Niaea?aeaiea
1 .Iniiau oai?ee ei??icee
1.1 Eeanneoeeaoeey ei??iceeiuo i?ioeannia
1.2 Iieacaoaeue nei?inoe ei??icee
2. Yeaeo?ioeie/aneay ei??icey
2.1 Oa?iiaeeiaieea yeaeo?ioeie/aneie ei??icee iaoaeeia
2.2 Aiiiaaiiua e aaoa?iaaiiua iooe yeaeo?ioeie/aneie ei??icee
2.3 Aiiaeiua i?ioeannu i?e yeaeo?ioeie/aneie ei??icee iaoaeeia
2.4 I?e/eiu aiiaeiiai ?anoai?aiey iaoaeeia
2.5 Aiiaeiay ianneaiinoue iaoaeeia
3. Ei??icey iaoaeeia n eenei?iaeiie aeaiiey?ecaoeeae
3.1 Oa?iiaeeiaie/aneea aiciiaeiinoe eenei?iaeiie aeaiiey?ecaoeee
3.2 Ia?aiai?yaeaiea eiiecaoeee eenei?iaea
No?.
1. Iniiau oai?ee ei??icee
Oa?iei ei??icey i?ienoiaeeo io eaoeineiai “corrosio”, /oi
icia/aao ?acuaaeaoue, ?ac?ooaoue. Yoio oa?iei oa?aeoa?ecoao eae
i?ioeann ?ac?ooaiey, oae e ?acoeueoao.
N?aaea a eioi?ie iaoaee iiaeaa?aaaony ei??icee
(ei??ice?oao) iacuaaaony ei??iceiiiie eee aa?anneaiie n?aaeie.
A neo/aa n iaoaeeaie, aiai?y ia eo ei??icee, eiatho aaeaeo
iaaeaeaoaeueiue i?ioeann acaeiiaeaenoaey iaoaeea ni n?aaeie.
Oeceei-oeie/aneay nouiinoue eciaiaiee, eioi?ua i?aoa?iaaaao iaoaee i?e
ei??icee yaeyaony ieeneaiea iaoaeea.
Ethaie ei??iceiiiue i?ioeann yaeyaony iiiainoaaeeeiui:
1) Iaiaoiaeei iiaeaiae ei??iceiiiie n?aaeu eee ioaeaeueiuo
aa eiiiiiaioia e iiaa?oiinoe iaoaeea.
2) Acaeiiaeaenoaea n?aaeu n iaoaeeii.
3) Iieiue eee /anoe/iue ioaiae i?iaeoeoia io iiaa?oiinoe
iaoaeea (a iauai aeeaeeinoe, anee n?aaea aeeaeeay).
Ecaanoii /oi aieueoeinoai iaoaeeia ( e?iia Ag,Pt,Cu,Au)
ano?a/athony a i?e?iaea a eiiiii ninoiyiee: ieneaeu, noeueoeaeu,
ea?aiiaou e ae?., iacuaaaiua iau/ii ?oaeu iaoaeeia.
Eiiiia ninoiyiea aieaa auaiaeii, iii oa?aeoa?ecoaony aieaa
iaiueoae aioo?aiiae yia?aeae. Yoi caiaoii i?e iieo/aiea iaoaeeia ec
?oae e eo ei??icee. Iiaeiuaiiay yia?aey i?e ainnoaiiaeaiee
iaoaeea ec niaaeeiaiee naeaeaoaeuenoaoao i oii , /oi naiaiaeiue
iaoaee iaeaaeaao aieaa aunieie yia?aeae, /ai iaoaeee/aneia
niaaeeiaiea. Yoi i?eaiaeeo e oiio, /oi iaoaee iaoiaeyueeny a
eiioaeoa n ei??iceiiii-aeoeaiie n?aaeie no?aieony ia?aeoe a
yia?aaoe/anee auaiaeiia ninoiyiea n iaiueoei caianii yia?aee.
Ei??iceiiiue i?ioeann yaeyaony naiii?iecaieueiui,
neaaeiaaoaeueii G=G-G (G e G ioiinyony e ia/aeueiiio e eiia/iiio
ninoiyieth niioaaonoaaiii). Anee G>G oi G0 ei??iceiiiue i?ioeann iaaiciiaeai; G=0
nenoaia iaoaee-i?iaeoeo iaoiaeeony a ?aaiiaanee. Oi anoue iiaeii
neacaoue, /oi ia?aii?e/eiie ei??icee iaoaeea yaeyaony
oa?iiaeeiaie/aneay iaonoie/eainoue iaoaeeia a caaeaiiie n?aaea.
1.1 Eeanneoeeaoeey ei??iceiiiuo i?ioeannia.
1. Ii iaoaiecio i?ioeanna ?acee/atho oeie/aneoth e
yeaeo?ioeie/aneoth ei??iceth iaoaeea.
Oeie/aneay ei??icey – yoi acaeiiaeaenoaea iaoaeeia n
ei??iceiiiie n?aaeie, i?e eioi?ii ieeneyaony iaoaee e
ainnoaiaaeeaaaony ieeneeoaeueiua eiiiiiaiou ei??iceiiiie n?aaeu
i?ioaeatho a iaeiii aeoa. Oae i?ioaeaao ieeneaiea aieueoeinoaa
iaoaeeia a aaciauo n?aaeao niaea?aeaueo ieeneeoaeue (iai?eia?,
ieeneaiea a aicaeooa i?e iiauoaiee oaiia?aoo?u)
Mg+ O -> MgO
4Al + 3O -> 2AlO
Yeaeo?ioeie/aneay ei??icey – yoi acaeiiaeaenoaea iaoaeea n
ei??iceiiiie n?aaeie, i?e eioi?ii eiiecaoeey aoiiia iaoaeea e
ainnoaiiaeaiea ieeneeoaeueiie eiiiiiaiou n?aaeu i?ienoiaeeo ia
aiaeiii aeoa, e eo nei?inoe caaenyo io yeaeo?iaeiiai iioaioeeaea
iaoaeea. Ii oaeiio i?ioeanno i?ioaeatho, iai?eia?, acaeiiaeaenoaea
iaoaeea n eeneioaie:
Zn + 2HCl -> Zn +2Cl +H
yoa noiia?iay ?aaeoeey ninoieo ec aeaoo aeoia:
Zn -> Zn + 2e
2H + 2e -> H
2. Ii oa?aeoa?o ei??iceiiiiai ?ac?ooaiey.
Iauay eee nieioiay ei??icey i?e eioi?ie ei??ice?oao any
iiaa?oiinoue iaoaeea. Iia niioaaonoaaiii aeaeeony ia ?aaiiia?ioth
(1a), ia ?aaiiia?ioth (1a) e ecae?aoaeueioth (1a), i?e eioi?ie
ei??iceiiiue i?ioeann ?ani?ino?aiyaony i?aeiouanoaaiii ii
eaeie-eeai no?oeoo?iie ninoaaeythuae nieaaa.
Ianoiay ei??icey i?e eioi?ie ei??ice?otho ii?aaeaeaiiua
o/anoee iaoaeea:
a) ei??icey ycaaie – ei??iceiiiua ?ac?ooaiey a aeaea
ioaeaeueiuo n?aaeieo e aieueoeo iyoai (ei??icey eaooie a
ii?neie aiaea)
a) iaaee?enoaeee/aneay ei??icey i?e iae i?ioeann
ei??icee ?ani?ino?aiyaony ii a?aieoea iaoaee-nieaa
(aethieiee nieaaeyaony n o?iiiieeaeai) e ae?oaea aeaeu
ei??icee.
3. Ii oneiaeyi i?ioaeaiey i?ioeanna.
a) Aaciaay ei??icey – yoi ei??icey a aaciaie n?aaea i?e
aunieeo oaiia?aoo?ao. (aeeaeeee iaoaee, i?e ai?y/ae i?ieaoea,
ooaiiiaea e ae?.)
a) Aoiinoa?iay ei??icey – yoi ei??icey iaoaeea a
anoanoaaiiie aoiinoa?a eee aoiinoa?a oeaoa (?aeaaeaiea e?iaee,
ei??icey iaoeaee naiieaoa).
a) AEeaeeinoiay ei??icey – yoi ei??icey a aeeaeeeo n?aaeao:
eae a ?anoai?ao yeaeo?ieeoia, oae e a ?anoai?ao ia yeaeo?ieeoia.
a) Iiaecaiiay ei??icey – yoi ei??icey iaoaeea a ii/aa
ae) No?oeoo?iay ei??icey – ei??icey ec-ca no?oeoo?iie
iaiaeii?iaeiinoe iaoaeea.
a) Iee?iaeieiae/aneay ei??icey – ?acoeueoao aeaenoaey aaeoa?ee
ae) Ei??icey aiaoiei oieii – aicaeaenoaea aiaoiaai enoi/ieea
oiea (aiiaeiia eee eaoiaeiia cacaieaiea)
c) Ei??icey aeoaeaeathueie oieaie – i?ioiaeaeaiea oiea
ii iai?aaeoniio?aiiui iooyi ii i?iaeoo.
e) Eiioaeoiay ei??icey – nii?yaeaiea ?acii?iaeiuo
yeaeo?ioeie/aneeo iaoaeeia a yeaeo?ii?iaiaeyuae n?aaea.
e) Ei??icey iiae iai?yaeaieai – iaeiia?aiaiiia aicaeaenoaea
ei??iceiiiie n?aaeu e iaoaie/aneiai iai?yaeaiey.
1.2 Iieacaoaeue nei?inoe ei??icee.
Aeey onoaiiaeaiey nei?inoe ei??icee iaoaeea a aeaiiie n?aaea
iau/ii aaaeoo iaaethaeaiey ca eciaiaieai ai a?aiaie eaeie-eeai
oa?aeoa?enoeee, iauaeoeaii io?aaeathuae eciaiaiea naienoaa iaoaeea.
*aua anaai a ei??iceiiiie i?aeoeea eniieuecotho neaaeothuea
iieacaoaee.
1) Iieacaoaeue eciaiaiey iannu – eciaiaiea iannu ia?acoea a
?acoeueoaoa ei??icee ioianaiiue e aaeeieoea iiaa?oiinoe iaoaeea S e e
aaeeieoea a?aiaie (iai?eia?, a/i /) a caaeneiinoe io oneiaee
ei??icee ?acee/atho:
a) io?eoeaoaeueiue iieacaoaeue eciaiaiey iannu
m=m/st
aaea m – oaueue iannu iaoaeea ca a?aiy ei??icee iinea
oaeaeaiey i?iaeoeoia ei??icee.
a) iieiaeeoaeueiue iieacaoaeue eciaiaiey iannu
aaea m – oaaee/aiea iannu iaoaeea ca a?aiy aneaaenoaea ?inoa
ieaiee i?iaeoeoia ei??icee.
Anee ninoaa i?iaeoeoia ei??icee ecaanoai, oi iiaeii naeaeaoue
ia?an/ao io E e E e iaiai?io
E-m=E+m (nok A Me / n Me Aok)
aaea A e I – aoiiiay e iieaeoey?iay ianna Ia e ieeneeoaey
niioaaonoaaiii; n e n aaeaioiinoue iaoaeea e ieeneeoaey a
ieeneeoaeueiie n?aaea.
2) Iauaiiue iieacaoaeue ei??icee
E – iauai iiaeiuaiiiai eee auaeaeeaoaainy a i?ioeanna aaca V
ioianaiiue e aaeeieoea iiaa?oiinoe iaoaeea e aaeeieoea a?aiaie
(iai?eia?, ni/ni /).
iauai aaca iau/ii i?eaiaeyo e ii?iaeueiui oneiaeyi.
I?eiaieoaeueii e yeaeo?ioeie/aneie ei??icee eiaaea i?ioeann
eaoiaeiie aeaiiey?ecaoeee inouanoaeyaony ca n/ao ?ac?yaea eiiia
aiaei?iaea, iai?eia?, ii noaia 2I + 2a = I, eee eiiecaoeey iieaeoe
eenei?iaea I + 4a +2II = 4II; aaiaeyony niioaaonoaaiii eenei?iaeiue
(E ) e aiaei?iaeiue (E ) iieacaoaeue niioaaonoaaiii.
Aiaei?iaeiue iieacaoaeue ei??icee – yoi iauai auaeaeeaoaainy I
a i?ioeanna ei??icee, ioianaiiue e Su .
Eenei?iaeiue iieacaoaeue ei??icee – yoi iauai iiaeiuaiiiai a
i?ioeanna I , ioianaiiue e Su .
3) Iieacaoaeue nii?ioeaeaiey.
Eciaiaiea yeaeo?e/aneiai nii?ioeaeaiey ia?acoea iaoaeea ca
ii?aaeaeaiiia a?aiy eniuoaiee oaeaea iiaeao auoue eniieueciaai a
ea/anoaa iieacaiey ei??icee (E).
R/Ro)100% ca a?aiy t
R yeaeo?e/aneia nii?ioeaeaiea ia?acoea niioaaonoaaiii aei e iinea
ei??icee.
O yoiai niiniaa anoue iaeioi?ue iaaeinoaoie oieueia iaoaeea
ai ana a?aiy eniuoaiee aeieaeia auoue iaeeiaeiaie e ii yoie i?e/eia
/aua anaai ii?aaeaeytho oaeaeueiia nii?ioeaeaiea, o.a. eciaiaiea
yeaeo?e/aneiai nii?ioeaeaiey ia aaeeieoeo ieiuaaee ia?acoea (ni, ii)
i?e aeeeia ?aaiie aaeeieoea. Yoio iaoiae eiaao ia?aie/aiey i?eiaiaiey
(aeey eenoiaiai iaoaeea ia aieaa 3ii). Iaeaieaa oi/iua aeaiiua
iieo/atho aeey i?iaiei/iuo ia?acoeia. Yoio iaoiae ia i?eaiaeai aeey
naa?iuo niaaeeiaiee.
4) Iaoaie/aneee iieacaoaeue ei??icee.
Eciaiaiea eaeiai-eeai naienoaa iaoaeea ca a?aiy ei??icee .
N?aaieoaeueii /anoi iieuecothony eciaiaieai i?aaeaea i?i/iinoe.
I?i/iinoiie iieacaoaeue i?e yoii au?aaeaaony:
ai) 100% ca a?aiy t
ai i?aaeae i?i/iinoe aei ei??icee.
5) Aeoaeiiue iieacaoaeue ei??icee.
E – aeoaeia ?ac?ooaiey iaoaeea I a aaeeieoeo a?aiaie
(iai?eia?, ii/aiae)
Aeoaeia ei??iceiiiiai ?ac?ooaiey I iiaeao auoue n?aaeiae eee
iaeneiaeueiie. Aeoaeiiue iieacaoaeue ei??icee iiaeii eniieueciaaoue
aeey oa?aeoa?enoeee eae ?aaiiia?iie., oae e ia?aaiiia?iie ei??icee (a
oii /enea e ianoiie) iaoaeeia. Ii oaeiaai aeey n?aaiaiey nei?inoe
ei??icee iaoaeea n ?acee/iuie ieioiinoyie. Ia?aoiae io ianniaiai,
oieiaiai e iauaiiiai e aeoaeiiiio aiciiaeai i?e ?aaiiia?iie
ei??icee.
2. Yeaeo?ioeie/aneay ei??icey.
Yeaeo?ioeie/aneay ei??icey yaeyaony iaeaieaa
?ani?ino?aiaiiui oeiii ei??icee iaoaeeia. Ii yeaeo?ioeie/aneiio
iaoaiecio ei??ice?otho iaoaeeu a eiioaeoa n ?anoai?aie
yeaeo?ieeoia (ii?neay aiaea, ?anoai?u eeneio, uaei/ae, nieae) . A
iau/iuo aoiinoa?iuo oneiaeyo e a caiea iaoaeeu ei??ice?otho oaeaea ii
yeaeo?ioeie/aneiio iaoaiecio , o.e. ia eo iiaa?oiinoe eiathony eaiee
aeaae n ?anoai?aiiuie eiiiiiaioaie aicaeooa e caiee. Yeaeo?ioeie/aneay
ei??icey yaeyaony aaoa?iaaiiui e
iiiainoaaeeeiui i?ioeannii. Aa i?e/eiie yaeyaony oa?iiaeeiaie/aneay
iaonoie/eainoue iaoaeeia a aeaiiie ei??iceiiiie n?aaea.
O/aiea i yeaeo?ioeie/aneie ei??icee noaaeo aeaaiue aii?in –
aii?in i nei?inoe ei??icee e oao oaeoi?ia, eioi?ua aeeytho ia iaa. N
yeaeo?ioeie/aneie oi/ee c?aiey ei??icey iaoaeea yoi ia i?inoi
i?ioeann ieeneaiey iaoaeea, o.e. yoio ia?aoiae aeieaeai
nii?iaiaeaeaoueny nii?yaeaiii eaeouei ainnoaiiaeoaeueiui i?ioeannii.
A ?acoeueoaoa eiiecaoeee inaiaiaeaeathony yeaeo?iiu e ?ieue aoi?iai
ainnoaiiaeoaeueiiai i?ioeanna ninoieo a eo anneieeyoeee iiaeoiaeyuei
ieeneeoaeai (Ae), ia?acothuei onoie/eaia niaaeeiaiea.
Eiiecaoeey e i?ioeann anneieeyoeee yeaeo?iiia eaeei eeai
yeaiaioii n?aaeu (iau/ii I eiiu eee I )i?aaenoaaeyao niaie
A ioee/ee oeie/aneiai, yeaeo?ioeie/aneea i?ioeannu
eiio?iee?othony (caaenyo) ia oieueei io eiioeaio?aoeee ?aaae?othueo
aauanoa, ii e, aeaaiui ia?acii, caaenyo io iioaioeeaea iiaa?oiinoe
iaoaeea.
Iioaioeeae.
Ia a?aieoea ?acaeaea aeaoo ?acii?iaeiuo oac i?ienoiaeeo
ia?aoiae ca?yaeaiiuo /anoeoe – eiiia eee yeaeo?iiia ec iaeiie oacu a
ae?oaoth, neaaeiaaoaeueii, aicieeaao ?aciinoue yeaeo?e/aneeo
iioaioeeaeia, ?ani?aaeaeaiey oii?yaei/aiiuo yeaeo?e/aneeo
ca?yaeia, o.a.
ia?aciaaiea aeaieiiai yeaeo?e/aneiai neiy. Aicieeiiaaiea iaaeoaciaiai
nea/ea iioaioeeaea iiaeii iauynieoue neaaeothueie iniiaiuie i?e/eiaie;
ii ?anniio?ei oieueei oa, eioi?ua i?eaiaeyo e ei??icee iaoaeeia, a
oi/iaa ia?aoiae eaoeiiia iaoaeea ec yeaeo?ieeoa ia iaoaee
(yeaeo?iaeiue iioaioeeae) aaeni?aoeey aieiiia yeaeo?ieeoa ia
iaoaeea (aaeni?aoeeiiiue iioaioeeae) aicieeiiaaiea
eiiii-aaeni?aoeeiiiiai iioaioeeaea ca n/ao iaeiia?aiaiiie
aaeni?aoeee iiey?ecoaiiai aoiia eenei?iaea e ia?aoiaea
eaoeiiia ec iaoaeea a yeaeo?ieeo.
Ii ecaanoiui i?e/eiai, aaniethoiia cia/aiea iaaeoaciaie
?aciinoe iioaioeeaeia ecia?eoue iaeuecy, yoo aaee/eio iiaeii
ecia?eoue ioiineoaeueii ae?oaie aaee/eiu e ca oi/eo ion/aoa
i?eieiaaony noaiaea?oiue aiaei?iaeiue iioaioeeae.
Iaee/ea ia iaaeoaciaie a?aieoea iaoaee-?anoai? yeaeo?ieeoa
aeaieiiai yeaeo?e/aneiai neiy ieacuaaao nouanoaaiiia aeeyiea ia
i?ioeann, a , a /anoiinoe, ia nei?inoue ei??icee iaoaeeia. I?e
eciaiaiee eiioeaio?aoeee (ieioiinoe) iieiaeeoaeueiuo eee
io?eoeaoaeueiuo /anoeoe a ?anoai?a eee iaoaeea iiaeao eciaieoueny
nei?inoue i?ioeanna ?anoai?aiey iaoaeea. Eiaiii eo yoeo niia?aaeaiee
yeaeo?iaeiue iioaioeeae yaeyaony iaeiie ec aaaeiaeoeo oa?aeoa?enoee,
ii?aaeaeythueo nei?inoue ei??icee iaoaeea.
2.1 Oa?iiaeeiaieea yeaeo?ioeie/aneie ei??icee iaoaeeia.
No?aieaieai iaoaeeia ia?aoiaeeoue ec iaoaeee/aneiai ninoiyiey
a eiiiia aeey ?acee/iuo iaoaeeia ?acee/ii. Aa?iyoiinoue oaeiai
ia?aoiaea caaeneo oaeaea io i?e?iaeu ei??iceiiiie n?aaeu . Oaeoth
aa?iyoiinoue iiaeii au?aceoue oiaiueoaieai naiaiaeiie yia?aee i?e
i?ioaeaiee ?aaeoeee ia?aoiaea a caaeaiiie n?aaea i?e ii?aaeaeaiiuo
oneiaeyo.
Ii i?yiie nayce iaaeaeo oa?iiaeeiaie/aneei ?yaeii e ei??iceae
iaoaeeia iao. Yoi iauyniyaony oai, /oi oa?iiaeeiaie/aneea aeaiiua
iieo/aiu aeey eaeaaeueii /enoie iiaa?oiinoe iaoaeea, a oi a?aiy eae a
?aaeueiuo oneiaeyo ei??ice?othuee iaoaee iie?uo neiai (ieaieie)
i?iaeoeoia acaeiiaeaenoaey iaoaeea ni n?aaeie.
Aeey ?an/aoia eciaiaiey naiaiaeiie yia?aee ?aaeoeee i?e
yeaeo?ioeie/aneie ei??icee iaoaeea eniieuecotho aaee/eiu
yeaeo?iaeiuo iioaioeeaeia. A niioaaonoaee n ia?aaainoaii i?ioeann
yeaeo?ioeie/aneie ei??icee aiciiaeai, anee
GT = – n ET F Me + ne
I?e oaaee/aiee aeoeaiinoe eiiia iaoaeea (iiauoaiea
eiioeaio?aoeee eiiia iaoaeea a ?anoai?a), iioaioeeae aiiaea
aic?anoaao, /oi i?eaiaeeo e oi?iiaeaieth ?anoai?aiey iaoaeea.
Iiieaeaiea aeoeaiinoe iaoaeea, iai?ioea, niinianoaoao ?anoai?aieth
iaoaeea. A oiaea ei??iceiiiiai i?ioeanna eciaiythony ia oieueei
naienoaa iaoaeee/aneie iiaa?oiinoe, ii e eiioaeoe?othuaai ?anoai?a
(eciaiaiea eiioeaio?aoeee ioaeaeueiuo aai eiiiiiaioia). I?e
oiaiueoaiee, iai?eia?, eiioeaio?aoeee aeaiiey?ecaoi?a, o
eaoiaeiie ciiu iiaeao ieacaoueny, /oi eaoiaeiay ?aaeoeey
aeaiiey?ecaoeee oa?iiaeeiaie/anee iaaiciiaeia.
2.2 Aiiiaaiiua e aaoa?iaaiiua iooe yeaeo?ioeie/aneie ei??icee.
I?e/eio ei??icee iaoaeeia a ?anoai?ao, ia niaea?aeaueo
iaeiieiaiiuo eiiia, iauyniyao oai?ey iaia?aoeiuo iioaioeeaeia. Yoa
oai?ey ?anniao?eaaao iiaa?oiinoue iaoaeeia eae iaeii?iaeioth,
aiiiaaiioth. Iniiaiie e aaeeinoaaiiie i?e/eiie ?anoai?aiey
(ei??icee) oaeeo iaoaeeia yaeyaony oa?iiaeeiaie/aneay aiciiaeiinoue
i?ioaeaiey aiiaeiiai e eaoiaeiiai aeoia. Nei?inoue ?anoai?aiey
(ei??icee) aoaeao ii?aaeaeyoueny eeiaoe/aneeie oaeoi?aie. Ii
aiiiaaiioth iiaa?oiinoue iaoaeeia iiaeii ?anniao?eaaoue eae
i?aaeaeueiue neo/ae, eioi?ue iiaeao auoue ?aaeeciaai, iai?eia?, a
aeeaeeeo iaoaeeao. (?oooue e aiaeueaaiu iaoaeeia). Aeey oaa?aeuo
iaoaeeia oaeia aeiiouaiea aoaeao ioeai/iui, oioy au iioiio /oi
?acee/iua aoiiu nieaaa (e /enoiai iaoaeea) caieiatho ?acee/iia
iieiaeaiea a e?enoaeee/aneie ?aoaoea. Iaeaieaa neeueiia ioeeiiaiea
io aiiiaaiiie eiino?oeoeee aoaeao iaaethaeaoueny i?e iaee/ee a iaoaeea
eii?iaeiuo aeeth/aiee, eioa?iaoaeeeaeia, a?aieoe ca?ai e o.ae. A yoii
neo/aa, ?acoiaaony, iiaa?oiinoue yaeyaony aaoa?iaaiiie.
Onoaiiaeaii, /oi aeaaea i?e iaee/ee ia iiaa?oiinoe iaoaeea
iaiaeii?iaeiinoae a oeaeii iiaa?oiinoue inoaaony yeaeiioaioeeaeueiie.
Oaeei ia?acii iaiaeii?iaeiinoue iiaa?oiinoae nieaaa ia iiaeao
yaeyoueny iniiaiie i?e/eiie iauae ei??icee iaoaeea. Iaeaieaa
nouanoaaiiie a iiaeiaiuo neo/ayo yaeyaony eiiecaoeey ?anoai?aiey
aiiaeiie ninoaaeythuae aaeece eaoiaeiie ninoaaeythuae, yoi aiciiaeii,
anee ia iiaa?oiinoe iaoaeee/aneie eiino?oeoeee aicieeatho
aaeueaaie/aneea yeaiaiou. ?anniio?ei iaeioi?ua ec ieo:
a) iaiaeii?iaeiinoue iaoaeee/aneie oacu, iaoneiaeaiiay
iaiaeii?iaeiinoueth nieaaa, a oaeaea a ?acoeueoaoa iee?i e
iae?iaeeth/aiee.
a) iaiaeii?iaeiinoue iiaa?oiinoe iaoaeea a neaaenoaea iaee/ey
a?aieoe aeieia e ca?ai e?enoaeeia, auoiae aeeneieaoeee ia
iiaa?oiinoue, aiecio?iiiinoue e?enoaeeia.
a), a) iaiaeii?iaeiinoue caueoiuo ieaiie ia iiaa?oiinoe ca n/ao
iee?i e iae?iii? ieaiee (a), ca n/ao ia?aaiiia?iiai ia?aciaaiey ia
iiaa?oiinoe aoi?e/iuo i?iaeoeoia
ei??icee (a) e ae?.
Iu ?anniio?aee aeaa e?aeieo iaoaiecia naii?anoai?aiey
iaoaeeia: ?aaiiia?iia ?anoai?aiea eaeaaeueii aiiiaaiiie iiaa?oiinoe e
?anoai?aiey (a iniiaiii eieaeueiia) iee?iyeaiaioia i?e
i?ino?ainoaaiiii ?acaeaeaiee eaoiaeiuo e aiiaeiuo cii (i?ioeannia).
A iauai neo/aa, iaiaoiaeeii n/eoaoueny n
aiciiaeiinoueth i?ioaeaiey ia aiiaeiuo o/anoeao ia?yaeo n
iniiaiuie aiiaeiuie i?ioeannaie eaoiaeiuo i?ioeannia, ia eaoiaeiuo
aea o/anoeao iiaoo i?ioaeaoue n iiieaeaiiie nei?inoueth aiiaeiua
i?ioeannu ?anoai?aiey.
Iiaeii naeaeaoue auaiae, /oi iao iniiaaiee
i?ioeaiiinoaaeyoue “aiiiaaiiue” e “aaoa?iaaiiue” iooe i?ioaeaiey
ei??iceiiiuo i?ioeannia. I?aaeeueiaa aoaeao eo ?anniao?eaaoue eae
oaeoi?u, acaeiii aeiiieiythuea ae?oa ae?oaa. Iniiaiie aea i?e/eiie
ei??icee iaoaeeia inoaaony ii-i?aaeiaio oa?iiaeeiaie/aneay
aa?iyoiinoue i?ioaeaiey a aeaiiuo oneiaeyo ia iaoaeea aiiaeiuo
i?ioeannia eiiecaoeee iaoaeea e nii?yaeaiiiai n iei eaoiaeiiai
i?ioeanna aeaiiey?ecaoeee.
2.3 Aiiaeiua i?ioeannu i?e yeaeo?ioeie/aneie ei??icee iaoaeeia.
Oa?iiaeeiaie/aneea iniiau.
Aeey i?ioaeaiey ei??iceiiiiai i?ioeanna nouanoaaiiui yaeyaony
ninoiyiea oi?ia niaaeeiaiey , a eioi?ii iaoiaeeony eaoeii iaoaeea a
?anoai?a. Eiiecaoeey iaoaeea n iineaaeothuei ia?aoiaeii a ?anoai?
i?inouo eiiiiiaioia iaoaeea i?aaenoaaeyao eeoue iaeii ec aiciiaeiuo
iai?aaeaiee aiiaeiuo i?ioeannia. Oi?ia eo eiie?aoiiai ninoiyiey ai
iiiaii ii?aaeaeyaony eae i?e?iaeie iaoaeea e eiioaeoe?othuae n iei
n?aaeie , oae e iai?aaeaieai e aaee/eiie iiey?ecothuaai oiea (eee
yeaeo?iaeiiai iioaioeeaea). Ia?aoiaey a ?anoai?, ei??ice?othuee
iaoaee anooiaao a naycue eeai n ?anoai?eoaeai, eeai n eiiiiiaioaie
?anoai?a. I?e yoii iiaoo ia?aciauaaoueny i?inoua e eiiieaeniua
niaaeeiaiey n ?acee/iie ?anoai?eiinoueth e n ?acee/iie aaeaaceae e
iiaa?oiinoe iaoaeea. I?e aunieeo iieiaeeoaeueiuo cia/aieyo
iioaioeeaea ia aiiaea aiciiaeai i?ioeann ieeneaiey aiaeu n auaeaeaieai
eenei?iaea. A caaeneiinoe io oiai, eaeea i?ioeannu eee eo ni/aoaiey
i?ioaeatho ia aiiaea, iie iiaoo a cia/eoaeueiie ia?a (a eiiaaea e
iieiinoueth) eiio?iee?iaaoue noiia?iue i?ioeann ei??icee.
I?e/eiu aiiaeiiai ?anoai?aiey iaoaeeia.
I?inoaeoeie aiiaeiuie ?aaeoeeyie yaeythony oaeea , a
?acoeueoaoa eioi?uo ia?acothony ?anoai?eiua aeae?aoe?iaaiiua e
eiiieaeniua eaoeiiu,. eioi?ua ioaiaeyony io aiiaea iooai aeeooocee,
iea?aoeee (ia?aiin ca n/ao yeaeo?e/aneiai iiey) eee eiiaaeoeee.
Iiey?iua iieaeoeu aeeaeeinoe yeaeo?inoaoe/anee
acaeiiaeaenoaotho n ca?yaeaiiuie eiiaie, ia?acotho nieueaaoiua (a
neo/aa aiaeu-aeae?aoiua) eiiieaenu. Iaeaaeathuea cia/eoaeueii iaiueoei
caianii yia?aee /ai eiiu a e?enoaeee/aneie ?aoaoee iaoaeea.
Aaee/eio yoiai iiieaeaiey iiaeii ioeaieoue, enoiaey ec niia?aaeaiee
i?aaeeiaeaiiuo Ai?iii. Iieiue yeaeo?e/aneee ca?yae a aaeooia
iaeaaeaao yia?aeae, ?aaiie iioaioeeaeueiie yia?aee.
Aeey ii?aaeaeaiey aaee/eiu yia?aee ca?yaea i?aaenoaaei, /oi
i?iaiaeyuay noa?a ?aaeeonii r eiaao ca?yae q. Aianaiea aua iaeiie
/anoe ca?yaea dq a noa?o aeieaeii auoue ano?a/aii iooaeeeaathueie
neeaie df=qdq/r. Iienoeia ia?iiiia oiaiueoaiea yia?aee eiia a
aiaeiii ?anoai?a oeacuaaao ia onoie/eainoue oaeiai ninoiyiey a iai.
Oaeei ia?acii, i?e/eiie ia?aoiaea aoiiia iaoaeea n
iiaa?oiinoe e eo eiiecaoeey yaeyaony yeaeo?inoaoe/aneia
acaeiiaeaenoaea (nieueaaoaoeey) eiiia iaoaeea n iiey?iuie iieaeoeaie
?anoai?eoaey. Neaaeiaaoaeueii, noaio ?aaeoeee eiiecaoeee a eiioaeoa n
?anoai?eoaeai i?aaeeueiaa caienaoue a aeaea:
Me + mHO -> Me + mHO +ne.
2.6 Aiiaeiay ianneaiinoue iaoaeeia.
I?e cia/eoaeueiii oi?iiaeaiee aiiaeiie ?aaeoeee
eiiecaoeee iaoaeea nei?inoue ei??iceiiiiai i?ioeanna iiaeao
iiieceony ia ianeieueei ii?yaeeia. Oaeia ninoiyiea iaoaeea
i?eiyoi iacuaaoue aiiaeiie ianneaiinoueth. Ianneaiinoue iiaeii
ii?aaeaeeoue neaaeothuei ia?acii: ianneaiinoue – ninoiyiea
iiauoaiiie ei??iceiiiie onoie/eainoe iaoaeea eee nieaaa (a
oneiaeyo, eiaaea oa?iiaeeiaie/anee ii yaeyaony ?aaeoeeiiii
niiniaiui), Aucaaiiia i?aeiouanoaaiiui oi?iiaeaieai aiiaeiiai
i?ioeanna o.a. iiaeao i?iecieoe oae, /oi a ?aaeueiuo
oneiaeyo nei?inoue ei??icee “aeoeaiuo” yeaiaioia ieacuaaaony
aanueia iacia/eoaeueiie a neaaenoaee ianooieaiey ianneaiiai
ninoiyiey. Iai?eia?, oeoai ?aniieiaeaiiue eaaaa oeeiea, e o?ii,
?aniieiaeaiiue ?yaeii n oeeieii, a neaaenoaee ianooieaiey
ianneaiinoe ieacuaathony aieaa ei??iceiiiinoieeeie a
aieueoeinoaa aiaeiuo n?aae, /ai oeeie. Ia neeiiiinoue e ianneaiiio
ninoiyieth aeeyao i?e?iaea nenoaiu iaoaee-?anoai?. Iaeaieueooth
neeiiiinoue e ia?aoiaeo a ianneaiia ninoiyiea i?iyaeytho
Ti,Ni,Al,Mg,Fe,Co e ae?.
Ianooieaiea ianneaiiai ninoiyiey i?eaiaeeo e cia/eoaeueiiio
eciaiaieth oi?iu aiiaeiie iiey?ecaoeeiiiie e?eaie. E?eaay iiaeao auoue
?acaeoa ia ianeieueei oa?aeoa?iuo o/anoeia:
Aia/aea nei?inoue aiiaeiiai ?anoai?aiey iaoaeeia aic?anoaao
a niioaaonoaee n o?aaiaieai Oaoaey ( =a + blgi)-o/anoie
AA.
Ii ia/eiay n A noaiiaeony aiciiaeiui i?ioeann
ia?aciaaiey caueoiiai neiy (oaciaiai eee aaeni?aoeeiiiiai),
nei?inoue eioi?iai ?anoao i?e niauaiee iioaioeeaea a
iieiaeeoaeueioth noi?iio. Yoi i?eaiaeeo e oi?iiaeaieth
aiiaeiiai ?anoai?aiey (BD). A oi/ea D, niioaaonoaothuae
iioaioeeaeo ( iioaioeeae ia/aea ianneaaoeee) nei?inoue
ia?aciaaiey caueoiiai neiy ?aaia nei?inoe aai ?anoai?aiey. Aeaeaa
eaeao ?ino caueoiiai neiy, ye?aie?othuaai iiaa?oiinoue, nei?inoue
aiiaeiiai ?anoai?aiey ?acei iiieaeaaony (DE). A oi/ea A,
niioaaonoaothuae iioaioeeaeo iieiie ianneaaoeee iaoaee
ieacuaaaony a ianneaiii ninoiyiee. Ia o/anoea EF (iaeanoue
ianneaiiai ninoiyiey) nei?inoue aiiaeiiai i?ioeanna ia caaeneo
io iioaioeeaea, a ii?aaeaeyaony nei?inoueth oeie/aneiai
?anoai?aiey caueoiie ieaiee. Oie niioaaonoaothuee iaeanoe
ianneaiiai ninoiyiey, iacuaaaony oieii ianneaiiai ninoiyiey (i ).
Iieiaeeoaeueiaa F aiciiaeia ( -iioaioeeae ia?aianneaaoeee) iiaay
aaoaue aeoeaiiai ?anoai?aiey n ia?aciaaieai eaoeiiia aieaa aunieie
aaeaioiinoe.
I?e aunieeo iieiaeeoaeueiuo iioaioeeaeao aiciiaeai eieaeeciaaiiue
i?iaie ieneaeiie ieaiee – iaoaee ia/eiaao ?anoai?yony ii oeio
ieooeiaa (PP’) iacuaatho iioaioeeaeii ieooeiaiia?aciaaiey.
Iaoaee caianneae?iaaiiue a aeaiiie n?aaea, iiaeao nio?aiyoueny
a ianneaiii ninoiyiee iaeioi?ia a?aiy a iaianneae?othuae n?aaea.
3. Aeaiiia?ecaoeey.
I?e iaee/ee a ?anoai?a aaciia?aciiai eenei?iaea e ia
aiciiaeiinoueth i?ioaeaiey i?ioeanna ei??icee n aiaei?iaeiie
aeaiiey?ecaoeeae iniiaioth ?ieue aeaiiey?ecaoi?a eniieiyao eenei?iae
ei??iceiiiua i?ioeannu, o eioi?uo eaoiaeiay aeaiiey?ecaoeey
inouanoaeyaony ?anoai?aiiui a yeaeo?ieeoa eenei?iaeii, iacuaatho
i?ioeannaie ei??icee iaoaeeia n eenei?iaeiie aeaiiey?ecaoeeae. Yoi
iaeaieaa ?ani?ino?aiaiiue oei ei??icee iaoaeea a aiaea, a
iaeo?aeueiuo e aeaaea a neaaieeneuo nieaauo ?anoai?ao, a ii?neie
aiaea, a caiea, a aoiinoa?a aicaeooa.
Iauay noaia eenei?iaeiie aeaiiey?ecaoeee naiaeeony e
ainnoaiiaeaieth iieaeoey?iiai eenei?iaea aei eiia aeae?iieenea:
O + 4e +2HO -> 4OH
3.1 Oa?iiaeeiaie/aneea aiciiaeiinoe eenei?iaeiie
aeaiiey?ecaoeee.
I?ioaeaiea i?ioeanna ei??icee iaoaeea n eenei?iaeiie
aeaiiey?ecaoeeae niaeanii o?aaiaiey aiciiaeii i?e oneiaee:
V(Me)ia? A/i oi
ia?aiai?yaeaiea eiiecaoeee eenei?iaea yaeyaony eeiaeiie ooieoeeae lgi
o.a. eiaao ianoi caaeneiinoue oaia o?aaiaiey Oaoaey
V = – (Vk)y=o = a+b lg ik
aaea a – iinoiyiiay caaenyuay io iiey?iinoe eaoiaea aai
ninoiyiey, O e i?., /eneaiii a=h i?e i=1; b iinoiyiiay caaenyuay io
iaoaiecia aicieeiiaaiey ia?aiai?yaeaiey. I?e caoi?iiaeaiiinoe
oieueei ?aaeoeee acaeiiaeaenoaey eenei?iaea n yeaeo?iiii
b=(RT/BnF)n 2,303 = 0,118/ n
Caaeneiinoue ia?aiai?yaeaiey eiiecaoeee eenei?iaea
ia iaoaeeao a ?anoai?a: 0,5NaCl + 0,005MNaCO + 0,005MNaHCO (pH=9,2) a
aoiinoa?a eenei?iaea i?e 20 N, ?anoai? ia?aiaoeaaeny a) a eii?aeeiaoao
a) a eii?aeeiaoao .
Eaoiaeiay ?aaeoeey eiiecaoeee eenei?iaea ninoieo ec
oeaie iineaaeiaaoaeueiuo yeaiaioa?iuo ?aaeoeee, o.a. i?ioaeaao
noaaeeeii:
a) ia?aciaaiea iieaeoey?iiai eiia eenei?iaea
O2+e = O2-
a) ia?aciaaiea ia?aeae?ieneea
O2- + H+ = HO2
a) ia?aciaaiea ia?aeae?ieneea eiia
HO2 + e = HO2-
a) ia?aciaaiea ia?aeene aiaei?iaea.
HO2- + H+ = H2O2
ae) ainnoaiiaeaiea ia?aeene aiaei?iaea aei aeae?ienee eiia
e aeae?ienee-?aaeeeaea
H2O2 +e = OH- + OH
a) Ainnoaiiaeaiea aeae?ienee-?aaeeeaea aei aeae?ienee eiia
OH + e = OH-
Aeey ?yaea iaoaeeia (Fe,Cu,Au,Pt) i?e 25 N const b=0.10..0.13.
Yoi naeaeaoaeuenoaoao i oii, /oi i?e/eiie ia?aiai?yaeaiey eiiecaoeee
eenei?iaea yaeyaony caiaaeeaiiinoue yeaiaioa?iie ?aaeoeee anneieeyoeee
iaeiiai yeaeo?iia (n=1). Aeey eeneuo ?anoai?ia oaeie ?aaeoeeae
yaeyaony, ii aeaeeiiio, ia?aciaaiea iieaeoey?iiai eiia eenei?iaea
(a), a aeey uaei/iuo n?aae – ia?aciaaiea ia?aeae?ienee-eiia (a).
Nienie eniieuecoaiie eeoa?aoo?u
1. Enaaa «Ei??icey iaoaeeia»
2. AEoe «Eo?n ei??icee e caueou iaoaeeia»
PAGE
PAGE 13
Нашли опечатку? Выделите и нажмите CTRL+Enter
