ENOI?Ess AINOAeA?NOAA E I?AAA NOA IIAAEOAAI A?AIAIE
1. Iniiaiua oaiaeaioeee ainoaea?noaaiii-i?aaiaiai ?acaeoey
2. “Iiaue eo?n” ?ocaaeueoa
3. ?aaoee?othuay ?ieue ainoaea?noaa NOA a noa?a yeiiiieee e nioeeaeueiuo
ioiioaiee
1. Iniiaiua oaiaeaioeee ainoaea?noaaiii-i?aaiaiai ?acaeoey
E eiioeo XX a. NOA noaiiayony e?oiiaeoae ie?iaie aea?aeaaie n
nianoaaiiie eieiieaeueiie eiia?eae. Ai iiiaii aeaaiaea?y /?acau/aeii
aeaaii?eyoiui i?e?iaeiui, aeaiia?aoe/aneei, aiaoiaiieeoe/aneei oneiaeyi,
a oaeaea yia?aee e i?aaei?eei/eainoe ia?iaea iie auoiaeyo ia ia?aia
ianoi a ie?a ii iniiaiui yeiiiie/aneei iieacaoaeyi. Ianaeaiea no?aiu
iiiaie?aoii oaaee/eeinue a iaiaeie noaiaie ca n/ao yiea?aioia, i?aaeiea
ioa/anoaa eioi?uo o?aoeee n?aaenoaa ia eo ainieoaiea, ia?aciaaiea,
caei?iauea, a iiaia iiaeeiaao ieiaeu o?oaeia aeinoeaoeo c?aeiai aic?anoa
ethaeae. Ie?iaua aieiu, a eioi?uo o/anoaiaaea no?aia, oaeoe/anee ia
cao?iioee aa oa??eoi?ee. Ec yoeo aiei iia auoea aua aieaa oneeeaoaeny
eae a yeiiiie/aneii, oae e a aiaiiii ioiioaiee. Oaea iinea ia?aie
ie?iaie aieiu NOA ec no?aiu-aeieaeieea i?aa?aoeeenue a
no?aio-e?aaeeoi?a. Ca yoi a?aiy aia?eeaineay yeiiiieea i?aoa?iaea
aaaeiua no?oeoo?ii-nioeeaeueiua i?aia?aciaaiey. Aua . a eiioea XIX a.
ainiiaenoai a aia?eeaineie yeiiiieea ia?aoei e e?oiiaeoei
oeiainiai-i?iiuoeaiiui ei?ii?aoeeyi, i?enaaeaaaoei aieueooth /anoue
iaoeeiiaeueiiai aeioiaea. Ai?i/ai, yoi ia naea?aeeaaei ?acaeoey iaeeeo e
n?aaeieo i?iiuoeaiiuo, naeueneioicyenoaaiiuo e oi?aiauo i?aaei?eyoee.
Cia/eoaeueiay, ii ?aoeeiiaeueiay eioaineoeeaoeey o?oaea a oneiaeyo
ia/aaoaeny a na?aaeeia 50-o aiaeia iao/ii-oaoie/aneie ?aaiethoeee
iicaieeea i?aayuaio eeanno iieoe ia onooiee o?oaeyueiny a eo ai?ueaa ca
naie nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneea e iieeoe/aneea i?aaa.
Ana yoi a niaieoiiinoe iiaeeyei ia ?acaeoea aia?eeaineie
ainoaea?noaaiiinoe, eioi?ia iineei aeaaiui ia?acii oaeoe/aneee oa?aeoa?
e ia iaiyei iniia eiinoeoooeeiiiie no?oeoo?u. Ii naiaio niaea?aeaieth
yoi ?acaeoea aiieiuaao ii/oe ana iaeaieaa oa?aeoa?iua, oeie/iua /a?ou
yaiethoeee nia?aiaiiuo eeaa?aeueii-aeaiie?aoe/aneeo ainoaea?noa. Iii
ii?aaeaeyaony ii iaiueoae ia?a ianeieueeeie i?eioeeieaeueiie aaaeiinoe
oaiaeaioeeyie, eioi?ua acaeiiaeiiieiytho e eae au o?aaiiaaoeaatho ae?oa
ae?oaa.
Eciaiaiey a ecae?aoaeueiie nenoaia. Ia/eiay n 20-o aiaeia caiaoiaa noaea
i?ia?anneaiay oaiaeaioeey, eioi?ay i?iyaeeanue i?aaeaea anaai a
aeaeueiaeoae aeaiie?aoecaoeee ecae?aoaeueiie nenoaiu. A 1920 a.
aeaiueiai auei i?aaeinoaaeaii i?aai aieiniaaoue e auoue eca?aiiuie
ia?aaia n ioae/eiaie (XIX iii?aaea e Eiinoeoooeee). A 1961 a. ecae?aoaee
noiee/iiai ie?oaa Eieoiaey iieo/eee i?aai o/anoaiaaoue a auai?ao
i?aceaeaioa e aeoea-i?aceaeaioa NOA (XXII iii?aaea e Eiinoeoooeee). A
1964 a. cai?auaaony ia?aie/eaaoue ecae?aoaeueiua i?aaa a?aaeaeai ii
i?e/eia iaoieaou eie iaeiaia, aeeth/ay iaeia ii auai?ai (XXIV iii?aaea).
Ianeieueei ?aiueoa, a 1962 a., i?eciaaony iaiaoiaeeiinoue eciaiaiey
ecae?aoaeueiuo ie?oaia, n oai /oiau a eaaeaeii ec ieo auei
i?eaeeceoaeueii iaeeiaeiaia /enei ecae?aoaeae. Oaeia eciaiaiea auei oai
aieaa iainiiaaiiui, /oi ii aeaenoaothuae a NOA iaaei?eoa?iie nenoaia
auai?ia eca?aiiui n/eoaaony eaiaeeaeao, iieo/eaoee ioiineoaeueiia
aieueoeinoai aieinia a ie?oaa. A 1971 a. ecae?aoaeueiua i?aaa
i?aaeinoaaeythony anai a?aaeaeaiai, aeinoeaoei 18-eaoiaai aic?anoa (XXVI
iii?aaea e Eiinoeoooeee). Ia iniiaa iauaoaaea?aeueiiai
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa niioaaonoaaiii aeaiie?aoece?iaaeenue ecae?aoaeueiua
caeiiu a ioaeaeueiuo ooaoao. Oioy i?iaaaeaiiua i?aia?aciaaiey ia
ono?aieee ana a?oae/aneea oeaicu, aeaenoaothuea a ioaeaeueiuo ooaoao,
oai ia iaiaa ecae?aoaeueiia i?aai noaei a iniiaiii ?aaiui e anaiauei.
Caiaoiua oniaoe aeinoeaioou e a iaeanoe au?aaieaaiey ae?oaeo
a?aaeaeaineeo i?aa aaeuo e oeaaoiuo. A 60—70-a aiaeu i?eieiathony caeiiu
i?ioea ?aniaie aeene?eieiaoeee a noa?a ia?aciaaiey, auoiaiai
ianeoaeeaaiey, o?oaeiaie aeayoaeueiinoe.
Eciaiaiey a ia?oeeiie nenoaia. Aeaiie?aoe/aneea i?aia?aciaaiey, iniaaiii
a iaeanoe ecae?aoaeueiiai i?aaa, ai iiiaii noeioee?iaaee
niaa?oainoaiaaiea ia?oeeiie nenoaiu, n iiiiuueth eioi?ie o?aaeeoeeiiii
iaania/eaaeinue eaae?iaia eiiieaeoiaaiea i?aaiia aeanoe e oi?aaeaiey ec
i?aaenoaaeoaeae ainiiaenoaothuae yeeou. Iieeoe/aneea ia?oee noaiiayony
aaaeiie /anoueth ainoaea?noaaiii-i?aaiaiai iaoaiecia NOA. Niioaaonoaaiii
i?aaiecaoeeiiiay no?oeoo?a neiaeeaoaeny aua a XIX a. aeaooia?oeeiie
nenoaiu (?anioaeeeaioeu — aeaiie?aou) auea ni?eaioe?iaaia ia
oaeiaeaoai?aiea o?aaiaaiee ecae?aoaeueiuo eaiiaiee. Iniiaiui caaiii
ia?oeeiie i?aaiecaoeee yaeeenue eiieoaou ecae?aoaeueiuo o/anoeia, a
oi?iaeueii aunoeie i?aaiaie — iaoeeiiaeueiua ia?oeeiua eiieoaou e
iaoeeiiaeueiua ia?oeeiua eiiaaiou (nuacaeu), oioy iiiaea aii?inu,
iiae/an eiathuea ?aoathuaa cia/aiea a ia?oeeiie iieeoeea, ii?aaeaeytho
/anoiua eee th?eaee/aneea eeoea, ieacuaathuea ia?oeyi iaaeanioth, ii
aanueia cia/eoaeueioth oeiainiaoth iiiiuue, ianiio?y ia oi /oi yoi a oie
eee eiie ia?a cai?auaii.
TH?eaee/aneie ?aaeaiaioaoeee iiaeaa?aeenue oeiainiaua e no?oeoo?iua
iniiau ia?oeeiie aeayoaeueiinoe. Iaiaeiaaaeioth ?ieue a yoii nua?aee
eiinoeoooeee ioaeaeueiuo ooaoia, ecae?aoaeueiua caeiiu, a /anoiinoe
caeiiu 1965 e 1970 aa., a oaeaea ?aoaiey noaeia, iaeaaeathueo i?aaii
eiinoeoooeeiiiiai iaaeci?a. Iaeiaei iaaeaniia oeiaine?iaaiea ia?oee
ioaeaeueiuie eeoeaie e ei?ii?aoeeyie i?iaeieaeaaony. I?e/ai ia?aaeei iie
iai?aaeytho n?aaenoaa i?aaenoaaeoaeyi iaaeo ia?oee iaeiia?aiaiii.
I?eioeeieaeueiua ?acee/ey iaaeaeo aeaiie?aoaie e ?anioaeeeaioeaie a
iniiaiii en/acee nionoy iaeioi?ia a?aiy iinea ieii/aiey aieiu iaaeaeo
Naaa?ii e THaii. Oai ia iaiaa iaeae ecae?aoaeueiie ai?ueau iaaeaeo ieie
nio?aieeny, iineieueeo eaaeaeay ia?oey au?aaeaao eioa?anu niia?ie/athueo
a ai?ueaa ca aeanoue a?oiie?iaie, aeiieie?othueo a yeiiiieea e iieeoeea.
Ai?ueaa ca ?yaeiaiai ecae?aoaey iiaoaeaeaao ia?oeeiuo ?oeiaiaeeoaeae
aunooiaoue n ?aciaea/aieyie naieo iiiiiaioia a ei??oioeee e ae?oaeo
i?ioeaii?aaiuo aeaenoaeyo. Ii aianoa n oai oaeoe/aneay iiiiiieey
aeaooia?oeeiie nenoaiu n aa iii?ie ia n?aaeiee eeann eeoaao ae?oaea
iauanoaaiiua i?aaiecaoeee eaeeo-eeai iaaeaaeae ia oniao a oiaea auai?ia
e niioaaonoaaiii ieieiece?oao aeaiie?aoecaoeeth ecae?aoaeueiiai i?aaa.
Iniiaiua eciaiaiey a ainoaea?noaaiiii iaoaiecia. Ae?oaay caiaoiay
oaiaeaioeey naycaia n aeeoooceae (?ann?aaeioi/aieai) enoi/ieeia
oi?ie?iaaiey ainoaea?noaaiiie iieeoeee. Caeanue ana aieueooth ?ieue
ia/eiatho ea?aoue ?acee/iua i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneea nithcu e ae?oaea
iiaeiaiua ei iauaaeeiaiey, ecaanoiua eae a?oiiu aeaaeaiey. A na?aaeeia
XX a. eo ian/eouaaeinue aieaa 3 oun., e caoai iaiaoeeinue oiaiueoaiea eo
eiee/anoaa, aeaaiui ia?acii ca n/ao oe?oiiaiey. Iaeaieaa cia/eoaeueiuie
n?aaee ieo i?iaeieaeatho inoaaaoueny Iaoeeiiaeueiay annioeeaoeey
i?iiuoeaiieeia, iauaaeeiythuay ieiei 70% i?iiuoeaiiuo eiiiaiee, e
Oi?aiaay iaeaoa. Yoe iauaaeeiaiey auiieiytho eae yeiiiie/aneea, oae e ii
nouanoao iieeoe/aneea ooieoeee. Ia iniiaa i?iaiicia yeiiiie/aneiai e
nioeeaeueii-iieeoe/aneiai ?acaeoey, ninoaaeyaiuo
aunieieaaeeoeoee?iaaiiuie niaoeeaeenoaie, yoe iauaaeeiaiey
iiaeaioaaeeaatho iaii?aiaeoiu, ?aeiiaiaeaoeee e aeaaea oaeoe/anee
iniiaiua oacenu aoaeoueo caeiiii?iaeoia, eioi?ua iai?aaeythony
i?aceaeaioo, eiia?anno, aeanoyi ooaoia. Aeaiiua aeieoiaiou, ?acoiaaony,
ia yaeythony iaycaoaeueiuie aeey ainoaea?noaaiiuo aeanoae, ii iineaaeiea
a naiae iieeoeea o/eouaatho o?aaiaaiey “aieueoiai aeciana”. E?oiiaeoea
ei?ii?aoeee eniieuecotho e ae?oaea eaiaeu aicaeaenoaey ia
ainoaea?noaaiiua aeanoe.
Aua iaeia aaaeiay oaiaeaioeey, iniaaiii iuooeii cayaeaoay i naaa iinea
ieii/aiey aieiu Naaa?a e THaa, naycaia n oeaio?aeecaoeeae
ainoaea?noaaiiie aeanoe. A ianoiyuaa a?aiy yoio i?ioeann, iaoneiaeaiiue
iiiaeie i?e/eiaie, n?aaee eioi?uo eioa?anu e?oiiuo i?aaei?eyoee e aaieia
caieiatho iniai aaaeiia ianoi, i?eia?ae aieaa caaoaee?iaaiiua oi?iu.
Aneaaenoaea i?ioeaiaeaenoaey ooaoia, ionoaeaathueo naie eiinoeoooeeiiiua
i?aaa, iacaaiiay oaiaeaioeey noaea a iaiaeie noaiaie i?ioeai?a/eaie.
Aaaeiui i?iyaeaieai oeaio?aeecaoeee yaeeinue ?anoe?aiea i?aaiii/ee
iauaoaaea?aeueiie aeanoe ai aeaaa n i?aceaeaioii, oioy e caeanue
eiathony iaeioi?ua iiaaoeee: XX, XXII, XXV iii?aaee e Eiinoeoooeee
caeiiiaeaoaeueii ia?aie/eee a?aiy i?aauaaiey iaeiiai eeoea ia iinoo
i?aceaeaioa aeaoiy n?ieaie, a aeey eeoea, “caieiathuaai iino i?aceaeaioa
eee eniieiythuaai aai iaycaiiinoe a oa/aiea aeaoo eao ec oiai n?iea, ia
eioi?ue i?aceaeaioii auei eca?aii ae?oaia eeoei” — oieueei iaeiei
n?ieii; aeoea-i?aceaeaioo i?e ii?aaeaeaiiuo oneiaeyo i?aaeinoaaeyeinue
i?aai caiauaiey aeieaeiinoe i?aceaeaioa.
Oneeaiea eniieieoaeueiie aeanoe nii?iaiaeaeaeinue nicaeaieai
?acaaoaeaiiiai aiia?aoa oi?aaeaiey, ninoiyuaai ec iaaiiuo
neoaeaueo-i?ioanneiiaeia. Aei XX a. /eiiaie/ee aiia?ao NOA aue
n?aaieoaeueii iaaaeee, e yoei NOA ioee/aeenue io ath?ie?aoece?iaaiiuo
ainoaea?noa eiioeiaioaeueiie Aa?iiu. Ii a XX a. i?aceaeaio eiae iiae
naiei ia/aeii aieueoie ath?ie?aoe/aneee aiia?ao oi?aaeaiey, eiiiaoaioeey
eioi?iai ?ani?ino?aiyeanue ia aaaeiaeoea noa?u aeecie no?aiu. E yoiio
a?aiaie a NOA aeaenoaiaaee ii iaiueoae ia?a o?e oeia ainoaea?noaaiiuo
o/?aaeaeaiee:
aeaia?oaiaiou (ieienoa?noaa), aicaeaaeythuea ioaeaeueiua io?anee
oi?aaeaiey (ia?aua aeaia?oaiaiou — eiino?aiiuo aeae, oeiainia, iai?iiu e
iaeioi?ua ae?oaea auee nicaeaiu aua a XVIII—XIX aa.; a XX a. eiee/anoai
aeaia?oaiaioia ia oieueei oaaee/eeinue, iie eciaieeenue ea/anoaaiii —
cia/eoaeueiue aiia?ao /eiiaieeia auiieiye aieueooth /anoue
ainoaea?noaaiiie ?aaiou);
iaoeeiiaeueiua aaaionoaa — o/?aaeaeaiey, aeeceea ii cia/aieth
ieienoa?noaai, ii ia eiathuea noaoona oaeiauo;
iiiai/eneaiiua e ?aciiia?aciua a?aiaiiua eiiennee, ath?i, niaaou,
eieeaaee, aaeieieno?aoeee, nicaeaaaaiua ia a?aiy aeey auiieiaiey
ii?aaeaeaiiuo caaea/, ia?aaeei eiathueo aeeciaiii aaaeiia cia/aiea aeey
no?aiu.
Nouanoaaiiui aue aii?in e i ii?yaeea iacia/aiey aunoeo aeieaeiinoiuo
eeoe. A niioaaonoaee n Eiinoeoooeeae iacia/aiea i?aceaeaioii aeaa
aeaia?oaiaioia, iineia e iaeioi?uo ae?oaeo aunoeo aeieaeiinoiuo eeoe
o?aaoao i?aaeaa?eoaeueiiai niaeaney naiaoa. Iacia/aiea anao ae?oaeo
oaaea?aeueiuo /eiiaieeia i?aaeiieaaaao eo iineaaeothuaa ooaa?aeaeaiea
naiaoii. Caiauaiea aoi?inoaiaiiuo iinoia naiao iiaeao aeiaa?eoue
i?aceaeaioo. Ia i?aeoeea ?ieue i?aceaeaioa a yoii i?ioeanna, eae
i?aaeei, ieacuaaaony aieaa cia/eoaeueiie. Yoiio einaaiii niaeaenoaiaaei
oaeoe/anee onoaiiaeaoaany aua a XIX a. aeaeaiea aiia?aoa oi?aaeaiey ia
a?aaeaeaineoth neoaeao, ninoiyuoth ec ianiaiyaiuo
/eiiaieeia-i?ioanneiiaeia, e i?aaeoaeuenoaaiioth neoaeao, ninoiyuoth ec
aunoeo aeieaeiinoiuo eeoe, iacia/aaiuo aiiaue i?eoaaeoei e aeanoe
i?aceaeaioii e ooiaeyueo ni naieo iinoia aianoa n iei (oae iacuaaaiay
nenoaia aeiau/e). Niaeanii aia?eeaineiio i?aoeaaeaioo i?aceaeaio,
iacia/ay oaeeo aeieaeiinoiuo eeoe, ai?aaa ?anniao?eaaoue eo ia aieaa eae
naieo aeiaa?aiiuo niaaoieeia. E naiao iau/ii i?eciaao yoi.
Niioaaonoaaiii ia ia?acoaiua oaeeie aeieaeiinoiuie eeoeaie
eieeaaeaeueiua i?aaiu iau/ii ia aiceaaaaony nieeaea?iay
ioaaonoaaiiinoue. Yoe eeoea n/eoathony aeiaa?aiiuie i?aceaeaioa e iau/ii
ianoo ioaaonoaaiiinoue ia?aae iei.
Ii ?acaeoeth ainoaea?noaaiiiai oi?aaeaiey auee i?enoue e eiua /a?ou.
Ainoaea?noaaiiua neoaeau, neiino?oe?iaaiiua oaeei ia?acii, ieacaeenue
aia aeaenoaaiiiai ainoaea?noaaiii-i?aaiaiai eiio?iey. Oaeia iieiaeaiea
ai iiiaii iaoneiaeeaaeinue e ionoonoaeai a NOA aaeieieno?aoeaiuo noaeia
e i?ieo?i?neiai iaaeci?a. Aiciouaiea iauanoaaiiinoe ei??oioeeae,
ceioiio?aaeaieai aeanoueth, a iiae/an e iaeiiiaoaioiinoueth /anoe
ainoaea?noaaiiiai aiia?aoa auioaeeei Eiia?ann caiyoueny aai
?aoi?ie?iaaieai. Ia?aua oaae a yoii iai?aaeaiee auee naeaeaiu aua a XIX
a. Caeii i a?aaeaeaineie neoaeaa Iaiaeeoiia (1883 a.) onoaiiaee
i?eioeeiu eiiieaeoiaaiey oaaea?aeueiuo ainoaea?noaaiiuo neoaea.
I?aaeoniao?eaaeenue ioe?uoua eiieo?nu — yecaiaiu ia caiauaiea
ainoaea?noaaiiuo aeieaeiinoae, auei cai?auaii oaieueiyoue /eiiaieeia ii
iieeoe/aneei iioeaai. Eiio?ieue ca auiieiaieai caeiia aiceaaaeny ia
nicaeaaaaiue “iacaaeneiue” i?aai — eiienneth a?aaeaeaineie neoaeau. Ai
iiiaii aeaaiaea?y yoiio caeiio, a oaeaea i?eiyoui iiiai iicaea
ii?iaoeaiui aeoai a NOA ia neiaeeeanue aeanoei ei?ii?aoeaiay eanoa
/eiiaieeia. Iiyaeeinue iaiaei aunieieaaeeoeoee?iaaiiuo a?aaeaeaineeo
niaoeeaeenoia ii ainoaea?noaaiiiio oi?aaeaieth. Ii yoi ia i?eaaei e
iieiiio en/aciiaaieth “nenoaiu aeiau/e”. Ia niaethaeaeny e i?eioeei
iaaeiionoeiinoe oaieueiaiey ii iieeoe/aneei iioeaai. A 1939 a. Caeii
Oyo/a “I iieeoe/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe” cai?aoee ainoaea?noaaiiui
neoaeauei o/anoaiaaoue a “iieeoe/aneeo eaiiaieyo”. A 1947 a.
eniieieoaeueiue i?eeac ? 9835 i?aceaeaioa A. O?oiyia iaycuaae eiienneth
a?aaeaeaineie neoaeau i?iaa?youe iieeoe/aneoth aeaaiiaaeaaeiinoue
eaiaeeaeaoia ia ainoaea?noaaiiua aeieaeiinoe. Aua aieaa oaeanoi/ee yoo
i?aeoeeo eniieieoaeueiue i?eeac ? 10450 i?aceaeaioa Ae. Yecaioaoy?a
(1953 a.) “I i?iaa?ea iieeoe/aneie aeaaiiaaeaaeiinoe e eiyeueiinoe
ainoaea?noaaiiuo neoaeaueo”, i?aaeoniao?eaaaoee aiciiaeiinoue eo
aein?i/iiai oaieueiaiey. Aiineaaenoaee yoe i?eeacu ia?anoaee
i?eiaiyoueny, ii ?acoeueoaou eo aicaeaenoaey neacuaathony e a ianoiyuaa
a?aiy.
A no?oeoo?a ainoaea?noaaiiiai oi?aaeaiey i?iyaeeanue iniaaiiinoue,
iaoneiaeaiiay oaaea?aoeaiui ono?ienoaii NOA. A no?aia ia neiaeeeinue
oi?iaeueii aaeeiie ainoaea?noaaiiie neoaeau. Eaaeaeue ooao eiaao naie
aaeieieno?aoeaiue aiia?ao oi?aaeaiey, /oi, ai?i/ai, ia icia/aao aai
oaeoe/aneie iauaainoaea?noaaiiie ?aciauaiiinoe. ?anii?yaeaiey
i?aceaeaioa e aeaa iauaoaaea?aeueiuo aaaeiinoa auiieiythony, /aio a
iaiaeie noaiaie niinianoaotho iaoiaeyueany a eo ?anii?yaeaiee ?acee/iua
n?aaenoaa aeaaeaiey, e a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue oeiainiaua. A eoiaa
oeaio?aeecaoeey ieacaeanue ia?ac?uaii naycaiiie n oneeaieai
eniieieoaeueiie aeanoe ai aeaaa n i?aceaeaioii.
A na?aaeeia XX a. iniaoth cia/eiinoue i?eia?aee oaeea o/?aaeaeaiey, eae
Oaaea?aeueiia ath?i ?anneaaeiaaiey, Oeaio?aeueiia ?acaaaeuaaoaeueiia
oi?aaeaiea, Niaao iaoeeiiaeueiie aaciianiinoe, Ieienoa?noai iai?iiu.
Enoi?ey iieacaea, /oi i?aceaeaiou, iie?aynue ia ieo, eiatho
aiciiaeiinoue i?eieiaoue aaaeiua ainoaea?noaaiiua ?aoaiey, i?aauoay i?e
yoii i?aaiii/ey, i?aaeinoaaeaiiua ei Eiinoeoooeeae, iniaaiii a oaeie
aaaeiaeoae noa?a, eae aii?inu aieiu e ie?a. Ia n/eoaynue n
i?aaeienaieyie Eiinoeoooeee, i?aceaeaiou iaiaeiie?aoii aac
i?aaeaa?eoaeueiie naieoeee Eiia?anna ioaeaaaee i?eeacu i aaaeaiee
aiaiiuo aeaenoaee ca a?aieoeae, /oi ii nouanoao icia/aei aaaeaiea aieiu.
Aanueia aaoi?eoa?ii i?iyaeea naay eniieieoaeueiay aeanoue e aioo?e
no?aiu. A yoii ioiioaiee iieacaoaeueii aa aoi?aeaiea a iaeanoue
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa. Iin?aaenoaii oae iacuaaaiuo eniieieoaeueiuo
i?eeacia, oi?iaeueii i?ecaaiiuo eiie?aoece?iaaoue eniieiaiea i?eiyouo
caeiiia, i?aceaeaiou ii nouanoao i?eia?aee a ecaanoiii niunea i?aai ia
“aeaeaae?iaaiiia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai”.
Aianoa n oai oneeaiea eniieieoaeueiie aeanoe ia icia/aao /?acia?iie
iiaeiaiu ath ae?oaeo aaoaae aeanoe. Caeiiiaeaoaeueiay e noaeaaiay aeanoe
inoathony aaaeiui caaiii nenoaiu “naea?aeae e i?ioeaiaania”. A yoii
ea/anoaa iniaia cia/aiea eiatho oeiainiai-athaeaeaoiua i?aaa Eiia?anna,
aiciiaeiinoue noaeaaiiai iaaeaeiaaiey aaeieieno?aoeaiuo ?anii?yaeaiee,
ooaa?aeaeaiea naiaoii i?aaenoaaeaiiuo i?aceaeaioii eaiaeeaeaoo? ia
caiyoea aeieaeiinoae, i?aai eiie/iaioa.
2. “Iiaue eo?n” ?ocaaeueoa
E?ecen 30-o aiaeia. A XX a. a aeayoaeueiinoe aia?eeaineiai ainoaea?noaa
iiyaeeenue iiaua iai?aaeaiey. Oneeeeinue ainoaea?noaaiiia aiaoaoaeuenoai
a yeiiiieeo. Iaiaoiaeeiinoue a yoii auea ieii/aoaeueii iniciaia a 30-a
aiaeu, eiaaea no?aio ii?acee eneeth/eoaeueiie neeu yeiiiie/aneee e?ecen,
ioaaoeaoee e oiio a?aiaie ana iniiaiua eaieoaeenoe/aneea no?aiu. A NOA
i?iiuoeaiiia i?iecaiaenoai nieceeinue aei 56%, iaoeeiiaeueiue aeioiae
nie?aoeeny ia 48%, iaaie?ioeeinue 40% aaieia, /oi eeoeei ieeeeiiu
?yaeiauo aia?eeaioeaa eo naa?aaeaiee. Ieiei 17 iei. /aeiaae iioa?yee
?aaioo. Iaoiaeeaoaany a yoio ia?eiae o aeanoe i?aaeoaeuenoai i?aceaeaioa
A. Aoaa?a a iaaeaaeaea ia iinoaiaiiue noeoeeiue auoiae ec e?ecena
oaeoe/anee ie/aai nouanoaaiiiai ia i?aaei?eieiaei. Iaaeaeo oai
nioeeaeueii-iieeoe/aneay ianoaiiaea iaino?yeanue: neaaeiaaee iaeei ca
ae?oaei aieiaeiua iioiaeu, aeaiiino?aoeee, ae?oaea oi?iu i?ioanoa. A
oaeeo oneiaeyo ia i/a?aaeiuo i?aceaeaioneeo auai?ao 1932 a. iiaaaeee
O?aieeei Aeaeaii ?ocaaeueo — eaiaeeaeao io aeaiie?aoe/aneie ia?oee.
Iiaue i?aceaeaio aunooiee n ?acaa?iooie i?ia?aiiie ii auoiaeo ec
e?ecena, iieo/eaoae ecaanoiinoue eae “Iiaue eo?n”. ?aaeecaoeey i?ia?aiiu
ia/aeanue ii/oe iaeiia?aiaiii ai anao aaaeiaeoeo iaeanoyo yeiiiie/aneeo
e nioeeaeueiuo ioiioaiee.
Niaoii aue i?eiyo ?yae caeiiia, i?ecaaiiuo noaaeeece?iaaoue aaieianeoth
e a oeaeii anth oeiainiaoth nenoaio. Cai?auai auaic cieioa ca a?aieoeo.
Cieioie caian no?aiu nin?aaeioi/eaaeny a aaieao Oaaea?aeueiie ?aca?aiie
nenoaiu (O?N). Aeieea? eeoaeny cieioiai iaania/aiey, /oi iaecaaaeii aaei
e oaaee/aieth aeaiaaeiie iannu ia ?uiea, ii oneeeaaei aeeyiea
i?aaeoaeuenoaa ia aa oee?eoeyoeeth. Iaeiia?aiaiii eiio?ieue ca
oeiainiaie nenoaiie a oeaeii aue aiceiaeai ia O?N e nicaeaiioth e yoiio
a?aiaie Oaaea?aeueioth eiienneth ii oeaiiui aoiaaai e ae?aeai. Auea
i?iaaaeaia ?aaecey ii/oe anao aaieia no?aiu, ai iiiaii eieoeee?iaaaoay
cae?uoea ieiei 3 oun. iaeeeo aaieia. Iaeiia?aiaiii e?oiiaeoea aaiee
iieo/eee ec eaciu ianeieueei ieeeea?aeia aeieea?ia a aeaea e?aaeeoia e
noaneaeee. A oaeii ea/anoaa aaieianeay nenoaia ianeieueei
noaaeeece?iaaeanue.
Icaei?iaeaiea i?iiuoeaiiinoe aiceaaaeinue ia niaoeeaeueii nicaeaaaaiia
o/?aaeaeaiea — Iaoeeiiaeueioth aaeieieno?aoeeth ainnoaiiaeaiey
i?iiuoeaiiinoe. A niioaaonoaee n caeiiii i ainnoaiiaeaiee iaoeeiiaeueiie
yeiiiieee io 16 ethey 1933 a. any i?iiuoeaiiinoue auea ?acaeaeaia ia 17
a?oii, aeayoaeueiinoue eaaeaeie ec eioi?uo’ ?aaoee?iaaeanue
ninoaaeaiiuie a n?i/iii ii?yaeea ii?iaoeaiuie aeoaie — oae iacuaaaiuie
eiaeaenaie /anoiie eiieo?aioeee, ii?aaeaeyaoeie eaiou auioneaaiie
i?iaeoeoeee, ?ani?aaeaeaiea ?uieia nauoa, oeaiu, oneiaey e?aaeeoa,
i?iaeieaeeoaeueiinoue ?aai/aai a?aiaie, o?iaaiue ca?ieaou e o. ae.
Aeey naeueneiai oicyenoaa o/?aaeaeaeanue Aaeieieno?aoeey ?aaoee?iaaiey
naeueneiai oicyenoaa, eioi?ay ia iniiaaiee Caeiia ia oeo/oaiee
iieiaeaiey a naeueneii oicyenoaa io 12 iay 1933 a. iaaeaeyeanue i?aaii
?aaoee?iaaiey oeai ia i?iaeoeoeeth naeueneiai oicyenoaa e aeiaaaeaiey eo
aei o?iaiy 1909—1914 aa. Yoi inouanoaeyeinue aeaaiui ia?acii iooai
iiea/eaaaiiai nie?auaiey iinaaiuo ieiuaaeae e iiaieiauey neioa
(oiaiueoaiea oiaa?iie iannu aeieaeii auei iiaeiyoue oeaiu aei o?iaiy,
iaania/eaathuaai ?aioaaaeueiinoue n?aaeieo e aeaaea iaeeeo oa?i, /oiau
i?aaeioa?aoeoue eo ?aci?aiea).
A oeaeyo oiaiueoaiey aac?aaioeoeu, nieaeaiey aa iaaaoeaiuo iineaaenoaee
i?eieiathony yeno?ai?aeeia?iua ia?u. ?oeiaiaenoai inouanoaeaieai yoeo
ia? aiceaaaaony ia Oaaea?aeueioth aaeieieno?aoeeth /?acau/aeiie iiiiue,
caiaiaiioth anei?a Aaeieieno?aoeeae ?acaeoey iauanoaaiiuo ?aaio.
Aac?aaioiuo iai?aaeyee a nicaeaaaaiua niaoeeaeueiua i?aaiecaoeee
(o?oaeiaua eaaa?y), caieiaaoeany no?ieoaeuenoaii e ?aiiioii aei?ia,
iinoia, ay?iae?iiia e o. ae.
I?iaaaeaiea “Iiaiai eo?na” iio?aaiaaei iiaeeecaoeee cia/eoaeueiuo
aeaiaaeiuo ?ano?nia, eioi?ua ieacaeenue (yoi auei aaaeiaeoei oaeoi?ii
oniaoa) a ?anii?yaeaiee i?aaeoaeuenoaa ?ocaaeueoa.
A yoi a?aiy iaiaoeeny aaaeiue naeaea a ?acaeoee o?oaeiaiai e
nioeeaeueiiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa, eioi?ia iineei ii nouanoao
o?aaiaioa?iue oa?aeoa?. Aieaa oiai, aieueoeinoai aeae, naycaiiuo n
ioiioaieyie iaaeaeo ?aaioieeii e ?aaioiaeaoaeai (iaieiathueiny e
iaeiiaeaoaeai), ?anniao?eaaeinue noaeaie ia iniiaa iaueo i?eioeeiia
iaycaoaeuenoaaiiiai i?aaa, ia o/eouaathueo oaeoe/aneia
nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneia ia?aaainoai noi?ii a aeiaiai?a. Caeiiii
Ii??ena — Eaaa?aeey (1932 a.) ianeieueei noaeaeinue i?aai noaeia
ecaeaaaoue oae iacuaaaiua noaeaaiua i?aaeienaiey ii iiaiaeo o?oaeiauo
eiioeeeoia, /oi oaeoe/anee aeaaaei aiciiaeiinoue noaeai ii naiaio
oniio?aieth n?uaaoue ethaoth caaanoiaeo. Yoio caeii cai?auae
i?aaei?eieiaoaeth canoaaeyoue ?aai/eo iiaeienuaaoue eiio?aeou,
iaycuaathuea eo ia anooiaoue a i?ionithc.
A 1935 a. aue i?eiyo Caeii Aaaia?a, noaaoee aaaeiie aaoie a ?acaeoee
o?oaeiaiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa NOA. Aia?aua a iauaoaaea?aeueiii ianooaaa
eaaaeeciaaeanue aeayoaeueiinoue i?ionithcia. I?e yoii cai?auaeinue
oaieiaiia i?aneaaeiaaiea o?oaeyueony ca nicaeaiea i?ionithcia e o/anoea
a eaaaeueiuo caaanoiaeao; i?aaei?eieiaoaee iaycuaaeenue caeeth/aoue n
i?ionithcaie eieeaeoeaiua aeiaiai?u e ia i?eieiaoue ia ?aaioo eeoe, ia
ninoiyueo a i?ionithcao, iiaeienaaoeo eieeaeoeaiue aeiaiai? (aaiaeeeny
oae iacuaaaiue i?eioeei cae?uoiai oeaoa); i?eciaaaeinue i?aai ia
caaanoiaee, anee ia?ooaeenue i?aaeienaiey caeiia. Aeey eiio?iey ca
auiieiaieai caeiia auei nicaeaii Iaoeeiiaeueiia oi?aaeaiea ii o?oaeiaui
ioiioaieyi. Aai ?oeiaiaeyuee ninoaa iacia/aeny i?aceaeaioii n iaeia?aiey
naiaoa. I?e iaia?oaeaiee iacaeiiiuo aeaenoaee a o?oaeiaie i?aeoeea
Oi?aaeaiea ioi?ieyei aeaei aeey ia?aaea/e aai a noae. Eeoea,
i?aiyonoaiaaaoea ?aaioa Oi?aaeaiey, iiaeeaaeaee ii noaeo iaeacaieth
oo?aoii aei 5 oun. aeiee., eee oth?aiiiio caeeth/aieth aei iaeiiai
aiaea, eee iaeiia?aiaiii iaiei aeaeai iaeacaiey.
A 1935 a. aue i?eiyo Caeii i nioeeaeueiii iaania/aiee, yaeaoeeny ia?aui
a enoi?ee NOA iauaoaaea?aeueiui ii?iaoeaiui aeoii oaeiai ?iaea.
Nicaeaaaeinue Oi?aaeaiea ii nioeeaeueiiio no?aoiaaieth. Ioiuia iainee ii
noa?inoe aeieaeiu auee auiea/eaaoueny a?aaeaeaiai NOA, ioaa/aaoei
ii?aaeaeaiiiio oeaico inaaeeinoe e aeinoeaoei 65-eaoiaai aic?anoa, i?e
oneiaee, “anee aai iauee ca?aaioie, eae yoi aoaeao onoaiiaeaii
Oi?aaeaieai, ca ia?eiae n 31 aeaeaa?y 1936 a. e aei aeinoeaeaiey ei
aic?anoa 65 eao ia i?aauneo 3 oun. aeiee. Auiea/eaaaiay aio aaeaiany/ii
iainey aoaeao ?aaiyoueny 1/2 noiiu aai auoaoiiiyiooiai iauaai
ca?aaioea”. Aeey oi?ie?iaaiey iaineiiiiai oiiaea a aeiiieiaiea e ae?oaei
iaeiaai onoaiaaeeaaeny iiaue aaeaaiaeiue iaeia ia eiaeeaeaeoaeueiua
aeioiaeu ?aaioathueo ii iaeio a ?acia?a 1 % n iineaaeothuei iiauoaieai
iaeiaa ia 0,5% /a?ac eaaeaeua neaaeothuea o?e aiaea. Aeey
i?aaei?eieiaoaeae a aeiiieiaiea e ?aiaa nouanoaiaaaoei iaeiaiaui
iaeiaeaieyi aaiaeeeny iaeia a ?acia?a 1 % iauae noiiu auiea/aiiie ei
ca?ieaou, /a?ac eaaeaeua neaaeothuea o?e aiaea iaeia iiauoaeny ia 0,5%.
A 1938 a. aue i?eiyo Caeii i ni?aaaaeeeaii iaeia ?aai/ae neeu,
oeene?othuee iaeneiaeueioth i?iaeieaeeoaeueiinoue ?aai/aai a?aiaie aeey
iaeioi?uo a?oii o?oaeyueony e ieieioi ca?ieaou.
A eoiaa “Iiaue eo?n”, yaeyaoeeny i?yiui ianne?iaaiiui aoi?aeaieai
ainoaea?noaa a noa?o nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneeo ioiioaiee e aeeth/aaoee
cia/eoaeueiua yeaiaiou ?aaoee?iaaiey, niinianoaiaae niya/aieth
i?iyaeaiee e?ecena.
?aaecey “Iiaiai eo?na”. Ii ia?a auoiaea ec e?ecena ei?ii?aoeee aeaaiui
ia?acii /a?ac Aa?oiaiue noae noaee aeiaeaaoueny (e ia aac oniaoa) ioiaiu
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa “Iiaiai eo?na”. A oeaeyo niya/aiey aoaeoueo e?eceniuo
yaeaiee noaee oe?iei aiaae?youeny iiaua aeaeu ainoaea?noaaiiiai
?aaoee?iaaiey, ?aaeecoaiua aeaaiui ia?acii n iiiiuueth
oeiainiai-yeiiiie/aneeo n?aaenoa.
Iinea ieii/aiey aoi?ie ie?iaie aieiu i?iecioae iooiae io caaiaaaiiuo
iiceoeee a iaeanoe o?oaeiaiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa. A 1947 a. aue i?eiyo
Caeii Oaooa — Oa?oee oi?iaeueii a ea/anoaa iii?aaee e Caeiio Aaaia?a, a
oaeoe/anee ioiaieaoee aai aaaeiaeoea iieiaeaiey. Yoio caeii cao?oaeiye
aaaeaiea noa/a/iie ai?ueau. Oae, i?aaeoi?aaeaeaiea i iaia/aaiie
caaanoiaea aeieaeii iineaaeiaaoue ca 60 aeiae aei aa ia/aea. I?aceaeaio
iaaeaeyeny i?aaii a ethaie iiiaio i?einoaiiaeoue caaanoiaeo ia 80 aeiae
(oae iacuaaaiue ioeaaeeoaeueiue ia?eiae). Ainoaea?noaaiiui neoaeauei
cai?auaeinue o/anoea a caaanoiaeao. Ia aeiioneaeenue noa/ee
nieeaea?iinoe, noa/ee, “nicaeathuea oa?ico iaoeeiiaeueiui eioa?anai
no?aiu”. Ioiaiyeanue i?aeoeea “cae?uoiai oeaoa”. I?aaei?eieiaoaee
iieo/eee i?aai acuneeaaoue ii noaeo oauoee, i?e/eiaiiua caaanoiaeie,
auoiaeyuae ca ?aiee, i?aaeienaiiua caeiiii. Onoaiaaeeaaeny eiio?ieue ca
i?ionithciuie n?aaenoaaie, eioi?ua cai?auaeinue eniieueciaaoue aeey
aeinoeaeaiey eaeeo-eeai iieeoe/aneeo oeaeae. Auee i?eiyou e ae?oaea
caeiiu, a oie eee eiie ia?a ia?aie/eaathuea i?aaa i?ionithcia.
A ia?aia iineaaiaiiia aeanyoeeaoea oneeeeanue caeiiiaeaoaeueiay
aeayoaeueiinoue e a ae?oaie iaeanoe. A 1950 a. aue i?eiyo Caeii
Iaeea?yia — Aoaea, ii eioi?iio nicaeaaaeinue Oi?aaeaiea ii eiio?ieth ca
iiae?uaiie aeayoaeueiinoueth. Aio i?aaeinoaaeyeinue i?aai ii?aaeaeyoue,
yaeyaony ee oa eee eiay i?aaiecaoeey eiiioienoe/anee aeaenoaothuae
i?aaiecaoeeae eee i?aaiecaoeeae eiiioienoe/aneiai o?iioa. Oaeea
i?aaiecaoeee iiaeeaaeaee iaycaoaeueiie ?aaeno?aoeee a ieienoa?noaa
thnoeoeee, a eo /eaiu oaeoe/anee ia?aie/eaaeenue a a?aaeaeaineeo i?aaao.
Ioeac io ?aaeno?aoeee i?aaeoniao?eaae aeinoaoi/ii aeanoeea naieoeee. A
neo/aa iauyaeaiey “/?acau/aeiiai iieiaeaiey” i?aceaeaio iieo/ae i?aai n
niaeaney ieieno?a thnoeoeee ioaeaaaoue ?anii?yaeaiea i caaea?aeaiee e ia
eioa?ie?iaaiee ethaiai eeoea, anee eiaeinue ?acoiiia iniiaaiea
iieaaaoue, /oi yoi eeoei iiaeao iioaioeeaeueii i?aaenoaaeyoue oa?ico
aeey iaoeeiiaeueiie aaciianiinoe NOA. Anei?a auee i?eiyou e ae?oaea
aiaeiae/iua caeiiu. Ia eo iniiaa, a oaeaea ia iniiaa eniieieoaeueiuo
i?eeacia ? 9835 e 10450 auea ?acaa?iooa eaiiaiey ii “i?iaa?ea
eiyeueiinoe”, a oiaea eioi?ie i?aneaaeiaaieth iiaeaa?aeenue ia oieueei
eiiioienou, ii e i?inoi i?ia?anneaii iuneyuea eioaeeeaaiou.
Aiineaaenoaee yoa eaiiaiey auea a iniiaiii i?ae?auaia. E oai ia iaiaa a
no?aia neiaeeeanue, ooieoeeiie?oao e o?ainoi?ie?oaony iniaay nenoaia
i?aaiauo ioiioaiee, eioi?ua ia anaaaea niaiaaeatho n Eiinoeoooeeae.
3. ?aaoee?othuay ?ieue ainoaea?noaa NOA a noa?a yeiiiieee e nioeeaeueiuo
ioiioaiee
E eiioeo XIX — ia/aeo XX a. Aia?eea i?aa?auaaony a no?aio eeanne/aneiai
ei?ii?aoeaiiai eaieoaeecia, a eioi?ie aac anyeeo ia?aie/aiee
aeaenoaiaaee aeaaioneea o?anou, iiiiiieee, ia?aie/eaathuea naiaiaeo
?uii/iie eiieo?aioeee, aeeeoothuea oaeea oneiaey nouanoaiaaiey /anoiiio
i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoao, eioi?ua i?eaiaeeee e oaeooaieth eo eiieo?aioia, e
?aci?aieth n?aaeiaai e iaeeiai aeciana. Ia?aue aioeo?anoianeee Caeii
Oa?iaia (“Aeo n oeaeueth caueou oi?aiaee e eiiia?oeee io iacaeiiiuo
ia?aie/aiee e iiiiiieee”) aue i?eiyo caeanue a 1890 a., ii ii ia noae,
eae ooaa?aeaeaeinue, “oa?oeae i?iiuoeaiiie naiaiaeu”, eiae aanueia
ia?aie/aiiue yooaeo e /anoi i?eiaiyeny ia ii i?yiiio iacia/aieth, oae
eae i?iecaieueiia noaeaaiia oieeiaaiea caeiia i?e?aaieaaei i?ionithcu e
iiiiiieeyi, a caaanoiaee ?aai/eo — e “naiai?ai n oeaeueth ia?aie/aiey
oi?aiaee”.
Oaeoaeaiea nioeeaeueiiai ?anneiaiey, aaaenoaaiiiai iieiaeaiey ?yaeiauo
aia?eeaioeaa a oneiaeyo caoyaeiuo yeiiiie/aneeo aeai?annee yoiai a?aiaie
aaee e ?inoo iaaeiaieuenoaa i?ioea ei?ii?aoeaiiai eaieoaea n?aaee
n?aaeieo neiaa, ?aai/eo, oa?ia?noaa, i?ia?anneaiie eioaeeeaaioeee
(i?ia?annenoia), inoaeaeathueo iiiiiieee eae oa?ico aeey aeaaininoiyiey
ia?iaeiuo iann. A no?aia aicieeaao oe?ieia aioeo?anoianeia aeaeaeaiea,
nii?iaiaeaeaaiia ?inoii aeoeaiinoe ?aai/eo i?ionithcia,
iai?ae?auathuaeny ai?ueaie aaaeiaeoeo neiaa, o?aaothueo ainoaea?noaaiiie
nenoaiu nioeeaeueiie caueou e i?.
O?aaiaaiea “iaiiaeaiey” yeiiiie/aneie e nioeeaeueiie iieeoeee ana
ianoie/eaaa ia/eiaao cao/aoue e a iaaeo ia?oeyo: ?anioaeeeaineie e
aeaiie?aoe/aneie. Nia/aea yoe o?aaiaaiey auaeaeaathony eae
iiiiceoeeiiiua ?oeiaiaenoao ia?oee, caoai iie ana aieueoa caoaaouaatho
oiu ia?oeeiie aa?oooee, i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiuo e?oaia, /oi e iaoiaeeo
au?aaeaiea a eiia/iii n/aoa a eciaiaiee iieeoeee
i?aceaeaioa-?anioaeeeaioea Oaiaei?a ?ocaaeueoa (1901—1909 aa.),
aunooieaoaai n eaeayie “iiaiai iaoeeiiaeecia”, a n 1913 a.
i?aceaeaioa-aeaiie?aoa Aoae?i Aeeueniia (1913—1921 aa.),
i?iaicaeaneaoaai iaieeaa?aeueioth oai?eth “iiaie aeaiie?aoee”, “iiaie
naiaiaeu”. Iniiaie oai?ee “iiaiai iaoeeiiaeecia” O. ?ocaaeueoa noaei
o?aaiaaiea ?anoe?aiey i?a?iaaoea i?aceaeaioa n oai, /oiau iaoeeiiaeueiia
i?aaeoaeuenoai noaei inouanoaeyoue eiio?ieue iaae aeayoaeueiinoueth
o?anoia n oeaeueth eo ?aaoee?iaaiey, iaocaeaiey “ia/anoiie ea?u”.
Ia?aue caeii (“Aeo ia onei?aiee ?acae?aoaeuenoaa e ?ac?aoaiey i?ioeannia
ii ni?aaaaeeeainoe”), i?eiyoue a 1903 a. a inouanoaeaiea yoie i?ia?aiiu,
i?aaeoniao?eaae ia?u onei?aiey noaeii?iecaiaenoaa ii aioeo?anoianeei
aeaeai eae aeaeai, eiathuei “aieueoia iauanoaaiiia cia/aiea”, e a neeo
yoiai — “i?ei?eoao iaae ae?oaeie aeaeaie”. Ca iei iineaaeiaae Caeii i
nicaeaiee Ieienoa?noaa oi?aiaee e o?oaea, a ooieoeee eioi?iai, a
/anoiinoe, aoiaeeee nai? eioi?iaoeee e ?anniio?aiea “ia/anoiie
aeayoaeueiinoe ei?ii?aoeee”. A 1906 a. i?eieiaaony caeii, aeaaoee
Iaaeaeoooaoiie oi?aiaie eiiennee, nicaeaiiie aua a 1887 a., i?aai
onoaiaaeeaaoue i?aaeaeu iiauoaiey aeaeaciiaei?iaeiuo oa?eoiuo noaaie e
i?. O?aaiaaiey “/anoiie ea?u” O. ?ocaaeueo ?ani?ino?aiye e ia ioiioaiey
?aai/eo n i?aaei?eieiaoaeyie, aunooiay ca ie?iia a?aeo?aaeiia
o?aaoee?iaaiea nii?ia iaaeaeo ieie, ii iaeiia?aiaiii o?aaoy ia?aie/aiee
i?ionithciie aeoeaiinoe.
I?ia?aiia “iiaie aeaiie?aoee” Aoae?i Aeeueniia iniiauaaeanue ia o?ao
i?eioeeiao: eiaeeaeaeoaeeci, naiaiaea ee/iinoe e naiaiaea eiieo?aioeee.
Aoaeo/e eaiaeeaeaoii i?ia?annenoia ia i?aceaeaioneeo auai?ao, ii iauyaee
naay a?aaii iiiiiieee, o?aaoy ia oie/oiaeaiey o?anoia, eae naie
i?ia?annenou, e ia ?aaoee?iaaiey eo ii iaoiaeai O. ?ocaaeueoa, a niyoey
anao i?aiii aeey ?acaeoey aeciana, i?aaeaea anaai n?aaeiaai e iaeeiai,
iooai iaocaeaiey “ia/anoiie eiieo?aioeee”, ?acoeueoaoii eioi?ie, eae ii
n/eoae, e aue iiiiiieeci. .
N yoie oeaeueth ia iniiaa Caeiia i oa?eoao 1913 a. i?aaeoaeuenoaii auea
i?iaaaeaia ?aaecey oa?eoia. Auee oaeaea iiauoaiu iaeiae ia aeioiaeu,
nieaeaiu oi?aiaua iioeeiu, ?anoe?aiu aiciiaeiinoe eiii?oa, onoaiiaeai
ii?aaeaeaiiue eiio?ieue iaae aaieaie. A aai i?aaeaiea auee ia/aou ia?aua
i?ioeannu ii ?acaeaeo ei?ii?aoeee — iiiiiieee ia iniiaa Caeiia Oa?iaia.
Aaaeiui oaaii ia iooe onoaiiaeaiey eiio?iey iaae aaieianeie
aeayoaeueiinoueth noaei nicaeaiea a 1913 a. Oaaea?aeueiie ?aca?aiie
nenoaiu (O?N) ai aeaaa n Niaaoii oi?aaeythueo, a eioi?ue aoiaeeee
Ieieno? oeiainia, Eiio?iea? aeaiaaeiiai ia?auaiey e 15 /eaiia,
iacia/aaiuo i?aceaeaioii n niaeaney Naiaoa.
Ninoiyuay ec 12 iaoeeiiaeueiuo ?aca?aiuo aaieia niioaaonoaothueo ?aeiiia
no?aiu, aeeoioee?othueo cia/eoaeueiua oeiainiaua ?aca?au, O?N auea
i?ecaaia inouanoaeyoue eiio?ieue iaae auioneii aaieiio, eiathueo
cia/aiea aeaiaaeiuo ciaeia, onoaiaaeeaaoue i?ioeaiou aaieianeiai
e?aaeeoa. Ae aaa?yeenue ooieoeee iaeiaiaiai aaaioa ainoaea?noaa e i?.
O?N, auiieiyy ooieoeee ainoaea?noaaiiiai yienneiiiiai aaiea, aei
ianoiyuaai a?aiaie ea?aao ?aoathuoth ?ieue a ?aaoee?iaaiee
oeiainiai-aeaiaaeiie nenoaiu no?aiu.
A oeaeyo nai?a niioaaonoaothuae eioi?iaoeee e i?eaea/aiey e noaeo eeoe e
ei?ii?aoeee, caia/aiiuo a i?eiaiaiee “ia/anoiuo iaoiaeia”, ia?ooathueo
aioeo?anoianeee Caeii Oa?iaia, auea nicaeaia oaeaea a 1914 a. ia iniiaa
“Aeoa i oaaea?aeueiie oi?aiaie eiiennee” Oaaea?aeueiay oi?aiaay
eiienney.
A aiaeu “iiaie aeaiie?aoee” i?iecioae aaaeiue naeaea e a ?aai/ae
iieeoeea. Aue i?eiyo Caeii i 8-/aniaii ?aai/ai aeia aeey aeaiuei e
aeaoae, i iaoa?eaeueiie ioaaonoaaiiinoe i?aaei?eieiaoaeae ca ian/anoiua
neo/ae ia i?iecaiaenoaa.
Ainoaea?noai ana ?aoeoaeueiaa ia/eiaao aoi?aaoueny a noa?o nioeeaeueiuo
eiioeeeoia. Niaeanii Caeiio Eeaeoiia 1914 a. (“Aeoa, aeiiieiythuaai
Nouanoaothuea caeiiu i?ioea iacaeiiiuo ia?aie/aiee e iiiiiieee e aeey
ae?oaeo oeaeae”), ooi/iyaoaio oi?ioee?iaee Caeiia Oa?iaia, cai?auaeinue,
a /anoiinoe, i?aeoeeiaaaoaany ?aiaa i?eiaiaiea iineaaeiaai e
i?ionithcai.
?aoi?iu “i?ia?annenoneie y?u” i?aaenoaaeyee niaie aua ia?aua e?aeia
iaiineaaeiaaoaeueiua oaae ii iooe i?eniiniaeaiey aia?eeaineiai
ainoaea?noaa e iauanoaa e iiaie ianoaiiaea, aicieeoae a nayce n
i?aa?auaieai NOA a yeiiiie/anee iiuioth no?aio ei?ii?aoeaiiai eaieoaea.
N yoiai a?aiaie ?aaoee?iaaiea yeiiiieee e nioeeaeueiuo ioiioaiee
ia/eiaao caieiaoue ana aieaa aaaeiia ianoi a aeayoaeueiinoe
ainoaea?noaa, a caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa.
Aua aieueoa iooiaeeo ainoaea?noai io iieeoeee “iaaiaoaoaeuenoaa”, io
noa?ie ?iee “ii/iiai noi?iaea” iinea anooieaiey NOA a 1917 a. a ia?aoth
ie?iaoth aieio. Iaiyaony, iaeiaei, aeaaiia iai?aaeaiea aai
?aaoee?othuaai aiaoaoaeuenoaa a yeiiiie/aneoth e nioeeaeueioth noa?u. Ia
ai?ueaa n iiiiiieeciii ei?ii?aoeee, ana aieueoa aiaaoathueo a oneiaeyo
iiaeaioiaee e aieia, e caoai e naiie aieiie, a aiaiiay iiaeeecaoeey
yeiiiieee, ieaiiia?iia iaoa?eaeueiia iaania/aiea aiaiiuo ioaeae
aunooiaao ia ia?aue ieai n yoiai a?aiaie.
?aoeoaeueiia ?anoe?aiea ainoaea?noaaiiiai eiio?iey iaae i?iecaiaenoaii,
i?ana/aiea aia?oe/aneeo oaiaeaioeee a yeiiiieea, aucaaiiuo e?aeiei
iaino?aieai eiieo?aioiie ai?ueau iiiiiieenoe/aneiai eaieoaea ca
iieo/aiea aiaiiuo i?eaueae, iio?aaiaaee nicaeaiey aaeeiiai oeaio?a ii
?oeiaiaenoao aiaiiuie i?aaei?eyoeyie, o?ainii?oii, n?aaenoaaie nayce,
niaaaeaiey ianaeaiey e a?iee i?iaeiaieuenoaeai e i?. ?acoeueoaoii yoiai
noaee oneeaiea aeanoe i?aceaeaioa, aaaaeaiea /?acau/aeiiai
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa, nicaeaiea ?yaea aaeieieno?aoeaiuo
aiaiii-?aaoee?othueo ainoaea?noaaiiuo i?aaiia, a aianoa n oai
i?eioaeeoaeueiia ea?oaee?iaaiea a ?yaea io?aneae i?iiuoeaiiinoe.
Oae, i?eiyoue a 1917 a. Caeii i eiio?iea iaae i?iecaiaenoaii, nu?ueai e
oiieeaii aeaaae i?aceaeaioo NOA oe?ieea i?aaa aeey niaaaeaiey a?iee e
oeioa anai iaiaoiaeeiui, a oaeaea aeey i?aaeioa?auaiey niaeoeyoeee.
Caeiiii i?aaeoniao?eaaeenue aiciiaeiinoue ?aeaeceoeee i?iiuoeaiiuo
i?aaei?eyoee e eo i?iaeoeoeee ca niioaaonoaothuoth eiiiainaoeeth, i?aai
i?aceaeaioa nicaeaaaoue niaoeeaeueiua ?aaoee?othuea i?aaiu, ia
ia?auaynue e eiia?anno, iaiin?aaenoaaiii aiaoeaaoueny a i?iecaiaenoai e
nauo i?iaeoeoeee, a o?oaeiaua ioiioaiey a i?iiuoeaiiinoe.
N oeaeueth yeiiiiee i?iaeiaieuenoaey, iaania/aiey ei aii?oaeaiiuo nee e
ianaeaiey auea nicaeaia I?iaeiaieuenoaaiiay aaeieieno?aoeey. Oiieeaiay
aaeieieno?aoeey auea i?ecaaia oii?yaei/eoue ?aaioo oiieeaiie nenoaiu,
eeeaeaee?iaaoue oneeeaoeany ia?aaie n oiieeaii e i?. Aneaae ca yoei iiae
eiio?ieue ainoaea?noaa ia?aoea any o?ainii?oiay nenoaia. AEanoeiio
?aaoee?iaaieth iiaeaa?aeanue aiaoiyy oi?aiaey. Aiaiii-oi?aiaia
oi?aaeaiea acyei iiae naie eiio?ieue aieaa ouny/e iaeiaiiaaiee oiaa?ia,
cai?auaiiuo e auaico.
Eii?aeeiaoeey aeaea niaaaeaiey NOA e eo nithcieeia, “ecuneaiey e
?ani?aaeaeaiey iaoa?eaeueiuo ?ano?nia, ?aai/ae neeu” ia?aaeaaaeanue a
aaaeaiea aaeeiiai Aiaiii-i?iiuoeaiiiai oi?aaeaiey (AIO). AIO aeiaeeinue
oii?yaei/aiey e oeaio?aeecaoeee aiaiiiai niaaaeaiey, i?iaaei aieueooth
?aaioo ii noaiaea?oecaoeee e oieoeeaoeee i?iiuoeaiiuo ecaeaeee,
aaaeiaeoeo oneiaee eo eiieo?aioiniiniaiinoe ia ie?iaii ?uiea, a
/anoiinoe ia ?uiea aiaiiie i?iaeoeoeee. (Aiaiiua aia?eeaineea noaiaea?ou
auee oe?iei i?eiyou aiineaaenoaee e a ae?oaeo eaieoaeenoe/aneeo
no?aiao.) I?yiui iooiaeii io aioeo?anoianeiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa noaei
i?eioaeeoaeueiia ea?oaee?iaaiea i?iiuoeaiiinoe a ?yaea io?aneae.
I?iaeaia oeiaine?iaaiey aieiu ?aoaeanue ca n/ao iaeiaiaie ?aoi?iu,
oaaee/eaoae iiaeioiaeiue e einaaiiua iaeiae n iaeiia?aiaiiui aunieei
io/eneaieai io i?eaueae, iniaaiii a aiaiiie i?iiuoeaiiinoe. Aaiaeeeny e
?ao?iniaeoeaiue iaeia ia ana i?eauee n 1916 a.
Aieia, o?aaothuay iniauo oneiaee iieeoe/aneie noaaeeueiinoe,
niinianoaiaaea e aeaeueiaeoaio oneeaieth ?aaoee?othuae ?iee ainoaea?noaa
a noa?a nioeeaeueiuo ioiioaiee, aeoeaecaoeee aai eaeaieiae/aneeo
ooieoeee, a /anoiinoe i?iiiaaaee eaeaaeia “eeanniaiai ia?oia?noaa”.
N yoie oeaeueth auee nicaeaiu Aiaiii-o?oaeiaia oi?aaeaiea, i?ecaaiiia
?ac?aoaoue eiioeeeou ia i?aaei?eyoeyo aiaiiie i?iiuoeaiiinoe; Oi?aaeaiea
aiaiii-o?oaeiaie iieeoeee, caieiaaoaany au?aaioeie iaueo i?eioeeiia
iaoeeiiaeueiie iieeoeee ii aii?inai oneiaee o?oaea ?aai/eo, ?ac?aoaiey
o?oaeiauo nii?ia e ae?oaeo.
A ainoaea?noaaiiua ?aaoee?othuea i?aaiu aeeth/aeenue eeaea?u
i?ionithcia, i?ecaaiiua io eiaie ?aai/eo caeeth/aoue niaeaoaiey n
ieienoa?noaaie i noaaeao iieaou o?oaea, i ?ac?aoaiee o?oaeiauo nii?ia e
i?. Iaiin?aaenoaaiii aeeth/eeny a ?ac?aoaiea o?oaeiauo nii?ia e
i?aceaeaioneee aiia?ao. A 1917 a. auea, iai?eia?, nicaeaia niaoeeaeueiay
i?aceaeaioneay iin?aaeie/aneay eiienney ai aeaaa n ieieno?ii o?oaea,
i?ecaaiiay ?ac?aoaoue iaeaieaa ino?ua o?oaeiaua eiioeeeou.
N oeaeueth ineaaeaiey iaeaea noa/a/iie ai?ueau aue i?eiyo e ?yae ae?oaeo
caeiiia, i?aaeoniao?eaathueo i?aai ?aai/eo ia eieeaeoeaiue aeiaiai?, ia
8-/aniaie ?aai/ee aeaiue (a iaeioi?uo ooaoao) e i?. Yoe aeaeea?e?iaaiiua
i?aaa ia iaania/eaaeenue niioaaonoaothueie aa?aioeyie e ia
niaethaeaeenue aeieaeiui ia?acii i?aaei?eieiaoaeyie. Aieaa oiai, iie
aeaaea oi?iaeueii ?ani?ino?aiyeenue oieueei ia i?aaieciaaiiuo a
i?ionithcu ?aai/eo, o. a. ia ainueioth /anoue o?oaeyueony, caiyouo a yoi
a?aiy a i?iiuoeaiiinoe e ia o?ainii?oa.
Nicaeaiea ainoaea?noaaiiiai aiaiii-oicyenoaaiiiai ?aaoee?othuaai
aiia?aoa, ia?niiae eioi?iai ninoiye ec i?aaenoaaeoaeae e?oiiuo
ei?ii?aoeee ii/oe anao i?iiuoeaiiuo oeaio?ia no?aiu, niinianoaiaaei
ca?iaeaeaieth a NOA ia?auo aiaiii-i?iiuoeaiiuo aeueyinia, aeieia aiaiiie
aa?oooee n oaa?eeaioaie i?oaeey, ca/aoeia aoaeouaai aiaiii-i?iiuoeaiiiai
eiiieaena.
Iiuiui eiioeuenii, oneeeaoei aiaoaoaeuenoai ainoaea?noaa a yeiiiieeo
oaea a oneiaeyo ie?iiai a?aiaie, noae ie?iaie yeiiiie/aneee e?ecen 30-o
aa. Ii iinoaaee ia?aae aia?eeaineei eaieoaeenoe/aneei iauanoaii caaea/o
iienea iooae aeaeueiaeoaai yaiethoeeiiiiai ?acaeoey eaieoaeecia, a oiaea
eioi?iai i?ienoiaeeei iniciaiea iaiaoiaeeiinoe yeiiiie/aneiai e
nioeeaeueiiai ?aaiiaaney ca n/ao ananoi?iiiaai ?aaoee?iaaiey
iauanoaaiiuo i?ioeannia ia aaca noaaeeueiiai ?inoa i?iecaiaenoaa e
nioeeaeueiuo eiii?iiennia.
“Iiaue eo?n” O?aieeeia ?ocaaeueoa. Ie?iaie yeiiiie/aneee e?ecen
1929—1933 aa. n iniaie neeie ii?acee NOA, ?acei nie?aoee iauai
i?iecaiaenoaa, i?eaae e ?anno?ienoao oeiainu, aucaae iianaianoiia
?aci?aiea e aaie?ionoai i?iiuoeaiiuo, oi?aiauo e oeiainiauo oe?i,
ianniaoth aac?aaioeoeo. Iauee iauai i?iaeoeoeee aia?eeaineie
i?iiuoeaiiinoe ninoaaee a 1932 a. eeoue ieiei 54% ii n?aaiaieth n
aeie?eceniui 1929 a. Ca aiaeu e?ecena i?ae?aoeea nouanoaiaaiea iyoay
/anoue anao aaieia NOA, eaaeaeue o?aoee ?aai/ee aue eeoai ?aaiou,
i?eioaeeoaeueii ?ani?iaeaiu ca iaoieaoo aeieaia e iaeiaia nioie ouny/
oa?ia?neeo oicyenoa. I?e ionoonoaee ainoaea?noaaiiie nenoaiu
nioeeaeueiie caueou aea?oa ia?ooeaoeony ia no?aio yeiiiie/aneeo
aaaenoaee e?ecen aei i?aaeaea iaino?ee nioeeaeueii-eeanniaua
i?ioeai?a/ey, i?eaae e iaaeaeaiiui ?aiaa a NOA aunooieaieyi ?aai/eo.
Aia?eea ieacaeanue a i?aae?aaiethoeeiiiie neooaoeee, o?aaothuae ei?aiiie
eiiee anaai noa?iai oeeaaea aeecie.
Ia?aua iiiuoee inoaiiaeoue aieio aaie?ionoa iooai ainoaea?noaaiiiai
e?aaeeoiaaiey auee i?aaei?eiyou a NOA a 1932 a. i?aaeoaeuenoaii Aoaa?a.
N yoie oeaeueth auea nicaeaia Iaoeeiiaeueiay e?aaeeoiay ei?ii?aoeey,
i?aia?aciaaiiay a ia/aea 1932 a. a ?aeiino?oeoeaioth oeiainiaoth
ei?ii?aoeeth. Ae?oaay i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiay i?aaiecaoeey — Oaaea?aeueiia
oa?ia?neia ath?i — auea i?ecaaia iiaeaea?aeeaaoue o?iaaiue oeai ia
naeueneioicyenoaaiioth i?iaeoeoeeth. Yoe ia?ii?eyoey iioa?iaee iieioth
iaoaea/o.
I?aaeoaeuenoai Aoaa?a ia niiaei inoaiiaeoue niiecaiey no?aiu e
iaaeaeaathuaiony oeiainiai-yeiiiie/aneiio e?aoo. O?N ia ni?aaeyeanue ni
naieie caaea/aie iiiiue aaieai a oneiaeyo ae?aeaauo eeoi?aaeie, oae eae
aicaeaaeythuee aa Niaao oi?aaeythueo ia aue a yoi a?aiy iaaeaeai
iaiaoiaeeiuie aeanoiuie iieiiii/eyie. Ii ia iia ie onoaiaaeeaaoue
iaycaoaeueiuo ?aca?aia aeaiiceoiuo aaieia, ie eiio?iee?iaaoue n iieiie
ioaaonoaaiiinoueth i?iaaaeaiea iia?aoeee ia ioe?uoii ?uiea oeaiiuo aoiaa
e i?.
Aaniie 1933 a., eiaaea e?ecen aeinoea naiaai aiiaay, ia iino i?aceaeaioa
anooiee eaiaeeaeao aeaiie?aoe/aneie ia?oee O. ?ocaaeueo, aeaeueiiaeaeiue
iieeoee, iiieiaaoee iaiaoiaeeiinoue ?aaeeeaeueiuo ia? aeey nicaeaiey a
no?aia yooaeoeaii aeaenoaothuaai aioee?eceniiai iaoaiecia, i?iaaaeaiey
nioeeaeueiuo ?aoi?i, niiniaiuo i?einoaiiaeoue ?acaeoea ianniaiai
aeaeaeaiey i?ioanoa a Aia?eea ii ?aaiethoeeiiiiio iooe.
?ac?aaioaiiay i?aaeoaeuenoaii ?ocaaeueoa i?ia?aiia aioee?eceniuo ia?
iieo/eea a enoi?ee NOA iacaaiea “iiaiai eo?na”, iniiaiua ?aoi?iu
eioi?iai auee i?iaaaeaiu a ia?eiae ia?auo “noa aeiae” aai
i?aceaeaionoaa, eiaaea Eiia?ann i?eiye aieueoia /enei caeiiia,
ioaaouaathueo ana noa?u nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneie e iieeoe/aneie aeecie
no?aiu.
Yoa i?ia?aiia ia iineea niiioaiiiai oa?aeoa?a (eae ooaa?aeaeaei ?aiaa
aieueoeinoai enoi?eeia), aua a 1928 a. O. ?ocaaeueo, noaa aoaa?iaoi?ii
io aeaiie?aoe/aneie ia?oee a ooaoa Iueth-Ei?e, noi?ioee?iaae aeieo?eio
“ioaaonoaaiiinoe ainoaea?noaa ca noaeueau naieo a?aaeaeai”. Yoa
aeieo?eia iaoa aiieiuaiea a ?aaeeeaeueiie ii oai a?aiaiai i?ia?aiia
?aoi?i, i?aaeeiaeaiiuo ei eaaeneaoo?a ooaoa,
aeeth/athuae a naay iiiiuue oa?ia?ai e oa?ia?neei eiiia?aoeaai,
eiio?ieue ca ?uieii naeueneioicyenoaaiiuo i?iaeoeoia, ?aoeoaeueiia
oeo/oaiea ?aai/aai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa, iiaeaea?aeeo oeie,
cae?aaiio?aiaiey e i?. Oai aea O. ?ocaaeueo iieo/ee e ia?aue iiuo
nioeeaeueiiai ?aoi?iaoi?noaa, eiaaea caeiiiaeaoaeueiui nia?aieai ooaoa
aue i?eiyo aani?aoeaaeaioiue ii oai a?aiaiai Caeii i /?acau/aeiie iiiiue
aac?aaioiui e auea nicaeaia a oeaeyo i?iaaaeaiey yoiai caeiia a aeeciue
A?aiaiiay aaeieieno?aoeey iiiiue. Iiuo nicaeaiey niioaaonoaothueo
ainoaea?noaaiiuo i?aaiia, aa?aioe?othueo i?iaaaeaiea /?acau/aeiuo
caeiiia a aeeciue, iaoeinieoaeueii eniieueciaaeny ?ocaaeueoii e a
aeaeueiaeoai.
Iaeiie ec aaaeiaeoeo caaea/ ia?aiai ia?eiaea “iiaiai eo?na” a 1933 a.
auea caaea/a nio?aiaiey e ii aiciiaeiinoe oe?aieaiey
oeiainiai-yeiiiie/aneie nenoaiu ei?ii?aoeaiiai eaieoaea NOA, a
nio?oaeie/anoaa n eioi?ui O. ?ocaaeueo aeaeae aaeeinoaaiiue iooue
oe?aieaiey iniia eaieoaeenoe/aneiai no?iy. A oeaeyo nio?aiaiey
iieeoe/aneie noaaeeueiinoe o?aaiaaeinue e i?eiyoea iacaiaaeeeoaeueiuo
ia? nioeeaeueiie caueou ianaeaiey.
Yeiiiie/aneay iieeoeea “iiaiai eo?na” yoiai a?aiaie auea iai?aaeaia ia
ainnoaiiaeaiea iieiinoueth ?anno?iaiiie aaieianei-oeiainiaie nenoaiu. N
yoie oeaeueth ia iniiaaiee i?eiyoiai Eiia?annii *?acau/aeiiai
aaieianeiai caeiia, i?aaeinoaaeaoaai i?aceaeaioo oe?ieea iieiiii/ey a
oeiainiaie noa?a, aue iaeiaeai a?aiaiiue a?ano ia n/aoa anao aaieia
no?aiu n oeaeueth eo iieiie ?aaecee. Iinea niioaaonoaothuae i?iaa?ee eo
e?aaeeoiniiniaiinoe Ieienoa?noai oeiainia iiaeoaa?aeeei ?ac?aoaiea
aeayoaeueiinoe aeaaiui ia?acii e?oiiuo aaieia (4507 iaoeeiiaeueiuo e
4517 ooaoiuo), /oi naii ii naaa i?eaaei e i?eoieo a ieo aeeaaeia,
iiiieiaiiuo iiauie e?aaeeoaie ?aeiino?oeoeaiie oeiainiaie ei?ii?aoeee.
Ia?iiiia /enei iaeeeo aaieia auioaeaeaii auei i?ae?aoeoue naia
nouanoaiaaiea.
Aneaae ca yoei aue ecaeai i?eeac i?aceaeaioa ia onoaiiaeaiee iieiiai
eiio?iey ca cieioii, iaoiaeeaoeiny a ia?auaiee. Yenii?o cieioa aue
cai?auai, iaycaoaeueiie naea/a ?aca?aiui aaieai, aoiaeyuei a O?N,
iiaeeaaeaei any cieioay aaethoa a?aaeaeai, i?aauoathuay 100 aeiee.
Ie iaeei aaie, e?iia aaieia O?N, ia eiae i?aai eiaoue cieioiai caiana,
/oi aa?aioe?iaaeinue i?eiaiaieai ia? oaieiaiie ioaaonoaaiiinoe.
Iaeiia?aiaiii aue ?ac?aoai auione iiauo aeaiaa, aac cieioiai
iaania/aiey. Yoi ?aoaiea, icia/athuaa iooiae NOA io cieioiai noaiaea?oa,
i?eaaei e ?aceiio eioeyoeeiiiiio nea/eo, iiaaneoue eioi?ue e auea
i?ecaaia iaiiaeaiiay O?N, ooieoeee eioi?ie a yoi a?aiy auee cia/eoaeueii
?anoe?aiu. Iia iieo/eea, a /anoiinoe, i?aai eciaiyoue ?acia?u aiineiuo a
iaa aeaiaaeiuo ?aca?aia, ?aaoee?iaaoue i?ioeaioiua noaaee ii aaieianeei
aeeaaeai e i?. N yoie aea oeaeueth ia iniiaa Caeiia i aaieianeie
aeayoaeueiinoe 1933 a. auee nicaeaiu a 1934 a. Oaaea?aeueiay ei?ii?aoeey
no?aoiaaiey aeeaaeia (OENA), a caoai Oaaea?aeueiay ei?ii?aoeey
no?aoiaaiey nnoae e naa?aaeaiee (OENN), i?ecaaiiua ainnoaiiaeoue
aeiaa?ea e aaieai, caueoeoue aaieianeea aeeaaeu ianaeaiey.
Caeii 1933 a. i?aaeoniio?ae no?aoiaaiea aeeaaeia aeey anao aaieia — aeey
oaaea?aeueiuo aaieia yoi no?aoiaaiea noaei iaycaoaeueiui, aeey aaieia
ooaoia — aeia?iaieueiui. Caeii onoaiaaeeaae, /oi aeaiiceou ?acia?ii aei
10 oun. aeiee. aeieaeiu no?aoiaaoueny ia 100%, 50 oun. aeiee. — ia 75% e
o. ae. E ia/aeo 1934 a. ieiei 80% anao aaieia NOA cano?aoiaaee naie
aeaiiceou.
A oeaeyo i?ana/aiey niaeoeyoeee aeeaaeaie, iaiainiiaaiiuo
i?aaeinoaaeaiee e?aaeeoia eiiiaieyi, aeaaeaeueoeaie aeoeee eioi?uo
aunooiaee naie aaiee, auee ?acaeaeaiu aeaiiceoiua e eiaanoeoeeiiiua
ooieoeee aaieia.
I?aaeoaeuenoai no?aieeinue oii?yaei/eoue e niaeoeyoeaioth
aeayoaeueiinoue oiiaeiauo ae?ae, neaiaeaeueii i?ioeaaoaaooth a
i?aaee?eceniue ia?eiae. A ?acaeoea Caeiia 1933 a., a 1934 a. aue i?eiyo
Caeii ia ia?auaiee oeaiiuo aoiaa, ia iniiaaiee eioi?iai auea nicaeaia
oaaea?aeueiay eiienney ii oeaiiui aoiaaai e ae?aeai (OEOeAA). Caeii 1934
a. i?aaeoniao?eaae i?aaeinoaaeaiea anai o/anoieeai oi?aiaiai ?uiea
?aaiuo oneiaee, aa?aioe?othueo naiaiaeiue aeinooi e aaaeiaeoae
eioi?iaoeee i aeayoaeueiinoe eiiiaiee. OEOeAA auea iaaeaeaia i?aaii
?aaeno?aoeee anao oeaiiuo aoiaa, auioneaaiuo a ia?auaiea. Iia oaeaea
no?iai neaaeeea ca i?aaeinoaaeaieai eiaanoi?ai anao eioa?anothueo eo
naaaeaiee i aeayoaeueiinoe eiiiaiee e i?.
Oae eae ?aoaiey Niaaoa oi?aaeythueo O?N auee iaycaoaeueiuie aeey anao
aaieia, aoiaeyueo a yoo nenoaio (oi anoue aieueoeinoaa aaieia no?aiu),
oi O?N i?eia?aea a yoi a?aiy ?aaeueiua aiciiaeiinoe ii?aaeaeyoue anth
aaieianeoth, e?aaeeoii-oeiainiaoth aeayoaeueiinoue no?aiu’.
A na?aaeeia 1933 a. aue i?eiyo Caeii i ainnoaiiaeaiee i?iiuoeaiiinoe
(National Industrial Recovery Act — IE?A) — naiue cia/eoaeueiue a
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa “iiaiai eo?na”. Eae oeacuaaeinue a naiii caeiia, ii
aue i?eiyo n oeaeueth iaania/aiey “anaiauaai aeaaininoiyiey”, iooai
onoaiiaeaiey eii?aeeiaoeee n oeaeueth ?aoaiey i?iaeai ianniaie ieuaou,
aeinoeaeaiey nio?oaeie/anoaa iaaeaeo ?aai/eie e ?aaioiaeaoaeyie i?e
niaeaenoaee i?aaeoaeuenoaa, ono?aiaiey e ?aoaiey o?oaeiauo eiioeeeoia,
i?iaeai ?ac?ooeoaeueiie eiieo?aioeee, aaaeoueo e nieaeaieth i?eaueae e
nie?auaieth eiaanoeoeee e caiyoinoe. Iaaoaiua i?ioeannu iiieaeaiey oeai
a oneiaeyo “?ac?ooeoaeueiie eiieo?aioeee” aeieaeiu auee i?ana/ue
“eiaeaenu /anoiie eiieo?aioeee”, ninoaaeyaiua i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneeie
annioeeaoeeyie, i?e o/anoee i?ionithcia, eioi?ua oeene?iaaee no?iai
ii?aaeaeaiiua ii?iu i?iecaiaenoaa e nauoa i?iaeoeoeee, onoaiaaeeaaee
o?iaaiue oiaa?iuo oeai, oneiaey eiiia?/aneiai e?aaeeoa e i?. Iinea
ooaa?aeaeaiey i?aceaeaioii “eiaeaenu” iieo/aee neeo caeiia.
Eae e ia/aeueiay oeiainiaay iieeoeea, i?iiuoeaiiay iieeoeea 1933 a.
i?aaeinoaaeea yaiua i?aeiouanoaa e?oiiiio ei?ii?aoeaiiio aeciano. I?yiui
naeaeaoaeuenoaii yoie iieeoeee auei i?einoaiiaeaiea ia 2 aiaea (ia a?aiy
aeaenoaey IE?A) aioeo?anoianeiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa e
“eiaeeoeoee?iaaiiui” i?aaei?eyoeyi, aieaa oiai, eo i?eioaeeoaeueiia
ea?oaee?iaaiea.
IE?A aeieaeai aue ia oieueei ?aoeoue i?iaeaio noaaeeecaoeee
i?iiuoeaiiinoe n iiiiuueth niaoeeaeueii nicaeaaaaiiai ainoaea?noaaiiiai
i?aaia — Iaoeeiiaeueiie aaeieieno?aoeee ainnoaiiaeaiey i?iiuoeaiiinoe,
ii e niyoue ino?ioo o?oaeiauo eiioeeeoia n iiiiuueth ia? nioeeaeueiiai
iaiaa?e?iaaiey, oaeiaeaoai?aiey iaeioi?uo o?aaiaaiee ?aai/eo,
auaeaeaaaiuo eie a oiaea ianniaie noa/a/iie ai?ueau. A no. 7a IE?A a
iauae oi?ia auee i?iaicaeaoaiu i?aaa ?aai/eo ia nicaeaiea i?ionithcia,
eieeaeoeaiue aeiaiai?, iaycaiiinoe i?aaei?eieiaoaeae “niaethaeaoue
iaeneiaeueioth i?iaeieaeeoaeueiinoue ?aai/aai a?aiaie, ieieiaeueiue
o?iaaiue iieaou e ae?oaea oneiaey o?oaea”. Yoe iieiaeaiey, iaeiaei, ia
nii?iaiaeaeaeenue oaa?aeuie aa?aioeyie eo niaethaeaiey ni noi?iiu
i?aaei?eieiaoaeae.
I?aaeoaeuenoaii aue i?aaeeiaeai oeiiaie ia?acaoe eiaeaena, eioi?ue iia
auoue i?eiaiai a ethaie io?anee i?iiuoeaiiinoe. A iai a ea/anoaa
ieieiaeueiiai o?iaiy ca?aaioiie ieaou oeene?iaaeanue aeey i?iiuoeaiiuo
?aai/eo iieaoa io 30 aei 40 oeaioia ca ?aai/ee /an, a
i?iaeieaeeoaeueiinoue ?aai/aai a?aiaie ia?aie/eaaeanue 35 /anaie a
iaaeaeth. N i?eiyoeai eiaeaenia auea oneeaia ?ieue i?ionithcia eae
aaeeinoaaiii caeiiiuo i?aaenoaaeoaeae ?aai/eo, /oi a cia/eoaeueiie ia?a
eeoaei i?aaa aieina iai?aaieciaaiiuo ?aai/eo.
I?eia/aoaeueii oaeaea, /oi i?aaeoaeuenoai ioeacaeinue aeeth/eoue a
eiaeaenu iieiaeaiey, eioi?ua iiaee eaeoe a?ac?ac n i?eioeeiii ?aaainoaa
i?aa aaeuo e oeaaoiuo ?aai/eo a aii?inao caiyoinoe. Ii yoe
aeene?eieiaoeeiiiua ia?u eneeth/aeenue a eiaeaenao e?oiiuo i?aaei?eyoee,
o?ainii?oa, ai?iiaeiauaathueo io?aneae. Aeene?eieiaoeey oeaaoiuo ?aai/eo
ia “iaeiaeeoeoee?iaaiiuo” iaeeeo i?aaei?eyoeyo inoaeanue iao?iiooie.
A eiaeaenao aeieaeiu auee oeene?iaaoueny oaeaea a ea/anoaa ia?auo ia?
iiiiue aac?aaioiui e iieiaeaiey ia i?aaiecaoeee iauanoaaiiuo ?aaio. N
yoie oeaeueth nicaeaaaeanue Annioeeaoeey iauanoaaiiuo ?aaio (AI?), ia
i?aaiecaoeeth eioi?ie auei auaeaeaii 3,3 iei. aeiee. E?iia oiai,
i?iaeaiaie aac?aaioeoeu aeieaeia auea caieiaoueny Aaeieieno?aoeey ii
ieacaieth /?acau/aeiie iiiiue (AI*I) /a?ac i?yiua auieaou aeioaoeee
ooaoai. Ana yoe ia?u, iaeiaei, ia ?aoeee oyaeaeaeoeo i?iaeai
aac?aaioeoeu.
Aa?a?iay iieeoeea “iiaiai eo?na” iaoea aiieiuaiea i?aaeaea anaai a
Caeiia i ?aaoee?iaaiee naeueneiai oicyenoaa (Agricultural Adjustment Act
— AAA), i?aaeoniao?eaathuai nicaeaiea niaoeeaeueiiai aaeieieno?aoeaiiai
i?aaia ii ?aaoee?iaaieth naeueneiai oicyenoaa, eioi?ue aue i?ecaai
naaeaine?iaaoue ni?in e i?aaeeiaeaiea ia i?iaeoeou naeueneiai oicyenoaa,
iiaeiyoue ia ieo oeaiu. N yoie oeaeueth aaiaeeeny iaeeiaeiaue i?ioeaio
nie?auaiey iinaaiuo ieiuaaeae anao oa?ia?ia — e e?oiiuo e iaeeeo, n
auieaoie eiiiainaoeee ca iaia?aaioaiiua caiee, /oi aieueii oaea?eei ii
iaeeiio oa?ia?noao. A oi aea a?aiy a?oiia e?oiiiai eiiia?/aneiai
oa?ia?noaa, iieo/ea aieueooth /anoue i?aieaeueiuo ieaoaaeae, niiaee
aeaaiaea?y yoiio eioaineoeoee?iaaoue naia oicyenoai e iieo/eoue iaiaeoth
i?eaueue. Nie?auaiea iinaaiuo ieiuaaeae aeey iiaeiyoey oeai a
aieiaeathuae Aia?eea nii?iaiaeaeaeinue oie/oiaeaieai oaea aioiaie
i?iaeoeoeee, ieeeeiiia aieia neioa e i?.
Aianoa n AAA aue i?eiyo Caeii i ?aoeiaine?iaaiee oa?ia?neeo aeieaia,
nie?aoeaoee i?ioeaiou ii eiioa/iie caaeieaeaiiinoe oa?ia?ia e
i?iaeeeaoee n?iee iiaaoaiey eo aeieaia. *a?ac oaaea?aeueiua caiaeueiua
aaiee oa?ia?ai aue i?aaeinoaaeai caai aieaa /ai a 2 ie?ae. aeiee.,
eioi?ue iioae aeaaiui ia?acii ia iiaaoaiea eo aeieaia, a /ai
iaiin?aaenoaaiii auee caeioa?aniaaiu e aaiee.
Aianoa n iieeoeeie nie?auaiey iinaaiuo ieiuaaeae aua a 1936 a. noaea
i?iaiaeeoueny iieeoeea ainnoaiiaeaiey ieiaei?iaeey ii/a. A 1936 a. yoa
iieeoeea auea caeiiiaeaoaeueii ioi?ieaia i?eiyoeai Caeiia i nio?aiaiee
ieiaei?iaeey ii/a e i eaioao aioo?aiiaai ?uiea. Caeii i?aaeoniao?eaae
auieaoo i?aieaeueiuo ieaoaaeae nianoaaiieeai caiee, niaeaoaaoeiny
ecuiaoue caiee ec-iiae iinaaia oao eoeueoo?, eioi?ua aa enoiuaee, /oi
aeieaeii auei, n iaeiie noi?iiu, iiauneoue oeaiu ia i?iaeoeoeeth
naeueneiai oicyenoaa, n ae?oaie — iiaeiyoue ieiaei?iaeea ii/a.
Caaa?oathuei i?aaiaui aeoii aa?a?iie iieeoeee “iiaiai eo?na” noae Caeii
1938 a., eioi?ue oneeeaae ainoaea?noaaiiue eiio?ieue ca iinooieaieai ia
?uiie iniiaiuo naeueneioicyenoaaiiuo i?iaeoeoia, iiaeaea?aeaiea oeai ia
eioi?ua ioiuia aeieaeii auei aeinoeaaoueny ia oie/oiaeaieai “eceeoeia”,
a eo o?aiaieai n niioaaonoaothueie ainoaea?noaaiiuie auieaoaie oa?ia?ai
a n/ao aua ia i?iaeaiiiai o?iaeay.
Aie?oa yeiiiie/aneie iieeoeee “iiaiai eo?na” ?acaa?ioeanue iaeanoi/aiiay
ai?ueaa oaea a 1934 a. I?ioea iaa aunooiaee e i?aaua neeu, eioi?ua
n/eoaee “iiaue eo?n” /?acia?ii ?aaeeeaeueiui, e eaaua, n/eoaaoea aai (a
neeo i?iaeieaeathuaainy aaaenoaaiiiai iieiaeaiey cia/eoaeueiuo neiaa
ianaeaiey, aac?acoeueoaoiuo iiiuoie i?aaeoaeuenoaa ?aoeoue i?iaeaio
aac?aaioeoeu e i?.) iaaeinoaoi/ii ?aoeoaeueiui.
Ia iiiiaee ea?aeeiaeueiiio ?aoaieth i?iaeaiu aac?aaioeoeu ie i?eiyoea
aua a 1933 a. Caeiia i nie?auaiee aei 30 /ania ?aai/ae iaaeaee ia
e?oiiuo i?aaei?eyoeyo (/oi i?eaaei e inaiaiaeaeaieth 6 iei. ?aai/eo
iano), ie nicaeaiea Aaeieieno?aoeee ii ?aaeecaoeee iauanoaaiiuo ?aaio
(A?I?), i?ecaaiiie i?iaiaeeoue a aeeciue i?ia?aiio no?ieoaeuenoaa
iauaeoia eio?ano?oeoo?u, a oii /enea aiaiii-no?aoaae/aneiai oa?aeoa?a,
ie ec?anoiaeiaaiiua a i?ioeanna inouanoaeaiey yoeo i?ia?aii 13 ie?ae.
aeiee.
I?aaay iiiiceoeey “iiaiio eo?no” iniaaiii neeueia auea n?aaee
i?aaenoaaeoaeae ei?ii?aoeaiiai eaieoaea, oyaioeaoeony ainoaea?noaaiiui
aiaoaoaeuenoaii a nioeeaeueiua ioiioaiey, iniaaiii a /anoe, eanathuaeny
oneiaee o?oaea ?aai/eo e i?. E?aeiei i?iyaeaieai yoeo iiiiceoeeiiiuo
iano?iaiee noaei o?aaiaaiea ioeaca io anyeeo ?aoi?i. Iiaeaea?aeeaae
iiiiceoeeth e Aa?oiaiue noae NOA, eioi?ue n
eiina?aaoeaii-eiaeeaeaeoaeenoe/aneeo iiceoeee iaaiaoaoaeuenoaa
ainoaea?noaa a noa?o /anoiiai i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa iauyaee a iaa 1935
a. i iaeiinoeoooeeiiiinoe IE?A, a caoai a 1936 a. — AAA aianoa n aua 9
caeiiaie.
Yoe ?aoaiey Aa?oiaiiai noaea eanaeenue ia oieueei eiinoeoooeeiiiinoe
eiie?aoiuo caeiiia, iie iinoaaeee ia iiaanoeo aeiy aieaa oe?ieoth,
enoi?e/anee aaaeioth i?iaeaio — i i?aaeaeao aiaoaoaeuenoaa ainoaea?noaa
a yeiiiieeo n oeaeueth aa o?aaoee?iaaiey, a oii /enea e ia a
iineaaeithth i/a?aaeue ca n/ao i?iaaaeaiey nioeeaeueiuo i?ia?aii. Ia?aae
no?aiie e aa i?aceaeaioii, oaeei ia?acii, anoae ni anae ino?ioie
noaeueaiiiniue aii?in: eoaea eaeoe — aeaeueoa, aia?aae ii iooe
oaeoaeaiey ?aoi?i, eee iiaa?iooue iacaae. O. ?ocaaeueo iioae aia?aae. A
1936 a. aio i?aaenoiyee auai?u ia aoi?ie i?aceaeaioneee n?ie.
Ai aoi?ie iieiaeia 30-o aa. iaiyaony aeaaiia iai?aaeaiea aeayoaeueiinoe
i?aaeoaeuenoaa O. ?ocaaeueoa, ii?aaeaeyaiia iaiaoiaeeiinoueth
i?iaaaeaiey ea?aeeiaeueiuo nioeeaeueiuo ?aoi?i. Oae, i?iaicaeaoaiiua
?aiaa IE?A i?ionithciua i?aaa ia oaeiaeaoai?yee o?aaiaaiee ?aai/eo. A
?acoeueoaoa iaiin?aaenoaaiiie nioeeaeueiie iieeoeee O. ?ocaaeueoa ia
auei aa?aioe?iaaii caeiiii i?aai ia noa/eo, ia auei cae?aieaii
o?aaeeoeeiiiia o?aaiaaiea aia?eeaineeo ?aai/eo “cae?uoiai oeaoa”,
cai?auathuaai i?aaei?eieiaoaeyi iooai “eiaeeaeaeoaeueiuo niaeaoaiee”
i?eieiaoue .ia ?aaioo ia/eaiia i?ionithca, /oi ioe?uaaei iooue e
oo?aeea?aoa?noao, aiciiaeiiio n?uao caaanoiaee. I?aaa i?ionithcia
ia?ooaeenue e a neeo iaiaycaoaeueiinoe eo o/anoey a ii?aaeaeaiee oneiaee
o?oaea ?aai/eo iooai caeeth/aiey eieeaeoeaiuo aeiaiai?ia e oe?ieie
aiciiaeiinoe nicaeaiey i?ioeainoiyueo i?ionithcai “eiiiaiaeneeo
nithcia”, eioi?ua oeiaine?iaaeenue i?aaei?eieiaoaeyie e eniieueciaaeenue
eie aeey iiae?uaa i?aaieciaaiiie ai?ueau ?aai/eo.
Caeii i o?oaeiauo ioiioaieyo (Caeii Aaaia?a), i?eiyoue a 1935 a., ia
oieueei aia?aua a enoi?ee NOA i?iaicaeanee ioeoeeaeueiia i?eciaiea i?aa
i?ionithcia, ii e i?aaeoniio?ae caeiiiaeaoaeueiua aa?aioee yoeo i?aa. A
no. 7 Caeiia ia?a/eneyeenue i?aaa ?aai/eo, ia?ooaiea eioi?uo aoiaeeei a
iiiyoea “ia/anoiay o?oaeiaay i?aeoeea” i?aaei?eieiaoaeae, eioi?ui
cai?auaeinue aiaoeaaoueny a nicaeaiea ?aai/eo i?aaiecaoeee, a oii /enea
e iooai eo oeiaine?iaaiey (cai?auaiea “eiiiaiaeneeo nithcia”),
aeene?eieie?iaaoue /eaiia i?ionithca i?e i?eaia eo ia ?aaioo
(naieoeeiie?iaaeanue i?aeoeea “cae?uoiai oeaoa”), ioeacuaaoueny io
caeeth/aiey eieeaeoeaiuo aeiaiai?ia n aeieaeiui ia?acii eca?aiiuie
i?aaenoaaeoaeyie ?aai/eo. Caeii cae?aieye i?e yoii oae iacuaaaiia
“i?aaeei aieueoeinoaa”, niaeanii eioi?iio io eiaie ?aai/eo a aeiaiai?iuo
ioiioaieyo n i?aaei?eieiaoaeai iiaea anooiaoue eeoue oa i?aaiecaoeey,
eioi?ay i?eciaaaeanue aieueoeinoaii ?aai/eo, o. a. eo i?ionithc.
Caeii cae?aieye e i?aai ?aai/eo ia caaanoiaeo. Ii anai naiei
niaea?aeaieai ii aue iai?aaeai ia noaeaiea iniiaaiee aeey ianniauo
eiioeeeoia. N yoie oeaeueth aue nicaeai iiaue i?aai — Iaoeeiiaeueiia
oi?aaeaiea ii o?oaeiaui ioiioaieyi (IOOI), ia eioi?ue auea aiceiaeaia
iaycaiiinoue ?anniao?eaaoue aeaeiau ?aai/eo ia “ia/anoioth o?oaeiaoth
i?aeoeeo” i?aaei?eieiaoaey. ?aoaiey yoiai eaacenoaeaaiiai i?aaia iiaee
auoue ioiaiaiu oieueei a noaeaaiii ii?yaeea.
Ae?oaei iai?aaeaieai aeayoaeueiinoe i?aaeoaeuenoaa “iiaiai eo?na” noaei
nicaeaiea (aia?aua a enoi?ee Aia?eee) ?acaaoaeaiiie ainoaea?noaaiiie
nenoaiu nioeeaeueiie caueou ianaeaiey. A 1935 a. aue i?eiyo ia?aue Caeii
i nioeeaeueiii no?aoiaaiee e ae?oaea caeiiu iiiiue aaaeiui.
Caeii i nioeeaeueiii no?aoiaaiee i?aaeoniao?eaae nioeeaeueioth iiiiuue
i?anoa?aeui, aac?aaioiui e iaeioi?ui eaoaai?eyi iao?oaeiniiniaiiai
ianaeaiey. Ii ia ?ani?ino?aiyeny, iaeiaei, ia naeueneioicyenoaaiiuo
?aai/eo, aeiiaoithth i?eneoao, ainoaea?noaaiiuo neoaeaueo, cao?aaeaay,
oaeei ia?acii, eioa?anu oieueei iieiaeiu anao ?aaioathueo ii iaeio eeoe.
E?iia iaai, o?iaaiue no?aoiauo auieao, oiiae eioi?uo nicaeaaaeny ca n/ao
iaeiaia ia i?aaei?eieiaoaeae e naieo ?aai/eo, aue e?aeia iecie. Iainee
ii noa?inoe iacia/aeenue n 65 eao, iiniaey ii aac?aaioeoea
auiea/eaaeenue ieiei 10 iaaeaeue a aiaeo.
A 1935 aiaeo auei ia/aoi i?iaaaeaiea oe?ieie i?ia?aiiu iiiiue oa?ia?ai.
Nicaeaia Aaeieieno?aoeey ii ia?anaeaieth, eioi?ay a ia/aea 1937 a. auea
i?aia?aciaaia a Aaeieieno?aoeeth ii io?aia oa?ia?neeo oicyenoa, a
iaycaiiinoe eioi?ie aoiaeeei no?ieoaeuenoai eaaa?ae aeey
naeueneioicyenoaaiiuo ?aai/eo e iea?aioia, ieacaiea iiiiue aaaeiaeoei
oa?ia?ai iooai eo ia?anaeaiey ia aieaa ieiaei?iaeiua caiee, nicaeaiea
nauoiauo eiiia?aoeaia iaeeeo oa?ia?ia e i?.
Naeaeaoaeuenoaa ia?ai?eaioaoeey iieeoeee O. ?ocaaeueoa, aai iooiaea io
nio?oaeie/anoaa n e?oiiui ei?ii?aoeaiui eaieoaeii iiaeii iaeoe e a
i?eiyoee ?yaea caeiiia, ia?aie/eaathueo caneeea iiiiiieee. Oae,
iai?eia?, Caeii 1935 a. i ?aaoee?iaaiee aea?aeaoaeueneeo eiiiaiee a
noa?a i?aaei?eyoee iauanoaaiiiai iieueciaaiey noaaee iiae aeanoeee
ainoaea?noaaiiue eiio?ieue ana aea?aeaoaeueneea oe?iu, iaania/eaathuea
iio?aaiinoe no?aiu a aaca e yeaeo?iyia?aee. Aue i?eiyo oaeaea iiaue
iaeiaiaue caeii, cia/eoaeueii oaaee/eaoee iaeiae ni naa?oi?eaueueiuo
ei?ii?aoeee e eeoe n iaeaieaa aunieei o?iaiai aeioiaeia.
Aioe?ocaaeueoianeay eaiiaiey i?ioanoa, iineaoay a yoi a?aiy iniaaiii
y?inoiue oa?aeoa? (?ocaaeueoa iaaeiyee a oii, /oi ii iinyaaao ia
“nayuaiiua onoie /anoiie nianoaaiiinoe”, ?acaycuaaao a no?aia
a?aaeaeaineoth aieio e i?.), i?iaaeeeenue. Ii aue eca?ai i?aceaeaioii ia
aoi?ie n?ie i?aaeaea anaai aeaaiaea?y i?iaicaeaoaiiiio ei eo?no ia
“iiauoaiea ee/iiai aeaaininoiyiey e ?anoe?aiea aiciiaeiinoae aeey iann
ia?iaea”.
Oniaoiia aeaeueiaeoaa i?iaaaeaiea a aeeciue yoiai eo?na O. ?ocaaeueo
aeaeae e a inouanoaeaiee aai ieaia noaeaaiie e aaeieieno?aoeaiie
?aoi?iu, i?aaeoniao?eaathuaai, a /anoiinoe, oaaee/aiea aiciiaeiiai /enea
/eaiia Aa?oiaiiai noaea aei 15 /aeiaae (anee noaeuee, aeinoeaoea 70 eao,
ia ooiaeeee a ionoaaeo), nicaeaiea iiauo ieienoa?noa, niaoeeaeueiiai
Eniieieoaeueiiai oi?aaeaiey i?aceaeaioa (EOI) e aeaoo iiauo ieienoa?noa:
Ieienoa?noaa iauanoaaiiuo ?aaio e Ieienoa?noaa nioeeaeueiuo oneoa,
eioi?ua aeieaeiu auee oii?yaei/eoue aeayoaeueiinoue iiiaeanoaa
aicieeathueo a yoi a?aiy ?aaoee?othueo aaaeiinoa e aaaionoa.
Noaeaaiay ?aoi?ia i?iaaeeeanue ec-ca iianaiey eiia?anna, /oi iia ia?ooeo
nenoaio “naea?aeae e i?ioeaiaania”, i?aaeinoaaea i?aceaeaioo neeoeii
aieueoea iieiiii/ey, a oaeaea aeaaiaea?y eciaiaieth iiceoeee
iaiiaeaiiiai a naiai ninoaaa Aa?oiaiiai noaea, eioi?ue i?eciae
eiinoeoooeeiiiinoue Caeiia Aaaia?a e Caeiia i nioeeaeueiii no?aoiaaiee,
a e eiioeo 30-o aa. ii nouanoao ia?anoae aic?aaeaoue i?ioea ethauo ia?
yeiiiie/aneiai ?aaoee?iaaiey.
Aaeieieno?aoeaiay ?aoi?ia auea aiieiuaia a aeeciue a 1939 a., eiaaea
auei nicaeaii EOI, a ninoaa eioi?iai aeeth/aeenue Aiia?ao Aaeiai aeiia,
Athaeaeaoiia ath?i e Oi?aaeaiea ieaie?iaaiey iaoeeiiaeueiuo ?ano?nia.
Ioeacaa i?aceaeaioo a nicaeaiee aeaoo iiauo ieienoa?noa, eiia?ann
i?aaeinoaaee aio iaia?aie/aiiia i?aai inouanoaeyoue ?ai?aaiecaoeeth
oaaea?aeueiuo aaaionoa, ?acoeueoaoii /aai e auei nicaeaiea aeaoo iiauo
no?oeoo?iuo iiae?acaeaeaiee i?aceaeaioneie aeanoe — Oaaea?aeueiiai
aaaionoaa iauanoaaiiuo ?aaio e Aaaionoaa oeaiiuo aoiaa, eioi?ua ia
iinoiyiiie iniiaa aeieaeiu auee, ia?yaeo n ae?oaeie aaaeiinoaaie,
?oeiaiaeeoue inouanoaeaieai i?eiyouo i?ia?aii. Oai naiui auei
ieii/aoaeueii i?eciaii i?aai i?aceaeaioa ia ?aaoee?iaaiea yeiiiie/aneeo
e nioeeaeueiuo ioiioaiee e ia nicaeaiea n yoie oeaeueth iinoiyiii
aeaenoaothuaai aaeieieno?aoeaiiai iaoaiecia.
Niaa?oainoaiaaiea iaoiaeia ainoaea?noaaiiiai ?aaoee?iaaiey yeiiiieee e
nioeeaeueiuo ioiioaiee (a /anoiinoe, i?iaaaeaiea aeoeaiie iieeoeee a
iaeanoe athaeaeaoa e e?aaeeoa, iai?aaeaiiie ia iaania/aiea onoie/eaiai
o?iaiy ni?ina, i?iecaiaenoaa e caiyoinoe) noaiiaeony ni a?aiaie
i?iaaaeaiey “iiaiai eo?na” aeaaiie caaea/ae anao aaoaae aeanoe
aia?eeaineiai ainoaea?noaa.
?aoay yoo caaea/o, aia?eeaineee eiia?ann a 1946 a. i?eiye Caeii i
caiyoinoe, eioi?ue aia?aua ioeoeeaeueii aiceiaeee ia i?aceaeaioa
ioaaonoaaiiinoue ca ninoiyiea aia?eeaineie yeiiiieee. Ia iniiaaiee yoiai
caeiia aue nicaeai Niaao yeiiiie/aneeo eiinoeueoaioia, eioi?ue aeieaeai
aue i?aaenoaaeyoue aeaaa ainoaea?noaa aaeaaiaeiue aeieeaae n ouaoaeueiui
aiaeecii yeiiiie/aneie eiiuthieoo?u. Aeieeaae noaiiaeeny iniiaie
yeiiiie/aneiai iineaiey i?aceaeaioa eiia?anno a ia/aea eaaeaeie aai
nannee e iineaaeothuae au?aaioee eiia?annii ?aeiiaiaeaoeee eae
ainoaea?noaaiiui i?aaiai, oae e /anoiui eeoeai, “n oeaeueth aeinoeaeaiey
iaeneiaeueiiai eee aunieiai o?iaiy caiyoinoe”. Aiineaaenoaee auee
i?eiyou e ae?oaea caeiiu, aeiiieiythuea, ei??aeoe?othuea
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai “iiaiai eo?na”, ii aeaaiua iai?aaeaiey yeiiiie/aneie
e nioeeaeueiie iieeoeee aia?eeaineiai ainoaea?noaa inoaaaeenue
iaeciaiiuie. Iaeiei ec oaeeo ei??aeoe?othueo caeiiia a noa?a
nioeeaeueiuo ioiioaiee noae, a /anoiinoe, Caeii Oaooa-Oa?oee 1947 a.,
aianoee nouanoaaiiua iii?aaee a Caeii Aaaia?a.
Caeii Oaooa-Oa?oee 1947 a. Caeii Aaaia?a (i?eiyoue a 1935 a. a e?eceniie
neooaoeee, i?aneaaeiaaaoee ia a iineaaeithth i/a?aaeue iieeoe/aneea
oeaee O. ?ocaaeueoa ia?aae i/a?aaeiuie auai?aie) nicaeae ii?aaeaeaiiue
aeenaaeain iieeoe/aneeo nee, ia?aie/eaay naiaiaeo aeaenoaee, “ia/anoioth
o?oaeiaoth i?aeoeeo” oieueei i?aaei?eieiaoaeae, /oi ia iiaei ia aucaaoue
ao?iiai i?ioanoa n eo noi?iiu. Ai?ueaa aie?oa Caeiia 1935 a. ia/aeanue
n?aco aea iinea aai i?eiyoey. A iaa aeeth/eeenue aicieeoay a yoi a?aiy
aioe?ocaaeueoianeay i?aaiecaoeey “Aia?eeaineay eeaa naiaiaeu”, oaeea
e?oiiua i?aaiecaoeee aia?eeaineiai aeciana, eae “Iaoeeiiaeueiay
annioeeaoeey i?iiuoeaiieeia”, “Oi?aiaay iaeaoa” e ae?. Aei 1937 a.
ai?ueaa aaeanue ca i?eciaiea caeiia iaeiinoeoooeeiiiui, caoai ca
ia?aniio? aai eiia?annii, a eioi?ii ca iineaaeothuea 10 eao auei
?anniio?aii 200 niioaaonoaothueo caeiiii?iaeoia. A 1947 a. oaeie
ia?aniio? ninoiyeny, aue i?eiyo Caeii Oaooa-Oa?oee, eioi?ue aeaenoaoao
aei neo ii?.
Caeii Oaooa-Oa?oee i?ecaai aue nicaeaoue iaoaieci i?ana/aiey iacaeiiiuo
caaanoiaie, a oaeaea i?aaeioa?auaiey iieeoecaoeee i?ionithcia.
Aeinoeaeaiea yoeo oeaeae i?aayuea e?oae aeaeaee a i?iaaaeaiee iieeoeee
aeaeueiaeoae eioaa?aoeee i?ionithcia a ?aaoee?othuee nioeeaeueiua
ioiioaiey ainoaea?noaaiiue iaoaieci, a oaeaea a iaaeaeaiee i?aceaeaioa
cia/eoaeueiuie i?aaaie aeey i?aaeioa?auaiey eiioeeeoia a i?iiuoeaiiinoe,
iniaaiii oao, eioi?ua oa?iaeaee iauanoaaiiie aaciianiinoe. Caeii
i?anaeae ?yae iai?aaeaiee “ia/anoiie o?oaeiaie i?aeoeee” i?ionithcia:
cai?auae iaeioi?ua aeaeu caaanoiaie, a oii /enea aoi?e/iua aieeiou (oi
anoue aieeiou oao i?aaei?eieiaoaeae, eioi?ua ia yaeyeenue
iaiin?aaenoaaiiuie iaieiaoaeyie aanoothueo ?aai/eo), noa/ee
nieeaea?iinoe, ieeaoe?iaaiea i?aaei?eyoee n oai, /oiau aeiaeoueny io
i?aaei?eieiaoaey caeeth/aiey aeiaiai?a n i?ionithcii, eioi?ue ia i?ioae
onoaiiaeaiiie caeiiii i?ioeaaeo?u aai ioeoeeaeueiiai i?eciaiey,
caaanoiaee ainoaea?noaaiiuo neoaeaueo, noa/ee, nicaeathuea oa?ico
iaoeeiiaeueiie aaciianiinoe, e ae?. Aeiionoeiua oi?iu caaanoiaie
iaiaa?eaaeenue ?yaeii oneiaee: aaaaeaieai aeaooiany/iiai
“ioeaaeeoaeueiiai ia?eiaea”, iaycaoaeueiui ecaauaieai i?aaei?eieiaoaey i
iaia?aiee i?iaanoe caaanoiaeo, aieiniaaieai ?aai/eo ia?aae iauyaeaieai
caaanoiaee e i?.
Ia iniiaa niaoeeaeueiiai iieiaeaiey caeiia i caueoa i?aa ?aai/eo io
i?ionithcia auea cia/eoaeueii oneeaia i?aaiaay ?aaeaiaioaoeey
aeayoaeueiinoe i?ionithcia, a /anoiinoe caeii iiae?iaii ?aaoee?iaae
ii?yaeie caeeth/aiey eieeaeoeaiuo aeiaiai?ia, ?anniao?eaae, eaeei
oneiaeyi aeieaeai ioaa/aoue i?ionithc, aeiaeaathueeny i?aaa o/anoey a
eieeaeoeaii-aeiaiai?iuo ioiioaieyo, o?aaiaae io ?oeiaiaeeoaeae
i?ionithcia iiaeienee i iai?e/anoiinoe e aeayoaeueiinoe Eiiioienoe/aneie
ia?oee, iiaea/e aaeaaiaeiuo io/aoia Ieienoa?noao o?oaea i naieo
oeiainiauo aeaeao e i?. I?ionithcai auei ioeacaii a i?aaa aeaeaoue
aciinu a ecae?aoaeueiua oiiaeu eeoe, aeiaeaathueony eca?aiey ia
oaaea?aeueiua aeieaeiinoe.
Cai?aoea aeiaiai? “cae?uoiai oeaoa” e ia?aie/ea aiciiaeiinoue
caeeth/aiey aeiaiai?a “nithciiai oeaoa'”, caeii oai naiui nouanoaaiii
ia?aie/ee i?aai i?ionithcia aeeeoiaaoue i?aaei?eieiaoaeyi oneiaey iaeia
?aai/ae neeu.
Aiiaue nicaeaiiue i?aai, Oaaea?aeueiay neoaeaa iin?aaeie/anoaa e
i?eie?aiey, aeieaeai aue ?ac?aoaoue nii?u iaaeaeo i?aaei?eieiaoaeyie e
?aai/eie iooai eieeaeoeaiuo. ia?aaiai?ia eo i?aaenoaaeoaeae. Ii aeaaiay
?ieue a aeaea i?iaaaeaiey a aeeciue iieiaeaiee caeiia ioaiaeeeanue
Iaoeeiiaeueiiio oi?aaeaieth ii o?oaeiaui ioiioaieyi (IOOI) e noaeai,
eioi?ui i?eiaaeeaaeaei i?aai auianaiey cai?aoeoaeueiuo i?eeacia a
ioiioaiee iacaeiiiuo caaanoiaie, ?anniio?aiey a?aaeaeaineeo eneia e
oaieiaiuo aeae, eanathueony eiaeiuo iieacaiee i iai?eiaaeeaaeiinoe e
Eiiioienoe/aneie ia?oee, iieeoe/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe i?ionithcia e i?.
Oneiaey aeiaiai?a “nithciiai oeaoa” i?aaeoniao?eaatho i?aai
i?aaei?eieiaoaey i?eieiaoue ia ?aaioo ia/eaiia i?ionithca, ii o?aaotho a
oa/aiea ei?ioeiai a?aiaie anooieaiey aiiaue iaiyouo ?aai/eo a i?ionithc.
I?aai cai?auaoue aeiaiai? “nithciiai oeaoa” auei cae?aieaii ca ooaoaie.
Yoi iieiaeaiea auei aeeth/aii a caeiiu “I i?aaa ia o?oae” iiiaeo ooaoia.
Caeii nicaeaaae oaeaea iinoiyiii aeaenoaothuee i?aceaeaioneee iaoaieci
aeey i?ana/aiey “iaaeicaieaiiie i?ionithciie aeoeaiinoe”. I?aceaeaio iia
cai?aoeoue noa/eo ia 80 aeiae, anee, n aai oi/ee c?aiey, iia “oa?iaeaea
iaoeeiiaeueiui eioa?anai”, iia ia?aoeoueny a noae aeey auianaiey
noaeaaiiai i?eeaca i cai?auaiee noa/ee, iacia/eoue a?aeo?aaeioth
eiienneth aeey ?anniio?aiey o?oaeiaiai eiioeeeoa.
Aioei?ionithciay ia?aie/eoaeueiay iai?aaeaiiinoue Caeiia Oaooa-Oa?oee
auea oneeaia Caeiiii Eyiae?aia-A?eooeia 1959 a., iinoaaeaoaai i?ionithcu
iiae aua aieueoee eiio?ieue ainoaea?noaaiiuo i?aaiia, eioi?ua iieo/eee
i?aai ?aaoee?iaaoue i?iaaaeaiea auai?ia a i?ionithciua i?aaiu,
ii?aaeaeyoue ?acia?u /eaineeo aciinia, o?aaiaaoue i?aaenoaaeaiey a
Ieienoa?noai o?oaea io/aoia, eiiee onoaaia, iinoaiiaeaiee i?ionithcia e
i?.
Iieiaeaiey Caeiia Oaooa-Oa?oee iaiaeiie?aoii iiaee?aieyeenue
aiineaaenoaee ?aoaieyie Aa?oiaiiai noaea NOA. Iai?eia?, a 1984, 1985 aa.
Aa?oiaiue noae cai?aoee ieacuaaoue aeaaeaiea ia ?aai/eo n oai, /oiau iie
anooiaee a i?ionithc (iaeiaei ?ac?aoee aanoe n?aaee ieo
“?acuynieoaeueioth ?aaioo”), iiaeaea?aeae i?aeoeeo cai?aoa “cae?uoiai
oeaoa”, i?aaeinoaaee eiiiaieyi, “eniuouaathuei oeiainiaua o?oaeiinoe”,
i?aai ?ac?uaaoue o?oaeiaua ioiioaiey n i?aaieciaaiiuie a i?ionithc
?aai/eie e i?.
Caeii Oaooa-Oa?oee, i?e anae naiae aioei?ionithciie iai?aaeaiiinoe,
i?eaae e aieaa aeanoeiio oii?yaei/aieth ioiioaiee iaaeaeo o?oaeii e
eaieoaeii, aian aeaeeioth eaioo a aeinoeaeaiea niaeaney iaaeaeo ieie e
oai naiui niinianoaiaae oe?aieaieth iieeoe/aneie noaaeeueiinoe, a /ai
eioa?anu aia?eeaineeo i?aaei?eieiaoaeae e aia?eeaineeo i?ionithcia
ieeiaaea ia ?anoiaeeeenue.
Caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai 60-o aa. a ?aieao i?ia?aiiu “ai?ueau n aaaeiinoueth”
E. Aeaeiiniia. Iaeaieaa aeoeaiue ia?eiae nioeeaeueiiai ?aoi?iaoi?noaa
NOA iaaeaao iinea “iiaiai eo?na” O. ?ocaaeueoa ia 60-a aa., eiaaea
i?aceaeaioii-aeaiie?aoii E. Aeaeiiniiii auea i?iaicaeaoaia i?ia?aiia
nicaeaiey “aaeeeiai iauanoaa”, auiieiaiea eioi?ie auei i?ecaaii
aii?oece?iaaoue i?iyaeaiea nioeeaeueiie iai?yaeaiiinoe a no?aia,
noeioee?iaaoue ?acaeoea yeiiiieee iooai iaania/aiey niioaaonoaothuaai
o?iaiy caiyoinoe, iio?aaeaiey e i?.
Oeaio?aeueiui e iaeaieaa iiiaiiaauathuei caaiii i?ia?aiiu auea “ai?ueaa
n aaaeiinoueth”, aucaaiiie e aeecie cia/eoaeueiui ?inoii /enea
aia?eeaineeo a?aaeaeai, aeeaoueo ieaea o?iaiy aaaeiinoe (niaeanii
ioeoeeaeueiui aeaiiui, eo ian/eouaaeinue a 1964 a. 36,4 iei. /aeiaae,
eee ieiei 20% ianaeaiey no?aiu), e /eneo eioi?uo auee ioianaiu i?aaeaea
anaai oeaaoiua aia?eeaioeu, i?anoa?aeua, ia eiathuay iinoiyiiie ?aaiou
iieiaeaaeue, ieceieaaeeoeoee?iaaiiua e naeueneioicyenoaaiiua ?aai/ea,
iiiaiaeaoiua naiuee e naiuee aac iooeia.
I?ia?aiia auea i?eiyoa a ia?eiae yeiiiie/aneiai i?ioeaaoaiey Aia?eee e
nioeeaeueiiai a?iaeaiey, iiuiiai aeaeaeaiey ca a?aaeaeaineea i?aaa,
nooaeai/aneeo aieiaiee, aioeaiaiiuo aunooieaiee i?ioea iici?iie aieiu ai
Aueaoiaia. Aa i?eiyoeth niinianoaiaaei aeaiie?aoe/aneia aieueoeinoai a
iaaeo iaeaoao eiia?anna, iiaeaea?aeea i?ionithcia, Iaoeeiiaeueiiai
niaaoa e?anoueyi e ae?oaeo iauanoaaiiuo i?aaiecaoeee. I?ioea aunooieea
aieueoay /anoue aeaeiauo e?oaia NOA, oae eae inouanoaeaiea i?ia?aiiu
“ai?ueau n aaaeiinoueth” (o?aaothuae iiiaiieeeeiiiuo ainoaea?noaaiiuo
cao?ao) i?aaeiieaaaei ia?a?ani?aaeaeaiea n?aaenoa, iieo/aiiuo io
iaeaieaa ninoiyoaeueiie /anoe ianaeaiey, iaeaaaaiie aunieeie iaeiaaie, a
iieueco ioaeaeathueony, iaeaaaaiuo ieceeie iaeiaaie.
I?iaaaeaiea i?ia?aiiu a aeeciue ia/aeinue n i?eiyoey a 1964 a. Caeiia ia
yeiiiie/aneeo aiciiaeiinoyo, eioi?ui i?aaeoniao?eaaeenue ia?ii?eyoey ii
i?ioanneiiaeueiie iiaeaioiaea e iao/aieth aeaaiui ia?acii iieiaeaaee,
iniaaiii aac?aaioiie, a ?aieao nicaeaaaaiuo “o?oaeiauo ei?ionia”,
“iieiaeaaeiuo ei?ionia ii ianoo aeeoaeuenoaa”; auaea/e eueaioiuo caeiia
aaaenoaothuei oa?ia?ai e naeueneioicyenoaaiiui ?aai/ei e i?.
A 1965 aiaeo iineaaeiaaei ecaeaiea caeiiia i ia/aeueiii e n?aaeiai
oeieueiii ia?aciaaiee, a caoai i aunoai ia?aciaaiee, i?eciaiiuo
niinianoaiaaoue iiauoaieth ia?aciaaoaeueiiai o?iaiy iaeiiaania/aiiie
iieiaeaaee. A oii aea aiaeo auee aaaaeaiu i?ia?aiia “iaaeeey?”,
i?aaeoniao?eaathuay iieaoo iaaeeoeeineeo n/aoia iieo/aoaeae iiniaee ii
aaaeiinoe, ca ai?oii eioi?ie inoaaaeenue, iaeiaei, oa, eoi oaeiai
iiniaey ia iieo/ae (oi anoue o?aouey /anoue anao aaaeiyeia), e i?ia?aiia
“iaaeeeaeo” — iiiiue iaineiia?ai a iieaoa eo n/aoia ii aieacie.
A yoii aea aiaeo ia/aeinue inouanoaeaiea i?ia?aiiu noaneaee?iaaiey /anoe
?anoiaeia aaaeiyeia ia i?iaeoeou ieoaiey a aeaea i?iaeoeoiauo eoiiiia,
iaiaieaaaiuo a iaaaceiao ia iaaieueoia eiee/anoai aeaoaauo i?iaeoeoia. A
?aieao caeiiia i aeeeeuiii no?ieoaeuenoaa e ai?iaeneii ?acaeoee 1965,
1968 aa. auee i?eiyou iaeioi?ua ia?u ii ieacaieth iiiiue
iaeiiaania/aiiui naiueyi a a?aiaea eaa?oe? e oeiaine?iaaiee
no?ieoaeuenoaa aeaoaauo aeeeeu.
Auea i?eiyoa oaeaea na?ey caeiiia ii ?aaoee?iaaieth aeciana, a
/anoiinoe, n oeaeueth nie?auaiey /enea aeaioueo ethaeae a
aaoieaoano?ioao, oeo/oaiey io?aiu o?oaea, oe?aieaiey caei?iauey
i?iiuoeaiiuo ?aai/eo, cia/eoaeueii iiauoaiu oaaea?aeueiua anneaiiaaiey
ooaoai aeey ai?ueau n i?anooieaieyie, aeey nicaeaiey o?ainii?oiuo
o?aiceoiuo nenoai.
Inouanoaeaiea i?ia?aiiu iio?aaiaaei nicaeaiey iiauo niaoeeaeece?iaaiiuo
aaaionoa. Aeey niaeaenoaey ianoiui i?aaiai a eo “aieia n aaaeiinoueth”
auei nicaeaii niaoeeaeueiia Aaaeiinoai yeiiiie/aneiai niaeaenoaey e i?.
Oneeey i?aaeoaeuenoaa ia i?eaaee e inouanoaeaieth anao iaia/aiiuo
i?ia?aii, oae eae iie ia auee iaania/aiu n naiiai ia/aea
niioaaonoaothueie ainoaea?noaaiiuie anneaiiaaieyie (ianiio?y ia
iiauoaiea noaaie nioeeaeueiiai no?aoiaaiey, iaeiaa ia aecian e i?.), a a
1966 a. ia?aie/aiu a nayce n oaaee/aieai athaeaeaoiiai aeaoeoeeoa,
aucaaiiiai ?inoii yeneaeaoeee aieiu ai Aueaoiaia, oneeaieai eioeyoeee.
Caaea/a iino?iaiey “aaeeeiai iauanoaa”, naiaiaeiiai io aaaeiinoe e
aac?aaioeoeu, oaeei ia?acii, ia auea ?aoaia. Iineaaeiaaaoee aneaae ca
yoei oeeeee/aneee e?ecen ia?ai?iecaiaenoaa 1973—1975 aa. aua aieueoa
iaino?ee a NOA i?iaeaio caiyoinoe. Oieueei ii ioeoeeaeueiui aeaiiui, a
1975 a. a Aia?eea auei 8,3 iei. iieiinoueth aac?aaioiuo.
Aianoa n oai neaaeoao ioiaoeoue, /oi nioeeaeueiua i?ia?aiiu “ai?ueau n
aaaeiinoueth”, yaeaoeany i?yiui i?iaeieaeaieai nioeeaeueiuo ?aoi?i O.
?ocaaeueoa, oae aea eae e iuia aeaenoaothuea iiiai/eneaiiua nioeeaeueiua
i?ia?aiiu, ii?aaeaeeee iinoiyiiia aeaenoaea iauae, oioy e iaiaeii?iaeiie
oaiaeaioeee a eciaiaiee iauanoaaiiuo ioiioaiee, eioi?ay au?aaeaaony ia
oieueei a iiauoaiee nioeeaeueiie caueuaiiinoe aaaeiuo neiaa
aia?eeaineiai iauanoaa, a iieeoeea au?aaieaaiey o?iaiae aeioiaeia
ianaeaiey, ii e a aic?anoaiee aeiee eieeaeoeaiuo oi?i nianoaaiiinoe,
oe?aieaiee yeiiiie/aneie iacaaeneiinoe e i?aaiaie io?aiu ee/iinoe.
Yoiio niinianoaoao iniciaiea iaiaoiaeeiinoe oeaeaiai?aaeaiiie
nioeeaeueiie iieeoeee iiiiue aaaeiui, neaai caueuaiiui neiyi ianaeaiey
ia oieueei aai i?aayueie e?oaaie, ii e aieueoeinoaii aia?eeaineiai
ia?iaea. Anee a 1935 a. a Eiia?anna NOA aaeenue iaeanoi/aiiua nii?u
aie?oa i?eiyoey caeiiia i aaaaeaiee a no?aia nenoaiu nioeeaeueiiai
no?aoiaaiey, oi aiineaaenoaee yoe aii?inu a eiia?anna oaea ia
iiaeieiaeenue, a aeenioou naiaeeeenue e oiio, eae eo/oa iaania/eoue
ieaoaaeaniiniaiinoue nenoaiu — ca n/ao aaaaeaiee iiauo iaeiaia eee
nie?auaiey iiiai/eneaiiuo iiniaee.
Aeaiie?aoe/aneee i?aceaeaio A. Eeeioii iaea?aeae iiaaaeo ia auai?ao a
1992 a., iaauay Aia?eea eniieueciaaiea iiuoa “iiaiai eo?na” n oeaeueth
inouanoaeaiey “iiaeeeiiuo ia?aiai”: ?anoe?aiey ?acia?ia ainoaea?noaaiiuo
eiaanoeoeee ia nioeeaeueiua ioaeaeu, iiiiue oeieai, eeeaeaeaoeee
aacaeiiiinoe, ?aoaiey i?iaeaiu iaaeeoeeineiai no?aoiaaiey aeey anaai
ianaeaiey e i?. ?aaeecaoeey anao yoeo iaauaiee iaoaeeeaaaony, iaeiaei,
ia aeanoeea i?aa?aaeu ?inoa athaeaeaoiiai aeaoeoeeoa no?aiu.
Нашли опечатку? Выделите и нажмите CTRL+Enter
