A?AAEAeAINEEE E OAIEIAIUE I?IOeANN A ENOI?EE ?EINEIAI I?AAA
Aaaaeaiea
1. Ia?aoiae e oi?ioey?iiio i?ioeanno
2. Iauea iniiaaiey oi?ioey?iiai i?ioeanna
3. I?aoi?neea oi?ioeu e actiones praetoriae
4. Iauee oiae i?iecaiaenoaa
5. Iniaaiiua oi?iu noaeaaiie caueou
6. Oaieiaiia i?aai e oaieiaiue noae
AAAAeAIEA
*oi oaeia enoi?ey a?aaeaeaineiai i?ioeanna ii ioiioaieth e nia?aiaiiie
i?aeoeea? Yoi ie/oi eiia, eae i?aeoeea i?ioeiai a?aiaie a oe?ieii niunea
neiaa. Eae yaeaiey nia?aiaiiie i?aeoeee, oae e enoi?e/aneea oi?iu e
ia/aea i?ioeanna anaaaea iiaeii naanoe e i?inoui eiae/aneei iiiaioai
iaeiie e oie aea nenoaiu. E oaeay oai?ey iiaeao auoue aiieia
i?aeoe/aneie, iaiin?aaenoaaiii i?eiaieiie a nia?aiaiiii i?aaa.
Iiiaea einoeooou a?aaeaeaineiai i?ioeannoaeueiiai i?aaa eiatho aeoaieea
ei?ie a enoi?ee i?aaa, e ia eo iniiaa ?acaeeinue nia?aiaiiia
noaeii?iecaiaenoai. E iei ioiinyony einoeooou enea, aeieacaoaeuenoa e
i?aaenoaaeoaeuenoaa. Yoi oeaio?aeueiua einoeooou ?eineiai i?aaa, eioi?ua
ninoaaeytho ooiaeaiaio ethaiai nia?aiaiiiai iaoeeiiaeueiiai
a?aaeaeaineiai i?ioeannoaeueiiai i?aaa.
?eineia i?aai – yoi iniiaa anae nenoaiu a?aaeaeaineiai i?ioeannoaeueiiai
i?aaa. Iii ii?aaeaeeei aeaaiua i?eioeeiu a?aaeaeaineiai i?ioeanna
(aeeniiceoeaiinoe, ninoycaoaeueiinoe, onoiinoe, aeaniinoe), ?eineea
th?enou ?ac?aaioaee aii?inu iiaenoaeiinoe, iiaeaaaeiinoaaiiinoe,
noaeaaiiai iaaeaeiaaiey e o.ae.
A iiiia?aoee enneaaeothony aaaeiaeoea a?aaeaeaineea i?ioeannoaeueiua
einoeooou ?eineiai i?aaa n iiceoeee eo aeeyiey ia ?inneeneoth i?aaiaoth
aeieo?eio e ?inneeneia a?aaeaeaineia noaeii?iecaiaenoai.
?inneeneee a?aaeaeaineee i?ioeann i?ioae ?acee/iua nooiaie a naiai
noaiiaeaiee, iinoaiaiii niaa?oainoaoynue iooai nianoaaiiiai ?acaeoey e
iooai ciaeiinoaa ?inneeneeo th?enoia n caeiiiaeaoaeueiui iiuoii
Caiaaeiie Aa?iiu.
Oai?aoe/aneee i?aaiaie ooiaeaiaio, caeiaeaiiue ?eineei i?aaii, aei
oiieinoe ?ac?aaioaiiua ei i?ioeannoaeueiua einoeooou ieacaee
ii?aaeaeaiiia aeeyiea ia ?inneeneia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai. Noaiaiue oaeiai
aeeyiey ia ?inneeneia i?aai ia i?ioyaeaiee anae enoi?ee aai ?acaeoey
auea iaiaeeiaeiaa. A iaeaieueoae noaiaie aicaeaenoaeth ?eineiai i?aaa
iiaeaa?aeenue einoeooou enea, aeieacaoaeuenoa e i?aaenoaaeoaeuenoaa.
Iaeiaei n?aaee oeacaiiuo einoeoooia noaiaiue eniieueciaaiey ?eineeo ii?i
?inneeneei i?aaii ?acee/ia. Anee ?anniao?eaaoue einoeooo aeieacaoaeuenoa
a ?inneeneii aei?aaiethoeeiiiii i?aaa, oi i?eiaieoaeueii e iaio iiaeii
aiai?eoue i iaiin?aaenoaaiiii caeinoaiaaiee iaeioi?uo ?eineeo ii?i
?inneeneei caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii.
*oi eanaaony einoeoooa enea, oi iiiyoea enea i?aoa?iaei cia/eoaeueiua
eciaiaiey ii n?aaiaieth n nouanoaiaaaoei a ?eineii i?aaa, ii oai ia
iaiaa iniiaiua ia/aea eneiaiai i?iecaiaenoaa auee aini?eiyou ?inneeneei
a?aaeaeaineei i?ioeannoaeueiui i?aaii. ?eineea th?enou ?ac?aaioaee
o/aiea i i?aaenoaaeoaeuenoaa, i?iaiaeeee aeaeaiea i?aaenoaaeoaeae, ia
aunooiathueo ii ii?o/aieth, e ia caeiiiuo i?aaenoaaeoaeae, /oi auei
iieiaeaii a iniiao einoeoooa i?aaenoaaeoaeuenoaa a ?inneeneii i?aaa.
I?iaeaia aeeyiey ?eineiai i?aaa ia ?inneeneia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai
ecaeaaia i?eaeaeaea aieiaiea ?onneeo o/aiuo-i?aaiaaaeia e yaeyeanue
i?aaeiaoii iaeeaeaiiuo aeeneonnee. Iaeiaei a -niaaoneee ia?eiae oaiie
aioe/iiai i?aaiaiai ianeaaeey caieiaeenue a iniiaiii enoi?eee, a ia
th?enou, a ?aaioao eioi?uo ?eineia i?aai ii aieueoae /anoe auei
i?aaeiaoii niaoeeaeueiiai eco/aiey.
A nia?aiaiiie th?eaee/aneie eeoa?aoo?a aii?inu aeeyiey ?eineiai i?aaa ia
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai, ?aaoee?othuaa ?inneeneia noaeii?iecaiaenoai, eeai
aiiaua ia cao?aaeaaeenue, eeai ?anniao?eaaeenue o?aaiaioa?ii.
Iao/iua enneaaeiaaiey ii aeaiiie i?iaeaia aeooaeueiu, oae eae iiiaea
i?ioeannoaeueiua einoeooou e aeiaiaoe/aneea eaoaai?ee ?inneeneie
i?aaiaie nenoaiu ainoiaeyo e i?eioeeiai e no?oeoo?a ?eineiai i?aaa,
au?aaaouaaeenue ia iniiaa eee n o/aoii aai e?eoe/aneiai aini?eyoey.
Oai?/anoai ?eineeo th?enoia ieacaei aieueoia aeeyiea ia iineaaeothuaa
?acaeoea i?aaiaie iunee. Yoi iaoneiaeaii eae aunieie eoeueoo?ie ?eineie
th?eni?oaeaioeee, oa?aeoa?ecothuaeny ianoiyoaeueiinoueth,
a?aoiaioe?iaaiiinoueth i?aaiaiai aiaeeca, /aoeinoueth oi?ioee?iaie,
iaoe?iinoueth ?ac?aaioaiiuo i?iaeai iauaoai?aoe/aneiai e
th?eaeeei-oaoie/aneiai i?ioeey, oae e oie ?ieueth, eioi?ay auiaea ia
aeieth ?eineiai i?aaa a aeaeueiaeoae enoi?ee i?aaa
1. IA?AOIAe E OI?IOEss?IIIO I?IOeANNO
A iaeanoe a?aaeaeaineiai i?ioeanna a oa/aiea anae ia?aie iieiaeiu
?anioaeeee i?iaeieaeaea aeaenoaiaaoue nenoaia legis actiones, oioy ia
aac iaeioi?uo aeiiieiaiee e eciaiaiee. A ?yaeo yoeo aeiiieiaiee ia
ia?aii ianoa iaaei oiiiyiooue aaaaeaiea iyoie oi?iu legis actio – per
condictionem, iienaiiie auoa e onoaiiaeaiiie, ii naeaeaoaeuenoao Aay,
aeaoiy caeiiaie – lex Silia e lex Calpurnia, a?aiy eioi?uo, iaeiaei,
iaecaanoii. Eae oi?ia, n?aaieoaeueii n ae?oaeie aieaa i?inoay, legis
actio per condictionem aeieaeia auea aeey eneia ec iaycaoaeuenoa caiyoue
aeaaiia ianoi. Yoiio aea a?aiaie i?eiaaeeaaeeo anee ia onoaiiaeaiea, oi,
ai anyeii neo/aa, aieueoaa ?ani?ino?aiaiea e /aoaa?oie oi?iu – legis
actio per judicis arbitrive postulationem, oioy aieaa oi/iuo aeaiiuo ia
yoio n/ao iu ia eiaai.
Nouanoaaiiua eciaiaiey i?aoa?iaea e legis actio per manus injectionem.
Eae auei neacaii auoa, nai aeieaeiee, iiaeaa?aioaoeeny manus injectio,
i?aaa aic?aaeaiey e caueou ia eiae: ca iaai aeieaeai aue aunooieoue
vindex, eioi?ue, iono?aiea ?oeo e?aaeeoi?a, inaiaiaeaeae io i?ioeanna
aeieaeieea ieii/aoaeueii, ii a neo/aa iainiiaaoaeueiinoe naiaai
aiaoaoaeuenoaa iiaeeaaeae ioaaonoaaiiinoe in duplum. A ia?eiae
?anioaeeee ioaeaeueiuie caeiiaie aeey ?yaea neo/aaa, e eioi?ui
i?eiaiyaony manus injectio, yoio ii?yaeie ioiaiyaony, e i?aaeinoaaeyaony
naiiio aeieaeieeo caueuaoue naay (manum sibi depellere Iicet225, ii iiae
oa?icie aeaieiie ioaaonoaaiiinoe ia neo/ae iainiiaaoaeueiinoe nii?a), a
caoai lex Vallia (iaecaanoiiai a?aiaie) inoaaeyao noa?ue no?iaee
ii?yaeie oieueei aeey aeaoo neo/aaa: a) aeey acuneaiey ii i?eaiai?o
noaea – actio judicati e b) aeey acuneaiey ii?o/eoaey i?ioea aeieaeieea,
ca eioi?iai ii i?eioaeaeai aue caieaoeoue – actio depensi. Oaeei
ia?acii, ?yaeii n manus injectio a noa?ii, no?iaii aeaea – ?yaeii n oae
iacuaaaiuie manus injectio pro judicato226, iiyaeyaony aieaa iyaeee aeae
– oae iacuaaaiia manus unjectio pura227. Niya/aiea yoi a aunieie noaiaie
niioaaonoaiaaei eioa?anai aaaeiaeoeo eeannia ianaeaiey, eioi?ui,
eiia/ii, anaai o?oaeiaa auei iaeoe a iiaeiaiuo neo/ayo ii?o/eoaey
(vindex). – Aanueia aaaeiia iaeaa/aiea a iieiaeaiea ianinoiyoaeueiiai
aeieaeieea, oaea ia?aaeaiiiai ai aeanoue e?aaeeoi?a, aiineo, aeaeaa, lex
Poetelia (326 a.), caeii, eioi?ue, iaaeaeo i?i/ei, ioiaiee i?iaeaaeo
aeieaeieea a ?aanoai. Aiiaua caia/aaony oaiaeaioeey ineaaeoue no?iainoue
aeieaiauo acuneaiee e ia?aianoe ioaaonoaaiiinoue ca aeiea n ee/iinoe
aeieaeieea ia aai eiouanoai – oaiaeaioeey, aac niiiaiey, iaycaiiay naiei
i?ienoiaeaeaieai ianoie/eaie ai?ueaa ieaaaaa e eo o?eaoiia.
Iaeiaei, ianiio?y ia ana iiaeiaiua /anoe/iua eciaiaiey e iii?aaee,
nenoaia legis actiones ieacuaaeanue ana aieaa e aieaa ianiioaaonoaothuae
auno?i ?acaeaaaoaiony a?aaeaeaineiio iai?ioo. Aeaeiaay aeeciue n
eaaeaeui aiaeii auaeaeaaea ana iiaua e iiaua oi?iu ioiioaiee, eioi?ua
aiana ia auee ecaanoiu i?eieoeaiiio iai?ioo yiioe XII oaaeeoe e eioi?ua,
aeaaea iooai /?acau/aeiuo iaoyaeae, ia iiaee auoue aoenioou a oceea
?aiee noa?uo legis actiones. A?aaeaeaineee iai?io ecuneeaaao
eneonnoaaiiua n?aaenoaa aeey oiai, /oiau aeaoue yoei iiaui
i?aaiioiioaieyi eneiaia inouanoaeaiea. Oaeei eneonnoaaiiui n?aaenoaii
yaeyaony i?ioeann per sponsiones.
Aeey oiai, /oiau aeaoue naiaio nii?o aiciiaeiinoue iieoe noaeaaiui
iooai, nii?yuea noaee iaeaeaoue aai a oi?io ia?e: eaaeaeue ec ieo
aunoaaeye naia ooaa?aeaeaiea (“ou aeieaeai iia noieueei-oi”; “y oaaa
ie/aai ia aeieaeai” e o. i.) e ia neo/ae naiae iai?aaiou iacia/ae aeey
naay ecaanoiue oo?ao, eioi?ue ii iaauae oieaoeoue i?ioeaieeo. Yoi
iaauaiea iaeaeaeinue a iniaoth oi?io aii?ina e ioaaoa (stipulatio) e
iacuaaeinue sponsio, n iaeiie noi?iiu, e restipulatio – n ae?oaie. Ia
iniiaaiee yoeo sponsiones aicieeae oaea caoai iaueiiaaiiue i?ioeann ia
iaauaiiii oo?aoa: eoi eiio aeieaeai aai oieaoeoue. I?ioeann yoio
i?ienoiaeeo a oi?ia legis actio e, aa?iyoii, a oi?ia legis actio per
condictionem. Io i?ioeanna per sacramentum i?ioeann per sponsiones
ioee/aeny i?aaeaea anaai oai, /oi caeeth/aiea ia?e caeanue i?ienoiaeeo
ia in jure, e iioii oai, /oi iaeaeaaiua a oi?io ia?e i?aoaicee iiaee
auoue ethaiai oa?aeoa?a, a ia oieueei oaeea, eioi?ua i?eciaao caeii.
Ii, naii niaith ?acoiaaony, /oi i?ioeann per sponsiones, aiciiaeiue e
oiio aea eeoue i?e niaeanee iaieo nii?yueo, oieueei a neaaie noaiaie
ainiieiye i?iaaeu onoa?aeie nenoaiu e aiana ia ono?aiye e?aeiaai
oi?iaeecia anae i?ioeaaeo?u legis actio. Eae auei ioia/aii auoa, noi?iiu
aeieaeiu auee a aunoae noaiaie oi/ii oi?ioee?iaaoue naie o?aaiaaiey in
jure, oae eae iaeaeoay iieioiinoue a yoii ioiioaiee aaea ca niaie
iioa?th i?ioeanna. I?e cia/eoaeueiii oneiaeiaiee i?aaiioiioaiee oaeea
ioeaee aeaeaeenue ana aiciiaeiaa, e iiiyoii iiyoiio, /oi ?acaeaathueeny
iai?io oyaioeeny yoei iaoeethaeei i?ioeannii e aeaeae iiaiai – aieaa
aeaeiai e aieaa naiaiaeiiai. E aio, niiauaao Aae, “per legem Aebutiam et
dues Julias sublatae sunt istae legis actiones, effectumque est, ut per
concepta verba, id est per formulas litigemus”228.
Niaeanii yoiio niiauaieth, iiaue ii?yaeie i?ioeanna aue aaaaeai caeiiii
Yaooeey (lex Aebutia) e aeaoiy caeiiaie THeey (duae leges Juliae). Ana
yoe caeiiu, aaeaeo ionoonoaey aieaa iiae?iaiuo naaaeaiee, aicaoaeaeatho
iiiai/eneaiiua nii?u. I?aaeaea anaai, iaecaanoii a?aiy eo ecaeaiey. *oi
eanaaony lex Aebutia, oi, ii iiaaeoei enneaaeiaaieyi AEe?a?a, yoio caeii
i?eoiaeeony ia a?aiy iaaeaeo 149 e 126 a. aei ?. O. Ioiineoaeueii leges
Juliae iiaiey /?acau/aeii ?anoiaeyony: iaeie aeoiatho, /oi iaa yoe
caeiia nooue caeiiu Aaaonoa; ae?oaea i?eienuaatho iaeei ec ieo Aaaonoo,
ae?oaie Oeaca?th; o?aouee, iaeiiaoe, i?eienuaatho iaa Oeaca?th229.
Iaynia, aeaeaa, ?ieue yoeo caeiiia a naiie ?aoi?ia. Noa?ay oai?ey
aea?aeaeanue oiai iiaiey, /oi lex Aebutia auea aiieia ?aoi?ie?othuei
caeiiii, eioi?ue i?yiith aoeaie naiae oie/oiaeae legis actiones e
onoaiaaeeaae iiaue i?ioeann. Ii yoa oai?ey iuia niaa?oaiii inoaaeaia;
i?ioea iaa aiai?eo, ai-ia?auo, o/anoea a oie aea ?aoi?ia aeaoo caeiiia
THeey, a ai-aoi?uo, naiia au?aaeaiea Aay “effectumque est”, /oi
oeacuaaao ia ?aoi?io eae ia iin?aaenoaaiiue ?acoeueoao yoeo caeiiia.
Aaeaeo yoiai auneacuaathony ?acee/iua i?aaeiieiaeaiey. Ii iiaieth iaeieo
(Aaeea?), oaea a iicaeiaeooth yiioo i?ioeanna per legis actiones iinea
onoiiai niaa?oaiey legis actio in jure i?aoi? noae aeaaaoue noaeuea
ienueiaiiia eceiaeaiea (oae neacaoue, i?ioieie) auneacaiiuo oai
i?aoaicee; lex Aebutia e Juliae oieueei oie/oiaeeee iaiaoiaeeiinoue
onoiiai niaa?oaiey legis actio e i?aaeienaee i?yii ninoaaeyoue oi?ioeo.
Ii iiaieth ae?oaeo (Aeannae, AEe?a? e ae?.), lex Aebutia aaaea oieueei
?yaeii n i?aaeieie oi?iaie legis actio iiaoth oi?io per formulam,
i?aaeinoaaea noi?iiai naiei auae?aoue iaaeaeo ieie. Iiaay aea oi?ia
i?ioeanna auea caeinoaiaaia, aa?iyoii, eee ec i?ioeanna iaaeaeo
ia?aa?eiaie ia?aae praetor peregrinus, eee ec i?ioeanna, auaoaai a
oiio?aaeaiee a i?iaeioeeyo. Iaei-iiiaeo yoa iiaay oi?ia, eae ai?acaei
aieaa oaeiaiay, noaea auoaniyoue legis actiones ec oiio?aaeaiey. Caeiiu
THeey eaeoo aeaeueoa ii yoiio iooe: iie ia?aie/eaatho noa?o i?eiaiaiey
legis actiones oieueei ecaanoiuie neo/ayie a aeaea eneeth/aiey (eiaiii
nio?aiytho legis actiones aeey i?ioeanna ia?aae noaeii oeaiooiae?ia e
aeey eneia i damnum infectum230).
Eae au oi ie auei, ii a ?acoeueoaoa yoeo caeiiia onoaiiaeeny a ?eia
iiaue i?ioeann – i?ioeann per formulas, eee oi?ioey?iue. Iauee niune
niaa?oeaoaeny ?aoi?iu caeeth/aaony a ia?aeiaeaiee iaycaiiinoe
oi?ioee?iaaoue i?aaeiao nii?a n iea/ noi?ii ia iea/e i?aoi?a. A
i?ioeanna per legis actiones noi?iiu naie aeieaeiu auee oi?iaeece?iaaoue
naie i?aoaicee, iaeaeay eo a niioaaonoaothuea caeiio neiaaniua oi?ioeu:
“aio hanc rem meam esse ex jure Quiritium”, “aio te mihi C. dare
oportere” e o. ae. A i?ioeanna oi?ioey?iii noi?iiu ia?aae iaaeno?aoii
iiaoo eceaaaoue aeaei a ethauo au?aaeaieyo e a ethaie oi?ia; aeaoue aea
i?aoaiceyi noi?ii niioaaonoaothuaa th?eaee/aneia au?aaeaiea ninoaaeyao
oaia?ue aeaei i?aoi?a. Ec iauyniaiee noi?ii ii auaiaeeo th?eaee/aneoth
nouiinoue nii?a e yoo nouiinoue eceaaaao a iniaie caienea noaeuea,
iacia/aaiiio aeey ?acai?a yoiai aeaea. Yoa caienea noaeuea e anoue
formula, io/aai e naiue i?ioeann iacuaaaony oi?ioey?iui. Aianoi i?aaeiae
oi/iie neiaaniie oi?ioeu “aio hanc rem meam esse ex jure Quiritium”
enoaoe ia?aae i?aoi?ii iiaeao aiai?eoue eaeeie oaiaeii neiaaie; i?aoi?
oaea nai ?acaa?ao, /oo nianoaaiii n th?eaee/aneie oi/ee c?aiey
ooaa?aeaeaao enoaoe, e a naiae caienea noaeuea iaieoao: “si paret
hominem Stichum ex jure Quiritium Auli Agerii (noa?aioeiiia iaicia/aiea
enooea io neiaa agere) esse, judex Numerium Nigidium (noa?aioeiiia
iaicia/aiea ioaao/eea io neiaa negare) condemna, si non paret,
absolve”231.
Oaeei ia?acii, oi?ioea oaia?ue, eae i?aaeaea legis actio, i?aaenoaaeyao
eceiaeaiea th?eaee/aneie nouiinoe nii?a e ninoaaeyao oa ?aiee, a eioi?uo
caoai aeieaeii aeaeaaoueny aeaeueiaeoaa i?iecaiaenoai in judicio.
Oae aiciee a ?eia i?ioeann, eioi?ue (eiia/ii, ?acaeaaynue e
niaa?oainoaoynue) aeaenoaiaae caoai ia oieueei a ia?eiae ?anioaeeee, ii
e a oa/aiea anaai neaaeothuaai ia?eiaea, i?ioeann, i?e eioi?ii
niaa?oeeinue ia?a?iaeaeaiea ?eineiai i?aaa ec oceiiaoeeiiaeueiiai a
iauaie?iaia. Any eeanne/aneay th?eaee/aneay eeoa?aoo?a, io?uaee eioi?ie
aeioee aei ian a THnoeieaiianeie eiiieeyoeee, i?aaeiieaaaao eiaiii yoio
oi?ioey?iue i?ioeann, e iioiio ii caneoaeeaaao ianeieueei aieaa
ianoiyoaeueiiai ?anniio?aiey.
Inaiaiaeaeaiiue io ieia no?iaie oi?iaeenoeee, oi?ioey?iue i?ioeann
ieacaeny a aeinoaoi/iie noaiaie aeaeei, /oiau aini?eiyoue a naay naiua
?aciiia?aciua ia?iaeaeathueany ioiioaiey e aeaoue ianoi ?acee/iui,
aeaaea naiui oiieei, iooaieai eaaeaeiai eiie?aoiiai neo/ay.
2. IAUEA INIIAAIEss OI?IOEss?IIAI I?IOeANNA
Inueth anaai oi?ioey?iiai i?ioeanna yaeyaony oi?ioea; iia ninoaaeyao
oeaeue i?iecaiaenoaa in jure e iniiaaiea i?iecaiaenoaa in judicio,
yaeyynue th?eaee/aneie oi?ioee?iaeie i?ienoiaeyuaai ia?aae noaeii nii?a.
Niia?acii oaeiio naiaio iacia/aieth, oi?ioea neaaaaony ec neaaeothuaai
iniiaiiai niaea?aeaiey (oae iacuaaaiua iaueiiaaiiua ninoaaiua /anoe
oi?ioeu).
Ia/eiaaony iia anaaaea iaeiaiiaaieai noaeuee, e eioi?iio aeaiiia aeaei
ionueaaony aeey ?acai?a; yoi oae iacuaaaiia judicis nominatio: iai?eia?,
“Octavius judex esto” eee “Licinius, Sempronius, Seius recuperatores
sunto”232. Caoai neaaeotho: a) intentio – eceiaeaiea i?aoaicee enooea,
naiie nouiinoe nii?a, iai?eia?, “hominem Stichum Ai Ai esse” eee “Nm Nm
e Ao Ao 100 dare oportere”233, e b) condemnatio – ii?o/aiea noaeuea
iaaeieoue eee ii?aaaeaoue ioaao/eea, niio?y ii oiio, ieaaeaony ee
i?aaeiieiaeaiea intentio i?aaeeueiui eee iai?aaeeueiui: “condemna, si
non paret, absolve”. Oaeei ia?acii, oi?ioea eiaao anaaaea aeae
iaeioi?iai oneiaiiai iiaaeeoaeueiiai i?aaeeiaeaiey:
“Octavius judex esto. Si paret hominem Stichum ex jure Quiritium Ai Ai
(Auli Agerii) esse, judex Nm Nm (Numerium Nigidium) Ao Ao condemna, si
non paret, absolve”. (“Ieoaaee aea aoaeao noaeueae. Anee ieaaeaony, /oi
?aa Noeo ninoaaeyao eae?eoneoth nianoaaiiinoue Aaea Aaa?ey, oi ou,
noaeuey, Ioia?ey Ieaeaeey a iieueco Aaea Aaa?ey iaaeie; anee ia
ieaaeaony, ii?aaaeae”).
Eiiaaea, a neo/ayo aieaa neiaeiuo, iiaeao ieacaoueny iaiaoiaeeiui
eceiaeeoue a naiie oi?ioea ae?aooea oa oaeou e ianoiyoaeuenoaa, ec
eioi?uo enoaoe auaiaeeo naith i?aoaiceth; oiaaea a ia/aea oi?ioeu ia?aae
intentio noaaeony demonstratio eee praescriptio, e oi?ioea i?eiao,
iai?eia?, oaeie aeae:
“Ea res agatur, quod AS AS de No No incertum stipulatus est (Aeaei eaeao
i oii, /oi A. A. caeeth/ee n N. N. aeiaiai? n iaii?aaeaeaiiie ca?aiaa
noieiinoueth, iai?eia?, i iino?ieea aeiia, domum aedificari; yoi
demonstratio); quidquid ob eam rem Nm Nm Ao Ao dare facere oportet
(neieueei ia yoii iniiaaiee – ?acoiaaony, i?e aai iaeniieiaiee –
neaaeoao oaia?ue ioaao/eeo a iieueco enooea oieaoeoue – yoi intentio),
ejus judex Nm Nm Ao Ao condemna, si non paret, absolve (noieueei ou,
noaeuey, i?eaiai?e, a i?ioeaiii neo/aa ii?aaaeae – condemnatio)”.
Eiiaaea, iaeiiaoe, a oi?ioea iiyaeyaony aua iaeia /anoue – adjudicatio.
A eneao i ?acaeaea iauaai eiouanoaa (iauae nianoaaiiinoe, iauaai
ianeaaenoaa) noaeuea aeey eo/oaai inouanoaeaiey ?acaeaea iaiaoiaeeii
i?aaeinoaaeoue i?aai ia?aaeaaaoue iauoth aauue a iieioth nianoaaiiinoue
iaeiiio ec o/anoieeia n oai, /oiau ii oieaoee ca yoi ecaanoioth noiio
ae?oaiio. Aio yoi-oi i?aai e aeaaony noaeuea iin?aaenoaii ii?o/aiey –
“adjudica”.
Oaeiau /aou?a oae iacuaaaiua iaueiiaaiiua ninoaaiua /anoe oi?ioeu.
Ianeieueei iiae?iaiaa iaaei inoaiiaeoueny ia intentio e condemnatio.
A intentio eceaaaaony i?aoaicey enooea, ii iia iiaeao auoue ?acee/iiai
oa?aeoa?a. I?aaeaea anaai ?acee/athony intentio in rem e intentio in
personam. Intentio in rem anoue anaaaea oai, aaea nii? eaeao i
eaeii-eeai aauiii i?aaa, iai?eia?, i i?aaa nianoaaiiinoe (“S. p.234
hominem Stichum Ai Ai esse” eee i i?aaa aauiiai iieueciaaiey /oaeie
aauueth – i oae iacuaaaiii na?aeoooa (“S. p. Ai Ai jus esse eundi agendi
in fundo235 Ni Ni “). Intentio in personam anoue oiaaea, eiaaea nii?
eaeao ia iaycaoaeuenoaa iaaeaeo enooeii e ioaao/eeii (iai?eia?, “S. p.
Nm Nm Ao Ao 100 dare oportere”). Niaeanii yoiio ?acee/eth, e naiua enee
aeaeyony ia actiones in rem e actiones in personam236.
Aeaeaa, ?acee/atho intentio stricti juris e intentio bonae fidei237.
Intentio stricti juris auoaeaao ec no?iaiai oeeaeeueiiai i?aaa, e iioiio
noaeuey i?e ?acai?a enea aeieaeai i?eieiaoue ai aieiaiea oieueei ii?iu
yoiai no?iaiai i?aaa. Ii anoue neo/ae, eiaaea noaeuea i?aaeienuaaaony
ianoaeeoue nii? iaaeaeo noi?iiaie, i?eieiay ai aieiaiea iau/ae iai?ioa e
i?aaeea aeaeiaie ii?yaei/iinoe (bona fides). A oaeeo neo/ayo a oi?ioea
aeaeaaony aeiaaaea “ex fide bona”, iai?eia?:
Quod As As de No No hominem Stichum emit (demonstratio), quidquid ob eam
rem Nm Nm Ao Ao dare facere oportet ex fide bona (intentio bonae fidei),
ejus judex Nm Nm Ao Ao condemna, si non paret, absolve”238.
Iaeiiaoe, ?acee/athony intentio certa e intentio incerta. Ia?aay anoue
anaaaea oai, aaea aeaei eaeao ia ii?aaeaeaiiie aeaiaaeiie noiia eee ia
ii?aaeaeaiiie aaue (“S. p. Nm Nm Ao Ao 100 dare opertere”, “S. p.
hominem Stichum Ai Ai esse”. Ii auaatho e oaeea neo/ae, eiaaea ca?aiaa
iaaiciiaeii oeacaoue oi/ioth noiio i?aoaicee, eiaaea iia aeieaeia
auynieoueny aua ia noaea; oiaaea iu eiaai intentio incerta. Iai?eia?:
“S. p. Am Am apud Nm Nm mensam argenteam deposuisse eamque dolo malo Ni
Ni redditam non esse (demonstratio: enoaoe ioaeae ioaao/eeo ia
nio?aiaiea na?aa?yiue noie, a ioaao/ee aai ia aica?aoee), quidquid ob
eam rem Nm Nm Ao Ao dare facere oportet ex fide bona (intentio incerta
bonae fidei), ejus judex Nm Nm Ao Ao n. s. p. a.”.
Condemnatio iiaeao auoue oaeaea ?acee/ia. Eiiaaea noaeuea a naiie
oi?ioea oeacuaaaony oa noiia, ia eioi?oth ii aeieaeai iaaeieoue
ioaao/eea (iai?eia?, “S. p. Nm Nm Ao Ao centum dare oportere, judex Nm
Nm Ao Ao centum condemna”239), a oaeii neo/aa iu eiaai condemnatio
certa. A ae?oaeo neo/ayo oaeiai oeacaiey iao, e noiia i?eaiai?a aua
aeieaeia auoue ii?aaeaeaia noaeueae ia iniiaaiee ?acai?a e ?an/aoia
(“quidquid ob eam rem dare facere oportet, ejus judex condemna” eee
“quanti ea res ejus judex condemna”240); yoi – condemnatio incerta.
Auaatho, iaeiiaoe, neo/ae, eiaaea noiia i?eaiai?a a iauai
i?aaeinoaaeyaony noaeuea, ii i?e yoii aio oeacuaaaony ecaanoiue maximum;
oiaaea iu eiaai condemnatio incerta cum taxatione (iai?eia?, “judex Nm
Nm dumtaxat centum condemna”). Ii ai anyeii neo/aa i?eaiai? aeieaeai
aeaneoue oaia?ue anaaaea ia ii?aaeaeaiioth aeaiaaeioth noiio;
condemnatio a oi?ioey?iii i?ioeanna anoue anaaaea condemnatio
pecuniaria.
Iao, iaeiaei, iaiaoiaeeiinoe, /oiau ana oeacaiiua ninoaaiua /anoe auee a
eaaeaeie aeaiiie oi?ioea iaeeoei. Iai?aiaiioth i?eiaaeeaaeiinoue anyeie
oi?ioeu (e?iia judicis nominatio) ninoaaeyao oieueei intentio, eai aac
i?aoaicee enooea ia auei au e enea. Ia noieue iaiaoiaeeia condemnatio:
anoue neo/ae, eiaaea enoaoe aeiaeaaaony a ianoiyuee iiiaio oieueei
noaeaaiiai i?eciaiey naiaai i?aaa, ia o?aaoy ieeaeie condemnatio
ioaao/eea; yoi i?eciaiea aio iaiaoiaeeii, ii iauaio i?aaeeo, aeey oiai,
/oiau iioii aicaoaeeoue oeaeue ?yae eneia e, auoue iiaeao, i?ioea
?acee/iuo eeoe. Oaeea enee iacuaathony actiones praejudiciales e a
oi?ioea, aianoi condemnatio, niaea?aeao oieueei i?aaeienaiea noaeuea
iauyaeoue i naiai i?eciaiee eee iai?eciaiee i?aaa enooea, /oi oaoie/anee
iacuaaaony pronuntitiao (iai?eia?, “S. p. hominem Stichum ex j. Q. Ai Ai
esse, judex eum videri, si. n. p. eum non videri pronuntia”). Ianna
oi?ioe niaea?aeeo, aeaeaa, oieueei intentio e condemnatio (oaeiau ana
enee n intentio certa stricti juris); iiiaea oi?ioeu eiatho, e?iia oiai,
aua e demonstratio (oaeiau ana enee n intentio incerta), e oieueei
oi?ioeu eneia i ?acaeaea ninoiyo ec anao /aou?ao /anoae.
E?iia yoeo iaueiiaaiiuo ninoaaiuo /anoae, oi?ioeu i?eieiatho eiiaaea a
naay iaeioi?ua iniaua aeiaaaee ?acee/iiai ?iaea. Oaeiau:
1) Exceptio. I?ioea i?aoaicee enooea ioaao/ee iiaeao i?aaenoaaeoue naie
aic?aaeaiey. Anee ii i?inoi io?eoeaao nouanoaiaaiea ooaa?aeaeaaiiai
enooeii i?aaa, oi ii aac anyeiai iniaiai oiiieiaiey a oi?ioea caueuai
neiaaie “si non paret, absolve”. Ii aiciiaeii, /oi ioaao/ee i?eciaao,
/oi i?aai enooea aeaenoaeoaeueii aicieeei, ii i?eaiaeeo oi eee ae?oaia
ianoiyoaeuenoai, eioi?ia aeaeaao inouanoaeaiea yoiai i?aaa ni noi?iiu
enooea iani?aaaaeeeaui, iai?eia?, nnueaaony ia aeaiioth aio enooeii
ion?i/eo (pactum de non petendo241) eee ia iaiai enooea i?e caeeth/aiee
naeaeee (dolus). A oaeii neo/aa aeey oiai, /oiau i?aaeioa?aoeoue
iaaeiaiea, i?aoi? aeeth/aao a oi?ioeo iniaoth aeiaaaeo, eae
io?eoeaoaeueiia oneiaea condemnatio; yoi e anoue exceptio. Iai?eia?:
“Si paret Nm Nm Ao Ao centum dare oportere atque inter Nm Nm et Am Am
non convenit, ne ea pecunia peteretur” (exceptio pacti de non petendo)
eee “si in ea re nihil dolo malo Ai Ai factum sit (exceptio doli), judex
Nm Nm Ao Ao c. s. n. p. a”242.
2) Praescriptio anoue anoaaea a ia/aea oi?ioeu, aeaeaaiay aeey ?acee/iuo
oeaeae. a) Ai iiiaeo neo/ayo praescriptio yaeyaony eeoue eceiaeaieai
ianoiyoaeuenoa aeaea e oiaaea iia anoue oi aea, /oi demonstratio. b)
Eiiaaea praescriptio anoaaeyaony a eioa?anao ioaao/eea – praescriptio
pro reo – e eiaao oi aea iacia/aiea, /oi e exceptio. c) Ii eiiaaea iia
eiaao a aeaeo eioa?anu enooea – praescriptio pro actore. Ia?aaeei
auaaao, /oi enoaoe a ianoiyuee iiiaio aeaeaao ia?aie/eoue naie ene
oieueei iaeiei eaeei-eeai ioieoii, inoaaeyy ae?oaea o?aaiaaiey ec oiai
aea i?aaiioiioaiey aei ae?oaiai ?aca; iai?eia?, a ianoiyuee iiiaio ii
aeaeaao oieueei, /oiau eoieaiiue ei o/anoie caiee aue aio ioaao/eeii
ia?aaeai; ana aea i?i/ea o?aaiaaiey ec oiai aea aeiaiai?a iieoiee (ia
oauoeao aneaaenoaea ianaiaa?aiaiiiai eniieiaiey aeiaiai?a e o. ae.) ii
iiea inoaaeyao a noi?iia. A oaeii neo/aa a ia/aea oi?ioeu aeaeaaony
praescriptio: “ea res agatur dumtaxat de fundo mancipando”243.
3) Arbitratus judicis. Anee ene eaeao i aica?auaiee aaue, eioi?ie
iai?aaeeueii aeaaeaao ioaao/ee, oi ia?aae condemnatio aeaeaaony iaiai?ea
“nisi arbitratu tuo ea res restituetur”. Yoie iaiai?eie i?aaeienuaaaony
noaeuea iaaeieoue ioaao/eea oieueei oiaaea, anee ii aeia?iaieueii iinea
i?eeacaiey noaeuee ia aica?aoeo aauue enooeo. Anee ioaao/ee aica?aoeo
aauue, ii ii?aaaeuaaaony; anee ia aica?aoeo, oi i?eaiaa?eaaaony e
ieaoaaeo aa ioeaiee – aestimatio (“quanti ea res est, condemna”). I?e
yoii, anee ioaao/ee ia aica?auaao aaue ec i?inoiai oii?noaa
(contumacia), oi noaeuey a aeaea iaeacaiey ca yoi i?aaeinoaaeyao naiiio
enooeo iiae i?enyaie (jusjurandum in litem) ioeaieoue aauue. Ai?i/ai,
anee noaeuey iaeaeao yoo ioeaieo neeoeii aunieie, ii iiaeao aa
iiieceoue. Ana enee n arbirtatus judicis iinyo iacaaiea actiones
arbitrariae.
Ninoaaeaiiay oaeei ia?acii oi?ioea yaeyaony eino?oeoeeae aeey noaeuee,
eioi?ue aoaeao ?acae?aoue aeaei ii nouanoao in judicio, yaeyaony oaie
?aieaie, eioi?uie ii?aaeaeyaony aeaeueiaeoay i?ioeannoaeueiay
aeayoaeueiinoue e noaeuee, e noi?ii, e ec eioi?uo auoiaeeoue ii ia
ai?aaa. N aaaaeaieai oi?ioey?iiai i?ioeanna oi?iaeeci ia en/ac
ieii/aoaeueii: noi?iiu naiaiaeiu aeaeaoue anyeea cayaeaiey ia?aae
i?aoi?ii (in jure), ii aeey noaeuee (in judicio) ?aoathuaa cia/aiea
eiaao oi, /oi iaienaii a iieo/aiiie ei oi?ioea. Iiyoiio ioeaee a
oi?ioea, aeiiouaiiua ii iieioiinoe i?aoi?a eee naieo noi?ii, iiaoo
eiaoue naiua ?aoeoaeueiua iineaaenoaey.
Aiciiaeia, i?aaeaea anaai, ioeaea a intentio. Enoaoe, iai?eia?, iiaeao
cayaeoue o?aaiaaiea ia ianeieueei aoeueooth noiio, /ai ii eiaao ia naiii
aeaea i?aai: aianoi 90, ii o?aaoao n ioaao/eea 100 (enoaoe, iai?eia?,
caaue, /oi ioaao/ee 10 aio oaea oieaoee); ii, oaeei ia?acii, plus
petit244. Oae eae a oi?ioeo oneiaeai condemnatio aoaeao iinoaaeai
cayaeaiiue enooeii aeiea ioaao/eea ia 100 (“Si paret Nm Nm Ao Ao centum
dare oportere, condemna”), oi noaeuey, neaaeoy oaenoo oi?ioeu e ia
iaeaey ii ?anneaaeiaaiee oeacaiiiai aio oneiaey (aeieaa ia 100 iao),
aeieaeai aoaeao enooeo ioeacaoue aiana. Enoaoe iioa?yao naie i?ioeann,
ii iaei yoiai: a neeo i?aaeea, /oi ia iaeiii e oii aea aeaea iaeuecy
eneaoue aeaa ?aca (“ne bis de eadem re sit actio”245, ii ia eiaao
aiciiaeiinoe aiciaiiaeoue ene e ia aeaenoaeoaeueii aeieaeioth noiio; aai
o?aaiaaiea iiaeaei iaanaaaea.
Oaeay pluspetitio aiciiaeia a ?acee/iuo aeaeao. Iiaeii plus petere: a)
re – aianoi aeaayiinoi noi, b) tempore – neeoeii ?aii, ia aeiaeaeaaoenue
n?iea, n) loco – a ae?oaii ianoa, /ai aeieaeii, d) causa – ianiaeanii n
ae?oaeie iniaaiiinoyie aeiaiai?a, iai?eia?, ii aeiaiai?o ioaao/ee
iaycaeny aeinoaaeoue enooeo eee aauue a, eee aauue b ii nianoaaiiiio
auai?o; enoaoe aea i?inoi o?aaoao aauue a.
Anee, iai?ioea, enoaoe i?ineo iaiueoa, /ai neaaeoao – minus petit, oi,
oae eae a aieueoai caeeth/aaony e iaiueoaa (a aeieaa ia 100 anoue e
aeiea ia 90), ii iieo/eo o?aaoaiia, ii aeey oiai, /oiau iieo/eoue
inoaeueiia, iaiaoiaeei iiaue ene, i?e/ai enoaoe aeieaeai aeaeaoue
anooieaiey a aeieaeiinoue ae?oaiai i?aoi?a.
Ioeaea, aeaeaa, iiaeao auoue a demonstratio: ianoiyoaeuenoaa aeaea
iaaa?ii eceiaeaiu; enoaoe ianoiyuee i?ioeann iioa?yao, ii iiaeao
iaiaaeeaiii ia/aoue iiaue ene, eai yoio iiaue ene oi?iaeueii aoaeao
eaeoe de alia re, /ai i?aaeiee.
Iaeiiaoe, a condemnatio iiaeao ieacaoueny iinoaaeaiiie eiay noiia, /ai a
intentio: iai?eia?, neacaii: “Si paret Nm Nm Ao Ao centum dare oportere,
judex 200 condemna”. Noaeuey i?enoaeeo e noiia, iaicia/aiiie a
condemnatio (e 200). Anee iaicia/aii aieueoa, io yoiai a oauoea
ioaao/ee; anee iaicia/aii iaiueoa, a oauoea enoaoe. Ii a neo/aa
oaaaeeoaeueiie i?e/eiu (iai?eia?, ioeaea i?iecioea io ?annayiiinoe
i?aoi?a) e oiio e ae?oaiio aea?oaony i?aoi?ii restitutio in integrum, oi
anoue ainnoaiiaeaiea a i?aaeiaa iieiaeaiea, eae anee au i?aaeiaai aeaea
e ia auei.
Oaea ec neacaiiiai aeaeii, ianeieueei oi?ioey?iue i?ioeann i?iieeioo aua
i?ioeannoaeueiui oi?iaeeciii. N oa/aieai a?aiaie yoio oi?iaeeci
ineaaeyaony, ii ana aea aei naiiai eiioea oi?ioea inoaaony iiiaioii,
aeey anaai aeaeueiaeoaai i?iecaiaenoaa aanueia nouanoaaiiui.
3. I?AOI?NEEA OI?IOEU E ACTIONES PRAETORIAE
Caeii Yaooeey eiae a aeaeo eeoue oi?iuaiea i?ioeannoaeueiiai
i?iecaiaenoaa, ii yoa i?ioeannoaeueiay ?aoi?ia eiaea a?iiaaeiia cia/aiea
e a ae?oaii ioiioaiee: iia ioe?uea oi?iuaiiua e aieaa oaeiaiua n?aaenoaa
aeey i?aoi?neiai aeeyiey a iaeanoe a?aaeaeaineiai i?aaa, a aianoa n oai
e aeey ?acaeoey jus honorarium. Aeaaiaea?y oiio, /oi ninoaaeaiea oi?ioeu
iaoiaeeony oaia?ue anaoeaei a ?oeao i?aoi?a, ii i?eia?aoaao
aiciiaeiinoue aicaeaenoaiaaoue a aeaiyeii iai?aaeaiee.
I. A yiioo legis actiones, eiaaea aanue ?eooae in jure ninoiye ec
cayaeaiee e aeaenoaee noi?ii, eiaaea iaaeno?ao ea?ae ?ieue /enoi
ianneaioth, ii, eiia/ii, a ?aieao yoiai i?ioeanna ia eiae ieeaeie
aiciiaeiinoe ieacaoue eaeia-eeai aeeyiea ia enoiae i?ioiaeyuaai i?aae
iei nii?a, ia iia iaeiaeeoue ia oeeaeeueioth i?aoaiceth enooea naia
veto, oioy au e iaoiaeee yoo i?aoaiceth ii nouanoao iani?aaaaeeeaie.
Anee enoaoe cayaee “aio hanc rem meam esse”246 e caoai ia yoii iniiaaiee
niaa?oaeanue vindicatio, contravindicatio e o. ae., oi i?aoi? ia eiae
n?aaenoaa inoaiiaeoue legis actio e iiiaoaoue ia?aoiaeo aeaea in
judicium. Ii ia iia ia?aeeciaaoue enea eee, eae aiai?yo oaoie/anee, ia
iia actionem denegare247.
Eiia/ii, anee i?aoi? aeaeae auoue ianoie/eaui, ii iia iioii, iinea
ieii/aiey aeaea, ia?aie naiae aeanoe (multae dictio e o. ae.) canoaaeoue
auea?aaoaai i?ioeann enooea aa?iooue aauue ia?aoii ioaao/eeo; ii ana yoe
ia?u eaaeao oaea ca i?aaeaeaie aeaiiiai i?ioeanna e ia anaaaea iiaoo
aeaoue iioa?iaaoaio iaaeeaaeauaa oaeiaeaoai?aiea (aeaaeaeueoeo anaaaea
eo/oa ia auaeaaaoue aaue, /ai auaeaoue e caoai aeiaeaaoueny aa ia?aoii).
N ia?aoiaeii e oi?ioey?iiio i?ioeanno iieiaeaiea eciaieeinue. Oaia?ue
ninoaaeaiea oi?ioeu iaoiaeeony a ?oeao i?aoi?a; ioeacaa enooeo a
ninoaaeaiee oi?ioeu, i?aoi? yoei naiui iiaeao inoaiiaeoue aeaeueiaeoaa
oa/aiea i?ioeanna e, neaaeiaaoaeueii, naeaeaoue oeeaeeueiia i?aai enooea
i?aeoe/anee ie/oiaeiui (nudum jus), i?aaii aac yooaeoa” (sine effectu).
Aicieeaao, oaeei ia?acii, denegatio actionis, eioi?ay aeaeaao i?aoi?a
oaea i?yiui eiio?iea?ii e ?anii?yaeeoaeai oeeaeeueiuo eneia.
E iiaeiaiie denegatio i?aoi? i?eaaaaao oiaaea, anee aeey iaai n?aco aea
ynii, /oi i?aoaicey enooea, oioy au iniiaaiiay ia jus civile,
iani?aaaaeeeaa. Iaueiiaaiii aea neo/aaony oae, /oi ioaao/ee i?eaiaeeo a
naith caueoo eaeia-ieaoaeue oaeia ianoiyoaeuenoai, eioi?ia aua ioaeii
i?iaa?eoue ioiineoaeueii aai enoeiiinoe, iai?eia?, nnueaaony ia oi, /oi,
oioy ii e iaauae oieaoeoue enooeo ecaanoioth noiio, ii eeoue iioiio, /oi
aue i?eioaeaeai e oiio ianeeeai. Oae ee iii auei a aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe
eee iao – iaaei aua i?iaa?eoue. Oaeoth oaeoe/aneoth i?iaa?eo i?aoi?
iiaeao i?iecaanoe e ee/ii (causae cognitio), iinea /aai ii iiaeao
actionem aut dare aut denegare248. Ai?acaei aea /aua, /oiau ia
cao?oaeiyoue naay oaeoe/aneei ?anneaaeiaaieai, ii ia?aeaaaao aai ia
noaeueth in judicio, anoaaea a oi?ioeo niioaaonoaothuoth exceptio. Oaeei
ia?acii, exceptio ii naiaio iaoa?eaeueiiio cia/aieth anoue ia /oi eiia,
eae oneiaiay denegatio.
II. Ii, e?iia oaeiai io?eoeaoaeueiiai aicaeaenoaey ia oeeaeeueiia i?aai,
oi?ioey?iue i?ioeann ioe?ue aei?iao e aeey aieaa eioaineaiiai
iieiaeeoaeueiiai aeeyiey i?aoi?a. Auoa auei oaea ioia/aii (§ 19), /oi
aua a yiioo legis actiones i?aoi? iia ieacuaaoue ecaanoiia aeeyiea ia
ioiioaiey iaaeaeo /anoiuie eeoeaie iooai naieo aaeieieno?aoeaiuo
i?eeacaiee (interdicta) e aaeieieno?aoeaiuo ia?. N onoaiiaeaieai
i?ioeanna per formulas a ?oeao i?aoi?a ieacaeinue aeey oie aea oeaee
n?aaenoai ai?acaei aieaa i?inoia e oaeiaiia.
Anee e iaio yaeyeinue eeoei n i?aoaiceae, oioy e ia eiathuae aeey naay
iniiaaiee a oeeaeeueiii i?aaa, ii ana-oaee, ii iiaieth i?aoi?a,
ni?aaaaeeeaie, oi ii iia oaia?ue, aianoi oiai, /oiau, eae i?aaeaea,
?anneaaeiaaoue aeaei ee/ii e auioaeeoue eniieiaiea iin?aaenoaii multae
dictio e o. ae., i?inoi-iai?inoi ninoaaeoue niioaaonoaothuoth oi?ioeo e
ia?aaeaoue aeaei ia ?aoaiea noaeuee, i?aaeienaa aio ii i?iaa?ea
oaeoe/aneeo aeaiiuo iaaeieoue ioaao/eea. Oaeei ia?acii, ?yaeii n eneaie,
iniiaaiiuie ia oeeaeeueiii i?aaa, actiones civiles, iiyaeythony enee
i?aoi?neea – actiones praetoriae. A nicaeaiee yoeo eneia i?aoi?neia
oai?/anoai aeinoeaaao naiaai caieoa.
A iniiaa oeeaeeueiiai enea eaaeeo anaaaea oaeia eee eiia oeeaeeueiia
i?aai enooea, iaeioi?ia jus, eioi?ia a enea inouanoaeyaony. Iiyoiio a
oi?ioea yoiai enea oneiaeai condemnatio noaaeony iaee/iinoue oaeiai eee
eiiai jus enooea (“S. p. rem ex jure Q. Ai Ai esse”, “S. p. jus esse Ai
Ai eundi agendi” e o. ae.), e naiua oi?ioeu yoiai ?iaea iacuaathony
formulae in jus conceptae249.
Iaoa?eaeueiui iniiaaieai anao i?aoi?neeo eneia, iai?ioea, yaeyaony oaea
ia eaeia-eeai i?aai enooea ia oi, /oiau ioaao/ee aio /oi-eeai caieaoee,
a i?inoi ecaanoiia oaeoe/aneia iieiaeaiea aeae, niaieoiiinoue ecaanoiuo
oaeoe/aneeo ianoiyoaeuenoa, eioi?ua aeaeatho ni?aaaaeeeaui, /oiau
ioaao/ee caieaoee. Iiyoiio i?aoi?neea enee iie?athony anaaaea ia
iaeioi?ia factum, a eo oi?ioeu yaeythony formulae in factum
conceptae250.
?ac i?aoi? i?eciae ni?aaaaeeeaui i?e niaieoiiinoe ecaanoiuo oaeoe/aneeo
oneiaee aeaoue i?ineoaeth ene, oi aeey oiai, /oiau noaeuey
aeaenoaeoaeueii iaaeiee ioaao/eea, iaiaoiaeeii, /oiau i?aoi? a naiie
oi?ioea aea?oaiiai enea oneiaeai condemnatio iinoaaee yoe oaeoe/aneea
ianoiyoaeuenoaa, /oiau a naiii oaenoa aa iie iaoee naaa iaaeeaaeauaa
ianoi. ?aaeaeoeey oi?ioeu i?e yoii, iaeiaei, iiaeao auoue ?acee/ia.
*aua anaai i?aoi? i?inoi ia?a/eneyao yoe oaeou: anee ieaaeaony oi-oi e
oi-oi, ioaao/eea iaaeie; oiaaea iu eiaai conceptio in factum i?inoi.
Ii eiiaaea aeaei iiaeao auoue oi?iuaii: i?aoi? iiaeao i?eaaaiooue e
oeeoeee251, e oiaaea iu aoaeai eiaoue formula ficticia. Iai?eia?, a
ecaanoiuo neo/ayo eeoei iiaei iioa?youe naith oeeaeeueioth
i?aainiiniaiinoue, iiaeaa?aiooueny oae iacuaaaiiio capitis deminutio;
oiaaea iii en/acaei ec nienea noauaeoia a?aaeaeaineiai i?aaa, oa?yei
i?aaa, ii inaiaiaeaeaeinue e io iaycaiiinoae. Iineaaeiaa ianoiyoaeuenoai
auei iani?aaaaeeeai ii ioiioaieth e aai e?aaeeoi?ai, e aio i?aoi? noae
aeaaaoue ei ene n oeeoeeae “ac si capite deminutus non esset”252, oi
anoue noaeuea i?aaeienuaaeinue a oi?ioea noaeeoue oae, eae anee au
ie/aai a yoii niunea ia i?iecioei.
Iaeiiaoe, eiiaaea oai oaeoe/aneei ianoiyoaeuenoaii, ia eioi?ii enoaoe
iniiauaaao naith i?aoaiceth, yaeyaony aeiea aio ni noi?iiu eeoea
iinoi?iiiaai, /ai ioaao/ee, eee aeaaea eeoeo iinoi?iiiaio, /ai nai
enoaoe (iai?eia?, i?aaeuyaeyaony ene iiaeoiii ca iaeieaoiaai,
iaoiaeyuaainy iiae iiaeie). Oiaaea oi?ioea ia?acoaony iin?aaenoaii oae
iacuaaaiie ia?anoaiiaee noauaeoia. Iai?eia?: “Si paret Nm Nm Lo Titio
(iaeieaoiaio) centum dare oportete, judex Nm Nm Ao Agerio (iiaeoio)
condemna”: a condemnatio aianoi L. Titium noaaeony A. Agerius.
Ii aoaeao ee oi?ioea i?aoi?neiai enea eiioeeie?iaaia oae eee eia/a –
iin?aaenoaii i?inoiai ia?a/eneaiey oaeoia, iin?aaenoaii oeeoeee eee
ia?anoaiiaee noauaeoia, – ana ?aaii, oi?ioea yoa aoaeao ii nouanoao
anaaaea formula in factum concepta.
Eceiaeaiiia oieueei /oi o/aiea i formulae in jus e in factum conceptae
?anoiaeeony, iaeiaei, n o/aieai ainiiaenoaothuei. Yoi iineaaeiaa
iieaaaao, /oi ?acee/ea iaaeaeo yoeie aeaeaie oi?ioe iieieony ia oii,
ionueaaony ee a aeaiiie oi?ioea noaeuey aeey iinoaiiaee naiaai ?aoaiey
oieueei e oaeoai eee aea ii aeieaeai i?eieiaoue ai aieiaiea e
iauaeoeaiua ii?iu juris civilis. Iiyoiio e formulae in factum conceptae
ainiiaenoaothuaa o/aiea ioiineo oieueei oa, aaea iu eiaai conceptio in
factum i?inoi; iai?ioea, farmulae ficticiae e formulae n ia?anoaiiaeie
noauaeoia iii n/eoaao ca formulae in jus conceptae. N ?acee/eai
oeeaeeueiuo e i?aoi?neeo eneia ?acee/ea iaaeaeo actiones in jus e in
factum conceptae ia niaiaaeaao: eae anoue i?aoi?neea oi?ioeu in jus
conceptae (oieueei /oi oiiiyiooua formulae ficticiae e n ia?anoaiiaeie
noauaeoia), oae, n ae?oaie noi?iiu, anoue e oeeaeeueiua formulae in
factum conceptae (oaeiau oae iacuaaaiua actiones in factum civiles eee
praescriptis verbis, aaea anoue oeeaeeueiay i?aoaicey enooea, ii a
oi?ioea, naa?o iaa, aua oeacuaathony e oaeoe/aneea ianoiyoaeuenoaa a
aeaea praescriptio).
Ii yoi ainiiaenoaothuaa o/aiea iieieony ia aanueia oaoeeo iniiaaieyo:
e?eoa?ee ainiiaenoaothuaai o/aiey ioiineoaeueii aeaeaiey oi?ioe ia in
jus e in factum conceptae ianoieueei neaa, /oi aeaaea iiiaea ec aai
i?aaenoaaeoaeae actiones ficticiae i?e/eneytho e formulae in factum;
au?aaeaiea “actio in factum civilis”253 yaeyaony iuia oaea
iauai?eciaiiie eioa?iieyoeeae e o. ae.254 Aiciiaeii, /oi a aieaa
iicaeiaa a?aiy au?aaeaiea “actio in factum” noaee oiio?aaeyoue aeey
iaicia/aiey eneia, eioi?ua ia eiaee oeie/iuo, a i?aoi?neii yaeeeoa
aunoaaeaiiuo oi?ioe, neaaeiaaoaeueii, a i?ioeaiiieiaeiinoue actio
proditae eee vulgares255 (AEe?a?), – ii oaeia neiaioiio?aaeaiea ia
iiaeao caoaiieoue ia?aiia/aeueiiiai e enoeiiiai cia/aiey ?acee/ey
iaaeaeo actiones in jus e in factum conceptae.
4. IAUEE OIAe I?IECAIAeNOAA
I?iecaiaenoai e a oi?ioey?iii i?ioeanna nio?aiyao naia ?acaeaeaiea ia
aeaa noaaeee – jus e judicium. A yoii ninoieo iau/iue ii?yaeie – ordo
judiciorum privatorum, ii/aio e naiue yoio i?ioeann, eae i?aeeia?iue,
i?ioeaiiieaaaaony anyeiio aaeieieno?aoeaii-noaeaaiiio ?acae?aoaeuenoao,
aaea iao oaeiai ?acaeaeaiey, eae yeno?ai?aeeia?iiio (extra ordinem).
1. I?iecaiaenoai in jure. I?aaiii noaea in jure yaeythony a ?eia i?aoi?,
a a ioieoeeieyo – ioieoeeiaeueiua iaaeno?aou, oi anoue aeaaiui ia?acii
Duoviri jure dicundo.
Eae a nenoaia legis actiones, oae e oaia?ue aeey ia/aea anyeiai
i?ioeanna iaiaoiaeeia yaea iaaeo noi?ii e iaaeno?aoo: i?iecaiaenoaa
cai/iiai e oi?ioey?iue i?ioeann ia ciaao. ?aaiui ia?acii, e a yiioo
oi?ioey?iiai i?ioeanna ia nouanoaoao ioeoeeaeueiiai auciaa a noae:
enoaoe nai aeieaeai iicaaioeoueny i yaea ioaao/eea. Aeey yoie oeaee
nio?aiythony i?aaeiea n?aaenoaa – in jus vocatio e vadimonium – n oai,
iaeiaei, ?acee/eai, /oi i?aoi?neee yaeeeo ioiaiee, ia neo/ae ioeaca
ioaao/eea, ianeeuenoaaiiue i?eaiae e manus injectio, caiaiea eo oo?aoii
in duplum.
Noi?iiu, ii iauaio i?aaeeo, aaaeoo i?ioeann ee/ii, ii a yiioo
oi?ioey?iiai i?ioeanna iiyaeyaony oaea e i?ioeannoaeueiia
i?aaenoaaeoaeuenoai, i?e/ai ?acee/athony aeaa aeaea i?aaenoaaeoaeae –
eiaieoi? (cognitor) e i?ieo?aoi? (procurator). Cognitor – yoi
i?aaenoaaeoaeue oi?iaeueiue; ii iacia/aaony i?aaenoaaeyaiui a
i?enoonoaee i?ioeaiie noi?iiu e a ii?aaeaeaiiuo au?aaeaieyo (“quod ego
tecum agere volo, in am Titium tibi cognitorem do”256), ii caoi ii iioii
niaa?oaiii caiaiyao i?aaenoaaeyaiiai: iineaaeiee oaea ia iiaeao
i?aaeuyaeoue oio aea ene ai aoi?ie ?ac; n ae?oaie noi?iiu, acuneaiea ii
i?eaiai?o (actio judicati) i?eiaaeeaaeeo aio, a ia eiaieoi?y, e
iai?aaeyaony i?ioea iaai, a ia i?ioea eiaieoi?a.
Procurator, iai?ioea, iacia/aaony aanoi?iaeueii e aeaaea, auoue iiaeao,
aac aaaeiia i?ioeaiie noi?iiu. Aeaaea aieaa oiai: i?ieo?aoi? iiaeao
aunooieoue nai a eioa?anao i?aaenoaaeyaiiai aac anyeiai ii?o/aiey
(iai?eia?, eoi-eeai aeaeaao i?aaeuyaeoue ene aeey io?aiu eioa?ania eeoea
ionoonoaothuaai). Aneaaenoaea yoiai aai i?ioeann ia eiaao oaeiai
cia/aiey, eae i?ioeann eiaieoi?a: a) iinea i?ioeanna i?ieo?aoi?a
i?aaenoaaeyaiue (dominus) iiaeao nai a/eieoue iiaue ene i?ioea oiai aea
ioaao/eea; e aio, aeey oiai, /oiau caueoeoue iineaaeiaai io aeaieiiai
acuneaiey, io anyeiai i?ieo?aoi?a o?aaoaony iaania/aiea a oii, /oi, anee
dominus ia i?eciaao i?ioeanna i?ieo?aoi?a e i?aaeuyaeo ene ee/ii ai
aoi?ie ?ac, ii, i?ieo?aoi?, aicianoeo ioaao/eeo ana aai oauoee – oae
iacuaaaiua cautio257 de rato habendo. b) Acuneaiea ii eneo, aaaeaiiiio
i?ieo?aoi?ii, aeaaony aio, a ia dominus (ii oaea nai aeieaeai ia?aaeaoue
acuneaiiia iineaaeiaio) e iai?aaeyaony i?ioea iaai, a ia i?ioea dominus.
Anee i?ieo?aoi? aunooiee ca ioaao/eea, oi i?eaiai?ai aoaeao i?ieo?aoi?,
aaeaeo yoiai enoaoe iiaeao o?aaiaaoue io i?ieo?aoi?a iaania/aiey a oii,
/oi ii, a neo/aa iaaeiaiey, oieaoeo ii i?eaiai?o – oae iacuaaaiia cautio
judicatum solvi.
A aieaa iicaeiaa a?aiy, iaeiaei, yoi ?acee/ea naeaaeeaaaony:
onoaiaaeeaaaony i?aaeei, /oi anee i?ieo?aoi? aaaeao ene ii ii?o/aieth
i?aaenoaaeyaiiai (procurator cum mandato), oioy au e aanoi?iaeueiiio, oi
dominus oaea ia iiaeao ia i?eciaoue i?ioeanna i?ieo?aoi?a e ia iiaeao
a/eieoue ene aoi?e/ii; aneaaenoaea yoiai iiaeiaiue procurator cum
mandato oaea inaiaiaeaeaaony oaia?ue io i?aaenoaaeaiey cautio de rato. E
oieueei i?aaenoaaeoaee aac ii?o/aiey inoaeenue a i?aaeiai iieiaeaiee.
Eiaaea noi?iiu (ee/ii eee /a?ac i?aaenoaaeoaeae) yaeeenue e i?aoi?o,
i?iecaiaenoai ia/eiaaony n cayaeaiey i?aoaicee enooeii. Yoi cayaeaiea
enoaoe aae?anoao eae e i?aoi?o, oae e e ioaao/eeo. Ii ioiioaieth e
i?aoi?o yoi cayaeaiea eiaao niune eni?ioaiey oi?ioeu; ii ioiioaieth e
ioaao/eeo yoi cayaeaiea eiaao niune auynieoue, eaeia iieiaeaiea ii
caeiao.
Ioaao/ee iiaeao n?aco aea i?eciaoue i?aoaiceth enooea i?aaeeueiie;
oiaaea iu eiaai oae iacuaaaiia confessio in jure258, aeaeueiaeoee
i?ioeann ia ioaeai, enoaoe iieo/aao n?aco ene ia eniieiaiee (actio
judicati) niaa?oaiii oae aea, eae anee au ninoiyeny i?eaiai?: naiei
i?eciaieai ioaao/ee nai i?iecian iaae niaith i?eaiai? – confessus pro
judicato accipitur. Anee, iaeiaei, i?aoaicey enooea auea incerta (oi
anoue ia ninoiyea a o?aaiaaiee ii?aaeaeaiiie aeaiaaeiie noiiu), oiaaea
iaiaoiaeeii auei aua iacia/aiea iniaiai noaeuee aeey onoaiiaeaiey
?acia?a oiai, /oi aeieaeai ioaao/ee oieaoeoue enooeo – arbitrium litis
aestimandae259.
Ii confessio in jure neo/ae ?aaeeee; iaueiiaaiii aea ioaao/ee anooiaao a
nii? e oai i?eieiaao i?ioeann – accipit judicium. Oiaaea ana
i?iecaiaenoai in jure eiaao naiath oeaeueth oi?ioee?iaaiea ano?a/iuo
cayaeaiee noi?ii (intentio, exceptiones, replicationes e o. i.),
ninoaaeaiea oi?ioeu iienaiiui auoa ii?yaeeii.
Yoio ii?iaeueiue oiae i?iecaiaenoaa in jure iiaeao eiiaaea ianeieueei
iiaeeoeoee?iaaoueny.
a) A iaeioi?uo neo/ayo i?aaeuyaeaiea enea i?ioea aeaiiiai ioaao/eea
caaeneo io i?aaeaa?eoaeueiiai auyniaiey iaeioi?uo ianoiyoaeuenoa, e n
yoie oeaeueth enooeo i?aaeinoaaeyaony in jure i?aaeeiaeeoue ioaao/eeo
iaiaoiaeeiua aii?inu, ioaao ia eioi?ua aeey iineaaeiaai iaycaoaeai. Yoi
oae iac. interrogatio in jure. Oae, iai?eia?, enoaoe yaeyaony
e?aaeeoi?ii eaeiai-ieaoaeue eeoea, eioi?ia oia?ei, inoaaea ianeaaenoai;
ii aucuaaao i?aaeiieaaaaiiai ianeaaeieea a noae e caeanue i?aaeeaaaao
aio aii?in “an heres sit”260. *oaeia aeeaioiia i?e/eieei enooeo oauoee;
iaoaa?aiiue aiieia, eoi nianoaaiiee yoiai aeeaioiiai, ii aucuaaao
i?aaeiieaaaaiiai nianoaaiieea a noae e caeanue caaeaao aii?in “an
dominus sit”261 e o. ae. A caaeneiinoe io iieo/aiiiai ioaaoa ene eee
aoaeao iinoaaeai, eee iao.
a) Oio/an iinea cayaeaiey i?aoaicee eaaeaeay ec noi?ii iiaeao
i?aaeeiaeeoue i?ioeaieeo iiaeoaa?aeeoue naia cayaeaiea i?enyaie –
jusjurandum in jure delatum262 – e oai caeii/eoue nii?. I?eiyoue yoi
i?aaeeiaeaiea, ii iauaio i?aaeeo, aeey i?ioeaieea ia iaycaoaeueii: ii
iiaeao ioeacaoueny, e oiaaea i?ioeann iieaeao naiei /a?aaeii. Ii ii
iiaeao i?eiyoue i?aaeeiaeaiea e i?enyaiooue (jusjurandum
voluntarium263); oiaaea ianooiaao neaaeothuaa: a) i?enyaioe enoaoe –
i?ioeann i?ae?auaaony, a enoaoe iieo/aao aeey acuneaiey iniaue ene –
actio jurisjurandi; b) i?enyaioe ioaao/ee – ii naiaiaeai e io anyeeo
aeaeueiaeoeo iaiaaeaiee enooea caueuai iin?aaenoaii exceptio
jurisjurandi. – Anoue, iaeiaei, neo/ae, eiaaea jusjurandum iaycaoaeueii
(jusjurandum necessarium): i?e no?iaeo oeeaeeueiuo eneao ia
ii?aaeaeaiiie aeaiaaeiie noiia eee ia ii?aaeaeaiiie aaue (condictio
certae pecuniae eee certae rei) a neo/aa o?aaiaaiey ni noi?iiu enooea
ioaao/ee aeieaeai i?enyaiooue: ioeac io i?enyae aoaeao ?aaiineeai
i?eciaieth e iiaaaeao e aai iaaeiaieth.
Anee i?ioeann ia ieii/ai oaea in jure iin?aaenoaii niciaiey ioaao/eea
eee i?enyae, oi n onoaiiaeaieai oi?ioeu i?iecaiaenoai ia?aae iaaeno?aoii
caeai/eaaaony. Yoio iiiaio nio?aiyao i?aaeiaa iacaaiea litiscontestatio,
oioy aiccaaiea e naeaeaoaeyi (“testes estote”264) a oi?ioey?iii
i?ioeanna ioiaei. Au?aaeaaony ee oaia?ue litiscontestatio a eaeii-eeai
aiaoiai aeoa eee iao – yoi aii?in iaauyniaiiue. Ii iiaieth iaeieo
(Eaeea? e ae?.), litiscontestatio i?aaenoaaeyao oaia?ue oio iiiaio,
eiaaea i?aoi? ia?aaeaao ninoaaeaiioth ei oi?ioeo enooeo. Ii iiaieth
ae?oaeo (e yoi, ii-aeaeeiiio, anoue iiaiea ainiiaenoaothuaa: Aeannae e
ae?.), litiscontestatio ninoieo a ia?aaea/a oi?ioeu ni noi?iiu enooea
ioaao/eeo (edere judicium – accipere judicium). Ii iiaieth o?aoueeo
(Eaiaeue), ia?aaea/a oi?ioeu iiaea auoue caiaiaia oai, /oi enoaoe
aeeeooao aa ioaao/eeo (dictare formulam).
Ai anyeii neo/aa, nouanoaaiii oi, /oi litiscontestatio e oaia?ue
nio?aiyao oa?aeoa? iaeioi?iai i?ioeannoaeueiiai aeiaiai?a (“judicio
contrahitur”265) iaaeaeo noi?iiaie: ia?aaeaaay e i?eieiay ninoaaeaiioth
i?e eo o/anoee i?aoi?ii oi?ioeo, enoaoe e ioaao/ee yoei naiui
niaeaoathony iaaeaeo niaith i ia?aaea/a eo nii?a ia ?aoaiea noaeuee.
Yoei aeiaiai?iui oa?aeoa?ii litiscontestatio iauyniythony iiiaea ec
iineaaenoaee yoiai aeoa. Aaaeiaeoeie ec ieo yaeythony neaaeothuea:
1) Eneiiiui i?aaeeii ?eineiai i?ioeanna auei oi, /oi, ?ac aeaei auei
aeiaaaeaii aei litiscontestatio, enoaoe iinea yoiai ia iiaeao oaea ai
aoi?ie ?ac a/eieoue ene i oii aea, oioy au ii ia?aiio i?ioeanno ?acai?a
e i?eaiai?a ii/aio-eeai ia auei. Yoi i?aaeei auei noi?ioee?iaaii,
aa?iyoii, aua ?anioaeeeaineeie th?enoaie a aeaea ec?a/aiey “ne bis de
eadem re sit actio”266. Inouanoaeyaony yoi i?aaeei, iaeiaei, ?acee/ii:
i?e actiones in personam in jus conceptae – ipso jure, oi anoue aac
iniaie nnueee ia yoi ni noi?iiu ioaao/eea; i?e actiones in rem e i?e
actiones in factum – iin?aaenoaii aeeth/aiey a oi?ioeo (aoi?e/iiai enea)
exceptio rei in judicum deductae267: ioaao/ee, oaeei ia?acii, aeieaeai
cayaeoue ia oaea ninoiyaoaeny litiscontestatio in jure, eia/a iioii
noaeuey aai iaaeieo.
2) Ii ?eineiio aicc?aieth, a iiiaio litiscontestatio noa?ia
i?aaiioiioaiea iaaeaeo noi?iiaie, iiaeaaoaa iiaiae e eneo,
oie/oiaeaaony, caiaiyynue iiaui – i?ioeannoaeueiui i?aaiioiioaieai,
eioi?ia aiiaua iiaeao auoue ii?aaeaeaii, eae iaycaoaeuenoai noi?ii
iiae/eieoueny i?eaiai?o noaea. Yoa niaia i?aaiioiioaiee iaaeaeo
noi?iiaie oi?ioee?oaony ?eineeie th?enoaie oae: aianoi “dare oportere”
iinea litiscontestatio aicieeaao “condemnari oportere”268. Oaeei
ia?acii, i?ienoiaeeo iaeioi?ia iaiiaeaiea i?aaiioiioaiee, novatio, e
i?eoii, a ioee/ea io iaiiaeaiey, eioi?ia iiaeao i?iecieoe ii niaeaoaieth
noi?ii aia noaea, – novatio necassaria269.
3) Iiiaio litiscontestatio yaeyaony ?aoathuei aeey ?acae?aoaeuenoaa in
judicio: i?e ianoaeaeaiee aii?ina ia iniiaaoaeueiinoe i?aoaicee enooea
noaeuey iaycai ?anneaaeiaaoue, auea ee iia i?aaeeueia a iiiaio
litiscontestatio, oioy au iinea oiai, e iiiaioo ?acai?a e i?eaiai?a,
ianoiyoaeuenoaa eciaieeenue. Iieiaeei, /oi a iiiaio litiscontestatio
enoaoe aue nianoaaiieeii aaue, eioi?ith aeaaeaao ioaao/ee, ii e iiiaioo
?acai?a in judicio aeey ioaao/eea caeii/eeny n?ie i?eia?aoaoaeueiie
aeaaiinoe; noaeuey oai ia iaiaa i?eaiai?eo ioaao/eea e auaea/a aaue. Oi
aea i?aaeei i?eiaiyeinue ia?aiia/aeueii ni anae no?iainoueth e e
iaycaoaeuenoaai: oieaoa aeieaa iinea litiscontestatio ia inaiaiaeaeaea
ioaao/eea io condemnatio; eeoue aiineaaenoaee yoi i?aaeei auei ioiaiaii
e auei i?eciaii, /oi i?e anyeeo eneao oieaoa iinea litiscontestatio
aeieaeia aanoe e inaiaiaeaeaieth ioaao/eea io aoi?e/iiai ieaoaaea –
“omnia judicia absolutoria debent esse”270:
4) Iaeiiaoe, ai iiiaeo neo/ayo iinea litiscontestatio ioaaonoaaiiinoue
ioaao/eea oneeeaaaony; ii ioaa/aao no?iaea ca aeaaeue eee ii?/o nii?iie
aaue, naa?o noiiu aeieaa iaycai ieaoeoue i?ioeaiou e o. ae.
II. I?iecaiaenoai in judicio. A aeaiue, aua?aiiue noi?iiaie ii acaeiiiio
niaeaoaieth (iaeiaei, ia iicaeiaa 18 ianyoeaa – lex Julia), iie aeieaeiu
yaeoueny e iacia/aiiiio noaeuea aeey aoi?ie noaaeee i?iecaiaenoaa in
judicio.
I?aaiaie noaea in judicio yaeythony, ii iauaio i?aaeeo, eae e i?aaeaea,
/anoiua noaeuee – judices privati. Iaeiaei, aeey iaeioi?uo ?iaeia aeae a
ia?eiae ?anioaeeee iiyaeythony niaoeeaeueiua noaeaaiua eieeaaee. Oaeiau
– decemviri e centumviri. Decemviri stlitibus judicandis a leges
Valeriae et Horatiae 449 a. ia?aaia n ieaaaeneeie o?eaoiaie auee
iauyaeaiu sacrosancti; aa?iyoii, iioiio (Iiiicai), /oi iie oiaaea aea
auee e o/?aaeaeaiu. Eiiiaoaioeey aeaoeaiae?ia (aiiaua iayniay),
ii-aeaeeiiio, i?inoe?aaony ia aeaea i i?aaa a?aaeaeainoaa (nii?u i
status). – Centumviri i?aaenoaaeytho eieeaaeth ec 105 /aeiaae. A?aiy
aicieeiiaaiey oeaiooiae?aeueiiai noaea aua aieaa nii?ii: iaeie ioiinyo
aai aua e yiioa Na?aey Ooeeey, ae?oaea e yiioa XII oaaeeoe e o. ae.;
aa?iyoiaa anaai, /oi yoio noae aiciee eeoue iinea oiai, eae /enei o?ea
aei?inei aei 35 (105 /aeiaae – ii 3 io eaaeaeie o?eau). Noaeo
oeaiooiae?ia iiaeeaaeao aeaea i ianeaaenoaa, ii ninoaaeytho ee yoe aeaea
eo eneeth/eoaeueioth eiiiaoaioeeth, iaecaanoii. Eioa?anii ioiaoeoue, /oi
a noaea oeaiooiae?ia i?ioeann per legis actiones nio?aieeny e iinea
caeiia Yaooeey.
Ca eneeth/aieai oao neo/aaa, eiaaea ii oai eee ae?oaei i?e/eiai aeaei
eaeao ia ?acae?aoaeuenoai a iaeio ec yoeo eieeaaee, ai anao inoaeueiuo a
ea/anoaa noaeae iacia/athony eaaeaeue ?ac /anoiua eeoea – judices
privati. Eiiaaea iie iacia/athony a eiee/anoaa ianeieueeeo – o?ao, iyoe;
yoi oae iacuaaaiua recuperatores, aaaeouea naia ia/aei, aa?iyoii, io
i?ioeanna iaaeaeo eiino?aioeaie. Ai?acaei aea /aua iacia/aaony iaeii
eeoei, judex unus, i?e/ai nouanoaoao iaeioi?ia ?acee/ea iaaeaeo
noaeueyie: iaeie ec ieo iacuaathony judices, ae?oaea – arbitri. A
ea/anoaa arbiter noaeuey yaeyaony a oao eneao, aaea o?aaoaony ia
noieueei i?eiaiaiea ii?i i?aaa, neieueei iin?aaeie/aneay aeayoaeueiinoue
– iai?eia?, a eneao i ?acaeaea, ?aciaaeaaaiee e o. ae.; iaueiiaaiii aea
noaeuey iacuaaaony judex.
Noaeuey iacia/aaony i?aoi?ii, ii i?e auai?a aai aeaaiay ?ieue
i?eiaaeeaaeeo niaeaoaieth noi?ii; eeoue i?e iaaiciiaeiinoe niaeaoaiey
i?aoi? i?eaaaaao eee e iacia/aieth ii nianoaaiiiio oniio?aieth, eee e
ae?aaeth (sortitio). Noaeuee iaueiiaaiii auae?aeenue ec naiaoi?ia, a a
aieaa iicaeiaa a?aiy ec ordo senatorius e ordo equester.
Naiia i?iecaiaenoai in judicio aeaeaeaony niaa?oaiii naiaiaeii, ia
naycaiiia ieeaeeie oi?iaie. A neo/aa iayaee enooea ioaao/ee iiaeao
o?aaiaaoue naiaai ii?aaaeaiey. A neo/aa iayaee ioaao/eea nii?ii: ii
iiaieth iaeieo (AEe?a?), enoaoe iiaeao o?aaiaaoue iaaeiaiey ia
yaeaoaainy; ii iiaieth ae?oaeo, enoaoe ana aea aeieaeai aeieacaoue naie
ene, e, anee noaeuey i?eciaao aeieacaoaeuenoaa iaaeinoaoi/iuie, ii
iiaeao ii?aaaeaoue ioaao/eea.
Anee iaa noi?iiu yaeyeenue, oi i?iecaiaenoai ia/eiaeinue n cayaeaiee
noi?ii (causam perorare); caoai i?eaiaeeeenue e i?iaa?yeenue
aeieacaoaeuenoaa, i?e/ai a ioeaiea yoeo aeieacaoaeuenoa noaeuey ieeaeeie
i?aaeienaieyie ia naycai: ?eineee i?ioeann oae iacuaaaiie oi?iaeueiie
oai?ee aeieacaoaeuenoa ia ciaao.
Anee a eiioea eiioeia judex, ianiio?y ia i?eaaaeaiiua aeieacaoaeuenoaa,
iaeaeao aeaei aeey naay iayniui, ii iiaeao ioeacaoueny aeaoue i?eaiai?,
i?eiany i?enyao “sibi non liquere”271, – e oiaaea aeaei aoaeao ia?aaeaii
ae?oaiio noaeuea. Anee aea ii ?aoaao, oi naie i?eaiai? – sententia – ii
iauyaeyao noi?iiai onoii, aac anyeeo oi?iaeueiinoae e aac oeacaiey
iioeaia. I?iecianaieai i?eaiai?a ?ieue noaeuee ieai/eaaeanue.
I?eaiai? (sententia eee res judicata) oai?eo iaaeaeo noi?iiaie i?aai –
“jus facit inter partes”. Oaeia cia/aiea eiaao i?eaiai? iacaaeneii io
aii?ina i oii, ni?aaaaeeea ee ii eee iao, eai “res judicata pro veritate
accipitur”272. A i?eioeeia ia i?eaiai? noaeuee ia iiaeao auoue ieeaeie
aiaeeyoeee a iaoai niunea neiaa, eai einoaioeeiiiiai ii?yaeea noaeia ia
nouanoaoao. Eiia/ii, caeioa?aniaaiiay noi?iia iiaea inia?eaaoue
aeaenoaeoaeueiinoue ninoiyaoaainy i?eaiai?a, aeieacuaaoue, /oi ii ii oai
eee ae?oaei i?e/eiai (iai?eia?, a iiiaio iinoaiiaeaiey i?eaiai?a noaeuey
aue ia a cae?aaii oia) ie/oiaeai, /oi res judicata non est273. Anee
oaeie caeioa?aniaaiiie noi?iiie yaeyaony enoaoe, oi ii iiaeao
ia?aoeoueny ca iiaui iacia/aieai noaeuee e ia aic?aaeaiea ioaao/eea i
oii, /oi ii aeaeo ninoiyeny oaea i?eaiai?, ii iiaeao aeieacuaaoue, /oi
yoio i?eaiai? iieiue, ie/oiaeiue. Anee caeioa?aniaai ioaao/ee, ii a
neo/aa i?aaeuyaeaiey enooeii enea i acuneaiee ii i?eaiai?o – actio
judicati – iiaeao aeieacuaaoue, /oi judicatum ia auei. ?acoiaaony, anee
ii yoiai ia aeieaaeao, ii iiaeeaaeeo ioaaonoaaiiinoe aaeaia, aneaaenoaea
/aai oaeay nnueea ia iaaeaenoaeoaeueiinoue i?eaiai?a iacuaaaony eiiaaea
revocatio in duplum274. Iaeioi?ua aeoiatho, /oi ioaao/ee iiaeao a
neo/ayo iiaeiaiiai ?iaea e ia auaeeaeay i?aaeuyaeaiey i?ioea iaai actio
judicati i?aaeuyaeoue naiinoiyoaeueiue ene i i?eciaiee i?eaiai?a
ie/oiaeiui n ?eneii oie aea ioaaonoaaiiinoe in duplum, – ii yoi iiaiea
nii?ii. Ai anyeii neo/aa, inia?eaaiea aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe ninoiyaoaainy
i?eaiai?a ia anoue aiaeeyoeey: iineaaeiyy i?aaeiieaaaao eiaiii
aeaenoaeoaeueiue i?eaiai? e eeoue eiaao oeaeueth aai ia?aniio? e
eni?aaeaiea. Oaeiai ia?aniio?a oi?ioey?iue i?ioeann i?eioeeieaeueii ia
aeiioneae. Caueoo i?ioea i?eaiai?a, iaoa?eaeueii iani?aaaaeeeaiai,
iiaeii auei iieo/eoue oieueei iooai yeno?ai?aeeia?iuo ia? ?eineeo
iaaeno?aoia.
Oae, i?aaeaea anaai, aeaaiaea?y i?aaeeo ia intercessio, iiaeii auei
ia?aoeoueny e oiio eee ae?oaiio ec iaaeno?aoia (iai?eia?, e o?eaoio) n
i?inueaie i?einoaiiaeoue acuneaiea, iineieueeo iii inouanoaeyaony ia?aie
i?aoi?neie aeanoe. Yoi e anoue apellatio a ?eineii niunea. Ii
intercessio caeanue oieueei ia?aeecoao ia?u i?aoi?neie aeanoe (iai?eia?,
missio in possessionem) e ieneieueei ia cao?aaeaaao naiiai i?eaiai?a,
eioi?ue de jure inoaaony ia?ooeiui.
E?iia oiai, iiaeii auei ia?aoeoueny e e naiiio i?aoi?o, eioi?ue, anee
i?eciaao aeaeiao i?ineoaey ia i?eaiai? oaaaeeoaeueiie, iia a neeo naiae
aeanoe (imperium) aeaoue aio oae iac. restitutio in integrum275, oi
anoue iiaaeaiea n/eoaoue auaoee i?ioeann eae au ia auaoei: oiaaea aeaei
iiaeao auoue ia?aaeaii ae?oaiio noaeuea. Ii ana yoi ia?u /?acau/aeiua,
caaenyuea io iniaiai oniio?aiey iaaeno?aoa.
I?e ecaanoiuo oneiaeyo (oiuoeaiiiai iai?aainoaeey e o. ae.) eeoei,
iioa?iaaoaa io iani?aaaaeeeaiai i?eaiai?a, iiaeao ia?aoeoueny n eneii ia
oauoeao i?ioea naiiai noaeuee: naiei iai?aainoaeeai noaeuey eae au
ia?aiinee i?aoaiceth ia naay – “judex litem suam facit”276.
III. Eniieiaiea i?eaiai?a. I?eaiai? eee i?ae?auaao anyeea ioiioaiey
iaaeaeo noi?iiaie, eee cicaeaao iiaua. I?ae?auaao, anee i?eaiai? aue
ii?aaaeaoaeueiue: i?ioea anyeeo iiauo i?aoaicee enooea ec oiai aea nii?a
ioaao/ee caueuai iin?aaenoaii exceptio rei judicatae. Nicaeaao iiaua,
anee i?eaiai? aue iaaeieoaeueiue: oiaaea aicieeaao aii?in ia eniieiaiee,
i acuneaiee. A neeo oiai, /oi a oi?ioey?iii i?ioeanna i?eaiai? anaaaea
aeaneo ia ii?aaeaeaiioth aeaiaaeioth noiio (condemnatio pecuniaria),
eniieiaiea i?eaiai?a iai?aaeyaony anaaaea ia acuneaiea n ioaao/eea yoie
aeaiaaeiie noiiu.
Ii?iaeueiui n?aaenoaii aeey oaeiai acuneaiey yaeyaony eniieieoaeueiue
ene – actio judicati. Yoio ene caiaiee niaith i?aaeithth manus injectio,
nio?aiea, iaeiaei, iaeioi?ua /a?ou yoie iineaaeiae. Iaaeaeo i?eaiai?ii e
i?aaeuyaeaieai actio judicati aeieaeii i?ieoe 30 aeiae, /oiau aeaoue
ioaao/eeo aiciiaeiinoue aeia?iaieueii eniieieoue i?eaiai?. Anee ca yoi
a?aiy eniieiaiey ia iineaaeiaaei, enoaoe i?aaeuyaeyao actio judicati, e
i?aoi? ioaeaao (addicit, addictio) ioaao/eea enooeo, iinea /aai yoio
iineaaeiee oaiaeeo aai e naaa, eae naiaai eaaaeueiiai. Iieiaeaiea
aeieaiaiai eaaaeueiiai, iaeiaei, a ia?eiae ?anioaeeee auei cia/eoaeueii
niya/aii: caeii Iaoaeey (lex Poetelia 326 a.) ioiaiee i?iaeaaeo a
?aanoai, iaeiaeaiea ieia e o. ae.; oeaeueth eaaaeu yaeyaony oaia?ue
io?aaioea aeieaa. – Anee ioaao/ee aeaeaao inia?eaaoue actio judicati, ii
iiaeao yoi naeaeaoue nai, ia ioaeaeaynue a canooiieea (vindex); ii,
a/eiay yoio nii?, ii aeieaeai i?aaenoaaeoue ii?o/eoaey a oii, /oi a
neo/aa iainiiaaoaeueiinoe nii?a enooeo aoaeao oiea/aii (yoi oae
iacuaaaiay satisdatio eee cautio judicatum solvi); oaeei ia?acii,
i?aaeiee vindex i?iaeieaeaao a ineaaeaiiii aeaea nouanoaiaaoue a
ii?o/eoaea. N ae?oaie noi?iiu, anee nii? i?ioea actio judicati aoaeao
aiineaaenoaee i?eciai iainiiaaoaeueiui, ioaao/ee (eee aai ii?o/eoaeue)
iaycai aoaeao ieaoeoue aaeaia – in duplum; yoi oiaea inoaoie i?aaeiae
manus injectio.
Oaeei ia?acii, acuneaiea e a yoii ia?eiaea i?aaeaea anaai iai?aaeyaony
ia naioth ee/iinoue aeieaeieea; ii?iaeueiui n?aaenoaii eniieiaiey
i?eaiai?a i?eciaaony ee/iay yecaeooeey.
N oa/aieai a?aiaie, iaeiaei, iaia?oaeeaaaony oaiaeaioeey inaiaiaeeoue
ee/iinoue aeieaeieea io iaiin?aaenoaaiiie ioaaonoaaiiinoe e ia?aaanoe
acuneaiea oieueei ia aai eiouanoai. Aaaeiui a yoii ioiioaiee yaeyaony
caeii Oeaca?y eee Aaaonoa – lex Julia de cessione bonorum277,
i?aaeinoaaeaoee aeieaeieeo i?aai ia?aaeaoue ana naia eiouanoai
e?aaeeoi?o iiae i?enyaie, /oi o iaai aieaa ie/aai iao, e oai
inaiaiaeeoue naay aiana io ee/iie ioaaonoaaiiinoe.
?yaeii n yoei i?aoi? iaei-iiiaeo (auoue iiaeao, ii ia?acoeo acuneaiee
eacaiiuo) aaiaeeo e i?yioth ?aaeueioth yecaeooeeth, ia?auay acuneaiea
iaiin?aaenoaaiii ia eiouanoai aeieaeieea e inoaaeyy a noi?iia aai
ee/iinoue. I?e yoii a enoi?ee iinoaiaiii au?eniauaathony aeaa aeaea
oaeie ?aaeueiie yecaeooeee: oieaa?naeueiay, – eiaaea acuneaiea
ioaaouaaao n?aco anth niaieoiiinoue eiouanoaa aeieaeieea, e
niaoeeaeueiay, – eiaaea iii iai?aaeyaony ia oa eee ae?oaea ioaeaeueiua
aaue.
Oieaa?naeueiay yecaeooeey anoue oi aea, /oi eiieo?n. Ii i?inueaa
e?aaeeoi?a, eiathuaai a ?oeao i?eaiai?, i?aoi? aaiaeeo aai ai aeaaeaiea
eiouanoaii aeieaeieea, aeaao aio missio in possessionem278. Anooieaoee
ai aeaaeaiea e?aaeeoi? aeaeaao ia yoii ioaee/iia iiiaauaiea, iinea /aai
e iaio iiaoo i?eniaaeeieoueny ae?oaea e?aaeeoi?u oiai aea eeoea, e,
oaeei ia?acii, ioe?uaaaony iauee eiieo?n. Aeey aaaeaiey aeae e
eeeaeaeaoeee eiouanoaa iacia/aaony iniaue magister bonorum, eioi?ue e
i?iecaiaeeo caoai venditio bonorum, oi anoue i?iaeaaeo eiouanoaa n
aoeoeeiia. Eiouanoai ianinoiyoaeueiiai i?iaeaaony ana iaoeii;
i?eia?aoaoaeue aai – emptor bonorum – anooiaao ai ana i?aaa aeieaeieea,
aeaeaaony aai oieaa?naeueiui i?aaiieeii, n iaycaoaeuenoaii ?anieaoeoueny
n aai e?aaeeoi?aie a oneiaeaiiii i?e i?iaeaaea i?ioeaioa.
Iicaea, oaea a eiia?aoi?neia a?aiy, oieaa?naeueiay venditio bonorum
caiaiyaony iin?aaenoaii distractio bonorum, ?ani?iaeaaeae eiouanoaa ii
/anoyi.
Niaoeeaeueiay ?aaeueiay yecaeooeey ?acaeeanue ec i?aaa iaaeno?aoia
a?aoue aaue a caeia aeey iaania/aiey eniieiaiey eaeiai-eeai eo
i?eeacaiey – pignoris capio. Iaei-iiiaeo i?aoi? noae i?eaaaaoue e yoiio
n?aaenoao e a eioa?anao /anoiuo eeoe, aeey eniieiaiey i?eaiai?ia, e
oaeei ia?acii iiyaeyaony pignus in causa judicati captum279, eioi?ia
aeaeaaony aiineaaenoaee ii?iaeueiui n?aaenoaii aeey eniieiaiey
aaeeie/iiai i?eaiai?a, inoaaeyy venditio bonorum aeey neo/aaa ianoiyuaai
eiieo?na. Ii?yaeie acuneaiey i?e yoii oaeia: ii i?inueaa enooea i?aoi?
iinueaao naieo apparitores acyoue iaeio eee ianeieueei aauae aeieaeieea;
anee caoai aeieaeiee a oa/aiea 2 ianyoeaa ia aueoieo caeia, oi anoue ia
oieaoeo e?aaeeoi?o, oi acyoay aauue i?iaeaaony iaaeno?aoii n aoeoeeiia,
e au?o/aiiith noiiie oaeiaeaoai?yaony e?aaeeoi?.
Aeaaiaea?y oeacaiiui n?aaenoaai, a ?acaeoii oi?ioey?iii i?ioeanna (oaea
a ia?eiae eiia?ee) ee/iay aeieaiaay eaaaea ii/oe aiana ia ano?a/aaony.
5. INIAAIIUA OI?IU NOAeAAIIE CAUEOU
?yaeii n iaueiiaaiiui a?aaeaeaineei i?ioeannii nouanoaotho aeey
ecaanoiuo neo/aaa iniaaiiua oi?iu noaeaaiie caueou, i?e/ai iauei aeey
anao eo yaeyaony oi, /oi ana iie auoaeatho ec imperium iaaeno?aoa e
i?aaenoaaeytho oaeoth eee eioth iiaeeoeeaoeeth aaeieieno?aoeaiiai
aicaeaenoaey.
Aaaeiaeooth ec yoeo oi?i i?aaenoaaeytho eioa?aeeeou. I?ienoiaeaeaiea eo
oaeiai (ni. § 19). Aua ai a?aiaia i?ioeanna per legis actiones eeoei, ia
iaoiaeeaoaa naaa caueou a jus civile e a oi?ia iaueiiaaiiiai
a?aaeaeaineiai i?ioeanna, iiaei ia?aoeoueny e eiinoeo, a iioii e i?aoi?o
n i?inueaie caueoeoue aai, iiii/ue aio naiae aeanoueth. I?aoi? ee/ii
i?iecaiaeee ?anneaaeiaaiea – causae cagnitio, – e, anee iaoiaeee
i?inueao i?ineoaey caneoaeeaathuae oaaaeaiey, oi ioaeaaae i?ioeaiie
noi?iia niioaaonoaothuaa i?eeacaiea: ia i?iecaiaee ianeeey (vim fieri
veto), auaeae aauue (exhibeas) e o. i. Yoi i?eeacaiea iacuaaaony
decretum, a anee niaea?aeeo a naaa cai?auaiea /aai-eeai, oi interdictum,
ioeoaea e iioei iauaa iaicia/aiea yoiai n?aaenoaa – eioa?aeeeo.
I?aoi?neee aeae?ao eee eioa?aeeeo eiaao a yoo yiioo oa?aeoa? ee/iiai (oi
anoue e ii?aaeaeaiiiio eeoeo aae?aniaaiiiai) e aaconeiaiiai i?eeacaiey.
Anee caoai i?ioeaiay noi?iia i?eeacaiey i?aoi?a ia eniieiyea, oi ii
iiaie aeaeiaa i?ineoaey e ii iiaiio ?anneaaeiaaieth (aeaenoaeoaeueii ee
i?eeacaiea ia eniieiaii) i?aoi? aeey auioaeaeaiey i?eaaaae e iau/iui
ia?ai imperium – multae dictio, pignoris capio e o. ae.
Ii yoio ae?aaiaeoee ii?yaeie eiae aeey i?aoi?a oi aieueoia iaoaeianoai,
/oi ia?aiaiye aai iaiaoiaeeiinoueth i?iecaiaeeoue ana oaeoe/aneea
?anneaaeiaaiey (aeii?in naeaeaoaeae, iniio? ia ianoa e o. ae.). *oiau
ecaaaeoueny io yoie oaeoe/aneie noi?iiu aeaea, i?aoi? noae i?eaaaaoue e
neaaeothuaio i?eaio. Iinea oiai, eae i?ineoaeue eceiaeee naia aeaei,
anee i?aoi? iaoiaeee, /oi i?e eceiaeaiiuo i?ineoaeai ianoiyoaeuenoaao
iiii/ue aio iaiaoiaeeii, ii, ia ?anneaaeoy oaeoe/aneie enoeiiinoe
cayaeaiee i?ineoaey, ecaeaaae iauaa i?eeacaiea: oae auoue ia aeieaeii,
aauue ioaeii aa?iooue e o. ae. Yoi i?eeacaiea, iacuaathuaany e oaia?ue
eioa?aeeeoii, eiaao oaea ianeieueei eiie oa?aeoa?; iii anoue i?eeacaiea
oneiaiia: anee iaaa?ii oi, /oi niiauee i?ineoaeue, oi i?eeacaiea
i?aoi?a, eiia/ii, ia eanaaony ioaao/eea; anee aea aa?ii, oi ii aeieaeai
aai eniieieoue. Anee aea ii ana-oaee ia eniieieo, oi enoaoe yaeony e
i?aoi?o ai aoi?ie ?ac n cayaeaieai ia yoii, e oiaaea i?aoi?, iiyoue-oaee
aeey oiai, /oiau naiiio ia i?iaa?youe yoiai cayaeaiey, i?eioaeaeaao
nii?yueo e i?ioeannoaeueiiio ia?e iin?aaenoaii sponsiones (sponsio
enooea e restipulatio ioaao/eea – n?. § 22: “anee y naeaeae /oi-eeai
i?ioea i?eeacaiey i?aoi?a, iaauath noieueei-oi” e o. i.). Ia iniiaaiee
yoeo sponsiones aicieeaao iioii iaaeaeo ieie iaueiiaaiiue i?ioeann.
Aeaaiaea?y oaeiio i?eaio, i?aoi?, nio?aiyy a naieo ?oeao
i?eioeeieaeueioth, th?eaee/aneoth ioeaieo aeaeia, ia?aiineo anth
oaeoe/aneoth noi?iio aeaea ia noaeueth in judicio, a ?acae?aoaeuenoai
/enoi aaeieieno?aoeaiia caiaiyaony i?ioeannii noaeaaiui.
Eioa?aeeeoiia i?iecaiaenoai a oieueei /oi iienaiiii aeaea naycaii auei
anaaaea aeey noi?iiu i?iea?aaoae n ?eneii iioa?youe noiio ia?e, oi anoue
oio oo?ao, eioi?ue aue iaauai a sponsio; iiyoiio iii iacuaaaony
i?iecaiaenoaii cum periculo280. Ii, ii acaeiiiio niaeaneth, noi?iiu
iiaee ecaaaeaoue yoiai ?enea, ia?aoeaoenue e i?aoi?o n i?inueaie i?yii
aeaoue ei noaeueth (arbiter), e i?ioeann a oaeii neo/aa aoaeao sine
periculo281.
Eiiaaea iaa noi?iiu yaeythony e i?aoi?o n iaeeiaeiauie i?aoaiceyie: iie
nii?yo, iai?eia?, i aeaaeaiee iia?aie/iie iieinie caiee, i?e/ai eaaeaeue
ec nii?yueo n/eoaao naay aeaaeaeueoeai, a ae?oaiai ia?ooeoaeai
aeaaeaiey. Oiaaea i?aoi? ecaeaao iauaa i?eeacaiea, ioiinyuaany e iaiei:
“uti nunc possidetis, quominus ita possideatis vim fieri veto”282; a
?acoeueoaoa yoiai aeaoonoi?iiiaai i?eeacaiey eaaeaeue ec nii?yueo iiaeao
ieacaoueny a ?iee enooea e a ?iee ioaao/eea, aneaaenoaea /aai caeanue
iaiaoiaeeia oaea ia iaeia ia?a sponsio e restipulatio, a aeaa ia?u eo.
Oaeea eioa?aeeeou iacuaathony interdicta duplicia.
Ii naiaio niaea?aeaieth i?eeacaiea i?aoi?a iiaeao o?aaiaaoue eee
eniieiaiey /aai-eeai, eee iaia?ooaiey /aai-eeai; iiyoiio eioa?aeeeou
aeaeyo ia interdicta restitutoria (i?eeacaiea ainnoaiiaeoue /oi eeai,
iai?eia?, aa?iooue aeaaeaiea aauueth), exhibitoria (i?aaeuyaeoue aauue)
e prohibitoria (aini?auaiea /aai-eeai, iaueiiaaiii niaa?oaoue ianeeea –
“vim fieri veto”). Iie ano?a/athony a naiuo ?acee/iuo iaeanoyo
ioiioaiee, eanaynue oi i?aaa nae?aeueiiai (interdictum ne quid in loco
sacro fiat283), oi i?aaa ioaee/iiai (ne quid in loco publico, in flumine
publico e o. ae. fiat284), oi, iaeiiaoe, i?aaa /anoiiai. A iaeanoe yoiai
iineaaeiaai iaeaieueoaa cia/aiea eiatho oae iacuaaaiua aeaaeaeue/aneea
eioa?aeeeou – interdicta possessoria, nicaeaiiua aeey caueou
oaeoe/aneiai iaeaaeaiey aauaie. Interdicta possessoria, a naith
i/a?aaeue, ?aniaaeathony ia interdicta adipiscendae possessionis,
aeathuea i?ineoaeth oaeia aeaaeaiea, eioi?iai ii ?aiueoa ia eiae aiana
(iai?eia?, interdictum quorum bonorum i iieo/aiee aeaaeaiey
ianeaaenoaii), interdicta retinendae possessionis, caueuathuea iaee/iia
(oaea eiathuaany) aeaaeaiea io iinyaaoaeuenoa, e interdicta recuperandae
possessionis, aica?auathuea iacaae aeaaeaiea, eai-eeai ioiyoia. Ii ia
yoeo eioa?aeeeoao iiae?iaiaa aoaeao neacaii a enoi?ee a?aaeaeaineiai
i?aaa (§ 58).
A iaeioi?uo neo/ayo i?aaeuyaeaiea eioa?aeeeoa i?aaeinoaaeyaony anyeiio
ec a?aaeaeai – cuilibet ex populo: iai?eia?, eiaaea aeaei eaeao ia
ia?aaeaeaiee ii?yaeea a ianoa nayuaiiii eee ioaee/iii. Oaeea eioa?aeeeou
iacuaathony iiioey?iuie – interdicta popularia.
N onoaiiaeaieai oi?ioey?iiai i?ioeanna, eiaaea i?aoi? ieacaeny a
ninoiyiee aeaaaoue oi?ioeu, iniiaaiiua i?inoi ia oaeoe/aneeo
ianoiyoaeuenoaao (in factum conceptae), aanue iienaiiue neiaeiue oiae
eioa?aeeeoiiai i?iecaiaenoaa naeaeaeny, nianoaaiii aiai?y, eceeoiei:
aeey oiai, /oiau ia?aaanoe nii? in judicium, i?aoi? iia iaieoenue aac
anyeeo sponsiones noi?ii, aeaa i?inoi oi?ioeo, a eioi?ie
i?aaeienuaaeinue au noaeuea i?e iaee/iinoe ooaa?aeaeaaiuo enooeii oaeoia
iaaeieoue ioaao/eea. Ae?oaeie neiaaie, eioa?aeeeou oaia?ue iiaee au
auoue aac anyeiai oua?aa caiaiaiu iin?aaenoaii actiones in factum. E
aeaenoaeoaeueii, iu eiaai i?eia?u oaeie caiaiu; n ae?oaie noi?iiu, ana
aeaeueiaeoaa ?acaeoea i?aaa i?aoi?neie aeanoueth niaa?oaaony ia
iin?aaenoaii nicaeaiey iiauo eioa?aeeeoia, a iin?aaenoaii nicaeaiey
i?aoi?neeo eneia. Anee aea iiiaea eioa?aeeeou nio?aiythony e iicaea, oi
yoi iauyniyaony io/anoe enoi?e/aneei eiina?aaoeciii, io/anoe iaeioi?uie
/enoi i?aeoe/aneeie niia?aaeaieyie.
Aoi?oth iniaaiioth oi?io noaeaaii-aaeieieno?aoeaiie caueou ninoaaeytho
stipulationes praetoriae. Stipulatio anoue oi aea, /oi sponsio, oi anoue
oi?aeanoaaiiia iaauaiea oieaoeoue eee naeaeaoue /oi-eeai, aeaaaaiia a
aeaea ioaaoa ia oi?aeanoaaiiue aii?in eiio?aaaioa (“Centum mihi dare
spondes? – Spondeo”285). Iaueiiaaiii stipulatio eee sponsio caeeth/aaony
ii aeia?iaieueiiio niaeaoaieth noi?ii, ii eiiaaea i?aoi? i?eioaeaeaao e
caeeth/aieth aa a eioa?anao caueou eaeie-ieaoaeue noi?iiu. Oae,
iai?eia?, i?ineoaeue cayaeyao i?aoi?o, /oi caeaiea aai ninaaea a?iceo
ia?ooeoueny e i?e naiai iaaeaiee i?e/eieoue aio oauoee; oiaaea i?aoi?
i?eeacuaaao ninaaeo aeaoue i?ineoaeth iaauaiea, /oi, anee yoi neo/eony,
ii aicianoeo ana oauoee (oae iacuaaaiay cautio damni infecti, i?eoaaeoay
ia niaio eaeiai-oi auaoaai ?aiaa aeey yoiai neo/ay eaaenaeoeeiiiiai
i?ioeanna). Oaeia iaauaiea ia?aaeei nii?iaiaeaeaeinue aua
ii?o/eoaeuenoaii, aneaaenoaea /aai ?acee/aeenue nuda repromissio (aac
ii?o/eoaeuenoaa) e satisdatio (n ii?o/eoaeuenoaii).
O?aoee niinia i?aoi?neie caueou ninoaaeyao missio in possessionem:
i?aoi? ii i?inueaa i?ineoaey aaiaeeo aai ai aeaaeaiea oeaeui eiouanoaii
eee ioaeaeueiie aauueth. Iiyoiio missio in possessionem yaeyaony eee eae
missio in bona, eee eae missio in rem specialem. Missio in bona iu oaea
ano?a/aee auoa i?e eniieiaiee i?eaiai?ia (§ 25), ii anoue e ae?oaea
neo/ae (iai?eia?, aaiae ai aeaaeaiea ianeaaenoaii aeey iaania/aiey oiai,
/oi ianeaaeiee auieaoeo aiceiaeaiiua ia iaai ioeacu – missio legatorum
servandorum causa e o. ae.). Missio in rem ianooiaao, iai?eia?, a
oieueei /oi oiiiyiooii neo/aa damnum infectum: anee ninaae ia caoi/ao
aeaoue o?aaoaiia iaauaiea aicianoeoue oauoee, oi i?aoi? aaiaeeo
i?ineoaey ai aeaaeaiea oa?iaeathuei caeaieai n i?aaii naiiio i?iecaanoe
iaiaoiaeeiue ?aiiio ca n/ao ioaao/eea (missio ex primo decreto286); anee
ninaae ia iiaeaeaao aicianoeoue e yoeo ecaea?aeae ia ?aiiio, i?aoi?
ia?aaeaao i?ineoaeth aeaaea naiia i?aai nianoaaiiinoe ia caeaiea (missio
ex secundo decreto287).
Iaeiiaoe, /aoaa?oui n?aaenoaii i?aoi?neie caueou yaeyaony restitutio in
integrum. Eiiaaea iiaeao ieacaoueny, /oi naiua i?aaiaua iineaaenoaey
eaeiai-ieaoaeue th?eaee/aneiai oaeoa i?eaiaeyo a oii eee ae?oaii
eiie?aoiii neo/aa e yaiie iani?aaaaeeeainoe: aacaeiii i?iiouai n?ie;
naeaeea caeeth/aia, ii iiae aeeyieai i?eioaeaeaiey eee iaiaia e o. i.
Aneaaenoaea yoiai aeaeaoaeueiui yaeyaony ainnoaiiaeaiea i?aaeiaai
ninoiyiey, oi anoue iinoaaeaiea eeoea a oaeia iieiaeaiea, a eaeii iii
iaoiaeeeinue au, anee au icia/aiiue th?eaee/aneee oaeo ia niaa?oeeny.
Aio yoa-oi caaea/a – restitutio in integrum – e ninoaaeyao oiaaea oeaeue
i?aoi?neiai aiaoaoaeuenoa. Aeey oaeie restitutio iaiaoiaeeia, n iaeiie
noi?iiu, iaee/iinoue eaeiai-eeai a?aaea, oua?aa (laesio), e i?eoii
cia/eoaeueiiai, eai “minima non curat praetor”288, a n ae?oaie noi?iiu –
iaee/iinoue oao eee ae?oaeo oaaaeeoaeueiuo i?e/ei (justa causa), i?e/ai
ioeaiea oaaaeeoaeueiinoe i?eiaaeeaaeeo i?aoi?o. A yaeeeoa oaeeie
oaaaeeoaeueiuie i?e/eiaie i?eciathony: minor aetas (ianiaa?oaiiieaoea),
dolus (iaiai i?e naeaeea), error (nouanoaaiiay ioeaea), capitis
deminutio (iioa?y a?aaeaeaineie i?aainiiniaiinoe aneaaenoaea, iai?eia?,
onuiiaeaiey) e justa absentia (ionoonoaea eeoea, iioa?iaaoaai oua?a,
aneaaenoaea eaeie-eeai ainoaea?noaaiiie iaaeiaiinoe e o. i.). A neo/aa
i?eciaiey i?inueau i restitutio caneoaeeaathuae aieiaiey, i?aoi?
inouanoaeyao caoai ainnoaiiaeaiea a i?aaeiaa ninoiyiea ?acee/iuie
iooyie: eiiaaea aeaaay i?ineoaeth ene, eiiaaea caueuay aai iin?aaenoaii
exceptio e o. ae.
Oaeei ia?acii, restitutio in integrum, a nouanoaa naiai, ia anoue
eaeia-eeai iniaia n?aaenoai i?aoi?neie caueou, ia?aaia n eioa?aeeeoaie,
stipulationes praetoriae, missio in possessionem eee actio praetoria;
iia naia aeey naiaai inouanoaeaiey ioaeaeaaony a oii eee ae?oaii ec yoeo
n?aaenoa, eiiaaea aeaaea a oeaeii eiiieaena eo. Restitutio anoue a
iaoa?eaeueiii ioiioaiee ia /oi eiia, eae oieueei ecaanoiay oeaeue,
ecaanoiay oaia aeey i?aoi?neiai aiaoaoaeuenoaa a ecaanoiuo neo/ayo.
6. OAIEIAIIA I?AAI E OAIEIAIUE NOAe
Ia?eiae ?anioaeeee a iaeanoe oaieiaiiai i?aaa oianeaaeiaae io oea?neiai
ia?eiaea iieioth iaii?aaeaeaiiinoue. Ca eneeth/aieai oao i?anooieaiee
i?ioea /anoiuo eeoe (delicta privata), eioi?ua auee i?aaeoniio?aiu a
caeiiao XII oaaeeoe e eioi?ua auee oeacaiu auoa, any inoaeueiay iaeanoue
i?anooieaiee ioaee/iuo (delicta publica) inoaaony aac anyeiai
aeeaeaeoaai ii?aaeaeaiey. Eaeiai-eeai eiaeaena, eioi?ue ii?aaeaeye au,
eaeea aeayiey i?eciathony i?anooiiuie e eaeea neaaeotho ca ieo
iaeacaiey, ii-i?aaeiaio ia nouanoaoao. Iauei enoi/ieeii oaieiaiiai i?aaa
neoaeeo e oaia?ue coercitio iaaeno?aoia, oi anoue iaoa?eaeueii eo
naiaiaeiia oniio?aiea.
E?oiiia eciaiaiea a yoio ii?yaeie aauae aiinyo, iaeiaei, oaea a naiii
ia/aea ?anioaeeee caeiiu i provocatio e caeiiu i i?aaeaeao
aaeieieno?aoeaiiai oo?aoiaaiey (lex Aternia Tarpeia). Iaaeno?ao
i?eaeaeaao e ioaaonoaaiiinoe ca ethaia aeayiea, eioi?ia aio iieaaeaony
i?anooiiui, e ii naiaio oniio?aieth noaeeo, ii, anee aai i?eaiai?
iinoaiiaeo nia?oioth eaciue eee oo?ao nauoa oeacaiiie ii?iu, yoio
i?eaiai? iiaeao auoue iaaeaeiaai a ia?iaeiia nia?aiea. Aeaaiaea?y yoiio
ianoiyoaeuenoao i?eaiai? iaaeno?aoa iaei-iiiaeo oa?yao naia cia/aiea, e
nianoaaiiuie i?aaiaie oaieiaiiai noaea aeaeathony comitia centuriata,
anee aeaei eaeao i capite anquirere289, e tributa, anee aeaei eaeao ia
anquisitio pecunia290. Ana i?iecaiaenoai o iaaeno?aoa i?eia?aoaao
oa?aeoa? i?aaeaa?eoaeueiiai neaaenoaey. Oaeei ia?acii, e a oaieiaiii
i?ioeanna eae au onoaiaaeeaaaony aeaeaiea ia aeaa noaaeee, aiaeiae/iua
jus e jusdicium a i?ioeanna a?aaeaeaineii. Ii auei au iieiie ioeaeie
oniao?eaaoue caeanue aiaeiaeth. I?iecaiaenoai ia?aae iaaeno?aoii a
oaieiaiuo aeaeao ii naiaio niuneo ioithaeue ia niioaaonoaoao
i?iecaiaenoao in jure a i?ioeanna a?aaeaeaineii: caeanue iaaeno?ao
ie/aai ia ?acae?aao e ie/aai ia ?aoaao, iaae oai eae a oaieiaiii
i?ioeanna noae iaaeno?aoa eiaao oa?aeoa? ianoiyuaai noaea ii nouanoao:
iaaeno?ao i?iaa?yao iaaeiaiea e auiineo oaeie eee eiie i?eaiai?. I?e
yoii neaaeoao ioiaoeoue: anee i?eaiai? iaaeno?aoa aoaeao
ii?aaaeaoaeueiue, oi aeaei ?aoaii ieii/aoaeueii: ia?aiina a ia?iaeiia
nia?aiea auoue ia iiaeao. Anee aea i?eaiai? iaaeno?aoa iaaeieoaeueiue,
oi aeaei ia?aiineony a ia?iaeiia nia?aiea; oai i?ienoiaeeo iiaia
?acae?aoaeuenoai, eioi?ia aaaeao iaaeno?ao, ii a ?acoeueoaoa yoiai
?acae?aoaeuenoaa iiaeao auoue oieueei eee i?eiyoea i?eaiai?a iaaeno?aoa,
eee aai eanne?iaaiea: n?aaeiaai i?eaiai?a ia?iaeiia nia?aiea ie
i?aaeeiaeeoue, ie aioe?iaaoue ia iiaeao. Iu aeaeei, ianeieueei eia/a
neeaaeuaaaony oaieiaiue i?ioeann ii n?aaiaieth n a?aaeaeaineei.
I?e iinoaiiaea naieo ?aoaiee ia?iaeiia nia?aiea ?oeiaiaeeony oaeaea
naiei naiaiaeiui oniio?aieai, naiei iaiin?aaenoaaiiui /oanoaii; ieeaeeo
oi?iaeueiuo ii?i e aeey iaai ia nouanoaoao. Aneaaenoaea yoiai caiaia
noaea iaaeno?aoia noaeii ia?iaeiuo nia?aiee iaicia/aao niaith, a
nouiinoe, ia /oi eiia, eae caiaio i?iecaiea iaaeno?aoia i?iecaieii
ia?iaea, iiae/eiaiea iaaeno?aoa a?aaeaeainoao, a aianoa, ii
ni?aaaaeeeaiio caia/aieth Iiiicaia, “iiaouanoaaiiaeooth iaieoanoaoeeth
?eineie a?aaeaeaineie naiaiaeu”.
Oaieiaiue noae ia?iaeiuo nia?aiee aeaenoaoao a oa/aiea anae ia?aie
iieiaeiu ?anioaeeee, ec?aaeea caiaiyynue aeey oao eee ae?oaeo
ioaeaeueiuo neo/aaa, ii niaoeeaeueiiio iacia/aieth, iniauie
/?acau/aeiuie eiienneyie – oae iacuaaaiuie quaestiones extraordinariae.
Ai aoi?ie iieiaeia ?anioaeeee, iaeiaei, noae ia?iaeiuo nia?aiee ia/eiaao
oa?youe naie i?anoeae (a nayce n iauei iaaeaieai eo aaoi?eoaoa); ana
aieaa e aieaa aeatho naay ciaoue ana iaoaeianoaa i?ioeanna ia?aae oaeei
ia?iiiui noaeeeeuai, eaaei iiaeaeathueiny niia?aaeaieyi iieeoeee e
iano?iaieyi ieioou. ?aaiui ia?acii /oanoaoaony e ionoonoaea
caeiiiaeaoaeueiuo ii?aaeaeaiee i?anooiiuo aeayiee e iieaaathueony ca ieo
iaeacaiee. Iiae aeeyieai yoeo niia?aaeaiee aicieeaao oaiaeaioeey aeey
?acee/iuo ioaeaeueiuo aeaeia i?anooieaiee nicaeaaaoue iinoiyiiua
noaeaaiua eiiennee, i?e/ai a eino?oeoeeyo yoei eiienneyi oi/iaa
ii?aaeaeyaony eae naiia iiiyoea aeaiiiai i?anooieaiey, oae e
iieaaathuaany ca iaai iaeacaiea. Oae aicieeatho quaestiones perpetuae, e
eiioeo ?anioaeeee ii/oe aiana iono?aieaoea noae ia?iaeiuo nia?aiee.
Ia?aith ii a?aiaie quaestio perpetua yaeyaony quaestio de repetundis,
eiienney ii aeaeai i acyoeao e auiiaaoaeuenoaao aeieaeiinoiuo eeoe,
o/?aaeaeaiiay caeiiii Eaeueio?iey (149 a. aei ?. O.). Caoai ae?oaeie
niaoeeaeueiuie caeiiaie o/?aaeaeathony quaestiones de sicariis (i ?acaia
n oaeenoaii), de veneficiis (ia io?aaeaieyo), de peculatu (i iioeuaiee
eacaiiiai eiouanoaa). Iniaaiii iiiai eo auei nicaeaii caeiiaie Ei?iaeey
Noeeu: quaestio de ambitu, de majestate, de falso291 e ae?.
Eaaeaeay eiienney iaoiaeeony iiae i?aaenaaeaoaeuenoaii iniaiai i?aoi?a –
praetores quaesitores – e ninoieo ec ecaanoiiai e i?eoii aeiaieueii
aieueoiai (100-200 e aieaa) eiee/anoaa judices, auae?aaiuo
i?aaenaaeaoaeai i?e o/anoee iaaeiyaiiai e iaaeieoaey ec iniaiai nienea
(album judicum), ninoaaeaiiiai ia aiae.
Nouanoaaiiaeooth iniaaiiinoue i?iecaiaenoaa ia?aae quaestiones perpetuae
ninoaaeyao oi, /oi eieoeeaoeaa iaaeiaiey i?eiaaeeaaeeo oieueei
ioaeaeueiui a?aaeaeaiai – /anoiui eeoeai; yoi oae iacuaaaiue i?eioeei
/anoiie accusatio. Ie i?aaenaaeaoaeue quaestio, ie eaeie-eeai ae?oaie
iaaeno?ao ia eiaee i?aaa a/eiaoue oaieiaiia i?neaaeiaaiea ex officio;
anee ia iaoiaeeeinue /anoiuo eeoe, aioiauo acyoue ia naay ?ieue
iaaeieoaey, i?anooieaiea inoaaaeinue aaciaeacaiiui. ?aaiui ia?acii, ia
iaaeieoaea eaaeaea iaycaiiinoue niae?aoue aeieacaoaeuenoaa, aueneeaaoue
naeaeaoaeae, aanoe iaaeiaiea ia noaea e o. ae. I?ae?auaiea aeaea
iaaeieoaeai i?ae?auaei e naiia i?iecaiaenoai ia?aae noaeii. Ca
iaaeia?iniaanoiia iaaeiaiea iaaeieoaeue (accusator) iiaeeaaeae ecaanoiui
iaeacaieyi, ca oniaoii i?iaaaeaiiue i?ioeann ii iieo/ae eiiaaea
iaa?aaeu. Oaieiaiue i?ioeann, oaeei ia?acii, iino?iai a cia/eoaeueiie
noaiaie ii ia/aeai a?aaeaeaineiai, /oi eiaao ianno iaauaiaeiuo noi?ii,
ii /oi ii oneiaeyi ?eineie aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe yaeyeinue oaeaea ecaanoiie
“iaieoanoaoeeae ?eineie a?aaeaeaineie naiaiaeu”292. Naiia i?iecaiaenoai
aaeinue onoii e naiaiaeii, nii?iaiaeaeaeinue iaaeieoaeueiuie e
caueoeoaeueiuie ?a/aie i?aoi?ia e caeai/eaaeinue aieiniaaieai i?eaiai?a
noaeueyie.
Aeaaiaea?y oeacaiiui niaoeeaeueiui caeiiai, o/?aaeaeaaoei quaestiones
perpetuae, a ?eia iiyaeyaony ?yae ioaeaeueiuo oaieiaiuo onoaaia,
ii?aaeaeythueo ioaeaeueiua i?anooieaiey, a ai anae niaieoiiinoe eo
aicieeaao aia?aua iaeioi?ue, oioy e ?ac?iciaiiue, oaieiaiue eiaeaen.
*oi eanaaony iaeacaiee, oi caeanue neaaeoao ioiaoeoue neaaeothuoth
iniaaiiinoue ?anioaeeeaineiai ia?eiaea. Oaea a ia?aoth iieiaeio aai
ia?aciaaeinue i?aaeei, /oi iaaeiyaiue ia?aae comitia centuriata,
eioi?iio a?iceo nia?oiay eaciue, iiaeao ecaaaeaoue aa, inoaaeaoe aei
i?eaiai?a ?ei e oaeaeeaoenue a ecaiaiea – oae iacuaaaiia jus exulandi.
Ai aoi?ie iieiaeia yoi ecaiaiea – aquae et ignis interdictio293, –
nii?iaiaeaeaaiia, ii iauaio i?aaeeo, iioa?ae a?aaeaeaineie
i?aainiiniaiinoe eeoea e eiioeneaoeeae eiouanoaa, aeaeaaony iaueiiaaiiui
iaeacaieai ca ana aunoea i?anooieaiey, aianoi i?aaeiae nia?oiie eacie.
Aeieueoa anaai nia?oiay eaciue nio?aieeanue ca oaeenoai ?iaenoaaiieeia,
ii i?e Iiiiaa iia auea ioiaiaia e caeanue.
Нашли опечатку? Выделите и нажмите CTRL+Enter
