Александр I

AEAAeEIE? OAAeI?IA

Noa?oee nui Iaaea I e aioe Aeaoa?eiu II ?iaeeeny 12 aeaeaa?y 1777 aiaea.
Aeaoa?eia II ia?aeea aai a /anoue Aeaenaiae?a Iaaneiai — iie?iaeoaey
Iaoa?ao?aa. Aeaenaiae? aue aa ethaeiui aioeii, e iia naia ?oeiaiaeeea
aai ainieoaieai, i?eaeanea eo/oeo i?aiiaeaaaoaeae. ?onneoth neiaaniinoue
e enoi?eth i?aiiaeaaae aio I. I. Io?aaueaa — ienaoaeue, iaeei ec
i?inaauaiiaeoeo ethaeae naiaai a?aiaie (ioaoe aoaeoueo aeaeaa?enoia
Ieeeou e Aeaenaiae?a Io?aaueaauo); anoanoaaiiua iaoee — ecaanoiue o/aiue
e iooaoanoaaiiee, aeaaeaiee I. N. Iaeean; caeiiio/eoaeai e aeooiaieeii
aue i?ioiea?ae A. A. Naiai?neee — ii iocuaai nia?aiaiieeia, “/aeiaae
naaoneee, eeoaiiue aeoaieiai ?aeeaeiciiai /oanoaa”, noiaaoee, iaeiaei
aea, aiooeoue yoi /oanoai naiaio o/aieeo. Naiai?neee aeieai aeee a
Aiaeee, aue no?anoiui aiaeiiaiii; aio auei ii?o/aii, iiieii aeooiaiuo
ianoaaeaiee, iao/aoue Aeaenaiae?a aiaeeeneiio ycueo.

Ii ?aeiiaiaeaoeee oe?iei ecaanoiiai a oi a?aiy a Aa?iia ioaeeoeenoa e
aeeieiiaoa O?eae?eoa A?eiia, n eioi?ui Aeaoa?eia aaea ae?oaeaneoth
ia?aieneo, a 1782 a. a ?inneth aue i?eaeaoai oaaeoea?aoe
O?eae?eo-Oeaca?ue Eaaa?i — /aeiaae aunieiia?aciaaiiue, i?eaa?aeaiaoe
eaeae I?inaauaiey e ?anioaeeeaiaoe ii acaeyaeai — ninoiyoue “eaaaea?ii”
i?e Aeaenaiae?a e iao/aoue aai o?aioeocneiio ycueo. A yoie aeieaeiinoe
ii iaoiaeeeny 11 eao (1784 — 1795), eiay iieioth naiaiaeo aiooaoue
naiaio o/aieeo oa eaeae, eioi?ua ?acaeaeye. Ciaeiiy Aeaenaiae?a n
ioaea/aiiuie iiiyoeyie i anoanoaaiiii ?aaainoaa ethaeae,
i?aaeii/oeoaeueiinoe ?anioaeeeaineie oi?iu i?aaeaiey, i iieeoe/aneie e
a?aaeaeaineie naiaiaea, i “anaiauai aeaaa”, e eioi?iio aeieaeai
no?aieoueny i?aaeoaeue, Eaaa?i i?e yoii ouaoaeueii iaoiaeee ?aaeueiua
ycau e?aiinoie/aneie ?innee. Aieaa anaai ii caieiaeny i?aanoaaiiui

ainieoaieai naiaai o/aieea. ?anneacuaatho, /oi ii niaaoo Eaaa?ia
Aeaenaiae? aae aeo?iae, eoaea caienuaae ana naie i?inooiee.
Aiineaaenoaee ii aiai?ee, /oi anai, /oi anoue a iai oi?ioaai, ii iaycai
Eaaa?io.

Iauee iaaeci? ca ainieoaieai Aeaenaiae?a e aai ieaaeoaai a?aoa
Eiinoaioeia aue aaa?ai a?aoo I. E. Naeoueiao, ia?aie/aiiiio, ii eiaeiio
i?eaeai?iiio eio?eaaio, aeaaiie iaycaiiinoueth eioi?iai auei aeiiineoue
eiia?ao?eoea i eaaeaeii oaaa Aeaenaiae?a e Eiinoaioeia, ?aaii eae e eo
ainieoaoaeae.

Ianiio?y ia iiaeai? aeanoyueo i?aiiaeaaaoaeae, Aeaenaiae? ia iieo/ee
iniiaaoaeueiiai ia?aciaaiey. Iie ioia/aee a naiai o/aieea iaethaiaue e
na?ueaciiio o/aieth, iaaeeeoaeueiinoue, eaiinoue, neeiiiinoue e
i?acaeiinoe. Ii ia oiae nin?aaeioi/eoueny. Iaei /eoae; iaeaaeay
iacao?yaeiui oiii, auno?i noaaouaae anyeoth iuneue, ii iioii oae aea
auno?i aa caauaae. A 1793 a., eiaaea Aeaenaiae?o aua ia eniieieeinue e
16 eao, Aeaoa?eia II aeaieea aai ia 14-eaoiae aaaeaineie i?eioeanna
Eoeca, ia?a/aiiie a i?aaineaaee Aeecaaaoie Aeaenaaaiie. AEaieoueaa
iieiaeeea eiiaoe o/aaiui caiyoeyi Aeaenaiae?a.

Aeaenoaaiiie oeieie aai ainieoaiey auea aoiinoa?a a?aaeaeothueo iaaeaeo
niaith “aieueoiai aeai?a” Aeaoa?eiu II a Iaoa?ao?aa e “iaeiai” — Iaaea
Iao?iae/a a Aao/eia. Iaiaoiaeeiinoue eaae?iaaoue iaaeaeo ieie i?eo/eea
Aeaenaiae?a, ii au?aaeaieth enoi?eea A. I. Eeth/aaneiai, “aeeoue ia aeaa
oia, aea?aeaoue aeaa ia?aaeiua oeceiiiiee”, ?acaeea a iai ne?uoiinoue e
eeoeaia?ea. ?ineioue e ooii/aiiua naeiiiua ?acaiai?u ia iiaee ne?uoue io
iaai caeoeenioth, iai?eaeyaeioth aeeciue aeai?a aai aea?aeaaiie aaaee.
Ii aeaeae iai?eaeaeaoaeueiinoue a?oauo aao/eineeo ii?yaeeia, i?ac?aiea
Aeaoa?eiu e aa i?eaeai?iuo e “iaeiio aeai?o” a Aao/eia, neuoae
iaaeaoniuneaiiua auneacuaaiey naiaai iooea ia “oco?iaoeee” Aeaoa?eiie
aai i?aa ia i?anoie. Oiaaea-oi e neiaeeeanue ee/iinoue Aeaenaiae?a,
aucuaaaoay ?acii?a/eaua ioeaiee e noaeaeaiey eae nia?aiaiieeia, oae e
iicaeiaa enoi?eeia.

Oaea a 1787 a. Aeaoa?eia II ?aoeea ia?aaeaoue i?anoie Aeaenaiae?o, ieioy
Iaaea, a a 1794 a. iciaeiieea n yoei ieaiii naieo iaeaieaa aeiaa?aiiuo
naiiaieeia, nnueaynue ia “i?aa e ianiiniaiinoue” Iaaea. Ooaa?aeaeatho,
/oi i?ioea aunooiee a?ao A. A. Ionei-Iooeei, aeeyoaeueiue aaeueiiaea, e
aeaei i i?anoieiianeaaeee ia a?aiy inoaiiaeeinue. A naioya?a 1796 a.,
iacaaeieai aei eii/eiu, Aeaoa?eia aiiaue aa?ioeanue e yoiio aii?ino,
iinoaaea Aeaenaiae?a a ecaanoiinoue i naiai ?aoaiee, e ia/aea
ninoaaeyoue ia yoii iaieoano aeey anaia?iaeiiai iauyaeaiey, ii ia oniaea
yoiai naeaeaoue. Iaia?aiey Aeaoa?eiu ia auee oaeiie aeey Iaaea. I ieo
noaei aio ecaanoii io naiiai Aeaenaiae?a. Oaa?yy iooea i naiai
iaaeaeaiee i?eiyoue i?anoie, ii a i?enoonoaee A. A. A?ae/aaaa i?eian
Iaaeo i?enyao eae eiia?aoi?o e aua i?e aeecie Aeaoa?eiu iacuaae aai
“eiia?aoi?neei aaee/anoaii”.

*oiau iiaaneoue iiaeic?eoaeueiinoue iooea, Aeaenaiae? ai anaoneuoaiea
cayaeye, /oi aeaeaao aiiaua “io?a/ueny io naai iai?eaeyaeiiai iii?eua”
(ianeaaeiaaiey i?anoiea). Ia yoii aea ii niiauae a ienueiao, ianiiiaiii
ia?ethno?e?oaiuo aeey Iaaea. A 1796 a. ii ienae Eaaa?io (a oi a?aiy oaea
auaoaaoaio ec ?innee) i naiai aeaeaiee “iinaeeoueny n aeaiith ia aa?aaao
?aeia” e “aeeoue niieieii /anoiui /aeiaaeii, iieaaay naia n/anoea a
iauanoaa ae?ocae e a eco/aiee i?e?iaeu”.

Ii anooieaiee Iaaea ia i?anoie Aeaenaiae? iieo/aao ?yae aaaeiuo iinoia:
aai iacia/atho aiaiiui aoaa?iaoi?ii Iaoa?ao?aa, oaoii eaea-aaa?aeee
Naiaiianeiai iieea, einiaeoi?ii eaaaea?ee e iaoiou, a ianeieueei iicaea
e i?aaenaaeaoaeai Aiaiiiai aeaia?oaiaioa Naiaoa. Eaaeaeia oo?i ii iaycai
aue yaeyoueny e iooeo n ?aii?oii, auneooeaay io iaai no?iaea auaiai?u ca
iaeaeooth ioeaeo. ?yae e?oiiuo aiaiiuo iacia/aiee iieo/ee e Eiinoaioei,
n eioi?ui Iaaae ia?auaeny oae aea e?ooi, eae e n ethaui ioeoea?ii. Eae
naeaeaoaeuenoaotho nia?aiaiieee, Aeaenaiae? e Eiinoaioei i/aiue aiyeenue
naiaai aeaniioe/iiai iooea.

A 1796 a. aie?oa Aeaenaiae?a neiaeeeny ae?oaeaneee, “eioeiiue” e?oaeie
iieiaeuo a?enoie?aoia — eiycue A. A. *a?oi?ueneee, a?ao I. A. No?iaaiia,
I. I. Iiaineeueoeaa, a?ao A. I. Ei/oaae. Ana iie a oi a?aiy oaeaeaeenue
eaeayie Aaea I?inaauaiey e aeaaea auee iieeiiieeaie “?aaeeeaeecia e
yeiaeinoaa”. Iaeaieaa iaea?aiiue e /anoiethaeaue ec yoiai e?oaeea Iao?
No?iaaiia no?aieeny iiae/eieoue naiaio aeeyieth Aeaenaiae?a.
Aeaith?iaeiue a?ao No?iaaiiaa Ieeieae Iiaineeueoeaa, iaeaaeaaoee
aeanoyuei eeoa?aoo?iui neiaii, caaeaaae oii ecyuanoaa e
iai?eioaeaeaiiinoe a e?oaeea. Oiieee iieeoee e iaaethaeaoaeue,
auaeathuaainy oia e aea?iaaiee Aaeai *a?oi?ueneee, aoaeo/e ai?y/ei
iao?eioii Iieueoe, eaeaye iuneue i ainnoaiiaeaiee aa ainoaea?noaaiiinoe
e aiceaaae a yoii iaaeaaeaeo ia Aeaenaiae?a eae ia aoaeouaai eiia?aoi?a.
Oia?aiiuo acaeyaeia i?eaea?aeeaaeny Aeeoi? Ei/oaae — aeanoyuee
aeeieiiao, ainieoaiiue a Aiaeee, oaaaeaeaiiue aiaeiiai. Niae?aynue
oaeii, /eaiu e?oaeea aaee ioe?iaaiiua aanaaeu i iaiaoiaeeiinoe ioiaieoue
e?aiinoie/anoai, i a?aaea aeaniioecia, i i?aaeii/oeoaeueiinoe
?anioaeeeaineiai ia?aca i?aaeaiey. I?e yoii nai Aeaenaiae? auneacuaae
aanueia ?aaeeeaeueiua acaeyaeu. Ii, -eae aniiieiae *a?oi?ueneee,
aiai?ee, “/oi iaiaaeaeeo aeaniioeci iianthaeo, ai anao aai i?iyaeaieyo,
/oi ethaeo iaeio naiaiaeo, ia eioi?oth eiatho iaeeiaeiaia i?aai ana
ethaee, /oi ii n aeeaui o/anoeai neaaeee ca o?aioeocneith ?aaiethoeeath,
/oi, inoaeaeay aa oaeaniua e?aeiinoe, ii aeaeaao ?anioaeeea oniaoia e
?aaeoaony ei… /oi aeaeae au anthaeo aeaeaoue ?anioaeeee e i?eciaao yoo
oi?io i?aaeaiey aaeeinoaaiii niia?aciith n i?aaaie /aeiaa/anoaa… /oi
ianeaaenoaaiiay iiia?oey onoaiiaeaiea iani?aaaaeeeaia e iaeaiia, /oi
aa?oiaioth aeanoue aeieaeia aea?iaaoue ia neo/aeiinoue ?iaeaeaiey, a
aieiniaaiea ia?iaea, eioi?ue noiaao eca?aoue iaeaieaa niiniaiiai e
oi?aaeaieth ainoaea?noaii”. *a?oi?ueneee oaa?yao, /oi Aeaenaiae? aiai?ee
yoi aiieia ene?aiia.

Ai a?aiy ei?iiaoeee Iaaea I *a?oi?ueneee ii ii?o/aieth Aeaenaiae?a
iiaeaioiaee i?iaeo “iaieoanoa”, a eioi?ii oeacuaaeinue ia “iaoaeianoaa”
iaia?aie/aiiie iiia?oee e ia auaiaeu oie oi?iu i?aaeaiey, eioi?oth
Aeaenaiae?, eiaaea ii noaiao eiia?aoi?ii, iaaeayeny aea?iaaoue,
ooaa?aeea naiaiaeo e i?aainoaeea. Aeaeaa aiai?eeinue, /oi Aeaenaiae?,
“eniieiea yoo nayuaiioth aeey iaai iaycaiiinoue”, iaia?ai “ioeacaoueny
io aeanoe aeey oiai, /oiau i?eciaiiue iaeaieaa aeinoieiui aa iineoue iia
oi?i/eoue e oniaa?oainoaiaaoue aeaei, iniiaaiea eioi?iai ii iieiaeee”.
Aeaenaiae? aue aanueia aeiaieai ninoaaeaiiui i?iaeoii, aeaaiaea?ee ca
iaai *a?oi?ueneiai, a caoai iaaeaaeii ni?yoae i?iaeo e ieeiaaea ia
caaiaa?eaae i iai. Yoi auei aiieia a aeooa Aeaenaiae?a.

Aiineaaenoaee, oaea aoaeo/e eiia?aoi?ii, ii ia ?ac cayaeye i naiai
iaia?aiee aaanoe a ?inneth eiinoeoooeeth, “caeiiii-naiaiaeiua
o/?aaeaeaiey”, i?aaenoaaeoaeueiia i?aaeaiea, ii?o/ae ninoaaeoue i?iaeou
a yoii aeooa, iaeia?ye eo e iaeciaiii i?yoae iiae noeii. ?ac?ua iaaeaeo
neiaii e aeaeii, aeaiaaiae/aneeie cayaeaieyie e ?aaeueiie iieeoeeie aue
aeey iaai oa?aeoa?ai e iaoiaeeo naia iauyniaiea a ianiiiaiiii aeeyiee
i?ioeai?a/eaie iieeoeee “i?inaauaiiiai aaniethoecia”: iiaeiua
eeaa?aeueiua e i?inaaoeoaeueneea eaeae i?ae?anii oaeeaaeenue a iae n
?aaeoeeiiiie aaniethoenonei-e?aiinoie/aneie i?aeoeeie.

“Oaeaniay /aou?aoeaoiyy oeiea i?e Iaaea”, ii neiaai I. I. Ea?aiceia, ia
i?ioea aeey Aeaenaiae?a aanneaaeii. E ne?uoiinoe e eeoeaia?eth
i?eaaaeeny e no?ao ia?aae aeaniioii-iooeii, a aiineaaenoaee e aiyciue
caaiai?a. Ia oieueei “oaiue oaeoiai iooea” (Iaaea I), ii e iianiinoue
naiiio noaoue aea?oaie caaiai?a, iinoiyiii i?aneaaeiaaee Aeaenaiae?a.
I?aaeaiea Iaaea I aucaaei anaiauaa iaaeiaieuenoai, iniaaiii aeai?yinoaa,
eioa?anu eioi?iai auee neeueii ouaieaiu (ainnoaiiaeaiea iaycaoaeueiie
neoaeau e oaeaniuo iaeacaiee aeey aeai?yi, aaaaeaiea aeey ieo iannu
noaniaiee e ia?aie/aiee). E oiio aea i?e iai?aaeneacoaiii iiaaaeaiee
Iaaea ieeoi ia iia /oanoaiaaoue naay a aaciianiinoe. Ia /oanoaiaae naay
a aaciianiinoe e Aeaenaiae?. Iaeei ec nia?aiaiieeia naeaeaoaeuenoaoao,
/oi Iaaae oaea aioiaee i?eeac naiei oaai?eoai A?ae/aaao e O. E.
Eeiaeaia?o “caoi/eoue eiia?ao?eoeo e aeaoo aa nuiiaae e oai ecaaaeoueny
io anao oao, eioi?ua eacaeenue aio iiaeic?eoaeueiuie”. Eiia?ao?eoeo
Ia?eth Oaaei?iaio i?aaeiieaaaeinue nineaoue a Oieiiai?u, Aeaenaiae?a
iinaaeeoue a Oeennaeueao?a, a Eiinoaioeia a Iao?iiaaeianeoth e?aiinoue.
Yoi e iiiiaei caaiai?ueeai i?eaea/ue Aeaenaiae?a ia naith noi?iio.

Caaiai? i?ioea Iaaea I nic?ae oaea e na?aaeeia 1800 aiaea.
Aaeioiiaeoaeai aai aue aeaoa?eieineee aaeueiiaea, iiuoiue iieeoee e
aeeieiiao, a?ao I. I. Iaiei, a ?oeiaiaeeoaeai e eniieieoaeai
iaoa?ao?aneee aiaiiue aaia?ae-aoaa?iaoi? a?ao I. A. Iaeai. E caaiai?o
aue i?e/a-noai e aiaeeeneee iinie *a?euec Aeoai?o. Auea aiaea/aia a iaai
oaeaea aieueoay a?oiia ioeoea?ia. A naioya?a 1800 a. ninoiyeny
eiioeaeaioeeaeueiue ?acaiai? Iaieia n Aeaenaiae?ii, a eioi?ii ii
“iaiaeioe” ia aiciiaeiia ianeeuenoaaiiia ono?aiaiea Iaaea. Aeaeaa ana
ia?aaiai?u n Aeaenaiae?ii aae Iaeai. Aeaenaiae? aeae niaeanea i?e
oneiaee nio?aiaiey aeecie iooea, aeaaea canoaaee Iaeaia a yoii
iieeynoueny. “ss aeae aio yoi iaauaiea, — aiai?ee iinea Iaeai, — y ia
aue oae aac?annoaeai, /oiau ?o/aoueny ca oi, /oi auei iaaiciiaeii. Ii
ioaeii auei oniieieoue

oa?ucaiey niaanoe iiaai aoaeouaai ainoaea?y. ss ia?oaeii niaeaneeny n
aai iaia?aieai, oioy aue oaaaeaeai, /oi iii iaauiieieii”. Aiineaaenoaee
Aeaenaiae? ooaa?aeaeae, /oi caaiai?ueee aai “iaiaioee” e aeaiiino?aoeaii
oaeaeee eo anao a aea?aaie. Iaeioi?ua enneaaeiaaoaee iieaaatho, /oi
Aeaenaiae? eeoue ia neiaao iio?aaiaae io caaiai?ueeia eeyoau, oioy nai
ia ?ann/eouaae ia eiie enoiae aeaea.

A ia/aea ia?oa 1801 a. Iaaae i?ineuoae i aioiayuainy caaiai?a e
iiaeaeeeny yoei n Iaeaiii. Iaaeeeoue auei iaeuecy. N Aeaenaiae?ii aue
niaeaniaai n?ie aunooieaiey — ii/ue n 11 ia 12 ia?oa, eiaaea ea?aoe
aeieaeiu auee ianoe nieaeaou Naiaiianeiai iieea, oaoii eioi?iai aue
Aeaenaiae?. A iieii/ue 60 caaiai?ueeia-ioeoea?ia ia?anaeee Ia?niai iiea,
ia?ai?aaeeenue /a?ac caia?coea ?au, ie?oaeaaoea oieueei /oi auno?iaiiue
Ieoaeeianeee caiie, eoaea Iaaae ia?anaeeeny eae a iaeaieaa “iaaeaaeiia”
ianoi. ?aci?oaeea ia ieacaaooth nii?ioeaeaiey io?aio, caaiai?ueee
i?iieeee a caiie. A eiiiaoo Iaaea caaiai?ueee oee aeaoiy iooyie,
?acaeaoenue ia a?oiiu. Eiaaea iie ai?aaeenue a niaeueith eiia?aoi?a, oi,
e naiaio oaeano, oaeaeaee, /oi iia ionoa. Iaeueeioea iuneue, /oi Iaaae
aaaeae /a?ac iioaeioth aeaa?ue, ii anei?a caiaoeee aai nei?/eaoeiny io
no?aoa ca oe?iie. Iaaae ia eieaiyo oiieye caaiai?ueeia nio?aieoue aio
aeeciue, iaauay auiieieoue ana eo o?aaiaaiey. Ii niauoey ?acaeaaeenue
no?aieoaeueii. Aoi?ay ia?oey caaiai?ueeia naiei ooiiui i?eaeeaeaieai
iaioaaea ia?aoth, e oa ?aoeea iaiaaeeaiii iieii/eoue n Iaaeii. A
noiaoioa iaeioi?ua aeaaea a?ineeenue aaaeaoue, eoi-oi na?inee ii/iee, e
a oaiiioa Iaaea i?eeii/eee. Aiai?yo, /oi oaaaea?ea I. A. Coaiaa e oa?o
ss. O. Nea?yoeia auee aeaaiuie i?oaeeyie aai oaeenoaa.

A ia?aii /ano ii/e Iaeai i?eian aanoue Aeaenaiae?o i “nei?iiinoeaeiie
eii/eia” aai iooea. ?anneacuaatho, /oi Aeaenaiae? “caeeeny neacaie”.
Iaeai canoaaee aai aueoe e nia?aiiui ai aeai?a Ieoaeeianeiai caiea
Naiaiianeiio e I?aia?aaeaineiio iieeai. “Aeiaieueii ?aay/eoueny,
nooiaeoa oea?noaiaaoue e iieaaeeoanue aaa?aeee”, — neacae ii. 12 ia?oa
1801 a. aue iaia?iaeiaai iaieoano, a eioi?ii aiai?eeinue: “Noaeueaai
Anaauoiaai oaiaeii auei i?ae?aoeoue aeeciue ethaaciaeoaai ?iaeeoaey
iaoaai, ainoaea?y eiia?aoi?a Iaaea Iao?iae/a, neii/aaoaainy
nei?iiinoeaeii aiiieaene/aneei oaea?ii a ii/ue n 11-ai ia 12-a /enei
naai ianyoea”.

I?e ecaanoee i nia?oe Iaaea I “noiee/iia iauanoai i?aaeaeinue
iaiaocaeaiiie e ?aay/aneie ?aaeinoe, ainoi?a auoiaeee aeaaea ec
i?aaeaeia aeaaii?enoieiinoe”, — aniiieiae iaeei ec nia?aiaiieeia.
Ae?oaeiue oi? oi?aeanoaaiiuo iae i?eaaonoaiaae ainoanoaea ia i?anoie
Aeaenaiae?a I. N?aaee ieo auea e iaea A. ?. Aea?aeaaeia “Ia
ana?aaeino-iia ainoanoaea ia i?anoie eiia?aoi?a Aeaenaiae?a Ia?aiai”.
I?aaaea, iia ia auea i?iiouaia a ia/aoue, eai a iae niaea?aeaeny
iaaeaoniuneaiiue iaiae ia aeai?oeiaue ia?aai?io, ii Aeaenaiae?
iiaeaeiaae ca iaa iiyoo a?eeeeaioiaue ia?noaiue. Aeaiue ei?iiaoeee
iiaiai oea?y, ninoiyaoaeny 15 naioya?y 1801 a., i?eaaonoaiaae noeoaie e
I. I. Ea?aicei. “Iinea e?aoeiai e ian/anoeeaiai oea?noaiaaiey Iaaea
anooieaiea ia i?anoie Aeaenaiae?a auei ano?a/aii ainoi?aeaiiuie
aicaeanaie, — ienae aeaeaa?eno A. I. Io?aaueaa. — Ieeiaaea aua aieueoea
/ayiey ia aiceaaaeenue o ian ia ianeaaeieea aeanoe. Niaoeee caauoue
aacoiiia oea?noaiaaiea. Ana iaaeayeenue ia o/aieea Eaaa?ia e
Io?aaueaaa”.

Nai Aeaenaiae? naiei iiaaaeaieai e aeaaea aiaoiei aeaeii i?iecaiaeee
aeaaii?eyoiia aia/aoeaiea ia ioaeeeo. Ne?iiii iaeaoue eiia?aoi?
“cai?inoi” ?acuacaeae eee aoeye iaoeii ii oeeoeai Iaoa?ao?aa, e oieia
ainoi?aeaiii i?eaaonoaiaaea aai, a ii ieeinoeai ioaa/ae ia yoo aeaiue
ii/oaiey. Naiua aai neiaa e iinooiee, ii au?aaeaieth Io?aaueaaa,
“aeuoaee aeaeaieai auoue ethaeiui”.

A aaaonoa 1801 a. a Iaoa?ao?aa iiyaeeny aucaaiiue Aeaenaiae?ii ec
AEaiaau Eaaa?i. Ii yoi aue oaea ia oio ?anioaeeeaiaoe e “yeiaeiaoe”,
iaeiaaea niouaaoee i?eaeai?iua e?oae. Oaia?ue ii i?aaeinoa?aaaao naiaai
ainieoaiieea io “i?ec?a/iie naiaiaeu ia?iaeiuo nia?aiee e eeaa?aeueiuo
oaea/aiee aiiaua”, oeacuaaao ia i?eia? I?onnee, “niaaeeieaoae n caeiiaie
ii?yaeie”, — oaa?aeoth iiia?oe/aneoth aeanoue. “Ia aeaeoa naay oaea/ue
oai ioa?auaieai, eaeia aiooaao aai aaniethoiay aeanoue, nio?aieoa aa a
oeaeinoe e ia?acaeaeueii”, — ianoaaeye Eaaa?i. Ii aeaaae niaao: “Iaaei
i?eo/aoue naieo ieieno?ia e iunee, /oi iie — oieueei oiieiiii/aiiua”,
iaycaiiua aeieeaaeuaaoue iiia?oo ana aeaea “ai anae iieiioa e
io/aoeeainoe”; oea?th neaaeoao “auneooeaaoue aieiaoaeueii eo iiaiey, ii
?aoaiey i?eieiaoue naiiio e aac ieo, oae /oi ei inoaaony eeoue
eniieiaiea”. Iaeiiaoe, ii o?aaiaae io Aeaenaiae?a iiea?aoue oaeeoe
Iaaea, aeaau ai?aaeue ia auei iiaeiaiuo iieooaiee. Eaaa?i oioy e iiieiae
a?aae e?aiinoie/anoaa, ii niaaoiaae Aeaenaiae?o aanoe aeaei e ioiaia
e?aiinoiiai i?aaa iinoaiaiii, “aac ooia e o?aaiae” e aac iaeaeoaai
iinyaaoaeuenoaa ia i?aaa nianoaaiiinoe aeai?yinoaa.

Aeaenaiae? anooiee ia i?anoie ni neiaeeaoeieny acaeyaeaie e iaia?aieyie,
n ii?aaeaeaiiie “oaeoeeie” iiaaaeaiey e oi?aaeaiey ainoaea?noaii.
Nia?aiaiieee aiai?eee i oaeeo /a?oao aai oa?aeoa?a e iiaaaeaiey, eae
ne?uoiinoue, eeoeaia?ea, iaiinoiyinoai: “nouee i?aeuenoeoaeue” (I. I.
Nia?aineee), “aeanoeoaeue neaaue e eoeaaue” (A. N. Iooeei), “noeien,
ia?acaaaeaiiue aei a?iaa” (I. A. Aycaineee), “ei?iiiaaiiue Aaieao,
eioi?iai anth aeeciue i?aneaaeiaaea oaiue oaeoiai iooea” (A. E.
Aa?oeai). Ioia/aee a iai e “no?aiiia niaoaiea oeeinioneeo iiaao?ee aaea
i?inaauaiey e naiiaeanoey”. Ae?oa aai thiinoe Aaeai *a?oi?ueneee
aiineaaenoaee iocuaaeny i iai:

“Eiia?aoi? ethaee aiaoiea oi?iu naiaiaeu, eae iiaeii ethaeoue
i?aaenoaaeaiea… ii e?iia oi?i e aiaoiinoe, ii ie/aai ia oioae e
ie/ooue ia aue ?aniieiaeai oa?iaoue, /oiau iie ia?aoeeenue a
aeaenoaeoaeueiinoue”. Aaia?ae I. A. Oo/eia ioiaoee a ainiiieiaieyo, /oi
oaea “i?e ia/aea anooieaiey ia i?anoie” Aeaenaiae?a “ec iaeioi?uo aai
iinooieia aeaeai aue aeoo iaia?aie/aiiiai naiiaeanoey, iuaiey,
ceiiaiyoiinoe, iaaeiaa?/eainoe, iaiinoiyinoaa e iaiaiia”. A. E. Oo?aaiaa
(a?ao aeaeaa?enoa I. E. Oo?aaiaaa) iacuaae Aeaenaiae?a I
“?anioaeeeaioeai ia neiaao e naiiaea?aeoeai ia aeaea” e n/eoae, /oi
“eo/oa aeaniioeci Iaaea, /ai aeaniioeci ne?uoue e ia?aiai/eaue
Aeaenaiae?a”. A aio aia/aoeaiey o?aioeocneiai eiia?aoi?a Iaiieaiia io
ano?a/ n Aeaenaiae?ii I: “?onneee eiia?aoi? — /aeiaae ianiiiaiii
auaeathueeny; ii iaeaaeaao oiii, a?aoeeae, ia?aciaaieai; ii eaaei
ae?aaeuaaaony a aeooo, ii aeiaa?youe aio iaeuecy: o iaai iao
ene?aiiinoe. Yoi ianoiyuee a?ae ae?aaiae Aecaioee. Ii oiiie, oaeueoea e
eiaie”.

Aeaenaiae? I ioee/aeny iienoeia ae?ooiciae niiniaiinoueth no?ieoue naie
oniaoe ia /oaeie aeiaa?/eainoe. Iaeaaeay “a?iaeaeaiiui aea?ii
ethaaciinoe”, ii iia eiaei ?aniieiaeeoue e naaa ethaeae ?acee/iuo
acaeyaeia e oaaaeaeaiee:

n “eeaa?aeaie” aiai?eoue i “eeaa?aeecia”, n ?ao?ia?aaeaie — i
“iacuaeaiuo onoiyo”, i?ieeaaoue iaeeueiua neacu n ?aeeaeiciie oaiaoe/eie
aa?iiannie A. TH. E?th-aeaia?, aanaaeiaaoue n aiaeeeneeie eaaea?aie
(i?aaenoaaeoaeyie ?aoi?iaoneiai ?aeeaeiciiai oa/aiey) i nianaiee aeooe e
aa?ioa?ieiinoe. Aiai?y a oeacao, /oi /aeiaa/aneea caaeoaeaeaiey iaeuecy
eni?aaeyoue ianeeeai, a eeoue e?ioinoueth e i?inaauaieai, Aeaenaiae? ooo
aea iaaeanii i?eeacuaae ?anno?aeyoue ianeieueeeo aeooiai?ia ca ioeac
n?aaeaoueny ai a?aiy aieiu. Ii auneooeaaao i?iiiaaaee neiioea Eiiae?aoey
Naeeaaiiaa, ii ooaa?aeeo ?aoaiea aiaiiiai noaea i iaeacaiee
nieaeao-neiioeia aaoiaaie. Ca aeoa?noai nia?aiaiieee iacuaaee
Aeaenaiae?a I “naaa?iue Oaeueia” (ciaiaieoue a oi a?aiy o?aioeocneee
aeoa?). “Oaeiai a?oenoa a aeecie, — ienae ia Aeaenaiae?a I enoi?ee N. I.
Iaeueaoiia, — ?aaeei ?iaeaeaao ie? ia oieueei n?aaee aaioeaiinoeaa, ii e
i?inouo nia?oiuo”.

E?aeia naiiethaeaue, iaaeiaa?/eaue e iiaeic?eoaeueiue, Aeaenaiae? eiaei
iieueciaaeny ethaeneeie neaainoyie, oiae ea?aoue a “ioe?iaaiiinoue” eae
iaaeaaeiia n?aaenoai oi?aaeyoue ethaeueie, iiae/eiyoue eo naiae aiea. Ii
ethaee i?eaeeaeaoue e naaa eeoe, iai?eyciaiii ioiineaoeony ae?oa e
ae?oao, e eiaei iieueciaaeny eo acaeiiie iai?eyciueth e eio?eaaie, a
iaeiaaeaeu oae e cayaee oi?aaeythuaio eaioeaey?eae Ieienoa?noaa iieeoeee
ss. E. aea Naiaeaio: “Eio?eaaiu oae aea ioaeiu a iauai ainoaea?noaaiiii
aeaea, eae e ethaee /anoiua, eiiaaea aeaaea aieaa”.

Eeoeaeneee oiaa?eu Iooeeia e aeeceee ei aeai?o aa?ii I. A. Ei?o
aniiieiae, /oi Aeaenaiae?, iiaeiaii aaaea naiae Aeaoa?eia II, “a aunoae
noaiaie oiae iiei?youe naaa oiu e i?iieeaoue a aeooe ae?oaeo, ooaeaay
nianoaaiiua iuouaiey e iiiuneu”. Ecaanoiay o?aioeocneay ienaoaeueieoea
iaaeai aea Noaeue, ia eioi?oth Aeaenaiae? i?iecaae aieueoia aia/aoeaiea
i?e ano?a/a n iei a 1814 a. a Ia?eaea, iocuaaeanue i iai eae i “/aeiaaea
caia/aoaeueiiai oia e naaaeaiee”. Aeaenaiae? aiai?ee n iae i “a?aaea
aeaniioecia” e caaa?ye a naiai “ene?aiiai aeaeaiee” inaiaiaeeoue
e?aiinoiuo e?anoueyi a ?innee. A oii aea aiaeo ai a?aiy aeceoa a Aiaeeth
ii iaaiai?ee ianno ethaaciinoae aeaai — i?aaenoaaeoaeyi eeaa?aeueiie
ia?eaiaioneie ia?oee — e oaa?ye eo, /oi iaia?ai nicaeaoue iiiiceoeeth a
?innee, eai iia “i?aaeeueiaa iiiiaaao ioianoenue e aeaeo”.

“Aeaaiaeooea” e “i?eaaoeeainoue” Aeaenaiae?a iiei?eee ecaanoiiai
i?onneiai ainoaea?noaaiiiai aeayoaey e ?aoi?iaoi?a aa?iia
Aai?eoa-O?eae?eoa Ooaeia. Iaeiaei io i?iieoeaoaeueiiai i?onneiai
ieieno?a ia oe?ueanue i?enouay eiia?aoi?o /a?oa: “Ii ia?aaeei i?eaaaaao
e i?oaeeth eoeaanoaa e oeo?inoe aeey aeinoeaeaiey naieo oeaeae”.
Ecaanoii auneacuaaiea oaaaeneiai iinea a Iaoa?ao?aa a?aoa Eaaa?aeeueea:
“A iieeoeea Aeaenaiae? oiiie, eae eii/ee aoeaaee, inoa?, eae a?eoaa,
oaeueoea, eae iaia ii?neay”. “Ecai?ioeea, eae a?ae”, — iocuaaeny ia
Aeaenaiae?a o?aioeocneee ienaoaeue O?ainoa Oaoia?eai.

Aeaenaiae? ia ethaee oao, eoi “aicauoaeny oaeaioaie”. Nia?aiaiieee
ioia/aee, /oi “ii ethaeo oieueei iin?aaenoaaiiinoue; ianoiyuea aaiee, oi
e oaeaio ioaatho aai, e ii oieueei i?ioea aiee e ioai?ioynue oiio?aaeyao
eo a e?aeieo neo/ayo”. Eiia/ii, ii ia iia iaieoenue aac oiiuo,
oaeaioeeauo ainoaea?noaaiiuo e aiaiiuo aeayoaeae, oaeeo, eae Nia?aineee,
Eooocia, Ii?aeaeiia. Iaeuecy iacaaoue aacaea?iinoyie ?aaeoeeiiiuo
aeayoaeae aai oea?noaiaaiey, oaeeo, eae A. A. A?ae/aaa, A. N. Oeoeia,
ieo?iiieeo Oeea?ao. Ii a aieueoeinoaa naiai aai ie?oaeaee
aani?eioeeiiua, aac /anoe e niaanoe, oea?aaeai?oeu, a?iaea iineianeiai
aaia?ae-aoaa?iaoi?a O. A. ?inoii/eia, ieieno?a aeooiaiuo aeae e
ia?iaeiiai i?inaauaiey A. I. Aieeoeuia, “aaneoaeae i?inaauaiey” Ae. I.
?oie/a e I. E. Iaaieoeeiai, ecoaa?a-oaiaoeea a?oeiaiae?eoa Oioey.

Aeaenaiae? e nai aanueia iaeanoii iocuaaeny i naiiaieeao, eioi?uie naay
ie?oaeee. A 1820 a. ii aeaeiaaeny i?onneiio ei?ieth
O?eae?eoo-Aeeueaaeueio III, /oi “ie?oaeai iaaiaeyyie” e “iiiaeo oioae
i?iaiaoue, ii ia eo ianoi yaeyeenue oaeea aea”. Ii noa?aeny i?eaeeceoue
e naaa ethaeae, ia eiaaoeo i?i/iuo naycae a a?enoie?aoe/aneeo e?oaao,
i?eaeaeae eeoe, caaaaeiii ie/oiaeiuo e aeaaea i?ace?aaiuo a iauanoaa,
iaioioii iacia/ae ia ainoaea?noaaiiua iinou i?aaenoaaeoaeae ?iaeiaie
a?enoie?aoee, eioi?ay aaea naay iacaaeneii. Iniaaiii inei?aeyei /oanoaa
iaieaeaiiuo “?inneeneeo iao?eioia” “caneeuea eiino?aioeaa” ia ?onneie
neoaeaa, eioi?ui Aeaenaiae? aeaiiino?aoeaii ioaeaaae i?aaeii/oaiea.
“*oiau iii?aaeoueny aeanoaeeio, ioaeii auoue eee eiino?aioeai eee
iineoue eiino?aiioth oaieeeth”, — naoiaae A. I. Io?aaueaa.

A naeiiao ia?aaeaaaee ae?oa ae?oao ino?ioo aaia?aea A. I. A?iieiaa,
eioi?ue ia aii?in oea?y, eaeoth iaa?aaeo ii oioae au iieo/eoue ca naie
aieineea caneoae, ioaaoee:

“Ainoaea?ue, i?iecaaaeeoa iaiy a iaioeu”. Aeaeaa?eno

E. Ae. sseooeei aniiieiaao: “Aei neooa anao aani?anoaiii aeioiaeeee
ec?a/aiey eiia?aoi?a Aeaenaiae?a, a eioi?uo au?aaeaeinue yaiia i?ac?aiea
e ?onneei”. Ai a?aiy niio?a naieo aiene a 1814 a. aeec o?aioeocneiai
ai?iaeea Aa?oth a ioaao ia iioaaeu aa?oeiaa Aaeeeiaoiia ii iiaiaeo eo
oi?ioae i?aaiecaoeee, Aeaenaiae? ai anaoneuoaiea cayaee, /oi yoei ii
iaycai eiino?aioeai ia ?onneie neoaeaa, a iaeiaaeaeu a Ceiiai aeai?oea,
“aiai?y i ?onneeo aiiaua, neacae, /oi eaaeaeue ec ieo eee ieoo eee
aeo?ae”. Ia neo/aeii a /enea caaea/ ia?aie aeaeaa?enoneie i?aaiecaoeee
Nithca nianaiey auei “i?ioeaiaeaenoaea eiino?aioeai, iaoiaeeaoeiny ia
?onneie neoaeaa”.

Iiieii iaene?aiiinoe, “eciai/eainoe e aeaoniuneaiiinoe aai oa?aeoa?a”, o
Aeaenaiae?a ioia/aee oi?yinoai, iiaeic?eoaeueiinoue, iaaeiaa?/eainoue,
aieueoia naiiethaea e no?aieaiea “eneaoue iiioey?iinoe ii ethaiio
iiaiaeo”. A naiaeiii e?oao aai iacuaaee “e?ioeei oi?yioeai”. Oaaaeneee
iinie aa?ii Noaaeeia iocuaaeny i iai: “Anee aai o?oaeii auei a
/ai-ieaoaeue oaaaeeoue, oi aua o?oaeiaa canoaaeoue ioeacaoueny io iunee,
eioi?ay a iai aiciaeaaeaea”. Iniaaiiia oi?yinoai e ianoie/eainoue ii
i?iyaeye, eiaaea aeaei eanaeinue aai naiiethaey. Oi?yinoai aiieia
niaaeeiyeinue ni neaaie aieae, eae “eeaa?aeeci” ia neiaao — n
aeaniioeciii e aeaaea aeanoieinoueth — ia aeaea. “Ii neeoeii neaa, /oiau
oi?aaeyoue, e neeoeii neeai, /oiau auoue oi?aaeyaiui”, — iocuaaeny i iai
Nia?aineee, eioi?ue ioia/ae e iaiineaaeiaaoaeueiinoue oea?y (“ii ana
aeaeaao iaiieiaeio”).

Aeaenaiae? ieeiaaea ia caauaae niauoee ia?oa 1801 a. — ia noieueei ec-ca
“oa?ucaiey naiae niaanoe”, neieueei eae i?aaeinoa?aaeaiea.
Iiaeic?eoaeueiinoue, oianeaaeiaaiiay io Iaaea I, n aiaeaie o Aeaenaiae?a
aic?anoaea. Ionthaea nenoaia iaaeci?a e nunea, iniaaiii ?acaeaoayny a
iineaaeiea aiaeu aai oea?noaiaaiey. Nai ii ioioii neooae aeiiinu e
aeaaea iiiu?ye eo, o?aaoy io naieo nio?oaeieeia, /oiau iie neaaeeee
ae?oa ca ae?oaii, e aeaaea n/eoae aeiionoeiui i?i/eouaaoue
ei??aniiiaeaioeeth naiae aeaiu.

O nia?aiaiieeia neiaeeeinue i?aaenoaaeaiea i e?aeiae aai aao?aiinoe e
iaiinoiyinoaa. Aeey aeeaeaeoaai ie?oaeaiey Aeaenaiae?a ia auee oaeiie
aai neiaeiua naiaeiua ioiioaiey, iieiua acaeiiie iiaeic?eoaeueiinoe e
i?eoai?noaa. Ana i?ae?anii ciaee, a oii /enea e eiia?ao?eoea Aeecaaaoa
Aeaenaaaia, i i?iaeieaeeoaeueiie (aieaa /ai 20-eaoiae) nayce Aeaenaiae?a
n A. I. Ia?uoeeiie, eioi?ay a 1808 a. ?iaeeea aio aei/ue Nioueth
(nia?oue Niouee Ia?uoeeiie a 1824 a. Aeaenaiae? ia?aaeeaae eae naioth
aieueooth ee/ioth o?aaaaeeth). Ii iniaaiii ethaee “iauanoai yooaeoiuo
aeaiuei”, aueacuaay ei “?uoea?neia ii/oaiea, eniieiaiiia ecyuanoaa e
ieeinoe”, eae au?aaeaeenue aai nia?aiaiieoeu. Ii naeaeaoaeuenoao a?aoeie
Yae-eeia, “ioiioaiea e aeaiueiai o Aeaenaiae?a ia eciaiyeinue n eaoaie,
e [aai] aeaai/anoea ioithaeue ia i?aiyonoaiaaei aanaeiio
a?aiyi?ai?iaiaeaeaieth”.

Iieeoeaeneea aeiianaiey aano?eeneiio eaioeea?o Iao-oa?ieoo ai a?aiy
Aaineiai eiia?anna 1815 a., eoaea nuaoaeenue iiia?oe-iiaaaeeoaee iaae
Iaiieaiiii aa?oeoue noaeueau Aa?iiu, iano?yo niiauaieyie i aieieeonoaa
?onneiai oea?y. Ii iaaei neacaoue, /oi “ea?a a ethaiaue” o Aeaenaiae?a
iiae/eiyeanue aeeieiiaoe/aneie eio?eaa. A naeiiao aaeanue caeoeeniay
aeeieiiaoe/aneay ea?a, oii a eioi?ie caaeaaaee Aeaenaiae?, nai Iaooa?ieo
e o?aioeocneee ieieno? eiino?aiiuo aeae Oaeae?ai.

Ianeieueei neia i aiaoiai iaeeea e iaeioi?uo /a?oao iianaaeiaaiie
auoiaie aeecie Aeaenaiae?a I. Nio?aieeinue iaiaei aai ii?o?aoia, ia
eioi?uo ii ecia?aaeai aunieei e no?ieiui iieiaeui /aeiaaeii, ?iciaiuaeei
e aieoaiaeacui, n i?eyoiie oeuaeie. Oioy i?eaeai?iua ooaeiaeieee,
ianiiiaiii, eaeaaeece?iaaee iaeee Aeaenaiae?a, ii, noaey ii ?anneacai
nia?aiaiieeia, iniiaiua /a?ou aai ia?aaeaiu aa?ii. Iaeaieaa aeeceei e
iaoo?a n/eoaaony ii?o?ao, iaienaiiue ciaiaieoui aiaeeeneei ooaeiaeieeii
Aeaei?aeaeai Aeio. Caeanue ecia?aaeai caaeoiaaoeeny ioae/eia n?aaeieo
eao n iaaieueoeie aaeaiaa?aeaie e neeueii ii?aaeaaoeie aieinaie. N
thiinoe Aeaenaiae? aue aeeci?oe, ii i?aaeii/eoae iieueciaaoueny ia
i/eaie, a ei?iaoii;

aue aeoo ia eaaia ooi, iia?aaeaeaiiia aua a aeaonoaa, eiaaea ai a?aiy
no?aeueau ii ieacaeny ?yaeii n a?oeeea?eeneie aaoa?aae. N thiinoe
caeaeeaae naia caei?iauea, aaeaaeiaaii i?eieiay oieiaeiua aaiiu. A
iianaaeiaaiii auoo nai ii aeee ioiineoaeueii ne?iiii. N aaniu aei
aeoaieie inaie iau/ii i?iaeeaae a Oea?neii Naea, caieiay oai iaeua
eiiiaou aeai?oea. ?aiiei oo?ii, a ethaoth iiaiaeo i?iaoeeaaeny ii ii
Oea?neinaeueneiio ia?eo. N 1816 a. iinoiyiiui niooieeii aai i?iaoeie
noae Ea?aicei. Eiia?aoi? e i?eaeai?iue enoi?eia?ao aanaaeiaaee ii naiui
ino?ui iieeoe/aneei aii?inai, i?e yoii Ea?aicei niaei auneacuaae i ieo
naie noaeaeaiey. Ceiie eiia?aoi? ia?aacaeae a Iaoa?ao?a, aaea ii oo?ai
auaae ia ?acaiaea ea?aoea e aieineeo yeca?oeeoeeyo, caoai i?eieiae n
aeieeaaeaie ieieno?ia e oi?aaeythueo.

A ia?aua aiaeu oea?noaiaaiey ii ?aaeei iieeaeae Oea?neia Naei eee
Iaoa?ao?a. *anoua e i?iaeieaeeoaeueiua ?acuacaeu i?eoiaeyony a iniiaiii
ia iineaaeiea 10 eao aai oea?noaiaaiey. Iiaen/eoaii, /oi ca yoi a?aiy ei
auei i?iaeaeaii aieaa 200 oun. aa?no iooe. Ii iooaoanoaiaae ia Naaa? e
ia THa ?innee, auaae ia O?aea, N?aaeiae e Ieaeiae Aieaa, a Oeieyiaeee,
Aa?oaaa, acaeee a Eiiaeii, ianeieueei ?ac a Ia?eae, Aaio, Aa?eei,
iinaoee ?yae ae?oaeo ai?iaeia Caiaaeiie Aa?iiu.

A iaieoanoa 12 ia?oa 1801 a. Aeaenaiae? I iauyaee, /oi aoaeao oi?aaeyoue
“Aiaii a?o/aiiui” aio ia?iaeii “ii caeiiai e ii na?aeoeo a Aica
ii/eaathuae aaaonoaeoae aaaee iaoae ainoaea?uie Aeaoa?eiu Aaeeeey”, oai
naiui iiae/a?eioa i?eaa?aeaiiinoue iieeoe/aneiio eo?no yoie
eiia?ao?eoeu, iiiai naeaeaaoae aeey ?anoe?aiey aeai?yineeo i?eaeeaaee.
Ii ia/ae n oiai, /oi ainnoaiiaee ioiaiaiiua Iaaeii I “AEaeiaaiiua
a?aiiou” aeai?yinoao e ai?iaeai (1785), aeai?yineea auai?iua
ei?ii?aoeaiua i?aaiu — oacaeiua e aoaa?ineea aeai?yineea nia?aiey,
inaiaiaeee aeai?yi e aeooiaainoai io oaeaniuo iaeacaiee (eioi?ua aaae
Iaaae), iauyaee aiienoeth anai aaaeaaoei ca a?aieoeo io iaaeianeeo
?ai?annee, aa?ioe ec nnueee aei 12 oun. iiaeueiuo eee ?ai?anne?iaaiiuo
Iaaeii ii iieeoe/aneei e eiui iioeaai /eiiaieeia e aiaiiuo. N?aaee ieo
cia/eeenue aica?auaiiue aua Iaaeii I ec Neae?e, ii iaoiaeeaoeeny a
nnueea a Eaeoaeneie aoaa?iee “auaoee eieeaaeneee niaaoiee ?aaeeuaa” e
nineaiiue a Eino?iio ca o/anoea a oaeiii iieeoe/aneii e?oaeea
“a?oeeea?ee iiaeiieeiaiee A?iieia”.

Auee ioiaiaiu e ae?oaea ?acae?aaeaaoea aeai?yinoai iaaeianeea oeacu,
a?iaea cai?aoa iineoue e?oaeua o?aioeocneea oeyiu, auienuaaoue
eiino?aiiua aacaou e aeo?iaeu, auacaeaoue ca a?aieoeo. A ai?iaeao
en/acee aenaeeoeu, e eiei i?eaeaaee aeinee n eiaiaie iiaeueiuo. Auea
iauyaeaia naiaiaea oi?aiaee, iiaaaeaii ?ania/aoaoue /anoiua oeiia?aoee e
aeicaieeoue eo aeaaeaeueoeai ecaeaaaoue eieae e aeo?iaeu. Auea
oi?acaeiaia anaeyaoay no?ao Oaeiay yeniaaeeoeey, caieiaaoayny nuneii e
?ani?aaie. Iiea yoi auee aua ia ?aoi?iu, a ioiaia iaeaieaa oe?aie/aneeo
?anii?yaeaiee Iaaea I, aucuaaaoeo anaiauaa iaaeiaieuenoai, ii aeeyiea
yoeo ia? ia oiu auei eneeth/eoaeueii aaeeei e ii?iaeeei iaaeaaeaeu ia
aeaeueiaeoea ia?aiaiu. A na?ueaciinoue ?aoi?iaoi?neeo iaia?aiee
Aeaenaiae?a I aa?eee ia oieueei a ?innee: aeaaea aia?eeaineee i?aceaeaio
Oiian Aeaeaooa?nii iieaaae, /oi iiaue ?onneee oea?ue ana?ueac aioiaeony
e ?aoi?iai.

Oioy a iaieoanoa i ainoanoaee ia i?anoie Aeaenaiae? I e iiae/a?eeaae
i?aainoaaiiinoue naiaai i?aaeaiey n oea?noaiaaieai Aeaoa?eiu, iaeiaei
aai i?aaeaiea ia auei ie aica?aoii e “cieioiio aaeo” Aeaoa?eiu, ie
iieiui ioeacii io iieeoeee, i?iaiaeeiie Iaaeii. Aeaenaiae? ia ethaee,
eiaaea aio iaiiieiaee i oea?noaiaaiee aaaee, e iaae?oaeaethaii ioiineeny
e aeaoa?eieineei aaeueiiaeai, ia iiiaia i?aoaiaeiaaaoei. Aeaiiino?aoeaii
iiae/a?eeaay naia io?eoeaiea oa?aeoa?a e iaoiaeia iaaeianeiai i?aaeaiey,
ii aini?eiye iiiai /a?o aai oea?noaiaaiey, i?e/ai a aeaaiie aai
iai?aaeaiiinoe — e aeaeueiaeoae ath?ie?aoecaoeee oi?aaeaiey, e
oe?aieaieth naiiaeanouey. Aea e naie “aao/eineea i?eau/ee”
(i?eaa?aeaiiinoue e aieineie iooo?a) aeoaiei oei?aieeenue a iai,
ethaiaue e ia?aaeai e ?acaiaeai inoaeanue o iaai ia anth aeeciue. Ii
iaoo?a Aeaenaiae? I ia aue ?aoi?iaoi?ii. E oaeiio caeeth/aieth i?eoae e
aanueia inaaaeiieaiiue aai aeia?ao aaeeeee eiycue Ieeieae Ieoaeeiae/
?iiaiia: “Eiia?aoi? Aeaenaiae? ieeiaaea ia aue ?aoi?iaoi?ii, a a ia?aua
aiaeu oea?noaiaaiey ii aue eiina?aaoi?ii aieaa anao ie?oaeaaoeo aai
niaaoieeia”.

Iaeiaei Aeaenaiae? ia iia ia n/eoaoueny n “aeooii a?aiaie”, a ia?aoth
i/a?aaeue n aeeyieai eaeae o?aioeocneie ?aaiethoeee, e aeaaea a eaeie-oi
ia?a eniieueciaae yoe eaeae a naieo eioa?anao. Ethaiiuoii aai cayaeaiea:
“Naiia iiao/aa i?oaeea, eaeei iieueciaaeenue o?aioeocu e eioi?ui iie aua
a?icyo anai no?aiai, yoi iauaa oaaaeaeaiea, eioi?ia iie noiaee
?ani?ino?aieoue, /oi eo aeaei anoue aeaei naiaiaeu e n/anouey ia?iaeia,
iiyoiio “enoeiiue eioa?an caeiiiuo aeanoae o?aaoao, /oiau iie au?aaee ec
?oe o?aioeocia yoi no?aoiia i?oaeea e, caaeaaeaaoe ei, ainiieueciaaeenue
ei i?ioea eo naieo”. A ?onea yoeo iaia?aiee e neaaeoao ?anniao?eaaoue
oe?ieiaauaoaeueiua aeaiaaiae/aneea cayaeaiey oea?y (iniaaiii ca
a?aieoeae) i aai no?aieaiee e i?aia?aciaaieyi, e iaania/aieth “naiaiaeu
e n/anouey ia?iaeia”, i iaia?aiee ioiaieoue a ?innee e?aiinoiia i?aai e
aaanoe “caeiiii-naiaiaeiua’ o/?aaeaeaiey”, o. a. eiinoeoooeeiiiua
ii?yaeee.

Ii nooe aeaea Aeaenaiae? I no?aieeny, ia iaiyy iniiaiiai iai?aaeaiey
iieeoeee Aeaoa?eiu II e Iaaea I, e oe?aieaieth aaniethoecia, iaeoe
niiniau oe?aieaiey naiae aeanoe, eioi?ua niioaaonoaiaaee au “aeooo
a?aiaie”. A yoii e caeeth/aeanue nooue aai caea?uaaiey n eeaa?aeeciii,
i?enouaai, ai?i/ai, ia oieueei Aeaenaiae?o I, ii e ae?oaei ?inneeneei
iiia?oai. Iaeiaei ii ia /oaeaeaeny, iniaaiii a aiaeu aai ioe?iaaiii
?aaeoeeiiiiai iieeoe/aneiai eo?na, i?eiaiyoue e “iaea/aneea iaoiaeu
oi?aaeaiey”. Iaeia ec oa?aeoa?iuo /a?o ?inneeneiai naiiaea?aeaaey — aai
oiaiea, a caaeneiinoe io eiie?aoiie ianoaiiaee, i?iaiaeeoue aeaeoth
iieeoeeo, eaeoe ia onooiee, i?eniinaaeeaaoueny e iiaui yaeaieyi e
i?ioeannai a no?aia e eniieueciaaoue eo a eioa?anao oe?aieaiey naieo
iiceoeee. A cia/eoaeueiie ia?a yoei e iauyniythony ioiineoaeueiay
naiinoiyoaeueiinoue, neea e aeeao/anoue ?inneeneiai naiiaea?aeaaey.

Anooiay ia i?anoie, Aeaenaiae? I ioaee/ii e oi?aeanoaaiii i?iaicaeanee,
/oi ioiuia a iniiaa iieeoeee aoaeao ia ee/iay aiey eee eai?ec iiia?oa, a
no?iaia niaethaeaiea caeiiia. A iaieoanoa io 2 ai?aey 1801 a. ia
oie/oiaeaiee Oaeiie yeniaaeeoeee aiai?eeinue, /oi ioiuia iieiaeai
“iaaeaaeiue iieio ceioiio?aaeaieth”, /oi “a aeaaiono?iaiiii ainoaea?noaa
ana i?anooieaiey aeieaeiu auoue iauaieaiu, noaeeiu e iaeacoaiu iauath
neeith caeiia”. I?e eaaeaeii oaeiaiii neo/aa Aeaenaiae? ethaee aiai?eoue
i i?ei?eoaoa caeiiiinoe. Ianaeaieth auee iaauaiu i?aaiaua aa?aioee io
i?iecaiea.

Ana yoe cayaeaiey eiaee aieueoie iauanoaaiiue ?aciiain. Eaeay
caeiiiinoe, ooaa?aeaeaiey “aeanoe caeiia” auea aeaaiaeoae o
i?aaenoaaeoaeae ?acee/iuo iai?aaeaiee iauanoaaiiie iunee: Nia?aineiai,
Ea?aiceia, aeaeaa?enoia, Iooeeia (iaeaieaa /aoei au?aaeaia yoa eaeay a
aai iaea “Aieueiinoue”). Aeey ?ac?aaioee ieaia i?aia?aciaaiee oea?ue
i?eaeae naieo “iieiaeuo ae?ocae” No?iaaiiaa, Ei/oaay, *a?oi?ueneiai e
Iiaineeueoeaaa, eioi?ua e ninoaaeee aai “eioeiiue e?oaeie” eee
“Iaaeaniue eiieoao”. Oioy eiieoao e iacuaaeny “iaaeaniui”, ii i iai
ciaee e aiai?eee iiiaea. Ai?i/ai, e nai Aeaenaiae? ia aeaeae ec iaai
oaeiu, iie?aynue ia iaai a ai?ueaa n naiiaiie iiiiceoeeae. “Iieiaeua
ae?ocuey”, iaeiaei, oaea inoaaeee aueua ?anioaeeeaineea oaea/aiey e
i?eaea?aeeaaeenue aanueia oia?aiiuo acaeyaeia, auee inoi?iaeiu a naieo
i?iaeoao e i?aaeiieiaeaieyo e, no?iy ieaiu ?aoi?iu ainoaea?noaaiiiai
oi?aaeaiey, ?annoaeaeay i iaiaoiaeeiinoe ecaeaoue “AEaeiaaiioth a?aiioo
ia?iaeo”, oai ia iaiaa enoiaeeee ec iacuaeaiinoe iniia aaniethoecia e
nio?aiaiey e?aiinoie/anoaa.

N ethiy 1801 ii iae 1802 a. eiieoao niae?aeny 35 ?ac, ii a 1803 a. iinea
anaai aeeoue /aou?ao canaaeaiee aue cae?uo. Aeaenaiae? I oaea i?i/ii
/oanoaiaae naay ia o?iia, e ia auei ioaeaeu a eeaa?aeueiuo ?acaiai?ao.
Oioy ana aeaei e ia?aie/eaaeinue ii nouanoao yoeie ?acaiai?aie, ii iie
ioaaee a?enoie?aoeth aeaoa?eieineeo a?aiai, ie?anoeaooth eiieoao
“yeiaeineie oaeeie” (neiaa iiyoa A. ?. Aea?aeaaeia). Iiaiae e oaeiio
iaeanoiiio yieoaoo iiaeae e nai oea?ue, a oooeo iacuaaaoee naie
“eioeiiue eiieoao” “Eiieoaoii iauanoaaiiiai nianaiey” (oae iacuaaeny
iaeei ec eiieoaoia o?aioeocneiai Eiiaaioa a ia?eiae yeiaeineie
aeeeoaoo?u iiae aeaaainoaii I. ?iaaniuea?a).

“Aeoo a?aiaie” au?aceeny a i?iaaaeaiiuo Aeaenaiae?ii ia?ao, oioy e
aoi?inoaiaiiuo, ii oaeiio aeao/aio aii?ino, eae e?anoueyineee. N naiiai
ia/aea iiaue oea?ue aac eaeiai-eeai niaoeeaeueiiai oeaca eee iaieoanoa
i?ae?aoee ?acaea/o e?anoueyi a /anoiua ?oee. Oaea ai a?aiy ei?iiaoeee a
naioya?a 1801 a. oaeeo ?acaea/ ia iineaaeiaaei (aii?aee neiaeeaoaeny
“o?aaeeoeee”) “e aaeeeiio iai?/aieth iiiaeo aeaaeaeaaoeo naai ioee/ey”.
Eiaaea iaeei ec naiiaieeia (aa?oeia Aeaenaiae? Ae?oaiaa?aneee,
?iaenoaaiiee oea?y) a 1802 a. ia?aoeeny e Aeaenaiae?o I n i?inueaie i
iiaeaeiaaiee aio eiaiey, oea?ue ioaaoee: “?onneea e?anoueyia aieueoath
/anoeth i?eiaaeeaaeao iiiaueeai; n/eoath eceeoiei aeieacuaaoue oieaeaiea
e aaaenoaea oaeiai ninoiyiey, e iioiio y aeae iaao ia oaaee/eaaoue /enei
yoeo ian/anoiuo e i?eiye ca i?aaeei ia aeaaaoue ieeiio a nianoaaiiinoue
e?anoueyi”.

Yoi ioithaeue ia icia/aei, /oi eacaiiua e?anoueyia auee aiieia
aa?aioe?iaaiu io ia?aaiaea eo ia iieiaeaiea e?aiinoiuo. A 1810 — 1817
aa. a nayce n oyaeaeui oeiainiaui iieiaeaieai eiia?ee auei i?iaeaii a
/anoiua ?oee nauoa 10 oun. aeoo ioaeneiai iiea e?anoueyi; oe?iei
i?aeoeeiaaeanue naea/a eacaiiuo e?anoueyi a a?aiaeo /anoiui eeoeai a
Aaei?onnee e ia I?aaiaa?aaeiie Oe?aeia (e eiioeo oea?noaiaaiey
Aeaenaiae?a a a?aiaea oai /eneeeinue 350 oun. aeoo). Eacaiiuo e?anoueyi
cae?aiiuaee e ae?oaeie iooyie: iai?eia?, ia?aaiaeeee a oaeaeueiia
aaaeiinoai (a ?ac?yae oaeaeueiuo e?anoueyi, i?eiaaeeaaeaaoeo oea?neie
oaieeee), i?eienuaaee e eacaiiui caaiaeai e oaa?eeai, iaeiiaoe ia?auaee
a nicaeaaaaiua i?e Aeaenaiae?a I aiaiiua iinaeaiey (iineaaeiaa aueui
ooaeoei aeaeii e?aiinoiie caaeneiinoe, i /ai aoaeao neacaii ieaea).

I oa?aeoa?a ia? e niya/aieth e?aiinoiie caaeneiinoe e?anoueyi iiaeii
noaeeoue e ii oeaco 1801 a. i cai?auaiee ioaeeeiaaoue iauyaeaiey i
i?iaeaaea e?aiinoiuo “aac caiee” (“ia naic”), oioy i?aeoeea oaeiaie
i?iaeaaee ia cai?auaeanue: a ioaeeeoaiuo a ioeoeeaeueiuo ecaeaieyo
iauyaeaieyo oaia?ue niiauaeinue, /oi oaeie-oi e?anoueyiei eee
e?anoueyiea ia “i?iaeaaony”, a “ioaeaaony aiaeiu”. Oeacaie 1808 — 1809
aa. iiiaueeai cai?auaeinue i?iaeaaaoue e?anoueyi ia y?ia?eao “a
?icieoeo” (“n ?acae?iaeaieai naiaenoa”, o. a. ioaeaeueii ioaea io aeaiu
e aeaoae io ?iaeeoaeae), nnueaoue e?anoueyi ii naiaio i?iecaieo a
Neae?ue “ca iaeiaaaeiua i?inooiee”; iiiaueeia iaycuaaee ei?ieoue naieo
e?anoueyi a aieiaeiua aiaeu. Ie/oiaeiua ?acoeueoaou aeae e oeac 20
oaa?aey 1803 a. i “aieueiuo oeaaiiaooeao”, i?aaeoniao?eaaaoee aueoi
e?anoueyi ia aieth n caieae ii iaithaeiiio niaeaneth eo n iiiaueeaie.
Aueoiiay noiia auea ianoieueei auniea e naeaeee ianoaaeyeenue oaeeie
eaaaeueiuie oneiaeyie, /oi e eiioeo oea?noaiaaiey Aeaenaiae?a
aea?iaaiiui ei i?aaii niiaee ainiieueciaaoueny eeoue 54 oun. aeoo
e?anoueyi, /oi ninoaaeyei iaiaa 0,5% eo iauaai /enea. A 1804 — 1805 aa.
aue i?iaaaeai ia?aue yoai e?anoueyineie ?aoi?iu a Eaoaee e Ynoiiee. Ia
yoii yoaia ?aoi?ia einioeanue “e?anoueyi-aeai?ioicyaa”. Iie iieo/aee
ee/ioth naiaiaeo aac caiee, eioi?oth aeieaeiu auee a?aiaeiaaoue o naieo
iiiaueeia ca onoaiiaeaiiua caeiiii oaiaeaeueiua iiaeiiinoe — aa?ueio e
ia?ie. Oeacii 12 aeaeaa?y 1801 a. iaaeai?yineea naiaiaeiua nineiaey —
eoioeu, iauaia, eacaiiua e?anoueyia — iieo/aee i?aai iieoiaoue caieth.
Ana yoe ia?u Aeaenaiae?a I a i?eioeeia ia cao?aaeaaee i?aa e i?eaeeaaee
iiiaueeia.

Iiiaea ia?u Aeaenaiae?a I eanaeenue i?inaauaiey, ia/aoe, oeaio?aeueiiai
oi?aaeaiey. A 1804 a. aue ecaeai oeaico?iue onoaa, eioi?ue n/eoaaony
naiui “eeaa?aeueiui” a enoi?ee ?innee XIX aaea. Onoaa aeanee, /oi
oeaico?a aaiaeeony “ia aeey noaniaiey naiaiaeu iuneeoue e ienaoue, a
aaeeinoaaiii aeey i?eiyoey i?enoieiuo ia? i?ioea ceioiio?aaeaiey iiith”.
Oeaici?ai ?aeiiaiaeiaaeinue ?oeiaiaenoaiaaoueny “aeaai?acoiiui
nienoiaeaeaieai aeey ni/eieoaey e ia auoue i?eaee?/eaui, oieeiaaoue
ianoa, eiathuea aeaiyeee niune, auaiaeiaeoei aeey ni/eieoaey ia?acii,
iaaeaee i?aneaaeiaaoue”. Iaeiaei oeaici?neay i?aeoeea naiaeeea yoy
aeaai?iaeiua iiaeaeaiey ia iao, a aiaeu oneeaiey ?aaeoeeiiiiai eo?na
Aeaenaiae?a I oa?aeoa?ecothony ianoiyuei oeaico?iui oa??i?ii. E ana aea
iaeioi?ua oeaico?iua iineaaeaiey a ia?aua aiaeu aai oea?noaiaaiey
iaeuecy ia ioiaoeoue; ?anoe?yeanue ecaeaoaeueneay aeayoaeueiinoue, —
iiyaeeny ?yae iiauo aeo?iaeia e aeueiaiaoia, ia/aoaeenue iiiai/eneaiiua
ia?aaiaeu.

Ii eieoeeaoeaa Aeaenaiae?a ca n/ao eaciu auee ia?aaaaeaiu ia ?onneee
ycue e ecaeaiu i?iecaaaeaiey ecaanoiuo caiaaeiiaa?iiaeneeo i?inaaoeoaeae
— oeeinioia, yeiiiienoia, nioeeieiaia, th?enoia — Aaeaia Nieoa,
Aeaei?aeaea Aaioaia, *aca?a Aaeea?ey, Oa?ey Aeaeieueia, Oa?ey
Iiioaneuea. Iicaea aeaeaa?enou ia neaaenoaee aoaeoo iinoiyiii oeacuaaoue
ia yoeo aaoi?ia, ec i?iecaaaeaiee eioi?uo iie caeinoaiaaee “ia?aua
aieueiiaeoiie/aneea e eeaa?aeueiua iunee”.

?aoi?ia ia?iaeiiai ia?aciaaiey auea i?iaaaeaia a 1803 — 1804 aiaeao.
Ioiuia a o/aaiua caaaaeaiey iiaee auoue i?eiyou i?aaenoaaeoaee anao
nineiaee. Ia iecoeo nooiaiyo o/eeeu iao/aiea auei aanieaoiui, ia
“eacaiiii eiooa” o/eeanue /anoue nooaeaioia a oieaa?neoaoao. Aaiaeeeanue
i?aainoaaiiinoue o/aaiuo i?ia?aii. Iecoae nooiaiueth yaeyeinue
iaeiieeanniia i?eoiaeneia o/eeeua, aoi?ie — oacaeiia o?aoeeanniia
o/eeeua, o?aoueae — oanoeeeanniay aeiiacey a aoaa?ineii ai?iaea. Aunoae
nooiaiueth aue oieaa?neoao, eioi?ue aue iinoaaeai oaeaea ai aeaaa
o/aaiiai ie?oaa e aeieaeai aue iaania/eaaoue aeiiacee e o/eeeua o/aaiuie
i?ia?aiiaie e eaae?aie o/eoaeae ec /enea ainieoaiieeia oieaa?neoaoa.
Iiieii nouanoaiaaaoaai n 1755 a. Iineianeiai oieaa?neoaoa, a 1802 — 1804
aa. auee ioe?uou aua Aea?ioneee (iuia Oa?ooneee), Aeeaineee, Eacaineee e
Oa?ueeianeee, a oaeaea ia i?aaao oieaa?neoaoa Iaoa?ao?aneee
iaaeaaiae/aneee einoeooo (i?aia?aciaai a oieaa?neoao a 1819 a.).
Oieaa?neoaou i?ecaaiu auee aioiaeoue e?iia o/eoaeae aeey aeiiacee eaae?u
/eiiaieeia aeey a?aaeaeaineie neoaeau e niaoeeaeenoia-iaaeeeia.
Oieaa?neoaoai i?aaeinoaaeyeanue oe?ieay aaoiiiiey. E oieaa?neoaoai
i?e?aaieaaeenue i?eaeeaae?iaaiiua n?aaeiea o/aaiua caaaaeaiey —
Oea?neinaeueneee (o/?aaeaeai a 1811 a.) e Aeaieaeianeee (a 1803 a. a
ss?ineaaea) eeoeae. Iniiaaieai a 1801 a. Einoeoooa iooae niiauaiey e a
1804 a. Iineianeiai eiiia?/aneiai o/eeeua auei iieiaeaii ia/aei aunoaio
niaoeeaeueiiio ia?aciaaieth.

Aua aieueoaa cia/aiea eiaee i?aia?aciaaiey i?aaiia oeaio?aeueiiai
oi?aaeaiey. Ana aaaeiua caeiiu 1802 — 1812 aa. (a iicaea, i?e Ieeieaa I)
ninoaaeyeenue eee ?aaeaeoe?iaaeenue I. I. Nia?aineei. Auoiaeaoe ec
naiuee aaaeiiai naeueneiai nayuaiieea Aeaaeeie?neie aoaa?iee,
Nia?aineee, aeaaiaea?y naiaio auaeathuaiony oio, yia?aee e iaiau/aeiie
?aaioiniiniaiinoe, auno?i naeaeae aeanoyuoth neoaeaaioth ea?uea?o. Ana
nia?aiaiieee Nia?aineiai e aiineaaenoaee enoi?eee ioia/aee, /oi ieeoi ia
iia n oaeei aeaneii e no?iaie eiaeeie ninoaaeoue aeieeaae, i?iaeo
caeiia. Ii ieacaeny iaeaieaa iiaeoiaeyuae eaiaeeaeaoo?ie aeey ?ac?aaioee
i?aia?aciaaiee, eioi?ua a iiauo oneiaeyo, ia iaiyy iniia
oaiaeaeueii-aaniethoenoneiai no?iy, iiaee au i?eaeaoue ?inneeneiio
naiiaea?aeaaeth aiaoiea oi?iu eiinoeoooeeiiiie iiia?oee. A eiioea 1808
a. Aeaenaiae? I ii?o/ee Nia?aineiio ?ac?aaioeo ieaia ainoaea?noaaiiiai
i?aia?aciaaiey ?innee, e e ieoya?th 1809 a. i?iaeo iiae iacaaieai
“Aaaaeaiea e oeiaeaieth ainoaea?noaaiiuo caeiiia” aue ei i?aaenoaaeai
oea?th

A naiai i?iaeoa Nia?aineee oai?aoe/anee ii?aaaeuaaao e cae?aieyao
ia?aaainoai nineiaee, i?eaeeaaee aeai?yinoaa e ionoonoaea iieeoe/aneeo e
a?aaeaeaineeo i?aa o “ia?iaea ?aai/aai”, eoaea ei ca/eneyeenue
iiiaue/uee e?anoueyia, ?aai/ea ii iaeio e aeiiaoiea neoae. A “n?aaeiaa
ninoiyiea” aeeth/aeenue naiaiaeiua, ii iai?eaeeaae?iaaiiua nineiaey
(eoioeu, iauaia, ainoaea?noaaiiua e?anoueyia), eioi?ui i?aaeinoaaeyeenue
“a?aaeaeaineea”, ee/iua e ii eiouanoao, ii ia iieeoe/aneea (o/anoea a
oi?aaeaiee) i?aaa. I?iaeo i?iaiaeee i?eioeei “?acaeaeaiey aeanoae” —
caeiiiaeaoaeueiie, eniieieoaeueiie e noaeaaiie, i?e iacaaeneiinoe
noaeaaiie aeanoe e ioaaonoaaiiinoe eniieieoaeueiie ia?aae
caeiiiaeaoaeueiie. Yoa nenoaia aeaaaea aeinooi e oi?aaeaieth no?aiie
aeai?yinoao e aa?oai ia?iaeaeathuaeny ao?aeoacee, ieneieueei ia ia?ooay
aaniethoiie aeanoe oea?y.

Aeaenaiae? I i?eciae i?iaeo “oaeiaeaoai?eoaeueiui e iieaciui”, iaeiaei
i?iaaaeaiea aai a aeeciue ano?aoeei neeueiia i?ioeaiaeaenoaea ni noi?iiu
aunoeo naiiaieeia, n/eoaaoeo aai neeoeii ?aaeeeaeueiui e “iianiui”, e
aeaei naaeinue e o/?aaeaeaieth a 1810 a. Ainoaea?noaaiiiai niaaoa —
caeiiiniaauaoaeueiiai i?aaia i?e eiia?aoi?a. Iiaue i?aai, oeaio?aeecoy
caeiiiaeaoaeueiia aeaei, iaania/eaae aaeeiiia?acea th?eaee/aneeo ii?i,
i?aaeioa?auay iiyaeaiea i?ioeai?a/ee a caeiiiaeaoaeueiuo aeoao, ii naia
caeiiiaeaoaeueiay eieoeeaoeaa e ieii/aoaeueiia ooaa?aeaeaiea caeiiia
inoaaaeenue anaoeaei i?a?iaaoeaie oea?y. *eaiu Ainoaea?noaaiiiai niaaoa
ia ecae?aeenue, a iacia/aeenue eiia?aoi?ii Nia?aineee iieo/ee aaaeioth
aeieaeiinoue ainoaea?noaaiiiai nae?aoa?y — ia/aeueieea eaioeaey?ee
Ainoaea?noaaiiiai niaaoa.

1807 — 1812aa. — aa?oeia ea?uea?u Nia?aineiai: ii caieiae iinou oiaa?eua
(caianoeoaey) ieieno?a thnoeoeee, aee?aeoi?a Eiiennee ninoaaeaiey
caeiiia e Eiiennee oeieyiaeneeo aeae, aaaeae iiaeaioiaeie e i?iaaaeaieai
oeiainiauo ?aoi?i.

A 1811 a. auei iaia?iaeiaaii iiaeaioiaeaiiia Nia?aineei “Iauaa
o/?aaeaeaiea ieienoa?noa”, eioi?ia oaai/aei ieienoa?neoth ?aoi?io,
ia/aooth a 1802 a., eiaaea noa?ua iao?ianeea eieeaaee auee caiaiaiu
iiaie aa?iiaeneie oi?iie aunoae eniieieoaeueiie aeanoe — ieienoa?noaaie.
Oaia?ue aeaea ii eaaeaeiio aaaeiinoao ?aoaeenue ia “eieeaaeae” ai aeaaa
n aa i?aceaeaioii, a aaeeiiee/ii ieieno?ii, ioaaonoaaiiui oieueei ia?aae
eiia?aoi?ii. Anee ia?aiia/aeueii, ii iieiaeaieth 1802 a., no?oeoo?a e
ooieoeee ieienoa?noa aua ia auee /aoei ii?aaeaeaiu, oi iiaue caeii 1811
a. no?iai ?aca?aie/eaae eiiiaoaioeeth ieienoa?noa, oaaee/eaae eo
/eneaiiinoue (n 8 aei 12), onoaiaaeeaae i?eioeei aaeeiiia/aeey e
?aaeaiaioe?iaae acaeiiioiioaiey ieienoa?noa n ae?oaeie i?aaiaie aunoaai
ainoaea?noaaiiiai oi?aaeaiey — Naiaoii, Eiieoaoii ieieno?ia e
Ainoaea?noaaiiui niaaoii. ?ai?aaieciaaiiia oaeei ia?acii i?e Aeaenaiae?a
I oeaio?aeueiia oi?aaeaiea i?inouanoaiaaei, n iaaieueoeie eciaiaieyie,
aieioue aei 1917 aiaea.

I?aia?aciaaoaeueiay aeayoaeueiinoue Nia?aineiai aucaaea iaaeiaieuenoai a
?aaeoeeiiiuo i?eaeai?iuo e?oaao; aie?oa iaai ieaeenue eio?eae. Aei
Aeaenaiae?a I aeioiaeeee neooe, ionne?oaiua i?eaeai?iie n?aaeie, i
“iaaeaaiaeaeiuo” iocuaao i iai Nia?aineiai. Naiiethaeaue eiia?aoi?
ii/oanoaiaae naay inei?aeaiiui, ii ia iiaeaaae aeaeo; aieaa oiai, noae
aeaiiino?aoeaii ieacuaaoue Nia?aineiio ciaee naiae “aeaaineeiiiinoe”, a
yoi, eae ciaee ii nianoaaiiiio iiuoo i?eaeai?iua, neoaeeei aa?iui
i?eciaeii i?eaeeaeaaoaeny iiaeu. 1 yiaa?y 1812 a. oio aue oaeinoiai
i?aeaia Aeaenaiae?a Iaaneiai. A 17 ia?oa 1812 a. ii aue aucaai ia
aoaeeaioeeth e eiia?aoi?o. Iinea aeaoo/aniaiai eiioeaeaioeeaeueiiai
?acaiai?a Nia?aineee auoae ec eaaeiaoa eiia?aoi?a “a aaeeeii niouaiee”.
Aeiia ii canoae ieieno?a iieeoeee A. Ae. Aaeaoiaa n iiiiuieeii, eioi?ua
iia/aouaaee aai aoiaae. O aeiia oaea noiye aicie aeey ioi?aaee
Nia?aineiai a nnueeo. Nia/aea aai ioi?aaeee a Ieaeiee Iiaai?iae, ii
caoai ii iiaiio aeiiino ia?aaaee a aieaa aeaeaeoth nnueeo — a Ia?iue.

Iaaeaiea Nia?aineiai aucaaei a i?eaeai?iuo e?oaao ao?th ainoi?aa.
Iaeioi?ua aeaaea oaeeaeyeenue “ieeina?aeeth” oea?y, ia eacieaoaai yoiai
“i?anooiieea, eciaiieea e i?aaeaoaey”. Oaa?yee, /oi “yoio ecaa?a oioae
aicaea/ue aoio ai anae ?innee, aeaoue aieueiinoue e?anoueyiai e i?oaeea
aeey eno?aaeaiey aeai?yi”. ?acoiaaony, ana yoi auei /enoaeoei acaei?ii.
Nai Aeaenaiae? I aue oaaaeaeai a iaaeiiaiinoe nnueueiiai, ii ?aoee
i?eianoe aai a aea?oao, /oiau iiaaneoue ?anoouaa iaaeiaieuenoai
aeai?yinoaa. Nia?aineee n/eoae, /oi “ia?aie e aaeeinoaaiiie” i?e/eiie
aai iiaeu yaeeny neeoeii niaeue ieai i?aia?aciaaiee.

Ia neaaeothuee aeaiue iinea oaeaeaiey Nia?aineiai Aeaenaiae? aiai?ee A.
I. Aieeoeuio: “Anee au o oaay ionaeee ?oeo, ou iaaa?ii e?e/ae au e
aeaeiaaeny, /oi oaaa aieueii; o iaiy i?ioeie ii/ueth ioiyee Nia?aineiai,
a ii aue iiath i?aaith ?oeith!” Eae aniiieiae Aieeoeui, “ana yoi auei
neacaii ni neacaie ia aeacao”. Iicaea a?aoo E. A. Iannaeue?iaea
Aeaenaiae? iauyniye: “Ianoiyoaeuenoaa canoaaeee iaiy i?eianoe yoo
aea?oao iauanoaaiiiio iiaieth”. *a?ac /aou?a aiaea Nia?aineee aue
“i?iuai”, iacia/ai nia/aea iaicaineei aoaa?iaoi?ii, a a 1819 a. —
aaia?ae-aoaa?iaoi?ii Neae?e, aaea i?iaae ?yae aaeieieno?aoeaiuo ?aoi?i.
A 1822 a. ii aue aica?auai a Iaoa?ao?a, iacia/ai /eaiii
Ainoaea?noaaiiiai niaaoa, iieo/ee cia/eoaeueiua caiaeueiua iiaeaeiaaiey.
Ieeieae I nia/aea ioiineeny n iiaeic?aieai e Nia?aineiio ca aai “aueua
eeaa?aeueiua oaea/aiey” e ca “nayce” n aeaeaa?enoaie, ii iinea “iaoae a
iai aa?iiai e eniieieoaeueiiai neoao”. Nia?aineee aue aaaaeai a ninoaa
Aa?oiaiiai oaieiaiiai noaea iaae aeaeaa?enoaie, a eioi?ii ea?ae aeaeioth
?ieue, i?iaae eiaeeoeeaoeeth caeiiia ?inneeneie eiia?ee, ca /oi aue
aicaaaeai a a?aoneia aeinoieinoai.

Ia/aei XIX aaea a Aa?iia auei iciaiaiiaaii iieinie iaiieaiiianeeo aiei,
a eioi?ua auee aiaea/aiu ana aa?iiaeneea no?aiu e ia?iaeu, a oii /enea e
?inney. A 1803 a. ia/aeanue iiaeaioiaea Iaiieaiia e aoi?aeaieth a
Aiaeeth. A?eoaineia i?aaeoaeuenoai yia?ae/ii neiea/eaaei iiaoth
aa?iiaeneoth eiaeeoeeth i?ioea O?aioeee, /ai iiiiaee e aucuaathuea
aeaenoaey naiiai Iaiieaiia. Ii aai i?eeaco a 1804 a. a Aaaeaia aue
noaa/ai e caoai ?anno?aeyi i?eiaaeeaaeaaoee e o?aioeocneiio ei?ieaaneiio
aeiio aa?oeia Yiaeaineee, iiaeic?aaaaoeeny a caaiai?a i?ioea Iaiieaiia.
Yoi niauoea aucaaei ac?ua iaaiaeiaaiey anao aa?iiaeneeo iiia?oia,
iaeiaei eeoue Aeaenaiae? I cayaee ioeoeeaeueiue i?ioano. A Iaoa?ao?aa
aue aeaiiino?aoeaii iauyaeai o?ao?, a Iaiieaiio iai?aaeaia iioa i?ioanoa
i?ioea “i?ieeoey aaioeaiiniie e?iae”. Iaiieaii ioaaoee aucuaathuei
iineaieai, a eioi?ii aiai?eeinue, /oi e a naiie ?innee auea i?ieeoa
“aaioeaiiniay e?iaue”, e ionoue Aeaenaiae? I iicaaioeony noaaoeoue e
iaeacaoue oaeeoe naiaai iooea. Yoi auei i?ic?a/iia e ioaee/iia iaaeiaiea
naiiai Aeaenaiae?a.

Aiaiiua aeaenoaey i?ioea O?aioeee i?ioaeaee iaoaea/ii aeey eiaeeoeee, a
eioi?oth aoiaeeee Aiaeey, Aano?ey e ?inney. Iinea ii?aaeaiey nithciuo
aiene i?e Aonoa?eeoea 2 aeaeaa?y 1805 a. Aano?ey eaieooee?iaaea e
caeeth/eea oieceoaeueiue ie? n Iaiieaiiii. ?onneea aienea auee ioaaaeaiu
a i?aaeaeu ?innee, a a Ia?eaea ia/aeenue ?onnei-o?aioeocneea ia?aaiai?u
i ie?a. 8 ethey 1806 a. aue caeeth/ai ie?iue aeiaiai? iaaeaeo ?inneae e
O?aioeeae, iaeiaei Aeaenaiae? I ioeacaeny aai ?aoeoeoee?iaaoue, e ?inney
oi?iaeueii i?iaeieaeaea inoaaaoueny a ninoiyiee aieiu n O?aioeeae. Eaoii
1806 a. Iaiieaii caoaaoee Aieeaiaeeth e caiaaeiiaa?iaineea eiyaeanoaa.
Inaiueth ia?aciaaeanue /aoaa?oay ii n/aoo eiaeeoeey i?ioea O?aioeee
(I?onney, Aiaeey, Oaaoeey e ?inney), iaeiaei aiaaaoue i?eoeinue oieueei
I?onnee e ?innee. A ia/aea ieoya?y 1806 a. i?onneea aienea a aeaoo
n?aaeaieyo iiaeaa?aeenue iieiiio ?aca?iio. I?onneee ei?ieue
O?eae?eo-Aeeueaaeuei III aaaeae e a?aieoeai ?innee. Ii/oe any I?onney
auea ieeoie?iaaia o?aioeocneeie aieneaie. ?onneie a?iee i?eoeinue iaeiie
a oa/aiea iineaaeothueo naie ianyoeaa aanoe oii?ioth ai?ueao i?ioea
i?aainoiaeyueo nee o?aioeocia.

Iaiieaiio oaeaeinue iooanieoue ?onneea aienea e Iaiaio, ii e
o?aioeocneay a?iey iiianea noieue cia/eoaeueiua iioa?e, /oi Iaiieaii ia
?aoeeny oiaaea aieoe a i?aaeaeu ?innee. 25 ethiy (7 ethey) 1807 a. a
Oeeueceoa iaaeaeo ?inneae e O?aioeeae auee caeeth/aiu ie?iue e nithciue
aeiaiai?u. Ii ianoiyieth Aeaenaiae?a I Iaiieaii niaeaneeny nio?aieoue
naiinoiyoaeueiinoue I?onnee, oioy oa??eoi?ey aa auea nie?auaia
iaiieiaeio. Iaaeaaii?eyoiua aeey ?innee oneiaey Oeeueceoneiai ie?a e
nithciiai aeiaiai?a aiaeaeaee aa a oa?aaoa? iieeoeee Iaiieaiia,
ia?aie/eaaee naiinoiyoaeueiinoue Aeaenaiae?a I a iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo
aeaeao, aaee e aiaoiaiieeoe/aneie ecieyoeee. Iniaaiii oyaeaeua
iineaaenoaey aucaaei i?eniaaeeiaiea a 1808 a. ?innee e eiioeiaioaeueiie
aeieaaea Aiaeee, /oi i?e/eieei nouanoaaiiue oua?a yeiiiieea no?aiu,
iineieueeo Aiaeey auea aa aeaaiui oi?aiaui ia?oia?ii.

Oeeueceoneee ie? iaiinee na?ueaciue oaea? ii iaaeaeoia?iaeiiio i?anoeaeo
?innee, oycaeye iao?eioe/aneea /oanoaa ?onneeo iauanoaaiiuo e?oaia.
Iiioey?iinoue Aeaenaiae?a I ?acei oiaea. Iiaeiyeny anaiauee ?iiio.
“Aiiaua iaoaeiaieuenoaea i?ioea eiia?aoi?a aieaa e aieaa aic?anoaao, —
aeiiinee oaaaeneee iinie Noaaeeia naiaio ei?ieth, — e ia yoio n/ao
aiai?yo oaeea aaue, /oi no?aoii neooaoue”. Ii naeaeaoaeuenoao ?onneiai
nia?aiaiieea, “io ciaoiiai oea?aaeai?oea aei iaeia?aiioiiai ienoea, io
aaia?aea aei nieaeaoa, ana, iiaeioynue [oea?th], ?iioaei n
iaaiaeiaaieai”. O?aioeocneee iinie a Iaoa?ao?aa aa?oeia ?aia Naaa?e
ienae: “Aeaeia iiiiceoeey ?aoeoaeueii i?ioea anaai, /oi aeaeaao
eiia?aoi?”. A 1807 a. ?ani?ino?aiyeny a nieneao “I?iaeo ia?auaiey”
aeai?yinoaa e eiia?aoi?o n o?aaiaaieai i?iyaeyoue oaa?aeinoue ai
aiaoiaiieeoe/aneeo aii?inao. Iiaiaa?eaaee aeaaea i aiciiaeiinoe
aeai?oeiaiai ia?aai?ioa e aicaaaeaiee ia i?anoie oiiie e yia?ae/iie
nano?u Aeaenaiae?a I Aeaoa?eiu Iaaeiaiu, aeeaoae a Oaa?e. Ii iaoa?eaeai
o?aioeocneiai enoi?eea Aeueaa?a Aaiaeaey, ona?aeii niae?ae e
?ani?ino?aiye neooe i “caaiai?a” i?ioea ?onneiai oea?y aa?oeia Naaa?e.

Aeaenaiae? aieiaoaeueii neaaeee ca iano?iaieai ?acee/iuo e?oaia e
niae?ae ia yoii naaaeaiey. Aua a 1805 a., oacaeay ia aieio, ii nicaeae
A?aiaiiue eiieoao aunoae iieeoeee aeey iaaethaeaiey ca iauanoaaiiui
oeiaieai, oae n?aaee ioaeeee. Iinea Oeeueceoneiai ie?a yoio eiieoao aue
i?aia?aciaai a Eiieoao iauanoaaiiie aaciianiinoe, eioi?iio aiaiyeanue a
iaycaiiinoue e ia?ethno?aoeey /anoiuo ienai.

A i?aayueo e?oaao, iaeiaei, i?ae?anii iiieiaee, /oi oeeueceoneea
niaeaoaiey 1807 a. ciaiaiiaaee eeoue ia?aaeuoeo ia?aae iiaui aiaiiui
eiioeeeoii n iaiieaiiianeie O?aioeeae. “Oeeueceoneee ie? aeey O?aioeee,
— ienae Nia?aineee, — anaaaea aue ie? aii?oaeaiiue. Aa?iyoiinoue iiaie
aieiu iaaeaeo ?inneae e O?aioeeae aicieeea ii/oe aianoa n [yoei] ie?ii,
naiue ie? caeeth/ae a naaa ana yeaiaiou aieiu”. Iaiieaii ioe?iaaiii
cayaeye naie i?eoycaiey ia ie?iaia ainiiaenoai, ia iooe e eioi?iio
noiyea ?inney.

Ie e iaeiie ec aiei Iaiieaii ia aioiaeeny oae ouaoaeueii, eae e iioiaeo
ia ?inneth, i?ae?anii ioaeaaay naaa io/ao a oii, /oi aio i?aaenoieo
eiaoue aeaei n na?ueaciui i?ioeaieeii. Iiae ?oaeuea ii iinoaaee 1200
oun. nieaeao. Ieiei 650 oun., ninoaaeaoeo oae iacuaaaioth Aieueooth
a?ieth, auee aeaeioou e ?onneei a?aieoeai. A ?innee ciaee i anao
aeaoaeyo iiaeaioiaee Iaiieaiia e aieia. ?onneee iinie a Ia?eaea eiycue
A. A. Eo?aeei ia/eiay n 1810 a. ?aaoey?ii, aeaaaeaeu a ianyoe,
aeinoaaeye oi/iua aeaiiua i /eneaiiinoe, aii?oaeaiee e aeeneieaoeee
o?aioeocneeo aiene; oeaiiua naaaeaiey ii ca e?oiiua aeaiaaeiua noiiu
iieo/ae io Oa-eae?aia — ieieno?a eiino?aiiuo aeae a iaiieaiiianeii
i?aaeoaeuenoaa.

A ?innee ciaee e i?eia?iua n?iee aoi?aeaiey o?aioeocneie a?iee — ethiue
1812 a. ?ani?ino?aiaiiia a eeoa?aoo?a iiaiea i aiacaiiinoe iaiaaeaiey
Iaiieaiia iani?aaaaeeeai. Iaaa?ii oaeaea e ooaa?aeaeaiea, aoaeoi
aoi?aeaiea i?iecioei “aac iauyaeaiey aieiu”. Eae onoaiiaeaii a
iineaaeiaa a?aiy, iauyaeaiea aieiu ?innee Iaiieaii naeaeae ioeoeeaeueii
22 ethiy (ca aeaa aeiy aei aoi?aeaiey) /a?ac naiaai iinea a Iaoa?ao?aa
AEaea-Aeaenaiae?a Ei?e-noiia, eioi?ue a?o/ee oi?aaeythuaio ieienoa?noaii
eiino?aiiuo aeae A. I. Naeoueiao iaaeeaaeauoth iioo. Ii ?inney e yoie
aieia ia auea aioiaa, oioy n 1810 a. iieiui oiaeii oei ia?aaii?oaeaiea
?onneie a?iee, oe?aieaiea aa caiaaeiuo a?aieoe, no?ieoaeuenoai
e?aiinoae, ono?ienoai neeaaeia aiai?eiania, oo?aaea e i?iaeiaieuenoaey.
Iaeiaei oyaeaeia oeiainiaia iieiaeaiea no?aiu ia iicaieeei auiieieoue
yoo i?ia?aiio. A?oae/aneay ?ae?ooneay nenoaia ia iiaea iiaeaioiaeoue
iaiaoiaeeiua ?aca?au. *eneaiiinoue ?onneie a?iee auea cia/eoaeueii
iaiueoa o?aioeocneie, oioy ii aiaaie auo/ea nieaeao e oaoie/aneiio
o?iaith aii?oaeaiee iia ieneieueei ae ia onooiaea.

Aeaenaiae? I ia aeenoae aiaiiuie oaeaioaie. Nia?aiaiieee ioia/aee
oa?aeoa?ioth caeiiiia?iinoue: oai, aaea iaiin?aaenoaaiii ii iaoiaeeeny,
aai aienea oa?iaee iaoaea/e. Ai a?aiy oeeueceoneie ano?a/e Iaiieaii
i?yii neacae Aeaenaiae?o: “Aiaiiia aeaei — ia Aaoa ?aianei”. A nouiinoe
oaeiai aea iiaiey i?eaea?aeeaaeenue e o?acai iuneyuea ?onneea aiaiiua e
ainoaea?noaaiiua aeayoaee e aeaaea /eaiu oea?neie naiuee.

A i?aaeaeaa?ee aieiu Aeaenaiae? eiae aeieaoth aanaaeo ni Nia?aineei e a
/anoiinoe ni?inee, /oi ii aeoiaao i i?aaenoiyuae aieia e i?eieiaoue ee
aio, eiia?aoi?o, iaiin?aaenoaaiiia ?oeiaiaenoai aiaiiuie aeaenoaeyie.
Nia?aineee niaaoiaae Aeaenaiae?o ia a?aoue eiiaiaeiaaiea ee/ii ia naay,
a nicaaoue “Aiy?neoth aeoio” e ae ii?o/eoue aanoe aieio, i?e yoii “eiae
aea?cinoue” ?anoaaeeaaoue “aieinoaaiiua oaeaiou” Iaiieaiia, /ai neeueii
oycaee naiiethaea oea?y. “*oi ae y oaeia? ?acaa y ioeue?” — aiciouaiii
aiai?ee Aeaenaiae?.

Ia?aay aeoeey Aeaenaiae?a i?e ecaanoee i aoi?aeaiee o?aioeocneeo aiene —
i?aaeeiaeaiea Iaiieaiio ie?a; n ienueiii eiia?aoi?a e Iaiieaiio aue
iai?aaeai aaia?ae A. Ae. Aaeaoia. Ai?i/ai, Aeaenaiae? ia aa?ee a oniao
yoie iennee, iaaeaynue eeoue auea?aoue a?aiy. I?enoonoaea oea?y a a?iee
neiauaaei aeaenoaey ?onneiai eiiaiaeiaaiey. Aeaenaiae?o iaaeaoniuneaiii
oeacuaaee ia “iaoaeianoai” oaeiai i?enoonoaey. E ii iaoae a naaa
ioaeanoai aiyoue aeiaiaeai aeeyoaeueiuo eeoe e /eaiia oea?neie naiuee,
ii aai iouacae ec a?iee i?aneaaeiaae e ae?oaoth oeaeue — aiceiaeeoue
ioaaonoaaiiinoue ca ia?aua iaoaea/e e ionooieaiea ?onneeo aiene ia naieo
aaia?aeia. Ia iia Aeaenaiae? ia i?eneooaoueny e e aieino iauanoaaiiinoe,
o?aaiaaaoae iacia/eoue aeaaiieiiaiaeothuei I. E. Eooociaa, eioi?iai ii
iniaaiii ia aeaeiaae iinea Aonoa?eeoea. “Iauanoai aeaeaei aai
iacia/aiey, e y aai iacia/ee, — neacae ii aaia?ae-aaeuthoaioo A. O.
Eiia?ianeiio. — *oi aea eanaaony iaiy, oi y oiuaath ?oee”. I?e yoii
Aeaenaiae? naoiaae, /oi a iieiaeinoe ia ioaeaee aai e Noai?iao eee
?oiyioeaao: “Iie iaiy iao/eee au aiaaaoue”.

Iaoiaeynue a noieeoea, Aeaenaiae? aue a eo?na anaai, /oi i?ienoiaeeei a
aeaenoaothuae a?iee, ioithaeue ia aeiaieuenoaoynue ioeoeeaeueiuie
aeiianaieyie aa eiiaiaeothueo. Aa?iue naiaio i?eioeeio
i?ioeaiiinoaaeyoue iaeieo eeoe ae?oaei, Aeaenaiae?, ia?aaeaa
eiiaiaeiaaiea I. A. Aa?eeath aea Oieee, ia/aeueieeii ooaaa iacia/ee aai
niia?ieea aaia?aea A. I. A?iieiaa n i?aaii ee/iiai aeieeaaea eiia?aoi?o;
iacia/ea caoai aeaaiieiiaiaeothuei Eooociaa, ia/aeueieeii ooaaa iinoaaee
ee/iiai aai iaae?oaa aaia?aea E. E. Aaiieianaia, aeiiineaoaai oea?th i
anao oaaao Eooociaa.

Iau/ii iaeii-aeaa aaia?aeueiuo n?aaeaiey ?aoaee noaeueao anae eaiiaiee,
eioi?oth aae Iaiieaii. E ia yoio ?ac, eniieuecoy naia /eneaiiia
i?aainoiaenoai a neeao, ii ?ann/eouaae ?acaeoue ?ann?aaeioi/aiiua
?onneea a?iee iiiaeeii/ea a ianeieueeeo i?ea?aie/iuo n?aaeaieyo. Ii yoio
?an/ao ia oaeaeny. ?onneea aienea n aiyie, i?aaieciaaiii e a iieiii
aiaaii ii?yaeea ionooiaee. Aua aei iiaeoiaea e Niieaineo Iaiieaii
oaaaeeeny, /oi i?aaenoieo aeeeoaeueiay e ecio?eoaeueiay eaiiaiey. Ec
Niieainea ii ioi?aaee ieaiiiai aaia?aea I. A. Oo/eiaa e Aeaenaiae?o I n
i?aaeeiaeaieai ie?a, ii iii inoaeinue aac ioaaoa. Iicaea Iaiieaii,
iaoiaeynue a Iineaa, ianeieueei ?ac ia?auaeny e oea?th n iiaeiaiuie
i?aaeeiaeaieyie, ii ana iie auee ioaa?aioou. Ia?aae ia/aeii aieiu, aeaey
aa iaecaaaeiinoue, Aeaenaiae? cayaee: “ss ia ia/io aieiu, ii ia iieiaeo
i?oaeey, iiea oioue iaeei iai?eyoaeueneee nieaeao aoaeao inoaaaoueny a
?innee”. Eiaaea aieia ?ac?aceeanue, ii iaiaeiie?aoii cayaeye i naiae
aioiaiinoe “enoiueoue ana neeu eiia?ee, aeieoe aei Eai/aoee”, ii ia
caeeth/aoue ie?a n Iaiieaiiii. Ociaa i acyoee Iineau, Aeaenaiae? neacae:
“ss io?auo naaa ai?iaeo e eo/oa niaeaoonue ieoaoueny ea?oioaeai n
iineaaeiei ec iieo e?anoueyi, iaaeaee iiaeieoo iici? naiaai Ioa/anoaa”.

Aieia 1812 a. yaeeanue iienoeia anaia?iaeiie, inaiaiaeeoaeueiie, e yoi
iaania/eei iiaaaeo iaae aa?anni?ii. 25 aeaeaa?y 1812 a. aue ecaeai
oea?neee iaieoano, aicaanoeaoee ia ieii/aiee Ioa/anoaaiiie aieiu. ?inney
yaeeanue aaeeinoaaiiie no?aiie a Aa?iia, niiniaiie ia oieueei
i?ioeainoiyoue iaiieaiiianeie aa?annee, ii iaianoe ae nie?ooeoaeueiia
ii?aaeaiea. Auea ?aca?iieaia a?iiaaeiay, caeaeaiiay ai iiiaeo n?aaeaieyo
a?iey, i?aaeaiaeeoaeuenoaoaiay auaeathueiny iieeiaiaeoeai. Ii iiaaaea
aeinoaeanue aei?iaie oeaiie: ia?iiiuie ethaeneeie e iaoa?eaeueiuie
iioa?yie, ?aci?aieai aeanyoeia aoaa?iee, auaoeo a?aiie aiaiiuo
aeaenoaee, niaeaeaieai e ?aci?aieai Iineau, Niieainea, Aeoaanea,
Iieioeea e ae?oaeo ae?aaieo ?inneeneeo ai?iaeia. Ii iiaaaeiiiniia
ieii/aiea eaiiaiee 1812 a. aua ia aa?aioe?iaaei ?inneth io iiaie
aa?annee Iaiieaiia. Nai Iaiieaii n/eoae, /oi aieia i?ioea ?innee aua ia
caeii/aia. Ii oaia?ue aiaiiua aeaenoaey auee ia?aianaiu oaea ca i?aaeaeu
?innee. Niaaoneea enoi?eee iau/ii ?anniao?eaatho caa?aie/iua iioiaeu
?onneie a?iee 1813 — 1814 aa. eae i?iaeieaeaiea Ioa/anoaaiiie aieiu 1812
aiaea. Aeaenaiae? I ?anoeaieaae i?iaeieaeaiea aieiu ca i?aaeaeaie ?innee
eae aeinoeaeaiea naiae oeaee — iecaa?aeaiey Iaiieaiia. “Ia caeeth/o
ie?a, iiea Iaiieaii aoaeao inoaaaoueny ia i?anoiea”, — ioe?uoi cayaee
ii. Ii oaeaea aeiaeaaeny e ainnoaiiaeaiey “eaaeoeiiuo”, o. a.
aaniethoenoneeo ?aaeeiia a Aa?iia.

Aiaiiua oniaoe ?innee naeaeaee Aeaenaiae?a aa?oeoaeai noaeaa Aa?iiu. N
eeoaie auei oaeiaeaoai?aii e aai naiiethaea. Iinea ?aoathuae aeoau i?e
Oa?oaiiaioaca (iiae Ia?eaeai) ii n ai?aeinoueth aiai?ee A?iieiao: “Io
/oi, Aeaenae Iao?iae/, oaia?ue neaaeoo a Iaoa?ao?aa;

iaiy n/eoaee ca i?inoa/ea”. E aeaeaa: “Aeaaiaaeoeaoue eao y neue a
Aa?iia iin?aaenoaaiiui /aeiaaeii: iiniio?ei, /oi iia caaiai?eo oaia?ue”.
A 1814 a. Naiao i?aiiaeian Aeaenaiae?o I oeooe “Aeaaineiaaiiiai,
aaeeeiaeooiiai aea?aeaa ainnoaiiaeoaey”. Eiia?aoi? iaoiaeeeny a caieoa
aaee/ey e neaau. Aeaeaa?eno sseooeei aniiieiaao ia yiooceacia, n eaeei
aue ano?a/ai Aeaenaiae? ii aica?auaiee a ?inneth. Aai ii?acee oaeie
yieciae ai a?aiy oea?neiai niio?a aica?aoeaoaeny ec O?aioeee aaa?aeee.
Eaeie-oi ioaeee, iooaniaiiue oieiie, ia?aaaaeae aei?iao ia?aae naiui
eiiai eiia?aoi?a Aeaenaiae?a. “Eiia?aoi? aeae oii?u naiae eioaaee e
a?ineeny ia aaaouaai n iaiaaeaiiie oiaaie. Iieeoeey i?eiyeanue aeoue
ioaeeea iaeeaie. Iu ia aa?eee nianoaaiiui aeacai e ioaa?ioeenue,
nouaeynue ca ethaeiiai oea?y. Yoi auei ai iia ia?aia ?aci/a?iaaiea ia
aai n/ao”.

Ouaoiu ieacaeenue iaaeaaeaeu ?aoieeia iiie/aiee — e?aiinoiuo e?anoueyi —
ia iaauaiioth “aieth” eae iaa?aaeo ca iiaeaea a Ioa/anoaaiiie aieia 30
aaaonoa 1814 a., a aeaiue oacieiaieonoaa oea?y, aue iaia?iaeiaai
iaieoano “Ia ecaaaeaiee aea?aeaau ?inneeneay io iaoanoaey aaeeia e n
ieie aeaaiaaeanyo ycue”. Iaieoano aicaauae i aea?iaaiee aeai?yinoao,
aeooiaainoao, eoia/anoao ?acee/iuo iaa?aae e eueaio, a i e?anoueyiao
auei neacaii: “E?anoueyia, aa?iue iao ia?iae — aea iieo/eo icaeo naith
io Aiaa”.

1815 — 1825 aa. i?eiyoi n/eoaoue a?aiaiai i?a/iie iieeoe/aneie ?aaeoeee,
eiaioaiie a?ae/aaaueiie. Iaeiaei iia a iieiie ia?a i?iyaeeanue ia n?aco.
I?eia?ii aei 1819 — 1820 aa. ia?yaeo n i?iaaaeaieai ?yaea ?aaeoeeiiiuo
ia? eiaee ianoi e oaeou “caea?uaaiey n eeaa?aeaie”:

ieaiu i?aia?aciaaiee i?iaeieaeaee ?ac?aaaouaaoueny, ia/aoue e
i?inaauaiea aua ia iiaeaa?aaeenue oai no?iaui aiiaieyi, eaeea ia/aeenue
iicaeiaa. A 1818 — 1820 aa. ecaeathony eieae i?ia?anneaiuo i?ioanni?ia —
enoi?eea e noaoenoeea E. E. A?naiueaaa “?inneeneay noaoenoeea” e
i?aaiaaaea A. I. Eoieoeuia “I?aai anoanoaaiiia”, a eioi?uo eceaaaeenue
i?inaaoeoaeueneea eaeae e ioe?uoi noaaeeny aii?in i iaiaoiaeeiinoe
ioiaiu e?aiinoiiai i?aaa a ?innee. A aeo?iaeao i?iaeieaeaee
ioaeeeiaaoueny oaenou caiaaeiiaa?iiaeneeo eiinoeoooeee.

A iiya?a 1815 a. Aeaenaiae? I iiaeienae eiinoeoooeeth ia?aciaaiiiai a
ninoaaa ?inneeneie eiia?ee Oea?noaa Iieueneiai. Aeey oiai a?aiaie iia
auea eeaa?aeueiie. 15(27) ia?oa 1818 a. i?e ioe?uoee iieueneiai naeia a
Aa?oaaa oea?ue i?iecian ?a/ue, a eioi?ie cayaee, /oi o/?aaeaeaiiua a
Iieueoa eiinoeoooeeiiiua ii?yaeee ii iaia?ai “?ani?ino?aieoue e ia ana
no?aiu, i?iaeaeaieai iiia/aieth iiaio aaa?aiiua”, iaeiaei n iaiai?eie:
“eiaaea iie aeinoeaioo iaaeeaaeauae c?aeinoe”. Aai ?a/ue i?iecaaea
neeueiia aia/aoeaiea ia i?ia?anneaiuo ethaeae ?innee, aiooea ei
iaaeaaeaeu ia eiinoeoooeeiiiua iaia?aiey oea?y. Ea?aicei ioiaoee, /oi
?a/ue Aeaenaiae?a “neeueii io?aceeanue a iieiaeuo na?aeoeao: niyo e
aeaeyo eiinoeoooeeth”. Ia?aaeaaaee e ae?oaea eiinoeoooeeiiiua cayaeaiey
oea?y. Aeaeaa?eno I. E. Oo?aaiaa caienae 25 ieoya?y 1818 a. a naiai
aeiaaieea neacaiiia Aeaenaiae?ii I i?onneiio aaia?aeo Iaciio:

“Iaeiiaoe ana ia?iaeu aeieaeiu inaiaiaeeoueny io naiiaeanoey. Au
aeaeeoa, /oi y aeaeath a Iieueoa e /oi oi/o naeaeaoue e a ae?oaeo iieo
aeaaeaieyo”.

A 1818 a. Aeaenaiae? ii?o/ee I. I. Iiaineeueoeaao ninoaaeoue “Onoaaioth
ainoaea?noaaiioth a?aiioo” a aeooa i?eioeeiia iieueneie eiinoeoooeee
1815 aiaea. I?iaeo aue aioia e 1820 a. e iieo/ee “auni/aeoaa
iaeia?aiea”. Oioy i?iaeo Iiaineeueoeaaa, aioiaeaoeeny a aeoaieie oaeia,
oae e inoaeny ia aoiaaa, iaeiaei nai oaeo aai ?ac?aaioee oa?aeoa?ai aeey
iieeoeee Aeaenaiae?a a oa aiaeu A 1816 — 1819 aa auea caaa?oaia
e?anoueyineay ?aoi?ia a I?eaaeoeea (aa aoi?ie yoai). Ana e?anoueyia
iieo/aee ee/ioth naiaiaeo, a caieth ia oneiaeyo aa a?aiaeu, ii a
ia?niaeoeaa i?eia?anoe aa a nianoaaiiinoue iin?aaenoaii iieoiee o
iiiaueea. A 1818 a. 12 naiiaieeia iieo/eee nae?aoiua ii?o/aiey oea?y
iiaeaioiaeoue i?iaeou ioiaiu e?aiinoiiai i?aaa e aeey ?onneeo aoaa?iee.
Iaeei ec yoeo i?iaeoia iiaeaioiaee A?ae/aaa, iaia/aaoee iinoaiaiiue
aueoi iiiaue/ueeo e?anoueyi a eacio Ii nianoaaiiiio ii/eio iiaeae oea?th
naie i?iaeo inaiaiaeaeaiey e?anoueyi e aeaeaa?eno I E. Oo?aaiaa, ii ana
iinooieaoea e oea?th i?iaeou auee iieiaeaiu iiae noeii, oae eae
inouanoaeaiea eo ii n/ae ianaiaa?aiaiiui.

Ii oaea a ia?aua iineaaiaiiua aiaeu Aeaenaiae? I i?iaiaeeo e ?yae
?aaeoeeiiiuo ia? N?aaee ieo iaeaieaa aeanoieie yaeeinue o/?aaeaeaiea a
1816 a. aiaiiuo iinaeaiee, eioi?ua A. E Aa?oeai iacaae “aaee/aeoei
i?anooieaieai oea?noaiaaiey Aeaenaiae?a I”. Nicaeaiea aiaiiuo iinaeaiee
auoaeaei ec caaea/e iieneia iiauo oi?i eiiieaeoiaaiey a?iee e ?ac?aoaiey
ino?uo oeiainiauo i?iaeai iooai ia?aaiaea /anoe a?iee ia
“naiiieoiaaiinoue”, o. a. ono?ienoaa nieaeao ia caiea, /oiau iie ia?yaeo
n aiaiiie neoaeaie caieiaeenue e caieaaeaeeai e oai niaea?aeaee naay.
Ianaeaiea ii?aaeaeaiiiai ?aaeiia ia?auaeinue a aiaiiuo iinaeyi, eioi?ua
iacuaaeenue “iinaeyiaie-oicyaaaie”, a e iei iinaeyee nieaeao,
ninoaaeyaoeo oae iacuaaaiua “aeaenoaothuea” (?aaoey?iua) aaoaeueiiu e
yneaae?iiu. E “iinaeyia-oicyaaa” e nieaeaou “aeaenoaothueo” iinaeaiiuo
/anoae iaeiia?aiaiii aeieaeiu auee caieiaoueny caieaaeaeeai e aiaiiie
neoaeaie. E neoaeaa e auo auee aei iaei/ae ?aaeaiaioe?iaaiu. Yoi aue
ooaeoee aeae e?aiinoiie iaaiee. Ono?ienoai aiaiiuo iinaeaiee a
Iiaai?iaeneie, Oa?niineie e Oa?ueeianeie aoaa?ieyo ano?aoeei io/ayiiia
nii?ioeaeaiea ianoiiai ianaeaiey, ia?aaiaeeiiai ia iieiaeaiea aiaiiuo
iinaeyi.

Ia/aeueieeii anao aiaiiuo iinaeaiee aue iacia/ai A. A. A?ae/aaa —
iieacaoaeue oiai, eaeia aieueoia cia/aiea i?eaeaaae Aeaenaiae? yoiio
o/?aaeaeaieth. A?ae/aaa ia?aiia/aeueii auneacuaaeny i?ioea aiaiiuo
iinaeaiee, i?aaeeaaay nie?aoeoue n?ie nieaeaoneie neoaeau aei 8 eao e ec
oaieueiyaiuo a caian nicaeaaaoue iaiaoiaeeiue ?aca?a. Ii eae oieueei
aii?in i aiaiiuo iinaeaieyo aue ?aoai Aeaenaiae?ii I, A?ae/aaa noae
?ueyiui e iineaaeiaaoaeueiui i?iaiaeieeii a aeeciue yoie ia?u. Ii
iaaethaeaieth enoi?eea I. E. Oeeueaea?a, A?ae/aaa oniio?ae “a yoie
oea?noaaiiie oaioacee aa?iia n?aaenoai aua aieaa oe?aieoue naia
nianoaaiiia iieiaeaiea e iaania/eoue a aoaeouai i?aiaeaaeathuaa aeeyiea
ia ainoaea?noaaiiua aeaea”.

A?ae/aaa ia/ae neoaeao i?e aeai?a a oea?noaiaaiea Iaaea I. Nia/aea
Aeaenaiae? aai iaaeiethaeeaae e iaeiaaeaeu a e?oao aaa?aeaeneeo
ioeoea?ia iacaae aai “ia?caaoeai”, ii caoai oaeaeae a iai
“i?eaeaeaoaeueiua” ea/anoaa’ iaaeaioe/iinoue e iienoeia iaieaeaeueioth
i?eaa?aeaiiinoue e “ii?yaeeo”, iaoeinieoaeueioth eniieieoaeueiinoue e
iacao?yaeiua i?aaiecaoi?neea niiniaiinoe. Ienueia Aeaenaiae?a A?ae/aaao
a yoe aiaeu iano?yo oaa?aieyie a “ae?oaeaa” e au?aaeaieyie “na?aea/iuo
/oanoa”, iiaeuoiaeaiiuie a ienueia 1820 a.: “Aeaaaeoeaoue iyoue eao
iiaee aeieacaoue ene?aiithth iith i?eaycaiiinoue e oaaa e /oi y ia
ia?aiai/ea”. Eiiiie?iaaee Aeaenaiae?o I a A?ae/aaaa e aai oaa?aeue
oa?aeoa?, aioiaiinoue ia n/eoaoueny n ethauie i?aiyonoaeyie e aea?oaaie
i?e auiieiaiee iinoaaeaiiuo ia?aae iei caaea/. Ea?uea?a A?ae/aaaa i?e
Aeaenaiae?a I (eae e Nia?aineiai) ia/aeanue a 1803 aiaeo. A 1808 a.
A?ae/aaa oaea aiaiiue ieieno? e — iaaei ioaeaoue aio aeieaeiia — ia yoii
iinoo (aei 1810 a., eiaaea aai niaiee Aa?eeae aea Oieee) ii naeaeae
iaiaei aeey aii?oaeaiey ?onneie a?iee ia?aieeanniie a?oeeea?eae Ii
“caacaeiue /an” A?ae/aaaa ianooiee ni a?aiaie iacia/aiey aai
ia/aeueieeii aiaiiuo iinaeaiee e i?aaenaaeaoaeai Aeaia?oaiaioa aiaiiuo
aeae Ainoaea?noaaiiiai niaaoa. 1822 — 1825 aa. — a?aiy iaeaunoaai
iiaouanoaa yoiai a?aiaiueea, eioi?iai iaiaaeaeaea any ?inney. Ia
iieiaeaiee oaeoe/anee ia?aiai ieieno?a ii yaeyeny aaeeinoaaiiui
aeieeaae/eeii eiia?aoi?o ii anai io?aneyi oi?aaeaiey, aeaaea ii
aaaeiinoao Nayoaeoaai neiiaea. Ana ieieno?u auee iaycaiu i?aaenoaaeyoue
naie aeieeaaeu eiia?aoi?o “/a?ac a?aoa A?ae/aaaa”.

Nia?aiaiieee, a aiineaaenoaee e ?yae enoi?eeia, aeaeaee a “ciea
A?ae/aaaa” aeaaiia “cei” ?innee oao eao. Iaaea?ii yoi eeoieaouea
iineaaeiaai ia?eiaea oea?noaiaaiey Aeaenaiae?a I auei ie?auaii
“a?ae/aaaueiie”. Nia?aiaiieee aeaei i?aaenoaaeyee oae, /oi eiia?aoi?,
caiyoue aieueoa aiaoiaiieeoe/aneeie aeaeaie, a a iineaaeiea aiaeu
eniuouaay “aeoaieoth ooiieaiiinoue aeeciueth”, ia?aaeae oi?aaeaiea
no?aiie naiaio aeanoieiio oaai?eoo. Ecaanoiue iaioa?eno oiai a?aiaie O.
O. Aeaaeue iocuaaeny ia Aeaenaiae?a I eae i “iiiaueea, naeaaoai eiaiea
oi?aaeythuaio” (A?ae/aaao), a iieiie oaa?aiiinoe, /oi a yoeo ?oeao
“ethaee ia ecaaeothony”. Iiia?oe/anee iano?iaiiua aeai?yineea enoi?eee
(I. E. Aiaaeaiiae/, I. O. Aeoa?iaei, I. E. Oeeueaea?) iuoaeenue ana
aaaeu no?aiu naaeeoue ia A?ae/aaaa, /oiau oai naiui a aeaaii?eyoiii
naaoa i?aaenoaaeoue Aeaenaiae?a I. Ieneieueei ia io?eoeay aieueoiai
aeeyiey yoiai a?aiaiueea ia oiae ainoaea?noaaiiuo aeae, ana aea iaaei
iiae/a?eiooue, /oi aaeioiiaeoaeai ?aaeoeeiiiiai eo?na aue nai oea?ue, a
A?ae/aaa eeoue ona?aeii i?aoai?ee yoo iieeoeeo a aeeciue. Aeaenaiae?,
aeaaea iaoiaeynue ca a?aieoeae, aea?aeae ana ieoe oi?aaeaiey a naieo
?oeao, aieeay ai ana iaei/e, eanathueany, enoaoe, e “aaaeiinoaa” naiiai
A?ae/aaaa — aiaiiuo iinaeaiee. Ia/aeueiee ooaaa aiaiiuo iinaeaiee I. A.
Eeaeiieoaeue naeaeaoaeuenoaiaae, /oi iiiaea ec a?ae/aaaneeo i?eeacia ii
aiaiiui iinaeaieyi nianoaaiii?o/ii i?aaee eiia?aoi?.

*a?ac naoue inaaaeiieoaeae Aeaenaiae? aieiaoaeueii neaaeee ca
oiiiano?iaieyie a ?innee e ioaeaaae niioaaonoaothuea i?aaeienaiey
aaia?aeai, aicaeaaeyaoei nune. Aeaenaiae? ianoa?nee oiae
“ia?aeeaaeuaaoue naith iaiiioey?iinoue” ia ae?oaeo. Yoi aeaeae e nai
A?ae/aaa, aiai?y, /oi eiia?aoi? i?aaenoaaeyao aai “ioaaeii ie?neei”.
Ioee/ii ciay aai “ia?aiai/eaoth iaoo?o”, A?ae/aaa aeaaea a aiaeu
iiaouanoaa ia aue oaa?ai a i?i/iinoe naiaai iieiaeaiey. Iaeiiio ec
naiiaieeia ii aiai?ee ia Aeaenaiae?a I: “Au ciaaoa aai — iui/a y, caao?a
au, a iinea iiyoue y”.

Eo?n naiiaea?aeaaey aue oanii naycai n iauaaa?iiaeneie ?aaeoeeae.
Ieii/aoaeueiue iiai?io Aeaenaiae?a e ?aaeoeee ii?aaeaeeeny a 1819 — 1820
aa., /oi auei ioia/aii nia?aiaiieeaie. “Eae ii ia?aiaieeny!” — ienae ia
Aeaenaiae?a a na?aaeeia 1819 a. a naiai aeiaaieea I. E. Oo?aaiaa. Ia
ne?uaae oaeie “ia?aiaiu” e nai Aeaenaiae?, aiai?y inaiueth 1820 a.
aano?eeneiio eaioeea?o Iaooa?ie-oo, /oi ii “niaa?oaiii eciaieeny”.
Iaaethaeaoaeueiua nia?aiaiieee, a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue aeaeaa?enou,
naycuaaee ia?aiaio eo?na ?onneiai iiia?oa n iieeoe/aneeie iio?ynaieyie a
no?aiao Caiaaeiie Aa?iiu: ?aaiethoeeyie

Ii?ooaaeee, Eniaiee, Iaaiiea, Iueaiiioa 1820 a., a?a/aneei
iaoeeiiaeueii-inaiaiaeeoaeueiui ainnoaieai 1821 a. “I?ienoanoaey a
Iaaiiea e Iueaiiioa, n nia?aiaiiui ainnoaieai a?aeia i?iecaaee
?aoeoaeueiue ia?aeii a iaia?aiee ainoaea?y”, — ienae A. E. Ooaeiaaeue.

?a/ue Aeaenaiae?a i?e ioe?uoee aoi?ie nannee iieueneiai naeia 1(13)
naioya?y 1820 a. neeueii ioee/aeanue io neacaiiie aeaa n iieiaeiie aiaea
iacaae. Ii oaea ia aniiieiae i naiai iaauaiee aea?iaaoue ?innee
“caeiiii-naiaiaeiua o/?aaeaeaiey”. A yoi a?aiy iieuoaee ?aaiethoeee a
thaeiiaa?iiaeneeo no?aiao. “Aeoo cea iieooaaony aiaeai?eoue niiaa naia
aaaenoaaiiia aeaaeu/anoai, — aiai?ee oaia?ue eiia?aoi?, — ii oaea ia?eo
iaae /anoeth Aa?iiu, oaea iaeiieyao ceiaeayiey e iaaoaiua niauoey”.
?a/ue niaea?aeaea oa?icu iieyeai i?eiaieoue neeo a neo/aa iaia?oaeaiey o
ieo eaeiai-eeai iieeoe/aneiai “?anno?ienoaa”. Ia nia?aaoainy inaiueth
1820 a. eiia?anna aea?aeaa Nayuaiiiai Nithca a O?iiiao (a Aano?ee)
Aeaenaiae? I aiai?ee i iaiaoiaeeiinoe “i?eiyoue na?ueaciua e
aeaenoaaiiua ia?u i?ioea iiaea?a, ioaaoeaoaai aanue tha Aa?iiu e io
eioi?iai iaiiue oaea ?aca?inai ai anao caieyo”. “Iiaea? a Aa?iia”
canoaaee nieioeoueny ?aaeoeeiiiua aea?aeaau Nayuaiiiai Nithca, ianiio?y
ia eo ?aciiaeaney.

A O?iiiao oea?ue iieo/ee ecaanoea i ainnoaiee eaea-aaa?aeee Naiaiianeiai
iieea, aunooieaoaai a ieoya?a 1820 a. i?ioea aeanoieinoae aai eiiaiaee?a
iieeiaieea A. O. Oaa?oea. Ia?aui niiauee Aeaenaiae?o yoi iai?eyoiia
ecaanoea Iaooa?ieo, i?aaenoaaea aai eae naeaeaoaeuenoai, /oi e a ?innee
“ianiieieii”. Yoi i?iecaaei neeueiia aia/aoeaiea ia Aeaenaiae?a.
Ii?aaeaao no?iainoue aai ?ani?aau n yoei noa?aeoei, i?ineaaeaiiui
aaa?aeaeneei iieeii. Iiee aue ?aneanne?iaai ii ?acee/iui a?iaeneei
/anoyi, 1-e aai aaoaeueii aue i?aaeai aiaiiiio noaeo, e iniiaiay aai
/anoue ?acineaia ii neae?neei aa?ieciiai aac i?aaa auneoae, 8
“ca/eiueeia” i?eaiai?aiu e iaeacaieth eiooii e iineaaeothuae aann?i/iie
eaoi?aa. Auee i?aaeaiu e /aou?a ioeoea?a iieea, iiaeic?aaaaiua a
“iiionoeoaeuenoaa” nieaeaoai. Inoaeueiua ioeoea?u auee ii?aaeaeaiu a
?aciua a?iaeneea iieee. Iieacaoaeueia eeoeaia?iuie neiaaie i “ieeinoyo”
oea?neay eiioe?iaoeey i?eaiai?a noaea “ca/eiueeai” aunooieaiey.
“Ainoaea?ue eiia?aoi?, — aiai?eony a iae, — i?eiya a oaaaeaiea
aeieaia?aiaiiia niaea?aeaiea a e?aiinoe ?yaeiauo, ?aaii e auoiinoue a
n?aaeaieyo, auni/aeoa iiaaeaoue niecaieee, ecaaay eo io aan/anoiiai
eiooii iaeacaiey, i?iaiaoue oieoe?ooaiaie eaaeaeiai /a?ac aaoaeueii 6
?ac e iioii nineaoue a ?oaeieee”.

Aeaenaiae? aue oaaaeaeai, /oi aunooieaiea nieaeao Naiaiianeiai iieea
einie?e?iaaii oaeiui iauanoaii. “Ieeoi ia naaoa iaiy ia oaaaeeo, /oiau
nea aunooieaiea auei auiuoeaii nieaeaoaie eee i?ienoiaeeei aaeeinoaaiii,
eae iieacuaatho, io aeanoieiai ia?auaiey n iiuie iieeiaieea Oaa?oea, —
ienae ii A?ae/aaao. — …Ii iiaio oaaaeaeaieth, ooo e?ithony ae?oaea
i?e/eiu… y aai i?eienuaath oaeiui iauanoaai”. Ia/aeenue eo oneeaiiua
iienee. Iaeiaei ia iieeoeey iaiaea ia neaae nouanoaiaaaoaai a oi a?aiy
aeaeaa?enoneiai Nithca aeaaiaeainoaey. N iiya?y 1820 — oaa?aey 1821 a.
aeanoe oaea ?aniieaaaee na?eae aeiiinia. A eiioea iay 1821 a., ii
aica?auaiee Aeaenaiae?a I ec-ca a?aieoeu, aaia?ae E. A. Aaneeue/eeia
iiaeae aio nienie iaeaieaa aeoeaiuo /eaiia oaeiiai iauanoaa.
?anneacuaatho, /oi oea?ue a?inee nienie a iueathuee eaiei, yeiau ia
aeaeay ciaoue “eiai yoeo ian/anoiuo”, eai e nai “a iieiaeinoe ?acaeaeye
eo acaeyaeu”, aeiaaaea i?e yoii: “Ia iia eo ea?aoue”.

Ea?aoue ii oiae, e i/aiue aeanoiei. Ioeac aea io ioe?uoiai noaeaaiiai
i?aneaaeiaaiey aue aucaai ioithaeue ia niia?aaeaieyie “aoiaiiinoe”.
A?iieee iieeoe/aneee i?ioeann iia a oi a?aiy iinayoue niiiaiey
ioiineoaeueii iiaouanoaa “aeaiaea?ia Aa?iiu”. Aeaenaiae? I, ii
naeaeaoaeuenoao aeaeaa?enoa N. A. Aieeiineiai, aiiaua ia ethaee “aeanii
iaeacuaaoue”. ?aciuoeyy, “/oi ainiineaaeiaaei au n /eaiaie oaeiiai
iauanoaa, anee au Aeaenaiae? Iaaeiae/ ia neii/aeny a Oaaai?iaa”,
Aieeiineee ienae: “ss oaaaeaeai, /oi eiia?aoi? ia aeae au oaeie
aeaniinoe, oaeiai ?acaeoey i oaeiii iauanoaa. Ianeieueei /aeiaae naieee
au caaeeai a Oeennaeueao?aa, ii ii ii/ae au iici?ii aeey naay aueacaoue,
/oi yoi auea iiiuoea i?ioea aai aeanoe”. Aeaenoaeoaeueii, ia aeaeay
i?aneaaeiaaoue yaii, Aeaenaiae? iiea?ae ?yae auyaeaiiuo /eaiia oaeiiai
iauanoaa ne?uoii, aac noaea e iaeanee: ionoaaeie e nnueeie n
onoaiiaeaieai iieeoeaeneiai iaaeci?a.

1 aaaonoa 1822 a. Aeaenaiae? I aeaao ?ane?eio ia eiy oi?aaeythuaai
ieienoa?noaii aioo?aiieo aeae A. I. Ei/oaay i cai?auaiee oaeiuo iauanoa
e ianiineeo eiae e i acyoee io aiaiiuo e a?aaeaeaineeo /eiia iiaeienee,
/oi iie ia i?eiaaeeaaeao e ia aoaeoo i?eiaaeeaaeaoue e oaeiaui
i?aaiecaoeeyi. A oa/aiea 1821 — 1823 aa. aaiaeeony oeaio?aeeciaaiiay e
?acaaoaeaiiay naoue oaeiie iieeoeee a aaa?aeee e a?iee. Any nenoaia
neaaeee aeaeeeanue ia ?yae ie?oaia, eiaea naie oeaio?u, oneiaiua yaee e
ia?iee, oeaeoth naoue iecoeo e aunoeo “ei??aniiiaeaioia”. Auee iniaua
aaaiou, neaaeeaoea ca aeaenoaeyie naiie oaeiie iieeoeee, a oaeaea ae?oa
ca ae?oaii. Aeoeaece?iaaea naith aeayoaeueiinoue e “a?aaeaeaineay”
oaeiay iieeoeey. “Iaaeinoaoea a oieiinoaa oiaaea ia auei, — aniiieiaao
ecaanoiue aiaiiue enoi?ee A. E. Ieoaeeianeee-Aeaieeaaneee, —
i?aaeoaeuenoai auei iiaeic?eoaeueii, e a ?aaeeii iauanoaa ia auei
oieiiia, ec eieo, iaeiaei aea, aieueoay /anoue auee ecaanoiu; eiua
i?eiaaeeaaeaee e noa?eiiui aeai?yineei oaieeeyi e iineee eaia?aa?neea
ioiaee?u”.

Neaaeeee e ca aunoeie ainoaea?noaaiiuie eeoeaie, a oii /enea ca
A?ae/aaaui (o eioi?iai, enoaoe, auea e naiy oaeiay iieeoeey). Neoaeeaoee
o iaai aeaeaa?eno A. N. Aaoaiueeia aniiieiaao, eae A?ae/aaa ai a?aiy
i?iaoeee n iei ia Oiioaiea oeacae ia oieiia, eioi?ue aue “i?enoaaeai ca
iei iaaethaeaoue”. Ai?i/ai, A?ae/aaa ioianny e yoiio eae e aeieaeiiio. A
oa/aiea anaai oea?noaiaaiey Aeaenaiae?a I aeaenoaiaaee “/a?iua
eaaeiaou”, caieiaaoeany ia?ethno?aoeeae /anoiuo ienai. Yoi auei
“eeanne/aneia” a?aiy aeiiinia. “Caeanue ice?athony ai i?aea iiaeeaoeu,
/oia neiai iiaenoa?a/ue e iiaoaeoue aeiiinii”, — ienae iaeei ec
oiaaeaoieo iiyoia. Aeiiineee ia eeoe ia oieueei n ia?aaeiauie
acaeyaeaie, ii e ia aeeyoaeueiuo aaeueiiae e ?ao?ia?aaeia, iai?eia?, ia
oiai aea A?ae/aaaa, ia ieieno?a iieeoeee A. Ae. Aaeaoiaa, ieieno?a
aeooiaiuo aeae e ia?iaeiiai i?inaauaiey A. I. Aieeoeuia, ieo?iiieeoa
Oeea?aoa. I. E. Iaaieoeeee iiaeae aeiiin aeaaea ia aaeeeiai eiycy
Ieeieay Iaaeiae/a (aoaeouaai Ieeieay I). Noieo eeoue oaeeaeyoueny, /oi a
oneiaeyo oaeiai “oieiinoaa” i?aaeoaeuenoao aei eaoa 1825 a. ia
oaeaaaeinue iaianoue ia neaae aeaeaa?enoneeo oaeiuo i?aaiecaoeee,
eioi?ua auee iaia?oaeaiu ia iieeoeeae, a ae?oaeie “aeia?ioioiuie”
aeiiineoaeyie, niaa?oaiii neo/aeii, aneaaenoaea iainoi?iaeiinoe
iaeioi?uo iaiiuoiuo /eaiia yoeo i?aaiecaoeee.

Ianooieaiea ?aaeoeeiiiiai i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiiai eo?na a 1820 — 1825 aa.
iaicia/aeinue ai anao iai?aaeaieyo.

Auee ioiaiaiu ana oeacu, ecaeaiiua a ia?aua aiaeu oeaae-noaiaaiey
Aeaenaiae?a I e ianeieueei naea?aeeaaaoaa i?iecaie iiiaueeia ii
ioiioaieth e e?anoueyiai; aiiaue iiaeoaa?aeaeaeinue i?aai iiiaueeia
nnueaoue e?anoueyi a Neae?ue “ca i?aaea?cinoiua iinooiee”; e?anoueyiai
cai?auaeinue aeaeiaaoueny ia aeanoieinoue. Oneeeeenue aiiaiey ia
i?inaauaiea e ia/aoue. Oeaico?a aaniiuaaeii i?aneaaeiaaea anyeoth
naiaiaeioth iuneue. A 1819 a. a Eacaineee oieaa?neoao aeey “?aaecee” aue
iineai I. E. Iaaieoeeee. Ii iaia?oaeee oai “aeoo aieueiiaeoinoaa e
aacaiaeey” e iio?aaiaae a naiai aeieeaaea oea?th “ioaee/iiai ?ac?ooaiey”
oieaa?neoaoa. “Ca/ai ?ac?ooaoue, iiaeii eni?aaeoue”, — iaienae a naiae
?aciethoeee ia aeieeaaea Aeaenaiae? I. “Eni?aaeyoue” ii ii?o/ee oiio aea
Iaaieoeeiio, iacia/ea aai iiia/eoaeai Eacaineiai o/aaiiai ie?oaa. Ec
oieaa?neoaoa auei oaieaii aieaa iieiaeiu i?ioanni?ia, ec aai aeaeeioaee
ecuyou ana eieae, ioee/aaoeany, ii iiaieth Iaaieoeeiai, “a?aaeiui
iai?aaeaieai”, iaoiaeeaoeany a aiaoiie/aneii oaao?a i?aia?aou
/aeiaa/aneiai oaea auee i?aaeaiu “o?enoeaineiio iia?aaaieth”.
Iiia/eoaeue naiiaieueii ioaeaaae “iaoaiaeiuo” aio nooaeaioia a nieaeaou
e aaae a oieaa?neoaoa eaca?iaiiue ?aaeei, aeieiaeea eiia?aoi?o: “ssae
aieueiiaeoinoaa ieii/aoaeueii inoaaee oieaa?neoao, aaea iaeoaao iuia
no?ao aiaeee”. A 1821 a. iacia/aiiue iiia/eoaeai Iaoa?ao?aneiai o/aaiiai
ie?oaa Ae. I. ?oie/ iiaeaa?a ?aca?iio noiee/iue oieaa?neoao. Ii ia/ae n
aeiiina i oii, /oi iaoee i?aiiaeathony oai “a i?ioeaiii o?enoeainoao
aeooa”, e aicaoaeee noaeaaiue i?ioeann i?ioea eo/oeo i?ioanni?ia: E. E.
A?naiue-aaa, A. E. Aaee/a, E. O. Aa?iaia e Y. A. ?aoiaoa. I?ioeann
oyioeny aei 1827 a., eiaaea aue i?ae?auai ca iaaeieacaiiinoueth
“i?anooieaiey”.

Yoi auei a?aiy ainiiaenoaa ?aeeaeiciiai ianeo?aioecia e ienoeoeecia,
iiiu?yaiuo Aeaenaiae?ii I. Oaea/aiea oea?y ienoeoeeciii caiaoii
i?iyaeeinue n 1814 aiaea. Aei yoiai, eae naeaeaoaeuenoaiaaea Aeaenaiae?a
Oaaei?iaia (aeaia Ieeieay I), ii a aii?inao ?aeeaee aue aanueia
“o?eaieai e eaaeiiuneai”. A 1814 a. Aeaenaiae? I ano?aoeeny a Ia?eaea n
“aa?iiaeneie ieoeae” — aa?iiannie A. TH. E?thaeaia? e aae n iae aeieaea
aanaaeu i ?aeeaee. Aanaaeu i?iaeieaeeeenue e a ?innee. Ii
iie?iaeoaeuenoaoao aeooiaiui nia?aieyi oaiaoe/iie A. O. Oaoa?eiiaie,
ia?auaaony e ?aciiai ?iaea “i?i?ieai” e “i?i?i/eoeai”. Au&&&&&ceiiiai e
iaio iocueaioa Ieeeoooeo Oaaei?iaa, neua-ioaai “th?iaeeaui” e
“i?i?ieii”, i?iecaiaeeo a /eiiaieee. Aiineaaenoaee ii i?eaeecee e naaa
ecaanoiiai naiei ecoaa?noaii a?oeiaiae?eoa Oioey, aeeceiai ae?oaa
A?ae/aaaa. A. N. Oeoeia ninoaaeyao aeey Aeaenaiae?a auienee ec
aeaeaeneeo oaenoia.

A 1814 a., ii aica?auaiee ec Ia?eaea, Aeaenaiae? aa?ao iiae naia
iie?iaeoaeuenoai ?inneeneia Aeaeaeneia iauanoai, anooiea a /enei aai
/eaiia e iiaea?oaiaaa aio cia/eoaeueiua aeaiaaeiua noiiu. A yoi iauanoai
aioae “oeaao” oiaaeaoiae a?enoie?aoe/aneie ?aaeoeee. I?aaenaaeaoaeai aai
aue iinoaaeai A. I. Aieeoeui. E 1824 a. iii eiaei oaea 89 ioaeaeaiee a
?innee e ecaeaei 876 oun. yecaiiey?ia Aeaeee ia 40 ycueao ia?iaeia
?innee. Aeayoaeueiinoue Aeaeaeneiai iauanoaa auea naycaia n
Ieienoa?noaii aeooiaiuo aeae e ia?iaeiiai i?inaauaiey, ai aeaaa eioi?iai
iaoiaeeeny oio aea Aieeoeui. Iaeiaei aeayoaeueiinoue Aeaeaeneiai
iauanoaa e aieeoeueoneiai aaaeiinoaa ia?ooaea i?a?iaaoeau i?aaineaaiie
oea?eae, /oi aucaaei iaaeiaieuenoai e i?ioeaiaeaenoaea aunoaai
aeooiaainoaa. A 1824 a. iii i?e iiaeaea?aeea A?ae/aaaa e Oioey
aeiaeeinue oi?acaeiaiey “aeooiaiiai” ieienoa?noaa, ionoaaee Aieeoeuia e
?inionea Aeaeaeneiai iauanoaa (ioeoeeaeueii iii auei cae?uoi oeacii 12
ai?aey 1826 a.). Ianiio?y ia oaea/aiea ienoeoeeciii, oea?ue ia oa?iae
aiaoaoaeuenoaa naieo “i?i?ieia” a aeaea oi?aaeaiey ainoaea?noaii, e
eiaaea, iai?eia?, aa?iianna E?thaeaia? iiiuoaeanue aoi?aiooueny a
aii?inu iieeoeee, iia auea iaiaaeeaiii auneaia ec ?innee.

A 1819 a. Aeaenaiae? I caiyeny aii?inii i naiai i?aaiieea ia i?anoiea.
?iaeeaoeany o iaai e Aeecaaaou Aeaenaaaiu a 1797 e 1806 aa. aei/a?e
Aeecaaaoa e Ia?ey oia?ee a ieaaeai/anoaa. Ninoiyiea caei?iauey aeaiu
oea?y aieueoa ia aeaaaei iaaeaaeaeu ia iiyaeaiea o ieo aeaoae. Oioy a
ei?iiaoeeiiiii iaieoanoa io 15 naioya?y 1801 a. e ia aue iacaai
ianeaaeiee, ii niaeanii “Iauaio aeoo i i?anoieiianeaaeee” e
“O/?aaeaeaieth ia eiia?aoi?neie oaieeee” Iaaea I io 5 ai?aey 1797 a.
caeiiiui i?aaiieeii Aeaenaiae?a n/eoaeny neaaeothuee ii noa?oeinoao a?ao
Eiinoaioei, iieo/eaoee aua a 1799 a. io iooea oeooe oeana?aae/a. Iaeiaei
e Eiinoaioei iaoiaeeeny “a oao aea naiuo naiaeiuo ianoiyoaeuenoaao”, /oi
e Aeaenaiae?, o. a. aue aacaeaoiui, a ni naiae aeaiie oaeoe/anee
?acioaeny a 1801 aiaeo. ?iaeaeaiea a 1818 a. o ae?oaiai a?aoa oea?y,
Ieeieay Iaaeiae/a, nuia Aeaenaiae?a (aoaeouaai Aeaenaiae?a II)
ii?aaeaeeei auai?. Eaoii 1819 a. Aeaenaiae? I i?aaeoi?aaeee Ieeieay e
aai aeaio, /oi iie “i?ecuaathony a aoaeouai e eiia?aoi?neiio naio”.

A oii aea aiaeo Aeaenaiae? iaian aeceo Eiinoaioeio a Aa?oaao, aaea oio
iaoiaeeeny a ea/anoaa iaianoieea oea?y. Ai a?aiy yoie ano?a/e Aeaenaiae?
aeae Eiinoaioeio onoioth naieoeeth ia ?acaiae n aeaiie e ?ac?aoaiea
anooieoue a ii?aaiaoe/aneee a?ae n iieueneie aeai?yieie Eiaiiie
A?oaeceineie i?e oneiaee ia?aaea/e naieo i?aa ia i?anoie Ieeieath.
Iicaeiaa, a 1825 a., Eiinoaioei aiai?ee, /oi ii nai io?aeny io naieo
i?aa a iieueco Ieeieay. ?anneacuaaee, /oi e ?aiaa a naiaeiii e?oao
Eiinoaioei aiai?ee i naiai iaaeaeaiee eiaaea-eeai oea?noaiaaoue
(“oaeooao, eae iooea oaeooeee”). Iaeiaei aeieoiaiou, naycaiiua n
io?a/aieai Eiinoaioeia (aea e naii aai iiaaaeaiea a aeie
iaaeaeooea?noaey 1825 a.), iicaieytho i?eeoe e auaiaeo, /oi io?a/aiea
aaeaa ee auei n aai noi?iiu aiieia aeia?iaieueiui aeanoii.

20 ia?oa 1820 a. aue ecaeai iaieoano “I ?anoi?aeaiee a?aea aaeeeiai
eiycy oeana?aae/a Eiinoaioeia Iaaeiae/a n aaeeeith eiyaeiath Aiiith
Oaaei?iaiith e i aeiiieieoaeueiii iinoaiiaeaiee ia eiia?aoi?neie
oaieeee”. Iaieoano aeaaae ?ac?aoaiea Eiinoaioeio ia ?acaiae n aeaiie, a
a aeiiieieoaeueiii iinoaiiaeaiee oeacuaaeinue, /oi /eai oea?neie naiuee
i?e anooieaiee a a?ae “n eeoeii ia ec aeaaeaoaeueiiai aeiia, ia iiaeao
niiaueoue aio i?aa, i?eiaaeeaaeaueo /eaiai eiia?aoi?neie oaieeee, e
?iaeaeaaiua io oaeiai nithca aeaoe ia eiatho i?aaa ia ianeaaeiaaiea
i?anoiea”. Oioy iaieoano oi?iaeueii e ia eeoae Eiinoaioeia i?aa ia
?inneeneee i?anoie, ii noaaee a oaeea oneiaey, eioi?ua auioaeaeaee aai
io?a/ueny io yoeo i?aa. 14 yiaa?y 1822 a. Eiinoaioei auioaeaeai aue
ia?aoeoueny e Aeaenaiae?o n ienueiii ia ioeaca io naieo i?aa ia i?anoie.
Oa?aeoa?ii, /oi iii auei iaienaii iiae aeeeoiaeo Aeaenaiae?a, eioi?ue
i?aaee e oaeno ienueia. 2 oaa?aey Aeaenaiae? aeae ienueiaiiia “niaeanea”
ia io?a/aiea Eiinoaioeia, a 16 aaaonoa 1823 a. iineaaeiaae iaieoano, a
eioi?ii Aeaenaiae?, nnueaynue ia ienueii Eiinoaioeia, ia?aaeaaae i?aaa
ia i?anoie Ieeieath.

Ana yoe aeou ninoaaeyeenue e o?aieeenue a aeoaieie oaeia. I iaieoanoa
ciaee oieueei nai Aeaenaiae?, Aieeoeui,

A?ae/aaa e ninoaaeoaeue oaenoa — ieo?iiieeo iineianeee Oeea?ao. Iaieoano
aue iieiaeai ia o?aiaiea a Oniaineii niai?a a E?aiea, a o?e aai eiiee,
caaa?aiiua iiaeienyie Aeaenaiae?a, — a Neiiaea, Naiaoa e
Ainoaea?noaaiiii niaaoa, n nianoaaiii?o/iuie iaaeienyie oea?y:

“O?aieoue n ainoaea?noaaiiuie aeoaie aei aino?aaiaaiey iiaai, a a neo/aa
iiae eii/eiu ioe?uoue i?aaeaea anyeiai ae?oaiai aeaenoaey”. Iiaeii
i?aaeiieaaaoue, noaey ii yoie iaaeiene Aeaenaiae?a, /oi naia ?aoaiea ii
ia n/eoae ieii/aoaeueiui e iia aai ia?aiaieoue (“aino?aaiaaoue” aeey
ia?aniio?a).

Iaieoanoii ia?ooaeny ecaeaiiue Iaaeii I caeii i i?anoieiianeaaeee, i /ai
aiai?ee iaoa?ao?aneee aaia?ae-aoaa?iaoi? I. A. Ieei?aaeiae/, eiaaea auei
iieo/aii ecaanoea i nia?oe Aeaenaiae?a I, e aai nae?aoiue iaieoano aue
iaeaoai a i?enoonoaee /eaiia Naiaoa, Neiiaea e Ainoaea?noaaiiiai niaaoa.
Ieei?aaeiae/ oeacuaae, /oi aiey iieieiiai eiia?aoi?a, “ecuyaeaiiay a
caia/aoaiiie aoiaaa, ia iiaeao neoaeeoue caeiiii, iioiio /oi ?onneee
ainoaea?ue ia iiaeao ?aniieaaaoue ianeaaenoaii i?anoiea ii aeooiaiie”.
Ieeieae auioaeaeai aue ia?aui i?eianoe i?enyao naiaio a?aoo eae
eiia?aoi?o. Eiinoaioei a naieo ienueiao cayaeye ia ioeaca io i?anoiea.
Ii, /oiau Ieeieae iia iauyaeoue naay eiia?aoi?ii, Eiinoaioei aeieaeai
aue iaia?iaeiaaoue ioeoeeaeueiue iaieoano i naiai io?a/aiee. Eiinoaioei
aea ii nooe aeaea ioeacaeny naeaeaoue yoi, ia?aie/eaoenue /anoiuie
ienueiaie. Oaeia iiaaaeaiea aai aei neo ii? inoaaony caaaaeeie. Iii
nicaeaei aeeianoe/aneee e?ecen, eioi?ui, eae ecaanoii, e
ainiieueciaaeenue aeaeaa?enou.

Ia?anoaei iaaeiaieuenoai naiei Aeaenaiae?ii I, eioi?ue oaea ia iia
“i?ee?uoueny” A?ae/aaaui. Ae. E. Caaaee-oei aniiieiae, /oi a iineaaeiea
aiaeu oea?noaiaaiey Aeaenaiae?a I “?acae?aaeaiea i?ioea iaai auei
cia/eoaeueii, ia auei i/aaeaeiaa oaeoa, aei eaeie noaiaie ainoaea?ue
iioa?ye a iineaaeiaa a?aiy oaaaeaiea e ?aniieiaeaiea ia?iaea”. Ia “iauai
iaaiaeiaaiee” i?ioea Aeaenaiae?a I a yoe aiaeu naeaeaoaeuenoaiaae e I.
A. Eaoianeee.

I?eaeeaeaiiua Aeaenaiae?a I ioia/aee, /oi a iineaaeiea aiaeu ii
noaiiaeeny ana i?a/iaa, /aua noae oaaeeiyoueny. ?acoiaaony, ii ia iia ia
ciaoue i ?anoouai ?iiioa a ia?iaea e ?acee/iuo iauanoaaiiuo e?oaao, aue
oaaaeaeai a nouanoaiaaiee oaeiuo iauanoa e aioiayuainy i?ioea iaai
caaiai?a, iiaeic?aaae a yoii iiiaeo aeeyoaeueiua eeoe ec aiaiiie n?aaeu.
A 1826 a. i?e ?acai?a aai aoiaa auea iaia?oaeaia caienea, aeaoe?oaiay
1824 aiaeii, a eioi?ie aiai?eeinue i ?inoa “iaaoaiiai aeooa
aieueiiiuneey” a aieneao, i nouanoaiaaiee “ii ?aciui ianoai oaeiuo
iauanoa eee eeoaia”, n eioi?uie yeiau auee naycaiu aeeyoaeueiua eeoea ec
aiaiiuo — A. I. A?iieia, I. I. ?aaaneee, I. Ae. Eenaeaa, I. O. I?eia e
ae?.

A na?aaeeia ethey 1825 a. Aeaenaiae? iieo/ee aeinoiaa?iua naaaeaiey i
oii, /oi i?ioea iaai c?aao caaiai? a aieneao, ?aneaa?oe?iaaiiuo ia thaa
?innee. Oioa?-ioeoea? thaeiuo aiaiiuo iinaeaiee E. A. Oa?aoae neo/aeii
ociae i oaeiii iauanoaa e iaiaaeeaiii aeiian ia yoii oea?th. Iaeiaei
oieueei iaeiiai naaaeaiey i nouanoaiaaiee caaiai?a, aac ciaiey
eiie?aoiuo aai o/anoieeia, auei iaaeinoaoi/ii, /oiau ia/aoue ?ai?annee.
Ii ee/iiio oeacaieth Aeaenaiae?a I aue ?ac?aaioai ieai auyaeaiey /eaiia
e ?oeiaiaeeoaeae oaeiie i?aaiecaoeee. Aicaeaaeoue yoi ?anneaaeiaaiea
auei ii?o/aii A?ae/aaao. Ecaanoey i caaiai?a a aieneao, ?aniieiaeaiiuo
ia thaa ?innee, canoaaeee Aeaenaiae?a I ioiaieoue iaia/aiiue ia inaiue
1825 a. niio? aiene a Aaeie Oea?eae. Aiineaaenoaee ec iieacaiee
aeaeaa?enoia, /eaiia THaeiiai iauanoaa, noaei ecaanoii, /oi iie
caiuoeyee eniieueciaaoue yoio niio? aeey naiaai aunooieaiey.

1 naioya?y 1825 a. Aeaenaiae? auaoae ia tha, iaia?aaaynue iinaoeoue oai
aiaiiua iinaeaiey, E?ui e Eaaeac (iiacaeea i?aaei?eieiaeanue iiae
i?aaeeiaii iii?aaeaiey caei?iauey eiia?ao?eoeu). 14 naioya?y oea?ue aue
oaea a Oaaai?iaa. *a?ac 9 aeiae ooaea i?eaoaea Aeecaaaoa Aeaenaaaia. N
iath Aeaenaiae? iinaoee Acia e onouea Aeiia, a 20 ieoya?y ioi?aaeeny a
E?ui, aaea iinaoee Neioa?iiieue, Aeoieo, Eeaaaeeth, sseoo, Aaeaeeaao,
Naaanoiiieue, Aao/ena?ae, Aaiaoi?eth. 27 ieoya?y ia iooe ec Aaeaeeaau a
Aai?aeaaneee iiianou?ue oea?ue neeueii i?inooaeeeny, eai aoae aa?oii a
iaeiii ioiaee?a i?e nu?ii, i?iiecuaathuai aao?a. 5 iiya?y ii aica?aoeeny
a Oaaai?ia oaea oyaeaeiaieueiui, i /ai iaienae naiae iaoa?e a Iaoa?ao?a.
Eaea-iaaeeee eiinoaoe?iaaee eeoi?aaeeo. ?aiaa a Oaaai?ia i?eaue
ia/aeueiee thaeiuo aiaiiuo iinaeaiee a?ao E.I. Aeoo n aeieeaaeii i
ninoiyiee iinaeaiee e n iiaui aeiiinii ia oaeiia iauanoai. Aeoo
aicaeaaeye oaeaea e nenoaio iieeoe/aneiai nunea ia thaa ?innee e /a?ac
naiaai aaaioa

A. E. Aioiyea iieo/ee naaaeaiey i nouanoaiaa^^a/THae-iiai iauanoaa
aeaeaa?enoia. A aeiiina Aeooa cia/eeenue eiaia iaeioi?uo ec /eaiia
oaeiiai iauanoaa, a oii /enea e aai ?oeiaiaeeoaey I. E. Ianoaey. Aua aei
naiae iiacaeee a E?ui Aeaenaiae? aucaae a Oaaai?ia A?ae/aaaa, ii oio ia
i?eaoae a aeaeo iinoeaoaai aai ian/anouey (oaeenoaa aeai?iauie ethaeueie
aai ethaiaieoeu Ianoanuee Ieieeiie).

7 iiya?y aieaciue eiia?aoi?a iaino?eeanue. A Iaoa?ao?a e Aa?oaao auee
ioi?aaeaiu o?aaiaeiua atheeaoaie i ninoiyiee aai caei?iauey. 9 iiya?y
ianooieei a?aiaiiia iaeaa/aiea. 10 iiya?y Aeaenaiae? ioaeae i?eeac
a?anoiaaoue auyaeaiiuo /eaiia oaeiie i?aaiecaoeee. Yoi auei iineaaeiaa
?anii?yaeaiea Aeaenaiae?a: anei?a ii ieii/aoaeueii neaa, e ana aeaei ii
?ane?uoeth oaeiie i?aaiecaoeee e a?anoo aa /eaiia acye ia naay
ia/aeueiee Aeaaiiai ooaaa, iaoiaeeaoeeny i?e Aeaenaiae?a a Oaaai?iaa, E.
E. Aeeae/. I?enooiu aieacie oea?y aeaeaeenue ana neeueiaa e
i?iaeieaeeoaeueiaa. 14 iiya?y oea?ue aiae a aaniaiyonoai. A?a/aaiue
eiineeeoi onoaiiaee, /oi iaaeaaeae ia aucaei?iaeaiea iao. A a?aaeo
Aeaenaiae? ianeieueei ?ac iiaoi?ye ii aae?ano caaiai?ueeia: “*oaeiaeua!
Iaaeaaiaea?iua!” 16 iiya?y oea?ue “aiae a eaoa?ae/aneee nii”, eioi?ue
niaieeny a iineaaeothuea aeie eiiaoeueneyie e aaiieae. 19 iiya?y a 11
/ania oo?a ii neii/aeny.

Iaiaeeaeaiiay nia?oue Aeaenaiae?a I, ?aiaa ii/oe ieeiaaea ia aieaaoaai,
ioee/aaoaainy ioiaiiui caei?iaueai, aua ia noa?iai (aio ia auei e 48
eao), ii?iaeeea neooe e eaaaiaeu. Oaioanoe/aneea ?anneacu i oaaai?ianeeo
niauoeyo iiyaeeenue a ia/aea 1826 a. a ca?oaaaeiuo aacaoao. A
aeaeueiaeoai n?aaee iiiai/eneaiiuo neooia iaeaieaa oe?ieia
?ani?ino?aiaiea iieo/eea eaaaiaea i “oaeinoaaiiii noa?oea Oaaei?a
Eocueie/a”, iiae eiaiai eioi?iai aeieaea aiaeu (aei 1864 aiaea) yeiau
ne?uaaeny eiia?aoi? Aeaenaiae? I. Eaaaiaea ii?iaeeea iaoe?ioth
eeoa?aoo?o, aeeth/ay e ecaanoioth iiaanoue E. I. Oienoiai “Caienee
Oaaei?a Eocueie/a”. Aaeeeee eiycue Ieeieae Ieoaeeiae/ ?iiaiia, aeia?ao
Aeaenaiae?a I, eiaaoee aeinooi e nae?aoiui iaoa?eaeai eiia?aoi?neie
naiuee, a niaoeeaeueiii enneaaeiaaiee “Eaaaiaea i eii/eia eiia?aoi?a
Aeaenaiae?a I a Neae?e a ia?aca noa?oea Oaaei?a Eocueie/a” (NIa., 1907),
ii?iaa?a yoo iaeaioth “aa?neth”. Ii eiae oaeaea ianeieueei aanaae ni
ciaiaieoui ienaoaeai, eioi?ue ia ianoaeaae ia aeinoiaa?iinoe eaaaiaeu,
?anniao?eaay aa eeoue eae iaoa?eae aeey ooaeiaeanoaaiiiai i?iecaaaeaiey.
A?aoiaioe?iaaiiia ii?iaa?aeaiea aeaii e a eieaa E. A. Eoae?yoiaa
“Aeaenaiae? I e oaeia Oaaei?a Eocue-ie/a” (Iao?ia?aae, 1923), a eioi?ie
nia?aiu e ananoi?iiia i?iaiaeece?iaaiu ana aeaiiua ii yoiio aii?ino.
Iaeiaei a iineaaeiaa a?aiy aiiaue aeaeathony iiiuoee ionoaeaaoue
“iiaeeeiiinoue” eaaaiaeu i “noa?oea Oaaei?a Eocueieia”. Iiae/a?eiai, /oi
ana aa?nee i “ia?aaiieiuaiee” Aeaenaiae?a I a “noa?oea” iniiaaiu
eneeth/eoaeueii ia neooao, caoeene?iaaiiuo iaioa?enoaie. I?e yoii
eaii?e?othony eee aac anyeiai iniiaaiey noaayony iiae niiiaiea oaeea
aeieoiaioaeueiua iaoa?eaeu, eae iiae?iaiaeoea atheeaoaie i oiaea aieacie
Aeaenaiae?a I, aeou ane?uoey aai oaea, ioeoeeaeueiua aeiianaiey ec
Oaaai?iaa iaoiaeeaoeony i?e oie?athuai eiia?aoi?a eeoe, aaia?aeia
oea?neie naeou I. I. Aieeiineiai e E. E. Aeeae/a. Iaeiiaoe, eiathony
ienueia eiia?ao?eoeu Aeecaaaou Aeaenaaaiu, iaoiaeeaoaeny i?e ioaea aei
naiie aai eii/eiu, a oaeaea ienueia i?eaeai?iuo aeai — eiyaeie N.
Aieeiineie e eaia?-o?aeeeiu A. Aaeoaaie. Cia/eoaeueiay /anoue yoeo
iaoa?eaeia iioaeeeiaaia a naia a?aiy enoi?eeaie I. E. Oeeueaea?ii e aae.
ei. Ieeieaai Ieoaeeiae/ai ?iiaiiaui.

…A enoi?ee oea?noaiaaiey e aeia?aoee eiia?aoi?a Aeaenaiae?a I eiaaony
aua iaiaei nii?iuo e iaeco/aiiuo i?iaeai. Oae, aei neo ii? ia auyniaii
aei eiioea, /ai auee aucaaiu a 1821 a. ioeac Aeaenaiae?a I io ioe?uoiai
noaeaaiiai i?aneaaeiaaiey, auyaeaiiiai ii aeiiinai, aeaeaa?enoneiai
oaeiiai iauanoaa “Nithca aeaaiaeainoaey” eee ?aoaiea ia iaia?iaeiaaoue
oaeie aaaeiue aeieoiaio, eae iaieoano 1823 a. i ia?aaea/a i?anoiea
Ieeieath, ieioy Eiinoaioeia. Aeia?aoaie oae e ia iauyniaiu i?e/eiu
“aeooaaiie aeai?annee” Aeaenaiae?a a iineaaeiea aiaeu aai oea?noaiaaiey.
Iaaeinoaoi/ii eco/aia nouiinoue “i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiiai eeaa?aeecia” a
ia/aea oea?noaiaaiey Aeaenaiae?a I, oa?aeoa? aai nioeeaeueiie iieeoeee.
A eeoa?aoo?a aanueia ?acii?a/eau ioeaiee aai iiceoeee a “iieueneii”,
“oeieyiaeneii” e “a?a/aneii” aii?inao. AEeciue e aeayoaeueiinoue yoiai,
ianiiiaiii, iacao?yaeiiai iiia?oa ?innee aeaeao ianoiyoaeueiiai
iiiia?aoe/aneiai enneaaeiaaiey.

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