ENOI?Ess AINOAeA?NOAA E I?AAA EOAEEE A IIAAEOAA A?AIss
1. E?ecen eiinoeoooeeiiiie iiia?oee
2. Iaaeaiea oaoenoneiai ?aaeeia
3. Onoaiiaeaiea ?anioaeeee. Eiinoeoooeey 1947 a
1. E?ecen eiinoeoooeeiiiie iiia?oee
A 1917 a. iieiaeaiea a Eoaeee i?eiyei eaoano?ioe/aneee oa?aeoa?. No?aia
iioa?yea ai a?aiy ia?aie ie?iaie aieiu (ia noi?iia Aioaiou) ieiei 700
oun. /aeiaae oaeouie e nauoa 1 iei. eneaea/aiiuie; oi?aiaue oeio eeoeeny
60% noaeia; yiea?aoeey ec no?aiu iaeaieaa iieiaeuo e ?aaioiniiniaiuo
ethaeae ninoaaeea aei 1 iei. a aiae. A no?aia ?ac?aceeny yeiiiie/aneee
e?ecen, i?aaeii?aaeaeeaoee aeoeaioth ?aaiethoeeiiioth ai?ueao.
Oneeeaaaony ?ieue eaauo aeaeaeaiee e i?aaeaea anaai eoaeueyineie
nioeeaeenoe/aneie ia?oee (a 1919 a. ENI iieo/eea ieiei o?aoe aieinia
ecae?aoaeae). Aieueoia cia/aiea i?eia?aea aeayoaeueiinoue e?oiiaeoaai
i?ionithciiai iauaaeeiaiey — Anaiauae eiioaaea?aoeee o?oaea. A 1921 a.
eaaia e?uei nioeeaeenoe/aneie ia?oee ia?aciaaei eoaeueyineoth
eiiioienoe/aneoth ia?oeth, cia/eoaeueiiai oniaoa aeiaeeanue nicaeaiiay a
1919 a. eaoiee/aneay ia?iaeiay ia?oey.
Iniaaiii iaino?eeanue aioo?eiieeoe/aneay ianoaiiaea a Eoaeee a 1919—1920
aa. Ia naaa?a no?aiu ia/aee nicaeaaaoueny oaa?e/ii-caaiaeneea niaaou; a
ioaao ia eieaoou i?aaei?eieiaoaeae ?aai/ea noaee caieiaoue cae?uoua
i?aaei?eyoey, a a Oo?eia aniuoioei aii?oaeaiiia ainnoaiea.
I?eoiae oaoenoia e aeanoe. Ia oiia iaeanoi/aiiie iieeoe/aneie ai?ueau a
Eoaeee aicieeaao oaoenoneia aeaeaeaiea. *eaiaie aeaeaeaiey a iniiaiii
auee oiaeienoe/anee iano?iaiiua auaoea ioeoea?u e nieaeaou, aac?aaioiua,
?aci?eaoeany iaeeea ao?aeoa.
I?ia?aiia oaoenoia i?aaenoaaeyea niaie iaai? aeaiaaiae/aneeo eicoiaia.
Eoaeueyineea oaoenou eniiaaaeiaaee ?anenoneoth eaeaieiaeth, aioenaieoeci
e aioeeiiioieci.
A iaeanoe aiaoiae iieeoeee eeaea? oaoenoia A. Ionnieeie aunooiae n
ioe?iaaiii oiaeienoe/aneeo e ?anenoneeo iiceoeee, auaeaeioa eicoia
“Aaeeeay Eoaeey”, nicaeaiea eioi?ie aeieaeii auei inouanoaeyoueny ca
n/ao oa??eoi?eaeueiuo i?eia?aoaiee o n?aaeecaiiiii?neeo no?ai. Aunooiay
n aeaiaaiae/aneeie eicoiaaie e niaeoee?oy ia yeiiiie/aneeo o?oaeiinoyo
no?aiu, oaoenou no?aieeenue e nicaeaieth iieeoe/aneiai ?aaeeia, eioi?ue
iia au i?eeoe ia niaio o?aaeeoeeiiiiio ao?aeoaciiio ainoaea?noao.
Oaoenoneay i?iiaaaiaea ieacaea na?ueaciia aicaeaenoaea ia n?aaeiea neie
eoaeueyineiai iauanoaa e ia cia/eoaeueioth /anoue ?aai/eo e e?anoueyi.
Aianoa n oai iinoaiaiii iiaeeeiiuie ?oeiaiaeeoaeyie e aaeioiiaeoaeyie
oaoenoneiai aeaeaeaiey noaee i?aaenoaaeoaee e?oiiie ao?aeoacee e
eaoeooiaeenoia.
A eiioea ieoya?y 1922 a. aii?oaeaiiua io?yaeu oaoenoia i?e
iiionoeoaeuenoaa ei?ieaaneiai i?aaeoaeuenoaa, a?iee e Aaoeeaia
i?aaei?eiyee oae iacuaaaiue iioiae ia ?ei, caaa?oeaoeeny iiya?a 1922 a.
caoaaoii aeanoe A. Ionnieeie, eioi?iai ei?ieue iacia/ee
i?aiuea?-ieieno?ii.
I?eoiae e aeanoe oaoenoia aucaae aeaeueiaeoaa oooaeoaiea
nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneiai iieiaeaiey a no?aia: i?aaeiei aeaaeaeueoeai
aica?auaeenue caiaeueiua o/anoee, caoaa/aiiua ?aiaa e?anoueyiaie,
oaaee/eaaeanue i?iaeieaeeoaeueiinoue ?aai/ae iaaeaee, auee iiauoaiu
iaeiae ia ca?aaioioth ieaoo e o. i.
Ainoaea?noaaiiia ioi?ieaiea oaoenoneiai ?aaeeia. Ionnieeie, eioi?iai
oaea iacuaaee aeo/a (aiaeaeue), i?enooiaao e nicaeaieth iiaiai
iieeoe/aneiai ?aaeeia. Ii auioaeaeai aue eniieueciaaoue noa?ua einoeooou
— iiia?oeth e Eiinoeoooeeth 1948 a. Eo ?ieue auea aeaei?aoeaiie. Eae
aiai?eee eoaeueyioeu, iiia?oey auea eeoue ia ii/oiauo ioe?uoeao.
I?eieiathony caeiiiaeaoaeueiua aeou, i?aaeinoaaeyaoea Ionnieeie ia?iiiua
iieiiii/ey eae aeaaa i?aaeoaeuenoaa. Oae, a 1925 a. ii caeiio “I
i?aaiii/eyo e i?a?iaaoeaao aeaau i?aaeoaeuenoaa” any eniieieoaeueiay
aeanoue nin?aaeioi/eeanue a ?oeao i?aiuea?-ieieno?a, eioi?ue iacia/aeny
ei?ieai e ioaa/ae ia?aae iei ca aeayoaeueiinoue i?aaeoaeuenoaa, a
ieieno?u iacia/aeenue e niauaeenue aai aeanoueth. Iiieii iinoa aeaau
i?aaeoaeuenoaa aeo/a a oa/aiea naiaai i?aaeaiey caieiae ii 5—7
ieienoa?neeo iinoia. Caeii eneeth/ae i?eioeei ioaaonoaaiiinoe
i?aaeoaeuenoaa ia?aae ia?eaiaioii, oai naiui eeoea iineaaeiee i?aaa
iono?aiyoue i?aaeoaeuenoai io aeanoe iooai au?aaeaiey aio iaaeiaa?ey. A
oi aea a?aiy caeiiii onoaiaaeeaaeanue caaeneiinoue ia?eaiaioa io aeaau
i?aaeoaeuenoaa, oae eae iiaanoeo aeiy ia?eaiaioa ii?aaeaeye aeo/a.
Iineaaeothueie caeiiiaeaoaeueiuie aeoaie aeaaa i?aaeoaeuenoaa auee
i?aaeinoaaeaiu e caeiiioai?/aneea ooieoeee.
?aaeeeaeueii eciaieeinue iieiaeaiea ia?eaiaioa a nenoaia i?aaiia
ainoaea?noaa. Aai i?aaiaie noaoon e ninoaa ii?aaeaeyeenue ?aoi?iie
iieeoe/aneiai i?aaenoaaeoaeuenoaa, eioi?ay auea i?iaaaeaia a 1928 a.
Niaeanii yoie ?aoi?ia eaiaeeaeaou a aeaiooaou auaeaeaaeenue oaoenoneeie
i?ionithcaie, ec eioi?uo Aieueoie oaoenoneee niaao (AON) ioae?ae 400
/aeiaae. Eaiaeeaeaou n/eoaeenue eca?aiiuie, anee ia iaiaa iieiaeiu
aieinia o/anoaiaaaoeo a aieiniaaiee auei iiaeaii ca yoio nienie.
A 1939 a. n i?eiyoeai niioaaonoaothuaai caeiia ia?eaiaioneay nenoaia
auea iieiinoueth ?ac?ooaia, /oi ieii/aoaeueii eciaieei ainoaea?noaaiiia
ono?ienoai Eoaeee. Aianoi iaeaou aeaiooaoia auea nicaeaia iaeaoa oaoae e
ei?ii?aoeee, i?aa?auaiiay a ia?oeeii-ainoaea?noaaiiue i?aai. Niaianoii n
Naiaoii (/eaiu eioi?iai ii-i?aaeiaio iacia/aeenue ei?ieai) iiaay iaeaoa
(iacia/aaiay a naith i/a?aaeue aeo/a) noaea aunoei caeiiiaeaoaeueiui
i?aaiii no?aiu. Aeaiooaou, oaieaiiua ni naieo ainoaea?noaaiiuo eee
ia?oeeiuo iinoia, aaoiiaoe/anee ia?anoaaaee auoue e /eaiaie ia?eaiaioa.
I?aaiu ianoiiai naiioi?aaeaiey ?anioneaeenue, a aeanoue ia ianoao
ia?aaeaaaeanue i?aoaeoai e noa?inoai, iacia/aaiui ec /eaiia oaoenoneie
ia?oee.
Ionnieeie eeeaeaee?iaae o?aaeeoeeiiiua eeaa?aeueii-aeaiie?aoe/aneea
einoeooou, /oiau ia eo ianoa nicaeaoue einoeooou oioaeeoa?iiai
oaoenoneiai ainoaea?noaa. N?aaee ieo neaaeoao iacaaoue i?aaeaea anaai
Aieueoie oaoenoneee niaao (AON), nicaeaiiue 15 aeaeaa?y 1922 a., a
ninoaa eioi?iai aioee ?oeiaiaeeoaee oaoenoneie ia?oee e
ieieno?u-oaoenou.
Ia eiay caeiiiaeaoaeueiie aeanoe, AON oai ia iaiaa auiieiye
caeiiioai?/aneea ooieoeee. Ii eiio?iee?iaae ?ac?aaioeo aeae?aoia e
caeiiia aeey i?aaenoaaeaiey eo a ia?eaiaio; iia aunooiaoue n
caeiiiaeaoaeueiie eieoeeaoeaie; a ?yaea neo/aaa naieoeeiie?iaae aeae?aou
e aeaaea ?ac?aaaouaae aeou eiinoeoooeeiiiiai oa?aeoa?a, iai?eia? Oa?oeth
o?oaea, iieiaeeaooth ia/aei nicaeaieth ei?ii?aoeaiie nenoaiu a Eoaeee;
eiio?iee?iaae aeayoaeueiinoue i?aaeoaeuenoaa (i?e/ai Ionnieeie aue
iaeiia?aiaiii ?oeiaiaeeoaeai AON e i?aaeoaeuenoaa).
Nai oaeo nicaeaiey AON naeaeaoaeuenoaiaae i n?aueaaiee ia?oeeiiai e
ainoaea?noaaiiiai aiia?aoa. Caeiiii io 9 aeaeaa?y 1928 a. ca AON
i?eciaaaeenue e caeiiioai?/aneea ooieoeee; ii i?iaicaeaoaeny “aa?oiaiui
i?aaiii… nin?aaeioi/eaathuei a naaa anth aeoeaiinoue ?aaeeia”.
Aua iaeiei oaaii ia iooe ?ac?ooaiey ao?aeoacii-aeaiie?aoe/aneiai
ainoaea?noaa auea eeeaeaeaoeey iiiaiia?oeeiie nenoaiu. Caeiiii 1926—1927
aa. “I caueoa ainoaea?noaa” cai?auaeenue ana iieeoe/aneea ia?oee, e?iia
oaoenoneie, aiioee?iaaeenue iaiaeaou aeaiooaoia io iiiiceoeeiiiuo
ia?oee, cae?uaaeenue ana iiiiceoeeiiiua aacaou e aeo?iaeu, /eaiu
iiiiceoeeiiiuo ia?oee e aeaeaeaiee i?aneaaeiaaeenue, ioiaiyeanue
auai?iinoue a i?aaiu aeanoe, a oii /enea ianoiiai naiioi?aaeaiey.
Oaoenoneay ia?oey noaea iii?ie ?aaeeia ee/iie aeanoe. Ai aeaaa ia?oee
noiye ianiaiyaiue aiaeaeue (aeo/a) Ionnieeie. Ia?oeeiua i?aaiu
iiae?acaeaeyeenue ia aaeeiiee/iua e eieeaaeaeueiua, auiieiythuea
niaauaoaeueiua ooieoeee. Ia?oey i?aa?aoeeanue a ath?ie?aoe/aneee
aiaiece?iaaiiue ainoaea?noaaiiue i?aai ni no?iaie oeaio?aeecaoeeae.
Eciaieeny e nioeeaeueiue ninoaa ?oeiaiaenoaa ia?oee, ia ianoi
i?aaenoaaeoaeae iaeeie e n?aaeiae ao?aeoacee anoaee eeoea, naycaiiua n
e?oiiie ao?aeoaceae. Iinoaiaiii ia ainoaea?noaaiiua iinou ia/aee
iacia/aoue oieueei /eaiia oaoenoneie ia?oee. Aianoa n oai ?yaeiaua /eaiu
ia?oee auee aacaeaniu e ia o/anoaiaaee a ?aoaiee ia?oeeiuo aii?inia.
Ei?aiiui eciaiaieyi iiaeaa?aeanue e ecae?aoaeueiay nenoaia.
Ecae?aoaeueiui caeiiii 1923 a. no?aia iauyaeyeanue aaeeiui
ecae?aoaeueiui ie?oaii. Ia?oey, eaiaeeaeaou eioi?ie iieo/aee ia iaiaa
/aoaa?oe iiaeaiiuo aieinia, iieo/aea aeaa o?aoe iano a ia?eaiaioa. Ii
ecae?aoaeueiiio caeiio 1928 a. i?eioeei anaiauaai ?aaiiai aieiniaaiey e
i?iii?oeeiiaeueiiai i?aaenoaaeoaeuenoaa (caeii 1919 a.) aue caiaiai
auaeaeaeaieai eaiaeeaeaoia oaoenoneeie i?ionithcaie n iaycaoaeueiui eo
iaeia?aieai AON.
O/anoea a auai?ao iiaee i?eieiaoue eoaeueyioeu, aeinoeaoea 21 aiaea,
anee iie aeiaeeee ii?aaeaeaiioth noiio aeaiaa a oaoenoneea i?ionithcu,
eee iaeaaeaee aeooiaiui caaieai, eee ieaoeee ia iaiaa 100 ee? i?yiiai
iaeiaa. Oie/oiaeaiea ecae?aoaeueiie nenoaiu caaa?oeeinue ieii/aoaeueiie
eeeaeaeaoeeae ia?eaiaioa e ianoiiai naiioi?aaeaiey.
Oaoenoneeie eaeaieiaaie auea auaeaeiooa eaeay “iaoeeiiaeueiie
nieeaea?iinoe”, o. a. eeanniaiai nio?oaeie/anoaa iin?aaenoaii nicaeaiey
iniauo einoeoooia — ei?ii?aoeee, i?ecaaiiuo eeeaeaee?iaaoue eeanniaua
i?ioeai?a/ey e niaeaenoaiaaoue ?acaeoeth i?iecaiaenoaa.
A 1927 a. AON i?eiye Oa?oeth o?oaea, a eioi?ie i?iaicaeaoaeinue
?anoe?aiea ainoaea?noaaiiiai aiaoaoaeuenoaa a noa?o o?oaeiauo ioiioaiee.
Niaeanii Oa?oee iniiaie oaoenoneiai ainoaea?noaa aeieaeiu auoue
ei?ii?aoeee, iauaaeeiythuea i?aaei?eieiaoaeae e ?aaioieeia iaaiiiai
o?oaea ii io?aneyi i?iecaiaenoaa. Caaanoiaee e eieaoou cai?auaeenue,
o?oaeiaua eiioeeeou ?anniao?eaaeenue niaoeeaeueiuie eiieoaoaie,
ninoiyaoeie ec i?aaenoaaeoaeae oaoenoneie ia?oee, ainoaea?noaa,
i?aaiecaoeee i?aaei?eieiaoaeae e oaoenoneeo i?ionithcia.
Oaoenoneei ?aaeeiii auee nicaeaiu niaoeeaeueiia ieienoa?noai ei?ii?aoeee
e Iaoeeiiaeueiue niaao ei?ii?aoeee. Ei?ii?aoeee, oae aea eae e
i?ionithcu, noaee /anoueth ainoaea?noaaiiiai aiia?aoa. A na?aaeeia 30-o
aiaeia ia?aciaaiu 22 ei?ii?aoeee a ?acee/iuo iaeanoyo i?iiuoeaiiinoe, a
Iaoeeiiaeueiue niaao ei?ii?aoeee noae i?aaiii, ?oeiaiaeyuei yeiiiieeie
no?aiu (Niaao ii?aaeaeye oa?eou, ii?iu i?iecaiaenoaa, ca?ieaoo, oeaiu).
Eae caeiiiaeaoaeueiuie, oae e i?aaiecaoeeiiiuie ia?aie oaoenoneee ?aaeei
iuoaeny iiaeaaeoue ethaia nii?ioeaeaiea oioaeeoa?iie iieeoe/aneie
nenoaia. I?aaeoaeuenoaii Ionnieeie i?eieiathony caeiiu, ninoaaeaoea oae
iacuaaaiue eiiieaen ia?ii?eyoee ii caueoa ainoaea?noaa: ana
iiiiceoeeiiiua iieeoe/aneea ia?oee ?anioneaeenue, aioeoaoenoneay ia/aoue
cai?auaeanue; aaiaeeeanue nia?oiay eaciue ca iieooaiea ia ei?iey,
ei?ieaao e aeaao i?aaeoaeuenoaa; cai?auaeanue aeayoaeueiinoue
i?ionithcia (ca eneeth/aieai oaoenoneeo); a i?aeoeeo i?aainoaeey
aaiaeeeanue /?acau/aeiay thnoeoeey n i?eiaiaieai iieeoe/aneie e
aaeieieno?aoeaiie aunueee; auee i?eiyou caeiiiaeaoaeueiua aeou i /enoea
ainoaea?noaaiiiai aiia?aoa io “iaiaoeeiiaeueii iuneyueo yeaiaioia”.
Aeoeaii oi?ie?iaaeny ?ai?anneaiue aiia?ao. Oaea a 1923 a. ?aoaieai AON
nicaeaia aeia?iaieue/aneay ieeeoeey ii caueoa iaoeeiiaeueiie
aaciianiinoe; aa nio?oaeieee iaiin?aaenoaaiii iiae/eiyeenue aeo/a, a eo
/eneaiiinoue i?aauoaea aii?oaeaiiua neeu no?aiu. *?acau/aeiuie caeiiaie
1926 a. auee ia?aciaaiu e ae?oaea i?aaiu ?ai?anneaiie nenoaiu ?aaeeia:
iieeoeey iaoeeiiaeueiie aaciianiinoe, i?aaiecaoeey io?aiu io
aioeoaoenoneeo i?anooieaiee, iniaay neoaeaa iieeoe/aneeo ?anneaaeiaaiee.
Aii?oaeaiiua neeu oaeaea iiae/eiyeenue aeaaa i?aaeoaeuenoaa, aio aea eae
ieieno?o IAAe aue iiae/eiai ei?ion ea?aaeia?ia.
Oeaeyi iiaeaaeaiey i?ioeaieeia ?aaeeia neoaeeea e noaeaaiay nenoaia.
Nicaeaaaeenue iniaua eiiennee — iieeoeaeneea noaeu, /eaiaie eioi?uo auee
?oeiaiaeeoaee iieeoeee, i?ieo?i?, ia/aeueiee oaoenoneie ieeeoeee e
ae?oaea aeieaeiinoiua eeoea. Oaeei noaeai aeey inoaeaeaiey auei
aeinoaoi/ii iiaeic?aiey a “iieeoe/aneie iaaeaaiiaaeaaeiinoe”. Iaeaieaa
aaaeiua iieeoe/aneea aeaea ?anniao?eaaeenue iniaui iieeoe/aneei
o?eaoiaeii, /eaiaie eioi?iai auee ioeoea?u, iacia/aiiua Ionnieeie.
I?eaiai?u o?eaoiaea (a iniiaiii yoi nia?oiay eaciue) yaeyeenue
ieii/aoaeueiuie e iaaeaeiaaieth ia iiaeeaaeaee.
Iaeiei ec caaiueaa ainoaea?noaaiiiai iaoaiecia aue ia?iiiue
i?iiaaaiaeenoneee aiia?ao (aei oiai iaecaanoiue ie?iaie i?aeoeea),
nicaeaiiue n oeaeueth eiio?iey iaae anae iauanoaaiiie e aeooiaiie
aeeciueth eoaeueyioeaa.
Oaoenoneee iieeoe/aneee ?aaeei aeoeaii aiaoeaaeny a ?acaeoea yeiiiieee
no?aiu. Aeayoaeueiinoue ainoaea?noaaiiuo i?aaiia ii oi?aaeaieth
yeiiiieeie auea iai?aaeaia ia nicaeaiea oneiaee naiiiaania/aiey no?aiu
iin?aaenoaii ia?aciaaiey iiuiuo iieoainoaea?noaaiiuo aeoeeiia?iuo
iauaaeeiaiee.
Aieueoia cia/aiea aeey oaoenoneiai ?aaeeia eiaei onoaiiaeaiea
nio?oaeie/anoaa n eaoiee/aneie oea?eiaueth, au?aceaoaany a caeeth/aiee a
1929 a. niaeaoaiee ia ioeoeeaeueiii i?eie?aiee. Eoaeey i?eciaaaea
ainoaea?noai Aaoeeai (niai? na. Iao?a, naaeu Aaoeeaia e ?yae caeaiee a
?eia e aai ie?anoiinoyo) iiae aa?oiaiui noaa?aieoaoii iaiu, a Aaoeeai
i?eciaaae Eoaeueyineia ainoaea?noai ni noieeoeae a ?eia e ai aeaaa n
Naaieneie aeeianoeae. Eoaeey iaycuaaeanue auieaoeoue Aaoeeaio ia?iiioth
noiio a ?acia?a 1 ie?ae. 750 iei. ee?. Eaoiee/aneay ?aeeaey auea iacaaia
aaeeinoaaiiie ?aeeaeae Eoaeee. Aeaiiua niaeaoaiey iicaieeee oaoenoneiio
?aaeeio a aeaeueiaeoai eniieueciaaoue aaoi?eoao oea?eae aeey
iiaeaea?aeee ?aaeeia eae aioo?e no?aiu, oae e ca ?oaaaeii.
Aaaeiie /a?oie aiaoiae iieeoeee oaoenoneiai ?aaeeia auea yeniainey,
inouanoaeaiiay iiae eicoiaii aic?iaeaeaiey ?eineie eiia?ee. Oaoenoneie
Eoaeee oaeaeinue caoaaoeoue Aaenneieth (1936 a.), ieeoie?iaaoue Aeaaieth
(1939 a.), a 1940 a. eoaeueyineea aienea aoi?aeenue a 1?aoeeth. Eoaeey
noaea aeoeaiui /eaiii nithca Eoaeey — Aa?iaiey — ssiiiey, /oi iaoei naia
au?aaeaiea a nicaeaiee “aioeeiieioa?iianeiai iaeoa” (1937 a.) e
iiaeienaiee a iineaaeothuai aeiaiai?ia iaaeaeo yoeie no?aiaie,
i?aaeii?aaeaeeaoeo eo niaianoiia o/anoea ai aoi?ie ie?iaie aieia. A
ethia 1940 a. Eoaeey iauyaeea aieio Aiaeee e O?aioeee, a caoai
oaoenoneee ?aaeei aeoeaii o/anoaiaae a iaoanoaee aeoea?ianeeo aiene ia
Niaaoneee Nithc.
2. Iaaeaiea oaoenoneiai ?aaeeia
Iieiaeaiea a no?aia ?acei oooaeoeeinue ai a?aiy aoi?ie ie?iaie aieiu:
iaaeaei i?iecaiaenoai, oneeeaaeanue aac?aaioeoea ?aai/eo e e?anoueyi,
?aci?eeenue iaeeea e n?aaeiea i?aaei?eieiaoaee.
A ninoiyiee oaeoaeythuaainy e?ecena iaoiaeeeanue e a?iey. Ieioi
iniauaiiay, aeaci?aaieciaaiiay, i?eioaeaeaaiay n?aaeaoueny ca /oaeaeua
eioa?anu, a?iey oa?iaea iaeii ii?aaeaiea ca ae?oaei, oa?yy aeanyoee
ouny/ nieaeao e ioeoea?ia, /oi e iineoaeeei i?e/eiie aa ?aniaaea eaoii
1943 a. Eoaeey oo?a/eaaea oaeaea iieeoe/aneoth e yeiiiie/aneoth
iacaaeneiinoue, i?aa?auaynue a aannaea Aa?iaiee.
?aca?ii iaiaoeei-oaoenoneeo aiene e eoaeueyineiai yeniaaeeoeeiiiiai
ei?iona iiae Noaeeia?aaeii noae ia/aeii e?aoa oaoenoneiai ?aaeeia a
Eoaeee.
I?aayuea e?oae no?aiu ia/aee eneaoue aiciiaeiinoue aueoe ec aieiu e
oa?aoue ?oeiaiaeeoaey oaoenoneiai ?aaeeia A. Ionnieeie. A ie?oaeaiee
ei?iey aue i?aaieciaai caaiai?, iiaeaea?aeaiiue aaia?aeeoaoii, e?oiiuie
i?iiuoeaiieeaie. 24 ethey 1943 a. Aieueoie oaoenoneee niaao i?eiye
?aoaiea i?ineoue ei?iey aicaeaaeoue aii?oaeaiiua neeu, /oi noaei
au?aaeaieai iaaeiaa?ey e aeo/a. I?aayuea e?oae Eoaeee, oaaaeeaoenue a
oii, /oi oaoenoneee ?aaeei aaaeao e aiaiiiio e
nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneiio e?aoo, iioee ia ono?aiaiea Ionnieeie e
eeeaeaeaoeeth iaeaieaa iaiaaenoiuo ia?iaeii oaoenoneeo
ainoaea?noaaiii-i?aaiauo einoeoooia e ia?oee.
I?aaeoaeuenoai ai aeaaa n iiaui i?aiuea?-ieieno?ii I. Aaaeieuei,
iiaeienaa oneiaey aaciaiai?i/iie eaieooeyoeee (3 e 29 naioya?y 1943 a.),
ia?aoei ia noi?iio no?ai aioeaeoea?ianeie eiaeeoeee e, iauyaea Eoaeeth
“niaianoii aiththuae no?aiie”, aaaeaei iiae caueoo aiaei-aia?eeaineeo
aiene ia tha no?aiu.
No?aiu aioeaeoea?ianeie eiaeeoeee auee aaeeiu a oii, /oi oaoenoneee
?aaeei Eoaeee ioaeii oie/oiaeeoue, i /ai e auei cayaeaii ia Iineianeie
eiioa?aioeee a ieoya?a 1943 a. ieieno?aie eiino?aiiuo aeae NNN?, NOA e
Aaeeeia?eoaiee. Eoaeueyineiio ia?iaeo aeieaeia auoue i?aaeinoaaeaia
aiciiaeiinoue aeaiie?aoe/aneei iooai noi?ie?iaaoue i?aaiu aeanoe e
oi?aaeaiey. Aiai?eeinue e i iaiaoiaeeiinoe aeeth/aiey a i?aaeoaeuenoai
i?aaenoaaeoaeae aioeoaoenoneeo nee, /enoee ainoaea?noaaiiiai aiia?aoa e
i?aaeaiey noaeo aeaeiuo oaoenoia.
Ai eniieiaiea ?aoaiey Iineianeie eiioa?aioeee aue nicaeai
Eiinoeueoaoeaiue niaao ii aii?inai Eoaeee, a ninoaa eioi?iai aioee
i?aaenoaaeoaee NOA, NNN?, Aaeeeia?eoaiee, O?aioeee, THaineaaee e
A?aoeee.
Iiae aeaaeaieai aeaeaeaiey Nii?ioeaeaiey e ?aoaiee ?oeiaiaenoaa no?ai
aioeaeoea?ianeie eiaeeoeee eaoii 1943 a. auee i?eiyou aeou i ?inionea
oaoenoneie ia?oee, iaeaou oaoae e ei?ii?aoeee, Aieueoiai oaoenoneiai
niaaoa, niaoeeaeueiiai oaoenoneiai o?eaoiaea ii caueoa ainoaea?noaa,
oaoenoneeo i?aaiia oi?aaeaiey e eiio?iey iaae yeiiiieeie. Aianoa n oai
cia/eoaeueiay /anoue ainoaea?noaaiiie iaoeiu oaoenoneiai ?aaeeia e aa
eaae?ia nio?aiyeanue a oa/aiea aeaoo-o?ao aeanyoeeaoee.
Ia?iiioth ?ieue a iiaaaea iaae iaiaoeeeie aieneaie e oaoenoneei ?aaeeiii
nua?aei aeaeaeaiea Nii?ioeaeaiey. Inaiueth 1943 a. iyoue aioeoaoenoneeo
ia?oee (nioeeaeenou, eiiioienou, i?aaenoaaeoaee Aeaenoaey,
aeaiie?aoe/aneea o?enoeaia, eeaa?aeu) ia ia?eoaoiuo ia/aeao nicaeaee
nenoaio eiieoaoia iaoeeiiaeueiiai inaiaiaeaeaiey (EII). Eiieoaou
iaoeeiiaeueiiai inaiaiaeaeaiey aunooieee eae i?aaiecaoeeiiiua no?oeoo?u,
iniiaaiiua ia iiauo, iaecaanoiuo aei yoiai eoaeueyineiio ainoaea?noao
aeaiie?aoe/aneeo i?eioeeiao.
Iinoaiaiii auea nicaeaia ?acaaoaeaiiay nenoaia EII, ioaaoeaoay anth
no?aio e io?aaeaaoay aa aaeieieno?aoeaiia aeaeaiea: eiiioia, ai?iae,
?aeii, i?iaeioeey, iaeanoue. Aicaeaaee nenoaio EII a oeaio?a Eoaeee e ia
naaa?a no?aiu Eiieoao iaoeeiiaeueiiai inaiaiaeaeaiey Naaa?iie Eoaeee
(EIINE). Ii iaaeaeee EII iaeanoae (a eo a Eoaeee 20) i?a?iaaoeaaie
i?aaiia aeanoe, eiathueo i?aai eiio?iey ca inoaaoeiny io oaoenoneiai
?aaeeia ainoaea?noaaiiui aiia?aoii oi?aaeaiey e oi?aaeaiey ei. E?iia
oiai, aio ii?o/aeinue e ?oeiaiaenoai iiauie i?aaiaie a eeoea EII e
eniieieoaeueiuie i?aaiaie i?e ieo.
Iniai y?ei i?iyaeeanue aeayoaeueiinoue EII eae iiauo i?aaiia aeanoe a
inaiaiaeaeaaiuo aioeoaoenoaie io iaiaoeeeo aiene e oaoenoneeo
oi?ie?iaaiee ciiao — “ia?oecaineeo ?anioaeeeao” Anaai ca ia?eiae
aeaenoaey aeaeaeaiey Nii?ioeaeaiey oaeeo cii ian/eouaaeinue 18.
Nouanoaiaaee “?anioaeeee” io 1 aei 3 ianyoeaa e ioaaouaaee oa??eoi?ee n
ianaeaieai a aeanyoee ouny/ /aeiaae.
E eiioeo aaaonoa 1945 a. oieueei a Naaa?iie Eoaeee ian/eouaaeinue 42
iaeanoiuo e i?iaeioeeaeueiuo EII; 72 — eiiioiaeueiuo; 149 — ia
i?aaei?eyoeyo e a naeueneie ianoiinoe. A EII aoiaeeee i?aaenoaaeoaee
?acee/iuo nioeeaeueiuo neiaa — eioaeeeaaioeee, iaeeie e n?aaeiae
ao?aeoacee, ?aai/eo e e?anoueyi. Aeayoaeueiinoue EII inouanoaeyeanue ii
o?ai iniiaiui iai?aaeaieyi:
i?aaiecaoeey aii?oaeaiiie ai?ueau q iaiaoeeeie caoaao/eeaie e
eoaeueyineeie oaoenoaie;
aeayoaeueiinoue eaauo nee a EII, iai?aaeaiiay ia eciaiaiea oi?iu
i?aaeaiey Eoaeueyineiai ainoaea?noaa;
inouanoaeaiea a Naaa?iie e Oeaio?aeueiie Eoaeee (ii ia?a oaeoaeaiey
?aaiethoeeiiii-aeaiie?aoe/aneeo i?ioeannia a no?aia) ooieoeee
aaeieieno?aoeaiiai oi?aaeaiey, nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneea i?aia?aciaaiey,
ioi?aaeaiea i?aainoaeey e caeiiioai?/anoai.
E aania 1945 a. ia?oecaineay a?iey io nicaeaiey naiaiaeiuo cii ia?aoea e
iianaianoiiio inaiaiaeaeaieth Naaa?iie Eoaeee io iaoeenoia e oaoenoia.
Eiaiii ia?oecaiaie auee inaiaiaeaeaiu e?oiiaeoea ai?iaea Eoaeee Ieeai,
Oo?ei, Aaioy e ae?. Aiaei-aia?eeaineea aienea aoiaeeee a oaea
inaiaiaeaeaiiua ai?iaea e naea.
A nayce n ia?iiiie ?ieueth, eioi?oth ea?aee EII a aeaeaeaiee
Nii?ioeaeaiey e iauanoaaiii-iieeoe/aneie aeecie no?aiu,
aiaei-aia?eeaineay ieeoiaoeeiiiay aaeieieno?aoeey e iinooaoenoneee
?aaeei iioee ia eo i?eciaiea, a i?aaenoaaeoaee EII aioee a ninoaa
i?aaeoaeuenoaa.
EII ieacaee aeeyiea ia iauanoaaiii-iieeoe/aneoth aeeciue no?aiu e ia aa
ainoaea?noaaiiia ono?ienoai. I?aaeaea anaai aia?aua a enoi?ee Eoaeee ia
iieiaeia aa oa??eoi?ee aeaeaeaieai Nii?ioeaeaiey auee nicaeaiu
aeaiie?aoe/aneea i?aaiu aeanoe e oi?aaeaiey. Aeaaiaea?y aeayoaeueiinoe
EII noaee aiciiaeiu oioy au ia?aie/aiiay /enoea ainoaea?noaaiiiai
aiia?aoa e caeiiiaeaoaeueiia cai?auaiea oaoecia ia caeiiiaeaoaeueiii
o?iaia.
Iin?aaenoaii EII auee nicaeaiu Eiinoeueoaoeaiia e O/?aaeeoaeueiia
nia?aiey, nua?aaoea aieueooth ?ieue eae a onoaiiaeaiee ?anioaeeeaineiai
no?iy, oae e a nicaeaiee aeaiie?aoe/aneie eiinoeoooeee.
A nenoaia EII iieo/eee iaoeeiiaeueiia i?eciaiea e noaee ea?aoue
ii?aaeaeythuoth ?ieue a oa/aiea iineaaeothueo aeanyoeeaoee a
iauanoaaiii-iieeoe/aneie aeecie Eoaeee aioeoaoenoneea ia?oee.
Eoaeueyineia ainoaea?noai aiiaue aa?ioeinue e iiiaiia?oeeiie nenoaia.
3. Onoaiiaeaiea ?anioaeeee. Eiinoeoooeey 1947 a.
Iinea e?aoa oaoenoneiai iieeoe/aneiai ?aaeeia e ecaiaiey aeoea?ianeeo
aiene ia?aae eoaeueyineei ia?iaeii anoaea iaiaoiaeeiinoue ?aoaiey aeaoo
aaaeiaeoeo aii?inia ainoaea?noaaiiinoe no?aiu: i oi?ia i?aaeaiey e i
iiaie eiinoeoooeee. Eo ?aoaieth niaeaenoaiaaee i?aaiecaoeeiiiua
ia?ii?eyoey, i?iaaaeaiiua aioeoaoenoneeie ia?oeyie.
20 ia?oa 1946 a. i?aaeoaeuenoai ooaa?aeeei Caeii ia O/?aaeeoaeueiii
nia?aiee, eioi?ia aeieaeii auei oi?ie?iaaoueny ia iniiaa
aeaiie?aoe/aneeo auai?ia (i?iii?oeeiiaeueiay nenoaia, o/anoea aeaiuei a
auai?ao). Iaeiia?aiaiii n auai?aie a O/?aaeeoaeueiia nia?aiea ianaeaieth
Eoaeee i?aaenoiyei iin?aaenoaii ?aoa?aiaeoia ?aoeoue aii?in i oi?ia
i?aaeaiey.
Auai?u a O/?aaeeoaeueiia nia?aiea iieacaee ii?aaeaeaiiia ?aaiiaanea a
?annoaiiaea iieeoe/aneeo nee: eaaua iieo/eee 45% iano, o?enoeaineea
aeaiie?aou — 37, e?aeia i?aaua a?oiie?iaee — 17%. Aeoeaioth iiaeaea?aeeo
i?aaua iieo/eee io aiaei-aia?eeaineie ieeoiaoeeiiiie aaeieieno?aoeee e
i?iaeieaeaaoae ea?aoue aaaeioth ?ieue a iauanoaaiii-iieeoe/aneie aeecie
Eoaeee eaoiee/aneie oea?eae.
16 ia?oa 1947 a. ninoiyeenue auai?u e ?aoa?aiaeoi, ia eioi?ii
eoaeueyioeu ioaa/aee ia aii?in: “Oioeoa ee au onoaiiaeaiey ?anioaeeee?”
Auai?u i?iaiaeeeenue ii aeaiie?aoe/aneiio ecae?aoaeueiiio caeiio. Iie
auee i?yiua, oaeiua e anaiauea. Aieiniaaiea auei iaycaoaeueiui. A
auai?ao o/anoaiaaei 82,8% iauaai /enea ecae?aoaeae; ieiei 13 iei. ec ieo
i?iaieiniaaee ca onoaiiaeaiea ?anioaeeee, ieiei 11 iei. ioaeaee aieina
ca iiia?oeth.
Eiinoeoooeey auea i?eiyoa O/?aaeeoaeueiui nia?aieai (453 aeaiooaoa —
“ca” e 62 aeaiooaoa — “i?ioea”) 22 aeaeaa?y 1947 a. e anooieea a neeo 1
yiaa?y 1948 a. Iia i?iaicaeaneea Eoaeeth aeaiie?aoe/aneie ia?eaiaioneie
?anioaeeeie, “iniiaaiiie ia o?oaea”; noaa?aieoao a ?anioaeeea
i?eiaaeeaaeeo ia?iaeo; “?anioaeeeaineay oi?ia i?aaeaiey ia iiaeao auoue
i?aaeiaoii eiinoeoooeeiiiiai ia?aniio?a” (no. 139). Iniiaiui caeiiii
cai?auaeinue ainnoaiiaeaiea a eaeie-eeai oi?ia oaoenoneie ia?oee.
A Eiinoeoooeee iiae/a?eeaaaony aaaeiinoue iauaaeaiie?aoe/aneeo
i?eioeeiia — aieaa o?aoe (54) noaoae iinayuaiu i?aaai e naiaiaeai
a?aaeaeaieia, oaeei, eae naiaiaea nithcia, nia?aiee, neiaa,
aa?ieniiaaaeaiey, ia/aoe; ooaa?aeaeaeenue i?eioeeiu ?aaiii?aaey
a?aaeaeai; i?iaicaeaoaeenue i?aaa ia o?oae, ia ioaeuo, ia ia?aciaaiea e
nioeeaeueiia iaania/aiea.
Eiinoeoooeey ooaa?aeeea nicaeaiea iaecaanoiuo ?aiaa Eoaeueyineiio
ainoaea?noao einoeoooia: i?aceaeaio ?anioaeeee, Eiinoeoooeeiiiue noae,
Aunoee niaao iaaeno?aoo?u e ?yae ae?oaeo. Eiinoeoooeey iauyaeea oaeaea
ia aaoiiiiee iaeanoae. Ioaeaeueiie noaoueae a Eiinoeoooeeth (no. 7)
aeeth/aiu iieiaeaiey Eaoa?aineeo niaeaoaiee 1929 a.
Iniiaiie caeii iicaieye onoaiaaeeaaoue i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiue eiio?ieue iaae
/anoiie oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoueth, i?aaeoniao?eaaeanue
aiciiaeiinoue yeni?ii?eaoeee /anoiie nianoaaiiinoe e ia?aaiaea aa a
ainoaea?noaaiioth (ii n i?aaii ia aiciauaiea aa noieiinoe). Auei
iauyaeaii i iaiaoiaeeiinoe ia?aie/aiey e?oiiie caiaeueiie nianoaaiiinoe.
A nenoaia i?aaiia ainoaea?noaaiiie aeanoe e oi?aaeaiey Eiinoeoooeey
cae?aieea i?eioeei ?acaeaeaiey aeanoae.
Ia?eaiaio ninoieo ec aeaoo ?aaiii?aaiuo iaeao. Iaeaoa aeaiooaoia
ecae?aaony anaiauei e i?yiui aieiniaaieai n?ieii ia iyoue eao. Naiao
ecae?aaony io iaeanoae n?ieii ia oanoue eao. Eiatho ianoi ?acee/ey a
aeoeaiii e ianneaiii ecae?aoaeueiii i?aaa aeey aeaiooaoia (21 aiae e 25
eao) e aeey naiaoi?ia (25—40 eao).
Ia?eaiaio ii?aaeaeai Eiinoeoooeeae eae aunoee caeiiiaeaoaeueiue i?aai
Eoaeueyineie ?anioaeeee. I?aceaeaio ?anioaeeee iiaeao ia?aae
iaia?iaeiaaieai caeiia iio?aaiaaoue aai ia?aniio?a a ia?eaiaioa, ii anee
iineaaeiee e ai aoi?ie ?ac iaeia?eo caeii, ii aoiaeeo a neeo e aac
eaeiai-eeai aiaoaoaeuenoaa aeaau ainoaea?noaa. A iieiiii/ey ia?eaiaioa
aeeth/aii oaeaea i?eiyoea aeoia, eciaiythueo Eiinoeoooeeth, aeey /aai
i?eiaiyaony oneiaeiaiiay i?ioeaaeo?a: aieueoeinoai a aeaa o?aoe aieinia
ia?eaiaioa?eaa, ?acaeaeueiia ianoaeaeaiea ii iaeaoai n i?iiaaeooeii a
o?e ianyoea. A neo/aa i?inoiai aieueoeinoaa caeiiii?iaeo auiineony ia
?aoa?aiaeoi ii o?aaiaaieth eeai 1/5 aeaiooaoia iaeiie ec iaeao, eeai
iyoe iaeanoiuo niaaoia, eeai 500 oun. ecae?aoaeae.
Ia?eaiaio oaeaea iauyaeyao ninoiyiea aieiu e ie?a; ?aoeoeoee?oao
iaaeaeoia?iaeiua aeiaiai?u; ooaa?aeaeaao athaeaeao; oi?ie?oao eee
i?eieiaao o/anoea a oi?ie?iaaiee oaeeo aaaeiaeoeo i?aaiia ainoaea?noaa,
eae Eiinoeoooeeiiiue noae, Aunoee niaao iaaeno?aoo?u, iaeanoiia
naiioi?aaeaiea, Iaoeeiiaeueiue niaao yeiiiieee e o?oaea; ecae?aao
i?aceaeaioa ?anioaeeee.
A aai ooieoeee aoiaeeo eiio?ieue ca oi?ie?iaaieai e aeayoaeueiinoueth
i?aaeoaeuenoaa, eioi?ia ioaaonoaaiii ia?aae ia?eaiaioii e naii
nouanoaiaaiea eioi?iai ii?aaeaeyaony aiooiii aeiaa?ey iineaaeiaai.
Ia?eaiaio iiaeao oaeaea i?eieiaoue ?aciethoeee ii?eoeaiey
i?aaeoaeuenoaa, caneooeaaoue ?oeiaiaeeoaeae ieienoa?noa e aaaeiinoa,
o?aaiaaoue i?aaeinoaaeaiey i?aaeoaeuenoaii e ae?oaeie i?aaiaie
oi?aaeaiey eioi?iaoeee e aeieoiaioia a naia ?anii?yaeaiea. Aianoa n oai
a Eiinoeoooeee anoue aioeaeaiie?aoe/aneia iieiaeaiea i aiciiaeiie
a?aiaiiie ia?aaea/a ia?eaiaioii i?aaeoaeuenoao caeiiiaeaoaeueiuo
ooieoeee ii iaeioi?ui aii?inai.
I?aceaeaio yaeyaony aeaaie ainoaea?noaa e aiieiuaao iaoeeiiaeueiia
aaeeinoai. Niaeanii Eiinoeoooeee i?aceaeaioii iiaeao auoue eca?ai
“ethaie a?aaeaeaiei noa?oa 50 eao e iieuecothueeny a?aaeaeaineeie e
iieeoe/aneeie i?aaaie”. Ii ecae?aaony ia?eaiaioii n?ieii ia naiue eao ia
niaianoiii canaaeaiee iaaeo iaeao n o/anoeai o?ao aeaeaaaoia io eaaeaeie
ec 20 iaeanoae, eca?aiiuo, a naith i/a?aaeue, iaeanoiuie niaaoaie.
E?oa iieiiii/ee i?aceaeaioa aeinoaoi/ii oe?ie: i?aaeaea anaai ii aeoeaii
aeeyao ia aeayoaeueiinoue ia?eaiaioa — iacia/aao auai?u a ia?eaiaio,
ii?aaeaeyao aeaoo ia/aea aai ?aaiou e, /oi iniaaiii aaaeii, iiaeao
?anionoeoue ia?eaiaio aei eiioea aai iieiiii/ee (ii ia iaiaa /ai ca
oanoue ianyoeaa aei eiioea n?iea naiaai i?aceaeaionoaa). Ii iiaeao
nicaaoue ia /?acau/aeiia canaaeaiea ethaoth ec iaeao. I?aceaeaio
ieacuaaao aeeyiea e ia ninoaa ia?eaiaioa — niaeanii Iniiaiiio caeiio, ii
eiaao i?aai iacia/aoue iyoue “iiaeeciaiiuo naiaoi?ia”. Ii iaia?iaeoao
caeiiu a oaeaea ii?iaoeaiua aeou, ioiinyueany e iaeanoiiio e ianoiiio
naiioi?aaeaieth, e iaeaaeaao i?aaii ioeaaaoaeueiiai aaoi. Ii iiaeao
oaeaea ?anioneaoue iaeanoiua niaaou e a ?yaea neo/aaa ecaeaaaoue
aeae?aou, eiathuea neeo caeiia. A iieiiii/ey i?aceaeaioa aoiaeeo e
iauyaeaiea ?aoa?aiaeoia.
I?aceaeaio ii i?aaeeiaeaieth eeaea?ia iieeoe/aneeo ia?oee iacia/aao
i?aaenaaeaoaey Niaaoa ieieno?ia, a ii aai i?aaeeiaeaieth — ieieno?ia.
I?aaeoaeuenoai i?eiineo i?enyao i?aceaeaioo e /a?ac 10 aeiae iinea yoiai
aeieaeii iieo/eoue “aiooi aeiaa?ey” ia?eaiaioa.
I?aceaeaio ?aoeoeoee?oao iaaeaeoia?iaeiua aeiaiai?u, i?e iai
aee?aaeeoiaai aeeieiiaoe/aneee ei?ion. A eiiiaoaioeeth i?aceaeaioa
aoiaeyo oaeaea iauyaeaiea ninoiyiey aieiu e ie?a (iinea auianaiey
?aoaiey ia yoii ia?eaiaioii), aiienoey e iiieeiaaiea.
I?aceaeaio ea?aao aieueooth ?ieue e a eaae?iaie iieeoeea ainoaea?noaa:
iiieii “iiaeeciaiiuo naiaoi?ia” ii iacia/aao ainaiue yenia?oia a
Iaoeeiiaeueiue niaao yeiiiieee e o?oaea e iyoue ec 15 /eaiia
Eiinoeoooeeiiiiai noaea, a oaeaea ninoaa i?aceaeeoia Aunoaai niaaoa
iai?iiu, Aunoaai niaaoa iaaeno?aoo?u, aaea ii i?aaenaaeaoaeuenoaoao. Ii
yaeyaony aeaaiieiiaiaeothuei aii?oaeaiiuie neeaie. A neo/aa
iaaiciiaeiinoe ioi?aaeyoue naie iieiiii/ey i?aceaeaio, niaeanii
Eiinoeoooeee, iiaeao auoue caiaiai i?aaenaaeaoaeai Naiaoa. I?aceaeaio
ianao ioaaonoaaiiinoue oieueei ca “eciaio e iinyaaoaeuenoai ia
Eiinoeoooeeth” (no. 90). A oaeeo neo/ayo iaaeiaiea i?aaeuyaeyaony
ia?eaiaioii ia niaianoiii canaaeaiee aaniethoiui aieueoeinoaii aieinia
aeaiooaoia, iinea /aai noaeueao i?aceaeaioa ?aoaao Eiinoeoooeeiiiue
noae.
I?aaeoaeuenoai ioaaonoaaiii ia?aae ia?eaiaioii, anaie naieie aeaenoaeyie
e aeoaie. Eiinoeoooeey cae?aieyao oaeaea i?eioeei eieeaaeaeueiie
ioaaonoaaiiinoe anao /eaiia Niaaoa ieieno?ia e ia?niiaeueiie
ioaaonoaaiiinoe ieieno?ia ca aicaeaaeyaiua eie aaaeiinoaa.
I?aaeoaeuenoai ?oeiaiaeeo nenoaiie eniieieoaeueiie aeanoe e ieacuaaao
nouanoaaiiia aeeyiea ia aeayoaeueiinoue i?aaiia iaeanoiiai e ianoiiai
naiioi?aaeaiey; iii i?yii e iin?aaenoaii naieo i?aaenoaaeoaeae ia ianoao
a eeoea i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiuo eiienna?ia, i?aoaeoia, i?aaiia n/aoiie iaeaou
e o. i. ieacuaaao aeeyiea eae ia ii?iioai?/aneoth aeayoaeueiinoue, oae e
ia yeiiiie/aneoth iieeoeeo iaeanoae, i?iaeioeee e eiiioi.
Iaiyaony e nenoaia ainoaea?noaaiiiai oi?aaeaiey ia ianoao. Iiaui a
i?aeoeea Eoaeueyineiai ainoaea?noaa yaeeny einoeooo i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiiai
eiienna?a, a iieiiii/ey eioi?iai aioee ?oeiaiaenoai anae a?aaeaeaineie
aaeieieno?aoeeae a iaeanoe e eii?aeeiaoeey aai aeayoaeueiinoe n
aeayoaeueiinoueth i?aaiia iaeanoiiai naiioi?aaeaiey. Aianoa n oai
nio?aieeny einoeooo i?aoaeoa, eioi?ue iacia/aaony i?aceaeaioii
?anioaeeee ii ?aeiiaiaeaoeee ieieno?a aioo?aiieo aeae. I?e i?aoaeoa
oi?ie?oaony niaao i?aoaeoo?u, inouanoaeythuee eiio?ieue ca
aaeieieno?aoeaiie e oeiainiaie aeayoaeueiinoueth a i?iaeioeeyo. A
iiae/eiaiee i?aoaeoa iaoiaeyony oaeaea i?iaeioeeaeueiua i?aaiu
niaoeeaeueiuo neoaea, ai?iaeneay e naeueneay iieeoeey. Ec th?enaeeeoeee
i?aoaeoa ecuyou aii?inu i?aainoaeey, aii?oaeaiiua neeu e o?ainii?o.
I?aayuea e?oae auee auioaeaeaiu iieoe ia iaeioi?ua no?oeoo?iua eciaiaiey
e a aii?oaeaiiuo neeao. A a?iee aaiaeeony einoeooo aaia?aeueiiai
einiaeoi?a aii?oaeaiiuo nee, iaoiaeyuaainy a iiae/eiaiee oieueei
aa?oiaiiai aeaaiieiiaiaeothuaai. Auee nicaeaiu oaeaea
eiinoeueoaoeaii-eii?aeeiaoeeiiiua i?aaiu — Aunoee niaao ii ay?iiaaoeea e
Aunoee niaao ii iai?iia. A aieineee onoaa auee aianaiu eciaiaiey,
iai?aaeaiiua ia iaeioi?oth aeaiie?aoecaoeeth a?iee: nieaeaou iieo/eee
i?aai ia nicaeaiea eiiennee, eiio?iee?iaaaoeo ieoaiea, auaea/o
oaieueieoaeueiuo e o. i.
E ia/aeo 50-o aiaeia a Eoaeee i?aeoe/anee noi?ie?iaaeenue iyoue aeaeia
iieeoeee: neeu iauanoaaiiie aaciianiinoe, ei?ion ea?aaeia?ia, oeiainiaay
iieeoeey, eaniay io?aia, i?iaeioeeaeueiay iieeoeey.
I?aaiaie eino?oiaio, eniieuecoaiue i?aaiio?aieoaeueiuie i?aaiaie,
nio?aieeny a iniiaiii iaeciaiiui: yoi Oaieiaiue eiaeaen 1931 a. e
Oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiue eiaeaen 1941 a. e ae?oaea i?aaiaua aeieoiaiou,
nicaeaiiua a aeioaoenoneee e oaoenoneee ia?eiaeu enoi?ee Eoaeee.
I?aaiaie iniiaie aeayoaeueiinoe Eiinoeoooeeiiiiai noaea yaeeenue noaouee
Eiinoeoooeee, eioi?ua e aai iieiiii/eyi ioiinyo eiio?ieue ca
eiinoeoooeeiiiinoueth i?aaiauo ii?i; ?ac?aoaiea nii?ia iaaeaeo i?aaiaie
ainoaea?noaaiiie aeanoe, a oaeaea iaaeaeo ainoaea?noaii e iaeanoyie;
caueoo iniiaiuo i?aa a?aaeaeai e i?aaiecaoeee ia?aae aaeieieno?aoeaiuie
i?aaiaie; ?anniio?aiea iaaeiaiee a ioiioaiee i?aceaeaioa ?anioaeeee e
/eaiia i?aaeoaeuenoaa.
Aeaaiie caaea/ae Noaea yaeyaony io?aia eiinoeoooeeiiiuo aa?aioee e
i?ioeaiaeaenoaea ?acee/iui ainoaea?noaaiiui i?aaiai, i?aauoathuei naie
iieiiii/ey, ii?aaeaeaiiua Eiinoeoooeeae. Oieueei Eiinoeoooeeiiiue noae
iaeaaeaao i?aaii ieii/aoaeueiiai oieeiaaiey Eiinoeoooeee e niioaaonoaey
ae ae?oaeo ii?iaoeaiuo aeoia, a neaaeiaaoaeueii, iiaeao iauyaeoue
iaaeaenoaeoaeueiui ethaie ii?iaoeaiue aeo, i?eciaa aai i?ioeai?a/auei
Iniiaiiio Caeiio. E iieiiii/eyi Noaea ioiinyony io?aia caeiiiinoe a
no?aia a neo/aa i?iaaaeaiey ?aoa?aiaeoia e caueoa ?anioaeeeaineie oi?iu
i?aaeaiey.
Noae oi?ie?oaony ec 15 noaeae, o?aoue ec eioi?uo iacia/aao i?aceaeaio
?anioaeeee, o?aoue — ia?eaiaio e o?aoue — Aunoay iauay e
aaeieieno?aoeaiay iaaeno?aoo?a (/eiiaieee noaeia, i?ieo?aoo?u,
o/aiua-th?enou e o. i.). N?ie iieiiii/ee /eaiia Noaea — 9 eao n
iinoaiaiiie caiaiie. N oeaeueth iacaaeneiinoe io ae?oaeo
ainoaea?noaaiiuo i?aaiia Eiinoeoooeeiiiue noae eiaao nianoaaiiue
athaeaeao, aai ?aoaiey caueuaiu Eiinoeoooeeae io eaeiai-eeai
i?aneaaeiaaiey. A aeaeueiaeoai a ?acaeoea iieiaeaiee Eiinoeoooeee i
Eiinoeoooeeiiiii noaea aai /eaiu iieo/eee i?aai eiioieoaoa, eioi?ui
iaeaaeatho /eaiu ia?eaiaioa.
Iinoaiaiii noi?ie?iaaeanue cae?aieaiiay Eiinoeoooeeae neaaeothuay
nenoaia i?aaiia i?aainoaeey: Ainoaea?noaaiiue niaao; N/aoiay iaeaoa;
aiaiiua o?eaoiaeu; noaeu i?enyaeiuo; aiaeeyoeeiiiua e eannaoeeiiiua
noaeu e i?aoi?u, a oaeaea aaeieieno?aoeaiua aeaeoiou.
Noaeaaioth nenoaio aicaeaaeyao Aunoee niaao iaaeno?aoo?u iiae
i?aaenaaeaoaeuenoaii i?aceaeaioa ?anioaeeee. Eiinoeoooeey i?iaicaeaneea
aeaa aaaeiuo i?eioeeia aeayoaeueiinoe noaeaaiie nenoaiu: iacaaeneiinoue
noaeae e einoeooo noaea i?enyaeiuo.
Niaeanii Eiinoeoooeee 1947 a., i?iaicaeaneaoae i?eioeei oe?ieie
aaoiiiiee iaeanoae e ianoiiai naiioi?aaeaiey, Eoaeey — oieoa?iia
aeaoeaio?aeeciaaiiia ainoaea?noai; no?aia iiaeaeaia ia 20 iaeanoae, 95
i?iaeioeee e 8068 eiiioi.
Aia?aua a enoi?ee Eoaeee ia/aeinue ?aoaiea i?iaeaiu iaeanoiie aaoiiiiee.
Iaeanoue eiaao noaooo, i?eieiaaiue iaeanoiui niaaoii e ooaa?aeaeaaiue
ia?eaiaioii. Iaeanoue oi?aaeyaony iaeanoiui niaaoii, eniieieoaeueiui
i?aaiii eioi?iai yaeyaony iaeanoiay aeaeoioa. A iieiiii/ey iaeanoiiai
niaaoa aoiaeyo: oi?ie?iaaiea i?aaiia e o/?aaeaeaiee iaeanoiiai
iiae/eiaiey, a oii /enea iieeoeee; eciaiaiea a?aieoe eiiioi; ianoiay
oi?aiaey; cae?aaiio?aiaiea, nioeeaeueiia iaania/aiea e i?ioanneiiaeueiia
iao/aiea, aii?inu naieoa?ee e aeaeaiu; a?aaeino?ieoaeuenoai e oo?eci;
iocae, aeaeeioaee e o. i. Iaeanoiie niaao eiio?iee?oao aeayoaeueiinoue
i?iaeioeeaeueiuo e eiiioiaeueiuo i?aaiia naiioi?aaeaiey. Iaeanoue
iaeaaeaao e ecaanoiie oeiainiaie aaoiiiieae — a aa ?anii?yaeaiea
iinooiatho ianoiua e /anoue iauaainoaea?noaaiiuo iaeiaia. Iaeanoiie
niaao yaeyaony noauaeoii caeiiiaeaoaeueiie eieoeeaoeau — a?oiia ec iyoe
iaeanoiuo niaaoia iiaeao iio?aaiaaoue i?iaaaeaiey ?aoa?aiaeoia ii
aii?inai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa (e?iia caeiiia ia aiienoee, i iiieeiaaiee, i
iaeiaao e athaeaeaoa, i iieiiii/eyo ia ?aoeoeeaoeeth iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo
aeiaiai?ia). Iaeanoe o/anoaotho oaeaea a eca?aiee i?aceaeaioa
?anioaeeee.
Nii?u iaaeaeo ainoaea?noaii e iaeanoyie, a oaeaea iaaeaeo iaeanoyie
?aoathony a Eiinoeoooeeiiiii noaea.
Iaeanoe ninoiyo ec i?iaeioeee e eiiioi. I?iaeioeey oi?aaeyaony
i?iaeioeeaeueiui nia?aieai, eioi?ia ecae?aao i?iaeioeeaeueioth aeaeoioo
a ea/anoaa eniieieoaeueiiai i?aaia.
Ieaeiaa caaii aaeieieno?aoeaii-oa??eoi?eaeueiie nenoaiu — eiiioia —
oi?aaeyaony eiiioiaeueiui niaaoii, eioi?ue ecae?aao eiiioiaeueioth
aeaeoioo, aicaeaaeyaioth iy?ii.
Ia?yaeo n iaeanoiie aaoiiiieae e ianoiui naiioi?aaeaieai aeaenoaoao e
nenoaia i?aaiia oi?aaeaiey ia ianoao: i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiua eiienna?u a
iaeanoyo, i?aoaeou a i?iaeioeeyo, iy?u eae aeiaa?aiiua eeoea
i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiie aeanoe a eiiioiao.
Ianoiua i?aaiu iiaoo auoue ?aniouaiu, anee ii iiaieth niioaaonoaothuaai
i?aaenoaaeoaey oeaio?aeueiie aeanoe iie niaa?oeee aeaenoaey,
i?ioeai?a/auea Iniiaiiio Caeiio eee aeaenoaothuaio caeiiiaeaoaeuenoao. A
oaeii neo/aa aeae?ao i ?inionea iaeanoiiai niaaoa i?eieiaaony
i?aceaeaioii ?anioaeeee ii ?aeiiaiaeaoeee niaianoiie eiiennee iaeao
ia?eaiaioa.
Ca iineaaiaiiia a?aiy i?ia?anneaiui neeai Eoaeee oaeaeinue nicaeaoue
aeaiie?aoe/aneoth ecae?aoaeueioth nenoaio e ecae?aoaeueiia i?aai. N 1975
a. aeoeaiui ecae?aoaeueiui i?aaii iieuecothony a?aaeaeaia n 18 eao,
ianneaiui — n 25 eao, ca eneeth/aieai auai?ia a naiao, aaea aic?anoiie
oeaic ninoaaeyao niioaaonoaaiii 25 e 40 eao.
Aeaiie?aoeci ecae?aoaeueiie nenoaiu Eoaeee i?iyaeeny a ?acaeoee
einoeoooa ?aoa?aiaeoia. Eiinoeoooeey i?aaeoniao?eaaao eae iaeio ec oi?i
caeiiiaeaoaeueiie eieoeeaoeau aianaiea caeiiii?iaeoia io eiaie ia iaiaa
50 oun. ecae?aoaeae, a oaeaea i?iaaaeaiea ?aoa?aiaeoia ia eciaiaiee
a?aieoe iaeanoae e i i?aaa i?iaeioeee e eiiioi ia?aoiaeeoue a ae?oaoth
iaeanoue.
Noaiiaeaiea ainoaea?noaaiii-i?aaiauo einoeoooia. Iinea i?eiyoey
Eiinoeoooeee 1947 a. iio?aaiaaeinue ianeieueei aeanyoeeaoee, aieioue aei
90-o aiaeia, aeey i?aoai?aiey a aeeciue anao aa iieiaeaiee.
Eiinoeoooeeiiiue noae ia/ae ?aaioaoue a 1956 a.; Aunoee niaao
iaaeno?aoo?u — a 1958 a.; a 1970 a. auee caeiiiaeaoaeueii ioi?ieaiu
einoeooou ia?iaeiie eieoeeaoeau e ?aoa?aiaeoia. A 1989 a. aue i?eiyo
A?aaeaeaineee eiaeaen.
Noaiiaeaiea ainoaea?noaaiii-i?aaiauo einoeoooia i?ioiaeeei a ianoaiiaea
iai?yaeaiiie iieeoe/aneie ai?ueau. Aaaeiie nooiaiueth ?acaeoey
iieiaeaiee Iniiaiiai Caeiia i i?aaao a?aaeaeaieia noae “noaooo
o?oaeyueony” — “Iieiaeaiey ia io?aia naiaiaeu e aeinoieinoaa
o?oaeyueony, i i?ionithciie naiaiaea e i?ionithciie aeayoaeueiinoe ia
i?iecaiaenoaa e iieiaeaiey i o?oaeiono?ienoaa” (Caeii 1970 a.). A caeiia
auee io?aaeaiu oaeea iniiaiiieaaathuea i?eioeeiu, eae i?aai ii ianoo
?aaiou naiaiaeii au?aaeaoue naie acaeyaeu, cai?ao niae?aoue naaaeaiey i
iieeoe/aneeo e ?aeeaeiciuo acaeyaeao ?aaioieeia e eo i?ionithciie
i?eaioaoeee, i?aai ia iauaaeeiaiea e i?ionithcioth aeayoaeueiinoue.
Ia iniiaa Eiinoeoooeee 1947 a. niaa?oainoaothony iieiiii/ey e no?oeoo?a
i?aaiia ainoaea?noaaiiie aeanoe e oi?aaeaiey. Auee i?eiyou ?aaeaiaiou i
iaeaoa aeaiooaoia e naiaoa ?anioaeeee, eioi?uie ii?aaeaeyeenue no?oeoo?a
iaeao, ii?yaeie ?ac?aaioee e i?eiyoey caeiiia, iianaaeiaaiay
aeayoaeueiinoue ia?eaiaioa. Eiie?aoece?othony eiinoeoooeeiiiua
iieiaeaiey i iieiiii/eyo Aunoaai niaaoa iaaeno?aoo?u e Iaoeeiiaeueiiai
niaaoa yeiiiieee e o?oaea.
Iieo/ee aeaeueiaeoaa ?acaeoea noaoon /eaiia Eiinoeoooeeiiiiai noaea,
niaeanii eioi?iio /eaiu Noaea ia iiaoo caieiaoue ainoaea?noaaiiua
aeieaeiinoe, ?aaioaoue a /anoiuo o/?aaeaeaieyo, caieiaoueny aaeaieaoneie
i?aeoeeie, i?aiiaeaaaoue. Iie ia eiatho oaeaea i?aaa aunoaaeyoue naie
eaiaeeaeaoo?u a i?aaiu i?aaenoaaeoaeueiie aeanoe, o/anoaiaaoue a ?aaioa
iieeoe/aneeo ia?oee e ae?oaeo iauanoaaiiuo i?aaiecaoeeyo.
Caeiiiaeaoaeueii auee cae?aieaiu nouanoaaiiua aa?aioee, iaania/eaathuea
(i?e iaee/ee oe?ieie iaeanoiie aaoiiiiee) oeaeinoiinoue ainoaea?noaa:
no?iaay noai?aeeiaoeey iaaeaeo oeaio?aeueiie e iaeanoiie aeanoueth
(ethaie caeii, iai?eia? i?eiyoue iaeanoiui niaaoii, aeieaeai auoue
caaece?iaai i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiui eiienna?ii); Iaeanoiie niaao iiaeao auoue
?aniouai a neo/aa aai aioeeiinoeoooeeiiiuo e i?ioeaicaeiiiuo aeaenoaee).
Eciaiaiey a nenoaia ecae?aoaeueiiai i?aaa, i?ienoiaeeaoea a 50—90-a
aiaeu, i?eaaee e i?eiaiaieth ia?yaeo n i?iii?oeeiiaeueiie e
iaaei?eoa?iie nenoaiu auai?ia. Aeaiie?aoeci ecae?aoaeueiie nenoaiu
i?iyaeeny e a ?acaeoee einoeoooa ?aoa?aiaeoiia, eioi?ua noaee ea?aoue
aieueooth ?ieue a iauanoaaiii-iieeoe/aneie aeecie Eoaeee. Ii /eneo
iauaiaoeeiiaeueiuo ?aoa?aiaeoiia Eoaeey caieiaao iaeii ec ia?auo iano a
Aa?iia. E eo /eneo ioiinyony, iai?eia?, ?aoa?aiaeoiu i ?acaiaea, i
oeiaine?iaaiee iieeoe/aneeo ia?oee, i iiaeeciaiiii caeeth/aiee.
Aieueooth ?ieue a oi?ie?iaaiee aeaiie?aoe/aneiai iieeoe/aneiai ?aoaiey
iineaaiaiiie Eoaeee noaee ea?aoue aeaenoaothuea ia iniiaa Eiinoeoooeee
1947 a. iieeoe/aneea ia?oee. N eiioea 40-o aiaeia aeiieie?othuaa
iieiaeaiea i?ea?aea iiaeaea?aeeaaaiay Aaoeeaiii
o?enoeainei-aeaiie?aoe/aneay ia?oey, eeaea?u eioi?ie oi?ie?iaaee
i?aaeoaeuenoai no?aiu. Ii n 1962 a. i?aayuea e?oae Eoaeee auee
auioaeaeaiu ia?aeoe e nicaeaieth eiaeeoeeiiiiai i?aaeoaeuenoaa, nia/aea
“eaaiai oeaio?a” (OAeI, nioeeae-aeaiie?aou, ?anioaeeeaioeu e
nioeeaeenou), a caoai “i?aaiai oeaio?a”, eoaea aoiaeeee i?aaenoaaeoaee
nioeeae-aeaiie?aoia, ?anioaeeeaioeaa, eeaa?aeia e o?enoeaineeo
aeaiie?aoia. Oaeei ia?acii, noi?ie?iaaeny onoie/eaue iieeoe/aneee oeaio?
a eeoea ia?a/eneaiiuo iieeoe/aneeo ia?oee. Ii ioaeaeueiui aii?inai
aiaoiae e aioo?aiiae iieeoeee no?aiu aai iiaeaea?aeeaaea eoaeueyineay
eiiioienoe/aneay ia?oey, naiieeeaeaee?iaaaoayny a 1991 a.
10 aeaeaa?y 1947 a. no?aiu aioeaeoea?ianeie eiaeeoeee caeeth/eee ie?iue
aeiaiai? n Eoaeeae. Ii i?iaicaeaoae ?acaeoea Eoaeee eae naiaiaeiiai
aeaiie?aoe/aneiai ainoaea?noaa: ieeoiaoeeiiiue ?aaeei i?ae?auaeny /a?ac
o?e ianyoea; Eoaeey i?eciaea noaa?aieoao ?aiaa caoaa/aiiuo oa??eoi?ee,
ioeacaeanue io naieo auaoeo eieiiee a Ao?eea (Eeaey, Eoaeueyineia
Niiaee, Y?eo?ay); iaycaeanue auieaoeoue ?aia?aoeee no?aiai, eioi?ui ai
a?aiy aieiu ath aue iaianai oua?a. Eoaeueyineay ?anioaeeea anooieea a
ie?iue ia?eiae naiaai ?acaeoey, oa?aeoa?iie /a?oie eioi?iai yaeeinue
aeoeaiia o/anoea eaoiee/aneie oea?eae a iauanoaaiii-iieeoe/aneie aeecie
no?aiu, /eainoai a IAOI, a oaeaea a ?acee/iuo aa?iiaeneeo ?aaeiiaeueiuo
i?aaiecaoeeyo — Aa?iiaeneii Yeiiiie/aneii Nithca, Aa?iaoiia e ae?.
I?aaiaui iniiaaieai o/anoey Eoaeueyineie ?anioaeeee a iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo e
?aaeiiaeueiuo i?aaiecaoeeyo noaee iieiaeaiey Eiinoeoooeee (no. 10 e 11),
i?iaicaeaoaaoea ioeac io aieiu e niioaaonoaea i?aaiii?yaeea no?aiu
iauai?eiyoui ii?iai iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai i?aaa. I?aayuei e?oaai Eoaeee
oaeaeinue noaaeeece?iaaoue iieeoe/aneoth ianoaiiaeo, iaania/eoue ?ino
yeiiiieee (Eoaeey ia ?oaaaea aaeia — yoi auniei?acaeoay
eiaeono?eaeueii-aa?a?iay no?aia, caieiathuay oanoia ianoi a ie?a) e
iai?aaeoue Eoaeeth ii iooe ?acaeoey e niaa?oainoaiaaiey
nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneie no?oeoo?u ao?aeoacii-aeaiie?aoe/aneiai
iauanoaa. Oaiaeaioeeyie oaeiai ?acaeoey yaeythony ?anoe?aiea e
oaeoaeaiea i?aa e naiaiae a?aaeaeai ia iniiaa Eiinoeoooeee 1947 a.,
?acaeoea iaeanoiiai e ianoiiai naiioi?aaeaiey, oi?ie?iaaiea onoie/eaiai
iieeoe/aneiai oeaio?a, /oi iicaieyao n?uaaoue ana iiiuoee
ainoaea?noaaiiuo ia?aai?ioia e eeeaeaeaoeee aeaiie?aoe/aneeo caaiaaaiee
eoaeueyineiai ia?iaea, inouanoaeyoue oniaoioth ai?ueao n i?aaui e eaaui
yeno?aieciii.
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