Eo?niaay ?aaioa
Aicieeiiaaiea e ?acaeoea ainoaea?noa ia Ae?aaiai Ainoiea
Niaea?aeaiea
Aaaaeaiea
Aeaaa I. Aicieeiiaaiea e ?acaeoea ainoaea?noaa a Ae?aaiai Aaeioa
Aeaaa II. Aicieeiiaaiea e ?acaeoea ainoaea?noaa a Ae?aaiai Aaaeeiia
Aeaaa III. N?aaieoaeueiay oa?aeoa?enoeea Ae?aaiaai Aaeioa e Ae?aaiaai
Aaaeeiia
Caeeth/aiea
Aeaeeia?aoey
AAAAeAIEA
Oaia iiae eo?niaie ?aaiou: «Aicieeiiaaiea e ?acaeoea ainoaea?noa ia
Ae?aaiai ainoiea».
Niaea?aeaiea iiae eo?niaie ?aaiou, aea?o aiciiaeiinoue
eo?naioo-ia?aieo?nieeo, iniuneeoue enoi?eth Ae?aaiaai Ainoiea, a
/anoiinoe, Ae?aaiaai Aaaeeiia e Aaeioa, aac eaeaieiae/aneie ie?anee, n
o/?oii aeaiiuo iiauo enneaaeiaaiee ii yoie oaia.
Anee o/anoue, /oi ooia?u, aaaeeiiyia, e aaeioyia, auee ia?auie, eoi
noiaee ?aaeeciaaoue naie iioaioeeae noaiiaeaiey ainoaea?noaa oaeei
ia?acii, /oi au? aeieaea aiaeu ie iaeii ainoaea?noai, ia iiaei
aeinoeaiooue oaeeo ii?aceoaeueiuo ?acoeueoaoia, a noieue ei?ioeea n?iee;
oi a iaoe aeie ia?eiaea noaiiaeaiey ainoaea?noaaiiinoe Oe?aeiu, aeieaeai
i?iyaeyoueny iiauoaiiue eioa?an e aii?inai noaiiaeaiey ainoaea?noaa, e
aeaiiay oaia, noaiiaeony an? aieaa aeooaeueiie e aino?aaiaaiiie.
Iauaeoii iiaai enneaaeiaaiey, yaeyaony enoi?ey ?acaeoey ainoaea?noa
Ae?aaiaai Ainoiea, ia i?eia?a Ae?aaiae Aaaeeiiee, e Ae?aaiaai Aaeioa.
I?aaeiaoii iiaai enneaaeiaaiey, yaeyaony i?ioeann noaiiaeaiey
ainoaea?noa, a naaoa yeiiiie/aneie neooaoeee ia oio ia?eiae a auoa
ia?a/eneaiiuo ainoaea?noaao.
Ii/aio aeey iienaiey neooaoeee Ae?aaiaai Ainoiea, y aua?aea yoe no?aiu?
Iioiio, /oi yoe aeaa no?aiu, iaeaaeay /?acau/aeii auaiaeiui
yeiiiieei-aaia?aoe/aneei iieiaeaieai, iauaaeeieee a naaa, ana
aeinoeaeaiey Ae?aaiaai Ainoiea ca i?aaeuaeouee ia?eiae. Aneaaenoaea
/aai, ia?aoiaey io aiaeeca /anoiiai, e iauaio iu iiaeai iienaoue
neooaoeeth anaai Ae?aaiaai Ainoiea.
Oaia?ue, ia?aeae?i e aiaeeco eeoa?aoo?u, eniieueciaaao?eny i?e
i?iaaaeaiee iieo enneaaeiaaiee.
I?aaiaay ioeaiea caeiiia Oaiio?aie. Caeiiu Oaiio?aie – ia?aue a enoi?ee
aeinoaoi/ii aaniiue e iiiaia?aiiue naiae i?aaiauo ii?i, e
aaeieieno?aoeaiuo aeoia. Neiaeeaoeony ia iniiaa aieaa ?aiieo caeiiia,
iaicia/eaoeo i?aaa e iaycaiiinoe ianaeaiey, ii?aaeaeeaoeony ia iniiaaiee
th?eaee/aneeo eaconia, ca i?aaeuaeouee ia?eiae. A yoeo noaoueyo,
?anniao?eaathony aiciiaeiua aa?eaiou ?aoaiee noaea, a ?acee/iuo
neooaoeeyo, ia iniiaaiee i?aaeuaeouae i?aeoeee noaeii?iecaiaenoaa.
Aeaiiue naiae caeiiia, iicaieyao a iieiie ia?a i?aaenoaaeoue eoeueoo?o,
auo e ioiioaiey iaaeaeo aeeoaeyie no?ai Ae?aaiaai Ainoiea a XVIII aaea
aei iaoae y?u.
Aaaeiui ii niaea?aeaieth, ieacaeanue e 125 aeaaa eieae i??oauo,
yaeythuayny, aaaeiui e iainii?eiui naeaeaoaeuenoaii aunieeo ii?aeueiuo
onoiaa ae?aaiaaaeiaoneiai iauanoaa.
Iaeaieaa cia/eioth ?ieue i?e i?iaaaeaiee enneaaeiaaiee, nua?aei iiniaea
Aaneeueaaa E.N. «Enoi?ey Ainoiea»
A yoii ecaeaiee, iaeaieaa iieii, a?aiioii, nenoaiaoe/ii, e eiae/ii,
eceiaeai iaoa?eae, ii aii?inai aicieeiiaaiey e noaiiaeaiey, ?acaeoey e
aeaeueiaeoaai oiaaeea ainoaea?noaaiiinoe a no?aiao Ae?aaiaai Ainoiea. A
/anoiinoe, aieueoia aieiaiea, oaeaeyaony enoi?ee Aaeioa, eae no?aiu,
aeinoieiie ?iee, ia?aiai a ie?a ainoaea?noaa n oeaio?aeeciaaiiui
eiia?neei oi?aaeaieai. O/aaiia iiniaea, iiaee?aieaii nai?ieeii
caeiiiaeaoaeueiuo aeoia oiai a?aiaie.
A eieaa E.I. Aeaieniaa «Iniiaiua /a?ou ae?aaiaai iauanoaa», iaeaieaa
iieii ?ane?uaaao no?oeoo?o ae?aaiaaaaeeiineiai ainoaea?noaa, ioiioaiey,
oea?yuea iaaeaeo ?acee/iuie neiyie ianaeaiey. E /oi iaeaieaa aaaeii,
niia iaeaieaa iieii iienaoue oaiaeaioeeth ?acaeoey ?aaiaeaaeaeue/aneiai
iauanoaa, eioi?ay a eiia/iii eoiaa, e iiaoaeea aai.
A nayce ni cia/eoaeueiui iau?iii ?aaiou, y inoaiiaeeanue, oieueei ia
e?aoeii iaci?a enoi/ieeia eeoa?aoo?u.
Oaia?ue, ia?aeae?i e no?oeoo?a eo?niaie ?aaiou. Iia ninoieo ec
aaaaeaiey, iniiaiie /anoe, caeeth/aiey e nienea eco/aiiie eeoa?aoo?u.
A naith i/a?aaeue, iniiaiay /anoue ?aaiou ninoieo ec 3 ninoaaiuo /anoae:
1. Aicieeiiaaiea e ?acaeoea ainoaea?noaa a Ae?aaiai Aaeioa.
2. Aicieeiiaaiea e ?acaeoea ainoaea?noaa a Ae?aaiai Aaaeeiia.
3. N?aaieoaeueiay oa?aeoa?enoeea noaiiaeaiey ainoaea?noaa a Ae?aaiai
Aaeioa e Aaaeeiia.
No?oeoo?a iniiaiie /anoe, iino?iaia oaeei ia?acii, /oiau iaeaieaa iieii
?ane?uoue oaio eo?niaie ?aaiou
1. Aiaeec aicieeiiaaiey e ?acaeoea ainoaea?noaa a Ae?aaiai Aaeioa.
2. Aiaeec aicieeiiaaiey e ?acaeoea ainoaea?noaa a Ae?aaiai Aaaeeiia.
3. N?aaieoaeueiay oa?aeoa?enoeea noaiiaeaiey ainoaea?noa, a Ae?aaiai
Aaeioa e Aaaeeiia.
Caeeth/aiea niaea?aeeo iniiaiua auaiaeu ii niaea?aeaieth ?aaiou.
AEAAA I. AICIEEIIAAIEA E ?ACAEOEA
AINOAeA?NOAA A Ae?AAIAI AAEIOA
No?aia, ianaeaiea. Aaeiao ?aniieiaeai a aeieeia ieaeiaai oa/aiey ?aee
Iee, a naaa?i-ainoi/iie Ao?eea. Aeaaiaea?y naiei anoanoaaiiui a?aieoeai
Aaeiao i?aaenoaaeye niaie caieioooth iaeanoue, ioai?iaeaiioth ionouiyie
io ninaaeieo no?ai.
Aaeiao i?aaenoaaeyao niaie oeie/ioth e??eaaoeeiiioth iaeanoue,
i?ioaaioth iaeiie ?aeie – Ieeii (ii-ae?aaiaaaeiaonee «Oaie»), eioi?ay
aa??o nai? ia/aei a Oeaio?aeueiie Ao?eea.
Aeieeia Ieea auea aiaaoa iieaciuie eneiiaaiuie, no?ieoaeueiuie
iaoa?eaeaie, aneaaenoaea /aai no?aia aeieaia a?aiy ia eniuouaaea iniaie
iio?aaiinoe a ?acaeoee iaiaia e iaoo?aeueiay oi?ia oicyenoaa a iae
nio?aiyeanue aeieueoa, /ai a THaeiii Iaaeaeo?a/uea. [5,121]
Ianaeaiea Aaeioa ia?aciaaeinue ec niaoaiey ao?eeaii-oaieoneeo eeaeeoeaa,
ae?aaieo ioaeeoeaa e aceaoneeo naieoia.
Iaiaoiaeeiinoue ?aaoee?iaaiey i?ioaiea aeieeiu Ieea iio?aaiaaea
nicaeaiey e?oiiuo e??eaaoeeiiiuo nii?oaeaiee. Aeey yoiai iiiaaeiaeeinue
aieueoia eiee/anoai ?aai/ae neeu e oeaio?aeeciaaiiia ?oeiaiaenoai
?aaioaie. Yoi ianoiyoaeuenoai iauyniyao ?aiiaa iiyaeaiea ?aanoaa e
ia?aciaaiea iiuiiai, ioiineoaeueii oeaio?aeeciaaiiiai ainoaea?noaa.
Ia?aciaaiea Aaeiaoneiai ainoaea?noaa. Aicieeiiaaiea ainoaea?noaa a
Aaeioa i?ienoiaeeo i?eaeeceoaeueii a iyoii ouny/aeaoee aei i. y., a
?acoeueoaoa ?aceiaeaiey ?iaeiaiai iauanoaa, auaeaeaiey ?iaeiaie ciaoe
(noa?aeoei e aiaeaeae) e iiyaeaiey ?aanoaa.
A iyoii ouny/aeaoee aei i. y. a Aaeioa nicaea?ony ianeieueei aeanyoeia
i?eieoeaiuo ia?aciaaiee – iiiia, eioi?ua iinea aeieaeo aiei a na?aaeeia
/aoa??oiai ouny/aeaoey, iauaaeeieeenue nia/aea a aeaa oea?noaa – ieaeiee
Aaeiao e Ieaeiee Aaeiao (THaeiia e Naaa?iia). A caoai, iinea
e?iaii?ieeoiie aieiu, ia?aciaaee e enoiaeo /aoa??oiai ouny/aeaoey aei i.
y. iaeii oeaio?aeeciaaiiia ainoaea?noai.
Ia?aciaaiea iiiia, a?oiie?iaea eo a aeaa oea?noaa e iineaaeothuaa
iauaaeeiaiea a iaeii ainoaea?noai, auee aucaaiu ?anoouei eeanniaui
?anneiaieai e iaiaoiaeeiinoueth oeaio?aeeciaaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa nenoaiie
e??eaaoeee
Iiaiea i nicaeaiee aaeeiiai oeaio?aeeciaaiiiai ainoaea?noaa a Aaeioa i?e
oa?aiia Iaiana (ieiei 3000 a. aei i. y.) iiaeaa?aeinue e?eoeea a
nia?aiaiiie iao/iie eeoa?aoo?a. Iauaaeeiaiea ainoaea?noaa iaeuecy
n/eoaoue iaeiie?aoiui aeoii yoiai oa?aiia. Iii yaeeinue ?acoeueoaoii
aeaenoaee ?yaea aeanoeoaeae ia i?ioyaeaiee iiiaeo eao, i?e/?i yoi aue
i?ioeann io/eoaeueiue, e?iaaaue, ianeeuenoaaiiue.
Aiaeiae/iua i?ioeannu, i?ienoiaeeee a ae?aaiaeoai Aeao?a/uea e ae?oaeo
ainoaea?noaao Ae?aaiaai Ainoiea. A oaeaea a Ae?aaiae A?aoeee e a ?eia.
Aaeiao, noae aoi?ui ii o?iiieiaee, iinea Ooia?a oeaio?ii, aaea
noi?ie?iaaeenue ae?aaiea oeeaeeecaoeey, eoeueoo?a e ainoaea?noaaiiinoue,
ieacaaoea iiuiia aeeyiea ia n?aaeecaiiiii?neea oeeaeeecaoeee
iineaaeothuaai ia?eiaea e ia anth ie?iaoth enoi?eth. A ioee/ea io
Ianiiioaiee, ae?aaiaaaeiaoneay ainoaea?noaaiiinoue i?aeoe/anee ia
i?a?uaaeanue, caeiaeea aaeeioth o?aaeeoeeth i?aaiecaoeee, iaei
eciaieaoaeny ia i?ioyaeaiee aieaa /ai aeaoo ouny/aeaoee. [5,140]
Nenoaia ainoaea?noaaiiie aaeieieno?aoeee. Iniiau ae?aaiaaaeiaoneie
ainoaea?noaaiiie i?aaiecaoeee neiaeeeenue oaea a Ae?aaiai oea?noaa e a
aeaeueiaeoai inoaeenue ii/oe iaeciaiiuie. Oeaio?aeueiuie einoeoooaie
yoie i?aaiecaoeee auea oea?neay aeanoue e iniaay nenoaia acaeiiioiioaiee
oeaio?a n ioaeaeueiuie iaeanoyie no?aiu. [5,141]
I?aaeoaeth Aaeioa (eineaaea – ae?aaiae yiioe, oa?aii – Iiaiai oea?noaa)
i?eiaaeeaaeaea oea?neay aeanoue, nayuaiiay ii naiaio i?ienoiaeaeaieth e
ii/oe ia ia?aie/aiiay a naieo iieiiii/eyo; oa?aiiu auee iaeaieaa
au?aaeaiiuie iineoaeyie i?eioeeiia ae?aaiaainoi/iie iiia?oee, eae oeia
ainoaea?noaa. Niaeanii aaeiaoneie aeieo?eia, aeanoue oa?aiia nicaeaia e
oe?aieaia aiaaie, i?aaeoaeue – iineoaeue eo aiee a no?aia. Ii aaae?o
?aeeaeiciua oea?aiiiee, ?aaoee?oao oi?aaeaiea, aiaoeaaynue a eiioeeeou
iaaeaeo aaeieieno?aoeeae e iau/ayie (nai ia oi?aaeyao!), ?anoaa?e?oao
o?aiu, iinueaao yeniaaeeoeee, i?aaiecoao ?aaiou, iacia/aao aeaaiuo
aaeieieno?aoi?ia. A oi?aaeaiee oa?aii i?iyaeyao aieth aiaa Oioa,
ecaeaaay oeacu, ii a eaeaa an? aeieaeii niioaaonoaiaaoue ae?aaiei
iau/ayi e eaiiiai. Iiyoiio iaeia ec iii? aeanoe – a?oeau o?aiia.
I?aaeoaeue n/eoaeny aa?aioii aaeeinoaa no?aiu, a iaeanoe aiaoiae
iieeoeee ii iiaeaea?aeeaae «einie/aneee ii?yaeie». O?aaeeoeeiiii,
aeanoue n/eoaeanue ianeaaenoaaiiie, iaeiaei aaeiaoneay aeeianoey – yoi
auei aieaa oe?ieia iiiyoea. Aeiioneaeinue ianeaaeiaaiea i?anoiea
aeaiueiaie (i?e/?i eo iineaaeothuee ioae aini?eieiae io ieo caaiea
i?aaeoaey), ae?oaeie ?iaenoaaiieeaie. Anoanoaaiiui n/eoaeinue
ianeaaeiaaiea ?iaenoaaiieeaie-ioae/eiaie (a?aoueyie); /oiau ia?aaeaoue
i?anoie nuio, ioaeii auei iainiiaaoue yoi iieeoe/anee – eae i?aaeei, au?
oea?noaothuee oa?aii i?iaiaeee ei?iiaoeeth naiaai ianeaaeieea. [5,150]
Aeaaiie oeao?ie aaeieieno?aoeee aue, /aoe – aaeeeee oi?aaeoaeue,
aeieaeiinoue eioi?iai aicieeea a Ae?aaiai oea?noaa; i?eia?ii n XXII aaea
a? aeiaa?yee oieueei ?iaenoaaiieeai oea?y. Ii n/eoaeny eacia/aai aiaia,
«oaeiui niaaoieeii aeey aa?aa?neeo no?ai», ia/aeueieeii anao ?aaio e
ii?o/aiee – o. a. i?aeoe/anee any iieiioa oi?aaeaiey i?eiaaeeaaeaea aio,
a ia oea?th. *aoe aue oaeaea aa?oiaiue noaeue?e – ia/aeueieeii o. i. «6
aaeeeeo iaeao». A aaeiaoneeo i?aaeeao, /aoe aeieaeai auoue a eo?na anao
aeae a no?aia: «Oi?aaeoaeth, aeieaeii auoue aeieiaeaii e i cae?uoee iano
a oaeie-oi /an, e ia ioe?uoee eo. Aio aeieeaaeuaatho i e?aiinoyo thaa e
naaa?a, e iai an?i auoiaeyuai ec oea?neiai aeiia, e i aoiaeyuai ooaea,
eai an? aoiaeeo e auoiaeeo /a?ac aai iineaioea; aio aeieeaaeuaatho i
naaa iaianoieee, caoai iie eaeoo e oea?th ia niaao…» [10,58]
Aeai?oeiaay aaeieieno?aoeey auea iaei niaoeeaeece?iaaiiie. Auaeaeyeenue
aeaaiue ?acaeao/ee oeaaia, aeii/a?iee, eioaiaeaiou, aa?oiaiue iaa,
o?aieoaeue ia/aoe; iaeiie ec aaaeiuo aeieaeiinoae auei caaiea ia/aeueiee
eieaeiie iaeaou e a?oeaa oea?y, eiio?iee?othuee ana ainoaea?noaaiiua
aeou. Ii aeieaeiinoe yoe auee nei?aa ii/?oiuie caaieyie e iaycaiiinoyie,
aeiaa?yaiui aaeueiiaeai. [5,152]
Aaeiao aaeieieno?aoeaii aeaeeeny ia iaeanoe – iiiu, iiiu – ia
ie?oaa-oiiu, caoai ia iaueiiua ie?oaa. I?aaeoaeue iiia iaeaaeae
aaeieieno?aoeaiuie e oeiainiauie iieiiii/eyie, ii aea aue aaeeeei
ae?aoeii iaeiiai ec eoeueoia. Iiia?oe aeeee a noieeoea, a aeaeaie
aaaeaee eo ioeoeeaeueiua caianoeoaee. Iiiiuieeaie auee ienoeu e oea?neea
noaeuee. ?yaeii n iiia?oaie auee e ?oeiaiaeeoaee aiaiiuo io?yaeia.
Iniiaiie oeao?ie ae?aaiaaaeiaoneie aaeieieno?aoeee aue ienaoe. Ienoeu
aaee an? aeaeii?iecaiaenoai, auiieiyee aaeieieno?aoeaiua ii?o/aiey,
?acaeaaaee i?iaeoeou, niae?aee iaeiae, ?oeiaiaeeee iauanoaaiiuie
?aaioaie. Iie auee oeaeui nineiaeai, iiianoue a eioi?ia auei neiaeii, a
aeieaeiinoue yoa aeaaaeanue, aianoa n ainoaea?noaaiiui noaoonii, e i?aai
ia ?aioo, caiaeueiua aeaaeaiey, aeaaea ?aaia. Aaeiaoneay ciaoue auea
ii?iaeaeaia ainoaea?noaaiiie neoaeaie, e aaeueiiaeo iaeuecy auei naaa
i?aaenoaaeoue aac neoaeaaiiai iinoa, ooieoeee, iieiiii/ee aeieaeiinoe.
[5,155]
Aiaiiay i?aaiecaoeey. Au? iaeiie iniaaiiinoueth ae?aaiaaaeiaoneie
ainoaea?noaaiiie nenoaiu auei ?aiiaa iainiaeaiea e neeueiia ?acaeoea
aiaiiie i?aaiecaoeee. Iiieiaeueii, aa?oiaiui ?oeiaiaeeoaeai aienea aue
oa?aii, ii oaea n naiie ae?aaiinoe ?yaeii n iei auea aeieaeiinoue
aunoaai aieineiai ia/aeueieea, ioaaonoaaiiiai ca eiiieaeoiaaiea,
nia?yaeaiea, iao/aiea aiene. Iinoiyiiia aienei iiyaeeinue oaea a ia?eiae
?aiiaai oea?noaa, oioy aii?oaeaii auei oieueei iaaeiuie oiii?eeaie e
ueoaie. I?e oa?aiiao 12 aeeianoee (XIX-XVIII aa. aei i. y.) iainiaeeanue
naiaai ?iaea aaa?aeey, io?aiyaoay oea?y e noieeoeo; iiyaeeanue e
aeieaeiinoue a?aaeiia/aeueieea noieeoeu. A?iey aeaeeeanue ia aeaa /anoe:
iaoaa aienei e eieanie/iia (eiiieoeu ia auei, oioy aa?oiaoth acaeo
aaeioyia inaieee ieiei 1500 a. aei i. y.). Iieiaeia a?iee iinoiyiii
?aciauaeanue ia thaa no?aiu, iieiaeia – ia naaa?a. Oaeoe/aneie
aaeeieoeae aue io?yae a 50-200 aieiia ni naiei noyaii; eaaeaeua 5 aieiia
iiae/eiyeenue naiaio noa?oaio. I?oaeea auei ainoaea?noaaiiui e
auaeaaaeinue oieueei aeey iioiaea (a iaoioa auee no?aeee ec eoea e
eiiaeueee). Ia iniaii iieiaeaiee auee eieanie/iua aienea. Ei?ion
eieanie/eo aue naiaai ?iaea aiaiii-aeeieiiaoe/aneie aeaaeaieae, aai auei
iaiaoiaeeii i?ieoe, /oiau iieo/eoue aunieea aeieaeiinoe a a?iee. A XII
a. aei i. y. iiyaeeny i?ioanneiiaeueiue oeio. [4,266]
Ae?aaiee Aaeiao aeae enoi?ee i?aaa, iiaeaeoe, ia?aue i?eia?
niaoeeaeueiiai aiaiiiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa, i?eienuaaaiiai oa?aiio
Nanino?eno. Iinooieaoea a aiaiioth neoaeao noaiiaeeenue nineiaeai
aieiia, iie auee iaycaiu aeeoue niiaua, iinoiyiii oi?aaeiyoueny ai
aeaaeaiee i?oaeeai e a aieineii ianoa?noaa. Aieiu ia eiaee i?aaa
caieiaoueny ae?oaeie aeaeaie, ia aeieaeiu auee ioeo/aoueny ec iano
?aniieiaeaiey. Iaiiae/eiaiea ia/aeueieeai, oiuoeaiiia aeaca?oe?noai
n/eoaeinue oyaeeei oaieiaiui i?anooieaieai.
Noae e caeiiu. Aaeiaoneee noae aue cia/eoaeueii iainiaeai a naiae
i?aaiecaoeee, e yoi auei oaeaea aaaeiie /a?oie anaai ainoaea?noaaiiiai
no?iy. THnoeoeey a oeaeii iniiauaaeanue ia aeaoo i?eioeeiao: 1)
iacuaeaiia o?aiaiea i?eaeeaaee oea?neie aeanoe; 2) o?aaeeoeeiiiua
i?eaeeaaee ae?a/anoaa. Noaeaaiay aeayoaeueiinoue oanii naycuaaeanue ia n
aaeieieno?aoeeae (oioy aunoei noaeue?e aue aeaaiue oi?aaeoaeue), a n
o?aaeeoeeyie ae?a/aneie aeanoe, iinyuae, oa?aeoa?iua /a?ou
?aaiaeaaeaeue/aneiai iauanoaa yoiai yoaia ?acaeoey.
A ianoiyuaa a?aiy, iaoea ia ?aniieaaaao oi/iuie aeaiiuie, eanaoaeueii
ae?aaiaaaeiaoneiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa. Ii eae iia eaaeaony, i?ioioeiii,
aoaeouaai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa, iiaeao aunooiaoue 125 aeaaa «Eieae
i??oauo». Yoio nai?iee ?aeeaeiciuo aeiai, ?aaoee?othueo ioiioaiey e auo
iaaeaeo ae?aaieie aaeioyiaie ia iniiaa ianoiuo ?aeeaeiciuo o?aaeeoeee. A
aieaa iicaeiee ia?eiae niaea?aeaiea 125 aeaau, i?aia?aciaaeinue a caeiiu
ii?aee, noaaoea iicaea, iniiaie iau/iiai i?aaa.
Noae aue aanieaoiui aeey iiaeaiiuo. [4,270] Iniiaiie eaoaai?eae aeae
iiiiauo noaeia, auee oeiainiaua e iaeiaiaua aeaea. Oae eae aaeaaiaeii,
ana aaeioyia auee iaycaiu iauyaeoue a iaeanoe i nai?i eiaie,
ianoiaeeoaeuenoaa, eiouanoaa e aeioiaeao – n yoiai en/eneyeenue
i?iaeoeoiaua eee iaoo?aeueiua iiaeiiinoe (aei 1 oun., aei i. y.,
aaeioyia ia ciaee aeaiaa a nianoaaiiii niunea yoiai neiaa). Oaieiaiua
aeaea ?anniao?eaaee niaoeeaeueiua eee aieaa aunieea noaeu: «6 aaeeeeo
iaeao». Ai aeaaa anae aunoae nenoaiu aue Aunoee noae ec 30 noaeae (a
ia?eiae Iicaeiaai oea?noaa). I?aaenaaeaoaee iineee iniaua ciaee –
cieioua oeaie. Aaeiaoneee noae ?aoae aeaea aac iioeaaoeee: oieueei «aea»
eee «iao» a ioaao ia iaaeiaiea. Aea/a iieacaiee iaoneaaeeaaeanue
i?eianaieai i?enyae. Ecaanoiu neo/ae noaeaaiuo iuoie (aeoue? iaeeaie)
aeey iiioaeaeaiey e «aiai?aieth enoeiu». A i?eiaiaiee i?aaa noaeuee
aeieaeiu auee, ?oeiaiaenoaiaaoueny iau/ayie e o?aaeeoeeyie. Eaeae i
niioaaonoaee noaeaaiiai ?aoaiey oi/iiio i?aaeienaieth caeiia au?,
ii-aeaeeiiio, ia auei. Oioy eiaeeoeoee?iaaiiua (o. a. iauaaeei?iiua a
eiaeaen e nenoaiaoece?iaaiiua) caeiiu a Aaeioa auee. Eaaaiaea?iia ia/aei
oaeeo caeiiia i?eienuaaeinue aiao Oioo (Aa?iano O?eiaaenoo a?a/aneie
o?aaeeoeee): au? i?e iniiaaiee ainoaea?noaa ae?aaiinoe ii yeiau a?o/ee
ae?aoeai 42 nayuaiiua eieae, ec eioi?uo eieae 2-13 iinayuaeenue
i?a?iaaoeaai oea?y e caeiiai i?aaeaiey. E IIX a. aei i. y. ioiineony
ecaeaiea oa?aiiii Aieoi?enii iniaiai eiaeaena, aaea aieueoia ianoi
ioaiaeeeinue ?aaoee?iaaieth naeaeie, oi?aiaiai iai?ioa, ?aciiai ?iaea
aeiaiai?ai (aanueia naiaia?aciui a aaeiaoneii i?aaa). Eiaeaenu «naeoee»
niaea?aeaeenue eae aaee/aeoay nayouiy a a?oeaao «6 iaeao»: a iaeiii ec
ae?aaiaaaeiaoneeo eeoa?aoo?iuo i?iecaaaeaiee, iienaaoeo ia?eiaoee 1-ai
ia?aoiaeiiai ia?eiaea, eae i aaee/aeoae o?aaaaeee aiai?eeinue, i aeaaee
yoeo naeoeia. [4,272]
Aaeieieno?aoeaiue no?ie Ae?aaiaaaeiaoneiai ainoaea?noaa ioee/aeny
aieueoae e naiinoiyoaeueiie ?ieueth o?aiiaie aaeieieno?aoeee, caieiooie
ia iaeanoe-iiiu; eiaiii iia, aeaaiui ia?acii, auiieiyea, /a?ac ienoeia,
oicyenoaaiii-?ani?aaeaeeoaeueiua e oeiainiaua ooieoeee.
Ae?aaiaa oea?noai (XXVIII – XXIII aa. aei i. y.)
Ia?aue aeeeoaeueiue ia?eiae noaaeeueiie e yooaeoeaiie oeaio?aeueiie
aeanoe a Aaeioa i?eoiaeeony ia aiaeu o?aoueae – oanoie aeeianoee, yoi
ia?eiae oae iacuaaaiiai Ae?aaiaai oea?noaa (ii ia?eiaeecaoeee Iaiaoiia).
Eiaiii a yoi a?aiy ieii/aoaeueii neiaeeeinue e oi?i/eeinue
ae?aaiaaaeiaoneia ainoaea?noai, eae aaeeiue e aei i?aaeaea aeanoieee
oicyenoaaiiue i?aaieci. A ?aieao eioi?iai, naaeiaiae/aneee e
neioiaiae/aneee naaa? oaea/ii ni/aoaeny n caieaaeaeue/aneei thaii, a
oaeaea iianaianoii iiaeaea?aeeaaeny caaeaiiue ?aaoey?iuie ?aceeaaie Ieea
aiaeiue ?aaeei, n aaeaaiaeiui e uaae?ui oaeia?aieai ii/au eeii,
Noieeoeae no?aiu aue iniiaaiiue ia nouea Aa?oiaai e Ieaeiaai Aaeioa
Iaioen.
Oa?aiiu, ia/eiay n i?aaeoaeae o?aoueae aeeianoee, auee oaea ia i?inoi
iaiaeanoae?iiuie oea?yie – iie n/eoaeenue ?aaiuie aiaai. Nouanoaiaae
no?iaee ?eooae iieeiiaiey ei. Eiaiii yoe niia?aaeaiey e eaaee a iniiao
no?ieoaeuenoaa oao aeaaioneeo ie?aieae, eioi?ua aieioue aei iaoeo aeiae
yaeythony aaee/anoaaiiuie neiaieaie ae?aaiaai Aaeioa – aaiey ianoa?ia,
o?oaea no?ieoaeae, anaaeanoey e aiaeanoaaiiiai noaoona i?aaeoaeae.
Ie?aieaeu oa?aiiia o?aoueae e /aoa??oie aeeianoee Aeaeina?a (Aeaeana?a),
Niio?o (Niao?o), Oaiina (Oooo), Oao?aia (Oao?a) e ?yaea ae?oaeo
ii?aaeatho naieie ?acia?aie: e?oiiaeoay ec ieo ie?aieaea Oaiina eiaao
eeeiiao? a ia?eiao?a o iniiaaiey e aeinoeaaao a aunioo 147i., no?ieee
yoo ie?aieaeo, ii caoeene?iaaiiui a?a/aneei enoi?eeai i?aaeaieyi, ieiei
100oun. /aeiaae ia i?ioyaeaiee 20eao. [5,292]
Ia/eiay n iyoie aeeianoee no?ieoaeuenoai e?oiiuo ie?aieae ?acei iioei ia
oaueue – aeaeeii, oeaio?aeeciaaiiay aaeieieno?aoeey noaea ineaaaaaoue e
oaea ia iiaea n eaaeinoueth iiaeeeciauaaoue aeanyoee ouny/ ethaeae e
o?aoeoue ia?iiiua n?aaenoaa ia i?anoeaeiua e aei?iainoiyuea nii?oaeaiey.
Ie?aieaeu oa?aiiia iyoie e oanoie aeeianoee auee iaaaeeee e no?ieeenue
ieioi, caoi a?iaieoeu aaeueiiae noaee aeenoaoue aiaaonoaii, /oi einaaiii
naeaeaoaeuenoaoao ia oe?aieaiee iiceoeee ianoiie ciaoe. [5,301]
Aunieay noaiaiue oeaio?aeecaoeee oi?aaeaiey, aicieeoay ia i/aiue ?aiiai
yoaia ?acaeoey iauanoaa e ainoaea?noaa, nianoeea iiiaea i?eau/iua
aeoeaiou e nua?aea iaiaeoth ?ieue a oi?ie?iaaiee niaoeeoe/aneeo /a?o
ae?aaiaaaeiaoneie no?oeoo?u, eioi?ay ecaanoia iaoea ioithaeue ia ai anao
a? aaaeiuo aeaoaeyo. Caeanue noieo oiiiyiooue, i oa?aeoa?a enoi/ieeia –
iaiiiai aieaa neoaeiuo, iaaeaee oi eiaei ianoi a Aeao?a/uea n aai
nioiyie ouny/ ia/a?oaiiuo ia aeeiyiuo oaaee/eao aeieoiaioao
oicyenoaaiiie io/?oiinoe, – ia iicaieyao aeaeaoue aeaeaei eaeouea
auaiaeu. Iai?ioea, canoaaeyao no?ieoue i?aaeiieiaeaiey e iaiaa?eaaoueny
aeaaea oiaaea, eiaaea ?a/ue caoiaeeo i naiii iniiaiii, iai?eia?, i
oi?iao oicyenoaa. Ia i?aaiecaoeee i?iecaiaenoaa e aeaaea ia ia?aca
aeecie ianaeaiey.
Iiaeii i?aaeiieaaaoue, /oi iaeiaaea, ia aanueia ?aiiai yoaia
nouanoaiaaiey ainoaea?noaaiiinoe, oi?iie i?aaiecaoeee e ia?aca aeecie
ianaeaiey auea – eae yoi anaaaea e aacaea auaaei – caieaaeaeue/aneay
iaueia, o. a. eieeaeoea caieaaeaeueoeaa, ia?aaaouaaaoeo iauoth
iiaeae?iioth ia naiaeiua iaaeaeu caieth, naycaiiuo acaeiiiiiiuueth,
nenoaiie ?aoeei?ieiuo iaycaoaeuenoa e auiea/eaaaoeo iaeiae aeanoyi. Ii a
ae?aaiaaaeiaoneeo aeieoiaioao iao naeaeaoaeuenoa i nouanoaiaaiee
iiaeiaiiai ?iaea nioeeaeueii-oicyenoaaiiuo no?oeoo? aeaaea
i?eiaieoaeueii e i?ioeiio. Nei?aa anaai, yoi auei naycaii n oai, /oi a
oa a?aiaia, eioi?ua iienaiu a oaenoao, iaueiu oaea ia auei, ia
nouanoaiaaei e iacaaeneiuo io aeanoe e iaiiaeeiio?ieueiuo ae
iieiii?aaiuo iaueiieeia oeia oao, /oi anaaaea /eneaiii i?aiaeaaeaee a
Aeao?a/uea. [5,303]
Iioiaea ia oi, /oi ae?aaiaaaeiaoneay iaueia, a neeo eaeeo-oi aaniiuo
i?e/ei, iaeiie ec ieo neaaeoao n/eoaoue nai oa?aeoa? oicyenoaa a oceie
iieina aaeieue Ieea n iinoiyiiie caaeneiinoueth io aai ?aceeaia e
iaiaoiaeeiinoueth eieeaeoeaiiai, e ?oeiaiaeeiiai ec oeaio?a o?oaea ii
i?aiaeieaieth iineaaenoaee yoeo ?aceeaia, ieacaeenue i?aeoe/anee
oeaeeeii iiaeiu?iiie aeanoueth. Eioi?ay auea eiei?ii?e?iaaia a nenoaio
oea?nei-o?aiiauo e aaeueiiaeiuo oicyenoa.
*oi aea eanaaony no?oeoo?iie oa?aeoa?enoeee anao oiiiyioouo e?oiiuo
oicyenoa, oi iie, noaey ii eiathueiny naaaeaieyi, auee a i?eioeeia
iaeiioeiiu e noiaee ii oeio n o?aiiauie e ainoaea?noaaiiuie oicyenoaaie
Aeao?a/uey oie ii?u, eiaaea o?iaaiue oeaio?aeecaoeee aaeieieno?aoeee e
?aaeaiaioaoeee ?aaio aue oai iaeneiaeueiui. Oae, anoue iniiaaiea
n/eoaoue, /oi a ae?aaiaaaeiaoneeo oicyenoaao auee ia?aaaouaaaoeany
io?yaeaie ?aaioieeia, «neoa oea?y», aieueoea iiey, o?iaeae n eioi?uo o?e
a eac?iiua aiaa?u. Naie aea «neoae oea?y» iieo/aee eeai auaea/e ec
eac?iiuo aiaa?ia, eeai iaaeaeu, ca iieueciaaiea eioi?uie iie, aiciiaeii,
oiaea ieaoeee iaeiae. Ano?a/athony oiiieiaiey i oii, /oi «neoae oea?y»
iieo/aee i?oaeey o?oaea ec neeaaeia oicyenoaa, iieueciaaeenue eac?iiui
?aai/ei neioii, iinaaiui ca?iii e o. i. Ii i?aainiiniaiinoe, «neoae
oea?y» yaii ia i?eiaaeeaaeaee e /eneo iieiii?aaiuo. N?aaee ieo auee ia
oieueei caieaaeaeueoeu, ii e ?aianeaiieee ?acee/iuo niaoeeaeueiinoae. A
ecia?aaeaieyo iiiai noeai, e?ani/ii ?enothueo ?aaioo a ?acee/iuo
ianoa?neeo, io thaaee?iuo e oeaoeeeo aei aoei/iuo e ieaiaa?ai, i?e/?i
ana iie iiae/eiaiu ia/aeueieeai, ia?aaeei ecia?aaeaaoeiny n ie?oeaie,
iaeeaie e eiuie ia aeaoniuneaiiuie neiaieaie eo aeanoe. Yoe ea?oeiu
canoaaeytho iinoaaeoue aii?in i oii, auee ee aiiaua a aaeiaoneii
iauanoaa Ae?aaiaai oea?noaa iieiii?aaiua? Iioiaea, /oi ioaaoeoue ia iaai
oae aea iaeaaei, eae e ia oanii naycaiiue n iei aii?in ia iaueia.
[5,301]
Aaeiaoneia ainoaea?noai ia?eiaea Ae?aaiaai oea?noaa auei iiuiui e oi?ioi
i?aaieciaaiiui aiia?aoii aeanoe, iie?aaoeiny ia aaia?aeueiue i?eioeei
aeanoe-nianoaaiiinoe. Ainoaea?noaaiiia oicyenoai ainiiaenoaiaaei
aani?aaeaeueii: ana i?e/anoiua e aeanoe eiaiii a neeo neoaeaaiiai
iieiaeaiey aeaaeaee naiei eiouanoaii, aeeth/ay ia oieueei aeieaeiinoiua,
ii e ee/iua aeaaeaiey. Aeaiiua i eoiea-i?iaeaaea e i /anoiuo
i?eia?aoaieyo ?uii/iiai oa?aeoa?a i?eiaieoaeueii e Ae?aaiaio oea?noao
aoeaaeueii aaeeieoeu, i?e/?i /anoue eo, ii iaiueoae ia?a, nii?ia. Ii
an?-oaee e eiioeo ia?eiaea, iienaiiay auoa no?oeoo?a, iiae aeeyieai
i?ioeanna i?eaaoecaoeee noaea aeaoi?ie?iaaoueny. Ia/eiaeny iiaue
ia?eiae.
N?aaeiaa oea?noai (XXI – XVIII aa. aei i.y.)
Aioo?aiiyy iieeoeea oa?aiiia N?aaeiaai oea?noaa aia/aea inouanoaeyeanue
iiae ciaeii iaeanoi/?iiie ai?ueau aeanoe oeaio?a n naia?aoenoneeie
oaiaeaioeeyie ia ianoao.
A aiaeu i?aaeaiey aeaaiaaeoeaoie aeeianoee e iniaaiii Naiona?oa III ia
ia?aaeiee ieai caiaoii auaeaeioeinue neoaeeeia /eiiaie/anoai,
caianoeaoaa niaie ianeaaenoaaiioth aaeueiiaeioth ciaoue e aeaaea
ianeieueei iooanieaoaa niaie aeeyoaeueiia ae?a/anoai. Aieueooth neeo i?e
aeai?a noaea ea?aoue e a?iey. Nieaeaou e eo ia/aeueieee ca naith neoaeao
iieo/aee aeieaeiinoiua iaaeaeu e uaae?ua iaa?aaeu. An? yoi
niinianoaiaaei oe?aieaieth aeanoe oeaio?a, nicaeaieth yooaeoeaiie
aaeieieno?aoeee, /oi n iaeaieueoae neeie i?iyaeeinue ia i?eia?a
no?ieoaeuenoaa aeaaioneiai aiaeio?aieeeua a ?aeiia Oathia. A ia?eiae
i?aaeaiey Aiaiaioaoa III, ia?iiiay anoanoaaiiay eioeiaeia a ?aeiia
Oathineiai iacena auea n iiiiuueth na?ee aeaia, ieioei, eaiaeia e
oethcia i?aa?auaia a Ia?eaeiai ica?i – e?oiiue eneonnoaaiiue ?aca?aoa?.
Iicaieyaoee iaeaieeaaoue ecauoie aiae Ieea a ia?eiae ?aceeaia e oai
?aaoee?iaaoue o?iaaiue aai aiae, i?ioaoue iiiai/eneaiiua iiaua
ieiaei?iaeiua caiee a ie?oaa. Yoio a?aiaeeiciue i?iaeo, ?aaii eae e
auno?iaiiue caeanue aea, ?yaeii n a?iaieoeae oa?aiia, ia?iiiue eaae?eio,
aiineaaenoaee ?anniao?eaaeenue a?aeaie eae oaaeaa?u no?ieoaeueiiai
eneonnoaa aaeioyi.
Iiaia oea?noai (XVI – XI aa. aei i. y.) e ?anoeaao Ae?aaiaai Aaeioa.
I?aaiieee ssoiina, iniaaiii, Oooiin I e Oooiin II, a caoai aaeiaa
iineaaeiaai, oea?eoea Oaooainoo, auee neeueiuie e aeanoiuie i?aaeoaeyie,
i?e eioi?uo aue aeai noa?o aeoeaiie aiaoiae iieeoeea e caaiaaaieyi
Aaeioa, eae ia naaa?a, oae e ia thaa. Ii anae no?aia, ?acaa?ioeinue
a?aiaeeiciia no?ieoaeuenoai, i?aaeaea anaai o?aiiaia. Ia niaio
?ac?ooaiiui aeeninaie e i?eoaaeoei a oiaaeie o?aiiaui no?iaieyi i?eoee
iiaua e aaee/anoaaiiua eaiaiiua a?iiaaeu, n?aaee eioi?uo auaeaeyeny
aaeeeieaieai e ?acia?aie noiee/iue o?aiiaue eiiieaen aiaa nieioea Aiiia
a Oeaao. I?aaeaoee iinea nia?oe ia/aoe Oooiin III, nui Oooiina II,
cae?aiee aeinoeaeaiey i?aaeoanoaaiieeia, iiei?ea Ne?eth e Iaeanoeio,
?anoe?ea thaeiua i?aaeaeu no?aiu aei /aoa??oiai ieeueneiai ii?iaa. Aai
aieueoia e oi?ioi i?aaieciaaiiia aienei, iniiaioth neeo eioi?iai
ninoaaeyee cai?yaeaiiua eioaaeueie aiaaua eieanieoeu, i?aeoe/anee ia
ciaei ii?aaeaiee. Eieinnaeueiay aiaiiay aeiau/a, aeeth/ay e ieaiieeia,
iiuiui iioieii oaeea a Aaeiao, aaea iia inaaeaea a eeaaeiauo o?aiia, a
oicyenoaao oea?y e aai naiiaieeia. I?aaiieee Oooiina III, aeoeaii
i?iaeieaeaee aai iieeoeeo, oniaoe eioi?ie aucaaee e aeecie
iaiaoiaeeiinoue a iaeioi?uo ?aoi?iao. [4,553]
?aoi?iu einioeenue, i?aaeaea anaai, nenoaiu oi?aaeaiey. No?aia auea
?acaeaeaia ia aeaa /anoe, naaa? e tha, ai aeaaa eioi?uo auee iinoaaeaiu
iiae/ei?iiua oa?aiio iaianoieee, iaea/?iiua oe?ieeie iieiiii/eyie.
Auaoea au? iaaeaaii iacaaeneiua iiia?oe, i?aa?aoeeenue a /eiiaieeia,
eaaeaeue ec eioi?uo eiae naith eaioeaey?eth n ienoeaie e neoaeaueie e
ioaa/ae ca oi?aaeaiea iiiii. Iniaua ia/aeueieee oi?aaeyee ai?iaeaie e
e?aiinoyie, a oaeaea caai?aaiiuie ?aeiiaie (a ea/anoaa iaianoieeia).
Aeayoaeueiinoue anao aaeieieno?aoi?ia no?iai ii?aaeaeyeenue
niaoeeaeueiuie ii?iaie e eino?oeoeeyie, niaea?aeaiea eioi?uo ecaanoii ii
nio?aieaoeiny a a?iaieoeao oaenoai. Anoue a oaenoao e oiiieiaiey i 40
eiaeaiuo naeoeao, aeaoeo, aiciiaeii, /ai-oi a?iaea naiaea caeiiia e
i?aaeienaiee, eieie aeieaeiinoiua eeoeaie iaycaiu auee
?oeiaiaenoaiaaoueny (nai yoio naiae aei ian ia aeio?e).
Noaa neeueiie aiaiiie aea?aeaaie, eiia?eae, a eioi?oth auee aeeth/aiu
caai?aaiiua ia?iaeu, e a?aieoeu, eioi?uo aeioee ia naaa? aei Aao?aoa,
Aaeiao anooiee a aeoeaiua aiaoiaiieeoe/aneea nayce n ae?oaeie
ainoaea?noaaie Aeeaeiaai Ainoiea. N Ieoaiieeneei e Oaooneei oea?noaaie,
n eanneoneeie i?aaeoaeyie Aaaeeiiee, i?e/?i eiaiii io yoie yiioe a
aaeiaoneeo a?oeaao nio?aieeinue iaiaei oeaiiuo aeeieiiaoe/aneeo
aeieoiaioia (a?oeau Oaeeue-Aia?iu), iicaieythueo i?aaenoaaeoue ea?oeio
iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo ioiioaiee oiai a?aiaie.
Iicaeiaa oea?noai: Aaeiao iiae aeanoueth eiicaiiuo i?aaeoaeae.
Neiieaiea eeaeeoeaa ia naaa?a no?aiu e eniieueciaaiea iiiaeo ec ieo, a
ea/anoaa nieaeao-iaaiieeia, i?eaaei ia ?oaaaea II — I ouny/aeaoee aei
i.y., e auaeaeaeaieth ia aaainoeaio iieeoe/aneie aeecie no?aiu,
aiaeoeeiciuo eeaeeneeo aiaia/aeueieeia, aeoeaii aiaoeaaaoeony ai
aioo?aiithth ai?ueao oa?aiiia n oneeeaoaeny ianoiie ciaoueth. Yoi
aiaoaoaeuenoai caaa?oeeinue oai, /oi iaeei ec aiaia/aeueieeia, Oaoiie, a
na?aaeeia O a. aei i.y., caoaaoee aeanoue e iieiaeee ia/aei 22 eeaeeneie
aeeianoee — ia?aie ec na?ee i?aaeaoeo Aaeioii /oaeacaiiuo aeeianoee.
Aaaeiie iiaie iniaaiiinoueth nioeeaeueiie no?oeoo?u Aaeioa Iicaeiaai
oea?noaa noaiiaeony oneeaiea ei?ii?aoeaiinoe. Nooue yoiai yaeaiey,
ciaeiiiai oaea e Iiaiio oea?noao, naiaeeeanue ei ana aieueoae
iainiaeaiiinoe ninoiyoaeueiuo neiaa, aoaeue oi ae?aoeu, aieiu eee
?aianeaiieee ?acee/iuo niaoeeaeueiinoae. Ianeaaenoaaiiinoue caiyoee,
niinianoaiaaea caieiooinoe niioaaonoaothueo ei?ii?aoeee, aioo?aiiea
nayce e acaeiiiiiiuue a n?aaea eioi?uo, auee iniaaiii aaaeiu, a oneiaeyo
?acaeaathoeony oiaa?ii-aeaiaaeiuo ioiioaiee, i?e yaiii ineaaeaiee
oeaio?aeeciaaiiie aaeieieno?aoeee. Ii-i?aaeiaio nouanoaiaaee e eiaee
iaiaeoth neeo o?aiiaua oicyenoaa, ii oaia?ue iie ana yanoaaiiaa
noaiiaeeenue oicyenoaaie ae?a/anei-eoeueoiauo o/?aaeaeaiee e oai naiui
eneeth/aeenue ec noa?u ainoaea?noaaiiiai oicyenoaa e niioaaonoaaiii
aieueoie iieeoe/aneie oeaiiinoe ia eiaee.[4,576]
Aeey ainoaea?noaaiiiai aiia?aoa yeeeienoe/aneiai Aaeioa auei oa?aeoa?ii
ni/aoaiea o?aaeeoeee oa?aiiianeie aaeieieno?aoeee n a?aei-iaeaaeiineeie
i?eioeeiaie. Ca eneeth/aieai ianeieueeeo iieenia, oeia Aeaenaiae?ee, any
inoaeueiay no?aia o?aaeeoeeiiii aeaeeeanue ia iiiu, oi?aaeyaoeany
/eiiaieeaie-no?aoaaaie. Iiiu iiae?acaeaeyeenue ia oiia?oee, a oa — ia
iinaeaiey, eiiu. Ai aeaaa aaeieieno?aoeee noiye ieieno?-aeeieeao,
aaaeaaoee oicyenoaii e eaciie. Eiaiii aio iiae/eiyeenue oiiiyiooua
i?iaeioeeaeueiua aaeieieno?aoi?u.
Noaeaaiay nenoaia auea ?ai?aaieciaaia a niioaaonoaee n ii?iaie
a?a/aneiai i?aaa. [5,322]
Iiaeaiaey eoia, anaio auoaneacaiiiio, neaaeoao ioiaoeoue, /oi aaeiaoneee
aa?eaio ?acaeoey, ioee/aaony io ae?oaeo i?eia?ia, naiae oioaeueiie
aiaea/?iiinoueth i?iecaiaeeoaey a nenoaio ainoaea?noaaiiiai oicyenoaa, e
e?aeia caiaaeeaiiuie a neeo yoiai oaiiaie i?eaaoecaoeee.
AEAAA II. AICIEEIIAAIEA E ?ACAEOEAAINOAeA?NOAA A Ae?AAIAI AAAEEIIA
I?eia?ii n na?aaeeiu IV ouny/aeaoey aei iaoae y?u, a thaeiii Aeao?a/uea
iiyaeythony ia?aua iaaeiaueiiua iieeoe/aneea no?oeoo?u, a aeaea
ai?iaeia-ainoaea?noa. I?ioiainoaea?noaa ae?aaiaai Aeao?a/uey
?acaeaaeenue auno?i e yia?ae/ii. Iioiaea ia oi, /oi i?eoaeueoeu-ooia?u,
iiyaeaoenue a ciia iaeoaiey ianaeueieeia eoeueoo?u Oaaeae, auno?i e
yia?ae/ii eniieueciaaee iiuo i?aaeuaeoueo ia?iaeia, ia iniiaaiee
eioi?uo, iie e noaee no?ieoue naith, eiiiaaoeeiiioth ainoaea?noaaiioth
no?oeoo?o.
A na?aaeeia III ouny/aeaoey aei i. y., ?acee/iua caiaaeii-naieoneea
ieaiaia noaee i?iieeaoue a ieiaei?iaeioth ieciaiiinoue Oea?a e Aao?aoa,
ia?aoiaey io ei/aaiai auoa e in?aeeiio caieaaeaeeth. Yoe ieaiaia
neioiaiaeia, eioi?ua ianee naie noaaea iaaoe a nooeo noaiyo iaaeaeo
Ne?eae e Ianiiioaieae, eae aiai?eony a iaaeienyo, au? ia ciaee «ie
aeiiia, ie ai?iaeia» – o ieo ia auei «ie ca?ia, ie oeaaa». Iie i?eoee a
Aeao?a/uea ec caiee No?aiu Caiaaea (Ia?oo) e iioiio, iieo/eee iacaaiea
aii?eoia.
A eiioea III ouny/aeaoey aei i. y., a n?aaeiae /anoe Ianiiioaiee
iiyaeeny ai?iae, iineaoee aua ae?aaiaooia?eeneia iacaaiea Eaaeeiae?.
Aiciiaeii, /oi eiaiii caeanue, iaiiiai iicaeiaa, aiciee ai?iae Aaaeeii,
noaaoee e?oiiui oi?aiaui e eoeueoo?iui oeaio?ii, noieeoeae
iiaouanoaaiiiai ainoaea?noaa, a eioi?ii i?aaeee oea?e ec aii?eoneie
aeeianoee.
Iiiai/eneaiiua nio?aieaoeany aeieoiaiou, a /anoiinoe ae?aaiee naiae
aaaeeiineeo caeiiia, aaeieieno?aoeaiay ia?aienea oea?y n ianoiuie
/eiiaieeaie, no?ieoaeueiua iaaeiene, aeaeiaua aeieoiaiou, iaeiiaoe,
aiaaoue a?oea, iaeaeaiiue a noieeoea ainoaea?noaa Ia?e, aeatho
aiciiaeiinoue iiae?iaii eco/eoue enoi?eth yoiai a?aiaie.
Aeeieiiaoe/aneea aeieoiaiou ec a?oeaa a Ia?e ?enotho y?eoth ea?oeio
iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo ioiioaiee, neiaeeaoeony a Ia?aaeiae Acee a XVIII a. aei
i. y. THaeiua ooia?eeneea ai?iaea auee ?aciauaiu. Iniaaiiia cia/aiea, a
yoii ioiioaiee, eiaea Ea?na. A yoii ai?iaea, ia oio iiiaio i?aaeee
yeaineea caaiaaaoaee, no?aieaoeany oe?aieoue naia aeeyiea a THaeiie, e
aeaaea N?aaeiae Ianiiioaiee. [2,55]
Caieaaeaaeaiea. Ia?yaeo n iinoaiaiii ?aniaaeathueiny iaueiiui
caieaaeaaeaieai a Aaaeeiiee nouanoaiaaei e e?oiiia oea?neia
caieaaeaaeaiea. Oea?e n/eoaee naay ai?aaa io/oaeaeaoue caiaeueiua
o/anoee io iauei e ia?aaeaaaoue eo a ea/anoaa oea?neiai iiaeaeiaaiey
oiio eee eiiio naiiaieeo. Aieiu oaaee/eaaee oeaio?aeeciaaiiue a ?oeao
ainoaea?noaa caiaeueiue oiiae. Iinea iiaaaeu iaae ?eineiii, Oaiio?aie
i?eniaaeeiee e Aaaeeiineiio oea?noao iaeanoue Ea?nu, a caiee aa
i?aaeoaey i?eniaaeeiee e oea?neiio caiaeueiiio oiiaeo. I?aai oea?y ia
auii?i/iua caiee oaeaea i?eaiaeeei e oaaee/aieth oea?neiai
caieaaeaaeaiey. Ia?aaaouaaee caiee a e?oiiuo oea?neeo iiianoueyo ia
oieueei ?aau, i?eiaaeeaaeaaoea oea?neiio aeai?oeo, ii e a?aiaeaoi?u. A
aeieoiaioao ano?a/athony niaoeeaeueiua oa?ieiu aeey iaicia/aiey iiiyoee
«a?aiaeaoi?», «a?aiaeiue aeieoiaio», «a?aiaeiaaiiia iiea». A?aiaeiay
ieaoa. A?aiaeiua aeiaiai?u ninoaaeyeenue ii iniaie oi?ia. A yoeo
aeiaiai?ao iaicia/aeenue iauaeo aeiaiai?a, ?acia?a a?aiaeiie ieaou,
eioi?ay oiea/eaaeanue iaoo?ie eee a aeaea aeiee o?iaeay, ianoi e a?aiy
oieaou, eiaia naeaeaoaeae e aeaoa. Naea/a caiee a a?aiaeo
nii?iaiaeaeaeanue iniauie ia?yaeaie, eioi?ua oeacuaaee, /oi a?aiaeoaiue
o/anoie noaiiaeony aeaaeaieai aea?aeaoaey, ii ia yaeyaony aai
nianoaaiiinoueth. I/aaeaeii, /oi ainoaea?noaaiiay aeanoue i?eieiaea ia?u
e oiio, /oiau a?aiaeaoi? ia iia i?enaieoue a?aiaeiaaiioth caieth.
A?aiaeiay ieaoa iacuaaeanue «ca?ii a?aiaeu». A niioaaonoaee n
iaoo?aeueiui oa?aeoa?ii oicyenoaa e iieaoa aceiaeanue a aeaea
ii?aaeaeaiiiai eiee/anoaa ca?ia eee ae?oaeo i?iaeoeoia. Eiiaaea, a
aeiaiai?ao oeacuaaaony iauee ?acia? a?aiaeiie ieaou, eiiaaea aea yoa
ieaoa aceiaeanue n aaeeieoeu iiaa?oiinoe, a eiiaaea «niaeanii ninaaeiei
iieyi» eee «niaeanii neaaa e ni?aaa», o. a. Niioaaonoaaiii iau/iiio
?acia?o a?aiaeiie ieaou a aeaiiie ianoiinoe. A iaeioi?uo neo/ayo
a?aiaeiay ieaoa aceiaeanue a aeaea aeiee o?iaeay. I?e a?aiaea ca?iiaiai
o/anoea iau/ii a?aee i?ioeaioioth aeieth o?iaeay, i?e a?aiaea naaeiaiai
o/anoea — i?ioeaio n o?iaeay. Aiciiaeii, /oi i?e iiauoaiee o?iaeaeiinoe
a?aiaeiay ieaoa iiauoaeanue. Iaeiaei i?e iiieaeaiee o?iaeaeiinoe
naaeiaiai o/anoea a?aiaeiay ieaoa ia aeieaeia auea nieaeaoueny. Ii no.
65 caeiiia Oaiio?aie i?e oiaiueoaiee aeioiaea aneaaenoaea ieioie
ia?aaioee caiee a?aiaeiay ieaoa aceiaeanue enoiaey ec n?aaeiae
aeioiaeiinoe aiaeiae/iiai o/anoea a aeaiiie ianoiinoe. Oaeei ia?acii,
caeii aa?aioe?iaae caieaaeaaeaeueoeo oaa?aeoth ii?io a?aiaeiie ieaou,
eioi?ay ia aeieaeia auea oiaiueoaoueny. [3,22]
I?e a?aiaea oeaeeiu, a?aiaeaoi? ieaoee ieceoth a?aiaeioth ieaoo,
eioi?oth ii aiinee oieueei ia aoi?ie aiae a?aiaeu. Eiiaaea ianeieueei
a?aiaeaoi?ia niiaua a?aiaeiaaee iiea, aianoa aai ia?aaaouaaee, ii?iaio
aeaeeee o?iaeae iinea oieaou a?aiaeu e i?i/eo ?anoiaeia. I/aaeaeii, /oi
a iinoaiaiii ?aci?ythueony iaueiao iiyaeyeinue ana aieueoa aaaeiyeia, a
nayce n /ai, aicieeea e noaa?aiaea; eiaaea a?aiaeaoi? ?acaeaae
a?aiaeiaaiioth ei caieth ia iaeeea o/anoee e a naith i/a?aaeue, naeaaae
yoe o/anoee a a?aiaeo o?aoueei eeoeai. Iinoaiaiii, e?oiiua aiaaonoaa
nin?aaeioi/eaaeenue a ?oeao ioaeaeueiuo aiaa/ae, aeaaeaaoeo ia oieueei
noaaeaie, ?aaaie, ii oaeaea e caieae. Yoo caieth aiaaoua ethaee iieo/aee
ia oieueei a aeaea oea?neiai iiaeaeiaaiey, a eiiaaea e neoiaee. Ai
iiiaeo aeieoiaioao ec Ea?nu, a ea/anoaa iieoiaoaeae caiaeue oiiieiathony
iaeie e oa aea eeoea. Ia?yaeo n yoei oi?ie?iaaeinue e iaeeia
e?anoueyineia caieaaeaaeaiea. A iaeioi?uo noaoueyo caeiiia Oaiio?aie,
oiiieiathony aieiu-eieiienou, eioi?ua iieo/aee io oea?y caiaeueiua
iaaeaeu e aeieaeiu auee ca yoi ianoe aiaiioth neoaeao. Yoe aieiu auee
iaycaiu aunooiaoue a iioiae ii ia?aiio i?ecuao oea?y. Anee iie ia
auiieiyee yoie iaycaiiinoe, iie ea?aeenue nia?oiie eaciueth, a
caiaeueiue iaaeae o ieo ioieiaeny. Aieiu iieo/aee e iaeioi?ua i?aaa:
anee iie iiiaaeaee a ieai, oi eo neaaeiaaei aueoieoue, i?e/ai caiaeueiue
iaaeae e eiouanoai ieaiiiai aieia iieo/ae aai nui. Caoaao yoiai
eiouanoaa n/eoaeny i?anooieaieai e no?iai ea?aeny caeiiii. I?enaiaiea
nianoaaiiinoe aieia, i?e/eiaiea aio a?aaea, ioaea/a aai a iaai, ioaea/a
aai «neeueiiio» ia noaea, ioiyoea o iaai oea?neiai iiaeaeiaaiey
ea?aeenue nia?oiie eaciueth. Neio, iiea, naae e aeii, iiaeaeiaaiiua
oea?ai aieio-eieiienoo, ia iiaee auoue i?iaeaiu. Io?aiyy, oaeei ia?acii,
eiouanoaaiiua eioa?anu aieiia, ainoaea?noai nicaeaaaei cia/eoaeueioth
a?oiio e?anoueyi-caieaaeaaeaeueoeaa, iaycaiiuo ianoe aiaiioth neoaeao.
Noaey ii iaeioi?ui aeieoiaioai, iiiaea aieiu-eieiienou auee caaeeoi/iuie
ethaeueie; iie eiaee, iiieii iiaeaeiaaiiie, e nianoaaiioth caieth,
eioi?oth, i/aaeaeii, iiaee naeaaaoue a a?aiaeo.
I?aai e noaeii?iecaiaenoai. Noaey ii caeiiai Oaiio?aie e aeaeiaui
aeieoiaioai yoiai a?aiaie, caeiiiaeaoaeue e aeanoe noiyee ia no?aaea
eioa?ania i?aayuaai eeanna aiaa/ae e ?aaiaeaaeaeueoeaa. [1,27]
Io?aia nianoaaiiinoe i?eaeaaony iniaia cia/aiea. Caeii onoaiaaeeaaao
iiae?iaiue ?acai? aeae i e?aaea /anoiiai eiouanoaa e ea?aao nia?oiie
eaciueth oee/aiiiai ai?a, a oaeaea i?iaeaaoea e iieoiaoaey, caiaoaiiuo a
e?aaea. Aeiiaiiai a e?aaea o?aiiaiai e aeai?oeiaiai eiouanoaa
iaaeeaaeaei oaeoue. Caeii a aeaiiii neo/aa ia o?aaiaae iniauo
naeaeaoaeueneeo iieacaiee e ia i?aaeoniao?eaae niya/athueo
ianoiyoaeuenoa. Caeiiiaeaoaeue no?iai iaeacuaae /aeiaaea, aeiiaiiai a
inei?aeaiee naiaiaeiiai, a iniaaiiinoe «/aeiaaea aunoaai (iieiaeaiey)».
Ii noaouea 202-e, «anee eoi-ieaoaeue oaea?eo ii uaea eeoei «aunoaai
(iieiaeaiey)», oi neaaeoao ioaee/ii oaea?eoue aai 50 ?ac ieaoueth».
Aiciiaeii, /oi caeanue eiaeinue a aeaeo iaeacaiea ia ie?neie noiaeea, a
iaueiiii nia?aiee eee a eiii iauanoaaiiii ianoa. A ii noaouea 205-e,
«anee /ae-eeai ?aa oaea?eo ii uaea naiaiaeiiai ?aaa, oi aeieaeii
io?acaoue aio ooi». [1,28]
Ii?iu ae?aaiaai iau/iiai i?aaa, a?aiaie ?iaeiaiai no?iy, ii?ie
ia?aieaoaeenue n iiauie ii?iaie ?aaiaeaaeaeue/aneie yiioe. Oae, ca
e?aaeo ni aceiiii aeiiaiiai neaaeiaaei oaeoue e ca?uoue ia?aae «yoei»
i?ieiiii (a noaia), a ca ai?ianoai i?e oooaiee iiaea?a, ai?a neaaeiaaei
a?ineoue a iaiiue ia ianoa i?anooieaiey. Iineieueeo caeanue ia iiaei
auoue auianaii noaeaaiia ?aoaiea ia iniiaa caeiiiiai noaeaaiiai
?acae?aoaeuenoaa, caeii, i/aaeaeii, aeiioneae naiinoae — ia?aaeeoie
ae?aaiaai iau/iiai i?aaa. Oaeei aea ia?aaeeoeii a?aiaie ?iaeiaiai no?iy
aue caeii yeaeaaeaioiinoe aiciacaeey eee oae iacuaaaiia oaeeiiiia i?aai.
Ii caeiiai Oaiio?aie, anee /aeiaae iia?aaeee ae?oaiio aeac, oi
«neaaeiaaei iia?aaeeoue aeac aio naiiio». Anee iaeei eiiae einoue
ae?oaiio, oi aio naiiio neaaeiaaei neiiaoue einoue. Inoaoee iau/iiai
i?aaa ne?aueaathony n ii?iaie i?aaa ?aaiaeaaeaeue/aneiai a?aiaie. Oae,
no?ieoaeue eiae i?aai ia onoaiiaeaiioth caeiiii ieaoo ca aaeeieoeo
cano?iaiiie ieiuaaee, ii a oi aea a?aiy ian ioaaonoaaiiinoue ca ea/anoai
iino?iaiiiai aeiia. Anee ieioi iino?iaiiue aeii iaaaeeaaeny e i?e/eiye
nia?oue aeiiioicyeio», oi no?ieoaeue iiaeeaaeae nia?oiie eacie. Anee aea
iiae ?acaaeeiaie aeiia iiaeaae nui aeiiioicyeia, oi neaaeiaaei i?aaeaoue
nia?oe ia no?ieoaey, a aai nuia, oae eae, ae?aaiee iau/ae
yeaeaaeaioiinoe aiciacaeey, o?aaiaae e?iaue ca e?iaue. Ii anee
iaaaeeaoeeny aeii oaeaae ?aaa aeiiioicyeia, oi no?ieoaeue aeieaeai aue
eeoue «ioaeaoue aio ?aaa ca ?aaa». Ii iiaiio ?aaiaeaaeaeue/aneiio i?aao,
?aa n/eoaeny eiouanoaii. Iiyoiio oua?a, i?e/eiaiiue ?aao, aiciauaeny aai
oicyeio. Iiaia i?aai ?aaiaeaaeaeue/aneie yiioe, io?aceaoaany a caeiiao
Oaiio?aie, a iaeioi?ie noaiaie niinianoaiaaei aeaeueiaeoaio ?ac?ooaieth
inoaoeia ?iaeiaiai no?iy e oe?aieaieth ?aaiaeaaeaeue/aneiai iauanoaa a
oeaeii. Oioy yoi iiaia i?aai e naiaeeony a ?yae noaoae e i?eieiaao
aiaoiee aeae «eiaeaena», ionoonoaea nenoaiu e oaioe/aneee iiaeai?
ioaeaeueiuo neo/aaa (eaconia), o. a. noaeaaiuo ?aoaiee ii ioaeaeueiui
aii?inai, i?eaeaao aio aanueia i?eieoeaiue oa?aeoa?. Ii ana aea caeiiu
Oaiio?aie ieacaee aieueoia aeeyiea ia iicaeiaeoaa caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai
ae?oaeo ae?aaiaainoi/iuo ia?iaeia. [7,220] Noaeaaiay aeanoue, a
i?aaeaeao iaueiu, n ae?aaiaeoeo a?aiai iaoiaeeeanue a ?oeao nayuaiiuo
aeanoae, «noa?aeoeo e eiaieouo ethaeae» ie?oaa, a caoai ai?iaea. Ii n
oa/aieai a?aiaie, iaueiiua e o?aiiaua noaeu ana aieueoa oa?ytho naia
cia/aiea. Noaeaaiuie ooieoeeyie iaeaeathony /eiiaieee, iacia/aaiua
oea?ai: iaianoieee (oaeeaiaeeo) e i?aaeoaee ianoiinoe (?aaeaioi).
Iiyaeythony ii?iu i?ioeannoaeueiiai i?aaa, eioi?ua o?aaotho io noaeae ia
i?inoi i?eieiaoue iieacaiey naeaeaoaeae, ne?aieaiiua eeyoaie, a ee/ii
«enneaaeiaaoue aeaei». Caeii ea?aao aeiiaiiai a eaeanaeaeaoaeuenoaa. Ca
eciaiaiea noaeaaiiai i?eaiai?a ia noaeueth iaeaaaee oo?ao e cai?auaee
aio ai?aaeue auiieiyoue noaeaaiua iaycaiiinoe. Anth nenoaio
ath?ie?aoe/aneiai oi?aaeaiey no?aiie aicaeaaeye oea?ue, iieo/eaoee, ii
o/aieth ae?aoeia, aa?oiaioth aeanoue eae au iaiin?aaenoaaiii ec ?oe
aiaia.
Ii, ia niio?y ia ana iiiuoee, Aaaeeiineia oea?noai ieacaeinue aanueia ia
i?i/iui. Ana oneeey Oaiio?aie e aai i?aaiieeia oe?aieoue ainoaea?noai ia
oaai/aeenue oniaoii. Ooia?eeneee tha, ai iiiaii nio?aiye naith
yeiiiie/aneoth e eoeueoo?ioth iainiaeaiiinoue. Noaiiua ei/aaieee ia
caiaaeiuo a?aieoeao no?aiu e ai?iua ieaiaia ainoi/iuo ?aeiiia,
ii-i?aaeiaio oa?iaeaee aiaaoui ai?iaeai Aeao?a/uey. Ana yoe i?e/eiu
i?eaaee e e?ooaieth Aaaeeiineiai oea?noaa iiae oaea?aie eanneoneeo
caaiaaaoaeae.
Oneeaiea oea?neie th?enaeeeoeee oeacuaaao ia ioi?ieaiea i?i/iie
ainoaea?noaaiiie aeanoe.
No?aia e ianaeaiea. Ae?aaiaaaaeeiineia ainoaea?noai aicieeei a thaeiie
/anoe aeieeiu iaaeaeo ?aeaie Oea? e Aao?ao — a Aeao?a/uea (ii-a?a/anee
Aeao?a/uea iacuaaeinue Ianiiioaieae — Iaaeaeo?a/uea).
?aceiaeaiea ia?aiauoiiiaueiiiai no?iy i?eaiaeeo e iiyaeaieth /anoiiai
caieaaeaaeaiey. ?aiueoa anaai a /anoiii aeaaeaiee ieacaeenue oae
iacuaaaiua aunieea iiey, o. a. eneonnoaaiii i?ioaaiua caiee, eioi?ua
o?aaiaaee cia/eoaeueii aieueoae cao?aou o?oaea, /ai anoanoaaiii
i?ioaaiua caiee. Iaeaieueoea o/anoee caiee i?eiaaeeaaeaee ?iaeiieaiaiiie
ciaoe, a oaeaea i?aaeoaeyi «ai?iaeia-ainoaea?noa». [1,29]
Iaaeaeo aa?oooeie iauanoaa e caaeneiuie ethaeueie, iaoiaeeeanue iniiaiay
ianna ianaeaiey — naiaiaeiua e?anoueyia-iaueiieee, aeeaoea
oa??eoi?eaeueiuie iaueiaie. Iaueia, yaeyeanue aa?oiaiui nianoaaiieeii
caiee, eioi?ay ia aoiaeeea ie a oea?neia, ie a o?aiiaia oicyenoaa.
Noaeaaiay aeanoue a i?aaeaeao iaueiu n ae?aaiaeoeo a?aiai iaoiaeeeanue a
?oeao aeanoae, «noa?aeoeo e eiaieouo», e o?aiiaua noaeu ana aieueoa
oa?ytho naia cia/aiea. Iiyaeythony ii?iu i?ioeannoaeueiiai i?aaa,
eioi?ua o?aaotho io noaeae ia i?inoi i?eieiaoue iieacaiey naeaeaoaeae,
ne?aieaiiuo eeyoaie, a ee/ii «enneaaeiaaoue aeaei». E oa, e ae?oaea,
iiaee auoue aiaaouie eee aaaeiuie, iaeaaeaoue eee ia iaeaaeaoue ?aaaie e
o. i., ii a i?aaiaii ioiioaiee iaaeaeo ieie i?iaiaeeeinue, ?acee/ea.
[7,222]
Ia yeiiiie/aneii ia?aaainoaa e ia iaieuaiee /anoe iieiii?aaiuo
iaueiieeia naeaeaoaeuenoaoao cia/eoaeueiia ?acaeoea aeieaiaiai ?aanoaa.
Iao?ea?oaeueiue oa?aeoa? ?aaiaeaaeaiey, iaoneiaee i?eciaiea ca ?aaaie
?yaea ee/iuo e eiouanoaaiiuo i?aa. ?aau aeai?oea e ooeaioiia, iiaee
anooiaoue a a?ae ni naiaiaeiuie aeaiueiaie, e aeaoe io oaeiai a?aea
n/eoaeenue naiaiaeiuie; iie iiaee nicaeaaaoue naie aeii e i?eia?aoaoue
aeaeaeeiia eiouanoai, iieiaeia eioi?iai iinea nia?oe ?aaa ia?aoiaeeea
aai aeaia aeey ainieoaiey aeaoae, a ae?oaay iieiaeia — ainiiaeeio ?aaa
(no.no. 175 — 176 caeiiia Oaiio?aie); ?aauiy, ?iaeeaoay aeaoae io
naiaiaeiiai /aeiaaea, iinea aai nia?oe iieo/aea aianoa n aeaoueie
naiaiaeo, a anee ioaoe oaeeo aeaoae i?e aeecie i?eciae eo naieie, iie
eiaee i?aai ia ianeaaeiaaiea eiouanoaa iooea ia?aaia n aai aeaoueie,
?iaeaeaiiuie io ioeoeeaeueiie aeaiu (no.no. 170 — 171). [1,30]
Ainoaea?noaaiiue no?ie. Ii oi?ia ainoaea?noaaiiiai ono?ienoaa,
ae?aaiaaaaeeiineia ainoaea?noai yaeyeinue ioiineoaeueii
oeaio?aeeciaaiiui ainoaea?noaii, a ii oi?ia i?aaeaiey, ae?aaiaainoi/iie
aeaniioeae.
Aeanoue aaaeeiineeo oea?ae ia auea aaniethoiie. Ei i?eoiaeeeinue
n/eoaoueny n aiaaoie oi?aiaie ciaoueth, iniaaiii a e?oiiuo ai?iaeao, e
aeaeaoue ei cia/eoaeueiua onooiee. ?yae enoi?e/aneeo aeieoiaioia
iieacuaaao, /oi o?e nayuaiiuo ai?iaea — Aaaeeii, Ieiio? e Neiia? —
aeiaeeenue io oea?y eueaioiuo a?aiio, ia?aie/eaathueo i?iecaie oea?neie
aeanoe i?e a?anoao, eiioeneaoeee eiouanoaa e aa?aiaea nieaeao.
Oa?aeoa?ii, /oi n yoeie eueaioiuie a?aiioaie aeieaeiu auee n/eoaoueny
aiineaaenoaee anne?eeneea oea?e, caaiaaaoaee Aaaeeiia. Oea?ue aue
aa?oiaiui ?oeiaiaeeoaeai e ?aeeaeiciiai eoeueoa. Aai aeanoue ia?aoiaeeea
ii ianeaaenoao. Iaoa?eaeueiie iniiaie oea?neie aeanoe yaeyeinue ia?iiiia
oea?neia oicyenoai, a ninoaa eioi?iai aoiaeeee oaeaea e caiee o?aiia.
Inouanoaeyy aa?oiaiia ?oeiaiaenoai e??eaaoeeiiiui oicyenoaii e
e??eaaoeeiiiuie ?aaioaie, oea?ue aunooiae eae «iauaaeeiythuaa aaeeiia
ia/aei», noiyuaa iaae anaie iaeeeie iaueiaie, eae aunoee nianoaaiiee,
eee aaeeinoaaiiue nianoaaiiee» anae caiee a ainoaea?noaa. A neeo yoiai
ianoiyoaeuenoaa, «/anoue i?eaaai/iiai o?oaea iaueiu i?eiaaeeaaeeo aieaa
aunieie iaueia, nouanoaothuae, a eiia/iii n/aoa, a aeaea iaeiiai eeoea,
e yoio i?eaaai/iue i?iaeoeo aeaao i naaa ciaoue eae a aeaea aeaie, oae e
a niaianoiuo ?aaioao aeey i?ineaaeaiey aaeeiiai ia/aea — io/anoe
aeaenoaeoaeueiiai aeaniioa, io/anoe aiia?aaeaaiiai ieaiaiiiai nouanoaa,
aiaa».
Oeaio?ii aaeieieno?aoeaiiai oi?aaeaiey yaeyeny oea?neee aeai?aoe, e
/eiiaieee, aaaeaaoea aeai?oeiaui oicyenoaii, iaeiia?aiaiii yaeyeenue
aunoeie aeieaeiinoiuie eeoeaie ainoaea?noaa. Iie ?oeiaiaeeee
e??eaaoeeiiiuie ?aaioaie, oeiainiauie, aiaiiuie e ae?oaeie
ainoaea?noaaiiuie aeaeaie. Aunoei oea?neei /eiiaieeii yaeyeny
oi?aaeoaeue oea?neiai aeai?oea, eiaioaiue a eeoa?aoo?a ioaaiaea. Iiae
aai ?oeiaiaenoaii iaoiaeeeny ia?iiiue ooao /eiiaieeia. A ia?iiiii
oea?neii oicyenoaa aue iiiai/eneaiiue ooao ?acee/iuo iaaeniio?ueeia,
eiio?iea?ia, eeaaeiaueeia, n/aoiaiaeia e o. i.
Noaeaaiay nenoaia. Aunoei noaeueae aue oea?ue, yaeyaoeeny aunoae
einoaioeeae aeey ?anniio?aiey a?aaeaeaineeo e oaieiaiuo aeae. Ii iia e
nai ?anniao?eaaoue aaaeiaeoea aeaea, ii /aua anaai iai?aaeye eo a
ieaeanoiyuea noaeaaiua i?aaiu. Oea?ue iieueciaaeny, i?aaii iiieeiaaiey
i?anooiieeia.
Noaeaaiua ooieoeee iaoiaeeeenue oaeaea a ?oeao «iaianoieea» e
«?aaeaioia», eioi?ua i?aaenaaeaoaeuenoaiaaee a noaeaaiuo eieeaaeyo. A
ia?aii neo/aa eieeaaey ninoiyea ec /eiiaieeia, iiae/eiaiiuo
«iaianoieeo», a ai aoi?ii — eeai ec /eaiia iaueiiiai niaaoa, eeai ec
iaueiiiai niaaoa a iieiii ninoaaa a iaaieueoeo iaueiao. A aieueoeo
ai?iaeao, noaeaaiua ooieoeee inouanoaeyee niaoeeaeueiua «oea?neea
noaeuee», iiae/eiyaoeany iaiin?aaenoaaiii oea?th e aeaenoaiaaaoea: a
niioaaonoaee n aai eino?oeoeeyie.
Oaiio?aie nio?aiee o?aiiaua noaeu, iaeiaei eo ooieoeee auee: aanueia
ia?aie/aiiuie: iie i?eaiaeeee noi?iiu e eeyoaa e canaeaeaoaeuenoaiaaee
aa. I?aaeiieaaaaony, /oi iie ?acae?aee oaeaea aeaea, noi?iiaie a eioi?uo
yaeyeenue ae?aoeu. [9,4]
Oaiio?aie caeinoaiaae ?yae iieiaeaiee ec ecaanoiiai iai
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa aieaa ?aiiaai ia?eiaea (ae?aaiaooia?eeneea caeiiu,
caeiiu Yoioiu e o. i.). A caeiiao Oaiio?aie ia auei aua ?acaeaee
i?aaiauo i?aaeienaiee ia ioaeaeueiua noaouee. Ii oaea ia?aue ia?aaiae/ee
caeiiia, o?aioeocneee o/aiue A. Oaee, aeey oaeianoaa iieueciaaiey
nai?ieeii ?an/eaiee oaeno ia 282 noaouee. A nai?ieea caeiiia iiaeii
aeaeaoue ecaanoioth a?oiie?iaeo i?aaiauo ii?i. Oae, no.no. 1 — 5
niaea?aeao iieiaeaiey i?ioeannoaeueiiai oa?aeoa?a, no.no. 6 — 126
iinayuaiu ?aaoee?iaaieth eiouanoaaiiuo ioiioaiee, no.no. 127 — 195
ioiinyony e naiaeiiio e ianeaaenoaaiiiio. i?aao, no.no. 196 — 214
i?aaeoniao?eaatho caueoo ee/iinoe, no.no. 215 — 282 ?aaeaiaioe?otho
oneiaey iaeia e ?yae ae?oaeo ioiioaiee. Ii oaeia aeaeaiea oneiaii, iii
ia oeene?iaaii naiei caeiiiaeaoaeai, a iiyoiio e nai nai?iee iaeuecy
?anniao?eaaoue eae eiaeaen, oa?aeoa?ecothueeny nenoaiaoe/aneei e /aoeei
?aniieiaeaieai i?aaiauo ii?i ii io?aneyi i?aaa (a?aaeaeaineia, oaieiaiia
e o. ae.) [3.29]
O?iaaiue ?acaeoey caeiiiaeaoaeueiie oaoieee a ae?aaiaaaaeeiineii
iauanoaa aue aua n?aaieoaeueii ieceei. A caeiiao Oaiio?aie iiiai
i/aaeaeiuo i?iaaeia, a oaeaea eacoenoe/aneeo iieiaeaiee,
i?aaenoaaeythueo niaie caienue ioaeaeueiuo neo/aaa ec noaeaaiie
i?aeoeee. Oae, iai?eia?, no. 17 i?aaeoniao?eaaea aiciaa?aaeaeaiea ca
iieieo aaaeiai ?aaa a noaie, oiae/eaay, oaeei ia?acii, i neo/ayo, eiaaea
?aa noaa/ai a ai?iaea eee a eaeii ie aoaeue ae?oaii ianoa.[1,31]
Ca aeieaea aiaeu oniaoiiai i?aaeaiey Oaiio?aie noiae iii/a??aeii
?aca?iieoue ninaaeae-niia?ieeia, iauaaeeiea iiae naiae aeanoueth anth
Ianiiioaieth.
Caiiai ia ?acaaeeiao aeae?eiai i?ioeiai, i?aaeoaeue Aaaeeiiee nicaeae
iiaouanoaaiiia e i?ioeaaoathuaa oeaio?aeeciaaiiia ainoaea?noai. ?a/ue
eae?o ia i oeaio?aeeciaaiiie yooaeoeaiie aaeieieno?aoeee ia aieueoie
oa??eoi?ee – yoi auei a Aeao?a/uea ni a?ai?i Na?aiia Aeeaaeneiai. Nooue
a eiii: aaaeeiineia ainoaea?noai i?aaenoaaeyei niaie oo neiaeioth
no?oeoo?o, eioi?ay a aeaeueiaeoai auea oa?aeoa?ia (a iiiai/eneaiiuo
aa?eaioao), aeey anao aeinoaoi/ii ?acaeouo iauanoa o?aaeeoeeiiiiai
Ainoiea, aea e ia oieueei Ainoiea.
A ainoaea?noaa Oaiio?aie naienoaaiiua ?aiiei no?oeoo?ai eeaiiaua e
?iaenoaaiiua nayce oaea auee caiaoii iooaniaiu naycyie
aaeieieno?aoeaii-oa??eoi?eaeueiuie, a aannaeueii-ea?a?oe/aneay ie?aieaea
aeanoe i?aa?aoeeanue a oeaio?aeeciaaiiue ath?ie?aoe/aneee aiia?ao,
yooaeoeaii aeaenoaiaaaoee /a?ac naieo /eiiaieeia. Niioaaonoaaiii
oe?aieeny e einoeoooeeiiaeece?iaaeny aeeyoaeueiue e aeinoaoi/ii
iiiai/eneaiiue neie niaoeeaeenoia-i?ioanneiiaeia, caiyouo a noa?a
oi?aaeaiey e i?eiueathueo e iae noa?ao ianeoaeeaaiey, – aaeieieno?aoi?u,
aieiu, ?aianeaiieee, oi?aiaoeu, neoae e ae?. Ainoaea?noai Oaiio?aie
iaeaaeaei iiiiiieeae neeu, oa??aei iie?aeenue ia oeene?iaaiiue caeii e
naycaiiua n iei oi?iu i?eioaeaeaiey. Auaeaeaeaiey ia ia?aaeiee ieai
eiaeeoeoee?iaaiiiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa n aeinoaoi/ii no?iaie nenoaiie
iaeacaiee auei naycaii n oai, /oi ?acaeoea /anoiinianoaaiie/aneeo
ioiioaiee, oiaa?ii-aeaiaaeiuo naycae e iniaaiii ?inoiaue/anoaa n aai
aiooeoaeueiuie i?ioeaioaie (20- 30 % aiaeiauo) aaei e auno?iio
?aci?aieth iaueiieeia e iaiaauaieth ca eo n/?o /anoiuo nianoaaiieeia.
[3,40]
Caeiiu Oaiio?aie. Ciaiaieoua caeiiu Oaiio?aie – ia?aue a enoi?ee
aeinoaoi/ii iieiue e iiiainoi?iiiee naiae i?aaiauo ii?i e
aaeieieno?aoeaiuo ?aaeaiaioia, neiaeeaoeony ia iniiaa aieaa ?aiieo
caeiiia e aanueia /?oei ii?aaeaeyaoeo i?aaa e iaycaiiinoe ianaeaiey. A
/anoiinoe, ia?aie/eaaaoeo naeaeee /anoiinianoaaiie/aneiai oa?aeoa?a.
Caeiiu, ia/a?oaiiua ia eaiaiiii iaaeenea, ninoiyee ec e?aoeiai
aaaaeaiey, caeeth/aiey e 282 noaoae (a naiii oaenoa ioia?aoeee noaoae
iao). A eioi?uo iaoee io?aaeaiea ?acee/iua e a aieueoeinoaa, aeaeeii,
iie?aaoeony ia i?aoeaaeaiou noaeaaiua eaconu, a oaeaea iiiaea ?aaeueiua
oi?iu acaeiiioiioaiee, aiaeec eioi?uo aea?o i?aaenoaaeaiea i aaaeeiineii
iauanoaa a. aei i. y.
A noaeaaieea ia auaeaeaiu /?oei ia oieueei noaouee, ii e ?acaeaeu.
Iaeiaei niaoeeaeenou au/eaiytho ianeieueei a?oii ia?aa?aoia, iinayu?iiuo
?aciui aii?inai: iauei i?eioeeiai ioi?aaeaiey i?aainoaeey; io?aia
nianoaaiiinoe oea?y, o?aiia e ianaeaiey; noaoono eiouanoaa, iieo/aiiiai
io oea?y ca neoaeao; iia?aoeeyi n iaaeaeaeeiinoueth e oi?aiaea;
naiaeiiio i?aao; iaeacaieyi ca oaeaniua iia?aaeaeaiey; iia?aoeeyi n
aeaeaeeiui eiouanoaii. Noaouee i naiaeiii i?aaa, iai?eia?,
naeaeaoaeuenoaotho i ainiiaenoaa iiiiaaiiie naiuee n caeeth/aieai
a?a/iiai eiio?aeoa, a eioi?ii iaiaa?eaaeenue i?aaa iaaeo noi?ii. I?aai
ia naiueth eiaee ana, aeeth/ay ?aaia, aeaoe eioi?uo i?e yoii n/eoaeenue
iieiii?aaiuie. Ia ?acaiae eiaee i?aai iaa noi?iiu, ii ca iaaa?iinoue
aeaia iaeacuaaeanue no?iaea. I?eaeaiia aeaiu i?eiaaeeaaeaei a? aeaoyi,
eioi?ua aeaeeee iaaeaeo niaie ianeaaenoai iinea nia?oe ?iaeeoaeae.
[1,31]
A noaeaaieea auaeaeyeenue o?e a?oiiu ethaeae ii eo i?aainiiniaiinoe:
iieiii?aaiua, iooeaioi e ?aau. Eaaeaeay ec ieo ii-?aciiio ioaa/aea ca oa
eee eiua iinooiee. Oae, ca oua?a, iaian?iiue eaeiio-eeai iooeaioio,
oo?ao aue iaiueoa, /ai ca oua?a iieiii?aaiiio. *oi aea eanaaony ?aaa, oi
ii «noiee» au? aeaoaaea, a ca i?aaiia?ooaiey, niaa?o?iiua ei,
i?eiaiyeenue iaeaieaa no?iaea ia?u e aeanoieea iaeacaiey. Aiiaua ?aau,
anee eiaoue a aeaeo /anoiuo, n/eoaeenue nianoaaiiinoueth oicyaa – aaaeuo
eiaeee, oe?uaaoaeae iaeacuaaee. Ii i?e an?i oii ?aa eiae ii?aaeae?iiua
i?aaa – ia naiueth, oicyenoai, eiouanoai. *oi eanaaony iooeaioiia, oi
yoi auee, eae oiiieiaeinue, caaeneiua oea?neea ethaee, eioi?ua iiaee
eiaoue oicyenoai ia?aaeei ?aaia, a iiae/an e aeieaeiinoue, e aeinoaoi/ii
aunieee aaeieieno?aoeaiue noaoon. [3,46]
Iaeacaiey ca na?ue?ciua i?anooieaiey auee no?iauie, /anoi i?anooiiee
ea?aeny nia?oueth. Iniiaiie i?eioeei iacia/aiey iaeacaiee – oaeeii, o.
a. aicaeayiea ii i?eioeeio «iei ca iei», «?oeo ca ?oeo», «nuia ca nuia»,
«?aaa ca ?aaa». Aiiaua aea /oaiea anao 282 noaoae noaeaaieea iieacuaaao,
/oi eaeoiioeaii aai auea caueoa o?aaeeoeeiiiuo i?aa e eiouanoaa
nianoaaiiiai, o. a. aaaeeiineiai, ianaeaiey – iniaaiii a oao neo/ayo,
eiaaea aaaeeiiyiei eee aai eiouanoai ieacuaaeenue iiae oa?icie.
Ooia?u e aaaeeiiyia auee ia?auie, eoi o?e ii iooe noaiiaeaiey
ainoaea?noaaiiinoe, oae /oi eo aa?eaio iieeoiaaiaca e ?acaeoey oi?i
oicyenoaa e oi?i nianoaaiiinoe caneoaeeaaao iniaiai aieiaiey.
?acoiaaony, nouanoaiaaee ?acee/iua aa?eaiou ?acaeoey, ii nenoaia,
nicaeaiiay a yoii ainoaea?noaa, noaea yoaeiiiie aeey ainoaea?noa, eoi
o?e aneaae ca ieie…
AEAAA III. N?AAIEOAEUeIAss OA?AEOA?ENOEEA Ae?AAIAAI AAEIOA E Ae?AAIAAI
AAAEEIIA
Eoae, ae?aaiaaaeiaoneee aa?eaio noaiiaeaiey e ?acaeoey
ainoaea?noaaiiinoe, caiaoii ioee/aeny io ianiiioaineiai. Eae e a Ooia?a,
ia?aua i?ioiainoaea?noaa a Aaeioa, aicieeaee a aeaea iauaaeeiaiee aie?oa
o?aiia. A Aaeioa, oaeea niiauanoaa, iicaea noaee eiaiiaaoueny iiiaie,
niaeanii a?a/aneiio i?ieciioaieth. [4,28]
Caeanue i/aiue ?aii e aanneaaeii en/acea iaueia ni anaie aa o?aaeeoeeyie
eieeaeoeaiiai caieaiieueciaaiey. Iiaeioeaoaa aa ainoaea?noaaiiia
oicyenoai a ia?eiae Ae?aaiaai oea?noaa ainiiaenoaiaaei aaeaa ee ia
aaniethoii, i?e/ai aeieoiaiou naeaeaoaeuenoaotho i oii, /oi ?aai/ea
io?yaeu ooieoeeiie?iaaee e aeaaea ia?aiauaeenue n ianoa ia ianoi, ii
ia?a iaaeiaiinoe, aac anyeeo oea?aiiiee, /oi naeaeaoaeuenoaoao i
eaca?iaiii-eiiioienoe/aneii no?ia aeecie e niioaaonoaothueo
yeiiiie/aneeo ioiioaieyo. Yoa eaca?iaiii-eiiaiaeiay nenoaia, a ioee/ea
io o?aoueae aeeianoee O?a, ?ani?ino?aiyeanue, aeaeeii, ia ana ianaeaiea.
[6,52]
A ioee/ea io Aaeioa, a Aaaeeiiee, iayooaeoeaiinoue eaca?iaiiiai
eiiioiecia, a oi?ia o?oaea iiaeiaaieueiuo ia inaaaeieaoeooiaeeyo,
auyaeeanue aeinoaoi/ii auno?i, oae /oi a Aaaeeiiee a?ai?i Oaio?aie io
yoie oi?iu oicyenoaa ioeacaeenue, ?acaeaa oea?nei-o?aiiaua caiee
neoaeauei a ea/anoaa ieaou, ei?ieaiey, e anai inoaeueiui, aeeth/ay
iaiieiii?aaiuo iooeaioiia, a aeaea a?aiaeu.
Aaeieieno?aoeaii-iieeoe/aneay no?oeoo?a oaeiai oeia, aeey oi?ie?iaaiey
noaaeeueii e yooaeoeaii ooieoeeiie?othuaai iaoaiecia ?aaeeno?eaooeee:
ia?aeeaeueii n iaeiaaie io iauei, eacia i?eia?aoaao e cae?aieyao ca
niaie o?aiiaua caiee e ana aeioiaeu io ieo. Oaeay nenoaia,
iieiaeeoaeueii neacuaaaony ia onei?aiee i?ioeanna i?eaaoecaoeee, /oi a
eiia/iii eoiaa, onei?yao auoiae ainoaea?noaa ia iiaue o?iaaiue ?acaeoey
yeiiiie/aneeo ioiioaiee – ?uii/iue. [7,12]
A ioee/ea, io Ianiiioaineiai aa?eaioa ?acaeoey, neooaoeey a Aaeioa,
ia/aea iaiyoueny eeoue n ia?eiaea N?aaeiaai oea?noaa, eiaaea noae
caiaoiui i?ioeann i?eaaoecaoeee e oi?ie?iaaiey ?uiea. Eae e a Aaaeeiiee
a?aiai Oaiio?aie, i?ioeann i?eaaoecaoeee naea?aeaoue auei oaea iaeuecy,
aaaeii auei iinoaaeoue aai iiae eiio?ieue. Ii anee a Aaaeeiiee aeey
yoiai iiiaaeiaeeanue na?ey noaeaaieeia, eioi?oth aai/aee caeiiu
Oaiio?aie, oi a Aaeioa ioee/ii iaioeenue aac yoiai (nouanoaotho aeaaea
niiiaiey ii iiaiaeo oiai, /oi caeanue aiiaua eiaaea-eeai nouanoaiaaee
noaeaaieee,— yoi eanaaony, a /anoiinoe, e oiiieiaaoeony 40 eiaeaiuo
naeoeia). Caeiiiiineooiue eee, oi/iaa, iineooiue aaeieieno?aoeee e
i?eaueoee iiaeiiaaoueny iaeea iaaeniio?ueea aaeiaoneee i?iecaiaeeoaeue e
aac oiai aue a iieiii iiae/eiaiee aeanoe, a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue,
ae?aoeia-/eiiaieeia a nenoaia oea?nei-o?aiiauo oicyenoa.
Ia?eiae Iiaiai oea?noaa aue ioia/ai caiaoiui yeiiiie/aneei
aiaoiaiieeoe/aneei ?acaeoeai no?aiu. Aaeiao i?aa?aoeeny ca n/ao Oniaoiuo
aiei a eiia?eth. Aioo?eiieeoe/aneea ?aoi?iu i?eaaee e i?aa?auaieth
i?iaeioeee, ec iieoaaoiiiiiuo o?aiiauo oeaio?ia ai aeaaa n
ianeaaenoaaiiie ae?a/aneie ciaoueth a aaeieieno?aoeaiua iiae?acaeaeaiey
eiia?ee, eioi?uie oi?aaeyee iacia/aiiua naa?oo /eiiaieee, eiaaoea
aeieaeiinoiua eino?oeoeee. [7,59]
Iaeeueiue i?eoie ?aaia, niinianoaothuee iaiaauaieth o?aiia, eoaea yoe
?aau a iniiaiii iai?aaeyeenue, i?ea?e, auei e ?aceiio eiioeeeoo iaaeaeo
aeanoueth, e ae?a/anoaii (?aoi?iu Yoiaoiia), ii eiioeeeo aue oeaaeai, e
ae?a/anoai auioaeaeaii auei nie?eoueny n oneeaieai ?iee oeaio?a. I?e
yoii a Aaaeeiiee, oaeiai yenoeanna, oaeaeinue ecaaaeaoue. Ia eneeth/aii,
/oi yoi naycaii n, ioiineoaeueii, /?oeie nenoaiie caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa. E
oieueei n XVI-XV aa. aei i.y., nionoy, ii/oe iieoi?a ouny/aeaoey n
iiiaioa ia/aea aaeiaoneie ainoaea?noaaiiinoe, a yoie no?aia na?ue?cioth
?ieue, noae ea?aoue ?uiie.
Neiaii, anee iiaeaanoe e?aoeee eoia, e naeaeaoue naiua iauea auaiaeu, oi
neaaeoao caiaoeoue, /oi aaeiaoneee aa?eaio ?acaeoey ioee/aeny oioaeueiie
aiaea/?iiinoueth i?iecaiaeeoaey a nenoaio ainoaea?noaaiiiai oicyenoaa, e
a neeo yoiai, e?aeia caiaaeeaiiuie, oaiiaie i?eaaoecaoeee.
E aieaa oiai, ?acaeoea /anoiie nianoaaiiinoe e ?uiea oei a iicaeiai
Aaeioa, a iniiaiii, ca /?o eiioaeoia n eiiieaiaiieeaie, aoi?aaaoeieny n
naaa?a a oneiaeyo ineaaeaiiinoe aeanoe oeaio?a. [6,54]
Nouanoaaiii caiaoeoue, /oi ecieyoeey Aaeioa – ?a/ue eae?o, ?acoiaaony,
eeoue ia ioiineoaeueiie aai ecieyoeee – yaii ia iioea ia iieueco aai
?acaeoeth. A yoii ioiioaiee ianiiioaineee aa?eaio n aai aeeiaieeie
ieacaeny i?aaeii/oeoaeueiaa. [7,60]
Caeeth/aiea
ss n/eoath, /oi, iiaeaiaey eoiae, neaaeoao ia?aoeoue aieiaiea ia
aeeiaieeo enoi?e/aneiai ?acaeoey ?aiieo i/aaia o?aaienoe/aneie
oeeaeeecaoeee, a a? ooia?i-aaaeeiineii aa?eaioa.
Aaeieieno?aoeaii-iieeoe/aneay no?oeoo?a oaeiai oeia aeaaii?eyoia aeey
oi?ie?iaaiey noaaeeueii e yooaeoeaii ooieoeeiie?othuaai iaoaiecia
?aaeeno?eaooeee: ia?aeeaeueii n iaeiaaie io iauei, eacia i?eia?aoaao e
cae?aieyao ca niaie o?aiiaua caiee e ana aeioiaeu io ieo. Oaaee/aiea
eiee/anoaa o?aiiauo e, iicaea, oea?nei-o?aiiauo caiaeue a ?aieao
oe?oii?iiuo ainoaea?noa Na?aiia eee i?aaeoaeae o?aoueae aeeianoee O?a,
nicaea?o oneiaey aeey oi?i/iaiey neeueiie oeaio?aeeciaaiiie aeanoe,
i?e/?i yoiio aea niinianoaotho i?ioeann i?eaaoecaoeee e iiyaeaiea a
?aieao nioeeoia iaiaeiai eiee/anoaa aaccaiaeueiuo a/a?aoieo iaueiieeia,
auioaeaeaiiuo a?aiaeiaaoue o?aiiaua e oea?neea caiee. Iaeeea
iaiieiii?aaiuo a?aiaeaoi?ia ia oea?nei-o?aiiauo caieyo a?ai?i o?aoueae
aeeianoee O?a, i?eaaei e aicieeiiaaieth caeanue, nenoaiu
inaaaeieaoeooiaeee, n ianniaui eniieueciaaieai eeo?iiuo nianoaaiiinoe e
iaoiaeeaoeony iiae ae?noeei eiio?ieai aaeieieno?aoeee iaaieueieeia, i
noaoona e ia?aca aeecie eioi?uo, naeaeaoaeuenoaotho ianniaua aeieoiaiou
oicyenoaaiiie io/?oiinoe, nicaeathuea aia/aoeythuoth ea?oeio
eiiioienoe/aneie ?aoi?iu.
Neiaii, anee iiaeaanoe e?aoeee eoia, e naeaeaoue naiua iauea auaiaeu, oi
neaaeoao caiaoeoue, /oi aaeiaoneee aa?eaio ?acaeoey ioee/aeny oioaeueiie
aiaea/?iiinoueth i?iecaiaeeoaey a nenoaio ainoaea?noaaiiiai oicyenoaa, e
e?aeia, caiaaeeaiiuie a neeo yoiai, oaiiaie i?eaaoecaoeee.
E aieaa oiai, ?acaeoea /anoiie nianoaaiiinoe e ?uiea oei a iicaeiai
Aaeioa, a iniiaiii, ca /?o eiioaeoia n eiiieaiaiieeaie, aoi?aaaoeieny n
naaa?a a oneiaeyo ineaaeaiinoe aeanoe oeaio?a.
Nouanoaaiii caiaoeoue, /oi ecieyoeey Aaeioa ?a/ue, ?acoiaaony, eeoue ia
ioiineoaeueiie aai ecieyoeee – yaii ia iioea ia iieueco aai ?acaeoeth. A
yoii ioiioaiee ianiiioaineee aa?eaio n aai aeeiaieeie ieacaeny
i?aaeii/oeoaeueiaa.
AEAEEIA?AOEss
ENOI*IEEE
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3. Aaeaoeeee I.?. «Caauoue ie? ooia?ia» I.:1980
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5. Aa?eaa I. «Iauanoaaiiua ioiioaiey a Aaeioa, a?ai?i N?aaeiaai
oea?noaa» I.: I?inaauaiea, 1982
6. Aaneeueaa A.N. «Enoi?ey Ainoiea», 2001
7.Aeaienia «Iniiaiua /a?ou ae?aaiaai iauanoaa»
8. Aeueyeiiia E.I. «Iauanoaaiiue e ainoaea?noaaiiue no?ie, Ae?aaiaai
Aeao?a/uey».
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», 1980
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