Niaea?aeaiea:
Aaaaeaiea 3
Aeaaa 1. Ee/iinoue eiia?aoi?a Aeaenaiae?a Ieeieaaae/a e ia?aua aiaeu
aai oea?noaiaaiey. 4
Aeaaa 2. Ioiaia e?aiinoiiai i?aaa. 6
Aeaaa 3. Ao?aeoaciua ?aoi?iu Aeaenaiae?a II. 11
Caeeth/aiea. Iineaaenoaey ?aoi?i Aeaenaiae?a II. 17
Nienie eniieueciaaiiie eeoa?aoo?u. 18
Aaaaeaiea.
?aoi?iu i?iaaaeaiiua Aeaenaiae?ii II a OIO aaea e ii nae aeaiue
aeooaeueiu.Iiyoiio a naiae ?aaioa y ?aoee ?anneacaoue i ?aoi?iao
yoiai aaeeeiai eiia?aoi?a e iiiuoaeny i?iaiaeece?iaaoue eo.
I?aaeaea anaai a ia?aie aeaaa y neacae ianeieueei neia i ee/-iinoe
Aeaenaiae?a Ieeieaaae/a e i ia?auo aiaeao aai oea?noaiaaiey.
Aoi?oth aeaao y iinayoee i?iaeaia ioiaiu e?aiinoiiai i?a-aa,iioiio
/oi ia iie acaeyae,yoa ?aoi?ia yaeeanue naiie cia/eoaeue-iie ia oieueei
ca a?aiy aai oea?noaiaaiey,ii e ca ana noieaoea.
A o?aoueae aeaaa y ?anneacae i i?i/eo ao?aeoaciuo ?aoi?iao,oa-eeo eae
caineay ?aoi?ia,noaeaaiay,aiaiiay,ia?aciaaoaeueiay,oicyen-oaaiiay.
A caeeth/aiee y iiiuoaeny ioeaieoue iineaaenoaey ?aoi?i Aeae-naiae?a
II.
Aeaaa 1.
Ee/iinoue eiia?aoi?a Aeaenaiae?a Ieeieaaae/a e ia?aua aiaeu aai
oea?noaiaaiey.
?iaeeaoeeny a 1818 aiaeo nui eiycy Ieeieay Iaaeiae/a Aeaenaiae? n naiuo
ia?auo aeiae naiae aeecie ii/eoaeny eae aoaeouee iiia?o,ii-oiio /oi ie
o eiia?aoi?a Aeaenaiae?a I,ie o oeana?aae/a Eiinoaioeia ia auei
nuiiaae,a a naiai iieieaiee ii aue noa?oei eiycai.Niio-aaonoaaiii aai
ia?aciaaiea e ainieoaiea auei i?ae?anii iinoaaea-ii,e iai?aaeaii ia
oi,/oiau iiaeaioiaeoue aai e aunieie iennee.
Ia?aui ainieoaoaeai Aeaenaiae?a II aue eaieoai Ia?aea?,a a aea-ayoue eao
aai iao/aieai caiyeny A.A.AEoeianeee.I?ia?aiia,ii eioi?ie o/eeny
aoaeouee eiia?aoi? auea ouaoaeueii i?i?aaioaia e iai?aaeaia ia oi,/oiau
naeaeaoue,/oiau naeaeaoue aai /aeiaaeii ia?aciaaiiui e ananoi?iiia
i?inaauaiiui,nio?aiea aai io i?aaeaeaa?aiaiiiai oaea/a-iey iaei/aie
aiaiiiai aeaea.I?ia?aiio Aeaenaiae? oniaoii inaiee,ii oaa?a/ueny io
aiaiiie “iooo?u” oiai a?aiaie ia niia.
A aeaaaeoeaoue o?e aiaea oeana?aae/ aeaieeny ia Ia?ee
Aeaenaiae?ia-ia,i?eioeanna Aannai-Aea?iooaaeoneie.N yoiai a?aiaie
Aeaenaiae? ia/e-iaao naith neoaeaaioth aeayoaeueiinoue.Ia i?ioyaeaiee
aeanyoe eao io ya-eyeny i?aaie ?oeie naiaai iooea.Noaey ii
naeaeaoaeuenoaai enoi?e-eia,Aeaenaiae? II iaoiaeeeny iiae neeueiui
aeeyieai iooea e ia?aieiae iaeioi?ua aai ea/anoaa.Iaeiaei aai ioee/aee
io aeaeaciiai oa?aeoa?a Ieeieay a?iaeaeaiiay iyaeinoue e
aaeeeiaeooea.Eiaiii iiyoiio ee/iinoue Aeaenaiae?a iaeuecy ioeaieoue
iaeiicia/ii – a ?aciua iiiaiou aeecie ii i?iecaiaeeo ?aciia aia/aoeaiea.
Ia?aua aiaeu naiaai oea?noaiaaiey eiia?aoi? iuoaeny eeeaeaee-?iaaoue
iineaaenoaey Ainoi/iie aieiu e ii?yaeeia ieeieaaaneiai a?a-iaie.A
ioiioaiee aiaoiae iieeoeee Aeaenaiae? yaeeny i?iaeieaeaoaeai “ia/ae
Nayuaiiiai Nithca”,?oeiaiaeeaoeo iieeoeeie e Aeaenaiae?a I,e Ieeieay
I.E?iia oiai,ia ia?aii i?eaia aeeieiiaoe/aneiai ei?io-na,ainoaea?ue
cayaee,/oi aioia i?iaeieaeaoue aieio,anee ia aeinoeaiao ii/aoiiai
ie?a.Oaeei ia?acii ii i?iaeaiiino?e?iaae Aa?iia,/oi,a yoii
ieaia,yaeyaony i?iaeieaeaoaeai iieeoeee iooea.Oaeaea e ai aioo-?aiiae
iieeoeea o ethaeae neiaeeeinue aia/aoeaiea,/oi iiaue eiia?aoi?
i?iaeieaeeo aeaei naiaai iooea.Iaeiaei ia i?aeoeea yoi ieacaeinue ia
oae:”iiaayei iyaeinoueth e oa?ieiinoueth,oa?aeoa?enoe/iuie aeey
oaiia-?aiaioa iiaiai iiia?oa.Niyou auee iaei/iua noaniaiey n
ia/a-oe;oieaa?neoaou acaeioioee naiaiaeiaa…”,aiai?eee,/oi
“ainoaea?ue oi/ao i?aaaeu,i?inaauaiey,/anoiinoe e naiaiaeiiai aieina.”
A aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe,oae iii e auei,oae eae,iao/aiiue ai?ueeei iiuoii
aanneeey a E?uineie aieia,Aeaenaiae? iio?aaiaae “ioe?iaai-iiai
eceiaeaiey anao iaaeinoaoeia”.Iaeioi?ua enoi?eee iieaaatho,/oi ia
ia?auo ii?ao i?ia?aiiu aiiaua ia auei,oae eae o?oaeiinoe aiai-iiai
a?aiaie ia aeaaaee aio nin?aaeioi/eony ia aioo?aiiai aeaaiono-?ienoaa
no?aiu.Oieueei iinea ieii/aiey aieiu a iaieoanoa 19 ia?oa 1856 aiaea
Aeaenaiae? II neacae naith ciaiaieooth o?aco,eioi?ay noaea eicoiaii aeey
?innee ia aeieaea aiaeu:”Aea ooaa?aeaeaaony e niaa?oain-oaoaony ay
aioo?aiiaa aeaaiono?ienoai;i?aaaea e ieeinoue aea oea?n-oaoao a
noaeao ay;aea ?acaeaaaony iianthaeo e n iiaie neeie no?aiea-iea e
i?inaauaieth e anyeie iieaciie aeayoaeueiinoe…”
Aeaaa 2.
Ioiaia e?aiinoiiai i?aaa.
E?aiinoiia i?aai a ?innee i?inouanoaiaaei ai?acaei aeieueoa,/ai a ethaie
ae?oaie aa?iiaeneie no?aia e i?eiyei oaeea oi?iu,/oi iaei /ai
ioee/aeinue io ?aanoaa.Iaeiaei iieoe ia ioiaio e?aiinoiiai i?a-aa
i?aaeoaeuenoai niiaei eeoue a 1861 aiaeo.
*oi aea canoaaeei iiiaueeia e i?aaeoaeuenoai ioeacaoueny io noieue
oaeiaiie oi?iu yenieoaoaoeee?
Aua a 1856 aiaeo eiia?aoi?,i?eieiay o naay i?aaenoaaeoaeae
aeai?yinoaa,neacae ei i naiai iaia?aiee i?iaaaeaiey e?anoueyineie
?aoi?iu.Ii aai iiaieth “eo/oa ia/aoue oie/oiaeaoue e?aiinoiia i?aai
naa?oo,iaaeaee aeiaeaeaoueny oiai a?aiaie,eiaaea iii ia/iao naii ii
na-aa oie/oiaeaoueny nieco.”
A yeiiiie/aneie noa?a iaaethaeaeinue ia?anoaiea e?ecena iiia-ue/ueaai
oicyenoaa,iniiaaiiii ia i?eioaeeoaeueiii,e?aeia iayooaeoea-iii,o?oaea
e?aiinoiuo e?anoueyi.
A nioeeaeueiie noa?a – oneeaiea e?anoueyineiai i?ioanoa i?ioea
e?aiinoie/anoaa,eioi?ia au?aaeaeinue a oaaee/aiee aieiaiee.
Aeey n?aaiaiey i?eaaaeai aeaiiua:
1831-1840 aa. – 328 e?anoueyineeo aieiaiee;
1841-1850 aa. – 545 e?anoueyineeo aieiaiee;
1851-1860 aa. – 1010 e?anoueyineeo aieiaiey.
Eae iu aeaeei,e?anoueyineia iaaeiaieuenoai nouanoaothuei ii?yaeeii
ia?anoaei n eaaeaeui aeiai.I?aayuea e?oae iianaeenue oiai,/oi ?ac?ic
iaiiua e?anoueyineea aieiaiey ia?a?anooo ai “aoi?oth ioaa/aaueio”.
E?iia oiai,ii?aaeaiea a E?uineie aieia iieacaei,/oi e?aiino-iia i?aai –
aeaaiay i?e/eia aiaiii-oaoie/aneie ionoaeinoe no?aiu. Iianaynue
oiai,/oi ?inney aoaeao ioa?ioaia a ?yaeu aoi?inoaiaiiuo
aea?aeaa,i?aaeoaeuenoai anoaei ia iooue nioeeaeueiuo,yeiiiie/aneeo e
iieeoe/aneeo ?aoi?i.
3 yiaa?y 1857 aiaea aue ia?aciaai nae?aoiue eiieoao “aeey ia-noaeaeaiey
ia? ii ono?ienoao auoa iiiaue/ueeo e?anoueyi”,ii oae eae ii ninoiye
ec y?uo e?aiinoieeia,oi aeaenoaiaae ia?aoeoaeueii.Iaeia-ei,/a?ac
iaeioi?ia a?aiy,caiaoea,/oi e?anoueyineia iaaeiaieuenoai ia ooeoaao,a
iai?ioea,ia?anoaao,eiieoao aieioioth i?anooiee e iiaeai-oiaea
e?anoueyineie ?aoi?iu.N yoiai iiiaioa nouanoaiaaiea eiieoaoa ia?anoaei
auoue “nae?aoii” e a oaa?aea 1858 aiaea ii aue ia?aeiaii-aai a Aeaaiue
eiieoao “i iiiaue/ueeo e?anoueyiao,auoiaeyueo ec e?a-iinoiie
caaeneiinoe”.
Iaiaoiaeeii neacaoue ia ioiioaiee naieo iiiaueeia e ?aoi?ia.A iii
eii?aeeiaeueii ?acee/aeinue.Aieueoeinoai iiiaueeia aunooiaei ai-iaua
i?ioea ?aoi?iu.Iaeioi?ua niaeaoaeenue,ii ia ?acee/iuo oneiae-yo: iaeie
ionoaeaaee aa?eaio inaiaiaeaeaiey e?anoueyi aac caiee e ca aueoi ee/iie
naiaiaeu e?anoueyieia,ae?oaea,oicyenoai eioi?uo auei neeueiaa aoyiooi
a ?uii/iua ioiioaiey,eee iaia?aaaaoeany ia?ano?i-eoue aai ia
i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneeo ia/aeao,aunooiaee ca aieaa eeaa-?aeueiue aa
aa?eaio – inaiaiaeaeaiea e?anoueyi n caieae ni n?aaie-oaeueii oia?aiiui
aueoiii.
Iiaeaioiaea e?anoueyineie ?aoi?iu i?ioiaeeea a ianoaiiaea
iauanoaaiii-iieeoe/aneiai iiaeuaia a no?aia.A 50-o aiaeao OIO
a.neiaeeeenue aeaa eaeaeiuo oeaio?a,aicaeaaeyaoea
?aaiethoeeiiii-aeaiie?aoe/aneia iai?aaeaiea ?onneie iunee: A.E.Aa?oeaia
e I.I.Iaa?aaa, I.A.*a?iuoaaneiai e I.A.Aeia?iethaiaa a Eiiaeiia.
I?ienoiaeeo caiaoiia iaeeaeaiea eeaa?aeueii-iiiiceoeeiiiiai aeae-aeaiey
n?aaee oao neiaa aeai?yinoaa,eioi?ua n/eoaee iaiaoiaeeiui ia oieueei
ioiaieoue e?aiinoiia i?aai, ii e nicaeaoue iauanineiaiua auai?iua
i?aaiu oi?aaeaiey,o/?aaeeoue aeaniue noae,aaanoe aeaniinoue
aiiaua,i?iaanoe i?aia?aciaaiey a noa?a i?inaauaiey e o.ae.
A.E.Eaiei iacuaae ianoaiiaeo iauanoaaiii-iieeoe/aneiai e?e-cena a
?innee ia ?oaaaea 50-60-o aiaeia “?aaiethoeeiiiie neooaoeeae” e auaeaeye
o?e aa iauaeoeaiuo i?eciaea:
1) “e?ecen aa?oia”,au?aaeaaoeeny a eo iaaiciiaeiinoe “oi?aa-eyoue ii
noa?iio”;
2) “iaino?aiea,auoa iau/iiai,ioaeaeu e aaaenoaee oaiaoaiiuo
eeannia”;
3) “cia/eoaeueiia iiauoaiea aeoeaiinoe iann”,ia aeaeaaoeo
“aeeoue ii-noa?iio”.
Ii ?aaiethoeeiiiua neeu auee ianoieueei neaau,/oi n iiiiuueth
i?iaaaeaiey ?yaea ao?aeoaciuo ?aoi?i,naiiaea?aeaaea ia oieueei niiaei
aueoe ec e?ecena,ii e oe?aieoue naie iiceoeee.Aio a eaeie ianoaiia-ea
i?iaiaeeeanue ioiaia e?aiinoiiai i?aaa.
E eiioeo aaaonoa 1859 aiaea i?iaeo “Iieiaeaiee i e?anoueyiao” aue
i?aeoe/anee iiaeaioiaeai.A eiioea yiaa?y 1861 aiaea i?iaeo iinooiee ia
?anniio?aiea iineaaeiae einoaioeee – Ainoaea?noaaiiiai niaaoa.Caeanue
auei naeaeaii iiaia “aeiiieiaiea” e i?iaeoo a iieueco iiiaueeia:ii
i?aaeeiaeaieth iaeiiai ec e?oiiaeoeo caieaaeaaeaeueoeaa
I.I.Aaaa?eia aue aianai ioieo i i?aaa iiiaueea i?aaeinoaaeyoue
e?anoueyiai (ii ii niaeaoaieth n ieie) iaiaaeeaiii a nianoaaiiinoue e
aanieaoii (“a aea?”) /aoaa?oue iaaeaea.Oaeie iaaeae iieo/ee iacaaiea
“/aoaa?oiiai” eee “aea?noaaiiiai” (e?anoueyia iacuaaee aai “ne?ioneei”).
19 oaa?aey “Iieiaeaiey” (iie aeeth/aee a naay 17 caeiiiaeaoaeue-iuo
aeoia) auee iiaeienaiu oea?ai e iieo/eee neeo.A oio aea aeaiue
oea?ue iiaeienae e Iaieoano ia inaiaiaeaeaiee e?anoueyi.
Ii Iaieoanoo e?anoueyiei iieo/ae iieioth ee/ioth naiaiaeo.Yoi
iniaaiii aaaeiue iiiaio a e?anoueyineie ?aoi?ia,e y oioae au ia?a-oeoue
ia iaai aieiaiea.Aaeaie e?anoueyia ai?ieenue ca naith naiaiaeo.Anee
?aiueoa iiiauee iia ioiyoue o e?aiinoiiai ana aai eiouano-ai,ianeeueii
aeaieoue,i?iaeaoue,?aceo/eoue n naiueae e i?inoi oaeoue, oi n auoiaeii
yoiai Iaieoanoa e?anoueyiei iieo/ae aiciiaeiinoue ?aoaoue aaea e eae
aio aeeoue,ii iia aeaieoueny,ia ni?aoeaay ia oi niaeaney iiia-ueea,iia
naiinoiyoaeueii caeeth/aoue naeaeee,ioe?uaaoue
i?aaei?ey-oey,ia?aoiaeeoue a ae?oaea nineiaey.Ana yoi i?aaeinoaaeyei
aiciiae-iinoue ?acaeoey e?anoueyineiai
i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa,niinianoaiaaei ?inoo iooiaea e?anoueyi ia
ca?aaioee,a a oeaeii aeaaaei neeueiue oie-/ie ?acaeoeth eaieoaeecia a
ii?aoi?iaiiie ?innee.
Ii “Iieiaeaieyi” auei aaaaeaii e?anoueyineia naiioi?aaea-iea,o.a.
naeueneea e aieinoiua noiaeu ai aeaaa n naeueneeie noa?inoaie e
aieinoiuie noa?oeiaie.E?anoueyiai i?aaeinoaaeyeinue i?aai naiei
?ani?aaeaeyoue caieth,?aneeaaeuaaoue iiaeiiinoe,ii?aaeaeyoue
i/a?aaeiinoue ioauaaiey ?ae?ooneie iiaeiiinoe,i?eieiaoue a iaueio e
oaieue-iyoue ec iaa.Oaeaea aaiaeeeny aieinoiie e?anoueyineee noae ii
iaeiaaae-iui i?anooieaieyi e eiouanoaaiiui eneai.
Oeacaiiue a caeiia aueoi onaaeaa e iieaauo iaaeaeia aeey
e?anoueyi aue iaaiciiaeai,iiyoiio i?aaeoaeuenoai i?eoei ia iiiiuue
e?anoueyinoao ono?ienoaii “aueoiiie nenoaiu”.A “Iieiaeaieyo”oeacaii,/oi
iiiaueee niiaoo iieo/eoue caiaeueioth nnoaeo,eae oieueei aoaeoo
ono?iaiu eo caiaeueiua ioiioaiey n e?anoueyiaie e onoaiiaeai
caiaeueiue iaaeae.Nnoaea auaeaaaeanue iiiaueeo aeioiaeiuie i?ioeaioiuie
aoiaaaie e can/eouaaeanue ca e?anoueyiaie,eae eacaiiue aeiea,eioi?ue
iie aeieaeiu auee iiaaneoue a oa/aiee 49 eao “Aueoiiuie ieaoaaeaie”.
Ii?yaeie inouanoaeaiey e?anoueyineie ?aoi?iu o?aaiaae niaeaoa-iey
iaaeaeo iiiaueeii e e?anoueyieiii ii iiaiaeo ?acia?a iaaeaea,a
oaeaea ii iiaiaeo iaycaoaeuenoa e?anoueyieia ii ioiioaieth e iiiaueeo.
Yoi neaaeiaaei eceiaeeoue a “onoaaiie a?aiioa” a oa/aiea iaeiiai aiaea n
iiiaioa inaiaiaeaeaiey.
Anee ioiaia e?aiinoiiai i?aaa i?iecioea n?aco, oi eeeaeaeaoeey
oaiaeaeueiuo,yeiiiie/aneeo ioiioaiee,onoiyaoeony
aeanyoeeaoeyie,?an-oyioeanue ia iiiaea aiaeu.Ii caeiio aua aeaa aiaea
e?anoueyia iaycaiu auee ioauaaoue oaeea aea iiaeiiinoe,/oi e i?e
e?aiinoiii i?aaa.Eeoue ianeieueei oiaiueoeeanue aa?ueia e ioiaieee
iaeeea iaoo?aeueiua iiai?u.Aei ia?aaiaea e?anoueyi ia aueoi,iie
iaoiaeeeenue ai a?aiaiiiiay-caiiii iieiaeaiee,o.a. iaycaiu auee ca
i?aaeinoaaeaiiua ei iaaeaeu auiieiyoue ii onoaiiaeaiiui caeiiii ii?iai
aa?ueio eee ieaoeoue ia-?ie.Oae eae ii?aaeaeaiiiai n?iea ii enoa/aiee
eioi?iai a?aiaiiii-aycaiiua e?anoueyia aeieaeiu auee auoue
ia?aaaaeaiu ia iaycaoaeueiue aueoi ia auei,oi eo inaiaiaeaeaiea
?anoyioeinue ia 20 eao (i?aaaea e 1881 aiaeo eo inoaaaeinue ia aieaa
15%).
Ianiio?y ia a?aaeoaeueneee aeey e?anoueyi oa?aeoa? ?aoi?iu 1861 aiaea,aa
cia/aiea aeey aeaeueiaeoaai ?acaeoey no?aiu auei i/aiue aaee-ei.Yoa
?aoi?ia yaeeanue ia?aeiiiui iiiaioii i?e ia?aoiaea ec oaiaea-eecia a
eaieoaeeci.Inaiaiaeaeaiea e?anoueyi niinianoaiaaei eioainea-iiio ?inoo
?aai/ae neeu,a i?aaeinoaaeaiea ei iaeioi?uo a?aaeaeaineeo i?aa
niinianoaiaaei ?acaeoeth i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa.Iiiaueeai aea ?a-oi?ia
iaania/eaaea iinoaiaiiue ia?aoiae io oaiaeaeueiuo oi?i oicyen-oaa e
eaieoaeenoe/aneei.
Aeaaa 3.
Ao?aeoaciua ?aoi?iu Aeaenaiae?a II.
Ioiaia e?aiinoiiai i?aaa a ?innee aucaaea iaiaoiaeeiinoue i?i-aaaeaiey e
ae?oaeo ao?aeoaciuo ?aoi?i – a iaeanoe ianoiiai
oi?aaea-iey,noaea,ia?aciaaiey,oeiainia,a aiaiiii aeaea.
1 yiaa?y 1864 aiaea auei ecaeaii “Iieiaeaiea i aoaa?ineeo e oacaeiuo
caineeo o/?aaeaeaieyo”,aaiaeeaoaa aannineiaiua auai?iua i?-aaiu
ianoiiai naiioi?aaeaiey – cainoaa.Iie ecae?aeenue anaie nin-eiaeyie ia
o?aoeaoiee n?ie e ninoiyee ec ?anii?yaeeoaeueiuo i?aaiia (oacaeiuo e
aoaa?ineeo caineeo nia?aiee) e eniieieoaeueiuo (oacaeiuo e aoaa?ineeo
caineeo oi?aa).
Cainoaa ianee ioaaonoaaiiinoue ca ia?iaeiia ia?aciaaiea,ca ia?iaeiia
caei?iauea,ca naiaa?aiaiiua iinoaaee i?iaeiaieuenoaey,ca ea-/anoai
aei?ia,ca no?aoiaaiea,ca aaoa?eia?ioth iiiiuue e ae?oaia.
Ana yoi o?aaoao aieueoeo n?aaenoa,iiyoiio cainoaai auei iicaieaii
aaiaeeoue iiaua iaeiae,iaeaaaoue ianaeaiea iiaeiiinoyie,ia?aciauaaoue
caineea eaieoaeu.I?e naiai iieiii ?acaeoee caineay aeayoaeueiinoue
aeieaeia auea ioaaoeoue ana noi?iiu ianoiie aeecie.Iiaua oi?iu
ianoiiai naiioi?aaeaiey ia oieueei naeaeaee aai ananineiaiui,ii e
?anoe?eee e?oa aai iieiiii/ee.Naiioi?aaeaiea iieo/eei noieue oe?ieia
?ani?ino?aiaiea,/oi iiiaeie auei iiiyoi,eae ia?aoiae e
i?aaenoaaeoaeueiiio ia?aco i?aaeaiey,iiyoiio ni noi?iiu
i?aaeoaeuenoaa anei?a noaei caiaoii no?aieaiea oaea?aeaoue
aeayoaeueiinoue cainoa ia ianoiii o?iaia,e ia iicaieyoue iauaoueny
iaaeaeo niaie caineei ei?ii?aoeeyi.
16 ethiy 1870 aiaea auei ecaeaii “Ai?iaeiaia iieiaeaiea”,ii eioi-?iio a
509 ai?iaeao aaiaeeeinue auai?iia naiioi?aaeaiea – ai?iaeneea
aeoiu,ecae?aaiua ia /aou?a aiaea.Ai?iaeneay aeoia ecae?aea naie
iin-oiyiii aeaenoaothuee eniieieoaeueiue i?aai – ai?iaeneoth
oi?aao,ninoi-yaooth ec ai?iaeneiai aieiau e ianeieueeeo
/eaiia.Ai?iaeneie aieiaa aue iaeiia?aiaiii i?aaenaaeaoaeai e ai?iaeneie
aeoiu e ai?iaeneie oi?a-au.I?aai ecae?aoue e auoue eca?aiiui a
ai?iaeneoth aeoio eiaee i?aai oieueei aeeoaee,iaeaaeathuea
eiouanoaaiiui oeaicii (i?aeiouanoaaiii aeaaeaeueoeu
aeiiia,oi?aiai-i?iiuoeaiiuo caaaaeaiee,aaieia – iaeiei neiaii
oi?aiai-i?iiuoeaiiay ao?aeoacey).
Oaeei ia?acii,iniiaiay ianna ai?iaeneiai ianaeaiey auea ono-?aiaia io
o/anoey a ai?iaeneii naiioi?aaeaiee.Eiiiaoaioeey ai?iaen-eiai
naiioi?aaeaiey auea ia?aie/aia ?aoaieai /enoi oicyenoaaiiuo aii?inia
(aeaaiono?ienoai ai?iaeia,ono?ienoai aaca?ia e o.i.).
Iaeiia?aiaiii n caineie ?aoi?iie,auea iiaeaioiaeaia e noaeaa-iay.Ec
anao ?aoi?i oiai a?aiaie iia auea naiie iineaaeiaaoaeueiie e iaeiie ec
naiuo cia/eoaeueiuo.Noaeaaiua onoaau 20 iiya?y 1864 aiaea aaiaeeee
aannineiaiue,aeaniue noae n o/anoeai i?enyaeiuo
canaaeaoa-eae,aaeaieaoo?ie e ninoycaoaeueiinoueth noi?ii.I?enyaeiua
canaaeaoa-ee,o/anoaothuea a noaeaaiii i?ioeanna onoaiaaeeaaee eeoue
aeiiaiinoue eee iaaeiiaiinoue iiaenoaeeiiai,ia?a iaeacaiey aea
ii?aaeaeyee naie noaeuee.?aoaiey,i?eiyoua noaeii n o/anoeai
i?enyaeiuo canaaeaoaeae n/eoaeenue ieii/aoaeueiuie,a i?ioeaiii neo/aa
iiaee auoue iaaeaeiaaiu a noaeaaiie iaeaoa.?aoaiey ie?oaeiuo noaeia,a
eioi?uo i?eieiaee o/anoey i?enyaeiua canaaeaoaee iiaee auoue
iaaeaeiaaiu eeoue a oii neo/aa,anee auei niaa?oaii ia?ooaiea caeiiiiai
ii?yaeea noaeii?iec-aiaenoaa.Aiaeeyoeee ia yoe ?aoaiey ?anniao?eaae
Naiao.
Aeey ?acai?a iaeeeo i?inooieia e a?aaeaeaineeo aeae n eneii aei 500
?oaeae a oacaeao e ai?iaeao aaiaeeeny ie?iaie noae n oi?iuaiiui
noaeii?iecaiaenoaii.Ninoaa ie?iauo noaeae ecae?aeny ia oacaeiuo cain-eeo
nia?aieyo.
Noaeaaiua onoaau 1864 aiaea aaiaeeee einoeooo “i?enyaeiuo iiaa?aiiuo”-
aaeaieaoo?o,a oaeaea einoeooo noaeaaiuo neaaeiaaoaeae.I?aae-naaeaoaee e
/eaiu ie?oaeiuo noaeia e noaeaaiuo iaeao,i?enyaeiua iiaa-?aiiua,eo
iiiiuieee e noaeaaiua neaaeiaaoaee aeieaeiu auee eiaoue aunoaa
th?eaee/aneia ia?aciaaiea.I?aaenaaeaoaee e /eaiu ie?oaeiuo noaeia e
noaeaaiuo iaeao ooaa?aeaeaeenue eiia?aoi?ii, a ie?iaua noaeuee –
Naiaoii.Iinea yoiai iie ia iiaee auoue oaieaiu eee ono?aiaiu io
aeieae-iinoe ia eaeia-oi a?aiy,a eeoue a neo/aa niaa?oaiey
eaeiai-eeai oaieiaiiai i?anooieaiey,ii e oiaaea ?aoaiea ia ec
iono?aiaiee io aeieaeiinoe auiinee noae. Oaeei ia?acii caeii aaiaeee
aaaeiue i?eioeei ianiaiyaiinoe noaeae.
A 1861-1874 aiaeao auea i?iaaaeaia na?ey aiaiiuo ?aoi?i.
A 1874 aiaeo aue ecaeai onoaa i anaiauae aieineie iiaeiiinoe, eioi?ue a
ei?ia eciaiee ii?yaeie iiiieiaiey aiene.I?e Iao?a Aaeeeii ana
nineiaey i?eaeaeaeenue e aiaiiie neoaeaa.Ii caeiiai OVIII aaea
aeai?yinoai iinoaiaiii auei inaiaiaeaeaii io aieineie iiaeiiinoe,e
?ae?oo/eia noaea o/anoueth ia i?inoi iecoeo neiaa ianaeaiey,ii
aaae-iaeoeo ec ieo,oae eae oa,eoi iiaiaa/a iiaee ioeoieoueny,iaiya ca
naay ?ae?ooa.Oaeay oi?ia aieineie iiaeiiinoe eaaea oyaeeei a?aia-iai ia
iea/e aaaeiuo neiaa ianaeaiey,iioiio /oi n?ie neoaeau a oi a?aiy aue
25 eao,oi anoue ei?ieeueoeu,ooiaey ec aeiia,iieeaeaee aai
i?aeoe/anee ia anth aeeciue,e?anoueyineea oicyenoaa ?aci?yeenue ni
anaie auoaeathueie ionthaea iineaaenoaeyie.
Ii iiaiio caeiio,i?ecuaathony ana iieiaeua ethaee,aeinoeaoea 21 aiaea,
ii i?aaeoaeuenoai eaaeaeue aiae ii?aaeaeyao iaiaoiaeeiia /enei
ii-aia?aioeaa,e ii ae?aaeth aa?ao ec i?ecuaieeia oieueei yoi /enei
(iau/ii ia neoaeao i?ecuaaeinue ia aieaa 20-25% i?ecuaieeia).I?ecu-ao ia
iiaeeaaeaee aaeeinoaaiiue nui o ?iaeeoaeae,aaeeinoaaiiue ei?ie-eaoe a
naiuea,a oaeaea anee noa?oee a?ao i?ecuaieea ioauaaao eee io-aue
neoaeao.Acyoua ia neoaeao /eneyony a iae:a nooiiooiuo aieneao 15
eao:6 eao a no?ith e 9 eao a caiana,ai oeioa – 7 eao aeaenoae-oaeueiie
neoaeau e 3 aiaea a caiana.Aeey iieo/eaoeo ia/aeueiia ia?aci-aaiea n?ie
aeaenoaeoaeueiie neoaeau nie?auaaony aei 4-o eao,ieii/ea-oeo ai?iaeneoth
oeieo – aei 3-o eao,aeiiaceth – aei iieooi?a eao,a eiaaoeo aunoaa
ia?aciaaiea – aei iieoaiaea.
Oaeei ia?acii,iu iiaeai naeaeaoue auaiae,/oi iiaay nenoaia
i?aaeiiea-aaea ia oieueei aiaiiia iao/aiea nieaeao,ii a oi aea a?aiy
i?iaiaeee-ny ?yae ia?ii?eyoee n oeaeueth i?inaauaiey (iniaaiii yoi
caiaoii ai a?aiy oi?aaeaiey aiaiiui ieienoa?noaii a?aoii
Ae.A.Ieethoeiui).
Aiaiiua ?anoiaeu,aucaaiiua Ainoi/iie aieiie,a oaeaea aueoiiay
iia?aoeey,caoayiiay a yoi a?aiy canoaaeei i?aaeoaeuenoai aueoe ec
?aiie athaeaeaoa.I?aaeoaeuenoai a?aei e?aaeeou ca a?aieoeae,i?eaaaaei e
aioo?aiiei caeiai,auioneaei e?aaeeoiua aeeaou.Ana yoi i?eaaei e
oiio,/oi anoaea ?aaeueiay i?iaeaia oii?yaei/eaaiey ainoaea?noaaiiiai
oicyenoaa.
Aeey oaaee/aiey ainoaea?noaaiiuo aeioiaeia aue i?eiyo ?yae
ia?,iaeia ec eioi?uo – ioiaia aeiiuo ioeoiia.
I?e Aeaoa?eia II /anoiua eeoea “ioeoiaee” i?aai i?iaeaaee aeia a
ii?aaeaeaiiii ie?oaa ca iaeioi?oth noiio.Ii iiaiio ii?yaeeo aeii iiaei
i?iaeaaaoue ethaia eeoei,ii ana aeii,iinooiaaoaa a i?iaeaaeo
iaeaaaeinue “aeoeecii” (iaeiaii a iieueco ainoaea?noaa).Oaeei aea
aeoeecii auee iaeiaeaiu nieue,naoa?,oaaae.Auee oaaee/aiu iaeioi?ua
oaiiaeaiiua iioeeiu.Aeaaiui aea n?aaenoaii iiaeiyoue yeiiiie/aneoth
iiuue no?aiu n/eoaeinue iino?ieea naoe aeaeaciuo aei?ia.A nayce n
iae eiino?aiiue ioione au?in a 10 ?ac,e ii/oe oaeaea oaaee/eeny aaic
oiaa?ia a ?inneth.*enei oi?aiauo e i?iiuoeaiiuo i?aaei?eyoee caiao-ii
oaaee/eeinue,a oaeaea /enei oaa?ee e caaiaeia.Iiyaeeenue e?aaeeoiua
o/?aaeaeaiey – aaiee,ai aeaaa eioi?uo noiye Ainoaea?noaaiiue aaie
(1860 aiae).
?inney ia/aea oa?youe oa?aeoa? iao?ea?oaeueiiai caieaaeaaeaeue-/aneiai
ainoaea?noaa.Inaiaiaeaeaiiue io e?aiinoiie caaeneiinoe e ae?oaeo
noaniaiee ia?iaeiue o?oae iaoiaeee naaa i?eiaiaiea a ?aciuo io?aneyo
i?iiuoeaiiinoe,nicaeaiiuo iiauie oneiaeyie iauanoaaiiie aeecie.
Aua a ia/aea naiaai oea?noaiaaiey Aeaenaiae? II ioiaiee iaeioi?ua
noanieoaeueiua ia?u a ioiioaiee o/aaiuo caaaaeaiee,i?eiyouo
eiia?aoi?ii Ieeieaai I. I?aiiaeaaaiea a oieaa?neoaoao iieo/eei
aieueoa naiaiaeu,iie noaee aeinooiiu aeey aieueiineooaoaeae,eae
ioae/ei,oae e aeaiuei.Iaeiaei iiaecia iieiaeaiey i?eaaea a 1861 aiaeo
e iaeioi?ui aanii?yaeeai,iinea /aai naiaiaeo oieaa?neoaoia i?eoeinue
ianeieueei ia?aie/eoue.A 1863 aiaeo aue ecaeai onoaa,niaeanii eioi?iio
i?ioanni?neay ei?ii?aoeey iieo/eea naiioi?aaeaiea.Nooaeaiou aea ia
iieo/eee i?aaa aeeyoue eaeei-eeai ia?acii ia ii?yaeie a
oieaa?neoaoa,/oi yaeyeinue iiaiaeii aeey /anouo “nooaeai/aneeo
aanii?yaeeia”.Iiae aeeyieai oaeeo iano?iaiee a?ao Ae.A.Oienoie ?aoee
inouanoaeoue ?aoi?io n?aaeiae oeieu.A ia/aea oea?noaiaaiey eiia?aoi?a
(i?e ieieno?a A.A.Aieiaeia) aeinooi a aeiiacee aue ioe?uo aeey aeaoae
anao nineiaee.Aeiiacee aea auee aeaoo oeiia:eeanne/aneea,n eco/aieai
ae?aaieo ycueia e ?aaeueiua,niioaaonoaaiii aac ieo,ii n i?aiaeaaeaieai
anoanoaiciaiey.A?ao Oienoie,iiaeaea?aeeaaaiue I.I.Eaoei-aui a 1871
aiaeo ninoaaee iiaue onoaa aeiiacee,iaeia?aiiue
ainoaea-?ai.Eeanne/aneay aeiiacey auea naeaeaia aaeeinoaaiiui oeiii
iauaia-?aciaaoaeueiie e ananineiaiie n?aaeiae oeieu,auioneieee
eioi?ie eiaee i?aai iinooieaiey a oieaa?neoao.?aaeueiua aeiiacee
caiaieee “?aaeueiuie o/eeeuaie”;oeaeue eo auea a oii,/oiau aeaaaoue
ia?aciaaiea ethaeyi anao nineiaee,ii i?eniiniaeaiiia e i?aeoe/aneei
iio?aaiin-oyi e e i?eia?aoaieth i?aeoe/aneeo iiciaiee.Yoie ?aoi?iie
auei nicaeaii iieiia i?aiaeaaeaiea eeanne/aneie oeieu.Ii a?ao Oienoie
oionoee ec aeaea ianeieueei iiiaioia,a eiaiii:ec-ca ionoonoaey
aein-oaoi/iiai eiee/anoaa i?aiiaeaaaoaeae eaouie e a?a/aneiai
ycu-ea,i?eoeinue auienuaaoue niaoeeaeenoia ec-ca
a?aieoeu.Anoanoaaiii,eo i?aiiaeaaaiea ia i?aaeeinue nooaeaioai,oae
eae ia?aua ia ciaee ie ?onneiai ycuea,ie ?onneie eeoa?aoo?u.
Oaeei ia?acii,ianiio?y ia oi,/oi ?aoi?ia a?aoa Oienoiai eiaea a iniiaa
i?aaeeueioth eaeath i cia/aiee eeanneoeecia,iia ia aioea a i?aau iaoaai
iauanoaa.
Iaeiia?aiaiii n ?aoi?iie ioaeneie n?aaeiae oeieu,?aoi?ie?iaa-eanue e
aeaineay.Aei i?aaeaiey Aeaenaiae?a II nouanoaiaaee oieueei einoeooou
e /anoiua iaineiiu,a eioi?uo iao/aeenue a iniiaiii aeai?yiee. N eiioea
50-o iiyaeythony aeaineea aeiiacee aeey anao nineiaee. Ia?aeeaeueii
noaee ioe?uaaoueny aeaineea aia?oeaeueiua o/eeeua. *a?ac iaeioi?ia
a?aiy oniaoii ?ac?aoeeny aii?in i aunoai aeaineii ia?aciaaiee.Oaeaea
auee naeaeaiu aieueoea oniaoe a ieaia ia/aeueiiai eee ia?iaeiiai
ia?aciaaiey.
Ii,ianiio?y ia oneeey,ia?iaeiay a?aiioiinoue a yiioo ?aoi?i noiyea
aua ia ieceii o?iaia.
Caeeth/aiea.
Iineaaenoaey ?aoi?i Aeaenaiae?a II.
Eoae,iu ?anniio?aee iniiaiua i?aia?aciaaiey e ?aoi?iu,i?iaa-aeaiiua
Aeaenaiae?ii II. Iniiaiay ?aoi?ia aai oea?noaiaaiey – inai-aiaeaeaiea
e?anoueyi – a ei?ia eciaieea ii?yaeie,nouanoaiaaaoee aei yoiai e
iiaeaeea ca niaie ana inoaeueiua ?aoi?iu.
N ioiaiie e?aiinoiiai i?aaa “aine?anea” oi?aiai-i?iiuoeaiiay
aeayoaeueiinoue,a ai?iaea oeuioe iioie ?aai/eo ?oe,ioe?ueenue iiaua
noa?u aeey i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa.Iaaeaeo ai?iaeaie e oacaeaie
ainnoaii-aeeenue aueua nayce e nicaeaeenue iiaua.
Iaaeaiea e?aiinoiie caaeneiinoe,au?aaieaaiea anao ia?aae
no-aeii,nicaeaiea iiauo eeaa?aeueiuo oi?i iauanoaaiiie aeecie i?eaaee e
naiaiaea ee/iinoe.A /oanoai yoie naiaiaeu i?iaoaeeei aeaeaiea ?acaeoue
aa.Nicaeaaaeenue ia/ou ia onoaiiaeaiee iiauo oi?i naiaeiie e
iauanoaaiiie aeecie.
Iia oioaeinue au caeii/eoue neiaaie A.A.Eecaaaooa?a i i?aaeaiee
Aeaenaiae?a II:
“Anee eneonnoai i?aaeoue ninoieo a oiaiee aa?ii ii?aaeaeyoue
iac?aaoea iio?aaiinoe yiioe, ioe?uaaoue naiaiaeiue auoiae oayueiny a
iauanoaa aeecianiiniaiui e ieiaeioai?iui no?aieaieyi, n auniou
aani?eno?anoey oie?ioai?eoue acaeiii a?aaeaeaaiua ia?oee neeie ?acoiiuo
niaeaoaiee, – oi iaeuecy ia i?eciaoue, /oi eiia?aoi? Aeaenaiae?
Ieeieaaae/ aa?ii iiiye nouiinoue naiaai i?ecaaiey a aeinoiiaiyoiua
1855-1861 aiaeu naiaai oea?noaiaaiey.”
Nienie eniieueciaaiiie eeoa?aoo?u:
1. N.O.Ieaoiiia “Eaeoeee ii ?onneie enoi?ee”,Iineaa, ecaeaoaeuenoai
“Aunoay oeiea”,1993 aiae.
2. N.O.Ieaoiiia “O/aaiee ?onneie enoi?ee”,Naieo-Iaoa?ao?a, oe?ia
“No?ieeania/aoue”,1993 aiae.
3. N.O.Ieaoiiia “Nia?aiea ni/eiaiee”,o.1.
4. A.A.Oaaei?ia “Aioo?aiiyy iieeoeea ?inneeneiai naiiaea?aeaaey ai
aoi?ie iieiaeia OIO aaea”, Iineaa, ecaeaoaeuenoai “Iaione?eio”,1993
aiae.
Нашли опечатку? Выделите и нажмите CTRL+Enter
