Naeaaaeny oaeaea a IAO ia th?. oaeoeueoaoa
OEIAINIAAss AEAAeAIEss I?E I?AAEOAEUeNOAA ?INNEENEIE OAAeA?AOeEE
Eaoaae?a Oeeinioee.
?aoa?ao ia oaio:
“Aeia?aoey Eiiaioeea Eaioa. Aeiaiaoe/aneee e e?eoe/aneee yoaiu
oai?/anoaa”
I?aiiaeaaaoaeue: Aeioeaio Eeeiia A.ss.
Nooaeaio a?oiiu AO 2-2: Ii?icia I.I.
Iineaa, 1996 a.
Aeaa aaue iaiieiytho aeooo ana iiaui e ia?anoathuei oaeeaeaieai e
aeaaiaiaaieai, /ai /aua, /ai i?iaeieaeeoaeueiaa iu ?aciuoeyai i ieo, –
caacaeiia iaai iaaei iiie e ii?aeueiue caeii ai iia.
E. Eaio
I?enooiay e iienaieth aeeciaiiiai iooe ecaanoiiai iaiaoeeiai oeeinioa
Eiiaioeea Eaioa, neaaeoao iiae/a?eiooue iniaoth aaaeiinoue eco/aiey aai
oai?/anoaa. Eaioa i?eiyoi iacuaaoue “iniiaiiieiaeieeii iaiaoeeie
eeanne/aneie oeeinioee”. Aeaenoaeoaeueii, ii/oe ana aeaeu eeanne/aneiai
e nia?aiaiiiai oeeinionoaiaaiey oae eee eia/a ainoiaeyo e oai?/anoao
yoiai iuneeoaey. Aai o?oaeu iieiaeeee ia/aei ciaiaiaoaeueiie o?aaeeoeee
a aa?iiaeneii aeooiaiii ?acaeoee. Nooue aa ninoieo a oii, /oi eaaeaeue
aeaeueiaeoee oaa aia?aae ?anniao?eaaaony eae ia?ainiuneaiea iaeiieaiiiai
oai?aoe/aneiai aiaaonoaa, eioi?ia aa?aaeii o?aieony, ii ia i?aa?auaaony
a oaoeo. Eaioa n?aaieaatho n Nie?aoii, eai oeeinioey aai /aeiaa/ia.
Ae?aaiaa?a/aneee o/aiue aia?aua a enoi?ee oeeinioee ioaeaeny io einiina
e caiyeny eco/aieai /aeiaa/aneie i?e?iaeu. Aeey Eaioa i?iaeaia /aeiaaea
noieo ia ia?aii ianoa. Ii ia caauaaao i anaeaiiie, ii aeaaiay oaia aeey
iaai – /aeiaae. Ii ?aciuoeye i caeiiao auoey e niciaiey oieueei n iaeiie
oeaeueth: /oiau /aeiaae noae /aeiaa/iaa. Eaeae Eaioa iiaeaa?aeenue
o?ainoi?iaoeee, ii i?iaeieaeatho aeeoue. Iniaaiii aeooaeueii iie cao/ao
ia aeaiiii yoaia ?acaeoey /aeiaa/aneiai iauanoaa – a ia?eiae
aoiaiecaoeee anao io?aneae ciaiey, a oii /enea e oeeinioee.
Enneaaeiaaiea oeeinioneiai ianeaaeey Eaioa ineiaeiyaony
iiiaeanoaaiiinoueth e ?aciiia?aceai enoi/ieeia naaaeaiee i aai aeecie e
oai?/anoaa. Iaiaoiaeeii ioiaoeoue, /oi o Eaioa niieiaeo au?aaioaeanue
i?eau/ea ethaoth i?eoaaeooth a aieiao iuneue iaiaaeeaiii caiineoue ia
aoiaao. Eiiaaea yoi auee niaoeeaeueii iiaeaioiaeaiiua eenou, /aua –
ia?aue iiiaaoeeny ia aeaca eei/ie: oieueei /oi iinooieaoaa ienueii, n/ao
io oi?aiaoea e o.ae. Ia oaeeo eei/eao iiaeii iaeoe ii?aaeathuea aeoaeiie
eaeae – i?ic?aiey, eioi?ua iaaiiytho nenoaiaoece?iaaiioth iuneue.
Ano?a/athony e iacaeii/aiiua o?acu, e iooi/aiiua aoi?eciu, e caaioiaee
aoaeoueo ?aaio. Yoi aaaeiaeoaa aeiiieiaiea e caaa?oaiiui i?iecaaaeaieyi
oeeinioa. Auea o Eaioa e ae?oaay i?eau/ea. Iaeioi?ua naie eaeoeeiiiua
eo?nu ii /eoae ii /oaeei o/aaieeai: eiaeeo – ii Iaea?o, iaoaoeceeo – ii
Aaoiaa?oaio. Aioiaynue e caiyoeyi, ii eiae iaueiiaaiea caienuaaoue ia
iieyo o/aaieeia, ia oi?caoea, oeooea e ae?oaeo naiaiaeiuo ianoao, aeaaea
a oaenoa iaaeaeo no?i/eaie, ana oi, /oi i?eoiaeeei aio a aieiao a yoio
iiiaio. Ca iiiaea aiaeu i?aiiaeaaaiey i?eiaaeeaaeauea aio o/aaieee
ieacaeenue eniau?aiiuie ouny/aie caiaoie. Iaeie caiene a eieaa Iaea?a
“Eiaeea” ninoaaeee ii/oe oeaeeeii niaea?aeaiea oanoiaaeoeaoiai oiia
aeaaeaie/aneiai nia?aiey ni/eiaiee. A ana /a?iiaua iaa?inee ninoaaeytho
aeanyoue oiiia – aieueoa, /ai iioaeeeiaaiiua ?aaiou. Aeaou a caienyo
Eaioa ionoonoaotho, ii ia iniiaaiee oeaeiai ?yaeu i?eciaeia ioaeeeaoi?o
eaioianeiai ?oeiieniiai ianeaaeey Y. Aaeeeano oaeaeinue ia oieueei
?anni?oe?iaaoue iaoa?eae oaiaoe/anee, ii e i?eaeeceoaeueiui ia?acii
?aniieiaeeoue aai a o?iiieiae/aneii ii?yaeea. A ?acoeueoaoa nia?aiaiiue
/eoaoaeue ?aniieaaaao naiaia?aciui iao/iui aeiaaieeii Eaioa. Aeey oiai,
/oiau ninoaaeoue aa?iia i?aaenoaaeaiea i oa?aeoa?a, i?eau/eao oeeinioa,
aaaeii oaeaea enneaaeiaaoue nio?aieaoeany aei ianoiyuaai a?aiaie
niioaaonoaothuea naeaeaoaeuenoaa aai nia?aiaiieeia. Oaeei ia?acii,
iiieii caeii/aiiuo i?iecaaaeaiee oeeinioa, enneaaeiaaoaeth, aeia?aoo –
ethaiio, eoi ?aoaaony ienaoue i aeecie e oai?/anoaa Eaioa, iaiaoiaeeii
aieiaoaeueiiai eco/aoue caiaoee, /a?iiaua iaa?inee, iaieii/aiiua ?aaiou
oeeinioa, a eioi?uo ca/anooth niaea?aeaony eaeae, iiyniythuea,
?acaeaathuea iunee, auneacaiiua a ieii/aiiuo i?iecaaaeaieyo, a oaeaea
iiiaeanoai ae?oaeo, aeioaaeoeo aei nia?aiaiiiai /eoaoaey enoi/ieeia, a
eioi?uo niaea?aeaony naaaeaiey i aai aeeciaiiii e oai?/aneii iooe.
Aaoi? aeaiiiai ?aoa?aoa ia i?aoaiaeoao ia ananoi?iiiaa e en/a?iuaathuaa
?anniio?aiea oeeinioneiai o/aiey Eaioa. ?aaioa iinayuaia i?aaeaea anaai
iienaieth aeecie o/aiiai. Ii o Eaioa iao eiie aeia?aoee, e?iia enoi?ee
aai aeooa. Ana naie niciaoaeueiua aiaeu Eaio eneae enoeio. Ii enoeia –
i?ioeann. Ieeiaaea oeeinioii ia iaeaaeaaaei /oanoai, /oi ana naeaeaii,
/oi ia?aoai aanietho. Eaio oeo/oae, ooi/iye, oeeoiaae naia o/aiea. Aai
aeeciue – iai?anoaiiia aeooiaiia ?acaeoea, aa/iue iiene, aieioue aei
iineaaeieo eao, eiaaea iuneue auoea ec – iiae aai eiio?iey.
Iaoa?eae a aeaiiie ?aaioa eceiaeai a o?iiieiae/aneii ii?yaeea, n o/aoii
o?aaeeoeeiiiiai aeaeaiey oai?/aneiai iooe Eaioa ia aeaa ia?eiaea.
A?aieoeo iaaeaeo ieie ?acee/iua enneaaeiaaoaee ii?aaeaeytho ii –
?aciiio. Iaeie n/eoatho oaeie a?aieoeae na?aaeeio 60-o aiaeia XVIII
aaea, ae?oaea – i?eaeeceoaeueii 1770 aiae. Ii – aeaeeiiio, aeiionoeiu
iaa oi/ee c?aiey, oae eae ia?aoiae Eaioa n iaeiiai yoaia ia ae?oaie
i?ienoiaeee iinoaiaiii, iooai aeieaeo e /anoi io/eoaeueiuo aeooiaiuo
eneaiee. Ia?aue yoai – oae iacuaaaiue “aeie?eoe/aneee” eee
“aeiaiaoe/aneee”. A yoio ia?eiae oeeinio caieiaeny aeaaiui ia?acii
anoanoaaiii iao/iuie i?iaeaiaie e auaeaeioe ?yae aaaeiuo aeiioac, a oii
/enea “iaaoey?ioth” einiiaiie/aneoth aeiioaco, niaeanii eioi?ie
aicieeiiaaiea e yaiethoeey nieia/iie nenoaiu auaiaeeony ec nouanoaiaaiey
“ia?aiia/aeueiie ooiaiiinoe”. A yoi aea a?aiy oeeinio auneacae
i?aaeiieiaeaiea i nouanoaiaaiee aieueoie anaeaiiie aaeaeoee aia iaoae
aaeaeoeee, ?acaee o/aiea i caiaaeeaiee nooi/iiai a?auaiey Caiee a
?acoeueoaoa i?eeeaiiai o?aiey e o/aiea ia ioiineoaeueiinoe aeaeaeaiey e
iieiy. A oeeinioneeo ?aaioao yoiai ia?eiaea Eaio iuoaaony iainiiaaoue
eaeath aaniethoiiai niaa?oainoaa iaoaai ie?a e, ia iniiaa eco/aiey ?aaio
Eaeaieoea, i?iaanoe ?acee/ea iaaeaeo iniiaaieai ?aaeueiui e iniiaaieai
eiae/aneei. Naia ninoiyiea a yoe aiaeu nai Eaio iacuaae “aeiaiaoe/aneei
niii”. Ii iuneeo eae aeiaiaoee, i?aoaaee/eaay ?ieue
oi?iaeueii-aeaaeoeoeaiuo iaoiaeia iuoeaiey, ii n?aaiaieth n iiuoiui
ciaieai. Aoi?ie yoai – oae iacuaaaiue “e?eoe/aneee”. A ?aaioao yoiai
ia?eiaea iineaaeiaaoaeueii eceaaaeenue: “e?eoe/aneay oai?ey iiciaiey”,
yoeea, ynoaoeea e o/aiea i oeaeaniia?aciinoe i?e?iaeu. Iniiaiia aieiaiea
oeeinioa nin?aaeioi/eeinue ia e?eoe/aneii aiaeeca iiciaaaoaeueiuo
niiniaiinoae /aeiaaea, ia ?ac?aaioea niioaaonoaothuae oai?ee iiciaiey.
Iiae aeeyieai neaioeoeecia e yiie?ecia THia, Eaio aaae a oeeinioeth
iiiyoea ia io?eoeaoaeueiuo aaee/eiao, iniaye oaea/aiea nia?aiaiieeia
ienoeeie e “aeooiaeaeaieai”. A yoio ia?eiae ii i?eaeaao aieueoia
cia/aiea eniieueciaaieth a oeeinioee iiuoiiai ciaiey. Iauai aeaiiiai
?aoa?aoa ia iicaieyao oaeaeeoue aeieaeiia aieiaiea enneaaeiaaieth anao
iiae?iaiinoae aeecie e oai?/anoaa Eaioa. Iiyoiio, a iae ?anniio?aiu
eeoue iaeaieaa cia/eiua yieciaeu e iaeaieaa aaaeiua aai i?iecaaaeaiey,
oa?aeoa?iua aeey eaaeaeiai ec yoaiia.
* * *
Eiiaioee Eaio ?iaeeeny 22 ai?aey 1724 aiaea a ai?iaea Eaieanaa?aa a
naiuea oi?ieea Eiaaiia Aai?aa Eaioa. Nai Eaio iieaaae, /oi aai i?aaeee
auee ?iaeii ec Oioeaiaeee, ii nia?aiaiiua enneaaeiaaoaee onoaiiaeee, /oi
aai i?aaeaae ii iooeo aue auoiaeoeai ec Eaoaee, a ii iaoa?e – o?iaeaiaoe
I?onnee. ?in Eaio ia ie?aeia ai?iaea n?aaee iaeeiai oi?aiaiai e
?aianeaiiiai ethaea. A naiuea auei iyoa?i aeaoae. Iaeaiueeiai Eiiaioeea
ainieouaaee a ianoaiiaea oaaaeaiey e o?oaeo, /anoiinoe e io?eoaineie
no?iainoe. N aeaonoaa iaeue/ee iaeaaeae oeeui caei?iaueai, e iaoue –
Aiia ?aaeia – noa?aeanue i?eaeoue nuio oece/aneia e i?aanoaaiiia
caei?iauea, ?acaoaeeoue iuoeeainoue e aiia?aaeaiea.
A 1730 aiaeo Eaio iinooiee a ia/aeueioth oeieo, a a 1732 aiaeo ii niaaoo
ae?oaa naiuee Eaioia ianoi?a O?aioea Aeueaa?oa Ooeueoea iaeue/eea
ioaeaee a ainoaea?noaaiioth oea?eiaioth aeiiaceth – “eieeaaeth
O?eae?eoa”, ia eaoeineia ioaeaeaiea. Iniiaiuie i?aaeiaoaie a aeiiacee
auee eaouiue (aei 20-oe /ania a iaaeaeth) e aiaineiaea. Iaycaoaeueiuie
auee oaeaea a?a/aneee e ae?aaiaaa?aeneee ycuee, eco/aiea eioi?uo
aoiaeeei a i?ia?aiio eo?na aiaineiaey. I?iaiaeeeenue oaeoeueoaoeaiua
caiyoey ii iaoaiaoeea, iocuea, o?aioeocneiio e iieueneiio ycueai.
Anoanoaiciaiea e enoi?ey ia i?aiiaeaaaeenue. Aeaaiaea?y i?e?iaeiui
niiniaiinoyi e i?eeaaeaieth Eaio, ianiio?y ia oeeia caei?iauea, aue
iaeiei ec eo/oeo o/aieeia aeiiacee. Aai ?iaeeoaee oioaee, /oiau iaeue/ee
noae nayuaiieeii, ii iiae aeeyieai i?aiiaeaaaoaey eaouie Aaiaeai?aeoa
Eaio oaeaeny aioe/iie iiyceae, oeeieiaeae e iai?eyciaiii ioiineeny e
aiaoiei i?iyaeaieyi ?aeeaeiciiai eoeueoa.
Inaiueth 1740 aiaea a aic?anoa 16-oe eao Eaio iinooiee a Eaieanaa?aneee
oieaa?neoao. Aei neo ii? iaecaanoii oi/ii, ia eaeii oaeoeueoaoa ii
o/eeny, oae eae a nio?aieaoeony nieneao nooaeaioia iao oeacaiee ia oi, e
eaeiio oaeoeueoaoo ioiineeny eaaeaeue ec ieo. A oieaa?neoaoa
nouanoaiaaei /aou?a oaeoeueoaoa, o?e ec ieo: aiaineianeee, iaaeeoeeineee
e th?eaee/aneee ioiineeenue e “aunoei”, a oeeinioneee – e “iecoei”.
Niaeanii i?eeaco O?eae?eoa Aeeueaaeueia I, nooaeaiou iiaee /eneeoueny
oieueei ia iaeiii ec aunoeo oaeoeueoaoia, oae eae “nieaeaoneiio ei?ieth”
ioaeiu auee i?aaeaea anaai a?aiioiua neoaeauea, a e oeeinioee ii
ioiineeny aeinoaoi/ii neaioe/anee. Ia?aua aeia?aou Eaioa iieaaaee, /oi
ii aua?ae oaieiaeth, iaeiaei, i?iaiaeece?iaaa ia?a/aiue i?aaeiaoia,
eioi?ui aoaeouee oeeinio oaeaeye iaeaieueoaa aieiaiea, iiaeii naeaeaoue
auaiae, /oi ii, aa?iyoii, o/eeny ia iaaeeoeeineii oaeoeueoaoa.
Aeiiace/aneia oaea/aiea oeeieiaeae niaieeinue eioa?anii e oeceea e
oeeinioee. Neeueiia aeeyiea ia noaiiaeaiea Eaioa a yoio ia?eiae ieacae
i?ioanni? Ia?oei Eioooeai. Io iaai iieiaeie /aeiaae aia?aua oneuoae eiy
Iuethoiia e iiae aai ?oeiaiaenoaii ia /aoaa?oii aiaeo iao/aiey i?eiyeny
ca ia?aia naiinoiyoaeueiia ni/eiaiea ii oeceea. Ia?aoth naith ?aaioo
Eaio ienae o?e aiaea – n 1743 ii 1746 aiae. Iacuaaeanue iia “Iunee ia
enoeiiie ioeaiea aeeauo nee”. Yoa ?aaioa i?aaenoaaeyea niaie iiiuoeo
aunooieoue a?aeo?ii a nii?a ea?oaceaioeaa e eaeaieoeeaioeaa ia ecia?aiee
eeiaoe/aneie yia?aee. Nicaeaaay yoo ?aaioo, Eaio, ii – aeaeeiiio, ia
ciae, /oi oaea a 1743 aiaeo Aeaeaiaa? aeae oieaa?naeueiia ?aoaiea
i?iaeaiu, au?acea aai oi?ioeie F=mvv/2. Eaio, nai oiai ia aaaeay, ii
nooe eeoue iiaoi?ee ?aoaiea Aeaeaiaa?a. Iaeiaei ?aaioa niaea?aeaea ?yae
i?eaeiaeueiuo oiiiino?iaiee, a oii /enea ?annoaeaeaiey i nayce
o?aoia?iinoe i?ino?ainoaa e caeiia anaie?iiai oyaioaiey. “Iunee …”
ia/aoaeenue n 1746 ii 1749 aiae. Iinea auoiaea eieae a naao, Eaio
iinueaao ii yecaiiey?o oaaeoea?neiio o/aiiio e iiyoo Aeuea?aooo Aaeea?o
e iaoaiaoeeo Eaiia?aeo Yeea?o, iaeiaei, ioaaoa ia yoe ii/oiaua
ioi?aaeaiey ii ia iieo/ee. Aiciiaeii, i?e/eiie oiio iineoaeee iienaiiue
auoa i?iiao iieiaeiai o/aiiai. Ianiio?y ia oi, /oi ia?aay ?aaioa ia
i?eianea Eaioo ecaanoiinoe e onooiaao, anoanoaaiii, ii ianooaao aieaa
iicaeiei aai o?oaeai, oaea a yoie ?aaioa i?iyaeeanue oa?aeoa?iay /a?oa
anae aai oeeinioee – niaaeeiaiea aaneiii?iienniiai no?aieaiey e enoeia
ni neeiiiinoueth e ?acoiiui eiii?iiennai, eiaaea iaeeoei aeaa e?aeiea
oi/ee c?aiey.
A 1747 aiaeo, ia caueoea iaaenoa?neie aeenna?oaoeee, Eaio aia?aua
iieeaeaao Eaieanaa?a. Iaeiaei, aai no?ainoaey ia?aie/eaathony i?aaeaeaie
Ainoi/iie I?onnee. A aeooie i?iaeioeee oeeinio i?iaoao naay a ?iee
aeiiaoiaai o/eoaey iineaaeiaaoaeueii a o?ao naiueyo: ianoi?a aea?aaie
THaeoai a Eeoaa, aiaaoiai iiiaueea iiae Inoa?iaea e a?aoa Eaeca?eeiaa. A
I?onneii caoieonouea Eaio i?eia?ae iaaeaaiae/aneea iaauee, i?ioae oeieo
aeeoaeneiai iiuoa. Naiaiaeiue aeinooi e eieaai e iaeeea naiaiaeiiai
a?aiaie caeiaeeee ooiaeaiaio aoaeouae iao/iie aeayoaeueiinoe. A yoio
ia?eiae Eaio iaienae ?oeiienue ii ano?iiiiee “Einiiaiiey eee iiiuoea
iauynieoue i?ienoiaeaeaiea ie?icaeaiey, ia?aciaaiea iaaaniuo oae e
i?e/eiu eo aeaeaeaiey iaueie caeiiaie ?acaeoey iaoa?ee a niioaaonoaee n
oai?eae Iuethoiia”. Noaouey auea iaienaia ia eiieo?nioth oaio,
i?aaeeiaeaiioth I?onneie aeaaeaieae iaoe, ii iieiaeie o/aiue ia ?aoeeny
i?eiyoue o/anoea a eiieo?na. Noaouey auea iioaeeeiaaia oieueei 1754
aiaeo iinea aica?auaiey Eaioa a Eaieanaa?a. Ianeieueei iicaeiaa, a
eiioea eaoa 1754 aiaea, Eaio ioaeeeoao aoi?oth noaoueth, iinayuaiioth
oaeaea aii?inai einiiaiiee, – “Aii?in i oii, noa?aao ee Caiey n
oece/aneie oi/ee c?aiey”. Yoe aeaa noaouee auee eae au i?aethaeeae e
einiiaiie/aneiio o?aeoaoo, eioi?ue aue anei?a iaienai. Aai
ieii/aoaeueiia iacaaiea aeaneei “Anaiauay anoanoaaiiay enoi?ey e oai?ey
iaaa, eee iiiuoea enoieeiaaoue no?iaiea e iaoaienoe/aneia
i?ienoiaeaeaiea anaai ie?icaeaiey, enoiaey ec i?eioeeiia Iuethoiia”.
O?aeoao auoae aiiieiii a 1755 aiaeo, e anei?a a iaeiii ec aaiao?aneeo
ecaeaiee iiyaeeanue iaeia?eoaeueiay ?aoeaicey. ?aaioa i?aaenoaaeyao
niaie naiaia?acioth iiiuoeo ni/aoaoue iuoeeainoue iaoo?aeenoa n
i?eau/iuie n aeaonoaa aeiaiaoaie oea?eae. I?enooiay e eceiaeaieth
einiiaiie/aneie nenoaiu Eaio icaai/ai iaeiei: eae niaeaniaaoue aa n
aa?ie a aiaa. Oeeinio oaaaeaeai, /oi i?ioeai?a/ey iaaeaeo aai aeiioacie
e o?aaeeoeeiiiui ?aeeaeiciuie (o?enoeaineei) aa?iaaieai iao. Iaeiaei,
i/aaeaeii iaeioi?ia noiaenoai aai acaeyaeia n eaeayie ae?aaieo
iaoa?eaeenoia – Aeaiie?eoa e Yieeo?a. Eae e yoe oeeiniou, Eaio iieaaae,
/oi ia?aiia/aeueiui ninoiyieai i?e?iaeu auei anaiauaa ?annayiea
ia?ae/iiai aauanoaa, aoiiia. Ii iieacae, eae iiae aicaeaenoaeai /enoi
iaoaienoe/aneeo i?e/ei ec ia?aiia/aeueiiai oaina iaoa?eaeueiuo /anoeoe
iiaea ia?aciaaoueny iaoa nieia/iay nenoaia. Oaeei ia?acii, oeeinio
io?eoeae ca aiaii ?ieue “ciae/aai anaeaiiie”. Iaeiaei, ii aeaeae a iai
ana aea oai?oea oiai ia?aiia/aeueii ?annayiiiai aauanoaa, ec eioi?iai
(ii caeiiai iaoaieee) aicieeei iuiaoiaa ie?icaeaiea. I?iaeaiie, eioi?oth
Eaio ia niia ?aoeoue anoanoaaiii iao/iui iooai, auea i?iaeaia
aicieeiiaaiey i?aaie/aneie i?e?iaeu. Oeeinio i?eciaaae /oi, caeiiia
iaoaieee iaaeinoaoi/ii aeey iiieiaiey nouiinoe aeecie. Anoanoaaiii, /oi
aicieeiiaaiea aeeaie i?e?iaeu ii iauyniye oaeaea nouanoaiaaieai e
aeayoaeueiinoueth aiaa.
E eiioeo 1755 aiaea Eaio aue oaea aaoi?ii aeaoo noaoae e aeaoo
na?ueaciuo o?aeoaoia ii aii?inai einiiaiiee, i?eia?ae iaeioi?oth
ecaanoiinoue a o/aiuo e?oaao I?onnee, iaeiaei ana aua /eneeeny
nooaeaioii, eee, oi/iaa, eaiaeeaeaoii (oae a Aa?iaiee eiaiiaaeenue
eeoea, i?ineooaaoea eo?n eaeoeee a aunoai o/aaiii caaaaeaiee, ii ia
caaa?oeaoea aeieaeiui ia?acii naia ia?aciaaiea). Caaeoiuaaynue i
aoaeouai, Eaio aeaeae naay oieaa?neoaoneei i?aiiaeaaaoaeai. Ca aiaeu
?aaiou aeiiaoiei o/eoaeai ii neiiee iaaieueooth noiio, iaiaoiaeeioth
aeey ia/aea aeaaeaie/aneie ea?uea?u. Aeey inouanoaeaiey ia/ou aio
inoaaaeinue iieo/eoue eeoue o/aioth noaiaiue. 17 ai?aey 1755 aiaea Eaio
iiaeaao ia oeeinioneee oaeoeueoao iaaenoa?neoth aeenna?oaoeeth “Ia iaia”
e /a?ac /aou?a iaaeaee naeaao onoiue iaaenoa?neee yecaiai. 12 ethiy 1755
aiaea a Eaieanaa?aneii oieaa?neoaoa ninoiyeny oi?aeanoaaiiue aeo
aicaaaeaiey iieiaeiai oeeinioa a o/aioth noaiaiue. Iaeiaei, iieo/aiea
noaiaie iaaeno?a ia icia/aei aaoiiaoe/aneiai i?eiyoey a ninoaa
i?aiiaeaaaoaeae oieaa?neoaoa. Aeey oiai, /oi au iieo/eoue i?aai /eoaoue
eaeoeee, Eaioo i?aaenoiyei i?ieoe aaaeeeoaoeeth (oae eiaiiaaeanue caueoa
niaoeeaeueiie aeenna?oaoeee a ioaee/iii aeeniooa). Iiaay aeenna?oaoeey
Eaioa iacuaaeanue “Iiaia inaauaiea ia?auo i?eioeeiia iaoaoece/aneiai
iiciaiey”. Caueoea aa, o/aiue iieo/aao caaiea i?eaao-aeioeaioa, o.a.
aiaooaoiiai i?aiiaeaaaoaey, o?oae eioi?iai iiea/eaaeny naieie
nooaeaioaie. A ia?aoth naith oieaa?neoaoneoth ceio Eaio /eoae eiaeeo,
iaoaiaoeeo, iaoaoeceeo, anoanoaiciaiea. Caoai e iei i?eaaaeeanue
oece/aneay aaia?aoey, yoeea e iaoaieea. A oi a?aiy ia nicaeaaaeinue
eoeueoa ec oceie niaoeeaeecaoeee, e aoaeouee oeeinio niia iieiinoueth
i?iyaeoue naie ?aciinoi?iiiea ciaiey. Aai eaeoeee iieueciaaeenue
iaeciaiiui oniaoii n?aaee nooaeaioia. Ieieiaeueiay iaa?ocea ninoaaeyea
16-oue, a iaeneiaeueiay – 28-iue /ania a iaaeaeth. Anoanoaaiii, /oi ai
aoi?ie iieiaeia 50-o aiaeia Eaio ii/oe ie/aai ia ieoao. Naiui
cia/eoaeueiui o?oaeii yoiai ia?eiaea, iiaeii iacaaoue aeenna?oaoeeth
“Oece/aneay iiiaaeieiaey”, eioi?oth Eaio iaienae, aac?acoeueoaoii
i?aoaiaeoy ia yeno?ai?aeeia?ioth (aac ieeaaea) i?ioanno?o. I?aiiaeaaaiea
iiaeiuaao ana a?aiy e ana neeu, ii aacaaaeiia nouanoaiaaiea iaania/aii.
A yoio ia?eiae anoanoaaiii – iao/iua iaoa?ee ii – i?aaeiaio caieiatho
aeiieie?othuaa iieiaeaiea a aeooiaiuo eneaieyo Eaioa, ii ia?yaeo n yoei
oneeeaaaony e eioa?an e oeeinioee. Ia?aie nianoaaiii oeeinioneie ?aaioie
auea aaaeeeoaoeeiiiay aeenna?oaoeey “Iiaia inaauaiea ia?auo i?eioeeiia
iaoaoece/aneiai iiciaiey”. A iae Eaio enneaaeoao onoaiiaeaiiue
Eaeaieoeai i?eioeei aeinoaoi/iiai iniiaaiey. Ii i?iaiaeeo ?acee/ea
iaaeaeo iniiaaieai auoey i?aaeiaoa e iniiaaieai aai iiciaiey, ?aaeueiui
e eiae/aneei iniiaaieai. A yoeo ?annoaeaeaieyo Eaioa niaea?aeeony
ca?iaeuo aoaeouaai aeoaeecia: ie? ?aaeueiuo aauae e ie? iaoeo ciaiee ia
oiaeaeanoaaiiu. I?eioeei aeinoaoi/iiai iniiaaiey oeeinio niioiineo n
iiaaaeaieai /aeiaaea. Oae a yoie aeenna?oaoeee aia?aua aicieeaao
i?iaeaia naiaiaeu, eioi?ay a aoaeouai i?aa?aoeony a eaeoiioea anaai
oai?/anoaa Eaioa. Ii n/eoaao, /oi eaeay ii?aaeaeythuaai iniiaaiey ia
i?ioeai?a/eo naiaiaea. Ii iiieiaao naiaiaeo eae niciaoaeueioth
aeaoa?ieiecaoeeth iinooiea, eae i?eiauaiea e aiea iioeaia ?acoia. A
aeaeueiaeoai, ?acaeaay yoo eaeath, oeeinio i?eaeao e auaiaeo, /oi
/aeiaae ia iiaeao iieaaaoueny oieueei ia naie aea/aiey, oae eae ana iie
aeanoei aeaoa?ieie?iaaiu i?e?iaeie, e iinooiaoue a niioaaonoaee n ieie –
cia/eo inoaaaoueny aeeaioiui. A oeaeii a yoie aeenna?oaoeee Eaio
ionoaeaaao eaeaieoeeainei-aieueoeaineoth oi/eo c?aiey. Oioy a iaeioi?uo
nouanoaaiiuo aeaoaeyo, iai?eia? i?e ?ac?aoaiee i?iaeaiu acaeiiioiioaiey
aeooe e oaea, aio aeeaea eaeae Iuethoiia. *oi eanaaony aa?iiiee auoey e
aai anaiauae ono?aieaiiinoe e aeaao, oi ii iiea a yoii ia niiiaaaaony.
Cia/eoaeueiia aeeyiea ia aeeciue e oai?/anoai Eiiaioeea Eaioa ieacaea
aieia I?onnee n O?aioeeae, Aano?eae e ?inneae. Eae ecaanoii, I?onney
iioa?iaea a yoie aieia ii?aaeaiea. Eaieanaa?a aue caoaa/ai ?onneeie
aieneaie. A ninoaaa ?inneeneie eiia?ee iiyaeeanue iiaay
aaeieieno?aoeaiay aaeeieoea, e 24 yiaa?y 1758 aiaea ai?iae i?enyaae ia
aa?iinoue ?onneie eiia?ao?eoea Aeecaaaoa Iao?iaia. Aianoa n
i?aiiaeaaaoaeyie oieaa?neoaoa i?eian i?enyao e Eaio. Aieiu a XVIII aaea
ii/oe ia cao?aaeaaee ie?iia ianaeaiea. Ianiio?y ia aieio, caiyoey a
oieaa?neoaoa ia i?a?uaaeenue. Iai?ioea, e iau/iui eaeoeeyi i?eaaaeeenue
aua e caiyoey n ?onneeie ioeoea?aie. Eaio /eoae aeey ?onneeo
oi?oeoeeaoeeth e ie?ioaoieeo. Iaeioi?ua aeia?aou oeeinioa n/eoatho, /oi
aai neooaoaeyie a yoi a?aiy iiaee auoue oaeea ecaanoiua a ?inneeneie
enoi?ee eeoea, eae aoaeouee aeaoa?eieineee aaeueiiaea A?eai?ee I?eia e
A.A. Noai?ia, oiaaea iiaeiieeiaiee, iaaauaaoee a I?onneie noieeoea
naiaai iooea aaia?aea A.E. Noai?iaa.
A aeaeaa?a 1758 aiaea oia? i?ioanni? oeeinioee Eeiea. Ia inaiaiaeeaoaany
ianoi iauyaeeinue iyoue i?aoaiaeaioia. N?aaee ieo aue e Eaio,
aunoaaeaoee naith eaiaeeaeaoo?o ii ianoiyieth aeaaiaai aeaaiaeaeaoaey –
ianoi?a Ooeueoea, eioi?ue noae e oiio a?aiaie i?ioanni?ii aiaineiaey e
?aeoi?ii oieaa?neoaoa. Ec iyoe eaiaeeaeaoia Aeaaeaie/aneee niaao aua?ae
aeaoo – iaoaiaoeea Aoea e Eaioa. Iaeiaei, ieii/aoaeueii aii?in i
aaeainee aue ?aoai ia a iieueco oeeinioa. Iiea/eaaaiia ianoi iieo/ee
Aoe, eioi?ue aue noa?oa ii aic?anoo e ii i?aiiaeaaaoaeueneiio noaaeo.
Iiaeao auoue nua?aei ?ieue e ae?oaia ianoiyoaeuenoai. Iaeee Aiae?ae
Aieioia, caieiaaoee a oi a?aiy ioaaonoaaiiia iieiaeaiea a aoaa?ineie
eaioeaey?ee, i?iyaeye aeeaie eioa?an e oeeinioee e aue ?aaiinoiui
noi?iiieeii oeeinioee E?ocey. Eaio aue yaiui aioee?oceaioeai. Aiciiaeii,
/oi Aieioia, a neeo naiaai iieiaeaiey eiaaoee aiciiaeiinoue iiaeeyoue ia
?aoaiea aeaiiiai aii?ina, i?aaeii/ae ia?aaeaoue eaoaae?o oeeinioee
iaoaiaoeeo Aoeo, ?aaiiaeooiiio e ino?ui ie?iaicc?ai/aneei i?iaeaiai, /ai
aieueoeaioeo Eaioo. A yoio ia?eiae ia/eiaaony iinoaiaiiue ia?aoiae Eaioa
ei aoi?iio yoaio aai oai?/anoaa. Iiiai eao nionoy oeeinio iaciaao naia
ninoiyiea a iaaenoa?neea aiaeu, naith i?eaa?aeaiiinoue e aieueoeainoao
“aeiaiaoe/aneei niii”. Ii cai?aoeo iieueciaaoueny naieie ?aiieie
o?oaeaie, a oii /enea oaeeie, eae “Iiuo iaeioi?uo ?annoaeaeaiee ia
iioeiecia (1759) e “Iunee iaaeno?a Eiiaioeea Eaioa … ii iiaiaeo
aaca?aiaiiie eii/eiu auniei?iaeiiai ainiiaeeia Ooiea” (1760), a eioi?uo
ii iainiiauaae eaeath iieiiai niaa?oainoaa iaoaai ie?a, auneacuaae
iuneue i oii, /oi nai ii naaa /aeiaae ie/aai ia noieo, a, eae e ethaia
ae?oaie ioaeaeueiia nouanoai, iiaeao aeeoue eeoue ai eiy aeaaa oeaeiai.
I/aaeaeii, /oi iiaeiaiua ooaa?aeaeaiey i?ioeai?a/ao eaeaa: “*aeiaae
anoue oeaeue naia ii naaa”, eioi?oth ii ?acaeaae a aieaa iicaeiea aiaeu.
* * *
1762 aiae aue ia?aeiiiui aeey oeeinioa. I?eiyoi n/eoaoue, /oi
aaaeiaeooth ?ieue a iiauo eneaieyo Eaioa, eioi?ua a aeaeueiaeoai i?eaaee
e nicaeaieth aai e?eoe/aneie oeeinioee, nua?aei ciaeiinoai n oai?/anoaii
AEai-AEaea-?onni. ?onni noae aeey Eaioa, ii i?eciaieth iineaaeiaai,
“aoi?ui Iuethoiiii”. Anee ii aeeyieai iuethoiiianeeo oi?ioe oeeinio
noi?ie?iaae naie acaeyaeu ia einiin, ono?ienoai nieia/iie nenoaiu, ie? a
oeaeii, oi ia?aaeienu ?onni iiiiaee aio caaeyiooue a oaeieee
/aeiaa/aneie aeooe. Iiieii ?onni, Eaio a iineaaenoaee iacuaae aua e
Aeaaeaea THia a ea/anoaa iuneeoaey, eioi?ue “iiiia aio i?iaoaeeoueny io
aeiaiaoe/aneiai nia”. ?onni iiaeeye ia Eaioa eae /aeiaaea e ii?aeenoa,
THi iiaeoieeioe aai iiaui oai?aoeei-iiciaaaoaeueiui iieneai, ia?aniio?o
iaoaoece/aneeo aeiai, oi?ie?iaaieth iiaie oai?ee iiciaiey.
A i?aaeaa?ee ceiiaai naiano?a 1762 aiaea Eaio auionoee, eae e ?aiueoa,
a?ioth?o – i?eaeaoaiea e eaeoeeyi. A i?aaeuaeoueo o?aeoiaaeenue a
iniiaiii anoanoaaiii iao/iua i?iaeaiu, ia yoio ?ac aeey ?anniio?aiey aue
acyo oeeinioneee aii?in. A?ioth?a iacuaaeanue “Eiaeiia ioae?noaiaaiea a
/aou?ao oeao?ao neeeiaecia” e niaea?aeaea ia?aoth iiiuoeo e?eoeee
oi?iaeueiie eiaeee, neoaeeaoae iii?ie aieueoeainoao. Aei yoiai aaoi?
?acaeaeye aieueoeaineia i?aeeiiaiea ia?aae aeaaeoeoeeae, ianeieueei
i?aoaaee/eaay cia/aiea iuneeoaeueiie aeayoaeueiinoe /aeiaaea aeey
iiciaiey, e aue oaaaeaeai, /oi aiciiaeiinoe auaaaeaiey iaeieo iiiyoee ec
ae?oaeo iooai iino?iaiey oiicaeeth/aiee aaneiia/iu. A yoie ?aaioa ii
na?ueacii caaeoiuaaaony iaae oai, eae aaanoe a oeeinioeth iiuoiia
ciaiea. Yoei aea i?iaeaiai iinayuaia iaienaiiay oaeaea a 1762 aiaeo
?aaioa “Enneaaeiaaiea i/aaeaeiinoe i?eioeeiia anoanoaaiiie oaieiaee e
ii?aee”. Iia auea iaienaia ia eiieo?nioth oaio, iauyaeaiioth Aa?eeineie
aeaaeaieae iaoe. ?aaioa ia iieo/eea ia?aie i?aiee, iaeiaei auea i?eciaia
aa ii/oe ?aaiie oie, /oi iaea?aeaea iiaaaeo, e aianoa n iae
iioaeeeiaaia. A yoie ?aaioa, niiinoaaeyy oeeinioeth n iaoaiaoeeie, Eaio
aiai?eo i ea/anoaaiiii iiiaiia?acee iauaeoia ia?aie ii n?aaiaieth n
iauaeoaie aoi?ie. Aiaeece?oy oeacaiioth i?iaeaio o/aiue i?eoiaeeo e
auaiaeo, /oi enoeiiay oeeinioey aua ia iaienaia. Ianoiyuay oeeinioey, ii
aai iiaieth, aeieaeia onaieoue iaoiae, eioi?ue Iuethoii aaae a
anoanoaiciaiea e eioi?ue i?eian oai noieue ieiaeioai?iua ?acoeueoaou.
Neaaeiaaoaeueii, iaaeeaaeeo, iie?aynue ia aeinoiaa?iua aeaiiua iiuoa,
iouneaoue anaiauea caeiiu. Iiuo, ia eioi?ue aeieaeia iie?aoueny
oeeinioey, – yoi ia oieueei iieacaiey /oanoa, ii e “aioo?aiiee iiuo”,
iaiin?aaenoaaiii i/aaeaeiia niciaiea. N oi/ee c?aiey oeeinioa,
aeaaiaea?y iineaaeiaio noaiiaeony aanueia aeinoiaa?iui iiciaiea aiaa. A
yoie ?aaioa Eaio auneacuaaao aaaeiia aeey aai aeaeueiaeoaai oeeinioneiai
?acaeoey niia?aaeaiea: iaeuecy niaoeaaoue enoeio e aeaai, ciaiea e
ii?aeueiia /oanoai. A?yaeouoth oeeinioneoth ?aaiethoeeth i?aaeaauatho e
oa eaeae, eioi?ua Eaio auneacuaaao a o?aeoaoa “Iiuo aaaaeaiey a
oeeinioeth iiiyoey io?eoeaoaeueiuo aaee/ei”. Aieiaiea iuneeoaey
i?eaeaeaao i?iaeaia aaeeinoaa i?ioeaiiieiaeiinoae. Enoiaeiue ioieo
?annoaeaeaiee – onoaiiaeaiiia aua a aaaeeeoaoeeiiiie aeenna?oaoeee
?acee/ea iaaeaeo eiae/aneei e ?aaeueiui iniiaaieai. Eaio oeacuaaao, /oi
ni?aaaaeeeaia aeey eiaeee iiaeao auoue iaenoeiiui aeey ?aaeueiie
aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe. Eiae/aneay i?ioeaiiieiaeiinoue ninoieo a oii, /oi
ioiineoaeueii iaeiie e oie aea aaue eaeia – eeai auneacuaaiea eee
ooaa?aeaeaaony eee io?eoeaaony, iaeii oi?acaeiyao ae?oaia, a ?acoeueoaoa
/aai iieo/aaony ie/oi. Eiia – ?aaeueiay i?ioeaiiieiaeiinoue, eioi?ay
noieo a i?ioeaiiai?aaeaiiinoe nee. Caeanue oaeaea iaeii oi?acaeiyao
ae?oaia, ii neaaenoaeai aoaeao ia/oi ?aaeueii nouanoaothuaa.
A ceiiai naiano?a 1762 aiaea o Eaioa iiyaeeny iiaue nooaeaio, ia
eioi?iai oio n?aco ia?aoee aieiaiea. Iieiaeie /aeiaae /eneeeny ia
oaieiae/aneii oaeoeueoaoa, iaeaaeae iacao?yaeiuie niiniaiinoyie e
oneae/eainoueth, ienae iaieioea noeoe, iiae?aaeay ethaeiui iiyoai Eaioa
– Aaeea?o e Iiio. Yoi aue Eiaaii Aioo?eae Aa?aea?, nui caiia?y e o/eoaey
i?eoiaeneie oeieu a Ii?oiaaia. O Eaioa Aa?aea? i?ineooae ana aai
oiaaeaoiea eo?nu – iaoaoeceeo, ii?aeue, eiaeeo, iaoaiaoeeo, oece/aneoth
aaia?aoeth. Noa?aoaeueii caienuaae eo, i?eaiaey aeiia naie eiiniaeou a
ii?yaeie. Nio?aieeenue ana aai caiene – aeeo?aoiua, yniua, ianoiyoaeueii
eceaaathuea nooue i?iaeai aieiothueo oeeinioa. Ia iniiaaiee yoeo
eiiniaeoia e ?aaiou Eaioa “Aaeeinoaaiiia aiciiaeiia iniiaaiea aeey
aeieacaoaeuenoaa auoey aiaa”, auoaaeoae a eiioea a 1762 aiaea, iiaeii
noaeeoue i oii, eaeea aii?inu iuoaeny ?ac?aoeoue oeeinio a yoio ia?eiae.
Eaio aiai?eo i aiaa. N aai oi/ee c?aiey, ie ia nianoaaiiii, ie ia /oaeii
iiuoa iu ia iiaeai oaaaeeony a aai nouanoaiaaiee. Enneaaeiaaoaeth
inoaaony iieiaeeony ia ?acoi: oieueei nenoaia ?annoaeaeaiee (Eaio
i?eaiaeeo aa a naiae ?aaioa) i?eaiaeeo e auaiaeo, /oi anoue ia naaoa
iaeia aunoaa, aaniethoiia e iaiaoiaeeiia nouanoai. Anoaao, iaeiaei,
aii?in: ia iiae?uaaao ee iiaeiaiia ioiioaiea e ?aeeaee iniia
i?aanoaaiiinoe? Eaio ooaa?aeaeaao: ii?aeue e ?aeeaey – ?aciua aaue.
Ii?aeue nei?aa anaiauee, /aeiaa/aneee, iaaeaee aiaeanoaaiiue noae. I?e
ainieoaiee iaaei nia/aea i?iaoaeeoue ii?aeueiia /oanoai, a iioii
i?eaeaaoue iiiyoea i aiaeanoaa, eia/a ?aeeaey i?aa?aoeony a
i?aae?annoaeie, e au?anoao oeo?aoe, eeoeaia?. Eoeueoo?a ii?aeueiiai
/oanoaa aeieaeia i?aaeoanoaiaaoue eoeueoo?a iineooaiey. Ec yoeo
?annoaeaeaiee oeeinio auaiaeeo iniiaiie caeii /aeiaa/aneiai iiaaaeaiey –
“iinooiae a niioaaonoaee ni naiae ii?aeueiie i?e?iaeie”.
A 1764 aiaeo Eaioo eniieieeinue ni?ie eao. Ii ecaanoai, aai oeaiyo e
oaaaeatho. Eaiaa?o e Iaiaeaeuenii ia?auathony e iaio n i?aaeeiaeaieyie
anooieoue a iao/ioth ia?aieneo, e Eaio eo i?eieiaao. Eaeoeee
iieuecothony oniaoii, aoaeeoi?ey anaaaea iieia, e iaeioi?ua eo?nu ii
ia?aaeiaa?yao naiei o/aieeai. Eieae oi?ioi ?anoiaeyony, a iaienaiiua a
1762 aiaeo “Iaaethaeaiey iaae /oanoaii aicauoaiiiai e i?ae?aniiai”
i?eianee aio neaao iiaeiiai aaoi?a. Ii ii ana aua i?eaao-aeioeaio, ia
iieo/athuee ie a?ioa io oieaa?neoaoa. A Aa?eeia iiieiatho
iaanoanoaaiiinoue iiaeiaiie neooaoeee. A aaaonoa 1764 aiaea ec
ieienoa?noaa thnoeoeee, aaaeaaoaai aeaeaie ia?aciaaiey, iinooiaao
i?aaeeiaeaiea caiyoue ianoi i?ioanni?a iiycee e e?anii?a/ey, eioi?ia
ionoiaaei a Eaieanaa?aa oaea aeaa aiaea. Eaio ioeacaeny. O iaai auea
oeaeue, ii oae e iae i?yiie aei?iaie. Ioeac ioeaieee. Niaoeeaeueiui
?ane?eioii io eiaie ei?iey auei iaauaii “aanueia oiaeiai e ni anaiauei
oniaoii i?aiiaeathuaai aeioeaioa Eaioa auaeaeiooue i?e ia?aie aea
aiciiaeiinoe”. Cia/eoaeueiia ianoi n?aaee ?aaio yoiai ia?eiaea caieiaao
?aaioa “A?acu aeooiaeaeoea, iiyniaiiua a?acaie iaoaoeceee”, yecaiiey?u
eioi?ie auee iineaiu Eaiaa?oo e Iaiaeaeueniio. Yoi ia o?aeoao, a nei?aa
ynna, iinayuaiiia aeayoaeueiinoe Eiiaioeea Naaaeaiai?aa, /aeiaaea
iaiaueiiaaiiiai, oaaaeneiai oeeinioa e iaoaiaoeea, eioi?ue ?aii
i?ineaaeeny naieie ?aaioaie ii iaoaieea, ai?iiio aeaeo, ieia?aeiaee, a
iiae noa?inoue iauyaee naay yniiaeaeoeai, eioi?iio nai aia ii?o/ee
iniiaaoue iiaoth oea?eiaue. “A?acu …” i?eia/aoaeueiu oai, /oi ia iaeio
aeineo n “aeooiaeaeoeaie” Eaioa noaaeo e i?eaa?aeaioeaa niaeoeyoeaiie
iaoaoeceee. Iaoaoeceee oiaea a?acyo e naie eaeae i?eieiatho ca
iiaeeeiiue ii?yaeie aauae. Ii niaaony ia oieueei iaae aeceiia?noaii, ii
e iaae oiic?eoaeueiuie niaeoeyoeeyie, ii i?ecuaaao ethaeae iaoee
iieaaaoueny oieueei ia iiuo, i?aaenoaaeythuee niaie “aeueoo e iiaao
iiciaiey”. Oaeei ia?acii Eaio i?iuaaony n aieueoeaineie iaoaoeceeie,
i?eaa?aeaioeai eioi?ie ii aue ?aiaa.
E eiioeo 60-o aiaeia XVIII aaea Eaio noaiiaeony ecaanoai oaea ia oieueei
a I?onnee. A 1769 aiaeo i?ioanni? Oaocai ec Aaeea iaia?aaaaony ecaeaoue
“Aeia?aoee ciaiaieouo oeeinioia e enoi?eeia XVIII aaea a Aa?iaiee e ca
aa i?aaeaeaie”. Eaio aeeth/ai a nai?iee, e aaoi? ia?auaaony e iaio ca
iaiaoiaeeiuie iaoa?eaeaie. Ii/oe iaeiia?aiaiii i?eoiaeeo i?eaeaoaiea ia
?aaioo a Y?eaiaai. Eo?aoi? ianoiiai oieaa?neoaoa i?aaeeaaaao Eaioo
caiyoue oieueei /oi nicaeaiioth eaoaae?o oai?aoe/aneie oeeinioee. Eaio
ioeeiiyao yoi i?aaeeiaeaiea. Ae?oaia i?eaeaoaiea, i?eoaaeoaa a yiaa?a
1770 aiaea ec Eaiu, oiaea auei ioeeiiaii. Ecaeiyynue e ioeacuaaynue io
yoiai i?aaeeiaeaiey, oeeinio nnueaaony ia i?eaycaiiinoue e ?iaeiiio
ai?iaeo, a oaeaea ia “aiciiaeiua i?iaeanee aeeceie aaeainee” o iaai
aeiia. Iaeiiaoe 31 ia?oa 1770 aiaea ia/oa Eaioa naueanue. Niaoeeaeueiui
oeacii ei?iey ii aue iacia/ai i?aeeia?iui i?ioanni?ii eiaeee e
iaoaoeceee. Oeeinioo i?aaenoiyei auiieieoue aua iaeio oi?iaeueiinoue,
aac eioi?ie iacia/aiea auei iaaeaenoaeoaeueii: iaiaoiaeeii caueoeoue
i?ioanni?neoth aeenna?oaoeeth. Iiaay aeenna?oaoeey iacuaaeanue “I oi?ia
e i?eioeeiao /oanoaaiii aini?eieiaaiiai e eioaeeeaeaaeueiiai ie?a”. A
iae aue caoeene?iaai iiaue “ia?aai?io” ai acaeyaeao, niaa?oeaoeeny, ii
neiaai naiiai aaoi?a, aiae iacaae. Ia niaio yiie?e/aneie, aeioiaeeaoae
aei neaioeoeecia iiceoeee i?eoae naiaia?aciue aeoaeeci ai acaeyaeao.
Eaioa oaea ia aieioao aii?in, eae aeaiiua i?aaiia /oanoa naycaiu n
eioaeeaeoii, – ii ?acaae a ?aciua noi?iiu yoe aeaa aeaea aeooiaiie
aeayoaeueiinoe. “Enoi/ieee anao iaoeo i?aaenoaaeaiee, – aiai?eony a
?aaioa, – eeai /oanoaaiiinoue, eeai ?annoaeie e ?acoi. Ia?aua aeatho iai
i?e/eiu iiciaiee, au?aaeathueo ioiioaiea i?aaeiaoa e iniaui naienoaai
iiciathuaai noauaeoa… Aoi?ua ioiinyony e naiei i?aaeiaoai”.
*oanoaaiiinoue, n oi/ee c?aiey Eaioa, eiaao aeaei n yaeaieyie,
oaiiiaiaie; eioaeeeaeaaeueiue, o.a. oiiiinoeaaaiue, i?aaeiao ii iacuaaao
iioiaiii. Ie?, ?anniao?eaaaiue eae oaiiiai, nouanoaoao ai a?aiaie e
i?ino?ainoaa. Ii a?aiy e i?ino?ainoai ia anoue ia/oi naii ii naaa
nouanoaothuaa, yoi anaai eeoue noauaeoeaiua oneiaey, ecia/aeueii
i?enouea /aeiaa/aneiio oio aeey eii?aeeiaoeee iaaeaeo niaie /oanoaaiii
aini?eieiaaiuo i?aaeiaoia. A iioiaiaeueiii ie?a, o.a. a noa?a i?aaeiaoia
naieo ii naaa, a?aiaie e i?ino?ainoaa iao. Yoi ooaa?aeaeaiea yaii
i?ioeai?a/eo iiceoeee Eaeaieoea e Aieueoa, i?eciaaaaoeo iiaeeeiioth
?aaeueiinoue i?iaeieaeeoaeueiinoe e i?ioyaeaiiinoe. Aua iaaeaaii Eaio
i?ecuaae iaoeo iie?aoueny eneeth/eoaeueii ia iiuo, oaia?ue o iaai
ae?oaay caaioa – i?aaeinoa?a/ue aa io ia?aioeaiee iiuoa. Oeeinio
iniciaao, /oi i?eioeeiu /oanoaaiiiai iiciaiey ia aeieaeiu auoiaeeoue ca
naie i?aaeaeu e eanaoueny noa?u ?annoaeea. Iicaeiaa ii ooi/ieo naith
iuneue: “a /enoi yiie?e/aneii aeoaeaeaiee aac ?oeiaiaeyuaai i?eioeeia, a
niioaaonoaee n eioi?ui neaaeiaaei au eneaoue, ieeiaaea iaeuecy iaeoe /oi
– eeai oeaeaniia?aciia”. A ienueia e Eaiaa?oo, eioi?ia nii?iaiaeaeaei
aea?noaaiiue yecaiiey? aeenna?oaoeee, Eaio i?aaeeaaaao nicaeaoue
niaoeeaeueioth aeenoeeieeio – “iauoth oaiiiaiieiaeth” n caaea/ae
i/a?oeoue i?aaeaeu /oanoaaiiiai iiciaiey, aeaau ia ia?aiineoue aai ia
i?aaeiaou “/enoiai ?acoia”. Aea?noaaiiua yecaiiey?u aeenna?oaoeee auee
a?o/aiu oaeaea Iaiaeaeueniio e i?ineaaeaoaio naay ?aaioaie ii oeeinioee
eneonnoaa E. – A. Coeueoea?o. Anei?a iaeii ca ae?oaei i?eoee o?e
ioaaoiuo ienueia. Eaio ia ioaaoee ie ia iaeii ec ieo. Eaaeaeia noaaeei
ia?aae iei i?iaeaiu, aeaeei ca niaie ?aciuoeaiey, iiea aac?acoeueoaoiua.
*a?ac /aou?iaaeoeaoue ianyoeaa ii ieoao naiaio aa?eeineiio ae?oao Ia?eo
Aa?oeo e i?ineo aai i?eianoe ecaeiaiey Eaiaa?oo, Iaiaeaeueniio e
Coeueoea?o. A yoii ienueia oaea anoue ia/oi aieueoaa, /ai eiinoaoaoeey
oaeoa, /oi iaaei aua aeoiaoue iaae auaeaeioouie aic?aaeaieyie e
nianoaaiiuie eaeayie. Aeaoo yoiai ienueia (21 oaa?aey 1772 aiaea)
i?eiyoi n/eoaoue aeiai ?iaeaeaiey aeaaiiai oeeinioneiai o?oaea Eaioa.
Ia?aiia/aeueiia aai iacaaiea aeaneei “A?aieoeu /oanoaaiiinoe e
?annoaeea”, ii oaea a ia?aiia/aeueiii aa?eaioa oaenoa aicieeaao
au?aaeaiea “e?eoeea /enoiai ?acoia”. Aoaeouay eieaa, ii iiaieth Eaioa,
aeieaeia aeaoue “eeth/ e oaeia anae iaoaoeceee”.
* * *
Oee aiaeu. Aiein Eaioa a ia/aoe oiiee iaaeieai. Iinea aeenna?oaoeee “I
oi?ia e i?eioeeiao …”, e e?iia aeaoo caiaoie ii iiaiaeo
“Oeeaio?iieia”, oeeinio iaia/aoae eeoue ?aoeaiceth ia eieao Iineaoe i
?acee/ee a no?iaiee oaea ethaeae e aeeaioiuo, a oaeaea oaaaeiieaiea i
eaeoeeyo ia 1775 aiae (“I ?acee/iuo /aeiaa/aneeo ?anao”). Iie/aiea
aeeeeinue iaeeiiaaeoeaoue eao. Iiaay eieaa ia iieo/aeanue. Oae iaaeeaiii
Eaio aua ieeiaaea ia ?aaioae. *oi – oi aeaaiia ana a?aiy oneieuecaei.
Ia?aoaiiay, eacaeinue au, enoeia aiiaue iai?a/eaaeanue ia?ac?aoeiie
caaaaeeie. Iaeiiaoe “E?eoeea /enoiai ?acoia” auea iaienaia. Aieueoea
eonee auee nicaeaiu aeaaii, iiyoiio aaniie e eaoii 1780 aiaea Eaioo
oaeaeinue caaa?oeoue ?aaioo. Ii ciae neaainoe eieae – aeaaiui ia?acii
noeeenoe/aneea, ii ia?aienuaaoue aa nee oaea ia auei, e oiio aea aio ia
oa?iaeinue auianoe naia aeaoeua ia noae iauanoaaiiinoe. Ia?aiia/aeueii
Eaio oioae iinayoeoue eieao Eaiaa?oo, i?iyaeaoaio noieue aeeaie eioa?an
e aai oai?aoe/aneei eneaieyi, ii oiai oaea aeaa aiaea ia auei a aeeauo.
A ia?oa 1781 aiaea oeeinio iaienae iinayuaiea ieieno?o Oeaaeeeoeo, a a
iaa eieaa oaeaeaea naao.
I?aaeeneiaea e “E?eoeea /enoiai ?acoia” ia/eiaaony n oeeoaou ec O?ainena
Ayeiia. A naia a?aiy Ayeii aunooiee n e?eoeeie noieanoe/aneiai ?acoia e
aeeoaeneiai ?annoaeea, n o?aaiaaieai ioa?ineoue ia?oaua aeiaiu e
oei?aieaoaany i?aae?annoaeee, i?iaa?youe ia iiuoa ana iieiaeaiey,
i?aoaiaeothuea ia enoeiiinoue. Eaio aeaeae naay i?iaeieaeaoaeai yoiai
ia/eiaiey. Naith caaea/o oeeinio aeaeeo a oii, /oiau i?aiaeieaoue aeaa
ie?iaicc?ai/aneea iiceoeee, aeaa aeaea iaeiinoi?iiiaai e,
neaaeiaaoaeueii, eiaeiiai iiaeoiaea e i?iaeaia iiciaiey – aeiaiaoeci e
neaioeoeeci. Iaeiia?aiaiii yoi i?aiaeieaiea Aieueoa, eioi?iio
i?eiaaeeaaeaea eaeay ?acaeaeaiey anao oeeinioia ia neaioeeia e
aeiaiaoeeia. Ia?aua i?aauaatho a niiiaiee ioiineoaeueii i?e?iaeu aauae,
aoi?ua ia yoio n/ao i?eaea?aeeaathony /aoeiai (“aeiaiaoe/aneiai”)
acaeyaea. Eaio i?aaeeaaaao o?aoee iooue – aaeeinoaaiii cae?aaue, ii aai
iiaieth, – iooue e?eoeee. I?e/ai ?a/ue eaeao ia i e?eoeea eaeeo – eeai
eiea e oeeinioneeo nenoai, a i e?eoeea naiiai ?acoia, acyoiai a /enoii
aeaea, oi anoue iacaaeneii io eaeiai au oi ie auei iiuoa. Oeeinio
iaia?ai eco/eoue eino?oiaio iiciaiey, i?aaeaea /ai ionoeoue aai a aeaei.
Nic?ae ee ?acoi aeey naiie?eoeee? Eaio ia niiiaaaaony a naiaa?aiaiiinoe
naiaai ia/eiaiey.
Iiciaeiieiny oaia?ue n iaeioi?uie iniiaiuie eaeayie “E?eoeee /enoiai
?acoia”. Anyeia ciaiea, ii Eaioo, ia/eiaaony n iiuoa, ii ia
ia?aie/eaaaony ei. *anoue iaoeo ciaiee ii?iaeaeaaony naiie
iiciaaaoaeueiie niiniaiinoueth, e iineo, ii au?aaeaieth oeeinioa,
“ai?ei?iue” (aeiiiuoiue) oa?aeoa?. Yiie?e/aneia ciaiea aaeeie/ii, a
iioiio neo/aeii; ai?ei?iia – anaiaua e iaiaoiaeeii. Ai?ei?eci Eaioa
ioee/aaony io eaeaaeenoe/aneiai o/aiey i a?iaeaeaiiuo eaeayo. Ai –
ia?auo, oai, /oi, ii Eaioo, aeiiiuoiu oieueei oi?iu ciaiey, a aai
niaea?aeaiea oeaeeeii iinooiaao ec iiuoa. Ai – aoi?uo, naie aeiiiuoiua
oi?iu ia yaeythony a?iaeaeaiiuie, a eiatho naith enoi?eth. ?aaeueiue
niune eaioianeiai ai?ei?ecia ninoieo a oii, /oi eiaeeaeae, i?enooiathuee
e iiciaieth, ?aniieaaaao ii?aaeaeaiiuie, neiaeeaoeieny aei iaai oi?iaie
iiciaiey. Anee iiniio?aoue ia ciaiea n oi/ee c?aiey aai ecia/aeueiiai
i?ienoiaeaeaiey, oi aanue aai iauai a eiia/iii eoiaa acyo ec ana
?anoe?ythuaainy iiuoa /aeiaa/anoaa. Ae?oaia aeaei, /oi ia?yaeo n
iaiin?aaenoaaiiui iiuoii, anoue iiuo einaaiiue (onaiaiiue). Aeaeaa Eaio
onoaiaaeeaaao ?acee/ea iaaeaeo aiaeeoe/aneeie e neioaoe/aneeie
noaeaeaieyie. Ia?aua iinyo iiyniythuee oa?aeoa?, a aoi?ua ?anoe?ytho
iaoe ciaiey. Ana iiuoiua, yiie?e/aneea noaeaeaiey neioaoe/iu. Yoi
i/aaeaeii. Aii?in a oii, aiciiaeiu ee ai?ei?iua neioaoe/aneea
noaeaeaiey? Yoi aeaaiue aii?in “E?eoeee /enoiai ?acoia”. A oii, /oi iie
nouanoaotho Eaio ia niiiaaaaony, eia/a au iao/iua ciaiey ia auee au
iaycaoaeueiuie aeey anao. I?iaeaia ninoieo a oii, /oiau iauynieoue eo
i?ienoiaeaeaiea. Aeaaiue aii?in ?aaiou – eae aiciiaeii /enoia,
aiaiiuoiia ciaiea – ?aniaaeaaony ia o?e. Eae aiciiaeia iaoaiaoeea? Eae
aiciiaeii anoanoaiciaiea? Eae aiciiaeia iaoaoeceea a ea/anoaa iaoee?
Ionthaea o?e ?acaeaea iniiaiie /anoe “E?eoeee …”:
o?ainoeaiaeaioaeueiay ynoaoeea, aiaeeoeea, aeeaeaeoeea. (Aoi?ie e o?aoee
?acaeaeu aianoa ia?acotho o?ainoeaiaeaioaeueioth eiaeeo).
O?ainoeaiaeaioaeueiie Eaio iacuaaao naith oeeinioeth iioiio, /oi iia
eco/aao ia?aoiae a nenoaio ciaiee oneiaee iiuoa /a?ac iiciaaaoaeueioth
niiniaiinoue. O?ainoeaiaeaioaeueiia Eaio i?ioeaiiinoaaeyao
o?ainoeaiaeaioiiio, eioi?ia inoaaony ca i?aaeaeaie aiciiaeiiai iiuoa, ii
oo noi?iio iiciaiey. Caeanue iu cao?aaeaaai aaaeioth i?iaeaio
eaioianeiai o/aiey, eioi?oth ii noaaeo ia ia?auo aea no?aieoeao naiae
?aaiou. ?a/ue eaeao i oii, /oi iiuoiua aeaiiua, iinooiathuea e iai
ecaia, ia aeatho iai aaeaeaaoiiai ciaiey ia ie?oaeathuai ian ie?a.
Ai?ei?iua oi?iu iaania/eaatho anaiauiinoue ciaiey, ii ia aeaeatho aai
eiieae aauae. Oi, /ai aauue yaeyaony aeey ian (oaiiiai), e oi, /oi iia
i?aaenoaaeyao naia ii naaa (iioiai), eiaao i?eioeeieaeueiia ?acee/ea. A
aeenna?oaoeee 1770 aiaea Eaio ooaa?aeaeae, /oi iioiaiu iinoeaathony
iaiin?aaenoaaiii oiii, oaia?ue ii n/eoaao eo iaaeinooiiuie ieeaeiio
iiieiaieth, o?ainoeaiaeaioiuie. Neieueei au iu ia i?iieeaee aaeoaue
yaeaiee, iaoa ciaiea ana aea aoaeao ioee/aoueny io aauae, eaeiau iie ia
naiii aeaea, e neieueei au ia oaaee/eaaeenue iaoe ciaiey, eo a?aieoeu ia
iiaoo en/aciooue. Eaioa io/aao e aii?in ia enoeia, ii ii iiieiaao
iaaiciiaeiinoue iaeiicia/iiai ioaaoa ia iaai. Iiaeii, eiia/ii, neacaoue,
/oi enoeia anoue niioaaonoaea ciaiey i?aaeiaoo, e aaoi? iaiaeiie?aoii
yoi aiai?eo, ii ii ciaao, /oi yoe neiaa i?aaenoaaeytho niaie
oaaoieiaeth. I?aaeeueii noi?ioee?iaaiiue aii?in ia enoeia, ii iiaieth
Eaioa, aeieaeai cao/aoue neaaeothuei ia?acii: eae iaeoe anaiauee
e?eoa?ee enoeiu aeey anyeiai ciaiey? Ioaao Eaioa: anaiauee i?eciae
enoeiu “ia iiaeao auoue aeai”. Iaeiaei, oeeinio ioaa?a anaiauee e?eoa?ee
oieueei ioiineoaeueii niaea?aeaiey ciaiee. *oi eanaaony eo oi?iu, oaeie
e?eoa?ee ii ciaao: iai?ioeai?a/eainoue ?annoaeaeaiee. Ii iiieiaao, /oi
cai?ao i?ioeai?a/ey i?aaenoaaeyao niaie “oieueei iaaaoeaiue e?eoa?ee
enoeiu”, ii, ?oeiaiaenoaoynue ei, ana aea iiaeii aicaanoe i?i/iua
eiino?oeoeee iaoee. Aaaeiia ianoi a oeeinioneeo iino?iaieyo Eaioa
ioaaaeaii eaoaai?ee iiciaiey. Iaeia ec /anoae iiciaiey – /oanoaaiiia
iiciaiea. Ii Eaioo, nouanoaotho aeaa ai?ei?iua, aeiiiuoiua oi?iu
/oanoaaiiinoe – i?ino?ainoai e a?aiy. I?ino?ainoai nenoaiaoece?oao
aiaoiea iuouaiey, a?aiy – aioo?aiiea. Oeeinio ia io?eoeae yiie?e/aneie
?aaeueiinoe i?ino?ainoaa e a?aiaie. Aai acaeyae ia i?ino?ainoai e a?aiy
aue a ecaanoiie noaiaie ?aaeoeeae ia iaoaienoe/aneea i?aaenoaaeaiey ia
aaniethoiie aeeeoaeueiinoe e ia naycaiiii n iae ionoii aianoeeeua aauae.
Eaio ?anniao?eaaao a?aiy e i?ino?ainoai ai acaeiiie nayce, ii naycue yoa
?aaeecoaony eeoue a iiciathuai noauaeoa. Aia /aeiaaea, a ie?a aauae
naieo ii naaa aiciiaeiu eiua aeaeu ninouanoaiaaiey e
iineaaeiaaoaeueiinoe. Aannii?iui aeinoeaeaieai oai?ee iiciaiey Eaioa aue
iiaue acaeyae ia niioiioaiea nica?oeaiey e eioaeeaeoa. A XVII noieaoee
niia?ie/aee aeaa i?ioeaiiieiaeiuo iai?aaeaiey a oai?ee iiciaiey –
nainoaeeci e ?aoeeiiaeeci. Nainoaeenou iieaaaee, /oi aeaaioth ?ieue
ea?aao /oanoaaiiia iiciaiea, ?aoeeiiaeenou, niioaaonoaaiii, ioaeaaaee
i?aaeii/oaiea eioaeeaeoo. Ie oa, ie ae?oaay oeieu ia aeaeaee
i?eioeeieaeueiie ?acieoeu iaaeaeo iaieie aeaeaie iiciaiey. Eaio
iiae/a?eioe ianaiaeeiinoue iaeiiai “noaiea iiciaiey” e ae?oaiio. Iao/iia
ciaiea, ii aai iiaieth, i?aaenoaaeyao niaie neioac /oanoaaiiinoe e
?annoaeea. Aeaaiie a aiinaieiaee Eaioa yaeyaony eaeay aeoeaiinoe
iiciaiey. Eiaiii a iae oeeinio aeaeae naith iniiaioth caneoao. Any
aeieaioianeay oeeinioey ?anniao?eaaea eioaeeaeo /aeiaaea eae ianneaiia
aianoeeeua eaeae, eioi?ua iinooiatho ooaea eeai anoanoaaiiui, eeai
naa?ouanoanoaaiiui iooai. Iiaia, ia /ai eaoaai?e/anee ianoaeaae Eaio,
ninoiyei a i?eciaiee aeoeaiie ?iee /aeiaa/aneiai niciaiey. O/aiea
oeeinioa ia aeoeaiinoe niciaiey iiiiaei aio iauynieoue iaeei ec naiuo
caaaaei/iuo i?ioeannia – ia?aciaaiea iiiyoee. Eaio aeaeeo a /aeiaa/aneii
eioaeeaeoa ca?aiaa aicaaaeaiioth eiino?oeoeeth – eaoaai?ee, ii yoi aua
ia naii iao/iia ciaiea, yoi oieueei aai aiciiaeiinoue, oaeoth aea
aiciiaeiinoue i?aaenoaaeytho iiuoiua aeaiiua. *oi au ia aaca yoeo
aiciiaeiinoae aicieeei iiiyoea o?aaoaony “i?iaeoeoeaiia aiia?aaeaiea”. A
?aaioa iaaeaoniuneaiii au?aaeaia eaeay aanniciaoaeueiiai, i?eoii
aeoeaiiai, oai?/aneiai ia/aea. Aaoi? aiai?eo i “niiioaiiinoe iuoeaiey”.
?annoaeie, aeaaiaea?y i?iaeoeoeaiiio aiia?aaeaieth, nai niiioaiii, oi
anoue noeoeeii, iiieii niciaoaeueiiai eiio?iey, nicaeaao naie iiiyoey.
I?iaeoeoeaiia aiia?aaeaiea – yoi ?aai/ee eino?oiaio neioaca
/oanoaaiiinoe e ?annoaeea. Oaeiaa iaeia ec oeaio?aeueiuo eaeae “E?eoeee
/enoiai ?acoia”. Aeayoaeueiia ia/aei a eioaeeaeoa, eioi?ia Eaio iacuaae
i?iaeoeoeaiui aiia?aaeaieai i?aaenoaaeyao niaie ?aciiaeaeiinoue
eiooeoeee. Iiieii ia?aciaaiey iiiyoee, eiooeoeey ioaeia aua a iaeiii
aaaeiii aeaea – a eo eniieueciaaiee. O/aiue aeieaeai ia oieueei
?aniieaaaoue iaai?ii iaueo i?aaee, caeiiia, i?eioeeiia, ii e oiaoue
i?eiaiyoue eo a eiie?aoiuo, aaeeie/iuo ianoiyoaeuenoa. Eaio iacuaaao yoi
eiooeoeaiia oiaiuea niiniaiinoueth noaeaeaiey. Oaeei ia?acii, eiooeoeey
nii?iaiaeaeaao iiciaiea i?e aai aeaeaeaiee a ethaii iai?aaeaiee: eiaaea
aicieeatho aano?aeoeee, e eiaaea yoe aano?aeoeee i?eiaiythony a
eiie?aoiuo neooaoeeyo. A ia?aii neo/aa aeaenoaoao i?iaeoeoeaiia
aiia?aaeaiea, ai aoi?ii – niiniaiinoue noaeaeaiey. Aac ieo
ooieoeeiie?iaaiea ?annoaeea iaaiciiaeii. Oeeinioii iienaiu oaeaea
ae?oaea aeaeu eiooeoeee, a aa nia?aiaiiii iiieiaiee, – a ?aaioa ?a/ue
eaeao i ooaeiaeanoaaiiie e i?aanoaaiiie eiooeoeee. E?iia ?annoaeea e
eiooeoeaiie niiniaiinoe noaeaeaiey, Eaio iacuaaao aua iaeio noa?o
eioaeeaeooaeueiie aeayoaeueiinoe, aunooth aa oi?io – ?acoi. A oe?ieii
niunea neiaa ?acoi aeey oeeinioa ?aaiicia/ai anaio eiae/aneiio
iuoeaieth. ?acoi – aunoay eiio?ieueiay e iai?aaeythuay einoaioeey, e, a
ioee/ea io ?annoaeea, eioi?ue yaeyaony noa?ie iaoee, – yoi noa?a
oeeinioee e aeeaeaeoeee. Aeeaeaeoeea ii Eaioo – eiaeea aeaeeiinoe. Aeaei
a oii, /oi ?acoi iaeaaeaao niiniaiinoueth nicaeaaaoue eeethcee,
i?eieiaoue eaaeouaany ca aeaenoaeoaeueiia. Caaea/a e?eoeee – aianoe
yniinoue. O?oaeiinoe ?acoia naycaiu n oai, /oi ii eiaao aeaei ia n
iao/iuie iiiyoeyie (noa?a ?annoaeea), a n eaeayie. Eaeay – yoi oaeia
iiiyoea, eioi?iio a nica?oeaiee ia iiaeao auoue aeai aaeaeaaoiue
i?aaeiao. ?acoi iaiin?aaenoaaiii iai?aaeai ia ia iiuo, a ia ?annoaeie,
iiaeaioaaeeaay aio iiea aeey aeayoaeueiinoe. ?acoi au?aaaouaaao iniiaiua
iieiaeaiey, iauea i?eioeeiu, eioi?ua ?annoaeie e niiniaiinoue noaeaeaiey
i?eiaiytho e /anoiui neo/ayi. Ii auiieiyao oi?aaeythuoth ooieoeeth a
iiciaiee, ii iai?aaeyao ?annoaeie e ii?aaeaeaiiie oeaee, noaaeo ia?aae
iei caaea/e. (Ooieoeey ?annoaeea eiinoeoooeaia, oi anoue eiino?oeoeaia,
ii nicaeaao iiiyoey). ?acoi i/euaao e nenoaiaoece?oao ciaiea. Eiaiii
aeaaiaea?y aio oai?ee ia?aoiaeyo a i?aeoeeo, eaeae ?aaoee?otho ia
oieueei iaoa iiciaiea, ii e iaoa iiaaaeaiea. A oai?aoe/aneie noa?a
aaeeea ?ieue eaeae. ?acoi aeiaiaeeo ?annoaei/iue eaoaai?eaeueiue neioac
aei i?aaeaea, nicaeaaay iaeneiaeueii oe?ieea iaiauaiey, auoiaeyuea ca
a?aieoeu iiuoa. Oai?aoe/aneea eaeae, ii Eaioo, ia?acotho nenoaio,
auaaaeaiioth ec o?ao aiciiaeiuo aa?eaioia ioiioaiey e ?aaeueiinoe: ai –
ia?auo, ioiioaiea e noauaeoo, ai – aoi?uo, – e iauaeoo, a – o?aoueeo, –
e oiio e ae?oaiio aianoa, oi anoue ei anai aauai. Ionthaea aicieeatho
o?e eeanna eaeae: i aeooa, i ie?a, i aiaa. Eaio n/eoaao, /oi eae ?ac a
iaeanoe eaeae ?acoi ioaeaeaaony a naiie iniiaaoaeueiie i?iaa?ea e
naiie?eoeea.
Oaeiau iniiaiua eaeae “E?eoeee /enoiai ?acoia”. ?aaioa caaa?oaaony
i?ia?aiiie ia aoaeouaa. Ie i eaeeo iiauo “e?eoeeao” aaoi? ia iiiuoeyao.
E?eoe/aneay ?aaioa caaa?oaia. Oeeinioo i?aaenoieo eceiaeaiea iiceoeaiuo
ia/ae iaoaoeceee. Aei iaai a iaoaoeceea “iiaeii auei ianoe anyeee
acaei?, ia iianaynue auoue oee/aiiui ai eaee”, oae eae iia ia
?aniieaaaao oaie n?aaenoaaie i?iaa?ee, eioi?ua anoue o anoanoaiciaiey.
Iiyoiio aei neo ii? iaoaoeceea ia auea iaoeie, ii o iaa, ii iiaieth
Eaioa, anoue aiciiaeiinoue oaeiaie noaoue. Ii caiuneo iuneeoaey, any
nenoaia iaoaoeceee aeieaeia ninoiyoue ec /aou?ao /anoae – iioieiaee
(o/aiea ia iaueo i?eioeeiao auoey), oeceieiaee (o/aiea i i?e?iaea,
eioi?ia ?aniaaeaaony ia oeceeo e ineoieiaeth), einiieiaee (iaoea i ie?a
a oeaeii) e oaieiaee (iaoea i aiaa). Iaeiaei Eaio oaeoe/anee ia ioaaoee
ia aii?in, caaeaiiue a ia/aea “E?eoeee …”, – eae aiciiaeia iaoaoeceea
a ea/anoaa iaoee? Naiae o?ainoeaiaeaioaeueiie aeeaeaeoeeie ii ?ac?ooee
ana aeiaiaoe/aneea iino?iaiey a yoie noa?a, ii aeaeueoa aeaeea?e?iaaiey
iaiaoiaeeiinoe iiaie iao/iie oeeinioee iiea ia iioae.
Auoiae a naao “E?eoeee /enoiai ?acoia” ia aucaae nainaoeee. *eoaeanue
eieaa n o?oaeii, aac eioa?ana. Ieeoi Eaioa ioaee/ii ia a?aiee, ieeoi aio
ia aic?aaeae, eeoue ec?aaeea aei iaai aeioiaeeee aeaeiau ia
iaiiiyoiinoue. N?aco aea iinea iiyaeaiey eieae oeeinio ?acineae
aea?noaaiiua yecaiiey?u naiei ae?ocueyi e ciaiaieoinoyi: a ia?aoth
i/a?aaeue ieieno?o Oeaaeeeoeo, Ia?eo Aa?oeo, Iaiaeaeueniio, caoai –
i?eaeai?iiio i?iiiaaaeieeo Eiaaiio Ooeueoeo. Ia?auo ioaaoia i?eoeinue
aeaeaoue ieiei aeaoo eao. Ca yoi a?aiy ia auoei ie iaeiie na?ueaciie
?aoeaicee. Yoi aeaenoaiaaei ia oeeinioa oae?o/athua. Oai aieaa, /oi ii
aiana ia n/eoae aaeeeea oiu ia?a/aiiuie ia iaiiieiaiea. Iaiai?io, ii
oaa?aei aa?ee, /oi naiua neiaeiua i?iecaaaeaiey iiaeii e ioaeii
naeaeaoue iauaaeinooiiuie. Oaia?ue, eiaaea aeaaiia auei iicaaee, Eaio
iia iicaaioeoueny e i oii, /oiau aai i?aaeeueii iiiyee. Aua a aeie
oeiia?aoneie ?aaiou iaae eieaie ii auneacuaae iaia?aiea iauaaeinooiii
eceiaeeoue niaea?aeaiea naiaai aeaaiiai o?oaea. Oaia?ue oeeinio aieueoa
ia ioeeaaeuaae caaa?oaiea eiiiaiaeeoia “E?eoeee /enoiai ?acoia”. Iiae
iacaaiea “I?ieaaiiaiu ei anyeie aoaeouae iaoaoeceea, iiaouae iiyaeoueny
a ea/anoaa iaoee” aaniie 1783 aiaea eieaa auoea ec ia/aoe. “I?ieaaiiaiu”
yaeeenue ia?aeiaeaieai “E?eoeee …”, e auee cia/eoaeueii ei?i/a
iniiaiiai o?oaea, ii ia aieaa iiioey?iu. Aeoeaio a ieo aue ia?aiauai ia
i?iaeaio iaoaoeceee. Iaeiiaoe, a 1785 aiaeo, iniiaaoaeueii
i?ioooaee?iaaa o?oae Eaioa, oiiiyiooue auoa ianoi? Ooeueoe iaienae
ianoiyoaeueioth ?aoeaiceth. Anei?a iia auea auiouaia ioaeaeueiie eieaie.
Ianoi? n/eoae naay ai?aaa aunooieoue n iiioey?ecaoeeae o/aiey Eaioa,
iineieueeo “I?ieaaiiaiu” yoie caaea/e ia ?aoeee. “?acuyniythuaa
eceiaeaiea “E?eoeee /enoiai ?acoia”” i?aaenoaaeyao niaie aeia?iniaanoiue
eiiiaioa?ee e eaioianeie oai?ee iiciaiey. Oieueei oaeei ia?acii i?iaeaia
iiioey?ecaoeee o?oaea Eaioa auea, iaeiiaoe, ?ac?aoaia.
* * *
Aaniie 1784 aiaea Eaio ioiaoee naia oanoeaeanyoeeaoea. THaeeae canoae
aai a ?anoeaaoa aeooiaiue nee. Oaea i?iaeeoi auei o?e /aoaa?oe
ioiouaiiuo eao, ii ia iaienaia aua e iieiaeia i?iecaaaeaiee. Oaia?ue iie
iiyaeythony iaeii ca ae?oaei – eieae, noaouee, ?aoeaicee. Eaio ?anoe?yao
?aiee e?eoe/aneie oeeinioee: i?eioeeiu, iaeaeaiiua a oai?ee iiciaiey,
i?eiaiyao a nioeeaeueiuo noa?ao. Ia?aoaiiay enoeia iiaeaa?aaaony
iiiaie?aoiie i?iaa?ea, auaea?aeaa eioi?oth iieo/aao aeiiieieoaeueiia
iainiiaaiea, a ia auaea?aeaa, caiaiyaony iiaie, iiaeaa?aathuaeny, a
naith i/a?aaeue, i?iaa?ea, ooi/iaieth e niaa?oainoaiaaieth. A na?aaeeia
80-o aiaeia XVIII aaea Eaio iniaia aieiaiea oaeaeyao ?aciuoeaieyi iaae
oeeinioeae enoi?ee. A iiya?a 1784 aiaea auoea aai noaouey “Eaeay
anaiauae enoi?ee ai anaie?ii – a?aaeaeaineii ieaia”. Noaouey ioe?uaaaony
eiinoaoaoeeae ianoiyoaeuenoaa, eioi?ia a XVIII aaea noaei aieaa eee
iaiaa iauei aeinoiyieai, – aeaenoaey caeiiia a aeecie iauanoaa. Caoai,
Eaio auneacuaaao iuneue i ianiaiaaeaiee ee/iuo oeaeae e iauanoaaiiuo
?acoeueoaoia /aeiaa/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe. I?aaeiieaaaoue o ioaeaeueiiai
/aeiaaea iaee/ea ?acoiiie oeaee ia i?eoiaeeony; nei?aa aeoiinoue,
?aay/aneia ouaneaaea, ceiaa e no?anoue e ?ac?ooaieth aunooiatho eae
iioeau iiaaaeaiey, ii anee ioaea/ueny io ieo, oi a iauai oiaea enoi?ee
iiaeii oaeaeaoue iaeoth iauoth aeey anaai /aeiaa/anoaa ?acoiioth oeaeue.
I?e/eiie caeiiiniia?aciiai ii?yaeea a /aeiaa/anoaa, ii Eaioo, neoaeeo
aioaaiieci iaaeaeo ethaeueie, eo neeiiiinoue anooiaoue a iauanoai,
ieacuaay iaeiia?aiaiii yoiio iauanoao nii?ioeaeaiea, eioi?ia oa?iaeaao
?aniaaeii. A ianoaiiaea aaeeiiaeooey, oia?aiiinoe e acaeiiie ethaae
ethaeneea oaeaiou ia iiaee au naay i?iyaeoue. Eaio iioeieno, e n/eoaao,
/oi iooue ?acaei?a a eiia/iii eoiaa aaaeao e aeinoeaeaieth anaiauaai
i?aaiaiai a?aaeaeaineiai iauanoaa, /eaiai eioi?iai i?aaeinoaaeaia
aaee/aeoay naiaiaea, niaianoeiay, iaeiaei, n iieiie naiaiaeie ae?oaeo.
Aioaaiieci a yoii iauanoaa aoaeao i?iaeieaeaoue nouanoaiaaoue, ii aai
ia?aie/ao caeiiu. Oieueei a oaeeo oneiaeyo aiciiaeii iaeaieaa iieiia
?acaeoea iioaioeee, caeiaeaiiuo a /aeiaa/aneie i?e?iaea. Iunee,
?acaeaathuea yoo eaeath iiaeii iaia?oaeeoue a iaeioi?uo aieaa iicaeieo
?aaioao, iai?eia?, a noaouea “I?aaeiieaaaaiia ia/aei /aeiaa/aneie
enoi?ee” (1786).
A 1787 aiaeo “E?eoeea /enoiai ?acoia” auea ecaeaia iiaoi?ii. Oai
a?aiaiai Eaio aue eca?ai ?aeoi?ii oieaa?neoaoa (ia yoie aeieaeiinoe
iaoiaeeeenue a oa/aiea aiaea), a Aa?eeineay aeaaeaiey iaoe aeeth/eea aai
a /enei naieo /eaiia (yoi iiaeeciaiii). E yoiio a?aiaie oeeinio ia iia
iiaeaeiaaoueny ia iaaieiaiea e naiaio o?oaeo, ?acaa /oi ia iaiiieiaiea.
Iaeia ca ae?oaie iiyaeyeenue oaea ia noaouee, a oeaeua eieae,
iai?aaeaiiua i?ioea iaai. Aai iaaeiyee a neaioeoeecia e noauaeoeaiii
eaeaaeecia. Ioaa/aoue anai ia auei aiciiaeiinoe, aea e iaiaoiaeeiinoe:
iaeiia?aiaiii n eiee/anoaii e?eoeeia ?inei e /enei noi?iiieeia. Nai Eaio
eeoue a ?aaeeeo neo/ayo ioaa/ae naiei iiiiiaioai. Iao/iue nii?, ii aai
iiaieth, eioa?anai oieueei oiaaea, eiaaea iiaeaoue neacaoue /oi – oi
iiaia. Oee/aoue i?ioeaieea a iaaeia?iniaanoiinoe eee aeoiinoe – caiyoea
iaaeaaiaea?iia, oai aieaa, /oi ia?aae Eaioii ioe?ueny iaeiiaoe
iaecaaaeaiiue eiioeiaio iunee, aie?oa eioi?iai aeaaii nii?eee aaeeeea
oeeiniou e e eioi?iio ii nai no?aieeny iiiai eao. ?a/ue eaeao ia yoeea.
A yoie iaeanoe caneoae Eaioa ia iaiaa aaeeee, /ai a aiinaieiaee. Eiaiii
eioa?an e yoe/aneei i?iaeaiai e o?oaeiinoe, anoathuea i?e eo ?aoaiee, a
ia?aoth i/a?aaeue iiaoaeeee Eaioa acyoueny ca iaienaiea “E?eoeee /enoiai
?acoia”. Ia?aia nenoaiaoe/aneia eceiaeaiea yoeee Eaio i?aaei?eiye a
eieaa “Iniiau iaoaoeceee i?aaia”, eioi?ay oaeaeaea naao a 1785 aiaeo.
Oeeinio no?aieeny iieacaoue aaeeinoai i?aeoe/aneiai e oai?aoe/aneiai
?acoia (o.a. i?aanoaaiiinoe e iaoee). A 1785 aiaeo ii n/eoae, /oi ii ia
a ninoiyiee ?aoeoue iiaeiaioth caaea/o. Eae oieueei iia ieacaeanue aio
ii iea/o, ii iaienae “E?eoeeo i?aeoe/aneiai ?acoia”. Eieaa auoea a naao
a 1788 aiaeo. Niaea?aeaiea yoeo aeaoo yoe/aneeo ?aaio /anoe/ii
iiaoi?yao, /anoe/ii aeiiieiyao ae?oa ae?oaa. A ieo eceiaeaiu eeoue
ia/aea eaioianeiai o/aiey i i?aanoaaiiinoe. Oieueei a i?aeeiiiii
aic?anoa oeeinioo oaeaeinue nicaeaoue o?oae, aaea aai yoeea i?aaenoaea a
caaa?oaiiii aeaea, yoi – “Iaoaoeceea i?aaia”. Iiaia neiai, neacaiiia
Eaioii i iiaaaeaiee /aeiaaea, – aaoiiiiey i?aanoaaiiinoe.
I?aaeoanoaiaaaoea oai?ee auee aaoa?iiiiiu, o.a. auaiaeeee ii?aeue ec
aiaoieo ii ioiioaieth e iae i?eioeeiia. Iaeie ii?aeenou aeaeaee ei?aiue
i?aanoaaiiuo i?eioeeiia a iaeiai i?eioaeeoaeueiii i?aaeienaiee – aiea
aiaa, onoaiiaeaieyo iauanoaa, o?aaiaaieyo a?iaeaeaiiiai /oanoaa. Ae?oaea
ianoaeaaee ia oii, /oi i?aaenoaaeaiey i aeia?a e cea nooue i?iecaiaeiua
io oeaeae, eioi?uo aeiaeaaaony /aeiaae, e iineaaenoaee, eioi?ua
auoaeatho ec aai iiaaaeaiey, io aai no?aieaiey e n/anoueth,
ianeaaeaeaieth, iieueca. Eaio ooaa?aeaeaao i?eioeeieaeueioth
naiinoiyoaeueiinoue e naiioeaiiinoue i?aanoaaiiuo i?eioeeiia. Aeia?i
anoue aeia?i, aeaaea anee ieeoi ia aeia?. E?eoa?ee caeanue aaniethoiu e
i/aaeaeiu. Oeeinioneee aiaeec i?aanoaaiiuo iiiyoee aiai?eo i oii, /oi
iie ia auaiaeyony ec iiuoa, iie ai?ei?ii caeiaeaiu a ?acoia /aeiaaea.
Enoiaeiia iiiyoea yoeee Eaioa – aaoiiiiiay aeia?ay aiey. Iia ia
ianneaia, io aa iineoaey iuneeoaeue o?aaoao aeaenoaey, iinooiea.
Ii?aeueiue iinooiie auaeyaeeo eae ?acoeueoao iaeiaai aioo?aiiaai
eiia?aoeaa (iiaaeaiey), ii?ie eaeouaai a?ac?ac n aii?aeueiie i?aeoeeie
ie?oaeathuae aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe. A nayce n yoei oeeinio iiae/a?eeaaao
ia?aainoai i?aeoe/aneiai ?acoia ii n?aaiaieth n oai?aoe/aneei. Aeaaiia –
iiaaaeaiea, a ciaiea aoi?e/ii. Iiyoiio aeey oiai, /oiau ?aniiciaoue
aeia?i e cei, ia ioaeii niaoeeaeueiiai ia?aciaaiey, aeinoaoi/ii
eiooeoeee (“niiniaiinoe noaeaeaiey”). Caeanue Eaio ?anoiaeeony n
“ia?aiioe?uaaoaeai” ii?aee Nie?aoii, aeey eioi?iai aeia?i niaiaaeaao ni
ciaieai e ionoonoaea ciaiey yaeyaony aaeeinoaaiiui enoi/ieeii anyeiai
ii?aeueiiai ianiaa?oainoaa. Oaeei ia?acii aaoi? “E?eoeee” e “Iniia”
auoiaeeo ca i?aaeaeu i?inaaoeoaeueneiai ?aoeeiiaeecia. I?e?iaea /aeiaaea
ii Eaioo – aai naiaiaea. Naiaiaea n oi/ee c?aiey yoeee ia i?iecaie, ia
i?inoi eiae/aneay eiino?oeoeey, i?e eioi?ie ec aeaiiie i?e/eiu iiaoo ia
?aaiuo i?aaao i?ienoaeaoue ?acee/iua aeaenoaey. I?aanoaaiiay naiaiaea
ee/iinoe ninoieo a iniciaiee e auiieiaiee aeieaa ia?aae naiei niaie e
ae?oaeie ethaeueie. “Naiaiaeiay aiey e aiey, iiae/eiaiiay i?aanoaaiiui
caeiiai, – yoi iaeii e oiaea”. Naiaiaea /aeiaaea aiciiaeia iinoieueeo,
iineieueeo ii – aeeoy aeaoo ie?ia. I?eiaaeeaaeiinoue e /oanoaaiii
aini?eieiaaiiio ie?o aeaeaao /aeiaaea ea?ooeie aiaoiae i?e/eiiinoe,
caeanue ii iiae/eiai iinoi?iiiei neeai – caeiiai i?e?iaeu e
onoaiiaeaieyi iauanoaa. Ii eae /eai iioiaiaeueiiai ie?a “aauae naieo ii
naaa” ii iaaeaeai naiaiaeie. Yoe aeaa ie?a ia aioeie?u, iie
acaeiiaeaenoaotho ae?oa n ae?oaii. Eioaeeeaeaaeueiue ie? niaea?aeeo
iniiaaiea /oanoaaiii aini?eieiaaiiai ie?a, a iioiaiaeueiue oa?aeoa?
/aeiaaea eaaeeo a iniiaa aai oaiiiaiaeueiiai oa?aeoa?a. ?acaeaiaiiinoue
/aeiaaea ono?aiyaony iaoaieciii niaanoe. Iaeuecy ana i?aaeeueii
iiieiaoue, ii iai?aaeeueii iinooiaoue. Ii?aaeaee nai naay, i?iieeienue
niciaieai ii?aeueiiai aeieaa, neaaeoe aio anaaaea e aacaea, nai ioaa/ae
ca naie iinooiee – oaeiaa eaeioynnaioeey eaioianeie yoeee, no?iaie e
aaneiii?iienniie. Nouanoaaiiia ianoi a oeeinioneie nenoaia Eaioa
caieiaao aai oeeinioey ?aeeaee, eioi?ay i?eiueaao iaiin?aaenoaaiii e
yoeea. Oeeinio auaeaeaaao oacen: ii?aeue ia aicieeaao ec aiaeanoaaiiuo
onoaiiaeaiee, e aioeoacen: ii?aeue iaecaaaeii aaaeao e ?aeeaee.
*aeiaa/aneeo niiniaiinoae iaaeinoaoi/ii aeey oiai, /oiau i?eaanoe a
niioaaonoaea i?aai ethaeae ia n/anouea n eo iaycaiiinoyie, iiyoiio
iaiaoiaeeii i?eciaoue anaiiaouaa ii?aeueiia nouanoai eae aeaaeueo ie?a.
Iainiiaaieth aioeoacena iinayuai o?aeoao “?aeeaey a i?aaeaeao oieueei
?acoia”. Eaio i?eniao?eaaaony e i?ioeiio, euao nioeeaeueii –
ineoieiae/aneea ei?ie aa?u a aiaa e aeaeeo a /aeiaaea e /aeiaa/anoaa a
oeaeii ai?ueao aeaoo ia/ae – aeia?a e cea. Oeeinio ia/eiaao n
?aciuoeaiee i i?aanoaaiiie i?e?iaea /aeiaaea. *aeiaae, ooaa?aeaeaao ii,
ii i?e?iaea cie. A iai caeeth/aia iaecauaiay neeiiiinoue oai?eoue cei,
eioi?ay auaeyaeeo eae i?eia?aoaiiay, aoaeo/e, iaeiaei, ecia/aeueii aio
i?enouae. Aianoa n oai, /aeiaae iaeaaeaao e ia?aiia/aeueiuie caaeaoeaie
aeia?a. Ii?aeueiia ainieoaiea a oii e ninoieo, /oiau ainnoaiiaeoue a
i?aaao aeia?ua caaeaoee, /oiau iie iaea?aeaee iiaaaeo a ai?ueaa n
/aeiaa/aneie neeiiiinoueth e ceiio. Oaeay iiaaaea aiciiaeia oieueei eae
?aaiethoeey a ia?aca iuneae e /oanoa naiiai /aeiaaea e o?aaoao aeey yoie
oeaee iaee/ey iauanoaaiiie iio?aaiinoe a aeia?a. Ia?aaeeaaiea aeiu
(naiae nianoaaiiie eee /oaeie, e eioi?ue ou eeoue nii?e/anoai) – iniiaa
ii?aee. A o/aiee i ?aeeaee /aoei i?iyaeeny enoi?eci eaioianeiai
iuoeaiey. Eaio aeaeeo ecia/aeueiia, ii nooe aeaea aac?aeeaeiciia
ninoiyiea ethaeae, caoai ia?aue, aua ia niaa?oaiiue oei ?aeeaee, eioi?ue
iacuaaaony “aiaineoaeaaiui”. O?aoee yoai – aa?a ?acoia. Aiaineoaeaaiay
?aeeaey ?ann/eoaia ia nieneaiea aeaaineeiiiinoe aa?oiaiiai nouanoaa,
eioi?ia iiaeii oieeinoeaeoue iooai ii/eoaiey, nae?aeueiuie aea?oaaie,
niaethaeaieai i?aaeienaiee e ia?yaeia. *aeiaae euenoeo naay iuneueth,
/oi aia iiaeao naeaeaoue aai n/anoeeaui aac oiai, /oiau naiiio noaoue
eo/oa. ?aeeaey ?acoia – yoi /enoay aa?a a aeia?i, a nianoaaiiua
ii?aeueiua iioaioeee aac i?eiane eaeiai au oi ie auei ?an/aoa, aac
ia?aeiaeaiey ioaaonoaaiiinoe ia aunoea neeu. Yoi ?aeeaey aeia?iai ia?aca
aeecie, eioi?ay iaycuaaao e aioo?aiiaio niaa?oainoaiaaieth. Aia – yoi
ii?aeueiue caeii, eae au nouanoaothuee iauaeoeaii, yoi – ethaiaue, – oae
aiai?eony ia no?aieoeao “Iaoaoeceee i?aaia”, iaeaieaa iicaeiae yoe/aneie
?aaiou aaoi?a. O?enoeainoai aaoi? i?eaieao eae i?aanoaaiiue i?eioeei,
eae i?ia?aiio /aeiaaeiethaey. Niaa?oainoaoy yoo i?ia?aiio, ii iuoaaony
iainiiaaoue aa oai?aoe/anee.
* * *
A eiioea 80-o aiaeia XVIII aaea a oeeinioneeo aicc?aieyo Eaioa
i?ienoiaeeo iiaue ia?aeii. Inoaaaynue a oeaeii ia iiceoeeyo e?eoeoeecia
ii ooi/iyao (a ii?ie ?aoeoaeueii iaiyao) naie aicc?aiey ia ?yae
nouanoaaiiuo aeey iaai i?iaeai. A ia?aoth i/a?aaeue yoi cao?aaeaaao
i?iaeaio iaoaoeceee. A “E?eoeea /enoiai ?acoia” aii?in inoaeny ioe?uoui.
N iaeiie noi?iiu, oeeinio oaaaeeoaeueii iieacae, /oi iaoaoeceea eae
oai?aoe/aneay aeenoeeieeia iaaiciiaeia. N ae?oaie – ii aeaeea?e?iaae
i?ia?aiio nicaeaiey iiaie iaoaoeceee eae iaoee i naa?o/oanoaaiiuo aauao
– aiaa e aannia?oee aeooe. A 1788 aiaeo noaei ecaanoii, /oi Aa?eeineay
aeaaeaiey iaia?aaaaony iauyaeoue eiieo?n ia eo/oaa ni/eiaiea ii oaia
“Eaeea aeaenoaeoaeueiua oniaoe naeaeaea iaoaoeceea ni a?aiai Eaeaieoea e
Aieueoa”. Eaio a eiieo?na ia o/anoaiaae, oioy o?eaeaeu i?eieiaeny ca
?aaioo. Nio?aieaoayny ?oeiienue e?anii?a/eai naeaeaoaeuenoaoao i aai
ioiioaiee e iaoaoeceea. Eaio ianoaeaaao ia oii, /oi ca i?aaeaeaie
/oanoaaiiiai iiuoa ia iiaeao auoue ieeaeiai oai?aoe/aneiai iiciaiey.
*oiau i?eaeaoue iiiyoeth iauaeoeaiinoue iaiaoiaeeii iiaeaanoe iiae iaai
eaeia – eeai nica?oeaiea. Iiyoiio oai?aoe/anee iu ie/aai ia iiaeai
ociaoue ie i aiaa, ie i naiaiaea, ie i aeooa, ioaeaeaiiie io oaea.
“I?aeoe/anee iu naie nicaeaee naaa yoe i?aaeiaou”, iu aa?ei a ieo e
aaaeai naay niioaaonoaothuei ia?acii. Iaoaoeceea naa?o/oanoaaiiiai
aiciiaeia oieueei n “i?aeoe/anee – aeiaiaoe/aneie” oi/ee c?aiey. A
iaoaoeceeo i?e?iaeu Eaio i?aaenoaaeyao naaa eeoue eae ?ac?aaioeo
iiiyoeeiiai aiia?aoa anoanoaaiiuo iaoe. Iaoaoeceea anoue e?eoeea,
iii?aaea e cae?aaiio niuneo, e ie/aai aieaa, – iiaeii i?i/eoaoue a
/a?iiaeeao.
Ia?aeaey ia iiceoeee e?eoe/aneie oeeinioee, Eaio ia caauaae ia
oaea/aieyo iieiaeinoe, i naiae “ia?aie ethaae” – anoanoaiciaiee. Ii
i?iaeieaeae /eoaoue eo?nu oece/aneie aaia?aoee e oai?aoe/aneie oeceee.
Nio?aiye eioa?an e ano?iiiiee e “iaaaniie iaoaieea” e iaienae aeaa
noaouee ia yoo oaio: “I aoeeaiao e eoia” e “Ia/oi i aeeyiee Eoiu ia
iiaiaeo”. Ca aeaa aiaea aei oiai, eae caaiai?eee i aa?eeineii eiieo?na,
ii auionoee ?aaioo “Iaoaoece/aneea ia/aea anoanoaiciaiey”. Anee a
“E?eoeea /enoiai ?acoia”, iaa?anuaay no?oeoo?o naiae aoaeouae oeeinioee
i?e?iaeu, Eaio ?acaeaeee aa ia ?aoeeiiaeueioth oeceeo e ?aoeeiiaeueioth
ineoieiaeth, oi oaia?ue i?e?iaeo aeooe ii ia n/eoaao iauaeoii iao/iiai
iiciaiey. Aeooa ia yenoaineaiay aaee/eia, a iienaiea aeooaaiuo yaeaiee –
ia anoanoaiciaiea, eioi?ia eiaao aeaei oieueei n oaeaie. Oeeinio
i?eieiae iineeueiia o/anoea a i?aeoe/aneie ?aaeecaoeee iao/iuo ioe?uoee.
Oae, iai?eia?, n eiaiai Eaioa naycaii nii?oaeaiea a Eaieanaa?aa ia?aiai
a?iiiioaiaea (ia caeaiee Aaaa?aa?aneie oea?eae). Iaeiaei aeaaiua
eioa?anu iuneeoaey ii – i?aaeiaio eaaeaee a nianoaaiii oeeinioneie
noa?a. Eiaaea aeey iaai auynieeanue ianinoiyoaeueiinoue iiiuoee caiiai
iino?ieoue ?ac?ooaiiia ei caeaiea oiic?eoaeueiie iaoaoeceee, ii noae
eneaoue iiaua iooe nicaeaiey oeeinioneie nenoaiu, oae eae a oeeinioee ii
oeaiee i?aaeaea anaai nenoaiaoe/iinoue. Iauea eiioo?u o/aiey neiaeeeenue
o iaai aeaaii, ii nenoaiu iiea aua ia auei. Eiia/ii iaa ia?aua “E?eoeee
…” naycaiu ii?aaeaeaiiui ia?acii, a ieo ?acaeoa iaeia e oa aea
eiioeaioeey, ii aeinoeaiooia aaeeinoai iaaeaeo oai?aoe/aneei e
i?aeoe/aneei ?acoiii i?aaenoaaeyeinue aio iaaeinoaoi/iui. Ia oaaoaei
eaeiai – oio aaaeiiai iiin?aaeothuaai caaia. Nenoaia oeeinioee aicieeea
o Eaioa eeoue iinea oiai, eae ii iaia?oaeee iaaeaeo i?e?iaeie e
naiaiaeie naiaia?aciue “o?aoee ie?” – ie? e?aniou. Eiaaea ii nicaeaaae
“E?eoeeo /enoiai ?acoia”, ii n/eoae, /oi ynoaoe/aneea i?iaeaiu
iaaiciiaeii iniuneeoue n iauacia/eiuo iiceoeee. I?eioeeiu e?aniou iinyo
yiie?e/aneee oa?aeoa? e, neaaeiaaoaeueii, ia iiaoo neoaeeoue aeey
onoaiiaeaiey anaiaueo caeiiia. Oa?ieiii “Ynoaoeea” ii iaicia/ae oiaaea
o/aiea i /oanoaaiiinoe, ia eaeaaeueiii i?ino?ainoaa e a?aiaie. Iaeiaei,
a 1787 aiaeo Eaio niiauaao ?aeiaieueaeo ia ioe?uoee iiaiai anaiauaai
i?eioeeia aeooiaiie aeayoaeueiinoe, a eiaiii “/oanoaa oaeiaieuenoaey e
iaoaeiaieuenoaey”. Oaia?ue oeeinioneay nenoaia iuneeoaey ia?aoaao aieaa
/aoeea eiioo?u. Ii aeaeeo aa ninoiyuae ec o?ao /anoae a niioaaonoaee n
o?aiy niiniaiinoyie /aeiaa/aneie ineoeee: iiciaaaoaeueiie, ioeaii/iie
(“/oanoai oaeiaieuenoaey”) e aieaaie (“niiniaiinoue aeaeaiey”). A
“E?eoeea /enoiai ?acoia” e “E?eoeea i?aeoe/aneiai ?acoia” eceiaeaiu
ia?aay e o?aouey ninoaaiua /anoe oeeinioneie nenoaiu – oai?aoe/aneay e
i?aeoe/aneay. Aoi?oth, oeaio?aeueioth, Eaio iiea iacuaaao oaieiaeae –
o/aieai i oeaeaniia?aciinoe. Caoai oa?iei “oaieiaey” onooieo naia ianoi
ynoaoeea – o/aieth i e?anioa. Caaeoiaiiia i?iecaaaeaiea oeeinio
iaia?aaaeny ieii/eoue e aania 1788 aiaea. Ii ?aaioa iiyoue caoyioeanue.
Iio?aaiaaeinue aua aeaa aaniu e aeaa eaoa, i?aaeaea /ai ?oeiienue ooea a
oeiia?aoeth. O?aeoao iieo/ee iacaaiea “E?eoeea niiniaiinoe noaeaeaiey”.
A ?aaioa “E?eoeea /enoiai ?acoia” oa?ieiii “niiniaiinoue noaeaeaiey”
iaicia/aeanue iaeia ec eiooeoeaiuo iiciaaaoaeueiuo niiniaiinoae. Anee
?annoaeie onoaiaaeeaaao i?aaeea, oi niiniaiinoue noaeaeaiey aeaao
aiciiaeiinoue iieueciaaoueny yoeie i?aaeeaie a eaaeaeii eiie?aoiii
neo/aa. Oaia?ue Eaio ?aciuoeyao iaae ae?oaei aeaeii eiooeoeee, eioi?ue
iacuaaao “?aoeaeoeaiie niiniaiinoueth noaeaeaiey”. ?a/ue eaeao ia
iouneaiee ii aeaiiiio /anoiiio iaeiaai oi?iaeueiiai iauaai, ii ia ia
aano?aae?iaaiee iaueo i?eciaeia, – yoi aeaei ?annoaeea). I?eiaiyy
?eoeaeoeaioth niiniaiinoue noaeaeaiey, /aeiaae caaeoiuaaaony iaae
oeaeaaui iacia/aieai aeaiiiai /anoiiai. O/aiea i oeaeyo – oaeaieiaey;
iiyoiio Eaio iacuaaao yoo ?aciiaeaeiinoue ?aoeaeoeaiie niiniaiinoe
noaeaeaiey oaeaieiae/aneie. Oaeaieiaey aeey iaai – i?eioeei ?anniio?aiey
i?aaeiaoa, a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue aeeaiai i?aaiecia, aaea ana
oeaeaniia?acii, oi anoue eaaeaeay /anoue iaiaoiaeeiui ia?acii naycaia n
ae?oaie. ?yaeii ii ?aniieaaaao ynoaoe/aneoth niiniaiinoue noaeaeaiey,
enoiaey ec oiai, /oi ooaeiaeanoaaiiia ia?aaeeaaiea aeinoaaeyao noauaeoo
oaeia aea oaeiaieuenoaea, eae e iaia?oaeaiea oeaeaniia?aciinoe. A 1788
aiaeo oeeinio iaia?oaeee a aeayoaeueiinoe /aeiaaea noa?o, aaea
?acoeueoaou oaeaea i?aaenoaaeytho niaie ia/oi i?aaie/aneia. Yoi
eneonnoai. Oaeaieiaey Eaioa – yoi ia oaieiaey, ii e ia anoanoaiciaiea: n
aa iiiiuueth oeeinio ia iouneeaaao aiaa a i?e?iaea, ii e ia ioe?uaaao
caeiiia, ath oi?aaeythueo, a oeaio?a aai ?anniio?aiey ii – i?aaeiaio
/aeiaae. Oieueei /aeiaae iiaeao noaaeoue ia?aae niaie niciaoaeueiua
oeaee, a ?acoeueoaoa aeinoeaeaiey eioi?uo aicieeaao ie? eoeueoo?u. Oae
oaeaieiaey Eaioa ia?a?anoaao a oai?eth eoeueoo?u. A oiaea ?aaiou iaae
“E?eoeeie niiniaiinoe noaeaeaiey” Eaio ana aieaa noaeae noa?o
oaeaieiaee, eeoay aa naiinoiyoaeueiie ?iee, aa ooieoeee eae
oeaio?aeueiiai caaia nenoaiu ia?aoiaeeee e ynoaoeea. Oaeaieiaey o
oeeinioa oeene?oao niaoeeoeeo i?aaeiaoa e a?aieoeu aai iiciaiey:
iauaeoeaiay oeaeaniia?aciinoue iaeeoei, ii nooue aa iaiinoeaeeia.
Oaeaieiaey a yoii ieaia aiaeiae/ia oai?aoe/aneiio ?acoio, eioi?ue n
iaecaaaeiinoueth iaoaeeeaaaony ia i?ioeai?a/ey, iuoaynue i?iieeiooue a
nouiinoue aauae naieo ii naaa. E oaeaieiaey e oai?aoe/aneee ?acoi
auiieiytho ?aaoeyoeaioth ooieoeeth. Eiinoeoooeaioth (o.a.
eiino?oeoeaioth) ?ieue ?acoi ea?aao a iaeanoe iiaaaeaiey /aeiaaea,
i?aanoaaiiinoe. A iaeanoe iiciaiey eiinoeoooeaioth ooieoeeth
inouanoaeyao ?annoaeie. A noa?a “niiniaiinoe noaeaeaiey” eiinoeoooeaia
ynoaoe/aneay ioeaiea, ?iaenoaaiiay oaeaieiae/aneie e a oiaea a?aiy
i?ioeaiiieiaeiay ae. Aaeeiue iiaeoiae e aeeaie i?e?iaea e
ooaeiaeanoaaiiiio oai?/anoao ia iniiaa i?eioeeia oeaeaniia?aciinoe –
iaeia ec iniiaiuo eaeae “E?eoeee niiniaiinoe noaeaeaiey”. Yoi auei iiaia
neiai a ynoaoeea.
Ia?aoeiny oaia?ue e naiie ynoaoeea Eaioa. Iauai aeaiiiai ?aoa?aoa ia
iicaieyao ?anneacaoue iai anao iniaaiiinoyo ynoaoe/aneiai o/aiey
oeeinioa, iiyoiio a aeaiiie /anoe ?aaiou aoaeoo cao?iioou eeoue iniiaiua
aai iieiaeaiey, a eceiaeaiea aoaeao ii/oe oaceniui. I?aaeoanoaaiieee
oeeinioa – aiaee/aia Oaoonaa?e e Oao/anii iiae/a?eioee niaoeeoe/iinoue
ynoaoe/aneiai, aai ianaiaeeiinoue ie e ciaieth, ie e ii?aee. Eaio
ionoaeaaao yoio oacen. Ii ?yaeii auaeaeaaao aioeoacen: eiaiii
ynoaoe/aneia anoue n?aaeiee /aei iaaeaeo enoeiie e aeia?ii, eiaiii
caeanue neeaathony aiaaeeii oai?ey e i?aeoeea. Iiyoiio o ynoaoe/aneiai
aeaa eiinoane: n iaeiie noi?iiu iii ia?auaii i?aeiouanoaaiii e ciaieth
(yoi i?ae?aniia), n ae?oaie – i?aeiouanoaaiii e ii?aee (yoi –
aicauoaiiia). Eaioianeee aiaeec iniiaiuo yoe/aneeo eaoaai?ee
ia?aie/eaaaony ?anniio?aieai oeacaiiuo aeaoo eaoaai?ee, o.e. oeeinioa
eioa?anoao ia ynoaoeea eae oaeiaay, a aa iiin?aaeothuay ?ieue, e
eaoaai?ee i?ae?aniiai e aicauoaiiiai aio aiieia aeinoaoi/ii aeey ?aoaiey
iinoaaeaiiie caaea/e. Iaeia ec aaaeiaeoeo caneoa Eaioa – ynoaoeea a oii,
/oi ii ioe?ue iiin?aaeiaaiiue oa?aeoa? aini?eyoey i?ae?aniiai. Aei iaai
n/eoaeinue, /oi e?anioa aeaaony /aeiaaeo iaiin?aaenoaaiii i?e iiiiue
/oanoa. Aeinoaoi/ii auoue /ooeei e e?anioa e iaeaaeaoue ynoaoe/aneei
/oanoaii. Iaaeaeo oai, naii “ynoaoe/aneia /oanoai” – neiaeiay
eioaeeaeooaeueiay niiniaiinoue. *oiau ianeaaeeoueny e?anioie i?aaeiaoa,
iaaei oiaoue ioeaieoue aai aeinoieinoaa, e /ai neiaeiaa i?aaeiao, oai
niaoeeoe/iaa aai ynoaoe/aneay ioeaiea. Niiinoaaeyy aicauoaiiia n
i?ae?aniui, Eaio ioia/aao, /oi iineaaeiaa anaaaea naycaii n /aoeie
oi?iie, ia?aia aea aac o?oaea iiaeii iaia?oaeeoue e a aanoi?iaiiii
i?aaeiaoa. Oaeiaieuenoaea io aicauoaiiiai iineo einaaiiue oa?aeoa?;
i?ae?aniia i?eaeaeaao, a aicauoaiiia e i?eaeaeaao e iooaeeeaaao.
Iniiaaiea aeey i?ae?aniiai “iu aeieaeiu eneaoue aia ian, aeey
aicauoaiiiai – oieueei a ian e a ia?aca iuneae”. Oaeei ia?acii, Eaio
?an/eaiee ynoaoe/aneia ia aeaa /anoe – i?ae?aniia e aicauoaiiia, ii
iieacae naycue iaaeaeo eaaeaeie ec yoeo /anoae n nii?aaeaeueiuie
niiniaiinoyie ineoeee. A caeeth/aiea ii niiaa aiai?eo ia ynoaoe/aneii
noaeaeaiee eae i oeaeii. Ii aeaeaao auaiae, /oi ynoaoe/aneay
niiniaiinoue noaeaeaiey au oeaeii naycaia n ?acoiii – caeiiiaeaoaeai
i?aanoaaiiinoe. *oi eanaaony nayce ynoaoe/aneie niiniaiinoe n ?acoiii –
caeiiiaeaoaeai ciaiey, oi, ioaa?aay aa a iaiin?aaenoaaiiii aeaea,
oeeinio ooaa?aeaeaao aa einaaiiui iooai. N aai oi/ee c?aiey,
ynoaoe/aneay eaeay “iaeeaeyao” iiciaaaoaeueiua niiniaiinoe. Eaio
iaoiaeeo neaaeothuoth oi?ioeo neioaca: “A i?eiaiaiee e iiciaieth
aiia?aaeaiea iiae/eiaii ?annoaeeo e ia?aie/aii iaiaoiaeeiinoueth
niioaaonoaiaaoue iiiyoeyi, a a ynoaoe/aneii ioiioaiee, iaiai?io, iii
naiaiaeii aeaaaoue iiieii oeacaiiie niaeaniaaiiinoe n iiiyoeai …
aiaaoue niaea?aeaieai, oioy e ia?acaeoue iaoa?eae aeey ?annoaeea”. Oaeei
ia?acii, noa?a aeooiaiie aeayoaeueiinoe /aeiaaea ia?eniaaia, ia?aaeaeaia
a naiae niaoeeoe/iinoe. Enoeia, aeia?i e e?anioa iiiyou a eo naiaia?acee
e naaaeaiu aiaaeeii. Aaeeinoai enoeiu, aeia?a e e?aniou iaoiaeeo
aeiiieieoaeueiia iainiiaaiea a o/aiee ia eneonnoaa. A ynoaoeea Eaioa,
?acaa?iooie a noi?iio iauaoeeinioneeo i?iaeai, eneonnoao ioaaaeaii
n?aaieoaeueii iaaieueoia, oioy e aeinoaoi/ii aaaeiia ianoi. Ana
ioia/aiiua auoa iniaaiiinoe ynoaoe/aneiai i?iyaeytho naay caeanue a
iieiie ia?a. Eneonnoai, ii Eaioo, – yoi ia i?e?iaea, ia iaoea, ia
?aianei. Eneonnoai iiaeao auoue iaoaie/aneei e ynoaoe/aneei. Iineaaeiaa,
a naith i/a?aaeue, aeaeeony ia i?eyoiia e ecyuiia. I?eyoiua eneonnoaa
i?aaeiacia/aiu aeey ianeaaeaeaiey, ?acaea/aiey e a?aiyi?ai?iaiaeaeaiey.
Ecyuiua eneonnoaa niaeaenoaotho “eoeueoo?a niiniaiinoe aeooe”, iie
aeatho iniaia “oaeiaieuenoaea ?aoeaenee”, i?eaeeaeay noa?o ynoaoe/aneiai
noa?a iiciaiey. Iaeiaei, eaioianeay aeeoioiiey eneonnoaa ia yoii ia
ia?aie/eaaaony. Oeeinio iaeiei ec ia?auo a enoi?ee ynoaoeee aeaao
eeanneoeeaoeeth ecyuiuo eneonnoa. Iniiaaieai aeaeaiey neoaeeo niinia
au?aaeaiey ynoaoe/aneeo eaeae, oi anoue e?aniou. ?acee/iua aeaeu
eneonnoaa – ?acee/iua aeaeu e?aniou. Iiaeao auoue e?anioa iunee e
e?anioa nica?oeaiey. Ai aoi?ii neo/aa iaoa?eaeii ooaeiaeieea neoaeeo
eeai nica?oeaiea, eeai oi?ia. A ?acoeueoaoa Eaio iaia?oaeeaaao o?e aeaea
ecyuiuo eneonnoa – neiaaniia, ecia?aceoaeueiia e eneonnoai ea?u
iuouaiee. A naith i/a?aaeue, neiaaniua eneonnoaa – yoi e?anii?a/ea e
iiycey. Ecia?aceoaeueiua eneonnoaa aeeth/atho a naay eneonnoai
/oanoaaiiie enoeiu (ieanoeea) e eneonnoai /oanoaaiiie aeaeeiinoe
(aeeaiienue). E ieanoeea oeeinio ioiineo aayiea e ciae/anoai (a oii
/enea i?eeeaaeiia eneonnoai). O?aouey /anoue – eneonnoai ea?u iuouaiee
iie?aaony ia neoo e c?aiea. Yoi ea?a caoeia e ea?a e?anie. Oaeei
ia?acii, eaioianeay eeanneoeeaoeey eneonnoa iiaeao auoue i?aaenoaaeaia
neaaeothuae noaiie:
Eneonnoai
iaoaie/aneia ynoaoe/aneia
i?eyoiia ecyuiia
neiaaniia ecia?aceoaeueiia eneonnoai ea?u iuouaiee
e?anii?a/ea iiycey ieanoeea aeeaiienue iocuea
Iiyceth Eaio n/eoaao aunoae oi?iie ooaeiaeanoaaiiiai oai?/anoaa.
Cia/aiea iiycee, a oii, /oi iia niaa?oainoaoao eioaeeaeooaeueiua e
ii?aeueiua iioaioeee /aeiaaea; ea?ay iuneyie, iia auoiaeeo ca i?aaeaeu
iiiyoeeiuo n?aaenoa au?aaeaiey e o?aie?oao oai naiui oi, iia aicauoaao,
iieacuaay, /oi /aeiaae ia oieueei /anoue i?e?iaeu, ii niceaeaoaeue ie?a
naiaiaeu. Iaeiaei, ia neaaeoao caauaaoue, /oi oeeinio ia noaaeo ciaea
?aaainoaa iaaeaeo eneonnoaii e iiciaieai. A noaia ia?a/eneaiu oae
iacuaaaiua “iniiaiua aeaeu” eneonnoa. Iaeiaei, oeeinio ioia/aao, /oi
ni/aoaiea iniiaiuo aeaeia eneonnoaa ii?iaeaeaao ae?oaea aeaeu
ooaeiaeanoaaiiiai oai?/anoaa (e?anii?a/ea a ni/aoaiee n aeeaiienueth –
ae?aio, iiycey a ni/aoaiee n iocueie – iaiea, iaiea a ni/aoaiee n
iocueie – iia?o e o.ae.). Aeey noaeaeaiey i i?iecaaaeaiee eneonnoaa
ioaeai aeon, aeey aai nicaeaiey o?aaoaony aaiee. Niiniaiinoe aeooe,
ni/aoaiea eioi?uo ia?acoao aaiee, – aiia?aaeaiea e ?annoaeie. *aou?a
i?eciaea oa?aeoa?ecotho “aaiee”:
yoi niiniaiinoue nicaeaaaoue oi, aeey /aai ia iiaeao auoue
aeaii ieeaeiai i?aaeea;
nicaeaiiia i?iecaaaeaiea aeieaeii auoue ia?acoeiaui;
aaoi? ia iiaeao iauynieoue ae?oaei, eae aicieeaao aai
i?iecaaaeaiea;
“noa?a” aaiey – ia iaoea, a eneonnoai.
Eaio i?eoae e iinoaiiaea ynoaoe/aneeo i?iaeai, ioi?aaeyynue ia io
?aciuoeaiee iaae i?e?iaeie eneonnoaa, a io no?aieaiey aeiaanoe aei
iieiiou naith oeeinioneoth nenoaio. Oaeei ia?acii, nai oeeinio aeaeeo a
ynoaoeea “i?iiaaeaaoeeo anyeie oeeinioee”. Yoi cia/eo, /oi
nenoaiaoe/aneia eco/aiea oeeinioee neaaeoao ia/eiaoue n oai?ee e?aniou,
oiaaea iieiaa ?ane?iaony aeia?i e enoeia, o.a. ciaeiinoai n o?aoueae
“E?eoeeie” aeieaeii i?aaeoanoaiaaoue /oaieth ia?auo aeaoo.
* * *
A aaaonoa 1794 aiaea Eaio ioiaoee naia naieaeanyoeeaoea. THaeeaeiuo
oi?aeanoa ia auei – oeeinio ?aaeiaaeny oaea oiio, /oi i iai ia
aniiieiatho. A yoio ia?eiae ii anooiee ia iooue eiio?iioaoeee n
i?onneeie aeanoyie. I?e/eiie yoiai iineoaeeei iaienaiea e iioaeeeiaaiea
?yaea noaoae, a eioi?uo aaoi? e?iiece?iaae iaae aeiaiaoaie oea?eae.
Iiaue ei?ieue O?eae?eo Aeeueaaeuei II ia oa?iae aieueiiaeoinoaa.
I?aaeiee aeaaec “?annoaeaeaeoa, ii iiaeioeoanue” onooiee ianoi aieaa
i?eau/iiio “Iiaeioeoanue, ia ?annoaeaeay”. Oai ia iaiaa, iaeaioia
thaeeay Eaio iioaeeeiaae noaoueth “Eiiaoe anaai nouaai”, eioi?ay noaea
iineaaeiae eaieae, ia?aiieieaoae /aoo oa?iaiey aeanoae. Iiiiecee neooe i
aioiayuaeny iaae oeeinioii ?ani?aaa. Ianiio?y ia yoi, a ethea 1794 aiaea
?onneay Aeaaeaiey iaoe eca?aea Eaioa naiei /eaiii. Ia canaaeaiee aue
ooaa?aeaeai nienie ec 14 eiino?aiiue o/aiuo. ?aeiiaiaeiaae Eaioa aaia?ao
E.E. Aai?ae, i?aaiciineaoee ia oieueei “E?eoeeo /enoiai ?acoia”, ii e
“Oece/aneoth aaia?aoeth”, oiaaea aua ia iioaeeeiaaiioth e ecaanoioth
eeoue eae eaeoeeiiiue eo?n. Aiieia aiciiaeii, /oi Eaio iieo/ee
iaeia?eoaeueiua neiaa ec Iaoa?ao?aa iaeiia?aiaiii n ie?eeii,
iineaaeiaaaoei ec Aa?eeia. I?onneia i?aaeoaeuenoai aeieai eiiaei aieiao
iaae oai, eae iaeacaoue anaie?ii ecaanoiiai o/aiiai e ia oaiaeeoue i?e
yoii a aeoiia iieiaeaiea. Iaeiiaoe oi?ia acuneaiey auea iaeaeaia: a
ieoya?a 1794 aiaea Eaio iieo/ee auaiai? io ei?iey, ii ieeoi, e?iia
naiiai oeeinioa, ia yoii ia ociae, oae eae ei?ieaaneee i?eeac ia aue
iaia?iaeiaai, a i?eoae eae /anoiia ienueii. Ioeacuaaoueny io naieo
acaeyaeia auei ia i?aaeeao Eaioa, ieacuaaoue nii?ioeaeaiea – auei aio ia
neeai. Ia neo/aeii iiaeaa?ioaoainy eei/ea aoiaae ii noi?ioee?iaae
aaeeinoaaiii aiciiaeioth oaeoeeo: “io?a/aiea io aioo?aiiaai oaaaeaeaiey
iecei, ii iie/aiea a neo/aa, iiaeiaiii ianoiyuaio, yaeyaony aeieaii
iiaeaeaiiiai; anee ana, /oi aiai?eoue, aeieaeii auoue enoeiiui, oi ia
iaycaoaeueii aeanii auneacuaaoue anth enoeio.
Aeoo Eaioa aeieai ainiiaenoaiaae iaae aai oaeii. Ii anaio i?eoiaeeo
eiiaoe. Oeeinio ia aue aieai, ii neeu aai oauaaee. Ii iinoaiaiii
nie?auae iauai naieo o/aaiuo caiyoee, caeai/eaae ceiiee naiano? ia a
ai?aea, a a oaa?aea. Iineaaeiyy eaeoeey (ii eiaeea) auea ei i?i/eoaia 23
ethiy 1796 aiaea. Iioii aua o?e naiano?a ii iauyaeye eaeoeeiiiua eo?nu,
ii n iaiai?eie: “anee iicaieeo caei?iauea”. Caei?iauea ia iicaieyei,
eaeoeee ioiaiyeenue. Iaeiaei, Eaio ia niae?aeny aua ooiaeeoue a
ionoaaeo. Ii ai?aeeeny oai, /oi e a i?aeeiiiii aic?anoa nio?aiyao
yniinoue iunee, aiae?inoue aeooa, eioa?an e aeecie e ethaeiiio aeaeo. Ia
auei nee /eoaoue eaeoeee, ii ii iia aua ienaoue. A ia?eiae n 1795 ii
1798 aiae ii iaienae: “E aa/iiio ie?o”, “Ia i?aaia aeooe”, “Iaoaoeceea
i?aaia”, “Iiiaauaiea i nei?ii iiaeienaiee aeiaiai?a i aa/iii ie?a a
oeeinioee”, “I iieiii i?aaa eaaoue ec /aeiaaeiethaey”, “Nii?
oaeoeueoaoia”. Caaa?oea “Iaoaoeceeie i?aaia” iino?iaiea oeeinioneie
nenoaiu, Eaio ii/oanoaiaae iio?aaiinoue eceiaeeoue naia o/aiea a aieaa
eaee iaiaa eiioeaio?e?iaaiiii aeaea. Oae iiyaeeanue “Aio?iiieiaey”
(1798) – iineaaeiyy ?aaioa, ecaeaiiay naiei aaoi?ii. Caeanue eae au
iiaeaiaeeony eoia ?aciuoeaieyi i /aeiaaea e aiiaua anai oeeinioneei
?aciuoeaieyi. Yoi caaa?oaiea iooe, e iaeiia?aiaiii ia/aei – ia/eiaoue
eco/aiea oeeinioee Eaioa oeaeaniia?acii eiaiii n “Aio?iiieiaee”.
No?oeoo?a yoiai i?iecaaaeaiey niaiaaeaao n iauae nenoaiie eaioianeie
oeeinioee. Aeaaiay /anoue eieae ?aniaaeaaony ia o?e ?acaeaea a
niioaaonoaee n oaiy niiniaiinoyie aeooe: iiciaieai, /oanoaii
oaeiaieuenoaey e niiniaiinoueth aeaeaiey. Eiaiii yoe o?e iniaaiiinoe
ii?aaeaeeee a naia a?aiy niaea?aeaiea o?ao “E?eoee …”. A
“Aio?iiieiaee” eaeae e?eoe/aneie oeeinioee iaiin?aaenoaaiii niioianaiu n
ie?ii /aeiaaea, aai ia?aaeeaaieyie, ono?aieaieyie, oaaaeaeaieyie.
Iieo/aiiue ?acoeueoao noaiaoe/anee auaeyaeae neaaeothuei ia?acii:
Niiniaiinoe aeooe Iiciaaaoaeueiua niiniaiinoe Ai?ei?iua i?eioeeiu
I?eiaiaiea eo e
Iiciaaaoaeueiay niiniaiinoue ?annoaeie Caeiiiia?iinoue I?e?iaea
*oanoai oaeiaieuenoaey e iaoaeiaieuenoaey Niiniaiinoue noaeaeaiey
Oeaeaniia?aciinoue Eneonnoao
Niiniaiinoue aeaeaiey ?acoi Eiia/iay oeaeue Naiaiaea
Ia noaia oeeinioneay nenoaia Eaioa i?aaenoaaeaia a aa ieii/aoaeueiii
aeaea. Niiniaiinoe noaeaeaiey ioaaaeaii i?iiaaeooi/iia ianoi iaaeaeo
?annoaeeii e ?acoiii, e nai iuneeoaeue iaaeaoniuneaiii aiai?eo i e?eoeea
niiniaiinoe noaeaeaiey eae n?aaenoaa, “naycothuai iaa /anoe oeeinioee a
iaeii oeaeia”. Eaio i?eoae e naiaia?aciiio i?aiaeieaieth aeoaeecia iaoee
e i?aanoaaiiinoe iooai aiaeeyoeee e ooaeiaeanoaaiiui iioaioeeyi
/aeiaaea. Oi?ioea oeeinioneie nenoaiu Eaioa – enoeia, aeia?i e e?anioa,
acyoua a eo aaeeinoaa, caieiooua ia /aeiaaea, aai eoeueoo?iii
oai?/anoaa, eioi?ia iai?aaeyao ooaeiaeanoaaiiay eiooeoeey.
Eaio – oeeinio XVIII aaea. Aae aue ia enoiaea. Nenoaia e?eoe/aneie
oeeinioee nicaeaia e caaa?oaia. Eaioii ieeiaaea ia iaeaaeaaaei /oanoai
naiioniieiaiey, ii ii ciae, /oi aeaaiia naeaeaii. Iiaeao auoue iiyoiio
niaei iai?yaeaiea iienea, neeu auno?i iioee ia oaueue. A iiya?a 1801
aiaea oeeinio ieii/aoaeueii ?annoaeny n oieaa?neoaoii. Aai ioionoeee ia
iieie, nio?aiea iieiinoueth aeaeiaaiea. Oaia?ue ii ii/oe ia auoiaeee ia
oeeoeo, ia i?eieiae iinaoeoaeae. Iioie ienai ennye. Ae?ocuey ciaee i
ninoiyiee Eaioa. Aeieueoa ae?oaeo ienae Eecaaaooa?, ii oaea ia noieueei
i oeeinioneeo iaoa?eyo, neieueei i ?aia ec Oaeueoiaa, eioi?ay i?eoeanue
ii aeono oeeinioo e eioi?ie Eecaaaooa? aai ?aaoey?ii niaaaeae. E aaaonoo
1801 aiaea ioiineony iineaaeiaa ienueii, iaienaiiia ?oeie Eaioa. Oaia?ue
aio auei o?oaeii oiaeeoue aac iinoi?iiiae iiiiue. A ieoya?a 1803 aiaea
ninoiyiea oeeinioa ?acei oooaeoeeinue. Aia?aua a aeecie ii i?iaae
ianeieueei aeiae a iinoaee. Oaia?ue ii ii/oe iaeio. 3 oaa?aey 1804 aiaea
ia?anoae i?eieiaoue ieuo. Oia? Eaio 12 oaa?aey 1804 aiaea. Nia?ue aai
ynia, eae e aai aeeciue. Eniieiaiiue aeiea. Oayaeaiea. Eii/eia. Aua a
1799 aiaeo Eaio ?anii?yaeeeny ioiineoaeueii nianoaaiiuo iioi?ii. I?inee,
/oiau ninoiyeenue iie ia o?aoee aeaiue iinea eii/eiu e auee ii
aiciiaeiinoe ne?iiiuie: ionoue i?enoonoaotho oieueei aeeceea e ae?ocuey,
a oaei i?aaeaaeoo caiea ia iau/iii eeaaeaeua. Iieo/eeinue eia/a. N
iuneeoaeai i?iuaeny aanue ai?iae. Aeinooi e iieieiiio i?iaeieaeaeny
oanoiaaeoeaoue aeiae. A?ia ianee 24 nooaeaioa, ca a?iaii oae no?iai
aanue ioeoea?neee ei?ion aa?ieciia e ouny/e nia?aaeaeai. Iioi?iieee
Eaioa a i?ioanni?neii neeaia, i?eiueaaoai e niai?o Eaieanaa?aa n
naaa?iie noi?iiu.
* * *
*aeiaae oie?aao, iuneue inoaaony. Aannia?oea oeeinioa a oii, /oi ii
niia, /oi oniae neacaoue, /oi auei oneuoaii. AEeciue Eaioa – yoi
i?aaeaea anaai iaienaiiua ei eieae, naiua aieiothuea niauoey a iae –
iunee. O Eaioa iao eiie aeia?aoee e?iia enoi?ee aai o/aiey. Ana ciaaoea
aai aiai?eee, /oi yoi aue iaueoaeueiue, iocua/eaue /aeiaae. Aio
i?eoiaeeeinue iiiai ?aaioaoue, ii ethaee naie o?oae, ii ciae ia oieueei
aai. Ii oiae ?acaeaeaoueny, ioaeuoaoue, ni/aoay aeoaieiiuneaiioth
o/aiinoue ni naaoneei eineii. Eaio aiana ia aue caoai?ieeii,
iooaeueieeii, /aeiaaeii ia io ie?a naai. Ii i?e?iaea ii aue iaueoaeai,
ii ainieoaieth e ia?aco aeecie – aaeaioai. Iaeiaei, ii ia eneae neaau,
ia aeiaeaaeny aeanoe, ia ciae ethaiaiuo o?aaieiaiee. ?acia?aiiia e
iaeiiia?aciia oa/aiea aiaoiae aeecie oeeinioa iauyniyaony oai, /oi o
iaai ?aii aiciee anaiiaeiuathuee aeeciaiiue eioa?an – oeeinioey, e yoiio
eioa?ano ii noiae iiae/eieoue ana naia nouanoaiaaiea. AEeoue aeey iaai
cia/eei ?aaioaoue, a o?oaea ii iaoiaeee aeaaioth ?aaeinoue. N aeaonoaa
aoaeouee oeeinio ioee/aeny oeeui caei?iaueai, aio i?aae?aeaee ei?ioeoth
iai?iaeoeoeaioth aeeciue. Ii i?iaeee aeieaea, eciaeeueiua oai?/anoaii
aiaeu. Yoiai ii aeiaeeny neeie naiae aiee. Ii ?ac?aaioae no?iaoth
nenoaio aeaeaie/aneeo i?aaee, eioi?uo iaoeinieoaeueii i?eaea?aeeaaeny, e
aeiaeeny ii?aceoaeueiuo ?acoeueoaoia. Ii oia? ni niieieiie niaanoueth, n
niciaieai eniieiaiiiai aeieaa.
Neiai aeaeaei ia anaaaea aea/ao ca niaie aeaei. Iio/aoue eaa/a, /ai
neaaeiaaoue iio/aieyi. A enoi?ee oeeinioee anoue iiiaeanoai i?eia?ia
ianiaiaaeaiey i?iiiaaaee e iiaaaeaiey. Iaeiaei, Eaio – ii?aeeno e Eaio –
/aeiaae – iaeii e oiaea. Eiia/ii, ii ia anaaaea e ia ai anai
?oeiaiaenoaiaaeny i?iienyie eaoaai?e/aneiai eiia?aoeaa. Ii a iauai e
oeaeii aai iiaaaeaiea niioaaonoaiaaei oiio eaeaaeo aioo?aiia naiaiaeiie
ee/iinoe, eioi?ue ii iaa?inae a naieo i?iecaaaeaieyo. Auea oeaeue
aeecie, aue iniciaiiue aeiea, auea niiniaiinoue oi?aaeyoue naieie
aeaeaieyie e no?anoyie. I?e?iaea iaaeaeyao /aeiaaea oaiia?aiaioii,
oa?aeoa? ii au?aaaouaaao nai. Eiiaioee Eaio naeaeae naiiai naay e a yoii
ioiioaiee ii oieeaeai.
.Nienie eeoa?aoo?u
Eaio E. Ni/eiaiey a oanoe oiiao. I., 1963 – 1966.
Anion A.O. Eiiaioee Eaio. I., 1973.
Aoeuaa A.A. Eaio. – 2-a ecae. – I., Iie. aaa?aeey, 1981.
Ia?neee E.N. Eaio. I., 1976.
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