-1-
NIA?AIAIIUA AeAIIUA I AAIA?EIA E
AAI AEIOEIE*ANEEA NAIENOAA
Aaia?ei – /?acau/aeii aaaeiia niaaeeiaiea , neioace?oaiia a i?aaiecia
aeeaioiuo e /aeiaaea . Yoi aeieiae/anee aeoeaiia aauanoai ,
aioeeiaaoeyio oe?ieiai niaeo?a aeaenoaey , ?aaoeyoi? iiiaeo
aeioeie/aneeo e oeceieiae/aneeo i?ioeannia , i?ioaeathueo a aeeaioiii
i?aaiecia , a ianoiyuaa a?aiy i?eeiauaaao e naaa i?enoaeueiia aieiaiea
aeieiaia , oeceieiaia , oa?iaeieiaia e eeeieoeenoia . Aanueia
yooaeoeaiia eniieueciaaiea aaia?eia a eeeie/aneie i?aeoeea auaeaeaaao
yoio i?aia?ao a /enei ia?niaeoeaiuo oa?iaeieiae/aneeo aaaioia .
OEIE*ANEAss NO?OEOO?A AAIA?EIA
A enneaaeiaaieyo no?oeoo?u aaia?eia aieueoia cia/aiea eiaao eco/aiea
oeia aeeeiceaeiie nayce , ii?aaeaeaiea niaea?aeaiey na?u e
noeueoaieaeiuo ea?aieneeue- iuo e ae?oaeo a?oii , eiee/anoaa aaoaae a
iieaeoea , a oaeaea auyniaiea i?e?iaeu o?iiiaieeneiai eiiiiiaioa e
o.ae. Eco/aiea iieaeoey?iie no?oeoo?u aaia?eia i/aiue aaaeii ,
ai-ia?auo , n oi/ee c?aiey niiinoaaeaiey oeie/aneie no?oeoo?u yoiai
aauanoaa e aai aioeeiaaoeyioiuo e ae?oaeo oeceieiae/aneeo naienoa ,
iai?eia? , oaeeo, eae niiniaiinoue ia?aciauaaoue eiiieaenu ni iiiaeie
aauanoaaie. Caeanue iiaeii oeacaoue ia aieueooth ?ieue eiiieaeniuo
niaaeeiaiee aaia?eia n ?yaeii o?iiaiaaiiuo aaeeia ieaciu e?iae e
iaeioi?uie aeiaaiiuie aieiaie a ?aaoeyoeee aeeaeeiai ninoiyiey
e?iae . Ai-aoi?uo , aeaoaeueiia auyniaiea no?oeoo?u aaia?eia ioe?uaaao
ii?aaeaeaiiua ia?niaeoeau ia iooe enneonoaaiiiai neioaca
yoiaiiacaiaieiiai iaaeeeaiaioa . Ii oeie/aneiio no?iaieth aaia?ei
i?aaenoaaeyao niaie aunieinoeueoe?iaaiiue ioeiiiee-
naoa?eae , ninoiyuee ec iineaaeiaaoaeueii /a?aaeothueony inoaoeia
-D-
– aethei?iiiaie eeneiou e 2-aieii-2-aeaciene – – D – aetheicu ,
niaaeeiaiiuo naycyie 1—4 . Iniiaiay naycue a aaia?eia — yoi 1—6
aaeciaiei . Aieueo?ii e niaaoi?u (Wolfrom et al.,1966) iaia?oaeeee , /oi
eiioeao?aoeey 2-aieii-2-aeaciene–D – aethei?iiiaieeneioiie nayce
i?aaenoaaeyao niaie -D-naycue. Ia?yaeo n yoei ioia/aaony
nouanoaiaaiea e iaeioi?ie – eiioeao?aoeee. A iieaeoea aaia?eia ia
oao?anaoa?aoioth aaeeieoeo i?eoiaeeony ii 5—6, 5 noeueoaoiuo a?oii .
Inoaoee na?iie eeneiou i?eniaaeeiaiu e II-a?oiiai aetheicaieia .
Aunieia niaea?aeaiea noeueoia?oii iaoneiaeeaaao cia/eoaeueiue io
?eoeaoaeueiue ca?yae e , neaaeiaaoaeueii , aieueooth iiaeaeaeiinoue a
yeaeo?e/aneii iiea . Ieiei 10% aieiia?oii aaia?eia iaoiaeeony a
naiaiaeiii ninoiyiee . Aieueoeinoai aea ec ieo noeueoaoe?iaaiiu.
Noeueoieeneioiua a?oiiu, aa?iyoii, i?eniaaeeiaiu e aieiia?oiiai n
ia?a-
ciaaieai aieiinoeueoieeneiou.
Iieaeoeo aaia?eia i?eiyoi ?anniao?eaaoue eae i?ioyaeaiioth,
ia?acaaoa-
eaiiotheeiaeioth no?oeoo?o. Oae, yeaeo?iiii-iee?ineiie/aneea
enneaaeiaaiey
iieacaee, /oi aeeeia iieaeoeu aaia?eia ?aaia 160=40 A . Ia?yaeo n
yoei iaeioi?ua aaoi?u auneacuaathony a iieueco ?acaaoaeaiiie
no?oeoo?u.
Ii aeaiiui Aieueo?iia e Ayiaa, aeae?ieneeueiay a?oiia n-6
2-aieii-2-aea-
ciene-D-aetheiciie aaeeieoeu aaia?eia noeueoaoe?iaaiu. Aeaeeii, a
oeacaiiie auoa aaeeieoea aaia?eia nouanoaotho aeaa noeueoaoiua
a?oiiu.
I?e/ai inoaoie D-aetheo?iiiaie eeneiou ia noeueoe?iaai.
Aeaieoaonee e
niaaoi?u n/eoatho, /oi a aaia?eia noeueoaoe?iaaii ii aoiio
oaea?iaea a
iieiaeaiee 2 1/3 aetheo?iiiaieeneioiiai eiiiiiaioa e aieueoay
/anoue aeth-
eicaieiia noeueoaoe?iaaia ii aoiio oaea?iaea a iieiaeaiee 6.
Aei neo ii? ieii/aoaeueii ia ?aoai aii?in i oii,niaea?aeeo
ee aaia?ei
aoeaoeeueiua a?oiiu. A oi aea a?aiy i?e enneaaeiaaiee au/ueaai,
naeiiai e
eeoiaiai aaia?eia onoaiiaeaii, /oi oeie/aneia no?iaiea e
?ani?aaeieaiea
inoaoeia N-aoeaoeeaetheicaieia iaeeiaeiai ai anao i?aia?aoao.
Eco/aiea no?oeoo?u aaia?eia iaoiaeii ssI? iieacaei,/oi
aaeno?iiiaua
inoaoee iaoiaeyony a iieaeoea a eiioi?iaoeee N-1.
A niaea?aeaiee e ninoaaa aaeno?iiiauo eeneio a aaia?eiao e
aaia?eii-
auo o?aeoeeyo ?acee/iuo ieaeiieoathueo iaia?oaeaiu cia/eoaeueiua
?ac-
ee/ey. D-aetheo?iiiaay eeneioa – iniiaiay o?iiiaay eeneioa,
aoiaeyuay a ninoaa aaia?eia. A aaia?eia oaeaea ioia/aii iaee/ea
eaoo?iiiaie e L-
eaeo?iiiaie eeneio e iaeaeaii, /oi eo niioiioaiea ?aaii 2,6 1.
Aeey aa-
ia?eia oa?aeoa?ii i?enoonoaea ioiineoaeueii aieueoiai eiee/anoaa (
aei
1/3) L- eaeiie?aiineeo?iauo inoaoeia. Ii?aaeaeaiea o?iaiy o?iiiauo
een-
eio ( eaeo?iiiaie e D- aetheo?iiiaie), aoiaeyueo a ?acee/iua
aaia?eiu e aaia?ainoeueoaou, iieacaei, /oi niaea?aeaiea eaeo?iiiaie
eeneiou ia caaeneo io enoi/ieea aaia?eia eee aaia?ainoeueoaoia e
ninoaaeyao niio-
aaonoaaiii 50-90 e 30-55 %. A enneaaeoaiuo ioeiiieenaoa?eaeao
oaaee/eaaeanue aaee/eia niioiioaiey N- e I- noeueoaoai ii ia?a
aic?anoaiey a ieo o?iaiy eaeo?iiiaie eeneiou. Aaee/eiu ioiioaiee
N-
noeueoaoa e aetheicaieio a aaia?eia e aaia?ainoeueoaoao
ninoaaeytho 0,7-
1,0 e 0,3- 0,6. Ioiioaiea S- noeueoaoa e aetheicaieio eciaiyaony
a i?aaeaeao 0,9- 1,5 aeey aaia?eia e 0,2- 0,8 aeey
aaia?ainoeueoaoa. Aeaeeii, yoi naeaeaoaeuenoaoao a iieueco oiai,
/oi aaia?ainoeueoaou i?aaenoaaeytho niaie i?aaeoanoaaiieee aaia?eia
i?e aai aeineioaca.
Eco/aiea i?iaeoeoia aeaa?aaeaoeee aaia?eia iiae aeaenoaeai
oa?iaioia,
auaeaeyaiuo ec n?aaeu aaeoa?ee Flavobacterium heparinum, iicaieeei
naea-
eaoue auaiae, /oi aai iieaeoea ninoieo ec ?yaea
iineaaeiaaoaeueii ?anii-
eiaeaiiuo nooeoo?iuo yeaiaioia, eioi?ua iiaoo auoue i?aaenoaaeaiu
eae
1 – 4 naycaiiua aeiciua inoaoee 2- noeueoaoa 4-I-( (- L-
eaeiie?aiinoeueoo-
?iiiaie eeneiou) e 2-( aeaciene- 2 – noeueoaieii-(-D-
aetheiie?aiinee-6-
noeueoaoa). Iiaoi?ythueany oao?anaoa?eaeiua aaeeieoeu, aeeth/athuea
a naay aeaa o?iiiauo e eaeo?iiiauo inoaoea,-oaeiaa no?oeoo?a
iieaeoeu aa-
ia?eia ii i?aaenoaaeaieyi Oaeoeia e Eeiaeae.
Aeaiiua i niiniaa naycae iaaeaeo iiaoi?ythueieny aaeeieoeaie
aaia?eia
aanueia ?acii?a/eau. Ii oe?eia ?aioaaiianeeo io?aaeaiee
onoaiiaeaii, /oi iieaeoea aaia?eia niaea?aeeo 10 oao?anaoa?eaeiuo
iiaoi?ythueony aaee-
ieoe.
I?e auaeaeaiee aaia?eia ec ia/aie auea auee iieo/aiu o?e
o?aeoeee, aeaa ec eioi?uo aiiiaaiiu. Aeieiae/aneay aeoeaiinoue
yoeo o?aeoeee ?inea i?iii?oeeiiaeueii iieaeoey?iiio aano. Oae,
iaeneiaeueiay aeoeaiinoue au-
ea o o?aeoeee n iieaeoey?iui aanii 16200, a ieieiaeueiay – o
o?aeoeee
Onoaiiaeaii, /oi ai o?aeoeeyo n iieaeoey?iuie aanaie 16200 e
15500 aaeeiauo i?eianae aieueoa, /ai ai o?aeoeee 7600. Ai anao
o?ae-
oeeyo aue iaia?oaeai aetheicaiei, aaeaeoicaiei, aaeno?iiao,
noeueoao, aa-
eaeoica e eneeica a ?aciuo eiee/anoaao. Iaeioi?ua iacia/eoaeueiua
ioee/ey,iaaethaeaaiua a no?oeoo?a aaia?eia , aeaeeii iauyniythony oai ,
/oi
enneaaeoaiua i?aia?aou iieo/aiu ec ?acee/iuo oeaiaauo enoi/ieeia e ii-
aoo auoue iaoneiaeaiu noaaeeueiuie eiiieaenaie aaia?eia n aaeeaie , a
oaeaea iaee/eai i?eianae . Ii ?aciui aeaiiui , iieaeoey?iue aan
aaia?eia
ninoaaeyao io 4800 aei 20000 . Iaoiae ieceiai oaea ?annayiey O-eo/ae
aeaao
cia/aiea iieaeoey?iiai aana a 12900 , /oi oi?ioi niaeanoaony n
?acoeueoaoa-
ie , iieo/aiiuie n iiiiuueth ?aaiiaaniie naaeeiaioaoeee e aioo?aiiae
ayc-
einoe : 12500 e 12600 niioaaonoaaiii . Iaoiaeii aaeueoeeueo?aoeee ia
naoa-
aeaena G-200 iieacaii, /oi iieaeoey?iua aana aaia?eia , iieo/aiiiai ec
ioeicu niaaee e auea , a oaeaea ec eaaeeo auea , ?aaiu 11000 – 12000 .
Eae ecaanoii a ?yaeo iiiinaoa?eae ( ieeainaoa?eae ( iieenaoa?eae
EE-
– niaeo?u iiaeiuaiey oi?iuathony a nayce n ia?ae?uaaieai iiiaeo iiein
.
E oioy a ianoiyuaa a?aiy eioa?i?aoaoeey EE-niaeo?ia AIN iiaeiaiie neiae-
iie no?oeoo?u e?aeia cao?oaeiaia e oi/iue iaoiae aiaeeca aua ia
?ac?aaioai,
iieo/aiiue A.I.Oeueyiiaui e ae?. EE-niaeo? aaia?eia oe?iu “NIIOA” (*NN?)
iicaieee eaeaioeoeoee?iaaoue iaee/ea iaeneioiia iiaeiuaiey ,
niioaaonoaoth-
ueo aaeaioiui eieaaaieyi neaaeothueo a?oii : SO(N ,SO3 ,COO-, a oaeaea
a?oi-
ie?iaee N—N , II – e ?yae ae?oaeo , i?enoueo no?oeoo?a iieaeoeu aaia?eia
.
A niaeo?a iiaeiuaiey aaia?eia a OO-iaeanoe iaeanoe neaaue iaeneioi
i?e
267 ii . aiciiaeii yoi iaoneiaeaii iacia/eoaeueiuie i?eianyie aaeea eee
aieiieeneio . Oae , A.O.Aeaeia?ia (1972) i?eoae e auaiaeo , /oi /enoua
ia?acoeu aaia?eia ia aeatho iiein iiaeiuaiey a OO-iaeanoe niaeo?a .
Iaeiaei
i?e enneaaeiaaiee aiaeiuo ?anoai?ia ?yaea eiiia?/aneeo i?aia?aoia
aaia?eia
oaeaeinue auyaeoue iaeneioi iiaeiuaiey i?e 258 ii . Aaoi? ioia/aao ,/oi
oea-
caiioth iieino iiaeiuaiey aeaao oaieeaeaiei . N iiiiuueth oioiiao?ee e
o?iiaoia?aoee ia aoiaaa iieacaii , /oi a i?aia?aoao aaia?eia a
iaaieueoeo
eiee/anoaao i?enoonoaoao aaeie : ieieioi a aaia?eia oe?i “IIEUeOA” e
“?EOOA?” (0,0026 e 0,0035 a) e iaeneioi a aaia?eia oe?iu “NIIOA “ e
Aaeei-
neiai caaiaea (0,0045 e 0,006 a ). Aeaeia?ia ioia/aao ,/oi iieo/aiiua
aeaiiua
iiaoo neoaeeoue e?eoa?eai /enoiou yoeo i?aia?aoia .
Naaeeiaioaoeeiiiue aiaeec aaia?eia aeae eiyooeoeeaio naaeeiaioaoeee
aeey
1% – iiai aiaeiiai ?anoai?a oe?iu “NIIOA” 2,65 S.
Iienaiu ?acee/ey a aeieiae/aneie aeoeaiinoe iaaeaeo L- e (-
aaia?eiaie .
Yoi iaoneiaeaii oai , /oi o L-aaia?eia aetheicaiei i?eniaaeeiai
L-aeeeiceae-
iie naycueth , (-aaia?ei eiaao a naiai ninoaaa aaeaeoicaiei ,
niaaeeiaiiue
(-aeeeiceaeiie naycueth . (-aaia?ei , eiathuee a naiai ninoaaa aieaa
ieceia niaea?aeaiea na?u e iaiueoee iieaeoey?iue aan ,/ai L- aaia?ei ,
iaeaaeaao
e iaiueoae aeieiae/aneie aeoeaiinoueth . Ii oeie/aneie no?oeoo?a ii
i?aaenoa-
aeyao niaie oiiae?ieoeina?ioth eeneioo n aoeeee?iaaiiie aieiia?oiiie e
ni-
aea?aeeo aaeaeoicaiei aianoi aetheicaieia .
CAAENEIINOUe IAAEAeO NO?OEOO?IE AAIA?EIA E
AAI AEIEIAE*ANEIE AEOEAIINOUeTH
Iiiyoea aeieiae/aneie aeoeaiinoe aaia?eia aanueia oe?iei , oae eae
niaeo?
aai oeceieiae/aneiai aeaenoaey i/aiue aaeee . Nthaea iiaeii ioianoe aioe
-eiaaoeyioioth aeoeaiinoue , aioeeeiaie/aneia , aioeieoioe/aneia
aeeyiey,
?aaoeyoi?iia aicaeaenoaea a ioiioaiee ?yaea oa?iaioaoeaiuo nenoai e
o.ae.
Iaeiaei iaeaieaa eco/aiiui e eiathuei aieueoia i?aeoe/aneia i?eiaiaiea
yaeyaony aioeeiaaoeyioiue yooaeo aaia?eia . Iiyoiio aiai?y i
aeieiae/aneii aeaenoaee aaia?eia, a iniiaiii aiai?yo i aai
aioeeiaaoeyio-
iuo naienoaao .
Iaia?oaeaii , /oi aioeeiaaoeyioiay aeoeaiinoue aaia?eia naycaia n
iniaaiiinoyie no?iaiey aai iieaeoeu . Oae ( aioeeiaaoeyioiay aeoeaiinoue
caaeneo io niaea?aeaiey na?u ( noaiaie noeueoaoe?iaaiiey ( eiee/anoaa
e ?aniieiaeaiey I – noeueoaoiuo a?oii ( a oaeaea io ?acia?a neaeaoa
iieaeoeu
yoiai iieenaoa?eaea . Aeoeaiinoue auoa a i?aia?aoao n aieueoei
niaea?aeaieai
yoe?inaycaiiie na?u . N.A. Au/eia e A.I. Oa?eaiiaa (1975) iieacaee (
/oi
aeoeaiinoue o?aeoeee ( a eioi?ie ia aeenaoa?eaeioth no?oeoo?ioth
aaeeieoeo i?eoi-
aeeony /aou?a inoaoea na?iie eeneiou ( a 1,4 ?aca i?aauoaao
aeoeaiinoue o?a-
eoeee aaia?eia n o?aiy inoaoeaie . Oaeei ia?acii ( aioeeiaaoeyioiua
aeoea -iinoue aaia?eia ?anoao ii ia?a oaaee/aiey niaea?aeaiey a
iieaeoea inoao-
eia na?iie eeneiou. Aeaeeii( aeaiiay aeoeaiinoue caaeneo io iieiaeaiey
inoaoeia na?iie eeneiou a iieaeoea aaia?eia ( a oaeaea io aeeeiu oeaie
iiea eoeu . A yenia?eiaioao n ieaciie e?iae e?ieeeia iieo/aii ( /oi
iaeneiaeue-
iay aioeeiaaoeyioiay aeoeaiinoue aaia?eia i?iyaeyaony i?e ?I ieaciu
7,3—7,5 ( a ieieiaeueiay i?e ?I 6,1—6,5.
Auneacaii ooaa?aeaeaiea ( /oi aeieiae/aneay aeoeaiinoue aaia?eia
ii?aaea-
eyaony noaiaiueth noeueoaoaoeee ( ea?aieneeaoeee ( a oaeaea ?acia?ii (
oi?iie
iieaeoeu e iieaeoey?iui aanii . A /anoiinoe ( iieacaii ( /oi
aeanoeueoe?iaaiea ( i?ienoiaeyuaa a ?acoeueoaoa iyaeiai aeae?ieeca (
nii?i- aiaeaeaaony oiaiueoaieai aeieiae/aneie aeoeaiinoe . I?e neeueiie
uaei/iie
?aaeoeee n?aaeu aaia?ei ?ac?ooaaony ( /oi au?aaeaaony a auno?ie iioa?a
ei
a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue aioeeeiaie/aneie aeoeaiinoe . N ae?oaie noi?iiu (
aeaaea
ieceay eeneioiinoue aucuaaao iioa?th aaia?eiii aioeeiaaoeyioiie
aeoeaiinoe.
I?e/ai noaiaiue yoie iioa?e i?yii i?iii?oeeiiaeueia noaiaie iiyaeaiey
a
iieaeoea aaia?eia naiaiaeiuo aieiia?oii . Iieiay eiaeoeaaoeey
i?ienoiaeeo
eiaaea aieaa iieiaeiu acioa i?enoonoaotho a oi?ia naiaiaeiuo NH2 – a?oii
.
Iiae aeaenoaeai ai?y/ae oenoniie eeneiou aaia?ei oa?yao cia/eoaeueioth
/anoue
aioeeiaaoeyioiie aeoeaiinoe i?e iaeiia?aiaiiii nio?aiaiee iieaeoey?iiai
aana e niaea?aeaiey aetheicaieia . I?e yoii iaaethaeaaony oaaee/aiea
eii- noaiou naaeeiaioaoeee e noaiaie iieeaeenia?niinoe ia?aeeaeueii n
oiaiue-
oaieai o?eeoeeiiiiai niioiioaiey . I?aaeiieaaaaony ( /oi aieiiue acio
(
eioi?ue ia?aui iouaieyaony a i?ioeanna ?ae?enoaeeecaoeee aaia?eia iinea
aai ia?aaioee eeneioie ( ea?aao aaaeioth ?ieue a i?iyaeaiee
aioeeiaaoeyioiie
aeoeaiinoe . I?e ?I n?aaeu 1—2 e 25( a oa/aiea 25 /ania eciaiaiey
aeiei-
ae/aneie aeoeaiinoe aaia?eia ia i?ienoiaeeo . Eciaiaiea aeoeaiinoe
iaa-
ethaeaaony iinea aicaeaenoaey a oa/aiea 60 /ania ?I 4,4 e 23( .
Aeaeeii iiae aeeyieai eeneiou a iieaeoea aaia?eia ia?acothony
aioo?aiiea yoe?u ( /oi iauyniyao iaaethaeaaiua eciaiaiey
iieaeoey?iiai aana ( aioo?aiiae
ayceinoe e ninoaaa iieaeoeu .
Iiiai/aniaia aicaeaenoaea ia au/ee (- e (- aaia?ei 40%-iie
oenoniie
eeneioie i?e 37( nii?iaiaeaeaeinue iioa?ae yoeie aauanoaaie 7—8%
noeue-
oaoiuo a?oii e ii/oe 100% aioeeiaaoeyioiuo naienoa .
Aaia?ei ia eciaiyao naieo iaoeaiuo naienoa ( a /anoiinoe
aioeeiaao-
eyioiie aeoeaiinoe ( a i?ioeanna ia?aaioee aai ia?ii i?e 100( a
oa/aiea
/ana i?e ?I 7 . Neaaeiaaoaeueii ( aaia?ei iiaeii noa?eeeciaaoue .
Ioia/aia ei??aeyoeey iaaeaeo aioeeiaaoeyioiie aeoeaiinoueth
o?aeoeee
aaia?eia e aai iieaeoey?iui aanii . Oae aeaaea i?e
iacia/eoaeueiii o?ia- ia noeueoaoa (2,0 — 2,8 noeueoaoiuo a?oii ia
inoaoie aetheicu) o i?aia?a-
oia aaia?eia n ieceei iieaeoey?iui aanii (noaiaiue iieeia?ecaoeee
?aaia
ioia/aeanue neaaay aeoeaiinoue . Eioa?anii ( /oi noeueoaoe?iaaiiua
aeae-
no?aiu n aunieei iieaeoey?iui aanii oaeaea i?iyaeytho aanueia
aunieoth
aioeeiaaoeyioioth aeoeaiinoue . Aeoeaiinoue ieceiiieaeoey?iuo o?aeoeee
aaia-
?eia iaea . Aioeeiaaoeyioiay aeoeaiinoue aaia?eia n iieaeoey?iui
aanii
io 2500 aei 15500 oaaee/eaaaony ii ia?a aic?anoaiey iieaeoey?iiai
aana
aei 10000 ( ii aeaeueiaeoaa aic?anoaiea ia aucuaaao caiaoiuo
naeaeaia .
Oiaiueoaiea iieaeoey?iiai aana aaia?eia i?e aeae?ieeca a aieueoae
ia?a
iaoneiaeaii noaiaiueth aeanoeueoaoaoeee iieaeoeu ( /ai aa
aeaiieeia?ecaoeee.
I?e /anoe/iii aeae?ieeca ioia/aii oaeaea iaaeaiea
iieaeoey?iiai aana
e niioiioaiey inae iieaeoeu aaia?eia ( a oaeaea nieaeaiea
ayceinoe a
aiaea . N iiiiuueth aeenia?nee iioe/aneiai a?auaiey iieacaii ( /oi
N –
– aeanoeueoaoaoeey aaia?eia ia eciaiyao aai anoanoaaiiie no?oeoo?u
( ii
iieiay aeanoeueoaoaoeey aucuaaao en/aciiaaiea iaoeaiie eiioi?iaoeee
.
(-iaeo/aiea aucuaaei aeaiieeia?ecaoeeth aaia?eia ( ii
aeanoeueoaoaoeey i?e yoii ia iaaethaeaeanue . Aicaeaenoaea OO –
eceo/aiey nieaeaei aioeeiaaoeyi-
oioth aeoeaiinoue e oiaiueoaei iioaioeeaeueioth aiciiaeiinoue
naycuaaiey eo
eaoeiiiuo e?aneoaeae . Iioie aea yeaeo?iiia iaoneiaeeaae
aeaiiee?aieca-
oeeth aaia?eia .
Aeaenoaea aaia?eia ( eiaeaeoi?a i?aeoe/anee anao oac i?ioeanna
naa?ou-
aaiey e?iae ( i?iyaeyaony i?e iaee/ee e o/anoee eioaeoi?a
aaia?eia (
i?enoonoaothuaai a ieacia e?iae . Eioaeoi? aaia?eia ( aiciiaeii (
i?aaenoa- aeyao niaie iaeio ec o?aeoeee nuai?ioi/iiai aeueaoieia .
I?aaeaea anaai iaiaoiaeeii iiae/a?eiooue ( /oi a ianoiyuee iiiaio
iao iie-
iie yniinoe ioiineoaeueii iaoaieciia aeineioaca aaia?eia .
Enoiaeiua
aauanoaa iaiaoiaeeiua i?aaiecio aeey ia?aciaaiey aaia?eia ( –
aetheica e
iai?aaie/aneee oinoao . Noeueoaoaoeey i?ienoiaeeo a oo/iuo eeaoeao
n?acoaea aneaae ca iieeia?ecaoeeae . Iai?ioea ( ?aen e niaaoi?u
(Rice et al.(1967)
n/eoatho ( /oi ia?aiin noeueoaoa i?ienoiaeeo ia ieceiiieaeoey?iua
i?aae-
oanoaaiieee . I?aaeiieaaatho oaeaea ( /oi niiniaiinoue oi?aaeyoue
ia?aoiaeii
noeueoaoa a N – aeanoeueoe?iaaiiue aaia?ei i?iyaeyao
iee?iniiaeueiay o?aeoeey ec aiiiaaiaoa ianoioeeoia iiooiee e /oi
naiaiaeiua aieiia?oiiu
iaiaoiaeeiu aeey yiceiaoe/aneie N – noeueoaoaoeee
aeeeicaieiiaeeeaiia
Ia iniiaaiee yenia?eiaioia ( i?iaiaeeiuo ia oeaie
ianoioeeoiiu iu – oe ( ii eco/aieth aeineioaca niaoeeoe/aneiai
inoaoea aetheo?iiiaie een- eiou auea i?aaeeiaeaia noaia ?aaeoeee
aeineioaca a iaeanoe nayce aa-
ia?ei – iieeiaioeae . Auneacaii i?aaeiieiaeaiea ( /oi a i?ioeanna
neioaca i?ienoiaeeo ?yae niaoeeoe/aneeo aeeeiceeo?ainoa?aciuo
?aaeoeee . I?e yoii
i?iaeoeo eaaeaeiai i?aaeuaeouaai yoaia neoaeeo noano?aoii aeey
neaaeothuae
?aaeoeee . Aeey eaaeaeie ?aaeoeee ia?aiina iaiaoiaeei ioaeaeueiue
oa?iaio .
iaee/ea iaeiiai ec oaeeo oa?iaioia – aetheo?iiiceeo?ainoa?acu
iaia?oaea-
ii a iaia?aia oo/iuo eeaoie .
Aii?in i oi/iie eieaeecaoeee no?oeoo? ( naycaiiuo n
aeineioacii
aaia?eia ( aei neo ii? ia ?aoai . Iaeiaei anoue iiiai/eneaiiua
oeacaiey
ia oi ( /oi iaiin?aaenoaaiiia ioiioaiea e neioaco eiatho oo/iua
eeaoee
niaaeeieoaeueiie oeaie ( a oaeaea aaiaoe/anee ?iaenoaaiiua e
ooieoeeiiaeue-
ii aeeceea ei aacioeeueiua eeaoee e?iae ( a nayce n /ai e oa
e ae?oaea
iieo/eee iacaaiea “aaia?eiioeeou”. Aeieacaii ( /oi niaea?aeauea
aaia?ei
a?aioeu oo/iuo eeaoie auaeaeytho yoi aauanoai a iaaeeeaoieee e
e?iaue .
Oaeaea aacioeeu neoaeao enoi/ieeii aaia?eia ( auaeaeyy a ieacio
e?iae
iaaieueoea ii?oeee yoiai aioeeiaaoeyioa . Ii ioia/ay ianiioaaonoaea
iaaeaeo iauei eiee/anoaii aaia?eia a i?aaiecia e aai
niaea?aeaieai a
oo/iuo eeaoeao ( i?aaeiieaaaao aiciiaeiinoue nouanoaiaaiey e
ae?oaeo enoi/-
ieeia aaia?eia .
Ecaanoii ( /oi oo/iua eeaoee ( eiathueany a i?aaiecia ia
oieueei aun-
oeo aeeaioiuo ( ii e ii?neeo caacae ( iieethneia ( ?aeiia?aciuo e
i?aaenoaaeythuea niaie iaycaoaeueioth /anoue niaaeeieoaeueiie oeaie
( ?acae-
aathony ec oeaiae iacaioeiu . I?aaeoanoaaiieeaie oo/iuo eeaoie
yaeytho-
ny ( i/aaeaeii ( i?iiae?ioiae iiiioeeoa?iiai i?ienoiaeaeaiey .
Aa?iyoii ( eea-
oi/iua yeaiaiou e?iae iiiioeeoa?iiai ?yaea ( i?iieeay a
iaaeeeaoieee nia-
aeeieoaeueiie oeaie ( aeatho ia/aei oo/iui eeaoeai . Eae n/eoaaony
( iieiaeua
oo/iua eeaoee aa?oo naia i?ienoiaeaeaiea io eeaoie ( iiaeiaiuo
n?aaeiei
eeioioeeoai . iineaaeiea oaeaea aeoeaii neioace?otho aaia?ei e
ae?oaea no-
eueoaoe?iaaiiua ioeiiieenaoa?eaeu .
Iniiaaieai aeey ooaa?aeaeaiey i iaiin?aaenoaaiiii ioiioaiee oo/iuo
eeaoie e i?ioeanno naa?ouaaiey e?iae iineoaeeei eo ?aniieiaeaiea
aaeece
e?iaaiiniuo ninoaeia ( a oaeaea oi ( /oi iie yaeythony iineoaeyie
aaia?eia.
Aei 90% anae iannu oo/iuo eeaoie i?eoiaeeony ia caiieiythuea
oeeoiieac-
io aacioeeueiua iaoao?iiaoe/aneea a?aioeu aeeaiao?ii 0(3 – 1(0 ie .
Ia
1 ia oo/iuo eeaoie e?unu i?eoiaeeony 316 iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo aaeeieoe
aaia?eia(
eioi?ue aanueia i?i/ii naycai n a?aioeaie ( oae /oi aai iiaeii
auaeaeeoue
eeoue iinea eo ?ac?ooaiey . Ia?yaeo n yoei eiathony oeacaiey ia
oi ( /oi
aaia?ei iaoiaeeony a oeeoiieacia a naiaiaeiii ninoiyiee .
A iieueco oiai ( /oi aaia?ei neioace?oaony a oo/iuo eeaoeao (
aiai?eo oaeo iaia?oaeaiey a ieo ?yaea oa?iaioia ( iaania/eaathoeo
ia?aciaaiea
noeueoaoe?iaaiiuo ioeiiieenaoa?eaeia . Aanueia aaaeiui
aeieacaoaeuenoaii
neoaeeo e oi ( /oi ia/aiua i?aaeoanoaaiieee aeeth/athony a
aaia?ei a?aioe
oo/iuo eeaoie ( nai aea i?aaeaa?eoaeueii ia/aiue aaia?ei a ieo
ia iaia-
?oaeeaaaony . E?iia aaia?eia a a?aioeao oo/iuo eeaoie ?aciuo
aeaeia iea-
eiieoathueo niaea?aeaony iaeo?aeueiua ioeiiieenaoa?eaeu ( aaia?ei –
iiii-
noeueoao . Iniiao a?aioe i?aaenoaaeyao eiiieaen aaeie – aaia?ei .
Aaia?ei
nouanoaoao i?aeiouanoaaiii a aeanoeie aaeaioiie eiiaeiaoeee n
aaeeaie
e i?aeoe/anee ia iaia?oaeeaaaony a caiaoiuo eiee/anoaao eae
yeno?aoeae-
eoey?iue eiiiiiaio niaaeeieoaeueiie oeaie . I?i/iay naycue aaia?eia
e aae-
ea i?e yoii iaoneiaeaia niaaeeiaieai noeueoaoiuo e ea?aieneeueiuo
a?oii
iieenaoa?eaea n NH-a?oiiaie a?aeieia aaeea . Iaiaa i?i/ii n yoei
eii-
ieaenii iin?aaenoaii naiaiaeiuo NII – a?oii aaeea naycai aenoaiei.
Ioiineoaeueii i?ienoiaeaeaiey a?aioe oo/iuo eeaoie
nouanoaoao e oaeay
oi/ea c?aiey ( niaeanii eioi?ie iie yaeythony i?iecaiaeiuie
aiia?aoa Ai-
eueaeaee . N ae?oaie noi?iiu n/eoaaony ( /oi iie i?aaenoaaeytho
niaie niaoee-
oe/aneea no?oeoo?u ( aeeooa?aioee?iaaaoeany ec ieoioiiae?ee .
Aaia?ei niaea?aeeony ai anao oeaiyo ieaeiieoathueo (
eiathueo eeaoi/iua yeaiaiou : a ia/aie ( eaaeeo ( naeacaiea ( a
noaieao e?iaaiiniuo
ninoaeia ( a ieuaaa?eoaeueiii o?aeoa ( eiaea e ae?. Anoue ii e a
iooeeia nae-
iuee ( a e?iae ( ia/aie e iuooeao ?ua ( a oeaiyo ?yaea ii?neeo
iieethneia .
Iaeaieaa aiaaou aaia?eiii eaaeea e ia/aiue ieaeiieoathueo .
Aaia?ei
iaia?oaeai oaeaea a iioiaie aeeaeeinoe . Aaaeiaeoei enoi/ieeii
aeey iieo-
/aiey aaia?eia a oa?iaeieiae/aneeo oeaeyo yaeyaony oeaiue eaaeeo e
eaino-
ea ia/aie auea . Aaia?ei iaia?oaeai a y?eo?ioeeoao e eaeeioeeoao
. Ieiei
90% aaia?eia e?iae naycaii n oi?iaiiuie yeaiaioaie . Ecaanoii aieueoia
eiee/anoai ae?oaeo enoi/ieeia aaia?eia e aaia?eiiiiaeiaiuo aauanoa
. Oae
oeaie iiiaeo ii?neeo aeeaioiuo niaea?aeao aaoanoaa n aunieie
aioeeiaao-
eyioiie aeoeaiinoueth . Aaia?ei oaeaea auaeaeai ec eiaee e?un.
Iieacaii ( /oi auaeaeaiiia aauanoai i?aaenoaaeyao niaie
aunieiiieaeoey?iia nia-
aeeiaiea n ?acaaoaeaiiie no?oeoo?ie ( a ia aa?aaao
ieceiiieaeoey?iuo . Aai iieaeoey?iue aan 1100000 ( a eiyooeoeeaio
naaeeiaioaoeee 12(8 S .
I?aia?ao aaia?eia a 16 ?ac aieaa aycie ( /ai aaia?ei ec
iooeeia naeiuee
Eeoiaue aaia?ei ((-aaia?ei) aia?aua aue auaeaeai ec eaaeeo e
eeoa/ieea
eeoa – iieinaoeea . Ioee/eoaeueiay iniaaiiinoue aai no?oeoo?u
caeeth/aaony
a oii ( /oi ii niaea?aeeo N – aoeaoeeaetheicaiei ( e eioi?iio
i?eniaaeeiaiu ae?oaea a?oiiu aaia?eia . Iieaeoey?iue aan ( – aaia?eia
aeecie e aano aaia?eia iieo/aiiiai ec oeaiae e?oiiiai ?iaaoiai
neioa .
OA?IAEIEIAE*ANEEA NAIENOAA AAIA?EIA
I?aia?aou ( iooe aaaaeaiey ( ?ac?ooaiey . Iieo/atho aaia?ei ec
eaaeeo e?oiiiai ?iaaoiai neioa . Aeey iaaeeoeeineiai i?eiaiaiey
auioneaaony a aeaea iao?eaaie niee – aii?oiiai aaeiai ii?ioea (
?an-
oai?eiiai a aiaea e ecioiie/aneii ?anoai?a iao?ey oei?eaea ; ?I
1%
?anoai?a 6(0 – 7(5 .
Aeoeaiinoue aaia?eia ii?aaeaeyaony aeieiae/aneei iaoiaeii –
– ii niiniaiinoe caaea?aeeaaoue naa?ouaaiea e?iae e au?aaeaaony a
aaeeieoeao aeaenoaey ( AAe ) ; 1 ia iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai noaiaea?oa
aaia?eia
niaea?aeeo 130 AAe ( 1 AAe = 0(0077 ia ). I?aeoe/anee i?aia?ao
auion-
eaaony n aeoeaiinoueth ia iaiaa 110 AAe a 1 ia . Aeey eiuaeoeee
auion-
eaaony ?anoai? aaia?eia ii 5000 ( 10000 e 20000 AAe a 1 ie .
Ca ?oaaaeii auioneaaony oaeaea eiaeiaaia?eiao iao?ey ( aaia?e
–
iao ( ae?oaea i?aia?aou aaia?eia i?ieiiae?iaaiiiai aeaenoaey .
Aaiaeeony aaia?ei aioo?eaaiii ( aioo?eiuoa/ii ( iiaeeiaeii ( a
ae-
aea ay?iciey eiaaeyoeeiiii ( noaaaaeiaeueii .
A ianoiyuaa a?aiy iieo/aiu aaia?eiiiiaeiaiua niaaeeiaiey (
oae iacuaaaiua aaia?eiieaeu . E yoie a?oiia ioiineony ioa/anoaai –
iue i?aia?ao neiaio?ei – N ( iieo/aiiue ec oeaeetheicu . Ii
oaea?aee-
aaaony a e?iae aeieueoa ( /ai aaia?ei ( iiyoiio aai aaiaeyo a
iaiueoeo
aeicao . Auioneaaony a aiioeao ii 5 ie (3200 AAe) . Aaiaeyo
i?aia?ao a
ino?uo neo/ayo aioo?eaaiii e aioo?eiuoa/ii ii 2 ie /a?ac eaaeaeua
6 /. ( a a oyaeaeuo neo/ayo – ii 4 ie eaaeaeua 4 /. Aeeeoaeueiinoue
i?eia-
iaiey oaeay aea ( eae aaia?eia.
Ca ?oaaaeii eniuoai n aeaaii?eyoiui yooaeoii a yenia?eiaioa
e eeeieea aaia?eiieae G 31150 . E aaia?eiieaeai ioiinyony e?iia
oiai(
eeeaaiei ( eeeaieae ( aeaeno?anoeueoao ( aoa?ieae ( aaiieea? (
aeaeno?aiei(
ia?eoie ( o?aao?ii ( o?iiainoii ( yeaia?ii e ae?.
Iaeiaei aieueoeinoai oeacaiiuo i?aia?aoia ana aua eco/athony
e
iiea ia iieo/eee aieaa eee iaiaa oe?ieiai ?ani?ino?aiaiey a eee-
ie/aneie i?aeoeea ( aaea ii i?aaeiaio i?aaeii/oaiea ioaeaaony
aaia?eio.
Aaia?ei aoiaeeo a ninoaa o?iiaieeoeia ( niaea?aeauaai o?einei
e
aaia?ei a niioiioaiee 6 :1 . I?aia?ao iaeaaeaao oea?eiieeoe/aneeie
e aioeeiaaoeyioiuie naienoaaie ( auioneaaony ai oeaeiiao ii 0(05
e 0(1 a. Ieiaiytho aioo?eaaiii e aioo?eiuoa/ii . Aeey aioo?eaaiiiai
aaaaeaiey niaea?aeeiia oeaeiia ?anoai?ytho a 20 ie ecioiie/aneiai
?anoai?a oei?eaea iao?ey ( aeey aioo?eiuoa/iuo eiuaeoeee – a 5 -10 ie
0(5 – 2% ?anoai?a iiaieaeia . Aioo?eaaiii aaiaeyo iaaeeaiii ( a
oa/aiea 3 – 5 iei) . Aeey noaaaaeiaeueiiai i?eiaiaiey auioneathony
i?aia?aou ioa/anoaaiiiai i?iecaiaenoaa aaeiaai e ?oiuineiai
i?iecaiaenoaa —
— aaia?ei-1.
Ia?oaeii i?eiaiytho iacue aaia?eiiaoth neaaeothuaai ninoaaa :
aaia-
?eia 2500 AAe ( aianoaceia 1 a. ( aaiceeiaiai yoe?a ieeioeiiaie
een-
eiou 0(02 a. ( iacaaie iniiau aei 25 a.
Iaeaieaa iinoiyiiia iauaa aeaenoaea aaia?eia eae
aioeeiaaoeyioa
iaaethaeaaony i?e aioo?eaaiiii aaaaeaiee . I?e yoii yooaeo
ianooia-
ao oaea /a?ac 3 – 5 .
Iniiaiui iaoiaeii aaaaeaiey aaia?eia a eeeieea a ianoiyuaa a?aiy
yaeyaony ia?aioa?aeueiue .
Aaaaeaiiue a i?aaieci aaia?ei /anoe/ii ?ac?ooaaony a ia/aie e
ii/eao ( /anoe/ii auaeaeyaony a iaeciaiaiiii aeaea n ii/ie .
Ia?eiae iieo?aniaaea aaia?eia caaeneo io aeicu aaaaeaiiiai
i?aia-
?aoa : iinea eiuaeoeee 3000 AAe ii ninoaaeyao 40 ieioo e iinea
eiu-
aeoeee 10000 AAe 69 – 83 iei.
?ieue aaia?eia a
ai?iiiaeueiie
?aaoeyoeee ooieoeee
oa?iaeieiae/aneea
naienoaa
aaia?eia
CAAENEIINOUe
IAAEAeO
NO?OEOO?IE
AAIA?EIA E AAI
AEIEIAE*ANEIE
AEOEAIINOUeTH
AEINEIOAC
AAIA?EIA
E AAI
OEAIAAUA
ENOI*IEEE
AEEssIEA AAIA?EIA
IA *AEIAAEA
AEEssIEA AAIA?EIA IA IEUAAA?EOAEUeIUE O?AEO.
A ia?aua aiaeu eco/aiey e i?eiaiaiey aaia?eia eae
aioeeiaaoeyioa(
aai naycue n nenoaiie ieuaaa?aiey i?aaenoaaeyeanue oieueei a oii
niu-
nea ( /oi yoio i?aia?ao iiaeao aucaaoue ineiaeiaiey .
A ianoiyuaa a?aiy anoue aeaiiua i oii ( /oi aaia?ei oi?iiceo
aeaeoaei/ioth nae?aoeeth e iaeaaeaao i?ioeaiycaaiiui yooaeoii .
Iaeiaei
e aei ianoiyuaai a?aiaie iaeioi?ua enneaaeiaaoaee iuoathony
iauynieoue aai i?ioeaiycaaiiue yooaeo aeaaii?eyoiui aeeyieai ia
aaiiaeeiaieeo .
AEEssIEA AAIA?EIA IA NENOAIO E?IAAOAI?AIEss
E IA?EOA?E*ANEOTH E?IAUe
Ianiio?y ia iaeioi?oth i?ioeai?a/eainoue eeoa?aoo?iuo aeaiiuo i
aee-
yiee aaia?eia ia ioaeaeueiua noi?iiu nenoaiu e?iaioai?aiey ( a
oeaeii
i?aia?ao iaeaaeaao caiaoiui noeioee?othuei aeaenoaeai ia aaiiiiyc.
Aaia?ei oaea a aeica 250 aae\ea aucuaae au?aaeaiiue eaeeioeeoic :
o iuoae iaeneioi /a?ac 1 /an ( o e?un – /a?ac 3 /ana . N
aic?anoaieai
aeicu oaaee/eaaeny eaeeioeeoic ( eioi?ue aicieeae i?aeiouanoaaiii
ca n/ao eeioioeeoia. Iiuoaie ia iiai?iaeaeaiiuo e iieiaic?aeuo
iuoao e e?unao onoaiiaeaii( /oi iiiaie?aoiia aaaaeaiea i?aia?aoa
oaaee/eaaei eiee/anoai a oeiona e naeacaiea noaieiauo
e?iaaoai?iuo
eeaoie. I?aaenoaaeytho eioa?an enneaaeiaaiey ( i?iaaaeaiiua ia
e?ieeeao(
a oiaea eioi?uo auyniaii ( /oi aaia?ei nouanoaaiii ia aeeye ia
niaea?aeaiea y?eo?ioeeoia e aaiiaeiaeia ( iaeiaei eiee/anoai
?aoeeoeioee-
oia oaaee/eaaeinue ia 15% a ia?aua /anu iinea aai aaaaeaiey.
Aieaa /aoei onoaiiaeaiui iiaeii n/eoaoue oaeo noeioeyoeee
aaia?eiii au?aaioee eaeeioeeoia e eo oaaioeeoa?iie aeoeaiinoe .
Oae (
ioia/aii( /oi iiae aeeyieai aaia?eia i?ienoiaeeo aic?anoaiea
aaniethoiiai /enea eeioioeeoia e iaeioi?ia iiauoaiea iaeo?ioeeia
e aacioeeia ( oaaee/eaaaony /enei ieoicia a eeioaoe/aneeo oceao .
Eiathony iaaethaeaiey i oii ( /oi aaia?ei iaeaaeae aeaoooaciui
aeaeno-
aeai ia niaea?aeaiea eaeeioeeoia a e?iae : aia/aea ( iinea
aaaaeaiey
i?aia?aoa ( aicieeaee eaeeiiaiey e yiceiioeeey.
AAIA?EI E
NA?AeA*II-NINOAeENOAss
NENOAIA
Ooieoeeiiay iieiioeaiiinoue na?aea/ii-ninoaeenoie nenoaiu iaoneia-
eaia a iniiaiii 3 oaeoi?aie : 1) nie?aoeoaeueiie niiniaiinoueth
na?ae-
oea ; 2) oiionii ninoaeia ; 3) iannie oee?eoee?othuae e?iae e aa
?aieiae-
/aneeie naienoaaie . A ?aaoeyoeee yoeo iaoaieciia aaia?ei
i?eieiaao
naiia iaiin?aaenoaaiiia o/anoea . Ii oneeeaaao ?aaioo na?aeoea (
nieaeay
iaeiia?aiaiii oiion ninoaeia e oeo/oay ?aieiae/aneea naienoaa
e?iae.
O aieueiuo eoaie/aneie aieaciueth na?aeoea iinea eo?na ea/aiey
a oa-
/aiea 14 aeiae i?aia?ao ia?yaeo n aeaaii?eyoiuie naeaeaaie a
nenoaia
naa?ouaaiey e eeieaeiii iaiaia aucuaae oeo/oaiea nie?aoeoaeueiie
ooieoeee na?aeoea . Yoi i?ienoiaeeei ca n/ao oiaiueoaiey oacu
eciiao-
?e/aneiai nie?auaiey ( oaeeeiaiey ia?eiaea ecaiaiey ( caiaoiiai
nieaea-
iey ia?eoa?e/aneiai nii?ioeaeaiey .
Aaia?ei aeaaii?eyoii aeeyao ia iaiai iae?iy?ae/aneeo oinoaoia
a na?aea/iie iuooea. Ii eciaiyao niioiioaiea eiiiiiaioia aaeaieei-
aie nenoaiu a ?acee/iuo ioaeaeao na?aeoea. Iaeaieaa au?aaeaiiue
yooaeo aaia?eia ia yia?aaoe/aneee iaiai na?aeoea auyaeai /a?ac
/an
iinea aai aaaaeaiey . A ii?iaeueiie na?aea/iie iuooea aaia?ei
aeinoi-
aa?ii iiauoaao aeoeaiinoue ioeeaac ( aeacaieiac aethoaieiiaie e
aaeaie-
eiaie eeneio ( iaeo?aeueiuo i?ioaeiac ( o?ainaieiac e ae?.(o.a.
aeoeaiinoue
iniiaiuo yiceiia aeenneieey?iie oacu acioenoiai iaiaia.
Iaeiaei o?iaaiue aaeeia e ioeeaeiiauo eeneio i?e yoii ia
nieaeaao-
ny ( ii anae aa?iyoiinoe ( ca n/ao iaeiia?aiaiiiai oneeaiey eo
neioaca.
Oa?aeoa?ia oaeaea oaiaeaioeey e oneeaieth ?aneioaca aeeeiaaia (
iiauoa-
ieth eeiioeoe/aneie aeoeaiinoe ieiea?aea ( ii?iaeecaoeee o?iaiy
noeue-
oaeae?eaeiuo a?oii e ae?.
A oneiaeyo aeiiaea?iee aaia?ei oeo/oaao na?aea/ioth
i?iaiaeeiinoue.
Iauai?eciaiiui n/eoaaony aeiioaiceaiia aeaenoaea aaia?ei . A
ia-
oaiecia aai ninoaei?anoe?ythuaai yooaeoa eiaao cia/aiea nieaeaiea
/oanoaeoaeueiinoe ia?eoa?e/aneeo i?aeaieeey?ia e aeaenoaeth
aae?aiaee-
ia e ii?aae?aiaeeia . Nouanoaoao iiaiea ( /oi iaaethaeathuaany i?e
aicaoaeaeaiee ninoaei-aeaeaaoaeueiiai oeaio?a nieaeaiea o?iaiy
aaia?eia
niinianoaoao iiauoaieth /oanoaeoaeueiinoe a?oa?eaeueiuo ninoaeia e
eaoaoieaieiai . A oi aea a?aiy aaia?ei a aeica 400 aae\ea i?e
4-e?aoiii
aaaaeaiee o eioae nieaeaao niaea?aeaiea ii?aae?aiaeeia a noaieao
aai e
a?oa?ee . Aeaaiaea?y ninoaei?anoe?yauaio aeaenoaeth aaia?eia
oaaee/e-
aaaony ieaoeaioa?iia e?iaiia?auaiea . O aieueiuo naoa?iui aeeaaaoii
iaoiaeaie ?aiaacia?aoee e eaieeey?ineiiee onoaiiaeaiu oeo/oaiea
eieeaoa?aeueiiai e?iaiia?auaiey ( iaeioi?ay ii?iaeecaoeey oiiona
ninoaeia e i?iieoeaaiinoe ( oiaiueoaiea ia?eeaieeey?iiai ioaea.
Iiiaiia?acea iooae e iaoiaeia aaaaeaiey aaia?eia aace?oaony
ia
iaoiaaiaoe/aneie iniiaa. Aaia?ei ( eae e ae?oaea iieenaoa?eaeu (
iaeaaea-
ao iaeaieaa au?aaeaiiui yooaeoii a ianoao ananuaaiey (
oee?eoeyoeee
e auaaaeaiey ( o.a. a ianoao iaeaieueoae aai eiioeaio?aoeee .
Iiyoiio
aeey ea/aiey e i?ioeeaeoeee o?iiaiyiaiee/aneeo ineiaeiaiee aai
oeaeaniia?aciaa eniieueciaaoue iooai aaaaeaiey a ninoaeenoia
?onei(
i?e caaieaaaieyo aeuoaoaeueiie nenoaiu – a aeaea eiaaeyoeee ( aeey
i?i-
oeeaeoeee niaae – aioo?ea?thoeiii e o.ae.
Neaaeoao ( eiia/ii ( o/eouaaoue ( /oi aaia?ei ( iiaeiaii
ae?oaei i?aia-
?aoai ( iaeaaeaao iiai/iui aeaenoaeai . Iauaecaanoia aai
niiniaiinoue
i?e ia?aaeice?iaea aucuaaoue aaiii?aae/aneea yaeaiey . E?iia oiai a
iineaaeiaa a?aiy auyaeaii iaaeaeaoaeueiia naienoai aaia?eia i?e
aeeeoaeueiii i?eiaiaiee i?eaiaeeoue e ?acaeoeth inoaiii?ica ( /oi
iiaeao
niinianoaiaaoue aicieeiiaaieth ia?aeiiia einoae.
NIENIE ENIIEUeCIAAIIIE EEOA?AOO?U
Ae.A. Ianeaeia “Aeieiae/aneay aeoeaiinoue iaeioi?uo iieenaoa?e-
aeia e eo eeeie/aneia i?eiaiaiea” Ieine 1977 ( 615 I314
A.E. Oeueyiia ( E.A. Eyieia “Nia?aiaiiua aeaiiua i aaia?eia e
aai aeioeie/aneeo naienoaao” ( aeo?iae “Oniaoe nia?aiaiiie aei-
eiaee” O-83
Ae.A. Oa?aeiai “Aeioeiey” I.( Aunoay oeiea 1966
Ae.?. Eio?ain( I.I.Aaieoo ”Eeeie/aneay oa?iaeieiaey” I.(Iaaeeoeeia1991
A.E. A?eoethe “Eeeie/aneia i?eiaiaiea aaia?eia” Eeaa 1981.
Ieienoa?noai cae?aaiio?aiaiey ?O
ss?ineaaneay ainoaea?noaaiiay iaaeeoeeineay aeaaeaiey
Eaoaae?a aeieiae/aneie e aeii?aaie/aneie oeiee
?AOA?AO
Aaoa?iiieenaoa?eaeu . Aaia?ei .
Auiieiee: nooaeaio 1 eo?na ( 13 a?oiiu
ea/aaiiai oaeoeueoaoa
Ooia
Aeaaeeneaa
?oeiaiaeeoaeue:
Oioeiaa I.A.
ss?ineaaeue 1997
Iaeaaeaiea
1) Oeie/aneay no?oeoo?a aaia?eia
2) Caaeneiinoue iaaeaeo no?oeoo?ie aaia?eia e aai
aeieiae/aneie aeoeaiinoueth
3) Aeineioac aaia?eia
4) Oa?iaeieiae/aneea naienoaa aaia?eia
5) Aeeyiea aaia?eia ia /aeiaaea
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