????
A?AAEss A ?AIIAA N?AAeIAAAEIAUeA. AIOO?AIIssss NEOOAOeEss
A?AAEss A ?AIIAA N?AAeIAAAEIAUeA
EOEUeOO?A AeIENEAINEIE A?AAEE
A?ue ?????e ??? ???e A??e ??????y ??????y ????? ???? «????y» — ?????. Y?
????y ????i «?????» ?? ???iy? ?y?i ???. I??i a ????a ?ny??oey a ??????e
???i ??? ?y ?????y ???????i ?i?y ????? ????? ??? ? VII a.
Aeey ?? ???e ??u ??e ????? ???e ??????? e ?????? ????, ?i ???????ue ???e
e ????e ??????e, ????e, ?????e e ???????e ?ycy? ? ??e ???? ????? ??.
E?????a ??????y ???, ???? i n?? ???i ???i e i ??, ?????th?y a ??oth
???ue a ? «?????», ?? ??????a ?e ????e e ??a, ??yi, ???, ???????, ???? e
??? ?e e ???a-???????a. A? y? ??n???ey ??e ????a a ???eyo ???: «???y
??», «???y ???», «???y ??? e o. ae. I?????? o ??? ? ?? ?iy?y i ??a ???
???ey ?a ???, a ??i ? ?????? ?th?a ??? y? ?iy?a ???y?ny e, ???oe,
?????ny ??????a i ??? ??, ???e ?eth?e e ??, e ??? ?????? e ???ey ?????
??i.
I? ??????? ???ey y???????? ?????ey ??? ?????i ??? ???? ??o ????? a ???
?????o ?y?a ???????o ??? ??, e ???? ?e ?ie ???e ?ay ?????e. Y? ???u
????? ???y?? ? ?iyoey ??? ??? ?e ??e ??? ???.
A ??????e ???? ???th ?? ??? ??? — ?e, ???y ????ue ????? ?? ?ae. I?i ?
?y?a ??? ????e ? ??? ???th??e, ???y ? ????o, a ?? ???o e ?? ??o. I ????e
??e o ????-y???? ? ?? ??????y, ?e ????? ??? ??? ??????a, ? ??? a ???a
?y? ??o ???? e ??? ??c ???i.
E?????y ???ey ?????e A??e ?? ?y?? n ?y??, ????e, ????e, ??y?. Y? eth? ??
? ??? i???y? ??????i ?????ey, ? ??? ?e ?????e ?i, ???eyy ?? ?ae, ?? ??y.
I??i ? ???? ?y?yth?y ??? ????a?ey e ??e i ??????, i???? e ?y????e ??e e
????? ???? ?????, e y? ???? y??? ??e ??? ??? ?y??i ??????i ??????y. A???
??i a y?o ??????yo ???? ????a ????o ????o ???e a ??e ??, ???e ?e ???-??
???a.
I???? ?????i ???? ????, ???y n ????e, ?? ???? ?? ??a ?????i ??? a TH??,
N??i-C???e e a N???e A??e. I???a ???a ? ????o ?i ?iy??? th??????e ??????
e ?????? N??i-C???e A??e ??ny?y ? ???e ? ??e y?, a ????????, ????? ????
— e IV a. i. y. (328 a.). I??? ???a?ey ???? ????? ??????, ????y?? e ??,
?e ????? e ?????i.
I?????? ? ??iy????, ?i ?iy??e th??????e ?????? ???ath?y ?e a Oe?????, ?e
e N???e A??e,* ?i ???????o i ?????? ???i ?y ??? ??a? ???????e ?????e.
E??e ?iy?? y????e ????i ? ???ey, ??a ? ??y? ?? ??e. N ??? ???u, ????y ?
?e ????o ?? ??????, a A??e ?????y y?e, ?iy?? ?? ????. ????a ?????? e
??????i y?? ???o i ???i o??a ???ey ???? a ???a a ??i. I??i ????? ?????y,
?i y?e, y?yy? ?????i ?????i eth?e ????, a ? ? ??y ????o ?e ?? ? ????o
??? ????. I ??????i ???????e ?????e ???????o e ?o ??, ?i ?e ?????e n??e
???e ??e ????a ?i ?e ??? ? y?i eth?e, ????o ???y. Ia ??? ?????e ????a
??????a ?? ??a ??? ???y ? ???yi ? ???o.
A?? ???e ??????oth ??oth ?y?th e ??? ???ey, ???a ???? ???? «Ae? ???».
Ae????ay ?ycey ???? ?? ?o, ????? ?y?, ??? ????o ???. Iiy? ?????? i ???,
????o ???eyo, ?????? ??o, ???? i?? ?????? ???. E ?y?y, e «Ae? ???»
???tho ?????? ??????y ?? ???e, ??????y i ???i e ??iy?i. ???a??e e ?y?,
???ay ???y, ???? ????? ????a ?y? ?ae? ??. I????, ?? ? ??th??y ?y?a C???
?i-A? N??a (530—627) ???oth ???o ???y ??? ????? ??? ??e ? ???? ??? e ??
??i ?????i ????y ??????? ????eth ??ai, ???? ???e ?????? ??u.
I??o ?-C???e (535—604) ??atho ??i ? ???i????a ?????? ???. Ii ???e ????i
??ae, ????? i????ey ??????i e ?th???. A ?o ? ???? ???a ???oue ???u,
????ue ???? ?th? e ??? ??ey? ????ey?ny ???. I???a ??u e ?? ???? ??? ??i
a ????? ???? ?y?a, ??e ???o ?????e ? ?? ??? ??u. I???y ? ????e ?????, a
????? ?????o ?y?a ???a ??i ???? ?ay ?th?a e ?????e. A ? ? ??y ?????
????, ?i ??in i ?????? ??? ???i ?e ???? ?????y ?iye ??i. Yoo ?? ?????
??ue ??? ???, e ?y? ? ??e ?iy? a ???a io ??? ????.
O????i ??th??ny ?y? E?????a (500—540) y?y?ny ??????e ????th ?????? ???e
?? ???e, ?a ????a ????i ???? ? ???e e y????e. Ii ????e i ?????? ???yo ?i
y??, i ??? ? ?ey?a ??o I??? e A????, ? ???e ???? e ??? ???? ???, ???e
??? ?i?? ?????? ??e ???, ???? ???? ??e.
ss?e ?????e ?y?e ?e ?iy?i ??eyi ??i ?????a, ?oy ?e? ?????ue ????e ?
????o ???. Y? ?e y?e, ? ???i ?????? I???ae ????? ?? ?????ey e ?e ???i
E??. Iiy?y ???a ??th????th ?? a ?????? y????e e ???ue?-????? ???? ???,
?e ???o, ?e e ???o. I??i ?e ??? ???i ?y? ?e ?????? ???, ????e a ?iy? ???
?ny? ?????? ??e. I??i y? ??e ????? ? ??? ???u e n??y? ? ??? ??????a ?y?.
A??a a A??e ??? ???y ?? ?y???? ??????. Ii ???o ???o ??ath a ??e ???e ?e
????? ???? ??????ue ????????a ??e. Y? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ? ? ?e ?? ???a.
E??a ? ??? ??? e ?? ? ???y ??e ???e ??o ????i ???e, ??? ?e? ?e ?????ay
??a ??????ue, ???? ?, ?e ??o ?????o, ??y?? ??iy????o, ?? ??ae ???th.
AE??? a ??? ?e???e ??? ??o ???o.
A?? ??ue ??? ??? ??? ??i e ??e ca ????? ??y?a ????, ???e ? ? ???, ?? ???
???a ??. A ???e ???? ???, ??a ?? ??y?? ??a a ??o ? ??????? ??????a.
A???a ?y? ???e ????e ??c ???i??i ??y, ?????i ??e ???oy? ??a, ???i ????a,
???i a ??o, ? ???i e ???, ???i a ????e e ??? ??o, ??n??. Ii — ???o, ???
i ??? ????yo, ??o, ?e ??ue, ???, ???, e a ? ? ??y ? — ??? ??th???e, ?ey?
e ???, ??e ??e. C????e ?yo A??a ?i-O??ae (VI a.) ?e ??? ??th??y ????.
A ?????e ?y?e ???? ??i ???tho e iiy??u. E??? ??u ???? ?????? ???? ???u,
????? ??????? ???? ???, ???, ????e, ??ey, ???o ????a. A? a ???e A??e ??
???a ??????ay ?????a, c?????? ???ey ???? ????? e ??????ay ???ue.
E VII a. o ??? ????ue ???? ??? ???????a ?c??y, ??? ???o ?y?? n ??th??y?
? ????e ????e n ??i ??????e ?ey?.
I?? ? ????o ????? ?????e A?a? y?y?ny ????i ?????ey. A?? ?a a ????e ????e
?e??? ??? e ????th C???e E?? e ???? ? y?i ??. N??ii e ??? ??e y? ???o
???? ???e ???? ??? n E??e e A???. C?? ???? ??u ???? E??, N???, I?????.
I?n?y ?y????ue ?y ??? ????a ??? ????, n ?e ?y?? ?c??a ?????ey e ?????ey.
Io ???o ?????ue ??? ?? a???? e ??? ???e, ???a ???u ????a, ??? ????a
i????ey e ???, ??? ????? ???o ? ??o ??, ???????ue a ???o ????i e ????
????ey e ??? ???…
I?????a ? ??? ???y? ??????? e ?????? ???? ???, ? e ????????i i ?????i? o
?o ?????? ??? ?????o ???.
IAINO?AIEA AIOO?AIIEO I?IOEAI?A*EE, AINNOAIEss IEAIAI
A ???? ?????y ???????? ?????a a ???? ???? ?a ??a ???y?? ????? ?????ey.
Y? ?????ey ?i??i ?iy??? a 30-o ??o VII ???ey, ??a ? ???-???a e ? th?
?????a ????e ?????a ????y ???.
Ii ????yi ???? ?????, ????y ???? ?ae ?????? ?e ????? «?????? e ????o
????i ??? e ??a. A??y i ?????, ss’?? ??e: «Oi?a, ??a (? ??ia), ????a ???
? ??o ???. I??? ????? ????? ??a A? A??».
Ia ???-??? ???e ??????? ???a e ?? ?? ?i, ?n, ??yi e ?. I? ????? a
???????? ????-? I??u e, ??????i, ??? ??? ????? ??? ???a?? ???? ?????ueth
???e ??? ?? ???a ?????a. Ai ??a ????? ?? ????? ???e O??a, ?a ?e ??e
I???aea ??????? ? ?i ???a. Ai ??a ??? ?????e ????? ??? ??? ???a ? ??e
N??o, ????y e ???o ????y ? I?????. Ia ???a ???? ???a ??y ???a ? ??a n
«??i?? I???e. Y? ????a ???? E??o, A???, I?i. Ia th? ?????a ????e ????y
???e ??? e ????a ????o ??? e ??a ? ??a ? ??????.
E??? ?????, ?????? ??? ???, ?? ?? ???e ???, ?ae ???e ????? ???? y?????ea
e ????? ???u: ???? ?????e ?y??o ??? ??? ? ????e????ny ??e, ?e??? oy???
???? e ????a y?i ????? ????a ?????? e ????-?????.
A????a a ??oth ???ue ?????? ? ?i??? ???a e ???y? ?. Ii ??????o A???e e
??? ???? ???a, ??????e ?? ????? ??? ?y?? A? A??, ?i-y? ???a ???? ???ny
?????? e ??th?? ?????a ??y? ?e ???e, ?i ?e ??o ?????u ? ??? ???a. O?? ?c
e???? ???e, ?i ?? ?e ? ???yo ???. ?oy ? ? ?? ?ae, ? ii ??? ? ?o ???.
O??’ ???i, ???????a ??? ?? ?y ??y?o ??? ??????? ?????a ? ????th, a ??
????i ?????y ???a, ???i ????ey ?????? ???? n «?a???? ?????.
I??e ?? ?e ???i ????, ????i a ?????yo. I??u. A??? ??? ???ue ???ue ?
??????a.
N??th?e ?? ?e ???i ???e ???a. N?ae? ? ??? ??????? ??y?? ????a e E??o.
I???? ??y ????a ???, ??y e ??ay, ???? ????eth ???a, ??i ? ?????e ???
?????i ???e ???a.
N???a a «?? ???» — ?ae ??i ????i ??a a ???oth ?????oth ????? ??a,
?????yny a E??a ??o ???? ??? e ????. O???? ??? ???? ???. C?ai ?e ???e
oy??a ????a ????? ???? ? th? e ?i ??i e?????? ????e ?? ??????y.
I??a ????? ??? ? ????e e ???a?i, ??? ????iy?? e ?i, ? a ?????e ???
??iy?.
A?ue ?ae ????e n ??e ??e ?????, ?i o ??? ?ae e ??y ?a ?????ue ?????e
?????ey?. I??i? ??th ?y??o ??? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ? ???a ?e ??e ? ??
????? ????y e y?????e. ??????ay ????, ?????y ? ??a ????e, ????? e ????th
????? ?ae ??????? e ???? ? ??????th ? y?????th. I?i ? ???? ???????? ???
????? ?????a I??? ??e I????: «O?a ???? ??e e ?a ? ????». I??? ??c, ?
?i??ny ?y? ??e ??ey ?, ?? ? ???ue ???ny ??? ??i.
A???ey ?? ????u, ??? ????yy ???a a A??e ? ??????. Y? ???? ??y?th ???? ?
???? ???o ?????. I? ?????y ??iy????o ???ay ????e?th?yny ??ue ??? ??????
???? ?y ????ey ??e ?????? ??? e y?????? ???e a ????? ??o ????? e ?????
??? ???a. O??i ??i ??i ?a ??a o???ue ?? ????? ?ae ?????i ???i. A??yy
????? ??a ??????? ???? y????, ?e ?e a y?? ???e ?? ????? A???e e ?????i
???? N????ay ???y.
E??i a ????o ?????eyo, a ? a ?iy?a?e ????th?? ?? e ?????? ????a ???, ?e
y? ???e??i ?????? a ????? ?????? ?????, ???o -??? ?? ? ????? ?????e ????
?????. A??ay ??? ?? ?e ????e, ?e ??ue ???e ??y?a ??e ??????? ?????a
????e ???a a ??????? ???.
A?AANEEA CAAIAAAIEss
A??? ????ey ?? ??? ?a ?e I????. Ii ??a ?i ??? ??? ???e ? ??a ???e ???.
I??e ??ae ???y e ????th I????? ???. A y? ??y ?????a ????e ?iy?? ? ????
??e ??ue ?ae, ?? ? ? ??? ??? ????y ????ue ???e. C?y?a ???????, ???? ???u
? ???? ????? ???ey ? ?y?a?a ???? ??e.
O? a 633 a. A? A?? ????e I???, ?????, a??? ? ???e ????, ???ue ???a ??? e
??? ??a ???a ????ey. A??????th?i ?????i ??? ?e ???? O?? ?i A??.
I?????? ???a ???ey ??? ? ??ii ??? A???, ? ?????, ????? ???e-?????e, ???a
???i ??? n ???e ????e ??? ??????o ??e. E?? 633 a. ?y ????ey ??o ??e e
???? ????? ?a a ??o ????o ??e. A ??? 634 a. ?e ???e ? ??e ??a A???.
A ?a 634 a. O?? ?i A?? ?e ???i ? ????i? ??? e ??? a N?eth n 3 ?n. ????a,
a ?????? ?? ???? I???. A?? ?? ?y???th ????? e ????? ???i, ???a? a ?????
???o ?? ????u, ???e ??a ????ey. I??e a 635 a. ?? ????a ???? A??, ?a I?
???? ???? ? 800 ???.
A 637 a. a ??a ?e a. E??? ??? ??? ????e ???a ?? ?????i ?????a, ?????? a
?e ????oth «???th ??th ????». Ie ????a ??????i ???, ? ??? ?i? ? ???
????? ???a ???? ??e. *??y ?????y, ???y ????? e ???y ??????ue ?? ?????ue
??? ???? ???, ?oy ?e e ???y? ??ue ???. A?? ?e E??? ??? ??? ???u ?????i
?????a. E???i ??ny ?c ?y. A?? ??a?? a ?????e ???a ???? ????a. E??e ????
??? i??? ? 12 ?n. ????. A?? ?? ???i ??? ???? ? 900 ?i. ????.
A 636 a. ?e ???? a. E?a (??o O?? e A???i), e?a ?? ????? ????ey
??????oth?? e ????? ?????o ????. E???i ?e ???i ???i, ???i ?????? e
y?????? ??e E??, ??? ?????e ? ???? ?????ny a i?: ?i ??????? ????a ???i
????a ???ey, ??? ?i E???i ????y ? A???i e a ??? ??? ??? ?? ? ???ue ??
?????ey. E?? ??, ??o ????, ?i ??????oth?e ?a??? ????, ????? ? ???u
?????? e ???????i? ??y???i, ???e ?????ue ?????? ? ???i ???th
n???y????ue. Ec E?u ??? ????? ? ????? ??o ?????.
E 638 a. ?? ????a ???ue I??a. A???a ?i? ?????? a ??ue ??? ?c ???o ????.
I??a ???a ???u ?????? ???y?ny ????? ??oyi e ????? ? ??i? ??????. A 642
a. ????a ???y ??a ?ae I???-?i. Y? ?e ?n??? ?????? ?e, ??? ?????e ????.
I?? ???y I???? ??u ?????? ??i ???? ???? ?? (?????e O???), E??i, E?? e
???? ? ????eth ?????? A?????a. A 644 a. ?? ?iy? ??? O???, E?, E??, E???.
E 651 a. ??u ????e a?i E??i, ? ??th??? ???? ? th? E????? ??y, ????ue ia
????eth ?????? A?????.
I?????i n ???? a E?i ???? e ????? N??. I??e ??ae a N?eth ?e ???? ?a ?e
??e I????. I??i n ???i ????e ??? ??a ?i ??? ??? ?? ???? e n?????? a
I??a. A 634 a. A? A?? ?? ??a ????ue a N?eth ???a??a ??? (9 ?n. ???e). Y?
??y ?? ????a ? ?e ??e e ??y i???e ????ue ? ????? N??.
A?????a ??????i ????? ??a n???? ????e. A?? n E??i ???? ???a ????? ???e,
??a ?? ????, ????a ?????? ?????ey ???? ?a????? ???? ???? ?????a ??e, e
??? N?? e I??o?u ?? ??i ????.
I??y ??a ????a ?e ???? A???i ?ae E?????. I? ????? ???e ????i ???. I??
y?? ?????i ?c ?y ???ue A?a e ??? ???, ??????a a ??? I???i ??y. Aeey
????ey ????ey th? I???? e ????y E????? ?? ????a ??ue ??? ?ae ??????i A?a
?i ?ue-A?, a ???? ?? ??? ?????? ??? e e 635 a. ????e ???? O??e?u e A???.
A?? ???? ??? E???, ??? ??? ???ue ????ue ? ? E??i e ???e e Ae???.
N ??a ? ??y?ue 635 a. ?????? ??a ??e? N??; a ??a ??? Ae??e ?e ??. Ii
???yi ????, ?????? ?????y?, ??? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ??th, ? ? ?? ???a
????????? ??e e ????a. ???a ???????y. A? ?????? ??? ?? ????u ?????e.
A???a ??? ??i ?iy? ??ae A???e, ? ????? ????ue ?? ???i ??? ? ???, ?e ?e e
y?? ??a? ?????? ????? E??? ??? ???a ???, ???? a 80 ?n. ???e, e ???ny
????o ???. A???a ????? ????e i???? e ?. ss?? e a y?i ??? ??ue ????a ???.
A 636 a. ???ay ??y E??ey, ??iy?ay ? ??ia, ?iyi, ??y??o ???o ??y?a e
???-????, ???a e ???th i????a. I??a ? ???? ? ?. ss?? ????nue ??? ????i
??????i ???. I?? ?y ??oa ??? ?? ?????, ???a ????a ?c ?y. I???oy ????o?
??e, ??u ???? ?iy? Ae??e. I? y?i ????? ?iy? ??ue ???e e ???? ???? ???
?ae ???.
E ??o 637 a. ??u ?iy? ????? ??? N??, a a 638 a. E????. Acy?a E????a ??
???i ???? e ?y ????, e ?y ????i, ??? ?i e ? e ??? ???e ?i ?y??? ???i.
N???i-?????? ??i ?e ???i a ??e?? ???????, e ? ??a ?i ????i I??y ? ??
I?iy?a.
I?? ????ey N?? ???y ??ae a A??eth. I??? ?. A? e ?? A??o, ???? ??? ???? a
642 a. a ??? A?e?; ?y? ???o A??? Ae?i, ????e ???th ??? e ????ue a Ne?th.
A ????? ?????o ???a ??u ???? a 658 a. ?????e A??? e ??e A??e, a ? E????i
???i ??e ? ??? ???a. A o? ? ?? ??u ????? ????? ????ue E???????i.
I?? ?y?y E????a ???? ????? Ai? ?i ?ue-An ????ny n ???i a A??o, ????a
???? ?? ??a??i ????e e ?????e ????e ?????? ???i. A 640 a. A? ? ??i ???i
??? I?a e ?iye ??n Oathi.
I?? y?e ??? O?? I?? ??? ?o ?????? a 4 ?n. ???e, ? ??a ???o ?iye C???, ??
? ????o ?????? ???a e ????? ??? ???. O?? ?????a ???e??? ?????? ???oth?o,
A? a ??a ?e a. A????? ??? ? ???.
A 641 a. ?e ???? a. A???. A ? ? ??y a A??o? ???? ??? ??o ????? ??????e
??????e, ?i i???? ????ue n ??th??? ??, ? ???yi ???? A???y ???a ?? ??? e
?y???? a ???a 11 ?ny?a ???e ?a ?? ??? ? A??a e ??? ? ?? ? ????. A?? ?
??e ???u ?y??nue ? ???? ???e e ????ue ???o ????ey, ??a ?????a?th a A??a.
A ??y?a 642 a. A????ey ?? ?iy? ???e.
A?, ?????e ?????i a A??a, ???e n?th ????eth ? ??? ??? I?a, ?a a 643 a.
?e ???i ??ae O??o (i?a ??? E??).
O?? I?? ???? ????ue ???i E??? i?a n I??, ??u ? y?? ?? ????? ????oth ???o
a A??th e a ??? ??? ??? ?????ue ??? ? I??u a A??o. A?? ?????? ??e,
??????? ?e ????.
A???a ????ey ?????? a N???e Ao??, e e 648 a. ???? ??? ??e ? E????. AE??e
y?? ??? ??i??ue, ???a ??? ???a ????? ???. A???a ???ey a N???e A??a
?eth?? E?eth e O???.
N??e ?????u:
E??ey ??i Ac? e A??e a ???a ??. *.1. I.: E?????i I????? ??????. 1987.
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