiaa?ae ninoiye ec 23 aaea?, ?acaeaeaiiuo
ia o?e io?yaea, – a oeaio?a 11 aaea? e ia oeaiaao ii 6 aaea?, noiyaoeo a
aeaa ?yaea. ?onneea yeeiaaee ian/eouaaee 3250 /aeiaae, ia n/eoay
ioeoea?ia. Eiiaiaeiaae aaaiaa?aeii Iao? I. Ia iaeioi?ii oaeaeaiee io
aaaiaa?aea noiyee aeaaiua neeu iiae eiiaiaeiaaieai Ai?aeneia. ?onneee
oeio, noaniaiiue a oceii i?ino?ainoaa, niiniaai aue i?ioeaiiinoaaeoue
80-90 oaaaeneei i?oaeeyi ia aieaa 22-24 iooae. Ianiio?y ia yoi, Iao? O e
Ai?aenei ?aoeee aeaoue oaaaeai aaia?aeueiia n?aaeaiea. A ia/aea
o?aoueaai /ana ia aaeie?aeueneie aaea?a ?onneeo aue iiaeiyo neiee oeaa e
?acaeaeny iooa/iue auno?ae – neaiae e ia/aeo aoaee ia oaaaeia. ?onneee
aaaiaa?ae no?aieoaeueii iioae ia naeeaeaiea n i?ioeaieeii. Iaeiaei
ia?aay, a caoai e aoi?ay o?iioaeueiua aoaee aaea? auee ioaeou oaaaeaie.
Oiaaea ?onneea i?aaei?eiyee oeaiaiaoth aoaeo. Ia?aae aa ia/aeii noa?oea
io?yaeia e ia/aeueieee aaea?, no?aiynue aiiaeooaaeoue
naiei ee/iui i?eia?ii ii?yeia, ia?aoee ia oethiee e n iaiaaeaiiuie
oiaaaie iiaaee aaea?u ia naeeaeaiea n i?ioeaieeii. Caaycaeny
iaeanoi/aiiue aai?aeaaeiue aie, a eioi?ii ?onneea ii?yee iaea?aeaee
iiaaaeo.
A ?acoeueoaoa n?aaeaiey oaaaeu iioa?yee 10 noaeia, aii?oaeaiiuo 116
iooeaie, e 711 /aeiaae oaeouie e ?aiaiuie; ana inoaaoeany a aeeauo auee
acyou a ieai. ?onneea iioa?yee 456 /aeiaae. Iinea n?aaeaiey ?onneee
oeio, /oiau ia ieacaoueny caia?oui oaaaeaie a aoooa, auoae ec iaa e noae
ia ooa?iii oa?aaoa?a, aaaeouai a Aai. Ii ii?aeueii iiaeaaeaiiue
aeoea-aaeie?ae Aao?aia ia ae?oaie aea aeaiue inoaaee Aaiaoo e ooae e
Aeaiaeneei ino?iaai. 30 e 31 ethey ai oeioa, a 9 naioya?y a Iaoa?ao?aa
ninoiyeinue oi?aeanoaaiiia i?acaeiiaaiea. Ana o/anoieee n?aaeaiey auee
iaa?aaeaeaiu iaaeaeyie a /anoue aeoau i?e Aaiaooa. Iao? I ca oniaoiia
?oeiaiaenoai aaoaeeae aue i?iecaaaeai a aeoea-aaeie?aeu.
A Aaiaooneii ii?neii n?aaeaiee auea iaea?aeaia ia?aay e?oiiay iiaaaea
iieiaeiai ?inneeneiai oeioa, eiaaoay aieueoia aiaiii-iieeoe/aneia
cia/aiea. ?inneeneee oeio iaian ii?aaeaiea neeueiaeoaio a oi a?aiy
oaaaeneiio oeioo, eioi?ue aei Aaiaooa ia ciae iaoaea/. Iiaaaea o iuna
Aaiaoo yaeeanue neaaenoaeai aeeeoaeueiie e oii?iie ?aaiou Iao?a I e aai
niiaeaeaeieeia iaae nicaeaieai ?onneiai iaoeeiiaeueiiai oeioa, aac
eioi?iai iaaiciiaeii auei ?aoeoue caaea/e iai?iiu no?aiu, aica?aoeoue
eneiiii ?onneea caiee a I?eaaeoeea, aeiaeoueny auoiaea e aa?aaai
Aaeoeeneiai ii?y e «i?i?oaeoue ieii a Aa?iio». Oniaoiua aeaenoaey
?onneiai oeioa iaania/eee aeaeaeaiea iaoaai aienea a Oeieyiaeee e
nicaeaee oneiaey aeey ia?aianaiey aiaiiuo aeaenoaee ia oa??eoi?eth
Oaaoeee.
Aaiaooneay iiaaaea yaeyaony i?eia?ii eneoniiai eniieueciaaiey aaea?iiai
oeioa a oneiaeyo oeieyiaeneiai ooa?iiai oaao?a, aaea ia iia iaeoe
oe?ieiai i?eiaiaiey ia?oniue oeio. Ouaoaeueiay iiaeaioiaea, ?aoeoaeueiua
aeaenoaey e aunieea aiaaua ea/anoaa ?onneeo iao?inia e ioeoea?ia,
oaeoe/aneia ianoa?noai eiiaiaeiaaiey oeioii iicaieeee aeiaeoueny iiaaaeu
iaae oaaaeaie. Iao? I auniei ioeaiee iiaaaeo ?onneiai oeioa o Aaiaooa,
i?e?aaiya aa e iiaaaea iiae Iieoaaie a 1709 a.
Oeineay eaiiaiey 1712 – 1714 aa. oaai/aeanue iieiui oniaoii. N caiyoeai
ii/oe anae Oeieyiaeee, e?iia aa naaa?iuo ?aeiiia, aii?oaeaiiua neeu
?innee iieo/eee aanueia oaeiaiue ieaoeaea?i aeey ia?aianaiey aiaauo
aeaenoaee /a?ac Aioie/aneee caeea iaiin?aaenoaaiii ia oa??eoi?eth naiie
Oaaoeee.
3. 11 naioya?y – Aeaiue iiaaaeu o iuna Oaiae?a (1790 aiae)
Aeaiue iiaaaeu ?onneie yneaae?u iiae eiiaiaeiaaieai O.O. Ooaeiaa iaae
oo?aoeeie yneaae?ie o iuna Oaiae?a ioiineony e ia?eiaeo ?onnei-oo?aoeeie
aieiu (1787-1791 aa.), aucaaiiie ?aaaioenoneeie ieaiaie Iniaineie
eiia?ee, eioi?ay, ca?o/eaoenue iiaeaea?aeeie Aiaeee e I?onnee, o?aaiaaea
aica?auaiey ae E?uia, i?eciaiey A?ocee oo?aoeeeie aannaeueiuie
aeaaeaieyie e aaaaeaiey cia/eoaeueiuo ia?aie/aiee ?aaeeia i?ioiaea
?onneeo oi?aiauo noaeia /a?ac /a?iiii?neea i?ieeau.
E ia/aeo aieiu niioiioaiea nee ia ii?a auei yaii ia a iieueco ?innee.
I?ioea 40 oo?aoeeeo eeiaeiuo ei?aaeae e o?aaaoia *a?iiii?neee oeio iia
aunoaaeoue /ooue aieaa 20. E oiio aea o oo?ie auee ei?aaee o?aioeocneie
iino?ieee, iaoeoua iaaeueth, iaeaaeaaoea eo/oei oiaeii, /ai ?onneea.
I?iea?uaaee ?inneeneea ei?aaee e ii aiaeieciauaieth, eiee/anoao e
eaeea?ai i?oaeee.
A aiaiiuo eaiiaieyo 1787-1789 aa. Oo?oeey ia aeinoeaea aeaeaaiiai
?acoeueoaoa. Aieaa oiai, ia nooiiooiii iai?aaeaiee a n?aaeaieyo i?e
Oieoaiao e ?uiieea oo?ee iioa?iaee nie?ooeoaeueiia ii?aaeaiea io
?onnei-aano?eeneeo aiene. Ia ii?a a iaa 1788 a. Naaanoiiieueneay
yneaae?a iiae eiiaiaeiaaieai eiio?-aaeie?aea Ooaeiaa iaianea ii?aaeaiea
oeioo i?ioeaieea o ino?iaa Oeaeiiene, a a ethia Eeiaineay oeioeeey
?aca?iieea neeu oo?aoeeiai oeioa a Aeiai?ianeii eeiaia. Ii /eneaiiia
i?aainoiaenoai oeioa inoaaaeinue ca Iniaineie eiia?eae.
O/eouaay yoi e ?ann/eouaay ia iiaeaea?aeeo Aiaeee e I?onnee, Oo?oeey
iaia?aaaeanue i?iaeieaeaoue aieio, nin?aaeioi/ea iniiaiua oneeey ia
ii?a. Oo?aoeeee ieai i?aaeoniao?eaae oaea? ia eaaeacneii iiaa?aaeuea
*a?iiai ii?y e caiyoea E?uia.
14 ia?oa 1790 a. eiiaiaeothuei *a?iiii?neei oeioii aue iacia/ai
eiio?-aaeie?ae O.O. Ooaeia. Ii iiieiae, /oi ia?aaainoai nee ia *a?iii
ii?a ia iaauaei aa?iiai oniaoa i?e eniieueciaaiee no?iaeo eaiiiia
ii?neiai aiy ei?aaeyie a eeiee aaoaeee – o?aaiaaiey oae iacuaaaiie
eeiaeiie oaeoeee, iauai?eiyoie a oi a?aiy ia anao oeioao ie?a. Auea
iaiaoiaeeiinoue iienea iiaie oaeoeee. Iniiaiua aa ia/aea, au?aaioaiiua
Ooaeiaui, io?eoeaee neaiia iiae/eiaiea eeiee aaoaeee. Oeioiaiaeaoe, ii
aai iiaieth, a ia/aea n?aaeaiey aeieaeai aue nin?aaeioi/eoue oneeey ia
naiie neaaie /anoe aai no?iy. O oo?ie oaeiaui aue oeaaiaineee ei?aaeue,
n ii?aaeaieai eioi?iai no?ie oo?aoeeeo ei?aaeae ?annuiaeny, iie
ia?auaeenue a aaanoai. E?iia oiai, Ooaeia n/eoae, /oi a aith ioaeai
neeueiue ?aca?a ec iiaeaeaeiuo ei?aaeae (o?aaaoia). Ai a?aiy n?aaeaiey
oeioiaiaeaoe ia aeieaeai oioneaoue auaiaeiuo aeey naay iieiaeaiee e
iieueciaaoueny eie aeey oniaoiuo aeaenoaee, eiiaiaee?u noaeia oaeaea ia
aeieaeiu auee oioneaoue «iieaciuo neo/aaa». Ei i?aaenoaaeyeanue
ecaanoiay aeiey naiinoiyoaeueiinoe.
Ia?aua ?acoeueoaou iiaay oaeoeea aeaea 8 ethey 1790 a. a n?aaeaiee o
Ea?/aineiai i?ieeaa, aaea, ianiio?y ia /eneaiiia i?aainoiaenoai,
oo?aoeeee oeio iioa?iae ii?aaeaiea. Ieai caoaaoa oo?aoeeei aeanaioii
E?uia aue ni?aai. Ii ii?neay iiuue Iniaineie eiia?ee ia auea iieiinoueth
iiaei?aaia.
A ia/aea aaaonoa ?aca?inaiiue ii anaio ii?th oo?aoeeee oeio aiiaue ia/ae
niae?aoueny a aaeeioth yneaae?o aicea onouey Aeiai?ianeiai eeiaia a 10
ieeyo io aa?aaa. Eiiaiaeothuee oo?aoeeei oeioii eaioaeai-iaoa (aaeie?ae)
Aonaei (Othnaei) aeaaeaeae ?aaaioa ca ii?aaeaiea o Ea?/aineiai i?ieeaa.
E nei?aeoaio ono?aiaieth iianiinoe n ii?y Ooaeiaa iiaoaeaeaea e
ianoaiiaea ia nooiiooiii iai?aaeaiee. ?onneea aienea, ianooiaaoea a
iai?aaeaiee onouey Aeoiay, ioaeaeaeenue a iiaeaea?aeea n ii?y e
?ann/eouaaee ia niaeaenoaea oeioa. Ii auoiaeeoue a ii?a Ooaeia ia
niaoee, iineieueeo, caaycaa aie n iaeiei ec niaaeeiaiee oo?aoeeiai
oeioa, ii ?eneiaae iiaeaa?aiooue Naaanoiiieue iianiinoe iaiaaeaiey
ae?oaeo io?yaeia. Iiyoiio aeaeae nin?aaeioi/aiey anao nee oo?aoeeiai
oeioa aeey aaia?aeueiiai n?aaeaiey.
Oo?ii 21 aaaonoa iniiaiay /anoue oo?aoeeiai oeioa (45 noaeia) ia?aoea e
ianoo yei?iie noiyiee iaaeaeo Oaaeaeeaaai (Iaeanna) e iunii Oaiae?a.
Aonaei-iaoa iieaaae, /oi ?onneay yneaae?a ia oniaea ii?aaeoueny io
i?aaeuaeouaai n?aaeaiey e a aeeaeaeoaa a?aiy iaeeaeaoue aa auoiaea ec
Naaanoiiiey ia neaaeoao. Ii ?onneea auno?i ono?aieee iia?aaeaeaiey
ei?aaeae, e Ooaeia 25 aaaonoa auaae eo a ii?a.
Ia ?annaaoa 28 aaaonoa 1790 a. ?onneay yneaae?a aiacaiii iiyaeeanue a
?aeiia noiyiee oo?aoeeiai oeioa o Oaiae?u. Iia onooiaea i?ioeaieeo: 10
eeiaeiuo ei?aaeae (ec ieo oieueei 5 aieueoeo), 6 o?aaaoia, 1
aiiaa?aee?neee ei?aaeue e 20 aniiiiaaoaeueiuo noaeia i?ioea 14 aieueoeo
eeiaeiuo ei?aaeae, 8 o?aaaoia e 23 aniiiiaaoaeueiuo noaeia. Ii ia
noi?iia ?onneeo auee aiacaiiinoue e auaiaeiia iieiaeaiea ioiineoaeueii
iai?aaeaiey aao?a. Oo?ee, ia iaeeaeaaoea iaiaaeaiey, a niaoea noaee
?oaeoue yei?iua eaiaou e iooiaeeoue e onoueth Aeoiay.
Ooaeia i?eeacae «ianoe ana ia?ona». Ia?aaeiaua oo?aoeeea noaea oniaee
oaeaeeoueny ia cia/eoaeueiia ?annoiyiea, ii no?aieoaeueiue iaiaa?
?onneie yneaae?u oa?iaeae io?acaoue ae?oaea eo ei?aaee.
Iaeiaei oo?eai oaeaeinue iiai?ioue caiaoaoaeuenoai e i?aaieciaaoue
nii?ioeaeaiea. *oiau i?ee?uoue naie a?uea?aa?ae, oo?aoeeee eiiaiaeothuee
iiaa?ioe ia i?aaue aaen e niaoii ia/ae auno?aeaaoue noaea a
eeeueaaoa?ioth eieiiio aeey aiy ia ano?a/iii eo?na. A ?onneea ei?aaee,
niaa?oea neiaeiue iaiaa?, eaaee ia ia?aeeaeueiue iai?eyoaeueneiio oeioo
eo?n.
Eniieuecoy ii?aaaeaaoee naay a Ea?/aineii n?aaeaiee oaeoe/aneee i?eai,
Ooaeia auaae ec eeiee o?e o?aaaoa «Eiaii Aieinoaaiiee», «Ea?iiei» e
«Iie?ia aiai?iaeeoeu» aeey iaania/aiey iaiaa?aiiiai ?aca?aa ia neo/ae
ia?aiaiu aao?a e aiciiaeiiai eciaiaiey iai?aaeaiey aoaee i?ioeaieea.
A 15 /ania, iiaeieaey ia aeenoaioeeth ea?oa/iiai auno?aea, ?onneea
ei?aaee ioe?uee iaiiue. Iniiaiie oaea? eo aeaaiuo nee aue iai?aaeai ia
oo?aoeeee aaaiaa?ae, aaea iaoiaeeeenue oo?aoeeea oeaaiaineea ei?aaee.
Oeaaiaineee ei?aaeue Ooaeiaa «?iaeaeanoai O?enoiai» aae aie n?aco n
o?aiy ei?aaeyie, canoaaea eo aueoe ec eeiee.
Iinea aeaoo /ania aeanoieie aeoyee inoaeueiua oo?aoeeea ei?aaee, ia
auaea?aeaa iaiy, noaee ioai?a/eaaoue iiae aaoa? e a aanii?yaeea
auoiaeeoue ec aiy. Ii ai a?aiy iiai?ioa ia ieo ia?ooeeny ?yae iiuiuo
caeiia, i?eaaaeoeo e aieueoei ?ac?ooaieyi. Iniaaiii iino?aaeaee aeaa
oeaaiaineeo oo?aoeeeo ei?aaey, iaoiaeeaoeany i?ioea «?iaeaeanoaa
O?enoiaa» e «I?aia?aaeaiey Ainiiaeiy». Caiaoaoaeuenoai oo?ie aic?anoaei.
Ooaeia i?iaeieaeae iiaiith ca ei?aaeai ieaaeoaai oeaaiaia. ?inneeneea
noaea neaaeiaaee i?eia?o naiaai i?aaeaiaeeoaey. 3 oo?aoeeeo ei?aaey auee
io?acaiu io iniiaiuo nee, ii ianooieaiea ii/e nianei oo?aoeeee oeio.
Ei?aaee yneaae?u Ooaeiaa noaee ia yei?ue aeey eni?aaeaiey iia?aaeaeaiee.
Oaeaeaa ia ?annaaoa 29 aaaonoa noiyaoee iaaaeaeaea oo?aoeeee oeio,
Ooaeia i?eeacae iaiaaeeaiii nieiaoueny n yei?y e aoaeiaaoue aai. Oo?ee,
ia oniaa ii?aaeoueny io iaaeaaiaai aiy, ?aoeee nianoenue aaanoaii.
I?aneaaeoy eo, ?onneay yneaae?a i?eioaeeea e naea/a 66-iooa/iue ei?aaeue
«Iaeaoe Aao?e» e 74-iooa/iue ei?aaeue ieaaeoaai oo?aoeeiai oeaaiaia
«Eaioaeaiea», eioi?ue e iiiaioo naea/e ai?ae e anei?a aci?aaeny.
Nianeenue e auee acyou a ieai anaai 20 /aeiaae. Ia iooe e Ainoi?o ec-ca
iia?aaeaeaiee caoiioe aua iaeei 74-iooa/iue ei?aaeue e ianeieueei iaeeeo
noaeia. E?iia oiai, i?ioeaiee iioa?ye aua aeaa iaaieueoeo noaeia e
naaooth ia iaeue ieaao/oth aaoa?ath.
A aeiianaieyo noeoaio oo?aoeeea oeaaiaiu ienaee, /oi eiee/anoai oaeouo e
?aiaiuo «i?inoe?aaony» aei 5500 /aeiaae. ?onneea iioa?yee oaeouie e
?aiaiuie 46 /aeiaae.
Iiaaaea *a?iiii?neiai oeioa i?e Oaiae?a auea iieiie, aianea aaniiue
aeeaae a enoiae aieiu, iicaieeea i/enoeoue naaa?i-caiaaeioth /anoue
*a?iiai ii?y io ei?aaeae i?ioeaieea e ioe?uea naiaiaeiue auoiae ei?aaeyi
Eeiaineie oeioeeee a ii?a. A ?acoeueoaoa i?e niaeaenoaee aioaaeoae a
Aeoiae ?onneie oeioeeee ?inneeneea aienea acyee e?aiinoe Eeeey, Ooeue/a,
Enae/e e, iaeiiaoe, Eciaee.
Oaiae?a aienaia a enoi?eth ie?iaiai aiaiii-ii?neiai eneonnoaa. Aaeie?ae
Ooaeia noae iaeiei ec ia?auo ?inneeneeo oeaaiaiia, i?eciaiiuo Aa?iiie, e
iiaaoi?ii iaiaa?aiiie oaeoeee ii?neiai aiy, eioi?ay ii?aaaeaea naay a
n?aaeaiee, i?eaaea e oie/oiaeaieth ainiiaenoaa Oo?oeee ia *a?iii ii?a e
ooaa?aeeea iieiaeaiea ?innee ia aai aa?aaao.
Eeoa?aoo?a
1. Ae?iiia N.A. Enoi?ey ?innee (o/aaiia iiniaea) – I., 2006.
2. Eaaiia A.I. Aeie aieineie neaau ?innee. – I.. 2006.
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