Фермент

-1-

Oi?ie?iaaiea iiiyoey “oa?iaio” a oeieueiii eo?na aeieiaee e naycue
n oeieueiui eo?nii oeiee.

1. Aaaaeaiea

2.Oi?ie?iaaiea iiiyoey “oa?iaio” a eo?na “Aiaoiiey,oeceieiaey e aeaeaia
/aeiaaea”:

a) ii?aaeaeaiea iiiyoey “oa?iaio” a oaia “Iauaa ciaeiinoai n
i?aaieciii /aeiaaea”;

a) ?acaeoea iiiyoey “oa?iaio” a oaia “Ieuaaa?aiea”;

a) ?aeiiaiaeaoeee eciaiaiee a oiaea oi?ie?iaaiey iiiyoey
“oa?iaio” a oaia “Ieuaaa?aiea”;

a) oi?ie?iaaiea iiiyoey “oa?iaio” a oaia “Iaiai aauanoa”;

3.Oi?ie?iaaiea iiiyoey “oa?iaio” a eo?na “Iauay aeieiaey”:

a)oi?ie?iaaiea iiiyoey “oa?iaio” a oaia “O/aiea i eeaoea”

a)caaa?oaiea ?acaeoey iiiyoey “oa?iaio” a oaia “Iaiai aauanoa
e i?aa?auaiea yia?aee a eeaoea”

4.Iaoiaee/aneea ?ac?aaioee i?iaaaeaiey oaeoeueoaoeaiuo caiyoee ii oaia
“Oa?iaio” a O1 eeanna.

5.Auaiaeu.

-2-

AAAAeAIEA

Iaeiei ec ooiaeaiaioaeueiuo iiiyoee, eae aeieiaee,oae e oeiee
yaeyaony iiiyoea “oa?iaio”.Eco/aiea oa?iaioia eiaao aieueoia cia/aiea
aeey ethaie iaeanoe aeieiaee,a oaeaea aeey iiiaeo io?aneae
oeie/aneie,ieuaaie e oa?iaoeaaoe/aneie i?iiuoeaiiinoe,caiyouo
i?iecaiaenoaii aeieiae/anee aeoeaiuo aauanoa aeey iaaeeoeeiu e
ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa.

Iiyoiio iaeiei ec eeth/aauo iiiyoee iauae aeieiaee yaeyaony iiiyoea
“oa?iaio”.A oeieueiii eo?na aeieiaee iii ia/eiaao oi?ie?iaaoueny n 1O
eeanna a eo?na “Aiaoiiey,oeceieiaey e aeaeaia /aeiaaea”.A O eeanna n
yoei iiiyoeai o/aueany ia ano?a/athony,a a O1– iii aeaaony i?e
iauyniaiee ?yaea aaaeiuo aeieiae/aneeo iieiaeaiee ia ea/anoaaiii iiaii
o?iaia.A oeieueiii eo?na oeiee iiiyoeth “oa?iaio” oaeaeyaony iaei
aieiaiey,oiiieiaiea i oa?iaioao iiaeii iaeoe oieueei a O1 eeanna,iiyoiio
ia i?aaeiao aeieiaey auiaaeaao aeaaiay ?ieue i?e ciaeiinoaa o/aueony n
iaeiei ec aeaaiuo iiiyoee aeieiaee e oeiee.

-3-

Oi?ie?iaaiea iiiyoey “oa?iaio” a eo?na “Aiaoiiey,oeceieiaey e aeaeaia
/aeiaaea”

Aia?aua n oa?ieiii “oa?iaio” o/aueany ano?a/athony ai aaiaeiie
aeaaa eo?na “Aiaoiiey,oeceieiaey e aeaeaia /aeiaaea”,eioi?ay iacuaaaony
“Iauaa ciaeiinoai n i?aaieciii /aeiaaea”,a iae aeaaony iauaa
i?aaenoaaeaiea i aeeciaiiuo i?ioeannao eeaoee.Caeanue aea aia?aua
aeaaony ii?aaeaeaiea yoiio iiiyoeth:oa?iaiou — yoi aaeee,onei?ythuea
oeie/aneea i?aa?auaiey,i?ienoiaeyuea a eeaoea.Aeoeaio,a ii?aaeaeaiee,ia
aaeeiaoth i?e?iaeo oa?iaioia iicaieyao nicaeaoue o/aueiny iauaa
i?anoaaeaiea i no?iaiee,ninoaaa e naienoaao oa?iaioia,ii aiaeiaee n
aaeeaie.

E niaeaeaieth,i?e eco/aiee oai: “Iii?iiaeaeaaoaeueiay nenoaia”,”E?iaue”,
“E?iaiia?auaiea” e “Aeuoaiea”,eioi?ua ii ieaio eco/aiey aiaoiiee eaeoo
iinea aeaau “Iauaa ciaeiinoai n i?aaieciii /aeiaaea”,iiiyoea “oa?iaio”
ia oiiieiaaony e,neaaeiaaoaeueii,ia cae?aieyaony e ec aeoeaiie
aeieiae/aneie eaeneee “auiaaeaao”.

Iai eaaeaony,/oi auei au oeaeainia?aciaa,ii?aaeaeaiea iiiyoey
“oa?iaio” aeaaaoue o/aueiny i?e eco/aiee oaiu “Ieuaaa?aiea”,aaea ia
eiie?aoiuo i?eia?ao iiaeii iauynieoue aeieiae/aneoth ?ieue,iaoaieci
aeaenoaey,cia/aiea e ae?oaea naienoaa oa?iaioia.Oa?aeoa?iie
iniaaiiinoueth yoie oaiu n oi/ee c?aiey iiiyoey “oa?iaio” yaeyaony
oi,/oi ?acae?aaony i?ioeann ieuaaa?aiey ae?iaii,o.a. ioaeaeueii aeey
eaaeaeiai ioaeaea aeaeoaei/ii-eeoa/iiai o?aeoa.Yoi iicaieyao
iiciaeiieoue o/aueony n aieueoei eiee/anoaii oa?iaioia,a aeey ieo eaa/a
caiiiieoue.

I?e eco/aiee yoie oaiu o/aueany ociatho,/oi ?anuaieaiea iniiaiuo
eiiiiiaioia ieue i?aaenoaaeyao niaie neiaeiue aeioeie/aneee
i?ioeann,eioi?ue inouanoaeyaony n iiiiuueth ieuaaa?eoaeueiuo
oa?iaioia.Aaaeii nicaeaoue o o/aueony i?aaenoaaeaiea i oa?iaioao,eae
no?iai niaoeaoe/iie a?oiia aaeeia:iaeie oa?iaiou aicaeaenoaotho ia
oaeaaiaeu,ae?oaea ia aaeee,o?aouee — ia aee?u.Oaeaea nicaeaoue iiiyoea
i /aoeie ooieoeeiiaeueiie niaoeeaeecaoeee oa?iaioia ia ii?aaeaeaiiua
aeieiae/aneea noano?a

-4-

ou.A yoie aea oaia aeaaony i?aaenoaaeaiea ia iioeiaeueiuo oneiaeyo aeey
i?iyaeaiey niaoeaoe/aneeo naienoa oa?iaioia:oaiia?aoo?a,eeneioiinoue
n?aaeu.

I?e eco/aiee ieuaaa?aiey a ?ioiaie iieinoe o/aieee ciaeiiyony n
?anuaieaieai e?aoiaea.Caeanue iie ociatho,/oi a nethia niaea?aeeony aeaa
oa?iaioa,eioi?ua au?aaaouaathony a yieoaeeaeueiuo eeaoeao nethiiuo
aeaeac.Iiae aeaenoaeai iaeiiai ec ieo e?aoiae ?anuaieyaony ia
aauanoaa,eiathuea iaiaa neiaeiua iieaeoeu — nieiaeiaue naoa?,a
i?enoonoaee ae?oaiai oa?iaioa nieiaeiaue naoa? i?aa?auaaony a
aetheico.Io o/eoaey o/aueany ociatho,/oi a nethia niaea?aeaony
aieeieeoe/aneea oa?iaiou:ioaieei,?anuaieythuee e?aoiae aei iaeueoicu,e
iaeueoaca,?anuaieythuay iaeueoico aei aetheicu.Oneiaey aeaenoaey
oa?iaioia nethiu- yoi neiaiuaei/iay n?aaea e oaiia?aoo?a 37 a?aaeonia ii
Oeaeueneth.

I?e eco/aiee ieuaaa?aiey a aeaeoaeea o/aueany ciaeiiyony n iiaui
oa?iaioii,niaea?aeaueiny a aeaeoaei/iii niea — iaineiii.Iainei
?anuaieyao aaeee e iiaeao aeaenoaiaaoue oieueei i?e oaiia?aoo?a iaoaai
oaea e a eeneie n?aaea.Oaeoth n?aaeo a aeaeoaeea nicaeaao nieyiay
eeneioa,eioi?ay niaea?aeeony a naiii aeaeoaei/iii niea.

Ieuaaa?aiea a aeaaiaaeoeaoeia?noiie eeoea i?iinoiaeeo iiae
aicaeaenoaeai iiaeaeaeoaei/iiai niea.O?e oa?iaioa yoiai niea aeaenoaotho
ia ana i?aaie/aneea niaaeeiaiey.Iiae aeeyieai o?eineia a iniiaiii
caaa?oaaony ia/aaoaany a aeaeoaeea ?anuaieaiea aaeeia aei ia?aciaaiey
?anoai?eiuo a aiaea aieiieeneio.Iiae aeaenoaeai eeiacu i?ienoiaeeo
?anuaieaiea aee?ia ia aeeoea?ei e aee?iua eeneiou.A i?enoonoaee oa?iaioa
aieeacu e?aoiae,ia iiaeaa?aoeeny ieuaaa?eoaeueiiio aeaenoaeth
nethiu,?anuaieyaony aei aetheicu.Oa?iaiou iiaeaeaeoaei/iiai niea
aeaenoaotho oieueei a uaei/iie n?aaea i?e oaiia?aoo?a iaoaai oaea.

I?e oa?aeoa?enoeea oa?iaioaoeaiie aeayoaeueiinoe ieuaaa?eoaeueiuo

aeaeac,a ?acee/iuo ioaeaeao ieuaaa?eoaeueiiai o?aeoa,aaaeii ia?aoeue
aieiaiea o/aueony ia niaoeaoe/iinoue eo ?anuaieythuaai aeaenoaey ia
ii?aaea-

eaiiua aeieiae/aneea aauanoaa.Oae a ?ioiaie iieinoe i?iyaeyaony
aeaenoaea oa?iaioia,?anuaieythueo e?aoiae;a aeaeoaeea —?anuaieythuea
aae

-5-

ee;a eeoa/ieea,iiae aeaenoaeai oa?iaioia nae?aoa iiaeaeaeoaei/iie
aeaeacu i?ienoiaeeo ?anuaieaiea anao iniiaiuo eiiiiiaioia ieue:
aaeeia,oaeaaiaeia e aee?ia.

I?e eco/aiee oaiu “Ieuaaa?aiea”,aeey eo/oaai onaiaiey iaoa?eaea
oeaeaniia?acii eniieueciaaoue oaaeeoeo,a eioi?oth aoiaeeee au ioaeaeu
ieuaaa?eoaeueiiai o?aeoa;oa?iaiou,niaea?aeaueany a nae?aoa aeaeac
eaaeaeiai ec yoeo ioaeaeia;noano?aou e i?iaeoeou ?aaeoeee,a oaeaea
oneiaey i?ioaeaiey ?aaeoeee.

Iai?eia?:

Ioaeaeu ieuaaa?e-

oaeueiiai o?aeoa

Oa?iaiou

Aeaenoaea oa?iaioa

Iioeiaeueiua onei-

1.?ioiaay iieinoue

( nethiiua aeaeacu:

cethia)

a) Ioaieei

a) Iaeueoaca

E?aoiae a) Iaeue-

oica

Iaeueoica a) Aeth-

eica

Neaaiuaei/iay n?a

aea.Oaiia?aoo?a 37-

2.AEaeoaeie

( aeaeoaei/iue nie)

Iainei

Ia aaeee.

Eeneay N?aaea.

3.Aeaaiaaeoeaoeia?n- oiay eeoea

(nae?ao iiaeaeaeoaei/-

iie aeaeacu)

a)Eeiaca

a)O?einei

a)Oeiio?einei

a)Aieeaca AEe?u a) Aeeoea-

?ei + aee?iua e-ou

Aaeee a) Aieii-

eeneiou

E?aoiae a) Aethei-

ca

-6-

Uaei/iay N?aaea.

Oaiia?aoo?a 37a?.

A caeeth/aiee iaoaai ianoaeaeaiey oaiu “Aiaoiiey, oeceieiaey e
aeaeaia /aeiaaea “ iiaeii naeaeaoue neaaeothuea auaiaeu: a yoii eo?na
o/aueany ciaeiiyony n oa?iaioaie a iciaeiieoeeueiii ieaia, eo aeaenoaee
ia o?iaia anaai i?aaiecia.

-6-

E niaeaeaieth,i?e eco/aiee ae?oaeo oai aeaiiiai eo?na,iiiyoea “oa?iaio”
ia cao?aaeaaaony.Yoi i/aiue ieioi,o.e. o oeieueieeia nicaeaaony
aia/aoeaiea,/oi oa?iaiou o/anoaotho oieueei a i?ioeannao
ieuaaa?aiey.Iiyoiio caaea/a o/eoaey a neaaeothueo oaiao,oaeeo eae
“Aaciiaiai a eaaeeo e oeaiyo”,”Aaeeiaue,aee?iaie,oaeaaiaeiue iaiai” ia
caauaaoue ciaeiieoue o/aueony n oa?iaioaie,i?eieiathueie o/anoea a yoeo
i?ioeannao.Aeey o/aieeia 9 eeanna ia aaaeai iaoaieci yoiai o/anoey,
aaaeii,/oiau iie onaieee,/oi ana ?aaeoeee iaoaai i?aaiecia
eaoaeece?othony eaeeie-oi ii?aaeaeaiiuie oa?iaioaie.

Oaea a 9 eeanna o/eoaeue aeieaeai iieacaoue aaaeiinoue
iaaei?aaeiaoiuo naycae iaaeaeo aeieiaeae e oeieae.Neaaeoao
eniieueciaaoue ciaiey,iieo/aiiua o/aieeaie i?e eco/aiee iai?aaie/aneie
oeieee a eo?na 8-9 eeannia (oaiu:”Eenei?iae,ieneaeu,ai?aiea”,
”Aiaei?iae”, ”Eeneiou,niee,iniiaaiey”, “No?iaiea aauanoaa”).

Oi?ie?iaaiea iiiyoea “oa?iaio” a eo?na “Iauay aeieiaey”

Aeaeueiaeoaa ciaeiinoai n oa?iaioaie o/aieee i?iaeieaeatho a
eo?na “Iauay aeieiaey”. Caeanue i?ienoiaeeo eco/aiea oa?iaioia ia
ea/anoaaiii iiaii o?iaia,caeeaaeuaathony iniiau aeey iiieiaiey
aaaeiaeoeo i?ioeannia iaoaai i?aaiecia .A yoii eo?na o/aueany eco/atho
oa?iaiou oaea eae /anoue iiaiai eeanna i?aaie/aneeo niaaeeiaiee,n
eioi?ui iie iicaea ano?aoyoueny a eo?na “I?aaie/aneie oeiee”.Iiyoiio
aeey o/eoaey i/aiue aaaeii caeiaeeoue ia/aeueiua ciaiey,eioi?ua iioii
iiiaaeiayony ia o?ieao oeiee. Eiaiii a yoeo eo?nao aeieiaee e oeiee
aeaeia aaaeiinoue iaaei?aaeiaoiuo naycae,eioi?oth iaiaoiaeeii iieacaoue
e o/aieeai.

Ia?aay oaia eo?na — “O/aiea i eeaoea”.Caeanue aeaaony iiiyoea
oa?iaioa eae eaoaeecaoi?a anao aeeciaiii aaaeiuo aeioeie/aneeo
?aaeoeee,i?ioaeathueo a yeaiaioa?iie no?oeoo?iie aaeeieoea anaai
aeeaiai-eeaoea. I?e eco/aiee yoie oaiu o/aueany ociatho i
aioo?eeeaoi/iie eieaeecaoeee oa?iaioia:a ieoioiiae?eyo,eeciniiao,yae?a,a
iaia?aiao eee ia iaia?aiao.Oae a /anoiinoe,iiiyoea “eeciniia”
iauyniyaony neaaeothuei

-7-

ia?acii: ?anuaieaiea ieuaauo aauanoa n iiiiuueth oa?iaioia iacuaaaony
eecenii,ionthaea e iacaaiea-eeciniia.Aioo?e ieo neiioeaio?e?iaaiu
oa?iaiou,eioi?ua niiniaiu ?anuaieyoue ana ieuaaua aauanoaa,iinooiathuea
a eeaoeo.”Aeey eo/oaai iauyniaiey yoie oaiu,a oaeaea aeey eo/oaai
onaiaiey aa o/aueieny iiaeii eniieueciaaoue oaaeeoeo: “Eieaeecaoeey
oa?iaioia aioo?e eeaoee” (O.O.Aa?acia,A.O.Ei?iaeei,”Aeieiae/aneay
oeiey”,1982a.)

Oeeoiieacia Ieoioiiae. Eeciniiu Iee?inii. Ieaciaoe/.
ssae?i

o?aeoe.YIN

Oa?i.aeeei Ie?oaao- eeneua ?eainiiiua Aaeaieeao-
Oa?.?ai-

eeca aeaaeae?i- aeae?i- oa?iaiou
oeeeeaca, eeeaoeee

aaiaciue eacu aaeeia.neio.
AOO-aca AeIE

eiiieaen

Oa?iaiou Oa?iaiou — Oa?.neioaca
— —

iaioiciiai oeeeea
oinoieeieae.,

iooe E?aana
neioac.oieenoa

?eia

Oa?.aeoeaaoe. O.oeeeea — Aeae?ieneeacu
— —-

aieiieeneio aee?.e-o

O.neioaca O.ieeneeo. — —
— —-

aee?iuo oinoi?e-

e-o ee?iaaiey

Oinoi?eeaca — — —
— —

aeeeiaai-

neioaca

Caaa?oaiea ?acaeoey iiiyoey “oa?iaio” i?ienoiaeeo a oaia “Iaiai
aauanoa e i?aa?auaiea yia?aee a eeaoea”. A yoie oaia iieiia
i?aaenoaaeaiea i oa?iaioa,oa?iaioaoeaiie ?aaeoeee,cia/aiee eo aeey
iaiaia.Caeanue aeaaony o/aueiny i?aaenoaaeaiea i no?oeoo?a,iaoaiecia
aeaenoaey,eeanneoeeaoeee oa?iaioia.Aaiaeyony iiaua iiiyoey,eioi?ua
iicaea aoaeoo eniieueciaaoueny a oeiee.Yoi noano?aoiue
eiiieaen,eioa?iaio,?aaoeyoi?iue eiiieaen.I?i-

-8-

oeannu anneieeyoeee e aeenneieeyoeee,eo acaeiinaycue a iauai i?ioeanna
iaoaaieecia.Oaeaea aaaeii iauynieoue,/oi ana oa?iaioaoeaiua i?ioeannu
?aaoee?othony. Aeaeueoa a yoie ?aaioa aoaeao ?anniio?ai iaeei ec
aiciiaeiuo aa?eaioia i?iaaaeaiey oaeoeueoaoeaiiai caiyoey ii yoie
oaia,aaea oaea aieaa aeaoaeueii aoaeoo ?anniio?aiu yoe aii?inu.

Oaeei ia?acii oi?ie?iaaiea iiiyoey “oa?iaio”,ia/eiaaony a 9
eeanna,eaeao io i?inoiai e neiaeiiio.Iaeaieaa neiaeiue iaoa?eae a 11
eean

na.Yoi naycaii n ?aciui o?iaiai ?acaeoey o/aieeia 9 e 11 eeannia,n
?aciie eo niiniaiinoueth e aini?eyoeth neiaeiiai iao/iiai iaoa?eaea.

Aeaaiaea?y oiio,/oi o/aueany ciaeiiyony n iiiyoeai “oa?iaio” a
eo?na aeieiaee aeinoaoi/ii ?aii e ii/oe ia i?ioyaeaiee anaai eo?na ana
a?aiy n iei noaeeeaathon e iiciatho ana aeoaaea e aeoaaea,yoi iaeaa/aao
caaea/o o/eoaey a eo?na oeiee. A oae eae iu o/eoaey aeieiaee e oeiee,oi
yoi iniaaiii aaaeii aeey ian. Ia nouea yoeo aeaoo iaoe o/aueony aaaeii
iiciaeiieoue n i?iaeaiie eniieueciaaiey oa?iaioia a i?iiuoeaiiinoe.Yoiio
iaei oaeaeyaony aieiaiey ,eae a eo?na aeieiaee,oae e oeiee.Iiyoiio
iiaeii i?iaanoe ioaeaeueiia oaeoeueoaoeaiia caiyoea, eae ii oeiee,oae e
ii aeieiaee aianoa.Oaiie aeey iaai iineoaeeo ?ieue oa?iaioa a
oicyenoaaiiii eiiieaena: a oeie/aneie,ieuaaie,oa?iaoeaaoe/aneie
i?iiuoeaiiinoe.Iiaeii aeaoue o/aueiny oaiu ii eioi?ui iie iiaeaioiayo
iaeaiueeea aunooieaiey ii eniieueciaaieth oiai eee eiiai oa?iaioa.A
ea/anoaa iaoa?eaea a iiiiuue iiaeao iineoaeeoue neaaeothuay oaaeeoea:

“Iaeioi?ua i?eia?u eniieueciaaiey oa?iaioia a i?iiuoeaiiinoe”

Oa?iaio I?iiuoeaiiinoue
Eniieueciaaiea

Aieeacu Ieaiaa?aiiay
Inaoa?eaaiea niaea?ae.a nieiaea e?aoiaea

(?anuaieytho Oaeoeeueiay
Oaeaeaiea e?aoiaea,iaiineiiai ia ieoe ai

e?aoiae)
a?aiy oeeooiaaiey

Oeaaiiaea?iay
E?aoiae a aetheico.Ae?iaeaeaaua eeaoee

na?aaeeaay aetheico,ia?acotho CO2
,eioi

?ua ?ac?uoeytho oanoi.

I?ioaacu

(?anuaiytho

aaeee)

-9-

Iaiaei Ieaiaa?aiiay
Yoaiu i?ioeanna ieaiaa?aiey,?aaoee?othuea

eie-ai iaiu

Iyniay
Iya/aiea iyna.

Oeoeei Oa?iaoeaaoe/aneay
Aeiaaaee e coaiui ianoai aeey oaeaeaiey coa

iiai iaeaoa

Oioia?aoey
Niuaaiea aeaeaoeiu n eniieueciaaiiie ieai

ee

O?einei Ieuaaay
I?iec-ai i?iaeoeoia aeey aeaoneiai ieoaiey

Iainei Ieuaaay
I?iec-ai “aioiauo” eao

?ac?aaioea iaoiaeeee oaeoeueoaoeaiuo caiyoee e nenoaiu naiieiio?iey.

Iu oioaee au i?aaeeiaeeoue iaoiaee/aneea ?ac?aaioee aeey i?iaaaeaiey
oaeoeueoaoeaiuo caiyoee ii oaia “Oa?iaiou e eo ?ieue “.Yoe caiyoey
aeieaeiu i?iaiaeeoueny,eiaaea o/aueany i?ioiaeyo oaio “Iaiai aauanoa e
yia?aee a eeaoea”.Aeaaiue niune yoeo oaeoeueoaoeaiuo caiyoee-yoi aieaa
oaeoaeaiiia eco/aiea o/aueony n oa?iaioaie e eo ?ieueth .Yoi iiaeii
naeaeaoue ia aeinoaoi/ii oi?ioai o?iaia,o.e. e yoiio iiiaioo
oeeieueieee oaea iaiaeiie?aoii noaeeeaaeenue n iiiyoeai “oa?iaio” a
eo?na aeieiaee e i?ioiaeyo oaeea eeannu i?aaie/aneeo niaaeeiaiee ,eae
“Aaeee”,”Aieiieeneiou” a oeiee. Yoi aeaao o/eoaeth aiciiaeiinoue
ai-ia?auo aieaa iieii,e ia ea/anoaaiii iiaii o?iaia aiai?eoue i
aeioeie/aneeo i?ioeannao,i?ioiaeyueo a i?aaiecia /aeiaaea e ?iee a ieo
oa?iaioia a eo?na aeieiaee e ai-aoi?uo ia?aoeoue aieiaiea o/aueony ia
aaaeiinoue oaeeo eeannia niaaeeiaiee eae “Aaeee”,”Aieiieeneiou” a
i?ioeannao,i?ioaeathueo a eeaoeao e a i?aaiecia a oeaeii.Aeaiiua
oaeoeueoaoeaiua caiyoey oeaeaniia?acii i?iaiaeeoue a eaaeiaoao oeiee e
aeieiaee,o.e. aaaeii i?iaanoe ?yae oeie/aneeo iiuoia.

Caiyoea N1 “Ciaeiinoai ni no?iaieai oa?iaioia,eo
eeanneoeeaoeeae,?ieueth a i?aaiecia”.

Oa?iaiou-aauanoaa aaeeiaiaie i?e?iaeu,niiniaiua onei?youe
i?ioaeaiea oeie/aneeo ?aaeoeee.?ieue oa?iaioia a aeeciaaeayoaeueiinoe
eieinnaeueia.

-10-

Aeaaiaea?y naiae ooieoeee (eaoaeeoe/aneie) ?aciiia?aciua oa?iaiou

iaania/eaatho auno?ia i?ioaeaiea a i?aaiecia ia?iiiiai /enea oeie/aneeo
?aaeoeee.A ianoiyuaa a?aiy auaeaeaiu e eco/aiu nioie oa?iaioia
ecaanoaii,/oi aeeaay eeaoea iiaeao niaea?aeaoue aei 1000 ?acee/iuo
oa?iaioia,eaaeaeue ec eioi?uo onei?yao oo eee eioth oeie/aneoth
?aaeoeeth.

Oa?iaiou-yoi yooaeoeaiua aeieiae/aneea eaoaeecaoi?u.(Iiiyoea
“eaoaeecaoi?” aeey o/aieeia ciaeiii ec eo?na iai?aaie/aneie oeiee.) Iie
o/anoaotho a aieueoeinoaa oeie/aneeo i?aa?auaiee,i?ienoiaeyueo a
i?aaiecia.Ana i?ioeannu,i?ioaeathuea a i?aaiecia,o.a. i?ioeannu
iaoaaieecia aeaeyoueny ia aeaa i?ioeanna:i?oeann anneieeyoeee e i?oeann
aeenneieeyoeee.Aaaeii aeaoue ii?aaeaeaiey yoeo aeaoo iiiyoee e yoi
iiaeii naeaeaoue neaaeothuei ia?acii:

Anneieeyoeey-iiiaeanoai oeie/aneeo ?aaeoeee,inouanoaeyaiuo n
o/anoeai oa?iaioia,iicaieythueo eniieueciaaoue iinooiathuea a i?aaieci
aauanoaa aeey neioaca niaoeeoe/iuo aeey aeaiiiai i?aaiecia
aaeeia,ioeeaeiiauo eeneio,eeieaeia,iieenaoa?eaeia e o.ae.,/oi
iaania/eaaao ?ino,?acaeoea,iaiiaea-

iea i?aaiecia e iaeiieaiea caiania,eniieuecoaiuo a ea/anoaa enoi/ieeia
yia?aee.

Aeenneieeyoeey-yoi ?ac?ooaiea i?aaie/aneeo niaaeeiaiee n
i?aa?auaieai aaeeia,aee?ia,oaeaaiaeia,aeeth/ay aaaaeaiiua a i?aaieci n
ieuae,a i?inoua aauanoaa.

Oae oa?iaiou eaoaeece?otho eaaeaeue ec yoeo
i?ioeannia.Oaeei ia?acii oa?iaioaoeaiua ?aaeoeee iiae?acaeaeythony ia
?aaeoeee neioaca(anneieeyoeee) e ?aaeoeee ?aniaaea(aeenneieeyoeee).Yoe
?aaeoeee a i?aaiecia acaeiinaycaiu,iaania/eaay iinoiyiiia iaiiaeaiea
oeaiae i?aaiecia e neaaeiaaoaeueii iinoiyinoai aioo?aiiae N?aaeu
i?aaiecia.Aaaeii iiae/a?eiooue aeey o/aueony ?acee/ea a i?ioaeaiee
i?ioeannia iaoaaieecia o aooio?ioiuo e aaoa?io?ioiuo i?aaieciia.Oae o
aoo?ioiuo i?aaieciia i?aiaeaaeaao i?ioeann anneieeyoeee,o.e. a i?ioeanna
oioineioaca,ec iai?aaie/aneeo niaaeeiaiee,e iaiin?aaenoaaiiui
eniieueciaaiee yia?aee naaoa,niyaeathony neiaeiua i?aaie/aneea
aauanoaa.O aaoa?io?ioia iino?iaiea nianoaaiiiai i?aaiecia e iaania/aiea
anao aeeciaiiuo ooieoeee eaeao ca n/ao yia?aee,iieo/aaiie a i?ioeanna
aeenneieeyoeee i?aaie/aneeo aauanoa.Iiaeii naeaeaoue auaiae,/oi ana
aeioeie/aneea i?ioeannu,i?ioaeathuea a eeaoea e a i?aaiecia,iiaeii
ioianoe

-11-

e i?ioeannai anneieeyoeee,eeai e i?ioeannai aeenneieeyoeee.Iiiaa aioo?ue
eeaoee,ieoaoaeueiua aauanoai i?aoa?iaaaao ?yae oeie/aneeo
eciaiaiee,eaoaeece?oaiuo oa?iaioaie.

Oaia?ue iiaeii ia?aeoe e no?iaieth.Aeey auiieiaiey naieo ooieoeee
oa?iaiou eiatho ii?aaeaeaiiia no?iaiea.Aeey oaeoaeaiey i?aaenoaaeaiee
o/aueony i no?oeoo?a e eeanneoeeaoeee oa?iaioia iiaeii aaanoe
neaaeothuea iiiyoey:

1.Oa?iaiou iiaoo auoue i?ioaeiaie(i?inouie aaeeaie) e
i?ioaeaeaie(neiaeiuie aaeeaie).Ai aoi?ii neo/aa a ninoaa oa?iaioia
aoiaeeo aeiaaai/iay a?oiia.Oa?aeoa?iie iniaaiiinoueth
oa?iaioia-i?ioaeaeia yaeyaony,/oi ie iniiaiay aaeeiaay /anoue,ie
aeiaaai/iay a?oiia ii ioaeaeueiinoe ia iaeaaeatho eaoaeeoe/aneie
aeoeaiinoueth.Oieueei eo eiiieaen i?yaeyao oa?iaioaoeaiua
naienoaa.Aeiaaai/iay a?oiia(eioaeoi?)-iaaaeeiaiai i?ienoiaeaeaiey (eiiiu
iaoaeeia,?acee/iua i?aaie/aneea niaaeeiaiey).

2.Oa?iaio eiaao neaaeothuea oeaio?u:

a) Aeoeaiue oeaio? (?acoeueoaou enneaaeiaaiee iieacaee,/oi iieaeoeu
aieueoeinoaa oa?iaioia ai iiiai ?ac aieueoa,/ai iieaeoeu oao
noano?aoia,eioi?ua acaeiiaeaenoaotho n aeaiiui oa?iaioii,e /oi a eiioaeo
n noano?aoii a oa?iaio-noano?aoiii eiiieaena anooiaao eeoue iaaieueoay
/anoue iieaeoeu oa?iaioa,iieo/eaoay iacaaiea aeoeaiiai oeaio?a),

a) Noano?aoiue oeaio?,

a) ?aaoeyoi?iue oeaio?.

Oaeaea ia aeaiiii caiyoee iaiaoiaeeii iiciaeiieoue o/aueony n
eeanneoeeaoeeae oa?iaioia.Iiaeii aeaoue enoi?e/aneoth ni?aaeo ?acaeoey
eeanneoeeaoeee oa?iaioia.Oae ii ia?aie a enoi?ee eco/aiey oa?iaioia
eeanneoeeaoeee,oa?iaiou aeaeeee ia aeaa a?oiiu: 1-onei?ythoea ?aaeoeee
aeae?ieeca e 2- ia onei?ythuea ?aaeoeee iaaeae?ieeoe/aneiai
?aniaaea.Caoai auea naeaeaia iiiuoea ?acaeoueoa?iaiou ia eeannu ii /eneo
noano?aoia,o/anoaothueo a

?aaeoeee.Iaeiia?aiaiii ?acaeaaeinue iai?aaeaiea,aaea a iniiao
eeanneoeeaoeee oa?iaioia aue iieiaeai oei ?aaeoeee,iiaeaa?aathuaeny
eaoaeeoe/aneiio

-12-

aicaeaenoaeth.Ia?yaeo n oa?iaioaie,onei?ythueie ?aaeoeee
aeae?ieeca(aeae?i-eacu),auee eco/aiu oa?iaiou,o/anoaothuea a ?aaeoeeyo
ia?aiina aoiiia e aoiiiuo a?oii,?anuaieaiee,?acee/iuo neioacao.

Ii yoiio i?eioeeio ana oa?iaiou aeaeyo ia 6 eeannia:

1.Ieneaei?aaeoeoacu-onei?ytho ?aaeoeee ieeneaiey-ainnoaiiaeaiey

2.O?ainoa?acu-?aaeoeee ia?aiina aoiiiuo a?oii e iieaeoey?iuo inoaoeia

3.Aeae?ieacu- ?aaeoeee aeae?ieeoe/aneiai ?aniaaea e neioaca

4.Eeacu-iaaeae?ieeoe/aneia iouaieaiea io noano?aoia ii?aaeaeaiiuo a?oii
aoiiia

5.Eciia?acu-?aaeoeee aioo?eiieaeoey?iiai i?aa?auaiey

6.Eeiacu-?aeoeee neioaca

Caiyoea N2 “Naienoaa oa?iaioia,iaoaieci eo aeaenoaey”

Ia yoii caiyoee ioaeii aieaa iiae?iaii aeaoue o/aueiny iiiyoey i
noano?aoiii e ?aaoeyoi?iii oeaio?ao oa?iaioa,yoi aaaeii aeey iiieiaiey
iaoaiecia eo aeaenoaey.

Iiae noano?aoiui oeaio?ii iiieiatho o/anoie iieaeoeu
oa?iaioa,ioaaonoaaiiue ca i?eniaaeeiaiea aauanoaa,iiaeaa?aathuaainy
oa?iaioaoeaiiio i?aa?auaieth.Ec iai?aaie/aneie oeiee o/aueiny
ecaanoii,/oi ii ieii/aiee ?aaeoeee eaoaeecaoi?uainnoaiaaeeaatho naith
no?oeoo?o e naienoaa.Ciay yoi,iiaeii iiaeaanoe o/aueony e auaiaeo ia
ia?aciaaiee a?aiaiiuo i?iaaeooi/iuo niaaeeiaiee iaaeaeo oa?iaioaie e
noano?aoaie.Oae oa?iaio niaaeeiyynue n noano?aoii,ia?acoao
ei?ioeiaeeaouee oa?iaio-noano?aoiue eiieaen.A oaeii eiiieaena oainu ia
oi,/oi ?aaeoeey i?iecieaeao aic?anoatho.Ii caaa?oaiee ?aaeoeee
oa?iaio-noano?aoiue eiiieaen ?aniaaeaaony ia i?iaeoeo (eee i?iaeoeou) e
oa?iaio.Oa?iaio a ?aaeoeee ia eciaiyaony.

Iiiyoea i ?aaioa oa?iaioia aoaeao iaiieiui aac ?ane?uoey i?iaeaiu
?aaoeyoeee eo aeaenoaey.Iiyoiio neaaeoao ioiaoeoue,/oi a iieaeoeao
oa?iaioia,e?iia aeoeaiiai e noano?aoiiai oeaio?ia,anoue ?aaoeyoi?iue
oeaio?,eioi?ue no?oeoo?ii niioaaonoaoao eiia/iiio i?iaeoeoo
ii?aaeaeaiiiai

-13-

yoaia iaiaia.Aeinoeaioa ii?aaeaeaiiie e?eoe/aneie
eiioeaio?aoeee,eiia/iue i?iaeoeo ?aaeoeee acaeiiaeaenoaoao n oeaio?ii
?aaoeyoeee oa?iaioa e inoaiaaeeaaao ?aaioo nenoaiu ii i?eioeeio ia?aoiie
nayce:eiioeaio?aoeey e?ia/iiai i?iaeoeoa neoaeeo neaiaeii aueeth/aiey
eee caionea niaoeeoe/aneie oeie/aneie ?aaeoeee.Eiio?ieue e ?aaoeyoeey
aeayoaeueiinoe oa?iaioia iaoneiaeaiu eo iieaeoey?iie no?oeoo?ie,eioi?ay
niiniaia “ociaaaoue” ii?aaeaeaiiua uauanoaa-neaiaeu e noiie?iaaoue eo
aeaenoaea.Aaaeii iiciaeiieoue o/aueony e naienoaaie oa?iaioia.

1.Niaoeeoe/iinoue

Oa?iaiou iaeaaeatho i/aio aunieie niaoeeoe/iinoueth.Yoa
niaoeeoe/iinoue iaoneiaeaia iniaie oi?iie iieaeoeu oa?iaioa,oi/ii
niioaaonoaothuae oi?ia iieaeoeu noano?aoa.Yoo aeiioaco iacuaatho
aeiioacie “eeth/a e caiea”:noano?ao n?aaieaaaony a iae n eeth/ii,eioi?ue
oi/ii iiaeoiaeeo e caieo,o.a. e oa?iaioo.Aeaeaa ia iniiaaiee yoie
aeiioacu oaea a 1959 aiaeo iiaoth eioa?i?aoaoeeth aeiioacu “eeth/a e
caiea” i?aaeeiaeee Eioeaiae.Ii aeaeaao auaiae i aeaeinoe aeoeaiuo
oeaio?ia oa?iaioia.Niaeanii yoiio i?aaeiieiaeaieth,noano?ao niaaeeiyynue
n oa?iaioii,aucuaaao eciaiaiey a no?oeoo?a iineaaeiaai.Iiaeoiaeyuae
aiaeiaeae a yoii neo/aa iiaeao neoaeeoue ia?/aoea,eioi?ay i?e iaaeaaaiee
ia ?oeo niioaaonoaothuei ia?acii eciaiyao naith oi?io.

Aeey iiaeoaa?aeaeaiey yoiai naienoaa oa?iaioia iiaeii iieacaoue iiuo ec
aeioeiee.

Aeey yoiai aa?oony 4 i?iae?ee:

1,2- ii 2ie ?anoai?a e?aoiaea

3.4-ii 2ie ?anoai?a naoa?icu

Caoai a 1,3 -ii 0.5ie ?anoai?a nethiu

2,4-ii 0.5ie 1% ae?iaeaeaaie naoa?icu

Ia?aiaoeaaai,ia 10 ieioo a aiaeyioth aaith,ioeaaeaeaai,ec
i?iae?ie

1,2 noaeeyiiie iaei/eie aa?ai eaiee e eaiee Y2 a
KY,niaaeeiyai eaiee-neiee oeaao.

-14-

Ec i?iae?ie 3,4-aa?oo ii 3 ie,niaoeaaai n 1 ie 10% NaOH + ianeieueei
eaiaeue 1% CuSO4 – aeaeoue eee e?aniue inaaeie(a caaeneiinoe io oaiia?.
ia aieeaco nethiu).

2.Oa?iieaaeeueiinoue

Oaiia?aoo?a aaaeiue iieacaoaeue oa?iaioaoeaiiai aeaenoaey.Aeey
eaaeaeiai oa?iaioa nouanoaoao ii?aaeaeaiiue oaiia?aoo?iue
iioeioi,iaania/eaathuee iaeaieueooth aeoeaiinoue.Ca i?aaeaeaie yoiai
o?iaiy nei?inoue oa?iaioaoeaiie ?aaeoeee nieaeaaony.Aeey iaaeaaeiinoe
?aeiiaiaeoaony i?iaeaiiino?e?iaaoue neaaeothuee iiuo:

Aa?oony 4 ?iae?ee ii 2 ie 1% e?aoiaea+0,05 ie ?acaaaeaiiie
a 10 ?ac nethiu,ia?aiaoeaatho e noaayo a ?aciua oaiia?aoo?iua
oneiaey.Oiae aeae?ieeca ii?aaeaeytho ii ?aaeoeee n O2 (a EO).I?iau aa?oo
/a?ac 2,4,6,8,10,12 ieioo.Ii eciaiaieth ie?anee e?aoiaea n eiaeii noaeyo
i noaiaie aeae?ieeca e?aoiaea a eaaeaeie i?iae?ea.

Nenoaia naiieiio?iey o/aueony.

Oaeaea a aeaiiie ?aaioa iu oioaee au i?aaeeiaeeoue nenoaio
naiieiio?iey o/aueony.Ea?oi/ee naiieiio?iey i?aaenoaaeytho niaie naiae
aii?inia ii oaia,ninoaaeyaiua i?aiiaeaaaoaeai.Aii?inieee ?acaeathony
oeieueieeai ia aeii.Aeiia,a i?ioeanna iiaeaioiaee o/aieeia e
caiyoeyi,iie euoo ioaaou ia iinoaaeaiiua aii?inu a o/aaiuo
iiniaeyo.Caoai ai a?aiy i?iaaaeaiey oaeoeueoaoeaiiai caiyoey o/aueiny
?acaeathony ea?oi/ee,niaeaiaeauea 2-3 aii?ina,aoiaeyuea a ninoaa
naiieiio?iey.Ioaaou ienueiaiiua.Oaeei ia?acii i?iaa?ythony ciaiey
o/aueony,noaiaiue iniuneaiey eie iaoa?eaea.

Naiieiio?ieue iiaeao ?aoaoue ianeieueei caaea/:

1.eiioeaio?e?iaaiiea aieiaiey oeieueieea ia eeth/aauo aii?inao oaiu

2.iinoaiiaea i?iaeaiiuo aii?inia

3.naiieiio?ieue iiaeao niaea?aeaoue aii?inu ia iiaoi?aiea i?ieaeaiiiai
iaoa?eaea e naycue aai n ianoiyuei iaoa?eaeii,aii?inu iaiuathuaai
oa?aeoa?a.

I?eia?iua aii?inu aeey naiieiio?iey:

-15-

1.Iaiai aauanoa – ni/aoaiea e acaeiinaycue i?ioeannia anneieeyoeee e
aeenneieeyoeee.

2.Ia?aciaaiea AOO a eeaoea.AOO- oieaa?naeueiia “oiieeai” eeaoee.

3.Eieaeecaoeey oa?iaioia oaeaaiaeiiai iaiaia.

4.Eieaeecaoeey oa?iaioia aeineioaca aaeea.

5.Ioeueoeoa?iaioaoeaiua nenoaiu,eo eieaeecaoeey e ooieoeee.

Auaiaeu.

1.?acaeoea iauaaeieiae/aneeo iiiyoee,e /eneo eioi?uo iiaeii ioianoe
iiiyoea “oa?iaio”,yaeyaony oai?aoe/aneie iniiaie iao/aiey eae
aeieiaee,oae e oeiee.

2.?acaeoea iiiyoey i oa?iaioao niinianoaoao oi?ie?iaaieth o o/aueony
ciaiee,eioi?ua iaiaoiaeeiu aeey ?anoe?aiey iauaai iao/iiai e?oaici?a.

3.A nayce n aaaeiinoueth oi?ie?iaaiey iiiyoey “oa?iaio”,a oae aea ec-ca
iaaeinoaoea a?aiaie,?aeiiaiaeoaonyi?iaaaeaiea oaeoeueoaoeaiuo
caiyoee.Ianeieueei caiyoee ?ac?aaioaiu iaie.

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