Ieienoa?noai ia?aciaaiey e iaoee Oe?aeiu
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Eiio?ieueiay ?aaioa
ii aeenoeeieeia:
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ia oaio: «No?aoiaaiea eiouanoaa i?iiuoeaiiuo i?aaei?eyoee»
Auiieiee nooaeaio:
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I?iaa?ee i?aiiaeaaaoaeue:
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a. Neioa?iiieue, 2007
Niaea?aeaiea (i?eaioe?iai/iue ieai):
1. Enoi?ey ?acaeoey no?aoiaaiey a Oe?aeia e ninoiyiea no?aoiaaiey
eiouanoaa th?eaee/aneeo eeoe a Oe?aeia a iaoe aeie.
2. Noaiaea?oiua oneiaey no?aoiaaiey eiouanoaa:
a) i?iiuoeaiiuo i?aaei?eyoee io iaiy e ae?oaeo iianiinoae;
b) no?aoiaaiea oua?aa io a?aiaiiiai ia?a?uaa a i?iecaiaenoaa.
1. Enoi?ey ?acaeoey no?aoiaaiey a Oe?aeia e ninoiyiea no?aoiaaiey
eiouanoaa th?eaee/aneeo eeoe a Oe?aeia a iaoe aeie.
Iauanoaaiiia i?iecaiaenoai a oeaeii, e iniaaiii eaaeaeia oicyenoaaiiia
oi?ie?iaaiea, a oaeaea aeeciaaeayoaeueiinoue i?aeoe/anee eaaeaeiai
/aeiaaea iauaeoeaii eiatho ?eneiaaiiue oa?aeoa?, /oi ii?iaeaeaao nenoaio
ioiioaiee iaaeaeo ethaeueie n oeaeueth i?aaeoi?aaeaeaiey, i?aiaeieaiey,
oiaiueoaiey ?ac?ooeoaeueiuo iineaaenoaee noeoeeiiai aaaenoaey e
ian/anoiuo neo/aaa.
Iie?aynue ia naie iiiai aaeiaie iiuo, /aeiaa/anoai i?eieiaao ana aieaa
yooaeoeaiua iaoiaeu aeey i?ioeainoiyiey noeoeeiui aaaenoaeyi.
Iiauoathony o?aaiaaiey e no?ieoaeuenoao iauaeoia, eniieuecothony
oniaa?oainoaiaaiiua eiaeaia?iua eiiio?oeoeee, iaiaonoie/eaua e ae?oaea
iiaaeoea ecieyoeeiiiua iaoa?eaeu, nii?oaeathony ieaoeiu, i?enoaeueiia
aieiaiea ia?auaaony ia aaciianiinoue yenieoaoaoeee o?ainii?oiuo n?aaenoa
e ae?.
Iaeiaei eiioeaio?aoeey i?iecaiaenoaa e oneiaeiaiea aai oaoiieiaee,
iieo/aiea e i?eiaiaiea iiauo oeie/aneeo aauanoa, yia?aaoe/aneeo
?ano?nia, nei?inoiuo e iiiaioiiiaaeiuo o?ainii?oiuo n?aaenoa, ?ino
e?eieiiaaiiuo yaeaiee i?eaiaeyo e iiyaeaieth iiiaeanoaa iiauo ?eneia. Ia
noaeueao Oe?aeiu auiaea iaeaieueoay ec ecaanoiuo a ie?a oaoiiaaiiuo
eaoano?io – aaa?ey ia *a?iiaueueneie aoiiiie yeaeo?inoaioeee, eioi?ay
i?e/eieea a?aae iauaiii aieaa 140 ie?ae. aeieea?ia. Anee oaeay aaa?ey
yaeyaony, e n/anoueth, eneeth/aieai, oi iiaea?u ia i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo,
eiiioiaeueiuo e aeeeeuiuo iauaeoao, o?aaiu a o?ainii?oa e a auoo,
caa?yciaiea ie?oaeathuae n?aaeu e eiua eieaeueiua i?ienoanoaey
neo/athony a no?aia i?aeoe/anee eaaeaeue aeaiue.
Aieueoea ?enee iaoneaaeeaathony oaeaea iiauie caaieaaaieyie (iai?eia?,
NIEAe), yieaeaieyie eioaeoeeiiiuo caaieaaaiee, o?aaiaoeciii ia
i?iecaiaenoaa e a auoo. Iaeuecy oaeaea ia a?aoue ai aieiaiea ?enee aeey
th?eaee/aneeo e oece/aneeo eeoe, eioi?ua ii?iaeaeathony ?inoii
i?anooiiinoe, ?ani?ino?aiaieai ia?eiiaiee e aeeiaieecia.
Oaee ia?acii, iauaa aeeyiea ?eneia ia oiaiueoaaony. Yoi i?eioaeaeaao
aanue ie? aeoeaii eneaoue iooe ineaaeaiey eo iaaaoeaiiai aeeyiey ia
ethaeae.
A XIX noieaoee ia caiaaea Oe?aeiu iiyaeeenue ia?aua no?aoiaua iauanoaa.
A 1891 aiaeo ai Eueaiaa auei nicaeaii iauanoai acaeiiiai no?aoiaaiey
«Aeienoa?», eioi?ia oaea /a?ac aiae ia/aei inouanoaeyoue no?aoiaua
iia?aoeee. A 1911 aiaeo a *a?iiaoeao auea nicaeaia no?aoiaay
i?aaiecaoeey «Ea?iaoey» – oiaea iauanoai acaeiiiai no?aoiaaiey, eioi?ia
inouanoaeyei no?aoiaaiey aeecie e iainee.
Enoi?ey Ainno?aoa NNN? ia/aeanue n Aeae?aoa Niaia?eiia io 28 iiya?y 1918
aiaea «Ia i?aaiecaoeee no?aoiaiai aeaea a ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee». Ana
/anoiua no?aoiaua eiiiaiee e iauanoaa auee eeeaeaee?iaaiu, a
inouanoaeaiea no?aoiaaiey ai anao aai aeaeao e oi?iao iaeaoaeinue
iiiiiieeae ainoaea?noaa. I?aaiecaoeeiiii ainoaea?noaaiiua no?aoiaua
i?aaiecaoeee nicaeaaaeenue iinea ecaeaiey Aeae?aoa Niaia?eiia io 6
ieoya?y 1921 aiaea «I ainoaea?noaaiiii eiouanoaaiiii no?aoiaaiee».
No?aoiaie caueoa aeiaieueii aeieai a cia/eoaeueiie ia?a niinianoaiaae
ainoaea?noaaiiue caeiaiiue oiiae. Iniaaiii oa?aeoa?iui yoi auei aeey
naeueneiai oicyenoaa e eiuo io?aneae, i?aaei?eyoey eioi?uo iieo/aee
aieueoea noiiu e?aaeeoa iiae naciiiue ?ac?ua iaaeaeo ?anoiaeaie
i?iecaiaenoaa e aeioiaeaie. Ia neo/ae ?aceiai nieaeaiey auoiaea
i?iaeoeoeee ec-ca i?e?iaeiuo aiiiaeee e ae?oaeo i?e/ei, ia caaenyueo io
oicyenoaa, i?aaei?eyoeyi i?aaeinoaaeyeenue aeieaea (aei 12 eao) ion?i/ee
ii iieaoa caeiia. Ia?aaeei a eiioea ion?i/ee aeieae nienuaaeenue ca n/ao
athaeaeaoa.
Oaeie ?aaeei eniieueciaaiey caeiia /anoe/ii iaoneaaeeaaeny aei caiauaiey
ieie iio?aaiinoe a no?aoiaaiee. Aiceiaeaiea ia e?aaeeo ia naienoaaiiuo
aio ooieoeee i?eaaei e eaii?e?iaaieth iniiaiuo i?eioeeiia e?aaeeoa:
oeaeaaiai iacia/aiey, iaoa?eaeueiiai iaania/aiey, n?i/iinoe e ieaoiinoe
ca iieueciaaiea. A eiioea eiioeia, e?aaeeo oa?ye naie noeioee?othuea
naienoaa.
A Oe?aeia ca n/ao oeaio?aeeciaaiiuo oiiaeia e aei neo ii? oeiaine?othony
o?aou, naycaiiua n i?aaeoi?aaeaeaieai e eeeaeaeaoeeae iioiiia, iaaaeia,
aaa?ee ia oaooao e ae?. Ainoaea?noai, iiea ia ?acaeou eiua oi?iu caueou
nianoaaiiinoe, auioaeaeaii iie?uaaoue ec naiaai athaeaeaoa ?anoiaeu ia
ainnoaiiaeaiea iia?aaeaeaiiuo eee oie/oiaeaiiuo noeoeae eeai ec-ca
noa/aiey iaaeaaii?eyoiuo ianoiyoaeuenoa i?aaei?eyoee, aei?iai e eiuo
iauaeoia eae i?iiuoeaiiiai, oae e nioeeaeueiiai iacia/aiey.
Oeaio?aeeciaaiiua n?aaenoaa ainoaea?noaa, a oaeaea oiiaeu aaaeiinoa
ninoaaeyee a niaieoiiinoe aieueooth /anoue ?ano?nia, eioi?ua
iai?aaeyeenue ia no?aoiaoth caueoo. Oeiaine?iaaiea ca n/ao
ainoaea?noaaiiuo oiiaeia ?ani?ino?aiyeinue ia iie?uoea o?ao io ?eneia
oieueei i?aaei?eyoee ainoaea?noaaiiiai naeoi?a.
A oi aea a?aiy n ?anoe?aieai i?aa i?aaei?eyoee ?inee aiciiaeiinoe
naiino?aoiaaiey, aeey /aai nicaeaaaeenue aioo?aiiea iaoo?aeueiua e
aeaiaaeiua ?aca?au. Oaeea oiiaeu iicaieytho iie?uaaoue a?aae,
i?e/eiaiiue iaeeeie ?eneaie.
I?aeiouanoai naiino?aoiaaiey a oii, /oi iii aeaao aiciiaeiinoue
iia?aoeaii ?aoeoue aii?in iaaieueoeo oauoeia. E?iia oiai, ia ioaeii
ieaoeoue ia noi?iio no?aoiaua i?aiee. A iie i?aaeoniao?eaatho o?aou ia
oieueei ia aiciauaiea iioa?ue, i?e/eiaiiuo noeoeeiui aaaenoaeai eee
ian/anoiui neo/aai, a e iai?aaeythony ia iie?uoea anao o?ao ii
niaea?aeaieth ioena ia oi?ie?iaaiea i?eauee no?aoiaaoaey.
Aeioiaeu io a?aiaiiiai eiaanoe?iaaiey naiaiaeiuo n?aaenoa yoeo ?aca?aia
oaeaea inoathony oece/aneiio eee th?eaee/aneiio eeoeo, eioi?ia
i?aaieciauaaao naiino?aoiaaiea. Oaeia eeoei anaaaea iaiin?aaenoaaiii
caeioa?aniaaii i?aaei?eiyoue ia?u ii nieaeaieth ?eneia. E oiio aea o?aou
ec nianoaaiiuo (aioo?aiieo) ?aca?aia iaiin?aaenoaaiii ia caaenyo io
iineaaenoaee ?eneia ia ae?oaeo i?aaei?eyoeyo.
Eiiia?aoeaiua, iauanoaaiiua i?aaei?eyoey e ianaeaiea i?eaaaaei ia
oieueei e naiio?aoiaaiey, a e i?aaieciauaaee caueoo naieo iaoa?eaeueiuo
eioa?ania ia neo/ae ?enea ca n/ao n?aaenoa oiiaea, eioi?ue nicaeaaaeny
iaoiaeii no?aoiaaiey. Yoei iaoiaeii iiaeii auei iaeaieeaaoue n?aaenoaa
ia oieueei ia caueoo eiouanoaa, ii e ia ?aoaiey /anoe nioeeaeueiuo
aii?inia (no?aoiaaiea ia neo/ae iinoiyiiie eeai a?aiaiiie iioa?a
o?oaeiniiniaiinoe, no?aoiaaiea iineaaeothuae aeecie, aeinaaaeaaiia
no?aoiaaiea e o.ae.). Iaiaei ioiineoaeueii ieceee o?iaaiue aeioiaeia
ianaeaiey oi?iicee ?acaeoea oeacaiiuo aeaeia no?aoiaaiey.
Oaia?ue, eiaaea no?aoiaaieai a Oe?aeia ioaa/aii iaiaa 10 % no?aoiaiai
iiey, ?aaoee?othuay ?ieue yoiai yeiiiie/aneiai ?u/aaa aua iaei caiaoia,
a ioee/ea, iai?eia?, io ssiiiee, aaea no?aoiaaieai ioaa/aiu i?aeoe/anee
ana i?aaei?eyoey e a?aaeaeaia. Oyaeaei i?aaenoaaeoue i?aaei?eieiaoaey,
eioi?ue ?eneioe au caiyoueny oai eee eiui aecianii, i?ieaii?e?iaaa
no?aoiaaiea. Oaeea aeaenoaey i?ioeai?a/eee au caei?iaiio yeiiiie/aneiio
?annoaeeo.
Oaeei ia?acii, iineieueeo a ieaiiaie oeaio?aeeciaaiiie yeiiiieea
ia?aaaoeaaea ainoaea?noaaiiay oi?ia nianoaaiiinoe, oi e niaoeeoe/iua
oi?iu e iaoiaeu aa caueou ioiaeaeioee no?aoiaaiea ia aoi?ie ieai.
Caiaoei, /oi ninoaa e no?oeoo?a oiiaeia, i?aaeiacia/aiiuo aeey no?aoiaie
caueou, i?eioeeieaeueii eciaiythony a ia?eiae iioaaiaiai ia?aoiaea e
yeiiiieea ?uii/iiai oeia. Aaaeue i?ioeann i?eaaoecaoeee nianoaaiiinoe
o?aaoao niioaaonoaaiiuo eciaiaiee e a aa no?aoiaie caueoa. Iia aeieaeia
iai?aaeyoueny ia aeaeaa aieaa /anoia i?eiyoea ?aoaiee i no?aoiaie caueoa
ia o?iaia i?aaei?eyoey, ?anoe?aiey a?aieoe naiioeiaine?iaaiey.
Ia i?aaei?eyoeyo oeaeaniia?acii eiaoue oiiae ?enea. Aeaenoaothuaa
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai iicaieyao aeiaiaeeoue aai ?acia? aei 25% io noiiu
onoaaiiai oiiaea. Aaaeii, /oiau n?aaenoaa oiiaea iinoiyiii iaoiaeeeenue
a eeeaeaeiie oi?ia.
Oaia?ue cia/eoaeueii a iaiueoae ia?a, /ai a i?ioeua a?aiaia,
eniieuecothony oeaio?aeeciaaiiua aeaiaaeiua ?aca?au ainoaea?noaa ia
ainnoaiiaeaiea eiouanoaa, oie/oiaeaiiiai eee iia?aaeaeaiiiai noeoeae eee
eiui aaaenoaeai. Ooo i?iyaeythony e a?aiaiiua oeiainiaua o?oaeiinoe
ainoaea?noaa. I?e cia/eoaeueiii aeaoeoeeoa athaeaeaoa iaaiciiaeii
i?aaeoniio?aoue a iai na?ueaciua ?aca?au.
Cia/eoaeueii ineaaeeanue ?ieue a no?aoiaie caueoa e caeiaiiiai oiiaea.
Ii ia?anoae auoue aaeeiui ainoaea?noaaiiui oiiaeii. Ia?ano?ieea
aaieianeiai aeaea ia eiiia?/aneeo iniiaao iaoneiaeea iiyaeaiea nioai
ioiineoaeueii aaoiiiiiuo caeiaiiuo oiiaeia. Ia 1 yiaa?y 1998 aiaea a
Oe?aeia auei 228 eiiia?/aneeo aaieia. Eaaeaeue ec ieo aeaaeaao
naiinoiyoaeueiuie ?ano?naie. Aaiee a aieueoeinoaa ia a neeao e ia eiatho
yeiiiie/aneiai eioa?ana i?aaeinoaaeyoue aeeeoaeueiua (ia ianeieueei eao)
aea e aua ia aani?ioeaioiuo iniiaao ion?i/ee aica?auaiey caeiia. Ia
iiaoo ?ann/eouaaoue i?aaei?eyoey e ia oeiainiaoth iiaeaea?aeeo
io?aneaauo ieienoa?noa e aaaeiinoa. ?aca?aiua oiiaeu i?e yoeo i?aaiao
eeeaeaee?iaaiu.
Iaaaoeaii io?aceeanue ia i?aaiecaoeee naiino?aoiaaiey noauaeoia
i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa aeanoeay iaeiaiaay iieeoeea. Aieueoay /anoue
i?aaei?eyoee eeoaia ec-ca yoiai aiciiaeiinoe eiaoue a naiai
?anii?yaeaiee iaiaoiaeeiua aeaiaaeiua ?aca?aiua oiiaeu.
Oaeei ia?acii, aiciiaeiinoe iaania/aiey no?aoiaie caueoie ca n/ao
ia?a/eneaiiuo oieueei /oi enoi/ieeia i/aiue ia?aie/aiu. Yoi icia/aao,
/oi aieueoa iaa?ocee aeieaeii anei?a ea/ue ia oiiaeu, nicaeaiiua
iaoiaeii no?aoiaaiey. Anee e yoiio i?eaaaeoue caaeaiea ii
ia?ai?eaioaoeee i?ia?aiiu nioeeaeueiie caueou a?aaeaeai (io?aia
caei?iauey, iaineiiiia iaania/aiea, /anoe/ii ia?aciaaiea) ia no?aoiaua
iniiau, eae yoi naeaeaii a no?aiao n ?uii/iie yeiiiieeie.
Iaiaoiaeeiinoue no?aoiaaiey auoaeaao ec i?aaa nianoaaiiinoe eeai
aeaaeaiey oai eee eiui iauaeoii. Eaaeaeue eiaeeaeaeoaeueiue eee
annioeee?iaaiiue nianoaaiiee aeiia, aaoiiaoeiu, a oai aieaa neiaeiiai
i?iecaiaeeoaeueiiai oaoiieiae/aneiai eiiieaena, caeioa?aniaai a oii,
/oiau aeiaeaiiua a yoio iauaeo n?aaenoaa ia auee iioa?yiu ec-ca
noeoeeiiai aaaenoaey, ian/anoiiai neo/ay, a?aaaaea e ae?.
A naith i/a?aaeue, i?aaiecaoeee, eioi?ua aa?oo ia naay ?enee, eae e
ethaay ae?oaay eiiia?/aneay no?oeoo?a, eiatho eioa?an iieo/eoue
i?eaueue. ?a/ue eaeao i?i iauoth ianno i?eauee, oi anoue n ?an/aoii e
iineaaenoaee eiaanoeoeeiiiie aeayoaeueiinoe.
No?aoiaay caueoa yaeyaony i?iyaeaieai yeiiiie/aneie aaciianiinoe
oece/aneeo e th?eaee/aneeo eeoe. N?aaee iiiaeo oi?i no?aoiaie caueou
no?aoiaaieth i?eiaaeeaaeeo iniaay ?ieue. Iii aeaao aiciiaeiinoue
aeinoe/ue iaoeeiiaeueiie no?oeoo?u n?aaenoa, eioi?ua iai?aaeythony ia
i?aaeoi?aaeaeaiea (eee iia?aoeaiia ono?aiaiea) iineaaenoaee noeoee eee
eiuo i?e/ei, eioi?ua i?aiyonoaotho aeayoaeueiinoe oiai eee eiiai eeoea.
No?aoiaaiea, eiay aieueoea aiciiaeiinoe iaiaa?e?iaaiey ?aca?aaie,
yaeyaony aaaeiie y/aeeie oi?ie?iaaiey anae nenoaiu yeiiiie/aneie
aaciianiinoe. Oaeay ?ieue noaiiaeony aiciiaeiie oieueei i?e aeieaeiii
o?iaia ?acaeoey no?aoiaiai aeaea.
Ia?aae i?aaei?eieiaoaeai i?aaenoaao i?iaeaia: /oi auaiaeiaa –
nicaeaoue nianoaaiiue ?aca?a n?aaenoa ia neo/ae n?i/iie iaiaoiaeeiinoe
caiaiu aaoiiiaeey eee ainiieueciaaoueny oneoaaie no?aoiaie eiiiaiee?
I?aaenoaaei neooaoeeth, /oi nianoaaiiee ia cano?aoiaae aaoiiiaeeue. A
oaeii neo/aa ii nyeiiiieo ia no?aoiaie i?aiee (iai?eia?, 8% io noieiinoe
aaoiiiaeey).
A oi aea a?aiy aicaea?aeaoueny io i?eia?aoaiey no?aoiaiai iieena
icia/aao aeey i?aaei?eieiaoaey iaiaoiaeeiinoue ca?aca?ae?iaaoue n
oeaeueth naiino?aoiaaiey o?ainii?oiiai n?aaenoaa, a oaeei ia?acii e
aaciianiinoe naiaai aeciana, ia iaiaa eae o?aoue anaai eaieoaea. Yoi
nouanoaaiii oiaiueoaao oeiainiaua ?acoeueoaou aeayoaeueiinoe. Iioa?yiiay
i?eaueue aoaeao aieueoa no?aoiauo ieaoaaeae a 25 ?ac. Oioy i?eia? e
oneiaiue, ii ii oi?ioi io?aaeaao oa i?aeiouanoaa, eioi?ua aeaao
no?aoiaaiea.
No?aoiaay io?aneue Oe?aeiu, eae e any aa yeiiiieea, eniuouaaao nae/an
aani?aoeaaeaioiua eciaiaiey. A i/aiue naeaoua n?iee iaiaoiaeeii
i?aiaeieaoue iooue io oeaio?aeeciaaiiie ieaiiaie yeiiiieee aei
oicyenoaa, /oi ooieoeeiie?oao ia ?uii/iuo iniiaao. Eciaiaiey aeieaeiu
auoue ooiaeaiaioaeueiua e eanaoueny iieeoe/aneeo, th?eaee/aneeo,
yeiiiie/aneeo, nioeeaeueiuo e oaoiieiae/aneeo aniaeoao yaiethoeee
iauanoaa. Oi anoue ?aoi?ie?iaaiea aeieaia a?aiy aoaeao aeeyoue ia
?acaeoea anao io?aneae no?aiu.
Aeaaiua i?aia?aciaaiey eaaeao a no?oeoo?iuo eciaiaieyo oi?i
nianoaaiiinoe. Yoe eciaiaiey, a naith i/a?aaeue, iaoneiaeeaatho
niioaaonoaothuoth o?ainoi?iaoeeth oi?i aa no?aoiaie caueou. N?aaee
eciaiaiee, eioi?ua i?ienoiaeyo nae/an a Oe?aeia, a noa?a
i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa, iaeaieaa nouanoaaiii iiaeeyoue ia aeaeueiaeooth
noaeueao no?aoiaeeia iiaoo neaaeothuea.
Inouanoaeaiea i?eaaoecaoeee eiouanoaa i?aeiouanoaaiiiai eiee/anoaa
i?aaei?eyoee, eioi?ua ?aiaa i?eiaaeeaaeaee e ainoaea?noaaiiiio naeoi?o
yeiiiieee. Yoi iaoneaaeeaaao iiauoaiea no?aoiaiai eioa?ana eae ii
iiaiaeo caueou eiouanoaa, oae e no?aoiaaiey ioaaonoaaiiinoe
i?aaei?eyoee. Iaiaoiaeeii noa?aoueny ioaaoeoue no?aoiaaieai a ia?aoth
i/a?aaeue ?enee iniiaaoaeae e aeoeeiia?ia eiiiaiee. Yoi aeaaii?eyonoaoao
auno?iio iniiaaieth e aeaeueiaeoaio ?acaeoeth no?aoiaie aeayoaeueiinoe,
iiauoaao aeiaa?ea e iiaiio no?aoiaeeo, /oi i/aiue aaaeii aeey oe?aieaiey
iiceoeee ia no?aoiaii ?uiea.
Eciaiaiey a enoi/ieeao iieaou no?aoiauo ieaoaaeae. Oaia?ue e a
aeia?iaieueiuo aeaeao no?aoiaaiey eiouanoaa i?aaei?eyoee (aeeth/ay
o?ainii?oiua n?aaenoaa, a?ocu) no?aoiaua i?aiee i?eeaaathony e ?anoiaeai
ia i?iecaiaenoai, /oi niioaaonoaaiii oiaiueoaao aaco iaeiaiiaeaaeaiey.
Yoi oneeeaaao oeiainiaua aiciiaeiinoe i?aaei?eyoee, iiioaeaeaao eo
i?eieiaoue o/anoea a no?aoiaaiee.
Iaeeaeaaiia oaaee/aiea e?aaeeoiuo eiaanoeoeee a i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneoth
aeayoaeueiinoue. Yoi iiaea/ao ca niaie, e?iia i?i/aai, oaaee/aiea
ianooaaia eniieueciaaiey no?aoiauo oneoa a /anoe no?aoiaaiey eiouanoaa
io iaiy e noeoeeiiai aaaenoaey, oaoie/aneeo ?eneia, eiouanoaa, eioi?ia
i?aaeiieaaaaony a caeia, no?aoiaaiea ioaaonoaaiiinoe.
?ino aiciiaeiinoae i?aaei?eyoee ii ?aaeecaoeee i?iaeoeoeee, iniaaiii ia
yenii?o. Yoi nicaeaao aeaaii?eyoiua oneiaey aeey ?anoe?aiey no?aoiaaiey
yenii?oiuo e?aaeeoia, no?aoiaaiey ioaaonoaaiiinoe oiaa?ii?iecaiaeeoaeae
ca ea/anoai i?iaeoeoeee, no?aoiaaiey a?ocia e ioaaonoaaiiinoe
a?ociia?aaic/eea, no?aoiaaiey th?eaee/aneeo ?anoiaeia ia ?anniio?aiea
i?aoaicee.
Noaaeeecaoeey yeiiiie/aneiai iieiaeaiey ia iiiaeo i?aaei?eyoeyo
iicaieyao iinoaiaiii ia?aoiaeeoue e no?aoiaaieth ?anoiaeia, e eioi?ui
iiaoo i?eaanoe ia?a?uau a i?iecaiaenoaa a neo/aa ianooieaiey noeoeeiiai
aaaenoaey, oaoiiaaiiuo aaa?ee eee eiuo no?aoiauo neo/aaa.
Oaeei ia?acii, ainoaea?noaaiiay iieeoeea, iai?aaeaiiay ia
i?eaaoecaoeeth, i?iaaaeaiea i?ioeeioeyoeeiiiuo ia?, oii?yaei/aiea
iaeiaiiaeiaeaiey eae no?aoiaaoaeae, oae e no?aoiaeeia, i?ioeaioiuo
noaaie, aaethoiuo eo?nia, oeiainiaiai eiio?iey, iaania/eaaao na?ueaciua
i?aaeiinueee aeey aeoeaecaoeee no?aoiaie aeayoaeueiinoe. No?aoaaey
eaaeaeie eiie?aoiie eiiiaiee eaaeeo a oii, /oiau iaeneiaeueii
ainiieueciaaoueny yoeie aiciiaeiinoyie. Aianoa n oai aeieaeiu auoue
naiaa?aiaiii i?in/eoaiu e oaeoi?u, eioi?ua oneiaeiytho ?aaioo
no?aoiaeeia.
Iinoaiaiii a Oe?aeia neeaaeuaaaony yeiiiie/anee-i?aaiaia i?ino?ainoai
aeey aeayoaeueiinoe no?aoiaeeia. Ainoaea?noai a eeoea niaoeeaeueii
oiieiiii/aiiiai i?aaia – Eiieoaoa ii aeaeai iaaeci?a ca no?aoiaie
aeayoaeueiinoueth, inouanoaeyao oi?aaeaiea yoei i?ioeannii.
Io?aaaouaathony i?aaiaua ii?iu inouanoaeaiey no?aoiaie aeayoaeueiinoe,
aaaeaony eeoeaice?iaaiea no?aoiauo eiiiaiee, iinoiyiii i?iaiaeyony
i?iaa?ee ia i?aaeiao eiio?iey eo ieaoaaeaniiniaiinoe, oeiainiaie
noaaeeueiinoe e niaethaeaiey eie o?aaiaaiee caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa.
Iaeaieaa iauea i?eioeeiu no?aoiaaiey (a iniiaiii ioiineoaeueii
ainoaea?noaaiiiai no?aoiaaiey) aueiaeaiu a A?aaeaeaineii Eiaeaena
Oe?aeiu. Ii, ia oiaiueoay cia/aiey ii?i A?aaeaeaineiai Eiaeaena, ana aea
iaiaoiaeeii iiae/a?eiooue, /oi iniiao no?aoiaiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa
Oe?aeiu nae/an ninoaaeyao Aeae?ao Eaaeiaoa Ieieno?ia Oe?aeiu ?47-93 io
10 iay 1993 aiaea, e caeii Oe?aeiu “I no?aoiaaiee” ?85/96-A? io 7 ia?oa
1996 a.
No?aoiaie ?uiie Oe?aeiu ia eiiaoe 1998 aiaea ian/eouaae 224 no?aoiaeea,
eioi?ua io/eouaaeenue ia?aae Oe?no?aoiaaeci?ii. Ieie iieo/aii 408 401
oun. a?i. no?aoiauo ieaoaaeae ii aeia?iaieueiui e iaycaoaeueiui aeaeai
no?aoiaaiey, a o. /. ii aeia?iaieueiui aeaeai no?aoiaaiey 319 515 oun.
a?i., /oi ninoaaeyao 78 % io iauae noiiu no?aoiauo ieaoaaeae, e ii
iaycaoaeueiui aeaeai no?aoiaaiey – 88 886 oun. a?i., eee 22 % io iauae
noiiu iinooieaiee. Iinooieaiey no?aoiauo ieaoaaeae ii ee/iiio
no?aoiaaieth a 1998 aiaeo ninoaaeytho 74 % io iinooieaiee 1997 aiaea, a
oii /enea, ii no?aoiaaieth aeecie — 55 %. Ii ae?oaei aeaeai no?aoiaaiey
iaaethaeaeny ?ino no?aoiauo ieaoaaeae, a eiaiii:
· ii eiouanoaaiiiio no?aoiaaieth – a 1, 89 ?aca;
· ii ainoaea?noaaiiiio iaycaoaeueiiio no?aoiaaieth – a 1, 1 ?aca;
· ii no?aoiaaieth ioaaonoaaiiinoe – a 1, 05 ?aca.
Auieaou no?aoiauo noii e no?aoiaiai aiciauaiey aeinoeaee 129 246 oun.
a?i., ec ieo ii aeia?iaieueiui aeaeai no?aoiaaiey – 113 808 oun. a?i.,
eee 88 % io iauae noiiu auieao; ii iaycaoaeueiui aeaeai no?aoiaaiey – 15
438 oun. a?i., eee 12 % io iauae noiiu auieao.
N?aaee ieo a 1998 aiaeo oaaee/eeenue auieaou no?aoiauo noii e no?aoiaiai
aiciauaiey ii oaeei aeaeai no?aoiaaiey:
• ii eiouanoaaiiiio no?aoiaaieth – a 1, 46 ?aca;
• ii ainoaea?noaaiiiio iaycaoaeueiiio no?aoiaaieth – a 1, 17 ?aca;
Ii ae?oaei aeaeai no?aoiaaiey i?iecioei nieaeaiea auieao. No?aoiaua
auieaou ninoaaeytho:
• ii ee/iiio no?aoiaaieth – 69 % io auieao 1997 aiaea, a oii /enea, ii
no?aoiaaieth aeecie — 50 %;
• ii no?aoiaaieth ioaaonoaaiiinoe – 54%;
• ii iaainoaea?noaaiiiio iaycaoaeueiiio no?aoiaaieth – 8%.
Anaai iinooieaiee no?aoiauo ieaoaaeae oaaee/eeinue a n?aaiaiee n 1997
aiaeii a 1,29 ?aca, a oi aea a?aiy auieaou no?aoiauo noii e no?aoiaiai
aiciauaiey, aia?aua ca iineaaeiea aiaeu, oiaiueoeeenue ia 18 129 oun.
a?i., eee a 1,12 ?aca.
Oaiiu ?inoa no?aoiauo ieaoaaeae i?aauoaee oaiiu ?ino no?aoiauo auieao a
1,5 ?aca (a 1997 aiaeo – a 1,3 ?aca).
N?aaeiee o?iaaiue auieao (ioiioaiea auieao e ieaoaaeai a %) ninoaaeyao a
1998 aiaeo 31,7 %, ec ieo ii no?aoiaaieth aeecie 112,6 %; ii aeaeai
no?aoiaaiey, eiui, iaaeaee no?aoiaaiey aeecie – 237,8 %.
Eiee/anoai aeaenoaothueo aeiaiai?ia no?aoiaaiey a eiioea io/aoiiai aiaea
a 1998 aiaeo oiaiueoeeinue ia 17 i?ioeaioia ii ioiioaieth e
i?aaeuaeouaio aiaeo. Yoi iauyniyaony, a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue, nie?auaieai
aeaeia iaainoaea?noaaiiiai iaycaoaeueiiai no?aoiaaiey. Iaaeaeo oai,
nouanoaotho e iaiaaeaaeeaathuea oaiaeaioeee a ioiioaiee aeaenoaothueo
aeiaiai?ia no?aoiaaiey. Oae, ii eiouanoaaiiiio no?aoiaaieth e ii
no?aoiaaieth ioaaonoaaiiinoe i?iecioae cia/eoaeueiue ?ino aeiaiai?ia
(niioaaonoaaiii a 1,8 e 2,4 ?aca); ii ee/iiio no?aoiaaieth, a oii /enea
ii no?aoiaaieth aeecie oaiiu niaaea eiee/anoaa aeaenoaothueo aeiaiai?ia
ia eiiaoe io/aoiiai aiaea cia/eoaeueii caiaaeeeeinue.
Iauai cayaeaiiuo onoaaiuo oiiaeia no?aoiauo i?aaiecaoeee ii iieiaeaieth
ia 01.01.98 ninoaaeye 131 924 oun. a?i., au?inoe a n?aaiaiee n 1997
aiaeii ii/oe a 1,7 ?aca; iauai auiea/aiiuo onoaaiuo oiiaeia au?in
niioaaonoaaiii ii/oe a 1,9 ?ac e aeinoea 118 656 oun. a?i.
A 2000 aiaeo Eaaeiaoii Ieieno?ia Oe?aeiu auea i?eiyoa Ainoaea?noaaiiay
i?ia?aiia ?acaeoey no?aoiaiai ?uiea Oe?aeiu ia ia?eiae aei 2005 aiaea e
ia ia?niaeoeao aei 2010 aiaea (I?ia?aiia). Iaiaoiaeeiinoue i?eiyoey
oaeie I?ia?aiiu auea iaoneiaeaia cia/eoaeueiui ionoaaaieai ?acaeoey
?uiea no?aoiaaiey Oe?aeiu e iio?aaiinoueth iaania/aiey iaaeaaeiuo
aa?aioee ainnoaiiaeaiey ia?ooaiiuo eiouanoaaiiuo i?aa e eioa?ania a
neo/ayo iaoa?eaeueiuo iioa?ue, i?e/eiaiiuo iaiai, noeoeeiui aaaenoaeai,
o?ainii?oiuie i?ienoanoaeyie e eiuie iai?aaeaeaeaiiuie
ianoiyoaeuenoaaie.
I?eiaiaiea ia?, i?aaeoniio?aiiuo I?ia?aiiie, iicaieeo ia oieueei
inaiaiaeeoue ainoaea?noai io o?ao ia aiciauaiea oauoeia i?e ianooieaiee
no?aoiaiai neo/ay, ii e nouanoaaiii iiaeeyao ia oe?aieaiea oeiainia
ainoaea?noaa, noaiao yooaeoeaiie oi?iie neiieaiey n?aaenoa a?aaeaeai e
noaaeeueiui enoi/ieeii aeieain?i/iuo eiaanoeoeee.
Ianiio?y ia o?oaeiinoe noaiiaeaiey iaoeeiiaeueiiai no?aoiaiai ?uiea,
iauaiu no?aoiauo iia?aoeee caiaoii ?anooo. Yoi iaoneiaeaii oai, /oi a
ia?uii/iuo oneiaeyo oicyenoaiaaiey aiciauaiey oauoeia, a iniiaiii,
inouanoaeyeinue ainoaea?noaii ca n/ao n?aaenoa athaeaeaoa. ?aaeecaoeey a
Oe?aeia i?ia?aiiu i?eaaoecaoeee iauaeoia ainoaea?noaaiiie nianoaaiiinoe
iaoneiaeea iaiaoiaeeiinoue no?aoiaie caueou iiauo nianoaaiieeia
eiouanoaa io ?eneia, eioi?ua i?eaiaeyo e aa iioa?a eeai iia?aaeaeaieth.
Ca aiaeu iacaaeneiinoe a Oe?aeia, a iniiaiii, nicaeaia caeiiiaeaoaeueiay
e ii?iaoeaiay aaca no?aoiaaiey. Yoi aeaei aiciiaeiinoue iano?aeaaoue
no?aoiaie ?uiie ia oneiaeyo eiieo?aioeee, /oi niinianoaoao iiauoaieth
ea/anoaa ieacaiey no?aoiauo oneoa.
Naaiaeiy a Oe?aeia ca?aaeno?e?iaaii ieiei 310 no?aoiauo eiiiaiee, ec ieo
ii/oe o?aoue ?aaioaao ianooaaii e yooaeoeaii. Iaeiaei o?iaaiue ?acaeoey
no?aoiaiai ?uiea a Oe?aeia iie?uaaao aua ia aieaa 10% iioaioeeaeueiuo
?eneia, oiaaea eae a aieueoeinoaa ?acaeouo no?ai yoi ia iaiaa 90-95%.
Oaeaeueiue aan iaoae no?aiu ia ie?iaii ?uiea ninoaaeyao eeoue 0,01% e
ieiei 0,05% iauaia no?aoiauo oneoa, eioi?ua ieacuaathony a Aa?iia, i?e
oii, /oi a Oe?aeia i?iaeeaaao aieaa 7% ianaeaiey Aa?iiu e anoue aieueoie
i?iiuoeaiiue, aa?a?iue e iao/iue iioaioeeae. Ieceeie inoathony
oeiainiaua aiciiaeiinoe ioa/anoaaiiuo no?aoiauo eiiiaiee ii iie?uoeth
aieueoeo ?eneia. Ia niinianoaoao ?acaeoeth no?aoiaiai aeaea a Oe?aeia e
ionoonoaea caeiiiaeaoaeueii ii?aaeaeaiiuo iaoaieciia noeioee?iaaiey
nianoaaiieeia eiouanoaa eae th?eaee/aneeo, oae e oece/aneeo eeoe, e
oe?ieiio eniieueciaaieth aiciiaeiinoae no?aoiaie caueou naieo
eiouanoaaiiuo eioa?ania. O?aaoao aeaeueiaeoaai oniaa?oainoaiaaiey
ainoaea?noaaiiue eiio?ieue ca oeiainiaie iaaeaaeiinoueth e auiieiaieai
no?aoiauie i?aaiecaoeeyie i?eia?aoaiiuo iaycaoaeuenoa.
Caeiiioai?/aneay ?aaioa aua iaaeinoaoi/ii iie?aaony ia iao/iua
enneaaeiaaiey e i?aeoeeo. Eaae?iaue iioaioeeae ia anaaaea i?aaenoaaeyao
niaie aunieieaaeeoeoee?iaaiiuo iaiaaeaea?ia no?aoiaiai aeaea.
Ec-ca iaaeiioeaieaaiey ainoaea?noaaiiuie no?oeoo?aie cia/eiinoe
no?aoiaie caueou yeiiiieee ainoaea?noaa iniiaiay oyaeanoue ?anoiaeia ia
i?aaeoi?aaeaeaiea e eeeaeaeaoeeth iineaaenoaee i?e?iaeiuo yaeaiee,
eaoano?io e oaoiiaaiiuo aaa?ee i?iaeieaeaao eiaeeoueny ia athaeaeao.
A oi aea a?aiy, anooieaiea Oe?aeiu a iaaeaeoia?iaeiia niiauanoai, a
/anoiinoe, auiieiaiea niaeaoaiey Oe?aeiu i ia?oia?noaa e nio?oaeie/anoaa
iaaeaeo Oe?aeiie e Aa?iiaeneei Nithcii e iiaeaioiaea anooieaiey Oe?aeiu
ai Anaie?ioth i?aaiecaoeeth oi?aiaee, inouanoaeaiea oe?ieie i?ia?aiiu
i?eaaoecaoeee iauaeoia ainoaea?noaaiiie nianoaaiiinoe, eciaiaiey a
yeiiiie/aneii iaoaiecia oi?aaeaiey ainoaea?noaaiiui naeoi?ii yeiiiieee,
iai?aaeaiiua ia ?anoe?aiea naiioeiaine?iaaiey i?iecaiaeeoaeueiuo ioaeae,
o?aaotho oe?aieaiey ?uii/iuo ioiioaiee a nenoaia no?aoiaie caueou.
A ieoya?a 2001 aiaea i?eiyou eciaiaiey a Caeii Oe?aeiu «I no?aoiaaiee».
Iiaui yaeyaony neaaeothuaa:
– oaaee/aiea ?acia?a onoaaiiai oiiaea no?aoiauo eiiiaiee ia i?ioyaeaiee
2-o eao ni aeiy anooieaiey Caeiia a neeo io EUR 100 oun. aei EUR 500
oun.; ia i?ioyaeaiee aua iaeiiai aiaea – aei EUR 1 iei. I?e yoii ?acia?
onoaaiuo oiiaeia no?aoiauo eiiiaiee, eioi?ua caieiathony no?aoiaaieai
aeecie, aeieaeai auoue ia i?ioyaeaiee aeaoo eao oaaee/ai aei EUR 750
oun., a ia i?ioyaeaiee neaaeothuaai aiaea – aei EUR 1,5 iei.;
– niyoi ia?aie/aiea ia iaee/ea eiino?aiiiai eaieoaea a oe?aeineeo
no?aoiauo eiiiaieyo;
– nouanoaaiiia eciaiaiea ?aaeeia ia?ano?aoiaaiey. Iai?eia?, eneeth/aii
o?aaiaaiea ia?aii/a?aaeiinoe ia?ano?aoiaaiey aieueoeo ?eneia a
oe?aeineeo no?aoiauo eiiiaieyo;
– aaaaeaiea aeiiieieoaeueiuo aeaeia iaycaoaeueiiai no?aoiaaiey, /oi
iiaeao a e?ao/aeoee n?ie cai/ii oaaee/eoue iai?iou ?uiea no?aoiauo
oneoa;
– ?anoe?aiea aiciiaeiinoae eiiiaiee, eioi?ua niaoeeaeece?othony ia
no?aoiaaiee aeecie. Oaia?ue iie niiaoo aeaaaoue e?aaeeou naiei eeeaioai
e iiieie?iaaoue naie iaycaoaeuenoaa ia?aae eeeaioaie a aaethoa.
Iiaia no?aoiaia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai oaeaea ?aaoee?oao eeoeaice?iaaiea e
aii?in ainoaea?noaaiiiai ?aaoee?iaaiey no?aoiaaiey.
2. Noaiaea?oiua oneiaey no?aoiaaiey eiouanoaa i?iiuoeaiiuo i?aaei?eyoee.
No?aoiaaiea – yoi aeae a?aaeaeainei-i?aaiauo ioiioaiee ii caueoa
eiouanoaaiiuo eioa?ania a?aaeaeai e th?eaee/aneeo eeoe a neo/aa
ianooieaiey ii?aaeaeaiiuo niauoee (no?aoiauo neo/aaa), oeacaiiuo a
aeiaiai?a no?aoiaaiey eee aeaenoaothuai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa, ca n/ao
aeaiaaeiuo oiiaeia, noi?ie?iaaiiuo iooai iieaou a?aaeaeaiaie e
th?eaee/aneeie eeoeaie no?aoiauo ieaoaaeae (no?aoiauo aeeaaeia,
no?aoiauo i?aiee), e aeioiaeia io ?aciauaiey n?aaenoa yoeo oiiaeia.
Noaouey 3 Caeiia Oe?aeiu «I no?aoiaaiee» aeaneo, /oi no?aoiaaoaeyie
i?eciathony th?eaee/aneea eeoea e aeaaniiniaiua a?aaeaeaia, caeeth/eaoea
ni no?aoiaueeaie aeiaiai? no?aoiaaiey eeai yaeythueany no?aoiaaoaeyie
niaeanii caeiiiaeaoaeuenoao Oe?aeiu.
Nouanoaoao iiiai aeaeia eiouanoaaiiiai no?aoiaaiey. Anao eo iiaeii
naoiie?iaaoue a neaaeothuoth noaio:
1. Naeueneioicyenoaaiiia no?aoiaaiea:
– n/o eoeueoo?;
– aeeaioiuo;
– ae?oaiai eiouanoaa n/o i?aaei?eyoee.
2. O?ainii?oiia no?aoiaaiea:
– no?aoiaaiea a?ocia;
– ii?neeo noaeia;
– aaeaoeeiiiia;
3. No?aoiaaiea eiouanoaa th?eaee/aneeo eeoe (ana, /oi ia aoiaeeo a n/o
e o?ainii?oiia no?aoiaaiea).
4. No?aoiaaiea eiouanoaa oece/aneeo eeoe:
– no?aoiaaiea no?iaiee
– aeeaioiuo
– aeiiaoiaai eiouanoaa.
– o?ainii?oiuo n?aaenoa a?aaeaeai.
No?aoiaaiea eiouanoaa, eae i?aaeei, inouanoaeyaony oieueei a
aeia?iaieueiie oi?ia. Caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii Oe?aeiu i?aaeoniio?aiiua
oieueei aeaa aeaea iaycaoaeueiiai no?aoiaaiey eiouanoaa: no?aoiaaiea
aaeaoeeiiiuo noaeia e no?aoiaaiea o?iaeay naeueneioicyenoaaiiuo eoeueoo?
e iiiaieaoieo ianaaeaeaiee a ainoaea?noaaiiuo naeueneioicyenoaaiiuo
i?aaei?eyoeyo.
Oneiaey no?aoiaaiey ii?aaeaeyao eaaeaeay eiiiaiey naiinoiyoaeueii.
?acia? no?aoiaiai oa?eoa aeey eiouanoaa i?aaei?eyoee – 0,05-8% io
no?aoiaie noiiu. Iiiaea no?aoiaua eiiiaiee aeeooa?aioee?otho no?aoiaua
oa?eou ii iauaio no?aoiaiai ?enea. Noaouey 6 Caeiia Oe?aeiu «I
no?aoiaaiee» iacuaaao aeaeu aeia?iaieueiiai eiouanoaaiiiai no?aoiaaiey.
Yoi:
i. 10 – no?aoiaaiea io iaiaiiuo ?eneia e ?eneia noeoeeiuo yaeaiee;
i. 11 – no?aoiaaiea eiouanoaa (eiiai, iaaeaee i?aaeoniio?aii ioieoaie
5-9 aeaiiie noaouee).
No?aoiaaiea enouanoaa i?aaei?eyoee eae aeae no?aoiaaiey iaania/eaaao
no?aoiaoth caueoo io iia?aaeaeaiey e aeaaee eiouanoaa aneaaenoaea
iiaea?a, oaea?a iieiee, ainieaiaiaiey aaca e ae?. Ii aeiiieieoaeueiiio
aeiaiai?o no?aoiaaiey iiaoo auoue cano?aoiaaiu aiciiaeiua oauoee
aneaaenoaea oaeeo i?e/ei:
1) noeoeeiiai aaaenoaey – caieao?ynaiey, ao?e, nia?/a, iaaiaeiaiey,
naeaauo iioieia, aeeeoaeueiuo niaaiiaaeia, a?aaea, ai?iuo naeaeaia e
o.ae.;
2) ac?uaa ia?iauo eioeia, aacio?aieeeu, aacii?iaiaeia, iaoei, aa?aaaoia
e eiuo aiaeiae/iuo iauaeoia;
3) iia?aaeaeaiey cano?aoiaaiiiai eiouanoaa a ?acoeueoaoa aaa?ee
aiaeii?iaiaea, eaiaeecaoeeiiiie e ioiieoaeueiie nenoaiu, nenoai oooaiey
iiaea?a, aaa?ee yeaeo?e/aneie nenoaiu e aeeyiey yeaeo?e/aneiai oiea;
4) e?aaee ni aceiiii e a?aaaaea.
Aeaenoaothuaa caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai cai?auaao auieaoo no?aoiauo
aiciauaiee, i?aauoathuoth ?aaeueioth noieiinoue cano?aoiaaiiiai iauaeoa.
Oaeaea ia aeieaeii auoue ia?aeeaeueii aeaoo iaeeiaeiauo aeiaiai?ia
no?aoiaaiey. No?aoiaia aiciauaiea aoaeao auiea/aii oieueei a 1 neo/aa
(anee iii i?aauoaao ?aaeueioth noieiinoue). Aeey eiio?iey ca
?aaeueiinoueth ianooieaiey no?aoiaiai neo/ay e i?aaeioa?auaieth
aeaieiiai no?aoiaaiey iaiaoiaeeii i?aaeinoaaeaiea i?eaeiaeia yecaiiey?ia
i ianooieaiee no?aoiaiai neo/ay a no?aoiaoth eiiiaieth. No?aoiaay
eiiiaiey eiaao i?aai ia ?aa?anneaiue ?ene aeiiaieeia no?aoiaiai neo/ay.
Aeey noeioee?iaaiey no?aoiaaoaeae, caaioeeai ioiinyueony e naiaio
eiouanoao, iaeioi?ua no?aoiaua eiiiaiee aeaeatho neeaeeo ni no?aoiauo
oa?eoia i?e iiaoi?iii caeeth/aiee aeiaiai?ia no?aoiaaiey, anee ii noa?ui
(i?aaeuaeouei) aeiaiai?ai ia auei eneia.
Nae/an no?aoiaua eiiiaiee oioyo ?anoe?eoue e?oa iauaeoia no?aoiaaiey
eiouanoaa: iaeeeo aeiiaoieo aeeaioiuo, no?aoiaaiea eaa?oe?, eiouanoaa
a?aaeaeai, iaoiaeyueony a eiiaiaee?iaea, iaiyoieeia, thaaee?iuo ecaeaeee
e oae aeaeaa.
No?aoiaay noiia ii?aaeaeyaony no?aoiaeeii ii niaeaniaaieth ni
no?aoiaaoaeai n o/aoii iniaaiiinoae eiie?aoiiai iauaeoa no?aoiaaiey.
Iniiaie aeey ii?aaeaeaiey no?aoiaie noiiu yaeyaony aeaenoaeoaeueiay
noieiinoue cano?aoiaaiiiai eiouanoaa ia iiiaio iiaeienaiey aeiaiai?a,
eioi?ay ii?aaeaeyaony ii aaeainiaie noieiinoe e noieiinoueth
i?eia?aoaiey ca eneeth/aieai eciina. Eiouanoai iiaeao auoue cano?aoiaaii
e ii ainnoaiiaeaiiie noieiinoe, eioi?ay ii?aaeaeyaony:
– aeey no?iaiee e nii?oaeaiee – ii noieiinoe no?ieoaeuenoaa no?iaiey
(nii?oaeaiey) n o/aoii eciina e yenieoaoaoeeiiii-oaoie/aneiai ninoiyiey;
– aeey iai?oaeiaaiey, iaoei, eiaaioa?y – niioaaonoaaiii n noiiie,
iaiaoiaeeiie aeey i?eia?aoaiey aiaeiae/iuo i?aaeiaoia;
– aeey oiaa?ia nianoaaiiiai i?iecaiaenoaa – ia iniiaaiee cao?ao
i?iecaiaenoaa, ii ia auoa oeaiu eo ?aaeecaoeee.
No?aoiaia aiciauaiea auiea/eaaaony:
– a neo/aa iieiie aeaaee eiouanoaa – a ?acia?a aeaenoaeoaeueiie
(ainnoaiiaeaiiie) noieiinoe ca au/aoii eciina e noieiinoe inoaoeia
eiouanoaa, i?eaiaeiiai aeey aeaeueiaeoaai eniieueciaaiey, ii a i?aaeaeao
no?aoiaie noiiu;
– a neo/aa /anoe/iiai iia?aaeaeaiey eiouanoaa – a ?acia?a ?acieoeu
iaaeaeo cayaeaiiie no?aoiaie noiiu e noieiinoueth inoaoeia eiouanoaa,
i?eaiaeiuo aeey aeaeueiaeoaai eniieueciaaiey, a i?e no?aoiaaiee ii
ainnoaiiaeaiiie noieiinoe – a ?acia?a ?anoiaeia ia aai ainnoaiiaeaiea,
ii ia aieueoa no?aoiaie noiiu.
Auieaoa no?aoiaiai aiciauaiey ia i?iaiaeeony, anee no?aoiaaoaeth
aiciauatho oua?a o?aouee eeoea. No?aoiaee iaycai auieaoeoue aiciauaiea a
?acia?a ?acieoeu iaaeaeo noiiie oua?aa e noiiie, aiciauaiiie o?aoueeie
eeoeaie.
Caeii Oe?aeiu “I no?aoiaaiee” ii?aaeaeyao, /oi iauaeoaie no?aoiaaiey
iiaoo aunooiaoue o?e a?oiiu eiouanoaaiiuo eioa?ania:
1) naycaiiua n aeeciueth, caei?iaueai, o?oaeiniiniaiinoueth e
aeiiieieoaeueiie iaineae no?aoiaaoaey eeai cano?aoiaaiiiai eeoea (ee/iia
no?aoiaaiea);
2) naycaiiua n aeaaeaieai, iieueciaaieai, ?anii?yaeaieai eiouanoaii
(eiouanoaaiiia no?aoiaaiea);
3) naycaiiua n aiciauaieai no?aoiaaoaeai i?e/eiaiiiai iei a?aaea
oece/aneiio eeoeo eeai aai eiouanoao, a oaeaea a?aaea, i?e/eiaiiiai
th?eaee/aneiio eeoeo (no?aoiaaiea ioaaonoaaiiinoe).
Iaeaieaa noa?oae o?aaeeoeeiiii ?acaeoie io?aneueth no?aoiaaiey yaeyaony
eiouanoaaiiia no?aoiaaiea. Aai yeiiiie/aneia i?aaeiacia/aiea eaaeeo a
eiiiainaoeee a?aaea, i?e/eiaiiiai no?aoiaaoaeth aneaaenoaea no?aoiaiai
neo/ay n cano?aoiaaiiui eiouanoaii. ?a/ue eaeao eae i?i iaoa?eaeueiua,
oae e i?i oeiainiaua iioa?e.
Iauai ioaaonoaaiiinoe no?aoiaeea aeeth/aao auieaoo no?aoiaiai aiciauaiey
no?aoiaaoaeth a neo/aa iia?aaeaeaiey eee oie/oiaeaiey iaoa?eaeueiuo
oeaiiinoae, a oaeaea a neo/aa iioa?e no?aoiaaoaeai aeaiaaeiuo n?aaenoa
eeai iaiieo/aiey ei caieaie?iaaiiiai aeioiaea (i?eauee) aneaaenoaea
no?aoiauo neo/aaa, iaoneiaeaiiuo aeiaiai?ii no?aoiaaiey.
Iniaaiiinoueth aeaiiie io?anee yaeyaony oi, /oi a iniiao ii?aaeaeaiey
no?aoiaie noiiu ii aeiaiai?o eiouanoaaiiiai no?aoiaaiey iieiaeaia
aeaenoaeoaeueiay noieiinoue cano?aoiaaiiuo iauaeoia. A neo/aa
no?aoiaaiey eiouanoaa ia ii iieiie noieiinoe, oua?a i?e ianooieaiee
no?aoiaiai neo/ay, eae i?aaeei, oaeaea ia aiciauathony a iieiii iauaia.
?acia? aiciauaiey caaeneo io nenoaiu no?aoiaiai iaania/aiey,
i?aaeoniio?aiiie eiie?aoiui aeiaiai?ii no?aoiaaiey. A eiouanoaaiiii
no?aoiaaiee eniieuecotho o?e nenoaiu no?aoiaiai iaania/aiey:
i?iii?oeeiiaeueioth, nenoaio ia?aiai ?enea e a?aie/ioth (a?aie/iiai
aiciauaiey).
I?iii?oeeiiaeueiay nenoaia i?aaeoniao?eaaao auieaoo aiciauaiey a oie
naiie i?iii?oeee ?aaeueiiai oua?aa, a eioi?ie no?aoiaay noiia i?aauaaao
ii aeiaiai?o ioiineoaeueii aeaenoaeoaeueiie noieiinoe cano?aoiaaiiiai
eiouanoaa.
Nenoaia ia?aiai ?enea i?aaeoniao?eaaao iieiia aiciauaiea oua?aa,
i?e/eiaiiiai cano?aoiaaiiiio eiouanoao, ii a i?aaeaeao no?aoiaie noiiu
ii aeiaiai?o. Oi anoue anee i?e eniieueciaaiee i?iii?oeeiiaeueiie
nenoaiu no?aoiaee aa?ao ai aieiaiea iauee iauai oauoeia e aiciauaao aai
a ii?aaeaeaiiie i?iii?oeee, oi a neo/aa eniieueciaaiey nenoaiu ia?aiai
?enea – iauaiii oauoeia, i?aauoathuei no?aoiaoth noiio, no?aoiaee i?inoi
i?aiaa?aaaao. Oeacaiiue iauai n/eoaaony «aoi?ui» ?eneii (a ioee/ea io
«ia?aiai», eioi?ue iiaeeaaeeo aiciauaieth e io eioi?iai i?iecioei
iacaaiea nenoaiu).
Iaa yoe nenoaiu eniieuecothony no?aoiaeeii eae niinia iiiu?aiey
no?aoiaaoaey caeeth/aoue aeiaiai? ia iieioth noieiinoue eiouanoaa. Iie
oa?ytho nain, eiaaea no?aoiaay noiia ii aeiaiai?o e ianoiyuay noieiinoue
noiaeyony.
Nenoaia a?aie/iiai aiciauaiey eniieuecoaony a oao aeaeao eiouanoaaiiiai
no?aoiaaiey, aaea no?aoiaee aeieaeai eiiiaine?iaaoue oauoee
no?aoiaaoaey, eioi?ua au/eneaiu eae ?acieoea iaaeaeo ca?aiaa iaiai?aiiie
a?aieoeae (ionthaea iacaaiea nenoaiu) e oaeoe/aneei o?iaiai aeioiaeia.
Yoa nenoaia ?ani?ino?aiyaony ia no?aoiaaiea o?iaeay, iioa?ue io i?inoiaa
a i?iecaiaenoaa e ae?.
Nouanoaoa oaeaea ianeieueei eiay oi?ia caueou th?eaee/aneei eeoeii naieo
eiouanoaaiiuo eioa?ania. A Caeiia Oe?aeiu «I oicyenoaaiiuo iauanoaao»
(no. 14) ?ane?uaaaony cia/aiea Oiiaeia iauanoaa: a iauanoaa nicaeaaony
?aca?aiue (no?aoiaie) oiiae a ?acia?a, ii?aaeaeaiiii onoaaiuie
aeieoiaioaie, ii ia iaiueoa 25% onoaaiiai oiiaea, a oaeaea eiua oiiaeu,
i?aaeoniio?aiiua caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii Oe?aeiu eee onoaaiuie aeieoiaioaie
iauanoaa. ?acia? aaeaaiaeiuo io/eneaiee a ?aca?aiue (no?aoiaie) oiiae
i?aaeoniao?eaaaony onoaaiuie aeieoiaioaie, ii ia iiaeao auoue iaiaa 5%
noiiu /enoie i?eauee. Aeaiiue aeae i?aaiecaoeee aeaiaaeiuo n?aaenoa
i?aaenoaaeyao nieaie ie /oi eiia eae i?aaeiaa naiino?aoiaaiea,
iicaieythuaa iiaaneoue oua?a ca n/ao nianoaaiiuo aeeoioee?iaaiiuo
n?aaenoa.
Oaeei ia?acii, eiouanoaaiiia no?aoiaaiea iauaaeeiyao ?aciiia?aciua aeaeu
no?aoiaaiey, eioi?ua aeaeyony ia aeaa io?anee: no?aoiaaiea eiouanoaa
a?aaeaeai e no?aoiaaiea eiouanoaa th?eaee/aneeo eeoe. ?acaeaeaiea yoeo
aeaoo iiaeio?aneae naycaii n nouanoaaiiuie ?acee/eyie a i?aeoeea
i?iaaaeaiey no?aoiaaiey eiouanoaa th?eaee/aneeo e oece/aneeo eeoe.
Oae, ?acia? ?enea i?e no?aoiaaiee eiouanoaa oece/aneiai eeoea, eae
i?aaeei, cia/eoaeueii iaiueoa, /ai ?acia? ?enea th?eaee/aneiai eeoea.
E?iia oiai, ?enee oece/aneiai eeoea aeinoaoi/ii i?inou e iaeii?iaeiu,
iiyoiio aeinoaoi/ii /anoi no?aoiaee iiaeao auaeaaaoue noaiaea?oiue
no?aoiaie iieen. A ?enee th?eaee/aneiai eeoea neiaeiua e iaiaeii?iaeiua,
iiyoiio /anoi aicieeaao iaiaoiaeeiinoue nicaeaaaoue eiaeeaeaeoaeueiua
i?ia?aiiu no?aoiaiai iie?uoey.
I?ioeann i?eiyoey ia no?aoiaaiea ?eneia oece/aneiai eeoea — a
aieueoeinoaa aauue ioiineoaeueii ianeiaeiay. Eiiaaea no?aoiaeee aeaaea
iaoiaeyony aac i?aaeaa?eoaeueiiai iniio?a eiouanoaa, eioi?ia no?aooaony.
*aai iaeuecy neacaoue i?i i?eiyoea ia no?aoiaaiea ?eneia th?eaee/aneeo
eeoe. Ooo anaaaea iaiaoiaeei i?aaeaa?eoaeueiue iniio?, iineieueeo yoe
?enee nouanoaaiii ioee/athony iaaeaeo niaie.
Neiaeiinoue ?eneia th?eaee/aneeo eeoe /anoi iiioaeaeaao no?aoiaeea
ainiieueciaaoueny oneoaaie eaaeeoeoee?iaaiiiai no?aoiaiai iin?aaeieea
(a?iea?a) n aai iiuoii e ciaieyie, a i?e no?aoiaaiee eiouanoaa
oece/aneeo eeoe no?aoiaee iiaeao nai i?aaeeaaaoue iieenu eeeaioai, a
oaeaea eniieueciaaoue oneoae ethaiai iin?aaeieea: aaiea, ii/ou,
aaoinoiyiee e o.ae.
Iauaeoaie no?aoiaaiey o a?aaeaeai iau/ii aunooiatho nianoaaiiua aeeeua e
aea/iua aeiia, oicyenoaaiiua nii?oaeaiey, aaoiiiaeee, aeiiaoiaa
eiouanoai, aeiiaoiea e naeueneioicyenoaaiiua aeeaioiua. Ia?a/aiue
iauaeoia eiouanoaaiiiai no?aoiaaiey th?eaee/aneeo eeoe cia/eoaeueii
oe?a. Ii aeeth/aao a naay no?iaiey e nii?oaeaiey, iaoeiu e
oaoiieiae/aneia iai?oaeiaaiea, yeaeo?iiiia iai?oaeiaaiea, o?ainii?oiua
n?aaenoaa anao aeaeia, a?ociaeee, no?ieoaeueii-iiioaaeiua e eiaeaia?iua
?enee, oeiainiai-e?aaeeoiua ?enee e o.ae. Niioaaonoaaiii n
ia?a/eneaiiuie iauaeoaie a iaaeo io?aneyo iiae?acaeaeythony eiie?aoiua
aeaeu no?aoiaaiey.
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