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История государства и права Великобритании в новейшее время

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Enoi?ey ainoaea?noaa e i?aaa Aaeeeia?eoaiee a iiaaeoaa a?aiy

Aaaaeaiea

1. Eoiae Ia?aie ie?iaie aieiu

2. Eciaiaiey a ainoaea?noaaiiii no?ia

3. A?eoaineay eieiieaeueiay eiia?ey

Aaaaeaiea

Aiai?y ia iauae oaiaeaioeee oneeaiey i?aaiia eniieieoaeueiie aeanoe (e
i?aaeaea anaai ee/ii i?aiuea?-ieieno?a), auei au iai?aaeeueiui
ooaa?aeaeaoue, /oi iaeaoa iauei a?eoaineiai ia?eaiaioa ia?anoaea ea?aoue
neieueei-ieaoaeue caiaoioth ?ieue a iieeoe/aneie aeecie no?aiu.
Aiaeeeneee ia?eaiaio iaeaaeaao oaeei n?aaenoaii aicaeaenoaey, eae
oeiainiaue eiio?ieue iaae i?aaeoaeuenoaii, aioe?iaaiea athaeaeaoa.
Ia?eaiaioneea aeaaaou ii iiaiaeo iieeoeee i?aaeoaeuenoaa oe?iei
inaauathony n?aaenoaaie ianniaie eioi?iaoeee e ieacuaatho aieueoia
aeeyiea ia iauanoaaiiia iiaiea no?aiu. A iaeaoa iinoiyiii eniieuecoaony
e oaeay oi?ia eiio?iey ca aeayoaeueiinoueth i?aaeoaeuenoaa, eae
aeaiooaoneea cai?inu ieieno?ai. Ethaie i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiue caeiiii?iaeo
i?ioiaeeo o?e /oaiey a iaeaoa iauei, a i?ioeanna eioi?uo ii ouaoaeueii
aiaeece?oaony a eiienneyo e eiieoaoao iaeaou n o/anoeai iiiiceoeee.
Oieueei iooai iaeia?aiey a ia?eaiaioa aaaeiaeoea ia?ii?eyoey
i?aaeoaeuenoaa iiaoo auoue i?aaenoaaeaiu eae au?aaeaiea “aiee iaoeee”.

Iaiaa caiaoioth ?ieue a ?aaeueiii inouanoaeaiee ainoaea?noaaiiie aeanoe
ea?atho noa?eiiua a?eoaineea o/?aaeaeaiey — ei?iia e iaeaoa ei?aeia.
Iaeiaei iie inoathony iaiaoiaeeiui yeaiaioii ainoaea?noaaiiiai
ono?ienoaa e eo ?ieue iaeuecy naanoe e /enoi aeaei?aoeaiie.

Ei?iia ii-i?aaeiaio n/eoaaony neiaieii noaaeeueiinoe “noa?ie, aeia?ie
Aiaeee” e iiaeaea?aeeaaaony eae einoeooo aieueoeinoaii aiaee/ai. I?e
ionoonoaee ienaiie eiinoeoooeee i?aaeaeu aeanoe ei?iey /aoei ia
iaicia/aiu e ii?aaeaeythony onoaiiaeaoeieny iieeoe/aneeie iau/ayie. Oioy
ca a?eoaineei iiia?oii oi?iaeueii nio?aiyaony i?aai aaniethoiiai aaoi,
?inionea ia?eaiaioa e iacia/aiey i?aiuea?-ieieno?a, aeeeoaeueiay
iieeoe/aneay i?aeoeea naaea yoe i?a?iaaoeau e “i?aao aeaaaoue niaaou,
i?aao iaeia?youe e i?aao i?aaeinoa?aaaoue”. Oaeoe/aneia aeeyiea
ei?ieaaneiai aeiia ia ainoaea?noaaiioth aeeciue, oai ia iaiaa, inoaaony
cia/eoaeueiui. Ei?ieaaa, a /anoiinoe, i?aaenaaeaoaeuenoaoao ia
canaaeaieyo Oaeiiai niaaoa e ?ac a iaaeaeth auneooeaaao aeieeaae
i?aiuea?-ieieno?a. Ooaa?aeaeaiey i oii, /oi ei?ieaaa ?aniieaaaao
iaeaieaa iieiie eioi?iaoeeae i iieiaeaiee a no?aia, eiatho iiae niaie
cia/eoaeueiua iniiaaiey. E?iia oiai, ei?ieaaa inoaaony aeaaie
Niae?oaeanoaa, ian/eouaathuaai ieiei 50 no?ai, a iniiaiii auaoeo eieiiee
Aaeeeia?eoaiee.

*oi eanaaony iaeaou ei?aeia, oi, ii iiaieth iaeioi?uo enneaaeiaaoaeae,
n?aaeiaaaeiaua i?eioeeiu aa oi?ie?iaaiey (ieiei 1200 ianeaaenoaaiiuo e
aeaeiaaiiuo iy?ia) oieueei iiauoatho a nia?aiaiiuo oneiaeyo
ooieoeeiiaeueioth ?ieue yoiai o/?aaeaeaiey, iineieueeo iii iaiaa
caaeneii io ia?oeeiie aeenoeeieeiu e iieeoe/aneie eiiuthieoo?u.

Iaeiie ec aeieaia?aiaiiuo oaiaeaioeee ?acaeoey Aaeeeia?eoaiee a XX a.
noae ?ino ainoaea?noaaiiiai aiia?aoa. A eiioea ia?aie ie?iaie aieiu e
n?aco iinea aa ieii/aiey auei ia?aciaaii aieaa 5 iiauo ieienoa?noa (a
oii /enea o?oaea, aaeaoeee, o?ainii?oa e o. ae.), a e na?aaeeia 60-o aa.
iauaa /enei ieienoa?noa e oeaio?aeueiuo aaaeiinoa i?aauneei 100. Iinea
oiai eae a eiioea XIX a. aue nicaeai einoeooo i?ioanneiiaeueiie
a?aaeaeaineie neoaeau, ath?ie?aoe/aneee aiia?ao noae auno?i
?ac?anoaoueny. *enei /eiiaieeia a?aaeaeaineie neoaeau a ia?eiae iaaeaeo
1914 a. e 1923 a. oaeaieeinue, a a iineaaeothuea 50 eao oaaee/eeinue a
caaeneiinoe io i?ioeey ieienoa?noa a 10—20 ?ac.

Aeayoaeueiinoue aiia?aoa ainoaea?noaaiiiai oi?aaeaiey Aaeeeia?eoaiee
o?aaeeoeeiiii ioee/aaony iniaie caieiooinoueth (“ieienoa?neay oaeia”) e
no?iaie ea?a?oe/iinoueth a ni/aoaiee n aunieei i?ioanneiiaeeciii.
Iiaeai? eaae?ia aunoaai e n?aaeiaai caaia a?aaeaeaineie neoaeau
i?iaiaeeony niaoeeaeueiie eiienneae, iaoiaeyuaeny a aaaeaiee ieieno?a ii
aeaeai ainoaea?noaaiiie neoaeau e ia caaenyuae io ae?oaeo o/?aaeaeaiee.
Ei?ion /eiiaieeia noaaeeai e ianiaiyai, aia caaeneiinoe io i?eoiaea e
aeanoe ?acee/iuo ia?oee. *eiiaieee ainaiia?aoa ia aeieaeiu caieiaoue
auai?iua iinou a ia?oeeiuo i?aaiecaoeeyo, auaeaeaaoue eaiaeeaeaoia a
ia?eaiaio eee niaeaoaoueny ia eca?aiea a iaeaoo iauei. Ia?eaiaio
inouanoaeyao eiio?ieue ca aeayoaeueiinoueth a?aaeaeaineie neoaeau
i?aaeaea anaai /a?ac i?aaeinoaaeaiea ainoaea?noaaiiuo anneaiiaaiee.

Iaeioi?ua iiaua /a?ou a i?aaiecaoeee e ooieoeeiie?iaaiee a?eoaineiai
aiia?aoa oi?aaeaiey iinea aoi?ie ie?iaie aieiu naycaiu aeaaiui ia?acii n
iaino?aieai iaoeeiiaeueii-?aniaie i?iaeaiu.

Oneeaiea iaoeeiiaeenoe/aneeo iano?iaiee a iaaiaeeeneeo ?aaeiiao e oniaoe
a 60—70-o aa. iaoeeiiaeenoe/aneeo ia?oee, naaa?ie?eaiaeneee e?ecen e
ia?anoathuaa aicaeaenoaea yoeo i?iaeai ia noaaeeueiinoue iieeoe/aneeo
einoeoooia aucaaee e aeecie iiiai/eneaiiua i?iaeou aeaoeaio?aeecaoeee
oi?aaeaiey, iiiuoee iiaeeoeeaoeee ainoaea?noaaiiie iaoeiu a
iaoeeiiaeueiuo ?aaeiiao A?eoaiee.

Aei aoi?ie ie?iaie aieiu eeoue a Naaa?iie E?eaiaeee, eioi?ay inoaaaeanue
a ninoaaa Niaaeeiaiiiai Ei?ieaanoaa iinea e?eaiaeneie ?aaiethoeee
1919—1923 aa., aiia?ao oi?aaeaiey aue i?aaieciaai iniaui ia?acii. Ii
Aeoo 1920 a. ia oi?aaeaiee E?eaiaeeae oeaio?aeeciaaiiia oi?aaeaiea
i?iaeioeeae ec Eiiaeiia ni/aoaeinue n ii?aaeaeaiiie ianoiie aaoiiiieae,
nouanoaiaaieai ianoiiai ia?eaiaioa e eaaeiaoa. A 50— 60-o aa. nenoaia
iniauo caaiueaa ianoiiai oi?aaeaiey iaoeeiiaeueiuie ?aaeiiaie, iiieii
Naaa?iie E?eaiaeee, iieo/eea naia nia?aiaiiia ioi?ieaiea. Yoo nenoaio
aicaeaaeytho ainoaea?noaaiiua nae?aoa?e ii aeaeai Oioeaiaeee e Oyeuena,
yaeythueany /eaiaie eaaeiaoa. Iie ?oeiaiaeyo Oioeaiaeneei e Aaeeeeneei
aaaeiinoaaie n ianeieueeeie aeaia?oaiaioaie, ?aoathueie ioaeaeueiua
ianoiua aii?inu (naeueneia oicyenoai, ia?aciaaiea e.o. i.). Iiiuoee
i?aaeoaeuenoaa eaeai?enoia i?iaanoe a eiioea 70-o aa. caeiiu i aaaaeaiee
aaoiiiiee Oioeaiaeee e Oyeuena ioee/aeenue i?ioeai?a/eaui oa?aeoa?ii,
aucaaee ?aneie iauanoaaiiiai iiaiey e auee ieii/aoaeueii ioaa?aioou
i?aaeoaeuenoaii eiina?aaoi?ia. Oieueei n i?eoiaeii e aeanoe a 1997 a.
i?aaeoaeuenoaa eaeai?enoia ianaeaiea Oioeaiaeee e Oyeuena niiaei,
iaeiiaoe, i?iaieiniaaoue ca nicaeaiea nianoaaiiuo ia?eaiaioia a yoeo
?aaeiiao. Naiaia?aciia iieiaeaiea caieiatho e ?yae ino?iaia a i?ieeaa
Ea-Iaio, aaea nio?aiyaony iieooaiaeaeueiay nenoaia oi?aaeaiey.

I?eniinaaeeaay o?aaeeoeeiiiua oi?aaeai/aneea no?oeoo?u e iio?aaiinoyi
nia?aiaiiiai ?acaeoey, a?eoaineea i?aayuea e?oae ana /aua i?eaaaatho e
caeinoaiaaieth oi?i e iaoiaeia ainoaea?noaaiiiai oi?aaeaiey a ae?oaeo
?acaeouo no?aiao, i?aaeaea anaai a NOA e O?A. A ?acoeueoaoa a
ainoaea?noaaiiii aiia?aoa, eae e ai anae iieeoe/aneie nenoaia no?aiu,
iaaethaeaaony ana aieaa ?aaeeia ni/aoaiea a?oae/iuo e iiaaeoeo
yeaiaioia.

A ianoiyuaa a?aiy a Aaeeeia?eoaiee oneeeaaaony aeaeaeaiea a iieueco
?aoi?ie?iaaiey iaeioi?uo noi?ii aa iieeoe/aneie nenoaiu. ?anoao /enei
noi?iiieeia i?eiyoey ienaiie eiinoeoooeee, /oi ai iiiaii iaoneiaeaii
aicieeiiaaieai iiauo iieeoeei-i?aaiauo i?iaeai, naycaiiuo n ei?ieaaneei
aeiiii, iaoeeiiaeueiuie ioiioaieyie, /eainoaii a Aa?iiaeneii Nithca.
E?iia oiai, iiiaea caeiiu, ioiinyueany e i?aaai e naiaiaeai a?aaeaeai,
iaeiaaea i?eiyoua a Aaeeeia?eoaiee aia?aua a ie?iaie i?aeoeea, onoa?aee,
oae eae ia niioaaonoaotho ie?iaui noaiaea?oai, ia niaea?aeao
iaiaoiaeeiuo aa?aioee, a eiiaaea e i?yii i?ioeai?a/ao nouanoaothuei
aeaiie?aoe/aneei iiaeoiaeai.

1. Eoiae Ia?aie ie?iaie aieiu

Iniiaiua /a?ou ?acaeoey. Aaeeeia?eoaiey i?eiaaeeaaeaea e /eneo aea?aeaa
— iiaaaeeoaeueieoe a ia?aie ie?iaie aieia, iaeiaei aieia na?ueacii
ineaaeea aa oeiainiai-yeiiiie/aneea iiceoeee. Oae, i?iiuoeaiiia
i?iecaiaenoai nie?aoeeinue ia 20%; no?aia iioa?yea o?aoue naiaai
iaoeeiiaeueiiai aiaaonoaa. Ca aiaeu aieiu iieo/eee ?acaeoea iiaua
io?anee i?iiuoeaiiinoe, auioneaaoea i?iaeoeoeeth aiaiiiai iacia/aiey, ii
i?iecaiaenoai a noa?uo io?aneyo cia/eoaeueii nie?aoeeinue. Oooaeoeeinue
iaoa?eaeueiia iieiaeaiea ?aai/aai eeanna e eae neaaenoaea yoiai
oneeeeanue aai iieeoe/aneay aeoeaiinoue. Ca aiaeu aieiu /eneaiiinoue
i?ionithcia au?inea aaeaia. Aeoeaecaoeee ?aai/aai aeaeaeaiey
niinianoaiaaea iiaaaea Ieoya?ueneie ?aaiethoeee a ?innee.

A aiaiiua e iineaaiaiiua aiaeu aeoeaece?iaaeny i?ioeann
eaieoaeenoe/aneie iiiiiieecaoeee. A 1916 a. aicieeei e?oiiaeoaa
iauaaeeiaiea iiiiiieenoia — Oaaea?aoeey a?eoaineie i?iiuoeaiiinoe. E
1920 a. a iaa aoiaeeee oe?iu, ia eioi?uo ?aaioaea o?aoue ?aai/eo no?aiu,
n eaieoaeii, i?aauoaaoei eaieoae anao aiaeeeneeo eiiiaiee aei aieiu.
Iaeiie ec aeaaiuo oeaeae Oaaea?aoeee auei aeaeueiaeoaa iiae/eiaiea
i?aaeoaeuenoaa e ainoaea?noaaiiiai aiia?aoa iiiiiieenoe/aneiio eaieoaeo.

A ?acoeueoaoa ie?iaie aieiu Aaeeeia?eoaiey iieo/eea iiaua eieiieaeueiua
aeaaeaiey. A noa?uo eieiieyo oaaee/eeinue i?iiuoeaiiia i?iecaiaenoai,
/eneaiii au?in i?ieaoa?eao, ie?aiea ianoiay ao?aeoacey. Oe?ieea
ia?iaeiua iannu Eiaeee, Aaeioa e ae?oaeo no?ai iiaeiyeenue ia ai?ueao ca
naiaiaeo e iaoeeiiaeueioth iacaaeneiinoue. Oneeaiea
iaoeeiiaeueii-inaiaiaeeoaeueiiai aeaeaeaiey aucaaei e?ecen A?eoaineie
eiia?ee.

Iieeoe/aneea ia?oee. N 1916 a. o aeanoe a Aaeeeia?eoaiee iaoiaeeeinue
eiaeeoeeiiiia i?aaeoaeuenoai Ae. Eeieaea Aeaei?aeaea, ninoiyaoaa ec
eeaa?aeia, eiina?aaoi?ia e eaeai?enoia. Ia i/a?aaeiuo auai?ao 8 aeaeaa?y
1918 a. eiina?aaoi?u e eeaa?aeu aiiaue ninoaaeee aaeeiue aeie.
Eaeai?enoneea eeaea?u ca ianeieueei aeiae aei auai?ia auoee ec
i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiie eiaeeoeee e aunooieee ni naiae i?ia?aiiie, a eioi?ie
niaea?aeaeenue caaa?aiey, /oi a neo/aa i?eoiaea e aeanoe eaeai?enou
aeiauethony iaiaaeeaiiiai auaiaea eioa?aaioeeiienoneeo aiene ec ?innee,
iaoeeiiaeecaoeee caiee, aaaeoueo io?aneae i?iiuoeaiiinoe, naiaiaeu aeey
E?eaiaeee e Eiaeee e o. ae. Auai?u n iiaeaaeythuei ia?aaanii auea?aea
eiina?aaoeaii-eeaa?aeueiay eiaeeoeey. Aaaeouaa ianoi a ia?eaiaioa caiyee
eiina?aaoi?u, iieo/eaoea aieueoeinoai iaiaeaoia. Eaeai?enou i?iaaee a
ia?eaiaio 60 aeaiooaoia.

Auai?u iieacaee, /oi eeaa?aeueiay ia?oey, noiyaoay o aeanoe ii/oe 100
eao, iaoiaeeony a ninoiyiee oiaaeea. Ia auai?ao 1918 a. iia iioa?yea
ieiei nioie aeaiooaoneeo iano. Ia?oey caiaoii ii?aaeaea. *anoue
eeaa?aeia ia?aoea e eiina?aaoi?ai, /anoue — e eaeai?enoai, aeeyiea
eioi?uo aic?inei. Ioiuia eeaa?aeu ia?anoaee auoue iaeiie ec iniiaiuo
ia?oee no?aiu, onooiea yoi ianoi eaeai?enoai.

A 1924 a. eeaea? eaeai?enoia ?. Iaeaeiiaeueae noi?ie?iaae ia?aia
eaeai?enoneia i?aaeoaeuenoai, a eioi?ia aioee i?aaenoaaeoaee i?aaiai
e?uea ia?oee. Iineieueeo eaeai?enou ia eiaee aieueoeinoaa a ia?eaiaioa,
eaaeiao Iaeaeiiaeueaea caaenae io iiaeaea?aeee eeaa?aeueiie ia?oee.
Eeaa?aeu iaauaee ieacaoue iiaeaea?aeeo i?e oneiaee, /oi eaeai?enou
aoaeoo inouanoaeyoue oieueei oo /anoue i?ia?aiiu, eioi?ay ia
?anoiaeeeanue n o?aaiaaieyie eeaa?aeueiie ia?oee. I?aaeoaeuenoai
Iaeaeiiaeueaea i?iaaei iaeioi?ua i?ia?anneaiua ia?ii?eyoey, iaeiaei
aieueooth /anoue naieo iaauaiee ia auiieieei. Aoi?ia eaeai?enoneia
i?aaeoaeuenoai auei noi?ie?iaaii a 1929 a.

Eoae, a XX a. a Aiaeee nio?aiyaony aeaooia?oeeiay nenoaia, nouiinoue
eioi?ie caeeth/aaony a ainiiaenoaa ia auai?ao aeaoo iniiaiuo ia?oee. Aei
1923 a. yoi auee eiina?aaoi?u e eeaa?aeu, n 1923 a.— eiina?aaoi?u e
eaeai?enou. Aeaooia?oeeiay nenoaia ia eneeth/aao nouanoaiaaiey ae?oaeo
iieeoe/aneeo ia?oee (oae, a 1920 a. auea nicaeaia eiiioienoe/aneay
ia?oey), iaeiaei au?aaioaiiay a iniiaiuo /a?oao ia?eaiaioii,
eiio?iee?oaiui aeaoiy ia?oeyie, yoa nenoaia, anoanoaaiii, iai?aaeaia ia
oe?aieaiea ainiiaenoaa eiaiii yoeo aeaoo ia?oee. Iineaaeiaa ieacaei
oaeia cia/eoaeueiia aeeyiea ia ?acaeoea aiaeeeneie Eiinoeoooeee, /oi
aeaooia?oeeiay nenoaia iiaeao n/eoaoueny iaeiei ec iaienaiuo
eiinoeoooeeiiiuo iau/aaa. I?e yoii eeaea?u iaaeo iniiaiuo iieeoe/aneeo
ia?oee aaciaiai?i/ii i?eaietho iniiau nouanoaothuaai iauanoaaiiiai no?iy
e, niaiyy ae?oa ae?oaa o aeanoe, ia noaayo oeaee ea?aeeiaeueiuo
eciaiaiee.

Iniiaiui n?aaenoaii nio?aiaiey nouanoaiaaiey aeaooia?oeeiie nenoaiu
yaeyaony ecae?aoaeueiay nenoaia, a iniiaa eioi?ie eaaeeo i?eioeei
eca?aiey iaeiiai aeaiooaoa io eaaeaeiai ecae?aoaeueiiai ie?oaa. A
?acoeueoaoa i?aaenoaaeoaee iaeuo ia?oee ieacuaathony a iaauaiaeiii
iieiaeaiee, ei o?oaeii iieo/eoue ianoi a ia?eaiaioa.

Ecae?aoaeueiua ?aoi?iu. A XX a. auei i?eiyoi ianeieueei ecae?aoaeueiuo
caeiiia, aeaiie?aoece?iaaaoeo ecae?aoaeueiia i?aai.

Ia?aay ecae?aoaeueiay ?aoi?ia auea i?iaaaeaia iaiin?aaenoaaiii iinea
ia?aie ie?iaie aieiu, a 1918—1919 aa. Niaeanii i?eiyoiio caeiio i?aai
aieina iieo/eee ana eeoea ioaeneiai iiea, aeinoeaoea 21 aiaea e
oaeiaeaoai?ythuea o?aaiaaieyi oeaica inaaeeinoe (6 ianyoeaa) eeai
aeaaeathuea iiiauaieai aeey aeaeiauo caiyoee. AEaiueiu eiaee i?aai
aieina, anee aeinoeaaee aic?anoa 30 eao e aeaaeaee iaaeaeaeeiinoueth n
aiaeiaui aeioiaeii ia iaiaa 5 o. no. eeai ninoiyee a noi?oaeanoaa n
eeoeii, oaeiaeaoai?ythuei iineaaeiaio oneiaeth. Oaeei ia?acii, iiaue
ecae?aoaeueiue caeii aaiaeee anaiauaa ioaeneia e /anoe/iia aeaineia
ecae?aoaeueiia i?aai.

Iaeaioia ia?eaiaioneeo auai?ia 1929 a. eiina?aaoeaiia i?aaeoaeuenoai
inouanoaeei aua iaeio ?aoi?io ecae?aoaeueiiai i?aaa, i?aaeinoaaea
aeaiueiai ?aaiua n ioae/eiaie ecae?aoaeueiua i?aaa.

Iiaue yoai a aeaiie?aoecaoeee ecae?aoaeueiiai i?aaa ioia/ai iinea aoi?ie
ie?iaie aieiu. Aeo i ia?iaeiii i?aaenoaaeoaeuenoaa 1948 a., i?eiyoue
eaeai?enoneei i?aaeoaeuenoaii, aian eciaiaiea a ?ani?aaeaeaiea
ecae?aoaeueiuo ie?oaia e, /oi aieaa aaaeii, ioiaiee aeaieiie aiooi.
Ioiuia ieeoi ia iia aieiniaaoue aieaa /ai a iaeiii ie?oaa.

Iaeiiaoe, a 1969 a. eaeai?enoneia i?aaeoaeuenoai i?eiyei Aeo i ia?iaeiii
i?aaenoaaeoaeuenoaa, eioi?ui aic?anoiie oeaic aue nieaeai n 21 aiaea aei
18 eao.

2. Eciaiaiey a ainoaea?noaaiiii no?ia

A 1999 a. aue ainnoaiiaeai ia?eaiaio a Oioeaiaeee, iieiiii/ey eioi?iai
ia?aie/eaathony ?aieaie ioiineoaeueiie aaoiiiiee. Niioaaonoaaiii aii?inu
iaaeaeoia?iaeiie e aiaiiie iieeoeee iaoiaeyony aia aai eiiiaoaioeee. Ii
a aeaaiii nio?aiyaony iniiaiia iai?aaeaiea a ?acaeoee ainoaea?noaaiiiai
no?iy Aaeeeia?eoaiee a XX a. Iii a eiia/iii n/aoa naiaeeony e oneeaieth
eniieieoaeueiie aeanoe. Iniiaiua i?aaeiinueee yoiai auee caeiaeaiu a
eiioea XIX a., a niauoey XX a. niinianoaiaaee ?aaeecaoeee aeaiiiai
iai?aaeaiey. A yoii ieaia e /eneo aaaeiaeoeo iineaaenoaee ia?aie ie?iaie
aieiu ioiineony iiaia ?anoe?aiea caeiiiaeaoaeueiuo iieiiii/ee e
oaeoe/aneie aeanoe i?aaeoaeuenoaa. A 1914 a. aue i?einoaiiaeai Oaaaan
ei?ion aeo e i?eiyo Aeo i caueoa ainoaea?noaa, caeiiii ia?aaeaaaaoee
i?aaeoaeuenoao ia a?aiy aieiu anth iieiioo aeanoe. Ii ieii/aiee aieiu
yoio aeo aue ioiaiai, iaeiaei iaeioi?ua i?aaa, a?o/aiiua i?aaeoaeuenoao
a ea/anoaa a?aiaiiuo e yeno?ai?aeeia?iuo, i?iaeieaeaee i?eiaiyoueny e
iinea eo ioeoeeaeueiie ioiaiu. E?iia oiai, auei iieiaeaii ia/aei
i?aeoeea ecaeaiey aeoia, i?aaeinoaaeythueo i?aaeoaeuenoao /?acau/aeiua
iieiiii/ey. Oae, a 1920 a. aue i?eiyo Caeii i /?acau/aeiuo iieiiii/eyo,
eioi?ue iinee oaea ia a?aiaiiue oa?aeoa?, a yaeyeny iinoiyiii
aeaenoaothuei. Yoio caeii i?aaeoniao?eaae aiciiaeiinoue ecaeaiey
i?aaeoaeuenoaii io eiaie ei?iey oeaca i aaaaeaiee a no?aia /?acau/aeiiai
iieiaeaiey, anee iii ni/oao, /oi eaeia-eeai eeoei eee a?oiia eeoe naieie
aeaenoaeyie ia?ooatho ii?iaeueioth aeeciue iauanoaa (iaoatho niaaaeaieth
i?iaeiaieuenoaeai, aiaeie, oiieeaii, yeaeo?iyia?aeae). A oneiaeyo
/?acau/aeiiai iieiaeaiey i?aaeoaeuenoai iiaeao i?eiaiyoue ethaua ia?u,
iaiaoiaeeiua aeey iiaeaea?aeaiey iauanoaaiiie aaciianiinoe e ii?iaeueiie
aeecie iauanoaa. Niaea?aeaiea Aeoa iicaieyei i?eiaiyoue aai i?ioea
caaanoiaie, /oi ia i?aeoeea aeaeaeinue iaiaeiie?aoii. Iaeaioia aoi?ie
ie?iaie aieiu, a 1939 a., ia?eaiaioii aue i?eiyo iiaue Aeo i
/?acau/aeiuo iieiiii/eyo, i?aaeinoaaeythuee eniieieoaeueiie aeanoe
iieiiii/ey ia ecaeaiea i?aaeienaiee, eioi?ua i?aaeoaeuenoai n/eoaao
iaiaoiaeeiuie aeey iaania/aiey iauanoaaiiie aaciianiinoe, caueou
ainoaea?noaa, iiaeaea?aeaiey iauanoaaiiiai ii?yaeea.

I?aaeinoaaeyy i?aaeoaeuenoao /?acau/aeiua iieiiii/ey, ia?eaiaio ia
oieueei niinianoaiaae oneeaieth aai eniieieoaeueiie aeanoe, ii e
ia?aaeae aio aeanoue caeiiiaeaoaeueioth. Iieo/eei ?ani?ino?aiaiea oae
iacuaaaiia aeaeaae?iaaiiia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai — aeou, ecaeaaaaiua
i?aaeoaeuenoaii oi?iaeueii ii ii?o/aieth ia?eaiaioa. “Aeaeaae?othuee
aeo” iaaeaeye eniieieoaeueioth aeanoue i?aaii ecaeaaaoue ii?iu a
“?acaeoea caeiia”. Yoi ca/anooth nii?iaiaeaeaeinue ?ac?aoaieai a neo/aa
iaiaoiaeeiinoe eciaiyoue nai aeaeaae?othuee noaooo. Oi?iu
aeaeaae?iaaiiiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa auee naiuie ?aciiia?aciuie:
?anii?yaeaiey, i?eeacu, oeacaiey, eino?oeoeee ieieno?ia e o. ae.
Aeaeaae?iaaiiia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai — iaeii ec i?iyaeaiee anaiiaouanoaa
eaaeiaoa ieieno?ia.

Ia?eaiaio i?aeoe/anee eeoeeny aiciiaeiinoe eiio?iee?iaaoue
aeayoaeueiinoue i?aaiia oi?aaeaiey. Iaeaoa iauei oo?aoeea aaaeouoth
?ieue a inouanoaeaiee iieeoe/aneie aeanoe, iaiai?io, i?aaeoaeuenoai
eiio?iee?oao iaeaoo iauei i?e iiiiue ia?oeeiie nenoaiu.

I?aai i?aiuea?-ieieno?a a ethaia a?aiy aeiaeoueny ?inionea ia?eaiaioa
niinianoaoao aua aieueoaio oneeaieth aeanoe eaaeiaoa. A ?acoeueoaoa
aicieeaao aoeaaeueii aeeeoaoo?a eaaeiaoa, eioi?ue iiaeao nia/aea
aeaenoaiaaoue, a oaea iioii iaeeaeaoue iaeia?aiey naieo aeaenoaee ni
noi?iiu ia?eaiaioa.

A 1949 a. eaeai?enoneei i?aaeoaeuenoaii auea i?iaaaeaia iiaay ?aoi?ia
ia?eaiaioa, eanathuayny iaeaou ei?aeia. Ninoaa yoie iaeaou aue
neaaeothuei: iaiueoeinoai ninoaaeyee iioiiee noa?eiiie caiaeueiie
a?enoie?aoee; i?eia?ii iieiaeia /eaiia iaeaou — iy?u, eiathuea oeooeu,
iiaeaeiaaiiua a XX a.; o?aoue /eaiia iaeaou ei?aeia — aee?aeoi?a
eiiiaiee. Caeii 1949 a. “Ia eciaiaiee Aeoa i ia?eaiaioa 1911 a.”,
nie?aoeaoee aei iaeiiai aiaea n?ie aiciiaeiiai aaoi iaeaou ei?aeia a
ioiioaiee iaoeiainiauo aeeeae, eiae oeaeueth ia?aie/eoue aa aeanoue. Ii
yoa oeaeue ia auea aeinoeaiooa, e, iai?eia?, a 1956 a. ei?aeu i?iaaeeee
caeiiii?iaeo ia ioiaia nia?oiie eacie. Iiiuoea eiina?aaoi?ia a 1958 a.
?anoe?eoue iieiiii/ey iaeaou ei?aeia iioa?iaea iaoaea/o. Iaeiaei aa?oiyy
iaeaoa e nae/an aeinoaoi/ii neeueia, /oiau auiieiyoue naia ecia/aeueiia
i?aaeiacia/aiea — oi?iiceoue ia/eiaiey ecae?aaiie ieaeiae iaeaou. Iaeaoa
ei?aeia inoaaony aunoae aiaeeyoeeiiiie einoaioeeae a ioiioaiee anao
noaeia Aaeeeia?eoaiee. Iaeaaeay aieueoei aeeyieai, iia niiniaia
ieacuaaoue e neeueiia iieeoe/aneia aeaaeaiea.

A 1999 a. i?iaaaeaia i/a?aaeiay ?aoi?ia iaeaou ei?aeia. Ioiuia ianoi a
iaeaoa ei?aeia ia iiaoo caieiaoue i?aaenoaaeoaee aunoae a?enoie?aoee,
iniiauaaynue eeoue ia i?aaa ianeaaeiaaiey. Oaia?ue /eaiaie yoie iaeaou
iiaoo auoue eeoea, iieo/eaoea caaiea ei?aea ca caneoae.

Naiaia?aciia ianoi a iieeoe/aneie nenoaia Aaeeeia?eoaiee caieiaao
ei?iia. Oi?iaeueii nio?aiythony iiiaea ei?ieaaneea i?a?iaaoeau e
aaaeiaeoay ec ieo — i?aai iacia/aiey i?aiuea?-ieieno?a. Eae i?aaeei,
iacia/aaiue i?aiuea?-ieieno? aeieaeai ?aniieaaaoue aeiaa?eai
aieueoeinoaa iaeaou iauei e noiaoue noi?ie?iaaoue eaaeiao ieieno?ia.
Iaeiaei a oao neo/ayo, eiaaea eeaea? ia?oee aieueoeinoaa ia caieiaao
aeinoaoi/ii i?i/iiai iieiaeaiey, neiai i?aayuaai iiia?oa eiaao ?aoathuaa
cia/aiea. Oae, a 1931 a. eaeai?enoneee eaaeiao i?eiye ?aoaiea ia
ionoaaea. I?aaeiieaaaeinue, /oi ei?ieue ii?o/eo N. Aieaeoeio
noi?ie?iaaoue eiina?aaoeaiia i?aaeoaeuenoai, iaeiaei Aai?a V i?aaeeiaeee
?. Iaeaeiiaeueaeo inoaoueny ai aeaaa iiaiai eiaeeoeeiiiiai
i?aaeoaeuenoaa. Nio?aiythony e ae?oaea iieiiii/ey iiia?oa: ie iaeei
caeiiii?iaeo ia iiaeao noaoue caeiiii aac ei?ieaaneie naieoeee, oieueei
iiia?o iiaeao nicaaoue eee ?anionoeoue ia?eaiaio, iiaeaeiaaoue oeooe
iy?a.

Ana yoe iieiiii/ey n/eoathony i?inoie oi?iaeueiinoueth, iineieueeo
niaeanii aiaeeeneie eiinoeoooeeiiiie aeieo?eia aeaaa ainoaea?noaa
aeieaeai aeaenoaiaaoue ii niaaoo naieo ieieno?ia, ii a oi aea a?aiy
onoaiiaeaii, /oi iiia?o ia iaycai neaaeiaaoue anai ?aeiiaiaeaoeeyi
niaaoieeia: ii eiaao i?aai ioeacaoue a naiai niaeanee ia oaeoth
iieeoeeo, eioi?ay, ii aai iiaieth, ?ac?ooaao “aacen aiaeeeneie
Eiinoeoooeee”. A nayce n yoei ei?iia iiaeao oaeaeeoue eaaeiao ieieno?ia
a ionoaaeo, ?anionoeoue ia?eaiaio, ioeacaoue a ooaa?aeaeaiee aeeey e o.
ae. I?aaaea, iiiaea naie iieiiii/ey iiia?oe ia ?aaeeciauaaee a oa/aiea
noieaoee.

Oaeei ia?acii, aeanoue ei?iiu iineo ne?uoue oa?aeoa?, e aeaaiaea?y naiei
eiinoeoooeeiiiui i?aaai a neo/aa iaiaoiaeeiinoe iiia?oey iiaeao noaoue
na?ueaciie ?aca?aiie neeie ainiiaenoaothuaai eeanna.

Oneeaiea eniieieoaeueiie aeanoe a eeoea eaaeiaoa ieieno?ia
nii?iaiaeaeaeinue ath?ie?aoecaoeeae ainoaea?noaaiiiai aiia?aoa. I?aaeea
eiiieaeoiaaiey /eiiaie/ueaai ei?iona auee noi?ioee?iaaiu a eiioea XIX a.
Ai anao i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiuo aaaeiinoaao, e?iia Ieienoa?noaa eiino?aiiuo
aeae e eieiiee, aaiaeeeanue yecaiaiaoeeiiiay nenoaia caiyoey
aeieaeiinoae. Aunoea /eiiaie/uee aeieaeiinoe (ei?iiiua) caiauaeenue ii
eiieo?no. A ia/aea XX a. aue ia?aciaai ?yae ieienoa?noa e aaaeiinoa:
caieaaeaeey e ?uaieianoaa, o?oaea, o?ainii?oa, iainee, iauanoaaiiuo
?aaio. A ?oee ainoaea?noaa ia?aoee oaeaa?ao e oaeaoii. ?anoe?aiea
aiaoaoaeuenoaa ainoaea?noaa ai ana noa?u aeecie iauanoaa iiaeaeei ca
niaie oaaee/aiea /enea /eiiaieeia. E na?aaeeia 60-o aiaeia nouanoaiaaei
aieaa 100 ieienoa?noa.

A?iey. Iieeoeey. Noae. Aei ia?aie ie?iaie aieiu a?iey Aaeeeia?eoaiee
no?ieeanue ia aeia?iaieue/aneeo ia/aeao. A iaa 1916 a. ia?eaiaio i?eiye
Caeii ia iaycaoaeueiie aieineie iiaeiiinoe. Ii ieii/aiee aieiu yoio
caeii aue ioiaiai, e a?iey, eae e i?aaeaea, oi?ie?iaaeanue iooai
aeia?iaieueiiai iaai?a. Iaeaioia aoi?ie ie?iaie aieiu, a ai?aea 1939 a.,
aue ecaeai caeii, aaiaeeaoee anaiauoth aieineoth iiaeiiinoue, eioi?ay
nio?aieeanue e a iineaaiaiiue ia?eiae.

Iieeoeaeneea neeu Aaeeeia?eoaiee ninoiyo ec ianoiuo oi?ie?iaaiee.
Niaoeeaeueiue “iinoiyiiue eiieoao”, a eioi?ue aoiaeyo i?aaenoaaeoaee
noaea /aoaa?oiuo nannee e i?aaenoaaeoaee niaaoa a?aonoaa, iacia/aao
aeaaiiai eiinoaaey a?aonoaa, eioi?ue iaae?aao iieeoeaeneee ia?niiae e
oi?aaeyao ei, iaoiaeynue iiae eiio?ieai “iinoiyiiiai eiieoaoa”. A
ai?iaeao eiaaony nianoaaiiay iieeoeey, ia/aeueieea eioi?ie iacia/aao
ai?iaeneie niaao. Naiie iiiai/eneaiiie yaeyaony iieeoeey Eiiaeiia. Iauaa
oi?aaeaiea iieeoeaeneeie neeaie no?aiu inouanoaeyao Ieienoa?noai
aioo?aiieo aeae. E?iia ?aaoey?iie iieeoeee nouanoaotho iniaua ?aca?aiua
iiae?acaeaeaiey, i?ecuaaaiua a neo/aa /?acau/aeiuo ianoiyoaeuenoa.

Aunoay noaeaaiay einoaioeey a Aaeeeia?eoaiee — iaeaoa ei?aeia. Iia
yaeyaony aiaeeyoeeiiiie einoaioeeae e noaeii ia?aie einoaioeee aeey
iy?ia, iaaeiyaiuo a oaieiaiuo i?anooieaieyo. Aa?oiaiue noae ninoieo ec
o?ao iaeao: Aunieiai noaea (?anniao?eaathuaai a?aaeaeaineea nii?u),
Noaea ei?iiu (niaoeeaeece?othuaainy ii oaieiaiui aeaeai) e
Aiaeeyoeeiiiiai noaea. Ia ianoao i?aainoaeea inouanoaeytho ie?iaua
noaeuee.

Ianoiia oi?aaeaiea. A Aaeeeia?eoaiee aeeeoaeueiia a?aiy nio?aiyeanue
nenoaia ianoiuo i?aaiia oi?aaeaiey, neiaeeaoayny a eiioea XIX a. Caeii
1972 a. aian eciaiaiey a yoo nenoaio, onoaiiaea aeaoonooiai/aooth
nenoaio i?aaiia a a?aonoaao e ie?oaao. A 1985 a. auee oi?acaeiaiu
ioieoeeiaeeoaou e?oiiuo i?iiuoeaiiuo ai?iaeia. A oeaeii iniiaiia
iai?aaeaiea ?acaeoey ianoiiai oi?aaeaiey au?aaeaaony a oneeaiee eiio?iey
ni noi?iiu oeaio?aeueiuo i?aaiia aeanoe, a oii, /oi ?yae ooieoeee io
ianoiuo i?aaiia ia?aoae e oeaio?aeueiui. Aeaenoaothueo enoi/ieeia
aeioiaea ianoiuo i?aaiia yaii ia oaaoaao, e oeaio?aeueiay aeanoue,
ioeacuaay a onoaiiaeaiee aeiiieieoaeueiuo enoi/ieeia oeiaine?iaaiey,
inouanoaeyao aeioaoeeth, eiio?iee?oy i?e yoii ?anoiaeiaaiea anao
aeaiaaeiuo n?aaenoa ia ianoao.

Ainoaea?noaaiii-iiiiiieenoe/aneee eaieoaeeci. Ia?aua iiiuoee
ainoaea?noaaiiiai ?aaoee?iaaiey yeiiiieee Aaeeeia?eoaiee auee
i?aaei?eiyou a eiioea XIX a. Iinea ia?aie ie?iaie aieiu, eiaaea
oeiainiai-yeiiiie/aneea iiceoeee no?aiu ineaaee, yoio i?ioeann noae
aieaa aeoeaiui. A oiaea aieiu ?oeiaiaenoai i?iiuoeaiiinoueth,
?aaioathuae ia aiaiiua ioaeaeu, ia?aoei e Ieienoa?noao aii?oaeaiey. A
1917 a. aue aaaaeai i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiue eiio?ieue iaae anae oaieueiie
i?iiuoeaiiinoueth e noaeioiaenoaii. Yoe ia?u iineee a?aiaiiue oa?aeoa? e
iinea ieii/aiey aieiu auee ioiaiaiu.

E aii?ino i iaoeeiiaeecaoeee i?aaeoaeuenoai Aaeeeia?eoaiee aa?ioeinue
iinea aoi?ie ie?iaie aieiu, eiaaea noieeioeinue n na?ueaciuie
iieeoe/aneeie, yeiiiie/aneeie, oeiainiauie o?oaeiinoyie. I?eoaaeoea e
aeanoe a 1945 a. eaeai?enou i?eiyee Caeii i iaoeeiiaeecaoeee Aiaeeeneiai
aaiea; aia?aua a enoi?ee no?aiu aue nicaeai ainoaea?noaaiiue aaie.
Iaoeeiiaeecaoeey oaieueiie i?iiuoeaiiinoe a 1946 a. ioaaoeea 880
eiiiaiee. Iicaeiaa auea i?iaaaeaia iaoeeiiaeecaoeey aaciaie
i?iiuoeaiiinoe, /anoe noaeaeeoaeiuo caaiaeia, yeaeo?inoaioeee,
aioo?aiiaai o?ainii?oa, a?aaeaeaineie aaeaoeee, oaeaa?aoiie e
?aaeeinayce.

Ia?yaeo n iaoeeiiaeecaoeeae inouanoaeyeenue e ae?oaea ia?u ii oneeaieth
ainoaea?noaaiii-iiiiiieenoe/aneiai ?aaoee?iaaiey: oe?oiiaiea
ei?ii?aoeee, oeiaine?iaaiea i?ia?aii iao/iuo enneaaeiaaiee, aiaiiua
caeacu iiiiiieeyi, ?aaoee?iaaiea yenii?oa-eiii?oa, aaaaeaiea
i?ia?aiie?iaaiey yeiiiieee, ?aaoee?iaaiea caiyoinoe e o. i.

Aiaoaoaeuenoai ainoaea?noaa ?ani?ino?aiyeinue e ia noa?o o?oaeiauo
ioiioaiee. Ia?aui ia?ii?eyoeai eaeai?enoneiai i?aaeoaeuenoaa a
nioeeaeueiie iaeanoe auea ioiaia Caeiia i i?ionithcao 1927 a., i?eiyoiai
iinea iiaeaaeaiey a 1926 a. anaiauae caaanoiaee a Aaeeeia?eoaiee e
ia?aie/eaaaoaai i?aaa i?ionithcia. A 1948 a. anooieee a neeo caeiiu i
ainoaea?noaaiiii no?aoiaaiee, ainoaea?noaaiiii cae?aaiio?aiaiee e ?yae
ae?oaeo. Iiaay nenoaia nioeeaeueiiai no?aoiaaiey i?aaeoniao?eaaea
auieaoo iiniaee e iainee ?yaeo eaoaai?ee ianaeaiey.

Eaeai?enou e aiineaaenoaee, iaoiaeynue o aeanoe, eniieueciaaee
iaoeeiiaeecaoeeth i?iiuoeaiiinoe eae iaeii ec n?aaenoa oneeaiey
ainoaea?noaaiii-iiiiiieenoe/aneiai eaieoaea.

Eiina?aaoi?u a ioee/ea io eaeai?enoia i?eaeaeaee n yoie oeaeueth ae?oaea
niiniau. Iie i?aaeinoaaeyee ia?iiiua noaneaeee e?oiiui /anoiui
iiiiiieeyi, iiiiaaee ei nieaeaoue ecaea?aeee i?iecaiaenoaa, i?eaaaaee e
iaoiaeai eaieoaeenoe/aneiai i?ia?aiie?iaaiey yeiiiieee. I?e yoii
eiina?aaoi?u, iaoiaeynue o aeanoe, inouanoaeyee aeaiaoeeiiaeecaoeeth
?yaea i?aaei?eyoee. Yoio i?ioeann iieo/ee iniaaiii oe?ieia ?acaeoea a
80-a aiaeu, eiaaea i?aaeoaeuenoai eiina?aaoi?ia acyei i?eaioe? ia
nie?auaiea aiaoaoaeuenoaa ainoaea?noaa a yeiiiieeo, i?iiiaaaeoy eaeae
naiaiaeiiai ?uii/iiai oicyenoaa e ee/iie eieoeeaoeau. Ca iineaaeiea
aiaeu aeiey ainoaea?noaaiiiai naeoi?a a i?iiuoeaiiinoe Aaeeeia?eoaiee
cia/eoaeueii nie?aoeeanue, e a ?acoeueoaoa i?iaeaaee aeoeee
ainoaea?noaaiiuo i?aaei?eyoee oaaee/eeinue /enei iaeeeo aeoeeiia?ia.

3. A?eoaineay eieiieaeueiay eiia?ey

A aiaeu ia?aie ie?iaie aieiu aeiieieiiu A?eoaineie eiia?ee auee aaaeiie
iii?ie no?aiu, yaeyynue iinoaaueeaie nu?uey e ethaeneeo ?ano?nia. Ca yoi
a?aiy cia/eoaeueii oneeeeanue yeiiiieea aeiieieiiia, ie?aiea
iaoeeiiaeueiay ao?aeoacey, eioi?ay noaea ana ?aoeoaeueiaa aeiaeaaoueny
i?aaeinoaaeaiey aeiieieiiai aieueoae naiinoiyoaeueiinoe.

A 1917 a. ia i/a?aaeiie eiia?neie eiioa?aioeee ca aeiieieiiaie aue
i?eciai noaoon aaoiiiiiuo ainoaea?noa A?eoaineie eiia?ee.

A ia?eiae iinea ia?aie ie?iaie aieiu aeiieieiiu ?anoe?eee naith
aaoiiiieth. Ia?aaeei iie aaee aiieia iacaaeneioth io iao?iiieee
iieeoeeo, oioy acaeiiua yeiiiie/aneea oeiainiaua nayce iiaoaeaeaee e
ao?aeoaceth aeiieieiiia, e ao?aeoaceth iao?iiieee e eiii?iiennai n
oeaeueth nio?aiaiey neiaeeaoeony oi?i ioiioaiee.

A iaeaieaa ?acaeoii a?eoaineii aeiieieiia Eaiaaea iinea aieiu
?acaa?ioeinue iiuiia ?aai/aa e oa?ia?neia aeaeaeaiea. Ie?aioea
yeiiiie/aneea iiceoeee eaiaaeneie ao?aeoacee e oneeeaoeany nayce
eaiaaeneeo iiiiiieee n iiiiiieeyie Niaaeeiaiiuo Ooaoia iieo/eee
io?aaeaiea a iieeoeea eaiaaeneiai i?aaeoaeuenoaa. O/anoaoy a ?aaioa
Ia?eaeneie ie?iie eiioa?aioeee (1919—1920 aa.), aeaeaaaoeey Eaiaaeu
aeiaeeanue aeey aeiieieiia i?aaa naiinoiyoaeueii iiaeienuaaoue ie?iua
aeiaiai?u, eiaoue ioaeaeueiia io Aaeeeia?eoaiee i?aaenoaaeoaeuenoai a
Eeaa Iaoeee.

Ia ninoiyaoaeny a 1923 a. i/a?aaeiie eiia?neie eiioa?aioeee
Aaeeeia?eoaiey auea auioaeaeaia i?eciaoue ca aeiieieiiaie i?aai
naiinoiyoaeueii caeeth/aoue aeiaiai?u n eiino?aiiuie ainoaea?noaaie, a
oaeaea ii?aaeaeyoue a eaaeaeii ioaeaeueiii neo/aa naia o/anoea eee
iao/anoea a iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo aeiaiai?ao, caeeth/aiiuo Aaeeeia?eoaieae.

Iinea ia?aie ie?iaie aieiu aieueoie ino?iou aeinoeaea ai?ueaa
e?eaiaeneiai ia?iaea ca inaiaiaeaeaiea. ?acoeueoaoii yoie ai?ueau noae
Aiaei-e?eaiaeneee aeiaiai?, caeeth/aiiue 6 aeaeaa?y 1921 a. Ii
i?aaeoniao?eaae nicaeaiea aeiieieiia A?eoaineie eiia?ee E?eaiaeneia
naiaiaeiia ainoaea?noai, ii 6 naaa?i-ainoi/iuo a?aonoa (Ieuenoa?),
ninoaaeythueo iaeaieaa ?acaeooth a i?iiuoeaiiii ioiioaiee /anoue
E?eaiaeee, iooi?aaeenue io iaa e inoaaaeenue a i?aaeaeao Aaeeeia?eoaiee.
Aiaeeeneia i?aaeoaeuenoai nio?aiyei a iiaii aeiieieiia naie aiaiiua e
aiaiii-ii?neea aacu. E?eaiaeneea e?anoueyia ii-i?aaeiaio aiineee a
aiaeeeneoth eacio aueoiiua ieaoaaee ca caieth.

Oaeei ia?acii, iaoeeiiaeueii-inaiaiaeeoaeueiay aieia e?eaiaeneiai
ia?iaea oioy e canoaaeea Aaeeeia?eoaieth iieoe ia nicaeaiea E?eaiaeneiai
naiaiaeiiai ainoaea?noaa, ii ia aeinoeaea anao naieo oeaeae. E?eaiaeey
auea ?an/eaiaia, E?eaiaeneia ainoaea?noai inoaeinue a ?aieao A?eoaineie
eiia?ee, e aiaeeeneay ao?aeoacey a cia/eoaeueiie noaiaie nio?aieea oai
naie yeiiiie/aneea iiceoeee.

A 30-a aiaeu iaino?eeenue yeiiiie/aneea e iieeoe/aneea i?ioeai?a/ey n
aeiieieiiaie, oneeeeinue iaoeeiiaeueii-inaiaiaeeoaeueiia aeaeaeaiea a
eieiieaeueiuo e caaeneiuo no?aiao. Iniiau A?eoaineie eiia?ee
noaiiaeeenue ana aieaa oaoeeie. Iuoaynue nio?aieoue eiia?eth, aiaeeeneia
i?aaeoaeuenoai iioei ia iiaua onooiee caaeneiui no?aiai.

A 1931 a. aue i?eiyo Aanoieinoa?neee noaooo, cae?aieaoee iauaaeeiaiea
aiaeeeneeo aeiieieiiia a A?eoaineia niae?oaeanoai iaoeee e ii?aaeaeeaoee
acaeiiioiioaiey aai /eaiia. Noaooo i?aaeinoaaee aeiieieiiai i?aai
naiinoiyoaeueii ?aoaoue aii?inu aioo?aiiae e aiaoiae iieeoeee,
iaiaieaaoueny aeeieiiaoe/aneeie i?aaenoaaeoaeyie n ae?oaeie no?aiaie,
o/anoaiaaoue a iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo niaeaoaieyo, naiinoiyoaeueii nicaeaaaoue
caeiiu. Niaeanii noaoooo ie iaeei aeo ia?eaiaioa Niaaeeiaiiiai
Ei?ieaanoaa ia yaeyaony iaycaoaeueiui aeey aeiieieiia, anee oieueei
aeiieieii nai ia i?ineo ia ooaa?aeaeaiee oaeiaiai e ia niaeaneony ia
oaeiaie. A oi aea a?aiy caeii, i?eiyoue ia?eaiaioii aeiieieiia, yaeyaony
aeaenoaeoaeueiui iacaaeneii io oiai, i?ioeai?a/eo ii i?aao
Aaeeeia?eoaiee eee iao. ?anoe?aiea i?aa aeiieieiiia au?aceeinue e a oii,
/oi iinea i?eiyoey Aanoieinoa?neiai noaoooa aaia?ae-aoaa?iaoi?
iacia/aeny ii ?aeiiaiaeaoeee i?aaeoaeuenoaa aeiieieiia.

Iinea aoi?ie ie?iaie aieiu a ?acoeueoaoa aeoeaecaoeee
iaoeeiiaeueii-inaiaiaeeoaeueiiai aeaeaeaiey noaoon aeiieieiia iieo/eee
iaeioi?ua a?eoaineea eieiiee, a /anoiinoe Eiaeey. Aeaeaeaiea ca
iacaaeneiinoue ia?aeeciaaei aeaenoaey aiaei-eiaeeeneie aaeieieno?aoeee,
e a ia?oa 1946 a. i?aaeoaeuenoai Niaaeeiaiiiai Ei?ieaanoaa i?eciaei
i?aai Eiaeee ia iacaaeneiinoue, ii iiiuoaeinue nio?aieoue naia
ainiiaenoai eiui iooai. Eiaeey auea ?an/eaiaia ii ?aeeaeiciiio i?eciaeo
ia aeaa ainoaea?noaa, eioi?ua inoaeenue a ninoaaa A?eoaineie eiia?ee a
ea/anoaa aeiieieiiia. Oai ia iaiaa Eiaeeeneee Nithc e Iaeenoai ia?anoaee
auoue eieiieyie e iieo/eee, oioy e ia?aie/aiioth, ainoaea?noaaiioth
iacaaeneiinoue. Iacaaeneiinoue e noaoon aeiieieiia iieo/ee oaeaea
Oeaeeii.

*oiau ioe?uoue aiciiaeiinoue anooieaiey a Niae?oaeanoai aeey oao
eieiiee, eioi?ua, i?eiya noaoon aeiieieiia, onoaiiaeee o naay
?anioaeeeaineoth oi?io i?aaeaiey, eiioa?aioeey i?aiuea?-ieieno?ia no?ai
Niae?oaeanoaa a ai?aea 1949 a. i?eoea e ?aoaieth ioiaieoue oi?ioeo
Aanoieinoa?neiai noaoooa 1931 a., aeaneaooth, /oi “/eaiu Niae?oaeanoaa
iauaaeeiaiu iauae aa?iinoueth ei?iia”, e n/eoaoue iiia?oa oieueei
“neiaieii naiaiaeiie annioeeaoeee iacaaeneiuo iaoeee — /eaiia
Niae?oaeanoaa e a ea/anoaa oaeiaiai aeaaie Niae?oaeanoaa”.

A 1948 a. Aaeeeia?eoaiey auioaeaeaia auea i?eciaoue ?aoaiea E?eaiaeee i
auoiaea ec ninoaaa A?eoaineiai niae?oaeanoaa e i?iaicaeaoaiee
E?eaiaeneie ?anioaeeee.

A 50-o aiaeao iaaethaeaaony oneeaiea oeaio?iaaaeiuo oaiaeaioeee,
i?ienoiaeyo ineaaeaiea yeiiiie/aneie, iieeoe/aneie e aiaiiie caaeneiinoe
no?ai — /eaiia Niae?oaeanoaa io Aaeeeia?eoaiee, iaino?aiea i?ioeai?a/ee
a noa?a aiaoiae iieeoeee.

Aua neiaeiaa noaiiaeeanue ianoaiiaea a eieiieyo A?eoaineie eiia?ee. A
?acoeueoaoa eieiieaeueiuo aiei a 1957 a. aeiaeeenue iacaaeneiinoe
eieiiee Cieioie Aa?aa (Aaia) e Iaeaeneay Oaaea?aoeey. A 1959—1960 aa.
noaee iacaaeneiuie Eei? e Ieaa?ey. Iaeiaei eieiieaeueiay eiia?ey
Aaeeeia?eoaiee, iniaaiii aa aeaaeaiey a Ao?eea, ana aua nio?aiyea
cia/eoaeueiua ?acia?u, e i?ioeann aa e?ooaiey ?acaa?ioeny ni anae neeie
a iineaaeothuea aiaeu.

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