E?aiiee, iieo/aiiue n eniieueciaaieai” aaooa?e?iaaiey ?anieaaa .
A aacaeaoaeoiie oaoiieiaee ecaioiaeaiey EN aeey oiaiueoaiey aeeyiey
oa?iiaeaoaeoia eniieuecothony iaoiaeu ianneaiiai aaooa?e?iaaiey i?eianae
a ieanoeiao. E oaeei iaoiaeai ioiinyony “aiaoiaa aaoon?e?iaaiea” –
iaianaiea aiaoieo iie?uoee (iieee?aiiey, Si-,N^, ia?aoiaeiuo iaoaeeia)
eee iaoaie/aneeo iia?aaeaeaiee ia ia?aai/oth noi?iio e?aiieaaie ieanoeiu
e “aioo?aiiaa aaooa?e?iaaiea” — iaia?aiiia iaania/aiea iooai
oa?iiia?aaioie auaeaeaiee aoi?ie oacu Si0,, ia eioi?uo aaeni?ae?othony
iee?iaeaoaeou, i?eiane oyaeaeuo e uaei/iuo iaoaeeia. Iaeiaei a
?acoeueoaoa oaeeo aicaeaenoaee ia ieanoeiu oooaeoathony iaoaie/aneea
naienoaa, /oi iniaaiii caiaoii ia iiaeeiaeeao aeeaiao?ii 100 e aieaa
ieeeeiao?ia.
I?ioeann ia?aciaaiey aaooa?e?othuae ciiu i?ienoiaeeo a ianeieueei
noaaeee, i?e yoii naiay aunieay oaiia?aoo?a oa?iiia?aaioee (OI) ia
i?aauoaao lOOO^C, a oi a?aiy eae iiiainooiai/aoay oaoiieiaey
ecaioiaeaiey EN aeeth/aao aieaa aunieioaiia?aoo?iua iia?aoeee, iai?eia?
aeeoooceth, yieoaeneth. Ecaanoii, /oi i?e oaiia?aoo?ao auoa 1000°N
eenei?iae ec auaeaeaiee aiiaue ia?aoiaeeo a ninoiyiea oaa?aeiai
?anoai?a, e i?e iineaaeothueo oa?iioeeeeao (430-500 e 600-800^0 iiyoue
iiyaeythony aeiii?u, ?ac?ooathony eiiieaenu i?eianae e iee?iaeaoaeoia,
/oi, a naith i/a?aaeue, i?eaiaeeo e ia?ooaieth oa?iinoaaeeueiinoe,
nieaeaieth auoiaea aiaeiuo, oaaee/aieth ioeacia.
Aeoeaiia aicaeaenoaea ia aeaoaeou e i?eiane i?aaeiieaaaao eaae?iaaiea
iiiie?enoaeeia a i?ioeanna eo au?aueaaiey aeiaaaeaie, ieacuaathueie
aeeyiea ia naienoaa, ninoaa ?anieaaa e oaa?aeiai oaea. I?e yoii
eaae?othuee eiiiiiaio aeieaeai oaeiaeaoai?youe neaaeothuei o?aaiaaieyi:
— eiyooeoeeaio ?ani?aaeaeaiey, cia/eoaeueii ioee/athueeny io aaeeieoeu;
— yooaeoeaiia eciaiaiea eiyooeoeeaioa ?ani?aaeaeaiey oaeaeyaiuo
i?eianae;
— ionoonoaea a?aaeiiai aeeyiey aoiiia “aaooa?a” ia naienoaa
iieoi?iaiaeieea.
Eniieueciaaiea a ea/anoaa aaooa?a aiaei?iaea, i?aaeeiaeaiiia Aeaeieii,
ia iaoei i?eiaiaiey a i?iiuoeaiiinoe, oae eae aiaei?iae a i?ioeanna
ioaeeaa oaeaeyaony ec e?enoaeea, aiiaue inaiaiaeaeay eenei?iae e
inoaaeyy iinea naay iai?yaeaiiua o/anoee e?enoaeee/aneie ?aoaoee.
Aeiaaaeaiea a e?aiiee eciii?oiuo i?eianae (Ge, Pb, Sn) neacuaaaony eeoue
ia eeiaoeea ia?aciaaiey oa?iiaeiii?ia, i?e yoii nio?aiyaony caaeneiinoue
eo iiaaaeaiey io oaiia?aoo?u.
Eaae?iaaiea iaoaeeaie, eciaa?iue iioaioeeae ?aaeoeee ieeneaiey eioi?uo
aieueoa, /ai eciaa?iue iioaioeeae ieeneaiey e?aiiey i?e oaiia?aoo?a aai
ieaaeaiey, aeaao aiciiaeiinoue naycuaaoue eenei?iae e ii?iaeaeaaiua ei
oa?iiaeaoaeou. Aeey yoie oeaee iiaoo auoue aua?aiu i?eiane, ia?acothuea
n eenei?iaeii aieaa oeie/anee e oa?ie/anee noieeea ieneaeu, /ai Si0^,
eioi?ua e oiio aea yeaeo?iiaeo?aeueiu a e?aiiee. Oaeeie i?eianyie
yaeythony uaei/iicaiaeueiua iaoaeeu (Mg, Na, Sr, Aa), yeaeo?e/anee
iaeo?aeueiua aneaaenoaea ia?aciaaiey n e?aiieai iieoi?iaiaeieeiauo
niaaeeiaiee n eiaaeaioiie naycueth [1,2], e ia?aoiaeiua iaoaeeu IV
a?oiiu (Ti, Zr, Hf), iaeo?aeueiua ii i?e/eia noiaenoaa no?iaiey
yeaeo?iiiuo iaiei/ae eo aoiiia n aoiiaie e?aiiey e oaeaea ia?acothuea
noaoeiiao?e/aneea oacu n e?aiieai. Yenia?eiaioaeueiua aeaiiua
iieacuaatho, /oi i?e aeiaaaeaiee yoeo iaoaeeia a ?anieaa eenei?iae
naycuaaaony a aeeaeeii e?aiiee a i?i/iua eiiieaenu, niaea?aeauea aoiiu
e?aiiey e eenei?iaea, eiyooeoeeaio ?ani?aaeaeaiey eioi?uo ai?acaei
iaiueoa, /ai o eenei?iaea, eioi?ue ia naycai a eiiieaenu. A ?acoeueoaoa
aaaaeaiey i?eianae -aaooa?ia niaea?aeaiea eenei?iaea a au?auaiiuo
iaoiaeii *io?aeueneiai iiiie?enoaeeao iiaeao auoue nieaeaii aei 2-10^ 7
niC .
Oa?aeoa? ?ani?aaeaeaiey Ti, Zr e Hf a iiiie?enoaeeao aaeieue ine ?inoa
aiaeiae/ai iaaethaeaaoaiony ?aiaa aeey uaei/iicaiaeueiuo iaoaeeia a
aa?iaiee e e?aiiee, a oaeaea aeey i?eiane o?iia a a?naieaea aaeeey.
Iaoiaeaie oeieei-niaeo?aeueiiai e aeoeaaoeeiiiiai aiaeecia, iaoiaeii
?aaeeiaeoeaiuo eiaeeeaoi?ia (aeey oee?eiiey e aaoiey) iieacaii, /oi a
ia/aeueiie /anoe oi?ie?oaony eiioeaio?aoeeiiiue i?ioeeue ni nieaeaieai
eiioeaio?aoeee, caoai ia?aoiaeiay iaeanoue, ca eioi?ie neaaeoao iaeanoue
ia?anoaiey eiioeaio?aoeee aieioue aei auiaaeaiey aoi?ie oacu.
?ani?aaeaeaiea i?eianae-aaooa?ia, a oaeaea o?iaaiue eo eiioeaio?aoeee a
oaa?aeie oaca naeaeaoaeuenoaoao i oii, /oi eo acaeiiaeaenoaea n
eenei?iaeii i?ienoiaeeo a ?anieaaa n iineaaeothuei ?ani?aaeaeaieai
aoiiia iaoaeea, naycaiiiai e ia naycaiiiai n eenei?iaeii, n ?acee/iuie
eiyooeoeeaioaie naa?aaaoeee. Aieaa aunieay eiioeaio?aoeey i?eiane a
ia/aea neeoea ii n?aaiaieth ni n?aaeiae aai /anoueth i?ioeai?a/eo
aeeaa?aiiai ninoiyiey e?aiiee-oeoai (oee?eiiee, aaoiee), eiathuei
yaoaeoe/aneee ia?aoiae, niioaaonoaaiii eioi?iio yeaiaiou IV a?oiiu
aeieaeiu eiaoue eiyooeoeeaio ?ani?aaeaeaiey iaiueoa aaeeieoeu.
Ionoonoaea caaeneiinoe oa?aeoa?a ?ani?aaeaeaiey io oneiaee
-ia?aiaoeaaiey ?anieaaa iiaeoaa?aeaeaao aeaiiua i acaeiiaeaenoaee
i?eianae n eenei?iaeii. Neaaenoaeai oaeiai acaeiiaeaenoaey yaeyaony
?acee/iia iiaaaeaiea ?anoai?aiiiai iaoaeea i?e e?enoaeeecaoeee e?aiiey.
Ia?acoy eiiieaenu, niioaaonoaothuea niaaeeiaieyi n aunieie oaiia?aoo?ie
ieaaeaiey e i?i/iuie oeie/aneeie naycyie, i?eianue iaoaeea IV-B iiaeao
eiaoue eiyooeoeeaio ?ani?aaeaeaiey aieueoa aaeeieoeu. Eiyooeoeeaiou
?ani?aaeaeaiey oeoaia, oee?eiiey e aaoiey, ia naycaiiuo n eenei?iaeii,
iaiueoa aaeeieoeu, e yoe iaoaeeu iooaniythony a eiia/ioth /anoue neeoea.
Nieaeaiea niaea?aeaiey eenei?iaea a iiiie?enoaeeao, au?auaiiuo iaoiaeii
*io?aeueneiai n aeiaaaeie aaooa?a, ii n?aaiaieth n iau/iuie
iiiie?enoaeeaie iiaeoaa?aeaeaao oaeo acaeiiaeaenoaey yoeo i?eianae a
?anieaaa. Enoi/ieeii iaia?oaeaiiiai iioe/anee aeoeaiiai eenei?iaea,
ii-aeaeeiiio, neoaeeo oeaaeue (Si0,).
Oece/aneay iiaeaeue i?ioeanna
aioo?aiiaai aaooa?e?iaaieya e?aiieaaie
oaoiieiaee .
Eae ecaanoii, iaoaeee/aneea i?eiane Au, Fe, Ni, Ne e ae?oaea i?eaiaeyo e
aicieeiiaaieth aaia?aoeeiiii-?aeiiaeiaoeeiiiuo oeaio?ia a aeoeaiuo
iaeanoyo i?eai?ia ia iniiaa e?aiiey, /oi a naith i/a?aaeue aucuaaao
aeaa?aaeaoeeth naienoa i?eai?ia. Niaieoiiinoue oaoiieiae/aneeo i?eaiia,
iicaieythueo nieceoue eiioeaio?aoeeth oaeeo oeaio?ia, eieaeecoy eo
aaeece i?aoeeieoaoia Si0x (xw2), ?aniieiaeaiiuo aaeaee io aeoeaiuo
iaeanoae i?eai?ia, iacuaaaony iaoiaeii aioo?aiiaai aaooa?e?iaaiey (AA)..
Ii oaoiieiaee AA iaeiieai iaoe?iue oaeoe/aneee iaoa?eae, iaeiaei
oece/aneea i?eioeeiu aai iaoaiecia a ianoiyuaa a?aiy ieii/aoaeueii ia
onoaiiaeaiu [1, 2). Oe?ieia ?ani?ino?aiaiea, iai?eia?, iieo/eee
i?aaenoaaeaiey i oii, /oi oeaio?aie aaooa?e?iaaiey yaeythony
aeeneieaoeee e aeaoaeou oiaeiaee, aicieeathuea aneaaenoaea ?aeaenaoeee
oi?oaeo iieae e ia?anuuaiey ii iaaeocaeueiiio e?aiieth a i?ioeanna
i?aoeeieoaoeee eenei?iaea i?e A>700°N. Iaeiaei yoe i?aaenoaaeaiey ia
yaeythony oieaa?naeueiuie, /oi auei aeieacaii ?yaeii enneaaeiaaiee. Oae,
a ?aaioa [3) iieacaii, /oi a ?yaea neo/aaa yooaeo aaooa?e?iaaiey
i?iyaeyaony e a ionoonoaea aeeneieaoeee e aeaoaeoia oiaeiaee, i?e yoii
nai eenei?iaeiue i?aoeeieoao yaeyaony aaooa?ii. Ae?oaea aaoi?u [41
iaia?oaeeee aaenaaiiaeueiua e ?iiae/aneea aeeneieaoeeiiiua iaoee a
ionoonoaea eenei?iaeiuo i?aoeeieoaoia, ia iniiaaiee /aai naeaeaii
i?aaeiieiaeaiea i oii, /oi aeeneieaoeeiiiua iaoee aicieeatho i?e
aunieioaiia?aoo?iii ioaeeaa aneaaenoaea ?anoai?aiey i?aoeeieoaoia,
ia?aciaaaoeony ?aiaa ai. a?aiy ieceioaiia?aoo?iiai ioaeeaa.
A aeaiiie ?aaioa i?aaenoaaeaiu ?acoeueoaou enneaaeiaaiee oece/aneeo
caeiiiia?iinoae i?ioeanna AA, auiieiaiiuo ia eaoaae?a iauae oeceee IEYO,
a eioi?uo ?acaeoa iiaeaeue aeaeueiiaeaenoaothuaai iaoaiecia
acaeiiaeaenoaey i?eianue-oeaio? aaooa?e?iaaiey. ?anniio?aia iiaeaeue
eiiieaena i?eianue-oi/a/iue aeaoaeo, ?ann/eoaiu ia?aiao?u oaeeo
eiiieaenia e iaeaeaii eo iaiaeii?iaeiia ?ani?aaeaeaiea a oi?oaii iiea
i?aoeeieoaoa. I?aaenoaaeaia oaeaea aeeoooceiiiay iiaeaeue AA ia iniiaa
acaeiiaeaenoaey aeeiieueiuo eiiieaenia n eenei?iaeiui i?aoeeieoaoii.
Eiiieaenu i?eianue-oi/a/iue aeaoaeo e eo iaiaeii?iaeiia ?ani?aaeaeaiea
aaeece oeaio?a aaoaa?e?iaaiiy
I?eioeeieaeueiia ioee/ea oi?oaiai acaeiiaeaenoaey i?eiane n
aeeneieaoeeae io acaeiiaeaenoaey ni noa?e/aneei aaooa?ii i?iyaeyaony a
oii, /oi oi?oaia iiea iineaaeiaai oa?aeoa?ecoaony /enoi naeaeaiaie
aeaoi?iaoeeae e yia?aey oi?oaiai acaeiiaeaenoaey ?aaia ioeth :
aaea E — iiaeoeue ananoi?iiiaai naeaoey iaoa?eaea n?aaeu, (o — eciaiaiea
iauaia, iaoneiaeaiiia i?eianiui aoiiii, aii —aeeeaoaoeey oi?oaiai iiey
oeaio?a. Iiyoiio a oneiaeyo ionoonoaey aee-eaoaoeiiiiiai acaeiiaeaenoaey
e iaee/ey ia?anuuaiey ii nianoaaiiui aeaoaeoai aeaeueiiaeaeno-aothuee
iaoaieci oi?oaiai acaeiiaeaenoaey iiaeao auoue ?aaeeciaai
acaeiiaeaenoaeai aeeiieue-iiai oeia. Aeeiieueiua naienoaa i?eianiiai
aoiia iiaoo auoue ?aaeeciaaiu a neo/aa ia?aciaaiey eiiieaena ec aeaoo
oi/a/iuo aeaoaeoia: aoii i?eiane—nianoaaiiue oi/a/iue aeaoaeo eee aoii
i?eiane—aoii ae?oaie i?eiane.
Eiee/anoaaiiie ia?ie acaeiiaeaenoaey eiiieaena oi/a/iuo aeaoaeoia n
oi?oaei iieai oeaio?a aeeeaoaoeee yaeyaony oao?aaiiaeueiinoue iiey
oi?oaeo eneaaeaiee, nicaeaaaaiuo eiiieaenii. A ?aieao eiioeioaeueiie
oai?ee oi?oainoe yia?aey oi/a/iiai aeaoaeoa a iiea ai caaeaaony
au?aaeaieai:
Oaici? (ii, iacuaaaiue oaici?ii iauaiiuo aeaoi?iaoeee, iieiinoueth
oa?aeoa?ecoao oi?oaea naienoaa oi/a/iiai aeaoaeoa. Aeey oi?oaiai aeeiiey
n inaaie neiiao?eae ii eiaao aeae :
ni e nj — iai?aaeythuea eineionu ine neiiao?ee aeeiiey.
Aeey iineaaeiaaoaeueiiai .eiee/anoaaiiiai iienaiey ia?aciaaiey i?eianiuo
naa?aaaoeee aaeece oeaio?a aaooa?e?iaaiey iaiaoiaeeii ciaoue ia?aiao?u
(o e (1, oa?aeoa?ecothuea ioaeaeueiue eiiieaen e ii?aaeaeeoue
?ani?aaeaeaiea oaeeo eiiieaenia a i?ino?ainoaa, ie?oaeathuai oeaio?
aaooa?e?iaaiey. ?an/aou oa?aeoa?enoee eiiieaena i?iaiaeeeenue iaoiaeii
iieaeoey?iie noaoeee. Ca iniiao aue i?eiyo oae iacuaaaiue iaoiae oeaen-1
(iaoiae aeaeie a?aieoeu n ia?ae?uaathueieny iaeanoyie). E?enoaee
?acaeaaaony ia o?e iaeanoe. Iaeanoue 1, iaiin?aaenoaaiii ie?oaeathuay
e?enoaee, ?anniao?eaaaony eae aeene?aoiay. A yoie neeueii eneaaeaiiie
iaeanoe eii?aeeiaou aoiiia o/eouaathony eiaeeaeaeoaeueii, a yia?aey
?ann/eouaaaony n iiiiuueth iaaeaoiiiiai iioaioeeaea. Iaeanoue 3,
iaeaieaa oaeaeaiiay io aeaoaeoa, i?aaenoaaeyaony eae oi?oaee eiioeiooi.
Aeeaae yoie iaeanoe a iauoth yia?aeth nenoaiu ii?aaeaeyaony ?aoaieai
o?aaiaiee oai?ee oi?oainoe, o.a. aaee/eiaie (0 e (1 e oi?oaeie
iinoiyiiuie n?aaeu. Iaeanoue 2 yaeyaony i?iiaaeooi/iie. Eii?aeeiaou
aoiiia a yoie iaeanoe ii?aaeaeythony eieeaeoeaii oaeaea » niioaaonoaee n
oai?eae oi?oainoe, a aeeaae a yia?aeth nenoaiu — n iiiiuueth
iaaeaoiiiiai iioaioeeaea. A oiaea ?an/aoa ieieiece?oaony iieiay yia?aey
nenoaiu, yaeythuayny ooieoeeae eii?aeeiao aoiiia e aeaoo ia?aiaiiuo (o e
(1, oa?aeoa?ecothueo aeaeueiiaeaenoaothuaa iiea aeaoaeoa. ?aoaiea yoie
aa?eaoeeiiiie caaea/e e aeaao eneiiua aaee/eiu.
?an/aou i?iaiaeeeenue aeey iiii- e aeeaaeainee n iaaeaoiiiui
iioaioeeaeii Ieeoeeia— Iiae/eiaiiaa. Iaeanoue 1 niaea?aeaea 320 aoiiia a
neo/aa iiiiaaeainee e 319 aoiiia a neo/aa aeeaaeaenee, a iaeanoue 2
niaea?aeaea 1280 aoiiia. Aeeaaeainey ninoiyea ec aeaoo aaeainee a
iieiaeaieyo (0,0,0) e (1/2, 1/2,0). ?acoeueoaou ?an/aoia i?eaaaeaiu a
oaaeeoea.
?acoeueoiu ?an/aoia eiiiiiaio oaici?a iauaiiuo aeaoi?iaoeee aeey iiii- e
aeiaaeainee .
Eiiiiiaioa Iiiiaaeainey Aeeaaeainey
(o , i ^-30 -0.75 -1.14
(1 , i^-30 0.00 -1.47
Ec oaaeeoeu aeaeii, /oi i?e ia?aciaaiee eiiieaena ec aeaoo oi/a/iuo
aeaoaeoia, eaaeaeue ec eioi?uo nicaeaao a n?aaea noa?e/anee neiiao?e/iia
iiea oi?oaeo eneaaeaiee, iieo/aaony aeaoaeo aeeiieueiiai oeia. E?iia
oiai, i?e yoii eiaao ianoi ia?ooaiea aaeaeeoeaiinoe eciaiaiey iauaia,
aucaaiiiai aeaoaeoaie .
?aaiiaaniia ?ani?aaeaeaiea aeeiieae a oi?oaii iiea aaooa?a caaeaaony
niioiioaieai:
aaea (Ni – eiioeaio?aoeey aeeiieae aaeaee io oeaio?a. Yia?aey aeeiiey a
iiea oeaio?a a niioaaonoaee n (1) ii?aaeaeyaony au?aaeaieai
ii?aaeaeyaony eae
Aaee/eia -(, oa?aeoa?ecothuay iiey oeaio?a, yaeyaony eiiaeiaoeeae
oi?oaeo iinoiyiiuo n?aaeu e aeeth/aiey, a oaeaea ?acia?a aeeth/aiey .
I?e i?iaaaeaiee ?an/aoia ii oi?ioeai (2)—(5) oaiia?aoo?a, ia?aiao?u ( e
(1 aa?uee?iaaeenue n oeaeueth eco/aiey eo aeeyiey ia i?ioeann
aaooa?e?iaaiey. ?acoeueoaou /eneaiiiai iiaeaee?iaaiey i?aaenoaaeaiu ia
?en. 1 e 2. Iieacaiu ?ani?aaeaeaiey eiioeaio?aoeee aeeiieae e
iiey?ecaoeee aaeece i?aoeeieoaoa ?aaeeona rp aeey aeaoo neo/aaa,
ioee/athueony ciaeii oi?oaiai iiey i?aoeeieoaoa. Aiaeec iieo/aiiuo
aeaiiuo iicaieyao onoaiiaeoue, /oi iacaaeneii io ciaea oi?oaiai iiey
i?aoeeieoaoa eiaao ianoi iaiaauaiea aeeiieyie i?ino?ainoaa aaeece
i?aoeeieoaoa.
?en. 1. ?ani?aaeaeaiea aeeiieae (a) e eo iiey?ecaoeee (a) aaeece
noa?e/aneiai i?aoeeieoaoa n io?eoeaoaeueiui iauaiiui ianiioaaonoaeai
—0.005 .
?en. 2. ?ani?aaeaeaiea aeeiieae (6) e eo iiey?ecaoeey (a) aaeece
noa?e/aneiai i?aoeeieoaoa n iieiaeeoaeueiui iauaiiui ianiioaaonoaeai
-0.005 .
Aeeoooceiiiay iiaeaeue i?ioeanna AA.
Aeey ?anniio?aiey eeiaoeee ia?aciaaiey ?aaiiaaniiai ?ani?aaeaeaiey
i?eiane aie?oa i?aoeeieoaoa caieoai. o?aaiaiea aeeooocee a aeaea
– aaea j aaeoi? ieioiinoe iioiea /anoeoe ii?aaeaeyaony au?aaeaieai
Iinea iiaenoaiiaee e ia?aoiaea e noa?e/aneei eii?aeeiaoai o?aaiaiea (9)
i?eieiaao aeae:
O?aaiaiea (6) niaianoii n (3) e n niioaaonoaothueie ia/aeueiuie e
a?aie/iuie oneiaeyie iienuaaao yaiethoeeth iiey eiioeaio?aoeee i?eianiuo
eiiieaenia N(r), a i?e t(( — ?aaiiaaniia ninoiyiea. A neo/aa
ia?aie/aiiiai /enea /anoeoe a?aie/iuie oneiaeyie yaeythony: ia aiaoiae
iiaa?oiinoe j=0, ia aioo?aiiae a?aieoea ?acaeaea Si—Si02, j=VsC, aaea
Vs— eiyooeoeeaio iiaa?oiinoiiai ianniia?aiina a?aieoeu ?acaeaea
e?aiiee—ieenae . Ia?aoiaey a o?aaiaiee (6) e aac?acia?iui ia?aiaiiui :
iieo/ei :
(7)
?acoeueoaou /eneaiiiai ?aoaiey o?aaiaiey (7) iieacaee, /oi i?e
aieueoeo a?aiaiao ?aaiiaaniia ?ani?aaeaeaiea yaeyaony i?aaeaeueiui aeey
eeiaoe/aneeo ?ani?aaeaeaiee. Aeey eiee/anoaaiiiai i?aaenoaaeaiey
yooaeoeaiinoe i?ioeanna AA ia ?en. 3 i?aaenoaaeaia aaee/eia (-aeiey
i?eiane, aaooa?e?iaaiiie ia i?aoeeieoaoa, eae ooieoeey aac?acia?iiai
a?aiaie. E?eaua 1 e 2 iienuaatho yooaeoeaiinoue i?ioeanna AA
niioaaonoaaiii n o/aoii e aac o/aoa oi?oaiai acaeiiaeaenoaey. Ia?aiao? (
niioaaonoaoao caeanue ioiineoaeueiiio eeiaeiiio ianiioaaonoaeth
aeeth/aiey e iieinoe a iao?eoea, a eioi?oth ii anoaaeai, ?aaiiio 0,005,
/oi oeie/ii aeey eenei?iaeiiai i?aoeeieoaoa a e?aiiee, au?auaiiii ii
iaoiaeo *io?aeueneiai. Ec ?enoiea aeaeii, /oi aeiiieieoaeueiue aeeaae
aaooa?e?iaaiey, aneaaenoaea oi?oaiai acaeiiaeaenoaey niiinoaaei n
aaee/eiie aaooa?e?iaaiey a ionoonoaea oi?oaiai acaeiiaeaenoaey. I?e yoii
i?ioeann AA i?e oi?oaii acaeiiaeaenoaee i?ioaeaao auno?aa .
?en. 3. Aeiey aaooa?e?iaaiiuo i?eianiuo aoiiia eae ooieoeey a?aiaie a
i?ioeaioao e eo iieiiio /eneo i?e ia/aeueiie eiioeaio?aoeee (Ni=10^-8):
1 – n o/aoii acaeiiaeaenoaey i?eianiue eiiieaen-aaooa?.
2 – aac o/aoa acaeiiaeaenoaey
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