AAAAeAIEA.
Naiia ciaiaiaoaeueiia a yeaiaioa eaioaia, ianiiiaiii, oi, /oi ii
aicaeaaeyao oa?aiao ec /aou?iaaeoeaoe eaioaiieaeia – yeaiaioia n
/a?acau/aeii noiaeiuie naienoaaie. Eaioai e eaioaiieaeu – anaaaea
aianoa: a ieia?aeao, a iaoai i?aaenoaaeaiee, a iaoaeea. Ia Anaie?iie
aunoaaea a Ia?eaea a 1900 aiaeo auee aia?aua i?iaeaiiino?e?iaaiu
ia?acoeu iaeioi?uo /enouo, eae n/eoaeinue, eaioaiieaeia. Ii iiaeii ia
niiiaaaoueny, /oi a eaaeaeii ia?ac/eea, iacaaeneii io y?euea,
i?enoonoaiaaee e eaioai, e oea?ee e iaiaeei n i?acaiaeeiii, e naiua
?aaeeea ec eaioaiieaeia-ooeee, aieueiee, ethoaoeee. Naiua ?aaeeea, anee
ia n/eoaoue “auoaaeoaai” e ainnicaeaiiiai a yaea?iuo ?aaeoeeyo yeaiaioa
N61-i?iiaoey. Ai?i/ai, aoaeue o i?iiaoey noaaeeueiua ecioiiu, ii oiaea
i?enoonoaiaae au a ethaii ia?acoea ?aaeeicaiaeueiiai yeaiaioa.
Iaeei ec naiuo ianniauo e aeao?auo ?aaeeicaiaeueiuo i?iaeoeoia inoa?ony
ieoiaoaee – “i?e?iaeiue” nieaa eaioaia e eaioaiieaeia…
EAIOAI.
Eaioai – yoi iaoaee, iaueiiaaiiue ii aiaoiaio aeaeo (na?aa?enoi-aaeue,
iie?uoue na?iaaoie ieeniie ieaieie) e ii oece/aneei naienoaai
(oaiia?aoo?a ieaaeaiey- 920, eeiaiey- 3469 (C; ii i?i/iinoe, oaa?aeinoe,
yeaeo?ii?iaiaeiinoe e i?i/ei oa?aeoa?enoeeai iaoaee eaioai anaaaea
ieacuaaaony a na?aaeeia oaaeeoeu). Iaueiiaaiai eaioai e ii oeie/aneei
naienoaai. A nooii aicaeooa ii ia eciaiyaony: ieeneay ieaiea iaaeaaeii
caueuaao io ieeneaiey a ianna. Ii anee aicaeoo aeaaeai (a a iau/iuo
caiiuo oneiaeyo ii aeaaeai ii/oe anaaaea), iaoaeee/aneee eaioai
iinoaiaiii ieeneyaony aei aeae?iieene. La(OH)3 -iniiaaiea n?aaeiae neeu,
/oi iiyoue-oaee oa?aeoa?ii aeey iaoaeea- “na?aaeiy/ea”.
Ii ?ani?ino?aiaieth a i?e?iaea, ii ianooaaai i?iecaiaenoaa, ii oe?ioa
eniieueciaaiey eaioai onooiaao naiaio aeeaeaeoaio aiaeiao-oea?eth.
?iaeiia/aeueiee e aa/ii aoi?ie, oaeiai iieiaeaiea eaioaia a aai
naiaenoaa. E eiaaea ?aaeeicaiaeueiua yeaiaiou ii niaieoiiinoe naienoa
noaee aeaeeoue ia aeaa iiaea?oiiu, eaioai aue ioian?i a iiaea?oiio,
iacaaiea eioi?ie aeaee a /anoue oea?ey… E ioe?uo eaioai aue iinea
oea?ey, eae i?eianue e oea?eth, a ieia?aea oea?eoa.
A 1803 aiaeo 24 -eaoiee oaaaeneee oeiee Eain sseia Aa?oeaeeon aianoa ni
naiei o/eoaeai A. Oeceiaa?ii iaia?oaeee a yoii ieia?aea ioe?uooth
TH.Aaaeieeiii a 1794 aiaeo eoo?eaaoth “caieth” e aua iaeio ?aaeeoth
caieth, i/aiue iioiaeoth ia eoo?eaaoth. Aa iacaaee oea?eaaie. A 1826
aiaeo E. A. Iicaiaea? – o/aiee, annenoaio e iaeei ec aeeceeo ae?ocae
Aa?oeaeeona – enneaaeiaae oea?eaaoth caieth e caeeth/ee, /oi iia
iaiaeii?iaeia, /oi a iae, iiieii oea?ey, niaea?aeeony aua iaeei, a
iiaeao auoue e ia iaeei, iiaue yeaiaio. Ii /oiau i?iaa?eoue yoi
i?aaeiieiaeaiea, ioaeii auei iiiai oea?eoa. Aeieacaoue neiaeiinoue
oea?eaaie caiee Iicaiaea?o oaeaeinue eeoue a 1839 aiaeo.
Iiaue yeaiaio, iaia?oaeaiiue a oea?eoa, ii i?aaeeiaeaieth Aa?oeaeeona
iacaaee eaioaiii. Iacaaiea n iaiaeii: iii i?ienoiaeeo io a?a/aneiai
neiaa ((((((((( – ne?uaaoueny, caauaaoueny – eaioai, niaea?aeaueeny a
oea?eoa, oniaoii ne?uaaeny io oeieeia a oa/aiee 36 eao!
Iaoaeee/aneee eaioai, ?acoiaaony, aeaeaei ia /enoue, aia?aua aue
iieo/ai Iicaiaea?ii i?e iaa?aaaiee oei?enoiai eaioaia n eaeeai.
A iaoa a?aiy a i?iiuoeaiiuo ianooaaao iieo/atho eaioai /enoioie aieaa
99 %; i?aeiouanoaaiii ec iiiaoeeoa e aanoiaceoa, eae, ai?i/ai, e oea?ee,
e ana inoaeueiua yeaiaiou oea?eaaie iiaea?oiiu.
Iioeaieo – oyaeaeue aeanoyuee ieia?ae, iau/ii aeaeoi-ao?ue, ii eiiaaea
e ae?oaeo oeaaoia, iineieueeo iinoiyinoaii ninoaaa ii ia ioee/aaony.
Oi/iaa anaai aai ninoaa iienuaaao oaeay no?aiiay oi?ioea: (?CY)?I4: yoi
cia/eo, /oi iiiaoeeo – oinoao ?aaeeicaiaeueiuo yeaiaioia (?CY). Iau/ii a
iiiaeeoa 50-68% ieeneia ?CY e 22 – 31,5 % P2O5. A aua a iai aei 7 %
aeaoieene oee?eiiey, 10% (a n?aaeiai ) aeaoieene oi?ey e 0,1-0,3 %
o?aia. Yoe oeeo?u ni anae i/aaeaeiinoueth iieacuaatho, ii/aio a iaoa
a?aiy oanii ia?aieaeenue iooe ?aaeeicaiaeueiie e aoiiiie i?iiuoeaiiinoe.
Iiiaoeeoiaua ?innuie ?ani?ino?aiaiu ii aa?aaai ?ae, ica? e ii?ae ia anao
eiioeiaioao. A ia/aea aaea (aeaiiua ca 1909) 92 % ie?iaie aeiau/e
?aaeeicaiaeueiiai nu?uey e i?aaeaea anaai iiiaoeeoa i?eoiaeeeinue ia
aeieth A?aceeee. Iinea 1950 a. a nayce n ?acaeoeai aoiiiie
i?iiuoeaiiinoe aaaaiiiii n?aaee eaieoaeenoe/aneeo no?ai a aeiau/e e
ia?a?aaioea ?aaeeicaiaeueiiai nu?uey noaee NOA.
*oiau iieo/eoue iiiaoeeoiaue eiioeaio?ao /enoioie 92 – 96 %, i?eiaiytho
eiiieaen a?aaeoaoeeiiiuo, iaaieoiuo e yeaeo?inoaoe/aneeo iaoiaeia
iaiaauaiey. A ?acoeueoaoa iiiooii iieo/atho eeueiaieoiaue, ?ooeeiaue,
oee?eiiiaue e ae?oaea oeaiiua eiioeaio?aou.
Eae e anyeee ieia?ae, iiiaoeeo iaaei “ane?uoue”. *aua anaai
iiiaoeeoiaue eiioeaio?ao ia?aaaouaatho aeey yoiai eiioeaio?e?iaaiiie
na?iie eeneioie (oe?ieia ?ani?ino?aiaiea i?eia?ae oaeaea uaei/iie niinia
ane?uoey iiiaoeeoa). Ia?acothueany noeueoaou ?aaeeicaiaeueiuo yeaiaioia
e oi?ey auuaea/eaatho oieiaeiie aiaeie. Iinea oiai eae iie ia?aeaeoo a
?anoai?, a inaaeea inoathony e?aiiacai e ia ioaeaeeaoayny ia
i?aaeuaeoueo noaaeeyo /anoue oee?eiia.
Ia neaaeothuae noaaeee ioaeaeytho ei?ioeiaeeaouee iacioi?ee (?aaeee –
228), a caoai e nai oi?ee – eiiaaea aianoa n oea?eai, eiiaaea ii
ioaeaeueiinoe.
Iinea oiai eae auaeaeai oea?ee, a ?anoai?a inoaaony aieueoa anaai
eaioaia, eioi?ue iieo/atho iau/ii a aeaea oei?eaea LaCl3. Yeaeo?ieec
?anieaaeaiiai oei?eaea aeaao eaioai /enoioie aei 99.5 %. Aua aieaa
/enoue eaioai – 99.79 % e auoa iieo/atho eaeueoeeaoa?ie/aneei niiniaii.
Oaeiaa eeanne/aneay, o?aaeeoeeiiiay oaoiieiaey.
Eae aeaeei, iieo/aiea yeaiaioa?iiai eaioaia – aeaei neiaeiia.
?acaeaeaiea eaioaiieaeia – io i?acaiaeeia aei ethoaoeey – o?aaoao aua
aieueoeo cao?ao nee e n?aaenoa, e a?aiaie, ?acoiaaony. Iiyoiio a
iineaaeiaa aeanyoeeaoea oeieee e oaoiieiae iiiaeo no?ai ie?a no?aieeenue
nicaeaoue iiaua, aieaa niaa?oaiiua iaoiaeu ?acaeaeaiey yoeo yeaiaioia.
Oaeea iaoiaeu – yeno?aeoeeiiiua e eiiiiaiaiiua – auee nicaeaiu e
aiaae?aiu a i?iiuoeaiiinoue. Oaea a ia/aea oanoeaeanyouo aiaeia ia
onoaiiaeao, ?aaioathueo ii i?eioeeio eiiiiai iaiaia, aeinoeaee 95 % –
iiai auoiaea ?aaeeicaiaeueiuo i?iaeoeoia /enoioie aei 99.9 %.
IAIA?EIAeE*IINOUe NAIENOA.
Auianoe eaioaiieaeu ca i?aaeaeu iniiaiie /anoe oaaeeoeu ia?aui
i?aaeeiaeee i?ioanni? I?aaeneiai oieaa?neoaoa Aiaoneaa O?aioeaae/
A?aoia?. ?aniooaoue “ocae a nenoaia” ieii/aoaeueii oaeaeinue oieueei
iinea oiai, eae a iniiao iaiaeaeaaaneie oaaeeoeu aue iieiaeai iiaue,
oece/aneee aieaa oi/iue e?eoa?ee – ca?yae aoiiiiai yae?a. Oiaaea noaei
ynii, /oi iaaeaeo eaioaiii e oaioaeii iiaoo iiianoeoueny anaai 15
yeaiaioia, i?e/ai iineaaeiee aeieaeai auoue aiaeiaii oee?eiiey. Yoio
yeaiaio – aaoiee – aue ioe?uo Ae. Einoa?ii e Ae. Oaaaoe a 1923 aiaeo.
Iineaaeiee (ii aoiiiui iiia?ai) eaioaiieae – ethoaoeee – aue iaia?oaeai
?aiueoa, a 1907 aiaeo.
AIIIAEUeIUA AAEAIOIINOE.
Aiiiaeueiua aaeaioiinoe eaioaiieaeia enneaaeiaae e iauyniee iaiaoeeee
oeiee Aeeueaaeuei Eeaii. Ii ?aioaaiianeei niaeo?ai ii ii?aaeaeee
iniiaiua ia?aiao?u eo e?enoaeeia e aoiiiua iauaiu. Ia e?eaie aoiiiuo
iauaiia yaii au?aaeaiu iaeneioiu (aa?iiee, eooa?aee) e iaiaa ?acei –
ieieioiu (oea?ee, oa?aee). I?acaiaeei e naia?ee oiaea auiaaeatho, oioy e
ia oae neeueii, ec ?yaea, ii?aaeaeyaiiai ieaaii ieniaaeathuae e?eaie.
Iiyoiio ia?aue “oyaioaao” e iaeiiau?iiui oea?eth e oa?aeth, a aoi?ie – e
e?oiiui aa?iieth e eooa?aeth. Yeaiaiou n aieueoeie aoiiiuie iauaiaie
e?ai/a oaea?aeeaatho yeaeo?iiu e iioiio auaatho eeoue o?ao- eee aeaaea
aeaooaaeaioiuie. A “iaeiiauaiiuo” aoiiao, iai?ioea, iaeei ec
“aioo?aiieo” yeaeo?iiia caeeth/?i a iaiei/ea iaaeinoaoi/ii i?i/ii –
iioiio aoiiu oea?ey, i?acaiaeeia e oa?aey iiaoo auoue /aou?aoaaeaioiuie.
A ?aaioao Eeaiia auei iaeaeaii e oece/aneia iainiiaaiea aeaaii
neiaeeaoaainy ?acaeaeaiey eaioaiieaeia ia aeaa iiaea?oiiu – oea?eaaoth e
eoo?eaaoth. A ia?aoth aoiaeyo eaioai e eaioaiieaeu io oea?ey aei
aaaeieeiey, ai aoi?oth-eoo?ee e eaioaiieaeu io oa?aey aei ethoaoeey.
Ioee/ea iaaeaeo yeaiaioaie aeaoo yoeo a?oii – a ciaea nieiia o
yeaeo?iiia, caiieiythueo aeaaioth aeey eaioaiieaeia /aoaa?ooth iaiei/eo.
Nieiu – nianoaaiiua iiiaiou eiee/anoaa aeaeaeaiey yeaeo?iiia – o ia?auo
eiatho iaeei e oio aea ciae; o aoi?uo aea iieiaeia yeaeo?iiia eiaao
nieiu iaeiiai ciaea, a iieiaeia – ae?oaiai.
Eaioaiieaeiia naeaoea.
Eaioaiieaeiui naeaoeai iacuaatho ioe?uoia iaiaoeeei aaioeieeii
A. Aieueaeoieoii caeiiiia?iia oiaiueoaiea ?acia?ia o?aoaaeaioiiai eiia
?aaeeicaiaeueiuo yeaiaioia io eaioaia e ethoaoeeth. Eacaeinue au , ana
aeieaeii auoue iaiai?io: a yae?a aoiia oea?ey ia iaeei i?ioii aieueoa,
/ai a yae?a aoiia eaioaia; yae?i i?acaiaeeia aieueoa, /ai yae?i oea?ey e
o. ae. Niioaaonoaaiii ?anoao e /enei yeaeo?iiia, a?auathueony aie?oa
yae?a. E anee i?aaenoaaeoue aoii oaeei, eae aai iau/ii ?enotho ia
noaiao, – a aeaea iaeaiueeiai aeenea, ie?oaeaiiiai auoyioouie i?aeoaie
iaaeaeeiuo yeaeo?iiia, i?aeoaie ?aciuo ?acia?ia, oi, i/aaeaeii, i?eaueue
yeaeo?iiia aeieaeia auea au oaaee/eoue ?acia?u aoiia a oeaeii. Eee, anee
ioa?ineoue ia?oaeiua yeaeo?iiu, /enei eioi?uo iiaeao auoue
iaiaeeiaeiaui, oaeay aea caeiiiia?iinoue aeieaeia iaaethaeaoueny a
?acia?ao o?aoaaeaioiuo eiiia eaioaia e aai eiiaiaeu.
?aaeeon o?aoaaeaioiiai eiia eaioaia ?aaai 1,22 (, a oaeiai aea eiia
ethoaoeey – anaai 0,99 (. Ana ia ii eiaeea, a eae ?ac iaiai?io. Iaeiaei
aei
oece/aneiai niunea eaioaiieaeiiai naeaoey aeieiiaoueny iao?oaeii e aac
eaaioiaie iaoaieee, aeinoaoi/ii aniiiieoue iniiaiua caeiiu
yeaeo?iiaaiaoecia.
Ca?yae yae?a e /enei yeaeo?iiia aie?oa iaai ?anooo ia?aeeaeueii. Neea
i?eoyaeaiey iaaeaeo ?aciieiaiiuie ca?yaeaie oiaea ?anoao: aieaa oyaeaeia
yae?i neeueiaa i?eoyaeaaao yeaeo?iiu, oei?a/eaaao eo i?aeou. A
iineieueeo a aoiiao eaioaiieaeia iaeaieaa ianuuaiu yeaeo?iiaie aeoaeiiua
i?aeou, yeaeo?e/aneia i?eoyaeaiea ieacuaaao aua aieaa neeueiia
aeaenoaea.
Aeecinoue eiiiuo ?aaeeonia e iauiinoue oeie/aneeo naienoa – aio aeaaiua
i?e/eiu niaianoiiai i?enoonoaey eaioaiieaeia a ieia?aeao.
Anaai ecaanoii ieiei 70 nianoaaiii ?aaeeicaiaeueiuo ieia?aeia e aua
ieiei 200 ieia?aeia, a eioi?ua yoe yeaiaiou aoiaeyo eae i?eiane. Yoi
naeaeaoaeuenoaoao i oii , /oi “?aaeeea caiee” aiana ia oaeea oae
?aaeeea; e yoi noa?eiiia iauaa iacaaiea neaiaeey, eoo?ey e eaioaia n
eaioaiieaeaie – ia aieaa /ai aeaiue oaaaeaiey e i?ioeiio. Iie ia ?aaeee:
oea?ey a caiea aieueoa, /ai naeioea, a naiua ?aaeeea ec
?aaeeicaiaeueiuo ?ani?ino?aiaiu a caiiie ei?a ia iiiai aieueoa, /ai
?oooue. Ana aeaei a ?annayiinoe yoeo yeaiaioia e neiaeiinoe ioaeaeaiey
eo iaeei io ae?oaiai.
Eaioaiieaeu ?ani?ino?aiaiu a i?e?iaea ia iaeeiaeiai. Yeaiaiou n /aoiuie
aoiiiuie iiia?aie ano?a/athony cia/eoaeueii /aua, /ai eo ia /aoiua
ninaaee. Yoi ianoiyoaeuenoai, eiia/ii, neacuaaaony ia ianooaaao
i?iecaiaenoaa e oeaiao ia ?aaeeicaiaeueiua iaoaeeu. Naiua
o?oaeiiaeinooiiua eaioaiieaeu-oa?aee, ooeee, ethoaoeee.
OeA?EE.
( A /anoue naiie aieueoie ec iaeuo ieaiao ).
A ia/aea iuiaoiaai aaea iaiaeaeaaaneoth oaaeeoeo ia?aaeei n?aaieaaee n
nieia/iie nenoaiie, oiiaeiaeyy yeaiaiou ieaiaoai. Eaioaiieaeai aea a
yoie aiaeiaee ioaiaeeeanue ?ieue anoa?ieaeia. Oea?ee iacaaee a /anoue
Oea?a?u – naiiai aieueoiai ec anoa?ieaeia. E yoio yeaiaio ieacaeny naiui
“aieueoei” ec oeie/aneeo anoa?ieaeia – naiue ?ani?ino?aiaiiui, naiui
aeaoaaui, naiui aaaeiui(ii e?aeiae ia?a naaiaeiy).
Iaaeaeo i?i/ei, Ia?oei Eeai?io, ioe?uaoee oea?eaaoth caieth ii/oe
iaeiia?aiaiii ni naieie oaaaeneeie eieeaaaie – A. Oeceiaa?ii e
E.ss.Aa?oeaeeonii, aic?aaeae i?ioea iacaaiey “oea?ee”: anee oae a /anoue
Oea?a?u, oi “oea?a?ee”. Aa?oeaeeon, iaeiaei, ionoiye naia iacaaiea,
nnueaynue ia o?oaeiinoe i?ieciioaiey oiai eiaie, eioi?ia i?aaeeaaae
iiaiio yeaiaioo Eeai?io.
Oea?eaaay caiey ioe?uoa a 1803 aiaeo, a /enoii aeaea aa ia?aui iieo/ee
Ea?e Iicaiaea? a 1839 aiaeo (iaeiia?aiaiii n eaioaiiaie ), ii eeoue a
1875 aiaeo aue aia?aua iieo/ai iaoaeee/aneee oea?ee. Naeaeae yoi
aia?eeaineee oeiee Oeeueyi O?ainen Aeeeaa?aiae, ?aaioaaoee aianoa ni
naiei iiiiuieeii Ii?oiiii. Oea?ee aue iieo/ai yeaeo?ieecii ouaoaeueii
i/euaiiiai /aou?aooei?enoiai oea?ey CeCl4. Ii ieacaeny naaoeui iaoaeeii,
iioiaeei ia eaioai, e oaeei aea iaueiiaaiiui, eae eaioai. Iaeiaei ia
i?ioei e aeanyoe eao, eae aue acyo iaoaio ia ia?aia i?aeoe/aneia
i?eiaiaiea oea?ey. Oi/iaa, aai ieene.
Ia/aeinue n aacieaeeeueiuo naoie.
Aano?eeneee oeiee Aoy? oii Aaeuenaao (1858-1928) aue aieueoei
niaoeeaeenoii a iaeanoe ?aaeeeo caiaeue. Ii ioe?ue /aou?a iiauo
eaioaiieaea; i?aaaea, a oaaeeoeo Iaiaeaeaaaa ec ieo aioee oieueei aeaa –
iaiaeei e i?acaiaeei. Aeueaeaaa?aiee aea, iacaaiiue a /anoue
Aeueaeaaa?aia – aeaaiie caacaeu nicaacaeey Oaeueoea, ieacaeny eaeaioe/ai
ioe?uoiio ianeieueeeie ianyoeaie ?aiueoa eooa?aeth, a eanneiiae (a
/anoue nicaacaeey Eanneiiae) oiaea ca ianeieueei ianyoeaa aei Aoy?a oii
Aaeuenaaoa ioe?ue o?aioeoc AEi?ae O?ayi e iacaae ethoaoeeai…
Aoy? oii Aaeuenaao aue ia oieueei i/aiue o?aaiaaoaeueiui e naaa
enneaaeiaaoaeai. Oa noi?iia iao/iie ?aaiou, eioi?oth iuia iacuaatho
“naycueth n i?iecaiaenoaii” eee “aiaae?aieai”, o iaai auea i?aaieciaaia
cia/eoaeueii eo/oa, /ai o iiiaeo aai eieeaa e nia?aiaiieeia. Eiaiii ii a
1884 aiaeo acye iaoaio ia i?eiaiaiea ieene oea?ey a aacieaeeeueiuo
eaiiao. A oi a?aiy aaciaia inaauaiea aua iiaei eiieo?e?iaaoue n
yeaeo?e/aneei.
Ia aaciaua ?iaeee noaee iaaeaaaoue “aoy?ianeea eieia/ee”, e naaoo a
aeiiao i?eaaaeeinue. Eieia/ee auee i?iieoaiu ieeneaie oi?ey e oea?ey.
(Caiaoei, /oi i?iieoea /enoie ieenueth oi?ey iaei /oi aeaaaea, y?ei
naaoeeanue oieueei nianue ieeneia.)
Anoue aua iaeia aeaaiyy iaeanoue i?eiaiaiey yeaiaioa N58. Oea?ee –
aeaaiue eiiiiiaio ie?ioi?iiai nieaaa, ec eioi?iai aeaeatho e?aiie aeey
caaeeaaeie. E?iia oea?ey a aai ninoaa aoiaeyo ae?oaea ?aaeeicaiaeueiua
iaoaeeu, a oaeaea aeaeaci. Oio aea nieaa ?aaioaao a o?anne?othueo
nia?yaeao e ioeyo. Naeaeaiiay ec iaai ianaaeea iaaeaoa ia nia?yae
nia?oaee. A ?ieue eieaneea, aunaeathuaai ene?o caeanue ea?aao aicaeoo.
Oea?ee a iaoaeeo?aee.
A nia?aiaiiie oaoieea oe?iei eniieuecotho niiniaiinoue oea?ey (eae e
ae?oaeo eaioaiieaeia) oeo/oaoue naienoaa nieaaia ia iniiaa aeaeaca,
iaaiey, aethieiey, iaaee, ieiaey, oeoaia. Eaae?iaaiea eiino?oeoeeiiiuo
noaeae oea?eai cia/eoaeueii iiauoaao eo i?i/iinoue. Aeaenoaea oea?ey a
oeaeii aiaeiae/ii aeaenoaeth eaioaia.
Aeeyiea ?aciuo aeic oea?ey ia no?oeoo?o e naienoaa eeoie e eiaaiiie
noaee, i?aaeaea anaai eaae?iaaiiie, auyniaii aeinoaoi/ii /aoei. E aeey
iaoaeeo?aee a yoii neo/aa ieacaeinue ni?aaaaeeeaui noa?ia iaaeeoeeineia
i?aaeei: iaeua aeicu – eaea?noai, aieueoea – yae. Iaeua aeiaaaee oea?ey
i/euatho noaeue io a?aaeiuo iaiaoaeee/aneeo aeeth/aiee, i?aaeaea anaai
na?u e aacia, aieueoea aea – ia?acotho naiinoiyoaeueiua ieeniua
aeeth/aiey, eioi?ua iieaciu aeaeaei ia anaaaea.
N 1954 aiaea a ea/anoaa eaae?othuae aeiaaaee a noaeue ia/aee aaiaeeoue
iee?ii?enaaeee ieene e ae?oaeo niaaeeiaiee ?aaeeicaiaeueiuo iaoaeeia,
iineieuee o iie aeaoaaea, /ai naie iaoaeeu.
Oea?ee e oeiey.
A ia/aea 60-o aiaeia eaoaeeoe/aneay aeoeaiinoue niaaeeiaiee oea?ey auea
i?iaeaiiino?e?iaaiia aeiaieueii iaiau/iui niiniaii. Aeieua ii?oiae
aaoiiiaeeueiiai aeaeaaoaey “Oaa?iea” iie?uee ea?aie/aneei iaoa?eaeii,
eioi?ue ia 80 % ninoiye ec niaaeeiaiee ?aaeeicaiaeueiuo yeaiaioia.
N?aaee ieo i?aiaeaaeaea ieenue oea?ey. Ai anai inoaeueiii iiuoiue
aeaeaaoaeue aue eaeaioe/ai na?eeiui. Ii i?e aai ?aaioa auaeaeyeinue a
aeaia iaiueoa ianai?aaoeo oaeaaiaei?iaeia, ia 10 – 20 % oiaiueoeeinue e
eiee/anoai ia?acothuaeny ieene oaea?iaea.
Eaoaeecaoi?aie, a ninoaa eioi?uo aoiaeeo oea?ee, iieuecothony oaea
iiiai eao. Oaeea eaoieecaoi?u onei?ytho i?aeoe/anee aaaeioth ?aaeoeeth
iaaeaeo aiaei?iaeii e ieenueth oaea?iaea, ?aaeoeey aeaaeae?iaaiecaoeee
nie?oia, i?ioeannu e?aeeiaa iaooe. Noeueoao oea?ey Ce(SO4)2 n/eoatho
ia?niaeoeaiui eaoaeecaoi?ii aeey na?iieeneioiiai i?iecaiaenoaa ia
noaaeee ieeneaiey na?ienoiai aiaeae?eaea a na?iue.
Ea?aieea e noaeei.
Aoiiiay oaoieea – iaeia ec iaiiiaeo iaeanoae, aaea iooe oea?ey e
ae?oaeo eaioaiieaeia (i?aaeaea anaai naia?ey, aa?iiey e aaaeieeiey)
?acei ?anoiaeyony. Anee aieueoainoai eaioaiieaeia eioaineaii
caoaaouaatho oaieiaua iaeo?iiu, oi oea?ee i?eaiaeai a ea/anoaa iaoa?eaea
aeoeaiie ciiu. Aaee/eia na/aiey caoaaoa oaieiauo iaeo?iiia aoiiaie
oea?ey i/aiue iaea – ao?ia iaiueoa, /ai o aeaeaca, e a 50.000 ?ac
iaiueoa, /ai o aaaeieeiey. Ea?aieeo, a ninoaa eioi?ie aoiaeeo CeO2,
eniieuecotho a ?aaeoi?ino?iaiee. A aoiiiie oaoieea i?eiaiytho e
oea?eeniaea?aeauea noaeea – iie ia ooneiatho iiae aeaenoaeai ?aaeeaoeee.
Ii yoi eeoue iaeia ec iiiaeo ?ieae oea?ey a noaeeiaeaeee. Aai
aeaoieenue aaiaeyo a noaeei e eae inaaoeoaeue, e ieeneythuee eii Fe3+ a
Fe2+, e eiiaaea-eae naaoei -aeaeoue e?aneoaeue. Oi aea aauanoai –
iniiaiie eiiiiiaio ieee?eoa, naiiai yooaeoeaiiai ii?ioea aeey iiee?iaee
iioe/aneiai e ca?eaeueiiai noaeea. Ieee?eo – ei?e/ieaue ii?ioie,
ninoiyuee ec ieeneia ?aaeeicaiaeueiuo yeaiaioia.Ieene oea?ey a iai
iaiueoa 45 % .
Aeaieiay aaeaioiinoue.
Oea?ee niiniaai i?iyaeyoue aeaa aaeaioiinoe: 3+ e 4+ . A iineaaeiai
neo/aa iiieii o?ao yeaeo?iiia, eioi?ua iieiaeaii ioaeaaaoue yeaiaioo
o?aoueae a?oiiu, aoii oea?ey ioaeaao, ii-aeaeeiiio, e aoi?ie yeaeo?ii n
/aoaa?oie io yae?a iaiei/ee, iaicia/aaiie eaoeineie aoeaie N. N
/aou?ueiy yeaeo?iiaie ii ?annoaaony aeaaea aieaa ioioii, /ai n o?aiy.
A nooii aicaeooa oea?ee ainieaiaiyaony i?e 320 (N e n?aco aea
i?aa?auaaony a aeaeoue ii?ioie aeaoieene CeO2. Iieo/eoue Ce2O3 – ieenue
o?aoaaeaioiiai oea?ey – iaiiiai o?oaeiaa; iia iieo/aaony ec CeO2 eeoue
i?e neeueiii i?ieaeeaaiee a oiea aiaei?iaea.
A uaei/iie n?aaea o?aoaaeaioiue oea?ee eaaei ieeneyaony aei
/aou?aoaaeaioiiai; a eeneie aea, iaiai?io, niaaeeiaiey /aou?aoaaeaioiiai
oea?ey iaei onoie/eau. A oaeeo oneiaeyo iie aunooiatho eae aeiaieueii
neeueiua ieeneeoaee.
“Ianoaiaea?oiay” aaeaioiinoue iiiiaaao auaeaeeoue oea?ee ec niane n
eaioaiii e ae?oaeie eaioaiieaeaie.
Oeie/aneee ii?o?ao oea?ey aoaeao yaii iaiieiui, anee ia oiiiyiooue i
aai eiiieaeniuo niaaeeiaieyo. Eiiieaeniia?aciaaiea oa?aeoa?ii aeey anao
eaioaiieaeia e i/aiue iieacii. Eiaiii eiiieaeniua niaaeeiaiey
?aaeeicaiaeueiuo yeaiaioi ?acaeaeytho ia eiiiiaiaiiuo eieiieao… Ii
oea?ee e caeanue ia?aue: aai eiiieaenu eco/aiu eo/oa anaai. A 1970 aiaeo
oeieee Na?aoianeiai oieaa?neoaoa enneaaeiaaee eiiieaeniua niaaeeiaiey
oea?ey n (-eai?ieaeoaiii e aieeeiii…
Iaoaeee/aneee oea?ee.
Anee iiaeaa?aiooue oea?ee aeaenoaeth aunieiai aeaaeaiey – ieiei 7000
aoi.- aai iauai oiaiueoeoueny iaiiiai caiaoiaa, /ai iauai eaioaia eee
iaiaeeia, -i?eia?ii ia /aoaa?oue. Oei e?enoaeee/aneie ?aoaoee i?e yoii
ia eciaieony, ii iaeioi?ua oece/aneea naienoaa eciaiyony i/aiue neeueii.
A /anoiinoe , yeaeo?inii?ioeaeaiea oea?ey oiaaeao ii/oe aaeaia.
Iieaaatho, /oi i?e/eia oaeeo ia?oo?aaoeee – yeaeo?iiiua ia?aoiaeu. A
eaaeaeii aoiia iaeei yeaeo?ii n 4f-iiaeiaiei/ee ia?aeaeao ia
5d-iiaeiaiei/eo. Anee aei naeaoey iaoaee ninoiye ec eiiia Ce3+ e
yeaeo?iiia, oi oaia?ue a yeaeo?iiiii iaeaea iaoiaeyony /aou?aoaaeaioiua
eiiu… A inoaeueiii aea iaoaeee/aneee oea?ee iaioee/ei io eaioaia.
Oieueei ieeniay ieaiea, eioi?ie iie?uo iaoaee, neaaea aeaeoiaaoiai
iooaiea.
I?ACAIAeEI.
Ii/oe any enoi?ey ?aaeeeo caiaeue – yoi enoi?ey ?acaeaeaiey. Eaioai
ioe?uee, ?acaeaeea ieenue oea?ey. A /a?ac aeaa aiaea iinea ioe?uoey
eaioaiiaie caiee Ea?eo Iicaiaea?o oaeaeinue ?acaeaeeoue e aa. Naienoaa
iiaie caiee auee /a?acau/aeii aeecee naienoaai La2O3 e iioiio yeaiaio
iiaie caiee iacaaee aeeaeeiii-io a?a/aneiai (((((((, /oi icia/aao
“aeeciaoe” eee “ia?iue”. Aeaaeei ieacaeny aaeaieia aeeciaoeii ! A 1882
aiaeo iinea ne?oioeaciiai niaeo?ineiie/aneiai enneaaeiaaiey ieene
aeeaeeia Aiaoneaa A?aoia? niiauee i aa iaiaeii?iaeiinoe. A /a?ac o?e
aiaea Aoy? oii Aaeuenaao noiae aiaeeoe/anee ?acaeaeeoue aeeaeei ia aeaa
yeaiaioa. Eo iacaaee i?acaiaeeiii (ii a?a/anee (((((((( –
“naaoei-caeaiue” ) e iaiaeei ( “iiaue aeeaeei” ).
Aieueoeinoai nieae i?acaiaeeia, e i?aaaea, naaoei – caeaiua, a nai
iaoaee aiaoia ia ioee/eoue io eaioaia e oea?ey – aaeue, iie?uoue ieeniie
ieaieie.I?aaaea, ieenue i?acaiaeeia ia ieeneo oea?ey e eaioaia ia
iioiaee ie ii aiaoiaio aeaeo, ie ii no?iaieth. Yoi aauanoai
oaiii-na?iai, ii/oe /a?iiai oeaaoa; aai ninoaa Pr6O11, a iieaeoey?iue
aan – 1021,5.
Eae e oea?ee, i?acaiaeei neeiiai i?iyaeyoue aaeaioiinoue 4+, iiieii
iau/iie aeey anao eaioaiieaeia aaeaioiinoe 3+. A inoaeueiii ii aeeeaea
anaai e iaiaeeio. A iineieueeo e oea?ee e iaiaeei ?ani?ino?aiaiu
cia/eoaeueii aieueoa, /ai yeaiaio N59, ii ia auaea?aeeaaao iiea
eiieo?aioeee n ieie. Ii/oe anaaaea i?acaiaeei eniieuecotho a niane n
iaiaeeiii eee oea?eai.
Oioy yeaiaio aeeaeei ioeoeeaeueii aue “cae?uo” aua a i?ioeii aaea, n
yoei iacaaieai iiaeii ano?aoeoueny e a naiuo nia?aiaiiuo eieaao: aei neo
ii? i?e?iaeioth nianue iaiaeeia n i?acaiaeeiii iacuaatho oae.
O i?acaiaeeia iaeei noaaeeueiue i?e?iaeiue ecioii – n ianniaui /eneii
141. ?aaeeiaeoeaiua ecioiiu yeaiaioa N59 ia?acothony a i?e?iaea e a
aoiiiuo ?aaeoi?ao i?e aeaeaiee yaea? o?aia. Iaaeaeo i?i/ei, a ?aae?i?ao
ia?acoaony e noaaeeueiue i?acaiaeei-141 – iaeei ec “?aaeoi?iuo yaeia”.
Ii yoio “yae” ia i/aiue neeueiue; ii na/aieth caoaaoa oaieiauo iaeo?iiia
141Pr iaiiiai onooiaao ecioiiai ae?oaeo eaioaiieaeia, e?iia oea?ey.
?aaeeiecioiiu i?acaiaeeia ei?ioeiaeeaoue. Naiue oyaeaeue ec ieo – n
ianniaui /eneii 148 – eiaao ii?eiae iieo?aniaaea 12 ieioo. Aua iaiueoaa
a?aiy aeeaao naiue eaaeee ecioii yoiai yeaiaioa – i?acaiaeei-133,
aia?aua iieo/aiiue a 1968-1969 aiaeao a Iauaaeeiaiiii einoeoooa yaea?iuo
enneaaeiaaiee a Aeoaia.
IAIAeEI.
“Iiaue aeeciaoe” – aoi?ie ii ?ani?ino?aiaiiinoe n?aaee anao
eaioaiieaeia. Aai a caiiie ei?a aeaaea aieueoa, /ai naiiai eaioaia –
2,5*10-3 e 1,8*10-3 % niioaaonoaaiii. Anoue aeaaea iaiaeeiiaue ieia?ae
– yoeieo. A yoio ieia?ae aoiaeyo ieeneu eaeueoeey, oi?ey, oaioaia,
ieiaey, eoo?ey, eaioaia e eaioaiieaeia, ec eioi?uo a iai aieueoa anaai
oea?ey e iaiaeeia.
I?e?iaeiue iaiaeei ninoieo ec 7 ecioiiia – n ianniauie /eneaie io 142
aei 146, a oaeaea 148 e 150. Naiue ?ani?ino?aiaiue ec ieo – iaiaeei-142.
Aoi?ie ii ?ani?ino?aiaiiinoe ecioii – iaiaeei-144 neaai ?aaeeiaeoeaai;
ia?eiae aai iieo?aniaaea – 5*1015 eao – aaee/eia ia iiiai ii?yaeeia
aieueoay, /ai aic?ano iaoae ieaiaou. A aio enneonoaaiiua ecioiiu
iaiaeeia, iai?ioea, aeeaoo i/aiue iaaeieai. Eeoue iaeei ec ieo –
iaiaeei-141 eiaao ia?eiae iieo?aniaaea /ooue aieueoa 2 ianyoeaa. A?aiu
aeecie inoaeueiuo en/eneyaony a eo/oai neo/aa n/eoaiiuie aeiyie.
A ioee/ee io i?acaiaeeia, niaaeeiaiey iaiaeeia ie?aoaiu iaiaeeiaeiai.
Oae, ieenue iaiaeeia Nd2O 3 – aieoaiai oeaaoa, aai ieo?ao, a?iieae e
eiaeeo-ne?aiaaiai. Iineaaeiee, i?aaaea, ia naaoo ?aceaaaaony e ao?aao –
auaeaeyaony yeaiaioa?iue eiae. O?eooi?eae iaiaeeia ie?aoai a ?iciaue
oeaao, noeueoeae Nd2S3-a caeaiue, ea?aeae – a ei?e/iaai-cieioenoue, a
aaenaai?eae NdB6 – a neiee.
Iaeaieueoaa i?aeoe/aneia cia/aiea ec anao yoeo niaaeeiaiee i?eia?aea
ieenue iaiaeeia. Aa eniieuecotho a yeaeo?e/aneeo i?eai?ao eae
aeeyeaeo?ee, ioee/athueeny iaeui eiyooeoeeaioii oaieiaiai ?anoe?aiey.
Aoiaeeo iia e a ?aoeaioo?u iaeioi?uo noaeie. Iaeanoe i?eiaiaiey ae?oaeo
niaaeeiaiee yeaiaioa N60 ia?aie/aiu noaeeii, ea?aieeie e aeaco?yie.
Cia/eoaeueii oe?a eniieuecoaony nai iaiaeei. Ec anao eaioaiieaeia
yeaiaio N60 eo/oa anaai aeeyao ia naienoaa iaaieaauo, aethieieaauo e
oeoaiiauo nieaaia.
A ?innee nicaeaiu aunieii?i/iua iaaieaaua nieaau, eaae?iaaiiua
iaiaeeiii e oee?eiieai. I?aaeae aeeeoaeueiie i?i/iinoe i?e iiauoaiiuo
oaiia?aoo?ao ia iiiai aieueoa, /ai o iaaieaauo nieaaia, eaae?iaaiiuo
ae?oaeie yeaiaioaie.
Aethieiee, eaae?iaaiiue iaiaeeiii, oeie/anee acaeiiaeaenoaoao n iei.
Ia?acothony niaaeeiaiey ninoaaa NdAl4 e NdAl2. A eoiaa 5 %-iay aeiaaaea
iaiaeeia aaeaia oaaee/eaaao i?aaeae i?i/iinoe aethieiey ( n 5 aei 10
ea/ii2 ). Ai iiiai ?ac aic?anoaao oaa?aeinoue nieaaa.
Iiaeiaiui aea ia?acii iaiaeei aeaenoaoao e ia naienoaa oeoaia.1,2 %
oea?ey oaaea/eee i?aaeae i?i/iinoe oeoaia n 32 aei 38-40 ea/ii2, a
i?eia?ii oaeay aea aeiaaaea iaiaeeia – aei 48-50 ea/ii2.
I?IIAOEE.
I?iiaoee – iaeei ec 4 enneonoaaiiuo ia o?aino?aiiauo yeaiaioia. A
i?e?iaea ii ia?acoaony a ?acoeueoaoa ?aaeeiaeoeaiiai ?aniaaea yaea?
oyaeaeuo yeaiaioia. Iaia?oaeeoue i?iiaoee a caiiie ei?a oaeaeinue eeoue
iinea oiai, eae ii aue iieo/ai enneonoaaiiui iooai.
Yeaiaio N61 ioe?uee a 1947 aiaeo aia?eeaineea enneaaeiaaoaee Ia?eineee,
Aeaiaeaiei e Ei?eae n?aaee i?iaeoeoia, ia?acothoeony a yaea?iii
?aaeoi?a.
Nae/an ecaanoii 14 ecioiiia i?iiaoey. Ana iie ?aaeeiaeoeaiu. Naiue
aeieaiaeeaouee ec ieo – i?iiaoee-145 n ia?eiaeii iieo?aniaaea ieiei 18
eao. I?aeoe/anee iaeaieaa aaaeai i?iiaoee-147 (ia?eiae iieo?aniaaea 2,64
aiaea), eioi?ue eniieuecotho a ieieaoth?iuo aoiiiuo aaoa?ayo, niiniaiuo
aeaaaoue yeaeo?iyia?aeth a oa/aiea ianeieueeeo eao. Oaeea aaoa?ae iiaeii
eniieueciaaoue eae enoi/iee oiea ia einie/aneeo ei?aaeyo, oi?aaeyaiuo
nia?yaeao, ?aaeeiono?ienoaao, /anao e aeaaea neooiauo aiia?aoao.
A i?iiaoeaaie aoiiiie aioa?aa i?ienoiaeeo aeaoe?aoiia i?aia?aciaaiea
yia?aee. Nia/aei eceo/aiea i?iiaoey canoiaeyao naaoeoueny niaoeeaeueiue
ethieianoee?othuee ninoaa (oinoi?), a naaoiaay yia?aey i?aia?acoaony a
yeaeo?e/aneoth a e?aiieaaii oioiyeaiaioa. Ia iaeio aaoa?aeeo
eniieuecoaony anaai 5 iai ieene i?iiaoey-147. Iniaaiiinoue i?iiaoey-147
a oii, /oi ii ia enioneaao aaiia-eo/ae, a aeaao eeoue iyaeia
aaoa-eceo/aiea, caaea?aeeaaaiia aeaaea oiieei neiai oinoi?a e ei?ionii
aaoa?ae.
NAIA?EE.
A na?aaeeia i?ioeiai aaea ia O?aea aue iaeaeai /a?iue aeanoyuee
ieia?ae. A eieaa I.A.Oeao?ianeiai “Ioe?uoey yeaiaioia e i?ienoiaeaeaiea
eo iacaaiee” (eae e a aieueoeinoaa eiea ii enoi?ee iaoee) aiai?eony, /oi
yoio ieia?ae ioe?uo ?onneei ai?iui eiaeaia?ii A.A.Naia?neei. Aaoi?u
eieae “Io aiaei?iaea aei …?” I. ?. Oaoaa e A. E. ?oaeaiei
ooaa?aeaeatho ianeieueei eiia.
“A na?aaeeia i?ioeiai aaea ia Aeoaa e O?aea niio?eoaeai ai?iiai ie?oaa
aue eiaeaia? A. A. Naia?neee. Iniauie oaeaioaie ii ia ioee/aeny.
Iaeiaaeaeu ?aai/ea i?eianee aio iaeaeaiiue a Eeueiaineeo ai?ao
iaecaanoiue ieia?ae i/aiue e?aneaiai aa?oaoii-/a?iiai oeaaoa.
I?enoonoaiaaaoee i?e yoii oaiaeeeaue /eiiaiee i?aaeeiaeee iacaaoue
ieia?ae a /anoue niio?eoaey ai?iiai ie?oaa naia?neeoii. “Iaoiae/eainoue”
/eiiaieea auea iaeia?aia, ieia?ae “ie?auai” e aioae a eieeaeoeeth…
Oae auei oaaeiaa/aii eiy eiaeaia?a Naia?neiai, ie/ai ia caneoaeeaoaai
oaeie /anoe”.
Oae eee eia/a, ia?aay aeaaa enoi?ee naia?ey naycaia n ?inneae. Aoi?ay-n
O?aioeeae.
A 1878 aiaeo o?aioeocneee oeiee Aeaeioiioai ?aaioae n naia?neeoii e
auaeaeee ec iaai ieenue aeeaeeia. Iniiaiui i?oaeeai eneaoaeae iiauo
yeaiaioia a yoe aiaeu oaea aue niaeo?aeueiue aiaeec. A niaeo?a aeeaeeia,
iieo/aiiiai ec naia?neeoa, Aeaeaoiioai iaia?oaeee aeaa iiaua aieoaua
eeiee. ?aoea, /oi iie i?eiaaeeaaeao iiaiio yeaiaioo, ii n?aco aea aeae
yoiio yeaiaioo iacaaiea: aeaoeeiee – io eaoeineiai decipere, /oi cia/eo
“iaiaiuaaoue,iaeo?a/eaaoue”.
Anei?a iiyaeeenue e ae?oaea niiauaiey i iaiau/iuo niaeo?aeueiuo eeieyo
a ieene aeeaeeia. Ieii/aoaeueii iiaeoaa?aeee iaiaeii?iaeiinoue yoiai
aauanoaa ae?oaie o?aioeocneee oeiee – Eaeie aea Aoaaiae?ai. Ii, eae e
Aeaeaoiioai, iaoae aeaa iiaua aieoaua eeiee (n aeeeiaie aiei 400 e 417
(), ii yoe eeiee ioee/aeenue io eeiee aeaoeeiey. A 1879 aiaeo Eaeie aea
Aoaaiae?ai iacaae iiaue yeaiaio naia?eai.
*a?ac aiae oaaeoea?neee oeiee AE. O. Ia?eiueye iaoae a naia?neeoa aua
iaeei iiaue yeaiaio. Ii iieo/ee ec naia?neeoa aeaa o?aeoeee, iaeia ec
eioi?uo aeaaaea oi/ii oaeie aea niaeo?, eae o yeaiaioa, ioe?uoiai
Aoaaiae?aiii. Oae auei iiaeoaa?aeaeaii ioe?uoea naia?ey. Ae?oaay aea
o?aeoeey, eae iieacae niaeo?aeueiue aiaeec, niaea?aeaea iiaue yeaiaio. A
/anoue iaeiiai ec ia?auo enneaaeiaaoaeae ?aaeeeo caiaeue THoaia
Aaaeieeia yoio yeaiaio aue iacaai aaaeieeieai. Aeaoeeiee aea anei?a
“cae?uee”: ii ieacaeny nianueth naia?ey n ae?oaeie ?aaeeicaiaeueiuie
yeaiaioaie, i?aaeaea anaai n iaiaeeiii e i?acaiaeeiii.
Yeaiaioa?iue naia?ee aue iieo/ai a ia/aea OO aaea, ii aua ianeieueei
aeanyoeeaoee ia iaoiaeee i?eiaiaiey. Naaiaeiy yeaiaio (e aai
niaaeeiaiey) aeiaieueii aaaeai aeey aoiiiie yia?aaoeee: naia?eth
naienoaaiii aieueoia iiia?a/iia na/aiea caoaaoa oaieiauo iaeo?iiia –
ieiei 6500 aa?i. Yoi aieueoa, /ai o ai?a e eaaeiey – o?aaeeoeeiiiuo
iaoa?eaeia ?aaoee?othueo noa?aeiae. Ea?aie/aneea iaoa?eaeu, a eioi?ua
aoiaeyo ieenue naia?ey (ii?ioie aeaaeii-e?aiiaiai oeaaoa), noaee
eniieueciaaoue a ea/anoaa caueoiuo iaoa?eaeia a ?aaeoi?ino?iaiee.
A iineaaeiea aiaeu iniaia aieiaiea o/aiuo e i?aeoeeia i?eaeaeei
eioa?iaoaeee/aneia niaaeeiaiea naia?ey n eiaaeueoii SmCo5. Ec iaai
aeaeatho iaiau/aeii neeueiua iinoiyiiua iaaieou.
E?iia oiai, naia?ee aaiaeyo a ninoaa noaeie, niiniaiuo
ethieianoee?iaaoue e iiaeiuaoue eio?ie?aniua eo/e.
Ii ia anaaaea naia?ee iieacai. Oeceee n/eoatho, /oi ec ?aaeeiaeoeaiuo
ecioiiia iaeaieueooth iianiinoue a ea/anoaa ?aaeoi?iiai yaea
i?aaenoaaeyao enaiii-135, a ec noaaeeueiuo – ecioii naia?ey n ianniaui
/eneii 149. Na/aiea caoaaoa oaieiauo iaeo?iiia o naia?ey-149 ia?iiii –
66000 aa?i. Ii a ?aaioathuai ?aaeoi?a i?ienoiaeeo eae au naiii/euaiea:
i?e iiaeiuaiee iaeo?iia naia?ee-149 i?aa?auaaony a naia?ee-150, eioi?ue
iiaeiuaao caiaaeeaiiua iaeo?iiu iaiiiai ooaea.
Aeey ?aaeoi?a ia auno?uo iaeo?iiao naia?ee-149 ia iianai: auno?ua
iaeo?iiu aai yae?aie ia caoaaouaathony.
I?e?iaeiue naia?ee ninoieo ec naie ecioiiia (ianniaua /enea: 144, 147,
148, 149, 150, 152 – naiue ?ani?ino?aiaiiue ecioii – e 154). Naia?ee-147
aeueoa-aeoeaai, ia?eiae aai iieo?aniaaea ieiei 100 ieeeea?aeia eao.
Ii ia oieueei ec-ca naia?ey-147 ?aaeeiaeoeaai e?aneaue ieia?ae
aia?neeo. A aai ninoaa ia?yaeo n ?aaeeeie caieyie, eenei?iaeii,
aeaeacii, oaioaeii e ieiaeai aoiaeeo o?ai…
AA?IIEE.
A 1886 aiaeo o?aioeocneee oeiee Aeaia?ny auaeaeee ec naia?eaaie caiee
iiaue yeaiaio, eioi?ue, nei?aa anaai, aue ia i/aiue /enoui aa?iieai. Ii
yoio iiuo aini?iecaanoe ia oaeaeinue. A oii aea aiaeo aiaee/aiei
Oeeueyin E?oen iaia?oaeee iiaoth eeieth a niaeo?a naia?neeoa. N
iiaeiaiui aea niiauaieai aunooiee /a?ac 6 eao Eaeie aea Aoaaiae?ai. Ii
ana aeaiiua i iiaii yeaiaioa auee a eaeie-oi ia?a oaoeeie.
Aeaia?na i?iyaee oa?aeoa?. Ii iio?aoee ia auaeaeaiea iiaiai yeaiaioa ec
naia?eaaie caiee ianeieueei eao, e iaeiiaoe a 1896 aiaeo aio oaeaeinue
i?eaioiaeoue /enoue i?aia?ao. Ia?aiia/aeueii Aeaia?na iaicia/ee ioe?uoue
ei yeaiaio a?a/aneie caaeaaiie aoeaie “neaia” .A a 1901 aiaeo iinea
na?ee eiio?ieueiuo yenia?eiaioia yoio yeaiaio iieo/ee naia iuiaoiaa
iacaaiea.
Iaoaeee/aneee aa?iiee aia?aua aue iieo/ai eeoue a 1937 aiaeo.
Aa?iiee – iineaaeiee ?aaeeicaiaeueiue yeaiaio oea?eaaie iiaea?oiiu. Ii
naiue eaaeee ec eaioaiieaeia, aai ieioiinoue anaai 5,245 a/ni3. O
aa?iiey aea iaeaieueoea ec anao eaioaiieaeia aoiiiue ?aaeeon e aoiiiue
iauai.
Oae aea, eae e aai ninaaee ii oaaeeoea Iaiaeaeaaaa, aa?iiee aoiaeeo a
/enei iaeaieaa neeueiuo iiaeioeoaeae oaieiauo iaeo?iiia. Ionthaea aai
aiciiaeiinoe a aoiiiie oaoieea e oaoieea caueou io eceo/aiee. A ea/anoaa
iaoa?eaea i?ioeaiiaeo?iiiie caueou yeaiaio N63 eioa?anai oai, /oi aai
i?e?iaeiua ecioiiu 151Eu e 153Eu, iiaeiuay iaeo?iiu, i?aa?auathony a
ecioiiu, o eioi?uo ii/oe oae aea aaeeei na/aiea caoaaoa oaieiauo
iaeo?iiia.
?aaeeiaeoeaiue aa?iiee, iieo/aiiue ec aoiiiuo ?aaeoi?ia, eniieueciaaee
i?e ea/aiee iaeioi?uo oi?i ?aea.
Aaaeiia cia/aiea i?eia?ae aa?iiee eae aeoeaaoi? ethieiioi?ia.
Iee?ii?eianyie aa?iiey aeoeae?otho, a /anoiinoe, ieenue eoo?ey Y2O3 e
i?oiaaiaaeao eoo?ey YVO4, eniieuecoaiua aeey iieo/aiey e?aniiai oeaaoa
ia oaeaaeceiiiuo ye?aiao. I?eia?aee i?aeoe/aneia cia/aiea e ae?oaea
ethieiioi?u, aeoeae?iaaiiua aa?iieai.
Niaaeeiaiey aa?iiey (ii i?iyaeyao aaeaioiinoe 2+ e 3+), eae i?aaeei,
aaeiai oeaaoa n ?iciaaoi-i?aiaeaaui iooaieii. Niaaeeiaiey aa?iiey n
oei?ii e a?iiii naaoi/oanoaeoaeueiu.
AAAeIEEIEE.
Yeaiaio N64 – aaaeieeiee ioe?uo a 1880 aiaeo. Ia?aiioe?uaaoaeue yoiai
yeaiaioa – oaaeoea?neee oeiee AEai Oa?eue Aaeenna? aea Ia?eiaye
(1817-1894) aeieaia a?aiy ?aaioae ai O?aioeee. Iauea iao/iua eioa?anu –
?aaeeea caiee e niaeo?aeueiue aiaeec – naeeceee aai n Eaeie aea
Aoaaiae?aiii. Eiaiii Eaeie aea Aoaaiae?ai, n niaeaney Ia?eiueyea, iacaae
aaaeieeieaaie ioe?uooth ei iiaoth caieth. A /a?ac aeaa aiaea iinea
nia?oe Ia?eiueyea aue aia?aua iieo/ai a ioiineoaeueii /enoii aeaea
yeaiaioa?iue aaaeieeiee. Iaaeaeo i?i/ei, yoi aue ia?aue neo/ae a enoi?ee
iaoee, eiaaea oeie/aneee yeaiaio iacaaee a
iaiyoue ia o/aiii, /eaia-ei??aniiiaeaioa Iaoa?ao?aneie aeaaeaiee –
THoaia Aaaeieeia, eioi?ue aue iaeiei ec ia?auo enneaaeiaaoaeae ?aaeeeo
caiaeue.
Ia ia?aue acaeyae, ii oece/aneei e oeie/aneei naienoaai aaaeieeiee
ie/ai ia ioee/aaony io ae?oaeo ?aaeeicaiaeueiuo iaoaeeia. Ii- naaoeue,
iacia/eoaeueii ieeneythueeny ia aicaeooa iaoaee – ii ioiioaieth e
eeneioai e ae?oaei ?aaaaioai aaaeao naay oae aea, eae eaioai e oea?ee.
Ii n aaaeieeiey ia/eiaaony eoo?eaaay iiaea?oiia ?aaeeicaiaeueiuo
yeaiaioia, a yoi cia/eo, /oi ia yeaeo?iiiuo iaiei/eao aai aoiiia
aeieaeiu auoue yeaeo?iiu n aioeia?aeeaeueiuie nieiaie.
Anaai iaeei aeiiieieoaeueiue yeaeo?ii iiyaeeny a aoiia aaaeieeiey ii
n?aaiaieth n aoiiii i?aaeuaeouaai yeaiaioa naia?ey. Ii, yoio aeiaaai/iue
yeaeo?ii, iiiae ia aoi?oth nia?oaee iaiei/eo, a ia?aua iyoue yeaeo?iiiuo
“neiaa”, a oii /enea e ?acaeaathuayny o aieueoeinoaa eaioaiieaeia
iaiei/ea N, o aoiiia naia?ey e aaaeieeiey iino?iaiu iaeeiaeiai. Anaai
iaeei yeaeo?ii e iaeei i?ioii a yae?a, ii eae i?aia?aaeatho iie
iaeioi?ua naienoaa i/a?aaeiiai eaioaiieaea !
I?aaeaea anaai aaaeieeieth naienoaaiii iaeaunoaa n?aaee anao yeaeo?iiia
na/aiea caoaaoa oaieiauo iaeo?iiia, 46000 aa?i – oaeiaa yoa aaee/eia
aeey i?e?iaeiie niane ecioiiia aaaeieeiey. A o aaaeieeiey-157 (aai aeiey
a i?e?iaeiie niane 15,68 %) na/aiea caoaaoa i?aauoaao 150 000 aa?i.
Aaaeieeiee-157 – “?aei?aeniai” n?aaee anao noaaeeueiuo ecioiiia.
Ionthaea aiciiaeiinoe aaaeieeiey i?e oi?aaeaiee oeaiiie yaea?iie
?aaeoeeae e aeey caueou io iaeo?iiia. I?aaaea, aeoeaii caoaaouaathuea
iaeo?iiu ecioiiu aaaeieeiey, 157Gd e 155Gd, a ?aaeoi?ao aeiaieueii
auno?i “auai?atho” -i?aa?auathony a “ninaaeiea” yae?a, o eioi?uo na/aiea
caoaaoa ia iiiai ii?yaeeia iaiueoa. Iiyoiio a eiino?oeoeeyo
?aaoee?othueo noa?aeiae n aaaeieeieai iiaoo eiieo?e?iaaoue ae?oaea
?aaeeicaiaeueiua yeaiaiou, i?aaeaea anaai naia?ee e aa?iiee.
Ii ia oieueei ?aei?aeiuie na/aieyie caoaaoa ciaiaieo aaaeieeiee. O iaai
iaeaieueoaa ec anao eaioaiieaeia oaeaeueiia yeaeo?e/aneia
nii?ioeaeaiea-i?eia?ii aaeaia aieueoa, /ai o aai aiaeiaia. Ii/oe a aeaa
?aca aieueoa, /ai o eaioaia e oea?ey, e oaeaeueiay oaieiaieinoue
aaaeieeiey. Iaeiiaoe, iaaieoiua naienoaa noaayo yeaiaio N64 a iaeei ?yae
n aeaeacii, eiaieueoii e ieeaeai. A oi a?aiy eae eaioai e ae?oaea
eaioaiieaeu ia?aiaaieoiu, aaaeieeiee – oa??iiaaiaoee, i?e/ai aeaaea
aieaa neeueiue, /ai ieeaeue e eiaaeueo. Ii aeaeaci e eiaaeueo nio?aiytho
oa??iiaaieoiinoue e i?e oaiia?aoo?ao ii?yaeea 1000 °N, ieeaeue – aei 631
°N. Aaaeieeiee aea oa?ya yoi naienoai, aoaeo/e iaa?ao anaai aei 290°N.
Iaiau/iua iaaieoiua naienoaa e o iaeioi?uo niaaeeiaiee aaaeieeiey. Aai
noeueoao e oei?eae (aaaeieeiee, enoaoe, anaaaea o?aoaaeaioai),
?aciaaie/eaaynue, caiaoii ioeaaeaeathony. Yoi naienoai eniieueciaaee
aeey iieo/aiey naa?oieceeo oaiia?aoo?. Nia/aei nieue ninoaaa
Gd2(SO4)3*8H2O iiiauaee a iaaieoiia iiea e ioeaaeaeaee aei i?aaeaeueii
aiciiaeiie oaiia?aoo?u. A caoai aeaaaee ae ?aciaaieoeoueny. I?e yoii
caian yia?aee, eioi?ie iaeaaeaea nieue, aua oiaiueoaeny, e a eiioea
iiuoa oaiia?aoo?a e?enoaeeia io aaniethoiiai ioey ioee/aeanue anaai ia
iaeio ouny/ioth a?aaeona.
Naa?oieceea oaiia?aoo?u ioe?uee aua iaeii i?eiaiaiea yeaiaioo N64.
Nieaa aaaeieeiey n oea?eai e ?ooaieai a yoeo oneiaeyo i?eia?aoaao
naa?oi?iaiaeeiinoue. E a oi aea a?aiy a iai iaaethaeaee neaaue
oa??iiaaieoeci. Oaeei ia?acii, aeey iaaiaoioeiee i?aaenoaaeytho
iai?aoiaeyuee eioa?an e nai aaaeieeiee, e aai niaaeeiaiey, e nieaau.
Ae?oaie nieaa aaaeieeiey – n oeoaiii – i?eiaiytho a ea/anoaa aeoeaaoi?a
a noa?oa?ao ethieianoeaioiuo eaii. Yoio nieaa aia?aua iieo/ai a iaoae
no?aia.
OA?AEE.
Yeaiaio N65 a i?e?iaea nouanoaoao a aeaea iaeiiai – aaeeinoaaiiiai
noaaeeueiiai ecioiia oa?aee-159. Yeaiaio ?aaeeee, aei?iaie e
eniieuecoaiue iiea a iniiaiii aeey eco/aiey naienoa yeaiaioa N65.
Aanueia ia?aie/aiii niaaeeiaiey oa?aey eniieuecotho a ethieiioi?ao,
eaca?iuo iaoa?eaeao e oa??eoao.
Oa?aee – eaeaaeueiue ia?aiaaiaoee. A /enoii aeaea i?aaenoaaeyao niaie
iaoaee na?aa?enoiai oeaaoa, eioi?ue i?e iaa?aaaiee iie?uaaaony ieeniie
ieaieie.
Oaiii-ei?e/iaaue ii?ioie ieene oa?aey eiaao ninoaa Tb4O7 eee
Tb2O3*2TbO2. Yoi cia/eo, /oi i?e ieeneaiee /anoue aoiiia oa?aey ioaeaao
ii o?e yeaeo?iia, a ae?oaay /anoue – ii /aou?a. O?aooei?enoue oa?aee
TbCl3 – naiia eaaeiieaaeia niaaeeiaiea ec anao aaeiaaieaeia
?aaeeicaiaeueiuo yeaiaioia – ieaaeony i?e oaiia?aoo?a iaiueoa 600 °N.
Enoi?ey oa?aey aeinoaoi/ii iooaiiay. A oa/aiee iieoaaea nouanoaiaaiey
yoiai yeaiaioa ia ?ac a?aee iiae niiiaiea, ia niio?y ia oi /oi
ia?aiioe?uaaoaeai oa?aey aue oaeie aaoi?eoao a oeiee ?aaeeeo caiaeue,
eae Ea?e Iicaiaea?. Yoi ii ?acaeaeee a 1843 a. eoo?eaaoth caieth ia
o?e: eoo?eaaoth (aaeiai oeaaoa ), oa?aeaaoth (ei?e/iaaiai ) e y?aeaaoth
(?iciaiai). Ii oaeea ecaanoiua o/aiua 19 aaea, eae ?. Aoicai e O. Eeaaa,
iaoee a eoo?eaaie caiea eeoue aeaa ieenea e n/aoaee niiieoaeueiui
nouanoaiaaiea o?aoae – oa?aeaaie caiee. Iicaea Eaeie aea Aoaaiae?ai
iaia?oaeee oa?aee (aianoa n aaaeieeieai e naia?eai ) a inaaaeiyeaiaioa
iicaiae?ee. Iaeiaei caoai ii nai caiooaeny, i?eaey e auaiaeo, /oi
nouanoaoao ia iaeei oa?aee, a ianeieueei yeaiaioia – oeaeay a?oiia
oa?aeiia … Neiaii, iooaiieoeu auei oioue ioaaaeye. E eeoue a ia/aea
20 aaea ecaanoiue o?aioeocneee oeiee AEi?ae O?aai (1872-1938) iieo/ee
/enoua i?aia?aou oa?aey e iieiaeee eiiaoe nii?ai.
AeENI?ICEE.
Aeeni?icee – iaeei ec naiuo ?ani?ino?aiaiiuo yeaiaioia eoo?eaaie
iiaea?oiiu. A caiiie ei?a aai a 4,5 ?aca aieueoa, /ai aieueo?aia.
Aueeyaeeo ii oae aea, eae e inoaeueiua /eaiu ?aaeeicaiaeueiiai
naiaenoaa, i?iyaeyao aaeaioiinoue 3+; ie?anea ieene e nieae
naaoei-aeaeoay, iau/ii n caeaiiaaoui, ?aaea n i?aiueaeaaui iooaieii.
Iacaaiea yoiai yeaiaioa i?iecoiaeo io a?a/aneiai ((((((((((( , /oi
icia/aao “o?oaeii-aeinooiiue “. Iacaaiea yeaiaioa N66 io?aceei
o?oaeiinoe, n eioi?uie i?eoeinue noieeiooueny aai ia?aiioe?uaaoaeth.
Ieenaeue yoiai yeaiaioa- “caieth” aeeni?icey ioe?ue Eaeie aea Aoaaiae?ai
niaeo?ineiie/anee, a caoai auaeaeee aa ec ieene eoo?ey. I?iecioei yoi a
1886 aiaeo, a /a?ac 20 eao AEi?ae O?aai iieo/ee aeeni?icee a
ioiineoaeueii /enoii aeaea.
N?aaee i?i/eo eaioaiieaeia aeeni?icee iaei /ai auaeaeyaony. I?aaaea,
aio, eae e aaaeieeieth, i?e ii?aaeaeaiiuo oneiaeyo naienoaai
oa??iiaaiaoeci, ii oieueei i?e ieceeo oaiia?aoo?ao. Niaoeeaeenou aeaeyo
a aeeni?icee oeaiiue eiiiiiaio nieaaia ni niaoeeaeueiuie iaaieoiuie
naienoaaie.
Aeey aoiiiie yia?aaoeee aeeni?icee i?aaenoaaeyao ia?aie/aiiue eioa?an,
iineieueeo na/aiea caoaaoa oaieiauo iaeo?iiia o iaai aeinoaoi/ii aaeeei
(aieueoa 1000 aa?i) ii n?aaiaieth n ai?ii eee eaaeieai, ia iiiai
iaiueoa, /ai o iaeioi?uo ae?oaeo eaioaiieaeia – aaaeieeiey,naia?ey…
I?aaaea, aeeni?icee aieaa ooaiieaaie, /ai iie, e yoi a eaeie-oi ia?a
o?aaieaaao oainu.
AIEUeIEE.
Ia VII Iaiaeaeaaaneii nuacaea (1958 aiae) aunooiee ecaanoiue iaiaoeeee
o/aiue, iaeei ec ia?aiioe?uaaoaeae ?aiey, Aaeueoa? Iiaeaeae. Ii ia
?aieth aue iinayuai aai aeieeaae. “Oaoie/aneia ?acaeaeaiea e iieo/aiea a
/enoii aeaea ?aaeeicaiaeueiuo yeaiaioia naiaenoaa eoo?ey” – oae auea
noi?ioee?iaaia oaia. Iiaeaeae eanneacae, a /anoiinoe, /oi aio i?eoeinue
i?iaeaeaoue 10 000 o?aeoeeiiaeueiuo e?enoaeecaoeee aeey oiai, /oiau
auaeaeeoue 10 ieeeea?aiiia /enoie ieene aieueiey… Nae/an iaoiaeaie
aeeaeeinoiie yeno?aeoeee e eiiiiai iaiaia iieo/atho nioie eeeia?aiiia
ieene aieueiey /enoioie aieaa 99,99 %.
Aeey niaaeeiaiee yeaiaioa N67, yeaiaioa ?annayiiai e ?aaeeiai,
oa?aeoa?ia aeaeoay ie?anea ?acee/iuo iooaieia. Iiea yoe niaaeeiaiey
eniieuecotho oieueei a enneaaeiaaoaeueneeo oeaeyo.
Aaeueiee – eaeaaeueiue ia?aiaaiaoee, ii iiaeiaiua iaaieoiua naienoaa o
aieueoeinoaa ?aaeeicaiaeueiuo yeaiaioia.
Iiiiecioiiiinoue i?e?iaeiiai aieueiey (aanue ii ninoieo ec aoiiia n
ianniaui /eneii 165) oiaea ia aeaeaao yeaiaio N67 oieeaeueiui.
Onoaiiaeaiii, /oi niaaeeiaiey aieueiey iiaeii eniieueciaaoue a ea/anoaa
eaoaeecaoi?ia, ii e ae?oaei eaioaiieaeii naienoaaiia eaoaeeoe/aneay
aeoeaiinoue… Oaeei ia?acii, iieo/aaony, /oi iiea yeaiaio N67 “ia iaoae
naiaai eeoea”…
Eae n/eoatho thieueoeinoai enoi?eeia iaoee, aieueiee ioe?uo oaaaeneei
oeieeei O. I. Eeaaa a 1879 aiaeo. Eeaaa, i?iaeieaeay ?acaeaeyoue
eiiiiiaiou ieene eoo?ey, auaeaeee ec ieene y?aey aiaeiae/iua niaaeeiaiey
eooa?aey, ooeey e aieueiey. I?aaea, a oa aea aiaeu (1878-1879)
oaaeoea?aoe Ni?y enneaaeiaae niaeo?u y?aeaaie caiee e iaia?oaeee
?acaeaiaiea iaeioi?uo niaeo?aeueiuo eeiee. Ii iaicia/ee iiaue yeaiaio
eiaeaenii O; oaia?ue ecaanoii, /oi iaeaeaiiua ei iiaua eeiee
i?eiaaeeaaeao aieueieth. Iacaaiea yeaiaioo N67 aeae Eeaaa: Holmia – oae
ieoaony ii eaouie noa?eiiia iacaaiea Noieaieueia.
Y?AEE.
Ieenue y?aey Ea?e Iicaiaea? auaeaeee ec eoo?eaaie caiee a 1843 aiaeo.
Aiineaaenoaee yoa ?iciaay ieenue noaea enoi/ieeii, ec eioi?iai
“ii/a?iioee” aua aeaa iiauo ?aaeeicaiaeueiuo yeaiaioa – eooa?aee e
ooeee.
E?iia ?iciaie ie?anee aieueoeinoaa niaaeeiaiee, a oii /enea ieene
Er2O3, y?aee ii/oe ie/ai ia ioee/aaony io i?i/eo eaioaiieaeia eoo?eaaie
iiaea?oiiu. Iiaeaeoe, eeoue ianeieueei aieueoea i?i/iinoue e oaa?aeinoue
auaeaeytho yoio yeaiaio n?aaee ae?oaeo eaioaiieaeia.
Aianoa n ethoaoeeai e ooeeai y?aee i?eiaaeeaaeeo e /eneo naiuo oyaeaeuo
eaioaiieaeia – aai ieioiinoue aieueoa 9 a/ni3.
Iniiaiay iaeanoue i?eiaiaiey y?aey naaiaeiy – yoi ecaioiaeaiea
ni?oiaiai ie?aoaiiiai noaeea. E?iia oiai, noaeea, a ninoaaa eioi?uo
anoue y?aee, ioee/ii iiaeiuytho eio?ae?aniua eo/e.
A /enea iioaioeeaeueiuo iaeanoae i?eiaiaiey yeaiaioa N68 aoiiiay
yia?aaoeea (?aaoee?othuea noa?aeie), naaoioaoieea(aeoeaaoi? oinoi?ia),
i?iecaiaenoai oa??eoia e iaaieoiuo nieaaia, eaca?u. Caeanue oaea
eniieuecotho ieenue y?aey n i?eianueth ooeey.
OOEEE.
Thule – oae ai a?aiy ?eineie eiia?ee iacuaaee Neaiaeeiaaeth – naaa?
Aa?iiu. Ooeeai iacaaee yeaiaio, ioe?uoue O. I. Eeaaa a 1879 aiaeo.
Nia/aea Eeaaa iaoae iiaua niaeo?aeueiua eeiee, ii aea ia?aui auaeaeee ec
aaaeieeieoa aeaaeii-caeaioth ieenue yeaiaioa N69.
Ii aeaiiui aeaaeaieea A. I. Aeiia?aaeiaa, ooeee – naiue ?aaeeee (anee
ia n/eoaoue i?iiaoey) ec anao ?aaeeicaiaeueiuo yeaiaioia. Niaea?aeaiea
aai a caiiie ei?a 8*10-5 %. Ii ooaiieaaeinoe ooeee aoi?ie n?aaee
eaioaiieaeia: oaiia?aoo?a aai ieaaeaiey 1550-1600 °N (a ?aciuo
ni?aai/ieeao i?eaiaeyony ?aciua aaee/eiu; aeaei, aeaeeii, a
iaiaeeiaeiaie /enoioa ia?acoeia). Eeoue ethoaoeeth onooiaao ii e ii
oaiia?aoo?a eeiaiey.
Ianiio?y ia ieieiaeueioth ?ani?ino?aiaiiinoue, ooeee iaoae i?aeoe/aneia
i?eiaiaiea ?aiueoa, /aiiiiaea aieaa ?ani?ino?aiaiiua eaioaiieaeu.
Ecaanoii, iai?eia?, /oi iee?ii?eiane ooeey aaiaeyo a iieoi?iaiaeieeiaua
iaoa?eaeu (a /anoiinoe, a a?naieae aaeeey) e a iaoa?eaeu aeey eaca?ia.
Ii, eae yoi ie no?aiii, aaaeiaa, /ai i?e?iaeiue noaaeeueiue ooeee
(ecioii 169 Tm), aeey ian ieacaeny ?aaeeiaeoeaiue ooeee-170.
Ooeee-170 ia?acoaony a aoiiiuo ?aaeoi?ao i?e iaeo/aiee iaeo?iiaie
i?e?iaeiiai ooeey. Yoio ecioii n ia?eiaeii iieo?aniaaea 129 aeiae
eceo/aao n?aaieoaeueii iyaeea aaiia-eo/e n yia?aeae 84 Eya.
Ia iniiaa yoiai ecioiia auee nicaeaiu eiiiaeoiua
?aioaaii-i?inaa/eaathuea onoaiiaee, eiathuea ianno i?aeiouanoa ia?aae
iau/iuie ?aioaaiianeeie aiia?aoaie. A ioee/ee io ieo ooeeaaua aiia?aou
ia ioaeaeathony a yeaeo?iieoaiee, iie iaiiiai eiiiaeoiaa, eaa/a, i?iua
ii eiino?oeoeee. Ieieaoth?iua ooeeaaua i?eai?u i?eaiaeiu aeey
?aioaaiiaeeaaiinoeee a oao oeaiyo e i?aaiao, eioi?ua o?oaeii, a ii?ie
iaaiciiaeii, i?inaa/eaaoue iau/iuie ?aioaaiianeeie aiia?aoaie.
Aaiia-eo/e ooeey i?inaa/eaatho ia oieueei aeeaua oeaie, ii e iaoaee.
Ooeeaaua aaiia-aeaoaeoineiiu i/aiue oaeiaiu aeey i?inaa/eaaiey
oiieinoaiiuo aeaoaeae e naa?iuo oaia. I?e ?aaioa n ia?acoeaie oieueiie
ia aieaa 6 ii yoe aeaoaeoineiiu iaeaieaa /oanoaeoaeueiu. N iiiiuueth
ooeey-170 auee iaia?oaeaiiu niaa?oaiii iacaiaoiua ienueiaia e
neiaiee/aneea ciaee ia a?iiciaie i?ieeaaeea anne?eeneiai oeaia 9 aaea
aei i. y.
I?aia?aou ooeey-170 eniieuecotho oaeaea a i?eai?ao, iacuaaaiuo
iooiiia?aie. Yoeie i?eai?aie ii?aaeaeytho eiee/anoai acaaoaiiuo /anoeoe
a aeeaeeinoe ii ?annayieth a iae aaiia-eo/ae. Oaeea i?eai?u eniieuecotho
i?e no?ieoaeuenoaa aeae?ioaoie/aneeo nii?oaeaiee.
Aeey ooeeaauo i?eai?ia oa?aeoa?iu eiiiaeoiinoue, iaaeaaeiinoue,
auno?iaeaenoaea. Aaeeinoaaiiue eo iaaeinoaoie – n?aaieoaeueii iaeue
ia?eiae ?ieo?aniaaea ooeey-170.
EOOA?AEE.
E niiaa yeaiaio, i eioi?ii ii/oe ia/aai ?anneacuaaoue. Anee oaaaeneiio
ianoa/eo Eooa?ath iiaacei a oii niunea, /oi aai iacaaiea caia/aoeaeinue
a eiaiao /aou?ao oeie/aneeo yeaiaioia,oi naie yoe yeaiaiou,eneeth/ay
eoo?ee,iiaeii ioianoe e ?ac?yaeo iaeiaiaa eioa?aniuo. Eooa?aeth,
i?aaaea, naienoaaiiu iaeioi?ua ioeeiiaiey io ?aaeeicaiaeueiiai
noaiaea?oa. A /anoiinoe, ii niiniaai i?iyaeyoue aaeaioiinoue 2+, yoi
iiiiaaao auaeaeeoue eooa?aee.
Ec anao eaioaiieaeia ii aieueoa anaai iioiae ia aa?iiee: iaeua aoiiiue
iauaiu e aoiiiue ?aaeeon, iiieaeaiiua (ii n?aaiaieth n ae?oaeie
eaioaiieaeaie) ieioiinoue e oaiia?aoo?a ieaaeaiey – ana yoi naienoaaiii
aa?iieth e eooa?aeth. Caoi yeaeo?ii?iaiaeiinoue o eooa?aey ii/oe ao?ia
aieueoa, /ai o ae?oaeo eaioaiieaeia, aeeth/ay aa?iiee.
Ieenue eooa?aey e aai niee aaeiai oeaaoa.
I?aeoe/aneia i?eiaiaiea yoiai yeaiaioa ia?aie/aiii iaeioi?uie
niaoeeaeueiuie nieaaaie, a iniiaiii ia aethieieaaie iniiaa. E?iia oiai,
nianue ieeneia eooa?aey e eoo?ey aeiaaaeytho a iaiaoii?u ia iniiaa
aeaoieene oee?eiiey. Oaeay aeiaaaea noaaeeece?oao naienoaa iaiaoii?ia.
ETHOAOeEE.
Iiaay ?aaeeicaiaeueiay ieenue ethoaoeey auaeaeaia AEi?aeai O?aaiii a
1907 aiaeo ec eooa?aeaaie caiee. Iacaaiea iiaiai yeaiaioa O?aai i?iecaae
io noa?eiiiai eaoeineiai iacaaiey noieeoeu O?aioeee Ia?eaea (aeaeeii, a
i?ioeaiaan aieueieth).
I?ei?eoao O?aaia inia?eaae Aoy? oii Aaeuenaao, eioi?ue ioe?ue yeaiaio
N71 ianeieueeeie ianyoeaie iicaea e iacaae aai eanneiiaai. A 1914 aiaeo
Iaaeaeoia?iaeiay eiienney ii aoiiiui aanai auianea ?aoaiea eiaiiaaoue
yeaiaio ana-oaee ethoaoeeai, ii aua iiiai eao a eeoa?aoo?a, iniaaiii
iaiaoeeie, oeao?e?iaaei iacaaiea “eanneiiae”.
Ethoaoeee – iineaaeiee eaioaiieae, naiue oyaeaeue (ieioiinoue 9,849
a/ni3), naiue ooaiieaaeee (oaiia?aoo?a ieaaeaiey 1700 ( 50 °N), naiue,
iiaeaeoe, o?oaeiiaeinooiiue e iaeei ec naiuo aei?iaeo. A iieiii
niioaaonoaee n i?aaeeii eaioaiieaeiiai naeaoey aoii ethoaoeey eiaao
iaeiaiueoee n?aaee anao eaioaiieaeia iauai, a eii Lu3+ – ieieiaeueiue
?aaeeon, anaai 0,99 (. Ii inoaeueiui aea oa?aeoa?enoeeai e naienoaai
ethoaoeee iaei ioee/aaony io ae?oaeo eaioaiieaeia.
I?e?iaeiue ethoaoeee ninoieo anaai ec aeaoo ecioiiia – noaaeeueiiai
ethoaoeey-175 (97,412 %) e aaoa-aeoeaiiai ethoaoeey-176 (2.588 %) n
ia?eiaeii iieo?aniaaea 20 ieeeea?aeia eao. Oae /oi ca a?aiy
nouanoaiaaiey iaoae ieaiaou eiee/anoai ethoaoeey neaaea oiaiueoeeinue.
Eneonnoaaiiui iooai iieo/aiu aua ianeieueei ?aaeeiecioiiia ethoaoeey n
ia?eiaeii iieo?aniaaea io 22 ieioo aei 500 aeiae. Iineaaeiee ecioii
ethoaoeey iieo/ai a 1968 aiaeo a Aeoaia.
I?aeoe/aneiai cia/aiey yeaiaio N71 iiea ia eiaao. Ecaanoii, iaeiaei,
/oi aeiaaaea ethoaoeey iieiaeeoaeueii aeeyao ia naienoaa o?iia.
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