EO?NIAAss ?AAIOA II OAIEIAIIIO I?AAO
ia oaio:
NIA?OIAss EACIUe
IAEAAEAIEA
AAAAeAIEA
AEAAA 1. ENOI?Ess NIA?OIIE EACIE
1.1 NIA?OIAss EACIUe A ENOI?EE ?INNEE AeI 1917 AIAeA
1.2 NIA?OIAss EACIUe A ENOI?EE N.N.N.?
Aeaaa 2. NIA?OIAss EACIUe EAE ENEETH*EOAEUeIAss IA?A IAEACAIEss.
AEAAA 3. NIA?OIAss EACIUe A CA?OAAAEIUO NO?AIAO. NIA?OIAss EACIUe A NOA
3.1 IIEIAEAIEA NIA?OIIE EACIE A NENOAIA IAEACAIEE CA?OAAAEIUO NO?AI
3.2 NIA?OIAss EACIUe A NOA
Aeaaa 4. A?AIss NIA?OIIE EACIE A ?INNEE CAEII*EEINUe?
4.1 II?AEUeII-YOE*ANEEE ACAEssAe IA I?IAEAIO NIA?OIIE EACIE
4.2 IIIEEIAAIEA.
II?IAOEAIUA AEOU IAAEAeOIA?IAeIIAI I?AAA I NIA?OIIE EACIE
CAEETH*AIEA
ENIIEUeCIAAIIAss EEOA?AOO?A
II?IAOEAIUA AEOU
IAO*IAss EEOA?AOO?A E NOAOUeE
AAAAeAIEA
Aii?in i nia?oiie eacie a nia?aiaiiuo i?aaiauo ainoaea?noaao yaeyaony
iaeiie ec ianouiuo i?iaeai. Ii anee a Aa?iia yoio aii?in a oo eee eioth
noi?iio aue ?aoai, a ?innee aea, iinea anooieaiey a Niaao Aa?iiu yoa
i?iaeaia ia?aea aieueooth ino?ioo. Iiaay ?inney noaea ia?aae aii?inii
ioiaiu nia?oiie eacie. Eaeea ii?iaoeaiua aeou ecaeaiu a iineaaeiaa a?aiy
e, /oi ec ieo neaaeoao? Oae ioaeia ee nia?oiay eaciue a i?aaiaii
ainoaea?noaa? Aeaenoaeoaeueii ee iaiaoiaeeia eneeth/eoaeueiay ia?a
iaeacaiey, /oiau naea?aeeaaoue niaa?oaiea iniai oyaeeeo i?anooieaiee? A
iineaaeiaa a?aiy, /anoi i?eaiaeyo aeiaiaeu, /oi iinea ioiaiu nia?oiie
eacie ianooieo i?anooiiue aani?aaeae, ii oae ee yoi? ?anniio?aa aeaeaa
enoi?eth nia?oiie eacie a ?innee e a ca?oaaaeiuo no?aiao, iieiaeaiea
nia?oiie a ?inneeneie nenoaia iaeacaiee e ii?iaoeaii-i?aaiaua aeou
naycaiiua n yoei iaeacaieai, a oaeaea acaeyaeu iauanoaaiiuo aeayoaeae ia
i?iaeaio nia?oiie eacie, y iiiuoathnue aeaoue ioaaou ia iinoaaeaiiua
aii?inu.
AEAAA 1. ENOI?Ess NIA?OIIE EACIE.
1.1 NIA?OIAss EACIUe A ENOI?EE ?INNEE AeI 1917 AIAeA.
Ia ?one e a ?onneii oaieiaiii i?aaa nia?oiay eaciue, iineaoay oi?io
e?iaiie ianoe auea iiaeaeoe ecaanoia e ?ani?ino?aiaia i/aiue aeaaii.
Aia?aua ioeoeeaeueii iia i?aaeoniao?eaaeanue a 1398 a. a Aeaeineie
onoaaiie a?aiioa ca e?aaeo, niaa?oaiioth a o?aoee ?ac. Ii iaaei
ioiaoeoue, /oi a Aeaeineie onoaaiie a?aiioa ia onoaiiaeaii nia?oiie
eacie ca oaeenoai. Aa i?eiaiaiea auei ?anoe?aii a Ineianeie noaeiie
a?aiioa 1467 a. onoaiiaeaoae nia?oioth eaciue ca ai?ianoai a oea?eae,
eaciie?aaenoai, ainoaea?noaaiioth eciaio, iiaeaeia, e?aaeo a iinaaea,
niaa?oaiioth a o?aoee ?ac. Aeaeueiaeoaa ?anoe?aiea e?oaa i?anooiiuo
aeayiee, ca eioi?ua iieaaaeanue nia?oiay eaciue, i?iecioei a Noaeaaieeao
1497 e 1550 aa. e i?iaeieaeaeinue a aeaeueiaeoai. Oae noaeaaiee 1550 aa.
i?eiyoue i?e Eaaia IV, onoaiiaee nia?oioth eaciue oaea ca iiiaea
i?anooieaiey: ca ia?aoth e?aaeo, anee ai? iieiai n iiee/iui eee a
i?ioeanna iuoee niciaeny i niaeayiiii; ca aoi?oth e?aaeo e aoi?ia
iioaiie/anoai, anee i?anooiiee i?eciaeny; ca ?acaie, aeooaaoanoai,
yaaaeie/anoai eee eiia “eeoia aeaei” anee i?anooiiee “aaaeiiue eeoie”;
ca oaeenoai ainiiaeeia, ainoaea?noaaiioth eciaio, oea?eiaioth e?aaeo,
iiaeaeia, anee i?anooiiee “aaaeiiue eeoie”. A oeaeii noaeaaiee
i?aaeoniao?eaaao nia?oioth eaciue a 12 neo/ayo. A Oeiaeaiee 1649 a.
nia?oiie eaciueth ea?aeenue iniai iianiua i?anooieaiey i?ioea ee/iinoe e
nianoaaiiinoe: oaeenoai, io?aaeaiea, iiaeaeia, iiaoi?iue ?acaie,
oe?uaaoaeuenoai iianiuo i?anooiieeia, ecianeeiaaiea ?aoiuie ethaeueie,
io/eoaeuenoai, oi?aiaey oaaaeii. Anaai nia?oiay eaciue iiaea auoue
iacia/aia ca 63 i?anooieaiey. Oeiaeaiea 1649 a. i?aaeoniao?eaaei iyoue
aeaeia eniieiaiey nia?oiie eacie. Iaeiaei i?aaii?eiaieoaeueiay i?aeoeea
ia ia?aie/eaaeanue yoeie niiniaaie. Ii Aieineei a?oeeoeai Iao?a I e
ae?oaei oaieiaii-i?aaiaui aeoai yoiai a?aiaie nia?oiay eaciue
i?aaeoniao?eaaeanue a 123 neo/ayo. Neaaeoao ioiaoeoue aeanoieinoue
niiniaia eniieiaiey nia?oiie eacie. Oae, a XVII a. yoi auee: iona/aiea
aieiau, iiaaoaiea, ooiieaiea, niaeaeaiea, caeeoea ai?ea ?anieaaeaiiui
iaoaeeii, /aoaa?oiaaiea, eieaniaaiea, caeaiuaaiea a caieth ii iea/e,
iinaaeaiea ia eie e ae?. Ioaeii ioiaoeoue oaeaea, /oi nia?oiua eacie
i?iaiaeeeenue ioaee/ii, ia ai?iaeneeo ieiuaaeyo i?e aieueoii noa/aiee
ia?iaea, nii?iaiaeaeathueany oi?aeanoaaiiie ianoaiiaeie. A aeaeueiaeoai,
iinea aeanoi/aeoeo iao?ianeeo oeacia, ?inneeneia caeiiaaeaoaeuenoai i
nia?oiie eacie ?acaeaaeinue eia/a, eiaaea i?iyaeeenue ia?aua iiiuoee
ioeacaoueny io nia?oiie eacie. Ia?aaeei ioiaia nia?oiie eacie a
oaieiaiuo oeiaeaieyo ia anaaaea aaea e i?ae?auaieth aa i?eiaiaiey, e,
iaiai?io, ecaanoiu i?eia?u aa iieiiai oaeoe/aneiai auie?aiey i?e aa
nouanoaiaaiee a caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaao. I?eia? iieiie ioiaiu nia?oiie eacie
a caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa aue aeai ?inneae, aaea aua a 1744 aiaeo auei
naeaeaii ?anii?yaeaiea eiia?ao?eoeae Aeecaaaoie i i?aaenoaaeaiee ae ia
?anniio?aiea anao nia?oiuo i?eaiai?ia, a 30 naioya?y 1754 aiaea
ninoiyeny oeac naiaoa ia ioiaia nia?oiie eacie e i caiaia aa
iiaeeciaiiuie eaoi?aeiuie ?aaioaie n eeaeiaieai i?anooiieea eeaeiii
“ai?” ia eao e uaeao e au?acuaaieai iicae?ae. Oi anoue, iiiuoee
ioiaieoue nia?oioth eaciue i?ienoiaeeee e a 18 a., ii ioiaia nia?oiie
eacie a aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe ia niaa?oeeanue., A 1787 aiaeo Aeaoa?eia II a
naiai iaieoanoa, ecaeaiiii ii neo/ath 25-eaoey aa oea?noaiaaiey, oaeaea
i?aaeienuaaao anao inoaeaeaiiuo e nia?oiie eacie ia eacieoue, a nineaoue
a eaoi?ao. Ii aii?aee aeecaaaoeineei e aeaoa?eieineei i?aaeienaieyi
nia?oiua i?eaiai?u auiineeenue e i?eaiaeeeenue a eniieiaiea. *aai noieee
oieueei, iai?eia?, ianniaua eacie ?oeiaiaeeoaeae e o/anoieeia
ioaa/aaneiai ainnoaiey (auei eaciaii aieaa 20 ouny/ /aeiaae). I?e
eiia?aoi?a Aeaenaiae?a I oea ?ac?aaioea iiaiai Oaieiaiiai oeiaeaiey.
Nia?oiua eacie i?eiaiyeenue e?aeia ?aaeei. Anaai auei eaciaii ca 25 eao
24 /aeiaaea. I?e yoii iiaeaaeythuaa aieueoeinoai eaciae i?eoiaeeony ia
ia?eiae Aaeeeie Ioa/anoaaiiie aieiu 1812 a., eiaaea i?eaiai?u e nia?oiie
eacie auiineeenue aiaiii- iieaauie noaeaie. Oaea i?e Ieeieaa I e
nia?oiie eacie ia iniiaaiee Niai?iiai oeiaeaiey 1649 a. e Aieineeo
a?oeeoeia Iao?a I auee inoaeaeaiu e eaciaiu iyoue aeaeaa?enoia. N 1
yiaa?y 1835 aiaea anooiee a neeo Naiae caeiiia ?inneeneie eiia?ee 1832
aiaea. A niioaaonoaee n iei nia?oiay eaciue a ?innee nio?aiyeanue, ii
i?eiaiyeanue oieueei a ioiioaiee o?ao eaoaai?ee i?anooieaiee: 1)
iieeoe/aneeo (eiaaea iiua, ii iniaie eo aaaeiinoe, i?aaeathony
?anniio?aieth e ?aoaieth aa?oiaiiai oaieiaiiai noaea); 2) ca ia?ooaiea
ea?aioeiiuo i?aaee (o. a. ca oae iacuaaaiua ea?aioeiiua i?anooieaiey,
niaa?oaiiua ai a?aiy yieaeaiee eee nii?yaeaiiua n niaa?oaieai ianeeey
iaae ea?aioeiiie no?aaeae eeai ea?aioeiiuie o/?aaeaeaieyie); 3) ca
aieineea i?anooieaiey. I?aaeoniao?eaaeanue nia?oiay eaciue e ii
oeiaeaieth i iaeacaieyo Oaieiaiuo e eni?aaeoaeueiuo 1845 a. e ii
Oaieiaiiio oeiaeaieth 1903 a. Ioaeii ioiaoeoue, /oi eiee/anoai auiineiuo
nia?oiuo i?eaiai?ia ?acei oaaee/eeinue iinea iiaeaaeaiey ia?aie ?onneie
?aaiethoeee a 1905 a. Ianniaia i?eiaiaiea nia?oiie eacie a yoe aiaeu
inouanoaeyeanue a iniiaiii aianoaeaaiuie i?aaiaie aiaiii- iieaauie
noaeaie, ii ?aoaieth aoaa?iaoi?ia e aeaaiieiiaiaeothueo e o. ae. Iinea
naa?oaiey Oaa?aeueneie ?aaiethoeee A?aiaiiia i?aaeoaeuenoai
iinoaiiaeaieai io 12 ia?oa 1917 aiaea ioiaieei nia?oioth eaciue, i?aaaea
ia iaaeieai. Oaea a ethea 1917 aiaea iia auea ainnoaiiaeaia ca oaeenoai,
?acaie, eciaio, e iaeioi?ua aieineea i?anooieaiey.
1.2 NIA?OIAss EACIUe A ENOI?EE N.N.N. ?.
Ieoya?ueneay ?aaiethoeey 1917 a., ia/aeanue n ioiaiu nia?oiie eacie. Yoi
i?iecioei oaea ia aoi?ie aeaiue iinea iiaaaeu aieueoaaeeia, eiaaea
aeae?aoii II Ana?inneeneiai nuacaea Niaaoia io 26 ieoya?y 1917 a. auei
iauyaeaii ia ioiaia nia?oiie eacie. E?iia oiai, a niaaoneia a?aiy auee
naeaeaiu aua aeaa iiiuoee ioiaiu nia?oiie eacie – iinoaiiaeaieai AOeEE e
NIE ?NON? “Ia ioiaia i?eiaiaiey aunoae ia?u iaeacaiey (?anno?aea) “ io
17 ia?oa 1920 a. e Oeacii i?aceaeeoia Aa?oiaiiai Niaaoa NNN? “Ia ioiaia
nia?oiie eacie “ io 26 iay 1947 aiaea. Ainnoaiiaeaiea nia?oiie eacie
iainiiauaaeinue iau/ii oaeeie i?e/eiaie, eae ino?ioa eeanniaie ai?ueau,
nii?ioeaeaiea naa?aioouo yenieoaoaoi?neeo eeannia, ianoaiiaea ia o?iioao
A?aaeaeaineie aieiu, iiae?uaiay aeayoaeueiinoue eiia?eaeenoe/aneeo
ainoaea?noa. I?e yoii a aiaeu a?aaeaeaineie aieiu nia?oiay eaciue
i?eiaiyeanue ia noieueei aeey ai?ueau n iniai iianiuie i?anooieaieyie,
neieueei a iieeoe/aneeo oeaeyo. A niioaaonoaee n iinoaiiaeaieai NIE
?NON? “I e?aniii oa??i?a” io 5 naioya?y 1918 aiaea nia?oiay eaciue iooai
?anno?aea i?eiaiyeanue e e eeoeai, i?eeiniiaaiiui e aaeiaaa?aeaeneei
i?aaiecaoeeyi, caaiai?ai e iyoaaeai. 16 naioya?y 1918 a. Ia?eiithno
?NON? i?eiye iinoaiiaeaiea i oii, /oi ?aaiethoeeiiiua o?eaoiaeu ia
ia?aie/aiu a ia?ao i?eiaiaiey ethauo iaeacaiee e i?anooiieeai. A ia?eiae
a?aaeaeaineie aieiu e aiaiiie eioa?aaioeee e nia?oiie eacie o?eaoiaeaie
auei i?eaiai?aii ec /enea anao eie inoaeaeaiiuo: 1919 a. – 14%, 1920 a.
– 11%, 1921 a. – 5%, 1922 a. – 1%. A yoio ia?eiae nia?oiay eaciue
i?eiaiyeanue A*E, aeayoaeueiinoue, eioi?ie aei iiya?y 1918 a. ia auea
caeiiiaeaoaeueii ?aaeaiaioe?iaaia. Ca aeaayoue ianyoeaa (ethiue 1918 a.
– oaa?aeue 1919 a.) ii i?eaiai?ai A*E auei ?anno?aeyii ia oa??eoi?ee 23
aoaa?iee 5496 /aeiaae. Oe?iei i?eiaiyeanue i?aeoeea ?anno?aea
caeiaeieeia, ecaanoiu e?iaaaua ?anno?aeu iaae ainnoaaoeie e?iiooaaeneeie
iao?inaie, oaiaianeeie e?anoueyiaie, i?aaenoaaeoaeyie aeooiaainoaa.
Ecaanoiu e neo/ae oaa?eeaoeee oaeeo aeae. E eo /eneo ioiineony e oae
iacuaaaiia aeaei i caaiai?a A. Oaaaioeaaa, ii eioi?iio ii ?aoaieth
Iao?ia?aaeneie Aoa/aea 24 aaaonoa 1921 aiaea aue eaciai 61 /aeiaae,
n?aaee eioi?uo auei 16 aeaiuei. Eaciai aue e ecaanoiue ?onneee iiyo I.
Aoieeaa. *?acau/aeii oe?ieay i?aeoeea i?eiaiaiey nia?oiie eacie ii
noaa?eeiaaiiui i?aaiaie aaciianiinoe aeaeai inouanoaeyeanue a 30-o aa.
Iia i?eiaiyeanue ia oieueei ii iaaeiaieth a eiio??aaiethoeeiiiuo
i?anooieaieyo. Niaeanii, iai?eia? iinoaiiaeaieth OeEE e NIE ?NON? io 7
aaaonoa 1932 a. ?anno?ae i?eiaiyeny e ca oeuaiea ainoaea?noaaiiiai e
iauanoaaiiiai eiouanoaa. Niaaoneea eiaeaenu (OE ?NON? 1922 a., 1926 a. e
1960 a.) ia aeeth/aee nia?oioth eaciue a nenoaio iaeacaiee, iioeae?oy
yoi a?aiaiiui oa?aeoa?ii eneeth/eoaeueiie ia?u iaeacaiey. Iaeiaei yoi
auea eeoeaia?iay aeaeea?aoeey, oae eae a Iniaaiiie /anoe yoeo OE
nia?oiay eaciue auea i?aaeinoaaeaia aeiaieueii oe?iei (oae, iai?eia?, a
OE ?NON? 1926 a. iia i?aaeoniao?eaaeanue ca 42 i?anooieaiey). Anei?a
iinea Aaeeeie Ioa/anoaaiiie aieiu oeacii i?aceaeeoia Aa?oiaiiai niaaoa
NNN? io 26 iay 1947 aiaea auea i?iaicaeaoaia ioiaia nia?oiie eacie. Yoio
oeac onoaiiaee, /oi ca i?anooieaiey, iaeacoaiua ii aeaenoaothuaio
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoao nia?oiie eaciueth, a ie?iia a?aiy i?eiaiyaony
caeeth/aiey a eni?aaeoaeueii-o?oaeiaua eaaa?y n?ieii ia 25 eao. Nionoy
o?e aiaea 12 yiaa?y 1950 a. aue i?eiyo oeac i?aceaeeoia Aa?oiaiiai
niaaoa NNN? “I i?eiaiaiee nia?oiie eacie e eciaiieeai ?iaeeiu, oieiiai,
iiae?uaieeai-aeeaa?naioai”, a 30 ai?aey 1954 a. nia?oiay eaciue auea
aaaaeaia e ca oiuoeaiiia oaeenoai. Iniiaie oaieiaiiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa
Nithca NN? e nithciuo ?anioaeee 1958 a. e OE ?NON? 1960 a. (i?e aai
i?eiyoee) cia/eoaeueii nie?aoeee noa?o i?eiaiaiey nia?oiie eacie,
iaeiaei anei?a a OE ia/aee aiineoue ia yoio n/ao iii?aaee, e iinoaiaiii
i?eiaiaiea nia?oiie eacie iiyoue auei ?anoe?aii. ?aoeoaeueiue oaa a
iai?aaeaiee nie?auaiey nia?oiie eacie aue naeaeai a iniiaao oaieiaiiai
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa Nithca NN? e ?anioaeee 1991 a. (eae ioia/aeinue, ie
anooieaoeo a neeo ec-ca ?aniaaea Nithca NN?). N ?aniaaeii Nithca NN?,
oaea a ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee, au?inei /enei auiineiuo nia?oiuo
i?eaiai?ia. Yoi auei aucaaii iieeoe/aneie e yeiiiie/aneie
ianoaaeeueiinoueth io?aceaoaeny a ?inoa oyaeeeo e iniai oyaeeeo
i?anooieaiee.
Aeaaa 2. NIA?OIAss EACIUe EAE ENEETH*EOAEUeIAss IA?A IAEACAIEss.
Cia/eoaeueiue oaa a iai?aaeaiee nie?auaiey nia?oiie eacie naeaeaea iiaay
eiinoeoooeey ?O. A niioaaonoaee n /. 2 no. 20 “nia?oiay eaciue ai?aaeue
aei aa ioiaiu iiaeao onoaiaaeeaaoueny oaaea?aeueiui caeiiii a ea/anoaa
eneeth/eoaeueiie ia?u iaeacaiey ca iniai oyaeeea i?anooieaiey i?ioea
aeecie i?e i?aaeinoaaeaiee iaaeiyaiiio i?aaa ia ?anniio?aiey aai aeaea
noaeii n o/anoeai i?enyaeiuo canaaeaoaeae”. Yoi eiinoeoooeeiiiia
iieiaeaiea ?acaeoi e eiie?aoece?iaaii a iiaii OE ?O a no. 59. *anoue 1
yoie noaouee eiinoaoe?oao, /oi nia?oiay eaciue eae eneeth/eoaeueiay ia?a
iaeacaiey iiaeao auoue onoaiiaeaia oieueei ca iniai oyaeeea
i?anooieaiey, iinyaathuea ia aeeciue. A Iniaaiiie /anoe OE ?O nia?oiay
eaciue i?aaeoniao?eaaaony ca oaeenoai i?e ioya/athueo ianoiyoaeuenoaao
(/. 2 no. 105 OE ?O), iinyaaoaeuenoai ia aeeciue ainoaea?noaaiiiai eee
iauanoaaiiiai aeayoaey (no. 277 OE ?O), iinyaaoaeuenoai ia aeeciue
eeoea, inouanoaeythuaai i?aainoaeea eee i?aaeaa?eoaeueiia ?anneaaeiaaiea
(no. 295 OE ?O), iinyaaoaeuenoai ia aeeciue nio?oaeieea
i?aaiio?aieoaeueiiai i?aaia (no. 317 OE ?O), aaiioeeae (no. 357 OE ?O).
Ana iie yaeythony iniai oyaeeeie i?anooieaieyie iinyaathueie ia aeeciue.
A niioaaonoaee n /. 2 no. 59 OE ?O nia?oiay eaciue ia i?eiaiyaony e
aeaiueiai, a oaeaea e eeoeai, niaa?oeaoei i?anooieaiea a aic?anoa aei
ainaiiaaeoeaoe eao, e e ioae/eiai aeinoeaoei e iiiaioo auianaiey noaeii
i?eaiai?a oanoeaeanyoe iyoe eao. Niaeanii /. 3 yoie noaouee nia?oiay
eaciue a ii?yaeea iiieeiaaiey iiaeao auoue caiaiaia iiaeeciaiiui
eeoaieai naiaiaeu eee eeoaieai naiaiaeu ia n?ie a aeaaaeoeaoue iyoue
eao. ?aiaa ii?yaeie eniieiaiey nia?oiie eacie ii?aaeaeyeny
aaaeiinoaaiiuie ii?iaoeaiuie aeoaie. A OEE ?O[1] caeiiiaeaoaeueii
cae?aieaiu i?aaa inoaeaeaiiiai e nia?oiie eacie, a oii /enea ia
iieo/aiea iaiaoiaeeiie iaaeeoeeineie iiiiue; naeaeaiey n aaeaieaoii aac
ia?aie/aiey eo i?iaeieaeeoaeueiinoe e eiee/anoaa. Inoaeaeaiiue eiaao
i?aai iieo/aoue e ioi?aaeyoue ienueia. Ii iiaeao aaeaiany/ii eiaoue
iaeii e?aoein?i/iia naeaeaiea n aeeceeie ?iaenoaaiieeaie, a oaeaea
naeaeaiey ni nayuaiiineoaeeoaeyie. Inoaeaeaiiue e nia?oiie eacie iiaeao
aaeaiany/ii ?anoiaeiaaoue ia i?eia?aoaiea i?iaeoeoia ieoaiey e
i?aaeiaoia ia?aie iaiaoiaeeiinoe aeaiaaeiua n?aaenoaa a ?acia?a 20
i?ioeaioia ieieiaeueiiai iany/iiai ?acia?a iieaou o?oaea, a oaeaea
iieueciaaoueny aaeaaeiaaiie i?iaoeeie i?iaeieaeeoaeueiinoueth 30 ieioo.
Nouanoaaiii oneeaiu aa?aioee i?ioea i?eaaaeaiey a eniieiaiea
iai?aainoaeiiai i?eaiai?a. Oae, no.184 OEE ?O onoaiiaeaii, /oi i?e
ia?auaiee inoaeaeaiiiai n oiaeaoaenoaii i iiieeiaaiee eniieiaiea
i?eaiai?a noaea i?einoaiaaeeaaaony aei i?eiyoey ?aoaiey I?aceaeaioii
?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee. I?e ioeaca inoaeaeaiiiai io ia?auaiey n
oiaeaoaenoaii i iiieeiaaiee aaeieieno?aoeeae eni?aaeoaeueiiai
o/?aaeaeaiey ninoaaeyaony niioaaonoaothuee aeo n o/anoeai i?ieo?i?a.
Iniiaaieai aeey eniieiaiey iaeacaiey a aeaea nia?oiie eacie yaeythony
anooieaoee a caeiiioth neeo i?eaiai? noaea, caeeth/aiey I?aaenaaeaoaey
Aa?oiaiiai Noaea ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee e Aaia?aeueiiai i?ieo?i?a
?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee ia ionoonoaee iniiaaiee aeey i?eianaiey i?ioanoa
ia i?eaiai? noaea a ii?yaeea iaaeci?a, a oaeaea oaaaeiieaiea ia
ioeeiiaiee oiaeaoaenoaa i iiieeiaaiee eee aeo ia ioeaca inoaeaeaiiiai io
ia?auaiey n oiaeaoaenoaii i iiieeiaaiee. Iiae?iaiie ?aaeaiaioaoeee
iiaeaa?aaeanue naia “oaoiieiaey” eniieiaiey aeaiiiai aeaea iaeacaiey.
Caeiiii onoaiiaeaii, /oi inoaeaeaiiue e nia?oiie eacie aeieaeai
niaea?aeaoueny a iaeeii/iie eaia?a a oneiaeyo, iaania/eaathueo aai
oneeaiioth io?aio e ecieyoeeth. Nia?oiay eaciue eniieiyaony iaioaee/ii
iooai ?anno?aea. Eniieiaiea nia?oiie eacie a ioiioaiee ianeieueeeo
inoaeaeaiiuo i?iecaiaeeony ioaeaeueii a ioiioaiee eaaeaeiai e a
ionoonoaea inoaeueiuo. I?e eniieiaiee i?eaiai?a i?enoonoaotho:
i?ieo?i?, i?aaenoaaeoaeue o/?aaeaeaiey, a eioi?ii eniieiyaony nia?oiay
eaciue, e a?a/. Ianooieaiea nia?oe inoaeaeaiiiai eiinoaoe?oaony
a?a/ii. Iinea eniieiaiey i?eaiai?a, aaeieieno?aoeey o/?aaeaeaiey, noaaeo
a ecaanoiinoue ia eniieiaiee iaeacaiey noae, auianoee i?eaiai?, a oaeaea
iaeiiai ec aeeceeo ?iaenoaaiieeia inoaeaeaiiiai. Oaei aeey caoi?iiaiey
ia auaeaaony e i ianoa aai caoi?iiaiey ia niiauaaony. Aii?inu i n?ieao
aeaaiinoe, a ioiioaiee eeoe niaa?oeaoeo i?anooieaiea iaeacoaiia nia?oiie
eaciueth, ?aoathony noaeii. Noae eeai inaiaiaeaeaao io oaieiaiie
ioaaonoaaiiinoe, eeai ia i?eiaiyao aeaaiinoue, ii oiaaea, a nayce n
enoa/aieai n?ieia aeaaiinoe, yoiio eeoeo ia iiaoo auoue iacia/aiu
nia?oiay eaciue eee iiaeeciaiiia caeeth/aiea. Cia/eoaeueiui oaaii a
iai?aaeaiee ioiaiu niaoiie eacie yaeeny oeac i?aceaeaioa ?inneeneie
Oaaea?aoeee io 16 iay 1996 aiaea i iiyoaiiii nie?auaiee i?eiaiaiey
nia?oiie eacie a nayce n aoiaeaeaieai ?innee a Niaao Aa?iiu. A nei?ii
a?aiaie auoei ?anii?yaeaiea i?aceaeaioa ?inneeneie oaaea?aoeee io 27
oaa?aey 1997 a. I iiaeienaiee i?ioieiea N 6 (ioiineoaeueii ioiaiu
nia?oiie eacie) io 28 ai?aey 1983 a. e eiiaaioeee i caueoa i?aa /aeiaaea
e iniiaiuo naiaiae io 4 iiya?y 1950 a. Niaeanii yoiio aeieoiaioo,
i?aceaeaio i?eieiaao i?aaeeiaeaiea I?aaeoaeuenoaa ?inneeneie
Oaaea?aoeee, niaeaniaaiiia n Aa?oiaiui Noaeii ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee, i
iiaeienaiee I?ioieiea N 6 (ioiineoaeueii ioiaiu nia?oiie eacie).
Cia/aiea i?eiyoey yoiai aeieoiaioa i?aceaeaioii ia?iiii aeey aoaeouaai
?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee: i?aceaeaio ii?o/ee Ieithnoo ?innee niaianoii n
caeioa?aniaaiiuie oaaea?aeueiuie i?aaiaie eniieieoaeueiie aeanoe, eiuie
oaaea?aeueiuie i?aaiaie ainoaea?noaaiiie aeanoe ?ac?aaioaoue eiiieaen
ia? ii iiyoaiiiio ?aoaieth i?iaeai, naycaiiuo n ?aoeoeeaoeeae I?ioieiea
N 6 (ioiineoaeueii ioiaiu nia?oiie eacie) io 28 ai?aey 1983 a. e
Eiiaaioeee i caueoa i?aa /aeiaaea e iniiaiuo naiaiae io 4 iiya?y 1950
aiaea. Eoae i?ioeaaeo?a ioeoeeaeueiiai i?eiyoey ?innee a Niaao Aa?iiu
i?aaeoniao?eaaao iiaeienaiea e iineaaeothuoth ?aoeoeeaoeeth Aa?iiaeneie
eiiaaioeee[2] i caueoa i?aa /aeiaaea a ia?eaiaioa no?aiu. N?aaenoaa
ianniaie eioi?iaoeee aaeeiiaeooiu – ?inneth i?eiyee a NA aaainii. Yoi
icia/aao, /oi ?inney aa?ao ia naay iaycaoaeuenoaa auiieieoue 25
auaeaeioouo NA oneiaee ii oii?yaei/aieth oeaeiai ?yaea
ainoaea?noaaiii-i?aaiauo einoeoooia e eciaiaieth iieiaeaiey aeae a noa?a
i?aa /aeiaaea, a NA “iaeeaeaao” eo auiieiaiey e eiio?iee?oao
?aaeecaoeeth yoeo iaycaoaeuenoa. Iaeii ec aaaeiuo n?aaee ieo – ioiaia
nia?oiie eacie a ie?iia a?aiy. I?e yoii aianoa n Aa?iiaeneie eiiaaioeeae
i caueoa i?aa /aeiaaea ?inney aeieaeia iiaeienaoue ioaeaeueiue
i?ioieie[3] ia ioiaia nia?oiie eacie a oa/aiea o?ao eao e i ii?aoi?ee ia
i?eaaaeaiea a eniieiaiea oaea auianaiiuo nia?oiuo i?eaiai?ia. Oaeei
ia?acii ?aoeoeoee?iaaa yoio I?ioieie, ?inney iaycaia aoaeao ecuyoue ec
Oaieiaiiai eiaeaena ninoaau i?anooieaiee, ea?aaiuo nia?oiie eaciueth
(eia/a – eciaieoue ia?o iaeacaiey). Eae oeacaii a no.no.3 e 4 I?ioieiea,
ionooieaiea e iaiai?ee a ioiioaiee aai iieiaeaiee ia aeiioneathony. Eae
iieacuaaao iiuo iiiaeo no?ai, i?ioeann ioiaiu nia?oiie eacie i?ioiaeeo
aeinoaoi/ii neiaeii e aieaciaiii. Ia yoii aiai?eo iiuo aeaaea oao no?ai,
eioi?ua ioeacaeenue io nia?oiie eacie e aaea iauanoaaiiia iiaiea,
icao/aiiia eeaea?aie no?aiu, ia?eiaee/anee noaaeo aii?in i aa
ainnoaiiaeaiee (Aaeeeia?eoaiey, Eaiaaea e ae?.).
AEAAA 3. NIA?OIAss EACIUe A CA?OAAAEIUO NO?AIAO. NIA?OIAss EACIUe A NOA.
3.1. IIEIAEAIEA NIA?OIIE EACIE A NENOAIA IAEACAIEE CA?OAAAEIUO NO?AI.
A yiioo, i?aaeoanoaiaaaooth ao?aeoaciui ?aaiethoeeyi a Aa?iia eiioea
XVIII a. nia?oiay eaciue auea ai iiiaeo ainoaea?noaao iniiaiui niiniaii
ai?ueau n naiuie ?acee/iuie i?anooieaieyie. Ii oaea a eiioea XVIII a.
nayce n I?inaauaieai a Aa?iia aicieeatho eaeae ioiaiu nia?oiie eacie.
Neaaeoao ioiaoeoue, /oi a 70-80 aa. a ie?iaii niiauanoaa io/aoeeai
i?iyaeyaony oaiaeaioeey e nie?auaieth i?eiaiaiey nia?oiie eacie e aa
oi?acaeiaieth. Oae, Aaia?aeueiay Annaiaeay III 15 aeaeaa?y 1989 a.
i?eiyea Aoi?ie oaeoeueoaoeaiue i?ioieie e Iaaeaeoia?iaeiiio iaeoo i
a?aaeaeaineeo e iieeoe/aneeo i?aaao, iai?aaeaiiue ia ioiaio nia?oiie
eacie, e i?ecaaea ana i?aaeoaeuenoaa, eioi?ua iiaoo yoi naeaeaoue,
?anniio?aoue aii?in i iiaeienaiee aai e ?aoeoeeaoeee eee i?eniaaeeiaiee
e iaio. E ianoiyuaio a?aiaie aieaa /ai a 80 ainoaea?noaao ie?a, aeeth/ay
ana no?aiu Caiaaeiie Aa?iiu.
3.2 NIA?OIAss EACIUe A NOA.
NOA – no?aia anaai eeoue n aeaooaaeiaie ainoaea?noaaiiie enoi?eae –
aieoaea a naay e aeeoioee?iaaea iau/ae e o?aaeeoeee, eoeueoo?o,
aeaiie?aoe/aneea i?eioeeiu e iniiau i?aaiaie nenoaiu, ecaeaaia
oi?ie?iaaaoeany o iiiaeo ia?iaeia e ainoaea?noa. Ionthaea e
niaoeeoe/aneea iniaaiiinoe ooieoeeiie?iaaiey iaeioi?uo ainoaea?noaaiiuo
e i?aaiauo einoeoooia NOA, a oii /enea e oaeiai eino?oiaioa oaieiaiie
iieeoeee ainoaea?noaa, eaeei yaeyaony einoeooo nia?oiie eacie. I?aaeaea
anaai, neaaeoao ioiaoeoue, /oi i?eiaiaiea nia?oiie eacie a NOA
aace?oaony ia oaieiaiii caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa ooaoia (ii?iu oaaea?aeueiiai
caeiia, aaea nia?oiay eaciue i?aaeoniio?aia ca ?yae iaeaieaa oyaeeeo
i?anooieaiee, ii/oe ia i?eiaiythony). Caeiiu ooaoia ii-?aciiio
ii?aaeaeytho e?oa i?anooieaiee e eeoe, iaeacoaiuo nia?oiie eaciueth, aa
aeaeu, ii?yaeie iacia/aiey e eniieiaiey. Oae, a 14 ooaoao yoio aeae
iaeacaiey, oioy e i?aaeoniio?ai a caeiia, ia i?aeoeea ie ?aco ia
i?eiaiyeny (Eaican, I?aaii, Eiei?aaei e ae?.); a ae?oaeo – nia?oiay
eaciue oioy e iacia/aaony noaeii, ii oaeoe/anee ia eniieiyaony (ca 20
eao a Aaeiieiaa, Iiioaia, Iaineeueaaiee e ae?oaeo ooaoao eaciaii ii
iaeiiio /aeiaaeo); a o?aoueeo, iaiai?io, iia i?eiaiyaony a aanueia
oe?ieii iauaia; iaeiiaoe, a ianeieueeeo ooaoao yoa ia?a iaeacaiey aiiaua
ionoonoaoao a a?naiaea n?aaenoa ai?ueau n i?anooiiinoueth (Iyi,
Iueth-Aaiioe?, Naa. Aeaeioa e ae?.). E neacaiiiio neaaeoao aeiaaaeoue,
/oi a niioaaonoaee n eiinoeoooeeyie ooaoia i?aai iiieeiaaiey
inoaeaeaiiuo i?eiaaeeaaeeo aoaa?iaoi?o ooaoa, oiaaea eae eannaoeeiiiia e
iaaeci?iia ?anniio?aiea oaeiai ?iaea i?eaiai?ia – i?a?iaaoeaa Aa?oiaiiai
noaea ooaoa e Aa?oiaiiai noaea NOA. N 1976 ii 1995 aa. a no?aia
aaeaaiaeii auiineony i?eia?ii 260 nia?oiuo i?eaiai?ia. Iaeiaei a neeo
e?aeia i?iaeieaeeoaeueiiai ia?eiaea ?anniio?aiey aiaeeyoeee iinoiyiii
ia?anoaao “i/a?aaeiinoue nia?oieeia”. Ia naaiaeiy iia ninoaaeyao 3
ouny/e /aeiaae. Eioa?ania “aaia?aoey” i?eiaiaiey nia?oiie eacie e
aanueia caiaoiua oa??eoi?eaeueiua ?acee/ey. Oae, ec “i/a?aaee
nia?oieeia” ia aeieth Eaeeoi?iee i?eoiaeeony 407, Oaoana – 398, e 342
i?eaiai?aiu e nia?oe ai Oei?eaea. Oa??eoi?eaeueiua ?acee/ey aua aieaa
caiaoiu i?e aiaeeca i?aeoeee eniieiaiey auianaiiuo i?eaiai?ia. N 1976 ii
1993 aa. a no?aia auei eaciaii 290 inoaeaeaiiuo; aaeaaiaeii eniieiaiea
i?eaiai?ia a yoe aiaeu ia i?aauoaei 2% (io /enea inoaeaeaiiuo). I?e yoii
85% anao eaciae i?eoiaeeony ia aeieth thaeiuo ooaoia (Aeaaaia, Eoeceaia,
Oaoan, Oei?eaea, Aeaei?aeaeea). Ia aeieth Oaoana, iai?eia?, a yoe aiaeu
i?eoiaeeony o?aoue anao eaciae, a 1994 aiaeo ec 31 – 14 eaciae.
Aia?eeaineea nioeeieiae n?aaieaatho yoo oaiaeaioeeth n ?ani?ino?aiaiiie
aua ia ?aaiaeaaeaeue/aneii thaa i?aeoeeie eei/aaaiey, oioy, eiia/ii,
i?e/eiu caeanue aieaa aeoaieea. Iiiaea aia?eeaineea enneaaeiaaoaee
ioia/atho ioe?iaaiii ?anenoneee oa?aeoa? i?eiaiaiey iaeacaiey a NOA:
iaa?u ninoaaeytho aieaa iieiaeiu anao eaciaiiuo, oioy n?aaee ianaeaiey
no?aiu eo aeiey ninoaaeyao 12-15%. A thaeiuo ooaoao aeiey iaa?eoyineiai
ianaeaiey, eae ecaanoii, auoa, /ai a ae?oaeo ooaoao. Aiae iacaae a NOA
auei iioaeeeiaaii aieueoia enneaaeiaaiea n e?anii?a/eaui iacaaieai
“Aa?aaea, nooe e eaea”, aaea ianoiyoaeueii aiaeece?othony enoi?ey e
oaiaeaioeee i?eiaiaiey nia?oiie eacie a Oaoana. A iai, a /anoiinoe,
ioia/aaony, /oi ec 99 eaciaiiuo ca ecianeeiaaiea 88 auei iaa?aie; iie a
10 ?ac /aua inoaeaeathony e nia?oiie eacie, /ai aaeua, e ei a 35 /aua,
/ai aaeui i?anooiieeai, iacia/aaony nia?oiay eaciue (a ia aeeeoaeueiia
eeoaiea naiaiaeu). Enneaaeiaaoaee, iaaeaeo i?i/ei, ioia/atho, /oi ca ana
aiaeu a Oaoana ie iaeei aaeue ia aue i?eaiai?ai e nia?oe ca oaeenoai
iaa?a. Eae aeaeii, ?aniaua e yoie/aneea ?acee/ey – aua iaeia ec
iniaaiiinoae i?eiaiaiey nia?oiie eacie a NOA, aeiiieiythuay iauyniaiea
aa naiaia?aciie “aaia?aoee”. Enneaaeiaaiey aia?eeaineeo o/aiuo
oeacuaatho aeaeaa ia ii?aaeaeaiioth naycue iaeacaiey n o?iaiai
iaoa?eaeueiiai iieiaeaiey inoaeaeaiiuo. Oae, a ooaoao Ianna/onaon e
Iueth-Ei?e, iai?eia?, aaea nia?oiay eaciue ia i?eiaiyeanue, aiaeiaie
aeioiae ia aeooo ianaeaiey a 1992 aiaeo ninoaaeye 17,2 e 16,5 oun.
aeieea?ia, oiaaea eae a Oaoana e Oei?eaea niioaaonoaaiii 12,9 e 14,9
oun. aeieea?ia. Eiuie neiaaie, ?a/ue eaeao ia ii?aaeaeaiiie
aeene?eieiaoeee aieaa aaaeiuo neiaa iauanoaa. Aeioiae ia aeooo ianaeaiey
– eiaeeeaoi? iaueo yeiiiie/aneeo oneiaee. Ii/aio aea, ni?aoeaaao
aia?eeaineee enneaaeiaaoaeue Aeaeii Eaeiin, iaoe eeaea?u aianoi i?e/ei
ea/ao neiioiiu? E ioaa/aao: iioiio /oi ?anoiaeu ia niaea?aeaiea iaeiiai
inoaeaeaiiiai e iiaeeciaiiiio caeeth/aieth ia 2 iei. auoa, /ai anee aai
eacieoue. Iiiaea aeaeiua th?enou e o/aiua – i?ioeaieee nia?oiie eacie –
iaaeiytho thnoeoeeth NOA a oii, /oi iia ?anniao?eaaao /aeiaa/aneoth
aeeciue a noieiinoiuo eaoaai?eyo. Ioiaoei a yoie nayce, /oi iaeacaiea a
aeaea iiaeeciaiiiai caeeth/aiey – aanueia oe?iei i?eiaiyaiay a NOA
aeueoa?iaoeaa nia?oiie eacie. Oae eee eia/a “i/a?aaeue nia?oieeia”, eae
ioia/aeinue, iinoiyiii iiiieiyao /enei oth?aiiuo “aeieaiaeeoaeae”.
Iiiaea ec ieo iaeeaeatho eniieiaiey i?eaiai?a ii 10-15 e aieaa eao.
Aia?eeaineea th?enou, aiai?y ia ioiioaiee e nia?oiie eacie, /aua anaai
eniieuecotho iiiyoea aiaeaaeaioiinoe (?acaeaiaiea /oanoa, aeaienoaaiiia
ioiioaiea). Iu ?ac?uaaainy, aiai?yo iie, iaaeaeo aeaeaieai auianoe
nia?oiue i?eaiai? oaeeoeai e iaaeaeaieai i?eaiaeeoue aai a eniieiaiea.
Iieeoeee iaaeiytho noaeu a eeaa?aeecia e caoyaeaaiee a i?eiyoee ?aoaiee.
Iaaeaeo oai iiiaeanoai i?eaiai?ia aiaeaie ia i?eaiaeeony a eniieiaiea e
iinea ioeeiiaiey anao aiaeeyoeee e oiaeaoaenoa i iiieeiaaiee.
AEo?iaeenou e iaeaieaa eiina?aaoeaii iano?iaiiua iieeoeee ia aac
aoeaenoaa caia/atho, /oi anee eniieiaiea nia?oiuo i?eaiai?ia e aeaeaa
aoaeao eaeoe oaeeie aea oaiiaie, oi “i/a?aaeue nia?oieeia” oaeanony
eeeaeaee?iaaoue e 2021 aiaeo, “aeaaea anee eacie aoaeoo i?eaiaeeoueny ia
Ianoo e a ?iaeaeanoai”. Ioiioaiea e nia?oiie eacie a NOA yaeyaony,
iiieii anaai i?i/aai, e eino?oiaioii iieeoe/aneie ai?ueau, /anoi
eniieuecoaiui a oiaea i?aaeauai?iuo eaiiaiee. Aai aeinoaoi/ii aeoeaii,
oioy e ii-?aciiio, eniieueciaaee e Ae.Aoo, e iuiaoiee i?aceaeaio no?aiu.
I?aaaea, aaeieieno?aoeey A.Eeeioiia i?aaeii/ea aieaa eiiieaeniue
iiaeoiae e ianooieaieth ia ?anoouoth a no?aia i?anooiiinoue. A 1994
aiaeo aue i?eiyo iiaue oaaea?aeueiue caeii, cia/eoaeueii oaeanoi/eaoee
ia?u ioaaonoaaiiinoe e ii?yaeie eo eniieiaiey. Aai oeaeue, a /anoiinoe,
– iieii/eoue n oe?iei ?ani?ino?aiaiiie a 80-o aiaeao i?aeoeeie
“a?auathueony aeaa?ae”, eiaaea iiiaea ?aoeeaeeaenou iaiainiiaaiii
inaiaiaeaeaeenue ec oth?ai aein?i/ii. Niioaaonoaothuea caeiiu i?eiyee e
eiia?annu ?yaea ooaoia. A Eaeeoi?iee, iai?eia?, n oaiaeaioeeae
iaeioi?iai nie?auaiey i?anooiiinoe a naiia iineaaeiaa a?aiy naycuaatho
i?eiyoea oae iacuaaaiiai “Caeiia i o?ao ia?ooaieyo”, niaeanii eioi?iio
ca o?aouea na?ueaciia i?anooieaiea ieieiaeueiia iaeacaiea – 25 eao
oth?aiiiai caeeth/aiey. A Eeeeiiena iaaeaaii i?eiyo iiaue caeii,
niaeanii eioi?iio oaeanoi/athony naieoeee ca oaeenoai, a inoaeaeaiiua ia
iiaeeaaeao ieeaeei oi?iai aein?i/iiai inaiaiaeaeaiey. Eae caiaoee
aoaa?iaoi? ooaoa Aeaeei Yaeaa?, “noii?ioeaioiua i?eaiai?u” aeieaeiu
niinianoaiaaoue nieaeaieth i?anooiiinoe. Aiiaua aiai?y, oaeea i?eioeeiu
oaieiaiie iieeoeee, eae aoiaieci, oeaeaniia?aciinoue e yooaeoeaiinoue
i?eiaiaiey iaeacaiey, iniaaiii i?eiaieoaeueii e nia?oiie eacie,
yaeythony oieaa?naeueiuie. Ec yoiai enoiaeyo e i?aaiaua nenoaiu oao
ainoaea?noa, aaea io i?eiaiaiey nia?oiie eacie aeaaii ioeacaeenue.
Ianiio?y ia oe?iei ?ani?ino?aiaiiia a iauanoaa (e ia oieueei a
aia?eeaineii) i?aaenoaaeaiea ia yooaeoeaiinoe nia?oiie eacie a ai?ueaa n
iaeaieaa iianiuie i?anooieaieyie, iiiai/eneaiiua enneaaeiaaiey ia
iiaeoaa?aeaeatho oaeiai ?iaea ei??aeyoeee. Aieaa oiai, iie iieacuaatho,
/oi oai e oiaaea, aaea e eiaaea nia?oiay eaciue ia i?eiaiyeanue,
o?iaaiue oyaeeeo i?anooieaiee aue aieaa ieceei. A naiii aeaea, a 1977
aiaeo, eiaaea nia?oioth eaciue “?aaaeeeoe?iaaee”, o?iaaiue oyaeeeo
i?anooieaiee au?in ia 42% ii n?aaiaieth n 1972-1976 aa. (eiaaea
eniieiaiea nia?oiuo i?eaiai?ia a NOA auei i?einoaiiaeaii). A
iineaaeothuea aiaeu yoio ?ino i?eia?ae onoie/eaue oa?aeoa?, oioy /enei
eaciae ?acei oaaee/eeinue. Acyoue, iai?eia?, aeaa ia?u ooaoia,
Ianna/onaon – Iueth-Ei?e e Oaoan – Oei?eaea, aaea niioaaonoaaiii
nia?oiay eaciue ionoonoaiaaea e i?eiaiyeanue, i?e/ai iaeaieaa oe?iei.
Enneaaeiaaiey ca iineaaeiea 15 eao iieacaee, /oi eiyooeoeeaio
i?anooiiinoe a ia?aie ia?a ooaoia aue cia/eoaeueii ieaea.
Aeaaa 4. A?AIss NIA?OIIE EACIE A ?INNEE CAEII*EEINUe?
4.1 II?AEUeII-YOE*ANEEE ACAEssAe IA I?IAEAIO NIA?OIIE EACIE.
Iaiiiai a nia?aiaiiii ie?a nio?aieeinue oaeeo onoie/eauo ei a?aiaie e
cae?aaiio niuneo i?aae?annoaeeia, eae i?aaenoaaeaiea iiiaeo ethaeae i
nia?oiie eacie. A iae aeaeyo nioeeaeueii ii?aaaeaiiia, aeiionoeiia e
aeaaea iaiaoiaeeiia e yooaeoeaiia n?aaenoai ai?ueau n i?anooiiinoueth.
Iauaeaiiua i?aaenoaaeaiey, anoanoaaiiua /oanoaa iiaeoaeeeaatho ethaeae,
ociaaoeo ia i/a?aaeiii no?aoiii i?anooieaiee, e auaiaeo – “oaeaaoue
iaaei yoeo ceiaeaaa”. Ii yoi ia aieaa /ai yiioeeiiaeueiay ?aaeoeey, a
iniiaa aa eaaeao iiiyoiua /oanoaa aiciacaeey. E?iia oiai, /oiau
i?aaeeueii auyaeoue iauanoaaiiia iiaiea, aai ioaeii iaoiaee/anee aa?ii
eco/aoue. Iai?eia?, anee caaeaoue aii?in: “ssaeyaoanue ee au noi?iiieeii
i?eiaiaiey nia?oiie eacie?” – aoaeao iaeei ?acoeueoao; anee aea
ni?ineoa: “Eaeia iaeacaiea aieaa i?eaieaii – nia?oiay eaciue eee
iiaeeciaiiia caeeth/aiea aac i?aaa iiieeiaaiey?” – ?acoeueoao ieaaeaony
eiui. I?iaeaia nia?oiie eacie aeieaeia ianoaeaeaoueny e ?aoaoueny ia
iniiaa ananoi?iiiaai aiaeeca e acaaoaiiuo ioeaiie, naiaiaeiuo io
onoiyaoeony ieoia e eeethcee. I?aaeaea anaai, ioaeii ?acaai/aoue
?ani?ino?aiaiiia caaeoaeaeaiea i oii, /oi nia?oiay eaciue iiaeao
naea?aeeaaoue i?anooiiinoue. Iaoea e o?acaua enoi?e/aneea ioeaiee
naeaeaoaeuenoaotho i ae?oaii. Ie iaeii na?ueaciia e?eieiieiae/aneia
enneaaeiaaiea ia iiaeoaa?aeaeaao, /oi nia?oiay eaciue (eee aaaaeaiea
aieaa no?iaeo iaeacaiee) i?eaiaeeo e nieaeaieth i?anooiiinoe, e,
anoanoaaiii, ia iiaeao iiaeoaa?aeeoue oi, /aai iao. Oneeaiea
ea?aoaeueiuo ia? e ?ino i?anooiiinoe iau/ii eaeoo ia?aeeaeueii.
Ecaanoii, /oi a no?aiao, aaea nouanoaotho no?iaea iaeacaiey, aunie
o?iaaiue i?anooiiinoe, e, iai?ioea, ia?aaeei oai, aaea iiauoaaony
o?iaaiue i?anooiiinoe, iiyaeythony aieaa aeanoieea iaeacaiey,
?anoe?ythony ianooaau eo i?eiaiaiey. Anee i?aaeiieiaeeoue, /oi caeanue
anoue caaeneiinoue, oi iaiaoiaeeii ?aoeoue: /oi io /aai caaeneo – ?ino
i?anooiiinoe aaaeao e aieaa no?iaei iaeacaieyi, ?anoe?aieth eo
i?eiaiaiey eee, iaiai?io, /ai aieueoa ethaeae iaeacuaatho, /ai aieueoa
eo i?ioiaeeo “oth?aiiua oieaa?neoaou”, oai aieueoa e?eieiiaaiiue
iioaioeeae iauanoaa. A aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe e aeanoieea iaeacaiey, e
ia?iiiua ianooaau eo i?eiaiaiey, e aunieee o?iaaiue i?anooiiinoe
aucuaathony ii?aaeaeaiiuie nioeeaeueiuie i?e/eiaie: o?aaeeoeeyie,
iau/ayie, o?iaiai iauanoaaiiie i?aanoaaiiinoe e i?aaiaie eoeueoo?u, anai
neeaaeii nioeeaeueiiai auoey. E?iia e?eieiieiae/aneeo,
?aoeeiiaeueii-iao/iuo a?aoiaioia i?ioea nia?oiie eacie nouanoaotho
aeiaiaeu oeeinionei- yoe/aneiai oa?aeoa?a. AEeciue, ii au?aaeaieth A. N.
Iooeeia – “aea? aanoeaiiue”, aeaia /aeiaaeo i?iaeaeaieai, aea?iaaia
nauoa e ia caiiui neeai, eaeeie au anaiiaoueie iie ie eacaeenue, aa
ioieiaoue. Iauanoai, ainoaea?noai onoaiaaeeaatho, a eaeie noaiaie iiaeii
ia?aie/eoue naiaiaeo i?anooiieea, ii aeeoue eee ia aeeoue /aeiaaeo, iie
?aoaoue ia aeieaeiu. Iniai neaaeoao iiae/a?eiooue, /oi nia?oiay eaciue,
eae e ethaay nia?oue /aeiaaea, eiaao iaia?aoeiue oa?aeoa?, a noaeaaiua
ioeaee, eae ecaanoii, iaecaaaeiu, iie anaaaea nouanoaiaaee, nouanoaotho
e, e niaeaeaieth, nio?aiyony a aoaeouai. A ?acoeueoaoa aeeciue /aeiaaea
iiaeao iai?aaoueny aneaaenoaea iaaeaaii?eyoiiai noa/aiey ianoiyoaeuenoa,
neo/aeiie, ii iaiii?aaeiie /aeiaa/aneie ioeaee. Ioaeii oaeaea ioiaoeoue,
/oi n naa?oaieai nia?oiie eacie, ia aeinoeaathony iinoaaeaiiua a /.2 no.
43 OE ?O oeaee iaeacaiey. A /. 2 no. 43 OE ?O iacaaiu neaaeothuea oeaee
iaeacaiey:
1 .ainnoaiiaeaiea nioeeaeueiie ni?aaaaeeeainoe;
2. eni?aaeaiea inoaeaeaiiiai; 3. i?aaeoi?aaeaeaiea niaa?oaiey iiauo
i?anooieaiee. Anee ?anniio?aoue eaaeaeue ec ioieoia a ioaeaeueiinoe, oi
iiiyoii, /oi iinoaaeaiiua oeaee i?e eniieiaiee nia?oiie eacie ia
aeinoeaathony: iiae ainnoaiiaeaieai nioeeaeueiie ni?aaaaeeeainoe
iiieiaaony ainnoaiiaeaiea ia?ooaiiuo i?aa e naiaiae, ii i?aaa e naiaiaeu
iioa?iaaoaai eee aai ?iaenoaaiieeia ia ainnoaiaaeeaathony ni nia?oueth
i?anooiieea, ?acaa aa?iaoue ?iaeiui aeecie ioiyoua i?anooiieeii. Oaeaea
ni nia?oueth i?anooiieea iaaiciiaeii e aai eni?aaeaiea. *oi aea eanaaony
i?aaeoi?aaeaeaiey niaa?oaiey iiauo i?anooieaiee, oi nia?oiay eaciue ia
iniai aicaeaenoaoao ia ethaeae, ia inoaiaaeeaay eo io niaa?oaiey
i?anooieaiee. A niaaoneia a?aiy iiiaea aiaeu ca oaeenoai ia
i?aaeoniao?eaaeanue nia?oiay eaciue. A 1954 a. iia auea aaaaeaia.
Oaeenoaa, iaeiaei, ia nie?aoeeenue, a i?iaeieaeaee ?anoe. Iiyoiio
aeieaeii auoue aiieia ynii, /oi n oi/ee c?aiey i?aaiauo i?eioeeiia
ainoaea?noai ia iiaeao eeoaoue /aeiaaea aeecie. I?aaiaia ainoaea?noai ia
eiaao i?aaa oaeaaoue io naiaai eiaie (a i?eaiai? auiineony io eiaie
ainoaea?noaa). Ec iieiaeaiee oai?ee iauanoaaiiiai aeiaiai?a, a /anoiinoe
ec ?aaio AE. AE. ?onni, neaaeoao, /oi ethaee, anooiay a aeiaiai?iua
ioiioaiey n ainoaea?noaii, ?acoiaaony, ia onooiatho aio i?aaa ia
?anii?yaeaiea eo aeeciueth. Oa?aeoa?iie, ainieoaiiie enoi?eae /a?oie
iaoaai iauanoaa noaei i?eau/iia ioiioaiea e ianeeeth, eioi?ia n/eoaaony
aeiionoeiui ai eiy “aaeeeie oeaee”. Iieieaiey niaaoneeo ethaeae
ainieouaaeenue ia eaeayo: “eoi ia n iaie – oio i?ioea ian”, “oeaeue
ii?aaaeuaaao n?aaenoaa”, “i?aanoaaiii ana, /oi iiiiaaao aeaeo ai?ueau
i?ieaoa?eaoa”. Oaeia, aanueia naiaia?aciia, i?aaenoaaeaiea i
/aeiaa/aneie i?aanoaaiiinoe, a /anoiinoe, auneacuaae A. E. Eaiei,
ia?auaynue e iieiaeaaee a 1920 aiaeo, iaauay i?e yoii, /oi iia aoaeao
aeeoue i?e eiiioiecia. A oneiaeyo ianooieaoaai iinea 1917 aiaea ia?eiaea
a?aaeaeaineiai i?ioeainoiyiey a aeaea aieiu, aeoai/aeoeo nioeeaeueiuo
eiioeeeoia, iaiauyaeaiiuo iinoiyiiuo aiei ni naiei ia?iaeii, oae
iacuaaaiie eeanniaie ai?ueau, yeiau ana iaino?ythuaeny ec-ca i?ieneia
eeanniauo a?aaia, iauanoai i?eo/aeinue e i?inoie iunee, /oi aeaaiia –
iaia?oaeeoue aeiiaiuo, iaeoe a?aaia e iaeacaoue, a eo/oa anaai
oie/oiaeeoue. Aniiiiei, iai?eia?, /oi “aaeeeee i?ieaoa?neee ienaoaeue”
I. Ai?ueeee a 1936 aiaeo iioaeeeiaae iaioeao iiae e?anii?a/eaui
iacaaieai “Anee a?aa ia naeaaony – aai oie/oiaeatho”. Ana yoi ia iiaei
i?ieoe aanneaaeii aeey oi?ie?iaaiey iauanoaaiiiai niciaiey ia?iaea, e
iiaieth eioi?iai iuia e i?eaaaatho i?ioeaieee ioiaiu nia?oiie eacie.
4.2 IIIEEIAAIEA.
Iaeuecy i?ieoe ieii oaeiai aaaeiiai ianoiyoaeuenoaa, eae ana aieaa
caiaoiay aiaea/aiiinoue a ?aoaiea i?iaeai nia?oiie eacie iauanoaaiiinoe,
iiene ?acee/iuo iooae ?aaeueiiai nie?auaiey ianooaaia aa i?eiaiaiey a
iaoae no?aia, aaea a i?ioeii eaciyi (a oii /enea a aeaea aianoaeaaiie
?ani?aau) iiaeaa?aaeinue ia?iiiia eiee/anoai ethaeae. Iineaaeiae,
i?aaeoniio?aiiie Eiinoeoooeeae ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee (no.50)
aiciiaeiinoueth ecaaaeaoue yoiai aan/aeiaa/iiai iaeacaiey, yaeyaony
iiieeiaaiea. Iiieeiaaiea, o.a. inaiaiaeaeaiea io iacia/aiiiai noaeii
iaeacaiey, inouanoaeyaiia aeaaie ainoaea?noaa, – ia aannii?iue i?aaiaie
einoeooo, oioy ii e i?aaeoniio?ai Eiinoeoooeeae ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee e
ecaanoai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoao iiiaeo aeaiie?aoe/aneeo no?ai. Iiieeiaaiea
eae o?aaeeoeey enoiaeeo ec a?aiai aaniethoiie iiia?oee, eiaaea iiia?o –
aeaaeuea aeoo e oae, eiouanoaa e naiie aeecie naieo iiaeaeaiiuo – iia
eacieoue e ieeiaaoue ethaiai. Ai?i/ai, iineieueeo a yoeo neo/ayo ?a/ue
eaeao ia i iaeacaiee (ianiiiaiiie i?a?iaaoeaa noaeaaiie e oieueei
noaeaaiie aeanoe), a i aiciiaeiii inaiaiaeaeaiee io iaai, neaaeoao
i?eciaoue, /oi iiieeiaaiea, aea?oaiia aeaaie ainoaea?noaa, ii nouanoao
ia i?ioeai?a/eo eaeaa e nia?aiaiiiai i?aaiaiai ainoaea?noaa. Eiienney ii
aii?inai iiieeiaaiey i?e I?aceaeaioa ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee auea
nicaeaia a ia/aea 1992 aiaea ia aieia aeaiie?aoe/aneeo i?aia?aciaaiee. A
iaa aioee naiua ?aciua ethaee, ii ie iaeiiai ioeoeeaeueiiai
i?aaenoaaeoaey aeanoe, ie iaeiiai /eiiaieea. Yoi i/aiue aaaeiia
ianoiyoaeuenoai, iicaieythuaa ae auneacuaaoue iacaaeneiua noaeaeaiey,
i?eieiaoue iauaeoeaiua ?aoaiey. Eiienney yaeyaony niaauaoaeueiui
i?aaiii, auiineo naie ?aoaiey eae ?aeiiaiaeaoaeueiua, e iie ii/oe
anaaaea i?eieiathony I?aceaeaioii. Aeaiiua ca iineaaeiea iyoue eao
naeaeaoaeuenoaotho i aunieie noaaeeueiinoe noaeaaiie i?aeoeee ii aeaeai
i i?anooieaieyo, ca eioi?ua i?aaeoniio?aia nia?oiay eaciue, – aaeaaiaeii
auiineony ieiei 150 i?eaiai?ia e nia?oiie eacie, a eniieiaiea eo
eieaaeaony io 1 (a 1992 aiaeo) aei 86 (a 1995 aiaeo). I?e/ai,
caneoaeeaaao auoue ioia/aiiui, /oi anee a 1994-1995 aa. /enei
inoaeaeaiiuo nie?aoeeinue ni 160 aei 140, oi /enei eaciaiiuo ?acei
aic?inei – n 19 aei 86. Eae aeaeei, aeeciue inoaeaeaiiiai ieacuaaaony a
noa?a ea?u neo/ay, caaeneo io naiuo ?acee/iuo, o?oaeii ioeaieaaaiuo
ianoiyoaeuenoa. I?ioeaieee nia?oiie eacie aeaaii e ni?aaaaeeeai
ioia/atho, /oi iaaeiionoeii aeeciue /aeiaaea, oioy e i?anooiieea,
noaaeoue a caaeneiinoue io neo/aeiiai oniio?aiey noaeae eee ae?oaeo
eeoe, eo naii/oanoaey, iano?iaiey e o.i. Aeaaiaea?y oneeeyi iiiaeo
th?enoia, iauanoaaiiuo aeayoaeae a 1993 aiaeo a iaoae no?aia iiyaeeanue
aeueoa?iaoeaa nia?oiie eacie – iiaeeciaiiia caeeth/aiea. Eiienney ii
iiieeiaaieth i?eiyea o/anoea a iiaeaioiaea yoiai caeiia. Iuia aea
oaeoe/anee nouanoaoao ii?aoi?ee ia eniieiaiea nia?oiie eacie. N aaaonoa
1996 a. a ?innee ia aue eaciai ie iaeei /aeiaae. Neaaeoao ioiaoeoue, /oi
a ia?aie iieiaeia 1996 aiaea (aei auai?ia I?aceaeaioa ?innee) Eiienney
ieacaeanue a noa?a aieiaiey aunieeo ioeoeeaeueiuo eeoe, iiiuoaaoeony
i?aeoe/anee i?ae?aoeoue aa aeayoaeueiinoue, caiaiea aa ninoaa, ia?aie/ea
iieiiii/ey, ?aoea ii naiaio oniio?aieth iai?aaeyoue aeaea ia
?anniio?aiea Eiiennee eee ioeacuaaoue a iiieeiaaiee. Iiiuoea
ainnoaiiaeoue /eiiaie/ee i?iecaie auea io?aaeaia, oioy e n iaiaeuie
o?oaeiinoyie. Ieceee o?iaaiue i?aaiaie eoeueoo?u iauanoaa, aiieia
iauynieiue iniaaiiinoyie iaoae enoi?ee, i?eaiaeeo e oiio, /oi ia
Eiienneth inouanoaeyaony aeaaeaiea e ni noi?iiu iauanoaaiiiai iiaiey,
NIE, ia?eaiaioa?eaa, aunieeo aeieaeiinoiuo eeoe. Oae, ia?eaiaioneea
neooaiey ii i?iaeoo caeiia i ii?aoi?ee ia eniieiaiea nia?oiie eacie 19
iiya?y 1996 a. iieacaee, /oi ?yae eaaeeoeoee?iaaiiuo e ecaanoiuo
th?enoia yaeythony i?ioeaieeaie ioiaiu nia?oiie eacie. Iiae/a?eiai, /oi
a oneiaeyo caoeanoioaoae no?aio aieiu ei??oioeee (enoaoe, yaeythuaeny
oeie/iui “ia?aaeeoeii i?ioeiai”, inaieaoei e eniieuecothuei iiaua
aiciiaeiinoe aeaiie?aoe/aneiai iauanoaa) nouanoaiaaiea oaeeo
iauanoaaiiuo no?oeoo?, eae Eiienney ii iiieeiaaieth, iicaieyao
nio?aiyoue ciiu, ia caoaa/aiiua ath (iiaeiaii noaeai i?enyaeiuo). Eae y
oaea ioia/ae, a nayce n anooieaieai ?innee a Niaao Aa?iiu iaoa no?aia a
niioaaonoaee n i?eiyouie iaycaoaeuenoaaie aeieaeia ioeacaoueny io
i?eiaiaiey nia?oiie eacie. Iaeiaei Ainoaea?noaaiiay Aeoia aei neo ii?
aeaaea ia i?eiyea e ?anniio?aieth iiaeaioiaeaiiue caeiiii?iaeo “I
ii?aoi?ee ia eniieiaiea iaeacaiey a aeaea nia?oiie eacie”. Iaeiei ec
a?aoiaioia i?e i?eiyoee oaeiai ?aoaiey yaeeinue caeeth/aiea
I?aaeoaeuenoaa ?innee, iiaeaioiaeaiiia ii aeaaii i?aaenoaaeaiiiio IAAe
?O ?an/aoo, ec eioi?iai neaaeoao, /oi e 2000 aiaeo (anee ia i?eiaiyoue
nia?oioth eaciue) o ian ieaaeaony ieiei iaeiie ouny/e /aeiaae,
ioauaathueo iiaeeciaiiia eeoaiea naiaiaeu (nae/an eo aieaa 500), /oi
iio?aaoao aieueoeo aeiiieieoaeueiuo ?anoiaeia ii no?ieoaeuenoao
eni?aaeoaeueiuo o/?aaeaeaiee e niaea?aeaieth a ieo inoaeaeaiiuo, eyaeao
oyaeaeui a?aiaiai ia athaeaeao ainoaea?noaa. Iiaeii ee i?eiyoue ana?ueac
iiaeiaiua “a?aoiaiou”? Nae/an a no?aia ca ?aoaoeie iaoiaeeony aieaa
iaeiiai ieeeeiia /aeiaae, iie niaea?aeaony a 731 eni?aaeoaeueiie
eieiiee, a 191 oth?ueia e neaaenoaaiiuo ecieyoi?ao. Iaaei ee no?ieoue
iiaua o/?aaeaeaiey e eneaoue aeiiieieoaeueii aeaiueae, anee ?a/ue eaeao
ia iaeiie ouny/a iiaeeciaiii inoaeaeaiiuo, o.a. iaiaa /ai 0,1% io iauaai
eiee/anoaa caeeth/aiiuo? Aeaei a eiii. Aeey eiai-oi iai?eaieaia naia
eaeay ioeaca io nia?oiie eacie e aoiaeaeaiey ?innee a naiueth
aa?iiaeneeo no?ai, aaea, ca ?aaeeei eneeth/aieai, oaeiai aeaea iaeacaiey
aeaaii oaea iao (e?iia iaeioi?uo, a aieueoeinoaa naiai, auaoeo
nioeeaeenoe/aneeo no?ai, eiee/anoai eioi?uo iinoiyiii oiaiueoaaony: a
aeaeaa?a 1998 a. nia?oiay eaciue ioiaiaia a Aieaa?ee, a aeeaeaeoaa a?aiy
yoi i?iecieaeao a Eaoaee, Eeoaa, Iieueoa).
II?IAOEAIUA AEOU IAAEAeOIA?IAeIIAI I?AAA I NIA?OIIE EACIE.
I?aaeaea anaai ioaeii auaeaeeoue noaoueth 3 Anaiauae aeaeea?aoeee i?aa
/aeiaaea (i?eiyoa ia o?aoueae nannee Aaia?aeueiie Annaiaeae III 10
aeaeaa?y 1948 a.) a eioi?ie aiai?eony, /oi “eaaeaeue /aeiaae eiaao i?aai
ia aeeciue, naiaiaeo e ia ee/ioth iai?eeiniiaaiiinoue”. Aeaeueiaeoaa
?acaeoea cae?aieaiea i?aa /aeiaaea ia aeeciue iieo/eei ?acaeoea a
Iaaeaeoia?iaeiii iaeoa i a?aaeaeaineeo e iieeoe/aneeo i?aaao, aaea
cae?aieaii (noaouey 6), /oi: i?aai ia aeeciue anoue iaiouaieaiia i?aai
eaaeaeiai /aeiaaea. Yoi i?aai io?aiyaony caeiiii. Ieeoi ia iiaeao auoue
i?iecaieueii eeoai aeecie. A no?aiao, eioi?ua ia ioiaieee nia?oiie
eacie, nia?oiua i?eaiai?u iiaoo auiineoueny oieueei ca naiua oyaeeea
i?anooieaiey a niioaaonoaee n caeiiii, eioi?ue aeaenoaiaae ai a?aiy
niaa?oaiey i?anooieaiey e eioi?ue ia i?ioeai?a/eo iinoaiiaeaieyi Iaeoa e
Eiiaaioeee[4] i i?aaeoi?aaeaeaiee i?anooieaiey aaiioeeaea e iaeacaiey ca
iaai. Yoi iaeacaiea iiaeao auoue inouanoaeaii oieueei ai eniieiaiea
ieii/aoaeueiiai i?eaiai?a, auianaiiiai eiiiaoaioiui noaeii. Eaaeaeue,
eoi i?eaiai?ai e nia?oiie eacie, eiaao i?aai i?ineoue i iiieeiaaiee eee
i niya/aiee i?eaiai?a. Aiienoey, iiieeiaaiea eee caiaia nia?oiiai
i?eaiai?a iiaoo auoue aea?iaaiu ai anao neo/ayo. Nia?oiue i?eaiai? ia
auiineony ca i?anooieaiey, niaa?oaiiua eeoeaie iieiaea ainaiiaaeoeaoe
eao, e ia i?eaiaeeony a eniieiaiea a ioiioaiee aa?aiaiiuo aeaiuei.[5]
E?iia oiai a ?aieao AN, auea i?eiyoa Eiiaaioeey i caueoa i?aa /aeiaaea e
iniiaiuo naiaiae a niioaaonoaee ni noaoueae 2 eioi?ie i?aai eaaeaeiai
eeoea ia aeeciue io?aiyaony caeiiii. I?iaeoaee?iaaii oaeaea iieiaeaiey i
oii, /oi ieeoi ia iiaeao auoue iaia?aiii eeoai aeecie eia/a eae ai
eniieiaiea nia?oiiai i?eaiai?a, auianaiiiai noaeii ca niaa?oaiea
i?anooieaiey, a ioiioaiee eioi?iai caeiiii i?aaeoniio?aii oaeia
iaeacaiea. Aeaeaa, aue i?eiyo e ioe?uo aeey iiaeienaiey, ia 82-ii
ieaia?iii canaaeaiee Aaia?aeueiie Annaiaeae III 15 aeaeaa?y 1989 a.,
Aoi?ie Oaeoeueoaoeaiue I?ioieie e Iaaeaeoia?iaeiiio iaeoo i
a?aaeaeaineeo e iieeoe/aneeo i?aaao, iai?aaeaiiue ia ioiaio nia?oiie
eacie, a eioi?ii ii?aaeaeaii, /oi ioiaia nia?oiie eacie niinianoaoao
oe?aieaieth /aeiaa/aneiai aeinoieinoaa e i?ia?anneaiiio ?acaeoeth i?aa
/aeiaaea, /oi ana ia?u ii ioiaia nia?oiie eacie neaaeoao ?anniao?eaaoue
eae i?ia?ann a iaania/aiee i?aaa ia aeeciue.
CAEETH*AIEA.
Nia?oiay eaciue aeanoieia, aaci?aanoaaiiia iaeacaiea, a i?aaenoaaueoa
anee yoi iaeacaiea auei auianaii ioeai/ii. Oiaaea yoi aoaeao oaeenoai ie
a /ai ia iiaeiiiai /aeiaaea, /aeiaaea o eioi?iai anoue naiuey, aeeceea,
eioi?ue au niia naeaeaoue iiiaia aeey iauanoaa e ainoaea?noaa.
Aniiiieoa, eae aue eaciai A?enoioaeue e eae aeieai iioii niaeaeaee ia
yoii iioiiee. Nia?oiay eaciue no?aoia a aeaiie?aoe/aneii ainoaea?noaa,
ii aua aieaa iia no?aoia a aaoi?eoa?iii eee oioaeeoa?iii ainoaea?noaa. A
ainoaea?noaa, aaea nia?oiay eaciue yaeyaony aaniiuaaeiui i?oaeeai i?ioea
iaoaiaeiuo aeanoe, i?oaeeai, eioi?ia iaoiaeeony a ?oeao iaeiiai eeoea
eee a?oiiu eeoe. Enoi?ey ciaao iiiai i?eia?ia eniieueciaaiey nia?oiie
eacie iiia?oii, oea?yie eee aainaeaie. Oae ioaeia ee nia?oiay eaciue a
i?aaiaii ainoaea?noaa? Nia?oiay eaciue, eae eneeth/eoaeueiay ia?a
iaeacaiey, ia oieueei i?yii i?ioeai?a/eo noaouea 3 Anaiauae aeaeea?aoeee
i?aa /aeiaaea III, ii e i?ioeai?a/eo noaouea 20 /.1 Eiinoeoooeee
?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee, a eioi?ie neacaii “eaaeaeue eiaao i?aai ia
aeeciue”. Eae ecaanoii, Aia ia iiea?ae a?aoioaeeoeo Eaeia e ia eeoee
aai aeecie, a eeoue neacae: “Aoaeaoue eneaoue nia?oe, ii ieeoi ia oaueao
oaay e aeaaea ia o?iiao” e caeeaeiee eaeiiaie ia/aoueth, ia?aeay ia
i?ac?aiea e ?aneayiea. Iuia o ?innee iiyaeeny aaeeeee enoi?e/aneee oain
iaanaaaea ecaaaeoueny io iici?yuaai no?aio iaeacaiey. Yoi ioaeii
i?aaeaea anaai iai, a ia ae?oaei no?aiai e Niaaoo Aa?iiu. Iaaeiionoeii
nio?aiaiea nia?oiie eacie “a iauanoaa, – eae ienae aua E. Ia?en, –
ee/auainy naiae oeeaeeecaoeeae”.
ENIIEUeCIAAIIAss EEOA?AOO?A.
II?IAOEAIUA AEOU:
1. Eiinoeoooeey ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee. I?eiyoay a oiaea ?aoa?aiaeoia 12
aeaeaa?y 1993a.
2. Oaieiaiue eiaeaen ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee. I?eiyo Ainoaea?noaaiiie
aeoiie 24 iay 1996 aiaea Iaeia?ai Niaaoii Oaaea?aoeee 5 ethiy 1996
aiaea.
3. Oaieiaii-eniieieoaeueiue eiaeaen ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee io 8 yiaa?y
1997 a. ?1-OC. Ooaa?aeaeaiiue Ainoaea?noaaiiie Aeoiie 18 aeaeaa?y 1996
a., Niaaoii Oaaea?aoeee 25 aeaeaa?y 1996 a.
4. ?anii?yaeaiea i?aceaeaioa ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee io 27 oaa?aey 1997
a. ?53-?n.
5. I iiaeienaiee i?ioieiea ?6 io 28 ai?aey 1983 a. e eiiaaioeee i caueoa
i?aa /aeiaaea e iniiaiuo naiaiae. Io 4 iiya?y 1950a.
6. I?ioieie ?6 io 28 ai?aey 1983 a. e Eiiaaioeee i caueoa i?aa /aeiaaea
e iniiaiuo naiaiae io 4 iiya?y 1950 a.
7. Oeac i?aceaeaioa ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee io 16 iay 1996 aiaea ?724 i
iiyoaiiii nie?auaiee i?eiaiaiey nia?oiie eacie a nayce n aoiaeaeaieai
?innee a Niaao Aa?iiu.
8. Anaiauay aeaeea?aoeey i?aa /aeiaaea (i?eiyoa ia o?aoueae nannee
Aaia?aeueiie Annaiaeae III 10 aeaeaa?y 1948 a.)
9. Aoi?ie Oaeoeueoaoeaiue I?ioieie e Iaaeaeoia?iaeiiio iaeoo i
a?aaeaeaineeo e iieeoe/aneeo i?aaao, iai?aaeaiiue ia ioiaio nia?oiie
eacie (i?eiyo e ioe?uo aeey iiaeienaiey ia 82-ii ieaia?iii canaaeaiee
Aaia?aeueiie Annaiaeae III 15 aeaeaa?y 1989 a.)
10. Eiiaaioeey i caueoa i?aa /aeiaaea e iniiaiuo naiaiae (?ei, 4 iiya?y
1950 a.) (n eci. e aeii. io 21 naioya?y 1970 a., 20 aeaeaa?y 1971 a., 1
yiaa?y 1990 a., 6 iiya?y 1990 a., 25 ia?oa 1992 a.)
IAO*IAss EEOA?AOO?A E NOAOUeE:
1. Iinoaoaeiue Eiiiaioa?ee e Oaieiaiiio eiaeaeno ?O 1996 a. (iiae ?aae.
Iaoiiaa A.A.)
2. Oaieiaiia i?aai. Iauay /anoue. O/aaiee aeey aocia. Iiae ?aae. E. ss.
Eaca/aiei., C. A. Ioiaiia I. 1997a.
3. Oaieiaiia i?aai. A. A. Iaoiia. Eo?n eaeoeee. I. 1997 a. Nia?oiay
eaciue: Ca e i?ioea. Iiae ?aae. N. A. Eaeeiie. I. 1989a.
4. Eiaaea oaeaaao ainoaea?noai. Nia?oiay eaciue i?ioea i?aa /aeiaaea.
Iiae ?aae. N. A. Eaeeiie. I. 1989a.
5. “Nia?oiay eaciue a NOA” (Eaaoen A., “?inneeneay thnoeoeey”, 1996, N
6)
6. “A?aiy eacieoue a ?innee caeii/eeinue?” (Aeoeei N., “?inneeneay
thnoeoeey”, 1999, N3)
7. “Nia?oiay eaciue aeacaie noaeuee” (Eieieieia I., “?inneeneay
thnoeoeey”, 1998, N7)
8. E. N. Aeania i?anooieaiea e iaeacaiea a Aiaeee, NOA, O?aioeee, O?A.
Iauay /anoue oaieiaiiai i?aaa. – I., TH?eae. Eeo., 1991.
9. “Iiaue Oaieiaiue eiaeaen ?O e iaaeaeoia?iaeiua noaiaea?ou ii i?aaai
/aeiaaea” (Eaaeyo E., “?inneeneay thnoeoeey”, 1997, N 1)
10. “I?aaiaia ?aaoee?iaaiea eniieiaiey iaeacaiee a aeaea eeoaiey
naiaiaeu e nia?oiie eacie” (Naeeaanoia A., Oia?ia E., “?inneeneay
thnoeoeey”, 1997, N 5)
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