Ia?eiae i?eioeeiaoa a enoi?ee ?eineiai i?aaa
Aaaaeaiea
1. Ainoaea?noaaiiia ono?ienoai e oi?aaeaiea
2. Ianaeaiea
3. Enoi/ieee i?aaa
4. TH?eni?oaeaioeey
AAAAeAIEA
I?eioeeiao (eao. principatus, io princeps — ia?aue naiaoi?, naiaoi?
ioe?uaathuee canaaeaiea) — oneiaiue oa?iei a enoi?e/aneie eeoa?aoo?a
aeey iaicia/aiey neiaeeaoaeny a Ae?aaiai ?eia a ia?eiae ?aiiae eiia?ee
(27 aei i. y. — 284 i. y.) niaoeeoe/aneea oi?iu iiia?oee, niaiauaaoae
iiia?oe/aneea e ?anioaeeeaineea /a?ou. Iaeaaeaoaee aunoae aeanoe a
iniiaiii iacuaaeenue oa?ieiii i?eioeain, yoei iiae/a?eeaaeny eo noaoon
ia iiia?oa, a ia?aiai n?aaee ?aaiuo.
A enoi?eia?aoee cae?aieeny oeooe “eiia?aoi?”, oioy iniiaiua iieiiii/ey
aeaaa ainoaea?noaa eiae eae ia?iaeiue o?eaoi e i?eioeain.
Nenoaia i?eioeeiaoa noaea ioi?ieyoueny i?e Aaaonoa, aeanoue eioi?iai
iniiauaaeanue ia niaaeeiaiee ?acee/iuo iaaeno?aoo?. Aaaono e aai
i?aaiieee, aoaeo/e i?eioeainaie naiaoa, iaeiia?aiaiii nin?aaeioi/eaaee a
naieo ?oeao aunooth a?aaeaeaineoth (iiaeeciaiiue ia?iaeiue o?eaoi) e
aiaiioth aeanoue. Oi?iaeueii i?iaeieaeaei nouanoaiaaoue ?anioaeeeaineia
ono?ienoai: naiao, eiieoeee (ia?iaeiua nia?aiey), iaaeno?aoo?u (e?iia
oeaici?ia). Ii yoe einoeooou iioa?yee i?aaeiaa iieeoe/aneia cia/aiea,
oae eae auai?u a ieo e eo aeayoaeueiinoue ?aaoee?iaaeenue i?eioeainii.
?aaeueiay aeanoue auea nin?aaeioi/aia a ?oeao eiia?aoi?a e aeeceeo e
iaio ethaeae, aai ee/iie eaioeaey?ee, ooao eioi?ie iai?a?uaii ?in, a
noa?a aeayoaeueiinoe ?anoe?yeanue.
Oa?ieio “i?eioeeiao” a enoi?e/aneie eeoa?aoo?a niioaaonoaoao oa?iei
“?aiiyy eiia?ey”, eioi?ue n/eoaaony aieaa oi/iui. Ia niaio i?eioeeiaoo
i?eo?e aeiieiao, aaea iiia?oe/aneea /a?ou aeaeiu ai?acaei aieaa
yanoaaiii, a ?anioaeeeaineea einoeooou aieueoae /anoueth oi?acaeiaiu,
iaeioi?ua ia?aoi?ie?iaaiu a iiia?oe/aneea.
1. AINOAeA?NOAAIIIA ONO?IENOAI E OI?AAEAIEA
A 27 aiaeo aei ?. O. Ieoaaeai Aaaono neiaeee n naay oo /?acau/aeioth
aeanoue, eioi?ith ii iieueciaaeny aei neo ii? nia/aea a ea/anoaa
o?eoiae?a, a iioii iaeei, e, oaeei ia?acii, “ainnoaiiaee ?anioaeeeo”. Ii
a yoie “ainnoaiiaeaiiie” ?anioaeeea iiyaeeny a aai eeoea iiaue aanueia
nouanoaaiiue yeaiaio – iiaue yeno?ai?aeeia?iue iaaeno?ao, eiia?aoi? eee
princeps, niaiauathuee a naaa naiua ?acii?iaeiua, ii aaaeiaeoea
ooieoeee, aneaaenoaea /aai yoio ia?eiae ioaeaeyaony io i?aaeuaeouaai.
Ia ia?auo ii?ao iniiaiua i?eioeeiu ?anioaeeee ii aiaoiinoe inoathony
iao?iioouie. I?eciaaony ia/aei ia?iaeiiai noaa?aieoaoa, nicuaathony
ia?iaeiua nia?aiey, eiia?aoi?neay aeanoue au?aaeaao naay a noa?uo
?anioaeeeaineeo iiiyoeyo: eiia?aoi? yaeyaony princeps, oi anoue oieueei
eae au ia?aue iaaeaeo ?aaiuie, iieo/aao io ia?iaea imperium e tribunicia
potestas309 e o. ae. Ii iiae yoie aiaoiinoueth niaa?oaaony aeoaieia
aioo?aiiaa ia?a?iaeaeaiea, i?ioeann iinoaiaiiie ia?a?aaioee ?anioaeeee a
aaniethoioth iiia?oeth. Aneaaenoaea yoiai ainoaea?noaaiiia ono?ienoai
yoiai ia?eiaea eiaao oa?aeoa? /aai-oi ia?aoiaeiiai: aia/aea iii aeeaea e
?anioaeeea, a eiioea – ii/oe aaniethoiay iiia?oey, eaeith iii
?aoeoaeueii noaiiaeony ni a?aiaie Aeeieeaoeaia310.
I?ioeann yoiai i?aa?auaiey ia/eiaaony n iaaeaiey ia?iaeiuo nia?aiee.
Aia/aea iie aua nicuaathony, ii oaea oieueei aieueoa aeey oi?iu: eo
caeiiiaeaoaeueiay ooieoeey e auai? iaaeno?aoia naiaeeony e i?inoiio
ooaa?aeaeaieth i?aaeeiaeaiee eiia?aoi?a eee naiaoa; aieiniaaiea
i?aa?auaaony a i?inooth acclamatio311, iiea, iaeiiaoe, e yoe iineaaeiea
inoaoee oi?iu ia ioiaaeatho. Oaea Oeaa?ee ia?aiineo eca?aiea iaaeno?aoia
a naiao (“a compo comitia ad patres transtulit”312); ianeieueei aeieueoa
nicuaathony ia?iaeiua nia?aiey aeey ooaa?aeaeaiey caeiiia, ii yoi
ia?anoaao auoue iaiaoiaeeiinoueth, a e eiioeo I aaea ii ?. O. e aiana
i?ae?auaaony (iineaaeiee caeii, ecaeaiiue n o/anoeai ia?iaea, anoue lex
agraria 98 a. i?e eiia?aoi?a Ia?aa).
N iaaeaieai ia?iaeiuo nia?aiee a ea/anoaa aunoeo i?aaiia
ainoaea?noaaiiie aeanoe inoathony naiao e eiia?aoi?. E naiaoo ia?aoiaeyo
oaia?ue ana i?aaeiea i?aaa e ooieoeee ia?iaeiuo nia?aiee, aneaaenoaea
/aai ii aeaeaaony oaia?ue, ia?aaia n eiia?aoi?ii, iineoaeai
ainoaea?noaaiiiai noaa?aieoaoa. Aneaaenoaea aea yoiai e naiia
ainoaea?noaaiiia ono?ienoai oa?aeoa?ecoaony /anoi eae aeaiaaeanoea eee
aeea?oey. Aiaoiei ia?acii yoi aeaiaaeanoea au?aaeaaony a neaaeothuai: a)
?yaeii ni noa?uie ?anioaeeeaineeie iaaeno?aoaie, ecae?aaiuie naiaoii,
?acaeaaaony nenoaia /eiiaieeia eiia?aoi?neeo, aeaenoaothueo eiaiai
eiia?aoi?a e ii aai ii?o/aieth; b) i?iaeioeee aeaeyony ia naiaoneea e
eiia?aoi?neea: ia?aua oi?aaeythony naiaoii, aoi?ua iaiin?aaenoaaiii
iiae/eiaiu eiia?aoi?o; n) ?yaeii n ainoaea?noaaiiie eaciie, iaoiaeyuaeny
a caaaaeiaaiee naiaoa, – noa?ui aerarium, – iiyaeyaony eacia
eiia?aoi?neay – fiscus; d) eae eiia?aoi?, oae e naiao eiatho i?aai
/aeaieoue iiiaoo.
A eaeaaea iaa yoe aeanoe – eiia?aoi? e naiao – aeieaeiu auee
aeaenoaiaaoue ?yaeii, acaeiii aeiiieiyy e iiaeaea?aeeaay ae?oa ae?oaa.
Ii yoio eaeaae ieacaeny iainouanoaeiui. Naiao aeaeaaony i?aaiii
?anioaeeeaineie ia?oee e iineoaeai ?anioaeeeaineeo o?aaeeoeee;
eiia?aoi?neay aeanoue, iai?ioea, ana aieaa e aieaa oyaioaao e
aaniethoecio e ia ie?eony n ninaaenoaii naiaoa. Aianoi eaeeeee/aneie
aa?iiiee, iaaeaeo yoeie iaieie, niaa?oaiii i?ioeaiiieiaeiuie, yeaiaioaie
ana a?aiy eaeao oi ioe?uoay, oi aeooay ai?ueaa, i?eaiaeyuay a eiioea
eiioeia e iieiiio oi?aeanoao eiia?aoi?neie aeanoe e e i?aa?auaieth
aeea?oee a iiia?oeth.
TH?eaee/anee acaeiiia niioiioaiea iaaeo yoeo aeanoae oaeiai. Naiao,
i?aaeaea anaai, aeaeaaony oaia?ue aaeeinoaaiiui caeiiiaeaoaeueiui
i?aaiii; aeaaea i?iaeou eiia?aoi?a aeey oiai, /oiau iieo/eoue neeo
caeiia, aeieaeiu auoue aianaiu a naiao (oratio principis313) e iieo/eoue
caeanue naith naieoeeth; eiia?aoi?, a i?eioeeia, eae i?aaeaea anyeee
iaaeno?ao, ia noieo auoa caeiia; ii iiae/eiai aio. Naiao, aeaeaa,
ecae?aao noa?uo ?anioaeeeaineeo iaaeno?aoia, a oaeaea naiiai eiia?aoi?a
ii nia?oe i?aaeuaeouaai (iaueiiaaiii yoi eca?aiea oaeaea oieueei
oi?iaeueiinoue: i?aaiiee oeacuaaaony naiei eiia?aoi?ii iin?aaenoaii
onuiiaeaiey eee caaauaiey) e niiauaao aio aai iieiiii/ey iin?aaenoaii
lex de imperio314. Naiao, iaeiiaoe, eiaao ecaanoioth noaeaaioth e
aaeieieno?aoeaioth aeanoue (iai?eia?, oi?aaeaiea naiaoneeie
i?iaeioeeyie), oioy yoa aeanoue /ai aeaeaa, oai ana aieaa e aieaa
nie?auaaony.
Eiia?aoi?. Eaeiai-eeai onoaiiaeaoaainy ioeoeeaeueiiai oeooea eiia?aoi?
ia eiaao; ii eiaioaony imperator, Augustus, ii /aua anaai – princeps,
aneaaenoaea /aai naiue yoio ia?eiae i?eiyoi iacuaaoue ia?eiaeii
i?eioeeiaoa. Princeps, a eaeaa, anoue oieueei aunoee ?anioaeeeaineee
iaaeno?ao, i?aaaea, iiaeeciaiiue e n /?acau/aeiith aeanoueth, ii ana aea
oieueei iaaeno?ao, aneaaenoaea /aai yoio ia?eiae iacuaatho oaeaea e
ia?eiaeii ?anioaeeeaineie eiia?ee. A eeoea eiia?aoi?a nin?aaeioi/eaaaony
aeanoue, eioi?oth iaueiiaaiii ?aceaaatho ia neaaeothuea yeaiaiou: a)
imperium, oi anoue aunoaa aiaiiia eiiaiaeiaaiea, oi?aaeaiea
iaaeaeoia?iaeiuie ioiioaieyie e aunoay aaeieieno?aoeaiay aeanoue (a
oaeaea e i?aai th?enaeeeoeee); a ea/anoaa aiaiiiai eiiaiaee?a eiia?aoi?,
aeaeaa, eiaao i?aai iieiiai e aaneiio?ieueiiai oi?aaeaiey oaie
i?iaeioeeyie, a eioi?uo iaueiiaaiii noiyo aienea (i?iaeioeee
eiia?aoi?neea – iia?aie/iua); b) imperium proconsulare, oi anoue i?aai
iauaai i?ieiinoea iaae naiaoneeie i?iaeioeeyie, /oi aeaao eiia?aoi?o
aiciiaeiinoue ecaanoiiai eiio?iey e iaae i?aaeoaeyie yoeo i?iaeioeee; n)
tribunicia potestas, eioi?ay aeaao eiia?aoi?o ea/anoai sacrosanctus e
i?aai intercessio ii ioiioaieth ei anai ?anioaeeeaineei iaaeno?aoai.
Ainoaea?noaaiiia oi?aaeaiea, niaeanii ioia/aiiiio ia/aeo aeea?oee,
inouanoaeyaony i?e iiiiue aeaiyeie nenoaiu i?aaiia: ?anioaeeeaineeo
iaaeno?aoia e eiia?aoi?neeo oiieiiii/aiiuo.
a) ?anioaeeeaineea iaaeno?aoo?u ii eiaie i?iaeieaeatho nouanoaiaaoue ana
a?aiy, ii oaeoe/anee iie ana aieaa e aieaa iono?aiythony io aeoeaiiai
o/anoey a oi?aaeaiee. Eiinoeu eeoeeenue aiaiiiai eiiaiaeiaaiey e aianoa
n oai naiae aeaaiie ooieoeee; iie yaeythony oaia?ue oieueei
i?aaenaaeaoaeyie naiaoa e caaaaeotho iaeioi?uie niaoeeaeueiuie aeaeaie –
iai?eia?, aeaeaie ia iiaeao, i oeaeaeeiiiennao315 e o. i. Aieueoa anaai
ia naiai ianoa oaea?aeaeanue i?aoo?a: i?aoi?u ii-i?aaeiaio caaaaeotho
th?enaeeeoeeae a?aaeaeaineie (i?iecaiaenoai in jure, ninoaaeaiea oi?ioe
e o. ae.) e oaieiaiie (eae i?aaenaaeaoaee a quaestiones perpetuae).
Oeaico?a iaoiaeeony ana a?aiy a aanueia oaoeii iieiaeaiee. Oeaic a
i?aaeiai niunea (oi anoue ia?aienue a?aaeaeai n ?ani?aaeaeaieai ii
o?eaai e o. ae.) oaia?ue oaea, eiia/ii, ia i?iecaiaeeony, ninoaaeaiea
naiaoi?neeo nieneia oaeaea iooiaeeo io iaa; oai ia iaiaa oeaici?neay
aeanoue /anoi a?o/aaony eiia?aoi?ai (a lex de imperio), iiea Aeiieoeeai
ia iauyaee, /oi ai?aaeue iia anaaaea aoaeao aoiaeeoue a ninoaa
eiia?aoi?neie aeanoe (censor perpetuus316). Yaeeeu nio?aiytho oieueei
iaaeci? ca ?uieaie e oi?aiaoth th?enaeeeoeeth, eaanoi?u oeao?e?otho
eeoue a ea/anoaa i?aaiia eacia/aenoaa.
b) Ia?aeeaeueii iinoaiaiiiio caie?aieth ?anioaeeeaineeo iaaeno?aoo?
eaeao ?acaeoea nenoaiu eiia?aoi?neeo /eiiaieeia, eae oiieiiii/aiiuo
eiia?aoi?a. I?e iniaa eiia?aoi?a noieo aai ee/iue niaao – consilium
principis, eioi?ue ia?aiia/aeueii ia eiae th?eaee/aneiai cia/aiey, ii n
eiia?aoi?a Aae?eaia i?eia?ae oa?aeoa? ioeoeeaeueiiai ainoaea?noaaiiiai
o/?aaeaeaiey. Ai aeaaa anao eiia?aoi?neeo aeiaa?aiiuo eeoe noieo
praefectus praetorio, ia/aeueiee eiia?aoi?neie aaa?aeee, a iioiio eeoei
iniai aeiaa?aiiia. Iinoaiaiii aio eiia?aoi?u ia/eiatho ii?o/aoue oa eee
ae?oaea aeaea, iiaeeaaeaaoea ee/iiio noaeo eiia?aoi?a, e, oaeei ia?acii,
iaei-iiiaeo ?acaeaaaony oaieiaiay eiiiaoaioeey praefectus praetorio iaae
anath Eoaeeae. Ca iei neaaeoao: praefectus urbi, ia/aeueiee iieeoeee, a
ii nayce n iae e oaieiaiie th?enaeeeoeee a ai?iaea ?eia; praefectus
vigilum, caaaaeothuee iiaea?iie /anoueth; praefectus annonae,
caaaaeothuee oaia?ue, aianoi yaeeeia, ia?iaeiui i?iaeiaieuenoaeai; e,
iaeiiaoe, ?aciiia?aciua curatores317 a ioaeaeueiuo io?aneyo
eiia?aoi?neiai oi?aaeaiey.
*oi eanaaony ianoiiai oi?aaeaiey Eoaeee, oi iii i?iaeieaeaao e oaia?ue
iieieoueny ia i?eioeeia ioieoeeiaeueiiai naiioi?aaeaiey. Iaeiaei, aioo?e
i?aaiia yoiai naiioi?aaeaiey i?ienoiaeeo oaeia aea ia?aiauaiea oeaio?a
oyaeanoe, eae e a naiii ?eia. Ioieoeeiaeueiua ia?iaeiua nia?aiey
en/acatho, a eo ooieoeee ia?aoiaeyo e ioieoeeiaeueiiio naiaoo
(decuriones); ioieoeeiaeueiua iaaeno?aou nio?aiythony. ?yaeii n ieie
iiyaeythony, iaeiaei, eiia?aoi?neea eiio?iea?u ianoiuo aeae a eeoea
iacia/aaiuo eiia?aoi?ii curatores rei publicae318. Ia?aiia/aeueiui
iacia/aieai eo auei aethnoe eioa?anu eiia?aoi?neie eaciu, ii ionthaea
?acaeeny caoai eo iauee i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiue eiio?ieue.
Oi?aaeaiea i?iaeioeee iaoiaeeony a ?oeao eee iinueaaiuo naiaoii
i?ieiinoeia (i?iaeioeee naiaoneea), eee iinueaaiuo eiia?aoi?ii eaaaoia –
legati Caesaris pro praetore (i?iaeioeee eiia?aoi?neea). Ai anyeeo
neo/ayo i?aaeoaeth i?iaeioeee i?eiaaeeaaeeo aunoay iieeoeaeneay,
noaeaaiay e oeiainiaay aeanoue. Aeey i?aaeoi?aaeaeaiey iniaaiiiai
naeeaeaiey i?aaeoaey n ianoiui ianaeaieai aio cai?auaaony aeaieoueny ia
i?iaeioeeaeea, ?acaeaaaoue i?iaeioeeaeai aeaiueae acaeiu, ono?aeaaoue ia
naie n/ao ea?u. Ecaanoiia cia/aiea i?eia?aoatho a oa/aiea yoiai ia?eiaea
i?iaeioeeaeueiua nia?aiey (concilia provinciarum eee ?????). Aicieeee
iie a nayce n ?acaeaoeiny a i?iaeioeeyo eoeueoii eiia?aoi?ia. A
ecaanoiia a?aiy i?aaenoaaeoaee iauei aeaiiie i?iaeioeee niae?athony aeey
ono?ienoaa i?acaeianoa a /anoue eiia?aoi?a, i?e/ai /a?ac aeaiooaoia eee
ienueiaiii iinueatho aio iicae?aaeaiey. Ii e yoei iicae?aaeaieyi
ia/eiatho i?eniaaeeiyoue eiiaaea e ?aciua iiaeaeaiey ioiineoaeueii
ianoiuo aeae, i?inueau, a oaeaea e aeaeiau ia iaianoieeia.
Iinea e?aeiae aanii?yaei/iinoe ?anioaeeeaineiai ?aaeeia a i?iaeioeeyo
eiia?aoi?neia oi?aaeaiea, i?e anao aai iaaeinoaoeao, ana-oaee aianei
nthaea aieueooth caaioeeainoue e aieiaiea e eioa?anai i?iaeioeeaeueiiai
ianaeaiey: iii onoaiiaeei aieueoee aiaoiee ii?yaeie e aaciianiinoue,
enei?aieei a?aaaaee e ie?aonoai, i?iaaei aei?iae, aaaeiua ia oieueei a
no?aoaae/aneii ioiioaiee, ii oaeaea e aeey oi?aiaee e o. ae. Ianiiiaiiia
oeo/oaiea iieiaeaiey i?iaeioeee a yoii ia?eiaea i?aaenoaaeyao eo/ooth
no?aieoeo a enoi?ee eiia?aoi?neie aeanoe.
2. IANAEAIEA
Anee ia?eiae ?anioaeeee caeii/eeny i?eciaieai i?aaa a?aaeaeainoaa ca
anaie aeeoaeyie Eoaeee, oi ia?eiae i?eioeeiaoa oa?aeoa?ecoaony
?ani?ino?aiaieai yoiai i?aaa e ia i?iaeioeeaeia.
A ia/aea ia?eiaea yoi aeaeaaony aeaoiy iooyie: a) iooai
iaiin?aaenoaaiiiai aea?iaaiey i?aaa a?aaeaeainoaa oai eee ae?oaei /anoyi
ainoaea?noaaiiie oa??eoi?ee, oai eee ae?oaei ioaeaeueiui iaueiai, i?e/ai
aeey inaiaiaeaeaiey yoeo iiauo a?aaeaeai io iaycaiiinoe ieaoeoue
i?iaeioeeaeueioth iiaeaoue /anoi iaiaoiaeeii aua aea?iaaiea iniaiai jus
italicum319. b) Iooai i?aaeinoaaeaiey oai eee ae?oaei iaueiai oae
iacuaaaiiai jus latinum320, oi anoue oiai th?eaee/aneiai iieiaeaiey, a
eioi?ii iaoiaeeeenue i?aaeaea latini (iieiia jus commercii321, ii aac
iieeoe/aneeo i?aa). I?e yoii ?acee/athony latium majus e latium minus. A
iaueiao, iieo/eaoeo latium majus, ana aeeoaee, aua?aiiua a ianoiua
iaaeno?aou eee a naiaoi?u, eo ipso322 aeaeathony ?eineeie a?aaeaeaiaie
(cives); a iaueiao, eiathueo latium minus, oaeie i?eaeeaaeae iaeaaeatho
oieueei eeoea, aua?aiiua a iaaeno?aou, ii ia naiaoi?u.
Ana inoaeueiua i?iaeioeeaeueiua aeeoaee inoathony a oa/aiea ia?auo aeaoo
aaeia yoiai ia?eiaea ii-i?aaeiaio ia i?aaao peregrini323. Ii iaei-iiiaeo
?acee/ea iaaeaeo cives, latini e peregrini oaeoe/anee naeaaeeaaaony:
iieeoe/aneay noi?iia yoiai ?acee/ey (i?aai o/anoaiaaoue a ia?iaeiuo
nia?aieyo) ioiaaeaao aianoa n oie/oiaeaieai naieo ia?iaeiuo nia?aiee. A
aneaaenoaea yoiai ioiaaeaao e oi niia?aaeaiea, eioi?ia iiaei aua
i?aiyonoaiaaoue ?ani?ino?aiaieth i?aaa a?aaeaeainoaa ia anao iiaeaeaiiuo
eiia?ee. Inoaaaeinue naeaeaoue oieueei iineaaeiee oaa, e yoio oaa aue
naeaeai caeiiii eiia?aoi?a Ea?aeaeeu 212 a. Ii niiauaieth Aeeiia Eanney,
Ea?aeaeea ?oeiaiaeeeny i?e yoii /enoi oeneaeueiuie niia?aaeaieyie –
aeaeaieai ?ani?ino?aieoue ecaanoiua a?aaeaeaineea iiaeaoe (vicesima
hereditatum, 5%-iay iioeeia n ianeaaenoaa) ia i?iaeioeeaeia. Eae au oi
ie auei, ii aneaaenoaea yoie constitutio Antoniniana324 ana iiaeaeaiiua
?eineie eiia?ee (ca eneeth/aieai eeoue iaeioi?uo iecoeo neiaa ianaeaiey,
ieaoyueo iiaeooioth iiaeaoue, – oae iacuaaaiua dediticii) iieo/eee i?aai
?eineiai a?aaeaeainoaa (Fr. 17 D. I. 5: “in orbe romano qui sunt ex
constitutione imperatoris Antonini cives romani effecti sunt”325).
A iieiaeaiee latini inoathony oaia?ue oieueei iaeioi?ua aeaeu
aieueiiioiouaiieeia, a a iieiaeaiee peregrini oieueei dediticii, i?e/ai
a aieaa iicaeiai i?aaa oaeiauie yaeythony oaea oieueei eeoea,
iecaaaeaiiua aei yoie nooiaie a iaeacaiea.
?ani?ino?aiaiea i?aaa a?aaeaeainoaa ia anao i?iaeioeeaeia iiaeaeei ca
niaie ?ani?ino?aiaiea ?eineiai i?aaa ia anth oa??eoi?eth eiia?ee, oi
anoue e ia oa iaoe?iua iaeanoe, a eioi?uo aeaenoaiaaei aei neo ii?
ianoiia i?aai, i?eciaaaaoaany ii iauaio i?aaeeo anaie i?aaeoaeyie
i?iaeioeee. N?aaee yoeo iaeanoae iniaaiiia ianoi caieiaee A?aoeey e
Ainoie (Aaeiao, Acey e o. ae.), aaea aei neo ii? aeaenoaiaaei a?a/aneia
eee neeueii yeeeiece?iaaiiia i?aai. Ana yoe ianoiua, iaoeeiiaeueiua
i?aaa (Volksrechte326) oaia?ue n?aco eeoeeenue naiae iieiaeeoaeueiie
neeu, a acaiai eo noaei aeaenoaiaaoue aaeeiia eiia?neia i?aai
(Reichsrecht327), oi anoue i?aai ?eineia. Ii naii niaith ?acoiaaony, /oi
ia i?aeoeea nieioue e ?yaeii i?iaeieaeaee i?eiaiyoueny iiiaea i?aaeiea
ianoiua ii?iu e iau/ae, aneaaenoaea /aai ?eineia i?aai, aeaenoaiaaaoaa
aaea-ieaoaeue a i?iaeioeeyo, aeaeaei ia niaiaaeaei n ?eineei i?aaii
Eoaeee. *?acau/aeii ethaiiuoiay ea?oeia oaeiai naiaia?acii niaoaiiiai
i?aaa a Aaeioa ?ane?ueanue i?aae iaie a iineaaeiaa a?aiy aeaaiaea?y
aiaaoui iaoiaeeai a yoie no?aia ?aciiia?aciuo aeieoiaioia –
iaie?onia328. Ia?aay e?oiiay iaoiaeea, naeaeaiiay i?e ?aneiieao a
El-Faijum a 1877 a., i?eaeaeea e iaie?onai iauaa aieiaiea o/aiuo. N oie
ii?u eiee/anoai iaeaeaiiuo aeieoiaioia cia/eoaeueii aic?inei, e eco/aiea
eo (iaie?ieiaey) i?eia?aei nenoaiaoe/aneee oa?aeoa?. Enneaaeiaaiey a
yoie iaeanoe iaia?oaeeee, /oi ianoiia a?aei-aaeiaoneia i?aai oii?ii
oaea?aeeaaeinue a aeecie e ieacaei ecaanoiia ia?aoiia aeeyiea ia
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai iicaeiaeoeo eiia?aoi?ia329.
*oi eanaaony nineiaiie a?oiie?iaee ianaeaiey, oi noa?ia aeaeaiea ia
iao?eoeeaa e ieaaaaa en/acaao anoanoaaiii – iooai auie?aiey
iao?eoeeaineeo ?iaeia; acaiai yoiai i?aaeiyy eeanniaay a?oiie?iaea ia
nobiles e ordo equester i?eia?aoaao nineiaiue oa?aeoa?.
Oae, eiia?aoi? Aaaono onoaiiaee aeey iaieo nineiaee ecaanoiue
eiouanoaaiiue oeaic: 1 ieeeeii nanoa?oeeaa (ieiei 40 ouny/ ?oaeae) aeey
i?eiaaeeaaeiinoe e naiaoi?neiio nineiaeth e 400 ouny/ (ieiei 20 ouny/
?oaeae) aeey nineiaey anaaeie/aneiai, e, e?iia oiai, ii ooaa?aeee
caeanue i?eioeei ianeaaenoaaiiinoe. Nioeeaeueiia ?acee/ea iaieo nineiaee
nio?aiyaony, ineiaeiyynue aua ecaanoiith i?ioeaiiieiaeiinoueth
iieeoe/aneie. Ordo senatorius i?aaenoaaeyao nineiaea, ec eioi?iai
auae?athony aeaaiui ia?acii ?anioaeeeaineea iaaeno?aoo?u e iiiieiyaony
naiao; anoanoaaiii, /oi yoi nineiaea yaeyaony eniieiaiiui noa?uo
?anioaeeeaineeo ainiiieiaiee, a ii ioiioaieth e iiaie eiia?aoi?neie
aeanoe yeaiaioii iiiiceoeeiiiui.
Anaaeie/aneia nineiaea, eeann aeaiaaeiie a?enoie?aoee, iai?ioea,
iieo/aei io iiaiai ?aaeeia iaiaeiaaaeiua auaiaeu e iioiio, a iauai,
i?aaenoaaeyao oaia?ue yeaiaio, aeey eiia?aoi?neeo oaiaeaioeee
aeaaii?eyoiue. Ii i?aeiouanoao ec yoiai nineiaey aa?aothony oaia?ue
eiia?aoi?neea /eiiaieee.
Any inoaeueiay ianna ianaeaiey, i?e anai ?acee/ee i?ioannee e
iieiaeaiee, n/eoaaony i?inoiia?iaeueai – plebs, iecooth nooiaiue
eioi?iai (a th?eaee/aneii ioiioaiee) caieiatho aieueiiioiouaiieee –
libertini.
A iaeanoe yeiiiie/aneeo ioiioaiee ianooiaao iaeioi?ia oeo/oaiea. Yoiio
niinianoaiaaei, i?aaeaea anaai, oeacaiiia auoa oii?yaei/aiea
i?iaeioeeaeueiiai auoa. Aeaaiaea?y aieueoaio ii?yaeeo e aieueoae
caeiiiinoe, yeiiiie/aneay aeeciue i?iaeioeee iioea ii?iaeueiaa; a
i?iiuoeaiiinoe e oi?aiaea ianooieei caiaoiia iaeeaeaiea, eioi?ia noaei
ioaeaeaoue ooaea iaiaei ?aai/eo ?oe. Ai iiiaeo ianoao, aeaaiaea?y
eiia?aoi?neei caaioai, aicieeatho ?acee/iua aeaaioai?eoaeueiua
o/?aaeaeaiey (iai?eia?, aeey ainieoaiey ne?io e o. i.), eioi?ua
iiiauatho naie eaieoaeu a aeaea iinoiyiiuo caiaeueiuo ?aio a oao eee
ae?oaeo caiaeueiuo o/anoeao; oaeie niinia iiiauaiey eaieoaeia neoaeee
aanueia oaeiaiui e?aaeeoii aeey caieaaeaaeaeueoeaa e niinianoaiaae
iiaeiyoeth eo oicyenoa.
Aieueoia cia/aiea eiaei, aeaeaa, cia/eoaeueiia nie?auaiea /enea ?aaia,
aucaaiiia ii/oe iieiui i?ae?auaieai iiauo caaiaaaiee e neaaui
anoanoaaiiui i?e?inoii eo. Aeaaiaea?y yoiio ?aaneee o?oae naeaeaeny
aei?iaea, e i?aaeiyy nenoaia iieueciaaiey ei ieacuaaeanue ia noieue
auaiaeiie. Aneaaenoaea yoiai caieaaeaaeaeueoeu ana /aua e /aua
i?eaaaatho e ?acaea/a naieo eiaiee iaeeeie o/anoeaie a a?aiaeo, e, oaeei
ia?acii, aic?iaeaeaaony eeann iaeeiai caiaeueiiai e?anoueyinoaa a aeaea
naiaiaeiuo a?aiaeaoi?ia, oa?ia?ia (coloni).
A oe?ieii ianooaaa yoi ianaaeaeaiea e?anoueyineiai caieaaeaaeaiey
i?aeoeeiaaeinue naieie eiia?aoi?aie ia ia?iiiuo eiaieyo, ei ee/ii
i?eiaaeeaaeaueo: iaeeea o/anoee naeaaaeenue nuaiueeai a a?aiaeo
aeieain?i/ioth e aeaaea aa/ioth, eeoue n iaycaoaeuenoaii ieaoeoue
ii?aaeaeaiiue aaeaaiaeiue ia?ie.
Iaeiiaoe, i?ae?auaiea ia?iaeiuo nia?aiee e ia?iaeiuo auai?ia n
aiciiaeiinoueth ?aciuo iiaea/ae, nie?auaiea eacaiiie ?acaea/e oeaaa e o.
ae. ineaaeei i?eoyaaoaeueioth neeo ?eia, e iannu i?ieaoa?eaa aieaa
ioioii eaeoo oaia?ue ia caieth e a i?iaeioeee.
Ii ana yoi ioiineoaeueiia oeo/oaiea ia auei i?i/iui. Iieiaeaiea iaeeeo
a?aiaeaoi?ia nieioue e ?yaeii auei oyaeaeui, caaeneiui.
I?ae?auaiea n/anoeeauo aiei n eo aiaaoie aeiau/ae, iaiaoiaeeiinoue
niaea?aeaoue aieueoea a?iee aeey io?aiu a?aieoe, iaiaoiaeeiinoue
iiea/eaaoue aieueoia eiee/anoai /eiiaieeia e o. ae. – ana yoi canoaaeyao
i?aaeoaeuenoai oaaee/eaaoue oyainoue iiaeaoiiai a?aiaie, a yoi oooaeoaao
e aac oiai iaeaaeia iieiaeaiea iaeeeo oicyaa. ?acoeueoaou yoiai ia
noieue ino?iai, ii ana aea ia/aeueiiai iieiaeaiey neacaeenue iiaui iauei
e oaea iianaianoiui yeiiiie/aneei oiaaeeii a ia?eiae aaniethoiie
iiia?oee.
3. ENOI*IEEE I?AAA
Eae auei neacaii auoa, n onoaiiaeaieai eiia?ee caeiiiaeaoaeueiay
aeayoaeueiinoue ia?iaeiuo nia?aiee iaei-iiiaeo i?ae?auaaony. Iu eiaai
aua ianeieueei (e i?eoii aeiaieueii aaaeiuo) caeiiia ec ia?auo a?aiai
eiia?ee (iai?eia?, lex Julia et Papia Poppaea330), ii caoai lex, eae
caeii, aioe?iaaiiue ia?iaeiui nia?aieai, en/acaao, a caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai
aueeaaaony a ae?oaea oi?iu.
Aianoi ia?iaeiuo nia?aiee caeiiiaeaoaeueiui o/?aaeaeaieai aeaeaaony
naiao, e senatusconsulta i?eia?aoatho neeo caeiia. Ii a oai?ee yoi
i?eciaaony ia n?aco e ia aac eieaaaiee. Ia ia?auo ii?ao senatusconsulta
aua eiatho i?aaeiaa cia/aiea eino?oeoeee iaaeno?aoo (iai?eia?, i?aoi?o),
io eioi?iai oaea aeeaeaeoei ia?acii caaeneo inouanoaeaiea naiaoneie
aiee. Ii caoai naiaoo ia/eiatho i?eienuaaoue ?ieue i?aaiieea e
caianoeoaey i?aaeieo ia?iaeiuo nia?aiee e ionthaea auaiaeyo
iaiin?aaenoaaiioth iaycaoaeueioth neeo naiaoneeo iinoaiiaeaiee. Aua Aae,
th?eno II aaea, iiaanoaoao, /oi ia yoio n/ao auee niiiaiey, oioy nai ii
i?eaeaao naiaoneei ?aoaieyi neeo “eae au caeiia” (legis vicem).
Ianeieueei aeanyoeeaoee nionoy th?eno Oeueieai oaea ieoao ?aoeoaeueii:
“non ambigitur senatum jus facere posse”331 (Gai Inst. 1.4; Ulpianus fr.
9. D. 1. 3). Eieoeeaoeaa naiaoneeo iinoaiiaeaiee iaei-iiiaeo
nin?aaeioi/eaaaony a ?oeao eiia?aoi?a; aai i?aaeeiaeaiey aiinyony a
naiao, ii anaaaea aani?aeineiaii ooaa?aeaeathony. Oaeea i?aaeeiaeaiey
iacuaathony orationes, e iicaeiaeoea th?enou eiiaaea naiua orationes
oaea oieeotho eae iaeioi?ue iniaue enoi/iee i?aaa.
*oi eanaaony i?aoi?neiai yaeeeoa, oi ii i?iaeieaeaao e a yoii ia?eiaea
ioaeeeiaaoueny eaaeaeui iiaui i?aoi?ii, oioy i?aaiaia oai?/anoai
i?aoi?neie aeanoe aeaeaaony iinoaiaiii ana iaiaa e iaiaa ?aoeoaeueiui e
eioaineaiui; iiaeaaeythuoth ianno yaeeeoa ninoaaeyao oaia?ue oi, /oi
iacuaaaony edictum tralaticium. Iiyoiio inoaaaeinue oieueei naeaeaoue
iineaaeiee oaa, oi anoue ia?aniio?aoue yaeeeo e cae?aieoue aai
iaanaaaea. Yoio oaa e aue naeaeai eiia?aoi?ii Aae?eaiii iaaeaeo 125 e
128 a.332 Ii ii?o/ee ecaanoiiio th?enoo oiai a?aiaie, Naeueaeth THeeaio,
ia?aniio?aoue edictum perpetuum e onoaiiaeoue aai ieii/aoaeueioth
?aaeaeoeeth. Eiaaea yoi auei naeaeaii, yaeeeo ii i?aaeeiaeaieth
eiia?aoi?a aue ooaa?aeaeai naiaoii e aneaaenoaea yoiai naeaeaeny
iaeciaiyaiui e th?eaee/anee iaycaoaeueiui aeey i?aoi?ia. Ai?i/ai, e
iinea yoiai yaeeeo n/eoaaony yaeeeoii i?aoi?a e iinoaiiaeaiey aai
nio?aiytho oa?aeoa? jus honorarium, oi anoue i?aaa, eiathuaai neeo e
aeaenoaea oieueei aeaaiaea?y ia?ai i?aoi?neie aeanoe. I?aaeiee aeoaeeci
jus civile e jus honorarium inoaaony, oaeei ia?acii, a neea e oaia?ue.
Iinea caeiiia XII oaaeeoe edictum perpetuum Aae?eaia auei ia?aith
e?oiiith eiaeeoeeaoeeae ?eineiai i?aaa, naiaeeie anae ia?iiiie ?aaiou
i?aoi?ia. I?e ia?aniio?a THeeai ia?aie/eeny oieueei eciaiaieyie
?aaeaeoeeiiiiai oa?aeoa?a: ii, iai?eia?, aian a niioaaonoaothuea ?oa?eee
yaeeeoa oi?ioeu eneia, eioi?ua ?aiueoa ana aianoa ninoaaeyee iniaia
i?eeiaeaiea e yaeeeoo, i?eniaaeeiee yaeeeo eo?oeueiuo yaeeeia e o. ae.
Eeoue a i/aiue iaiiiaeo ianoao iiaeii eiinoaoe?iaaoue eciaiaiey ii
nouanoao – oae iacuaaaiua novae clausulae Juliani333. Oaeno yaeeeoa aei
ian ia aeioae, ii ia iniiaaiee ?aciiai iaoa?eaea, aeaaiui ia?acii,
io?uaeia ec “Corpus” THnoeieaia, iiaaeoea o/aiua aeaeaee iiiuoee aai
?aeiino?oeoeee; iaeaieaa oeaiioth ?aaioo a yoii ioiioaiee i?aaenoaaeyao
eieaa: Lenel O. Edictum perpetuum. 2-a ecae., 1907 a.
Ii ai?acaei aieueoaa cia/aiea aeey ?acaeoey i?aaa a yoii ia?eiaea eiatho
eiia?aoi?neea oeacu, iinyuea iauaa iacaaiea constitutiones principum.
Iie yaeythony a ?acee/iuo oi?iao: a) yaeeeou (edicta), oi anoue iauea
?anii?yaeaiey, ecaeaaaaiua eiia?aoi?ii oae aea, eae eo ecaeaaaee ?aiueoa
?anioaeeeaineea iaaeno?aou; b) aeae?aou (decreta), eiia?aoi?neea ?aoaiey
noaeaaiuo i?ioeannia, iinooiathueo e iaio ia ?anniio?aiea (ioaeii eiaoue
a aeaeo, /oi a yoii ia?eiaea ?acaeaaaony eiia?aoi?neay th?enaeeeoeey:
eiia?aoi? iiaeao acyoue ia naia ?anniio?aiea anyeia aeaei, eioi?ia
caoi/ao eee i eioi?ii aai i?inyo); n) ?ane?eiou (rescripta), ioaaou
eiia?aoi?ia ia th?eaee/aneea cai?inu eae /anoiuo, oae e aeieaeiinoiuo
eeoe ia neo/ae eaeeo-eeai niiiaiee i?e oieeiaaiee e i?eiaiaiee i?aaa; d)
iaiaeaou (mandata), eiia?aoi?neea eino?oeoeee aai /eiiaieeai e
i?aaeoaeyi i?iaeioeee, ii?aaeaeyaoea oa eee ae?oaea noi?iiu noaea e
oi?aaeaiey.
Ana yoe eiia?aoi?neea eiinoeoooeee ia eiatho ia?aiia/aeueii neeu caeiia
a no?iaii niunea (lex eee senatusconsultum). Eiia?aoi?, niaeanii
iniiaiiio iauaio i?eioeeio yoiai ia?eiaea, eae neacaii,
caeiiiaeaoaeueiie aeanoe ia eiaao. Iiyoiio neea eiia?aoi?neeo oeacia
iieieony ia ae?oaii, e i?eoii ?acee/iii aeey eaaeaeiai ?iaea eo,
iniiaaiee.
1. Edicta e mandata ?anniao?eaathony eae aaeieieno?aoeaiua ?anii?yaeaiey
iaaeno?aoa, /a?iathuea naith neeo a aai imperium. Iiyoiio iie oi?iaeueii
oa?ytho aa ni nia?oueth ecaeaaoaai eo eiia?aoi?a (eae i?aoi?neee yaeeeo
oa?ye naith neeo n i?ae?auaieai iieiiii/ee i?aoi?a); /oiau nio?aieoue eo
a aeaenoaee, iaiaoiaeeii iiaoi?aiea eo i?aaiieeii. Eae i?iyaeaiea
imperium, edicta e mandata nicaeatho ia jus civile, a jus honorarium. 2.
Rescripta e decreta ?anniao?eaathony eae oieeiaaiea aeaenoaothueo
caeiiia; ec yoeo iineaaeieo auaiaeeony eo th?eaee/aneay neea, e
aneaaenoaea yoiai rescripta e decreta iacaaeneiu io niaiu eiia?aoi?ia.
Iie ?acaeaatho oi jus civile, oi jus honorarium, niio?y ii oiio, ii?iu
eaeiai i?aaa a ieo eioa?i?aoe?othony. Iaei-iiiaeo, iaeiaei, iienaiiia
?acee/ea a oa?aeoa?a e neea ?acee/iuo aeaeia eiia?aoi?neeo eiinoeoooeee
naeaaeeaaaony. TH?enou a?aiai Aae?eaia oaea anai ei i?eienuaatho neeo
“eae au caeiia” (legis vicem). Yoo neeo iie auaiaeyo ec lex de imperio,
oi anoue oiai caeiia, eioi?ui eaaeaeiio eiia?aoi?o a?o/aaony aai
aeanoue. Ionthaea aeaeaaony caoai oaea aeaeueiaeoaa caeeth/aiea, /oi ana
eiia?aoi?neea oeacu nicaeatho ia jus honorarium, a eae ianoiyuea caeiiu
– jus civile.
Aeoaeeci jus civile – jus honorarium i?iaeieaeaao, oaeei ia?acii, a
oa/aiea anaai ia?eiaea nouanoaiaaoue; ii ioiaaeatho nenoaiu jus gentium
e iniauo i?iaeioeeaeueiuo i?aa: n ?ani?ino?aiaieai i?aaa a?aaeaeainoaa
ia anao iiaeaeaiiuo ?eineie eiia?ee en/acea iaiaoiaeeiinoue iniaie
th?enaeeeoeee aeey ia?aa?eiia a ?eia e aeey i?iaeioeeaeia ia ianoao.
4. TH?ENI?OAeAIOeEss
Eae iu aeaeaee ?aiaa, th?eni?oaeaioeey oaea a eiioea ?anioaeeee auoea ec
noaaeee /enoi i?aeoe/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe e nicaeaea cia/eoaeueioth
th?eaee/aneoth eeoa?aoo?o. A yiioo i?eioeeiaoa iia i?iaeieaeaao
?acaeaaoueny aeaeaa e aeinoeaaao aani?eia?iie auniou.
Oaea a ia/aea yoiai ia?eiaea aeeyiea th?eni?oaeaioeee oneeeaaaony
aeaaiaea?y neaaeothuaio ianoiyoaeuenoao. N Aaaonoa eiia?aoi?u ia/eiatho
i?aaeinoaaeyoue iaeioi?ui aieaa ecaanoiui th?enoai iniaoth i?eaeeaaeth –
oae iacuaaaiia jus respondendi, oi anoue i?aai aeaaaoue oyaeoueiny naie
?aoaiey eae au io eiaie eiia?aoi?a (ex auctoritate principis) e n
iaycaoaeueiith aeey noaeuee neeie. Nii?yuea (eee iaeei ec ieo)
ia?auathony e oaeiio th?enoo, eceaaatho aeaei e i?inyo aai auneacuaaoue
naia iiaiea. TH?eno, ia ?anneaaeoy oaeoe/aneie noi?iiu aeaea,
auneacuaaao naia caeeth/aiea, e yoi caeeth/aiea iaycaoaeueii aeey
noaeuee ii aeaiiiio aeaeo – ?acoiaaony, anee oaeou, oeacaiiua noi?iiaie
th?enoo, ia noaea iiaeoaa?aeyony. Aaeaeo oaeiai i?aeoe/aneiai cia/aiey
iiaeiaiuo caeeth/aiee, ai ecaaaeaiea anyeeo iiaeaeaeie e iiaeeiaia, auei
i?aaeienaii, /oiau iie auee eceaaaaiu ienueiaiii e caia/aouaaeenue
ia/aoyie (responsa signata).
Iaycaoaeueiua a i?eioeeia oieueei aeey iaeiiai aeaiiiai aeaea, oaeea
responsa de facto neoaeeee, eiia/ii, aanueia aaaeiui ?oeiaiaenoaii e
aeey ae?oaeo iaeii?iaeiuo neo/aaa e, oaeei ia?acii, yaeyeenue aaaeiui
n?aaenoaii aeey ?acaeoey i?aaa. Iaei-iiiaeo ia oieueei oaeea oi?iaeueii
aeaiiua responsa, ii e eiui ia?acii auneacaiiua iiaiey (sententiae,
opiniones) th?enoia cum jure respondendi334 i?eia?aee aieueoia aeeyiea
ia i?aeoeeo, a iniaaiiinoe, anee iiaiey ?aciuo th?enoia noiaeeeenue.
Aneaaenoaea yoiai oaeei iiaieyi i?eienuaaaony oaeaea neea “eae au
caeiia” (legis vicem), a naiua yoe th?enou a aeacao iineaaeothuaai
a?aiaie i?aaenoaaeyeenue iiaeeeiiuie “nicaeaoaeyie i?aaa” – conditores
juris (n?. Gai. Inst. 1. 7).
Ii jus respondendi ia oie/oiaeeei, eiia/ii, e eiinoeueoaoeee
iaueiiaaiiuo, iai?eaeeaae?iaaiiuo th?enoia. Eo iiaiey ia iaycaoaeueiu
aeey noaeae th?eaee/anee, ii eiatho aieueoia cia/aiea oaeoe/anee, eae
caeeth/aiey niaoeeaeenoia.
N oneiaeiaieai enoi/ieeia i?aaa e ?acaeoeai th?eni?oaeaioeee
oneiaeiyaony e th?eaee/aneia iao/aiea. Aic?anoaiea th?eaee/aneiai
iaoa?eaea oaea a eiioea ?anioaeeee aeaaaei naay ciaoue, aucuaay
iaiaoiaeeiinoue i?aaeaa?eoaeueii ciaeiieoue o/aieeia n yeaiaioa?iuie
iieiaeaieyie i?aaa – instituere. A ia?eiae eiia?ee th?eaee/aneia
iao/aiea ?aniaaeaaony oaea anaaaea ia aeaa noaaeee: a) institutio
–niiauaiea o/aieeai iniiaiuo i?eioeeiia a?aaeaeaineiai i?aaa a nayce n
/oaieai enoi/ieeia (caeiiia XII oaaeeoe, i?aoi?neiai yaeeeoa e o. ae.),
e a) instructio – oniaa?oainoaiaaiea iooai o/anoey a eiinoeueoaoeeyo
iao?iia. Eiiaaea ana iao/aiea a iaaeo noaaeeyo i?ioiaeeo o iaeiiai e
oiai aea o/eoaey; eiiaaea aea o/aiee, i?ieaey ia?aoth noaaeeth o
iaeiiai, aeey aeaeueiaeoaai ia?aciaaiey ia?aoiaeee e ae?oaiio.
TH?eaee/aneia i?aiiaeaaaiea ?acaeaaaony ianoieueei, /oi iiyaeyaony
aeaaea ia/oi a?iaea iinoiyiiuo o/eeeu, i?e/ai iaeioi?ui ec th?enoia
ioaiaeeeenue n yoie oeaeueth iiiauaiey io ainoaea?noaa – oae iacuaaaiua
stationes eee auditoria jus publice docentium. O/aieee iaeiiai e oiai
aea o/eoaey, anoanoaaiii, auiineee iiiaea iauea acaeyaeu, ioee/iua io
acaeyaeia o/aieeia ae?oaiai o/eoaey, e, oaeei ia?acii, aicieeaei ia/oi
a?iaea ?acee/iuo th?aee/aneeo oeie. I?aiiaeaaaiea i?aaa ia
ia?aie/eaaaony oaia?ue oaea i?aaeaeaie ?eia; ioaeaeueiua i?aeoe/aneea
th?enou e i?aiiaeaaaoaee iiyaeythony a i?iaeioeeyo, a e eiioeo yoiai
ia?eiaea iaeioi?ua ec i?iaeioeeaeueiuo th?eaee/aneeo oeie aeaaea
i?eia?aoatho aieueooth ecaanoiinoue (a Aa?eoa, Aeaenaiae?ee,
Eana?ee335).
Anee a yiioo ?anioaeeee aeaaioth aeayoaeueiinoue th?enoia ninoaaeyee
i?aeoe/aneea eiinoeueoaoeee, oi a ia?eiae eiia?ee iie iinayuatho naay
noieueei aea i?aeoeea, neieueei e oai?aoe/aneie ?ac?aaioea i?aaa; a yoi
a?aiy ?acaeaaaony aiaaoaeoay th?eaee/aneay eeoa?aoo?a. Aeaaiaeoeie
oi?iaie aa auee neaaeothuea:
a) Aeey ia/aeueiiai iciaeiieaiey n iniiaiuie i?eioeeiaie i?aaa, oi anoue
aeey ?oeiaiaenoaa a ia?aie noaaeee th?eaee/aneiai iao/aiey, ieooony
e?aoeea nenoaiaoe/aneea o/aaieee – oae iacuaaaiua institutiones,
ioaaouaathuea ana a?aaeaeaineia i?aai – e jus civile, e jus honorarium.
Aeey oiai aea ia/aeueiiai th?eaee/aneiai ia?aciaaiey i?aaeiacia/aeenue
regulae, e?aoeea th?eaee/aneea aoi?eciu, e definitiones, iauea
ii?aaeaeaiey iniiaiuo th?eaee/aneeo einoeoooia.
b) Aoi?ie oei eeoa?aoo?iuo i?iecaaaeaiee ninoaaeyee eiiiaioa?ee. Aeaaiui
iauaeoii aeey eiiiaioa?eaa yaeyeenue i?aoi?neee yaeeeo (commentarii ad
edictum) e ii?iu oeeaeeueiiai i?aaa, i?e/ai a iniiao aeey iineaaeieo
iieaaaeny ae?aaiaeoee eiiiaioa?ee caeiiia XII oaaeeoe, iaienaiiue
Iooeeai Noeaaieie (commentarii ad Quintum Mucium). Eiiiaioe?iaaeenue,
aeaeaa, ioaeaeueiua aieaa aaaeiua caeiiu. Eiiaaea th?eno noaaee naaa
aieaa oe?ieoth caaea/o – ioaaoeoue a naiai eiiiaioa?ee e jus honorarium,
e jus civile; oiaaea ii e eiiiaioa?eth yaeeeoa a niioaaoaothueo /anoyo
i?eniaaeeiye eceiaeaiea e oieeiaaiea ii?i oeeaeeueiiai i?aaa. Oaeay
niaianoiay ia?aaioea iaaeo /anoae a?aaeaeaineiai i?aaa iineo iacaaiea
Digesta. Eiiiaioe?othony, iaeiiaoe, ni/eiaiey ae?oaeo, aieaa ?aiieo
th?enoia, i?e/ai eiiiaioaoi?u i?eniaaeeiytho e oaenoo th?enoa naie
e?eoe/aneea caia/aiey – oae iacuaaaiua notae.
c) Iiiai/eneaiiua ni/eiaiey noiyo a oaniie nayce n i?aeoe/aneie
aeayoaeueiinoueth th?enoia. Oaeiau – responsa, oi anoue nia?aiey
?aoaiee, aeaiiuo th?enoii a ?aciuo i?aaenoaaeyaoeony aio ia i?aeoeea
neo/ayo. Oaeiau aea quaestiones e disputationes, aiaeeoe/aneea ?acai?u
?aciuo th?eaee/aneeo aii?inia. Ec niioaiee th?enoia iaaeaeo niaie
aicieeatho eo epistolae336. Aeey ?oeiaiaenoaa a th?eaee/aneie i?aeoeea
i?aaeiacia/athony sententiae e opiniones.
d) Iineaaeithth (ia iniaaiii, ai?i/ai, iaoe?ioth) a?oiio ninoaaeytho
iiiia?aoe/aneea ni/eiaiey – iai?eia?, “de jure pontificio”, “de officio
praetoris”337 e o. i.
N aiaoiae noi?iiu anyeia ni/eiaiea ?acaeaeyaony ia eieae (libri);
iineaaeiea ia iauaienou: anee i?eiyoue a ea/anoaa i?eia?iiai ?acia? eiea
Oeeoea?iia eee Oeoa Eeaey, oi ieaaeaony, /oi eaaeaeay eieaa ?aaiyeanue
iaoei 30-40 no?aieoeai n?aaeiaai ieoaai. Ianiio?y ia yoi,
i?iaeoeoeaiinoue ?eineeo th?enoia caneoaeeaaao aeoaieiai oaeeaeaiey: i
iaeioi?uo ec ieo niiauaaony, /oi iie iaienaee 300, 400 eiea; i?eieiay ai
aieiaiea, /oi eaaeaeua 10 ?eineeo libri i?eaeeceoaeueii ?aaiu iaoae
n?aaeiae eieaa a 300-400 no?aieoe, ieaaeaony, /oi iie inoaaeee ii 30-40
oiiia338.
*oi eanaaony iauaai niaea?aeaiey, oi th?enou o?aeootho a naieo
ni/eiaieyo ana io?anee i?aaa – i?aai ioaee/iia (“de officio consulis”,
“de officio praefecti praetorio” e o. ae.), oeiainiaia, oaieiaiia e o.
ae.; ii aeaaiia e, iiaeii neacaoue, iiaeaaeythuaa niaea?aeaiea
ninoaaeyao i?aai a?aaeaeaineia: yoi enoeiiay noa?a ?eineie
th?eni?oaeaioeee, e caeanue aa neaaa.
Oeaaeai oaia?ue iaeaieaa ecaanoiuo th?enoia yoie yiioe. TH?enou,
caiyaoea oaea a yiioo ?anioaeeee aeaeiia iieiaeaiea a iauanoaaiiie
aeecie, i?eia?aoatho oaia?ue, a ia?eiae eiia?ee, aua aieueoaa cia/aiea.
N onoaiiaeaieai eiia?ee iieeoe/aneay ea?uea?a a niunea caiyoey
?anioaeeeaineeo aeieaeiinoae iioa?yea naith i?aaeithth
i?eaeaeaoaeueiinoue, e ana eo/oea neeu noaee eneaoue naaa iii?eua a
caiyoee oeeinioeae, iaoeie e th?eni?oaeaioeeae. E th?eni?oaeaioeee noaee
ia?auaoueny eeoea, iaaeiaieueiua iiaui ii?yaeeii aauae, noi?iiieee
noa?uo ?anioaeeeaineeo o?aaeeoeee; ii e iae aea noaee ia?auaoueny e
ethaee i?ioeaiiieiaeiiai eaaa?y. TH?eni?oaeaioeey naeaeaeanue aeey ieo
n?aaenoaii aeinoe/ue aunoeo nooiaiae ia eiia?aoi?neie neoaeaa, eai
?eineea eiia?aoi?u noa?aeenue i?eaea/ue e naaa ia neoaeao ethaeae
ciathueo e ia?aciaaiiuo; a iniaaiiinoe th?enou iaiaoiaeeiu auee ei a
ea/anoaa /eaiia consilium339. A ?acoeueoaoa iu iaaethaeaai aeanoyuaa
?acaeoea th?eni?oaeaioeee, aneaaenoaea /aai yoio ia?eiae aa iacuaaaony
eeanne/aneei.
Oaea a oea?noaiaaiea Aaaonoa iu ano?a/aai aeaoo auaeathueony th?enoia,
naa?noieeia e aioaaiienoia a aeecie e th?eni?oaeaioeee. Ia?aue ec ieo –
Ia?e Aioenoee Eaaaii – i?ienoiaeee ec a?enoie?aoe/aneiai ?iaea e ii
naiei iieeoe/aneei oaaaeaeaieyi i?eiaaeeaaeae e noi?iiieeai noa?ie
?anioaeeee. I?e Aaaonoa ii aue iaeii a?aiy i?aoi?ii, ii aeaeueoa i?aoo?u
aai ea?uea?a ia iioea: ii iaeiei ecaanoeyi, ii ioeeiiee i?aaeeiaeaiiue
aio Aaaonoii eiinoeao, a ii ae?oaei – Aaaono i?aaeii/ae aio ae?oaiai.
Ioeacaaoenue io iieeoe/aneie ea?uea?u, Eaaaii anaoeaei iinayoee naay
th?eni?oaeaioeee. Iiiiiiee niiauaao, /oi ii iieaiaea aeee a ?eia e
caieiaeny i?aiiaeaaaieai, a ae?oaea iieaiaea i?iaiaeee a naiai
iiianouea, nicaeaaay naie eeoa?aoo?iua i?iecaaaeaiey. Anaai iaienaii ei
ieiei 400 eiea. Oia? ii iaaeaeo 10 e 22 a. ii ?. O.
Aoi?ie – Aiae Aoae Eaieoii – a i?ioeaiiieiaeiinoue Eaaaiio, i?ienoiaeee
ec iaciaoiiai ?iaea, iiaeiyaoaainy oieueei i?e Noeea, e i?eiaaeeaaeae e
ia?oee iiaiai ainoaea?noaaiiiai ?aaeeia. A iieeoe/aneie ea?uea?a ii
iioae aeaeueoa Eaaaiia: a 5 a. ii ?. O. ii aue eiinoeii, a caoai e
pontifex maximus340. Eeoa?aoo?iay aeayoaeueiinoue Eaieoiia aeaeaei ia
auea oae iaoe?ia, eae Eaaaiia. I?e aeecie iaa th?enoa iieueciaaeenue,
ii-aeaeeiiio, iaeeiaeiaui aeeyieai, ii aiineaaenoaee noaeueaa eo auea
?acee/ia: iaae oai eae Eaaaii inoaaony iaeiei ec ia?auo aaoi?eoaoia
th?eni?oaeaioeee e /anoi oeeoe?oaony iicaeiaeoeie th?enoaie, Eaieoii
caauaaaony, ia inoaaea ii naaa neieueei-ieaoaeue caiaoiiai neaaea.
Iiiiiiee, ?anneacaa i Eaaaiia e Eaieoiia, i?eaaaeyao caoai: “hi duo
primum veluti diversas sectas fecerunt”, oi anoue /oi io ieo iioee eae
au aeaa ?acee/iua oeieu a th?eni?oaeaioeee. Oeiea, aaaeouay naia ia/aei
io Eaaaiia, iacuaaaony ii eiaie aai aeeaeaeoaai o/aieea – I?ieoea –
i?ieoeueyioeaie (proculiani), a oeiea, aaaeouay ia/aei io Eaieoiia, ii
eiaie o/aieea yoiai iineaaeiaai – Naaeia – naaeiueyioeaie (sabiniani;
eia/a aua – cassiani, io Eanney Eiiaeia, o/aieea Naaeia).
Aeaenoaeoaeueii, oaeia aeaeaiea th?enoia (oioy e ia anao) nouanoaoao
aieioue aei oea?noaiaaiey Aae?eaia, ii /oi eiaiii eaaeeo a iniiaaiee
yoeo oeie, aii?in aei neo ii? ia?acuyniaiiue.
N oiiieiaieai ia yoeo aeaoo oeieao Iiiiiiee eae au naycuaaao
i?aaenoaaeaiea i aeaoo ?acee/iuo iai?aaeaieyo a iao/iii niunea. A /ai
aea iiaei caeeth/aoueny ?acee/ea yoeo iai?aaeaiee? Oio aea Iiiiiiee,
oa?aeoa?ecoy aeaoo ?iaeiia/aeueieeia yoeo oeie, aiai?eo, /oi Eaaaii,
yaeyynue a iieeoeea ?anioaeeeaioeai-eiina?aaoi?ii, a iaeanoe i?aaa aue
i?aaenoaaeoaeai iiaaoi?noaa (“plurima innovare instituit”341), iaae oai
eae Eaieoii, noi?iiiee iiaiai ainoaea?noaaiiiai ?aaeeia, a iaeanoe
th?eni?oaeaioeee aue i?aaenoaaeoaeai e caueoieeii noa?eiu (“in his, quae
ei tradita fuerant, perseverabat”342). Ec yoiai iiaeii, eae aoaeoi,
caeeth/eoue, /oi oeiea i?ieoeueyioeaa auea oeieie i?ia?anneaiie, a oeiea
naaeiueyioeaa – eiina?aaoeaiie. Oae e aeoiatho, aeaenoaeoaeueii,
iaeioi?ua ec nia?aiaiiuo o/aiuo (iai?eia?, Aiioaioa: interpretatio
i?ieoeueyioeaa auea ii aeooo naiaio aieaa i?ia?anneaiie; iie neeiiiu
auee aieaa ?oeiaiaeeoueny e?eoa?eai yeiiiie/anee-nioeeaeueiui).
Ainiiaenoaothuaa aea iiaiea ioiineony e yoiio oieeiaaieth neaioe/anee:
?anniio?aiea ioaeaeueiuo eiio?iaa?c, nouanoaiaaaoeo iaaeaeo
iineaaeiaaoaeyie ?aciuo oeie, aaeaa ee niiniaii iiaeoaa?aeeoue iuneue i
aieueoae i?ia?anneaiinoe eee eiina?aaoeaiinoe oie eee ae?oaie oeieu.
Acaiai yoiai auee auneacaiu iaeioi?ua ae?oaea i?aaeiieiaeaiey: ii
iiaieth Eoiooea, i?ioeaiiieiaeiinoue iaaeaeo oeieaie naiaeeeanue e
i?ioeaiiieiaeiinoe iaaeaeo eaeaaeeciii e iaoo?aeeciii a i?aaa; ii
iiaieth Ea?eiaa, i?ieoeueyioeu auee i?aaenoaaeoaeyie iaoeeiiaeueiuo
ia/ae a i?aaa, a naaeiueyioeu – ia/ae iauaia?iaeiuo, ia?aa?eineeo. Ii e
yoe i?aaeiieiaeaiey ia ii?aaaeuaathony, aea e aiiaua ecaanoiua iai
?aciiaeaney iaaeaeo oeieaie ia iiaeaeathony ieeaeiio iaiauaieth. Aaeaeo
yoiai i?eoiaeeony i?eciaoue aieaa i?aaeeueiui iiaiea (A?aia?, Ia?ien e
ae?.), /oi ?acee/ea oeie iauyniyaony i?inoi ?acee/eai aeaoo
th?eaee/aneeo o/eeeu i?aaa, ec eioi?uo iaeii ia?aoiaeeei ii i?aainoao io
I?ieoea, ae?oaia io Naaeia: o th?enoia, iieo/eaoeo ia?aciaaiea a iaeiie
e oie aea oeiea (statio), anoanoaaiii au?aaaouaaeenue e nio?aiyeenue
iaeeiaeiaua iiaiey ii ioaeaeueiui nii?iui aii?inai.
Ec oeaeie ieayaeu th?enoia, a?oiie?othueony aie?oa yoeo oeie,
caneoaeeaatho oiiieiaiey – ec naaeiueyioeaa: Aae Eannee Eiiaei (io eiaie
eioi?iai, eae auei neacaii auoa, e naiay oeiea iacuaaaony aua cassiani),
Oeaeee Naaei, ssaieai I?ene, ec i?ieoeueyioeaa: Ia?aa-ioaoe e Ia?aa-nui,
Iaaan, Ia?aoeee I?ene. Ii iaeaieueoaa cia/aiea eiaee neaaeothuea o?e: 1)
THaaioeee Oeaeuen; ii oiiieiaaony a /enea caaiai?ueeia i?ioea eiia?aoi?a
Aeiieoeeaia a 95 a.; caoai aue i?aoi?ii, aeaa ?aca eiinoeii – a
iineaaeiee ?ac a 129 a. – e /eaiii consilium principis i?e Aae?eaia.
I?eiaaeeaaeae ii e oeiea i?ieoeueyioeaa; aai aeaaiui ni/eiaieai
yaeythony “Digesta” a 39 eieaao. ?eineia i?aai iaycaii aio iaeioi?uie
iiauie eaeayie, i?e/ai aai niaoeeoe/aneie iniaaiiinoueth yaeyaony
?aceinoue aai e?eoe/aneeo caia/aiee (a fr. 27 D. 28.1 ia?aaeai iai ioaao
Oeaeuena ia iaeei i?aaeeiaeaiiue aio aii?in: “aut non intalligo, quid
sit de quo me consulueris, aut valide stulta est consultatio tua”343).
2) Salvius Julianus, i eioi?ii oaea auei neacaii auoa, eae i ?aaeaeoi?a
Aae?eaiianeiai edictum perpetuum. THeeai i?eiaaeeaaeae e oeiea
naaeiueyioeaa; i?ienoiaeee ii ec ai?iaea Aaae?oiaoa a naaa?iie Ao?eea
(iuia Noca a Ooiena), aaea a 1899 a. auea iaeaeaia eieiiia,
aicaeaeaiooay a /anoue THeeaia aai ?iaeiui ai?iaeii. Eae yanoaoao ec
iaaeiene ia yoie eieiiia, THeeai i?ioae aeeeiiue ?yae ainoaea?noaaiiuo
aeieaeiinoae, aue /eaiii consilium eiia?aoi?a Aae?eaia e aiiaua,
aeaeeii, aue aeeyoaeueiui a ainoaea?noaa eeoeii. Oia? ii iacaaeieai
ia?aae 169 a. Eae th?eno, THeeai caieiaao iaeii ec ia?auo iano a ?yaeao
eeanne/aneie th?eni?oaeaioeee; ec aai ni/eiaiee iaeaieueoaa cia/aiea
eiaee “Digesta” a 90 eieaao. Aai o/aieeii Ao?eeaiii auee ecaeaiu caoai
aai “Quaestiones”. 3) Naeno Iiiiiiee, eioi?ue aue oaea iaiaeiie?aoii
oeeoe?iaai, eae aaoi?, aeathuee iai naaaeaiey ii enoi?ee ?eineiai i?aaa,
a iniaaiiinoe ii enoi?ee ?eineie th?eni?oaeaioeee. I aeecie aai iu
ie/aai ia ciaai; ii-aeaeeiiio, Iiiiiiee noiye a noi?iia io
ainoaea?noaaiiie ea?uea?u e iinayuae naay eneeth/eoaeueii i?aiiaeaaaieth
e eeoa?aoo?a. Eiee/anoai aai i?iecaaaeaiee ia?iiii; caneoaeeaatho
oiiieiaiey “Commentarium ad edictum”, iaieiaaoee ieiei 150 eiea,
“Commentarium ad Sabinum”, “Variae lectiones” e “Liber singularis
enchyridii”344, io?uaie ec eioi?iai a THnoeieaiianeii Naiaea (fr. 2 D.
1.2) niaea?aeeo oa enoi?e/aneea naaaeaiey, i eioi?uo neacaii auoa. Eae
th?eno, ii i?aaenoaaeyaony ia noieueei i?eaeiaeueiui iuneeoaeai,
oai?oeii iiauo eaeae, neieueei ianoiyoaeueiui, aeia?iniaanoiui
eiiieeyoi?ii.
?yaeii n oeacaiiuie th?enoaie II aaea iniaia ianoi caieiaao Aae (Gajus),
n eiaiai eioi?iai naycaii iiiai caaaaei/iiai. Iu ia ciaai ie/aai i iai –
aeaaea aai iieiiai eiaie: aai nia?aiaiieee i iai ia oiiieiatho. Aai
ecaanoiinoue ia/eiaaony, ii-aeaeeiiio, oieueei n IV aaea, ii caoi oiaaea
ii i?eia?aoaao aieueoia aeeyiea: aai “Institutiones” aeaeathony anaiauae
ianoieueiie eieaie. Aaeaeo iieiiai iie/aiey enoi/ieeia aii?in i ee/iinoe
Aay yaeyaony e aeiiuia nii?iui. Iiiicai auneacae i?aaeiieiaeaiea, /oi
Aae aue i?iaeioeeaeueiui th?enoii (ii aaeeinoaaiiue ec th?enoia iaienae
ad edictum provinciale345), aeeaoei aaea-eeai a a?a/aneie /anoe eiia?ee,
aa?iyoiaa anaai, a Acee. Iiaiea Iiiicaia ?acaeaeytho AEe?a?, Oiao e
iaeioi?ua ae?oaea; a ianeieueei eciaiaiiii aeaea yoi iiaiea auei
iiaeaea?aeaii a naiia iineaaeiaa a?aiy O. Eieiii346: ii iiaieth yoiai
iineaaeiaai, Aae aeee a Aecaioee. Ae?oaea enoi?eee, iaeiaei, n/eoatho
yoi i?aaeiieiaeaiea iaiainiiaaiiui (Aooea; a iiaaeoaa a?aiy Oa? a
?aoeaicee ia eieao Eieia). Auei auneacaii aeaaea iiaiea, /oi Gajus anoue
ia /oi eiia, eae inaaaeiiei oiiiyiooiai auoa Gajus Cassius Longinus
(Eiiaeianeo), ii e yoi iiaiea auei ii?iaa?aiooi (Aa?oeai)347. Naay Aae
i?e/eneyao oaeaea e oeiea naaeiueyioeaa.
Iniaaiiia cia/aiea aeey ian eiaao Aae iioiio, /oi aei ian aeioei aieaa
eee iaiaa a oeaeii aeaea aai ni/eiaiea “Institutiones”, iaeaeaiiia a
1816 a. Ieao?ii a aeaeeioaea Aa?iineiai Niai?a. Iaione?eio eiaao iaiaei
enii?/aiiuo iano, aneaaenoaea /aai ia ana iiaeao auoue ?acia?aii
(ianiio?y ia iiaoi?iua iiiuoee Aioaia, Aethia e Oooaeaioiaea).
“Einoeoooeee” Aay i?aaenoaaeytho yeaiaioa?iia eceiaeaiea a?aaeaeaineiai
i?aaa, eae oeeaeeueiiai, oae e i?aoi?neiai, n i/aiue oeaiiuie aeey ian
enoi?e/aneeie yeneo?naie. Iauay nenoaia eo ii?aaeaeyaony i?eioeeiii,
auneacaiiui Aaai a naiii ia/aea: “Omne autem jus, quo utimur, vel ad
personas pertinet vel ad res vel ad actiones”348. Niia?acii yoiio,
i?aaeaea anaai eceaaaaony jus quod personas pertinet (ia?aay eieaa),
aaea iu iaoiaeei iieiaeaiey i naiaiaeiuo e ?aaao, i naiaiaeii?iaeaeaiiuo
e aieueiiioiouaiieeao e o. ae. Caoai neaaeoao jus quod ad res pertinet
(aoi?ay e o?aouey eieaa), aaea aiai?eony i ?acee/iuo aeaeao aauae, i
naeaeeao aauiiai iai?ioa, i ianeaaeiaaiee e iaycaoaeuenoaao. Iaeiiaoe –
jus quod ad actiones pertinet (/aoaa?oay eieaa), aaea niaea?aeeony
o/aiea i ?aciuo enoi?e/aneeo oi?iao i?ioeanna (legis actiones,
formulae), ia eneao, yenoeaioeeyo, eioa?aeeeoao e o. ae.
Ii oa?aeoa?o eceiaeaiey “Einoeoooeee” Aay, i?e anae eo /?acau/aeiie
yniinoe e i?inoioa, ioee/athony iaeioi?uie no?aiiinoyie: oae, iai?eia?,
eiiaaea a ieo oieueei noaaeony aii?in, a ioaaoa ia aeaaony. Aneaaenoaea
yoiai auneacuaaaony i?aaeiieiaeaiea, /oi yoi ia iiaeeeiiia i?iecaaaeaiea
Aay, a eeoue caienee aai eaeoeee, naeaeaiiua eai-eeai ec aai o/aieeia
(Aea?iao?a, a a iiaaeoaa a?aiy Eiei. Iineaaeiee aeaaea ?acee/aao a
iuiaoiai oaenoa einoeoooeee ianeieueei ianeiaiee, aicieeoeo aneaaenoaea
?aciia?aiaiiiai eiiiaioe?iaaiey). Eae au oi ie auei, ii ni/eiaiea yoi,
iaecaanoiia aeey th?enoia eeanne/aneie yiioe, n?aaee iicaeiaeoeo ?eineeo
i?aeoeeia iieueciaaeinue /?acau/aeiui oaaaeaieai; ec iaai auea naeaeaia
aeaaea nie?auaiiay eiiieeyoeey a aeaoo eieaao – oae iac. “Epitome Gai”.
Iii aea eaaei a iniiaaiea “Einoeoooeee” eiia?aoi?a THnoeieaia, i?e/ai
THnoeieai aa?ioeny e ia?aiia/aeueiiio oaenoo ec /aou?ao eiea.
A eiioea II e ia/aea III aaea ?acaeoea eeanne/aneie th?eni?oaeaioeee
aeinoeaaao naiaai eoeueieiaoeeiiiiai ioieoa, i?e/ai e yoiio a?aiaie oaea
ieii/aoaeueii en/acaao aeaeaiea th?enoia ia i?ieoeueyioeaa e
naaeiueyioeaa.
Iaeaunoee iiaeuai th?eni?oaeaioeee naycuaatho n eiaiaie o?ao th?enoia
yiioe Naaa?ia349.
Aeaeiaeoei ec ieo yaeyaony Yieeee Iaieieai, aannii?ii naiue auaeathueeny
th?eno e iaeia ec caia/aoaeueiaeoeo ee/iinoae. ?iaeii ec Ne?ee, ii aue
naycai ocaie oiaa?euanoaa, ae?oaeau e aeaaea ?iaenoaa (ii aoi?ie aeaia
eiia?aoi?a) n Naioeieai Naaa?ii, i?e eioi?ii ii caieiae aeieaeiinoue
praefectus praetorio e aiiaua iieueciaaeny ia?iiiui aeeyieai. Iinea
nia?oe Naioeiey Naaa?a ii noa?aeny iiaeaea?aeeaaoue ie? iaaeaeo aeaoiy
a?aoueyie Ea?aeaeeie e Aaoie, e yoi iaaeaeei ia iaai aiaa Ea?aeaeeu.
Eiaaea iinea oaeenoaa Aaou Ea?aeaeea iio?aaiaae io Iaieieaia, /oiau ii
ninoaaee ?a/ue a ii?aaaeaiea yoiai oaeenoaa, Iaieieai, ii i?aaeaieth,
ioaaoee: “non tam facile parricidium excusari potest, quam fieri”350 e
ca yoi aue a 212 a. eaciai. Aeey th?enoia iicaeiaeoaai a?aiaie Iaieieai
aue ia?aui e iai?a?aeaaiui aaoi?eoaoii; iaeaieueoaa cia/aiea ec aai
o?oaeia eiaee quaestiones a 37 eieaao e responsa a 19 eieaao.
Aeaoiy aeeaeaeoeie nia?aiaiieeaie Iaieieaia auee Iaaae e Oeueieai. THeee
Iaaae aue nia/aea ananni?ii i?e Iaieieaia, iioii /eaiii consilium
principis aianoa n Iaieieaiii i?e Naioeiee Naaa?a e Ea?aeaeea, iaeiiaoe
praefectus praetorio i?e Aeaenaiae?a Naaa?a. Iaaae – iaeei ec naiuo
ieiaeiaeouo ienaoaeae: ii iaienae aieaa 300 libri, i?e/ai iaeiie ec
iniaaiii ecethaeaiiuo ei oi?i eeoa?aoo?u auee e?eoe/aneea caia/aiey e
ni/eiaieyi aai i?aaeoanoaaiieeia (notae). Iaeii ec ni/eiaiee Iaaea,
eiaiii aai sententiae, i?eia?aei aiineaaenoee iniaaiiia cia/aiea.
Aeiieoeee Oeueieai aue ?iaeii ec Oe?a a Oeieeee; ii oaeaea aue nia/aea
aianoa n Iaaeii ananni?ii i?e Iaieieaia, a caoai /eaiii niaaoa e
praefectus praetorio i?e Aeaenaiae?a Naaa?a (iiyoue aianoa n Iaaeii351).
A ea/anoaa praefectus praetorio ii caaeoiae, ii-aeaeeiiio, ?yaeii ia?
iaocaeaoue ?aniouaiiinoue i?aoi?eaioeaa352, ii yoi aio ia oaeaeinue:
iinea iaiaeiie?aoiuo iieooaiee ii aue oaeo eie ia aeacao o eiia?aoi?a a
228 a. Oeueieai oaeaea iaienae aieueoia eiee/anoai ni/eiaiee, iaeaieaa
iaoe?iuie ec eioi?uo yaeythony eiiiaioa?ee ad edictum (83 eieae) e ad
Sabinum (51 eieaa). Iaeaieueoaa eiee/anoai oeeoao a THnoeieaiianeeo
“Digesta” (ieiei iaeiie o?aoe anaai) acyoi eiaiii ec Oeueieaia.
Iinea yoeo ei?eoaaa eeanne/aneie th?eni?oaeaioeee iia auno?i eeiieony e
oiaaeeo. Ec th?enoia aieaa iicaeieo neaaeoao iacaaoue Iiaeanoeia (o/aiee
Oeueieaia), Oa?ooeeeaia e Aa?iiaaieaia, ii ana yoi oaea ia caacaeu
ia?aie aaee/eiu.
Oaeie auno?ue oiaaeie th?eni?oaeaioeee iauyniyaony ?acee/iuie i?e/eiaie,
ii aeaa ec ieo ea?atho aeaaioth ?ieue: a) Iinea Naaa?ia ianooiaao aeey
?eineiai ainoaea?noaa yiioa iai?ae?auathueony nioo (a oa/aiea 50 eao
niaiyaony 17 eiia?aoi?ia), ai a?aiy eioi?uo niieieiia caiyoea i?aaii
auei iaiuneeii; iaonoie/eainoue iauanoaaiiie aeecie i?eaiaeeo e iauaio
iiieaeaieth eoeueoo?iiai o?iaiy. b) Ana oi, /oi aua inoaaaeinue
iuneyuaai, eneaei auoiaea ec iauaai e?ecena a o?enoeainoaa, eioi?ia ana
neeueiaa e neeueiaa ?ani?ino?aiyaony e oaeaeaao oiu.
Ec iaoe?iie th?eaee/aneie eeoa?aoo?u ?eia aei ian aeioei, n?aaieoaeueii
ni anae aa iannie, i/aiue iaiiiaia. E?iia oiiiyioouo “Einoeoooeee” Aay e
io?uaeia ec iaeioi?uo ae?oaeo i?iecaaaeaiee (sententiae Iaaea e o. ae.),
a THnoeieaiianeii Naiaea nio?aieeenue iiiai/eneaiiua oeeoaou ec
ni/eiaiee ?acee/iuo th?enoia. Iaeiaei, iiiuoea nia?aoue ana yoe
?ac?iciaiiua oeeoaou e ?aniieiaeeoue eo ii aaoi?ai e i?iecaaaeaieyi, ec
eioi?uo iie caeinoaiaaiu353, iaia?oaeeea, /oi io eaaeaeiai
oeeoe?iaaiiiai ni/eiaiey iu eiaai ii aieueoae /anoe eeoue ianeieueei
n?aaieoaeueii n oeaeui iacia/eoaeueiuo eoneia, ie/ai iaaeaeo niaith ia
naycaiiuo. Oai ia iaiaa, e oi, /oi iu eiaai, i?aaenoaaeyao aiaaoaeooth
th?eaee/aneoth nie?iaeuieoeo, eioi?ay ia en/a?iaia aei eiioea e aei neo
ii?.
Aeaaiia aeinoieinoai ?eineie th?eni?oaeaioeee caeeth/aaony a oiieie
?ac?aaioea i?aeoe/aneie noi?iiu i?aaa, e a yoii ioiioaiee iia aeaea
aeanoyuea ia?acoeu th?eaee/aneiai aiaeeca, iaia?oaeeea oiieia iiieiaiea
i?aeoe/aneeo iio?aaiinoae a?aaeaeaineiai iai?ioa. Iniiaiia niaea?aeaiea
ni/eiaiee caeeth/aaony a ianoa?neii ?aoaiee ?aciiia?aciuo neo/aaa
aeecie, i?e/ai eiaiii caeanue neacuaathony a iieiie ia?a ioia/aiiua
aeinoieinoaa ?eineeo th?enoia. Ii eo iaei eioa?aniaaea enoi?ey i?aaa: eo
enoi?e/aneea niiauaiey neo/aeiu e io?uai/iu. Eo iaei eioa?aniaaea oaeaea
oai?ey i?aaa; eeoue ec?aaeea iie iuoathony aeaoue ecaanoiiio iieiaeaieth
oi eee eiia oeeinioneia iainiiaaiea, i?e/ai aeaeaei ia anaaaea oaeia
iainiiaaiea auaaao oaea/iui. Enoeiiay noa?a ?eineiai th?enoa – a aiaeeca
i?aaiauo ii?i e a ii?aaeaeaiee th?eaee/aneie i?e?iaeu eiie?aoiuo
i?aaiioiioaiee.
Anee ia?eiae ?anioaeeee caeiaeee iniiau iiaiai iauaia?iaeiiai i?aaa (jus
gentium), oi n oi/ee c?aiey iauaai oiaea ?eineiai i?aai?acaeoey aeaaiia
cia/aiea ia?eiaea i?eioeeiaoa caeeth/aaony a aeaoaeueiii ?acaeoee yoeo
iniia eeanne/aneie th?eni?oaeaioeeae. I?aoi?neee yaeeeo e
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai ?anioaeeee oieueei auaaee a?aiaeeiciia caeaiea
a/a?ia; eeanne/aneay th?eni?oaeaioeey aeiaa?oeea ?aaioo aioo?aiiae
ioaeaeeie.
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