Ieienoa?noai aunoaai ia?aciaaiey ?O
OAOO-OIE. Eaoaae?a eoeueoo?ieiaee.
Aaeeeee ?onneee o/aiue, anoanoaieniuoaoaeue
Aeieo?ee Eaaiiae/ Iaiaeaeaaa(1834-1907)
Nooaeaio: *a?aiaiia E.A., ?-107
?oeiaiaeeoaeue: Aoaeiaa I.TH.
Aeaoa?eiao?a
1999
Iaeaaaeaiea
Aaaaeaiea……………………………………………………n 3
Aeaonoai……………………………………………………..n
4
Aeieo?ee……………………………………………………n 5
Eaiaeeaeaoneay aeenna?oaoeey………………………….n 6
Iinea oieaa?neoaoa……………………………………n 6
Aeieoi?neay aeenna?oaoeey……………………………..n 7
Ia?eiaee/aneee caeii………………………………….n 11
Ii?io………………………………………………………..n
15
Ae?oaea caneoae…………………………………………..n 16
Nie?eoeci……………………………..n 16
Iaoai?ieiaey…………………………n 17
Ia/oa i ii?a………………………….n 17
Iaooyiay i?iiuoeaiiinoue ……n 17
Eneonnoai ……………………………..n 18
Aiaeea…………………………………….n 19
10. Iineaaeiea aiaeu………………………………………n 21
11. Caeeth/aiea……………………………………………..n 22
Aaaaeaiea.
«… ss ethaeth naith no?aio, eae iaoue, a naith iaoeo -eae aeoo,
eioi?ue aeaaineiaeyao, inaauaao e iauaaeeiyao ana ia?iaeu aeey aeaaa e
ie?iiai ?acaeoey aeooiaiuo e iaoa?eaeueiuo aiaaonoa» (Ae.E. Iaiaeaeaaa).
A naiae ?aoa?aoeaiie ?aaioa y ia?aoeeny e aeeciaiiiio e iao/iiio iooe
iaeiiai ec naiuo y?eeo anoanoaieniuoaoaeae caiee ?onneie- Aeieo?eth
Eaaiiae/o Iaiaeaeaaao. Niaa?oaiii ianeo/aeii eiaiii yoa iaeanoue auea
cao?iiooa iiie, oae eae, e niaeaeaieth, a iaoai ioa/anoaa aieueoeinoao
ethaeae ii ecaanoai eeoue n iaeiie noi?iiu, a eiie?aoii eae
iniiaiiieiaeiee ia?eiaee/aneiai caeiia, oi anoue, iii?inoo aiai?y, eae
oeiee. Ii yoi aeaeaei ia iieiay ea?oeia. Oeaeue iiae ?aaiou e
caeeth/aaony a oii, /oiau ioe?uoue iiaua, aeinaea caauoua no?aieoeu
yoiai /aeiaaea. Iaoa eeoa?aoo?a iaei ienaea eee aeaeeeaoii iaoiaeeea ana
oi, /oi eanaeinue aeeaaea, eioi?ue aian Aeieo?ee Eaaiiae/ a iaoeo, aea e
aiiaua a iauanoaaiioth aeeciue, oae eae iiiaea aai ioe?uoey eeai auee
eoieaiu e aiaae?aiu caiaaeii, eeai i?inoi ia iaoee i?eiaiaiey ec-ca
niaeinoe naiaai i?aaeiieiaeaiey. Iaiiiaea, iai?eia?, ciatho, /oi caneoaa
ia?aoiaea io a?oei e ioaeia e oeeaeeeciaaiiie nenoaia aaeeieoe
i?eiaaeeaaeeo Iaiaeaeaaao, eee /oi o?oae, iinayuaiiue eaeaa i noaeao,
niiniaiuo i?iae?aoueny neaicue eueaeu (eia/a aiai?y eaaeieieao) oaeaea
aai oai?aiea. *oi oae ooo aiai?eoue i yoeeiaii ?anoai?a e oaaeeoea
oeie/aneeo yeaiaioia. Ae.E. Iaiaeaeaaa aue iaeei ec iaiiiaeo o/aiuo, eoi
iinayoee naith aeeciue oeaeeeii e iieiinoueth ?aaioa ia aeaai naiae
?iaeeiu. Aeeaae aue eieinnaeueiui, a aio ioaea/a, au?aceaoayny a
iauanoaaiiii i?eciaiee, iineea ia noieue cia/eoaeueiue oa?aeoa?. Oioy
naeaeaa iieueco iao/iiio ciaieth, ii ii oai naiui aian naith eaioo e a
yeiiiieeo. Ii ia/iai n naiiai ia/aea, n oiai eae ana ia/eiaeinue
Aeieo?ee Eaaiiae/ Iaiaeaeaaa(1834-1907)
O nayuaiieea naea Oeoiiaiae?eoea Auoiaaieioeeiai oacaea auei 4 nuia,
ana iie o/eeenue a Oaa?neie aeooiaiie naieia?ee, eeoue iaeei ec ieo
nio?aiee oaieeeth iooea Nieieia. Inoaeueiui o?ai a?aoueyi ii iau/ayi oao
eao oaieeee i?eaeoiaee o/eoaey. Iaeei ec a?aoueaa iieo/ee oaieeeth
Iaiaeaeaaa. «Oaieeey Iaiaeaeaaaa aeaia iooeo, eiaaea ii /oi-oi auiaiye,
eae ninaaeiee iiiauee Iaiaeaeaaa iaiye eioaaeae, – aniiieiaao Aeieo?ee
Eaaiiae/. – O/eoaeue ii nicao/eth «iaio aeaeaoue» aienae e iooea iiae
oaieeeae Iaiaeaeaaa».
A 1804 aiaeo, ieii/ea oaa?neoth aeooiaioth naieia?eth, Eaai Iaaeiae/
Iaiaeaeaaa iaaeoiae eaeoe a ioe?uoue a Iaoa?ao?aa iaaeaaiae/aneee
einoeooo. Nionoy 3 aiaea ii aue iai?aaeai a Oiaieuene e aeaieeny ia
Ia?ee Aeieo?eaaia Ei?ieeueaaie, i?aaenoaaeoaeueieoea ?iaea ciaiaieouo
eoioeia, eioi?ua a 1789 aiaeo, iaeiia?aiaiii n O?aieeeiii a Aia?eea,
ioe?uee ia?aoth a Oiaieuenea oeiia?aoeth.
Aeaonoai Ieoe
Neoaeaaiay ea?uea?a Eaaia Iaiaeaeaaaa neeaaeuaaeanue oaea/ii, ii noae
aee?aeoi?ii aeiiacee e o/eeeu Oaiaianeie aoaa?iee, iioii Na?aoianeie.
I?e aeaoaaecia neae?neie aeecie aieueoay naiuey Iaiaeaeaaauo caaeeea
iaieioi. Ii a 1834 aiaeo Eaai Iaaeiae/ ineai. A yoii aea aiaeo ?iaeeeny
iineaaeiee ?aaaiie, anaiauee ethaeiaoe Ieoaiueea. (Aeaoae auei anaai 17,
a aeeaie?auaiuo – 14). Naiuey n?aco eeoeeanue oiai iieiaeaiey a ai?iaea
e oiai oeeaaea aeiiaoiae aeecie, eioi?ue onoaiiaeeny ni aeiy iainiiaaiey
Iaiaeaeaaauo a Oiaieuenea. N yoiai iiiaioa Ia?uey Aeieo?eaaia
oaaaeeeanue, /oi aaeeinoaaiiia aa nianaiea – iaeaiueeee noaeeyiiue
caaiae.
Iiaeiuaiiay caaioaie i oeaaa ianouiii, Ia?ey Aeieo?eaaia eeoue o?uaeaie
iiaea caieiaoueny aeaoueie. Aeaoe eee oaa?eea, iaoa?eineee aeiea eee
eioa?anu aeaea – aio aii?inu, eioi?ua iaionooiii noiyee ia?aae Ia?eae
Aeieo?eaaiie a oa/aiea anaai 1839 aiaea. A ieoya?a 1847 aiaea Eaai
Iaaeiae/ oia?. E e eiioeo 1848 aiaea, inoaaoenue n aeaoiy nuiiaueyie e
aei/a?ueth, iia iaia?oaeeea, /oi iiaeao inoaaeoue Oiaieuene, eiaaea
iaaei aoaeao aacoe a oieaa?neoao Iaoo e Ieoth.
Oioy Iaoa aue ia 2 aiaea noa?oa, Ieoy ia ionoaaae io iaai a naiai
?acaeoee, e ?iaeeoaee ioi?aaeee eo a aeiiaceth aianoa, ii ii oneiaeyi
oao eao i?eieiaoue aeicaieyeinue oieueei n 8 eao, a aio auei 7. Iiyoiio
aai i?eiyee n oneiaeai, /oiau a ia?aii eeanna Ieoy i?iaue 2 aiaea.
Oniaoii Ieoy aeenoae oieueei a ia?auo eeannao. Iioii o/aaa ia?anoaea aai
oaeaeaoue, e ii oi?ioi oae oieueei ii oai i?aaeiaoai, eioi?ua aio
i?aaeeenue e eaaei aeaaaeenue, – iaoaiaoeea, oeceea, enoi?ey. Ii
ianoiyuei eaiiai i?aoeiiaaiey aeey iaai ieacaeenue eiino?aiiua ycuee, –
iaiaoeeee, e iniaaiii eaouiue. E anee Ieoy oniaoii ia?aoiaeee ec eeanna
a eeann, oi yoi i?ienoiaeeei oieueei aeaaiaea?y niaaoo aeiiacee.
Aeieo?ee
Eiaaea aeiiace/aneee eo?n aue ieii/ai, Ia?ey Aeieo?eaaia n Eecie e
Ieoae ioi?aaeeenue a Iineao, oaa?aei ?aoea ii?aaeaeeoue nuia a
iineianeee oieaa?neoao. Ii caiuneu Ia?ee Aeieo?eaaiu, aeaaea
iiaee?aieaiiua ciaeiinoaaie e naycyie a?aoa, ia oaai/aeenue oniaoii. Ii
nouanoaiaaaoei oiaaea i?aaeeai, eeoea, ieii/eaoea aeiiaceth, iiaee
iinooieoue oieueei a oieaa?neoao oiai o/aaiiai ie?oaa, aaea iaoiaeeeanue
aeiiacey. Aaniie 1950 a. Ia?ey Aeieo?eaaia i?eaacea Ieoth a Iaoa?ao?a. A
Iaoa?ao?aa aeaenoaiaaee oa aea i?aaeea, /oi e a Iineaa. Neaaeothuei
iinea oieaa?neoaoa o/aaiui caaaaeaieai a Iaoa?ao?aa ii i?aao n/eoaeanue
iaaeeei-oe?o?ae/aneay aeaaeaiey, ii, i?enoonoaoy a aiaoiie/aneii oaao?a
ia ane?uoee, Ieoy ii/oanoaiaae naay aeo?ii, e iaio?ac ioeacaeny io
iaaeeoeeineie ea?uea?u. E aio oiaaea Ia?ey Aeieo?eaaia e ?aoeeanue
ioaeaoue naiaai nuia a aeaaiue iaaeaaiae/aneee einoeooo. Oioy a yoio
einoeooo i?eieiaeenue aaeoo?eaiou ec anao o/aaiuo ie?oaia, i?eai
i?iecaiaeeeny ?ac a aeaa aiaea. E eae ?ac a 1950 a. i?eaia ia auei.
Ia?aiai iay 1950 a. ii iiaeae i?ioaiea e auaea?aeae i?eaiiua eniuoaiey.
Iaa?aa anaai 3.22 aaeea Ieoy aue i?eiyo a einoeooo. Ia eniuoaieyo ii
iaoaiaoeea e oeceea ii iieo/ee niioaaonoaaiii 3 e 3+ aaeeia, a ii
iaethaeiie eaouie – 4 aaeea. Yoi aeieaiaeaeaiiia niauoea niyei n Ia?ee
Aeieo?eaaiu no?aoiia iai?yaeaiea. Iia oia?ea 20 naioya?y 1850 aiaea.
Iaiaeaeaaao e naia?ui aai oiaa?euai, i?eiyoui a iao?i/iue aiae, auei
i?aaeeiaeaii ?aoeoue, ca neieueei eao iie aeaeatho caeii/eoue iieiue
eo?n: ca o?e eee ca iyoue. Aaeeinoaaiiue ec anao i?eiyouo, Aeieo?ee
?aoee i?ieoe eo?n aoi?e/ii. E ?acoeueoao ia caiaaeeee neacaoueny. Anee a
1851 aiaeo n?aaee 28 naieo naa?noieeia ii oniaoai a o/aaa ii aue anaai
eeoue 25, oi nionoy aiae 7-i. A a 1853-1854 i iai oaea aiai?eee eae i
naiii iaea?aiiii nooaeaioa Aeaaiiai iaaeaaiae/aneiai oieaa?neoaoa.
Aoaeo/e nooaeaioii oeceei-iaoaiaoe/aneiai oaeoeueoaoa, ii
eioa?aniaaeny e iaoeaie, i?ioiaeeiuie e ia enoi?eei-oeeieiae/aneiai
oaeoeueoaoa. A yoio ia?eiae ioiioaiea Iaiaeaeaaaa e o/aieth ia/eiaao
caoiaeeoue ca ?aiee iiiyoey, ii?aaeaeyaiiai neiaii o/aiea. Yoi
iaiaocaeaiiay ?aaioa iicaa ii?iaeeea oaeoth iaa?oceo, eaeie ia iia
auaea?aeaoue iaie?aioee thiioaneee i?aaieci. A 1851 aiaeo ii caaieae
/aoioeie e a 1853 neaa. Ii aeaaea a yoi a?aiy ii ia?aoeeny e
einoeoooneiio aeieoi?o n i?inueaie aeicaieeoue aio aea?aeaoue i/a?aaeiie
yecaiai.
A aeaonoaa ii iaeaaeae ia neeoeii e?aieei caei?iaueai, a ai
aeaaeiii iaoa?ao?aneii aicaeooa e aiana iaaaaeii noae naay
/oanoaiaaoue. Eiiaaea o iaai ai?eii oea e?iaue, e a?a/e iieaaaee, /oi
o iaai ia/aeanue iineaaeiyy noaiaiue /aoioee. Ii eaaeae a eeeieea
iaaeaaiae/aneiai einoeoooa, aaea ii o/eeny, eiaaea iaeiaaeaeu ai a?aiy
iaoiaea aeaaiue eaea?ue, aeoiay, /oi Iaiaeaeaaa onioe, neacae
aee?aeoi?o: «Io yoio-oi oaea ia iiaeieiaony…» A «yoio», oneuoaa
naie i?eaiai?, nae ia e?iaaoe, aeinoae oao?aaee e ooo aea iia?oceeny a
caiene n eaeoeeyie.
Einoeoooneea ae?ocuey noiaee ono?ieoue aeey Iaiaeaeaaaa
aoaeeaioeeth o i?eaeai?iiai iaaeeea Caeaeaoy?a, e oio, i?ineooaa aai,
aeaeeeaoii iiniaaoiaae aoaoue ia tha. I?aaaea, Caeaeaoy? aeae aua
niaao-iieacaoueny i?inoi oae, ia anyeee neo/ae Ie?iaiao.
A a E?uio a yoi a?aiy oea aieia, e Ie?iaia, cano/ea ?oeaaa,
iia?e?iaae n ?aiiaai oo?a e aei iicaeiaai aa/a?a. Ca aeaiue-aeanyoee
aiiooaoeee. Iaiaeaeaaa iiiai ?ac aeaeae aai ecaeaeaea, ii ana ia
?aoaeny e iaio iiaeieoe. Ie?iaia ?aiaiui aue aieueoa ioaeai.
Iaiaeaeaaa e aeoiaoue ia iia, /oi aeae Neioa?iiiey, ai?iaea, a
iauai-oi, aeinoaoi/ii oaeaeaiiiai io eeiee o?iioa, iiaeao
i?iecaanoe ia iaai oaeia oyaeaeia aia/aoeaiea. ?anoi?aiu ?aaioaee,
aeiiacee-iao, aieueieoe auei iaei, e aie?oa ai?iaea na?oaeeeenue
iaeaoee n e?aniui e?anoii. E anthaeo ?aiaiua, ?aiaiua…
Iaiaeaeaaa caeanue ieeiai ia ciae. Ie?iaia eacaeny iaaeinyaaaiui.
E auioneiee noiee/iiai einoeoooa, i?eaoaaoee ia eiinoeueoaoeeth,
iaeoe naaa aeaei caeanue, eiia/ii, ia iia. E ii ieoao a?aoo a ienueia:
«THa, eioi?ue oae aea/ao oaay, yoio tha, iiaa?ue, oi?io oieueei ia
naaa?a, aea aeaa-o?e ianyoea a aiaeo, a oi aia n iei…»
Ii aio iaeiiaoe Iaiaeaeaaa ia?aae Ie?iaiaui. Aaeeeee a?a/ n
iaiaeeaeaiiie aieiaoaeueiinoueth iniao?eaaao noieue no?aiiiai caeanue
iaoeeaioa e… aea?oao aio aeeciue! Iaiaeaeaaa iaanaaaea caiiiiee oi,
/oi neacae aio Ie?iaia: «Iaoa-ea aai, aaoaiueea, ienueii aaoaai
Caeaeaoy?a. Naa?aaeoa aai, aea eiaaea-ieaoaeue aio e aa?ieoa. E io iaiy
iieeii ia?aaeaeoa. Au ian iaieo ia?aaeeaaoa».
Eioa?an Aeieo?ey e iaoeai ia inoaeny iacaia/aiiui ni noi?iiu
i?aiiaeaaaoaeae. Ana yoe i/aiue ?aciua ethaee n iaeeiaeiaie
aioiaiinoueth iiiiaaee Aeieo?eth, oioy aai o?oaeii auei iacaaoue
iieeaaeenoui nooaeaioii. Nai Iaiaeaeaaa i?ae?anii iiieiae, /oi aac oaeie
iiaeaea?aeee ii ieeiaaea ia niia au noaoue oai, eai ii noae. A iaa 1855
aiaea a aeoiaii caea einoeoooa nia?aeenue ia oieueei iiiai/eneaiiua
ii/aoiua ainoe – aeaaeaieee, i?ioanni?a, aaia?aeu, – ia oieueei
iaeiieaoieee yecaiaiothueony, ii e nooaeaiou ieaaeoeo eo?nia eae
oeceei-iaoaiaoe/aneiai, oae e enoi?eei-oeeieiae/aneiai oaeoeueoaoia,
niaoeeaeueii i?eoaaeoea iiniio?aoue, eae aoaeao naeaaaoue yecaiai
Aeieo?ee Iaiaeaeaaa. Eioa?anii, /oi ia yoii yecaiaia iiaoi?eeanue
enoi?ey, ioaeaeaiii iaiiieiathuay neo/ae, i?ienoaaeoai ia oii
aeinoiiaiyoiii eeoeaeneii yecaiaia, ia eioi?ii noa?ee Aea?aeaaei
aeaaineiaee thiiai Iooeeia. ?ieue iao?a aeiaaeinue nua?aoue aeaaeaieeo
TH.O.O?eoeoa ecaanoiiio niaoeeaeenoo a i?aaie/aneie oeiee.
Eaiaeeaeaoneay aeenna?oaoeey
Ae.E.Iaiaeaeaaa ieii/ee Aeaaiue Iaaeaaiae/aneee einoeooo a 1855 a.
Eaiaeeaeaoneay aeenna?oaoeey “Eciii?oeci a nayce n ae?oaeie ioiioaieyie
e?enoaeee/aneie oi?iu e ninoaao” noaea aai ia?aie e?oiiie iao/iie
?aaioie. Aee?aeoi? einoeoooa auoeiiioae ?ac?aoaiea, /oiau ioee/iaeoeo
auioneieeia einoeoooa, a oii /enea Iaiaeaeaaaa, inoaaeoue i?e einoeoooa
aua ia iaeei aiae aeey oniaa?oainoaiaaiey a iaoeao e i?eaioiaeaiey e
iaaenoa?neiio yecaiaio. I?e aaaeii acaeyaea ia nooaeai/aneea ?aaiou
Iaiaeaeaaaa nicaeaaony aia/aoeaiea, /oi yoi ?aaiou thiioe
oaeaeathuaainy, iaea?aiiiai, ii a?inathuaainy ec iaeiie e?aeiinoe a
ae?oaoth. «Iienaiea Oiaieuenea a enoi?e/aneii ioiioaiee», «I aeeyiee
oaieiou ia ?ani?ino?aiaiea aeeaioiuo», «Ia eneiiaaiuo ?anoaieyo», «I
oaeaniii ainieoaiee aeaoae io ?iaeaeaiey aei naieeaoiaai aic?anoa»,
«Iienaiea a?ucoiia N.-Iaoa?ao?aneie aoaa?iee», «Oeie/aneee aiaeec
oeieyiaeneiai ieia?aea i?oeoa», «Aiaeec e e?enoaeeia?aoe/aneia
enneaaeiaaiea ie?ieneia», «Eciii?oeci a nayce n ae?oaeie ioiioaieyie
e?enoaeee/aneeo oi?i e ninoaao», «I oeieueiii ia?aciaaiee a Eeoaa».
Iinea oieaa?neoaoa
Aieiaoaeueiia eco/aiea iieacuaaao, /oi /?acau/aeiia ?aciiia?acea
eioa?ania Iaiaeaeaaaa ia auei neo/aeiui, /oi ie iaeii ec aai oaea/aiee
ia inoaeinue aac aeaeueiaeoae ?ac?aaioee. E iiiaioo ieii/aiey einoeoooa
caei?iauea Iaiaeaeaaaa aiooaei iianaiea, e ii ioeacaeny io i?aaeeiaeaiey
aee?aeoi?a e ?aoee aoaoue neoaeeoue ia tha. A Iaeanna iaoiaeeony
ciaiaieoue ?eoaeueaaneee eeoeae e Aeieo?ee iaaeayeny, /oi a eeoeaa ii
iaeaeao aiciiaeiinoue i?eaioiaeoueny e caaea/a yecaiaia ia noaiaiue
iaaeno?a. Ii ii ioeaea ieienoa?noai i?aaeienaei Aeieo?eth Eaaiiae/o
aoaoue a caoieonoiue Neioa?iiieue. Iaiaeaeaaao eacaeinue, /oi ii iiiae a
ooiee: aaea-oi a ie?a oa/ao ianoiyuay aeeciue, aaaeoony iao/iua
enneaaeiaaiey, ieooony o?aeoaou, ecaeathony aeo?iaeu, a ii inoaeaeai ia
8 eaoiaa i?aauaaiea a Neioa?iiieueneii caoieonouea.
Aee?aeoi? aeaaiiai iaaeaaiae/aneiai einoeoooa, ociaa i aaaenoaeyo
eo/oaai aai ainieoaiieea, iii?inee iiia/eoaey Iaeanneiai o/aaiiai ie?oaa
ia?aianoeoue Aeieo?ey Eaaiiae/a ec Neioa?iiiey a Iaeanno, /oi e auei
?ac?aoaii. Ie?ueaiiue Iaiaeaeaaa ianaony iaeaaea a Iaeanno. N iei
oieueei oi, /oi ia iai, aea aeaiaa iaiiiai, ii ana oae oi?ioi,
aia?aaee noieueei aeae caiai/eauo e eioa?aniuo, oaia?ue iaaei niaoeoue,
iioiio /oi a?aiy, iioa?yiiia a oyainoiii iaeeaeaiee, oaea ia aa?iooue.
Iaeanneee ia?eiae nua?ae aaaeioth ?ieue a aeecie Iaiaeaeaaaa. . Ii
iieo/ee oai ianoi i?aiiaeaaaoaey anoanoaaiiuo iaoe, o iaai
iaaieueoay eaai?aoi?ey, ia?aay naiy eaai?aoi?ey, e ooo aea, iiae
?oeie – i?aainoiaeiay aeaeeioaea. Caeanue, a thaeiii i?eii?neii
ai?iaea, ii ia/eiaao eneaoue «i?e/eio oeie/aneiai n?iaenoaa» – oi,
i /ai aeoiae oaea aeaaii e /aio ii iinayoeo anth naith aeeciue, caeanue
ieii/aoaeueii nic?aea oaia aai iaaenoa?neie aeenna?oaoeee, e auee
i?iaaaeaiu ia?aua yenia?eiaiou. Iinea oiai, eae a oaa?aea 1856 aiaea a
Ia?eaea aue iiaeienai ie?iue aeiaiai?, Aeieo?ee Eaaiiae/ ociae, /oi
ieaie?oaony ioi?aaea ?yaea ?onneeo o/aiuo ca a?aieoeo. Iaiaeaeaaa ieoao
ienueii aee?aeoi?o iaaeaaiae/aneiai einoeoooa, a eioi?ii ?aoeeny
ni?ineoue – ia iiaeao ee ii auoue i?e/eneai e oai, eioi?ua aoaeoo
ioi?aaeaiu ca a?aieoeo. A ioaaoiii ienueia aee?aeoi? aiai?eo, /oi aai
eaiaeeaeaoo?a oaea ooaa?aeaeaia, e /oi einoeooo aeaeaao aio anaai
eo/oaai. A na?aaeeia iay 1856 aiaea Iaiaeaeaaa auaoae ec Iaeannu a
Iaoa?ao?a. Ii iiacaeea ca a?aieoeo oau ia ninoiyeanue.
Iaaenoa?neay aeenna?oaoeey
Iieaiaea a Iaeanna, e aio Iaiaeaeaaa aiiaue a Iaoa?ao?aa. I?eaoae ii ia
n ionouie ?oeaie: ?aaioa, eioi?oth ii i?eaac – oii/aeoaa e
e?iiioeeaaeoaa enneaaeiaaiea ii oaeaeueiui iauaiai. Yoi oaeoe/anee aai
aeenna?oaoeey.
Ii iaiaaeeaiii iiaeae i?ioaiea ?aeoi?o Iaoa?ao?aneiai oieaa?neoaoa i
aeiiouaiee aai e naea/a yecaiaia ia noaiaiue iaaeno?a oeiee. I?e/ai
ec-ca noaniaiiinoe ai a?aiaie i?inee i?iyecaiaiiaaoue aai a oa/aiee
aeaoo inoaaoeony iaaeaeue iay. Aeanoyua ioaaoea ia aii?inu ii oeiee,
oeceea, ieia?aeiaee e aaiaiicee, ii naeae ienueiaiiue yecaiai ii oeiee,
iinea /aai aio aue iacia/ai n?ie caueou iaaenoa?neie aeenna?oaoeee. Ca
aeaa eaoieo ianyoea ii caeai/eaaao aeenna?oaoeeth «Oaeaeueiua iauaiu». A
yoie ?aaioa ii naeaeae aaaeiue oaa e aoaeouae nenoaia yeaiaioia,
iineieueeo “iauai aoiia” aunooiae – aiaeiae/ii e?enoaeee/aneie oi?ia a
“Eciii?oecia” – a ?iee e?eoa?ey noiaenoaa e ?acee/ey yeaiaioia e
niaaeeiaiee. Iia aeaao aio ia?aoth o/aioth noaiaiue iaaeno?a.
Iaaeno?a oeceee e oeiee. Iaiaeaeaaao eniieieeinue oiaaea anaai
aeaaaeoeaoue aeaa aiaea.
Yoi auea aai ia?aay aieueoay iiaaaea. Ii iiaaaea, ?aaeinoue
eioi?ie ii?a/eei ai?a: oia?ea Eeca -aai ethaeiay nano?a, i?eaoaaoay
aianoa n iei ec Oiaieuenea. E aio oaia?ue ii inoaeny a Iaoa?ao?aa
iaeei. Eiiaaea aai oyiao aeiiie, acaeyiooue ia ?iaeiua ianoa,
oaeaeaoueny n aeeceeie, ii yoa ia/oa aua aeieaea aeanyoeeaoey aoaeao
ia/oie. E eeoue ia neeiia eao, oaea anaie?ii ecaanoiui o/aiui,
aica?auaynue ec yeniaaeeoeee, ii naeaeaao e?the, /oiau oaeaeaoue
Oiaieuene. Yoi aoaeao iaaeieaia aica?auaiea, ii iieiia ?aci/a?iaaiee.
Iinea yoie oaea/iie caueou ii iiaeaao iiaia i?ioaiea. Iaiaeaeaaa
aeaeae caueuaoue aua iaeio aeenna?oaoeeth «No?iaiea e?aiiacaienouo
niaaeeiaiee» – ia i?aai /eoaoue eaeoeee ii oeiee a Iaoa?ao?aneii
oieaa?neoaoa. Iaiaeaeaaa ii?acee anao naieo ae?ocae: ii caueoee aoi?oth
aeenna?oaoeeth. *oi e aiai?eoue – neo/ae iaiau/aeiaeoee! O/aiua ia
aac eieaaaiee i?eiyee aoi?ie o?oae Iaiaeaeaaaa, oioy yoi e aue
na?ueaciue aeeaae a oeieth noaeeiaa?aiey. Ii oae neeoeii ana yoi auei
iaiau/ii…
Oieaa?neoao aeae iieiaeiio iaaeno?o iiiai: aiciiaeiinoue /eoaoue
eaeoeee, ?aaioaoue a eaai?aoi?ee, iauaoueny n ia?aieeanniuie
i?ioanni?aie. Ii ia aeae aeaiaa: ca /oaiea eaeoeee ii iieo/ae aiaeiaia
aeaeiaaiea a 300-400 ?oaeae.
A iioii iieiaeie Iaiaeaeaaa ia ii/oiaie ea?aoa, eioi?oth ?acai
eaoeea /aoaa?ea eioaaeae, aaeao a ia?aoth naith eiiaiaee?iaeo –
/a?ac Aa?oaao aeaeueoa, a ciaiaieoue Aaeaeaeueaa?a, a eaai?aoi?eth
iao?ea?oa oeieei?ioanni?a Aoicaia. Ca ia?aua o?e ianyoea ii iauaoae ia
iaiueoa aeanyoea oieaa?neoaoneeo ai?iaeia. Auai? aai inoaiiaeeny ia
Ia?eaea e Aaeaeaeueaa?aa ianeo/aeii. A Ia?eaeneii – AE.Aethia, Aa?oei,
Ath?oe, a Aaeaeaeueaa?aa-Aoicai, Ee?oaio. Ea?eon. Ii ia niiinoaaeaiea
eiai ii?aaeaeeei auai?, aio i?inoi i/aiue iii?aaeeny Aaeaeaeueaa?a.
Ano?aoeeny a yoe a?aiaia n ecaanoiuie o/aiuie Aa?iiu. Auei i?eiyoi
?aoaiea ?aaioaoue a aeiiaoiae eaai?aoi?ee, aeey yoiai aio ioaeii auei
i?eia?anoe oi?ioea i?eai?u. Caeacae aanu, ianin, iaiiiao?, eoiee
?aaeeea i?aia?aou, iiauaae ai iiiaeo eaai?aoi?eyo Ia?eaea.
Iaiaeaeaaa aa?ee, /oi aeie, i?iaaaeaiiua a eaai?aoi?ee
Aaeaeaeueaa?aneiai oieaa?neoaoa, ?yaeii n i?ineaaeaiiui oeieeii,
aoaeoo aio iieaciu, ii ii ioeany. Aoicai, caiyoue naieie iiuoaie,
ano?aoee iieiaeiai ?onneiai eieeaao aaaeeeai, ii naea?aeaiii. A a
eaai?aoi?ee, aaea Iaiaeaeaaao auaeaeeee ianoi, auei ana eae iaeuecy
aieaa ianeeaaeii: a oaniioa oieieeenue nooaeaiou, ia oaaoaei iinoaeu,
?aaeoeaia. Iaiaeaeaaa oio/an iiiye, /oi caeanue ii eeoue iioa?yao
a?aiy. N aeaeii aeoai/aeoaai niaeaeaiey neacae Aoicaio, /oi ii
iacaei?ia, iiaeaaiaea?ee ca noieue ?aaeooiia ainoai?eeinoai e ooo aea
nuaoae n oieaa?neoaoneie eaa?oe?u. A anei?a niiaa a iooue. Ia yoio ?ac
– a Ia?eae, e inuea Naea?iio – oiio naiiio Naea?iio, eo/oa eioi?iai
ieeoi ia iia aeaeaoue oeie/aneea i?eai?u e eino?oiaiou. Iaiaeaeaaao
ioaeiu auee naiua oi/iua ec anao oi/iuo aania, iioiio /oi aeey aai
?aaiou ia aiaeeeenue ae?oaea.
Ii aa?ioeny a Aaeaeaeueaa?a, aaea niye e?ioioioth eiiiaoaieo
iiae eaai?aoi?eth, e aaea aai oaea aeaeaei iaaniieiaiiia ienueii
iiia/eoaey Iaoa?ao?aneiai o/aaiiai ie?oaa – aeaeii, aeioee
niiauaiey i auoiaeea n Aoicaiii. Iaiaeaeaaa ioaaoee: «Aeaaiue
i?aaeiao iieo caiyoee anoue oece/aneay oeiey».
Ii ia niaoee aeiiie ia iioiio, /oi ia aeaeae aeaeaoue ai?iae, oaea
aeaaii noaaoee aio ?iaeiui. Ii ia niaoee iioiio, /oi a
Aaeaeaeueaa?aa aio oi?ioi ?aaioaeinue, ii /oanoaiaae naay naiaiaeiui,
iacaaeneiui. E iioiio aua, /oi caeanue ii ia??e iiauo ae?ocae.
Eaai Na/aiia, Aeaenaiae? Ai?iaeei, Aeieo?ee Iaiaeaeaaa – iie auee
oiaaea
iieiaeu, eo eiaia aua ia cao/aee oae a?iiei, ii eaaeaeue ec ieo
oaea aue ecaanoai naieie ?aaioaie. Ana o?ia n oaea/aieai
caieiaeenue oeieae. Iaiaeaeaaa iuoaeny iinoe/ue nooue yaeaiee,
i?ienoiaeyueo ia o?iaia cia/eoaeueii aieaa oiieii, iaaeaee
iieaeoey?iue, e ioe?ue oaiia?aoo?o aaniethoiiai eeiaiey. Na/aiia
i?iieeae a oeieth aaciiaiaia a aeeauo oeaiyo, a aaoi? «Eiycy Eai?y»
n oiiaieai aiceeny n i?iae?eaie e eieaaie e e oiio a?aiaie aue aaoi?ii
ianeieueeeo e?oiiuo ia/aoiuo ?aaio ii oeiee.
O?ia aaeeeeo ?onneeo. Iaeaiueeay «iiao/ay eo/ea». Iie ?aaioaee ia
iieeaaeay ?oe, a aa/a?aie noiaeeeenue ca /aai, aeaeeeenue anai, /oi
iaeiieeinue ca aeaiue. *ooue iicaea, eiaaea e iei i?eniaaeeieeny
Ia/ieeia, iie aeaee eeyoao, /oi, anee eiio-ieaoaeue ec ieo a aeecie
aoaeao o?oaeii, ana niaa?oony, /oiau i?eeoe ia iiiiuue. Iie naea?aeaee
yoo eeyoao.
…A a Aaeaeaeueaa?aa iie ia?aaeeaaee n/anoeeaia a?aiy. A ?aaioa ana
eaaeeeinue – e iiyoiio iano?iaiea auei i?ae?aniui, a ioaeuoaee iie
oiaea naiicaaaaiii. Ai?iaeei /anoi naaeeeny ca ?iyeue, a oi ana
?acii oee a ninaaeiee ai?iaeie neooaoue ciaiaieoue i?aai.
Aianoa n Ai?iaeeiui Iaiaeaeaaa /anoaiueei oiaeee a ai?u. *oi eo
aeaeei… ?acaa iiaeii ia yoii neacaoue? Ei i?aaeeinue eaeoe aaa?o ii
o?oaeiie aei?iaa, oeaieyynue ca eaiie, oaycay eiie ?ac a a?yce e a
niaao. A aac yoiai a aeecie /aai-oi iaaeinoaaaei. Eae oi?ioi
Aeieo?ee Eaaiiae/ nai iaienae ia yoii Oaicaa Eauaaie – iiae?oaa
naiae nano?u Ieueae, naiae aoaeouae aeaia. Eae aai oyioei oiaaea e
Oaicaa e eae iiiai iicaea ii aoaeao aioia ioaeaoue ana, /oi oaiaeii,
eeoue au ?annoaoueny n iae. Eae oi?ioi ii iaienae ae: «Ia caaoaeaoue
yoie ieioou, ?aae aoaeaoue aeanyoue aa?no eacoue, /oiau aua ?ac
eniuoaoue oi aea. A io/aai? ss Aai ia neaaeo. Ia neaaeo ia iioiio,
/oi ia oi/o, iao, nai ia ciath e auaeoiuaaoue ia iiao…»
Ae?ocae iauaaeeiyei ia oieueei i?eno?anoea e oeiee – iie auee ai
iiiaii iioiaee-n iaeeiaeiaie no?anoueth ioaeaaaeenue ?aaioa, a
oaeaeoenue /ai-oi, n aieiaie iia?oaeaeenue a iiaia aeaei. I?aaaea,
i?iyaeyeinue o ieo yoi ii-?aciiio. Iaiaeaeaaa aanue ioaeaaaeny
no?anoe e ia inouaae, iiea a iai oeaea oioy au ene?a. Ii ia a?aeny
ca /oi-oi ae?oaia, iiea ia oaaaeaeaeny a oii, /oi caeanue ii ociae e
acye ana. Ii ene?aiia ?aaeiaaeny naiae aeecinoe n Ai?iaeeiui,
iineieueeo n/eoae aai iaiaueiiaaiii oaeaioeeaui /aeiaaeii e aeaaiaea?ee
noaeueao ca oi, /oi iia eo naaea.
A Ai?iaeei aue iioiae ia ooiiue, naa?eathuee oaea?aa?e, eioi?ue ii
nai oiae aioiaeoue e aioiaee anaaaea ioiaiii, n ethaiaueth. Ii ioee/ii
ienae ianeii e ?eniaae, oiae eaieoue e a?aae?iaaoue – ia aiai?y i
oii, /oi ii ea?ae ia iiiaeo eino?oiaioao, – aue oeieeii e eiiiiceoi?ii.
E eae ciaoue, ia io yoie ee ae?oaeau n Ai?iaeeiui iioei iioii
iaiaeaeaaaneia oaea/aiea eneonnoaii. Aeaeeii, ana-oaee
iiiaia?aiiinoue-yoi aeaenoaeoaeueii iaecaaaeiia i?iyaeaiea aieueoiai
oaeaioa. *aeiaae, aaeeeee ii-ianoiyuaio, iaaa?iia, ia iiaeao
aeiaeeoue a iaeii ?onei anth naith neeo e aanue naie oaeaio. AEeciue,
neiaii au iianaynue iioa?youe aanoeaiiua e?oieoeu /aeiaa/aneiai
aea?iaaiey, ia iicaieyaoaio naeaeaoue yoi.
Aa?ioaoenue ioooaea Aeieo?ee Eaaiiae/ canae ca eco/aiea
eaieeey?iinoe. A naiae nooaeai/aneie ?aaioa «Eciii?oeci» oaaaeeeny. /oi
iaeiiai eciii?oecia iaaeinoaoi/ii aeey iieiiai auyaeaiey noiaenoa e
?acee/ee iaaeaeo yeaiaioaie. ii iaiaaeeaiii aeaeaao neaaeothuee oaa –
i?enooiaao e eco/aieth oaeaeueiuo iauaiia ?acee/iuo aauanoa. Ieacaeinue
eciii?oeci ieeae ia naycai n oaeaeueiui iauaiii. eiaaea ?a/ue caoiaeeea
i neiaeiuo aauanoaao. Ii au/eneea oaeaeueiua iauaiu aeey oeie/aneeo
yeaiaioia. Iaiaeaeaaa n?aco iaia?oaeee o iaiau/aeii noiaeeo ii
oeie/aneei naienoaai yeaiaioia, eaeiau oei?, a?ii, eiae, aeecinoue
oaeaeueiuo iauaiia. Oae aae?oa iaia?oaeeeanue naycue iaaeaeo oeie/aneie
aeoeaiinoueth e «iauaiii aoiiia n eo aoiinoa?ith», a niaa?oaiii ynii,
/oi yoa «aoiinoa?a» oeaeeeii caaeneo io nee noeaieaiey, i nouanoaiaaiee
eioi?uo ii aeiaaaeaeny aua aei yoie ?aaiou. Iaiaeaeaaa ?aoee
iaiin?aaenoaaiiuie ecia?aieyie ociaoue neeu noeaieaiey. A oiaea yoie
oeoaie/aneie ?aaiou Iaiaeaeaaa i?eoae e ioe?uoeth oaiia?aoo?u
aaniethoiiai eeiaiey.( A 1884 aiaeo ai a?aiy i?acaeiiaaiey naiaai
300-eaoey Yaeeiao?aneee oieaa?neoao, i?enaaeaay aio noaiaiue ii/aoiiai
aeieoi?a i?aa, a /enea aai caneoa oiiiyioe e aai enneaaeiaaiey i?e
oaiia?aoo?a aaniethoiiai eeiaiey). 3-ai naioya?y 1860-ai aiaea a
Ea?en?y nuaoaeinue aieaa 140 o/aiuo-oeieeia a ?aaioa eiia?anna i?eieiae
o/anoea e Iaiaeaeaaa. Eiia?ann iaaae ii?yaeie a oeie/aneie
iiiaieeaoo?a, /aoei ii?aaeaeee oaeea ooiaeaiaioaeueiua iiiyoey, eae
aoii, iieaeoea e aoiiiue aan. Aica?aoeaoenue a Iaoa?ao?a, Iaiaeaeaaa
ieacaeny ia ?anioouea. I?iaeieaeaoue ia/aoua a Aaeaeaeueaa?aa
enneaaeiaaiey ia auei aiciiaeiinoe e, a ecaanoiie noaiaie auioaeaeaiii,
ii i?eieiaaony ca ?aaioo, eacaeinue au, eaaeauoth aeaeaei a noi?iia io
aai oai?/aneeo ono?aieaiee. Caaiou i ca?aaioea caieiaee ana aai a?aiy.
Ii iaoae ianoi i?aiiaeaaaoaey a ei?iona eiaeaia?ia iooae niiauaiey,
ia/ae /eoaoue a oieaa?neoaoa i?aaie/aneoth oeieth, ii a ?acoeueoaoa
nooaeai/aneeo aieiaiee oieaa?neoao aue cae?uo.
Ii a Iaoa?ao?aa Iaiaeaeaaa aae?oa oaeaea iuouaao e ino?oth ?aaeinoue
aica?auaiey. Ii iiiye, /oi ana aiaeu neo/ae aac yoiai ai?iaea.
Oaia?ue ii ia iaeei caeanue: aa?ioeanue nano?a Ieueaa. Aianoa ni naiei
ioaeai aeaeaa?enoii Aana?aeiui iia auea a aeieaie neae?neie nnueea.
Caeanue, a aa aeiia, Iaiaeaeaaa ana /aua ano?a/aaony n Oaicaie Eauaaie
– iia aio i?aaeony, ii ii ieioi ciaao aeaiuei e ia oaa?ai a oii, /oi
iaaei neaaeiaaoue niaaoo nano?u e aeaieoueny. Ii oi/ao auynieoue –
niiaoo ee iie n Oaicaie iiiyoue ae?oa ae?oaa, ii anyeee ?ac
?anoa?yiii oiieeaao: iao, aeaeii, ia i?enoaei niaoeoue, oi?iieoue
noaeueao. Ionoue ana neeaaeuaaaony oae, eae anoue, aac anyeeo oneeee.
Ii aa?eo, /oi oae aoaeao eo/oa. Iioii aae?oa i?eeea io/ayiey – ii
niiiaaaaony a naaa, a naiae eca?aiieoea e ieoao ienueii. Iao, ia
ienueii, a e?ee aeooe ianaony e nano?a a Iineao (aa oaeaeee ia
a?aiy aeaea). A oa ioaa/aao: «Ou iiiieaeai, iauyaeai aeaieoii, a
eaeii iieiaeaiee aoaeao iia, anee ou oaia?ue ioeaaeaoueny?» E ii
onooiaao.
E aio aaaeue /oi no?aiii: ii aue /aeiaaeii n neeueiui oa?aeoa?ii,
oiae iinoiyoue ca naay e ia aeae aia eiio-oi aai iaeaeaoue, a
caeanue aae?oa ii onooiee. N /aai au? Ii ciae, /oi aue aethaeai
oieueei, a ia ethaee.
A 1861 a. Aooea?ia eceaaaao naith oai?eth no?iaiey i?aaie/aneeo
niaaeeiaiee. E, ethaiiuoiia niaiaaeaiea, – a oii aea aiaeo Iaiaeaeaaa
ioaeeeoao aeaa ?aaiou, oeaeeeii iinayuaiiua i?aaie/aneie oeiee. Iaeia ec
ieo, noaoai oai?aoe/aneay, iacuaaaony “Iiuo oai?ee i?aaeaeia
i?aaie/aneeo niaaeeiaiee”. A iae ii ?acaeaaao i?eaeiaeueiua
i?aaenoaaeaiey i i?aaeaeueiuo eo oi?iao a ioaeaeueiuo aiiieiae/aneeo
?yaeao. Oaeei ia?acii, Iaiaeaeaaa ieacuaaaony aaeaa ee ia ia?aui
oai?aoeeii-“i?aaieeii” a ?innee. Auoiaeeo a naao aai “I?aaie/aneay
oeiey” — ia?aue ioa/anoaaiiue o/aaiee, iinayuaiiue yoie iaeanoe oeiee.
Oaea /a?ac aeaa aiaea iiyaeyaony aoi?ia ecaeaiea. Ca naie o?oae o/aiue
oaeinoaeaaaony Aeaieaeianeie i?aiee – aunoae iao/iie iaa?aaeu ?innee
oiai a?aiaie. I?enoaeaeaiea i?aiee ?ac?aoeei aeaaioth iaoa?eaeueioth
i?iaeaio. E oiaaea Iaiaeaeaaa ?aoee caiyoueny ono?ienoaii naiae ee/iie
aeecie. A 1862 aiaeo, a aic?anoa 27 eao, ii aeaieeny ia Oaicaa Ieeeoe/ia
I?ioiiiiiaie. Ii aa?ee, /oi, anee au inoaaee Oaicao, aeey iaa yoi
aeaenoaeoaeueii noaei a oaea?ii. E aio n yoei-oi ii nie?eoueny ia iia.
Ii ia oiae i?e/eiyoue aieue ae?oaei.
*a?ac o?e aiaea o Iaiaeaeaaauo ?iaeeeny nui. Aeieo?ee Eaaiiae/ aeoia
n ae?oaii naiei i?ioanni?ii Eeueeiui iieoiaao o ?aci?aiiiai eiycy
iaaieueoia eiaiueeoea Aiaeiai, iaiiaeaeaeo io Eeeia, ia?aacaeaao
ooaea e n iueii ia/eiaao caieiaoueny naeueneei oicyenoaii.
Ai?i/ai, oaea/aiea yoi ia auei neo/aeiui: Iaiaeaeaaa aeaaii neo/ae aac
i?e?iaeu. A Aiaeiaa aio oi?ioi. Ii iiiai aoeye, acaeee aa?oii, oeiiioae
ia naiai iiuoiii iiea, a aa/a?aie /anoaiueei ano?a/ae eaeouaa n
ianoaeua noaaei. Ii ana yoi i/aiue ethaee. Ii aeaei ia oieueei a yoii.
Iiuou, eioi?ua ii noaaeo, neoaeao iaeiie oeaee. Aai iaoea aeieaeia
nineoaeeoue ethaeyi eiie?aoioth iieueco. Caeanue, a Aiaeiaa, ii
ainieouaaao a naaa eiia ioiioaiea e aeaeo: o?oae o/aiiai ia aeieaeai
auoue aia nayce n i?aeoeeie. E a naiii eiioea naiae aeecie ii aniiiieo
ia yoeo aiaeianeeo aeiyo e iaieoao ia iiuoao: «Iie aaaeiu aeey iaiy
iioiio, /oi ii?aaaeuaatho ana iia aeaeueiaeoaa ioiioaiea e
i?iiuoeaiiinoe». Aio, ieacuaaaony, eiaaea ii ia/ae aeoiaoue i aoaeouai.
A iiea aua ii aoeye n nuiii ii i?inaeai, n iaeue/eoaneei aca?oii ea?ae
ia eoaeaeea a e?ieao, aiceeny ia oieo, niae?ae oieueei /oi
eoieaiioth iieioeeeo. E aeaeii auei, /oi aio caeanue, a Aiaeiaa, ii
/oanoaoao naay naiei niaie, aieueaioii e n/anoeeai.
Oae aeoiaea, aeyaey ia iaai, aai aeaia. Iia aeoiaea, /oi oae
aoaeao
anaaaea, /oi Aeieo?ee Eaaiiae/ iiiye, iaeiiaoe, aaea e a /ai aai
n/anouea. Io iaeieo oieueei yoeo iuneae aieia oeoie ?aaeinoe ia?aiieiyea
aa. Ii iia ioeaaeanue. A aa ioaea a oi a?aiy c?ae aaeeeee o/aiue. Ii nai
ia yoii ia iiiuoeye. Iia yoiai i?inoi ia iiieiaea.
Ia?eiaee/aneee caeii
E aiiaue Iaoa?ao?a. Iuneue i oeie/aneii n?iaenoaa yeaiaioia,
eioi?ay i?eoea aua a aiaeu nooaeai/anoaa, iiyoue aieiiaaea aai. Ii
aue aaniethoii oaa?aei oaaaeaeai, /oi iai?aiaiii aeieaeai
nouanoaiaaoue iaeee caeii-aeanoiue, iaoiieeiue, eioi?ue e ii?aaeaeyao
yoi n?iaenoai eee ?acee/ea yeaiaioia, ianaeythueo ie?.
Neieueei aei iaai auei iiiuoie-iaeaiuo, iaaeoiaiiuo-iaeoe yoio
caeii, iiaeioynue aio, ?annoaaeoue ana yeaiaiou ii no?ieiie nenoaia…
A oi a?aiy oeieee ioe?uee e «iaia?eee» 64 yeaiaioa, ciaee eo aoiiiua
aana, oae /oi oaea aue iaoa?eae aeey ?aaiou. Ia auei oieueei
/aeiaaea, eioi?ue noiae au i?iieeiooue a yoo oaeio, eaaeauoth, eae
eacaeinue, aaea-oi iaiiaeaeaeo e oai ia iaiaa iaaeinyaaaioth.
O?aioeocneee oeiee Oaieo?ooa eneae caeiiiia?iinoue, ?aniieiaeea
yeaiaiou ii aeioiaie ia?acea, iaianaiiie ia noiyuee oeeeeiae?. Ana
iai?anii.
Aiaeeeneee oeiee Iuetheaiaen, /aeiaae, aa?iyoii, ooii/aiiie iaoo?u,
iai?yaeaiii eneae ?acaaaeeo n iiiiuueth iocuee. Ii aa?ee, /oi oa
niioiioaiey, eioi?ua nouanoaotho iaaeaeo yeaiaioaie, iioiaee ia
niioiioaiey iaaeaeo iocueaeueiui oiiii e aai ieoaaie. Iuetheaiaen
iino?iee-oaee naith nenoaio, eneonnoaaiii aieoeaay a iaa yeaiaiou,
iiaeno?oaeaay eo iiae oa ?acia?u, eioi?ua nai aea e oaioiaee.
Nenoaia auea, ii nenoaiu yeaiaioia ia auei. Iuetheaiaeno i?eoeinue
ia?aaeeoue i?aiai?eyoiua ieioou, eiaaea i?aaenaaeaoaeue a?eoaineiai
nuacaea anoanoaieniuoaoaeae ni?inee aai, ia i?y/a e?iiee: «Ia i?iaiaae
ee oaaaeaaiue aeaeaioeueiai ?aniieiaeeoue yeaiaiou ii aeoaaeoo e ia
oniio?ae ee ii i?e yoii eaeeo-eeai caeiiiia?iinoae?»
Iaiaeaeaaa niio?ae a naioth nooue yaeaiee e ia iuoaeny eneaoue
eaeoth-oi aiaoithth naycue, iauaaeeiythuoth ana yeaiaiou a
ooiaeaiaioa ie?icaeaiey. Ii iuoaeny iiiyoue-/oi eo naycuaaao e /oi
ii?aaeaeyao eo naienoaa. Iaiaeaeaaa ?aniieiaeee yeaiaiou ii
aic?anoaieth eo aoiiiiai aana e noae iauoiuaaoue caeiiiia?iinoue
iaaeaeo aoiiiui aanii e ae?oaeie oeie/aneeie naienoaaie yeaiaioia.
Ii iuoaeny iiiyoue niiniaiinoue yeaiaioia i?eniaaeeiyoue e naaa
aoiiu ni?iaee/ae eee ioaeaaaoue naie.
Ii aii?oaeeeny ai?ioii aeceoiuo ea?oi/ae e iaienae ia iaeiie noi?iia
iacaaiea yeaiaioa, a ia ae?oaie-aai aoiiiue aan e oi?ioeu aai
iaeioi?uo aaaeiaeoeo niaaeeiaiee. Ii niiaa e niiaa ia?aeeaaeuaae
yoe ea?oi/ee, oeeaaeuaay eo ii naienoaai yeaiaioia. E a aai niciaiee
anieuaaee eaeea-oi iiaua caeiiiia?iinoe, e ii ni ciaeiiui aieiaieai,
i?aaeoanoaothuei ioe?uoeth, inoi?iaeii i?iaeaeaaeny aeaeueoa e
aeaeueoa. *anaie ii neaeae, neeiieaoenue iaae naiei noieii, niiaa e
niiaa aaeyaeuaaynue a caiene, e iuouae, eae ia/eiaea e?oaeeoueny io
iai?yaeaiey aieiaa e eae aeaca canoeeaea ae?iaeauay iaeaia…
Aiai?yo, /oi ai nia e iaio i?eoei ica?aiea e /oi ii/ueth aio
i?eaeaeaeinue, eae, a eaeii ii?yaeea iaaei ?aceiaeeoue oa ea?oi/ee,
/oiau ana eaaei ii naiei ianoai ii caeiio i?e?iaeu. Iiaeao auoue. Iica
/aeiaaea anaaaea aiae?noaoao. Ii oae-oi Iaiaeaeaaa e yoiio i?ic?aieth
aiaeaie! Ii i?iaeaeaaeny iniuneaiii, ca?aiaa iaia/ay e ?ann/eouaay
eaaeaeue naie i/a?aaeiie oaa. Iiaeao, e auei oi ica?aiea, ii aai
iaeuecy iacaaoue neo/aeiui.
Iaiaeaeaaa iaoae naycue aeaaea iaaeaeo naiuie iaiioiaeeie
yeaiaioaie. Ii iaia?oaeee, /oi naienoaa yeaiaioia, anee eo
?acianoeoue a ii?yaeea aic?anoaiey aoiiiuo aania, /a?ac i?aaeeueiua
i?iiaaeooee iiaoi?ythony.
Iaiaeaeaaa iiieiae: neo/aeiinoueth yoi auoue ia iiaei. Oiaaea
ii naeaeae iineaaeiee-?aoathuee oaa: ?aniieiaeee ana yeaiaiou aua
e ii a?oiiai,
iauaaeeiea a ioaeaeueiua naiuee aeeaeaeoeo ?iaenoaaiieeia. Ii
ianoieueei ynii aeaeae no?ieiinoue nicaeaiiie ei nenoaiu, /oi,
caiaoea ionoonoaea yeaiaioa iaaeaeo aethieieai e oeoaiii, inoaaee
aio naiaiaeiia ianoi. Oaeeo ionouo eeaoie i?eoeinue inoaaeoue aua
aeaa. Nenoaia Iaiaeaeaaaa iicaieyea aio i?aaeaeaeaoue ioe?uoea.
Ia?aia ec ieo iineaaeiaaei /a?ac /aou?a aiaea. Yeaiaio, aeey
eioi?iai Iaiaeaeaaa inoaaee ianoi e naienoaa, aoiiiue aan eioi?iai ii
i?aaeneacae, aae?oa iauyaeeny! Iieiaeie o?aioeocneee oeiee Eaeie aea
Aoaaiae?ai iineae a Ia?eaeneoth aeaaeaieth iaoe ienueii. A iai
aiai?eeinue: «Iicaa/a?a, 27 aaaonoa 1875 aiaea, iaaeaeo aeaoiy e
/aou?ueiy /anaie ii/e y iaia?oaeee iiaue yeaiaio a ieia?aea oeeieiaay
iaiaiea ec ?oaeieea Iuea?oeoo a Ie?aiayo». Ii naiia ii?aceoaeueiia
aua i?aaenoiyei.
Iaiaeaeaaa i?aaeneacae, aua inoaaeyy aeey yoiai yeaiaioa ianoi, /oi
aai ieioiinoue aeieaeia auoue 5,9. A Aoaaiae?ai ooaa?aeaeae:
ioe?uoue ei yeaiaio eiaao ieioiinoue 4,7. Iaiaeaeaaa, e a aeaca-oi
ia aeaeaaoee iiaue yeaiaio -oai yoi e oaeeaeoaeueiae,-cayaee, /oi
o?aioeocneee oeiee ioeany a ?an/aoao. Ii e Aoaaiae?ai ieacaeny
oi?yioeai: ii oaa?ye, /oi aue oi/ai. Yoio nii? iioiaeee ia eaeoth-oi
ea?o, a eioi?ie o/anoaiaae iaai?i?eoeaoaeue. Yoio iaa iinee ?onneia eiy.
*ooue iicaea iinea aeiiieieoaeueiuo ecia?aiee auynieeinue: Iaiaeaeaaa
aue
aaciaiai?i/ii i?aa. Ia?aue yeaiaio, caiieieaoee ionoia ianoi a
oaaeeoea, Aoaaiae?ai iacaae aaeeeai a /anoue naiae ?iaeeiu O?aioeee. E
ieeiio oiaaea ia i?eoei a aieiao aeaoue aio eiy /aeiaaea, eioi?ue
i?aaeneacae nouanoaiaaiea yoiai yeaiaioa, /aeiaaea, eioi?ue ?ac e
iaanaaaea i?aaeii?aaeaeee iooue ?acaeoey oeiee. Yoi naeaeaee o/aiua
aeaaaeoeaoiai aaea. Eiy Iaiaeaeaaaa iineo yeaiaio, ioe?uoue niaaoneeie
oeceeaie.
…A aeiia o iaai ana eaeao eae-oi ianeeaaeii. Aio iaeeiiei. Ii aeaaii
oaea ciaao, /oi Oaicaa aai ieeiaaea ia iieiao. Iia oi/ao, /oiau ii aue
i?eia?iui naiueyieiii e ana naiaiaeiia a?aiy io i?aiiaeaaaiey
i?iaiaeee aianoa n iath a aea?aaia. A ii ia iiaeao. Aiaeiai noaei aeey
iaai yoaiii a aeecie, e yoio yoai ieacaeny oaea iicaaee.
Iaiaeaeaaa ia ianeieueei ianyoeaa oacaeaao a Aia?eeo-eco/aoue
oaiioiea iaoiaeu aeiau/e iaooe. Aia?eea aai oaeeaeyao: ii iaeeaeae
oaeaeaoue ia/oi nianai eiia. Ia?aue ai?iae Ooaoia-Iueth-Ei?e. Ii
iieacaeny aaeeeiio oeieeo i?inoi iaac?a/iui, iaiiieiathuei aieueoea
oacaeiua ai?iaea ?innee. Ciaiaieoua iaooai?iiuneu? Ii aieaa
aacaeoiiiai ioiioaiey e i?e?iaeiui aiaaonoaai ii ieaaea ia ano?a/ae…
Ai?i/ai, ii ia ano?a/ae aua iiiaiai a aeecie, yoio e?oiiue, /ooue
noooeiaaoue ioae/eia n ?onie ai?iaeie e aeeeiiuie aieinaie. Aio ca
ni?ie, ii ii ia ano?a/ae i/aiue aaaeiiai a aeecie, /oi iaiieiyao aa
iniaui, o?aiaoiui niuneii. Ii aua ia ethaee.
Iie iiciaeiieeenue a aeiia aai noa?oae nano?u. Aa caaee Aiiie, iia auea
aei/eie eaca/ueaai iieeiaieea e oae ia iioiaeeea ia anao aeaaooae,
eioi?uo ii ano?a/ae i?aaeaea… Iia auea no?ieia, iaoi?iieeaa, iiae
aonouie /a?iuie a?iayie naaoeeenue aieueoea na?ua aeaca, a aieiao
oe?aoaee aeeeiiua, oyaeaeua einu. Iia i?eaoaea a Iaoa?ao?a, /oiau
iinooieoue a Aeaaeaieth ooaeiaeanoa, e inoaeanue a yoii ai?iaea
iaanaaaea. Iia iaoea caeanue oi, i /ai ia niaea ia/oaoue e a naiuo
niaeuo naieo ia/oao.
Ii aethaeeny a iaa eae iaeue/eoea. Nia/aea ii aeaaea ia iiieiae, /oi
n iei i?ienoiaeeo: ?yaeii n iae ii iuouae ino?ua i?enooiu
iaeeii/anoaa. Yoi auei i/aiue iioiaea ia oi, eae /aeiaae,
enno?aaeaaoeeny io aeaaeaeu a ionouia, ?yaeii n enoi/ieeii ino?aa
iuouaao io/aiey. Ii ecaaaae aa, i?yoaeny ia naiae iieiaeia aeiia, ii
ieeae ia iia canoaaeoue naay ia aeoiaoue i iae.
Ioaoe aa, ociaa, neieue oieiaeii iia iaioeanue ni naiei
aeaieoii,
ano?aaiaeaiiue, iiaoae a Iaoa?ao?a e caeanue ociae oi, /oi ciaee
ana: aai aei/ue e Iaiaeaeaaa ethayo ae?oa ae?oaa. Iaeiaei iaaeaaeae o
ieo ieeaeeo ia auei. Oaicaa ?acaiae aeaaaoue ia niaeaoaeanue, e ioaoe
Aiiu aaeae ae iio?aaiaaoue o Iaiaeaeaaaa, /oi ii ia aoaeao eneaoue n iae
ano?a/. Iaiaeaeaaa iaauae.
Ii iaauae c?y. Ii i?inoi ia iia naea?aeaoue naia neiai. Aai aeaeei a
oa ianoa, aaea, eae ii ciae, iiaeii auei ano?aoeoue aa. Ii aoiaeee
a caeaiea Aeaaeaiee ooaeiaeanoa e auaeeaeae aa, i?y/anue ca
eieiiiaie, ne?uaaynue a oaie caeia. Ii e aae-oi naay eae iaeue/eoea.
Ioaoe Aiiu i?aaei?eieiaao aua iaeei oaa: ii ioi?aaeyao aei/ue ia
ceio a Eoaeeth.
Noiye ii?iciue aeaeaa?ue, a Iaiaeaeaaa, aeyaey a ieii aaaiia,
naeeiae oeyio a ?oeao. Auei ooiaiii, e aio eacaeinue, /oi iie
aieueoa ieeiaaea ia oaeaeyony… Iia oaoaea, a ii ienae ae ienueii
ca ienueiii e iioneae eo a yuee, i?eaeaeaiiue e noieo, ca eioi?ui
?aaioae. Aaaeue ii iaauae ia iaiiieiaoue i naaa… Iioii aio iiaeioei
a?aiy aoaoue a Aeaee? – ia oeie/aneee nuacae. Aai ae?oa – Aaeaoia,
aeaey aaciaaeaaeiia io/ayiea, n eioi?ui Iaiaeaeaaa niae?aeny a
aei?iao, ia auoa?iae e iii/aeny e Oaicaa a Aiaeiai. Ia /oi ii
?ann/eouaae, ciay aa, auei iaiiiyoii, iaeiaei aii?aee anyeie
?acoiiie eiaeea noiae oaaaeeoue aa i?aaeinoaaeoue naiaiaeo ioaeo.
Ca?o/eaoenue niaeaneai ia ?acaiae, Aaeaoia ia e?ueueyo iieaoae a
Iaoa?ao?a e aaeaa-aaeaa canoae Iaiaeaeaaaa ia?aae iouacaeii ia
i?enoaiue. Ia?ioiae i?e/aeee a Aeaee?a, ii Iaiaeaeaaaa ia ai?oo ia
auei. Ii aue a ?eia. Aicea iaa.
Ec ?eia – eeoue au inoaoueny aaeaiai, iie eeioeenue a Ao?eeo,
i/ooeeenue a Aaeioa, iioii – a Eniaiee. A a ?eia-oi – oae
niaoeee – ie n eai ia i?inoeeenue…
Ii aei iieiiai n/anouey aua aeaeaei. Oea?eiaue iaeiaeeea ia a?ae
Iaiaeaeaaaa aieoeiueth – cai?ao, e ii naiue eao ia eiae i?aaa
aeaieoueny. *a?ac aiae e?iiooaaeoneee nayuaiiee ia?ooee yoio cai?ao e
iaaai/ae Aeieo?ey Eaaiiae/a n Aiiie Eaaiiaiie e ia ae?oaie aea aeaiue a
iaeacaiea aue eeoai naiaai naia.
Aio oaeay o ieo auea ethaiaue. O?oaeiay, e?aneaay, io/eoaeueiay
e n/anoeeaay. Iaiaeaeaaa, e /aio au ii ie i?eeanaeny a aeecie,
anaaaea ioaeaaaeny aanue – ni no?anoueth, a iiao/ai ii?uaa. Oae ii
ethaee, oae a?iiee a?aaia, oae ?aaioae – eci aeiy a aeaiue – anth naith
aeeciue.
Auee o iaai e oaea/aiey, ii aeaaea iie i?aa?auaeenue a
aieueoia, na?ueaciia aeaei.
Iiiai eao iiae?yae Iaiaeaeaaa caieiaeny enneaaeiaaieai aacia, o iaai
auee na?ueaciaeoea iao/iua o?oaeu iae yoo oaio. Ii ii caaeoiuaaaony
e i ae?oaii: «?inney… aeaaeaao iaoe?iaeoei i?ioea anao ae?oaeo
ia?aciaaiiuo no?ai aa?aaii aua naiaiaeiiai aicaeooiiai ieaaia.
?onneei iiyoiio e niiae?o/iaa iaeaaeaoue nei iineaaeiei… N
ono?ienoaii aeinooiiiai aeey anao e othoiiai aeaeaaoaeueiiai
nia?yaea…» E aeaeueoa: «…i?ee?aieyoue e ay?inoaoo
aa?iaoe/anee cae?uoue, iieaoaiiue, oi?oaee i?eai? aeey
iiiauaiey iaaethaeaoaey, eioi?ue oiaaea aoaeao iaania/ai naeaoui
aicaeooii e iiaeao aaciianii aeey naay aeaeaoue ii?aaeaeaiey e
oi?aaeyoue oa?ii». Aio aaaeue /oi oaeeaeoaeueii! I aa?iaoe/iie
aiiaeiea ii ienae ca ianeieueei aeanyoeia eao aei oiai, eae Iathno
Ieeea?, iiei?eoaeue no?aoinoa?u, aia?aua iino?iee oaeoth aiiaeieo. A
nioneaaiue aiia?ao einie/aneiai ei?aaey, ia eioi?ii aica?auaeny ia
caieth TH?ee Aaaa?ei? Oa aea eaeay. Eaeay aa?iaoe/iie eaaeiu…
Naaeueiiai aaaonoa 1887 aiaea Iaiaeaeaaa aeiaeeny ?ac?aoaiey
aianoa n ieeioii e aua iaeiei enneaaeiaaoaeai iiaeiyoueny ia oa?a
aeey iaaethaeaiey iieiiai nieia/iiai caoiaiey. Aue na?ue aeiaeaeeeaue
aeaiue, ana iaai caoyiooi oo/aie, e oa?, iaiieiaiiue aiaei?iaeii, eaieai
iaoyaeaae o?inu. E Iaiaeaeaaao iiaeioae aai annenoaio A. A. Oeuaiei
e neacae: «Aeieo?ee Eaaiiae/, o ay?inoaoa iao iiaeuaiiie neeu. ss
aeaeo, y ciath aeaei, eaoaoue iaeuecy, oaa?yth aan, iaeuecy».
Iaiaeaeaaa ioaaoee, e a yoii ioaaoa ii aue aanue – e eae o/aiue, e
i?inoi eae /aeiaae: «Ay?inoao – yoi oiaea oece/aneee i?eai?. Au
aeaeeoa, neieueei ethaeae neaaeeo ca iieaoii eae ca iao/iui
iiuoii. ss ia iiao iiaei?aaoue o ieo aa?o a iaoeo».
Aianoa n ieeioii Iaiaeaeaaa ia?aeac /a?ac ai?o aunieie ei?ceiu e n?aco
aea iiiye: oa? ia iiaeieiao aeaaea aeaieo. E ii iaiaaeeaiii ?aoaao
eaoaoue iaeei. Iiaeoiaoue oieueei: /aeiaae, ieeiaaea ?aiueoa ia
eaoaaoee ia oa?a, ?aoaaony eaoaoue a iaeeii/eo!
A iieaoa ii oeaaeiie?iaai, ana aeaeaao «ii iaoea», a caeii/ea ana
iaaethaeaiey, iaia?oaeeaaao, /oi aa?aaea, eaeouay io auioneiiai
eeaiaia, caiooaeanue e ia iicaieyao ioe?uoue aai. Oiaaea
Iaiaeaeaaa aueacaao ec ei?ceiu, acae?aaony ii no?iiiaea e ?anioouaaao
ceiiieo/ioth aa?aaeo…
N oieaa?neoaoii Iaiaeaeaaa i?iuaeny a 1890 aiaeo, e yoi auee
oineeeaaeoea aeie a aai aeecie. Ooiaeee ii ia ii naiae aiea – e oai
oyaeaeaa auei yoi i?iuaiea. Ii iiiae ia nooaeai/aneoth noiaeeo, noae
oaaaeaeaoue anao ?acieoenue, aai ia iineooaee, oiaaea ii i?aaeeiaeee
nooaeaioai iaienaoue naie o?aaiaaiey e iiiaauae aeiianoe yoi ienueii
aei ieieno?a i?inaauaiey. Neiai naia ii naea?aeae e nooaeai/aneoth
iaoeoeeth a?o/ee ieieno?o. A oio anei?a aa?ioe ienueii,
nii?iaiaeaeaaiia caieneie, a eioi?ie ia inoaaaeinue ianoa
aeaoniuneaiiinoe: oio, eoi ninoieo ia neoaeaa aai eiia?aoi?neiai
aaee/anoaa, «ia eiaao i?aaa i?eieiaoue iiaeiaiua aoiaae». Ieieno?,
aeaeeii, ia aiieia ioaeaaae naaa io/ao, e eiio ii ia?auae yoe neiaa.
Iaiaeaeaaa ia noae aeiaeeaeaoueny, iiea aio iaiaeioo aeaaaeaeu. Ii
iiaeae a ionoaaeo. ?aeoi? oieaa?neoaoa i?ioaiea ia i?eiye. Oiaaea
Iaiaeaeaaa i?inoi acye e noioe a ea?iai ?aeoi?a neiaeaiiue aaeaia
aoiaaeiue eeno.
Eo?n ii aei/eoae aei eiioea. Iineaaeithth eaeoeeth i?i/ae aaeeeieaiii,
oioy, iaaa?iia, yoi aio aei?iai noieei. Aoaeeoi?ey aai a oio aeaiue
auea caiieiaia, eae ieeiaaea: i?iuaoueny n iei i?eoee nooaeaiou e
ae?oaeo oaeoeueoaoia. Iianaynue aieiaiee, a aoaeeoi?eth iai?aaeee
io?yae aeaiaea?iia. Oaeaeaa eo a caea, Iaiaeaeaaa iionoeeny ia
nooe e, iieiaeea naith aieueooth aieiao ia ?oee,
aaccao/ii caieaeae…
Ii?io
Ii yoi aeaeaei ia eiiaoe. Ii ia naeaeny. Ii aua iiiai ?aaioae.
Ii ecia?aoaao iiaue, aacaeuiiue ii?io, eioi?ue i?eia?aoaao ia?iiiia
cia/aiea aeey aiaiiiai aeaea e ?aoeaio eioi?iai ii i?anooiiie
iaa?aaeiinoe naiiai aea i?aaeoaeuenoaa oieuaaao a Aia?eeo. Iaiaeaeaaa
i?aaeoi?aaeaeae, /oi oae iiaeao neo/eoueny – aio oae e neo/eeinue. E a
1914 aiaeo ?onneia aiaiiia aaaeiinoai eoieei o Ooaoia ianeieueei
ouny/ oiii yoiai ii?ioa. Aia?eeaioeu, iieo/ay cieioi io anooieaoae a
aieio ?innee, ia ne?uaaee, /oi yoi «iaiaeaeaaaneee ii?io».Ii nouanoao
aeaei ianoiyei oae, ii?neie ieieno? *eoa/aa i?aaeeiaeee aio
eiinoeueoe?iaaoue ii?neia ieienoa?noai ii /anoe ?ac?aaioee yoiai naiiai
ii?ioa. ?onneiio oeioo ii aue ino?i iaiaoiaeei- ii o?aaiaaeny aeey
oi/iie e aeaeueiae no?aeueau n ii?neeo ei?aaeae. Oioy Aeieo?ee Eaaiiae/
e ciae «o?aioeocneee» nae?ao yoiai ecaeaeey, ii ia?aae iei noiyea
caaea/a iaeoe oaeie aeae, eioi?ue iiaeii auei au i?iecaiaeeoue ia
ianoiuo iaoa?eaeao e a aieueoeo eiee/anoaao. Iaiaeaeaaa iaoae ninoaa
yoie, ieeiio ?aiaa ia ecaanoiie ?aciiaeaeiinoe ieo?ieeao/aoee. Ii iacaae
aa «ie?ieieeiaeeai». Aeey aai iieo/aiey eniieueciaaeanue
eeao/aoea-?anoeoaeueiue iaoa?eaeu, eioi?ue ia?aaaouaaeenue acioiie
eeneioie. Aeieo?ee Eaaiiae/ ene?aiia aeoiae, /oi nicaeaieai yoei ii
niinianoaoao i?ae?auaieth aiei. Iiyoiio ca?aiaa i?aaeeiaeee naia
ecia?aoaiea eniieueciaaoue a ie?iuo oeaeyo. E, aniiieiay i aiaiiie
noi?iia aeaea, caia/ae: «ia ieeu iia yoe ana ac?uaiua aeaea».
Iioii ii noaiiaeony o/aiui o?aieoaeai Aeaii ia?acoeiauo ia? e aania,
aaaeao ia?iiioth ?aaioo ii aaaaeaieth aaeeiie iao?e/aneie nenoaiu,
naiiee/ii
ii?aaeaeyao ianno yoaeiia ooioa a a?aiiao – n i/aiue aieueoie
oi/iinoueth – aei oanoiai ciaea iinea ioey, aea aua aithao n
ath?ie?aoaie, auaeaay aeaiueae ia ?aeiino?oeoeeth e ?anoe?aiea
caeaiey. Iioii, aeaeii, iaoioa ?oeie, caiuneee oeo?inoue: i?aaieciaae
iinauaiea Iaeaou ia? e aania aai eiia?aoi?neei auni/anoaii e
iaeaioia aai i?eacaea aaeae auoaueoue ec iiaeaaeia anyeea
iaioaeiua i?eai?u, yueee e ?acianoeoue ana i?yii a ei?eaei?ao, ia
aei?iaa, /oiau nicaeaoue oaniioo. ?oeiaiaeee yoie ?aaioie (ii
ainiiieiaieyi aai nio?oaeieoeu I. Ica?ianeie) ona?aeii: «Iiae iiae,
iiae iiae! *oiau ia?anooiaoue iaaei auei! Aaaeue ia iieioo, /oi
oanii, iaaei, /oiau niioueaeenue, oiaaea iieioo!» E aaaeue aeanoyua
aeiaeeny, /aai oioae! Aeaiueae-oi aeaee!
Aio oaeie ii aue auaeoiuee, oaeaeathueeny e aianoa n oai oaeie
iinoiyiiue. Iaienae eae-oi, oaea a noa?inoe: «Nai oaeeaeythnue, /aai
oieueei y
ia aeaeuaae ia naiae iao/iie aeecie». Aea, oaeaio iiiaia?aiai. Aaiee
– oai
aieaa…
Aaiee? Oneuoaa iaeiaaeaeu, eae eoi-oi ec aai o/aieeia i?iecian
yoi
aneoo, ?anna?aeeeny ana?ueac, caiaoae ?oeaie e e?eeioe naa?eeai: «Eaeie
oai aaiee! O?oaeeeny anth aeeciue, aio e aaiee…» Iao, ana-oaee aaiee.
Ae?oaea caneoae
Nie?eoeci
Aeieo?ee Eaaiiae/ ?aaioae iaae ia?eiaee/aneei caeiiii i/aiue iiiai, ii
yoi ia cia/eo, /oi ii caa?inee ana inoaeueiua aeaea. Ia?aeeaeueii ii
o/anoaoao a ?aaioa iaaeeoie/aneie eiiennee.Ia ?inneth iaaeaeaaeinue
caii?neia aeeai-nie?eoeci e niii iaaaaeiiuo aeinaea iaaeeoiia.
Iieiaeaiea ieacaeinue noieue na?ueaciui, /oi a iaa 1975 aiaea Aeieo?ee
Eaaiiae/ ia canaaeaiee Oece/aneiai iauanoaa i?e Iaoa?ao?aneii
oieaa?neoaoa i?aaeeiaeee nicaeaoue eiienneth aeey ?anniio?aiey
iaaeeoie/aneeo yaeaiee. I?e niaeaenoaee aieueoiai niaoeeaeenoa ii
nie?eoecio e aaoi?a eiea ia yoo oaio Aenaeiaa oaeaeinue i?eaeaneoue ia
canaaeaiea Eiiennee eo/oeo aa?iiaeneeo iaaeeoiia. Eacaeinue au, ana auei
i?aaeoniio?aii aeey iauaeoeaiiai enneaaeiaaiey e nei?aeoaai caaa?oaiey
?aaiou enneaaeiaaoaeueneie a?oiiu. Ii aio /oi eioa?anii e caaaaei/ii:
iiuou n ?aciuie iaaeeoiaie i?iaeieaeaeenue ianeieueei ianyoeaa! A eoiaa,
iaaei aeoiaoue, iinea ai?y/eo nii?ia 21 ia?oa 1876 aiaea eiienney
auianea ?aoaiea: «Nie?eoe/aneea yaeaiey i?ienoiaeyo io aanniciaoaeueiuo
aeaeaeaiee eee io niciaoaeueiiai iaiaia, a nie?eoe/aneia o/aiea anoue
noaaa?ea!». E ianeacaiiiio ecoieaieth, iauanoaaiiia iiaiea aoeaaeueii
ainnoaei i?ioea eaoaai?e/aneiai aa?aeeeoa iaoee. Iaiaeaeaaa aue i?inoi
ioaeiieai oaeie ao?iie ?aaeoeeae ia?aciaaiiie eioaeeeaaioeee, eeaeieaoae
o/aiuo ca iiiuoee «ia?ae?uoue aei?iao iiaiio o/aieth». Iinea aeieaeo
ia?aaeeaaiee ec-ca iacaneoaeaiiuo iaiaaeie Aeieo?ee Eaaiiae/ auioaeaeai
aue naeaeaoue ii?aceoaeueiia i?eciaiea: «ss ia io?eoeath, /oi a
nie?eoecia anoue nthaeaou aeey iaoee».
Iaoai?ieeaey
Iaaeaeo aeaeii eioa?anoaony o/aiue e caiiuie i?iaeaaie, a /anoiinoe
iaoai?ieiaeae. Ai-ia?auo, i/aiue aaaeiia aeey iiieiaiey e?oaiai?ioa
aoiinoa?u aeaeaeaiea aicaeooa a aa?oieo aa neiyo auei ia oieueei
aaniethoii iaecaanoii, ii e o?oaeiiaeinooiii aeey eco/aiey. Ai-aoi?uo,
aeaeaeaiea aicaeooiuo iann aaeece caiiie iiaa?oiinoe oioy e auei
aeinooiii iaaethaeaieth, ii ia auei aeinooiii iiieiaieth, oae eae
aeae?iaeeiaieea a oa aiaeu eco/aea eaeaaeueiua aeeaeeinoe. Caieiaoueny
ia?aie i?iaeaiie ia auei n?aaenoa, iiyoiio i?eiyeny eco/aoue aeaeaeaiea
aicaeooa aaeece caiiie iiaa?oiinoe; aeaeaeaiey, eioi?ia iaeuecy
iiciaoue, ia ciay caeiiia nii?ioeaeaiey aeeaeeinoe. A 1877 aiaeo
Aeieo?ee Eaaiiae/ oacaeaao a eiiaiaee?iaeo ai O?aioeeth. Oai ciaeiieony
n o?oaeaie Eoeiia, Aethaoa, Aiooa e ieoao eieao «I nii?ioeaeaiee
aeeaeeinoe e i aicaeooiieaaaiee».
Ia/oa i ii?a
Aua 5 ieoya?y 1891 aiaea Aeieo?ee Eaaiiae/ i?aaeeiaeee i?iaeo «Iiaiey
i niiniaao aeey iiiu?aiey ii?aoiaenoaa e noaeino?iaiey ?innee». A iai
o/aiue auneacuaaeny i?ioea ianooieaiey eiino?aiiiai eaieoaea a ?onneii
noaeino?iaiee. Ii i?aaeeaaae oeiainiai-eiiia?/aneea e ae?oaea ia?u,
/oiau niinianoaiaaoue ?acaeoeth ioa/anoaaiiiai oeioa, a n aai iiiiuueth-
e ?acaeoeth anae i?iiuoeaiiinoe ?innee. E eiia/ii aea, ia?iiioth iiiiuue
ei?aaeano?ieoaeyi, a iioii e aaeano?ieoaeyi ieacaea ooiaeaiaioaeueia
?aaioa, iienaiiay auoa. A 1897 aiaeo iaeei ec ae?ocae Aeieo?ey
Eaaiiae/a- aaeie?ae Noaiai Ineiiae/ Iaea?ia auneacae niaeoth eaeath-
aeinoe/ue naaa?iiai iiethna, eaey iai?ieii /a?ac a?eoe/aneea eueaeu ia
iiuiii niaoeeaeueiii noaeia – eaaeieiea. Iaiaeaeaaa n ainoi?aii
iiaeaea?aeae eaeath. No?aieaiea aeinoe/ue naiie naaa?iie oi/ee caiiiai
oa?a auei oae aaeeei, /oi ii ia niae ii/aie, iaaeoiuaay ia?o?oo. Ii
iiaeaioiaee e nianoaaiiue i?iaeo iiao/aai noaeia aeey i?iaeaeaeaiey ia
naaa?. Noaeii aeieaeii auei eiaoue e?aieee, ?acei au?aaeaiiie
iaoaeaaiinoe ei?ion, oaeea i/a?oaiey iicaieyee aio naiaiaeii eaeoe ai
eueaeao, iaaaeeaaynue ia ieo e e?ooa naiae oyaeanoueth. Ociaa
aiineaaenoaee, /oi aai ?aaioa ia auea iiaeaea?aeaia i?aaeoaeuenoaii,
Iaiaeaeaaa iie/a a?inee ana aoiaae n i?iaeoii a iaiiue.
Iaooyiay i?iiuoeaiiinoue
N iaooyiie i?iiuoeaiiinoueth aai naycaei i?eaeaoaiea aeaaeaeueoea
iaooyiiai caaiaea a Aaeo. Iaiaeaeaaa acaeee a Aia?eeo ia aunoaaeo,
eco/ae ?acaeoea iaooyiie i?iiuoeaiiinoe, caieiaeny aii?inii
i?ienoiaeaeaiey iaooe. E a 1876 aiaeo, aunooiay a ?onneii oaoie/aneii
iauanoaa, noi?ioee?iaae oneiaey, iaiaoiaeeiua aeey oiai, /oiau ?onneay
iaooyiay i?iiuoeaiiinoue niiaea niia?ie/aoue n aia?eeaineie. *a?ac aiae
iinea yoiai aunooieaiey auoiaeeo aai ooiaeaiaioaeueiay eieaa «Iaooyiay
i?iiuoeaiiinoue a naaa?iaia?eeaineii ooaoa Iaineeueaaiey e ia Eaaeaca».
Aeiau/a iaooe oaaee/eeanue, oeo/oeeenue oneiaey ia?a?aaioee e
o?ainii?oe?iaee e ia?a?aaaouaathuei caaiaeai, a ?acoeueoaoa yoiai e 1884
aiaeo aaic aia?eeaineiai ea?ineia i?ae?aoeeny, a oaeaea ?onneee ea?inei
iioaniee aia?eeaineee e ia ie?iaii ?uiea. E a oii, /oi a 1901 aiaeo ia
aeieth ?innee i?eoiaeeeny 51 i?ioeaio ie?iaie iaooaaeiau/e, iaiaeay
caneoaa i?eiaaeeaaeaea i?ioanni?o Iaiaeaeaaao.
Eneonnoai
Ec anao ecyuiuo eneonnoa Aeieo?ee Eaaiiae/ aieueoa anaai ethaee e
iiieiae aeeaiienue. Ii iinauae ana aunoaaee, aue ae?oaeai n E?aineei,
Oeoeeiui, ?aieiui, ss?ioaiei, Eoeiaeaee. A aai eaa?oe?a /anoi
niae?aeenue ooaeiaeieee, eeoa?aoi?u, iieiaeaaeue. Iinea i?iniio?a
ea?oeiu Eoeiaeaee «Ii/ue iaae Aeiai?ii» iiyaeeanue noaouey n iai?eau/iui
aeey o?oaeia Iaiaeaeaaaa iacaaieai: «Ia?aae ea?oeiith A.E.Eoeiaeaee».
Yoio aeceo e Eoeiaeaee iaanaaaea caiiiieeny Aiia Eaaiiaia, aaaeothuae
aeaia Iaiaeaeaaaa, eai iia aia?aua oneuoaea iaiaeaeaaaneoth
eii?iaecaoeeth – aea?, anaaaea ecoieyaoee ethaeae, ciaaoeo, Aeieo?ey
Eaaiiae/a. Eiiaaea ii ia/eiae ?annoaeaeaoue i i?aaeiaoao, i eioi?uo
ieeiaaea ?aiueoa niaoeeaeueii ia aeoiae. E oiaaea aoaeoi naia
iaiaoiaeeiinoue aiai?eoue enoi?aaeanue a aieiaa Iaiaeaeaaaa iunee,
eioi?ua iioii iiaeciie e aeoaeiie, aiciiaeii, oaeeaeyee aai naiiai.
I?e eco/aiee aai o?oaeia eaaei oaaaeeoueny, /oi a ieo iaaeaeo aeaeii,
ieiioiaeii a?ioaii noieueei iuneae, niiniaiuo o ae?oaiai noaoue oaiie
aeenna?oaoeee, noieueei eaeae, niiniaiuo o ae?oaiai noaoue ecia?aoaieai
e aeaeii anae aeecie, /oi i Iaiaeaeaaaa iiaeii neacaoue eae i e?oiiii
ecia?aoaoaea, oioy ca anth naith aeeciue ii ia acye ie iaeiiai iaoaioa:
iaooai?iaiaeu, iaooaiaeeaiua noaea, ianeyiua eoau aeey ia?aaiiee iaooe,
ie?ieieeiaeeeiue ii?io, a 1904 aiaeo Iaiaeaeaaa i?aaeeaaaao ieieno?o
oeiainia eniieueciaaoue aeey i?ioaiey caiaeue a Iiaieaeuea neeo aao?a.
Iniaaiii ii?aceoaeueiu ?annuiaiiua a ni/eiaiee Iaiaeaeaaaa eaeae, i
eioi?uo ii oiiieiaao iaeiie—aeaoiy o?acaie. Auaeaeioe eaeath i oii, /oi
ec aicaeooa iiaeii iieo/aoue aac, aiaaoue eenei?iaeii. Yoa eaeay i?eaaea
e iiyaeaieth eenei?iaeiiai aeoouey a iaoaeeo?aee. Ii i?aaeaeaeae
iiyaeaiea eiiaeeoeeiia?ia, iaauae aieueoia aoaeouaa oeaiaioo. A naiai
o?oaea i noaeeyiiii i?iecaiaenoaa ii aiai?eo i cae?enoaeeeciaaaoainy
noaeea, eioi?ia iaoei i?eiaiaiea a ecaioiaeaiee iaoaeaoaeae einie/aneeo
?aeao. Iiiai iieaciuo niaaoia aeae ii e aicaeooiieaaaoaeyi. N?aaee
ecia?aoaiee Iaiaeaeaaaa aieueoia ianoi caieiatho anaaiciiaeiua iao/iua
i?eai?u: aeeooa?aioeeaeueiue aa?iiao? – aaeeinoaaiiia ecia?aoaiea
Iaiaeaeaaaa, eioi?ia ii ?aoee ?aaeeciaaoue. Yoio i?eai? aue ianoieueei
oi/iui, /oi ei iiaeii auei ecia?youe aunioo noiea, yoio aa?iiao? aue
iieiaeai a iniiao aunioiia?a.
A 1887 aiaeo 19 aaaonoa aeeoaee Iineau e Iineianeie aoaa?iee iiaee
iaaethaeaoue iieiia nieia/iia caoiaiea. Iaiaeaeaaa niaa?oee iieao ia
aicaeooiii oa?a. Ii i/aiue ouaoaeueii aioiaeeny e yoiio niauoeth. Acye n
niaie iiiai i?eai?ia, eioi?uie iiaeii auei iiia?eoue ?acee/iua
oa?aeoa?enoeee aicaeooa. A oaeaea ii oioae ca?eniaaoue ea?oeieo i?e
caoiaiee. A naiai io/aoa i iieaoa ii iauyniee iioeau, iiaoaeeaoea aai
eaoaoue, oi anoue iieacaoue, /oi o/aiua iiaoo ia oieueei aeaaaoue
niaaou, ii e oiatho aeaaeaoue i?aeoe/aneei aeaeii. Nai Aeieo?ee Eaaiiae/
ioiineeny e iieaoo, eae e aaaeiiio iao/iiio yenia?eiaioo, a e
aicaeooiiio oa?o, eae e i?eai?ai a naiae eaai?aoi?ee.
Iinea o?eaeoeaoeo?aoeaoiae iaaeaaiae/aneie i?aeoeee a Iaoa?ao?aneii
oieaa?neoaoa, a 1892 aiaeo ii caieiaaony iao?ieiaeae, ii aeieao neoaeau
eco/ea enoi?eth aeaea, aieeioa a aeinoieinoaa e iaaeinoaoee ?acee/iuo
nenoai, Aeieo?ee Eaaiiae/ iiiye, /oi aaaaeaiea iiaie nenoaiu ia? e aania
– aii?in ia oieueei iao/iue e oaoie/aneee, ii e yeiiiie/aneee,
iieeoe/aneee e aeaaea aeeieiiaoe/aneee. Ia/eiaaony ?aaioa ia iaiaa
o?oaeiay, /ai oa, eioi?uie caieiaeny Aeieo?ee Eaaiiae/ aei yoiai. ?inney
iiaeienuaaao iao?e/aneoth eiiaaioeeth e iieo/aao ii aea?aaueaaea
i?e/eoathueany ae ieaoeiie?eaeeaaua yoaeiiu iao?a e eeeia?aiia.
A ia/aea 1889 a. Aeieo?ee Eaaiiae/ iieo/ee ienueii ec Eiiaeiia.
A?eoaineee ei?ieaaneee einoeooo i?eaeaoae i?ioanni?a Iaiaeaeaaaa
i?i/anoue eaeoeeth ia oaio, eioi?oth ii nai auaa?ao. «Iiiuoea
i?eeiaeaiey e oeiee iaeiiai ec anoanoaaiiuo ia/ae oeeinioee Iuethoiia» –
oae ?aoee iacaaoue naith eaeoeeth Aeieo?ee Eaaiiae/, n aioiaiinoueth
i?eiyaoee ?aaeeia e eneeth/eoaeueiia i?aaeeiaeaiea, ia?aia aeey ?onneiai
o/aiiai. Aaeaa ii oniae ioi?aaeoue naie ioaao, eae ec Eiiaeiia i?eoei
iiaia i?eaeaoaiea: a?eoaineia oeie/aneia iauanoai i?ineei Aeieo?ey
Eaaiiae/a i?i/eoaoue «Oa?aaeaaaneoth eaeoeeth», aeey i?i/oaiey eioi?uo,
i?eaeaoathony e?oiiaeoea niaoeeaeenou. Aei iaai oa?aaeaaaneeie /oeoeaie
iiauaaee: Aethia, Ath?oe, Eaiieoeoea?i, Aaeiaieueoe. Yoi i?eaeaoaiea
cao?iioei Iaiaeaeaaaa ia ?aaee ee/iiai, a ?aaee ?onneiai eiaie. E,
auoue iiaeao, eiaiii ii yoiio aeey oa?aaeaaanaiai /oaiey ii aua?ae
aei?iaoth aai na?aeoeo «Ia?eiaee/aneoth caeiiiinoue oeie/aneeo
yeaiaioia». A 1894 aiaeo Ienoi?aeneee oieaa?neoao i?enoaeee Iaiaeaeaaao
noaiaiue ii/aoiiai aeieoi?a i?aaa. Aneaae ca Ienoi?aeneei oieaa?neoaoii
eca?ae aeieoi?ii i?aa e Eaia?eaeaeneee oieaa?neoao. Any Aiaeey auea
ii?aaeaia yoei ecaanoeai eai ec-ca aeaaiaai niia?ie/anoaa iaaeaeo yoeie
oieaa?neoaoaie onoaiiaeeinue iaienaiia i?aaeei: /aeiaae, iieo/eaoee
noaiaiue a iaeiii ec ieo, iaanaaaea eeoaeny aiciiaeiinoe iieo/eoue aa a
ae?oaii.
Aiaeea
E a 1863 aiaeo Aeieo?ee Eaaiiae/ ?aoee caiyoueny ?aaioie iaae
aeieoi?neie aeenna?oaoeeae. Aeaei ana auei a oii, /oi a oa/aiee 1862
aiaea o/aiue iiaeaioiaee o?e auionea: «I?iecaiaenoai ioee, oeaaa e
e?aoiaea», «Naoa?iia i?iecaiaenoai», «I?iecaiaenoai nie?oa e
aeeiaieeiao?ey». Iieenoaa noa?ua o/aaieee ii oaoiieiaee, iiiye, eae
iiiai iayniiai e acaei?iiai ii/eoaaony ca enoeio a oai?ee noaeeyiiiai
?aianea. E auoea eieaa «Noaeei e noaeeyiiia i?iecaiaenoai». Yoe ?aaiou
i?eianee aio ?aiooaoeeth ciathuaai oeieea -oaoiieiaa, /oi iineoaeeei
iniiaaieai aeey auaeaeaeaiey aai ia aeieaeiinoue eniieiythuaai
iaycaiiinoe yeno?ai?aeeia?iiai i?ioanni?a oaoie/aneie oeiee a
Iaoa?ao?aneii oieaa?neoaoa. Ii ieieno? i?inaauaiey ioeacaeny ooaa?aeeoue
oiaeaoaenoai oieaa?neoaoa iiae i?aaeeiaii, /oi o Iaiaeaeaaaa ia auei
aeieoi?neie noaiaie.
Oaia aeieoi?neie anoanoaaiiui ia?acii auoaeea ec aai aeioeaioneie
aeenna?oaoeee e ?aaiou iaae noaeeyiiui i?iecaiaenoaii. I/a?aaeiie
caaea/ae, eioi?oth iinoaaee ia?aae niaie Iaiaeaeaaa auea caaea/a iiiyoue
i?eioeei, ioaaonoaaiiue ca iiiaiia?acea noaeie e ieia?aeia, eco/eoue aai
aeaenoaea, iauynieoue, eae ia?acothony aan/eneaiiua iaii?aaeaeaiiua
niaaeeiaiey, a eioi?uo iao no?iai auaea?aeaiiuo i?iii?oeee iaaeaeo
aoiaeyueie a eo ninoaa eiiiiiaioaie. Ana yoi au?aceeinue a aai
aeieoi?neie aeenna?oaoeee «I niaaeeiaiee nie?oa n aiaeie».
Iinea aeaooeaoiaai ia?a?uaa ia/eiaaony ecio?eoaeueiay iiaeaioiaea e
yenia?eiaioai, eioi?ui Iaiaeaeaaa ioaeae iieoi?a aiaea naiae aeecie. A
i?ioeanna ?aaiou iaae iae (1863 – 1864 aa.) Iaiaeaeaaa «euao oi?ioeo,
eiyooeoeeaio caaeneiinoe ieioiinoe (oaeaeueiiai aana) nie?oiaiaeiuo
?anoai?ia, io eciaiaiey a?aaeoniinoe e i?eoiaeeo e auaiaeo, /oi oaeie
oi?ioeu auaanoe iaaiciiaeii. Eciaiaiey au?aaeathony ia?aaieaie, /oi e
yaeyaony ioe?uoeai.
E na?aaeeia ethey 1864 a. Iaiaeaeaaa aeioiaeeo a naieo ?an/aoao
oaeaeueiiai aana ?anoai?ia nie?oa a aiaea aei C6i. Io aiaeee
(iioeiaeueiuo 40i) aai ioaeaeyao anaai 4i, ii ia ii?iaa iiaiai ioe?uoey,
ii i?iieeaao a oaeiu aiaeee, onoaiiaea, eae neeueii iaiythony ea/anoaa
aiaeii-nie?oiauo ?anoai?ia a caaeneiinoe io aeinoeaeaiey ii?aaeaeaiiie
a?aaeoniinoe, e e eiioeo iiya?y 1864 a. yoe auaiaeu aueeaathony a
aeenna?oaoeeth …. Eoae, o «i?inouo» ?anoai?ia nie?oa n aiaeie iao
i?yiieeiaeiie oi?ioeu. Ia 40i aae?oa iiyaeyaony aiaeea ni naieie iniauie
naienoaaie» .
Oaeei ia?acii, Iaiaeaeaaa iaia?oaeee, /oi 40i-e ?anoai? nie?oa a aiaea
iaeaaeaao «iaiau/aeiuie oeceei-oeie/aneeie naienoaaie», a «Enoi?ee
aiaeee» e iei aeiaaaeythony oaeaea naienoaa «aeioeie/aneea e
oeceieiae/aneea». Oai naiui, ?onneee o/aiue «iao/ii aeieacae, /oi
ninoaaeaiea aiaeee, oi anoue niaaeeiaiea oeaaiiai nie?oa n aiaeie,
aeieaeii i?ienoiaeeoue ia iooai i?inoiai neeyiey iauaiia, a oi/iui
ioaaoeaaieai ii?aaeaeaiiie /anoe nie?oa» . A «Eoeeia?iii neiaa?a» e
yoiio aeiaaaeythony iiaua iiae?iaiinoe: «[Iaiaeaeaaa] aaae niaoeaaiea
aiaeu e nie?oa ia ii iauaiai, a ii aano, aeieacaa, /oi oieueei i?e oaeii
niaoaiee neaooiua ianea, inoathueany iinea ?aeoeoeeaoeee, ieacuaathony
ai acaaoaiiii ninoiyiee e iiaoo auoue oa?aiu oeeueo?ii…»
Ii nouanoao, aeenna?oaoeey Iaiaeaeaaaa iinayuaia eco/aieth oaeaeueiuo
aania nie?oiaiaeiuo ?anoai?ia a caaeneiinoe io eiioeaio?aoeee iineaaeieo
e oaiia?aoo?u. Oaeoe/anee Iaiaeaeaaa eniieueciaae noaiaea?oiue e oaea
oe?iei i?eiaiyaoeeny a ano?iiiiee, iaoaieea, aeae?aaeeea e ae?oaeo
iaeanoyo anoanoaiciaiey i?eai . Ii ?aceiaeee ooieoeeth, yaiue aeae
eioi?ie aue iaecaanoai, – a aeaiiii neo/aa ooieoeeth, naycuaathuoth
ieioiinoue nie?oiaiaeiiai ?anoai?a n aai eiioeaio?aoeeae i?e
oeene?iaaiiie oaiia?aoo?a – a iaeanoyo aa iai?a?uaiinoe a noaiaiiie ?yae
e ii?aaeaeee caoai eiyooeoeeaiou ?yaea ii iaoiaeo iaeiaiueoeo
eaaae?aoia, ?ac?aaioaiiiio AE.-A. Iiinaea e I. E. *aauoaaui. Eiuie
neiaaie, Iaiaeaeaaa ?aoee caaea/o i i?iaaaeaiee ii yenia?eiaioaeueii
ecia?aiiui «oi/eai» oaeie e?eaie, /oiau iaeioi?ay caaeaiiay ia?a aeey
ioeeiiaiee ieacaeanue ieieiaeueiie. Oaeay caaea/a /anoi aicieeaao i?e
auaiaea yiie?e/aneeo oi?ioe . A aeenna?oaoeee Iaiaeaeaaa ia?aie/eaaeny,
eae i?aaeei, o?aiy ia?aiao?aie, o. a. ia?aaiee/aneie oi?ioeie. E?iia
*aauoaaa, aai eiinoeueoe?iaaee oaeaea E. Ae. E?aaae/ e E. A.
E?aniianeee . Iaiaeaeaaa iaeiei ec iaiiiaeo, ii e?aeiae ia?a, n?aaee
oeieeia, inaiee iaoiae *aauoaaa (/ai i/aiue ai?aeeeny) e oe?iei aai
i?eiaiye. Ii iiaoi?yth – ii ?aoee noaiaea?oioth aii?ieneiaoeeiiioth
caaea/o ii?aaeaeaiey yiie?e/aneie oi?ioeu. Aiiaua aeieoi?neay
aeenna?oaoeey Iaiaeaeaaaa a oeaeii iineo iaoiaee/aneee oa?aeoa?.
A 1887 a. Aeieo?ee Eaaiiae/ iioaeeeiaae a «Journal of the Chemical
Society» noaoueth «Niaaeeiaiey yoeeiaiai nie?oa n aiaeie», aaea i?eaae
a?aoeee e oaaeeoeu, iaaeyaeii aeaiiino?e?othuea, /oi a eioa?aaea
eiioeaio?aoeee io 17,6 aei 46% (ii aano) ieeaeeo iniaaiiinoae («ieeia»)
a eciaiaiee naienoa ia iaaethaeaaony, o. a. naienoaa ieaaii iaiythony n
eciaiaieai eiioeaio?aoeee nie?oa a aiaea . Aiineaaenoaee yoio auaiae aue
iiaeoaa?aeaeai ae?oaeie enneaaeiaaoaeyie aeey oe?ieiai e?oaa naienoa.
Iao aeaiiuo e i oii, /oi Iaiaeaeaaa eco/ae aeioeie/aneea naienoaa
nie?oiaiaeiuo ?anoai?ia ?acee/iuo eiioeaio?aoeee, a oaeaea eo
oeceieiae/aneia aeaenoaea.
Iaiaeaeaaa aue aeaeaei ia ia?aui, eoi eniieueciaae aaniaua i?ioeaiou a
nie?oiiao?ee, aei iaai yoi aeaeae aua a 1795 a. caia/aoaeueiue
iaiaoeeee oeiee E.-A. ?eooa?, aea e Aeeueiei eco/ae aaniaua ioiioaiey a
nie?oiaiaeiuo ?anoai?ao. ?acoiaaony, Iaiaeaeaaa oi?ioi ciae eo ?aaiou.
Iaeiaei aaniaua i?ioeaiou ieioi i?eaeaaeenue, aeaaiui ia?acii, iioiio,
/oi «a i?aeoeea ai?acaei eaa/a ii?aaeaeyoue iauaiu aieueoeo iann, /ai
aana» .
Iaiaeaeaaa caieiaeny aii?inaie «eniuoaiey /enoiou nie?oa» e aeaaea
i?eaeae e yoiio aeaeo naiaai nuia Aeaaeeie?a , ii iaoiae O?aoaa
(ii?aaeaeaiea niaea?aeaiey neaooiuo ianae ii «eciaiaieth aaee/eiu
noeaieaiey, ii?aaeaeyaiiai eaieeey?iuie yaeaieyie») ia eioi?ue Aeieo?ee
Eaaiiae/ aiceaaae ii?aaeaeaiiua iaaeaaeaeu e eioi?ue iaia?aaaeny
oniaa?oainoaiaaoue, ia iieo/ee ?ani?ino?aiaiey. Ii icia/aao ee ana
neacaiiia, /oi Iaiaeaeaaa aiiaua ia eiae ieeaeiai ioiioaiey e ?ac?aaioea
niiniaa i?iecaiaenoaa ?onneie aiaeee? Aaaeue ii aea eco/ae nenoaio
yoaiie-aiaea. Aea, eco/ae. Ei auee ninoaaeaiu aeiaieueii oi/iua
nie?oiiao?e/aneea oaaeeoeu, i?aaaea, a oceii oaiia?aoo?iii eioa?aaea. ss
oae ia aiai?th i ae?oaeo, /enoi iao/iuo aniaeoao yoie ?aaiou o/aiiai.
Naith aeenna?oaoeeth, oniaoii caueuaiioth 31 yiaa?y 1865 aiaea,
Aeieo?ee Eaaiiae/ caeii/ee iaauaieai, /oi iaia?oaeaiiua ei iniaaiiinoe
?anoai?aiey nie?oa a aiaea ii iaia?ai i?iaa?eoue e ia ae?oaeo ?anoai?ao,
iaeiaei eniieiaiey yoiai iaauaiey ia iineaaeiaaei.
Iineaaeiea aiaeu aeecie
Iineaaeiea aiaeu aeecie Iaiaeaeaaaa oaeee a i?eau/iii i?ioi?aiiii
?onea. Caieiaeny aeaeaie eaioeaey?ee Aeaaiie Iaeaou ia? e aania,
o/anoaiaae a iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo aunoaaeao e thaeeayo Aeaaeaiee iaoe,
nionoy ianyoe iinea caa?aie/iie iiacaeee, a 1903 aiaeo yecaiaioao ia?auo
auioneieeia Eeaaneiai iieeoaoie/aneiai einoeoooa, eae i?aaenaaeaoaeue
yecaiaiaoeeiiiie eiiennee. A yoe aiaeu ii oioue e iinoa?ae e aieae, ii
inoaaaeny ii-i?aaeiaio aiae? e ii?aaeae ?aaeeie a aai aic?anoa
iiaeaeaeiinoueth. A 1903 aiaeo aio auea naeaeaia iia?aoeey ii oaeaeaieth
eaoa?aeou, ii c?aiea iicaeiaa ana ?aaii ineaaei. Naie noaouee e caienee
Iaiaeaeaaa aeeeoiaae naiei nio?oaeieeai, iie i?iecaiaeeee aeey iaai
neiaeiua a?iiicaeeea ?an/aou e au/a?/eaaee ioaeiua noaiu, oaaeeoeu e
a?aoeee. ?aaioae iaae eieaie «E iiciaieth ?innee», i aaaeiaeoeo niauoeyo
1906 aiaea.
Eae /aeiaae, iiiai ?aaioaaoee anth aeeciue, Iaiaeaeaaa ia aiyeny nia?oe,
aano?aiaoii aeaeae aa i?eaeeaeaiey, niieieii ienae e aiai?ee i aeeceie
eii/eia, aeaeae iinia?oiua ?anii?yaeaiey. Oia? ii 20 yiaa?y 1907 aiaea.
Iiiaiouny/iay oieia i?eoea iii?iuaoueny n aaeeeei o/aiui, iinea oiai
eae ana ?acioeenue, ia ianoa iioi?ii inoaeinue iaaieueoia aicauoaiea,
ooiiaaoaa a oeaaoao e aaieao. ?yaeii, i?eneiiaiiay e noaiea neeaia,
ai?aei aicauoaynue iaae oeaaoaie, noiyea ea?oiiiay oaaeeoea n
ia?eiaee/aneie nenoaiie. Ia iiee?iaaiiii a?aieoa iaanaaaea inoaeenue
oieueei o?e neiaa, ia ioaeaeathueany a aeiiieieoaeueiuo iiyniaieyo:
AeIEO?EE EAAIIAE* IAIAeAEAAA.
Neieueei oeieeia aei iaai iuoaeinue i?eaanoe a nenoaio ana
iiiaiia?acea yeaiaioia, eioi?ua nicaeaee oaeeaeoaeueiue ie? aie?oa
/aeiaaea e eioi?ua ninoaaeytho naiia aai nouanoai…
Neieueei ethaeae iinoaaeee ?aaee yoiai ia ea?oo naith aeeciue.
Iiiaea iiieiaee, /oanoaiaaee, /oi aeieaeia auoue oaeay nenoaia –
caeii i?e?iaeu, no?aieeenue ioe?uoue aai – e iai?anii. Ii iino?iee aa
iaeei – ia?eiaee/aneoth nenoaio yeaiaioia. Nenoaio yeaiaioia Ae. E.
Iaiaeaeaaaa.
Yoi aue iiao/ee /aeiaae, iioiio /oi naeaeaiiia ei iiae neeo
oieueei aeaaioo. Eae aio yoi oaeaeinue? Aeaaiaea?y /aio? Aeaaiaea?y
naiaio iaaa?iyoiie neeu oaeaioo, aeaaiaea?y e?aiinoe aeooa,
aeaaiaea?y oaa?aiiinoe a oii, /oi aeaei aai iaiaoiaeeii.
Caeeth/aiea
Ioeaieaay aeeaae e?oiiaeoeo o/aiuo a ?acaeoea iaoee XIX a., enoi?eee
iaoee iau/ii iacuaatho eiaia Aeae. Aeaeueoiia, E. Aa?oeaeeona, A. Aeyae,
I. Oa?aaeay, I. Aa?oei, A. Eaeoea, ss. Aaio-Aiooa, N. A??aieona. Eo
aeayoaeueiinoe a iniaaiiinoe iaycaii ieii/aoaeueiia oi?ie?iaaiea
eeanne/aneie oeiee, eai iie caeeaaeuaaee ooiaeaiaioaeueiua iniiau
oeie/aneie iaoee.
I?aaiia?ii ee i?e/eneeoue e yoiio ?yaeo Ae.E. Iaiaeaeaaaa?
Iauaeoeaii – iao. Aeaenoaeoaeueii, i?aaie/aneay oeiey (ca eneeth/aieai
e?aoeiai ia?eiaea 1861 – 1862 aa.) ieeiaaea ia auea noa?ie aai
aeayoaeueiinoe. Ii oaeoe/anee ia i?iyaee naay eae yenia?eiaioaoi? a
iaeanoe oeiee iai?aaie/aneie, oioy e i?eaioe?iaaeny a iae ai?acaei
oaa?aiiaa, /ai iiaeaaeythuaa aieueoeinoai aai nia?aiaiieeia. “Iniiau
oeiee” – y?eia oiio naeaeaoaeuenoai. Aai aeinoeaeaiey eae oeceei-oeieea,
aiieioeaoeany a nicaeaiea iiaie oai?ee ?anoai?ia, iieo/eee oe?ieee
?aciiain, ii iie iiyaeeenue oiaaea, eiaaea enneaaeiaaiey ?anoai?ia
i?eaeaeaee aieiaiea iiiaeo oeieeia, ?acaeaaaoeo i?eaeiaeueiua eaeae. Aea
e iinea 1887 a. Iaiaeaeaaa oaeoe/anee ia aica?auaeny e yenia?eiaioai a
aeaiiie iaeanoe.
Iaannia?oeei aea aai eiy o/aiea i ia?eiaee/iinoe. O/aiue
?ac?aaaouaae e niaa?oainoaiaae naie i?aaenoaaeaiey i ia?eiaee/iinoe ia
i?ioyaeaiee ii/oe /aou?ao aeanyoeeaoee. Oioy oieueei iinea eii/eiu
o/aiiai ia?eiaee/aneee caeii e ia?eiaee/aneay nenoaia iieo/eee
oece/aneia iainiiaaiea, iie noaee iaeiie ec ooiaeaiaioaeueiuo iniia
nia?aiaiiie aoiienoeee.
Eiia/ii, ia aoaeue Iaiaeaeaaaa, eoi-eeai ae?oaie ?aii eee iicaeii
noi?ioee?iaae au ia?eiaee/aneee caeii e ?ac?aaioae ia?eiaee/aneoth
nenoaio. Ii /oiau nicaeaoue eiae/anee no?ieioth iao/ioth nenoaiaoeeo
ii/oe naie aeanyoeia ecaanoiuo a oi a?aiy yeaiaioia, aeieaeia auea
iiyaeoueny ee/iinoue, iaeaaeathuay, iiiaiia?iui iuoeaieai e
en/a?iuaathueie iiciaieyie a iaeanoe iai?aaie/aneie oeiee.
Aai aea yenia?eiaioaeueiua enneaaeiaaiey i?eia?aee aiieia eiie?aoiue
oa?aeoa?. Yoi auee /enoi oece/aneea enneaaeiaaiey. Caeanue oianoii
iiae/a?eiooue, /oi Iaiaeaeaaaa ii i?aao iiaeii n/eoaoue iaeiei ec
e?oiiaeoeo n?aaee iaiiiai/eneaiiuo oeceeia-yenia?eiaioaoi?ia ?innee
aoi?ie iieiaeiu OIO a.
Ii iiaeeeiiue oaiiiai Iaiaeaeaaaa caeeth/aeny a iaiau/aeiie oe?ioa
aai eioa?ania, a ?aaeeinoiie y?oaee?iaaiiinoe a naiuo ?acee/iuo iaeanoyo
iaoee e i?aeoeee. Caeanue aeaenoaeoaeueii iaeiai iinoaaeoue ?yaeii n
iei. “Iaoea e i?iiuoeaiiinoue – aio iie ia/ou”, – iaienae ii a aeiaaieea
10 ethey 1905 a, iacaaeieai ia?aae naiae nia?oueth. Ii eae aeaeii ec
?aoa?aoa, Aeieo?ee Eaaiiae/ i?iaeee aeieaoth e aeinoaoi/ii eioa?anioth
aeeciue, iaiieiaiioth enoeiiie caaioie i aeaaa ?innee. Ca yoi a?aiy ii
iaienae e iioaeeeiaae iiiaeanoai iao/iuo o?oaeia e noaoae, iiiaea ec
eioi?uo yaeeenue nainaoeeae a iauanoaa. Anee au ii aeee a iaoe aeie, n
eaeie ethaiaueth e iaeno?aaeiie aeaaeaeie iiauo ciaiee neaaeee au ii ca
eaaeaeui ioe?uoeai. Iaoea n oao a?aiai ooea aeaeaei aia?aae, ii ia noieo
caauaaoue, /oi ia?aue eaiaiue, aa ooiaeaiaio, aiceiaeeee o/aiua 19 a.,
iaeiei ec eioi?uo aue e Iaiaeaeaaa. Iao?eioeci e aa?a a aic?iaeaeaiea
?one /a?ac nianoaaiiue e?iiioeeaue o?oae aeieaeiu auoue ca?aceoaeueiui
i?eia?ii aeey iuiaoiaai iieieaiey. E yoi ,iiaeaeoe, aeaaiue o?ie,
eioi?ue i?aiiaeian ii iai. A ianoiyuaa a?aiy enoi?e/aneay
iani?aaaaeeeainoue eni?aaeaia e ai?aeia eiy iaoaai niioa/anoaaiieea
oe?aoaao iao/iua caaaaeaiey e aeaaea aaia?aoe/aneea iauaeou. Iaiaeaeaaa
aue eca?ai /eaiii e ii/aoiui /eaiii aieaa 70 Aeaaeaiee iaoe e iao/iuo
iauanoa ?aciuo no?ai ie?a. Aeaaaeoeaoue iyoue oiiia ninoaaeyao nia?aiea
aai ni/eiaiee.
Caeii/eoue ana oioaeinue au aaueie neiaaie, ia?auaiiuie iai, aai
iioiieai: «Iinaa iao/iue acieaeao aeey aeaoau ia?iaeiie!»
Nienie eniieueciaaiiie eeoa?aoo?u:
Oeuaiei A. A., Ieaaeaioeaa I. I. Aeieo?ee Eaaiiae/ Iaiaeaeaaa, aai
aeeciue e aeayoaeueiinoue.// Oieaa?neoaoneee ia?eiae 1861 – 1890 aa. I.,
1993.
Iioeaaeei A. A. Enoi?ey aiaeee.// I., 1991.
Aeieo?eaa E. N. “Iniaay ienney” Iaiaeaeaaaa – A?aoiaiou e oaeou //
Naieo-Iaoa?ao?aneee oieaa?neoao. 1996. 16 iay. N. 17 – 22.
Noa?eeia A.E. Ae.E. Iaiaeaeaaa// Naa?aeeiane: N?aae.-O?ae. Ei.
Ecae-ai,1984 N195-205.
Iaea?aiy A.A. Iaiaeaeaaa a Iaoa?ao?aa//E.:Eaiecaeao,1982
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