Oaea?iae.
Oaea?iae (Carboneum), N – oeie/aneee yeaiaio IV a?oiiu, iiai/iie
iiaea?oiiu, 2-ai ia?eiaea ia?eiaee/aneie nenoaiu Ae. E. Iaiaeaeaaaa,
ii?yaeeiaue iiia? 6. Ioiineoaeueiay aoiiiay ianna: 12,011.
Yeaeo?iio?eoeaoaeueiinoue: 2,6. Oaiia?aoo?a ieaaeaiey: 3370?N (nai?aao).
Oaiia?aoo?a eeiaiey: 4200?N. Ieioiinoue (a?aoeo): 2,27 a/ni?. *enei
nianoaaiiuo ieia?aeia oaea?iaea – 112; eneeth/eoaeueii aaeeei /enei
i?aaie/aneeo niaaeeiaiee oaea?iaea – oaeaaiaei?iaeia e eo i?iecaiaeiuo.
Oaea?iae iaoiaeeony a i?e?iaea eae a naiaiaeiii ninoiyiee (a aeaea
aeiaca, a?aoeoa), oae e a aeaea niaaeeiaiee (niaea?aeeony a ai?th/eo
neaioeao, ao?ii e eaiaiiii oaeyo, oi?oa e a aeaea niaaeeiaiee a iaooe,
i?e?iaeiuo ai?th/eo aacao, a ea?aiiaoao). Ana aeeaua i?aaieciu iino?iaiu
ec niaaeeiaiee oaea?iaea. Oaea?iae oe?iei ?ani?ino?aiai, ii niaea?aeaiea
aai a caiiie ei?a anaai 0,19%; oaeaea oaea?iae oe?iei ?ani?ino?ai?i a
einiina; ia Nieioea ii caieiaao 4-a ianoi iinea aiaei?iaea, aaeey e
eenei?iaea. Ii n?aaiaieth ni n?aaeiei niaea?aeaieai a caiiie ei?a
/aeiaa/anoai a eneeth/eoaeueii aieueoeo eiee/anoaao ecaeaeaao oaea?iae
ec iaae? (oaieue, iaooue, i?e?iaeiue aac), oae eae yoe eneiiaaiua –
iniiaiie enoi/iee yia?aee.
Enoi?e/aneay ni?aaea. A 1778 E. Oaaea, iaa?aaay a?aoeo n naeeo?ie,
iaia?oaeee, /oi i?e yoii, eae e i?e iaa?aaaiee oaey n naeeo?ie,
auaeaeyaony oaeaeeneue aac. Oeie/aneee ninoaa aeiaca aue onoaiiaeai a
?acoeueoaoa iiuoia A. Eaaoacuea (1772) ii eco/aieth ai?aiey aeiaca ia
aicaeooa e enneaaeiaaiee N. Oaiiaioa (1797), aeieacaaoaai, /oi
iaeeiaeiaua eiee/anoaa aeiaca e oaey aeatho i?e ieeneaiee ?aaiua
eiee/anoaa oaeaeeneiai aaca. Oaea?iae aue i?eciai oeie/aneei yeaiaioii a
1789 Eaaoacuea. Eaoeineia iacaaiea “carboneum” oaea?iae iieo/ee io
“carbo” – oaieue. A a 1961 Iaaeaeoia?iaeiua nithcu oai?aoe/aneie e
i?eeeaaeiie oeiee (ETHIAE) e ii oeceea i?eiyee ca aaeeieoeo aoiiiie
iannu ianno ecioiia oaea?iaea 12C, oi?acaeiea nouanoaiaaaooth aei oiai
eenei?iaeioth oeaeo aoiiiuo iann. Aoiiiay ianna oaea?iaea a yoie nenoaia
?aaia 12,011, oae eae iia yaeyaony n?aaeiae aeey o?ao i?e?iaeiuo
ecioiiia oaea?iaea n o/aoii eo ?ani?ino?aiaiiinoe a i?e?iaea.
Oaea?iae ecaanoai n ae?aaiinoe. Ecaeaaia ecaanoii, /oi a?aoeoii iiaeii
ia?ee?iaaoue ae?oaie iaoa?eae, e naii iacaaiea «a?aoeo», i?ienoiaeyuaa
io a?a/aneiai neiaa, icia/athuaai «ienaoue», i?aaeeiaeaii A.Aa?ia?ii a
1789. Iaeiaei enoi?ey a?aoeoa caiooaia, /anoi ca iaai i?eieiaee
aauanoaa, iaeaaeathuea noiaeiuie aiaoieie oece/aneeie naienoaaie,
iai?eia? iieeaaeaieo (noeueoeae iieeaaeaia), iaeii a?aiy n/eoaaoeeny
a?aoeoii. N?aaee ae?oaeo iacaaiee a?aoeoa ecaanoiu «/a?iue naeiaoe»,
«ea?aeaeiia aeaeaci», «na?aa?enoue naeiaoe». A 1779 E.Oaaea onoaiiaee,
/oi a?aoeo iiaeii ieeneeoue aicaeooii n ia?aciaaieai oaeaeeneiai aaca.
Aeiacu aia?aua iaoee i?eiaiaiea a Eiaeee, a a A?aceeee ae?aaioeaiiua
eaiie i?eia?aee eiiia?/aneia cia/aiea a 1725; ianoi?iaeaeaiey a THaeiie
Ao?eea auee ioe?uou a 1867. A XX aaea iniiaiuie i?iecaiaeeoaeyie aeiacia
yaeythony THA?, Cae?, Aionaaia, Iaieaey, Aiaiea, Nuea??a-Eaiia, Oaicaiey
e ?inney. Eneonnoaaiiua aeiacu, oaoiieiaey eioi?uo auea nicaeaia a 1970,
i?iecaiaeyony aeey i?iiuoeaiiuo oeaeae.
Oece/aneea e oeie/aneea naienoaa. Ecaanoiu /aou?a e?enoaeee/aneea
iiaeeoeeaoeee oaea?iaea: a?aoeo, aeiac, ea?aei e eiinaeaeeeo. A?aoeo –
na?i-/??iay, iai?ic?a/iay, aee?iay ia iuoiue, /aooe/aoay, i/aiue iyaeay
ianna n iaoaeee/aneei aeaneii, iaeaaeaao yeaeo?ii?iaiaeeiinoueth. Aoiiu
?aniieiaeaiu ia?aeeaeueiuie neiyie, ia?acoy aaenaaiiaeueioth ?aoaoeo.
Aioo?e neiy aoiiu naycaiu neeueiaa, /ai iaeei neie n ae?oaei, iiyoiio
a?aoeo iiaeao ?anneaeaaoueny. Nai?aao i?e 700?N a ?enoonoaee eenei?iaea.
Ano?a/aaony a i?e?iaea; iieo/aaony eneonnoaaiii. I?e aunieie
oaiia?aoo?a, aeaaeaiee e ?enoonoaee eaoaeecaoi?a (ia?aaiaoe Mn, o?ii Cr,
ieaoeiiaua iaoaeeu) a?aoeo i?aa?auaaony a aeiac. Aeiac – ieia?ae,
eiathuee aeaeoiaaoue, aaeue, na?ue, caeaiiaaoue, ?aaea aieoaie e /a?iue
oeaao. Ia i?iaiaeeo yeaeo?e/aneee oie, ieioi i?iaiaeeo oaiei. A
e?enoaeea aoiiu oaea?iaea ia?acotho iai?a?uaiue o?aoia?iue ea?ean,
ninoiyuee ec ni/eaiaiiuo oao?ayae?ia, /oi iaania/eaaao aunieoth
i?i/iinoue naycae. Aeiac – yoi naiia oaa?aeia aauanoai ec anao
ecaanoiuo. Oaiia?aoo?a ieaaeaiey auoa 3500?N. Oeie/anee noiae. Nai?aao
i?e 870?N a i?enoonoaee eenei?iaea. I?e 1800?N a ionoonoaea eenei?iaea
i?aa?auaaony a a?aoeo. I?ic?a/iua e?enoaeeu; iinea ia?aaioee –
a?eeeeaiou. Aeiauaatho ec ?innuiae e ei?aiiuo ianoi?iaeaeaiee.
Neioaoe/aneee aeiac iieo/atho ec a?aoeoa i?e aunieeo aeaaeaiee e
oaiia?aoo?a. Ii /aua iieoi?ic?a/iue eee iai?ic?a/iue; eiaao
e?enoaeee/aneoth no?oeoo?o e naienoaa i?e?iaeiiai aeiaca. AEeaeeee
oaea?iae iiaeao auoue iieo/ai i?e aeaaeaieyo auoa 10,5 Ii/i? (105
ean/ni?) e oaiia?aoo?ao auoa 3700?N. Eien, naaea, ae?aaaniue oaieue
(oaa?aeue oaea?iae) eiatho oi aea no?iaiea, /oi e a?aoeo.Aeey oa??aeiai
oaea?iaea oa?aeoa?ii oaeaea ninoiyiea n iaoii?yaei/aiiie no?oeoo?ie –
oae iacuaaaiue “aii?oiue” oaea?iae, eioi?ue ia i?aaenoaaeyao niaie
naiinoiyoaeueiie iiaeeoeeaoeee; a iniiaa aai no?iaiey eaaeeo no?oeoo?a
iaeeie?enoaeee/aneiai a?aoeoa. Iaa?aaaiea iaeioi?uo ?aciiaeaeiinoae
“aii?oiiai” oaea?iaea auoa 1500-1600?N aac aeinooia aicaeooa aucuaaao eo
i?aa?auaiea a a?aoeo. Oece/aneea naienoaa “aii?oiiai” oaea?iaea i/aiue
neeueii caaenyo io aeenia?niinoe /anoeoe e iaee/ey i?eianae. Ieioiinoue,
oaiei?ieinoue, oaieii?iaiaeiinoue e yeaeo?ii?iaiaeiinoue “aii?oiiai”
oaea?iaea anaaaea auoa, /ai a?aoeoa. Ea?aei iieo/ai eneonnoaaiii. Ii
i?aaenoaaeyao niaie iaeeie?enoaeee/aneee ii?ioie /??iiai oeaaoa
(ieioiinoue = 2 a/ni?). Iino?iai ec aeeeiiuo oeaii/ae aoiiia N,
oeiaeaiiuo ia?aeeaeueii ae?oa ae?oao. Eiinaeaeeeo iaeaeai a iaoai?eoao e
iieo/ai eneonnoaaiii; aai no?oeoo?a e naienoaa ieii/aoaeueii ia
onoaiiaeaiu.
A A
No?oeoo?a aeiaca (a) e a?aoeoa (a).
Eiioeao?aoeey aiaoiae yeaeo?iiiie iaiei/ee aoiia oaea?iaea 2s?2p?. Aeey
oaea?iaea oa?aeoa?ii ia?aciaaiea /aou??o eiaaeaioiuo naycae,
iaoneiaeaiiia aicaoaeaeaieai aiaoiae yeaeo?iiiie iaiei/ee aei ninoiyiey
2sp?. Oeie/aneay naycue iiaeao inouanoaeyoueny ca n/ao sp3-, sp2- e sp-
aea?eaeiuo i?aeoaeae, eioi?ui niioaaonoaotho eii?aeeiaoeeiiiua /enea 4,
3 e 2. *enei aaeaioiuo yeaeo?iiia oaea?iaea e /enei aaeaioiuo i?aeoaeae
iaeeiaeiai; yoi iaeia ec i?e/ei onoie/eainoe nayce iaaeaeo aoiiaie
oaea?iaea.
No?iaiea aoiia oaea?iaea.
Oieeaeueiay niiniaiinoue aoiiia oaea?iaea niaaeeiyoueny iaaeaeo niaie n
ia?aciaaieai i?i/iuo e aeeeiiuo oeaiae e oeeeeia i?eaaea e
aicieeiiaaieth a?iiaaeiiai /enea ?aciiia?aciuo niaaeeiaiee oaea?iaea
(oaeaaiaei?iaeia), eco/aaiuo i?aaie/aneie oeieae.
A niaaeeiaieyo oaea?iae i?iyaeyao noaiaie ieeneaiey -4; +2; +4. Aoiiiue
?aaeeon 0,77A, eiaaeaioiua ?aaeeonu 0,77A, 0,67A, 0,60A niioaaonoaaiii
a iaeeia?iie, aeaieiie e o?ieiie naycyo; eiiiie ?aaeeon
N4- 2,60A, N4+ 0,20A. I?e iau/iuo oneiaeyo oaea?iae oeie/anee eia?oai,
i?e aunieeo oaiia?aoo?ao ii niaaeeiyaony ni iiiaeie yeaiaioaie, i?iyaeyy
neeueiua ainnoaiiaeoaeueiua naienoaa. Oeie/aneay aeoeaiinoue oauaaao a
?yaeo: “aii?oiue” oaea?iae, a?aoeo, aeiac; acaeiiaeaenoaea n eenei?iaeii
aicaeooa (ai?aiea) i?ienoiaeeo niioaaonoaaiii i?e oaiia?aoo?ao auoa
300-500?N, 600-700?N e 850-1000?N n ia?aciaaieai aeaoieene oaea?iaea CO2
e ieene oaea?iaea CO.
CO2 ?anoai?yaony a aiaea n ia?aciaaieai oaieueiie eeneiou. A 1906 I.
Aeeeuen iieo/ee iaaeiieenue oaea?iaea C3O2. Ana oi?iu oaea?iaea
onoie/eau e uaei/ai e eeneioai e iaaeeaiii ieeneythony oieueei i/aiue
neeueiuie ieeneeoaeyie (o?iiiaay nianue, nianue eiioeaio?e?iaaiiuo HNO3
e KClO3 e ae?.). “Aii?oiue” oaeaiae ?aaae?oao n ooi?ii i?e eiiiaoiie
oaiia?aoo?a, a?aoeo e aeiac – i?e iaa?aaaiee. Iaiin?aaenoaaiiia
niaaeeiaiea oaea?iaea n oei?ii i?ienoiaeeo a yeaeo?e/aneie aeoaa; n
a?iiii e eiaeii oaea?iae ia ?aaae?oao, iiyoiio iiiai/eneaiiua
aaeiaaieaeu oaea?iaea neioace?otho einaaiiui ioo?i. Ec ieneaaeiaaieaeia
iauae oi?ioeu COX2 (aaea O – aaeiaai) iaeaieaa ecaanoia oei?ieenue COCl2
(oinaai). Aiaei?iae n aeiacii ia acaeiiaeaenoaoao; n a?aoeoii e
“aii?oiui” oaea?iaeii ?aaae?oao i?e aunieeo oaiia?aoo?ao a i?enoonoaee
eaoaeecaoi?ia (ieeaeue Ni, ieaoeia Pt): i?e 600-1000?N ia?acoaony a
iniiaiii iaoai CH4, i?e 1500-2000?N – aoeaoeeai C2H2, a i?iaeoeoao iiaoo
i?enoonoaiaaoue oaeaea ae?oaea oaeaaiaei?iaeu, iai?eia? yoai C2H6,
aaicie C6H6. Acaeiiaeaenoaea na?u n “aii?oiui” oaea?iaeii e a?aoeoii
ia/eiaaony i?e 700-800?N, n aeiacii i?e 900-1000?N; ai anao neo/ayo
ia?acoaony na?ioaea?iae CS2. Ae?oaea niaaeeiaiey oaea?iaea, niaea?aeauea
na?o (oeiieenue CS, oeiiaaeiieenue C3S2, na?iieenue COS e oeioinaai
CSCl2), iieo/atho einaaiiui ioo?i. I?e acaeiiaeaenoaee CS2 n
noeueoeaeaie iaoaeeia ia?acothony oeiea?aiiaou – niee neaaie
oeioaieueiie eeneiou. Acaeiiaeaenoaea oaea?iaea n acioii n iieo/aieai
oeeaia (CN)2 i?ienoiaeeo i?e i?iioneaiee yeaeo?e/aneiai ?ac?yaea iaaeaeo
oaieueiuie yeaeo?iaeaie a aoiinoa?a acioa. N?aaee acioniaea?aeaueo
niaaeeiaiee oaea?iaea aaaeiia i?aeoe/aneia cia/aiea eiatho oeeaienoue
aiaei?iae HCN e aai iiiai/eneaiiua i?iecaiaeiua: oeeaieaeu,
aaei-aaioeeaiu, ieo?eeu e ae?. I?e oaiia?aoo?ao auoa 1000?N oaea?iae
acaeiiaeaenoaoao ni iiiaeie iaoaeeaie, aeaaay ea?aeaeu. Ana oi?iu
oaea?iaea i?e iaa?aaaiee ainnoaiaaeeaatho ieeneu iaoaeeia n ia?aciaaieai
naiaiaeiuo iaoaeeia (Zn, Cd, Cu, Pb e ae?.) eee ea?aeaeia (CaC2, Mo2C,
WC, TaC e ae?.). Oaea?iae ?aaae?oao i?e oaiia?aoo?ao auoa 600-800°N n
aiaeyiui ia?ii e oaeaeeneui aacii. Ioee/eoaeueiie iniaaiiinoueth a?aoeoa
yaeyaony niiniaiinoue i?e oia?aiiii iaa?aaaiee aei 300-400?N
acaeiiaeaenoaiaaoue ni uaei/iuie iaoaeeaie e aaeiaaieaeaie n
ia?aciaaieai niaaeeiaiee aeeth/aiey oeia C8Me, C24Me, C8X (aaea O –
aaeiaai, Me – iaoaee). Ecaanoiu niaaeeiaiey aeeth/aiey a?aoeoa n HNO3,
H2SO4, FeCl3 e ae?oaea (iai?eia?, aenoeueoao a?aoeoa C24SO4H2). Ana
oi?iu oaea?iaea ia?anoai?eiu a iau/iuo iai?aaie/aneeo e i?aaie/aneeo
?anoai?eoaeyo, ii ?anoai?ythony a iaeioi?uo ?anieaaeaiiuo iaoaeeao
(iai?eia?, aeaeaci Fe, ieeaeue Ni, eiaaeueo Co).
– ?aaeeiaeoeaiui (a i?aaiecia /aeiaaea aai niaea?aeeony ieiei
0,1ieeth?e). N eniieueciaaieai ecioiiia oaea?iaea a aeieiae/aneeo e
iaaeeoeeineeo enneaaeiaaieyo naycaiu iiiaea e?oiiua aeinoeaeaiey a
eco/aiee iaiaia aauanoa e e?oaiai?ioa oaea?iaea a i?e?iaea. Oae, n
iiiiuueth ?aaeeioaea?iaeiie iaoee auea aeieacaia aiciiaeiinoue oeenaoeee
I14NI3 ?anoaieyie e oeaiyie aeeaioiuo, onoaiiaeaia iineaaeiaaoaeueiinoue
?aaeoeee oioineioaca, eco/ai iaiai aieiieeneio, i?ineaaeaiu iooe
aeineioaca iiiaeo aeieiae/anee aeoeaiuo niaaeeiaiee e o. ae. I?eiaiaiea
14N niinianoaiaaei oniaoai iieaeoey?iie aeieiaee a eco/aiee iaoaieciia
aeineioaca aaeea e ia?aaea/e ianeaaenoaaiiie eioi?iaoeee. Ii?aaeaeaiea
oaeaeueiie aeoeaiinoe 14N a oaea?iaeniaea?aeaueo i?aaie/aneeo inoaoeao
iicaieyao noaeeoue ia eo aic?anoa, /oi eniieuecoaony a iaeaiioieiaee e
a?oaieiaee.
Oaea?iae a i?aaiecia. Oaea?iae – aaaeiaeoee aeiaaiiue yeaiaio,
ninoaaeythuee iniiao aeecie ia Caiea, no?oeoo?iay aaeeieoea ia?iiiiai
/enea i?aaie/aneeo niaaeeiaiee, o/anoaothueo a iino?iaiee i?aaieciia e
iaania/aiee eo aeeciaaeayoaeueiinoe (aeiiieeia?u, a oaeaea
iiiai/eneaiiua ieceiiieaeoey?iua aeieiae/anee aeoeaiua aauanoaa –
aeoaieiu, ai?iiiu, iaaeeaoi?u e ae?.). Cia/eoaeueiay /anoue iaiaoiaeeiie
i?aaieciai yia?aee ia?acoaony a eeaoeao ca n/?o ieeneaiey oaea?iaea.
Aicieeiiaaiea aeecie ia Caiea ?anniao?eaaaony a nia?aiaiiie iaoea eae
neiaeiue i?ioeann yaiethoeee oaea?iaeenouo niaaeeiaiee.
Niaea?aeaiea oaea?iaea a aeeauo i?aaieciao a ?an/?oa ia nooia aauanoai
ninoaaeyao: 34,5-40% o aiaeiuo ?anoaiee e aeeaioiuo, 45,4-46,5% o
iacaiiuo ?anoaiee e aeeaioiuo e 54% o aaeoa?ee.
?ieue oaea?iaea a aeeaie i?e?iaea. Oieeaeueiay ?ieue oaea?iaea a aeeaie
i?e?iaea iaoneiaeaia aai naienoaaie, eioi?uie a niaieoiiinoe ia
iaeaaeaao ie iaeei ae?oaie yeaiaio ia?eiaee/aneie nenoaiu. Iaaeaeo
aoiiaie oaea?iaea, a oaeaea iaaeaeo oaea?iaeii e ae?oaeie yeaiaioaie
ia?acothony i?i/iua oeie/aneea nayce, eioi?ua, iaeiaei, iiaoo auoue
?aci?aaiu a n?aaieoaeueii iyaeeo oeceieiae/aneeo oneiaeyo (yoe nayce
iiaoo auoue iaeeia?iuie, aeaieiuie e o?ieiuie). Niiniaiinoue oaea?iaea
ia?aciauaaoue 4 ?aaiicia/iua aaeaioiua nayce n ae?oaeie aoiiaie
oaea?iaea nicaea?o aiciiaeiinoue aeey iino?iaiey oaea?iaeiuo neaeaoia
?acee/iuo oeiia – eeiaeiuo, ?acaaoaeaiiuo, oeeeee/aneeo. Iieacaoaeueii,
/oi anaai o?e yeaiaioa – oaea?iae N, eenei?iae I e aiaei?iae I –
ninoaaeytho 98% iauae iannu aeeauo i?aaieciia. Yoei aeinoeaaaony
ii?aaeae?iiay yeiiiie/iinoue a aeeaie i?e?iaea: i?e i?aeoe/anee
aaca?aie/iii no?oeoo?iii ?aciiia?acee oaea?iaeenouo niaaeeiaiee
iaaieueoia /enei oeiia oeie/aneeo naycae iicaieyao iaiiiai nie?aoeoue
eiee/anoai oa?iaioia, iaiaoiaeeiuo aeey ?anuaieaiey e neioaca
i?aaie/aneeo aauanoa. Iniaaiiinoe no?iaiey aoiia oaea?iaea eaaeao a
iniiaa ?acee/iuo aeaeia eciia?ee i?aaie/aneeo niaaeeiaiee (niiniaiinoue
e iioe/aneie eciia?ee ieacaeanue ?aoathuae a aeioeie/aneie yaiethoeee
aieiieeneio, oaeaaiaeia e iaeioi?uo aeeaeieaeia).
Niaeanii iauai?eiyoie aeiioaca A. E. Iia?eia, ia?aua i?aaie/aneea
niaaeeiaiey ia Caiea eiaee aaeiaaiiia i?ienoiaeaeaiea. Enoi/ieeaie
oaea?iaea neoaeeee iaoai (CH4) e oeeaienoue aiaei?iae (HCN),
niaea?aeaaoeany a ia?ae/iie aoiinoa?a Caiee. N aicieeiiaaieai aeecie
aaeeinoaaiiui enoi/ieeii iai?aaie/aneiai oaea?iaea, ca n/?o eioi?iai
ia?acoaony an? i?aaie/aneia aauanoai aeinoa?u, yaeyaony aeaoieenue
oaea?iaea (CO2), iaoiaeyuayny a aoiinoa?a, a oaeaea ?anoai??iiay a
i?e?iaeiuo aiaeao a aeaea HCO-3. Iaeaieaa iiuiue iaoaieci onaiaiey
(anneieeyoeee) oaea?iaea (a oi?ia CO2) – oioineioac – inouanoaeyaony
iianaianoii cae?iuie ?anoaieyie (aaeaaiaeii anneieee?oaony ieiei 100
ie?ae. o CI2). Ia Caiea nouanoaoao e yaiethoeeiiii aieaa ae?aaiee niinia
onaiaiey CO2 ioo?i oaiineioaca; a yoii neo/aa
iee?ii?aaieciu-oaiineioaoeee eniieuecotho ia eo/enooth yia?aeth Nieioea,
a yia?aeth ieeneaiey iai?aaie/aneeo niaaeeiaiee. Aieueoeinoai aeeaioiuo
iio?aaeytho oaea?iae n ieuae a aeaea oaea aioiauo i?aaie/aneeo
niaaeeiaiee. A caaeneiinoe io niiniaa onaiaiey i?aaie/aneeo niaaeeiaiee
i?eiyoi ?acee/aoue aaoio?ioiua i?aaieciu e aaoa?io?ioiua i?aaieciu.
I?eiaiaiea aeey aeineioaca aaeea e ae?oaeo ieoaoaeueiuo aauanoa
iee?ii?aaieciia, eniieuecothueo a ea/anoaa aaeeinoaaiiiai enoi/ieea
oaea?iaea oaeaaiaei?iaeu iaooe,- iaeia ec aaaeiuo nia?aiaiiuo
iao/ii-oaoie/aneeo i?iaeai.
Iiieii iniiaiie ooieoeee – enoi/ieea oaea?iaea – aeaoieenue oaea?iaea
CO2, ?anoai??iiay a i?e?iaeiuo aiaeao e a aeieiae/aneeo aeeaeeinoyo,
o/anoaoao a iiaeaea?aeaiee iioeiaeueiie aeey aeeciaiiuo i?ioeannia
eeneioiinoe n?aaeu. A ninoaaa CaCO3 oaea?iae ia?acoao ia?oaeiue neaeao
iiiaeo aaniicaiii/iuo (iai?eia?, ?aeiaeiu iieethneia), a oaeaea
niaea?aeeony a ei?aeeao, ye/iie nei?eoia ioeoe e ae?. Oaeea niaaeeiaiey
oaea?iaea, eae HCN, CO, CCl4, i?aiaeaaeaaoea a ia?ae/iie aoiinoa?a Caiee
a aeiaeieiae/aneee ia?eiae, a aeaeueiaeoai, a i?ioeanna aeieiae/aneie
yaiethoeee, i?aa?aoeeenue a neeueiua aioeiaoaaieeou iaiaia aauanoa.
E?oaiai?io oaea?iaea. Oaea?iae – iniiaiie aeiaaiiue yeaiaio; ii ea?aao
aaaeiaeooth ?ieue a ia?aciaaiee aeeaiai aauanoaa aeinoa?u. Oaeaeeneue
aac ec aoiinoa?u a i?ioeanna oioineioaca, inouanoaeyaiiai cae?iuie
?anoaieyie, anneieee?oaony e i?aa?auaaony a ?aciiia?aciua e
iiiai/eneaiiua i?aaie/aneea niaaeeiaiey ?anoaiee. ?anoeoaeueiua
i?aaieciu, iniaaiii iecoea iee?ii?aaieciu, ii?neie oeoiieaieoii,
aeaaiaea?y eneeth/eoaeueiie nei?inoe ?aciiiaeaiey i?iaeooee?otho a aiae
ieiei 1,5·10?? o oaea?iaea a aeaea i?aaie/aneie iannu, /oi niioaaonoaoao
5,86·10?? Aeae (1,4·10??eae) yia?aee. ?anoaiey /anoe/ii iiaaeathony
aeeaioiuie (i?e yoii ia?acothony aieaa eee iaiaa neiaeiua ieuaaua
oeaie). A eiia/iii n/?oa i?aaie/aneia aauanoai a ?acoeueoaoa aeuoaiey
i?aaieciia, ?aceiaeaiey eo o?oiia, i?ioeannia a?iaeaiey, aieaiey e
ai?aiey i?aa?auaaony a oaeaeeneue aac eee ioeaaaaony a aeaea nai?iiaey,
aoiona, oi?oa, eioi?ua, a naith i/a?aaeue, aeatho ia/aei iiiaei ae?.
eaonoiaeieeoai – eaiaiiui oaeyi, iaooe, ai?th/ei aacai.
E?oaiai?io oaea?iaea.
A i?ioeannao ?aniaaea i?aaie/aneeo aauanoa, eo ieia?aeecaoeee ia?iiioth
?ieue ea?atho aaeoa?ee (iai?eia?, aieeinoiua), a oaeaea iiiaea a?eau
(iai?eia?, ieaniaaua).
A aeoeaiii e?oaiai?ioa oaea?iaea o/anoaoao i/aiue iaaieueoay /anoue anae
aai iannu. Ia?iiiia eiee/anoai oaieueiie eeneiou caeiina?ae?iaaii a
aeaea eneiiaaiuo ecaanoiyeia e ae?oaeo ii?iae. Iaaeaeo oaeaeeneui aacii
aoiinoa?u e aiaeie ieaaia, a naith i/a?aaeue, nouanoaoao iiaeaeaeiia
?aaiiaanea.
Oaaeeoea: Niaea?aeaiea oaea?iaea ia iiaa?oiinoe Caiee e a caiiie ei?a
(16 ei iiuiinoe)
A o A a ia 1 ni? iiaa?oiinoe Caiee
AEeaioiua 5·109 0,0015
?anoaiey 5·10?? 0,1
Aoiinoa?a 6,4·10?? 0,125
Ieaai 3,8·10?? 7,5
Ianneaiua e?enoaeee/aneea
ii?iaeu: aacaeueou e ae?. 1,7·1014 33,0
iniiaiua ii?iaeu
A?aieou, a?aiiaeei?eou 2,9·1015 567
Oaee, iaooe e ae?oaea
eaonoiaeieeou 6,4·1015 663
E?enoaeee/aneea neaioeu 1·1016 2000
Ea?aiiaou 1,3·1016 2500
Anaai 3,2·1016 5770
Iiiaea aiaeiua i?aaieciu iiaeiuatho oaeaeeneue eaeueoeee, nicaeatho naie
neaeaou, a caoai ec ieo ia?acothony ieanou ecaanoiyeia. Ec aoiinoa?u
auei ecaea/aii e caoi?iiaii a aeanyoee ouny/ ?ac aieueoa oaeaeeneiai
aaca, /ai a iae iaoiaeeony a aeaiiue iiiaio. Aoiinoa?a iiiieiyaony
oaeaeeneui aacii aeaaiaea?y i?ioeannai ?aceiaeaiey i?aaie/aneiai
aauanoaa, ea?aiiaoia e ae?., a oaeaea, an? a aieueoae ia?a, a
?acoeueoaoa eiaeono?eaeueiie aeayoaeueiinoe /aeiaaea. Iniaaiii iiuiui
enoi/ieeii yaeythony aoeeaiu, aacu eioi?uo ninoiyo aeaaiui ia?acii ec
oaeaeeneiai aaca e ia?ia aiaeu. Iaeioi?ay /anoue oaeaeeneiai aaca e
aiaeu, ecaa?aaaiuo aoeeaiaie, aic?iaeaeaaony ec inaaei/iuo ii?iae, a
/anoiinoe ecaanoiyeia, i?e eiioaeoa iaaiu n ieie e eo anneieeyoeee
iaaiie. A i?ioeanna e?oaiai?ioa oaea?iaea i?ienoiaeeo iaiaeiie?aoiia
o?aeoeeiie?iaaiea aai ii ecioiiiiio ninoaao (??C – ??C), iniaaiii a
iaaiaoiaaiiii i?ioeanna (ia?aciaaiea CO2, aeiacia, ea?aiiaoia), i?e
aeiaaiiii ia?aciaaiee i?aaie/aneiai aauanoaa (oaey, iaooe, oeaiae
i?aaieciia e ae?.).
I?eiaiaiea oaea?iaea. Oaea?iae oe?iei eniieuecoaony a aeaea i?inouo
aauanoa. Ae?aaioeaiiue aeiac yaeyaony i?aaeiaoii thaaee?iuo oe?aoaiee;
iai?ic?a/iue aeiac – oeaiiue aa?acea, a oae aea iaoa?eae aeey
ecaioiaeaiey ?acoeia e ae?oaiai eino?oiaioa. Ae?aaaniue oaieue e ae?oaea
aii?oiua oi?iu oaea?iaea i?eiaiythony aeey iaanoeaa/eaaiey, i/enoee,
aaeni?aoeee aacia, a iaeanoyo oaoieee, aaea o?aaothony aaeni?aaiou n
?acaeoie iiaa?oiinoueth. A?aoeo i?eiaiytho aeey ecaioiaeaiey ieaaeeueiuo
oeaeae, oooa?iai/iuo ieeo, yeaeo?iaeia, oaa?aeuo niaci/iuo iaoa?eaeia; a
?aeaoiie oaoieea; eae caiaaeeeoaeue iaeo?iiia a yaea?iuo ?aaeoi?ao;
eiiiiiaio ninoaaa aeey ecaioiaeaiey noa?aeiae aeey a?aiaeaoae; aeey
iieo/aiey aeiaca; iaiieieoaeue ieanoiann. Eaiaiiioaieueiue eien
eniieuecoaony a /a?iie iaoaeeo?aee a ea/anoaa oiieeaa e ainnoaiiaeoaey a
aeiiaiiuo ia/ao e aaa?aieao. Iaooyiie e yeaeo?iaeiue iaeiaue eien
i?eiaiyaony aeey ecaioiaeaiey oaieueiuo e a?aoeoe?iaaiiuo yeaeo?iaeia,
?aaea – eae oiieeai. Naaea (oaoie/aneee oaea?iae) i?eiaiyaony eae
iaiieieoaeue a i?iecaiaenoaa ?aceiu, ieanoiann; ieaiaio a eaeie?ani/iie
i?iiuoeaiiinoe; aeey ecaioiaeaiey yeaeo?iaeia e o. i. Ea?aeaeu,
niaaeeiaiey oaea?iaea n iaoaeeaie, a oaeaea n ai?ii e e?aiieai
(iai?eia?, Al4C3, SiC, B4C) ioee/athony aunieie oaa?aeinoueth e
eniieuecothony aeey ecaioiaeaiey aa?aceaiiai e ?aaeouaai eino?oiaioa.
Oaea?iae i?eiaiyaony aeey iieo/aiey iaoaeeia ec eo ieneaeia. Oaea?iae
aoiaeeo a ninoaa noaeae e nieaaia a yeaiaioiii ninoiyiee e a aeaea
ea?aeaeia. Ianuuaiea iiaa?oiinoe noaeueiuo ioeeaie oaea?iaeii i?e
aunieie oaiia?aoo?a (oeaiaioaoeey) cia/eoaeueii oaaee/eaaao
iiaa?oiinoioth oaa?aeinoue e eciininoieeinoue.
I?eiaiaiea aeiaca a thaaee?iuo oe?aoaieyo,
a?aoeoa a ea?aiaeaoao.
Nienie eeoa?aoo?u: 1) “Aieueoay oeieueiay yioeeeeiiaaeey”, o. 2, ecae.
“Ieia-i?ann”
2) Eioa?iao: www.encycl.yandex.ru, www.krugosvet.ru, www.informika.ru.
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