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Происхождение государства, его взаимосвязь с правом

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I?IENOIAEAeAIEA AINOAeA?NOAA

I?aaeeueiia iiieiaiea ethaiai nioeeaeueiiai yaeaiey iaaiciiaeii aac
ciaiey aai enoi?e/aneeo ei?iae, oiai: a eaeeo oneiaeyo iii aicieeei e
?acaeaaeinue.

Ainoaea?noai e i?aai nouanoaiaaee ia anaaaea. Iie iiyaeeenue ia
ecaanoiie nooiaie ?acaeoey /aeiaa/anoaa. Nia?aiaiiay aio?iiieiaey
aeieacaea, /oi /aeiaae nia?aiaiiiai, e?iiaiueiineiai oeia (iaiiaio?ii)
nouanoaoao ieiei ni?iea ouny/ eao. Iaaeaeo oai ia?aua ainoaea?noaaiiua
ia?aciaaiey iiyaeeenue ieiei iyoe ouny/ eao oiio iacaae. Ionthaea
neaaeoao, /oi aeanyoee ouny/ eao ethaee nia?aiaiiiai oeia, iaiiaio?iiu,
nouanoaiaaee, ia ciay ainoaea?noaa.

Naiua ?aiiea oi?iu iauaaeeiaiey i?aaeeia nia?aiaiiiai /aeiaaea –
a?oiaio?iiia e iaeaiaio?iiia – auee naycaiu n iaoii?yaei/aiiuie
(a?aiaiiuie) naiaeii-?iaeiauie naycyie. Yoi iiaee auoue ioaeaeueiua
“naiuee” eee ia?aiauoiua noaaea, eniieuecothuea naiua i?eieoeaiua
i?oaeey o?oaea – iaia?aaioaiiua iaeee, eieuey, eaiie.

Oieueei nionoy iiiaea ouny/aeaoey ia?aiauoiua ethaee iao/eeenue
nicaeaaaoue aieaa niaa?oaiiua i?oaeey o?oaea – ia?aaioaiiua eaiaiiua
oiii?u, eiiuey, ne?aaee e o.i., a oaeaea aeiauaaoue iaiiue, no?ieoue
i?eieoeaiua aeeeeua. Iaeiia?aiaiii aicieeee aieaa onoie/eaua niiauanoaa
ethaeae – ia?aiauoiua ?iaeiaua iaueiu, aaea ana /eaiu ?iaea auee naycaiu
e?iaiuie ocaie.

?iae aue iaeaieaa anoanoaaiiie oi?iie nayce iaaeaeo i?aaeeaie e
iioiieaie ia?aiauoiiai /aeiaaea. Onoaiiaeaiea yeciaaiee, o.a. a?a/iuo
ioiioaiee oieueei iaaeaeo i?aaenoaaeoaeyie ?aciuo ?iaeia e
niioaaonoaaiii cai?aoa ia e?iainiaoaiea aioo?e ?iaea, yaeeinue iaeiei ec
aaaeiaeoeo caaiaaaiee ?iaeiaiai no?iy.

E?iaii?iaenoaaiiue i?eioeei iauaaeeiaiey ia?aiauoiuo ethaeae a oa
a?aiaia aue aaeeinoaaiii aiciiaeiui. I?ienoiaeaeaiea ?aaaiea io iaoa?e
yaeyeinue iaeaieaa aeinoiaa?iui, i/aaeaeiui i?eciaeii ?iaeiaie nayce, a
caaioa i aeaoyo, aeiiaoiai i/aaa aicauoaea ?ieue aeaiueiu. Iiyoiio o
iiiaeo i?aaeeia nia?aiaiiuo ia?iaeia ?iae no?ieeny ia iniiaa
iao?ea?oaoa.

Yeiiiieea ?iaeiaiai no?iy auea i?enaaeaathuae (ethaee iieo/aee aioiaue
i?iaeoeo io aeeeie i?e?iaeu iooai ioiou, niae?aoaeuenoaa, ?uaiie eiaee).
Iieo/aiiue i?iaeoeo ninoaaeye iauoth nianoaaiiinoue ?iaeiaie iaueiu.
I?eaaai/iiai i?iaeoeoa i?enaaeaathuay yeiiiieea, eae i?aaeei, ia
aeaaaea.

Oaeei ia?acii, ?iae (eee ia?aiauoiay ?iaeiaay iaueia) i?aaenoaaeye niaie
iauaaeeiaiea ethaeae ia iniiaa e?iaiiai ?iaenoaa, niaianoiiai
eieeaeoeaiiai o?oaea, iauae nianoaaiiinoe ia i?oaeey o?oaea e i?iaeoeou
i?iecaiaenoaa. Ec yoeo oneiaee i?ienoaeaee ?aaainoai nioeeaeueiiai
iieiaeaiey, aaeeinoai eioa?ania e niei/aiiinoue /eaiia ?iaea.

Ionthaea auoaeaee niioaaonoaothuea oi?iu i?aaiecaoeee iauanoaaiiie
aeanoe e oi?aaeaiey. A oi?aaeaiee o/anoaiaaee ana ac?ineua /eaiu ?iaea –
eae ioae/eiu, oae e aeaiueiu. Aunoei i?aaiii aeanoe auei iauaa nia?aiea,
ia eioi?ii ?aoaeenue aii?inu, eanathueany anaai ?iaea. Nia?aiea ecae?aei
noa?aeoeio, aiaiiuo aiaeaeae, i?aaeaiaeeoaeae ioiou, eioi?ua oi?aaeyee
iianaaeiaaiie aeeciue ?iaea. Aeey ?aoaiey aaaeiuo aeae niae?aeny niaao
noa?aeoei, aiaeaeae. Ii eo aeanoue aace?iaaeanue eneeth/eoaeueii ia
aaoi?eoaoa, oaaaeaiee noa?oeo /eaiia ?iaea, o?aa?inoe ioioieeia e
aieiia. Nii?u iaaeaeo /eaiaie ?iaea ?ac?aoaeenue oaie, eiai iie
eanaeenue. I?eioaeaeaiea auei n?aaieoaeueii ?aaeeei e ninoiyei, eae
i?aaeei, a iaeiaeaiee iaycaiiinoae ca i?iaeiiinoue. E?aeiae oi?iie
iaeacaiey auei ecaiaiea ec ?iaea. ?iae caueuae naieo /eaiia io aiaoieo
a?aaia eae aiaiiie neeie, oae e aeoaiei oei?aieaoeiny iau/aai e?iaiie
ianoe.

Ana yoe ooieoeee iauanoaaiiie aeanoe ia o?aaiaaee nouanoaiaaiey iniaiai
aiia?aoa oi?aaeaiey e i?eioaeaeaiey, auaeaeaiiiai ec iauanoaa. Ana yoe
ooieoeee auiieiyeenue naieie /eaiaie ?iaea.

Ana yoi iicaieyei oa?aeoa?eciaaoue iauanoaaiioth aeanoue i?e ?iaeiaii
no?ia eae ia?aiauoioth aeaiie?aoeth. Iia ia ciaea ie eiouanoaaiiuo, ie
nioeeaeueiuo ?acee/ee, ie ainoaea?noaaiii-iieeoe/aneeo oi?i. Oaeoth
iaiieeoe/aneoth iauanoaaiioth aeanoue yoiia?aou iacuaatho iioanoa?iie.

Ii?yaeie ai aioo?e?iaeiauo ioiioaieyo iaania/eaaee iau/ae. Iie
ei?aieeenue a aeoaieie ae?aaiinoe, neeaaeuaaeenue a i?ioeanna
aeeeoaeueiie i?aeoeee, ia?aaeaaaeenue ec iieieaiey a iieieaiea /a?ac
i?eia?, eaaaiaeu, ieou. Iau/ae aeeth/aee a naay iai?a?aeaaiua cai?aou
(oaao), ?eooaeueiua aeaenoaey, onoiyaoeany ieou e ?aeeaeiciua
i?aaenoaaeaiey.

Iau/ae niaethaeaeenue a neeo i?i/iie i?eau/ee, iauiinoe eioa?ania /eaiia
?iaea, ?aaainoaa eo iieiaeaiey, ionoonoaey iaaeaeo ieie iai?eie?eiuo
i?ioeai?a/ee.

A iau/ayo ?iaeiaiai no?iy iaaiciiaeii au/eaieoue o?aaeeoeeiiiua,
i?aanoaaiiua, ?aeeaeiciua e i?aaiaua ii?iu, eae yoi eiaao ianoi a aieaa
?acaeouo iauanoaao. Iau/ae iineee neeoiue (neie?aoe/aneee) oa?aeoa?
ia?aiia/aeueiuo eiia?aoeaia. A nia?aiaiiie enoi?e/aneie iaoea e
yoiia?aoee iie iieo/eee iacaaiea “iiiiii?iu”.

Ia iicaeieo noaaeeyo i?ienoiaeeo ioii/eiaaiea iiauo ?iaeiauo iauei io
ia?aiia/aeueiie. Naycue iaaeaeo ieie nio?aiyeanue a aeaea aieaa e?oiiuo
ia?aciaaiee – o?ao?ee (a?aonoa) e ieaiai. ?acaeoea ieaiaiiuo
iauaaeeiaiee niaiaaeaao n ia/aeii ?aceiaeaiey ia?aiauoii-iaueiiiai
no?iy.

Ieaiy, eae i?aaeei, eiaei naith oa??eoi?eth, naia iniaia eiy, ycue eee
aeeaeaeo, iauea ?aeeaeiciua e auoiaua ia?yaeu. I?aaiecaoeey aeanoe a
ieaiaie iniiauaaeanue ia ia/aeao ?iaeiaie aeaiie?aoee. Ieaiaiiie niaao
ninoiye ec aa?oiaiuo aiaeaeae (noa?aeoei) ?iaeia, aoiaeyueo a ninoaa
ieaiaie. Ecae?aeny aiaiiue aiaeaeue ieaiaie. Ii ia?a aeaeueiaeoaai
?acaeoey ooieoeee aeanoe e ?aaoee?iaaiey iinoaiaiii ana aieueoa
ia?aiauaeenue e ieaiaiiui i?aaiai.

?acaeoea iauanoaaiiiai i?iecaiaenoaa ia iiaei inoaiiaeoueny ia
ia?aiauoiii o?iaia. 10 – 12 ouny/ eao iacaae ia/aeny ia?aoiae io
i?enaaeaathuae yeiiiieee (ioioa, ?uaieianoai, niae?aiea ieiaeia) e
i?iecaiaeyuae (neioiaiaenoai, iaoioiia (ieoaeiia) caieaaeaeea). *aeiaae
iao/eeny auieaaeyoue e eniieueciaaoue aeey ecaioiaeaiey i?oaeee o?oaea
iaoaeeu. Ii iieo/ee iacaaiea iaieeoe/aneie ?aaiethoeee, iineieueeo
i?iecioae a ia?eiae iicaeiaai iaieeoa.

Iiyaeaiea a ?oeao ae?aaiaai /aeiaaea i?eioeeieaeueii iiauo i?oaeee
o?oaea iiaeaeei ca niaie na?ueaciua iauanoaaiiua iineaaenoaey.
Iiyaeeinue neioiaiaenoai, iaoioiia caieaaeaeea. Yoi niinianoaiaaei
auno?iio ?inoo ianaeaiey, ?acaeoeth i?iecaiaenoaa, ?aianae eneonnoaa,
aicieeiiaaieth ai?iaeia, ienueiaiiinoe e o.ae.

Aeaaiui neaaenoaeai iaieeoe/aneie ?aaiethoeee yaeeny ?ino aiaaonoaa.
Caieaaeaeea e neioiaiaenoai aeaaaee ecauoie i?iaeoeoa (i?eaaai/iue
i?iaeoeo). Ia yoie iniiaa aicieeaao ?aaoey?iue iaiai iaaeaeo ieaiaiaie,
a ia aai iniiaa i?ienoiaeeo iaeiieaiea aiaaonoaa. Eceeoae i?iaeoeoa
nicaeaaae oaeaea aiciiaeiinoue i?eaea/aiey aeiiieieoaeueiie ?aai/ae
neeu, iaiaoiaeeiie aeey niaea?aeaiey neioa e ia?aaioee iieae. Oaeoth
?aai/oth neeo o iaeioi?uo ia?iaeia aeinoaaeyea aieia.

I?iecaiaeyuaa oicyenoai aaei e iauanoaaiiiio ?acaeaeaieth o?oaea,
nioeeaeueiie, a oii /enea eeanniaie aeeooa?aioeeaoeee, eiouanoaaiiiio
?anneiaieth ianaeaiey, aeaeaieth ia aiaaouo e aaaeiuo, ?aaia e ainiiae,
ia?aaiii?aaiua eanou. O iaeioi?uo ia?iaeia (ae?aaiea A?aoeey, ?ei, O?iy,
Ea?oaaai e ae?oaea aioe/iua iieenu) ?aaiaeaaeaiea iinoaiaiii noaei
iniiaiui oeeaaeii. A Aa?iia a ia?aii ouny/aeaoee i.y. ?aceiaeaiea
?iaeiaiai no?iy i?eaaei e oaiaeaeecio.

Aaaeiui iineaaenoaeai iaieeoe/aneie ?aaiethoeee yaeeny ia?aoiae io
?iaeiaie e ninaaeneie (e?anoueyineie) iaueia. Iauanoaaiiay
nianoaaiiinoue iaoa?eineiai ?iaea iinoaiaiii ia?aoiaeeo a /anoioth
nianoaaiiinoue ioaeaeueiuo naiae. Ioae/eia noaiiaeony aeaaie naiuee e
nianoaaiieeii iniiaiuo n?aaenoa e i?iaeoeoia i?iecaiaenoaa. Iao?ea?oao
niaiyaony iao?ea?oaoii.

N ?acaeoeai i?iecaiaeyuaai oicyenoaa oa??eoi?ey ?iaeia e ieaiai
noaiiaeony a?aiie aeayoaeueiinoe eoioeia, ?aianeaiieeia. Caeanue
aicieeatho ai?iaea. A yoi aea a?aiy i?ienoiaeeo ia?anaeaiea ?acee/iuo
ia?iaeia. Oaia?ue ia iaeiie e oie aea oa??eoi?ee aeeee ?aciiieaiaiiua
a?oiiu ianaeaiey, ioiioaiey iaaeaeo eioi?uie ia iiaee ?aaoee?iaaoueny
iau/ayie ?iaeiaiai no?iy. Iiaua oneiaey o?aaiaaee e iiaie,
oa??eoi?eaeueiie i?aaiecaoeee, ioaaouaathuae ana ianaeaiea.

Iaeiei ec oaeoi?ia, onei?eaoeo ia?aoiae ?iaeiaiai no?iy e ainoaea?noao,
auei aic?inoaa cia/aiea aiei e aiaiiie i?aaiecaoeee o iiiaeo ieaiai.
Aiaiiay i?aaiecaoeey iinoaiaiii i?aa?auaeanue a nenoaio “aiaiiie
aeaiie?aoee”. Yoi aaei e oe?aieaieth aaeeiiee/iie aeanoe aiaiiuo
aiaeaeae, i?aoaiaeiaaaoeo ia ia?aaea/o naiae aeanoe ii ianeaaenoao, e
aeiieie?iaaieth aeanoe aiaiiiai aiaeaey iaae aeanoueth nia?aiey ieaiaie,
i?aa?aoeaoaainy a nia?aiea aiaiiie ae?oaeeiu. O iaeioi?uo ia?iaeia
(aaeioyi, ooia?ia, neeoia) a ?oeao aiaiiiai aiaeaey nin?aaeioi/eaathony
ooieoeee aa?oiaiiai ae?aoea e aa?oiaiiai noaeuee. Aiaiiue auo
niinianoaiaae iauaaeeiaieth ?iaenoaaiiuo ieaiai a aaeeiue ia?iae.

Nouanoaaiiia aeeyiea ia i?ioeann ia?aciaaiey ainoaea?noaa, iauaaeeiaiea
ioaeaeueiuo ?iaeia e ieaiai a aaeeiua ia?iaeu, ieacaea ?aeeaey.
Aeeianoee iiauo aeanoeoaeae no?aieeenue ooaa?aeeoue e iauea ?aeeaeiciua
eaiiiu. ?aeeaey ooaa?aeaeaea, /oi aiaeaee iieo/atho aeanoue io aiaia,
ii?aaaeuaaea ia?aaea/o aa ii ianeaaenoao.

Oaeei ia?acii, aicieeiiaaiea ainoaea?noaa iaoneiaeaii aeaenoaeai eae
iauaeoeaiuo (yeiiiie/aneeo), oae e noauaeoeaiuo (aieiu, ?aeeaey e o.i.)
oaeoi?ia.

A nia?aiaiiie iaoea auaeaeytho neaaeothuea i?eciaee ainoaea?noaa,
ioee/athuea aai io i?aaiecaoeee aeanoe a ?iaei-ieaiaiiii no?ia.

1. Ainoaea?noai iauaaeeiyao naiae aeanoueth e caueoie anao ethaeae,
ianaeythueo aai oa??eoi?eth, iacaaeneii io eo i?eiaaeeaaeiinoe e eaeiio-
eeai ?iaeo eee ieaiaie. Iinoiyiiia ianaeaiea, eae i?aaeei, eiaao
onoie/eaoth th?eaee/aneoth naycue n ainoaea?noaii a aeaea iiaeaeainoaa
eee a?aaeaeainoaa e iieuecoaony aai caueoie aioo?e no?aiu e ca aa
i?aaeaeaie. O.a. ainoaea?noao i?enou oa??eoi?eaeueiue i?eioeei
inouanoaeaiey aeanoe, a ia e?iaii-?iaenoaaiiue, oa?aeoa?iue aeey
?iaeiaiai no?iy.

2. Aeey ainoaea?noaa oa?aeoa?ii iaee/ea iniaie ioaee/iie aeanoe,
auaeaeaiiie ec iauanoaa e ia niaiaaeathuae n ianaeaieai. Ainoaea?noai
iaeaaeaao aiia?aoii oi?aaeaiey e i?eioaeaeaiey (iieeoeey, noae e o.ae.),
ninoiyuei ec i?ioanneiiaeueiuo /eiiaieeia. I?e ?iaeiaii no?ia aeanoue
inouanoaeyeanue iaiin?aaenoaaiii /eaiaie ?iaeiaie iaueiu. Oi?aaeaiea aa
aeaeaie ia auei cae?aieaii ca iniaui neiai ethaeae, ia ninoaaeyei
/ueae-eeai i?ioannee. I?aaiu ?iaeiaiai no?iy (iauaa nia?aiea, aiaeaee,
noa?aeoeiu) ia ?aniieaaaee niaoeeaeueiui aiia?aoii i?eioaeaeaiey.

3. Aeey niaea?aeaiey ainoaea?noaaiiiai aiia?aoa iaiaoiaeeiu n?aaenoaa.
Ainoaea?noai niae?aao eo n a?aaeaeai a aeaea iaycaoaeueiuo iaeiaia.
?iaeiaie no?ie, ia ciaaoee iniaiai aiia?aoa oi?aaeaiey, ia ciae e
iaeiaia.

OAI?EE I?IENOIAEAeAIEss AINOAeA?NOAA

Oi?ie?iaaiea ainoaea?noaa o ?aciuo ia?iaeia oei ?acee/iuie iooyie. Yoi
iaoneiaeei ?acee/iua oi/ee c?aiey a iauyniaiee i?e/ei aicieeiiaaiey
ainoaea?noaa.

Iaeiie ec ae?aaiaeoeo oai?ee i?ienoiaeaeaiey ainoaea?noaa yaeyaony
oaieiae/aneay oai?ey. Iia enoiaeeo ec oiai, /oi i?ienoiaeaeaiea e
nouanoaiaaiea ainoaea?noaa yaeyaony ?acoeueoaoii i?iyaeaiey aiaeueae
aiee. Niaeanii oaieiae/aneei o/aieyi, ainoaea?noai neoaeeo aiieiuaieai
aiaeanoaaiiiai i?iaeaeaiey e iioiio ainoaea?noaaiiay aeanoue aa/ia,
iacuaeaia e iiae/eiaiea ae anoanoaaiii. I?aaeoaee aeaenoaotho io eiaie
aiaa, eo aeanoue iineo aiaeanoaaiiue oa?aeoa?, a ecaeaaaaiua caeiiu
niioaaonoaotho aiaeanoaaiiie ni?aaaaeeeainoe. Oaea a nio?aieaoeony
eeoa?aoo?iuo e enoi?eei-i?aaiauo iaiyoieeao Ae?aaiaai Aaeioa, Aaaeeiia,
Eiaeee, Eeoay iaoea /aoeia au?aaeaiea oaieiae/aneay oai?ey.

Iaeaieaa oe?ieia ?ani?ino?aiaiea yoa oai?ey iieo/eea a yiioo
n?aaeiaaaeiauey e eiaea aeaaiie naiae iai?aaeaiiinoueth iainiiaaiea
i?aainoiaenoaa oea?eiaiie aeanoe iaae naaoneie. Ia/eiay n IO – O aa.
oi?ioee?oaony oae iacuaaaiay oai?ey aeaoo ia/ae, niaeanii eioi?ie aeey
caueou o?enoeainoaa aiaii auee aeaiu aeaa ia/a – oea?eiaiue e naaoneee.
Iaa iie ia?aaeathony oea?eae, eioi?ay, nio?aiea aeey naay aeooiaiue ia/,
naaoneee ia?aaeaea iiia?oo. Iiyoiio ii aeieaeai iiae/eiyoueny oea?eae.
Iaeiaei noi?iiieee iacaaeneiie oea?neie aeanoe, iai?ioea, ooaa?aeaeaee,
/oi eiia?aoi?u iieo/eee naie ia/ iaiin?aaenoaaiii io aiaa.

Anoue e nia?aiaiiua iineaaeiaaoaee yoie oai?ee, eioi?ua n/eoatho
ainoaea?noaaiioth aeanoue aa/iie e iacuaeaiie.

Iao?ea?oaeueiay oai?ey o?aeooao i?ienoiaeaeaiea ainoaea?noaa eae
?acoeueoao enoi?e/aneiai ?ac?anoaiey iao?ea?oaeueiie naiuee.
A?enoioaeue, iai?eia?, enoiaeee ec oiai, /oi ethaee eae eieeaeoeaiua
nouanoaa no?aiyony e iauaieth e ia?aciaaieth naiae, a ?acaeoea naiae
aaaeao e ia?aciaaieth ainoaea?noaa. A?enoioaeue o?aeoiaae ainoaea?noai
eae i?iaeoeo ?aciiiaeaiey naiae, eo ?annaeaiey e iauaaeeiaiey. Ii
A?enoioaeth, ainoaea?noaaiiay aeanoue anoue i?iaeieaeaiea e ?acaeoea
iooeianeie aeanoe. Ii ioiaeaeanoaeye ainoaea?noaaiioth aeanoue n
iao?ea?oaeueiie aeanoueth aeaau naiuee.

A Eeoaa yoo oai?eth ?acaeaae Eiioooeee (551 – 479 aa. aei i.y.). Ii
?anniao?eaae ainoaea?noai eae aieueooth naiueth. Aeanoue eiia?aoi?a
oiiaeiaeyeanue aeanoe iooea, a ioiioaiey i?aayueo e iiaeaeaiiuo –
naiaeiui ioiioaieyi, aaea ieaaeoea caaenyo io noa?oeo e aeieaeiu auoue
i?aaeaiiuie i?aaeoaeyi, ii/oeoaeueiuie e neooaoueny ai anai noa?oeo.
I?aaeoaee aea aeieaeiu caaioeoueny i naieo iiaeaeaiiuo, eae yoi i?eiyoi
a naiuea.

Noi?iiieeii iao?ea?oaeueiie oai?ee aue ?. Oeeia? (OOII a.), eioi?ue a
naiae ?aaioa “Iao?ea?o” aeieacuaae, /oi aeanoue iiia?oa iaia?aie/aiia,
iineieueeo enoiaeeo io Aaeaia, a ii, a naith i/a?aaeue, iieo/ee naith
aeanoue io aiaa. Aaeai aue ia oieueei iooeii /aeiaa/anoaa, ii e aai
aeanoaeeiii. Iiia?oe yaeythony i?aaiieeaie Aaeaia e oianeaaeiaaee io
iaai naith aeanoue.

A ?innee iineaaeiaaoaeai iao?ea?oaeueiie oai?ee aue ?onneee nioeeieia I.
Ieoaeeianeee (1842 – 1904 aa.).

Aeaiiay oai?ey iieo/eea nia?aiaiiia cao/aiea a eaeaa ainoaea?noaaiiiai
iaoa?iaeecia, o.a. i?eiyoee ainoaea?noaii ia naay caaiou i naieo
a?aaeaeaiao e iiaeaeaiiuo a neo/ayo ianooieaiey iaaeaaii?eyoiie aeey ieo
neooaoeee – aieacie, eiaaeeaeiinoe, aac?aaioeoeu e ae?. Iiceoeaiui a
iao?ea?oaeueiie oai?ee auei oi, /oi aa noi?iiieee, a /anoiinoe I.
Ieoaeeianeee, i?ecuaaee ono?aiyoue ec aeecie ana aaci?aanoaaiiia,
a?aaeiia, ia?acoiiia ii ioiioaieth e /aeiaaeo. A yoi aiciiaeii eeoue a
iauanoaa, eioi?ia iino?iaii ii oeio naiaeiuo ioiioaiee.

Niaeanii aeiaiai?iie oai?ee ainoaea?noai aicieeei a ?acoeueoaoa
caeeth/aiey iauanoaaiiiai aeiaiai?a. Ethaee aeiaiai?eeenue iaaeaeo niaie
iauaaeeieoueny a ainoaea?noaaiiue nithc, nicaeaoue aeanoue e
iiae/eiyoueny ae. Iaiaoiaeeiinoue iauaaeeiaiey ethaeae aeeeoiaaeanue
iiyaeaieai iauanoaaiiiai ia?aaainoaa, ii?iaeeaoaai iani?aaaaeeeainoue e
eiioeeeou, a oaeaea oeaeyie auaeeaaiey a oneiaeyo i?e?iaeiie noeoee e
ie?oaeaiey a?aaeaeaaiuie ieaiaiaie.

Yoa oai?ey iieo/eea ?ani?ino?aiaiea a OOII – OOIII aa., e aa iaeaieaa
y?eeie i?aaenoaaeoaeyie auee A. A?ioeee, A. Nieiica, O. Aiaan, AE.- AE.
?onni, A.I. ?aaeeuaa e ae?.

I?aaenoaaeoaee aeiaiai?iie oai?ee aicieeiiaaiey ainoaea?noaa n/eoaee,
/oi aeiaiai? ia ia?aciaaiee ainoaea?noaa caeeth/aeny iaaeaeo eaaeaeui
/eaiii iauanoaa e ainoaea?noaii. Ii aeiaiai?o ethaee ia?aaeatho /anoue
naieo i?aa ainoaea?noao, eioi?ia iaycoaony io?aiyoue eo nianoaaiiinoue e
aaciianiinoue. Oaeei ia?acii, ia aiaeanoaaiiay Aiey, a naie ethaee, eo
niciaoaeueiay aeayoaeueiinoue noaee i?e/eiie ia?aciaaiey ainoaea?noaa.

Noi?iiieee yoie oai?ee enoiaeeee ec oiai, /oi ainoaea?noao i?aaeoanoaoao
anoanoaaiiia ninoiyiea iauanoaa. Iii ii-?aciiio o?aeoiaaeinue ?acee/iuie
o/aiuie. Oae, Aiaan n/eoae, /oi yoi auei ninoiyiea “aieiu anao i?ioea
anao”. ?onni, iai?ioea, enoiaeee ec oiai, /oi ethaee a yoii ninoiyiee
iaeaaeaee anoanoaaiiuie, i?e?iaeaeaiiuie i?aaaie e naiaiaeaie, /oi yoi
aue “cieioie aae” /aeiaa/anoaa. Ii iinea iiyaeaiey /anoiie nianoaaiiinoe
aicieeei nioeeaeueiia ia?aaainoai. Ii ?onni, noaa?aieoao a ainoaea?noaa
i?eiaaeeaaeeo ia?iaeo a oeaeii, a i?aaeoaee aunooiatho eeoue
oiieiiii/aiiuie ia?iaea e iaycaiu io/eouaaoueny ia?aae iei. I?aaeoaee
iiaoo auoue niaiaiu ii aiea ia?iaea, a oii /enea e iooai ainnoaiey.

Oai?ey ianeeey iauyniyao aicieeiiaaiea ainoaea?noaa caaiaaaieai iaeieo
ieaiai ae?oaeie, o.a. aiaiii-iieeoe/aneei oaeoi?ii. Iinea caaiaaaiey
iiaaaeeoaee no?aiyony n iiiiuueth ianeeey ooaa?aeeoue naia ainiiaenoai e
ia?acotho aeey yoeo oeaeae ainoaea?noaaiioth i?aaiecaoeeth.
I?aaenoaaeoaeue oai?ee ianeeey E. Eaooneee (1854 – 1938 aa.)
ooaa?aeaeae, /oi ?aanoai aicieeaao ec aieiu n /oaeeie iaueiaie, ieaiy
iiaaaeeoaeae iiae/eiyao naaa ieaiy iiaaaeaeaiiuo, i?enaaeaaao naaa eo
caieth e caoai i?eioaeaeaao iiaaaeaeaiiia ieaiy ?aaioaoue ia
iiaaaeeoaeae, ieaoeoue ei aeaiue eee iiaeaoe. Aicieeaao e aiia?ao
i?eioaeaeaiey aeey oi?aaeaiey iiaaaeaeaiiuie. Yoie eiioeaioeee
i?eaea?aeeaaeenue A. Aeth?eia, E. Aoiieiae/.

I?aaie/aneay oai?ey. Aa aaaeouei i?aaenoaaeoaeai aue aiaeeeneee
iuneeoaeue A. Niaina?, aeeaoee a OIO a. Ii eniieueciaae aiaeiaee e
oa?ieiu ec aeieiaee e ae?oaeo iaoe i aeecie aeeauo nouanoa e niiinoaaeye
iauanoai n aeieiae/aneei i?aaieciii, ouaoaeueii auyniyy eo noiaenoai e
?acee/ey. ?acoeueoaoii oaeiai niiinoaaeaiey noaei iaia?oaeaiea iaeioi?uo
caeiiiia?iinoae. Oae, A. Niaina? n/eoae, /oi iauanoai, eae e aeeaie
i?aaieci, iiaeaa?aeaii noaaeeeiinoe ?acaeoey, iai?eia? ia?aoiaeo io
i?inoiai e neiaeiiio. Yoi oneiaeiaiea ii aeaeae, a /anoiinoe, a
iauaaeeiaiee ethaeae a oaeea iauanoaaiiua a?oiiu, eae ieaiy, nithc
ieaiai, ai?iaea-ainoaea?noaa e o.ae. Ii iiaieth Niaina?a, iauanoai
ooieoeeiie?oao iiaeiaii /aeiaa/aneiio i?aaiecio.

Eanaynue aii?inia i?ienoiaeaeaiey ainoaea?noaa, ii aue aeecie e
noi?iiieeai oai?ee ianeeey, iieaaay, /oi a enoi?ee iao ie iaeiiai
i?eia?a, aaea au ainoaea?noai ia aicieeei eia/a, /ai i?e iiiiue ianeeey.
Ainoaea?noai – ?acoeueoao caaiaaaiey e ii?aaiuaiey neeueiuie ieaiaiaie
aieaa neaauo, a n ?anoe?aieai i?aeoeee caaiaaaiee oneiaeiyaony no?oeoo?a
iauanoaa, aicieeatho nineiaey, auaeaeyaony iniaue i?aayuee neie.
Aiaiece?iaaiiia iauanoai aeinoeaaao aaeeiaiey ia iniiaa ainoaea?noaa,
aeanoe, ea?a?oe/aneie i?aaiecaoeee.

A na?aaeeia OIO a. aicieeea ia?enenoneay oai?ey i?ienoiaeaeaiey
ainoaea?noaa. Aa iniiaiua iinooeaou eceiaeaiu a ?aaioao E. Ia?ena e O.
Yiaaeuena “Iaiaoeeay eaeaieiaey”, “Iaieoano Eiiioienoe/aneie ia?oee”, a
eieaa Yiaaeuena “I?ienoiaeaeaiea naiuee, /anoiie nianoaaiiinoe e
ainoaea?noaa”. Iniiaiuie i?e/eiaie i?ienoiaeaeaiey ainoaea?noaa
iniiaiiieiaeieee ia?enecia n/eoaee ?aneie iauanoaa ia aioaaiienoe/aneea
eeannu n iai?eie?eiuie eioa?anaie, /oi auei iaoneiaeaii eciaiaieyie a
yeiiiie/aneii aacena, eioi?ua, a naith i/a?aaeue, i?eaaee iiyaeaieth
/anoiie nianoaaiiinoe. Ana yoi iiaei?aaei ecioo?e ?iaeiaia iauanoai.
Ionthaea iie ii?aaeaeyee ainoaea?noai eae ?acoeueoao i?aaeaea anaai
nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneeo i?ioeannia ?acaeoey iauanoaa. A ainoaea?noaa
aeanoue ia/eiaao au?aaeaoue eioa?anu oieueei iaeiie /anoe ianaeaiey –
yeiiiie/anee ainiiaenoaothuaai eeanna, eioi?ue noaiiaeony e iieeoe/anee
ainiiaenoaothuei eeannii. Ainoaea?noai aicieeaao eae i?oaeea a ?oeao
eioueo eeannia aeey oaea?aeaiey a iiaeiiaaiee e iiaeaaeaiey
nii?ioeaeaiey iaeioueo neiaa. Yoa ?ieue ainoaea?noaa iaania/eaaaony
nicaeaieai niaoeeaeueiuo i?aaiia i?eioaeaeaiey (a?iee, iieeoeee, noaea,
oth?ai e ae?.).

Ineoieiae/aneay oai?ey. Iaeei ec aa iniiaiiieiaeieeia i?ioanni? E.E.
Iao?aaeeoeeee (1867 – 1931 aa.) iauyniye iiyaeaiea ainoaea?noaa iniauie
naienoaaie /aeiaa/aneie ineoeee, a /anoiinoe no?aieaieai ethaeae e
iieneo aaoi?eoaoa, eioi?iio iiaeii auei au iiae/eiyoueny e oeacaieyi
eioi?iai neaaeiaaoue a iianaaeiaaiie aeecie. Oaeei ia?acii, ainoaea?noai
e i?aai ii?iaeaeaiu ia iaoa?eaeueiuie oneiaeyie aeecie, eae a
ia?enenoneie aeieo?eia, a iniauie ineoe/aneeie naienoaaie ethaeae, eo
yiioeeyie, ia?aaeeaaieyie. Iao?aaeeoeeee, iai?eia?, ooaa?aeaeae, /oi aac
i?aaiauo ia?aaeeaaiee ethaeae iaaiciiaeii nouanoaiaaiea onoie/eauo
nioeeaeueiuo a?oii, a oaeaea iauanoaa e ainoaea?noaa. I?e/eiie
aicieeiiaaiey ainoaea?noaa yaeyaony ii?aaeaeaiiia ninoiyiea ineoeee
ethaeae. Iinoiyiiay caaeneiinoue ethaeae ia?aiauoiiai iauanoaa io
aaoi?eoaoa aiaeaeae, neoaeeoaeae ycu/anoaa e eieaeoiia, no?ao ia?aae eo
iaae/aneie neeie i?eaaee e aicieeiiaaieth ainoaea?noaaiiie aeanoe,
eioi?ie ethaee iiae/eiythony aeia?iaieueii.

Ineoieiae/aneie oai?ee i?eaea?aeeaaeenue oaeaea o/aiua A. Oa?ae (NOA),
aiaeeeneee yoiia?ao Ae. O?aca? (eiiaoe OIO – ia/aei OO a.), ?onneea
th?enou I.I. Ei?eoiia, I.I. Eiaaeaaneee.

E??eaaoeeiiioth oai?eth naycuaatho n eiaiai iaiaoeeiai o/aiiai E.
Aeoooiaaey. A naiae ?aaioa “Ainoi/iue aeaniioeci” ii iauyniyao
aicieeiiaaiea ainoaea?noaa iaiaoiaeeiinoueth no?ieoaeuenoaa aeaaioneeo
e??eaaoeeiiiuo nii?oaeaiee a aa?a?iuo ?aeiiao. E aeaenoaeoaeueii, a
ia?auo ai?iaeao-ainoaea?noaao – Ianiiioaiee, Aaeioa, Eiaeee, Eeoay
i?ienoiaeeee i?ioeannu nicaeaiey iiuiuo e??eaaoeeiiiuo nenoai. A nayce n
yoei noi?ie?iaaeny neie oi?aaeaioeaa, eioi?ua ciaee: eae
iiaeaea?aeeaaoue ?aaioo yoeo nii?oaeaiee, iaania/eaaoue noaeioiaenoai,
?ani?aaeaeyoue aiaeo, i?iecaiaeeoue ?aiiio nii?oaeaiee e ae?. Yoe
?aaiou, ii iiaieth Aeoooiaaey, o?aaiaaee aeanoeiai oeaio?aeeciaaiiiai
oi?aaeaiey, ?ani?aaeaeaiey, o/aoa e ae?. Aeaiiay oai?ey io?aaeaea
iaeioi?ua ?aaeueiua i?ioeannu, i?ienoiaeeaoea a ainoi/iuo ?aaeiiao, ii a
aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe i?ioeannu ia?aciaaiey ainoaea?noaa e aaaeaiey
e??eaaoeeiiiuo ?aaio oee ia?aeeaeueii, oioy ia?aciaaiea ainoaea?noaa
auei ia?ae/iui, iineieueeo eiaiii ainoaea?noai auei a ninoiyiee aanoe
oaeea o?oaeiaieea e aeaaioneea ?aaiou, eae no?ieoaeuenoai i?ineoaeueiuo
nenoai.

Aieueoeinoai o/aiuo enoiaeyo ec oiai, /oi iaeuecy naycuaaoue
aicieeiiaaiea ainoaea?noaa oieueei n eaeei-oi iaeiei oaeoi?ii, a eiaiii
eiiieaen oaeoi?ia, iauaeoeaiua i?ioeannu, i?ienoiaeeaoea a iauanoaa,
iaoneiaeee iiyaeaiea ainoaea?noaaiiie i?aaiecaoeee.

I?AAeIAO OAI?EE AINOAeA?NOAA E I?AAA

Ii?aaeaeaiea i?aaeiaoa oai?ee ainoaea?noaa e i?aaa, ?aaii eae e ethaie
eiie o/aaiie aeenoeeieeiu, icia/aao onoaiiaeaiea e?oaa iauanoaaiiuo e
eiuo yaeaiee, einoeoooia e o/?aaeaeaiee, eioi?ua iia eco/aao. Iaee/ea
/aoei ii?aaeaeaiiiai i?aaeiaoa, ia?aie/aiiiai io noa?u “i?eeiaeaiey”
ae?oaeo, niaaeiuo aeenoeeieei, naeaeaoaeuenoaoao i iao/iie c?aeinoe,
ioiineoaeueiie naiinoiyoaeueiinoe e i iioaioeeaeueiie yooaeoeaiinoe
?anniao?eaaaiie io?anee ciaiee e aeaaeaie/aneie aeenoeeieeiu.

*oi eco/aao oai?ey ainoaea?noaa e i?aaa? Ae?oaeie neiaaie – /oi
ninoaaeyao i?aaeiao oai?ee ainoaea?noaa e i?aaa? Ioaa/ay ia yoe aii?inu,
iaiaoiaeeii ia?aoeoue aieiaiea ia iacaaiea aeaiiie iaoee e o/aaiie
aeenoeeieeiu. Iii aeaao /anoe/iue ioaao ia iinoaaeaiiue aii?in, oeacuaay
ia oi, /oi oai?ey ainoaea?noaa e i?aaa eiaao aeaei i?aaeaea anaai n
oaeeie yaeaieyie e iiiyoeyie, eae ainoaea?noai e i?aai. Iaeiaei
eco/aieai ainoaea?noaa e i?aaa caieiathony e ae?oaea iaoee: enoi?ey
ainoaea?noaa e i?aaa, oeeinioey, iieeoieiaey, nioeeieiaey, io?aneaaua
th?eaee/aneea aeenoeeieeiu e ae?. Eaaeaeay ec ieo eco/aao ainoaea?noai e
i?aai iiae ii?aaeaeaiiui oaeii c?aiey, ?anniao?eaaao eeoue oo eee eioth
eo ioaeaeueioth noi?iio, aniaeo. A aianoa iie nicaeatho oeaeueioth
ea?oeio, ?aciinoi?iiiaa i?aaenoaaeaiea i ainoaea?noaa e i?aaa.

Oaeei ia?acii, eiay iaeei e oio aea iauaeo enneaaeiaaiey, eaeiaui
yaeythony ainoaea?noai e i?aai a oeaeii eae ?aaeueii nouanoaothuea
yaeaiey, eaaeaeay ec iacaaiiuo aeenoeeieei eiaao i?e yoii e naie
nianoaaiiue i?aaeiao enneaaeiaaiey.

A iao/iie e o/aaiie eeoa?aoo?a i?aaeiao oai?ee ainoaea?noaa e i?aaa
ii?aaeaeyaony iaiaeeiaeiai. A iaeieo ?aaioao ii i?aaenoaaeyaony eae
“iauea caeiiiia?iinoe aicieeiiaaiey, ?acaeoey e ooieoeeiie?iaaiey
ainoaea?noaa e i?aaa eae oaeiauo e niaoeeoe/aneea caeiiiia?iinoe
aicieeiiaaiey, ?acaeoey e ooieoeeiie?iaaiey ainoaea?noaa e i?aaa
eaaeaeiai a ioaeaeueiinoe acyoiai eeanniaiai (/aua oiio?aaeyaony oa?iei
“enoi?e/aneiai”) oeia”.

A ae?oaeo – ii ?anniao?eaaaony eae “caeiiiia?iue i?ioeann aicieeiiaaiey
e ?acaeoey ainoaea?noaa e i?aaa ia ?acee/iuo enoi?e/aneeo nooiaiyo
aeaeaeaiey eeanniaiai iauanoaa, nouiinoue, niaea?aeaiea, oi?iu e
ooieoeee ainoaea?noaa e i?aaa, acaeiinaycue ainoaea?noaa e i?aaa,
i?aaioai?/anoai e i?aaii?eiaiaiea…”.

Eiathony e ae?oaea ii?aaeaeaiey i?aaeiaoa oai?ee ainoaea?noaa e i?aaa.
I?e nouanoaothuai iaaeaeo ieie ?acee/ee ana iie noiaeyony a oii, /oi
aeaiiay iaoea eiaao aeaei n oaeeie noi?iiaie e i?ioeannaie
ainoaea?noaaiii-i?aaiaie aeecie, eae i?ioeann aicieeiiaaiey, noaiiaeaiey
e ?acaeoey ainoaea?noaa e i?aaa – iauea caeiiiia?iinoe aeaiiiai
i?ioeanna; acaeiinaycue ainoaea?noaa e i?aaa; eo oa?aeoa?iua i?eciaee,
oi?iu, nouiinoue, niaea?aeaiea e /a?ou; ianoi e ?ieue ainoaea?noaa e
i?aaa a aeecie iauanoaa e a aai iieeoe/aneie nenoaia; i?aai,
i?aainiciaiea, caeiiiinoue e eiinoeoooeeiiiinoue; caeiiiaeaoaeueiue
i?ioeann e aai ioaeaeueiua noaaeee; i?aaiia?iia iiaaaeaiea,
i?aaiia?ooaiea e th?eaee/aneay ioaaonoaaiiinoue.

E?iia iacaaiiuo nouanoaotho e ae?oaea aeiee aii?inia, eioi?ua
iaiin?aaenoaaiii naycaiu n ainoaea?noaaiii-i?aaiaie aeeciueth e aoiaeyo
a niaea?aeaiea i?aaeiaoa oai?ee ainoaea?noaa e i?aaa. Eo iiiai, e iie
aanueia ?aciiia?aciu. Ia?a/eneyoue eo ana iao ieeaeie iaiaoiaeeiinoe e
aiciiaeiinoe. E oiio aea, eae ienae o?aioeocneee i?inaaoeoaeue,
i?aaiaaae e oeeinio O. Iiioaneuea, “ieeiaaea ia neaaeoao en/a?iuaaoue
i?aaeiao aei oiai, /oi oaea ie/aai ia inoaaony ia aeieth /eoaoaey. Aeaei
ia a oii, /oiau canoaaeoue aai /eoaoue, a a oii, /oiau canoaaeoue aai
aeoiaoue”.

Iaiaoiaeeii ioiaoeoue oaeaea, /oi nai i?aaeiao oai?ee ainoaea?noaa e
i?aaa, eae e ioaeaeueiua ninoaaeythuea aai niaea?aeaiea /anoe, ia
yaeyaony canouaoei, a n oa/aieai a?aiaie eciaiyaony e ?acaeaaaony. Yoi,
a naith i/a?aaeue, ia oieueei cao?oaeiyao, ii e aeaeaao aanniuneaiiuie
iiiuoee en/a?iuaathuaai ii?aaeaeaiey i?aaeiaoa oai?ee ainoaea?noaa e
i?aaa e aai niaea?aeaiey eae /aai-oi ?ac e iaanaaaea aeaiiiai,
iaeciaiiiai.

Oae, iai?eia?, anee ?aiueoa a ?aieao ioa/anoaaiiiai eo?na oai?ee
ainoaea?noaa e i?aaa iniaia aieiaiea oaeaeyeinue “ainoaea?noao
aeeeoaoo?u i?ieaoa?eaoa”, “iauaia?iaeiiio” ainoaea?noao e i?aao,
“ainoaea?noao anaiauaai aeaaiaeainoaey”, “ainoaea?noao ii/iiai noi?iaea”
e ae?oaei yaeaieyi e iiiyoeyi, n/eoaaoeiny aeooaeueiuie, oi a ianoiyuaa
a?aiy yoe oai?ee e aeieo?eiu noaee aeinoiyieai enoi?ee. Ia ia?aue ieai
aianoi ieo ana aieueoa auaeaeaathony eiioeaioeee “i?aaiaiai
ainoaea?noaa”, “nioeeaeueiiai ainoaea?noaa”, anoanoaaiii-i?aaiaua oai?ee
i?aa e naiaiae a?aaeaeai e ae?.

Ia neo/aeii a iiaie Eiinoeoooeee ?innee, io?aaeathuae ioeoeeaeueiue
acaeyae e ioeaieo ainoaea?noaaiii-i?aaiauo yaeaiee, iniaia aieiaiea
aeoeaioe?oaony ia oii, /oi ?inneeneay Oaaea?aoeey “anoue
aeaiie?aoe/aneia oaaea?aoeaiia i?aaiaia ainoaea?noai” (no. 1), /oi yoi –
“nioeeaeueiia ainoaea?noai”, iieeoeea eioi?iai iai?aaeaia ia nicaeaiea
oneiaee, iaania/eaathueo aeinoieioth aeeciue e naiaiaeiia ?acaeoea
/aeiaaea (no. 7), e o.ae.

?acoiaaony, iniiaa i?aaeiaoa oai?ee ainoaea?noaa e i?aaa – iauea
caeiiiia?iinoe aicieeiiaaiey, ?acaeoey e ooieoeeiie?iaaiey ainoaea?noaa
e i?aaa, yae?i aeaiiie iaoee e o/aaiie aeenoeeieeiu nio?aiyaony ia
i?ioyaeaiee anaai ia?eiaea aa nouanoaiaaiey. *oi aea eanaaony
eniieuecoaiiai i?e ii?aaeaeaiee iaueo caeiiiia?iinoae iaoa?eaea, a
oaeaea ?acee/iuo “/anoiuo” oai?ee, acaeyaeia e i?aaenoaaeaiee i
ainoaea?noaaiii-i?aaiauo yaeaieyo, einoeoooao e o/?aaeaeaieyo, oi iie
iai?a?uaii ?acaeaathony, niaiytho ae?oa ae?oaa e aeaeieciaiythony.

A caaeneiinoe io o?iaiy, eiie?aoii-enoi?e/aneeo e eiuo oneiaee ?acaeoey
iauanoaa, o?iaiy ?acaeoey iauanoaaiiiai niciaiey, eoeueoo?u e eaeaieiaee
iaiyaony oaeaea i?aaenoaaeaiea i naieo ainoaea?noaa e i?aaa, oa?aeoa?a
eo acaeiinayce e acaeiiaeaenoaey, eo ianoa e ?iee a aeecie iauanoaa.

Iineaaeiaa iaiyaony ia oieueei a caaeneiinoe io iauaeoeaiuo, ii e
noauaeoeaiuo oaeoi?ia. Iai?eia?, ana eiathuea a ianoiyuaa a?aiy ianoi
nii?u i oa?aeoa?a acaeiiioiioaiey ainoaea?noaa e i?aaa, a aianoa n oai e
i niaea?aeaiee oai?ee ainoaea?noaa e i?aaa eae iaoee e o/aaiie
aeenoeeieeiu iinyo ia oieueei iauaeoeaiue, iaoneiaeaiiue
i?ioeai?a/eainoueth enneaaeoaiiai iaoa?eaea, ii e noauaeoeaiue oa?aeoa?.

Aii?aee o?aaeeoeeiiii neiaeeaoaiony e iieiinoueth naay ii?aaaeaaoaio
i?aaenoaaeaieth i oai?ee ainoaea?noaa e i?aaa eae i aaeeiie iaoea e
o/aaiie aeenoeeieeia auneacuaathony, a /anoiinoe, aeiaieueii
noauaeoeaiua iiaiey ioiineoaeueii iaiaoiaeeiinoe aa aeaeaiey ia aeaa
naiinoiyoaeueiua io?anee ciaiee e o/aaiua aeenoeeieeiu – oai?eth
ainoaea?noaa ni naiei nianoaaiiui i?aaeiaoii e oai?eth i?aaa;
i?aaeeaaaaony ia?aeiaiiaaoue “oai?eth ainoaea?noaa e i?aaa” a “oai?eth
i?aaa e ainoaea?noaa”, iiae/a?eioa oai naiui i?ei?eoaoioth ?ieue i?aaa
iaae ainoaea?noaii; auneacuaathony noaeaeaiey i oeaeaniia?aciinoe
?anniio?aiey “oai?ee ainoaea?noaa e i?aaa” eae ninoaaiie /anoe “iniaie
iaoee – iieeoieiaee” e aaaaeaiey naiinoiyoaeueiie aeenoeeieeiu iiae
iacaaieai “iauay oai?ey i?aaa”, eioi?ay, enneaaeoy iauea caeiiiia?iinoe
noaiiaeaiey e ?acaeoey th?eaee/aneie iaaeno?ieee, aoiaeeo a ea/anoaa
io?anee a th?eaee/aneoth iaoeo e ninoaaeyao aa iniiaioth,
i?eioeeieaeueioth /anoue, oai?aoe/aneoth iniiao.

Aiieia i/aaeaeiui i?e ii?aaeaeaiee i?aaeiaoa oai?ee ainoaea?noaa e
i?aaa, ?aaii eae e i?e ?anniio?aiee ae?oaeo aa noi?ii, yaeyaony oi, /oi
ia?yaeo n iauaeoeaiuie oaeoi?aie iaeuecy ia o/eouaaoue e noauaeoeaiue
oaeoi?, au?aaeathueeny ia oieueei a no?aieaiee aeoaaea iiiyoue
enneaaeoaioth iaoa?eth, ii e /ao/a, aeioiae/eaaa eceiaeeoue iieo/aiiua
ciaiey, iaeoe ei iiaeiaathuaa ianoi a iauae nenoaia ciaiee.

Ii ia iaiaa i/aaeaeiui yaeyaony e oi, /oi ia ia?aii ieaia a i?ioeanna
iiciaiey ainoaea?noaa e i?aaa aeieaeiu iaoiaeeoueny ?aaeueiay
aeaenoaeoaeueiinoue, iauaeoeaiua oaeoi?u. Yoi icia/aao i?eiaieoaeueii e
?anniao?eaaaiiio neo/ath, /oi i?e ?aoaiee aii?ina i oa?aeoa?a
niioiioaiey ainoaea?noaa e i?aaa iiaeii enoiaeeoue ia ec oiic?eoaeueiuo
caeeth/aiee, a ec oaeoa eo iauaeoeaiie acaeiinayce e acaeiiaeaenoaey.
Aaaeii o/eouaaoue oaeaea, /oi ainoaea?noai e i?aai ia oieueei aicieeatho
a neeo iaeieo e oao aea nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneeo oneiaee, ii a neeo
yoeo aea i?e/ei iie iinoiyiii eciaiythony e ?acaeaathony.

*?acau/aeii aaaeiui yaeyaony e oi, /oi ainoaea?noai e i?aai, aoaeo/e
ia?ac?uaii naycaiu iaaeaeo niaie e acaeiiaeaenoaoy ae?oa n ae?oaii,
aunooiatho eae ioiineoaeueii naiinoiyoaeueiua yaeaiey ii ioiioaieth
ae?oa e ae?oao, auiieiytho noiaeiua yeiiiie/aneea e
nioeeaeueii-iieeoe/aneea ooieoeee, iinoiyiii ieacuaatho aeoeaiia
aicaeaenoaea ae?oa ia ae?oaa.

Ainoaea?noai a eeoea naieo oiieiiii/aiiuo ia oi i?aaiia nicaeaao
i?aaiaua ii?iu, io?aiyao eo e aa?aioe?oao eo niaethaeaiea. Eiuie
neiaaie, ainoaea?noai ieacuaaao i?yiia aicaeaenoaea ia i?aai. A oi aea
a?aiy i?aai ieacuaaao ia?aoiia aicaeaenoaea ia ainoaea?noai. Iii
naycuaaao ainoaea?noaaiiua i?aaiu eiinoeoooeeiiiuie e eiuie ii?iaie,
oii?yaei/eaaao eo aeayoaeueiinoue, aaiaeeo eo aeoeaiinoue a caeiiiia
?onei, nicaeaao iaiaoiaeeiua i?aaeiinueee aeey eo yooaeoeaiinoe.

Ec anaai yoiai neaaeoao, /oi ainoaea?noai e i?aai ia iiaoo eneonnoaaiii
?acaeaeyoueny, a neaaeiaaoaeueii, e ii-ianoiyuaio eco/aoueny a io?uaa
ae?oa io ae?oaa. Aeoaieia e ?aciinoi?iiiaa iiciaiea eo aiciiaeii eeoue a
?aieao aaeeiie io?anee ciaiee e aeaaeaie/aneie aeenoeeieeiu – oai?ee
ainoaea?noaa e i?aaa.

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