AAEI?ONNEEE AINOAeA?NOAAIIUE OIEAA?NEOAO
Eaoaae?a a?aaeaeaineiai i?aaa
?AOA?AO
Ia oaio:
«I I?EAEEAAEssO A A?AAEAeAINEII I?IOeANNA»
IEINE, 2008
Ii ia?a ?acaeoey ninoycaoaeueiinoe a a?aaeaeaineii noaeii?iecaiaenoaa
aii?inu, naycaiiua n i?aaeinoaaeaieai aeieacaoaeuenoa ii aeaeo, ea?atho
ana aieueooth ?ieue, iineieueeo ninoycaoaeueiia ia/aei icia/aao
ia?aaea/o noi?iiai iaycaiiinoe ii eo niae?aieth e i?aaeinoaaeaieth. A
?acaeoee einoeoooa aeieacaoaeuenoa aaaeiia cia/aiea aeieaeii
ioaiaeeoueny eae niaa?oainoaiaaieth a oeaeii i?aao aeieacuaaiey a noaea,
?ac?aaioea i?aaee i aeieacaoaeuenoaao, iaania/eaathueo oi/iia
onoaiiaeaiea oaeoia, oae e aii?ino aeeyiey aeieacaoaeuenoa ia
iauanoaaiiua ioiioaiey (naiaeiua, naycaiiua n ?aeeaeae, i?aaiaie
iiiiuueth e ae?.) aia noaeaaiiai ?acae?aoaeuenoaa.
Iineaaeiaio ianoiyoaeuenoao nia?aiaiiia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai noaei
oaeaeyoue aieueoa aieiaiey. Noaouey 94 A?aaeaeaineiai i?ioeannoaeueiiai
eiaeaena ?anioaeeee Aaea?onue (AIE) iniai iaiaa?eaaao i?aai naeaeaoaey
ioeacaoueny io aea/e iieacaiee i?ioea naiiai naay, /eaiia naiae naiuee,
aeeceeo ?iaenoaaiieeia, noi?oaa (noi?oae). Yoi i?aai naeaeaoaey
iaania/eaaaony ia oieueei AIE, ii e aa?aioe?oaony Eiinoeoooeeae
?anioaeeee Aaea?onue, a noaouea 27 eioi?ie i?iaicaeaoaaony, /oi ieeoi ia
aeieaeai i?eioaeaeaoueny e aea/a iieacaiee e iauyniaiee i?ioea naiiai
naay, /eaiia naiae naiuee, aeeceeo ?iaenoaaiieeia.
I?eioaeaeaiea e aea/a oaeeo iieacaiee yaeyaony a?oaui ia?ooaieai caeiia,
e iieo/aiiua a ia?ooaiea yoiai o?aaiaaiey aeieacaoaeuenoaa a neeo caeiia
ia eiatho th?eaee/aneie neeu. I?aaeinoaaeaiea i?eaeeaaee ia ioeac io
aea/e iieacaiee ioiineoaeueii eeoe, oeacaiiuo a noaouea 94 AIE, a
cia/eoaeueiie noaiaie naycaii n iaiaoiaeeiinoueth io?aiu ?iaenoaaiiuo,
naiaeiuo, noi?oaeaneeo ioiioaiee, a oaeaea caueuaao eeoei io
auioaeaeaiiiai naiiiaee/aiey. I?aaeinoaaeaiea oaeeo aa?aioee /aeiaaeo e
aai naiuea ia iaiaa aaaeii, /ai i?aaeeueiia ?ac?aoaiea nii?a.
Niaeanii noaouea 94 AIE i?aai ia i?eiaiaiea i?eaeeaaee caaeneo io
aieaecuyaeaiey naeaeaoaey, eioi?ue iiaeao ainiieueciaaoueny ath, a
iiaeao e ioeacaoueny.
A nayce, n /ai oeacaiiay i?eaeeaaey aeiaieueii ioiineoaeueia. Enoiaey ec
niunea noaouee 94 AIE, i?eiaiaiea i?eaeeaaee ia?aie/eaaaony
iaeiinoi?iiiae aieae naeaeaoaey e ia naycuaaaony n iiaieai eeoe, i?ioea
eioi?uo naeaeaoaeue ecuyaee aeaeaiea aeaoue iieacaiey a noaea.
Eiae/ii a neo/ayo ioeaca naeaeaoaey io i?eaeeaaee e aai aieaecuyaeaiey
aeaoue iieacaiey i?ioea /eaiia naiae naiuee, aeeceeo ?iaenoaaiieeia,
noi?oaa (noi?oae), auyniyoue iiaiea iineaaeieo ii aeaiiiio aii?ino. A
neo/aa aic?aaeaiee iacaaiiuo eeoe aea/a naeaeaoaeai iieacaiee i?ioea
/eaiia naiae naiuee, aeeceeo ?iaenoaaiieeia, noi?oaa (noi?oae), eae
i?aaenoaaeyaony, aeieaeia caaenaoue io oiai, i?e eaeeo ianoiyoaeuenoaao
naeaeaoaeue ociae oaeou. Anee eioi?iaoeey iieo/aia i?e aeiaa?eoaeueiii
eiioeaeaioeeaeueiii iauaiee n /eaiaie naiae naiuee, aeeceeie
?iaenoaaiieeaie, noi?oaii, oi yoe eeoea oaeaea aeieaeiu eiaoue
i?eaeeaaeth io ?acaeaoaiey naaaeaiee i?ioea ieo.
Iiaue A?aaeaeaineee i?ioeannoaeueiue eiaeaen ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee a
noaouea 69 oaeaea oeacuaaao ia ianoiyoaeuenoaa, aiaeiae/iua oeacaiiui a
noaouea 94 AIE iaoae ?anioaeeee. E?iia oiai, i?aaeoniao?eaathony
aeiiieieoaeueiua iniiaaiey: i?aai aeaiooaoia caeiiiaeaoaeueiuo i?aaiia
ioeacaoueny io aea/e naeaeaoaeueneeo iieacaiee a ioiioaiee naaaeaiee,
noaaoeo ei ecaanoiuie a nayce n eniieiaieai aeaiooaoneeo iieiiii/ee, a
oaeaea i?aai Oiieiiii/aiiiai ii i?aaai /aeiaaea a ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee
ioeacaoueny io aea/e naeaeaoaeueneeo iieacaiee a ioiioaiee naaaeaiee,
noaaoeo aio ecaanoiuie a nayce n auiieiaieai iaycaiiinoae.
A ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee Oeacii I?aceaeaioa ?O ? 188 io 6 ia?oa 1997 a.
ooaa?aeaeai ia?a/aiue naaaeaiee eiioeaeaioeeaeueiiai oa?aeoa?a. E iei, a
/anoiinoe, ioiinyony oaeaea e naaaeaiey, ninoaaeythuea aaeaieaoneoth
oaeio. Aa iaiaoiaeeiinoue aeeeooaony niia?aaeaieyie i aeiaa?eoaeueiii
oa?aeoa?a acaeiiioiioaiee iaaeaeo i?aaenoaaeoaeai e i?aaenoaaeyaiui.
Niaea?aeaiea aaeaieaoneie oaeiu aeeth/aao: oaeo ia?auaiey a
th?eaee/aneoth eiinoeueoaoeeth ca iiiiuueth eee ionoonoaea oaeiaiai;
naaaeaiey i niaea?aeaiee, oa?aeoa?a, iioeaao ia?auaiey; ethaua
naaaeaiey, iieo/aiiua a oiaea ?anniio?aiey oaieiaiiai eee a?aaeaeaineiai
aeaea e ec iaoa?eaeia aeaea; naaaeaiey i ee/iie aeecie i?aaenoaaeyaiiai,
ii/a?iiooua io iaai naiiai e a i?ioeanna iciaeiieaiey n aeieoiaioaie.
Oaeia noaeaaiiai i?aaenoaaeoaeuenoaa aicieeaao oieueei n iiiaioa
ioi?ieaiey i?aaenoaaeoaeueneeo iieiiii/ee, a nayce n yoei a niaea?aeaiea
aoiaeeo eeoue oa eioi?iaoeey, eioi?ay iieo/aia a nayce n eniieiaieai
iaycaiiinoae i?aaenoaaeoaey eee caueoieea.
I?e o/anoee aaeaieaoa a a?aaeaeaineii, a?aeo?aaeiii i?ioeanna, a oaeaea
i?e ieacaiee ei th?eaee/aneie iiiiue, anee i?e yoii oeao?e?otho
eiioeaeaioeeaeueiua naaaeaiey, iaycaoaeuenoaa ii eo ia?ani?ino?aiaieth
iaaeaeo eeeaioii e aaeaieaoii aeieaeiu iaiaa?eaaoueny ioaeaeueiui
ienueiaiiui niaeaoaieai, eiathuei th?eaee/aneoth neeo. Aii?in i
i?aaeaeao e oneiaeyo i?eaea/aiey oneoa aaeaieaoia i?e ?anniio?aiee a
?aieao yoeo i?ioeannia aeae, a eioi?uo oeao?e?otho naaaeaiey,
ninoaaeythuea ainoaea?noaaiioth oaeio, aeey ioa/anoaaiiiai i?aaa
inoaaony iiea ioe?uoui.
Ia?yaeo n i?aaii naeaeaoaey a ii?aaeaeaiiuo neo/ayo ioeacaoueny io aea/e
iieacaiee a noaea aaei?onneee caeiiiaeaoaeue onoaiaaeeaaao cai?ao i
aeii?ina iaeioi?uo naeaeaoaeae a a?aaeaeaineii i?ioeanna. Oae, noaouey
92 AIE onoaiaaeeaaao ia?a/aiue eeoe, eioi?ua ia iiaoo auoue naeaeaoaeyie
a neeo i?yiiai oeacaiey ia yoii a caeiia. Naeaeaoaeyie ia iiaoo, a
/anoiinoe, auoue: i?aaenoaaeoaee ii a?aaeaeaineiio aeaeo e caueoieee ii
oaieiaiiio aeaeo ioiineoaeueii ianoiyoaeuenoa, eioi?ua ei noaee ecaanoiu
a nayce n eniieiaieai iaycaiiinoae i?aaenoaaeoaey eee caueoieea;
nayuaiiineoaeeoaee — ia ianoiyoaeuenoaao, naaaeaiey i eioi?uo iie
iieo/eee ai a?aiy eniiaaaee; noaeuee — i aii?inao, aicieeaaoeo a
niaauaoaeueiie eiiiaoa a nayce n ianoaeaeaieai ianoiyoaeuenoa i?e
auianaiee noaeaaiiai iinoaiiaeaiey ii a?aaeaeaineiio eee oaieiaiiio
aeaeo. Oaeei ia?acii, noaouey 92 AIE ii?aaeaeyao aaniethoiua i?eaeeaaee
iacaaiiuo i?aaenoaaeoaeae, caueoieeia, nayuaiiineoaeeoaeae, noaeae io
i?aaeinoaaeaiey aeieacaoaeuenoa, eioi?ua ei noaee ecaanoiu i?e
ii?aaeaeaiiuo ianoiyoaeuenoaao.
Oeaeueth i?eaeeaaee yaeyaony i?aaeinoaaeaiea caueou eiioeaeaioeeaeueiui
acaeiiioiioaieyi i?e ieacaiee i?aaiaie iiiiue, niaa?oaiee eoeueoiaiai
ia?yaea, nio?aiaiey oaeiu niaauaoaeueiie eiiiaou.
I iaiaoiaeeiinoe iaania/aiey eiioeaeaioeeaeueiinoe ioiioaiee iaaeaeo
aaeaieaoii e eeeaioii oeacuaaaony a Iniiaiuo i?eioeeiao, eanathueony
?iee th?enoia, i?eiyouo ainueiui Eiia?annii III ii i?aaeoi?aaeaeaieth
i?anooiiinoe e ia?auaieth n i?aaiia?ooeoaeyie, ninoiyaoeiny a Aaaaia
(Eoaa) 27 aaaonoa — 7 naioya?y 1990 a. A i. 22 Iniiaiuo i?eioeeiia
i?aaeoaeuenoaai i?aaeeaaaaony i?eciaaaoue e iaania/eaaoue
eiioeaeaioeeaeueiue oa?aeoa? ethauo niioaiee e eiinoeueoaoeee iaaeaeo
th?enoaie e eo eeeaioaie a ?aieao eo i?ioanneiiaeueiuo ioiioaiee.
A?aaeaeaineee i?ioeannoaeueiue eiaeaen ?anioaeeee Aaea?onue a ea/anoaa
ia? ii iaania/aieth iaaeinooiiinoe eiioeaeaioeeaeueiie eioi?iaoeee
i?aaeoniao?eaaao ?anniio?aiea aeaea a cae?uoii noaeaaiii canaaeaiee. A
yoii neo/aa a noaeaaiii canaaeaiee i?enoonoaotho oieueei th?eaee/anee
caeioa?aniaaiiua a enoiaea aeaea eeoea, a a iaiaoiaeeiuo neo/ayo —
naeaeaoaee, yenia?ou, niaoeeaeenou, ia?aaiae/eee. Cae?uoia noaeaaiia
canaaeaiea i?iaiaeeony n niaethaeaieai anao i?ioeannoaeueiuo i?aaee,
onoaiiaeaiiuo AIE. ?aciethoeey ?aoaiey noaea a ethaii neo/aa iaeaoaaony
ioaee/ii. Ii ?aoaiea ii oaeei aeaeai iiaeao niaea?aeaoue iioeae?iai/ioth
/anoue (anee o?aaotho th?eaee/anee caeioa?aniaaiiua a enoiaea aeaea
eeoea, anee ?aoaiea iaaeaeoaony eee ii?ioanoiauaaaony a eannaoeeiiiii
ii?yaeea e ii ae?oaei iniiaaieyi, i?aaeoniio?aiiui a noaouea 305 AIE).
Neooaiea aeaea a cae?uoii noaeaaiii canaaeaiee ia anaaaea a iieiie ia?a
iiaeao iaania/eoue nae?aoiinoue eiioeaeaioeeaeueiie eioi?iaoeee.
Ii nouanoao inoaeny aac aieiaiey aaaeiue aii?in i oii, ianeieueei
niioaaonoaoao eioa?anai iauanoaa e aai /eaiai enneaaeiaaiea a
a?aaeaeaineii aeaea aeieacaoaeuenoa, iieo/aiiuo a ?acoeueoaoa
acaeiiioiioaiee, ecia/aeueii iino?iaiiuo ia i?aaeaeueiii eo aeiaa?ee
o/anoieeia, e eioi?ui, enoiaey ec eo nooe, aeieaeai auoue i?enou
aeiaa?eoaeueiue e eiioeaeaioeeaeueiue oa?aeoa?.
Aii?in i ?ane?uoee eiioeaeaioeeaeueiuo naaaeaiee eioa?anai e aeooaeai ia
oieueei a neeo aai iaeieco/aiiinoe, ii e a nayce n i?eiaiaieai
i?eaeeaaee a iaaeaeoia?iaeiii i?aaa.
Eiiaaioeey i iieo/aiee aeieacaoaeuenoa ca a?aieoeae, ii a?aaeaeaineei
eee oi?aiaui aeaeai (Caeii ?anioaeeee Aaea?onue ? 17-3 “I i?eniaaeeiaiee
?anioaeeee Aaea?onue e Eiiaaioeee i iieo/aiee aeieacaoaeuenoa ca
a?aieoeae ii a?aaeaeaineei eee oi?aiaui aeaeai” i?eiyo 14 iay 2001 a.) a
aii?ina i i?aaeinoaaeaiee aeieacaoaeuenoa i?eciaao cia/aiea i?eaeeaaee.
Noaouey 11 Eiiaaioeee onoaiaaeeaaao, /oi i?e eniieiaiee noaeaaiiai
ii?o/aiey caeioa?aniaaiiia eeoei iiaeao ioeacaoueny io i?aaeinoaaeaiey
aeieacaoaeuenoa ianoieueei, ianeieueei aio iicaieytho aai i?eaeeaaee eee
cai?aou a ioiioaiee aea/e iieacaiee, eioi?ua onoaiiaeaiu:
a) a niioaaonoaee n caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii cai?aoeaaaiiai ainoaea?noaa, eee
a) a niioaaonoaee n caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii cai?aoeaathuaai ainoaea?noaa e
niaeanii o?aaiaaieyi noaeaaiiai ii?o/aiey, eeai ii o?aaiaaieth
cai?aoeaaaiiai i?aaia auee eiui ia?acii iiaeoaa?aeaeaiu cai?aoeaathuei
i?aaiii.
Oaeei ia?acii, iaee/ea i?eaeeaaee a caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa ca?oaaaeiuo no?ai
e eniieueciaaiea aai a i?ioeannoaeueiie noa?a, aai iiaecia aeey
iaoeeiiaeueiiai a?aaeaeaineiai noaeii?iecaiaenoaa e aiciiaeiinoue
?ac?aaioee i?iaeaiu i?eaeeaaee a ?acaeoee oai?ee aeieacaoaeuenoa e
ninoycaoaeueiinoe iaoneiaeeaatho eioa?an e einoeoooo i?eaeeaaee. A
a?aaeaeaineii noaeii?iecaiaenoaa NOA yoio einoeooo ?acaeo e nouanoaoao
aeaaii.
I?eaeeaaee a a?aaeaeaineii i?ioeanna NOA. Oeaeue eo — nio?aiaiea
iaeaieaa aaaeiuo ioiioaiee a iauanoaa. I?eaeeaaee (lat. privilegium) —
noaaeeueiay onooiea, naeaeaiiay caeiiiaeaoaeai ca i?aaeaeu iauaai i?aaa.
Iia i?aaeinoaaeyao niaoeeaeueioth aeaaineeiiiinoue e aeaao
i?eaeeaae?iaaiiiio eeoeo i?aeiouanoaa iaae iai?eaeeaae?iaaiiui.
I?eaeeaaey ioee/aaony io ioaeaeueiuo caeiiia, eioi?ua oaeaea eanathony
ii?aaeaeaiiuo eeannia eee aauae. I?eaeeaaey, eiathuay iinoiyiiue
oa?aeoa?, ioee/aaony e io ?ac?aoaiey eee ?aciaiai aeicaieaiey. Iia
i?aaeinoaaeyaony ii naiaio i?aaeiaoo iieiiii/iui a iaeanoe caeiia aunoei
i?aaiii. Oio, eoi iieuecoaony i?eaeeaaeae, iiaeao caeiiii i?eiaiyoue aa,
a o?aouee eeoea iaycaiu oaaaeaoue aa eniieueciaaiea
I?eaeeaaee a aia?eeaineii i?aaa ii?aaeaeythony eae ioaeaeueiua e
iniaaiiua auaiaeu e i?aeiouanoaa, eioi?uie iieuecoaony eeoei, eiiiaiey
eee eeann naa?o iaueo i?aeiouanoa ae?oaeo a?aaeaeai; eneeth/eoaeueiia
eee /?acau/aeiia iieiiii/ea eee inaiaiaeaeaiea io /aai-eeai; iniaaiiia
i?aai, i?aeiouanoai, eneeth/aiea, iieiiii/ea, i?aai o/anoey eee
iai?eeiniiaaiiinoue, inouanoaeyaiia eeoeii eee eeannii, iau/ii ia
i?eiaaeeaaeauaa ae?oaei.
I?eaeeaaee a noa?a aeieacaoaeuenoaaiiiai i?aaa caueuatho ii?aaeaeaiiua
iauanoaaiiua ioiioaiey, ?anniao?eaay eo eae eiioeaeaioeeaeueiua e ia
iiaeeaaeauea ?ane?uoeth a noaeaaiii canaaeaiee.
A a?aaeaeaineii noaeii?iecaiaenoaa i?eaeeaaee ea?atho iniaoth ?ieue a
ii?aaeaeaiee ioiineiinoe e aeiionoeiinoe aeieacaoaeuenoa.
Aeieacaoaeuenoai, e eioi?iio i?eiaiyaony i?eaeeaaey, yaeyaony ioiineiui,
iaeiaei aai aeiionoeiinoue aiciiaeia oieueei a oii neo/aa, anee noi?iia
au?aceo niaeanea, /oiau iaoiaeyuaany iiae caueoie i?eaeeaaee
ianoiyoaeuenoai noaei i?aaeiaoii ?anniio?aiey a noaea.
Noaouey 402 Oaaea?aeueiuo i?aaee i aeieacaoaeuenoaao onoaiaaeeaaao, /oi
ana ioiineiua aeieacaoaeuenoaa aeiionoeiu ca eneeth/aieai neo/aaa,
i?aaeoniio?aiiuo Eiinoeoooeeae Niaaeeiaiiuo Ooaoia, aeoii eiia?anna,
oeacaiiuie i?aaeeaie, a oaeaea ae?oaeie i?aaeeaie, i?aaeienaiiuie
Aa?oiaiui noaeii a niioaaonoaee n aai iieiiii/eyie.
Oaaea?aeueiua i?aaeea i a?aaeaeaineii noaeii?iecaiaenoaa NOA
i?aaeoniao?eaatho, /oi noi?iiu iiaoo aeinoe/ue ?ane?uoey ethaie
iai?eaeeaae?iaaiiie eioi?iaoeee.
A aia?eeaineii i?ioeanna ai a?aiy ienueiaiiiai ii?ina noi?ii eee
naeaeaoaeae, aea/e iieacaiee iiae i?enyaie eee i?e i?eiaiaiee ae?oaeo
oi?i ?ane?uoey eioi?iaoeee noi?iia, io eioi?ie iia eno?aaoaony, iiaeao
iio?aaiaaoue naiae i?eaeeaaee. Aii?inu i?eaeeaaee eneeth/athony ec
?ane?uoey a oeaeyo caueou eiioeaeaioeeaeueiinoe e nae?aoiinoe
ii?aaeaeaiiuo acaeiiioiioaiee. Iie aeeth/atho i?eaeeaaee aaeaieao —
eeeaio, a?a/ — iaoeeaio, nayuaiiee — eniiaaaeothueeny i?eoiaeaiei, ioae
— aeaia e ae?oaea iioiaeea i?eaeeaaee, nouanoaothuea a ioaeaeueiuo
th?enaeeeoeeyo. Eeoea, ninoiyuea a i?eaeeaae?iaaiiuo ioiioaieyo, ia
?ane?uaatho acaeiiioiioaiey iaaeaeo ieie. Eiioeaeaioeeaeueiinoue a yoeo
acaeiiioiioaieyo ?anniao?eaaaony aieaa aaaeiie, /ai i?aaenoaaeaiea
iieiie eioi?iaoeee i ieo aeey noaeaaiie oyaeau.
A oaaea?aeueiuo noaeao noaiaiue e iauai niaoeeoe/aneeo i?eaeeaaee
ii?aaeaeythony oaaea?aeueiui caeiiii eee i?aaeeaie ooaoia,
?aaoee?othueie aeieacaoaeuenoaaiiua i?eaeeaaee. Iai?eia?, i?aaeei 501
Oaaea?aeueiuo i?aaee i aeieacaoaeuenoaao i?aaeoniao?eaaao, /oi anee eiia
ia onoaiiaeaii Eiinoeoooeeae NOA, aeoii eiia?anna eee i?aaeeaie,
i?aaeienaiiuie Aa?oiaiui noaeii a niioaaonoaee n aai iieiiii/eyie,
oeacaiiuie a caeiia, i?eaeeaaey naeaeaoaey, eeoea, i?aaeoaeuenoaa, ooaoa
eee aai iieeoe/aneiai iiae?acaeaeaiey aeieaeia ?aaoee?iaaoueny
i?eioeeiaie iauaai i?aaa oaeei ia?acii, eaeei iie iiaoo auoue
enoieeiaaiu noaeaie NOA a naaoa ?acoiiinoe e iiuoa. Iaeiaei a
a?aaeaeaineeo aeaeao e i?ioeannao ioiineoaeueii yeaiaioia enea eee
caueou, ii eioi?ui caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai ooaoa i?aaeeaaaao i?aaeei ?aoaiey,
i?eaeeaaey naeaeaoaey, eeoea, i?aaeoaeuenoaa, ooaoa eee aai
iiae?acaeaeaiey aeieaeia auoue ii?aaeaeaia a niioaaonoaee n
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii ooaoa.
Oaeei ia?acii, Oaaea?aeueiua i?aaeea aeatho oieueei iauaa i?aaeei i
i?eiaiaiee i?eaeeaaee e oeacuaatho ia ieo a niioaaonoaothueo neo/ayo. Ai
iiiaeo neo/ayo, eiaaea nii? iniiauaaaony ia caeiia ooaoa, ii aeaei
?anniao?eaaaony a oaaea?aeueiii noaea iioiio, /oi noi?iiu i?iaeeaatho a
?acee/iuo ooaoao, i?eiaiythony i?aaeea ooaoia i i?eaeeaaeyo.
Iai?eia?, I?aaeea i a?aaeaeaineeo aeieacaoaeuenoaao ooaoa Oaoan
i?aaeoniao?eaatho oaeea i?eaeeaaee, eae aaeaieao — eeeaio, ioae — aeaia,
eiiioieeaoeey n aeooiaiui eeiii, iieeoe/aneia aieiniaaiea, oi?aiaua
nae?aou, ee/iinoue inaaaeiieoaey, a?a/ — iaoeeaio,
eiioeaeaioeeaeueiinoue eioi?iaoeee i ineoe/aneii caei?iauea.
I?eaeeaaey aaeaieao — eeeaio eiaao oeaeue iiiu?youe ene?aiiaa e iieiia
?ane?uoea eeeaioii aaeaieaoo oao i?aaiauo iaoa?eaeia, eioi?ua aeieaeiu
auoue i?iaiaeece?iaaiu. I?eaeeaaey caueuaao io ?ane?uoey a a?aaeaeaineii
noaeii?iecaiaenoaa eiioeaeaioeeaeueiiai iauaiey iaaeaeo aaeaieaoii e aai
eeeaioii ii i?aaiaui aii?inai, ii eioi?ui eeeaio eneae i?ioanneiiaeueiue
niaao. Oaeei ia?acii, i?eaeeaaey, eae i?aaeei, ?ani?ino?aiyaony ia
ia?auaiea eeeaioa e eiinoeueoaoeeth aaeaieaoa.
Aiciiaeiinoe i?eaeeaaee aaeaieao — eeeaio a eaeie-oi ia?a oe?a, a
aaea-oi e oaea, /ai o ae?oaeo iniiaiuo i?eaeeaaee a ?ane?uoee. Iai?eia?,
a ioee/ea io niaauaoaeueiie i?ioeannoaeueiie* i?eaeeaaey aaeaieao —
eeeaio iiaeao caueuaoue io ?ane?uoey naaaeaiey i oaeoao, eiaaea iie
niiauaiu eeeaioii aaeaieaoo.
?acee/ea a oii, /oi i?eaeeaaey aaeaieao — eeeaio ia ?ac?aoaao
?ane?uaaoue iiaiey aaeaieaoa eee aai niaaoa a oeaeyo caueou nae?aoiuo
aeaiiuo, niiauaiiuo eeeaioii. A oi aea a?aiy niaauaoaeueiay
i?ioeannoaeueiay i?eaeeaaey iaiin?aaenoaaiii caueuaao niaaou eee iiaiey
e ia ?ac?aoaao ioe?uaaoue oaeou, ca eneeth/aieai neo/aaa, eiaaea iie
iaiin?aaenoaaiii ia ?ane?uaatho niaaou, iiaiey e ioeaiee, eiaaoeany eae
/anoue i?ioeanna i?eiyoey ?aoaiee.
I?eaeeaaey ?ani?ino?aiyaony ia aaeaieaoa, eioi?iio auea niiauaia
eioi?iaoeey, a oaeaea ia ethaia eeoei, anee aio aac aaaeiia eeeaioa
noaee ecaanoiu ianoiyoaeuenoaa eiiioieeaoeee iaaeaeo aaeaieaoii e
eeeaioii. Nouanoaoao aeaaieoiee i?eioeei, /oi eiiioieeaoeee, caaaaeiii
naeaeaiiua a i?enoonoaee o?aoueeo eeoe, ia caueuathony i?eaeeaaeae
aaeaieao — eeeaio. Iia iiaeao auoue i?eciaia ioeeiiaiiie, eiaaea
eiiioieeaoeey auoea ca a?aieoeu o?aaeeoeeiiiuo ioiioaiee aaeaieao —
eeeaio, aeaaea anee eioi?iaoeey noaea ecaanoia a i?aaeaeao aaaeiinoaa.
N ae?oaie noi?iiu, anee eeeaio yaeyaony i?aaiecaoeeae, i?eaeeaaey
?ani?ino?aiyaony ia eiiioieeaoeee iaaeaeo aaeaieaoaie e anaie
aaaionoaaie eee neoaeaueie i?aaiecaoeee, eioi?ua oiieiiii/aiu
aeaenoaiaaoue e aunooiaoue io eiaie i?aaiecaoeee a eiiioieeaoeee.
A iaeioi?uo ioaeeeaoeeyo ?ane?uaaaony niaea?aeaiea i?aaeea (eee
i?eaeeaaee) ?aaioa — i?iaeoeo. Iieaaatho, /oi i?eaeeaaey aaeaieao —
eeeaio oe?a, /ai ?aaioa — i?iaeoeo, iineieueeo iia caueuaao ana
eiiioieeaoeee iaaeaeo aaeaieaoii e eeeaioii, a i?eaeeaaey ?aaioa —
i?iaeoeo oieueei oa, eioi?ua naeaeaiu i?e iiaeaioiaea aeaea e noaeo.
A 1947 a. Aa?oiaiue noae a oaia?ue oaea ecaanoiii aeaea Oeeiai i?ioea
Oaeei? (Hickman v. Taylor) aaae eneeth/aiea a iauea oe?ieea
oaaea?aeueiua i?aaeea i ?ane?uoee, onoaiaaeeaay, /oi a ionoonoaee yaiie
iaiaoiaeeiinoe i?ioeaiiieiaeiay noi?iia iiaeao ia ?ane?uaaoue
eioi?iaoeeth, iieo/aiioth aaeaieaoii ai a?aiy iiaeaioiaee aeaea e noaeo.
Oae iacuaaaiia i?aaeei “?aaioa — i?iaeoeo” aace?iaaeinue ia eaeaa, /oi
eaaeaeue aaeaieao aeieaeai naay /oanoaiaaoue naiaiaeii ai a?aiy i?iaa?ee
aii?inia ii aeaeo aeaaii?eyoiuo e iaaeaaii?eyoiuo aeey aai eeeaioa, aac
no?aoa, /oi i?ioeaiiieiaeiay noi?iia i?inoi iiaeao auynieoue
iaaeaaii?eyoiua iiiaiou e eniieueciaaoue eo. Iai?ioea, eaaeaeue aaeaieao
aeieaeai aanoe aeaei e ia inoaaaoueny ianneaiui, aeiaeeaeaynue, eiaaea
aaeaieao i?ioeaiiieiaeiie noi?iiu ana auynieo.
Iiiyoea “?aaioa — i?iaeoeo” ia auei i?eiyoi aaciaiai?i/ii, e iaeioi?ua
ooaou ia iineaaeiaaee ?aoaieth ii aeaeo Oeeiai i?ioea Oaeei?, i?eiaiyy
naie nianoaaiiua i?aaeea i ?ane?uoee. A 1970 a. i?eiyoi iiaia
Oaaea?aeueiia i?aaeei 26, e iiiaea ooaou noaee ia?aniao?eaaoue naie
iieiaeaiey.
A iaeioi?uo ioaeeeaoeeyo eneeth/aiea ec ?ane?uoey “?aaioa — i?iaeoeo”
iacuaaaony i?eaeeaaeae.
I?eiaiaiea i?aaeea “?aaioa — i?iaeoeo” /anoi o?aaoao enneaaeiaaiey,
aeaenoaeoaeueii ee iaoa?eae eiaao ioiioaiea e eneeth/aieth a ?ane?uoee.
Iniiaiui i?eioeeiii a yoii aniaeoa yaeyaony oi, /oi ethaua caiaoee,
?aai/ea aoiaae eee ae?oaea iaoa?eaeu, niae?aaiua aaeaieaoii i?e
iiaeaioiaea aeaea, caueuathony io ?ane?uoey.
I?eaeeaaey a?a/ — iaoeeaio. Oaaea?aeueiia noaeii?iecaiaenoai ia i?eciaao
yoo i?eaeeaaeth, iaeiaei a ?yaea ooaoia iia nouanoaoao.
Ooao Iueth-Ei?e aue ia?aui, i?eiyaoei iieiaeaiea i i?eaeeaaee a?a/a a
1828 a., ?aiueoa iia ia auea ecaanoia iauaio i?aao.
A I?aaeeao i aeieacaoaeuenoaao Aeynee i?aaeoniao?eaaaony i?eaeeaaey a?a/
e ineoeao? — iaoeeaio (i?aaeei 504). Iaoeeaio — yoi eeoei, eioi?ia
eiinoeueoe?oaony n a?a/ii eee ineoeao?ii, eeai iniao?eaaaony,
ii?aoeaaaony a?a/ii eee ineoeao?ii. A?a/ii i?eciaaony eeoei, eioi?iio
?ac?aoaii inouanoaeyoue iaaeeoeeineoth i?aeoeeo a eaeii-ieaoaeue ooaoa
eee a ainoaea?noaa, eeai a yoii oaa?ai iaoeeaio. Ineoeao? ii?aaeaeyaony
a iacaaiiii i?aaeea aieaa iiae?iaii. Yoi eeoei, eioi?iio ?ac?aoaia
iaaeeoeeineay i?aeoeea a eaeii-ieaoaeue ooaoa eee a ainoaea?noaa, eeai a
yoii oaa?ai iaoeeaio ai a?aiy onoaiiaeaiey aeeaaiica eee ea/aiey
ineoe/aneiai eee yiioeeiiaeueiiai ninoiyiey, a oaeaea aeeiaieecia e
ia?eiiaiee. Oaeaea iiae iiiyoeai ineoeao? iiieiathony eeoea, eioi?ui
niioaaonoaaiii ?ac?aoaia i?aeoeea ineoieiaa, naiaeiiai oa?aiaaoa,
i?ioanneiiaeueiiai eiinoeueoaioa, eeai iaoeeaio aa?eo a yoi.
Eiiioieeaoeey yaeyaony eiioeaeaioeeaeueiie, anee ia eiaaony oeaee aa
?ane?uoey o?aoueei eeoeai, ca eneeth/aieai eeoe, /uea i?enoonoaea a
eiinoeueoaoeeyo, i?iaa?eao, ianeaaeiaaieyo iaiaoiaeeii a eioa?anao
iaoeeaioa, eeai eeoe, o/anoaiaaaoeo a aeeaaiinoeea eee ea/aiee ii
oeacaieth a?a/a eee ineoioa?aiaaoa, aeeth/ay /eaiia naiuee iaoeeaioa.
I?eaeeaaey a?a/ — iaoeeaio aeeth/aao o?e nouanoaaiiuo yeaiaioa:
1) aeieaeiu nouanoaiaaoue acaeiiioiioaiey a?a/ — iaoeeaio;
2) eioi?iaoeey aeieaeia auoue iieo/aia a ?acoeueoaoa ea/aiey;
3) eioi?iaoeey aeieaeia auoue iaiaoiaeeiie aeey ea/aiey.
Iaoeeaio eiaao i?eaeeaaeth ioeacaoueny io ?ane?uoey e i?aiyonoaiaaoue
ae?oaei eeoeai a ?ane?uoee eiioeaeaioeeaeueiie eioi?iaoeee, niiauaiiie
aeey onoaiiaeaiey aeeaaiica eee ea/aiey oece/aneiai, oinoaaiiiai eee
yiioeeiiaeueiiai ninoiyiey iaoeeaioa, a oaeaea aeeiaieecia e ia?eiiaiee
a eiiioieeaoeee iaaeaeo iaoeeaioii, a?a/ii, ineoeao?ii, eeoeaie,
o/anoaiaaaoeie a onoaiiaeaiee aeeaaiica eee ea/aiee ii oeacaieth a?a/a
eee ineoeao?a, aeeth/ay /eaiia naiuee iaoeeaioa.
Ioia/athony ii?aaeaeaiiua neiaeiinoe a nio?aiaiee eiioeaeaioeeaeueiinoe,
eiaaea eioi?iaoeey i ea/aiee iaoeeaioa eniieuecoaony a oeaeyo
i?aiiaeaaaiey, enneaaeiaaoaeueneeo ?aaioao eee i?inoi iaeaieeaathony
iaaethaeaiey ca iaoeeaioii a oa/aiea ?yaea eao, eeai eiaaea
niioaaonoaothuea aeaiiua iai?aaeythony a no?aoiaoth eiiiaieth.
I?eaeeaaeth a?a/ e ineoeao? — iaoeeaio ai?aaa iio?aaiaaoue nai iaoeeaio,
aai iiaeoi, iiaeoi-i?aaenoaaeoaeue a noaeaaiii aeaea eee ee/iue
i?aaenoaaeoaeue oia?oaai iaoeeaioa. Eeoei, yaeyaoaany a?a/ii
(oa?aiaaoii) ai a?aiy eiiioieeaoeee, ai?aaa o?aaiaaoue i?eaeeaaee, ii
oieueei io eiaie iaoeeaioa.
Iaoeeaio — aea?aeaoaeue i?eaeeaaee, e oieueei ii iiaeao ioeeiieoue aa.
Anee iaoeeaio ia yaeyaony noi?iiie a i?ioeanna, a eioi?ii i?iecaiaeeony
?ane?uoea, ethaay noi?iia iiaeao ianoaeaaoue ia i?eaeeaaee io eiaie
iaoeeaioa.
I?eaeeaaey nayuaiiee — i?eoiaeaiei i?ecaaia nio?aiyoue oaeio eniiaaaee.
Iia eanaaony nae?aoiuo naaaeaiee, niiauaiiuo aeooiaiiio eeoeo, a oaeaea
ae?oaiio eeoeo, anee i?eoiaeaiei oaa?ai, /oi iii yaeyaony aeooiaiui
eeoeii.
A i?aaeea 13-1-22 Eiaeaena ooaoa Ienneneie 1972 a. oeacuaaaony, /oi
eiiioieeaoeey nayuaiiee — i?eoiaeaiei eiioeaeaioeeaeueia, anee naeaeaia
nae?aoii e ia i?aaeiacia/aia aeey aeaeueiaeoaai ?ane?uoey ca
eneeth/aieai iiaeaea?aeee oeaee eiiioieeaoeee.
I?eaeeaaey iiaeao auoue cayaeaia eeoeii, aai iiaeoiii, ee/iui
i?aaenoaaeoaeai oia?oaai eeoea. Nayuaiiee o?aaoao i?eaeeaaeth io eiaie
eeoea, anee iia ia ioeeiiaia.
Nae?aoa?ue aeooiaiiai eeoea, noaiia?aoeno eee eea?e ia iiaeao auoue
ii?ioai aac niaeaney aeooiaiiai eeoea a ioiioaiee oaeoa, eioi?ue noae
ecaanoai a ?acoeueoaoa eo aeayoaeueiinoe.
A i?aaeeao i A?aaeaeaineeo aeieacaoaeuenoaao ooaoa Oaoan a i?aaeea 505 i
eiiioieeaoeee n aeooiaiui eeoeii aeaaony ii?aaeaeaiea aeooiaiiai eeoea,
aaea ia?a/eneythony aai naiu, a oaeaea oeacuaaaony, /oi eiae aeooiaiui
eeoeii iiaeao iiieiaoueny ethaia eeoei, anee ia?auathueeny e iaio
/aeiaae oaa?ai, /oi iii yaeyaony aeooiaiui.
I?eaeeaaey ioae — aeaia. I?aaeea i a?aaeaeaineeo aeieacaoaeuenoaao ooaoa
Oaoan ii?aaeaeytho i?eaeeaaeth ioae — aeaia eae eiioeaeaioeeaeueiia
niiauaiea, naeaeaiiia iaeiei eeoeii naiaio noi?oao e ia i?aaeiacia/aiiia
aeey ?ane?uoey ethaiio ae?oaiio eeoeo.
Noi?iia, a oaeaea iiaeoi eee i?aaenoaaeoaeue iaaeaaniiniaiiai eeai
oia?oaai eeoea eiaao i?eaeeaaeth a oa/aiea a?aea e aiineaaenoaee ai?aaa
ioeacaoueny io ?ane?uoey eiioeaeaioeeaeueiie eioi?iaoeee, niiauaiiie aai
noi?oao e i?aiyonoaiaaoue ae?oaei a ?ane?uoee oaeie eioi?iaoeee.
I?eaeeaaeth ioae — aeaia iiaeao iio?aaiaaoue noi?oa eeai aai iiaeoi eee
i?aaenoaaeoaeue.
Iieiiii/ea noi?oaa ia cayaeaiea i?eaeeaaee ioae — aeaia i?acthie?oaony
(i?aaeei 504) I?aaeeii i a?aaeaeaineeo aeieacaoaeuenoaao ooaoa Oaoan.
Yoa i?eaeeaaey ia i?eiaiyaony niaeanii I?aaeeo 504d a neo/ayo:
1) iiaeaea?aeee i?anooieaiey eee iaiaia (anee naeaeaiiia niiauaiea
i?aaeinoaaeyao aiciiaeiinoue eee iiiiuue eiio-eeai niaa?oeoue eee
nieaie?iaaoue i?anooieaiea eee iaiai);
2) i?iecaiaenoaa iaaeaeo noi?oaaie:
a) a i?iecaiaenoaa, aicaoaeaeaiiii noi?oaii eee io eiaie iaeiiai ec
noi?oaia i?ioea ae?oaiai noi?oaa;
a) a i?iecaiaenoaa iaaeaeo ia?aaeeaoei noi?oaii e eeoeii, eioi?ia
i?aaeuyaeyao o?aaiaaiey a nayce n oia?oei noi?oaii, i?e/ai iacaaeneii io
oiai, auoaeaao ee o?aaiaaiea ec caaauaiey eee i?eaeeciaiiie naeaeee;
3) ii iaycaiiinoyi e iioiaeei i?iecaiaenoaai (a i?iecaiaenoaa ii
iaycaiiinoe iaeiiai noi?oaa acyoue iiae eiio?ieue eiouanoai aoi?iai
noi?oaa eee naiiai noi?oaa aneaaenoaea aai oinoaaiiiai ?anno?ienoaa);
4) a i?iecaiaenoaa, aicaoaeaeaiiii noi?oaii, eee io eiaie noi?oaa aeey
onoaiiaeaiey aai eiiiaoaioeee.
Aiaeiae/iia iiiyoea i?eaeeaaee ioae — aeaia aeaaony a I?aaeeao i
aeieacaoaeuenoaao ooaoa Aeaaaia (i?aaeei 504). Yoa i?eaeeaaey ia iiaeao
i?eiaiyoueny a a?aaeaeaineii i?ioeanna, aaea noi?oae aunooiatho eae
i?ioeaiiieiaeiua noi?iiu, a oaeaea ii iaeioi?ui eaoaai?eyi oaieiaiuo
aeae.
N/eoaaony, /oi anee noi?oae yaeythony i?ioeaiiieiaeiuie noi?iiaie a
a?aaeaeaineii i?ioeanna, oi iao iaiaoiaeeiinoe caueuaoue eo a?a/iua
ioiioaiey io ?ane?uoey eiioeaeaioeeaeueiuo naaaeaiee. A aeaeao i
?acaiaeao enoi?e/anee ?ac?aoaeinue iaeiiio noi?oao eceaaaoue oaeou i
aoi?ii noi?oaa, iniaaiii eiaaea yoe oaeou aeieacuaatho noi?oaeaneoth
iaaa?iinoue.
A I?aaeeao i aeieacaoaeuenoaao ooaoa Ienneneie ooi/iyaony, /oi oaeie
i?eaeeaaeae iaeaaeatho ia oieueei ianoiyuea, ii e auaoea noi?oae.
Caeanue i?eaeeaaey ioae — aeaia ia ?ani?ino?aiyaony ia a?aaeaeaineea
aeaenoaey iaaeaeo noi?oaaie, a /anoiinoe ia nii?u i nianoaaiiinoe, a
oaeaea ia i?iecaiaenoai ii iaeioi?ui eaoaai?eyi oaieiaiuo aeae.
Iiieii auoaeceiaeaiiuo i?eaeeaaee nouanoaotho e ae?oaea — oi?aiaua
nae?aou, enoi/iee eioi?iaoeee — aeo?iaeeno e o.ae.
Ianiio?y ia ?aciiia?acea, iiaeii oeacaoue iauea /a?ou i?eaeeaaee:
a) iie i?ecaaiu io?aiyoue eiioeaeaioeeaeueioth eioi?iaoeeth, ?acaeaoaiea
eioi?ie iiaeao aucaaoue iaaaoeaiua iineaaenoaey aeey a?aaeaeaieia eee
iauanoaa;
a) eeoeo, io eioi?iai eno?aaoaony eiioeaeaioeeaeueiay eioi?iaoeey, iia
noaea ecaanoia a neeo aai aeieaeiinoiuo, i?ioanneiiaeueiuo iaycaiiinoae,
naiaeiuo acaeiiioiioaiee eee iniauo aeiaa?eoaeueiuo acaeiiioiioaiee;
a) ?ane?uoea eioi?iaoeee a noaea caaeneo io aieaecuyaeaiey eeoea,
niiaueaoaai eiioeaeaioeeaeueioth eioi?iaoeeth;
a) i?eiaiaiea i?eaeeaaee caaeneo io noaeaeneiai oniio?aiey.
EEOA?AOO?A
1. Eo/a?aia A.A. I iaeioi?uo aniaeoao ieacaiey eaaeeoeoee?iaaiiie
th?eaee/aneie iiiiue aaeaieaoaie a ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee //
I?aaiaaaeaiea. 2007. ? 4.
2. Noaeaaiay aeanoue a ?anioaeeea Aaea?onue e ae?oaeo ainoaea?noaao NIA:
Iaaeaeoia?. ?aeiiaiaeaoeee a iaeanoe inouanoaeaiey i?aainoaeey / Iiae
?aae. A.A. Aieiaaiiaa. Ii., 2008.
3. Black’s Law Dictionary by Henry Campbell Black, M.A. Sixth Edition,
St.Paul, Minn. West Publishing Co. 1990.
4. Friedenthal J.H., Kane M.K., Miller A.R. Civil Procedure: Hornbook
series. West Publishing Co. St. Paul, Minn, 2005.
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