Enoi?ey iaycaoaeuenoa ?eineiai i?aaa
Niaea?aeaiea
Aaaaeaiea
Noa?ia oeeaeeueiia i?aai. Iaycaoaeuenoaa ec aeaeeeoia
Iaycaoaeuenoaa ec aeiaiai?ia
Aaaaeaiea
Iaycaoaeuenoai, obligatio, ii ii?aaeaeaieth iicaeiaeoaai ?eineiai i?aaa
e ii iaoei iuiaoiei i?aaenoaaeaieyi, anoue oaeia th?eaee/aneia ioiioaiea
iaaeaeo aeaoiy eeoeaie, a neeo eioi?iai iaeii ec ieo – creditor – eiaao
i?aai o?aaiaaoue io ae?oaiai – debitor – eniieiaiey /aai-eeai a naith
iieueco: “obligatio est juris vinculum, quo necessitate adstringimur
alicujus solvendae rei secundum nostrae civitatis jura”, – oae aeaneo
eaaaeueiia ii?aaeaeaiea a “Einoeoooeeyo” THnoeieaia (pr. In. 3. 13).
Niaea?aeaiea iaycaoaeuenoa iiaeao auoue /?acau/aeii ?aciiia?acii. Iii
iiaeao ninoiyoue a iaycaiiinoe ia?aaeaoue e?aaeeoi?o eaeoth-eeai aauue
(iai?eia?, i?e eoiea-i?iaeaaea) – dare, a iaycaiiinoe /oi-eeai naeaeaoue
eee ia aeaeaoue – facere eee non facere (iino?ieoue aeii, ia
i?aiyonoaiaaoue iia eiaeoue ?uao a aaoai i?oaeo e o. i.), a iaycaiiinoe
aicianoeoue i?e/eiaiiue a?aae – praestare. Aiiaua ana oi, /oi aiciiaeii
(“impossibilium nulla obligatio”) e [n.376] /oi ia i?ioeaii caeiio,
iiaeao auoue i?aaeiaoii iaycaoaeuenoaa. Iaycaoaeuenoai anoue oa
th?eaee/aneay oi?ia, iin?aaenoaii eioi?ie ethaee oaeiaeaoai?ytho naie
naiua ?aciiia?aciua eiie?aoiua ioaeaeu, ?aaoee?oy naie ioiioaiey.
Iaycaoaeuenoaaiiua ioiioaiey aicieeatho ec ?acee/iuo enoi/ieeia. Iiiaea
ec ieo onoaiaaeeaathony naiei caeiiii – obligatio ex lege (iai?eia?,
iaycaiiinoue ?iaeeoaeae e aeaoae aeaaaoue ae?oa ae?oao niaea?aeaiea, oae
iacuaaaiua aeeiaiou); aieueoeinoai, iaeiaei, yaeyaony ?acoeueoaoii
/anoiuo aeaenoaee, i?e/ai yoe aeaenoaey aoaeoo eee i?aaiia?ooaieyie,
aeaeeeoaie (e?aaea, oie/oiaeaiea eee iia?aaeaeaiea /oaeie aaue e o.
ae.), eee aea th?eaee/aneeie aeoaie (naeaeeaie: aeiaiai?
eoiee-i?iaeaaee, caeia e o. ae.). Yoe iineaaeiea (th?eaee/aneea aeou)
yaeythony iniiaiui oaeoi?ii a?aaeaeainei-i?aaiaie aeecie, n?aaenoaii
aeey inouanoaeaiey oie eiaeeaeaeoaeueiie aaoiiiiee, eioi?ay neoaeeo
i?eioeeieaeueiui i?aaeiieiaeaieai naiiai a?aaeaeaineiai i?aaa.
Anyeia iaycaoaeuenoai, eaeiai au ie auei aai niaea?aeaiea, nicaeaao
ecaanoioth th?eaee/aneoth naycue iaaeaeo aai noi?iiaie, e?aaeeoi?ii e
aeieaeieeii, – iaeioi?ia juris vinculum (?onneia au?aaeaiea
“iaycaoaeuenoai” i?ienoiaeeo oaeaea io noa?iai “iaaycaoaeuenoai”). Ii
th?eaee/aneay i?e?iaea yoie nayce a oa/aiea enoi?ee iiaeaa?aeanue naiiio
aeoaieiio eciaiaieth. Ii iaoei iuiaoiei i?aaenoaaeaieyi, aeieaeiee
naycai iaycaoaeuenoaii oieueei a oii niunea, /oi, a neo/aa iaeniieiaiey
ei naiae iaycaiiinoe, ec aai eiouanoaa aoaeoo acuneaiu aicieeoea aeey
e?aaeeoi?a oauoee (oae iacuaaaiue eioa?an – id quod interest). Naiay
ee/iinoue aeieaeieea inoaaony naiaiaeiie; ca iaai ioaa/aao oieueei aai
eiouanoai, aneaaenoaea /aai e naiia iaycaoaeuenoai eiaao oa?aeoa?
iaeioi?iai iniaiai i?aaa e?aaeeoi?a e yoiio iineaaeiaio. Ii ia oaeiaa
auea nouiinoue iaycaoaeuenoaaiiie nayce a ae?aaiinoe, e enoi?ey ?eineiai
i?aaa aeaao iai iaaeyaeioth ea?oeio niaa?oeaoaeny a yoii ioiioaiee
yaiethoeee.
A iauai oiaea enoi?ee ?eineeo iaycaoaeuenoa iu ?acee/aai aeaa
enoi?e/aneeo neiy: noa?ia oeeaeeueiia i?aai e nenoaio iicaeiaeoaai
a?aiaie. Ii e caeanue ioaeii neacaoue, /oi o?iiieiae/anee yoe neie ia
ioaeaeaiu ae?oa io ae?oaa ?aceith a?aiueth: ca/aoee iiaiai neiy
iinoiyiii ia?aieaoathony n ia?aaeeoeaie noa?iai, aneaaenoaea /aai e
naiia oeacaiiia aeaeaiea eiaao oneiaiue oa?aeoa?.
NOA?IA OeEAEEUeIIA I?AAI. IAssCAOAEUeNOAA EC AeAEEEOIA
Oie iaeanoueth, a eioi?ie i?aaeaea anaai ca?iaeeeenue iaycaoaeuenoaa,
auea iaeanoue i?aaiia?ooaiee, aeaeeeoia. Iu oaea aeaeaee, /oi
ainoaea?noaaiiay aeanoue a ae?aaiaeoaa a?aiy ia aiaoeaaeanue a
noieeiiaaiey iaaeaeo /anoiuie eeoeaie; ?aaae?iaaoue oae eee eia/a ia
i?e/eiaiioth iaeaeo auei aeaeii naiiai iaeaeaiiiai. Ionthaea einoeooo
ianoe: naiei i?anooieaieai i?anooiiee ioaeaaae naay ia i?iecaie
iaeaeaiiiai; naiay ee/iinoue i?anooiieea auea iauaeoii aeey iuaiey,
i?e/ai niaea?aeaiea i?anooieaiey auei aac?acee/ii – iaianaiea ?ai,
ee/iie iaeaeu, i?e/eiaiea eiouanoaaiiiai a?aaea. Ai anao neo/ayo
iioa?iaaoee inoee naiiio iaeae/eeo: ee/iinoue iineaaeiaai ioaa/aea ca
i?anooieaiea. A oaeii aeaea aia?aua aicieeei iiiyoea ioaaonoaaiiinoe
(Haftung) iaeiiai eeoea ia?aae ae?oaei. Ii yoi aua ia iaycaoaeuenoai:
iaeae/ee iiaeeaaeeo iuaieth, ii aua ie/aai ia aeieaeai; anoue
ioaaonoaaiiinoue (Haftung), ii iao aua aeieaa (Schuld).
Ianoue, iaeiaei, iiaeao auoue iono?aiaia iooai niaeaoaiey iaaeaeo
iaeaeaiiui e iaeae/eeii: iaeaeaiiue ioeacuaaaony io ianoe iiae oneiaeai,
anee iaeae/ee oieaoeo /oi-eeai. Ii e a yoii ioiioaiee iu ia eiaai aua
iaycaoaeuenoaa: iaycaiiinoe aeey iaeae/eea oieaoeoue ia nouanoaoao; anee
ii ia oieaoeo, ana aica?auaaony a i?aaeiaa ninoiyiea, oi anoue ii aoaeao
iiaeeaaeaoue ianoe iaeaeaiiiai.
Iaei-iiiaeo ainoaea?noai ia/eiaao aiaoeaaoueny a yoo iaeanoue e nia/aea
ia?aie/eaaao, a iioii e aiana cai?auaao ianoue; acaiai aa
onoaiaaeeaathony ecaanoiua /anoiua (oi anoue eaeouea a iieueco
iaeaeaiiiai) oo?aou. Oi, /oi ?aiueoa auei aeia?iaieueiui, oaia?ue
aeaeaaony iaycaoaeueiui. Aianoa n oai ainoaea?noaaiiay aeanoue
anoanoaaiii aa?ao ia naay caaea/o aa?aioe?iaaoue iieo/aiea iaeaeaiiui
onoaiiaeaiiiai oo?aoa. E aio caeanue-oi aia?aua aicieeaao th?eaee/aneia
ninoiyiea aeieaa, iaycaoaeuenoaa: iaeae/ee oaea aeieaeai, iaycai
oieaoeoue iioa?iaaoaio oo?ao (poena). Ii iaeniieiaiea yoiai [n.378]
iaycaoaeuenoaa aua aeieai aea/ao ca niaie iineaaenoaey, iiaeiaiua oai,
eioi?ua ianooiaee i?aaeaea i?e iaeniieiaiee aeia?iaieueiiai niaeaoaiey i
aueoia, oi anoue ianoe.
Aunooiay ni naieie ia?aie/aieyie e cai?aoaie ianoe, ainoaea?noaaiiay
aeanoue ia ia?auo ii?ao aeaenoaoao i/aiue inoi?iaeii: ana aa cai?aou
iiaoo ieacaoueny aanneeueiuie oai, aaea iie noieeioony n ?acae?aaeaiiui
aei e?aeiinoe /oanoaii iaeaeaiiiai. Aneaaenoaea yoiai oeacaiiay
oeenaoeey oo?aoia i?aaeaea anaai iieo/aao i?eiaiaiea ii ioiioaieth e
aeaeeeoai aieaa eaaeei, i?e eioi?uo ee/iia ?acae?aaeaiea ia oae
eioaineaii. Ii?iu ia ioiioaieyo ec aeaeeeoia eiatho iiyoiio aeieai
niaoaiiue, ia?aoiaeiue oa?aeoa?, e eiaiii oaeie niaoaiiinoueth,
ia?aoiaeiinoueth ioia/aii noa?aeoaa ?eineia i?aai – i?aai caeiiia XII
oaaeeoe. A yoeo caeiiao iu eiaai neaaeothuea aeaeu delicta privata.
1) Injuria – oi anoue iinyaaoaeuenoai ia ee/iinoue. Caeiiu XII oaaeeoe
?acee/atho o?e noaiaie injuria. Ai-ia?auo, naioth oyaeeoth noaiaiue
ninoaaeyao /eaiia?aaeeoaeuenoai – membrum ruptum; aeey yoiai neo/ay a
caeiiao XII oaaeeoe nio?aiyaony aua noa?ue ii?yaeie – iuaiea ii ia/aeai
iei ca iei, coa ca coa (talio), anee ia ninoiyeinue aeia?iaieueiiai
niaeaoaiey iaaeaeo noi?iiaie: “si membrum rupsit, ni cum eo pacit, talio
esto”. Aoi?oth noaiaiue ninoaaeytho ae?oaea, ia noieue oyaeeea, ?aiaiey
– os fractum; caeanue oaea iuaiea cai?auaaony: iaeae/ee aeieaeai
oieaoeoue iaycaoaeueiue oo?ao a 300 annia, anee iino?aaeaaoee aue
/aeiaaeii naiaiaeiui, e 150 annia, anee ?aiaiea auei i?e/eiaii ?aao.
Iaeiiaoe, o?aoee aeae injuria ninoieo a iaianaiee eiie, ii ana aea
oece/aneie, iaeaeu: a iiaiyo aac ii?aiaiee, inei?aeoaeueiuo oaea?ao e o.
ae. – verberatio, pulsatio; iaeae/ee aeieaeai oieaoeoue oo?ao a 25 annia
(Girard P. Textes. P. 17-18).
2) Furtum – ai?ianoai. Iineaaenoaey furtum ?acee/iu, niio?y ii oiio, aue
ee i?anooiiee caoaa/ai ia ianoa i?anooieaiey eee iao; a ia?aii neo/aa iu
aoaeai eiaoue furtum manifestum, ai aoi?ii – furtum nec manifestum (Gai.
III. 183-184).
Anee ai? caoaa/ai ia ianoa i?anooieaiey (furtum manifestum), oi, ii
caeiiai XII oaaeeoe, aai iinoeaaao oyaeaeay ea?a. Anee ai?ianoai
i?iecioei ii/ueth, a oaeaea oioy au e aeiai, ii ai? i?oaeeai i?ioeaeeny
naiaio caaea?aeaieth, oi ii iiaeao auoue aaciaeacaiii oaeo (“Si nox
furtum faxit, si im occisit, jure caesus esto. Luci… si [n.379] se telo
defendit”). O?aaoaony oieueei, /oiau caoaaoeaoee ai?a iaiaaeeaiii e?eeii
nicaae ia?iae (“endoque plorato”, “cum clamore testificetur” – fr. 4. 1.
D. 9. 2). A ae?oaeo neo/ayo ai?a aeiaaiiai oaeaaoue oaea cai?auaaony; ii
iiaeaa?aaaony oaeaniiio iaeacaieth e ioaeaaony iaie?aaeaiiiio (Gat. III.
189: “verberatus addicebatur ei, cui furtum fecerat”). Ii eaeiai auei
aai iieiaeaiea, yoi, ii naeaeaoaeuenoao Aay, auei oaea iaynii aeey naieo
?eineeo th?enoia: ii iiaieth iaeieo, ii iiiaaeae a iieiaeaiea ?aaa; ii
iiaieth ae?oaeo – a iieiaeaiea addictus, oi anoue i?eaiai?aiiiai
aeieaeieea. I?aeoe/anee ?acieoea naiaeeeanue oieueei e oiio, /oi a
iineaaeiai neo/aa ai? eiae aua aiciiaeiinoue a oa/aiea 60 eueaioiuo
aeiae aueoieoue naay; ii, ?acoiaaony, a ioiioaiee aueoia ii iaoiaeeeny
oaea a iieiie caaeneiinoe io iaie?aaeaiiiai: oae eae poena ia auea
oaene?iaaia, oi iineaaeiee iia iio?aaiaaoue io ai?a, neieueei oioae.
Anee ai?ii aue ?aa, oi ii iiaeaa?aaeny nia?oiie eacie iin?aaenoaii
na?anuaaiey n Oa?iaeneie neaeu.
Anee ai? ia aue caoaa/ai ia ianoa i?anooieaiey (furtum nec manifestum),
oi ii aeieaeai aue oieueei oieaoeoue oo?ao a ?acia?a aeaieiie noieiinoe
oe?aaeaiiie aaue – poena dupli (Gai. III. 190).
Noieue ?aceay ?acieoea a iineaaenoaeyo iaaeaeo furtum manifestum,
i/aaeaeii, ia iiaeao auoue iauyniaia oaie niia?aaeaieyie, eioi?uie
?oeiaiaeeiny iu i?e iiauoaiee eee iiieaeaiee noaiaie iaeacaiey, – ie
noaiaiueth iai?yaeaiiinoe ceie aiee i?anooiieea, ie ?acia?aie
i?e/eiaiiiai a?aaea. Iai?yaeaiiinoue ceie aiee iiaeao auoue iaeeiaeiaa,
ii aoaeao ee ai? caoaa/ai eee iao – yoi caaeneo io iiiaeo neo/aeiinoae.
*oi eanaaony ?acia?ia a?aaea, oi i?e furtum manifestum, ii iauaio
i?aaeeo, a?aaea aiana iao, oae eae aauue inoaeanue o oicyeia. Iaeiiaoe,
e iiiyoiia aeey ian ?acee/ea iaaeaeo ai?ianoaii (oaeiui) e a?aaaaeii
(yaiui) oaeaea aeey caeiiia XII oaaeeoe ia eiaao cia/aiey, eai ?acee/ea
iaaeaeo furtum manifestum e furtum nec manifestum n yoei ?acee/eai ia
niaiaaeaao: anee a?aaeoaeue oaaaeae, oi, oioy au ii e aue oi?ioi
ecaanoai, ii aoaeao ioaa/aoue oieueei eae fur nec manifestus.
Ana yoe ii?iu caeiiia XII oaaeeoe iiaoo auoue iiiyou oieueei n oi/ee
c?aiey oie ia?aoiaeiinoe, eioi?ay auea ioia/aia auoa. Iie i?iaeeeoiaaiu
ia ?acoiii, a /oanoaii; caeii n/eoaeny ia n oaeeie eee eiuie
nioeeaeueii-iieeoe/aneeie niia?aaeaieyie, a n [n.380] ineoieiaeae
iioa?iaaoaai. Anee ai? caoaa/ai ia ianoa i?anooieaiey, aiaa iioa?iaaoaai
aueeaaaony oio/an aea a aeaea anoanoaaiiiai aeey i?eieoeaiiai /aeiaaea
iuaiey, e caeiio ie/aai ae?oaiai ia inoaaony, eae i?eciaoue, /oi
oaeenoai i?e iiaeiaiuo oneiaeyo ia aiaiyaony a aeio (“jure caesus
esto”). E anee caeiiu XII oaaeeoe cai?auatho oaeenoai ai?a aeiaaiiai, oi
yoi oaea n oi/ee c?aiey oiai a?aiaie cia/eoaeueiue oaa aia?aae: caeii,
oioy au oeaiie ioaea/e ai?a a ?anii?yaeaiea iaie?aaeaiiiai, no?aieony
nianoe aai ii e?aeiae ia?a io iaiaaeeaiiie nia?oe.
Ae?oaia aeaei, anee ai? ia aue caoaa/ai e ai?ianoai auei iaia?oaeaii
oieueei aiineaaenoaee. Iaiin?aaenoaaiiia /oanoai oaea ianeieueei
oeaaeinue, e iioa?iaaoee aieaa neeiiai, aianoi aaniieaciiai aeey iaai
oaeenoaa, anooieoue n ai?ii a niaeaoaiea i aueoia. Caeiiu XII oaaeeoe,
iie?aynue ia yoo ineoieiaeth, aeaeatho yoio aueoi iaycaoaeueiui,
ii?aaeaeyy aai ?acia?u a aeaea poena dupli.
Ii ainoaea?noaaiiay aeanoue aua ia aa?ao ia naay iaia?oaeaiey e
i?aneaaeiaaiey i?anooiieea – ana yoi inoaaony aua aeaeii naiiai
iioa?iaaoaai. Aneaaenoaea yoiai aio aeieaeiu auoue i?aaeinoaaeaiu e
iaiaoiaeeiua aeey yoiai n?aaenoaa. Iaeii ec aaaeiaeoeo n?aaenoa aeey
iaia?oaeaiey ai?a ninoaaeyao iaune. Ii i?iecaiaenoai iaunea naycaii n
aoi?aeaieai a aeii iiaeic?aaaaiiai, a iu ciaai, /oi aeii ?eieyieia aue
iai?eeiniiaaiiui: aeaaea aeey oiai, /oiau iicaaoue ia noae, iaaei auei
auaeeaeaoue ioaao/eea ia?aae aai aeiiii, oae eae aieoe a aeii i?ioea aai
aiee auei iaeuecy. Yoei iauyniyaony, /oi, onoaiaaeeaay ii?iu i furtum,
caeiiu XII oaaeeoe niaea?aeao oaeaea e iieiaeaiey ia iauneao. I?e yoii
iie ciatho aeaa aeaea iaunea.
Iaeei iaune – no?iai oi?iaeueiue, ianoaaeaiiue ianeieueei no?aiiie n
iaoae iuiaoiae oi/ee c?aiey i?ioeaaeo?ie – oae iacuaaaiie quaestio lange
et licio. Ii naeaeaoaeuenoao Aay (III. 192), caeiiu XII oaaeeoe
iinoaiiaeyee, /oi oio, eoi aeaeae i?iecaanoe iaune, aeieaeai aue aieoe a
aeii aieui (nudus), eeoue eiay iiayceo aie?oa aaaea? (licio cinctus) e
aea?aea a ?oeao ninoae (lancem habens). Iicaeiaeoea ?eineea th?enou
iuoaeenue aeaoue iauyniaiea yoei oi?iaeueiinoyi n oi/ee c?aiey
oeaeaniia?aciinoe: aieui ioaeii auoue aeey oiai, /oiau iaeuecy auei
i?iianoe a iaeaaeaea e iiaea?ineoue yeiau oe?aaeaiioth aauue; auoue
licio cinctus – aeey oiai, /oiau ana aea ia inei?aeyoue nouaeeeainoe
iaoiaeyueony a aeiia aeaiuei; aea?aeaoue a ?oeao lanx (ninoae) – eeai
iiyoue-oaee aeey oiai, /oiau ?oee [n.381] iauneeaathuaai auee caiyou,
eeai aeey oiai, /oiau iieiaeeoue ooaea aauue a neo/aa aa iaoiaeaeaiey
(Gai. III. 193). Ii iiiyoii, /oi n yoie oi/ee c?aiey ana yoe
oi?iaeueiinoe ia auaea?aeeaatho e?eoeee e /oi Aath aanue yoio caeii
eacaeny oieueei niaoiui (“ridicula est”). Aa?iyoii, iaeiaei, /oi
i?ienoiaeaeaiea anae yoie i?ioeaaeo?u ae?oaia, /oi iu eiaai caeanue
iaeioi?ue ia?aaeeoie ioaeaeaiiie yiioe, oai aieaa, /oi ia/oi aiaeiae/iia
iu ano?a/aai e a enoi?ee ae?oaeo ia?iaeia. Ii iiaieth Ea?eiaa, quaestio
lange et licio anoue ioaieinie iauaa?eeneie noa?eiu, neaae oie aea?eie
i?a?iaeeiu, aaea ana iaueiiaaiii oiaeeee aieuie, oieueei n iiayceie
aie?oa aaaea?. *oi eanaaony ninoaea, lanx, oi, ii iiaieth Ea?eiaa, ii
ioaeai aue eeoue eae aiaoiaa au?aaeaiea oiai, /oi aeaei eaeao i iieneao
aaue. Aa?iaa, iaeiaei, i?aaeiieiaeeoue, /oi lanx anoue ia/oi a?iaea
aea?oaaiiiai ninoaea: a aeii aoiaeyo e iaune niaa?oaaony iiae
iie?iaeoaeuenoaii e ?oeiaiaenoaii aiaeanoaa, eae iaeioi?ia ?aeeaeiciia
aeaenoaea. Yoio nae?aeueiue oa?aeoa? iaunea ioe?uaae aeinooi a aeii e
iaaci?oaeeaae aiciiaeiia nii?ioeaeaiea. Ai anyeii neo/aa, anee i?e oaeii
iaunea aauue aoaeao iaeaeaia, nianoaaiiee aeiia ioaa/aao, eae fur
manifestus: iiyoue-oaee, aa?iyoii, iioiio, /oi a ae?aaiaeoaa a?aiy yoi
auea iauay ioaaonoaaiiinoue aeey anyeeo aeaeia ai?ianoaa.
Quaestio lance et licio auea, ii-aeaeeiiio, aaeeinoaaiiie oi?iie iaunea
a ae?aaiinoe. Ii caeiiu XII oaaeeoe ciatho oaea e iaune i?inoie n
iiieaeaiiie ioaaonoaaiiinoueth. Eae i?iecaiaeeeny yoio iaune, iu ia
ciaai; Aae (III. 186) niiauaao oieueei, /oi ii i?ienoiaeee ni
naeaeaoaeyie (testibus praesentibus). Anee aauue auea iaeaeaia, oi
oicyei aeiia ioaa/ae oo?aoii ao?ia – poena tripli – ca oae iacuaaaioth
furtum conceptum; ii anee ii nai ia aue ai?ii, anee aauue ii iieo/ee io
eiai-eeai ae?oaiai, oi ii iiaeao acuneeaaoue oiea/aiioth ei poena tripli
n yoiai iineaaeiaai – furtum oblatum (Gai. III. 187).
3) *oi eanaaony o?aoueaai aeaeeeoa, ecaanoiiai ianeieueei aieaa
iicaeiaio oeeaeeueiiio i?aao, eiaiii damnum injuria datum (iia?aaeaeaiea
eee oie/oiaeaiea /oaeeo aauae), – oi iieiaeaiea aai a caeiiao XII
oaaeeoe iaynii. Ianiiiaiii, /oi iaeioi?ua ioaeaeueiua aeaeu yoiai
aeaeeeoa auee i?aaeoniio?aiu a XII oaaeeoeao. Oae, auoa auei oeacaii,
/oi [n.382] iiaeaeia aeae ca niaie aeaaea oaieiaiia iaeacaiea – poena
capitalis. Iu aeaeaee aeaeaa, /oi ii?aiaiea /oaeiai ?aaa
?anniao?eaaeinue, eae injuria aai oicyeio, e aeaeei oo?ao a 150 annia.
Aei ecaanoiie noaiaie nthaea aea ioiineony a?oae/aneee aeaeeeo –
iia?aaeaeaiea /oaeeo iinaaia i?e iiiiue eieaeianoaa. Iaeiiaoe, iu ciaai,
/oi caeiiu XII oaaeeoe onoaiaaeeaaee niaoeeaeueioth ioaaonoaaiiinoue ca
ii?oaeo /oaeeo aea?aaueaa a aeaea oo?aoa a 25 annia ca eaaeaeia
n?oaeaiiia aea?aai – actio arborum furtim caesarum eee actio de
arboribus succisis (Gai. IV. 11).
Ii ana yoi oieueei niaoeeaeueiua iinoaiiaeaiey. Nouanoaiaaea ee, e?iia
ieo, aua eaeay-eeai iauay ii?ia ioiineoaeueii damnum injuria datum,
nii?ii. Ii naeaeaoaeuenoao Oanoa, a caeiiao XII oaaeeoe ano?a/aeenue
neiaa rupitias” (= damnum dederit) e “sarcito” (= damnum solvito), ii a
eaeie nayce – iaecaanoii. Ia iniiaaiee yoeo neia iaeioi?ua ec
nia?aiaiiuo o/aiuo (Aooea, Naee) iieaaatho, /oi oaea caeiiu XII oaaeeoe
ciaee iauee ene i iia?aaeaeaiee eee oie/oiaeaiee /oaeeo aauae – actio de
rupitiis sarciendis. Ii iniiaaiey aeey oaeiai ooaa?aeaeaiey noieue
neaau, /oi aieueoeinoai nia?aiaiiuo enoi?eeia ioiineony e iaio
io?eoeaoaeueii. Aa?iyoiaa, /oi caeiiu XII oaaeeoe ia?aie/eaaeenue eeoue
iaeioi?uie niaoeeaeueiuie aeaeaie iaoaai aeaeeeoa, oai aieaa, /oi, ii
niiauaieth Oeueieaia (fr. 1 pr. D. 9. 2), iinea XII oaaeeoe auee
ecaeaaaaiu ae?oaea caeiiu, ii-aeaeeiiio, oaeaea eacoenoe/anee
ainiieiyaoea i?iaeaiu aeaoeaiae?aeueiiai eiaeaena.
Eae au oi ie auei, ii ana yoe eacoenoe/aneea iinoaiiaeaiey auee ioiaiaiu
iioii iauei caeiiii ia ioaaonoaaiiinoe ca damnum – lex Aquilia, caeiiii,
eioi?ue iineoaeee caoai aacenii aeey aeaeueiaeoaai ?acaeoey i?aaa a yoii
aii?ina.
IAssCAOAEUeNOAA EC AeIAIAI?IA
I?eieoeaiiio iauanoao niaa?oaiii /oaeaei i?aaenoaaeaiea i oii, /oi
anyeee aeiaiai? oaea nai ii naaa nicaeaao iaycaoaeuenoai iaaeaeo
noi?iiaie. Eiia/ii, oaea a naiii ia?acaeoii auoo [n.383] caaycuaathony
ecaanoiua ioiioaiey iaaeaeo ethaeueie: ethaee iaiaieaathony aauaie,
aeatho aeaaea a e?aaeeo e o. ae.; ii ana yoe ioiioaiey aeaeaei aua ia
eiatho oa?aeoa?a iaycaoaeuenoa a th?eaee/aneii niunea. Iaiai i?e iaiaia,
iaaa?iinoue neiao e o. i. aucuaatho oaeoth aea ineoieiae/aneoth
?aaeoeeth iioa?iaaoaai, eae e anyeay ae?oaay iaeaea, e i?eaiaeyo e oai
aea iineaaenoaeyi, oi anoue e iuaieth. Ae?aaiaeoaa a?aiy niaa?oaiii ia
ciaao iaoaai ?aca?aie/aiey iaaeaeo i?anooieaieai oaieiaiui e
i?aaiia?ooaieai a?aaeaeaineei, iaaeaeo aeaeeeoii e iaeniieiaieai
aeiaiai?a. Yoei iauyniyaony oi ianoiyoaeuenoai, /oi aeaaea iinea oiai,
eae iaeioi?ua aeaeu aeiaiai?ia iieo/eee i?eciaiea, iineaaenoaey eo
iaeniieiaiey a cia/eoaeueiie noaiaie aua eiatho /a?ou i?eieoeaiiai
iuaiey: acuneaiea iai?aaeyaony ia naioth ee/iinoue aeieaeieea, i?e/ai
i?e ecaanoiuo oneiaeyo iii aeaao e?aaeeoi?o aeaaea i?aai ia oaeenoai
yoiai iineaaeiaai.
Ii, ?acoiaaony, ?an/ao ia ianoa ia anaaaea oaeiaeaoai?yao e?aaeeoi?a;
anooiay a eaeia-eeai niaeaoaiea, ii oaea ca?aiaa noa?aaony nicaeaoue oa
eee ae?oaea aeiiieieoaeueiua noeioeu aeey aeieaeieea eniieieoue
i?eiyooth ia naay iaycaiiinoue. Oae, aeiaieueii ?ani?ino?aiaiiui a
ae?aaiinoe iau/aai yaeyaony einoeooo caeiaeie/anoaa: eoi-eeai aeaao
aianoi naay ii?o/eoaey, eioi?ue e aoaeao e?aaeeoi?o caeiaeieeii, iiea
iaycaiiinoue ia aoaeao eniieiaia. Eaeay oaeiai caeiaeie/anoaa, aac
niiiaiey, eaaeeo e a iniiaaiee ae?aaia?eineiai einoeoooa praedes e
vades. Ii iiaieth Eaiaey, yoio einoeooo aeaaea aue a enoi?ee ?eineiai
(eae e aa?iaineiai) i?aaa ae?aaiaeoei aeaeii iaycaoaeuenoaa,
i?aaeoanoaaiieeii anao ae?oaeo; oae neacaoue, iinoii iaaeaeo
iaycaoaeuenoaaie ec aeaeeeoia e iaycaoaeuenoaaie ec aeiaiai?ia. Anee
i?anooiiee ia iia oio/an aea oieaoeoue aueoi, ii aeieaeai aue aeaoue
aianoi naay ii?o/eoaey, vas, eioi?ue oio/an aea iiiaaeae ai aeanoue
e?aaeeoi?a e ia eioi?iai a neo/aa iaoieaou aueoia iaaeaao aai iuaiea.
Iaeiaei /aai-eeai aieaa oi/iiai ioiineoaeueii yoiai vades iu ia ciaai.
Ae?oaei aanueia neeueiui aeiiieieoaeueiui n?aaenoaii iaania/eoue
eniieiaiea ni noi?iiu aeieaeieea aai iaauaiey auei iaea/aiea yoiai
iaauaiey a oi?io eeyoau; aeaaiaea?y yoiio, aeiaiai? noaaeeny iiae caueoo
?aeeaee e niaaaeaeny nae?aeueiie naieoeeae. Iu ciaai, /oi a oi
ae?aaiaeoaa a?aiy nae?aeueiia i?aai /anoi oei aia?aaee naaoneiai.
Iaei-iiiaeo iaeioi?ua aeaeu aeiaiai?iuo niaeaoaiee ia/eiatho iieo/aoue
naaa i?eciaiea e a i?aaa naaoneii: ainoaea?noaaiiay aeanoue ecaanoiui
ia?acii ?aaoee?oao eo iineaaenoaey e oai i?eaeaao ei th?eaee/aneia
cia/aiea, aicaiaey eo a ?aia ioiioaiee aa?aioe?iaaiiuo. Anee ?aiueoa ia
iiiuoeo ianoe ni noi?iiu e?aaeeoi?a aeieaeiee iia ioaaoeoue nianoaaiiith
neeie e io?aceoue aa, oi oaia?ue acaiai yoiai, ia anaaaea aa?iiai,
ii?yaeea onoaiaaeeaaaony acuneaiea, aa?aioe?iaaiiia ainoaea?noaii.
I?aaaea, yoi acuneaiea ia ia?auo ii?ao, eae ecaanoii, yaeyaony ia /ai
eiui, eae oai aea naiioi?aanoaii, ii yoi naiioi?aanoai oaea i?ioiaeeo
ia?aae aeacaie ainoaea?noaaiiie aeanoe, eioi?ay iaania/eaaao e?aaeeoi?a
io nii?ioeaeaiey ni noi?iiu aeieaeieea, a iineaaeiaai io yenoeannia ni
noi?iiu e?aaeeoi?a.
Iaeiaei e?oa yoeo i?eciaiiuo i?aaii aeiaiai?ia aia/aea ia aaeee, e,
i?eoii, ia niaeaoaiea naii ii naaa eiaao cia/aiea, a oi?ia, a eioi?oth
yoi niaeaoaiea aeieaeii iai?aiaiii aueeoueny. No?iaee oi?iaeeci aue
eieuaaeueth ia?auo eiio?aeoia; oi?ia iaania/eaaea o?oieiio aeey oiai
a?aiaie niaea?aeaieth aeiaiai?a th?eaee/aneia nouanoaiaaiea.
Ae?aaiaa ae?oaeo, ianiiiaiii, naeaeee iaiu: iaiai aaue ia aauue, iicaea
– aaue ia aeaiueae. Ii yoio iaiai niaa?oaeny iooai iaiin?aaenoaaiiie
ia?aaea/e aauae ec ?oe a ?oee e ieeaeeo iaycaoaeuenoa iaaeaeo noi?iiaie
ia nicaeaaae: iao ieeaeeo iaycaoaeuenoa aei ia?aaea/e – i?inoia iaauaiea
iaiaiyoueny aua iaycaoaeueiiai cia/aiey ia eiaao; iao ieeaeeo
iaycaoaeuenoa e iinea ia?aaea/e – n aeoii ia?aaea/e anyeea ioiioaiey
iaaeaeo noi?iiaie ieii/aiu. Iaycaoaeuenoaaiiue yeaiaio iaiaia anaoeaei
iiaeiuaaony a aauii-i?aaiaii aeoa ia?aaea/e aaue. Oaeith yaeyeanue a
ae?aaiinoe e ecaanoiay iai mancipatio. Ii naiiio naiaio nouanoao iia
auea ia?aiia/aeueii iaeiia?aiaiiie ia?aaea/ae aaue e iaoaeea, e eeoue
aaaaeaiea /aeaiaiiie iiiaou ianeieueei eciaieei aa ?ieue. Ii e a caeiiao
XII oaaeeoe any eoiey-i?iaeaaea en/a?iuaaaony a iiiaio mancipatio: aei
iaa iao ieeaeiai iaycaoaeuenoaa iaaeaeo noi?iiaie; iinea iaa anoue aeey
i?iaeaaoea oieueei ioaaonoaaiiinoue ca auctoritas, ii yoa
ioaaonoaaiiinoue – in duplum – iniiauaaaony ia ia eaeaa aeiaiai?a, a ia
eaeaa aeaeeeoa – eae aeae furtum nec manifestum.
Iu aeaeaee auoa, /oi oaea a yiioo caeiiia XII oaaeeoe (eee [n.385]
iaiiiai nionoy) mancipatio iiaea auoue oiio?aaeaia e a oeaeyo fiducia:
aauue ia?aaeaaaeanue a nianoaaiiinoue ae?oaiio eeoeo, ii n aiceiaeaieai
ia iaai iaycaiiinoe aa?iooue aa iaioeeiaioo i?e ianooieaiee ecaanoiuo
oneiaee (pactum fiduciae). Aneaaenoaea yoiai oeaeooeea?iay iaioeeiaoeey
naeaeaeanue n?aaenoaii aeey oaeiaeaoai?aiey naiuo ?aciiia?aciuo aeaeiauo
iio?aaiinoae: aeey onoaiiaeaiey ?aaeueiiai iaania/aiey (fiducia cum
creditore), aeey ia?aaea/e aaue ia nio?aiaiea (fiducia cum amico),
aa?iyoii, aeey iaeia, nnoaeu e o. ae. Oeaeue ?yae iicaeiaeoeo
iaycaoaeuenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee ne?uaaeny a ca?iaeuoa a yoeo pacta
fiduciae, eai iie iaeaaaee ia iieo/aoaee aaue oa eee ae?oaea
iaycaiiinoe. Ii iu ciaai, /oi iaeniieiaiea yoeo iaycaiiinoae ia
iaaeaeaei ia iaai aua ieeaeie th?eaee/aneie, eneiaie ioaaonoaaiiinoe:
eae eeoei, ia?ooeaoaa fides, iieo/aoaeue aaue aeaeaeny oieueei infamis.
Oaeei ia?acii, iaycaoaeuenoa a enoeiiii niunea a nayce n ae?aaiaeoae
mancipatio iu ia iaoiaeei.
Ii oaea a i?eieoeaiii auoo iaia?oaeeaaaony ecaanoiay iio?aaiinoue a
e?aaeeoa, a caeia. ?acoiaaony, /aua anaai yoa iio?aaiinoue
oaeiaeaoai?yaony a oi?iao ?aaeueiiai e?aaeeoa: caieiatho iiae caeia
aauae, – oi anoue a oi?ia oie aea fiducia. Ii iiaoo auoue neo/ae, eiaaea
euouee nnoaeu ia iiaeao ?annoaoueny n aauueth eee eiaaea caeeaaeuaaoue
aieaa ia/aai; oiaaea aicieeaao iio?aaiinoue a ee/iii e?aaeeoa.
Au?aaaouaaaony naeaeea ee/iiai caeia, ii ioiioaiey ec yoiai caeia
i?iieeioou anaoeaei oa?aeoa?ii naiaai no?iaiai a?aiaie.
Noa?ia ?eineia i?aai aua caaeieai aei caeiiia XII oaaeeoe nicaeaei
oaeoth naeaeeo caeia – nexum. Ai anyeii neo/aa, XII oaaeeoe oiiieiatho i
nexum a iaeiii iauai n mancipatio iieiaeaiee: “cum nexum faciet
mancipiumque, uti lingua nuncupassit, ita jus esto”.
Ii oi?ia naiaai cia/aiey nexum i?aaenoaaeyao iieioth ia?aeeaeue
mancipatio. Yoi anoue oaeaea negotium per aes et libram, oi anoue
naeaeea, niaa?oathuayny a i?enoonoaee iyoe naeaeaoaeae e aaniaueea
(libripens) n aanaie. E caeanue, eiia/ii, ana yoe oi?iaeueiinoe a
ae?aaiaeooth yiioo eiaee ?aaeueiia cia/aiea: eiaaea a ea/anoaa aeaiaa
oeao?e?iaae iaoaee a neeoeao, ioaeii auei ?aaeueii i?e caeia ioaaneoue
oneiaeaiiia eiee/anoai yoiai iaoaeea. N aaaaeaieai iiiaou e caeanue yoi
noaei i?inoith oi?iie: aoaeouee e?aaeeoi? a?ae iaeaiueeoth iiiaoeo e,
oaea?ea ath ii aanai, ia?aaeaaae aa aeieaeieeo aianoi iiaeeeiiuo aeaiaa,
eioi?ua a?o/aeenue eee ianeieueei ?aiueoa, eee ianeieueei iicaea. Ii,
aeaeay yoi, e?aaeeoi?, iiaeiaii iieoiueeo i?e mancipatio, i?ieciinee
ecaanoioth oi?ioeo, i?eaeathuoth naeaeea [n.386] eiaiii oa?aeoa? caeia.
Naiay yoa oi?ioea iai oi/ii ia ia?aaeaia, ii i?eaeeceoaeueii iia aeaneea
oae: “quod ego tibi mille asses hoc aere aenaeque libra do, eas tu mihi
post annum dare damnas esto”. Ai anyeii neo/aa, yoi iineaaeiaa “damnas
esto” iaoiaeeeinue a oi?ioea ianiiiaiii.
Anee caoai aeieaeiee a iacia/aiiue n?ie oiea/eaae aeiea, oi ii aeieaeai
aue i?iecaanoe yoio ieaoaae oaeaea a oi?ia i?ioeaiiieiaeiiai aeoa per
aes libram (nexi liberatio). Ana noa?ia oeeaeeueiia i?aai iaoiaeeony
iiae aeaenoaeai i?eioeeia oae iac. contrarius actuc: ioiioaiey iiaoo
auoue ?acaycaiu oieueei a oaeie aea oi?ia, a eaeie iie auee onoaiiaeaiu.
Iiaeiaii oiio, eae i?e mancipatio iaiaoiaeeii auea remancipatio, oae aea
oi/ii i?e nexum iaiaoiaeeii auei iaea/ue ieaoaae a oi?io negotium per
aes et libram, oae eae i?inoay oieaoa ia inaiaiaeaeaea aeieaeieea. Yoa
liberatio nexi iienaia iai Aaai, i?e/ai ei niiauaaony e oa oi?ioea,
eioi?oth i?ieciineo i?e yoii aeieaeiee e eioi?ay iicaieyao iai aeaeaoue
caeeth/aiey i oi?ioea i?e naiii niaa?oaiee nexum. A i?enoonoaee iyoe
naeaeaoaeae e libripens’a n aanaie aeieaeiee aiai?eo: “Quod ego tibi tot
milibus condemnatus sum, me eo nomine a te solvo liberoque hoc aere
aenaeque libra. Hanc tibi libram primam postremamque expendo secundum
legem publicam”; caoai ii oaea?yao iiiaoie ii aanai e ia?aaeaao aa
e?aaeeoi?o (Gai. III. 174).
Anee aea aeieaeiee ia ieaoee, oi ianooiaee ana iineaaenoaey oie damnatio
eee codemnatio, eioi?ay auea i?iecianaia iaae aeieaeieeii a naiue iiiaio
caeeth/aiey nexum. Aeieaeiee iia auoue iiaeaa?aioo manuc injectio ni
anaie aa iineaaenoaeyie aieioue aei i?iaeaaee trans Tiberim e aei
?anna/aiey ia /anoe.
Oaeay no?iaay, iaiin?aaenoaaiii eniieieoaeueiay, neea nexum aac anyeiai
i?aaeaa?eoaeueiiai enea ni noi?iiu e?aaeeoi?a aeaaii oaea ia?aoeea ia
naay aieiaiea o/aiuo e aucaaea ?aciiia?aciua iiiuoee aa iauyniaiey.
Ia?aoth ianoiyoaeueioth oai?eth nexum aeae [n.387] A. O. Aooea, eioi?ue
ia?eniaae nexum, eae aeiaiai? n ioaee/iui oa?aeoa?ii (iyoue naeaeaoaeae
– i?aaenoaaeoaee iyoe eeannia, neaaeiaaoaeueii, anaai ia?iaea), /ai e
iauyniyaony aai no?iaay eniieieoaeueiay neea. Aiineaaenoaee, iaeiaei,
yoi o/aiea i ioaee/iii oa?aeoa?a nexum auei inoaaeaii, e iienee iioee a
ae?oaeo iai?aaeaieyo. Iniaaiii iaeeaeeny aii?in i nouanoaa nexum a
iiaaeoaa a?aiy iinea noaouee Ieooaena, eioi?ue iiaeaa?a niiiaieth e
e?eoeea ii/oe ana iieiaeaiey, n/eoaaoeany iinea Aooea iacuaeaiuie.
Noaouey yoa aucaaea ai?y/ee nii?, a eioi?ii i?eiyee o/anoea ii/oe ana
iaeaieaa aeaeiua aaoi?eoaou enoi?ee ?eineiai i?aaa. Nii? yoio e aeiiuia
ia iiaeao n/eoaoueny caeii/aiiui, oioy ana aea, ii-aeaeeiiio,
auynieeinue, /oi noa?ia o/aiea i nexum caeeth/aao a naaa ai?acaei aieaa
enoeiiiai, /ai yoi eacaeinue iaeioi?ui ec aai iniaaiii ai?y/eo e?eoeeia.
Iniiaiie eaeaae yoiai iiaiai o/aiey i nexum (aeaoaee, a eioi?uo naie
i?aaenoaaeoaee yoiai o/aiey iaaeaeo niaie ?anoiaeyony, iu inoaaeyai a
noi?iia) yaeyaony iuneue i oii, /oi nexum aiana ia i?aaenoaaeyao niaith
naiinoiyoaeueiiai iaycaoaeuenoaa peraes et libram, /oi yoi oa aea
mancipatio, ii oieueei a aeaea naiii?iaeaaee aeieaeieea
(Selbstmancipation, Selbstverknechtung). Aeieaeiee i?iaeaaae naiiai naay
e?aaeeoi?o – eeai a naiue iiiaio caeeth/aiey aeiaiai?a (iaiiaeiaea
fiducia, aaue – Oeinniai), eeai iicaea – a i?aaeaeaeaiee iaaiciiaeiinoe
oieaoeoue aeiea (Ieooaen). I?e yoii iaeie iiieiatho yoo naiii?iaeaaeo
eae i?iaeaaeo naiie ee/iinoe (Oeinniai), ae?oaea – eae caeaaaeaiea
oieueei ?aai/ae neeu aeieaeieea (Ieooaen, E?a/ia?, Ioethaa? e ae?.).
Ii eiaiii yoa iniiaiay iuneue i oiaeaeanoaa nexum n mancipatio, i
naiii?iaeaaea aeieaeieea, ano?aoeea ?aoeoaeueiue e oaaaeeoaeueiue ioii?
ni noi?iiu oaeeo eeoe, eae Iiiicai, Aaeea?, Aecaea, AEe?a? e ae?. Ia
aiai?y oaea i oeaeii ?yaea aic?aaeaiee n oi/ee c?aiey i?ioeai?a/ey yoiai
o/aiey aeaiiui enoi/ieeia, auei ni?aaaaeeeai oeacaii, /oi
naiiiaioeeiaoeey, i?e eioi?ie iauaeo iaioeeiaoeee aue au a oi aea a?aiy
e aa noauaeoii, iaiuneeia. Naia (oi/ii [n.388] ia?aaeaiiay iai) oi?ioea
liberatio nexi naeaeaoaeuenoaoao i nexum, eae ia iaycaoaeueiii
aeiaiai?a, niaa?oaiii ioee/iii io aauiiai aeoa mancipatio. Caai a oi?ia
negotium per aes et libram aeey oiai a?aiaie, iiea ia nouanoaiaaei
iiiaou, oae aea anoanoaai, eae eoiey-i?iaeaaea a oi?ia mancipatio.
*oi aea eanaaony no?iaie eniieieoaeueiie neeu nexum, oi iia
naeaeaoaeuenoaoao i ae?aaiai i?ienoiaeaeaiee aai, i oii a?aiaie, eiaaea
anyeia inouanoaeaiea i?aa aueeaaeinue a oi?io naiioi?aanoaa n
cia/eoaeueiui iooaieii ianoe. Caeeth/aiiue oi?aeanoaaiii (a i?enoonoaee
testes solemmes) caai eiae a iaeaiueeie iaueia oa?aeoa? iauaecaanoiinoe
e aannii?iinoe. I?e iaoieaoa aeieaa a n?ie e?aaeeoi? iaiaaeeaiii
i?enooiae e inouanoaeaieth oie damnatio, eioi?ay auea onoaiiaeaia ia
yoio neo/ae i?e naiii caeeth/aiee aeiaiai?a. A yoa damnatio eiaeeeanue
ia naioth ee/iinoue aeieaeieea, eai naiei aeiaiai?ii aeieaeiee naycuaae
naiiai naay (nexus), ia?aeae naiiai naay ee/iie ioaaonoaaiiinoe
(Haftung). A yoii niunea, eiia/ii, a caeeth/aiee nexum anoue yeaiaio
naiicaeeaaea, naiicaeaaaeaiey, ii oieueei yoio naiicaeeaae auoaeaao ec
iauaai nouanoaa ae?aaiaai iaycaoaeuenoaa, a ia ec aeoa naiiiaioeeiaoeee.
Aiaeiae/iia aeaenoaea ae?aaieo iaycaoaeuenoa iu ano?a/aai e a enoi?ee
ae?oaeo ia?iaeia.
Oi?ioea nexum aeiioneaea ecaanoiua anoaaee aeey aieaa oi/iiai
ii?aaeaeaiey oneiaee caeia: oeacaiea n?iea (post annum, post biennium e
o. ae.), i?ioeaioia (“cum foenore unciario”) e o. ae. Eiaiii e yoei
eiie?aoiui ii?aaeaeaieyi ioiineeinue auoai?eaaaeaiiia iinoaiiaeaiea
caeiiia XII oaaeeoe: “cum nexum faciet mancipiumque, uti linqua
nuncupassit, ita jus esto”. Ecaanoii, ai?i/ai, /oi caeiiu XII oaaeeoe
ia?aie/eaaee i?ioeaiou i?aaeaeueiie ii?iie – foenus unciarium (1/12
/anoue eaieoaea a aiae, oi anoue 8 1/3%), e /oi aeey ?inoiaueeia
(foeneratores) auea onoaiiaeaia ioaaonoaaiiinoue in quadruplum.
Iiaeoaa?aeaeaiiia e, auoue iiaeao, ianeieueei oi/iaa o?aaoee?iaaiiia a
caeiiao XII oaaeeoe, nexum i?iaeieaeaei aua aeieai nouanoaiaaoue a
oeeaeeueiii iai?ioa. Ia oe?ieia i?eiaiaiea aai oeacuaatho iinoiyiiua
aeaeiau ieaaaaa, eioi?ua, eae aaaeiaeoee eeann [n.389] ianaeaiey, /aua
anaai ieacuaaeenue a iieiaeaiee nexi eee obaerati e eniuouaaee ia naaa
anth no?iainoue yoie aeieaiaie oi?iu. Anoanoaaiiay a noa?ia a?aiy,
iaiin?aaenoaaiiay (aac i?aaeaa?eoaeueiiai enea) eniieieoaeueiay neea
nexum i?e eciaieaoeony oneiaeyo iiaea aeaaaoue iiaiae e
ceioiio?aaeaieyi. Aiciiaeiu auee i?aaeaea anaai ie ia /ai ia iniiaaiiua
i?aoaicee ni noi?iiu e?aaeeoi?ia; aic?aaeaoue i?ioea manus injectio nai
aeieaeiee, eae ecaanoii, ia iia, a iaeoe vindex’a /anoi auei iaeaaei.
Ceioiio?aaeaiey yoiai ?iaea auee ono?aiaiu lex Vallia – caeiiii, eioi?ue
iicaieee naiiio aeieaeieeo manum sibi depellere. Ii inoaaaeanue aua
ae?oaay oyaeaeay noi?iia nexum – eiaiii aiciiaeiinoue iieiiai i?iecaiea
iaae aeieaeieeii iinea manus injectio. Oaea iaeei aeae oaeeo
aeieaeieeia, aiaeeiuo a ieiaao ii ?uieo e iiaeeaaeaueo i?iaeaaea trans
Tiberim, aicaoaeaeae ia?iaeiua aieiaiey. Iaeii ec oaeeo ia?iaeiuo
aieiaiee e auei, ii ?anneaco Eeaey, iineaaeiei oie/eii, aucaaaoei
aaaeiue caeii – lex Poetelia, 326 a. Yoio caeii niaea?aeae ?yae aanueia
nouanoaaiiuo iinoaiiaeaiee: ii cai?aoee iaeiaeaiea oeaiae ia
aeieaeieeia, ca eneeth/aieai oieueei oao, eioi?ua iiiaee e e?aaeeoi?o
aneaaenoaea i?anooieaiey (iai?eia?, ai?, caoaa/aiiue ia ianoa); ioiaiee
aiana i?aai oaeaaoue eee i?iaeaaaoue trans Tiberim e, iaeiiaoe, eeoee
nexum aai i?aaeiae eniieieoaeueiie neeu: ioiuia e?aaeeoi? aeieaeai aue
i?aaeaa?eoaeueii aeieacaoue naia o?aaiaaiea ia?aae noaeii e iieo/eoue
noaeaaiue i?eaiai? – judicatum. Yoi iineaaeiaa ianoiyoaeuenoai
iiaei?aaei cia/aiea nexum, e eiaaea ieiei oiai aea a?aiaie iiyaeeenue
ae?oaea oi?iu, a eioi?ua iiaea auoue iaea/aia naeaeea caeia (stipulatio,
a iioii e aanoi?iaeueiia mutuum), oi nexum noaei iinoaiaiii noiaeeoue ni
noeaiu e caauaaoueny.
Nexum auei aaeeinoaaiiie naeaeeie, ecaanoiie caeiiai XII oaaeeoe,
ii?iaeaeathuae iaycaoaeuenoai a aai enoeiiii niunea. E?iia aeaeeeoia e
nexum, caeiiu XII oaaeeoe ciaee aua oieueei iaeei enoi/iee
iaycaoaeuenoaa – eiaiii legata, oi anoue ioeacu a caaauaieyo. I?e yoii
caaauaoaeue iia eee onoaiiaeoue iaiin?aaenoaaiioth nianoaaiiinoue ia
aauue oiai, eiio iia ioeacuaaaony (a oaeii neo/aa iineaaeiee,
legatarius, iieo/ae n?aco rei vindicatio ia ioeacaiioth aio aauue –
legatum per vindicationem), eee aea aiceiaeeoue ia ianeaaeieea
iaycaoaeuenoai auaeaoue eee oieaoeoue. A oaeii neo/aa yoi aiceiaeaiea
iaycaoaeuenoaa au?aaeaeinue oaeaea a oi?ia “damnas [n.390] esto”)
(“heres meus L. Titio centum dare damnas esto”– legatum per damnationem)
e oi/ii oae aea i?eaiaeeei ei anai iineaaenoaeyi damnatio – oi anoue e
iaiin?aaenoaaiiie manus injecto.
Oaeei ia?acii, neoaeinoue iaycaoaeuenoaaiiuo oi?i e e?aeiyy no?iainoue
aeieaiaiai acuneaiey ninoaaeytho oa?aeoa?iua /a?ou noa?aeoaai ?eineiai
i?aaa; iaycaoaeuenoai yaeyaony aua anaoeaei ee/iie iiae/eiaiiinoueth
aeieaeieea e?aaeeoi?o, iiaouae i?eaanoe e iieiiio en/aciiaaieth naiie
th?eaee/aneie ee/iinoe aeieaeieea a ?aanoaa trans Tiberim. E oieueei lex
Poetelia i?aaenoaaeyao a yoii ioiioaiee ?aoeoaeueiue ia?aeii.
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