Enoi?ey ainoaea?noaa e i?aaa Eeoay a iiaaeoaa a?aiy
1. I?iaicaeaoaiea ?anioaeeee
2. Aeaiie?aoe/aneia aeaeaeaiea a Eeoaa iinea ia?aie ie?iaie aieiu
3. Ia?aciaaiea EI?
1. I?iaicaeaoaiea ?anioaeeee
?aaiethoeey 1911 a. A ia/aea XX a. a Eeoaa ia/aeny iiaue ?aaiethoeeiiiue
iiaeuai. A 1902—1904 aa. a ?yaea i?iaeioeee i?iecioee noeoeeiua
aunooieaiey e?anoueyi e ?aianeaiieeia. A 1905—1906 aa. ii anaio Eeoath
i?ieaoeeanue aieia aieeioa aia?eeaineeo oiaa?ia. Iianaianoii aicieeaee
iiea aua ?ac?iciaiiua ?aaiethoeeiiiua i?aaiecaoeee, oneeeaaeanue
aioei?aaeoaeuenoaaiiay aaeoaoeey. Nicaeaiea iiauo ?aaiethoeeiiiuo
i?aaiecaoeee inouanoaeyeinue iiae ?oeiaiaenoaii Nithca aic?iaeaeaiey
Eeoay. A 1905 a. ?ac?iciaiiua ?aaiethoeeiiiua iauanoaa iauaaeeieeenue a
?aaiethoeeiiioth ia?oeth — Eeoaeneee ?aaiethoeeiiiue iauaaeeiaiiue nithc
(*aeoiai ayiei ooiiyiooye). I?aceaeaioii Ooiiyiooyy aue eca?ai Noiue
ssonai. Iieeoe/aneay i?ia?aiia Ooiiyiooyy i?aaeoniao?eaaea naa?aeaiea
iaiue/aeo?neie aeeianoee, o/?aaeaeaiea ?anioaeeee, o?aaiaiea i?aa ia
caieth, /oi niioaaonoaiaaei niaea?aeaieth “o?ao ia?iaeiuo i?eioeeiia”
Noiue ssonaia — iaoeeiiaeeci, aeaiie?aoey, ia?iaeiia aeaaiaeainoaea.
No?aiynue naea?aeaoue ?ino ?aaiethoeeiiiiai aeaeaeaiey, iaiue/aeo?neia
i?aaeoaeuenoai iiiaauaei i?iaanoe ?aoi?iu e onoaiiaeoue ni a?aiaiai
eiinoeoooeeiiioth iiia?oeth. A naioya?a 1906 a. aue ecaeai eiia?aoi?neee
Oeac i i?iaaaeaiee iiaeaioiaeoaeueiuo ia? e onoaiiaeaieth a Eeoaa
eiinoeoooeeiiiiai i?aaeaiey. Eaoii 1908 a. i?aaeoaeuenoai iioaeeeiaaei
i?ia?aiio i?aaeaa?eoaeueiuo ia?ii?eyoee ii nicuao ia?eaiaioa,
?ann/eoaiioth ia aeaayoue eao. A ieoya?a 1910 a. iaiue/aeo?neee aeai?
?ac?aoee nicua iauaeeoaeneie eiinoeoooeeiiiie iaeaou aeey ianoaeaeaiey
i?iaeoia aoaeouae eiinoeoooeee. Iaeiaei ana yoi ia iiaei inoaiiaeoue
oneeaiey iaaeiaieuenoaa a no?aia.
10 ieoya?y 1911 a. (aiae “neiueoae” ii eeoaeneiio eoiiiio eaeaiaea?th) a
O/aia ainnoae naia?iue aaoaeueii. Ana i?iaeioeee no?aiu auee i?ecaaiu
i?eniaaeeieoueny e ainnoaieth. Oae ia/aeanue Neiueoaeneay ?aaiethoeey.
25 aeaeaa?y 1911 a. Noiue ssonai aue eca?ai i?aceaeaioii Eeoay. Ii
noi?ie?iaae a?aiaiiia ?anioaeeeaineia i?aaeoaeuenoai, i?aaenoaaeyaoaa
niaie aeie ao?aeoaciuo ?aaiethoeeiia?ia ni noa?ie ath?ie?aoeae e
eeaa?aeaie; aieueoeinoai a i?aaeoaeuenoaa i?eiaaeeaaeaei
eeaa?aeai.I?aaeoaeuenoai Noiue ssonaia inouanoaeei ?yae ?aoi?i
oia?aiiiai oa?aeoa?a. Ia auei i?iecaaaeaii ei?aiiuo
nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneeo i?aia?aciaaiee.
I?e o/anoee Noiue ssonaia auea ?ac?aaioaia a?aiaiiay eiinoeoooeey.
Aia?aua a enoi?ee Eeoay i?iaicaeaoaeenue ?aaiua i?aaa anao a?aaeaeai,
naiaiaea neiaa e ia/aoe, i?aaiecaoeee, aa?ieniiaaaeaiey, auai?a ianoa
aeeoaeuenoaa e ?iaea caiyoee, iai?eeiniiaaiiinoue ee/iinoe e eiouanoaa,
nicaeaiea ioaaonoaaiiiai ia?aae ia?eaiaioii eaaeiaoa ieieno?ia. Ii yoa
eiinoeoooeey ia auea ?aaeeciaaia.
A yoi a?aiy aeaaiieiiaiaeothuei eiio??aaiethoeeiiiuie neeaie auaeaeaatho
THaiue Oeeay. Eeaa?aeueiua iiiaueee e ao?aeoacey, iaioaaiiua ?aciaoii
?aaiethoeeiiiiai aeaeaeaiey, neeiiyeenue e eiii?iienno n THaiue Oeeaai.
Aneaaenoaea eiii?iienna auea eeeaeaee?iaaia iiia?oey, Eeoae noaiiaeeny
?anioaeeeie, ii Noiue ssonaio i?eoeinue inoaaeoue naie iino.
I?aceaeaioii noae THaiue Oeeae.
10 ia?oa 1912 a. Iaoeeiiaeueiia nia?aiea i?eiyei a?aiaiioth
Eiinoeoooeeth, a niioaaonoaee n eioi?ie Eeoae i?aaenoaaeye niaie
?anioaeeeo ai aeaaa n i?aceaeaioii. Caeiiiaeaoaeueioth aeanoue
inouanoaeye ia?eaiaio, ninoiyaoee ec aeaoo iaeao: naiaoa e iaeaou
i?aaenoaaeoaeae. Auai?u a ia?eaiaio auee aeaoonooiai/aouie. Ecae?aoaeyie
iiaee auoue eeoea noa?oa 21 aiaea, i?iaeeaathuea a aeaiiii
ecae?aoaeueiii ie?oaa ia iaiaa aeaoo eao, oiea/eaathuea i?yiie iaeia eee
iaeaaeathuea eiouanoaii ia ii?aaeaeaiioth noiio.
Nithc eeaa?aeueiie ao?aeoacee n THaiue Oeeaai aue aucaai no?aieaieai e
nei?aeoaio caaa?oaieth ?aaiethoeee. Eeaa?aeu iaea?aeaee aa?o a
Ooiiuiooya. Iie iio?aaiaaee ?inionea ia?oee e iauaaeeiaiey n oia?aiiuie
ao?aeoaciuie ia?oeyie. A ioaao ia yoi Noiue ssonai i?aaieciaae iiaoth
iieeoe/aneoth ia?oeth — Aiieiueaeai (iaoeeiiaeueiay ia?oey).
?oeiaiaeeoaee Aiieiueaeaia a ethea 1913 a. iiaeiyee ainnoaiea,
iai?aaeaiiia i?ioea ?aaeoeeiiiie iieeoeee THaiue Oeeay. Iiaeaaea yoi
ainnoaiea, THaiue Oeeae cai?aoee aeayoaeueiinoue Aiieiueaeaia. Caoai ii
aiineo eciaiaiey a Eiinoeoooeeth, cia/eoaeueii ?anoe?ythuea iieiiii/ey
i?aceaeaioa a oua?a ia?eaiaioo. N?ie iieiiii/ee i?aceaeaioa
oaaee/eaaaony aei 10 eao. Yoe iiaiaaaaeaiey yaeeenue /anoueth ieaia,
iai?aaeaiiiai ia ainnoaiiaeaiea iiia?oee, e auei oaea ioeoeeaeueii
cayaeaii i i?iaicaeaoaiee THaiue Oeeay aiaaeuoaiii. Iiiuoee
inouanoaeaiey yoiai ieaia aucaaee iauaa aiciouaiea a no?aia. THaiue
Oeeath i?eoeinue cayaeoue ia ioeaca io ainnoaiiaeaiey iiia?oee. A ethia
1916 a. THaiue Oeeae neii/aeny, e i?aceaeaioii ?anioaeeee noae
aeoea-i?aceaeaio Ee THaiueooi, iauyaeaoee i nio?aiaiee ?anioaeeeaineiai
no?iy.
Ii ia auee inouanoaeaiu ei?aiiua i?aia?aciaaiey, eioi?ua iieii/eee au n
oaiaeaeeciii e ineaaeee aeeyiea eiino?aiiiai eaieoaea.
Iaeiaei neaaeoao ioiaoeoue e iieiaeeoaeueiue ?acoeueoao ?aaiethoeee —
naa?aeaiea iiia?oee. ?aaiethoeey niinianoaiaaea oneeaieth iieeoe/aneie
aeoeaiinoe eeoaeneiai ia?iaea, aai iiaeaioiaea e aeaeueiaeoae ai?ueaa.
2. Aeaiie?aoe/aneia aeaeaeaiea a Eeoaa iinea ia?aie ie?iaie aieiu
A?aaeaeaineay e iaoeeiiaeueii-inaiaiaeeoaeueiay aieia. Ca aiaeu ia?aie
ie?iaie aieiu a Eeoaa au?in iaoeeiiaeueiue eaieoaeeci. ?acaeoea
iaoeeiiaeueiie i?iiuoeaiiinoe oaeoaeyei i?ioeai?a/ey iaaeaeo
iaoeeiiaeueiie e eiino?aiiie ao?aeoaceae, oe?aieaoaeny a yeiiiieea
Eeoay. Aianoa n oai oi?ie?iaaeny eeoaeneee i?ieaoa?eao e aeeth/aeny a
iieeoe/aneoth ai?ueao.
Iaiin?aaenoaaiiui oie/eii e ia?aiio iinea ieii/aiey ie?iaie aieiu
aunooieaieth eeoaeneeo ia?iaeiuo iann iineoaeeee aiaoiaiieeoe/aneea
niauoey. Iauanoaaiiinoue no?aiu naycuaaea n ieii/aieai aieiu iaaeaaeaeu
ia inaiaiaeaeaiea io /oaeacaiiiai ainiiaenoaa. Iaeiaei yoiai ia
i?iecioei. Iaiaiooua iaaeaaeaeu noaee i?e/eiie ianniauo aieiaiee,
i?ieaoeaoeony ii no?aia. Ia/aeenue iie n aeaiiino?aoeee nooaeaioia a
Iaeeia 4 iay 1919 a., e iei i?eniaaeeieeenue nooaeaiou ae?oaeo ai?iaeia.
A ethia 1919 a. nooaeai/aneea aieiaiey ia?a?inee a oe?ieia
?aaiethoeeiiiia aeaeaeaiea, a eioi?ii iauaaeeieeenue ?aai/ea, ai?iaeneay
aaaeiioa, iiiai/eneaiiua i?aaenoaaeoaee iaoeeiiaeueiie ao?aeoacee.
“Aeaeaeaiea 4 iay”, eioi?ia iiaeii oa?aeoa?eciaaoue eae ia?aoiae e
ao?aeoacii-aeaiie?aoe/aneie ?aaiethoeee, iieiaeeei ia/aei aeoeaiie
ai?ueaa eeoaeneiai ?aai/aai eeanna. O/anoeeenue noa/ee iiae
yeiiiie/aneeie e iieeoe/aneeie eicoiaaie. A 1921 a. auea nicaeaia
eiiioienoe/aneay ia?oey Eeoay. A 1924 a. eiiioienou aioee a Aiieiueaeai,
/oi naeaeaoaeuenoaiaaei ia ia?aciaaiee aaeeiiai iaoeeiiaeueiiai o?iioa
ai?ueau n eiino?aiiui eaieoaeii, caieiaaoei aua aeinoaoi/ii i?i/iua
iiceoeee a Eeoaa. Yoa ai?ueaa i?eiyea oi?io a?aaeaeaineie
?aaiethoeeiiiie aieiu, a oiaea eioi?ie ?aoaeenue caaea/e
ao?aeoacii-aeaiie?aoe/aneie ?aaiethoeee.
Aeoeaecaoeey ia?iaeiuo iann aucuaaea o?aaiao iaoeeiiaeueiie ao?aeoacee.
I?aaia e?uei Aiieiueaeaia noaei ia iooue eiio??aaiethoeee. Oeaio?aeueiie
oeao?ie eiio??aaiethoeeiiiuo nee noae aaia?ae *ai Eaeoe —
i?aaenaaeaoaeue Oeaio?aeueiiai eniieieoaeueiiai eiieoaoa Aiieiueaeaia,
aeaaiieiiaiaeothuee Iaoeeiiaeueii-?aaiethoeeiiiie a?iee. A 1927 a. a
iaeiie i?iaeioeee ca ae?oaie i?ienoiaeyo eiio??aaiethoeeiiiua
ia?aai?iou. Ia?aay a?aaeaeaineay ?aaiethoeeiiiay aieia (1924—1927 aa.)
caeii/eeanue ii?aaeaieai ?aaiethoeeiiiuo nee.
Iinea yoeo niauoee Aiieiueaeai noae ia?oeae e?oiiie ao?aeoacee e
iiiaueeia, ?aaiethoeeiiiua e i?ia?anneaiua yeaiaiou auee ecaiaiu ec
ia?oee. Aa?oiaiui i?aaiii aeanoe iauyaeyeny nuacae Aiieiueaeaia, a a
ia?a?uaao iaaeaeo aai nicuaaie — Oeaio?aeueiue eniieieoaeueiue eiieoao,
a iaiin?aaenoaaiiii iiae/eiaiee eioi?iai iaoiaeeeinue iacia/aaiia ei
i?aaeoaeuenoai.
A aaaonoa 1927 a. ia/aeanue aoi?ay ?aaiethoeeiiiay a?aaeaeaineay aieia.
Iia ineiaeieeanue aoi?aeaieai a Naaa?i-Ainoi/iue Eeoae yiiineeo aiene.
Aiieiueaeai ia noiae aeaoue ioii? aa?anni?o, e ssiiiey ieeoie?iaaea
cia/eoaeueioth /anoue Ainoi/iiai Eeoay.
A oiaea a?aaeaeaineie aieiu iiae ?oeiaiaenoaii eiiioienoe/aneie ia?oee
nicaeaaaeenue ?aaiethoeeiiiua aacu — ioaeaeueiua oa??eoi?ee,
eiio?iee?oaiua ?aaiethoeeiiiuie neeaie. E ia/aeo 30-o aiaeia iac?aea
iaiaoiaeeiinoue iieeoe/aneiai iauaaeeiaiey yoeo aac e nicaeaiey
oeaio?aeueiiai i?aaia aeanoe. 7 iiya?y 1930 a. ioe?ueny I nuacae Niaaoia
?aai/eo e e?anoueyineeo aeaiooaoia — i?aaenoaaeoaeae anao
?aaiethoeeiiiuo aac Eeoay. Nuacae i?eiye i?iaeo a?aiaiiie eiinoeoooeee,
a eioi?ii oeacuaaeinue, /oi ia oa??eoi?ee ?aaiethoeeiiiuo aac “any
aeanoue i?eiaaeeaaeeo niaaoai ?aai/eo, e?anoueyi, e?aniia?iaeoeaa e anao
o?oaeyueony”. Nuacae oaeaea ooaa?aeee caeiiu i caiea, i o?oaea, ia
iniiaao yeiiiie/aneie iieeoeee e eca?ae ia?aia oeaio?aeueiia
i?aaeoaeuenoai ?aaiethoeeiiiuo ?aeiiia Eeoay ai aeaaa n Iai Oecyaeoiii
(1893—1976 aa.) — ?oeiaiaeeoaeai eiiioienoe/aneie ia?oee Eeoay (EIE).
I?aaeoaeuenoai ?aaiethoeeiiiuo ?aeiiia a ai?aea 1932 a. iauyaeei aieio
ssiiiee e i?aaeeiaeeei Aiieiueaeaio i?ae?aoeoue a?aaeaeaineoth aieio,
iauaaeeiea ana neeu aeey ioii?a aa?anni?o. Ii Aiieiueaeai ioaa?a yoe
i?aaeeiaeaiey. A?aaeaeaineay aieia i?ae?aoeeanue oieueei a 1937 a. Aue
nicaeai aaeeiue iaoeeiiaeueiue aioeyiiineee o?iio. Eeoaeneee ia?iae aae
aa?ie/aneoth ai?ueao i?ioea yiiineeo caoaao/eeia.
Aioeyiiineea aacu ia?iaeiiai nii?ioeaeaiey nicaeaaaeenue ia
inaiaiaeaeaaiuo oa??eoi?eyo. Ai anao inaiaiaeaeaiiuo ?aeiiao
nouanoaiaaee auai?iua ia?iaeii-iieeoe/aneea niaaou, eioi?ua ooaa?aeaeaee
ninoaa i?aaeoaeuenoaa eaaeaeiai ?aeiia. I?aaiu aeanoe no?ieeenue ii
i?eioeeio “o?ao o?aoae”: iaeio o?aoue iano caieiaee /eaiu
eiiioienoe/aneie ia?oee e ii iaeiie o?aoe — i?aaenoaaeoaee iaeeie
ao?aeoacee, iaoeeiiaeueiie ao?aeoacee e iao?eioe/anee iano?iaiiuo
iiiaueeia.
3. Ia?aciaaiea EI?
Ia?aciaaiea e ?acaeoea Eeoaeneie Ia?iaeiie ?anioaeeee
Eeoaeneay Ia?iaeiay ?anioaeeea ia?aciaaeanue a ?acoeueoaoa aeeeoaeueiiai
?aaiethoeeiiiiai i?ioeanna, eioi?ue ia?aiia/aeueii ?acaeaaeny a
ioaeaeaiiuo naeueneeo ianoiinoyo. Iiaia ainoaea?noai nia/aea iauaaeeieei
inaiaiaeaeaiiua ?aeiiu, eioi?ua iacuaaeenue Niaaoneeie (Noayeae oethe).
N ia?auo eao naiaai nouanoaiaaiey iie iaoiaeeeenue iiae ?oeiaiaenoaii
Eiiia?oee, ii a oa/aiea ?yaea eao ia eiaee iaueo i?aaiia aeanoe,
oi?aaeaiey e noaea. Eeoue a 1931 a. oaeea i?aaiu auee nicaeaiu ia
ninoiyaoainy a iiya?a 1931 a. a AEoeoeceia (i?iaeioeey Oecyine)
Anaeeoaeneii nuacaea Niaaoia. Nuacae ia?aciaae Oeaio?aeueiue
eniieieoaeueiue eiieoao (OeEE) e Niaao ia?iaeiuo eiienna?ia (NIE)
Eeoaeneie Niaaoneie ?anioaeeee (EN?). Iaa yoe i?aaia iiaee ecaeaaaoue
caeiiu. Iaeiia?aiaiii aue ia?aciaai Aa?oiaiue noae. Ianoiuie i?aaiaie
aeanoe i?iaicaeaoaeenue Niaaou aeaiooaoia, eioi?ua oi?ie?iaaee
eniieieoaeueiua eiieoaou. A ii?iinaiaiaeaeaiiuo e i?eo?iioiauo ?aeiiao
any aeanoue nin?aaeioi/eaaeanue a ?oeao ?aaiethoeeiiiuo eiieoaoia.
Ianoiuie noaeaaiuie i?aaiaie a Niaaoneeo ?aeiiao Eeoay yaeyeenue
noaeaaiua ioaeaeu ianoiuo niaaoneeo i?aaeoaeuenoa (oae iau/ii iacuaaee
eniieieoaeueiua eiieoaou).
Ia 1 Anaeeoaeneii nuacaea Niaaoia aue ooaa?aeaeai i?iaeo Iniiaiie
eiinoeoooeeiiiie i?ia?aiiu EN?. A ieii/aoaeueiii aeaea iia auea i?eiyoa
ia II Anaeeoaeneii nuacaea
Niaaoia a 1934 a., i?iaicaeanea “aeaiie?aoe/aneea naiaiaeu aeey
o?oaeyueony”, iaoeeiiaeueiia ?aaiii?aaea, ?aaiii?aaea ioae/ei e aeaiuei,
a oaeaea i?aai anao ia?iaeia Eeoay ia naiiii?aaeaeaiea aieioue aei
ainoaea?noaaiiiai ioaeaeaiey e nicaeaiey naiinoiyoaeueiuo ainoaea?noa.
Auea aaciaiai?i/ii i?eciaia iacaaeneiinoue Aiaoiae Iiiaieee.
A niioaaonoaee n Iniiaiie eiinoeoooeeiiiie i?ia?aiiie, Iieiaeaieai e
A?aiaiiui caeiiii i auai?ao a Niaaou (niioaaonoaaiii 1931 e 1933 aa.)
aeoeaiui e ianneaiui ecae?aoaeueiui i?aaii iieueciaaeenue “oieueei
o?oaeyueany”. ?aai/ei ia auai?ao a Niaaou i?aaeinoaaeyeenue iniaua
i?aeiouanoaa. Auai?u aeaiooaoia i?iaiaeeeenue ia niaoeeaeueiuo nia?aieyo
ii i?iecaiaenoaaiii-oa??eoi?eaeueiiio i?eioeeio: ?aai/eie — ia
i?aaei?eyoeyo, a e?anoueyiaie, ?aianeaiieeaie e ae?. — ii ianoo
aeeoaeuenoaa. I?eioeeiu ?aaiou Niaaoia onoaiaaeeaaeenue niaoeeaeueiuie
aeoaie, i?eiyouie ia 1 e II nuacaeao Niaaoia (Iieiaeaieai e ?aciethoeeae
i niaaoneii no?ieoaeuenoaa).
Iaaeaaii?eyoiay aiaiiay ianoaiiaea, neiaeeaoayny aeey E?aniie A?iee
Eeoay a thaeiie /anoe no?aiu, iio?aaiaaea ia?aaace?iaaiey aii?oaeaiiuo
nee eiiioienoia a Naaa?i-Caiaaeiue Eeoae, eioi?ia caaa?oeeinue a 1936 a.
Ia a?aieoea i?iaeioeee Oyiuene, Aaiueno e Ieiny a noa?iinaiaiaeaeaiiii
?aeiia, aaea aeanoue eiiioienoia onoaiiaeeanue aei i?eoiaea iniiaiuo nee
E?aniie A?iee, auea nicaeaia aeaaiay ?aaiethoeeiiiay aaca — Iia?aie/iue
?aeii Oyiuene-Aaiueno-Ieiny. Ianooiee neaaeothuee yoai eeoaeneie
?aaiethoeeiiiie aieiu i?ioea yiiineeo caoaao/eeia.
A niioaaonoaee n oneiaeyie niaeaoaiey i aioo?aiiai ie?a iaaeaeo
Eiiia?oeae e Aiieiueaeaiii Naaa?i-Caiaaeiay eaioeaey?ey Oeaio?aeueiiai
Niaaoneiai i?aaeoaeuenoaa Eeoay auea i?aia?aciaaia a i?aaeoaeuenoai
Iniaiai ?aeiia Eeoaeneie ?anioaeeee, a E?aniay A?iey Eeoay — a
Ia?iaeii-?aaiethoeeiiioth a?ieth (anei?a iia iieo/eea iaeiaiiaaiea 8-y
a?iey, iicaeiaa eiiioienoaie auea noi?ie?iaaia 4-y Iiaay a?iey). Ia
oa??eoi?ee inaiaiaeaeaiiuo ?aeiiia i?iaicaeaoaeny ?aaeei, iniiaaiiue ia
anaiauai ecae?aoaeueiii i?aaa. Ia a?aiy aieiu a inaiaiaeaeaiiuo ?aeiiao
— aioeyiiineeo ?aaiethoeeiiiuo aacao — auea i?ae?auaia eiioeneaoeey
caiaeue o iiiaueeia. Ii yoi ia icia/aei aica?auaiey oaea eiioeneiaaiiuo
caiaeue iiiaueeai: anyeea iiiuoee a yoii iai?aaeaiee no?iai
i?anaeaeenue. Aianoa n oai aeey e?anoueyi i?iaiaeeeanue iieeoeea
nieaeaiey a?aiaeiie ieaou e nnoaeiiai i?ioeaioa.
A Iia?aie/iii ?aeiia Oyiuene-Aaiueno-Ieiny, a oaeaea a ae?oaeo
inaiaiaeaeaiiuo ?aeiiao, aaea iicaieyee oneiaey, ecae?aeenue ianoiua
i?aaenoaaeoaeueiua i?aaiu — Ia?iaeii-iieeoe/aneea niaaou. A ia?a?uaao
iaaeaeo nanneyie Niaaoia eo ooieoeee eniieiyeenue iinoiyiiuie
eiieoaoaie. A ea/anoaa eniieieoaeueiuo i?aaiia oi?ie?iaaeenue
i?aaeoaeuenoaa (i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiua niaaou), iaeaaeaaoea iaiaoiaeeiui
aaeieieno?aoeaiui aiia?aoii.
I?aaeoaeuenoaaiiua i?aaiu Iia?aie/iiai ?aeiia Oyiuene-Aaiueno-Ieiny e
ae?oaeo aioeyiiineeo ?aaiethoeeiiiuo aac i?eieiaee aeieoiaiou
eiinoeoooeeiiiiai oa?aeoa?a, iacuaaaoeany aaeieieno?aoeaii-iieeoe/aneeie
eee iieeoe/aneeie i?ia?aiiaie. I?ia?aiiu i?aaeoniao?eaaee ia?u ii
oe?aieaieth aioeyiiineiai aaeeiiai o?iioa e oeo/oaieth aeecie ia?iaea,
io?aia aai i?aa, ?acaeoeth naeueneioicyenoaaiiiai e i?iiuoeaiiiai
i?iecaiaenoaa. Iie i?iaicaeaoaee ?aaiii?aaea iaoeeiiaeueiinoae e iieia,
i?iaaaeaiea iieeoeee eeeaeaeaoeee iaa?aiioiinoe, ?aoi?ie?iaaiea
noaeaaiie nenoaiu e anaai ainoaea?noaaiiiai aiia?aoa.
A naioya?a 1945 a. caaa?oeeanue aeeeaoayny ainaiue eao aieia eeoaeneiai
ia?iaea i?ioea yiiineeo caoaao/eeia. ?aoathuoth iiiiuue eeoaeneiio
ia?iaeo a iiaaaeiii caaa?oaiee aioeyiiineie aieiu ieacae Niaaoneee
Nithc.
Aeaaiie ?aaiethoeeiiiie aacie eiiioienoia noae Naaa?i-Ainoie Eeoay
(Iaiue/aeo?ey). Ai aniuoioaoae aiiaue a?aaeaeaineie aieia (1946—1949
aa.) Aiieiueaeai iioa?iae ii?aaeaiea.
A 1948—1949 aa. a aaaeiaeoeo yeiiiie/aneeo, iieeoe/aneeo e eoeueoo?iuo
oeaio?ao no?aiu auea onoaiiaeaia ?aaiethoeeiiiay aeanoue, aeaaiie iii?ie
eioi?ie noaea Ia?iaeii-inaiaiaeeoaeueiay a?iey Eeoay (IIAE) (oaeia
iaeiaiiaaiea i?eiyee a ia?eiae iiaie a?aaeaeaineie aieiu aii?oaeaiiua
neeu eeoaeneeo eiiioienoia). Aeaaiie oi?iie ?aaiethoeeiiiie aeanoe auee
aiaiii-eiio?ieueiua eiieoaou (AEE) IIAE, eioi?ua iacia/aeenue
iaiin?aaenoaaiii o?iioiauie aiaiiuie e iieeoe/aneeie i?aaiaie. AEE auee
aanue ia?eiae aiaiiiai eiio?iey aeaaiuie i?aaiaie aeanoe ia ianoao. Ei
auee iiae/eiaiu ana ae?oaea ianoiua i?aaiu, a oii /enea e
i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiua, i?e ieo oi?ie?iaaeenue aiaiiua o?eaoiaeu, i?eaiai?u
eioi?uo iau/ii iaaeaeiaaieth ia iiaeeaaeaee. AEE ecaeaee aieueoia
eiee/anoai ii?iaoeaiuo aeoia, ?aaoee?iaaaoeo ?acee/iua noi?iiu aeecie a
inaiaiaeaeaiiuo ai?iaeao.
A i?ioeanna eeeaeaeaoeee aiieiueaeaiianeie aaeieieno?aoeee AEE
nicaeaaaee iiaoth aeanoue: ianoiua ia?iaeiua i?aaeoaeuenoaa e ianniaua
i?aaenoaaeoaeueiua i?aaiu — eiioa?aioeee ia?iaeiuo i?aaenoaaeoaeae. Io
ia?iaeii-iieeoe/aneeo niaaoia ia?eiaea aioeyiiineie aieiu iie
ioee/aeenue eae ii nioeeaeueiiio ninoaao, oae e ii ooieoeeyi.
Aeaeaaaoaie eiioa?aioeee ia iiaee auoue iiiaueee e i?aaenoaaeoaee
ath?ie?aoe/aneie ao?aeoacee’. Ooieoeee aea eiioa?aioeee auee nei?aa
niaauaoaeueiuie, iieiiii/ey ianoiuo nia?aiee ia?iaeiuo i?aaenoaaeoaeae
iie noaee iinoaiaiii i?eieiaoue ia naay iicaeiaa, oaea a 50-a aiaeu.
Aaniie—eaoii 1949 a. i?aaiecaoeeiiii ioi?ieeny Ia?iaeiue iieeoe/aneee
eiinoeueoaoeaiue niaao Eeoay. E inaie yoiai aiaea a ?oeao Aiieiueaeaia
inoaaaeny oieueei iaeei e?oiiue ai?iae — Aoai/aeio (Eaioii). Ianooieei
a?aiy iauaaeeiaiey inaiaiaeaeaiiuo ?aeiiia no?aiu a aaeeiia
ainoaea?noai. A i?ioeanna iauaaeeiaiey ?aaiethoeeiiiuo nee e ia?aciaaiey
Eeoaeneie Ia?iaeiie ?anioaeeee (EI?) aaaeioth ?ieue nua?aee
i?aaeoaeuenoaa e aiaiii-aaeieieno?aoeaiua eiieoaou e?oiiuo
inaiaiaeaeaiiuo ?aeiiia. Ia?iaeiua i?aaeoaeuenoaa auee nicaeaiu a ?aiaa
inaiaiaeaeaiiuo Naaa?i-Ainoi/iii e Naaa?iii Eeoaa.
Aiaiii-aaeieieno?aoeaiua eiieoaou auee nicaeaiu a Naaa?i-Caiaaeiii,
Ainoi/iii, THaeii-Oeaio?aeueiii e THai-Caiaaeiii Eeoaa.
Eeoaeneay Ia?iaeiay ?anioaeeea auea i?iaicaeaoaia 1 ieoya?y 1949 a. ii
?aoaieth ieaia?iie nannee Ia?iaeiiai iieeoe/aneiai eiinoeueoaoeaiiai
niaaoa Eeoay (IIENE), i?eiyaoae ia naay ooieoeee Anaeeoaeneiai nia?aiey
ia?iaeiuo i?aaenoaaeoaeae (ANII) e nua?aaoae ?ieue O/?aaeeoaeueiiai
nia?aiey ?anioaeeee.
Nanney i?eiyea Iauoth (niaianoioth) i?ia?aiio IIENE, aai
I?aaiecaoeeiiiue noaooo, Caeii ia i?aaiecaoeee Oeaio?aeueiiai ia?iaeiiai
i?aaeoaeuenoaa, iinoaiiaeaiey i ainoaea?noaaiiii oeaaa, aeiia, iiaii
eaoin/eneaiee e ia?aianaiee noieeoeu ainoaea?noaa a Iaeei n aica?auaieai
aio noa?iai iacaaiey.
Iauay i?ia?aiia n/eoaeanue a?aiaiiie eiinoeoooeeae no?aiu. Iia
i?iaicaeaneea EI? “ainoaea?noaii iiaie aeaiie?aoee”. A ea/anoaa iniiau
yeiiiie/aneiai ?acaeoey no?aiu i?ia?aiiie i?iaicaeaoaeny
ainoaea?noaaiiue naeoi? oicyenoaa. Aianoa n oai ii?aaeaeyeenue iooe
?acaeoey eiiia?aoeaiiai, iaeeioiaa?iiai,
ainoaea?noaaiii-eaieoaeenoe/aneiai e /anoiieaieoaeenoe/aneiai naeoi?ia.
I?yii i ia?aoiaea e nioeeaeecio a Iauae i?ia?aiia ia aiai?eeinue.
Iniiaiuie i?eioeeiaie i?aaiecaoeee e aeayoaeueiinoe ainoaea?noaaiiuo
i?aaiia i?iaicaeaoaeenue aeaiie?aoe/aneee oeaio?aeeci e o/anoea a
oi?aaeaiee aeaeaie ainoaea?noaa oe?ieeo ia?iaeiuo iann, i?aaenoaaeythueo
ana iaoeeiiaeueiinoe no?aiu, e i?. I?eioeei iaoeeiiaeueiiai
naiiii?aaeaeaiey ianaeythueo Eeoae ia?iaeia a i?ia?aiia ionoonoaiaae.
?aoaiea iaoeeiiaeueiiai aii?ina auei inouanoaeaii a oi?ia nicaeaiey
oa??eoi?eaeueiuo aaoiiiiee.
Iauay i?ia?aiia yaeyeanue ioi?aaiui ioieoii caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa EI? a
ia?eiae aei i?eiyoey Eiinoeoooeee 1954 a. Ana caeiiu oiai a?aiaie
ecaeaaaeenue ni nnueeie ia yoo i?ia?aiio. A niioaaonoaee nino. 17 Iauae
i?ia?aiiu ana i?aaeiaa eeoaeneia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai ioiaiyeinue.
Nanney ANII eca?aea Oeaio?aeueiue ia?iaeiue i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiue niaao
(OeIIN), eioi?ue aue a ainnoaiiaeoaeueiue ia?eiae aunoei i?aaiii aeanoe.
Ii i?aaenoaaeye EI? aiaia, a aioo?e no?aiu inouanoaeye ana iieiiii/ey
aunoaai i?aaia ainoaea?noaaiiie aeanoe (caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai, ?aoeoeeaoeey
iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo aeiaiai?ia, ooaa?aeaeaiea athaeaeaoa e io/aoa i aai
eniieiaiee, iacia/aiea aunoeo aeieaeiinoiuo eeoe ainoaea?noaa, ?aoaiea
aii?inia aieiu e ie?a e o. ae.). Ieaia?iay nanney IIENE, acyaoay ia naay
ooieoeee ANII, ieeiaaea oaea ia nicuaaeanue, a eca?aiiue ath
Anaeeoaeneee eiieoao IIENE ieeaeeie ainoaea?noaaiiuie iieiiii/eyie
iaaeaeai ia aue. Ooieoeee aeaau ainoaea?noaa auiieiye OeIIN,
?aaeeciauaaeenue aea iie a iniiaiii /a?ac aeayoaeueiinoue i?aaenaaeaoaey
Oeaio?aeueiiai ia?iaeiiai i?aaeoaeuenoaa (OeII). Caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai e
iieeoe/aneay i?aeoeea i?aaeeiinoeoooeeiiiiai ia?eiaea 1949—1954 aa. (aei
1952 a. aeeth/eoaeueii yoi aue ainnoaiiaeoaeueiue ia?eiae) nicaeaee
i?aaenaaeaoaeth OeII iniaia iieiaeaiea a ainoaea?noaaiiie no?oeoo?a —
auoa iau/iie ?iee aeaau eieeaaeaeueiiai i?aaia aeanoe. I?aaenaaeaoaeai
OeII noae I?aaenaaeaoaeue OeE Eiiia?oee Iai Oecyaeoi. Ii aea caiye
aeieaeiinoue i?aaenaaeaoaey Ia?iaeii-?aaiethoeeiiiiai aiaiiiai niaaoa.
OeIIN ia?aciaae ?yae aunoeo ainoaea?noaaiiuo i?aaiia, aianoa
ninoaaeyaoeo OeII. A eo /enei aioee Aaeieieno?aoeaiue niaao — aunoee
i?aai ainoaea?noaaiiiai oi?aaeaiey, Ia?iaeii-?aaiethoeeiiiue aiaiiue
niaao — i?aai ?oeiaiaenoaa anaie aii?oaeaiiuie neeaie, Aa?oiaiue
ia?iaeiue noae e Aa?oiaiay ia?iaeiay i?ieo?aoo?a.
Aaeieieno?aoeaiue niaao a iauai caieiae a ainoaea?noaaiiie no?oeoo?a EI?
iieiaeaiea i?aaeoaeuenoaa, iaeiaei ii ioee/aeny io iau/iuo i?aaiia
oaeiai ?iaea ii ninoaao e eiiiaoaioeee. A iaai aoiaeeee ia ana ieieno?u
EI?, ia auei a iai e aiaiiiai aaaeiinoaa. Aaeieieno?aoeaiue niaao
oaeoe/anee inouanoaeye ia?yaeo n OeIIN caeiiiaeaoaeueioth aeanoue
(iai?eia?, a 1951 a. ei aue i?eiyo A?aiaiiue caeii i oaiiaeiyo). A
ia?a?uaao iaaeaeo nanneyie OeIIN Aaeieieno?aoeaiue niaao aue
ioaaonoaaiai ia?aae i?aaenaaeaoaeai OeII.
A i?aaiecaoeee ianoiuo ia?iaeiuo i?aaeoaeuenoa auea iaiauaia i?aeoeea
no?ieoaeuenoaa i?aaiia aeanoe a inaiaiaeaeaiiuo ?aeiiao. A ea/anoaa
i?eioeeia onoaiaaeeaaeinue, /oi ia?iaeiua i?aaeoaeuenoaa yaeythony
i?aaiaie aeanoe ia?yaeo n nia?aieyie ia?iaeiuo i?aaenoaaeoaeae. Iaeiaei,
iineieueeo iineaaeiea ia nicuaaeenue, ia?iaeiua i?aaeoaeuenoaa eeai auee
aaeeinoaaiiuie i?aaiaie aeanoe ia ianoao, eeai aeaeeee aeanoue n
eiioa?aioeeyie i?aaenoaaeoaeae anao neiaa ia?iaea, i?eiyaoeie ia naay
ooieoeee nia?aiee ia?iaeiuo i?aaenoaaeoaeae. A oa/aiea anaai
ainnoaiiaeoaeueiiai ia?eiaea, a eiiaaea e iinea aai ieii/aiey ia ianoao
i?iaeieaeaee nouanoaiaaoue aiaiii-eiio?ieueiua eiieoaou IIAE.
Ia?aiia/aeueii i?aaenoaaeoaeueiua i?aaiu oi?ie?iaaeenue AEE e ianoiuie
ia?iaeiuie i?aaeoaeuenoaaie, eioi?ua a naith i/a?aaeue iacia/aeenue
naa?oo. Caoai iie iinoaiaiii noaiiaeeenue auai?iuie i?aaiaie.
Oa?aeoa?iie /a?oie thnoeoeee ainnoaiiaeoaeueiiai ia?eiaea auei iaeeea
?acee/iuo aeaeia /?acau/aeiuo noaeia. E?iia aiaiiuo o?eaoiaeia AEE n
1950 a. noaee nicaeaaaoueny ia?iaeiua o?eaoiaeu a ?aeiiao i?iaaaeaiey
caiaeueiie ?aoi?iu. Oi?iaeueii iie n/eoaeenue iaeaoaie (eieeaaeyie)
oacaeiuo e ai?iaeneeo ia?iaeiuo noaeia, a oaeoe/anee auee niaoeeaeueiuie
/?acau/aeiuie noaeaie. A eo eiiiaoaioeeth aoiaeeee ia oieueei aeaea,
naycaiiua n i?iaaaeaieai caiaeueiie ?aoi?iu, ii oaeaea e ana aeaea i
eiio??aaiethoeeiiiuo i?anooieaieyo e aaiaeeoecia. ?oeiaiaeyuea eeoea e
iieiaeia /eaiia o?eaoiaeia ecae?aeenue oacaeiuie eee ai?iaeneeie
ia?iaeiuie i?aaeoaeuenoaaie, ae?oaay iieiaeia ecae?aeanue eiioa?aioeeyie
ia?iaeiuo i?aaenoaaeoaeae eee aeaeaae?iaaeanue ia?iaeiuie
i?aaiecaoeeyie, eeai ecae?aeanue ia nia?aieyo e?anoueyi eee /eaiia
e?anoueyineeo nithcia. I?eaiai?u ia?iaeiuo o?eaoiaeia iiaeeaaeaee
ooaa?aeaeaieth ia?iaeiuo i?aaeoaeuenoa ai?iaeia e oacaeia eee
auoanoiyueo i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiuo i?aaiia.
A ia?oa 1952 a. Aaeieieno?aoeaiui niaaoii auee o/?aaeaeaiu ia?iaeiua
o?eaoiaeu ia ia?eiae ianniaie eaiiaiee “naiue oaiue” (“i?ioea o?ao cie”
— ei??oioeee, ?anoi/eoaeuenoaa e ath?ie?aoecia). Yoe o?eaoiaeu
nicaeaaaeenue ai anao o/?aaeaeaieyo, io ie?oaeiuo oi?aaeaiee e auoa, e a
aieineeo /anoyo e niaaeeiaieyo, io iieea e auoa. Iie iiaee
i?eaiaa?eaaoue e ethaui ia?ai iaeacaiey, aeeth/ay nia?oioth eaciue, n
iineaaeothuei ooaa?aeaeaieai auoanoiyueie i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiuie eee
aiaiiuie einoaioeeyie. I?aaenaaeaoaeyie o?eaoiaeia auee ?oeiaiaeeoaee
o/?aaeaeaiee e aiaia/aeueieee. Ia?iaeiua o?eaoiaeu a ai?iaeao
nicaeaaaeenue ai?iaeneeie ia?iaeiuie i?aaeoaeuenoaaie e ai a?aiy
i?iaaaeaiey a 1952—1953 aa. ianniaie eaiiaiee “o oaiue” (“i?ioea iyoe
cie” — iiaeeoia ?aaioieeia ainaiia?aoa, oeuaiee, oeeiiaiey io oieaou
iaeiaia, iaoeiaoeee n ainoaea?noaaiiuie caeacaie, aue?aaeuaaiey
nae?aoiie ainoaea?noaaiiie yeiiiie/aneie eioi?iaoeee). I?aaenaaeaoaeyie
o?eaoiaeia iacia/aeenue, eae i?aaeei, i?aaenaaeaoaee ai?iaeneeo
ia?iaeiuo noaeia. I?eaiai?u yoeo o?eaoiaeia, anee iie i?aaeoniao?eaaee
nia?oioth eaciue eee aeeeoaeueiia eeoaiea naiaiaeu (io aeanyoe eao e
aieaa), iiaeeaaeaee ooaa?aeaeaieth auoanoiyueie i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiuie
i?aaiaie.
A ia?oa 1951 a. OeIIN i?eiye A?aiaiiia i?aaiecaoeeiiiia iieiaeaiea
ia?iaeiuo noaeia EI?, A?aiaiiia i?aaiecaoeeiiiia iieiaeaiea Aa?oiaiie
ia?iaeiie i?ieo?aoo?u Oeaio?aeueiiai ia?iaeiiai i?aaeoaeuenoaa e Iauea
i?eioeeiu i?aaiecaoeee ianoiuo ia?iaeiuo i?ieo?aoo?.
A?aiaiiia i?aaiecaoeeiiiia iieiaeaiea ia?iaeiuo noaeia EI? enoiaeeei ec
i?aaeiae i?aeoeee inaiaiaeaeaiiuo ?aeiiia (aea e ec eeoaeneie
o?aaeeoeee) aeeth/aiey ia?iaeiuo noaeia a no?oeoo?o ianoiuo
i?aaeoaeuenoa. Ianoiua ia?iaeiua i?ieo?aoo?u oaeaea auee aeeth/aiu a
ianoiua i?aaeoaeuenoaa e iaoiaeeeenue, oaeei ia?acii, eae e noaeu, a
aeaieiii iiae/eiaiee — naiei auoanoiyuei i?aaiai e ianoiui ia?iaeiui
i?aaeoaeuenoaai. A?aiaiiia i?aaiecaoeeiiiia iieiaeaiea ia?iaeiuo noaeia
EI? i?aaeoniao?eaaei nicaeaiea einoeoooa ia?iaeiuo canaaeaoaeae, ii
i?aai i?eiyoey noaeaaiiai ?aoaiey inoaaaeinue ca noaeueyie, a
canaaeaoaee iiaee eeoue “iiiiaaoue a ?anneaaeiaaiee aeaea, i?eieiaoue
o/anoea a noaeaaiii ?acae?aoaeuenoaa e auneacuaaoue naia iiaiea ii
?anniao?eaaaiiio aeaeo” (no. 6). A caeiia ie/aai ia aiai?eeinue i i?aaa
iaaeiyaiiai ia caueoo.
Eiinoeoooeey EOe? 1954 a. A 1952 a. a Eeoaa aue caaa?oai
ainnoaiiaeoaeueiue ia?eiae. E eiioeo aai auei ia oieueei ainnoaiiaeaii
i?iiuoeaiiia e naeueneioicyenoaaiiia i?iecaiaenoai a no?aia, ii e
i?aacieaeai aai aeiaiaiiue o?iaaiue. I?aayuay ia?oey eiiioienoia acyea
eo?n ia oe?ieiianooaaiia ieaiiaia yeiiiie/aneia no?ieoaeuenoai. A 1952
a. OeE EIE ?ac?aaioae aaia?aeueioth eeieth ia ia?aoiaeiue ia?eiae,
i?aaeoniao?eaaaooth “no?ieoaeuenoai nioeeaeecia” a no?aia. Iniiaiua
iieiaeaiey aaia?aeueiie eeiee EIE ia ia?aoiaeiue ia?eiae aioee a
ainoaea?noaaiiue aeieoiaio naiiai aunieiai ?aiaa — Eiinoeoooeeth EI?.
I?aaeeiaeaiea i iiaeaioiaea i?iaeoa eiinoeoooeee auei aianaii a OeIIN
aunoei i?aaiii i?aayuae ia?oee /a?ac Aaeeiue ia?iaeii-aeaiie?aoe/aneee
o?iio a ia/aea 1953 a.
13 yiaa?y 1953 a. OeIIN EI? i?eiye Iinoaiiaeaiea i nicuaa Anaeeoaeneiai
nia?aiey ia?iaeiuo i?aaenoaaeoaeae e ianoiuo nia?aiee ia?iaeiuo
i?aaenoaaeoaeae. Iaeiia?aiaiii auee ia?aciaaiu eiiennee ii au?aaioea
i?iaeoia Caeiia i auai?ao e Eiinoeoooeee EI?. Caeii i auai?ao
i?aaeoniao?eaae eca?aiea aunoaai i?aaia aeanoe (Anaeeoaeneiai nia?aiey
(nuacaea) ia?iaeiuo i?aaenoaaeoaeae (ANII), eioi?ue aeieaeai aue
i?eiyoue eiinoeoooeeth. Aai eca?aiea i?aaeoniao?eaaeinue iooai
iiiainoaiaiiuo auai?ia nia?aieyie (nuacaeaie) ia?iaeiuo i?aaenoaaeoaeae
(NII), aieneiauie ecae?aoaeueiuie aaeeieoeaie, a oaeaea
aaeieieno?aoeaiui i?aaiii — eiienneae ii aeaeai eeoaeneeo a?aaeaeai ca
a?aieoeae. A Oeaaoa e ie?oaa *aiaei aeaiooaou auaeaeyeenue
i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiuie i?aaiaie yoeo aaeeieoe. Aia?aua a enoi?ee EI?
anaiauea auai?u i?ioiaeeee a ia?eiae n iay 1953 a. ii aaaono 1954 a., o.
a. caiyee aieaa /ai aiaee/iue n?ie. Iie ia i?iaiaeeeenue a iaeioi?uo
iaoeeiiaeueiuo ?aeiiao, aaea aua ia auea inouanoaeaia .caiaeueiay
?aoi?ia e ae?oaea i?aia?aciaaiey. Ia?aay nanney ANII ia?aiai nicuaa
ioe?ueanue a Iaeeia 15 naioya?y 1954 a. Eiinoeoooeey auea i?eiyoa 20
naioya?y e aneaae ca iae — iyoue i?aaie/aneeo (i?aaiecaoeeiiiuo)
caeiiia, ii?aaeaeythueo i?eioeeiu oi?ie?iaaiey, iino?iaiey e
aeayoaeueiinoe ainoaea?noaaiiuo i?aaiia (ANII, Ainoaea?noaaiiiai niaaoa,
ianoiuo NII e ia?iaeiuo i?aaeoaeuenoa, noaeia e i?ieo?aoo?). A ioee/ea
io Iauae i?ia?aiiu IIENE Eiinoeoooeey 1954 a. noaaeea caaea/o iino?iaiey
nioeeaeenoe/aneiai iauanoaa e a ea/anoaa iniiaiuo caaea/ ia?aoiaeiiai e
nioeeaeecio ia?eiaea iacuaaea iinoaiaiiia inouanoaeaiea
nioeeaeenoe/aneie eiaeono?eaeecaoeee, caaa?oaiea nioeeaeenoe/aneeo
i?aia?aciaaiee a naeueneii oicyenoaa, eonoa?iie i?iiuoeaiiinoe, a oaeaea
a eaieoaeenoe/aneie i?iiuoeaiiinoe e oi?aiaea. EI? ii?aaeaeyeanue eae
ainoaea?noai ia?iaeiie aeaiie?aoee, aeanoue a eioi?ii “i?eiaaeeaaeeo
ia?iaeo a eeoea Anaeeoaeneiai nia?aiey ia?iaeiuo i?aaenoaaeoaeae e
ianoiuo nia?aiee Ia?iaeiuo i?aaenoaaeoaeae” (no. 2). Eiinoeoooeeae
i?iaicaeaoaeenue ?aaainoai a?aaeaeai ia?aae caeiiii e iaoeeiiaeueiia
?aaiii?aaea, a oaeaea aa?aioee nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneeo e ae?oaeo i?aa
a?aaeaeai. Niaoeeaeueii i?iaicaeaoaeenue i?eioeeiu inouanoaeaiey
i?aainoaeey oieueei noaeaie, iieiii?aaiiai o/anoey a noaeaaiuo
i?ioeannao ia?iaeiuo canaaeaoaeae, iacaaeneiinoe noaeae e iiae/eiaiey eo
oieueei caeiio, aeaniinoe noaea e iaania/aiey iaaeiyaiiio i?aaa ia
caueoo.
ANII noaiiaeeinue aaeeinoaaiiui i?aaiii, inouanoaeyaoei
caeiiiaeaoaeueioth aeanoue. Cia/eoaeueiay naiinoiyoaeueiay eiiiaoaioeey
auea i?aaeinoaaeaia Iinoiyiiiio Eiieoaoo (IE) ANII. A nenoaio aunoeo
i?aaiia aeanoe Eiinoeoooeey aaaea einoeooo I?aaenaaeaoaey EI?, noaoon
eioi?iai yaeeny iaeioi?ie iiaeeoeeaoeeae i?aaiaiai iieiaeaiey
i?aaenaaeaoaey OeII. I?aaenaaeaoaeue ii Eiinoeoooeee i?aaenoaaeye EI? a
iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo ioiioaieyo e aicaeaaeye aii?oaeaiiua neeu. yaeyynue
I?aaenaaeaoaeai Ainoaea?noaaiiiai eiieoaoa iai?iiu. A aai ooieoeee
aoiaeee oaeaea nicua Aa?oiaiuo ainoaea?noaaiiuo niaauaiee,
au?aaaouaaaoeo i?aaeeiaeaiey “ii aaaeiui ainoaea?noaaiiui aii?inai”.
Aaeieieno?aoeaiue niaao caiaiyeny Ainoaea?noaaiiui niaaoii —
oeaio?aeueiui i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiui i?aaiii, aaaeaaoei a iieiii iauaia
anaie io?aneyie oi?aaeaiey no?aiu.
A iieiiii/ey aunoeo i?aaiia anei?a iinea i?eiyoey Eiinoeoooeee i?eoeinue
aianoe nouanoaaiiua eciaiaiey. Oaea ia 2-e nannee ANII 1 nicuaa (1955
a.) IE ANII auei i?aaeinoaaeaii i?aai ecaeaiey “/anoiuo
caeiiiiieiaeaiee”. Iaeiaei iineaaeothuay i?aeoeea ii?iioai?/aneie
aeayoaeueiinoe iicaieyao naeaeaoue auaiae, /oi caeiiiaeaoaeue eiae a
aeaeo i?aaeaea anaai aiciiaeiinoue aianaiey eciaiaiee a caeiiu, i?eiyoua
nia?aieai. Oaeoe/anee n eiioea 50-o aa. IE ANII noae aaeeinoaaiiui
caeiiiaeaoaeueiui i?aaiii no?aiu, oae eae caeiiiaeaoaeueiay
aeayoaeueiinoue ANII iinoaiaiii i?ae?aoeeanue.
I?aaenoaaeoaeueiua i?aaiu nicaeaaaeenue ai anao o?aaeeoeeiiiuo
aaeeieoeao aaeieieno?aoeaii-oa??eoi?eaeueiiai aeaeaiey. *oi eanaaony
ianoiuo i?aaiia oi?aaeaiey, oi iie aace?iaaeenue ia oieueei ia
eiinoeoooeeiiiuo aaeieieno?aoeaii-oa??eoi?eaeueiuo aaeeieoeao —
nio?aieeanue nenoaia aeaeaae?iaaiiuo aaeieieno?aoeaiuo i?aaiia a iniauo
?aeiiao, ie?oaao i?iaeioeee e a oacaeao. A ea/anoaa nooiaiae
iaoeeiiaeueiie aaoiiiiee Eiinoeoooeey auaeaeeea aaoiiiiiua iaeanoe,
aaoiiiiiua ie?oaa, aaoiiiiiua oacaeu. E?iia oiai, a ea/anoaa oaea
iaaaoiiiiiuo aaeeieoe aaeieieno?aoeaii-oa??eoi?eaeueiiai aeaeaiey auee
i?aaeoniio?aiu iaoeeiiaeueiua aieinoe. I?eioeei iaoeeiiaeueiiai
naiiii?aaeaeaiey a Eiinoeoooeeth aeeth/ai ia aue.
Iinea i?eiyoey Eiinoeoooeee 1954 a. auea noi?ie?iaaia iiaay nenoaia
ainoaea?noaaiiuo i?aaiia, i?eiyo ?yae ii?iaoeaiuo aeoia, eioi?uie
ainoaea?noaaiii-i?aaiaay nenoaia i?eaiaeeeanue a niioaaonoaea n
Eiinoeoooeeae, e i?. Iaeiaei yoio i?ioeann iaoaeeeaaeny ia i?aiyonoaey
eae iauaeoeaiiai, oae e noauaeoeaiiai ii?yaeea. E ia?aui ioiineeenue,
iai?eia?, iaaeinoaoie ia?aciaaiiuo eaae?ia, ieceee o?iaaiue a?aiioiinoe
e eoeueoo?u ianaeaiey e o. i.; aoi?ua ii?iaeaeaeenue iiceoeeae
ia?oie?aoe/aneiai ?oeiaiaenoaa no?aiu, ia caeioa?aniaaiiiai a iiaeeeiiie
aeaiie?aoecaoeee ainoaea?noaaiiie e iauanoaaiiie aeecie, i?eaa?aeaiiiai
eiiaiaeii-aaeieieno?aoeaiui iaoiaeai oi?aaeaiey. Yoi ia caiaaeeeei
neacaoueny i?aaeaea anaai ia iieiaeaiee i?aaenoaaeoaeueiuo i?aaiia.
Caeiiiaeaoaeueiua ooieoeee iinoaiaiii ia?aoiaeyo io ANII e aai
Iinoiyiiiio Eiieoaoo, a aeanoue ia ianoao — e eniieieoaeueiui i?aaiai —
ia?iaeiui eiieoaoai. ?oeiaiaeyuee ninoaa yoeo i?aaiia /anoi niaiaaeae n
?oeiaiaenoaii ia?oeeiuo eiieoaoia EIE.
Aeiaieueii naiaia?aciua ioiioaiey ia?oeiiia e ?oeiaiaenoaa iia?aoeaiuo
i?aaiia onoaiiaeeenue a i?aaiio?aieoaeueiuo o/?aaeaeaieyo, aaea ia?oeiiu
noaee iiaeiaiyoue noaeaaiua eiieoaou e eieeaaee i?ieo?aoo?.
Oa??eoi?eaeueiua ia?oeiiu ia oieueei aiaoeaaeenue a ?anniio?aiea noaeaie
eiie?aoiuo aeae, ii nae?aoa?e ia?oeiiia /anoi i?eieiaee ia naay ooieoeee
noaeae.
Aeaoi?iaoeey ainoaea?noaaiiiai no?iy EI? a ia?eiae “aieueoiai nea/ea” e
“eoeueoo?iie ?aaiethoeee” (1958— 1976 aa.). “Aieueoie nea/ie” — iacaaiea
ianniaie iieeoe/aneie eaiiaiee, i?aaiecaoeeae eioi?ie noaaeeanue caaea/a
iiiaie?aoiiai oaaee/aiey yeiiiie/aneie iiue Eeoay a e?ao/aeoee
enoi?e/aneee n?ie (“o?e aiaea oii?iiai o?oaea — aeanyoue ouny/ eao
n/anouey”). “Aieueoie nea/ie” aue i?iaicaeaoai a 1958 a., iaeiaei aai
i?aaeoa/ae yaeeenue aeaa ae?oaeo eaiiaiee, ia/aaoeany aiaeii ?aiueoa:
“ai?ueau i?ioea i?aauo ao?aeoaciuo yeaiaioia” e “eni?aaeaiey noeey”.
Caino?aiiay aia/aea i?ioea ?oeiaiaenoaa iaeiiioienoe/aneeo ia?oee e
noa?ie oieaa?neoaoneie i?ioanno?u, ia?aay eaiiaiey anei?a auea
ia?aianaia a ?yaeu EIE e ainoaea?noaaiiua o/?aaeaeaiey. “I?aauo
yeaiaioia” e noi?iiieeia “eiino?aiiuo oaaeiiia” iaoiaeeee aacaea.
I?eeeaeaaiea y?euea “i?aaue yeaiaio” aeaeei oaieueiaiea n ?aaiou,
eneeth/aiea ec aoca, eiiaaea e aunueeo.
Eaiiaiey “eni?aaeaiey noeey” oaeaea auoea ca i?aaeaeu ia?oeeiie /enoee e
?ani?ino?aieeanue ia ae?oaea ia?oee e ianniaua i?aaiecaoeee,
ainoaea?noaaiiua o/?aaeaeaiey, aunoea o/aaiua caaaaeaiey e o. ae. A
aaaonoa 1957 a. Ainniaaoii i?eieiaaony Iinoaiiaeaiea ii aii?inai
o?oaeiaiai ia?aainieoaiey, a niioaaonoaee n eioi?ui aaeieieno?aoeaiua
i?aaiu iieo/eee aiciiaeiinoue caeeth/aoue a niaoeeaeueiua eaaa?y ia
iaii?aaeaeaiiue n?ie eeoe, ia niaa?oeaoeo oaieiaiuo i?anooieaiee.
I?eiyoea yoiai Iinoaiiaeaiey aucaaei iiyaeaiea iano eeoaiey naiaiaeu
iiaiai aeaea — ainieoaoaeueii-o?oaeiauo o/?aaeaeaiee.
“Aieueoie nea/ie” eae iieeoe/aneay eaiiaiey aue iai?aaeai ia auiieiaiea
ooiie/aneie caaea/e iiiaie?aoiiai oaaee/aiey a ei?ioeee n?ie
i?iecaiaenoaa aaaeiaeoeo aeaeia i?iiuoeaiiie i?iaeoeoeee ca n/ao
iiaeeecaoeee o?oaeiauo ?ano?nia, oaaee/aiey i?iaeieaeeoaeueiinoe
?aai/aai a?aiaie e nie?auaiey ca?aaioiie ieaou. Iaeiia?aiaiii a
naeueneii oicyenoaa noaea i?iaiaeeoueny “eiiioiecaoeey” aea?aaie, a
oiaea eioi?ie i?iecioei oe?oiiaiea ?aiaa nicaeaiiuo
naeueneioicyenoaaiiuo i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo eiiia?aoeaia. Iiyaeaoeany a
?acoeueoaoa yoiai oe?oiiaiey ia?iaeiua eiiioiu acyee ia naay iieiiii/ey
ianoiuo i?aaiia aeanoe.
A eiiioiao iaiauanoaeaiea ?ani?ino?aieeinue aeaaea ia i?aaeiaou auoiaiai
iacia/aiey, ia aiai?y oaea i i?eonaaeaaiuo o/anoeao e aeiiaoiai neioa e
ioeoea. Iaeiia?aiaiii i?iecioei eciaiaiea e a iieaoa o?oaea: auee
eeeaeaee?iaaiu o?oaeiaeie, aeaaiie oi?iie iaania/aiey noaei ieoaiea a
iauanoaaiiuo noieiauo.
Ia?eiae “aieueoiai nea/ea” e eiiioiecaoeee naycai n oiaaeeii ?iee
i?aaenoaaeoaeueiuo i?aaiia. Ia naea iie auee i?aeoe/anee eeeaeaee?iaaiu.
Ia ae?oaeo o?iaiyo auai?u aiiaua ia i?iaiaeeeenue n 1958 ii 1964 a.
Ianinoiyoaeueiinoue iieeoeee “aieueoiai nea/ea” auynieeanue auno?i, e
oaea a ia/aea 60-o aa. ia/aeanue iieeoeea “o?aaoee?iaaiey”, a oiaea
eioi?ie i?iecioei aica?auaiea e ?ac?ooaiiie a ia?eiae “aieueoiai nea/ea”
nenoaia oi?aaeaiey yeiiiieeie, ainnoaiiaeaieth e oe?aieaieth yeaiaioia
oic?an/aoa ia i?aaei?eyoeyo, i?eioeeiia iaoa?eaeueiie caeioa?aniaaiiinoe
?aaioieeia. Aue iiaeaa?aioo na?ueaciiio ia?aniio?o e aii?in i ia?iaeiuo
eiiioiao, i?iecaaaeaii eo ?acoe?oiiaiea, aaaaeaiu a eo aeayoaeueiinoue
yeaiaiou oic?an/aoa e i?. E?anoueyiai auee aica?auaiu i?eonaaeaaiua
o/anoee, iaeeee naeueoiceiaaioa?ue, ?ac?aoaii aaaeaiea ee/iiai
oicyenoaa.
Iaeiaei ia?eiae “o?aaoee?iaaiey” ia aue i?iaeieaeeoaeueiui. Oaea a 1962
a., iinea i/a?aaeiiai ieaioia OeE EIE, ia/aeanue “eaiiaiey ca
nioeeaeenoe/aneia ainieoaiea”, a oiaea eioi?ie yeno?aienoneia e?uei
?oeiaiaenoaa EIE ai aeaaa n Iai Oecyaeoiii iooai ?acaeoaaiey eoeueoa
ee/iinoe e eneonnoaaiiiai iaino?aiey eeanniaie ai?ueau no?aieeinue
iaania/eoue aioo?aiiea oneiaey aeey i?aoai?aiey a aeeciue naiaai
“iniaiai” eo?na. A 1964 a. a ?aieao “nioeeaeenoe/aneiai ainieoaiey”
?acaa?ioeanue ae?oaay oe?ieay eaiiaiey, iieo/eaoay iacaaiea “o/eoueny
noeeth ?aaiou o IIAE”. A?iey auea iauyaeaia iai?aacieaeaiiui ia?acoeii
aeey ia?oee e anaai ia?iaea. A?iaeneea ii?yaeee i?aaiciineeenue eae
naiue aunieee eaeaae i?aaiecaoeee. Ia oieueei iauanoaaiii-iieeoe/aneay
aeeciue e i?iecaiaenoai, ii oaeaea eoeueoo?a e auo aeieaeiu auee
i?eaeeaeaoueny e eaca?iaiiui ii?yaeeai ii oi?ioea “aanue ia?iae —
nieaeaou”.
Iaeaieaa aeano?oeoeaiay eaiiaiey oao eao (“i?ieaoa?neay eoeueoo?iay
?aaiethoeey”), i?iaeieaeaaoayny n 1966 ii 1976 a., icia/aea
eaaiyeno?aienoneee ia?aai?io, a oiaea eioi?iai auee iiaeaa?aioou neiio
eiinoeoooeeiiiay nenoaia ainoaea?noaaiiuo i?aaiia e onoaaiay nenoaia
i?aaiecaoeee e eiieoaoia EIE.
A naiii ia/aea iia iineea oa?aeoa? i?i?aaioee ia no?aieoeao ia/aoe ?yaea
eeoa?aoi?ia e o/aiuo. Caoai e iae auee iiaeeeth/aiu io?yaeu iieiaeaaee:
ooiayeaeiu (“e?aniiaaa?aeaeoeu” eee “e?aniua io?aiieee”) ec /enea
o/aueony oeie e aocia e oecaioaie (“aoioa?e”) ec ae?oaeo neiaa
ianaeaiey. Oiaei iai?aaeyaiua eeaea?aie “eoeueoo?iie ?aaiethoeee” e
iiaeaea?aeeaaaiua aieineeie /anoyie, yoe io?yaeu auee a?ioaiu ia iia?ii
ianoiuo e iaeioi?uo oeaio?aeueiuo ainoaea?noaaiiuo, ia?oeeiuo i?aaiia,
i?ionithciuo e iieiaeaaeiuo i?aaiecaoeee, aaeieieno?aoeee o/aaiuo
caaaaeaiee, iao/ii-enneaaeiaaoaeueneeo einoeoooia e i?. Aii?oaeaiiie
iiaeaea?aeeie ooiayeaeiia e oecaioaiae ?oeiaiaeeee niaoeeaeueiua
“eiieoaou iiaeaea?aeee eaauo”, nicaeaaaaoeany i?e eiiaiaeiaaiee aieueoeo
aiaiiuo ie?oaia ii anae no?aia e eiaaoea iiae/eiaiiua ei no?oeoo?u a
ieaeanoiyueo aiaiiuo ie?oaao e aa?ieciiao. Aiaiiua ninoaaeee e einoye
ii?iaeaeaiiuo “eoeueoo?iie ?aaiethoeeae” iiauo i?aaiia aeanoe — oae
iacuaaaiuo ?aaeiiia, eioi?ua ia?aiia/aeueii caiaieee niaie ia oieueei
ianoiua ia?iaeiua i?aaeoaeuenoaa (NII ia nicuaaeenue), ii e ianoiua
ia?oeiiu e eiieoaou anao iauanoaaiiuo i?aaiecaoeee, eioi?ua i?aeoe/anee
i?ae?aoeee naia nouanoaiaaiea. ?ai?annee cao?iioee iiiaea ieeeeiiu
ethaeae. Ea?aoaeueiua ooieoeee a ia?eiae “eoeueoo?iie ?aaiethoeee”
inouanoaeyee iauaaeeiaiiua iiae aiaiiui eiio?ieai niaoeeaeueiua i?aaiu,
“eiiennee ii enei?aiaieth eiio??aaiethoeee”, “i?aaiu (eiieoaou, ioaeaeu,
ooaau) i?ieaoa?neie aeeeoaoo?u” eee i?inoi “i?aaiu aeeeoaoo?u”.
E eiioeo 1968 — ia/aeo 1969 a. eeaea?u “eoeueoo?iie ?aaiethoeee”,
aeaeeii, ni/ee, /oi i?iaaaeaiiay aeoaieay /enoea oaea oe?aieea eo
?oeiaiaeyuaa iieiaeaiea. Aeaaiie caaea/ae XI nuacaea EIE 1969 a. noaei
oi?ie?iaaiea aunoaai ?oeiaiaenoaa ia?oee, /oi naaeinue e ii/oe iieiiio
aeeth/aieth “i?ieaoa?neiai ooaaa” a ninoaa iieeoath?i OeE EIE. Ia?oey
ainnicaeaaaeanue naa?oo e nieco. Iinea oeaio?aeueiuo i?aaiia noaee
oi?ie?iaaoueny ieciaua y/aeee e ia?oeiiu.
N ieii/aieai oi?ie?iaaiey ia?oeiiia i?iaeioeeaeueiiai o?iaiy “?aaeiiu”
noaee auiieiyoue i?aeiouanoaaiii ooieoeee ianoiuo i?aaeoaeuenoa.
Eiinoeoooeeiiiia cae?aieaiea “?aaeiiia” a ea/anoaa i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiuo
i?aaiia i?iecioei a 1975 a. Ii aei yoiai ninoiyeny aua iaeei nuacae EIE
(X), eiaaea a ninoaa OeE aioee e iaeioi?ua ?aiaa ioaeueiiaaiiua /eaiu
iieeoath?i e ae?oaea ia?oeeiua aeayoaee aunieiai ?aiaa, a oii /enea e
Aeyi Nyiiei (aiineaaenoaee aai eiiioe?iaaee a ninoaa iieeoath?i).
Ai a?aiy “eoeueoo?iie ?aaiethoeee” oieueei /oi ia/aaoea nicaeaaaoueny
i?aaiaua iniiau ainoaea?noaa auee ?ac?ooaiu. “Eoeueoo?iay ?aaiethoeey”
nicaeaea naith ainoaea?noaaiii-iieeoe/aneoth nenoaio, eioi?ay aei 1975
a. ia eiaea aeaaea oi?iaeueiiai iiaeiaey eiinoeoooeeiiii-i?aaiaiai
cae?aieaiey. Oieueei a 1975 a. ia?aie e aaeeinoaaiiie nanneae ANII
/aoaa?oiai nicuaa auea i?eiyoa iiaay Eiinoeoooeey EI?, eioi?ay auea
cia/eoaeueiui ?aa?annii ii n?aaiaieth n ia?aie, Eiinoeoooeeae 1954 a.
Yoi aue /?acau/aeii e?aoeee (anaai 30 noaoae) aeieoiaio,
i?aaenoaaeythuee niaie nei?aa iieeoe/aneoth aeaeea?aoeeth, iaaeaee
i?aaiaie aeo. Iiaay Eiinoeoooeey auea i?ecaaia eaaaeeciaaoue iaeioi?ua
einoeooou e iieeoe/aneea onoaiiaee, ii?iaeaeaiiua “eoeueoo?iie
?aaiethoeeae”. “?aaeiiai” oaeoe/anee i?eaeaaaeny noaoon i?aaiia,
ninoaaeyaoeo iieeoe/aneoth iniiao ainoaea?noaa. Oi?iaeueii iie
iauyaeyeenue eeoue iinoiyiiuie i?aaiaie ianoiuo NII, ii ei auee
i?aaeinoaaeaiu ?aaiua n nia?aieyie iieiiii/ey, e oiio aea NII ia
i?aeoeea ia nicuaaeenue. Eiinoeoooeey 1975 a. oi?acaeieea iino
I?aaenaaeaoaey EI? e oaeea einoeooou, eae Ainoaea?noaaiiue eiieoao
iai?iiu e Aa?oiaiia ainoaea?noaaiiia niaauaiea. Ath auee cia/eoaeueii
noaeaiu iieiiii/ey ANII E IE ANII, ec aa oaenoa auee eneeth/aiu
iieiaeaiey i aa?aioeyo e i?aaao aeaiooaoia ANII, iieiaeaiey i aai
iinoiyiiuo eiienneyo, oi?acaeiaia i?ieo?aoo?a e i?. A Eiinoeoooeeth ia
aioee i?aaeiea onoaiiaeaiey i iaoeeiiaeueiii ?aaiii?aaee e ?aaainoaa
a?aaeaeai ia?aae caeiiii, i cai?auaiee aeene?eieiaoeee e aiaoa a
ioiioaiee ethaie iaoeeiiaeueiinoe e i?.
Eeoaeneia ainoaea?noai a ia?eiae no?ieoaeuenoaa ?aaoee?oaiie ?uii/iie
yeiiiieee. A 1976 a., iaiaa /ai /a?ac ianyoe iinea nia?oe Iai Oecyaeoia,
auee iono?aiaiu io aeanoe aai aeeaeaeoea niiaeaeaeieee (“/aoaa?ea”) —
yae?i eaaiyeno?aienoneie a?oiiu a ?oeiaiaenoaa EIE e EI?, eioi?oth
aicaeaaeea aaeiaa Iai Oecyaeoia — Oecyi Oeei. Aica?aoeeny ia
iieeoe/aneoth a?aio no?aiu Aeyi Nyiiei, eca?aiiue a oii aea aiaeo ia XI
nuacaea EIE caianoeoaeai I?aaenaaeaoaey OeE EIE e noaaoee iaae?aoue ana
aieueoee iieeoe/aneee aan a ?oeiaiaenoaa ia?oee e no?aiu. Anei?a ii noae
oaeoe/aneei eeaea?ii ia?oee e ainoaea?noaa, oioy oi?iaeueii ieeiaaea ia
caieiae iinoa i?aaenaaeaoaey OeE EIE eee i?aaenaaeaoaey EI?.
A ieoya?a 1977 a. IE ANII i?eiye iinoaiiaeaiea i aianaiee eciaiaiee a
Eiinoeoooeeth EI?. Eiinoeoooeey 1978 a. auea y?ei au?aaeaiiui
eiii?iienniui aeieoiaioii, ni/aoaaoei onoaiiaee iiaiai eeoaeneiai
?oeiaiaenoaa n iaeioi?uie eicoiaaie “eoeueoo?iie ?aaiethoeee”. A
Eiinoeoooeee iaoee cae?aieaiea aeaaea iieeoe/aneea einoeooou
“eoeueoo?iie ?aaiethoeee” (iai?eia?, “?aaeiiu”), ii aianoa n oai auee
ainnoaiiaeaiu iieiaeaiey Eiinoeoooeee 1954 a. i cai?auaiee
aeene?eieiaoeee e aiaoa a ioiioaiee ethaie iaoeeiiaeueiinoe, i aa?aioeyo
a?aaeaeaineeo i?aa, i i?ieo?aoo?ao, i ianoiuo NII (“?aaeiiu” noaee eo
eniieieoaeueiuie i?aaiaie) e ae?.
Eiinoeoooeey EI? 1978 a. aeaenoaiaaea iaiiiaei aieaa /aou?ao eao. Ca
yoio ia?eiae a iaa aeaaaeaeu aiineeenue nouanoaaiiua eciaiaiey, iaeii ec
eioi?uo auei naycaii n oi?acaeiaieai “?aaeiiia”, ae?oaia — n aaaaeaieai
iiaiai einoeoooa — iinoiyiiuo eiieoaoia ianoiuo NII.
Aeaenoaothuay Eiinoeoooeey EI? auea i?eiyoa 4 aeaeaa?y 1982 a. Ec iaa
auee ono?aiaiu ana oi?ioee?iaee e onoaiiaee, ii?iaeaeaiiua “eoeueoo?iie
?aaiethoeeae”. A ioiioaiee ?aaoee?iaaiey i?aaiecaoeee e aeayoaeueiinoe
ainoaea?noaaiiuo i?aaiia Eiinoeoooeey 1982 a. aa?ioeanue ii/oe
iieiinoueth ia iiceoeee ia?aie Eiinoeoooeee EI?, ii I?aaenaaeaoaeue EI?
ia yaeyaony oaia?ue aeaaiieiiaiaeothuei aii?oaeaiiuie neeaie e ia
nicuaaao Aa?oiaiua ainoaea?noaaiiua niaauaiey. Oneeaia auea
i?aaioai?/aneay eiiiaoaioeey Iinoiyiiiai eiieoaoa ANII e Ainniaaoa e i?.
Aneaae ca Eiinoeoooeeae auee i?eiyou caeiiu ia i?aaiecaoeee ANII,
Ainniaaoa, ianoiuo NII e ianoiuo ia?iaeiuo i?aaeoaeuenoa, a oaeaea
caeiiu i auai?ao ANII e ianoiuo NII. A Eiinoeoooeeth EI? aeaaaeaeu
aiineeenue iii?aaee. Ia?aue ?ac — a 1988 a., eiaaea auee eaaaeeciaaiu ia
eiinoeoooeeiiiii o?iaia /anoiua oicyenoaa e onoaiiaeaia aiciiaeiinoue
ia?aaea/e i?aaa caieaiieueciaaiey. Oeaeay na?ey ?aciiia?aciuo iii?aaie a
Eiinoeoooeeth eiaea ianoi a 1993 a. Ia?aay ec ieo (ii o?aouey ii iauae
ioia?aoeee) aiineea eciaiaiea a i?aaiaoeo e naycuaaeanue n auianaieai ia
eiinoeoooeeiiiue o?iaaiue no?aoaae/aneie caaea/e “/aou?ao
iiaea?iecaoeee” — i?iiuoeaiiinoe, naeueneiai oicyenoaa, iai?iiu, iaoee e
oaoieee. Aeaeaa eiinoeoooeeiiiia cae?aieaiea iieo/aei ?acaeoea
“iiiaiia?oeeiiai nio?oaeie/anoaa iiae ?oeiaiaenoaii EIE”. Ae?oaea
iii?aaee eanaeenue ioaeaeueiuo noaoae Eiinoeoooeee e a iniiaiii
io?aaeaee iiaue yoai a ?acaeoee no?aiu — no?ieoaeuenoai ?uii/iie
yeiiiieee i?e nio?aiaiee iae?i?aaoee?othuae ?iee ainoaea?noaa. Iai?eia?,
nouanoaaiiui ia?acii auea eciaiaia 15-y noaouey Eiinoeoooeee, ?aiaa
onoaiaaeeaathuay aaaeaiea ainoaea?noaii ieaiiaiai oicyenoaa “ia iniiaa
nioeeaeenoe/aneie nianoaaiiinoe” e ioaiaeeaoay ?uii/iiio ?aaoee?iaaieth
aniiiiaaoaeueioth ?ieue. Oaia?ue yoa noaouey aeaneo: “Ainoaea?noai
i?aoai?yao a aeeciue nioeeaeenoe/aneoth ?uii/ioth yeiiiieeo oneeeaaao
oicyenoaaiiia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai, niaa?oainoaoao iae?i?aaoee?iaaiea ia
iniiaaiee caeiia cai?auaao ethaui i?aaiecaoeeyi e ioaeaeueiui eeoeai
ia?ooaoue yeiiiie/aneee ii?yaeie iauanoaa”.
Ioaeaeueiie aaoaueth eiinoeoooeeiiiiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa EI? yaeythony
i?eiyoua ANII iniiaiua caeiiu Iniauo aaeieieno?aoeaiuo ?aeiiia (IA?):
Nyiaaineiai (Aiieiianeiai) IA? e IA? Aiiuiueneiai (Iaeai), anooieaoea a
aeaenoaea a 1997 e 1999 aa., eioi?ua i?aaeinoaaeee auaoei a?eoaineie e
ii?ooaaeueneie eieiieyi oe?ieia naiioi?aaeaiea, ia n?aaieiia n
aeiaieueii oceie aaeieieno?aoeaiie aaoiiiieae
iaoeeiiaeueii-oa??eoi?eaeueiuo aaeeieoe. Ec eiiiaoaioeee IA? ecuyou
oieueei aii?inu iai?iiu e eiino?aiiuo aeae. Aianoa n oai ca ieie
nio?aiaii i?aai ?aaoee?iaaiey auacaea a ?aeii e auacaea ec iaai (auaea/a
aec) e aeaaea i?aai caeeth/aiey iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo niaeaoaiee
iai?aaeoaeuenoaaiiiai o?iaiy. A IA? nicaeathony naie noaeu
ieii/aoaeueiie einoaioeee, ?aoaiey eioi?uo ia iiaoo auoue iaaeaeiaaiu a
eaeea-eeai noaeaaiua i?aaiu EI?. Aeaenoaothuay a IA? nenoaia i?aaa
nio?aiyaony a nouanoaothuai aeaea, ca eneeth/aieai aeoia, i?ioeai?a/aueo
Iniiaiui caeiiai. Aianoa n oai ca oeaio?ii a eeoea Ainniaaoa inoaaony
i?aai iacia/aiey aeaau aaeieieno?aoeee eaaeaeiai IA?, ii iaycaoaeueii ec
ianoiuo aeeoaeae e iinea ii?aaeaeaiiie i?ioeaaeo?u ioai?a eaiaeeaeaoo?u
aeey iacia/aiey eieeaaeae auai?ueeia.
Ii i?aaenoaaeaieth aeaau aaeieieno?aoeee iacia/athony ae?oaea aunoea
aeieaeiinoiua eeoea niioaaonoaothuaai ?aeiia. Iniiaiua caeiiu
aa?aioe?otho ia 50 eao nio?aiaiea a IA? eaieoaeenoe/aneiai no?iy e
ia?aca aeecie.
A EI? i?ienoiaeeo iinoiyiiia iaiiaeaiea caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa i ii?yaeea
oi?ie?iaaiey e i?aaiecaoeee ainoaea?noaaiiuo i?aaiia. Iaeaieueoaa /enei
iiauo ?aaeaeoeee o Caeiia i auai?ao ai Anaeeoaeneia nia?aiea ia?iaeiuo
i?aaenoaaeoaeae e ianoiua nia?aiey ia?iaeiuo i?aaenoaaeoaeae e Caeiia ia
i?aaiecaoeee ianoiuo nia?aiee ia?iaeiuo i?aaenoaaeoaeae e ianoiuo
ia?iaeiuo i?aaeoaeuenoa. A yoe caeiiu auee aaaaeaiu iieiaeaiey ia
iaycaoaeueiuo aeueoa?iaoeaiuo eaiaeeaeaoo?ao ia auai?ao, i i?aaa o/anoey
a auai?ao a?aaeaeai EI?, i?iaeeaathueo ca a?aieoeae, anee iie a ia?eiae
auai?ia a NII iaoiaeyony ia oa??eoi?ee EI?. Ae?oaea eciaiaiey eanaeenue,
iai?eia?, ia?aie/aiey /eneaiiinoe aeaiooaoia ANII, oaaee/aiey
i?aaenoaaeoaeuenoaa a i?aaiao aeanoe iaei/eneaiiuo ia?iaeia, ii?yaeea
auaeaeaeaiey eaiaeeaeaoia a aeaiooaou e eo iocuaa, i?iaaaeaiey
aeiiieieoaeueiuo auai?ia e o.ae.
*oi eanaaony Caeiia ia i?aaiecaoeee ianoiuo NII e ia?iaeiuo
i?aaeoaeuenoa ?acee/iuo nooiaiae, i?eiyoii a 1995 a. a /aoaa?oie
?aaeaeoeee, oi eaeao i?ioeann aai eciaiaiey e niaa?oainoaiaaiey,
io?aaeathuee iiaua ?aaeee nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneiai ?acaeoey no?aiu.
Niaa?oainoaiaaiea au?aceeinue, iai?eia?, ai aaaaeaiee iinoia
i?aaenaaeaoaeae a NII aieinoae, iaoeeiiaeueiuo aieinoae e iinaeeia.
Ieciaua i?aaenoaaeoaeueiua i?aaiu iieo/eee, oaeei ia?acii, ioaeaeueiuo
io ianoiuo aaeieieno?aoeee aeieaeiinoiuo eeoe, i?aaiecothueo ?aaioo
aeaiooaoia ia oieueei ia nanneyo NII, ii e a iaaenanneiiiua ia?eiaeu.
Iiaua nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneea ?aaeee Eeoay iaoee io?aaeaiea a
iaeioi?uo noaoueyo i ooieoeeyo ianoiuo i?aaiia ia?iaeiie aeanoe.
Iai?eia?, i/aiue oa?aeoa?ia caiaia a ianeieueeeo noaoueyo Caeiia ioieoa
ia iaania/aiee ianoiuie i?aaiaie naiinoiyoaeueiinoe eieeaeoeaiuo
oicyenoa caueoie caeiiiuo i?aa anao oicyenoa, o. a. anao aeaeia
nianoaaiiinoe. Iaeeoei e oaiaeaioeey e aeaiie?aoecaoeee oi?ie?iaaiey IE
NII, eca?aiey ?oeiaiaenoaa ianoiuo i?aaeoaeuenoa, noaeia e i?ieo?aoo? (a
/anoiinoe, i?aaeoniio?aii oiiiyiooia auoa auaeaeaeaiea aeueoa?iaoeaiuo
eaiaeeaeaoo?, eioi?ia a iaeioi?uo neo/ayo iaycaoaeueii).
A aieueoai ieanoa i?eiyouo a iineaaeiea aiaeu aaeieieno?aoeaii-i?aaiauo
aeoia cia/eoaeueia ?ieue iieiaeaiee ii aii?inai ainoaea?noaaiiie
neoaeau. Iniiaiui ii?iaoeaiui aeoii a yoie noa?a yaeyaony A?aiaiiia
iieiaeaiea i ainoaea?noaaiiuo neoaeaueo, i?eiyoia Ainniaaoii EI? a 1993
a. Iieiaeaiea i?aaeoniio?aei iaai? neoaeaueo ii ?acoeueoaoai yecaiaiia,
/aoeia ii?aaeaeaiea ii?yaeea eo iacia/aiey e niauaiey, nenoaio
ia?eiaee/aneeo aooanoaoeee, ioaiae io aeieaeiinoe (iai?eia?, ec-ca
?iaenoaaiiuo naycae a aiia?aoa), ?ioaoeeth eaae?ia. Ca Iieiaeaieai
iineaaeiaae oeaeue ?yae aeoia, aai eiie?aoece?othueo e ?acaeaathueo.
Oaeei ia?acii, EI? eaeao iooai niaa?oainoaiaaiey
ainoaea?noaaiii-i?aaiauo einoeoooia. Niaa?oainoaoaony, a ia?aoth
i/a?aaeue, aiia?ao oi?aaeaiey, noaiiaynue ana aieaa eaaeeoeoee?iaaiiui e
i?eniiniaeaiiui e auiieiaieth noiyueo ia?aae no?aiie caaea/.
Aeaiie?aoecaoeey einoeoooia iineo aanueia aeice?iaaiiue oa?aeoa?, no?iai
a ?aieao onoaiiaeaoaeny iieeoe/aneie nenoaiu, aac neieueei-ieaoaeue
cia/eoaeueiiai aa ?aoi?ie?iaaiey. Aianoa n oai Eeoae iinoaiaiii iooiaeeo
io i?aaeiae nenoaiu oicyenoaiaaiey, iniiaaiiie ia
aaeieieno?aoeaii-eiiaiaeiuo iaoiaeao.
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