?®aa¤ aaacYe© ?®¬?aYa ®aa?©a?®© ”Y¤Ya ae??
?® ceaeY¬a ®!a §®c ?i
?®®¬?cYa??© ?aa?aaa
“«ii®ca?®F® F®aa¤ aaacY®F® a?cYaa?aYa
?®®¬?cYa??© ae ?a«iaYa
? aeY¤a ” aaF «aYaa??© acYa ? aa a?aa?? ”
?“‘?‚?? ??’?
aY¬a ” “—…’ , ??’?‹? ?‘?‹?‡?‚???
??’…??‹?‚ ? ??‡‚?„‘’‚? ”
aaa¤Ya?? § ®c®F® ae ?a«iaYa ¤caaF®¤?c®© ae®a¬e ®!acY?i
?aa®?®c®© ‘. ?.
ace© aa?®c®¤?aY«i aY¬e ? ? a®c ‘. ’.
“«ii®ca? 1997 F
2
E‘?„…†??…F
‚‚…„…?……………………………………………… 3
?‹?‚? 1. ‡?—…?… ??????? ?‘?‹?‡?‚??? ??’…??‹?›•
…‘“‘?‚ ‚ ‘?†…?? ‘……‘’????‘’? ? ??’…??‹?-
…???‘’? ?„“?–??.
1.1. ? aYa? «®Y¬?®aai ? YY § cY?Y ¤«i ?®ceeY?i iaeaeY?-
a?c®aa? ?a®?§c®¤aac …………………………… 8
1.2. ‡ cY?Y a ae?® «i®F® ?a?®«i§®c ?i ? aYa? «iea
aYaaaa®c c a?¦Y?Y ¬ aYa? «®Y¬?®aa? ? aY!Yaa®?-
¬®aa? ?a®¤a?ae??…………………………………11
1.3. ‡ ¤ c? acYa , ?®aa®«i ? «?§ ?a?®«i§®c ?i
¬ aYa? «iea aYaaaa®c c ?a®?§c®¤aacY………………15
?‹?‚? 2. ????‡?–?? ?…?’?‚??? ? “•??‹’…‘???? “—…’?
? ??’?‹? ?‘•?„? ??’…??‹?‚ ? ??‡‚?„‘’‚?.
2.1. „®?a¬Ya «i®Y ®ae®a¬«Y?Y ®a?aa? ¬ aYa? «®c
?a®?§c®¤aacYeY ? a®§i©aacYeY a¦¤e ? YF®
a®cYaeYaac®c ?Y……………………………….19
2.2. ?aF ?§ ae?i ®?Ya a?c®F® acYa a aa®¤ ¬ aYa? «®c
?a®?§c®¤aac®…………………………………27
2.3. aaF «aYaa??© acYa a aa®¤ ¬ aYa? «iea aeY®aaY©
?a? a §ea a?®a®! a ?a ®aeY??…………………….38
2.4. ?®aa®«i § a®aa ®aaii ? ?a?®«i§®c ?Y¬ ¬ aYa?-
«®c c ?a®?§c®¤aacY ? ?aa? YF® a«aceY?i…………..57
?‹?‚? 3. ??‹?‡ ””?’?‚?‘’? ?‘?‹?‡?‚??? ??’…??‹?›•
…‘“‘?‚.
3.1. ‡ ¤ c? «?§ ?a?®«i§®c ?i ¬ aYa? «iea aYaaa-
a®c, ?aa®c??? ?ae®a¬ ae?? ¤«i YF® ?a®cY¤Y?i……….67
3.2. ? «?§ a®aa c , aaaa?aaae ? ¤? ¬??? § aa a
?a®?§c®¤aac® ?a®¤a?ae?? (a !®a, aa«aF)…………….69
3.3. ? «?§ ®!e?a ? c aaea ?®? § aY«Y© iaeaeY?a?c®aa?
?a?®«i§®c ?i ¬ aYa? «iea aYaaaa®c……………..76
3.4. ? «?§ ce?®«Y?i ®a¬ ? § ¤ ?© ?® aaY¤Y¬a
a?¦Y?i ¤Y©aacaie?a ®a¬ a aa®¤ ¬ aYa? «®c……….86
3.5. ? «?§ c«?i?i ae ?a®a®c ®a¬, aeY ? § ¬Ye
aY!Yaa®?¬®aai ?a®¤a?ae?? c c aa? ¬ aYa? «iea
§ aa a…………………………………………91
3.6. ‘c®¤e© ?®¤acYa aY§Yac®c a®aa ®!eY¬ ?a®?§c®¤aac
?a®¤a?ae?? (a !®a, aa«aF) § acYa a«aceY?i ?a?®«i-
§®c ?i ¬ aYa? «iea aYaaaa®c…………………..96
‡??‹?—…?… …………………………………………99
‘?‘?? ‹?’…?’“› …………………………………..107
?‹?†…?? …………………………………………111
‹? – ??”??
ce?®«Y?i ®a¤Y«iea ia ?®c ¤??«®¬®© a !®ae
——T——————————T————————–?
? N ? ? ‘a®? ce?®«Y?i ?
? ? ?¬Y®c ?Y +————T————-+
??/? ? ? ?® ?« a ? ae ?a?cYa?? ?
+—–+——————————+————+————-+
? 1. ? ‘®aa c«Y?Y ?« ¤??«®¬®© ? ? ?
? ? ? ? ?
? ? a !®ae, !?!«?®Fa ae?i ? ? ?
+—–+——————————+————+————-+
? 2. ? ‘!®a ¬ aYa? «®c ?aY¤?a?i- ? ? ?
? ? ? ? ?
? ? a??, ?a «?§ ? ®!®!eY?Y ? ? ?
+—–+——————————+————+————-+
? 3. ? ??a ?Y ¤??«®¬®© a !®ae: ? ? ?
? ? ? ? ?
? ? 1 F« c ? ? ?
? ? ? ? ?
? ? 2 F« c ? ? ?
? ? ? ? ?
? ? 3 F« c ? ? ?
+—–+——————————+————+————-+
? 4. ? ‚e?®«Y?Y c aa? a acYa®c ? ? ?
? ? ? ? ?
? ? ‚? ? ? ?
+—–+——————————+————+————-+
? 5. ? „®a !®a? ®a¤Y«iea c aaY© ? ? ?
? ? ? ? ?
? ? a !®ae ? ? ?
+—–+——————————+————+————-+
? 6. ? ‡ cYaeY?Y ? ®ae®a¬«Y?Y ? ? ?
? ? ? ? ?
? ? ¤??«®¬®© a !®ae ? ? ?
+—–+——————————+————+————-+
? 7. ? ??a ?Y ca®aYaeYa a ? ? ?
? ? ? ? ?
? ? ? ? ?
L—–+——————————+————+————–
„ a
®¤??ai aaa¤Ya
®¤??ai ?aY?®¤ c aY«i
E‚‚…„…?…F
E? aYa? «ieY aYaaaaeF (aeaiY, ¬ aYa? «e,
?®?a?eY ?®«aae !a?? ae, ?®¬?«Y?aaie?Y ?§¤Y«?i,
?®aaaa?ae??, ¤Ya «?, a®?«?c® ? ¤a.) ic«iiaai ?aY¤¬Ya ¬?,
?®a®aeY ?a c«Y aaa¤ cY«®cY? a aeY«ii ?®«acY?i
F®a®c®F® ?a®¤a?a . aY¤¬Yae aaa¤ ?®aaY!«iiaai aeY«??®¬
? ?®«®aaii ?YaY®aia ac®i aa®?¬®aai ia®a ?a®¤a?a
? § ¬Yiiaai ?®a«Y ? ¦¤®F® ?a®?§c®¤aacY®F® ae??« .
‚ ?a®¬ee«Y®aa? ?®aa®i® acY«?c?c Yaai ?®aaY!«Y?Y a®c a®-
¬ aYa? «iea aeY®aaY© c ?a®?§c®¤aacY. a® ®!aa« c«?c Yaai
a ae?aY?Y¬ ?a®?§c®¤aac , § c?aY«ie¬ a¤Y«ie¬ cYa®¬
¬ aYa? «iea § aa a c aY!Yaa®?¬®aa? ?a®¤a?ae?? ? a®aa®¬
aeY aYaaaae. „«i ?a?¬Ya , a¤Y«ie© cYa a? § ea
§ aa a c aY!Yaa®?¬®aa? ?a®¤a?ae?? c ¬ e?®aaa®Y??
a®aa c«iYa aceeY 60%, c «YF?®© ? a?¬?cYa?®© ?a®¬ee«Y®aa?-
70 – 90%.
‚ aY§a«ia aY ceeYa? § ®F® c aa«®c?ia
ae®c®© i?®®¬??? E ?aa «i®©F aa ®c?aai aY¬ acYa ?
?®aa®«i a aa®¤ ¬ aYa? «iea § ? a®c ?a®?§c®¤aac®
?a®¤a?ae?? (a !®a, aa«aF).
?§ac Y¬®¬ ?aY¤?a?ia?? a¤Y«ie© cYa ¬ aYa? «iea
§ aa a c aY!Yaa®?¬®aa? c®¤®?a®c®¤ea aa«aF a®aa c«iYa
?a?¬Ya® 10%. Ya¬®aai Y!®«ieai cY«Yc?a ¤ ®F®
?®? § aY«i a aa¬ aa?c Y¬ i aY¬ Y ¬®¦Ya ic«iaiai ca®a®a-
aY?Y®© ¤«i ?aY¤?a?ia?i. ‚ aa®ieYY caY¬i c aa«®c?ia
ae®c®© i?®®¬??? ®?aY¤Y«iieYY § cY?Y ?a?®!aYa Ya
? cYaacYeY ?®? § aY«?, a ??Y ? ? a?¦Y?Y a¤Y«iea § aa a
aeaii, ¬ aYa? «®c ? a®?«?c . ?a?¬Ya, Y®!®a®c e¬
!a¤Ya ic«iaiai acY«?cY?Y § aa a a?¬?? a®c (a«®a , ?® Fa-
«ia ? ¤a.) 1 ?a!. ¬Yaa ®!a ! aec Y¬®© c®¤e c
®acYa®¬ F®¤a ?® aa cY?i a ®a¬ a?ce¬? ?®? § aY«i¬?,
Ya«?, ?®Yc®, ia® Y aci§ ® a a ?a a® – i??¤Y¬?®«®F?-
cYa??¬? aeY«i¬?. ®ia®¬a Y®!a®¤?¬® ¬ ?a?¬ «i® aaaa iai
?®aYa? ? Ya ae?® «ieY a aa®¤e ¬ aYa? «iea aeY®aaY©,
?®a®aeY, c c aa®aa?, ¬®Faa c®§??aai ?a? YiaeaeY?a?c®©
®aF ?§ ae?? acYa ? ?®aa®«i ?a?®«i§®c ?i ¬ aYa? «®c.
„ eY !aaF «aYaa?®F® acYa ¤®«¦e a®¤Ya¦ ai ?ae®a¬ ae?i
¤«i ?§ea? ?i aY§Yac®c a?¦Y?i aY!Yaa®?¬®aa? ?a®¤a?ae??
c c aa? a ae?® «i®F® ?a?®«i§®c ?i ¬ aYa? «®c, a?¦Y?i
®a¬ a aa®¤ , ®!Ya?YcY?i ¤«Y¦ eYF® aa Y?i ¬ aYa? «®c
? a®aa ®aa?.
“«aceY?i aYaaaa®a!YaY¦Y?i a?®a®!aacaYa a?®ai¤®cY?Y
?Yac?c®© ¤®?a¬Ya ae??, e?a®?®Y cY¤aY?Y a??®cea
a?ae?ae?a®c ea ae®a¬, ?®ceeY?Y aa®ci ¬Ya ?§ ae?? ?
ca®¬ a?§ ae?? acYa® – cec?a«?aY«iea a !®a, ®!Ya?YcY?Y
aaa®F® ?®ai¤? ?a?Y¬??, aa Y?i ? a aa®¤®c ?i aeaii,
¬ aYa? «®c, ?®«aae !a?? a®c, ?®¬?«Y?aaie?a ?§¤Y«?©, a®?«?c
? ¤a., ®Fa ?cY?i c?a« ¤®«¦®aaea «?ae, ?¬Yie?a
?a c® ?®¤??a? ¤®?a¬Ya®c ce¤ ca ®a®!® ¤Yae?ae?aea ?
¤®a®F®aa®ie?a ¬ aYa? «®c. „«i ®!Ya?YcY?i a®aa ®aa?
?a®?§c®¤aacYea § ? a®c, ?a c?«i®© ?a?Y¬??, aa Y?i ?
®a?aa? aeY®aaY© c ¦®Y § cY?Y ?¬YYa «?c?Y
?aY¤?a?ia?? c ¤®aa a®c®¬ ?®«?cYaacY a?« ¤a??a ?®¬YeY?©,
®a eYea cYa®ce¬? ? ?§¬Ya?aY«ie¬? ?a?!®a ¬?,
4
¬Ya®© a a®© ? ¤aaF?¬? ?a?a?®a®!«Y?i¬?. Y®!a®¤?¬® a ?¦Y
cY¤aY?Y iaeaeY?a?cea ae®a¬ ?aY¤c a?aY«i®F® ? aY?aeYF®
?®aa®«i § a®!«i¤Y?Y¬ ®a¬ § ? a®c ?
a aa®¤®c ?Y¬ ¬ aYa? «iea aYaaaa®c.
‚ aci§? a ia?¬ ®a®ce¬? E§ ¤ c ¬? ?aa«Y¤®c ?iF
«i!®¬ ?aY¤?a?ia?? ?a?®«i§®c ?i ¬ aYa? «iea aYaaaa®c
ic«iYaai:
– ?a c?«i®Y ? ac®YcaY¬Y®Y ¤®?a¬Ya «i®Y ®aa ¦Y?Y
caYa ®?Ya ae?© ?® § F®a®c?Y, ?®aaa?«Y?i ? ®a?aa?a
¬ aYa? «®c;
– ceic«Y?Y ? ®aa ¦Y?Y § aa a, aci§ ea a ?a
§ F®a®c«Y?Y¬;
– a acYa ? a??a ?Y ®a?«®Y?© ?® ?a c«Y?Y¬ § aa a;
– ?®aa®«i § a®aa ®aaii ¬ aYa? «iea aeY®aaY© c
¬Yaa a ?a aa Y?i ? caYa aa ¤?ia
¤c?¦Y?i;
– ?®aa®ie© ?®aa®«i § a®!«i¤Y?Y¬ aaa ®c«Yea ®a¬
?a®?§c®¤aacYea § ? a®c;
– a?aaY¬ a?cYa??© ?®aa®«i § ?a?®«i§®c ?Y¬ ¬ aYa? «®c
c ?a®?§c®¤aacY ! §Y ®!®a®c ea ®a¬ ?a
a aa®¤®c ?i;
– ?®aa®«i § aYa®«®F?cYa??¬ ®aa®¤ ¬? ? ?®aYai¬? ? ?a
?a?®«i§®c ?Y¬;
– ac®YcaY¬Y®Y ?®«acY?Y a®c®© ?ae®a¬ ae?? ® cY«?c?Y
i?®®¬?? ?«? ?YaYa aa®¤ ¬ aYa? «iea aYaaaa®c ?®
aa cY?i a aaa ®c«Ye¬? «?¬?a ¬?;
– a?aaY¬ a?cYa??© ?®aa®«i § ceic«Y?Y¬ ?§«?e?a ?
Y?a?®«i§®c ea ¬ aYa? «®c, ?a aY «?§ ae?i.
?Ya®¤®«®F?i ®aF ?§ ae?? !aaF «aYaa?®F® acYa ¬ aYa? «iea
aYaaaa®c ?aY¤?®« F Ya Ece!®a ®¤®F® ?§ Ya?®«i??a ¬Ya®¤®cF
?a acYa ? ®aeY??, ?®a®ae© ae??a?aaYaai c acYa®© ?®«?a??Y
?aY¤?a?ia?i. ’ ? ®?aY¤Y«Y?Y ae ?a?cYa?®© aY!Yaa®?¬®aa?
¬ aYa? «iea aYaaaa®c, a??aec Y¬ea c ?a®?§c®¤aac®, a §aYe Yaai
?a®?§c®¤?ai ®¤?¬ ?§ a«Y¤aie?a ¬Ya®¤®c ®aeY?? § ? a®c: ?®
aaY¤Y© aY!Yaa®?¬®aa?, ?® aY!Yaa®?¬®aa? ?Yacea ?® caY¬Y?
§ ?a?®? (”?”?), ?® aY!Yaa®?¬®aa? ?®a«Y¤?a ?® caY¬Y?
§ ?a?®? (‹?”?). ?§ac Y¬®¬ ?aY¤?a?ia?? ?a?®«i§aYaai ¬Ya®¤
”?”?.
?a®¬Y a®F®, ¬ aYa? «e acYaY 10 “? aYa? «e” ¬®Faa ac?aec aiai
«?!® ?® ae ?a?cYa?®© aY!Yaa®?¬®aa? ?a ?a?®!aYaY?i (§ F®a®c??),
«?!® ?® acYae¬ aeY ¬. a? acYaY ¬ aYa? «®c ?® acYae¬
aeY ¬ (?« ®c i aY!Yaa®?¬®aai ?a?®!aYaY?i, aaY¤?Y ?®?a?eY
aeYe ? ¤a.) a §?ae ¬Y¦¤a aa®?¬®aaii aeY®aaY© ?® ia?¬
aeY ¬ ? ae ?a?cYa?®© aY!Yaa®?¬®aaii ?a?®!aYaY?i aeY®aaY©
®aa ¦ Yaai acYaY 16 “?a?«®Y?i c aa®?¬®aa? ¬ aYa? «®c”.
“cYa i ?®«?a?? ? ““«ii®ca?c®¤®? «” ?aY¤?®« F Ya ?a?®«i-
§®c ?Y acYaea aeY ? acYa 16.
?aF ?§ ae?? ?¬Yia ?a c® a ¬®aa®iaY«i® ce!?a ai a?®a®!
?« aa?ae?? ae?? ¬ aYa? «iea aYaaaa®c. ?« aa?ae?? a®a ¤®«¦Y c
?®«®© ¬YaY a?aaY¬ a?§?a®c ai ?¬Yie?Yai a?« ¤ a a §«?c-
eY ¬ aYa? «e, ?aY¤?®« F ai ?®aa®«i § ?a c?«i®aaii cY¤Y?i
!aaF «aYaa?®F® acYa , a?®a®!aac®c ai !®«YY a®c®¬a a a?aY¤Y«Y?i
®a?«®Y?© c aa®?¬®aa? ¬ aYa? «iea aeY®aaY© ?® ?a c«Y?i¬
§ aa a.
‚ ¦Y a ?¦Y ce!®a ¬Ya®¤ acYa a?« ¤Y, ?®a®ae© ¤®«¦Y
®!Ya?Yc?ai ®?Ya a?c®aai ? ¤®aa®cYa®aai ?®«?cYaacY®F® acYa
5
a?« ¤Y, a?aaY¬ a?cYa??© ?®aa®«i § ?a c?«i®aaii ¤®?a¬Y-
a?a®c ?i ®?Ya ae?© ?® ¤c?¦Y?i ¬ aYa? «®c ? a®®acYaaac?i
®aa a?®c ¬ aYa? «®c ?® ¤ e¬ a?« ¤a?®F® acYa a ®aa a? ¬?
¬ aYa? «®c ?® ¤ e¬ !aaF «aYaa?®F® acYa .
E–Y«ii ¤ ®© ?aaa®c®© a !®aeF ic«iYaai ?§acY?Y
aaaa?aaae ¬ aYa? «iea aYaaaa®c, ¤®?a¬Ya «i®F® ®ae®a¬«Y?i
®a?aa? ¬ aYa? «®c ?a®?§c®¤aacYeY ? a®§i©aacYeY
a¦¤e, ®aF ?§ ae?? ®?Ya a?c®F® ? !aaF «aYaa?®F® acYa
a aa®¤ ¬ aYa? «iea aeY®aaY© ? ?®aa®«i § ?a
?a?®«i§®c ?Y¬ c ?a®?§c®¤aacY ?§ac Y¬®¬ ?aY¤?a?ia??.
®¤a®!®Y ?§acY?Y ia®© aY¬e ?®§c®«?a ceic?ai ?®?aYaeY
¬Ya®¤e ®aeY??, acYa ? ?®aa®«i ¬ aYa? «iea aYaaaa®c,
?a?®«i§aY¬ea ®aF ?§ ae?Y©, a ?¦Y ?aY¤«®¦?ai ?aa? a«ac-
eY?i ?a?®«i§®c ?i ¬ aYa? «®c c a ¬? a c®§¬®¦ea a?®a®!®c
cY¤Y?i !aaF «aYaa?®F® acYa ¬ aYa? «iea aYaaaa®c, § ae??a?-
a®c ea c ®a¬ a?cea ®¤®¦Y?ia ?® !aaF «aYaa?®¬a acYaa.
?aF ?§ ae?? !aaF «aYaa?®F® acYa ¬ aYa? «iea aeY®aaY©
!a¤Ya a aa¬ aa?c aiai ?a?¬YaY E? ““«ii®ca?c®¤®? «”F.
?a?ae?? «i®Y ?aY¤?a?ia?Y c®¤®?a®c®¤®F® ? ? «?§ ae?®®F®
a®§i©aac ““«ii®ca?c®¤®? «” ic«iYaai ®¤?¬ ?§ aa aY©e?a c
F. “«ii®ca?Y. aY¤?a?ia?Y ®a®c ® YeY c ?a®e«®¬ cY?Y, ?®F¤
c ‘?¬!?aa?Y !e« ?®aaa®Y ?Yace© c®¤®§ !®a – 1861 F. ‘®caY¬Y i
a?aaY¬ c®¤®?a®c®¤® – ? «?§ ae?®®F® a®§i©aac ?aY¤aa c«iYa
a®!®© a«®¦e© ?®¬?«Y?a a §®®!a §ea a®®aa¦Y?©, ®!Ya?Yc?c ie?a
§ !®a, ®c?aa?a ? ?®¤ ca ?®aaY!?aY«i¬ c®¤e c aaY!aY¬®¬ ?®«?cYaacY
? ¤«Y¦ eYF® ? cYaac , a ?¦Y aa a?®aa?a®c?a aa®cea c®¤, ?a
®c?aa?a ? a!a®a c c®¤®Y¬e.
?a®¬Y a®F® ?aY¤?a?ia?Y ®aaeYaac«iYa:
– ?®aa®«i § ? cYaac®¬ a!a aec Y¬®© aa®c®© ¦?¤?®aa?,
– aYa?cYa?ai i?a?«a a ae?i a?aaY¬c®¤®a !¦Y?i ? c®¤®®acY¤Y?i,
®!Ya?Yc?c ie i !Ya?YaY!®©ai ? ¤Y¦ai a !®aa caYa a®®aa¦Y?©
a acYa®¬ aaY!®c ?© ®aa e c®¤®Y¬®c ? a ae?® «i®F® ?a?®«i-
§®c?i c®¤ea aYaaaa®c.
‚ aa®ieYY caY¬i aaY¤Ya??a®c i c?a«Y®aai a !®a ie?a
a®aa c«iYa ?®ai¤? 2700 cY«®cY?.
a?®c®¤aac® ¬a?ae?? «i®F® ?aY¤?a?ia?i ¤«i ®!Ya?YcY?i ®a¬ «i-
®© a !®ae e?a®?® ?a?®«i§aYa a®caY¬YeY ¬Ya®¤e a?a c«Y?i. !®a
!aaF «aYa??, !®Yaa?®F® ®a¤Y« , ®a¤Y« ? ¤a®c ?®«®aaii ca®-
¬ a?§?a®c .
® ?a®F ¬ a !®ae 1996 F®¤ ?®? § aY«? ?® ®a®ce¬ c?¤ ¬
aa«aF, ®? §ec Y¬ea ®aF ?§ ae?Y© a®aa c?«?:
E? ‚?„??‚?„“F
– ¤®a®¤e, aea. aa!. 118 658 496,4
– a aa®¤e, aea. aa!. 93 112 023
– ?a?!e«i 25 526 473,4
– aYa !Y«i®aai,% 27,4
E? ???‹?‡?–??F
– ¤®a®¤e, aea. aa!. 59 059 517
– a aa®¤e, aea. aa!. 70 564 712
– a!ea®? 11 505 195
®a«Y¤?Y ¤ eY F®c®aia ®! a!ea®c®aa? ? «?§ ae?®ea
a®®aa¦Y?©, ca® cYa®ia® ¬®¦Ya ?a?cYaa? ? acY«?cY?i a a?ae®c.
‚ aa®ieYY caY¬i ?aY¤?a?ia?Y¬ aa?®c®¤?a ¤?aY?a®a
?®aea®c ?. ?., ?« ce© !aaF «aYa …«Yai?? ‚. ‚.
“cYa ¬ aYa? «iea aeY®aaY© ®aF ?§aYaai a !®a?? ¬?
? aYa? «i®F® ®a¤Y« –Yaa «?§®c ®© !aaF «aYa?? ?
““«ii®ca?c®¤®? «”.
6
E1. ?‹?‘‘?”???–?? ? ?–…?? ??’…??‹?‚.F
?aY¤?a?ia?ia ?a?¬YiYaai !®«ie®Y ?®«?cYaac®
a §®®!a §ea a®c a® – ¬ aYa? «iea aeY®aaY©. ??
?a?®«i§aiaai c ?a®?§c®¤aacY ?® – a §®¬a. ?¤? ?§ ?a
?®«®aaii ?®aaY!«iiaai c ?a®?§c®¤aacY®¬ ?a®aeYaaY
(aeaiY, ¬ aYa? «e, ?®¬?«Y?aaie?Y ?§¤Y«?i, ?®«aae !a?? ae ?
a. ¤.), ¤aaF?Y – ?§¬Yiia a®«i?® ac®i ae®a¬a ( a¬ §®ceY
¬ aYa? «e, « ??, ?a a??), aaYai? – ca®¤ia c ?§¤Y«?i !Y§
? ??a «?!® cYe?a ?§¬YY?© (§ ? aeY c aa?), cYacYaaeY –
a®«i?® a?®a®!aacaia ?§F®a®c«Y?i ?§¤Y«?© ? Y c?«ic iaai
c ?a ¬ aaa ?«? a?¬?cYa??© a®aa c (¬ «®aeYeY
!eaaa®?§ e?c ie?Yai ?aY¤¬Yae).
3F
E‚‚…„…?…F
E? aYa? «ieY aYaaaaeF (aeaiY, ¬ aYa? «e, ?®?a?eY ?®«a-
ae !a?? ae, ?®¬?«Y?aaie?Y ?§¤Y«?i, ?®aaaa?ae??, ¤Ya «?, a®?«?-
c® ? ¤a.) ic«iiaai ?aY¤¬Ya ¬?, ?®a®aeY ?a c«Y aaa¤ cY-
«®cY? a aeY«ii ?®«acY?i F®a®c®F® ?a®¤a?a . aY¤¬Yae aaa¤
?®aaY!«iiaai aeY«??®¬ ? ?®«®aaii ?YaY®aia ac®i aa®?¬®aai
ia®a ?a®¤a?a ? § ¬Yiiaai ?®a«Y ? ¦¤®F® ?a®?§c®¤aacY®F®
ae??« .
‚ ?a®¬ee«Y®aa? ?®aa®i® acY«?c?c Yaai ?®aaY!«Y?Y a®c a-
® – ¬ aYa? «iea aeY®aaY© c ?a®?§c®¤aacY. a® ®!aa« c«?c –
Yaai a ae?aY?Y¬ ?a®?§c®¤aac , § c?aY«ie¬ a¤Y«ie¬ cYa®¬
¬ aYa? «iea § aa a c aY!Yaa®?¬®aa? ?a®¤a?ae?? ? a®aa®¬ aeY
aYaaaae. „«i ?a?¬Ya , a¤Y«ie© cYa ¬ aYa? «iea § aa a c aY-
!Yaa®?¬®aa? ?a®¤a?ae?? c aa®ieYY caY¬i c ¬ e?®aaa®Y?? a®a-
a c«iYa aceeY 60%, c «YF?®© ? a?¬?cYa?®© ?a®¬ee«Y®aa? –
70 – 90%. ’ ??¬ ®!a §®¬ ¬ aYa? «ieY aYaaaae a®aa c«iia ?-
!®«ie?© a¤Y«ie© cYa c ?®«®© aY!Yaa®?¬®aa? ?a®¤a?ae??, ia?¬
®?aY¤Y«iYaai Y®!a®¤?¬®aai ®a®!® a®c®F® acYa ? aaa®F®F® ?®a-
a®«i § a ae?® «ie¬ ?a?®«i§®c ?Y¬ aeaii ? ¬ aYa? «®c c ?a®-
?§c®¤aacY, ?®a?®«i?a i?®®¬?i ¬ aYa? «iea § aa a aaeYaacY®
a?¦ Ya aY!Yaa®?¬®aai ?a®¤a?ae?? (a !®a, aa«aF), § c?a ?
?®cee Ya ?®«ac Y¬ai ?a?!e«i ®a YY ?a®?§c®aac ? aY «?§ ae??.
?a®¬Y a®F®, i?®®¬?i aeaii, ¬ aYa? «®c, a®?«?c ? iYaF??
c ?a®aeYaaY ?a®?§c®¤aacY®F® ?®aaY!«Y?i a c®§ c acY«?-
cY?i ?a ?a®?§c®¤aac , a«Y¤®c aY«i®, a?¦Y?Y ¬ aYa? «®Y¬-
?®aa? ?a®¤a?ae?? a?®a®!aacaYa acY«?cY?i ®!eY¬ YY ce?aa? ?
a®aaa ae?® «i®F® ¤®a®¤ c aeY«®¬.
‚ aa®ieYY caY¬i c aa«®c?ia ae®c®© i?®®¬??? ®?aY¤Y«ii-
eYY § cY?Y ?a?®!aYa ia ? cYaacYeY ?®? § aY«?, a ??Y ? ?
a?¦Y?Y a¤Y«iea § aa a aeaii, ¬ aYa? «®c,a®?«?c ? iYaF??.
®ia®¬a c a®caY¬Y®© i?®®¬??Y E ?aa «i®©F aa ®c?aai aY-
¬ «?§ iaeaeY?a?c®aa? ?a?®«i§®c ?i ¬ aYa? «iea aYaaaa®c,
?®a®a i ?®§c®«iYa ceic?ai aY§a«ia ae a aa®¤ ¬ aYa? «®c
?a®?§c®¤aacYeY ? a®§i©aacYeY a¦¤e c ¤? ¬??Y, ®aeY?ai
iaeaeY?a?c®aai ?a ?a?®«i§®c ?i a ?®¬®eii ?®? § aY«Y© ¬ aYa? –
«®Y¬?®aa? ? «?§ ce?®«Y?i ?« ?® a?¦Y?i ®a¬ a aa®¤
¬ aYa? «iea aeY®aaY©, a ¬®Y F« c®Y, ®?aY¤Y«?ai aY§Yace
a®aa ®!eY¬ ?a®?§c®¤aac ?a®¤a?ae?? (a !®a, aa«aF) § acYa
a«aceY?i ?a?®«i§®c ?i ¬ aYa? «iea aYaaaa®c.
? «?§ a®§i©aacY®© ¤YiaY«i®aa? ?aY¤?a?ia?i (®aF ?§ –
ae??) iaeaeY?a?cY ? ¤®aa®cYaY a®«i?® ?a? aa«®c?? cYa?®© ®aF –
?§ ae?? !aaF aaYa?®F® acYa ? ?®aa®«i ?a?®«i§®c ?i ¬ aYa? –
«®c c ?a®?§c®¤aacY, ?®§c®«iie?a ®?aY¤Y«?ai ?a ae ?a?cYa??©
a aa®¤, a®?®aa c?ai YF® a ®a¬ a?ce¬¬? a aa®¤ ¬?. ®ia®¬a
c®§a aa Ya § cY?Y ae®a¬?a®c ?i ?®«®© ? ¤®aa®cYa®© acYa-
®© ?ae®a¬ ae?? ® «?c?Y, ¤c?¦Y?? ? ®aeY?Y ?a®?§c®¤aacYea
§ ? a®c ?aY¤?a?ia?? (®aF ?§ ae??), cYa?®© ®aF ?§ ae??
caaa?a®§i©aacY®F® ?®aa®«i § ?a a®aa ®aaii ? ?a?®«i§®-
c ?Y¬ c ?a®?§c®¤aacY, ca® YeY a § ac?¤YaY«iaacaYa ®! ?aa-
«i®aa? ce!a ®© aY¬e ?aa«Y¤®c ?i.
–Y«ii ¤??«®¬®© a !®ae ic«iYaai ?§acY?Y ®aF ?§ ae?? acY-
a , ?®aa®«i ? «?§ ?a?®«i§®c ?i ¬ aYa? «®c ?a®?§c®¤-
aac®, a ?¦Y ?a?a?cYa? i ®aeY? aaaa?aaae ¬ aYa? «iea aYaa-
aa®c, ?a?®«i§aY¬ea ? ““«ii®ca?c®¤®? «” c 1995 – 1996
FF, «?§ iaeaeY?a?c®aa? a aa®¤ ¬ aYa? «iea aYaaaa®c
?a®cY¤Y?Y ®a®cea c?¤®c a !®a, ?® ®!a«a¦?c ?i c®¤®?a®c®¤-
ea ? ? «?§ ae?®ea a®®aa¦Y?© c 1995 – 1996 FF. ? ceic«Y-
?Y aY§Yac®c a®aa ®!eY¬ ?a®¤a?ae?? (a !®a, aa«aF) § acYa
a«aceY?i ?a?®«i§®c ?i ¬ aYa? «iea aYaaaa®c ?§ac Y¬®¬
?aY¤?a?ia??.
‘ i?®®¬?cYa?®© a®c?? §aY?i ?®Yc i aeY«i ¤??«®¬®© a !®-
ae – ®?aY¤Y«Y?Y a?aeY®© ceF®¤e c aY§a«ia aY YiaeaeY?a?c®-
F® ?a?®«i§®c ?? ®a¤Y«iea c?¤®c ¬ aYa? «iea aYaaaa®c
? ““«ii®ca?c®¤®? «”.
?!eY?a®¬ ?aa«Y¤®c ?i ¤??«®¬®© a !®ae ic«iYaai ? ““«ii-
®ca?c®¤®? «”. ?a?ae?? «i®Y ?aY¤?a?ia?Y c®¤®?a®c®¤®F® ?
? «?§ ae?®®F® a®§i©aac ““«ii®ca?c®¤®? «” ic«iYaai ®¤-
?¬ ?§ aa aY©e?a c F. “«ii®ca?Y. aY¤?a?ia?Y ®a®c ® c 1862
F., ?®F¤ c ‘?¬!?aa?Y !e« ?®aaa®Y ?Yace© c®¤®§ !®a. ‘®caY-
¬Y i a?aaY¬ c®¤®?a®c®¤® – ? «?§ ae?®®F® a®§i©aac ?aY-
¤aa c«iYa a®!®© a«®¦e© ?®¬?«Y?a a §®®!a §ea a®®aa¦Y?©,
®!Ya?Yc?c ie?a § !®a, ®c?aa?a ? ?®¤ ca ?®aaY!?aY«i¬ c®¤e c
aaY!aY¬®¬ ?®«?cYaacY ? ¤«Y¦ eYF® ? cYaac , a ?¦Y aa a?®-
aa?a®c?a aa®cea c®¤, ?a ®c?aa?a ? a!a®a c c®¤®Y¬e.
?a®¬Y a®F® ?aY¤?a?ia?Y ®aaeYaac«iYa:
– ?®aa®«i § ? cYaac®¬ a!a aec Y¬®© aa®c®© ¦?¤?®aa?,
– aYa?cYa?ai i?a?«a a ae?i a?aaY¬ c®¤®a !¦Y?i ? c®¤®®a-
cY¤Y?i, ®!Ya?Yc?c ie i !Ya?YaY!®©ai ? ¤Y¦ai a !®aa
caYa a®®aa¦Y?© a acYa®¬ aaY!®c ?© ®aa e c®¤®Y¬®c ?
a ae?® «i®F® ?a?®«i§®c?i c®¤ea aYaaaa®c.
‚ 1996 F. ®!eY¬ ce?®«Yea a !®a a®aa c?« 177 698.0 ¬«.
aa!., ?a ?®« i aY!Yaa®?¬®aai 163 676.7 ¬«. aa!., ¬ aYa?-
«ieY § aa ae – 74 380.0 ¬«. aa!., ®!e i ¬ aYa? «®Y¬?®aai-
41.9 ?®?.
‘aY¤Ya??a®c i c?a«Y®aai a !®a ie?a a®aa c«iYa ?®ai¤?
2700 cY«®cY?.
a?®c®¤aac® ¬a?ae?? «i®F® ?aY¤?a?ia?i ¤«i ®!Ya?YcY?i ®a-
¬ «i®© a !®ae e?a®?® ?a?®«i§aYa a®caY¬YeY ¬Ya®¤e a?a c«Y-
?i. !®a !aaF «aYa?? ? !®Yaa?®F® ®a¤Y« ?®«®aaii ca®-
¬ a?§?a®c .
‚ acYa®© ?®«?a??Y ? ““«ii®ca?c®¤®? «”, ?a?ia®© c a®-
®acYaaac?? a ®«®¦Y?i¬? ?® !aaF «aYaa?®¬a ““cYa i ?®«?a??
?aY¤?a?ia?i (®aF ?§ ae??)” (?a?? § ??ae? ” ®a 28.07.94 F.)
c aY¤ ?ae?? ?a?? § ®a 26.12.94 F. N 170, ®aa ¦Ye a«Y¤aie?Y
a?®a®!e cY¤Y?i !aaF «aYaa?®F® acYa :
– !aaF «aYaa??© acYa ?aY¤?a?ia?? ®aF ?§®c ?® ¬Y¬®-
aY «i® – ®a¤Ya®© ae®a¬Y acYa a ?a?¬YY?Y¬ a?Yae? «i®F® ?a®-
Fa ¬¬®F® ®!Ya?YcY?i ?® ca®¬ a?§ ae?? !aaF «aYaa?®F® acYa
?Yaa® «iea ?®¬?iiaYa a;
– acYa § aa a ?a®?§c®¤aac® ®aaeYaac«iYaai ?® ?®a«®c®¬a
¬Ya®¤a;
– ¬ aYa? «ieY aeY®aa? ac?aec iaai acYaY 10 “? aYa? «e”
? acYaY 12 “? «®aeYeY !eaaa®?§ e?c ie?Yai ?aY¤¬Yae” ?® ®?a®-
ce¬ aeY ¬ ?a?®!aYaY?i, a §?ae ¬Y¦¤a ae ?a?cYa?®© aY!Yaa®?¬®a-
aii ?a?®!aYaY?i ¬ aYa? «iea aYaaaa®c ? acYa®© (®?a®c®©)
aa®?¬®aaii ®aa ¦ Yaai c acYaY a ?a?®«i§®c ?Y¬ acYa 16 “?a-
?«®Y?i c aa®?¬®aa? ¬ aYa? «®c”;
– ae ?a?cYa? i aY!Yaa®?¬®aai ¬ aYa? «®c, a??aec Y¬ea c ?a®-
?§c®¤aac®, ®?aY¤Y«iYaai ?® aaY¤Y© aY!Yaa®?¬®aa?, ?a? ia®¬ c
aYcY?? ®acYa®F® ¬Yaiae ¬ aYa? «ieY aYaaaae a??aec iaai
?a®?§c®¤aac® ?® acYae¬ aeY ¬, c ?®aeY ¬Yaiae ai¤ ¦Y ®a®-
a?aai a®®acYaaacaie i ¤®«i ®a?«®Y?i ae ?a?cYa?®© aY!Yaa®?-
¬®aa? ¬ aYa? «®c ®a aa®?¬®aa? ?a ?® acYae¬ aeY ¬.
aaF «aYaa?© acYa ¤c?¦Y?i ¬ aYa? «iea aeY®aaY© ?
““«ii®ca?c®¤®? «” ®aaeYaac«iYaai a ?a?¬YY?Y¬ a §a !®a –
®F® a?Yae? «i® ¤«i ?aY¤?a?ia?i ?a®Fa ¬¬®F® ®!Ya?YcY?i “??
!aaF «aYa ¬ aYa? «i®F® ®a¤Y« “.
‚ a®caY¬Yea aa«®c?ia, ?®F¤ ?aY¤?a?ia?Y ae? a?aaYa ac®Y
?a®?§c®¤aacY®Y ? a®ae? «i®Y a §c?a?Y ?§ a®!aacYea ?aa®c?-
?®c, c®§a aa Ya a®«i a¤?a – ®a®c®F® ?aaaa¬Ya ae®c®©
i?®®¬???. ? ®aa?ae aY«i®© aa®a®Y a®§i©aacY®© ¤YiaY«i®aa?
? ““«ii®ca?c®¤®? «” ¬®¦® ®aYaa? a®a ae ?a, ca® ?aY¤-
?a?ia?? ? a §a Y ?a®c®¤?«?ai a¤?a®aa??Y ?a®cYa??, a ?®¬®-
eii ?®a®aea ¬®¦® !e«® !e ®aeY?ai a ae?® «i®aai ? iaeaeY?a?c-
®aai ?a?®«i§®c ?i ¬ aYa? «®c c ?a®?§c®¤aacY, ?a®cYa?ai ?a –
c?«i®aai !aaF «aYaa?®F® acYa ¤c?¦Y?i (?®aaa?«Y?i, aa Y-
?i, ?YaY¬YeY?i ? a??a ?i) aeaii, ¬ aYa? «®c, ?®?a?ea ?§¤Y-
«?© ? a. ?.
’Y®aYa?cYa?®© ®a®c®© ¤??«®¬®© a !®ae ic«iiaai aaa¤e a®c-
aY¬Yea i?®®¬?aa®c ?® ?§ac Y¬e¬ c®?a®a ¬, acY!eY ? ¬Ya®-
¤?cYa??Y ?®a®!?i ?® «?§a a®§i©aacY®© ¤YiaY«i®aa?, ¤ –
eY aa a?aa?cYa??a a!®a??®c, a ?¦Y aa ai? ?§ i?®®¬?cYa??a
?Ya?®¤?cYa??a ?§¤ ?©.
a ?a?cYa?®© ®a®c®© ¤??«®¬®© a !®ae ic«iiaai ¤ eY F®¤®-
cea ®acYa®c ? ““«ii®ca?c®¤®? «” § 1995 – 1996 FF.,
a ?¦Y ?®? § aY«? ®acYaea ? «i?a«iae?© § a®a ¦Y ?Ya?®¤, acY-
¤Y?i «?a?cYa?®F® ? a?aYa?cYa?®F® acYa ¬ aYa? «iea
aeY®aaY©, !?§Ya – ?« ?aY¤?a?ia?i.
a? ??a ?? ¤??«®¬®© a !®ae !e«? ?a?®«i§®c e a«Y¤aie?Y
?a?Y¬e i?®®¬?cYa?®F® «?§ :
– aa cY?Y,
– ¤Ya «?§ ae?i,
– a acYa aaY¤?a ? ®a®a?aY«iea cY«?c?,
– a acYa ?®? § aY«Y© ¤? ¬???,
– Fa ae?cYa??© ,
– ?a?Y¬ aeY?ea ?®¤aa ®c®? ? YF® a §®c?¤®aa?,
– ! « a®ceY aci§?? ? ¤aaF?Y.
3F
E?‹?‚? 1. ‡?—…?… ??????? ?‘?‹?‡?‚???
??’…??‹?›• …‘“‘?‚ ‚ ‘?†…?? ‘……‘’????‘’?
? ??’…??‹?…???‘’? ?„“?–??.
1.1 ??’…??‹?…???‘’? ? …… ‡?—…?… „‹?
?‚›?…?? ””…?’?‚?‘’? ??‡‚?„‘’‚?.F
?!®«YY iaeaeY?a?c®Y, a ae?® «i®Y ?a?®«i§®c ?Y ¬ aYa? «i-
ea aYaaaa®c, ?®a®ae¬? a a?®« F Ya ®!eYaac®, ®aa Yaai ®¤®© ?§
F« cea ?a®!«Y¬ c ?a®aeYaaY ?®?a? ?aaY© ?®ceeY?i iaeaeY?a?c®a-
a? ?a®?§c®¤aac .
„«i cea !®a?? ?a®¤a?ae??, !Ya?YaY!®©®aa? ? a?a¬?c®aa? ?a®-
?§c®¤aacY®F® ?a®aeYaa ?aY¤?a?ia?Y (®aF ?§ ae?i) ¤Y«iYaai
®a®ce¬? ae®¤ ¬? ? ®!®a®ae¬? aaY¤aac ¬?. ®a«Y¤?Y ?aY¤aa c-
«iia a®!®© a®c®?a?®aai ®!®a®aea ae®¤®c ? ae®¤®c ®!a eY?i.
?!®a®aeY ?a®?§c®¤aacYeY ae®¤e – ia® ?aY¤¬Yae aaa¤ ,
?®a®aeY ?a «Y® c®§¤Y©aac?Y cY«®cY? c ?a®aeYaaY aaa¤ , ? ?§
?a cea ! aec Yaai ?a®¤a?ae?i. ?? ®!Ya?Yc?c ia ?a®?§c®¤aacY-
e© ?a®aeYaa ?aY¤?a?ia?i (®aF ?§ ae?i), c ?®a®a®¬ ?a?®«i§aiaai
®¤®?a a® ? ?®«®aaii ?YaY®aia ac®i aa®?¬®aai c®ci a®§-
¤ e© ?a®¤a?a. ‚ ?« ?a®c ?? ? acYaY ?aY¤¬Yae aaa¤ §ec ia
¬ aYa? «ie¬? ?«? ?a®?§c®¤aacYe¬? § ? a ¬?.
‚ ¦Y©e?¬ ?®? § aY«Y¬ EiaeaeY?a?c®aa? ?a?®«i§®c ?i ?a®?§-
c®¤aacYea § ? a®cF ic«iYaai ?®? § aY«i ¬ aYa? «®Y¬?®aa?
?a®¤a?ae?? (a !®a, aa«aF). ®¤ ¬ aYa? «®Y¬?®aaii ?a®¤a?ae?? (a –
!®a, aa«aF) ?®?¬ Yaai ®a®eY?Y § aa a aeaii, a®?«?c , iYa-
F?? ? ¤aaF?a ¬ aYa? «iea aYaaaa®c, c aaa «i®¬ ?«? aa®?¬®a-
a®¬ cea ¦Y??, ? ®!eY¬a ?a®?§cY¤Y®© ?a®¤a?ae?? (a !®a, aa-
«aF).
?a ?a??Y a ac?aec iaai ®!e?Y ? c aaeY ?®? § aY«? ¬ –
aYa? «®Y¬?®aa? ?a®¤a?ae?? (a !®a, aa«aF), a ?¦Y a¤Y«i i ¬ –
aYa? «®Y¬?®aai ®a¤Y«iea c?¤®c ?§¤Y«?© c ¤? ¬??Y, ia? ?®? –
3F
§ aY«? ?®§c®«iia aa¤?ai ®! ?§¬YY?? a aa®¤ ¬ aYa? «®c ?«?,
? cY, ?§¬YY?? (a®aaY ?«? a?¦Y??) ¬ aYa? «iea § aa a
?a®?§c®¤aac® ?a®¤a?ae?? c aeY«®¬, ?® ®a¤Y«ie¬ Faa?? ¬ ? Y¤??-
ae ¬ ?a®¤a?ae??, ca® ic«iYaai ®cYi c ¦e¬, ?®a?®«i?a ¬ aYa? «i-
eY § aa ae c aaaa?aaaY § aa a ?a®?§c®¤aac® ?a®¬ee«Y®©
?a®¤a?ae?? a®aa c«iia 3/4 ®a YF® aa®?¬®aa? [’ !«. 1].
’ !«?ae 1.
E„®«i ¬ aYa? «iea § aa a ?a? ?a®?§c®¤aacY
?a®¬ee«Y®© ?a®¤a?ae?? ?® ®aa a«i¬ § 1995 F®¤, c%.F
0 ——————T—-T————————————-T—–?
? ?‚aY-? c a®¬ c?a«Y: ?a®- ?
? ?F® +——-T—————————–?c?Y ?
? ?aa a«? ?a®¬ee- ?§ a-?? aYa?-? ?§ ?a: ?§ a- ?
? ?a a ? «ieY +——T——T——T——–+a ae ?
? «Y®aa? ? ?§ aa ae?aeaiY ?ca?®¬.?a®?«?-?iYaF?i ? ?
? ? ? ?? ®a.?¬ aY- ?c® ? ? ?
? ? ? ?¬ aYa.?a? «e ? ? ? ?
L—————–+—-+——-+——+——+——+——–+——
3F ‚ai ?a®¬ee«Y- 100 73.6 63.2 4.3 3.6 2.5 26.4
®aai
«Y?aa®iYaFYa?? 100 57.4 – 5.0 51.9 0.5 42.6
YaeaY¤®!ec ie i 100 15.7 – 4.7 1.8 9.2 84.3
—Ya i ¬Ya ««aaF?i 100 75.4 56.0 6.0 9.2 4.2 24.6
? e?®aaa®Y?Y 100 64.5 57.4 3.8 1.2 2.1 35.5
?eYc i ?a®¬ee«Y- 100 88.7 85.8 2.6 0.4 0.6 10.6
®aai
——————————————————————
[® ¤ e¬ , a. 34].
‘®F« a® ¤ e¬ a !«?aee, ¤®«i ¬ aYa? «iea § aa a ?® ?a®-
¬ee«Y®aa? c aeY«®¬ ?aYcee Ya 50% , c ®a¤Y«iea ®aa a«ia,
?a?¬Ya, c ??eYc®©, ¤®aa?F Ya 88.7%. a? ia®¬ ?!®«ie?©
a¤Y«ie© cYa c ia?a ®aa a«ia ?a?a®¤?aai aeaii ? ®a®ceY
¬ aYa? «e. ? ““«ii®ca?c®¤®? «” ¬ aYa? «®Y¬?®aai ?a®-
¤a?ae?? (a !®a, aa«aF) c 1996 F®¤a a®aa c?« 45.4% , ?a?cY¬
®a®c i ¤®«i ¬ aYa? «iea § aa a ?a?a®¤?aai § aa ae aY?-
«®iYaF?? ? i«Y?aa®iYaF?? (62.5%). ‘«Y¤®c aY«i®, a®?a eY?Y
¬ aYa? «iea § aa a ? a?¦Y?Y ¬ aYa? «®Y¬?®aa? ?a®¤a?ae??
(a !®a, aa«aF) !a¤aa ic«iaiai ¤«i a aa¬ aa?c Y¬®F® ?aY¤?a?ia?i
(®aF ?§ ae?i) c ¦Y©e?¬ ae ?a®a®¬ ?®ceeY?i iaeaeY?a?c®aa? ?a®?§-
c®¤aac .
„®aa a®c® a? § ai, ca® a?¦Y?Y a aa®¤ ¬ aYa? «®c 1%
®!Ya?Yc?c Ya i?®®¬?i aY!Yaa®?¬®aa? c 2.4 a § !®«ieai, cY¬
a¬YieY?Y 1% ae®¤ § a®!®a®© ?« ae ? ?®ca? c 4 a § !®«i-
eai, cY¬ a?¦Y?Y 1% ? ??a «iea c«®¦Y?© c ae?® «i®¬
a®§i©aacY [?® ¤ e¬ , a.14]. ‘?¦Y?Y ¬ aYa? «®Y¬?®aa? ®!-
eYaacY®F® ?a®¤a?a a?®a®!aacaYa a®aaa ae?® «i®F® ¤®a®¤ .
®a¤Y«i®¬ ?aY¤?a?ia?? ?a? a?¦Y?? ¬ aYa? «®Y¬?®aa? ?a®-
¤a?ae?? ®!a §aYaai i?®®¬?i ¦?c®F® aaa¤ § acYa a¬YieY?i
?®«?cYaac ®!a ! aec Y¬ea ¬ aYa? «®c ?a? ia®© ¦Y ?a®Fa ¬¬Y
ce?aa? , a?¦ Yaai aaa¤®Y¬?®aai ?§F®a®c«Y?i ?§¤Y«?©. ?¤®c-
aY¬Y® a?¦Y?Y ¬ aYa? «®Y¬?®aa? ?®§c®«iYa ®¤?a ? aYa ¦Y
aa ? a ? ®!®aa¤®c ?? c Y¤??aea caY¬Y? ?®«ac ai ?§ ®¤®F® ?
a®F® ¦Y ?®«?cYaac ¬ aYa? «®c !®«ieY F®a®c®© ?a®¤a?ae??, ca®
?a?c®¤?a ? ?®ceeY?i ?a®?§c®¤?aY«i®aa? aaa¤ , a«aceY?i ?a-
?®«i§®c ?i ¬ e? ? ®!®aa¤®c ?i ? ,? ? a«Y¤aac?Y, a®aaa ae®-
¤®®a¤ c? ®a®cea ?a®?§c®¤aacYea ae®¤®c ?aY¤?a?ia?i ? a?-
¦Y?i ae®¤®Y¬?®aa?.
C?¦Y?Y ¬ aYa? «®Y¬?®aa? ®? §ec Ya aaeYaacY®Y c«?i?Y ?
? cYaacYeY ?®? § aY«? a !®ae ?aY¤?a?ia?i (®aF ?§ ae?i) –
aY!Yaa®?¬®aai, ?a?!e«i, aYa !Y«i®aai ?a®¤a?ae?? (a !®a, aa-
«aF). “¬YieY?Y ¬ aYa? «iea § aa a ?a®?§c®¤aac® ?a®¤a?-
ae?? ? a®aa ?a®?§c®¤?aY«i®aa? aaa¤ ?a?c®¤ia ? a?¦Y?i aY!Y-
aa®?¬®aa? ?a®¤a?ae??, a«Y¤®c aY«i®, ? a®aaa ?a?!e«?, ? aYa –
!Y«i®aa? ?a®?§c®¤aac . ’ ??¬ ®!a §®¬, a?¦Y?Y ¬ aYa? «®Y¬-
?®aa? ®?aY¤Y«iYa iaeaeY?a?c®aai ?a?®«i§®c ?i aaa¤®cea aYaaa-
a®c, ®a®cea ae®¤®c ? ®!®a®aea aaY¤aac.
?§ ceeYa? § ®F® a«Y¤aYa, ca® a?¦Y?Y ¬ aYa? «®Y¬?®aa?
?a®¤a?ae?? (a !®a, aa«aF) ic«iYaai ®¤?¬ ?§ ®a®cea ?a c«Y?©
?®ceeY?i iaeaeY?a?c®aa? ?a®?§c®¤aac .
‘?¦Y?i ¬ aYa? «®Y¬?®aa? a?®a®!aacaia ai¤ ae ?a®a®c. a-
a¬®aa?¬ ?!®«YY § c?¬eY:
1) aaaa?aaa ce?aa? ?a®¤a?ae??: a®aa c?a« a?®Y¬??a ®a-
a a«Y© ?® aa cY?i a ¬ aYa? «®Y¬??¬? (?a?!®a®aaa®Y?Y, a ¤?-
®aYa?? ? a. ¤.);
2) ?®ceeY?Y ? cYaac aeaii ? ¬ aYa? «®c ?®§c®«iYa a®?a a?ai
?®aaY!®aai c aeaiYcea aYaaaa a ? ? ??a «®c«®¦Y?ia;
3) a®aa ?a®?§c®¤?aY«i®aa? aaa¤ ;
4) a ae?aY?Y a?Yae? «?§ ae?? ?a®?§c®¤aac ®!Ya?Yc?c Ya a?-
¦Y?Y ®!eYaacYea § aa a ?a?®«i§®c ?Y ®a¤Y«iea c?¤®c ¬ aY-
a? «®c;
5) ¬ aYa? «i®Y aa?¬a«?a®c ?Y i?®®¬?? ? ¦¤®¬ a !®cY¬
¬YaaY (?aY¬?? § i?®®¬?i ? a. ?.);
6) ?a?®«i§®c ?Y ¤®aa?¦Y?© ac® – aYa?cYa?®F® ?a®FaYa-
a , ®c®© aYa??? ? a®caY¬Yea aYaaaa®a!YaYF ie?a aYa®«®F?©
c ?a®?§c®¤aacY ¬ aYa? «®c ? ?®Yc®© ?a®¤a?ae?? (¬ «®®aa®¤ea,
!Y§®aa®¤ea aYa®«®F?© ? a. ?.).
?¤?¬ ?§ c ¦Y©e?a ae ?a®a®c a®aa iaeaeY?a?c®aa? ?a®?§c®¤a-
ac ic«iYaai a ae?® «i®Y ?a?®«i§®c ?Y ¬ aYa? «iea aYaaaa®c,
?®a®a®Y c !®«ieY© ?«? ¬YieY© aaY?Y? aci§ ® a® caY¬? ?YaY-
c?a«Ye¬? ae ?a®a ¬?.
E1.2. ‡?—…?… ?–???‹???? ?‘?‹?‡?‚??? ??’…??‹?›•
…‘“‘?‚ ‚ ‘?†…?… ??’…??‹?…???‘’? ? ‘……‘’????‘’?
?„“?–??.F
? ¬ aYa? «ie¬ aYaaaa ¬ ®a®aiaai caY i«Y¬Yae aaY¤aac ?a®-
?§c®¤aac ? ?aY¤¬Ya®c ?®aaY!«Y?i, ?¬Yie?a ¬ aYa? «iai ae®a¬a,
a. Y. caY i«Y¬Yae c «®c®F® ®!eYaacY®F® ?a®¤a?a , a ?®¬®eii
?®a®aea a¤®c«Yac®aiiaai ¬ aYa? «ieY ?®aaY!®aa? ®!eYaac c
aeY«®¬ ? ? ¦¤®F® YF® c«Y c ®a¤Y«i®aa?.
„«i ?a®aeYaa ?a®?§c®¤aac c ¦®, ca®!e § ? a ¬ aYa? «iea
aYaaaa®c ?®aa®i® c®§®! c«i«ai ¤«i ®!Ya?YcY?i Y?aYaec®aa?
? iaeaeY?a?c®aa?. ‘¤Y¤®c aY«i®, ¤®«¦® ?a®?aa®¤?ai ?®aa®i®Y
c®a?a®?§c®¤aac® ¬ aYa? «iea aYaaaa®c. ‘aeYaacaYa ¤c ?aa? c®a-
?a®?§c®¤aac ¬ aYa? «iea aYaaaa®c:
1) i?aaYa?ce©;
2) ?aYa?ce©.
?aaYa?ce© ?aai ?aY¤aa¬ aa?c Ya !®«YY !eaaaeY aY¬?e a®aa
¤®!ec ie?a ®aa a«Y© ?a®¬ee«Y®aa? a aY¬, ca®!e ?a®¤a?ae?Y© ia?a
®aa a«Y© ®!Ya?Yc?ai ¤®aa a®c®¬ aa®cY ®!a ! aec ie?Y ®aa a-
«?. ?¤ ?®, ¤ «iY©eYY a ae?aY?Y ?a®?§c®¤aac Y ¬®¦Ya ?a®?a-
a®¤?ai a®«i?® ®a®cY ?®«?cYaacY®F® a®aa i«Y¬Ya®c ?a®?§-
c®¤aac a®© ¦Y aYa®«®F?cYa?®© ®a®cY, ?®a?®«i?a ia® aci§ ®
a ?®aa®ie¬? c®c«YcY?i¬? c ?a®?§c®¤aacYe© ?a®aeYaa ¤®?®«?-
aY«iea aaY¤aac ? a !®cY© a?«e. ?a®¬Y a®F®, i?aaYa?ce© ?aai
acY«?cY?i ®!eY¬ ?a®?§c®¤aac ¬ aYa? «iea aYaaaa®c ®Fa ?c?-
c Yaai YaaYaacYe¬? ?a?a®¤e¬? c®§¬®¦®aai¬? ?a ¤®!ec? ? ?a-
?®«i§®c ?i. ‘«Y¤aYa ?®¬?ai, ca® § ? ae aeaiYcea aYaaaa®c Y
!Y§Fa ?ce, ¬®F?Y ?a c?¤e Y c®a?a®?§c®¤?¬e, ?®ia®¬a a®«i?®
i?®®¬®Y, a ae?® «i®Y ?a ?a?®«i§®c ?Y c ®!a ! aec ie?a ®a-
a a«ia ¬®¦Ya ?®§c®«?ai ?§!Y¦ ai ?a ®aaa®F® ¤Yae?ae?a c !«?¦ ©-
eY¬ !a¤aeY¬.
?¬Y® a ? i ?®aeY?ae?i «Y¦?a c ®a®cY ?aYa?c®F® ?aa? c®a-
?a®?§c®¤aac , ® ?aY¤?®« F Ya ®a®cY ?a?®«i§®c ?i ? cYaa-
cY® ®cea ¤®aa?¦Y?© aYa??? ? aYa®«®F?© !®«YY ?®«®Y ?a-
?®«i§®c ?Y ? i?®®¬®Y a aa®¤®c ?Y ?¬Yie?aai § ? a®c c ?a®-
aeYaaY ?a®?§c®¤aacY®F® ?®aaY!«Y?i.
?®®¬?i ¬ aYa? «iea aYaaaa®c cea ¦ Yaai c ?®ceeY?? aa®ci
?§ ?®«Y§®F® ??®«i§®c?i, a. Y. c a?¦Y?? a¤Y«i®F® a aa®¤ ?®
aa cY?i a aa®cY¬, ¤®aa?Faae¬ c ?aY¤e¤aeY¬ ?Ya?®¤Y. ?®®¬?i
aYaaaa®c ?aY¤?a?ia?? (®aF ?§ ae??) ¬®¦Ya !eai ®aaeYaac«Y
?® ¤ca¬ ?a c«Y?i¬:
1) ?®«acY?Y ?®«®¦?aY«i®© a §?aee ¬Y¦¤a ®a¬ a?ce¬ (?®
a aac?a ®© ®a¬Y a aa®¤ ¬ aYa? « ¤ ®Y ?§¤Y«?Y) ? ae ?-
a?cYa??¬ ?®«?cYaac®¬ a aa®¤aY¬ea aYaaaa®c;
2) a?¦Y?Y ®a¬ a?c®F® a aa®¤ ¬ aYa? «®c.
‘ a®c?? §aY?i !aaF «aYaa?®F® acYa aaa ®c«Y?Y cY«?c?e
i?®®¬?? § acYa a?¦Y?i ®a¬ ¬®¦Ya !eai ®aaeYaac«Y® a®«i?®
c a ¬? a ®a¬ a?c®F® ¬Ya®¤ , ?a?¬YY?Y ia®F® ¬Ya®¤ ?
““«ii®ca?c®¤®? «” !a¤Ya ?®¤a®!® a aa¬®aaY® c ?.4, 5 F« –
ce 3.
‚ a®¦Y caY¬i, ? ? a¦Y !e«® ?®? § ® a YY, a?¦Y?Y ¬ aYa?-
«®Y¬?®aa? a?®a®!aacaYa a®?a eY?i § aa a aaa¤ ?§F®a®c«Y-
?Y ?a®¤a?ae??, , § c?a, ? a?¦Y?i YY aY!Yaa®?¬®aa?, ca® ic-
«iYaai c ¦Y©eY© ?aY¤?®ae«?®© ?®ceeY?i iaeaeYa?c®aa? ?a®?§c®¤-
aac .
“¬YieY?Y a¤Y«iea a aa®¤®c ¬ aYa? «iea aYaaaa®c a?®a®!-
aacaYa acY«?cY?i caaa?a®§i©aacYea ?®?«Y?©. a® ®a®!Y®
c ¦® c a®caY¬Yea aa«®c?ia, ?®F¤ ?a?!e«i ic«iYaai F« ce¬
?aa®c??®¬ ®!a §®c ?i ae®¤®c i?®®¬?cYa?®F® aa?¬a«?a®c ?i.
’ ??¬ ®!a §®¬, a ae?® «i®Y ?a?®«i§®c ?Y ¬ aYa? «iea aYaaaa®c
ic«iYaai c ¦Y©e?¬ ae ?a®a®¬ a?¦Y?i ¬ aYa? «®Y¬?®aa? ? aY!Ya-
a®?¬®aa? ?a®¤a?ae?? (a !®a, aa«aF), ?®ceeY?i ?a?!e«i®aa? ?
aYa !Y«i®aa? ?a®?§c®¤aac .
® Y a®«i?® c ia®¬ ?a®ic«iYaai c«?i?Y i?®®¬?? ae? ae
?aY¤?a?ia?i. ‘a®?¬®aai ¬ aYa? «iea aYaaaa®c a®aa c«iYa ®a®c-
ai c aai ®!®a®aea aaY¤aac. “a?®aY?Y ?a ®!®a c?c Y¬®aa? ?¬YYa
!®«ie®Y § cY?Y, a. ?. c ia®¬ a«ac Y ? ¦¤e© aa!«i ®!®a®aea
aaY¤aac ?a®?§c®¤?aai !®«ie?© ®!eY¬ ?a®¤a?ae??. ‘?¦Y?Y a¤Y«iea
a aa®¤®c ¬ aYa? «®c a¦Y ®§ c Ya aa?®aY?Y ®!®a c?c Y¬®aa?, ?,
?a®¬Y a®F®,a¬Yie iaai ¤YY¦eY § aa ae ®!a §®c ?Y ?a®?§-
c®¤aacYea § ? a®c, ceac®!®¤?ce?Yai ®!®a®aeY aaY¤aac ?a?®«i-
§aiaai a ae?aY?Y ?a®?§c®¤aac c a ¬? a ¤ ®F® ?aY¤?a?ia?i,
a. Y. acY«?cY?Y ®!eY¬ ?a®?§c®¤aac !Y§ ?a?c«YcY?i ¤®?®«-
?aY«iea ®!®a®aea aaY¤aac. ‘«Y¤®c aY«i®, a ae?® «i®Y ?a-
?®«i§®c ?Y ¬ aYa? «iea aYaaaa®c ?®«®¦?aY«i® c«?iYa cai
a®c®?a?®aai ?®? § aY«Y© ?a®?§c®¤aac .
®ia®¬a ?a ?a??Y ¤«i «i!®F® ?aY¤?a?ia?i (®aF ?§ ae??)
c ¦® a®!«i¤ ai aY¦?¬ i?®®¬?? caYa aa®cia ?a®?§c®¤aac ,
a¦® ®a?Ya?a®c aiai aYaaaa®a!YaY¦Y?Y. ?a?«ic?aY«i®
!®«ie®Y § cY?Y ?¬Yia ®aF ?§ ae?®eY, i?®®¬?cYa??Y ? ?a –
c®ceY ¬Ya®?a?ia?i, ?a c«YeY a?¦Y?Y ¬ aYa? «®Y¬?®aa?
? aY!Yaa®?¬®aa? ?a®¤a?ae??.
?aF ?§ ae?®eY ¬Ya®?a?ia?i c?«ic ia c aY!i:
– ?®ceeY?Y ®a®cY cY¤aY?i ¤®aa?¦Y?© ac® – aYa?-
cYa?®F® ?a®FaYaa aa®ci ®aF ?§ ae?? ?a®?§c®¤aac ;
– ®aF ?§ ae?i ®!¬Y ®?Ya a?c®© ?ae®a¬ ae?Y© ® ?®aa c? a
¬ aYa? «iea aeY®aaY© ? cea !®a? aaY!®c ?© ? ?®aa c«Ye¬
c?¤ ¬ aYaaaa®c, aa®? ¬, ae®a¬ ¬ ? c?¤ ¬ ?®aa c??.
?®®¬?cYa??Y ¬Ya®?a?ia?i ?aY¤aa¬ aa?c ia:
– i?®®¬?cYa?®Y ®!®a®c ?Y ?aY¤«®¦Y?©, ?a c«Yea
a«aceY?Y ?a?®«i§®c ?Y aYaaaa®c ? a?a c«Y?i ?¬?, a ?¦Y ?a
i?®®¬?cYa??© «?§;
– ¬ aYa? «iai ®acYaaacY®aai a?a c«YcYa??a a«a¦! ? ?®¤-
a §¤Y«Y?© ?aY¤?a?ia?i, ®a¤Y«®c, !a?F ¤, a !®c?a ? a«a¦ e?a §
?YaYa aa®¤ ? Y!aY¦®Y ®a®eY?Y ? ¬ aYa? «ie¬ aYaaaa ¬ ?§ –
§ Yce?®«Y?i ®a®cea aaY!®c ?© aYa®«®F?cYa??a ?a®aeYaa®c ?
¤a.
? ?a c®ce¬ ¬Ya®?a?ia?i¬ ®a®aiaai: a §a !®a? caaa??a®?§-
c®¤aacYea ®a¬ a?cea ?a®c ?® a ae?® «i®¬a ?a?®«i§®c ?i ?
iaeaeY?a?c®¬a a?a c«Y?i aYaaaa ¬?.
? ?®Yae, ? ? aa®cY ®a¤Y« , ?®¤a §¤Y«Y?i, ?aY¤?a?ia?i,
a ? ? aa®cY ?a®¬ee«Y®aa? c aeY«®¬ !Y§ ¤«Y¦ eYF® acYa
i?®®¬?? ® ?a®aa® Yc®§¬®¦ , ?®ia®¬a c ¦ai a®«i c a?aaY¬Y
¬Ya, ?a c«Yea i?®®¬?i ¬ aYa? «iea aYaaaa®c, a?¦Y?Y
¬ aYa? «®Y¬?®aa? ? aY!Yaa®?¬®aa? ?a®¤a?ae?? ?Fa Ya a ae?® «i®-
®aF ?§ ae?®e© acYa ¬ aYa? «®c ?aY¤?a?ia??, ®aaeYaac«Ye©
c a®®acYaaac?? a ?®aa c«Ye¬? § ¤ c ¬? acYa , ?®aa®«i ? «?§
?a?®«i§®c ?i ¬ aYa? «®c ?a®?§c®¤aac®.
E1.3. ‡?„?—? “—…’?, ??’?‹? ? ??‹?‡? ?‘?‹?‡?‚???
??’…??‹?›• …‘“‘?‚ ‚ ??‡‚?„‘’‚….F
YaY¤ !aaF «aYaa??¬ acYa®¬, ?®aa®«Y¬ ? «?§®¬ ?a?®«i§®-
c ?i ¬ aYa? «iea aYaaaa®c ?aY¤?a?ia?? aa®ia a«Y¤aie?Y § –
¤ c?:
1) ?a c?«i®Y ? ac®YcaY¬Y®Y ¤®?a¬Ya «i®Y ®aa ¦Y?Y caYa
®?Ya ae?© ?® § F®a®c?Y, ?®aaa?«Y?i ? ®a?aa?a ¬ aYa? «®c;
2) ceic«Y?Y ? ®aa ¦Y?Y § aa a, aci§ ea a ?a § F®a®c«Y-
?Y¬;
3) ?®«acY?Y ¤®aa®cYa®© ?ae®a¬ ae?? ®! ®aa a? a ? ¤c?¦Y??
¬ aYa? «®c c ¬Yaa a ?a aa Y?i, ®?aY¤Y«Y?Y aa®ci ®!Ya?YcY-
®aa? ?¬? ?aY¤?a?ia?i;
4) ?a c?«ie© a acYa ? a??a ?Y ®a?«®Y?© ?® ?a c«Y?Y¬
§ aa a;
5) ?®aa®«i § a®aa ®aaii ¬ aYa? «iea aeY®aaY© c ¬Yaa a
?a aa Y?i ? caYa aa ¤?ia ¤c?¦Y?i;
6) ?®aa®ie© ?®aa®«i § a®!«i¤Y?Y¬ aaa ®c«Yea ®a¬
?a®?§c®¤aacYea § ? a®c;
7) a?aaY¬ a?cYa??© ?®aa®«i § ?a?®«i§®c ?Y¬ ¬ aYa? «®c c
?a®?§c®¤aacY ! §Y ®!®a®c ea ®a¬ ?a a aa®¤®c ?i;
8) ?®aa®«i § aYa®«®F?cYa??¬ ®aa®¤ ¬? ? ?®aYai¬? ? ?a
?a?®«i§®c ?Y¬;
9) ac®YcaY¬Y®Y ?®«acY?Y a®c®© ?ae®a¬ ae?? ® cY«?c?Y i?®-
®¬?? ?«? ?YaYa aa®¤ ¬ aYa? «iea aYaaaa®c ?® aa cY?i a
aaa ®c«Ye¬? «?¬?a ¬?;
10) a?aaY¬ a?cYa??© ?®aa®«i § ceic«Y?Y¬ ?§«?e?a ? Y?a-
?®«i§®c ea ¬ aYa? «®c, ?a aY «?§ ae?i;
11) «?§ aaaa?aaae ? ¤? ¬??? § aa a ?a®?§c®¤aac® ?a®-
¤a?ae?? (a !®a, aa«aF);
12) ®aeY? aa®ci ? ¤? ¬??? ®!e?a ? c aaea ?®? § aY«Y© ¬ –
aYa? «®Y¬?®aa?;
13) ?®aa®«i § ce?®«Y?Y¬ § ¤ ?© ?® aaY¤Y¬a a?¦Y?i ®a¬
a aa®¤ c ¦Y©e?a c?¤®c ¬ aYa? «iea aYaaaa®c ? i?®®¬??
¬ aYa? «iea § aa a;
14) «?§ ¤ ea ® cY«?c?Y ®aa®¤®c ¬ aYa? «®c, ®!a §ai-
e?aai ?a? ?a ?a®?§c®¤aacY®¬ ?a?®«i§®c ??, ®aeY? iaeaeY?a?c-
®aa? c®§¬®¦ea ?aaY© a?¦Y?i ®aa®¤®c;
15) ceic«Y?Y Y?a?®«i§®c ea caaa?a®§i©aacYea aY§Yac®c
a?¦Y?i ¬ aYa? «iea § aa a ? ?a c«?i?Y ®!eY¬ ?a®?§c®¤aac
?a®¤a?ae?? (a !®a, aa«aF).
„«i aa?Ye®F® ce?®«Y?i ?®aa c«Yea § ¤ c c ¦® ?®¬?ai,
ca® aY§Yace i?®®¬?? ¬ aYa? «iea aYaaaa®c ?¬Yiaai caYa aa –
¤?ia ?a ¤c?¦Y?i: a ¬®¬Ya ?®aaa?«Y?i ¬ aYa? «®c ?aY¤?a?-
ia?Y ¤® ce?aa? F®a®c®© ?a®¤a?ae??, ? ca® ? ¦¤®© aa ¤?? ¤®«-
¦Y ®?aY¤Y«iaiai ®acYaaacYe© § ?a a®aa ®aai ? a ae?® «i-
®Y ?a?®«i§®c ?Y.
‘®®acYaacY®, aa ¤?? § F®a®c«Y?i ®aaeYaac«iYaai ?®a-
a®«i § ?®aaa?«Y?Y¬ ¬ aYa? «®c aaa®F® c a®®acYaaac?? a § ?-
«icYe¬? ¤®F®c®a ¬?; a §¬Ya®¬ aa a?®aa® – § F®a®c?aY«iea
a aa®¤®c, a ?¦Y § ¬ aYa? « ¬? c ?aa? ? Y®aae ?aaa®c e¬?
?®aa c? ¬?, ?®a®aeY ®aa ¦ iaai c aYF?aaa a ?® acYaa a acYa®c
a ?®aa ce?? ¬?.
aa ¤?? aa Y?i i?®®¬?i ¬®¦Ya !eai ?®«acY § acYa
?a c?«i®F® a §¬YeY?i ?a®?§c®¤aacYea § ? a®c, a ?¦Y ?aY-
¤a?aY¦¤Y?i Y¤®aa c a?« ¤Y. Y?®aaY¤aacY®Y c«?i?Y
?®aa ®c?a acYa ¬ aYa? «®c ®? §ec Ya aa®cYi a §c?a?i a?« ¤a-
?®F® a®§i©aac , aaaa?aaa ? ?®ai¤®? aa Y?i, ?®aaa?«Y?i ? ce-
¤ c? ¬ aYa? «iea aeY®aaY©. Y®!a®¤?¬e¬ aa«®c?Y¬ ¤Y©aacY®F®
?®aa®«i § a®aa®i?Y¬ ¬ aYa? «iea aYaaaa®c ? ““«ii®ca?-
c®¤®? «” ic«iiaai: «?c?Y ?aY¤?a?ia?? c ¤®aa a®c®¬ ?®«?-
cYaacY a?« ¤a??a ?®¬YeY?©, ®a eYea cYa®ce¬? ? ?§¬Ya?aY«ie¬?
?a?!®a ¬?, ¬Ya®© a a®© ? ¤aaF?¬? ?a?a?®a®!«Y?i¬?, a?Yae? «?-
§ ae?i a?« ¤®c; a §¬YeY?Y ¬ aYa? «iea aeY®aaY© ?® aY?ae?i¬ ?
Faa?? ¬. „«i ®!Ya?YcY?i ?®«®© a®aa ®aa? ¬ aYa? «iea aY-
aaaa®c ? ?a c?«i®F® ?a acYa ¤ ®¬ ?aY¤?a?ia?? aacYa¦¤ –
iaai, c a®®acYaaac?? a § ?®®¤ aY«iaac®¬, «?ae , ®acYaaacYeY
§ ?a?Y¬?a, ®a?aa? ? a??a ?Y ¬ aYa? «®c (§ cY¤aie?Y a?« ¤ ¬?,
i?a?Y¤?a®ae), § ?a c?«i®Y ? ac®YcaY¬Y®Y ®ae®a¬«Y?Y ia?a
®?Ya ae?©, a ?¦Y § a®aa ®aai ccYaYea ?¬ ¬ aYa? «iea
aeY®aaY©. ‘ ia?¬? «?ae ¬? c aaa ®c«Y®¬ ?®ai¤?Y § ?«ic iaai
??ai¬YeY ¤®F®c®ae ® ¬ aYa? «i®© ®acYaaacY®aa?. a? ?a?Y¬Y,
?YaY¬YeY?? ?«? ac®«iY?? ¬ aYa? «i® ®acYaaacYea «?ae ®!i-
§ aY«i® ?a®?§c®¤?aai ?cYa a?§ ae?i ¬ aYa? «®c.
‚ ®a®ca ¬®¤Y«? ¬ aYa? «iea ?®a®?®c ? ““«ii®ca?c®¤®? –
«” § «®¦Y® ?YaY¬YeY?Y ¬ aYa? «®c ®a®a?aY«i® aaaa?aaa®©
Y¤??aee: ?®aa ce?? – ?« ¤®ceY c ?®¤a §¤Y«Y?ia – ?a®?§c®¤a-
ac®.
0 ——? ————————————? ——?
? ? ? ?« ¤®ceY c ?®¤a §¤Y«Y?ia ? ?‘a®- ?
?®a- ? 1? —–? 3 —–? 3 —–? ?5 ?a®- ?
? ?–+ ? 2 +——-+ 2 +——-+ 2 ? +-? ??Y ?
?a c- ?? ? LT–T- LT–T- LT–T- ? ? ? ?
? ?? L—+–+———+–+———+–+— ? ?®aF -?
?e??? +- 4? ?6 4? ?6 4? ?6 L—+?§ -?
? ? —-+–+———+–+———+–+–? ?ae?? ?
? ? ? -+–+? -+–+? -+–+? ? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
? ? ? L—– L—– L—– ? ? ?
? ? ? ® ¤ a § ¤ Y « Y ? i ? ? ?
L—— L———————————— L——
3F?a. 1 ?®¤Y«i ¤c?¦Y?i ¬ aYa? «®c ? ““«ii®ca?c®¤®? «”.
?!®§ cY?i:
1 – ?®aaa?«Y?Y ¬ aYa? «®c ®a ?®aa ce??®c;
2 – aa Y?Y ¬ aYa? «®c c ?« ¤®cea ?®¤a §¤Y«Y?©;
3 – ®a?aa? ¬ aYa? «®c ?§ ®¤?a ?« ¤®cea c ¤aaF?Y (caaaY?Y
?YaY¬YeY?i);
4 – ce¤ c ¬ aYa? «®c Y?®aaY¤aacY® c ?a®?§c®¤aac®;
5 – aY «?§ ae?i ?§«?e?a ¬ aYa? «®c aa®a®a;
6 – c®§ca a ¬ aYa? «®c c ?«®¤®ceY ?®¤a §¤Y«Y?©.
3F
’ ??¬ ®!a §®¬, ?®aaa??ce?Y ¬ aYa? «ieY aeY®aa? ?
““«ii®ca?c®¤®? «” ?a?a®¤aiaai Y?®aaY¤aacY® c ?« ¤®ceY,
?®a®aeY § ?aY?«Ye § ? ¦¤e¬ ?®¤a §¤Y«Y?Y¬ ? ac aa?®¬ ?aY¤-
?a?ia?i, ? a a?®«®¦Ye aYaa?a®a?? a®®acYaaacaieYF® ?®¤a §-
¤Y«Y?i ?«? ac aa? ?aY¤?a?ia?i (caY aaaa?aaaeY Y¤??aee ?
““«ii®ca?c®¤®? «” a®¤iaai c a §«?cea c aaia F®a®¤ ).
® ¬YaY Y®!a®¤?¬®aa? ¬ aYa? «ieY aeY®aa? ®a?aa? iaai
?a®?§c®¤aacYeY ? a®§i©aacYeY a¦¤e ?®¤a §¤Y«Y?© ?«? c
?« ¤®ceY ¤aaF?a ?®¤a §¤Y«Y?© (caaaYYY ?YaY¬YeY?Y).
‡ F®a®c?®© ? ?a?®!aYaY?Y¬ Y®!a®¤?¬ea ¬ aYa? «iea aYaaa-
a®c ?§ac Y¬®¬ ?aY¤?a?ia?? § ?¬ Yaai ®a¤Y« ¬ aYa? «i®F®
a !¦Y?i (??‘).
Y ¬YYY c ¦e¬ ? § c?¬e¬ ia ?®¬ ¤c?¦Y?i ¬ aYa? «iea aeY-
®aaY© ?aY¤?a?ia?? ic«iYaai ?a ®a?aa? c ?a®?§c®¤aac® ? ?®a-
«Y¤aieYY ?a?®«i§®c ?Y. ‡¤Yai aaa c«?c Yaai ?®aa®«i § a®!-
«i¤Y?Y¬ «?¬?a a aa®¤®c ?i aeaii ? ¬ aYa? «®c, ®¤?¬ ?§ ?a-
a®c??®c i?®®¬?? ic«iYaai a®?a eY?Y ?®aYai ? ®aa®¤®c ?a? ?a
®!a !®a?Y.
’ ??¬ ®!a §®¬, ?a c?«i® ®aF ?§®c e© acYa ? ?®aa®«i §
?a?®«i§®c ?Y¬ ¬ aYa? «iea aYaaaa®c ?®§c®«iYa ceic?ai caaaY-
?Y aY§Yace ?aY¤?a?ia?i, a?®a®!aacaYa cY¤aY?i c ?a®?§c®¤aac®
caYF® ®c®F® ? ?a®FaYaa?c®F® ?, a«Y¤®c aY«i®, ic«iYaai c ¦-
®© ?aY¤?®ae«?®© ?®ceeY?i iaeaeY?a?c®aa? ?a®?§c®¤aac .
YeY?i § ¤ c acYa ? ?®aa®«i ?aY¤?a?ia?? a?®a®!aacaYa
cYa? i ®aF ?§ ae?i ®?Ya a?c®F® ? !aaF «aYaa?®F® acYa ¬ aYa?-
«iea aeY®aaY©, ac®YcaY¬Y®Y ? ?®«®Y ¤®?a¬Ya?a®c ?Y
®?Ya ae?© ?® ?a ¤c?¦Y?i.
3F
E?‹?‚? 2. ????‡?–?? ?…?’?‚??? ? “•??‹’…‘????
“—…’? ? ??’?‹? ?‘•?„? ??’…??‹?‚ ? ??‡‚?„‘’‚?.
2.1. „??“?…’?‹??… ?”??‹…?… ?’“‘?? ??’…??‹?‚ ?
??‡‚?„‘’‚…›… ? •?‡?‰‘’‚…›… “†„› ? …??
‘?‚…?…‘’‚?‚??….F
Yac?ceY ¤®?a¬Yae ?® a aa®¤a ?a®?§c®¤aacYea § ? a®c ?F-
a ia c ¦ai a®«i c ®aF ?§ ae?? ¬ aYa? «i®F® acYa , a.?. ic«i-
iaai YF® ®a®c®©. Y?®aaY¤aacY® ?® ?Yac?ce¬ ¤®?a¬Ya ¬ ®aa-
eYaac«iYaai ?aY¤c a?aY«ie©, aY?ae?© ? ?®a«Y¤aie?© ?®aa®«i §
¤c?¦Y?Y¬, a®aa ®aaii ? a ae?® «ie¬ ?a?®«i§®c ?Y¬ ¬ aYa?-
«iea aYaaaa®c.
‚ § ?®Y “? !aaF «aYaa?®¬ acYaY” ®a 21.11.96 N 129-ae3 (aa.
9) ? “®«®¦Y?? ® !aaF «aYaa?®¬ acYaY ? ®acYa®aa? c ®aa?©a?®©
”Y¤Ya ae??”, aacYa¦¤Y®¬ ?a?? §®¬ ??ae? ®aa?? ®a 26.12.94
N 170, a §¤Y« “„®?a¬Ya?a®c ?Y a®§i©aacYea ®?Ya ae?©” (?.7-
10) ?a?cY¤Ye ®a®ceY aaY!®c ?i ? ®ae®a¬«Y?i, ?®ai¤?a ®a?ae-
a?i ?Yac?cea ¤®?a¬Ya®c ? ?YaYYaY?i ?§ ?a ¤®aa®cYa®© ?-
ae®a¬ ae?? c !aaF «aYaa?ai ®acYa®aai.
?a®c ?Y¬ ¤«i § ??a? c aYF?aaa a !aaF «aYaa?®F® acYa ic-
«iiaai ?Yac?ceY acYaeY ¤®?a¬Yae, ae??a?aaie?Y ae ?a a®cYaeY-
?i a®§i©aacY®© ®?Ya ae??. ?a ?®«®ae, ac®YcaY¬Y®aa? ?
?a c?«i®aa? ®ae®a¬«Y?i ?Yac?cea ¤®?a¬Ya®c c aYe ieY© aaY?Y-
? § c?aia ? cYaac®, ¤®aa®cYa®aai ? ®?Ya a?c®aai !aaF «aYaa-
?®F® acYa c aeY«®¬.
‚aY ?Yac?ceY ¤®?a¬Yae ¤®«¦e a®¤Ya¦ ai a«Y¤aie?Y ®!i§ –
aY«ieY aY?c?§?ae:
1) ?¬Y®c ?Y ¤®?a¬Ya (ae®a¬e) ? ?®¤ ae®a¬e;
2) ¤ aa a®aa c«Y?i;
3) a®¤Ya¦ ?Y a®§i©aacY®© ®?Ya ae??;
4) ?§¬Ya?aY«? a®§i©aacY®© ®?Ya ae?? (c aaa «i®¬ ? ¤Y-
Y¦®¬ cea ¦Y??);
5) ?¬Y®c ?Y ¤®«¦®aaY© «?ae, ®acYaaacYea § a®cYaeY?Y
a®§i©aacY®© ®?Ya ae?? ? ?a c?«i®aai YY ®ae®a¬«Y?i, «?ceY
?®¤??a? ? ?a a ae?aea®c?a.
‚ § c?a?¬®aa? ®a a a ?aYa ®?Ya ae?? c ?Yac?ceY ¤®?a¬Yae
¬®Faa !eai c?«icYe ¤®?®«?aY«ieY aY?c?§?ae.
Yac?ceY ¤®?a¬Yae a®aa c«iiaai c ¬®¬Ya a®cYaeY?i ®?Ya –
ae?? ?«? Y?®aaY¤aacY® ?® YY ®?®c ??.
? aYa? «ieY § ? ae ?a?a®¤aiaai ? aa iaai a?« ¤ a ?aY¤-
?a?ia?i ®a®c ?? a®®acYaaacaie?a ?Yac?cea ¤®?a¬Ya®c.
? aYa? «e a® a?« ¤ ?aY¤?a?ia?i ®a?aa? iaai ?a®?§c®¤aacY-
®Y ?®aaY!«Y?Y, a §«?ceY a®§i©aacYeY a¦¤e (a®¤Ya¦ ?Y
§¤ ?©, aY¬®aeY a !®ae), a ?¦Y aa®a®a ¤«i ?YaYa !®a??
? c ?®ai¤?Y aY «?§ ae?? ? ? ?§«?e?Y ? Ya¦eY (a?a. 2).
‚aY a®§i©aacYeY ®?Ya ae??, aci§ eY a ®a?aa?®¬ ¬ aYa?-
«®c, ?®¤«Y¦ a ? cYaacY®¬a, iaeaeY?a?c®¬a ? ac®YcaY¬Y®¬a
¤®?a¬Ya?a®c ?i.
0 ———————————-?
? ??‚‹…?? ?‘•?„? ??’…??‹?‚?
L-T—-T———T———T—T—
? ? ? ? ?
————-+–? ? ——–+——-? ? –+————-?
??a?aa? c ?a®?§-? ? ? Y?a®¬ee«Y- ? ? ? aa®a®a ?
?c®¤aac® ? ? ? ®Y ? ?®¤a®!- ? ? ? (? ? ?§«?e?Y ?
? ? ? ? ®Y a®§i©aac® ? ? ? § ? ae ?«? ¤«i?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?YaYa !®a??) ?
L—————- ? L—————- ? L—————-
? ?
—–+———? —–+———?
? aaa «i i ? ? ‚aaaYYY ?
? ®?« a aaa¤ ? ? ?YaY¬YeY?Y ?
L————— L—————
3F ?a. 2. ?a c«Y?i a aa®¤®c ?i ¬ aYa? «®c ?aY¤?a?ia??.
®ai¤®? ¤®?a¬Ya «i®F® ®ae®a¬«Y?i ®a?aa? ¬ aYa? «iea aeY-
®aaY© ?aY¤?a?ia?ia § c?a?a ?aY¦¤Y caYF® ®a ®aF ?§ ae?? ?a®-
?§c®¤aac , ?a c«Y?i a aa®¤ ? ?Ya?®¤?c®aa? ®a?aa? . a? ce-
!®aY ?®ai¤? ¤®?a¬Ya?a®c ?i ¤c?¦Y?i ¬ aYa? «®c ?aY¤?a?ia?i
aa?®c®¤aacaiaai “?a®ce¬? ?®«®¦Y?i¬? ?® acYaa ¬ aYa? «®c
?aY¤?a?ia?ia ? aaa®©? a” (a?«®¦Y?Y ? ??ai¬a ??ae? ‘‘‘ ®a
30 ?aY«i 1974 F®¤ N 103), a ?¦Y a??®ce¬? ¬Y¦¤acY¤®¬aacY-
e¬? ae®a¬ ¬? ?Yac?c®F® acYa c ?a®¬ee«Y®aa?. ®¤ ®a?aa?®¬ c
?a®?§c®¤aac® ? ““«ii®ca?c®¤®? «” ?®?¬ Yaai ®a?aa? ¬ –
aYa? «®c a ?« ¤®cea ?aY¤?a?ia?i ¤«i ce?®«Y?i a !®a, aci§ –
ea a ®!a«a¦?c ?Y¬ ? i?a?«a a ae?Y© a?aaY¬ c®¤®a !¦Y?i ?
c®¤®®acY¤Y?i. ?a?aa? ¬ aYa? «iea § ? a®c c aeYaa «i®F® a?« –
¤ c ?« ¤®ceY ?aY¤?a?ia?i a aa¬ aa?c Yaai ? ? caaaYYY ?Y-
aY¬YeY?Y ¬ aYa? «®c. a? ®a?aa?Y ¬ aYa? «®c c ?a®?§c®¤aac®
?aa«Y¤aY¬®¬ ?aY¤?a?ia?? a®!«i¤ iaai a«Y¤aie?Y aaY!®c ?i:
1) ®? ?¤aa ?® cYaa, ®!eY¬a ? ¬ aaY c aaa®F®¬ a®®acYaaac??
a a aa®¤e¬? ®a¬ a?c ¬? § ¤ e© ®!eY¬ ?a®?§c®¤aac ;
2) ®a?aa? § ?a c®c®F® a®?«?c ®aaeYaac«iYaai c ?aY¤Y« a
?aY¤c a?aY«i® aaa ®c«Yea ?« ®ce¬ ®a¤Y«®¬ «?¬?a®c;
3) a®F« a®cec Yaai a F« ce¬ !aaF «aYa®¬ a??a?? «?ae, ?®a®-
ae¬ ?aY¤®aa c«Y® ?a c® aaY!®c ai a® a?« ¤®c ¬ aYa? «e, a ?-
¦Y !Yaaaai ®!a §aee ?a ?®¤??aY©.
a? ¤ eY a®®!e iaai a !®a?? ¬ ?« ¤®cea. ? aYa? «e ?a®-
?§c®¤aac® ce¤ iaai a ?« ¤®cea a®«i?® ®ae?ae? «i® ce¤Y«iY¬e¬
¤«i ?a ?®«acY?i ?aY¤aa c?aY«i¬ ®a¤Y«®c, a®§i©aac,?®¤a §¤Y«Y?©
? ac aa?®c, ?®a®aea ?aY¤c a?aY«i® ce??aec Yaai “„®cYaY-
®aai” a??®c®© ae®a¬e N ? – 2 (a?« 1).
a aa¬ aa?c Y¬®¬ ?aY¤?a?ia?? ¤«i ®ae®a¬«Y?i ®a?aa? ¬ aY-
a? «®c ?a®?§c®¤aac® ?a?®«i§aiaai Ea §®ceYF (®ae®a¬«iY¬eY
? ¦¤e© a § ?a? a®cYaeY?? ®cYaY¤®© ®?Ya ae??) ? E ?®??aY«i-
eYF (§ c®¤?¬eY ®?aY¤Y«Ye© ?Ya?®¤) ?Yac?ceY ¤®?a¬Yae.
? a §®ce¬ ¤®?a¬Ya ¬ ®a®aiaai “’aY!®c ?i” ®a?aa? ¬ aY-
a? «®c a??®c®© ¬Y¦¤acY¤®¬aacY®© ae®a¬e N ? – 11 (a?«. 2),
“ ?« ¤eY” caaaYYY ?YaY¬YeY?Y ¬ aYa? «®c (a?«. 3),
“ ?« ¤e¬? ®a?aa? ¬ aYa? «®c aa®a®a” a??®c®© ¬Y¦¤a-
cY¤®¬aacY®© ae®a¬e ? -15 (a?«. 4).
„«i ®ae®a¬«Y?i a §®c®F® ®a?aa? ¬ aYa? «iea aeY®aaY©
caaa? ?aY¤?a?ia?i ? ?a ®a?aa? a®§i©aac ¬ ac®YF® ?aY¤?a?i-
a?i, a a?®«®¦Ye¬ § ?aY¤Y« ¬? YF® aYaa?a®a??, ?a?¬YiYaai
EaaY!®c ?YF ®a?aa? ¬ aYa? «®c ? – 11 (a?«. 2). ’aY!®-
c ?Y ce??aec Yaai c ¤caa i?§Y¬?«ia a ? ?®¤??aec Yaai F« ce¬
!aaF «aYa®¬ ?«? «?ae®¬, a® a?®«®¬®cYe¬. a? ®a?aa?Y ¬ aY-
a? «®c a®§i©aac ¬ ac®YF® ?aY¤?a?ia?i ®¤? i?§Y¬?«ia ?YaY¤ Yaai
?®«ac aY«i (®a¤Y«, ac aa®?, ?®¤a §¤Y«Y?Y), ca®a®© – a?« ¤a,
?®a®ae© § aY¬ a¤ Yaai c !aaF «aYa?i.
‚ a«ac Y caaaYYF® ?YaY¬YeY?i ¬ aYa? «®c ?a?®«i§aia E ?-
« ¤aiF caaaYYY ?YaY¬YeY?Y (a?«. 3), YY a®aa c«iYa
¬ aYa? «i® – ®acYaaacY®Y «?ae® a?« ¤ , a¤ ieYF® aeY®aa?.
?¤? i?§Y¬?«ia a«a¦?a a¤ ieY¬a a?« ¤a ®a®c ?Y¬ ¤«i a??a ?i
aeY®aaY©, ca®a®© – ?a??¬ ieY¬a a?« ¤a ¤«i ®?a?a®¤®c ?i
aeY®aaY©.
?a?aa? ¬ aYa? «®c aa®a®?¬ ®aF ?§ ae?i¬ ?«? a®§i©aac ¬ ac®-
YF® ?aY¤?a?ia?i, a a?®«®¦Ye¬ § YF® ?aY¤Y« ¬?, ®ae®a¬«iia
E ?« ¤e¬? ®a?aa? ¬ aYa? «®c aa®a®a Fae®a¬ ? – 15
(a?«. 4). ?a ce??aec ia c ¤caa i?§Y¬?«ia a ®a®c ?? –
ai¤®c, ¤®F®c®a®c ? ¤aaF?a ¤®?a¬Ya®c. Yace© i?§Y¬?«ia ?« ¤-
®© ®aa Yaai a?« ¤Y ? ic«iYaai ®a®c ?Y¬ ¤«i «?a?cYa-
?®F® ? a?aYa?cYa?®F® acYa ¬ aYa? «®c, ca®a®© ?YaY¤ Yaai ?®-
«ac aY«i ¬ aYa? «®c. …a«? ¬ aYa? «e ®a?aa? iaai a ?®a«Y¤aieY©
®?« a®©, a® ?Yace© i?§Y¬?«ia a«a¦?a a ?¦Y ®a®c ?Y¬ ¤«i ce-
??a?? !aaF «aYa?Y© a acYa® – ?« aY¦ea ¤®?a¬Ya®c. a? ?aY¤-
c a?aY«i®© ®?« aY ?« ¤ i a«a¦?a ®a®c ?Y¬ ¤«i ®aa ¦Y?i
®?Ya ae?© ?® aY «?§ ae?? ? a acYaea ®?Ya ae?© a ?®?a? aY«Y¬. C
1 ic ai 1997 F. cai? i aY «?§ ae?i ?a®¤a?ae?? (a !®a, aa«aF),
c a®¬ c?a«Y ¬ aYa? «iea aeY®aaY© a®?a®c®¦¤ Yaai ®ae®a¬«Y?Y¬
EacYa – ae ?aaaeF (a?«. 5), c ?®a®a®¬ a? § ® ?¬Y®c ?i
aeY®aaY©, ?a ?®«?cYaac®, aeY , ®!e i aa¬¬ , ®a¤Y«i®© Fa ae®©
ce¤Y«Y aa¬¬ „‘. ‘cYa – ae ?aaa ce??aec Yaai c ¤caa i?§Y¬-
?«ia a: ®¤? ?aY¤ § cY ?®?a? aY«i, ® a«a¦?a ®?a c¤ aY«ie¬
¤®?a¬Ya®¬ ¤«i c®§¬YeY?i „‘ ?§ !i¤¦Ya , ca®a®© ®aa Yaai a
?®aa ce?? . ‚ ac®i ®cYaY¤i caY acYa – ae ?aaae ?®¤«Y¦ a aYF?a-
aa ae?? c ??FY a®¤ ¦ c ?®ai¤?Y, ?®a®ae© § c?a?a ®a a?®a®!
®?aY¤Y«Y?i ceaac?? ®a aY «?§ ae?? – ?® “®aFaa§?Y” ?«? “®?« aY”.
’ ? ? ““«ii®ca?c®¤®? «” ?a?¬YiYaai a?®a®! – “?® ®?« aY”,
?®ia®¬a caY acYa ae ?aaae aYF?aaa?aaiaai c ??FY a®¤ ¦ ?® ¬YaY
?a ®?« ae.
?a?aa? aa®a®a ®ae®a¬«iYaai a®«i?® ?a? ?aY¤eic«Y?? ?®«a-
c aY«Y¬ ¤®cYaY®aa? ?®«acY?Y aeY®aaY©, § ?®«Y®© c
aaa ®c«Y®¬ ?®ai¤?Y (a?«. 1).
? ?®?aY«ie¬ ?Yac?ce¬ ¤®?a¬Ya ¬ ®a®aiaai E‡ ?a c®ceY
cY¤®¬®aa?F (a?«. 6), ce??aec Y¬eY § cY¤aie?¬? a?« ¤®c c –
c «Y ¬Yaiae ? ¦¤ai ¬ e?a ®a¤Y«i®. ‚ aYcY?? ¬Yaiae c®¤?-
aY«? ¬ e? § ?a c«iiaai aa ae?ia, § ?aY?«Yea § ? ”
“«ii®ca?c®¤®? «”, ?a? ia®¬ c § ?a c®c®© cY¤®¬®aa? ¤Y« Ya-
ai a®®acYaaacaie i § ??ai ®! ®!eY¬Y ?®«acY®F® !Y§? . ‚
?®aeY ¬Yaiae ia®a ¤®?a¬Ya a¤ Yaai c ¬ aYa? «ie© ®a¤Y« aeYa-
a «?§®c ®© !aaF «aYa??, c ?®a®a®¬ ®a¤Y«i®© aaa®?®© ce¤Y«Y
®!e?© ®!eY¬ !Y§? , ?®«acY®F® § ?a c®cea aa ae?ia §
®acYae© ¬Yaiae ¤ ®© ¬ e?®©. ?a¤Y«®¬ ¬ aYa? «i®F® a !¦Y?i
? ““«ii®ca?c®¤®? «” a §a !®a e ? aacYa¦¤Ye ®a¬e a aa®¤
!Y§? 1 aea. ?¬ ?a®!YF ca®aa a?®aaea aaY¤aac, c ?aY-
¤Y« a ?®a®aea a §aYe Yaai a??aec ai a aa®¤ !Y§? c ¤YY¦®¬
cea ¦Y?? ®a®c®Y ?a®?§c®¤aac®. ‡ ?a c®ceY cY¤®¬®aa? ?®§-
c®«iia ®aaeYaac«iai ?®aa®«i § a®!«i¤Y?Y¬ a®®acYaaacaie?a
®a¬ a aa®¤ , a ?¦Y ceic«iai c?®c??®c ?YaYa aa®¤ !Y§? .
®a®c ?? ia?a cY¤®¬®aaY© ?a®?aa®¤?a ®?a?a®¤®c ?Y aeYa-
a «ie© a?« ¤ ? a??a ?Y (c ?aY¤Y« a aaa ®c«Yea ®a¬ a aa®-
¤ ) a®?«?c ®a®c®Y ?a®?§c®¤aac®.
’ ??¬ ®!a §®¬, a aa¬®aaYeY ceeY ae®a¬e ?Yac?c®© ¤®?a¬Y-
a ae?? a«a¦ a ¤«i ®ae®a¬«Y?i ®a?aa? ¬ aYa? «iea § ? a®c
?a®?§c®¤aacYeY ? a®§i©aacYeY a¦¤e ? aa®a®a. ?a ¤ eY
ic«iiaai ®a®c®© ¤«i cY¤Y?i ®?Ya a?c®F® ? !aaF «aYaa?®F® acY-
a ¤c?¦Y?i ¬ aYa? «iea aeY®aaY© ?aY¤?a?ia??.
?ae®a¬«Y?Y ®a?aa? ¬ aYa? «®c aaa¤®Y¬?® ?§ – § !®«ie®F®
?®«?cYaac ? a §®®!a §?i ?Yac?cea ¤®?a¬Ya®c. ®ia®¬a c ¦®Y
§ cY?Y ?¬YYa a?a®eY?Y acYa ia®¬ ac aa?Y. ‘ ia®©
aeY«ii c ?« ¤®cea ? ““«ii®ca?c®¤®? «” ?Yac?ceY ¤®?a¬Yae
caaaYYY ?YaY¬YeY?Y ? ®a?aa? c ?a®?c®¤aac® ¬ aYa? «®c
®ae®a¬«iiaai a®«i?® c aaa «iea ?®? § aY«ia. ‚ ?®aeY ¬Yaiae c
!aaF «aYa?? ?® ¤ e¬ ?Yac?cea ¤®?a¬Ya®c a ?®¬®eii a?Yae? «i-
®F® ?a®Fa ¬¬®F® ®!Ya?YcY?i ?a®?aa®¤?a ca®¬ a?cYa?®Y a??a –
?Y § aa aeY acYa ¬ aYa? «®c ?® acYae¬ aeY ¬, c ? cYaacY
?®a®aea a«a¦ a ®?a®ceY aeYe ?a?®!aYaY?i, ®?aY¤Y«YeY ?®
¬Ya®¤a ”?”®.
‚ aeY«ia a®cYaeYaac®c ?i ¤®?a¬Ya «i®F® ®ae®a¬«Y?i ®a?aa?
¬ aYa? «®c ?a®?§c®¤aac® ? ““«ii®ca?c®¤®? «” ¬®¦®
?aY¤«®¦?ai ?®cea?ai ?®aa®«ieY aea?ae?? ?Yac?c®F® acYa ?
ccYaa? c ®!a eY?Y «?¬?a® – § !®aeY ? aae, ?®a®aeY ?aY¤®-
§ cYe, c® – ?Yacea, ¤«i ?®a«Y¤®c aY«i®F® ®ae®a¬«Y?i ®a?aa?
¬ aYa? «®c, ?®aaY!«iY¬ea ?a? ce?®«Y?? a !®a a?aaY¬ a?cYa??,
?a?¬Ya, a?¬?cYa??Y aY FYae, ?a?®«i§aY¬eY ?a? ®c?aa?Y c®¤®-
?a®c®¤ea ? aa®cea c®¤, c® – ca®aea, ¤«i aY?aeYF® ?®aa®«i
§ «?¬?a ¬? ®a?aa? ¬ aYa? «®c ?a®?§c®¤aacYeY a¦¤e. ‘
ia®© aeY«ii Y®!a®¤?¬® aaa ®c?ai «?¬?a ®a?aa? a?¬?cYa??a aY –
FYa®c ?a®?§c®¤aac®, ®a®cec iai ?a®FaYaa?cea ®a¬ a ?a
a aa®¤ ? ?« ®cea ®!eY¬ a aY «?§ ae?? c®¤®?a®c®¤ea ? aa®cea
c®¤.
‹?¬?a® – § !®a i ? aa ae®a¬e ? – 8, ? – 9 ic«iYaai ?®-
??aY«ie¬ ?Yac?ce¬ ¤®?a¬Ya®¬, a«a¦?a ®a®c Y?Y¬ ¤«i a??a ?i
¬ aYa? «iea aeY®aaY© a® a?« ¤ . ?aa®¤i ?§ ?« ®c®© ?®aaY!-
®aa? c aYa ?«? ?ea ¬ aYa? «iea aeY®aaia, ®a¤Y« ¬ aYa? «i®-
aYa?cYa?®F® a !¦Y?i ?«? ?« ®ce© ®a¤Y« ce??aec ia «?¬?a® –
§ !®aeY ? aae c ¤caa i?§Y¬?«ia a ¬Yaiae (?c aa «, ?®«aF®¤?Y,
F®¤, a ®aaece¬? ¬Yaice¬? a «® ¬? ae ?a?cYa??© ®a?aa?).
?¤? i?§Y¬?«ia ? aae ?YaY¤ Yaai ?®aaY!?aY«i (aeYa, ac aa®?),
ca®a®© – a?« ¤ . ‚ ? ¦¤®¬ i?§Y¬?«iaY a? §ec iaai aaa –
®c«Ye© «?¬?a, ?¬Y®c ?Y, ®¬Y?« aaae© ®¬Ya ¬ aYa? «®c,
e?aea § aa a ? ¤aaF?Y ¤ eY.?a?aa? ¬ aYa? «®c c ?a®?§c®¤aac®
®aaeYaac«iYaai a?« ¤®¬ ?a? ?aY¤eic«Y?? ?aY¤aa c?aY«Y¬ ac aa-
? ac®YF® i?§Y¬?«ia «?¬?a® – § !®a®© ? aae. ?« ¤®ce?? ®a-
¬Yc Ya c ®!®?a i?§Y¬?«ia a ¤ aa ? ?®«?cYaac® ®a?aeYea ¬ aY-
a? «®c, ?®a«Y cYF® cec®¤?a ®aa a®? «?¬?a . ® ®?®c ?? ¬Yai-
ae ®! i?§Y¬?«ia «?¬?a® – § !®aea ? aa ?YaY¤ ia c !aaF «-
aYa?i ?aY¤?a?ia?i ¤«i ®aa ¦Y?i a aa®¤ ¬ aYa? «®c a®®acYa-
aacaie?a acYa a !aaF «aYaa?®F® acYa . ‚ «?¬?a® – § !®a®©
? aaY cY¤Yaai a ?¦Y acYa c®§ca a ¬ aYa? «®c, Y ?a?®«i§®c –
ea c ?a®?§c®¤aacY. a? ia®¬ ?? ??a ¤®?®«?aY«iea ¤®?a-
¬Ya®c Y a®aa c«iYaai.
‹?¬?a® – § !®aeY ? aae a?®a®!aacaia aa?«Y?i ?®aa®«i
§ ®a?aa?®¬ ¬ aYa? «®c a® a?« ¤ c ?aY¤Y« a ?aY¤aa¬®aaY®F®
«?¬?a ? aY§?® a®?a e ia c?a«® a §®cea ¤®?a¬Ya®c. ?¤ ?® ?a
?a?¬YY?Y Y ?®§c®«iYa ?®aa®«?a®c ai ?a?®«i§®c ?Y ¬ aYa? «®c
Y?®aaY¤aacY® c ?a®?§c®¤aacY. „ ®¬a aaY!®c ?i ®acYc ia
a ??Y a??®ceY ?Yac?ceY ¤®?a¬Yae, ? ? ?a – aaY!®c ?Y
§ ¬Ya (¤®?®«?aY«ie© ®a?aa?) ¬ aYa? «®c ae®a¬e ? – 10 ? a a-
?a®©eY ? aae. ®a«Y¤?Y c a?«a a?Yae?ae??? ?a®?§c®¤aac Y ¬®-
Faa ?a?¬Yiaiai a aa¬ aa?c Y¬®¬ ?aY¤?a?ia??.
®«YY e?a®?®Y cY¤aY?Y ‚? c ?a®aeYaa ®ae®a¬«Y?i ?Yac?cea
¤®?a¬Ya®c ¬®¦Ya ic«iaiai ®¤?¬ ?§ ?!®«YY iaeaeY?a?cea ?aaY©
a®cYaeYaac®c ?i ?Yac?c®F® acYa . ‘ ia®© aeY«ii Y®!a®¤?¬®
ca®¬ a?§?a®c ai a?« ¤a?®© acYa, ca® ?®§c®«?a ¬Ya ?§?a®c ai
®!a !®a?a ?ae®a¬ ae?? ® caaaYY¬ ?YaY¬YeY?? ¬ aYa? «iea § –
? a®c, ?®?§?ai cYa®ia®aai ®e?!®? ?a? ?YaYYaY?? ?ae®a¬ ae??
?§ ?Yac?cea ¤®?a¬Ya®c c aYF?aaae !aaF «aYaa?®F® acYa ,
a ?¦Y a®?a a?ai ?®«?cYaac® ?Yac?c®© acYa®© ¤®?a¬Ya ae?? ,
ca®, c ac®i ®cYaY¤i, !a¤Ya a?®a®!aac®c ai ?®ceeY?i a®c®aa? ?
®?Ya a?c®aa? acYa ¤c?¦Y?i ¬ aYa? «iea aeY®aaY© ?aY¤-
?a?ia??.
‘«Y¤aie?¬ c ¦e¬ §cY®¬ c ®aF ?§ ae?? acYa ? ?®aa®«i a a-
a®¤®c ?i ¬ aYa? «iea aeY®aaY© ?a®?§c®¤aac® ic«iYaai ce!®a
«?a?cYa?®F® (a®aa®c®F®) acYa ¬ aYa? «®c, a®F« a® aaY!®c –
?i¬, ?§«®¦Yea c ®a¬ a?cea ¤®?a¬Ya a ?® !aaF «aYaa?®¬a
acYaa.
E2.2. ????‡?–?? ?…?’?‚??? “—…’? ?‘•?„?
??’…??‹?‚ ? ??‡‚?„‘’‚?.F
? «?a?cYa??© acYa ¬ aYa? «®c ®aF ?§aYaai ?® ¬Yaa ¬ ?a
aa Y?i (a?« ¤ ¬), ?® ? ¦¤®¬a ¬ aYa? «i® – ®acYaacY®¬a
«?aea, ?® ? ¦¤®¬a ®¬Y?« aaa®¬a ®¬Yaa ¬ aYa? « c ?®«?cYaa-
cY®¬ ? aa®?¬®aa®¬ cea ¦Y??, ? ? ?a c?«®, a ?a?®«i§®c ?Y¬
‚?.
‘®F« a® ?a?? §a ??ae? ®aa?©a?®© ”Y¤Ya ae?? ®a 28 ?i«i
1994 F®¤ N 100 “?! aacYa¦¤Y?? ®«®¦Y?i ?® !aaF «aYaa?®¬a
acYaa ““cYa i ?®«?a?? ?aY¤?a?ia?i”, c aY¤ ?ae?? a?? § ®a
26 ¤Y? !ai 1994 F®¤ N170, a?®a®! ®aF ?§ ae?? «?a?cYa?®F®
acYa ¬ aYa? «®c ?aY¤?a?ia?? ¤®«¦Y !eai c ®!i§ aY«i®¬ ?®-
ai¤?Y ®aa ¦Y c YF® acYa®© ?®«?a??Y, ?®a®a i Y ¬®¦Ya !eai
?§¬YY c aYcY?? ®acYa®F® F®¤ , a«Y¤®c aY«i® ¤®«¦ !eai
?a®¤a¬ YeY ¤® YF® c « .
‚e!®a ?!®«YY iaeaeYa?c®F® a?®a®! ®aF ?§ ae?? «?a?cYa-
?®F® acYa ¬ aYa? «iea aeY®aaY© § c?a?a ®a ?®?aYa®© ¤YiaY«i-
®aa? ?aY¤?a?ia?i, YF® a §¬Ya®c ? ae? a®cea c®§¬®¦®aaY©, ®
¤®«¦Y !eai ®a®c a«Y¤aie?a ?aY¤?®ae«? a:
1) ?« aa?ae?? ae?i ¬ aYa? «®c c § c?a?¬®aa? ®a ?a a®«? c ?a®-
aeYaaY ?a®?§c®¤aac ;
2) a?aaY¬ ?®¤?a®c ?i a §«?cea ®¬Y?« aaa, Y®!a®¤?¬ea
¤«i acYa ¤c?¦Y?i ¬ aYa? «®c;
3) a®caY¬Y®Y a®aa®i?Y a?« ¤a?®F® a®§i©aac ;
3F
4) a §a !®a? ?a®FaYaa?cea aYa??® – i?®®¬?cYa??a ®a¬
aa Y?i ? ®a?aa? ¬ aYa?« ®c;
5) ¬Ya ?§ ae?i ? ca®¬ a?§ ae?i ®?Ya ae?© acYa ¤c?¦Y?i ¬ aYa?-
«®c.
‚ ¦®© ?aY¤?®ae«?®© ?a c?«i®© ®aF ?§ ae?? acYa ?a®?§c®¤-
aacYea § ? a®c ic«iYaai ?a E?« aa?ae?? ae?i ?® § cY?i ?
a®«? c ?a®aeYaaY ?a®?§c®¤aac ? aYa?cYa??¬ ?a?§ ? ¬F. ‘®F-
« a® ia®© ?« aa?ae?? ae?? ?a®?§c®¤aacYeY § ? ae ?®¤a §¤Y«i-
iaai a«Y¤aie?Y:
1) aeaiY ? ¬ aYa? «e;
2) ?®?a?eY ?®«aae !a?? ae ? ?®¬?«Y?aaie?Y ?§¤Y«?i,
?®aaaa?ae??? ¤Ya «?;
3) a®?«?c®;
4) a a ? a aeY ¬ aYa? «e;
5) § ? aeY c aa?;
6) ?a®c?Y ¬ aYa? «e;
7) aaa®?aY«ieY ¬ aYa? «e;
8) ¬ «®aeYeY ? !eaaa®?§ e?c ie?Yai ?aY¤¬Yae (?).
‚ a®®acYaaac?? a ?« ®¬ acYa®c !aaF «aYaa?®F® acYa ¤«i
? ¦¤®© ?§ a? § ea Faa?? acYaY 10 “? aYa? «e” (?a®¬Y ?)
?aY¤ § cY ®a¤Y«ie© aa!acYa.
E‘eaiY ? ¬ aYa? «eF ®!a §aia cYeYaacYai ®a®ca
cea ! aec Y¬®© ?a®¤a?ae??. ?!ec® ? aeaii ?a?ia® ®a®a?ai
?a®¤a?ae ¤®!ec ieY© ?a®¬ee«Y®aa? (Yaeai, aa¤ , F § ? ¤a.) ?«?
aY«ia?®F® a®§i©aac (eYaaai, a«®?®?, §Ya® ? ¤a.), a ?¦Y
Y?®a®aeY ?a®¤a?ae ®!a ! aec ieY© ?a®¬ee«Y®aa? (?a?aaaacYeY
? a?aYa?cYa??Y c®«®? a?¬?cYa?®© ?a®¬ee«Y®aa?). ?a®ceY
¬ aYa? «e ic«iiaai ?a®¤a?a ¬? ®!a ! aec ie?a ®aa a«Y©
?a®¬ee«Y®aa? (¬Ya ««, a? i, ?®¦ ? ¤a.). ? ia®©
Faa??Y ?aY¤¬Ya®c aaa¤ ®a®aiaai ? ca?®¬®F aY«ieY ¬ aYa? «e,
?®a®aeY Y ®!a §aia ®a®ca ?§F®a®c«iY¬®F® ?a®¤a?a , «?ei
a?®a®!aacaia ?aY®!a §®c ?i aeaii ? ®a®cea ¬ aYa? «®c,
ce§ec i c ?a Y®!a®¤?¬eY ?§¬YY?i (?a a??, ?a a?aY«? ?
¤a.), «?!® a®¤Y©aacaia ?a®?§c®¤aacY®¬a ?a®aeYaaa (a¬ §®ceY,
®!a?a®ceY ¬ aYa? «e).
‚ acYaY c ®a¤Y«iai Faa??a ce¤Y«Ye E?®?a?eY ?®«aae !a?? ae
? ?®¬?«Y?aaie?Y ?§¤Y«?i, ?®aaaa?ae?? ? ¤Ya «?F, ?®a®aeY ?®
ac®Y© aea?ae?® «i®© a®«? c ?a®aeYaaY ?a®?§c®¤aac ic«iiaai
®a®ce¬? ¬ aYa? « ¬? (aaa!e, e« F? ? ¤a. ? ““«ii®ca?c®¤®-
? «). ??a®? i a?Yae? «?§ ae?i ? ?®®?Ya?a®c ?Y ?a?c®¤ia ? acY«?-
cY?i a¤Y«i®F® cYa ?®?a?ea ?®«aae !a?? a®c ? ?®¬?«Y?aaie?a
?§¤Y«?©, ca® ®!aa« c«?c Ya Y®!a®¤?¬®aai ce¤Y«Y?i ?a c
®a¤Y«iai Faa??a.
E’®?«?c®F ic«iYaai,? ? ?a c?«®, ca?®¬®F aY«ie¬ ¬ aYa? «®¬,
® ca«Y¤aac?Y YF® !®«ie®F® a®¤®a®§i©aacY®F® § cY?i ?
a?Yae?ae??? ?®aaY!«Y?i c acYaY ®® ce¤Y«iYaai c ®a¤Y«iai
Faa??a. ‚ YY c?«ic iaai YaeaY?a®¤a?ae (Yaeai, ¤?§Y«i®Y
a®?«?c®, ?Ya®a?, !Y§? ? ¤a.), a¬ §®ceY ¬ aYa? «e,
?aY¤ § cYeY ¤«i i?a?«a a ae?? aa a?®aaea aaY¤aac,
aYa®«®F?cYa??a a¦¤ ?a®?§c®¤aac , cea !®a?? iYaF?? ?
®a®?«Y?i §¤ ?©,acYa¤®Y (aF®«i, a®aae, ¤a®c ? ¤a.).
‚ ®a¤Y«iai Faa??a ce¤Y«iiaai Ea a ? a aeY ¬ aYa? «eF.
’ a ?aY¤ § cY ¤«i aa Y?i, a? ?®c?? ? a®aa Y?i ? cYaac
¬ aYa? «®c ? F®a®c®© ?a®¤a?ae??. §«?c ia ¤c ®a®cea c?¤ a ae-
?cYa aai ? Y?cYa aai. ‚ § c?a?¬®aa? ®a aa®?¬®aa? ? aa®?®c
a«a¦!e ?cYa a i a a ac?aec Yaai «?!® c a®aa cY ®a®cea
aaY¤aac, «?!® c a®aa cY ¬ «®aeYea !eaaa®?§ e?c ie?aai ?aY¤¬Y-
a®c. Y?cYa a i a a ac?aec Yaai c a®aa cY ?a®?§c®¤aacYea
§ ? a®c ? ?aY¤ § c Yaai ¤«i a? ?®c?? F®a®c®© ?a®¤a?ae??. ? Y©
®a®aiaai ¬ aYa? «e, ¤Ya «?, ?a?®«i§aY¬eY ¤«i ?§F®a®c«Y?i
a ae ? YY aY¨a .
E‡ ? aeY c aa?F ce¤Y«iiaai c acYaY c ®a¤Y«iai Faa??a c
aci§? a ?a a?Yae?ae?cYa??¬ § cY?Y¬. ?? ?aY¤ § c iaai ¤«i
?a®?§c®¤aac aY¬®a®c, § ¬Ye ?§®eYea c aaY© ¬ e?,®!®aa¤®c ?i,
aa a?®aaea aaY¤aac ? a. ?., a ?¦Y ca®¬®!?«iea e? c
§ ? aY ? ®!®a®aY. ‚ ia®© ¦Y Faa??Y ac?aec iaai ®!¬Ye© ae®¤
?®«®?®¬?«Y?aea ¬ e?, ®!®aa¤®c ?i, ¤c?F aY«Y©, a§«®c, FaYF –
a®c.
‚ a®aa cY ?a®c?a ¬ aYa? «®c ac?aec iaai ®aa®¤e ?a®?§c®¤aac
(®!aa!??, ®!aY§??, aaaa¦? ? a. ?.), c®§ca aeY ®aa®¤e ®a
Y?a?a c?¬®F® !a ? ; ¬ aYa? «ieY aeY®aa?, ?®«acYeY ®a ce!ea?i
®a®cea aaY¤aac, ?®a®aeY Y ¬®Faa !eai ?a?®«i§®c e ? ?
¬ aYa? «e, a®?«?c® ?«? § ? aeY c aa? ¤ ®¬ ?aY¤?a?ia??.
‚ ®a®!ai Faa??a ce¤Y«iiaai Eaaa®?aY«ieY ¬ aYa? «eF.
“? § eY aeY®aa? ?a?®«i§aiaai Y?®aaY¤aacY® c ?a®aeYaaY
aaa®?aY«iea ? ¬®a ¦ea a !®a, ¤«i ?§F®a®c«Y?i aaa®?aY«iea
¤Ya «Y©, ?a®cY¤Y?i aY¬®a®c.
‚ a®aa cY ®!®a®aea aaY¤aac aa«®c® c?a«iaai ¬ «®aeYeY ?
!eaaa®?§ e?c ie?Yai ?aY¤¬Yae, ?®a®aeY ?® ac®Y© a®«? c ?a®aeYaaY
?a®?§c®¤aac ic«iiaai aaY¤aac ¬? aaa¤ . ? ?¬ ®a®aiaai
?aY¤¬Yae, aa®?¬®aaii c ?aY¤Y« a ?ia?¤Yaia? ¬??¬ «iea § a !®a-
ea ?« a § Y¤??aea (?®¬?«Y?a) Y§ c?a?¬® ®a aa®? ?a a«a¦!e
(§ ?a?«icY?Y¬ aY«ia?®a®§i©aacYea ¬ e? ? ®aa¤?©, aaa®?-
aY«i®F® ¬Ya ?§?a®c ®F® ?aaaa¬Ya , a !®cYF® ? ?a®¤a?a?c-
®F® a?®a ) ?«? a«a¦ e?Y ¬YYY ®¤®F® F®¤ Y§ c?a?¬® ®a aa®?-
¬®aa?. ?? ac?aec iaai ®a¤Y«i®¬ acYaY 12 “? «®aeYeY ?
!eaaa®?§ e?c ie?Yai ?aY¤¬Yae”.
? aYa? «ieY aeY®aa?, ?a? ¤«Y¦ e?Y ? ““«ii®ca?c®¤®? «”
a®®acYaaacaia ?a?cY¤Y®© ?« aa?ae?? ae??, ® ¤«i aeY«Y©
!aaF «aYaa?®F® acYa ? ?®aa®«i ce¤Y«iiaai «?ei 3 a?aa?Yea
Faa??e ¬ aYa? «®c (a?a. 3):
1) ¬ aYa? «e;
2) ?‘?;
3) § ? aeY c aa?.
0 ———————————T————-T—?
? ? ? ?
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3F ?a. 3 ‘aaa?aaa ¬ aYa? «iea § ? a®c ? ““«ii®ca?c®¤®? «”
?® a®aa®i?i 1 ic a 1997 F®¤ .
„ i a §!?c? ¬ aYa? «iea aeY®aaY© a®®acYaaacaYa a YY
¤Y©aacaie?¬ acYa ¬ !aaF «aYaa?®F® acYa , ?®F¤ 05 acYaY
ac?aec «?ai ¬ aYa? «e, 06 – ?‘?, 08 – § ? aeY c aa?. ‚
aa®ieYY caY¬i a ? i a §!?c? ic«iYaai Y iaeaeY?a?c®©. ?
““«ii®ca?c®¤®? «” ¬®¦® ?®aY?®¬Y¤®c ai ccYaa? !®«YY ¤Ya «iai
a §!?c?a ¬ aYa? «®c ?® Faa?? ¬. ?®?aYa®, ¤«i ¤ ®F® ?aY¤?a?i-
a?i c ®a¤Y«ieY Faa??e ¬®¦® ce¤Y«?ai a?¬?cYa??Y aY FYae, ?a?®«i-
§aY¬eY ¤«i ®c?aa?? c®¤®?a®c®¤ea ? aa®cea c®¤, a ?¦Y ¬ aYa? «e,
?¤ae?Y aaa®?aY«iaac® ? aY¬®a ? «?§ ae?®ea ? c®¤®?a®c®¤ea
a®®aa¦Y?©, a aeY«ii a¦Yaa®cY?i ?®aa®«i § ?a?®«i§®c ?Y¬ c
?a®?§c®¤aacY ¤ ea c?¤®c ¬ aYa? «iea aeY®aaY©.
?aa???a®c? ¬ aYa? «®c ?® a®«? c ?a®aeYaaY ?a®?§c®¤aac «Y¦?a c
®a®cY ®aF ?§ ae?? a?aYa?cYa?®F® acYa ¬ aYa? «®c. ?¤ ?®, ®
Y¤®aa a®c ¤«i caYaa®a®YF® ?®aa®«i § a®aa®i?Y¬ ? ¤c?¦Y?Y¬
¬ aYa? «®c, ?®ia®¬a caaa? Faa?? ? ?®¤Faa?? ¬ aYa? «e ?®? §ec ia-
ai c a §aY§Y ®a¤Y«iea c?¤®c,¬ a®?,a®aa®c ? a??®a §¬Ya®c. ‘ ia®©
aeY«ii a §a ! aec iaai ®¬Y?« aaae (?YaYc?) ?®aaY!«iY¬ea c ?a®-
?§c®¤aacY ¬ aYa? «®c, ?®a®aeY a ?¦Y ic«iiaai ®¤®© ?§ ?aY¤?®ae«®?
a ae?® «i®© ®aF ?§ ae?? acYa ¬ aYa? «®c ?aY¤?a?ia??.
®¬Y?« aaa – a?aaY¬ a?§?a®c e© ?YaYcYi ¬ aYa? «®c,
?a?¬YiY¬ea ?aY¤?a?ia??, c Y¬ a? §ec Yaai ®¬Y?« aaae©
®¬Ya ¬ aYa? « , aYa?cYa?? Fa ¬¬®a®Y ?¬Y®c ?Y, Y¤??ae
?§¬YaY?i. ®¬Y?« aaae ¬ aYa? «®c, ?a?®«i§aY¬ea ?
““«ii®ca?c®¤®? «” ?a?cY¤Ye c a a?Yc a?Y “YaYcYi c?¤®c
¬ aYa? «iea aeY®aaY©” (a?«. 7).
E®¬Y?« aaae© ®¬Ya ¬ aYa? « F – ia® aa«®c®Y ®!®§ cY?Y
c c?¤Y ae?aea®c®F® ?®¤ , ?a?ac ?c Y¬®Y ? ¦¤®¬a ®a¤Y«i®¬a c?¤a
¬ aYa «iea aeY®aaY©.
®¬Y?« aaaeY ®¬Ya aaa®iaai ?® – a §®¬a. ?? ¬®Faa
a®aa®iai ?§ eYaa? § ?®c, ?¬Yie?a a«Y¤aieai aaaa?aaaa:
XXYZAA,
F¤Y •• – ®¬Ya ! « a®c®F® acYa ,
Y – ®¬Ya Faa??e,
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?«?
XXYZAABBB,
F¤Y •• – ®¬Ya ! « a®c®F® acYa ,
Y – ®¬Ya aa!acYa ,
Z – ®¬Ya Faa??e ?a®?§c®¤aacYea § ? a®c,
?? – ®¬Ya ?®¤Faa??e c ? ¦¤®© Faa??Y,
‚‚ – ?®ai¤?®ce© ®¬Ya ¬ aYa? «®c c ?®¤Faa??Y.
—?a«® § ?®c c e?aeaY ¤®«¦® !eai ¬??¬ «ie¬, ®
¤®aa a®ce¬ ¤«i a®F®, ca®!e ®ac a?ai c ¦Y©e?Y ?a?§ ?? caYF®
?YaYci ?a?¬YiY¬ea ¬ aYa? «®c.
‚ !aaF «aYa?? ?aa«Y¤aY¬®F® ?aY¤?a?ia?i acYa ¬ aYa? «i-
ea aeY®aaY© cY¤Yaai a ?®¬®eii ‚?. ??aea®c? ¬ aYa? «®c
?a®?aa®¤?a ?® a?a®eY®© aaY¬Y, cc?¤a Y!®«ie®F® ®!eY¬
c?¤®c ¬ aYa? «iea aYaaaa®c, ?a?®«i§aY¬ea ?aY¤?a?ia??:
XXYYYY,
F¤Y XX – ?®¤ Faa??e, ® ¬®¦Ya !eai:
06 – ?‘?,
08 – § ? aeY c aa?,
05 – ¬ aYa? «e,
12 – ?;
YYYY – ?®ai¤?®ce© ®¬Ya ¬ aYa? « caaa? Faa??e.
?a?¬Ya, 055416 “?ca®¬ a ‚? – 51 – 3925??”,
084325 “®¤e???? 320”,
069013 “? a«® ‘?… – 10”
a?ac®Y?Y ®¬Y?« aaa®F® ®¬Ya c®ci ?®aaa??ce?¬ ¬ aYa? « ¬
?a®?§c®¤?aai !aaF «aYa?Y© a ?a?¬YY?Y¬ cec?a«?aY«i®© aYa???.
a? ia®¬ c c «Y ®?aY¤Y«iYaai Faa?? ¬ aYa? «iea aeY®aaY©,
§ aY¬ ca®¬ a?cYa?? – ?®ai¤?®ce© ®¬Ya caaa? Faa??e.
®¬Y?« aaae© ®¬Ya a? §ec Yaai ? ¦¤®¬ ¤®?a¬YaY ?® YF®
¤c?¦Y?i, ia® ?®§c®«iYa Y ¤®?aa? ai ®e?!®? ?a? ®ae®a¬«Y??
?a?a®¤ea ? a aa®¤ea ¤®?a¬Ya®c a?« ¤ ? !aaF «aYa??.
®¬Y?« aaa ¬ aYa? «®c, c ?®a®a®© a? § e aeYe § Y¤??aea
ac?aec Y¬ea ¬ aYa? «®c, §ec Yaai E®¬Y?« aaa®© – aeY??®¬F.
? ?aY¤aa c«iYa a®!®© a?aaY¬ a?§?a®c e© ?YaYcYi ¬ aYa? «®c,
?a?¬YiY¬ea ?aY¤?a?ia??, ? ?a?®«i§aY¬e© c ? cYaacY a?a c®c??
?®ca? caY¬? ®a¤Y« ¬? ?aY¤?a?ia?i (??‘, !aaF «aYa?i, ?« ®ce©,
ae? a®ce© ®a¤Y«e).
‚ ¦Y©e?¬ aa«®c?Y¬ ?a c?«i®© ®aF ?§ ae?? acYa ¬ aYa? «®c ?
®!Ya?YcY?i ?a a®aa ®aa? a«a¦?a a®a®eYY a®aa®i?Y a?« ¤a?®F®
a®§i©aac . ®¬YeY?i a?« ¤®c ¤®«¦e !eai ?§®«?a®c e, ®!®aa¤®c e
a?F «?§ ae?Y©, Y®!a®¤?¬e¬ ?®«?cYaac®¬ aaY«« ¦Y©, icYY?,
?®¤¤®®c, aaY¤aac ¬? ¬Ya ?§ ae?? ? cYa®?§¬Ya?aY«ie¬? ?a?!®a ¬?.
‚aaa? a?« ¤ ? ¦¤ i Faa?? , ?®¤Faa?? ? c?¤ ¬ aYa? «®c ¤®«¦e
aa ?aiai c ®?aY¤Y«Y®¬ ¬YaaY c a®®acYaaac?? a® aaa®F®
?a®¤a¬ ®© a?aaY¬®©. ? ? ¦¤®¬a ¬Yaaa aa Y?i ?a??aY?«iYaai
¬ aYa? «ie© ia«e?. ? ““«ii®ca?c®¤®? «” ?a?? §®¬
aa?®c®¤?aY«i ?aY¤?a?ia?i aaa c«?c Yaai ¬ aYa? «i i
®acYaaacY®aai «?ae, a !®a ie?a a?« ¤ a. ‘ ?¬? § ?«ic iaai
¤®F®c®ae ® ¬ aYa? «i®© ®acYaaacY®aa?.
®ai¤®? acYa ¬ aYa? «®c a?« ¤ a ? YF® aci§i a acYa®¬
¬ aYa? «®c c !aaF «aYa?Y© ®?aY¤Y«iYaai ce!a e¬ ?aY¤?a?ia?Y¬
E¬Ya®¤®¬ acYa ¬ aYa? «®cF. ?Ya®¤ ?aY¤aa¬ aa?c Ya ?®ai¤®? ?
?®a«Y¤®c aY«i®aai cY¤Y?i acYa ¬ aYa? «®c, c?¤e acYaea
aYF?aaa®c, ?a ?®«?cYaac®, c§ ?¬®acYa?a ?®? § aY«Y©.
‘aeYaacaia Ya?®«i?® a §®c?¤®aaY© ¬Ya®¤®c acYa ¬ aYa? «®c:
– ?®«?cYaacY® – aa¬¬®c®©,
– a ?®¬®eii ®acYa®c ¬ aYa? «i® – ®acYaaacYea «?ae,
– ®?Ya a?c® – !aaF «aYaa??© (a «i¤®ce©) ¬Ya®¤.
‚ aa®ieYY caY¬i ?!®«YY ?a®FaYaa?ce¬ ¬Ya®¤®¬ acYa
¬ aYa? «®c ic«iYaai E®?Ya a?c® – !aaF «aYaa??© (a «i¤®ce©)F.
?a®ceY ?a?ae??e ®?Ya a?c®- !aaF «aYaa?®F® acYa a«Y¤aie?Y:
– ®?Ya a?c®aai ? !aaF «aYaa? i ¤®aa®cYa®aai ?®«?cYaacY®F®
acYa ?a? ?®¬®e? ? aa®cY? a?« ¤a?®F® acYa , ?®a®aeY cY¤aaai
¬ aYa? «i® – ®acYaaacYe¬? «?ae ¬?;
– a?aaY¬ a?cYa??© ?®aa®«i a !®a??®c !aaF «aYa?? § ?a c?«i-
e¬ ? ac®YcaY¬Ye¬ ¤®?a¬Ya?a®c ?Y¬ ®?Ya ae?© ?® ¤c?¦Y?i
¬ aYa? «®c a?« ¤ a;
– ®aaeYaac«Y?Y acYa ¤c?¦Y?i ¬ aYa? «®c !aaF «aYa?Y© Ea®«i-
?® c ¤YY¦®¬ cea ¦Y??F ?® acYae¬ aeY ¬ ? ?® ae ?a?cYa?®©
aY!Yaa®?¬®aa? ?® Faa?? ¬ ¬ aYa? «®c ? ¬Yaa ¬ ?a aa Y?i.
– a?aaY¬ a?cYa? i c§ ?¬®acYa? ¤ ea a?« ¤a?®F® ? !aaF «aYa-
a?®F® acYa ?aaY¬ a®?®aa c«Y?i ®aa a?®c ¬ aYa? «®c ?® ¤ –
e¬ a?« ¤a?®F® ? !aaF «aYaa?®F® acYa .
? ““«ii®ca?c®¤®? «” ?a?¬YiYaai ?®¬!??a®c e© ¬Ya®¤
«?a?cYa?®F® acYa ¬ aYa? «®c, a®Y¤?iie?© ?a®FaYaa?c®aai
a «i¤®c®F® ? ¤®aa®cYa®aai ?®«?cYaacY® – aa¬¬®c®F®, a. ?.
c ¤ ®¬ a«ac Y !aaF «aYa?i cY¤Ya acYa ¤c?¦Y?i ¬ aYa? «®c Y
a®«i?® c ¤YY¦®¬, ® ? aaa «i®¬ cea ¦Y??.
‘aY¬ ®aF ?§ ae?? ?®¬!??a®c ®F® ¬Ya®¤ «?a?cYa?®F® acYa
?a?cY¤Y a?a. 4.
a? ia®¬ ¬Ya®¤Y acYa !aaF «aYa?i ?aY¤?a?ia?i ®a?aec Ya ?
ce¤ Ya ?®¤ a a??a?a c ¦aa «Y aYF?aaa ae?? § cY¤aieY¬a a?« ¤®¬
? aa®c?? a?« ¤a?®F® acYa a??®c®© ae®a¬e ? – 12 (a?«. 8)
? ¦¤e© ®¬Y?« aaae© ®¬Ya ¬ aYa? « . ‚ ?a a a ?aYa?§aYaai
¬ aYa? «, ¬Yaa® YF® aa Y?i, ®aa ¦ Yaai ¤c?¦Y?Y ? ®aa a®?,
a ?¦Y ?®? §ec Yaai ®a¬ § ? a , Y®!a®¤?¬ i ¤«i ?®aa®«i §
a®aa®i?Y¬ a?« ¤a??a § ? a®c ? ¤a. ‡ ??a? c ? aa®c?? ?a®?§c®¤iaai
®a®c ?? ®ae®a¬«Yea c aaa ®c«Y®¬ ?®ai¤?Y ¤®?a¬Ya®c ?®
?a?a®¤a ? a aa®¤a ¬ aYa? «iea aeY®aaY©, ? ? ?a c?«®, c ¤Yi
a®cYaeY?i ®?Ya ae?© a®«i?® c aaa «i®¬ cea ¦Y??. ®a«Y ? ¦¤®©
§ ??a? cec®¤?aai ®ce© ®aa a®?. ?a?«icY?i ¤®?aa? iaai «?ei c
®a®eY?? ?®??aY«iea ¤®?a¬Ya®c, ?a?¬Ya, § ?a c®ceY cY¤®-
¬®aa? (a?«. 6), § ??a? ®?Ya ae?© ?® ?®a®ae¬ ¬®¦® ?a®?§c®¤?ai ?®
¬YaY ?a § ?aea?i, ® Y ?®§¤YY 1 c?a« a«Y¤aieYF® § ®acYae¬
¬YaiaeY¬. ? aa®c?? aa iaai c ?« ¤®cea c a?Yae? «iea ie?? a, ®?
a a?®« F iaai ?® Faa?? ¬ ¬ aYa? «iea aeY®aaY©, caaa? ?a
?® ®¬Y?« aaae¬ ®¬Ya ¬. •a Y?Y ? aa®cY? c a §aY§Y Faa??
®!«YFc Ya ?a ?®?a? ? aa?®aiYa a §®a?a ¤ ea ?a?a®¤® –
a aa®¤ea ¤®?a¬Ya®c.
0 ———————-?
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3F ?a. 4. ?aF ?§ ae?i c§ ?¬®aci§? a?« ¤a?®F® ? !aaF «aYaa?®F®
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‚ ¤ «iY©eY¬ ? ““«ii®ca?c®¤®? «” ¬®¦® ?aY¤«®¦?ai
cY¤aY?Y ?Yaa® «iea ?®¬?iiaYa®c ? a®®acYaaacaieYF®
?a®Fa ¬¬®F® ®!Ya?YcY?i Y?®aaY¤aacY® c ?« ¤®cea ?aY¤?a?ia?i,
ca® § c?aY«i® ®!«YFc?a aaa¤ § cY¤aie?a a?« ¤®c, a. ?.
c ia®¬ a«ac Y ®a? ¤ Ya Y®!a®¤?¬®aai cY¤Y?i a?« ¤a??a ? aa®cY?,
?a aa?Ye® ¬®¦Ya § ¬Y?ai ¤?a?Ya a ?a ¤ e¬? ?, ?a®¬Y a®F®,
a¬Yie?aai cYa®ia®aai a?ae¬Ya?cYa??a ®e?!®?.
‚aY ?Yac?ceY ¤®?a¬Yae ?® ?a?a®¤a ? a aa®¤a ®¤? a § c Y-
¤Y«i, § ?a c®ceY cY¤®¬®aa? ?® ®?®c ?? ¬Yaiae ¬ aYa? «i®
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¤Y« Yaai Y?®aaY¤aacY® a?« ¤Y. !®a??? ¬ aYa? «i®F® ®a-
¤Y« aeYaa «?§®c ®© !aaF «aYa?? a?aaY¬ a?cYa??, ® Y aY¦Y ®¤-
®F® a § c Y¤Y«i Y?®aaY¤aacY® c ?« ¤®cea c ?a?aaaaac?? § –
cY¤aieYF® a?« ¤®¬, ?a®cYaiia ?a c?«i®aai ? ac®YcaY¬Y®aai a §-
®a?? acY¤Y?© ?§ ?Yac?cea ¤®?a¬Ya®c c ? aa®c?? a?« ¤a?®F®
acYa ? ?®¤acYa¦¤ ai ia® ac®Y© ?®¤??aii. ‚eic«YeY a aa®¦¤Y?i
? ®e?!?? §¤Yai ¦Y aaaa iiaai. ?¤®caY¬Y® a ia?¬ a !®a?? !aa-
F «aYa?? ?a®?§c®¤?a ?a?Y¬?a ?Yac?cea ¤®?a¬Ya®c, § ca?« ¤®¬ ?a
a¤ ca.
a? Y®!a®¤?¬®aa? a !®a?? !aaF «aYa?? ¬®¦Ya ?a®?§cYaa?
?a®cYa?a ae ?a?cYa?®F® «?c?i aYa ?«? ?ea aeY®aaY© a?« ¤Y.
® ®?®c ?? ¬Yaiae § cY¤aie?Y a?« ¤®c ?YaY®aia ®aa a??
¬ aYa? «iea aeY®aaY© ?® ? ¦¤®¬a ®¬Y?« aaa®¬a ®¬Yaa c
E”‚Y¤®¬®aai acYa ®aa a?®c ¬ aYa? «®c a?« ¤Y”F ?® ¤ ¬
? aa®cY? a?« ¤a?®F® acYa c a §aY§Y Faa?? ¬ aYa? «®c. ‚aY
¤ eY a®«i?® c aaa «i®¬ cea ¦Y??.
Yac?ceY ¤®?a¬Yae ?® ?a?a®¤a ? a aa®¤a ¬ aYa? «iea aeY®a-
aY© ?®aaa? ia c !aaF «aYa?i, F¤Y ®? ?aY¦¤Y caYF® ?®¤cYaF iaai
?®aa®«i ?® aaeYaaca ®?Ya ae?© ? ?a c?«i®aa? ?a ®ae®a¬«Y?i. ‚
!aaF «aYa?? ?a®cYaiia «?c?Y aY?c?§?a®c, ?®¤??aY©, a?ae¬Ya?-
cYa??Y ?®¤acYae,®a®!®Y c?¬ ?Y ?a? ia®¬ ®!a e Yaai § ?®-
®aai ®?Ya ae?©. YcYa® ®ae®a¬«YeY ¤®?a¬Yae c®§ca e iaai
¤®a !®a?a.
? ? a¦Y ®a¬Yc «®ai, Y?®aaY¤aacY® c !aaF «aYa?? ?
““«ii®ca?c®¤®? «” acYa ¬ aYa? «iea aeY®aaY© cY¤Yaai
?Yaa® «iea ?®¬?iiaYa a. ‚ ?®aeY ®acYa®F® ¬Yaiae
caY ?Yac?ceY ¤®?a¬Yae, ®ae®a¬«YeY c aYcY?? a? § ®F®
aa®? ?®aaa? ia c ¬ aYa? «ie© ®a¤Y«, F¤Y a®?a?aaiaai ?
c®aiaai c ? ¬iai ¬ e?e. a? ia®¬ a? §ec Yaai c?¤
?Yac?c®F® ¤®?a¬Ya ( ?a ?a?Y¬??, aaY!®c ?Y, aa®a®a,
caaaYYY ?YaY¬YeY?Y – ‚, ?a a??a ?i, ?a?a®¤e© ®a¤Ya
? ¤aaF?Y); acYa i aeY ,?®«?cYaac®, ?®aaYa?®¤?aaie?© ! « a®ce©
acYa ?® a®®acYaaacaieY© ®?Ya ae??. „«i ?a®cYa?? ccY¤Yea
¤ ea a a?Yc aeciaai ®!®a®ae c aaa «i®¬ cea ¦Y?? ?® aY¬
¬ aYa? « ¬ , a ?®a®aea a «i¤® ?®Yae ¬Yaiae – ®aa?ae aY«i®.
?®F¤ caY ¤®?a¬Yae, ccY¤YeY c ‚?, cecYaYe ae®a¬?aaiaai
? a a?Yc aeciaai a «i¤®c?? ?® ? ¦¤®¬a ®¬Y?« aaa®¬a ®-
¬Yaa ? aeYY c a §aY§Y a?« ¤®c ? Faa?? ¬ aYa? «iea aeY®aaY©.
a? a «i¤®c?? ic«iiaai i«Y¬Ya®¬ «?a?cYa?®F® acYa c
!aaF «aYa??, ®? ®a«?c iaai ®a ? aa®cY? a?« ¤a?®F® acYa «?ei
aY¬, ca® acYa ¬ aYa? «®c c ?a cY¤Yaai Y a®«i?® c aaa «i®¬,
® ? ¤YY¦®¬ cea ¦Y??. «?c?Y a «i¤®c®? ®!«YFc Ya ?®?a?
®e?!®? ? a aa®¦¤Y?© c ¤ ea !aaF «aYaa?®F® ? a?« ¤a?®F®
acYa .
‘Yac?a ?a®Fa ¬¬®F® ®!Ya?YcY?i, ?a?®«i§aY¬®F® c ¬ aYa? «i®¬
®a¤Y«Y ? ““«ii®ca?c®¤®? «”, ?®§c®«iYa ca®¬ a?cYa?? ?®«ac ai a«Y¤aie?Y ¬ e?®Fa ¬¬e.
‚ ?? “?!®a®a i cY¤®¬®aai ?® a?« ¤ ¬” (a?«. 9) a? §ec Yaai c
a §aY§Y a?« ¤®c ? Faa?? ¬ aYa? «i a aeY®aaY© ®aa a?? ?®Yae
? c «® ¬Yaiae , a ?¦Y ®!®a®ae ?a?a®¤ ? a aa®¤ ?® ®¬Y¬Y?« –
aaae¬ ®¬Ya ¬ ? a §e¬ aeY ¬ c ¤YY¦®¬ ? aaa «i®¬ cea ¦Y??.
?¤? i?§Y¬?«ia ¤ ®© ¬ e?®Fa ¬¬e ?YaY¤ iai Y?®aaY¤acY® c
?« ¤®ceY, F¤Y ?a®?aa®¤?a acYa? ®aa a?®c ¬ aYa? «®c c aaa «i®¬
cea ¦Y?? ?® ¤ e¬ !aaF «aYaa?®F® acYa ? “‚Y¤®¬®aaii acYa ®a-
a a?®c ¬ aYa? «®c a?« ¤Y” , ?®a®a i a®aa c«iYaai ?® ¤ e¬
a?« ¤a?®F® acYa , a ?¦Y ceic«iiaai ®a?«®Y?i ¬Y¦¤a ia?¬? ¤ –
e¬?. „ i ?a®aeY¤aa ®aaeYaac«iYaai caacai. ’. ®. ?a®?aa®¤?a
?®aa®ie© ?®aa®«i § a?« ¤a??¬ acYa®¬, «?c?Y ¤ ea ® –
c «iea ®aa a? a ? ®!®a®a a ?® ? ¦¤®¬a ®¬Y?« aaa®¬a ®¬Yaa
®!«YFc Ya ?®?a? ®e?!®? ? a aa®¦¤Y?©.
? e?®Fa ¬¬ ” ?a®F? ?® ¤®?a¬Ya ¬ ?a?a®¤ /a aa®¤ ”
(a?«. 10) a«a¦?a ¤«i ®!®!eY?i caYa ®ae®a¬«Yea § ¬Yaiae
?Yac?cea ¤®?a¬Ya®c, c Y© a? §ecYaai ?a?a®¤ ? a aa®¤ ? ¦¤®F®
¬ aYa? « c aaa «i®¬ ? ¤YY¦®¬ cea ¦Y?? ?® ? ¦¤®¬a a?« ¤a c
®a¤Y«i®aa? ? a? §ec iaai ®¬Ya ?Yac?cea ¤®?a¬Ya®c,
®a®c ?? ?®a®aea ?a®?aa®¤?a ¤c?¦Y?Y.
„«i ?YaY®a ?a®F®cea § ??aY© c aYF?aaae a?aYa?cYa?®F®
acYa ? Y?®aaY¤aacY® c ?« cai ??Fa ?a?¬YiYaai
¬ e?®Fa ¬¬ “„c?¦Y?Y ¬ aYa? «®c c ¤YY¦®¬ cea ¦Y??”
(a?«®¦Y?Y 11), c Y© a? §ec Yaai c a §aY§Y Faa?? ? a?¤ ¤®c
a aa®¤ ¬ aYa? «®c ?® ?a c«Y?i¬ § aa a, aa®a®a a a? § ?Y¬
?®aaYa?®¤?aaie?a acYa®c, ?®aaa?«Y?Y ¬ aYa? «®c ?§ a §«?cea
?aa®c??®c, caaaY?Y ?YaY¬YeY?i a®«i?® c ¤YY¦®¬ cea ¦Y??
? a a? § ?Y¬ aa!acYa®c. ® ? ¦¤®¬a a?« ¤a ? Faa??Y
¬ aYa? «iea aeY®aaY© cec®¤?aai aa¬¬®c®© ?a®F c ¤YY¦®¬
cea ¦Y?? ¤c?¦Y?i ? ®aa a?®c ¬ aYa? «iea § ? a®c.
„«i ®!®!eY?i ?ae®a¬ ae?? ® a aa®¤Y ¬ aYa? «®c aa®a®a a«a¦?a
¬ e?®Fa ¬¬ “?a®F? ?® aY «?§ ae??” (a?«. 12), c Y©
a a??a e aY «?§aY¬eY ¬ aYa? «e c ¤YY¦®¬ ? aaa «i®¬
cea ¦Y?? c a §aY§Y ¤Y!YaaY¬ea acYa®c.
‚aY !aaF «aYaa??Y ®?Ya ae?? ¬Yaiae ?® a aa®¤a ¬ aYa? «®c
?a®?§c®¤aacYeY ? a®§i©aacYeY a¦¤e a®!?a iaai c ¬ ?®Fa ¬¬Y
“ aa®¤ ¬ aYa? «®c ?® ?a «Y?i¬ § aa a” (a?«. 13) a a? § ?Y¬
aa!acYa®c ? «?a???, YY ®a®cY a®aa c«iiaai ¤ eY
¤«i ?« c®© ??F?.
‚aY ®?Ya ae?? ?® ¤c?¦Y?i ¬ aYa? «®c ¤®«¦e !eai
®aa ¦Ye a®®acYaacaie?¬? ?a®c®¤? ¬? c !aaF «aYaa?®¬ acYaY.
aaF «aYaa??© acYa a aa®¤ ¬ aYa? «iea aeY®aaY©
?a®?§c®¤aac® ®??a Yaai ai¤ ?a?ae??®c ? ?®¤c?Y
a®®acYaacaie?¬ aaY!®c ?i¬, ?§«®¦Ye¬ c ®a¬ a?cea ¤®?a¬Ya a,
?aaaa?ae?ia, ¬Ya®¤?cYa??a aY?®¬Y¤ ae?ia ?® YF® ®aF ?§ ae??.
E2.3. “•??‹’…‘??‰ “—…’ ?‘•?„? ??’…??‹?›•
–…?‘’…‰ ? ?‡›• ‘?‘??• ?• ?–…??.F
aaF «aYaa??© acYa ¬ aYa? «iea aeY®aaY© ! §?aaYaai
¬Ya®¤?cYa??a ?a?ae?? a, a? § ea c « Y acYa®c !aaF «aYaa?®F®
3F
acYa ae? a®c® – a®§i©aacY®© ¤YiaY«i®aa? ?aY¤?a?ia?© ®a
1.11.91 F. a ?®a«Y¤aie?¬? ?§¬YY?i¬? ? ¤®?®«Y?i¬? (a?? §
??ae? ®aa?? ®a 28.12.94 F. N 173). ‘®F« a® ia®¬a ¤®?a¬Yaa,
¬ aYa? «ieY aeY®aa?, Y®!a®¤?¬eY ¤«i ?a®?§c®¤aacY®©
¤YiaY«i®aa? ?aY¤?a?ia?i, ac?aec iaai ?a?c®¬, ! « a®c®¬,
?cYa a®¬ acYaY 10 “? aYa? «e”, ?®a®ae© ?aY¤ § cY ¤«i
®!®!eY?i ?ae®a¬ ae?? ® «?c?Y ? ¤c?¦Y?? ?a? ¤«Y¦ e?a
?aY¤?a?ia?i aeaii, ¬ aYa? «®c, a®?«?c , § ? aea c aaY©, a ae ?
a. ?. aeY®aaY©.
a?cY¤Y i a YY ?« aa?ae?? ae?i ¬ aYa? «®c ?® ?a
§ cY?i ? ?a?¬YY?i c ?a®?§c®¤aacY®¬ ?a®aeYaaY
?a?®«i§aYaai c !aaF «aYaa?®¬ acYaY ¤«i ®aF ?§ ae?? a?aYa?cYa?®-
F® acYa .
? ¦¤ i Faa?? ¬ aYa? «®c ac?aec Yaai a®®acYaaacaieY¬
acYaY, aa!acYaY. ‚ « Y acYa®c !aaF «aYaa?®F® acYa
a ia®© aeY«ii ?aY¤aa¬®aaYe a«Y¤aie?Y acYa ? aa!acYa :
’ !«?ae 2.
E‘cYa , ?aY¤aa¬®aaYeY c « Y acYa®c !aaF «aYaa?®F®
acYa ¤«i ®aF ?§ ae?? acYa ¬ aYa? «iea aeY®aaY©.F
0 ————————-T———————————-?
?‘?aYa?cYa??Y acYa ? ‘a!acYa ?
+—-T——————-+—–T—————————-+
??®¤ ? ?¬Y®c ?Y ?®¬Ya? ?¬Y®c ?Y ?
+—-+——————-+—–+—————————-+
? 10 ? ? aYa? «e ? 1 ? ‘eaiY ? ¬ aYa? «e ?
? ? ? 2 ? ®?a?eY ?®«aae !a?? ae ? ?
? ? ? ? ?®¬?«Y?aaie?Y ?§¤Y«?i, ?®-?
? ? ? ? aaaa?ae?? ? ¤Ya «? ?
? ? ? 3 ? ’®?«?c® ?
? ? ? 4 ? ’ a ? a aeY ¬ aYa? «e ?
? ? ? 5 ? ‡ ? aeY c aa? ?
? ? ? 6 ? a®c?Y ¬ aYa? «e ?
? ? ? 7 ? ? aYa? «e, ?YaY¤ eY c ?Y-?
? ? ? ? aYa !®a?a aa®a®a ?
? ? ? 8 ? ‘aa®?aY«ieY ¬ aYa? «e ?
+—-+——————-+—–+—————————-+
? 11 ? †?c®aeY cea – ? ? ?
? ? e?c ?? ? ®a?®a¬Y ? ? ?
+—-+——————-+—–+—————————-+
? 12 ? ? «®aeYeY ? !ea- ? ? ?
? ? aa®?§ e?c ie?Yai ? 1 ? ? c § ? aY ?
? ? ¬ aYa? «e ? 2 ? ? c i?a?«a a ae?? ?
? ? ? 3 ? ‚aY¬YeY (Ya?aa«ieY) ?
? ? ? ? a®®aa¦Y?i ?
+—-+——————-+—–+—————————-+
? 15 ? ‡ F®a®c«Y?Y ? ? ? ?
? ? ?a?®!aYaY?Y ? ? ?
? ? ¬ aYa? «®c ? ? ?
L—-+——————-+—–+—————————–
a®¤®«¦Y?Y a !«. 2
————————-T———————————-?
?‘?aYa?cYa??Y acYa ? ‘a!acYa ?
+—-T——————-+—–T—————————-+
? 16 ? ?a?«®Y?i c ? ? ?
? ? aa®?¬®aa? ? ? ?
? ? ¬ aYa? «®c ? ? ?
3F L—-+——————-+—–+—————————–
‚ a®®acYaaac?? a ?a?ia®© acYa®© ?®«?a??®© ?
““«ii®ca?c®¤®? «” ?aY¤aa¬®aaYe a«Y¤aie?Y aa!acYa ? acYaa
10 “? aYa? «e”:
’ !«?ae 3.
E‘cYa 10 “? aYa? «e” ? aa!acYa ? Y¬a, ?a?¬YiY¬eY ?
““«ii®ca?c®¤®? «”F
0 ——T————–T————————————–?
?‘cYa ? ‘a!acYa ? § cY?Y ?
+—–+————–+————————————–+
? ? ? ?
? 10 ?1. ?a®ceY ? „«i acYa «?c?i ? ¤c?¦Y?i caYa ?
? ? ? ?
? ? ¬ aYa? «e ? ¬ aYa? «iea aeY®aaY©, ?a? ¤«Y¦ e?a+
? ? ? ?
? ? ? ?aY¤?a?ia?i, ?a?«ic i § ? aeY c aa? ?
? ? ? ?
? ? ? ? ?‘?. ?
? ? ? ?
? 10 ?2. ‡ ? aeY ? „«i acYa «?c?i ? ¤c?¦Y?i ?a?®!aY-?
? ? ? ?
? ? c aa? ? Y¬ea § ? aea c aaY© (c ®a®c®¬, ¤«i?
? ? ? ?
? ? ? ca®aa a?®aaea aaY¤aac ? a?«®cea ?
? ? ? ?
? ? ? ¬ e?). ?
? ? ? ?
? 10 ?3. ?‘? ? „«i acYa «?c?i ? ¤c?¦Y?i F®aicY- ?
? ? ? ?
? ? ? a¬ §®cea ¬ aYa? «®c (!Y§? , ¬ aY«,?
? ? ? ?
? ? ? a¬ §®?, a®a®« ? ¤a.) ?
3F L—–+————–+—————————————
“cYa ¬ aYa? «®c c aeYaa «?§®c ®© !aaF «aYa??
““«ii®ca?c®¤®? «” cY¤Yaai c ¤YY¦®¬ ? aaa «i®¬ cea ¦Y??
a ®!i§ aY«i®© a?aaY¬ a?cYa?®© ?cYa a?§ ae?Y© ae ?a?cYa?®F®
«?c?i ?a ?® ¬Yaa ¬ aa Y?i. ?aa a?? aeY®aaY© ? ?a
?a?a®¤ § ??aec iaai ?® ¤Y!Yaa acYa®c, a aa®¤, ®a?aa? –
?® ?aY¤?aa – c aa¬¬ a ae ?a?cYa?®© aY!Yaa®?¬®aa?.
‚ ¦Y©eY© ?aY¤?®ae«?®© iaeaeY?a?c®© ®aF ?§ ae?? acYa ¬ aY-
a? «®c ic«iYaai ?a ®aeY? . ‚ a®®acYaaac?? a “®«®¦Y?Y¬ ®
!aaF «aYaa?®¬ acYaY ? ®acYa®aa? c ®aa?©a?®© ”Y¤Ya ae??” ®a
26.11.94 F. N170 ?a®?§c®¤aacYeY § ? ae c acYaY ? ®acYa®aa?
¤®«¦e ®aa ¦ aiai ?® ?a ae ?a?cYa?®© aY!Yaa®?¬®aa?.
E” ?a?cYa? i aY!Yaa®?¬®aaiF ?a®?§c®¤aacYea § ? a®c
a« F Yaai ?§ § aa a ?a ?a?®!aYaY?Y (c?«ic i ®?« aa ?a®aeY-
a®c § ?a?®!aYaY?Y c ?aY¤?a, ?aY¤®aa c«Ye© ?®aa ce??®¬ ia?a
aeY®aaY©), aeY®? ( ¤! c®?), ?®¬?aa?®ea c®§ Fa ¦¤Y?©,
a?« cYea a !¦YcYa??¬, cYeYi?®®¬?cYa??¬ ®aF ?§ ae?i¬,
aa®?¬®aai aa«aF a®c aea !?a¦, a ¬®¦Yea ?®e«?, a aa®¤®c
aa a?®aa?a®c?a, aa Y?Y ? ?®aa c?a, ®aaeYaac«iY¬ea a?« ¬?
aa®a®?a ®aF ?§ ae?©, aa¬¬ ?®aYai ®a Y¤®aa c? aeaii ? ¬ aYa? –
«®c c ?aa? c ?aY¤Y« a ®a¬ YaaYaacY®© a!e«?.
??aY¤Y«Y?Y ae ?a?cYa?®© aY!Yaa®?¬®aa? ¬ aYa? «iea
aYaaaa®c, a??aec Y¬ a ?a®?§c®¤aac®, a §aYe Yaai ?a®?§c®¤?ai
®¤?¬ ?§ a«Y¤aie?a ¬Ya®¤®c ®aeY?? § ? a®c:
1) ?® aaY¤Y© aY!Yaa®?¬®aa?;
2) ?® aY!Yaa®?¬®aa? ?Yacea ?® caY¬Y? § ?a?®? (¬Ya®¤ ”?”?)
3) ?® aY!Yaa®?¬®aa? ?®a«Y¤?a ?® caY¬Y? § ?a?®? (¬Ya®¤ ‹?”?).
Yace© a?®a®! ®aeY?? ¬ aYa? «iea aYaaaa®c ic«iYaai aa ¤?-
ae?®e¬ ¤«i eY© ®aYcYaacY®© acYa®© ?®«?a???. ‚ aYcY?Y
®acYa®F® ¬Yaiae ¬ aYa? «ieY aYaaaae a??aec iaai ?a®?§c®¤-
aac® ?® acYae¬ aeY ¬, c ?®aeY ¬Yaiae ai¤ ¦Y ®a®a?aai a®®a-
cYaacaie i ¤®«i ®a?«®Y?i ae ?a?cYa?®© aY!Yaa®?¬®aa? ¬ aYa? «i-
ea aYaaaa®c ®a aa®?¬®aa? ?a ?® acYae¬ aeY ¬. ???a e© ¬Ya®¤
?a?¬YiYaai ? ““«ii®ca?c®¤®? «”. a?¬Ya a acYa ae ?a?-
cYa?®© aY!Yaa®?¬®aa? a??a ea ¬ aYa? «®c ?® ia®¬a a?®a®!a !a¤Ya
a aa¬®aaY ¤ «YY.
…a«?, a®F« a® acYa®© ?®«?a??Y, ?aY¤?a?ia?Y caY a aa®¤e
?® § F®a®c«Y?i ¬ aYa? «®c ac?aec Ya Y?®aaY¤aacY®
a®®acYaacaie?a acYa a ?® acYaa ¬ aYa? «iea aeY®aaY© (10
“? aYa? «e”, 12 “? «®aeYeY ? !eaaa®?§ e?c ie?Yai ?aY¤¬Yae”)
?® ? ¦¤®¬a ®¬Y?« aaa®¬a ®¬Yaa, a® ®aeY? ¬ aYa? «®c ?®
aaY¤Y© (aaY¤Yc§cYeY®©) aY!Yaa®?¬®aa? ?a®?§c®¤?aai c
a«Y¤aieY¬ ?®ai¤?Y:
I.1) ®?aY¤Y«iia ae ?a?cYa?ai aY!Yaa®?¬®aai ®aa a? ¬ aYa? «iea
aYaaaa®c c «® ¬Yaiae (‘);
2) ae ?a?cYa?ai aY!Yaa®?¬®aai § F®a®c«Yea ¬ aYa? «iea
aYaaaa®c c ®acYa®¬ ¬YaiaeY (‘§);
3) ®aa a®? ¬ aYa? «iea aYaaaa®c (c aaa «i®¬ cea ¦Y??)
c «® ¬Yaiae (?);
4) ?®«?cYaac® ¬ aYa? «iea aYaaaa®c, § F®a®c«Yea § ¬Yaiae
(?§).
II. ??aY¤Y«iia aaY¤Yc§cYeYai ae ?a?cYa?ai aY!Yaa®?¬®aai
Y¤??aee aYaaaa :
0 ‘ + ‘§
‘ a Y¤. = ———-.
? + ?§
3F III. ??aY¤Y«iia ae ?a?cYa?ai aY!Yaa®?¬®aai ?§a aa®¤®c ea
¬ aYa? «®c ?a®?§c®¤aac®a¬®¦Y?Y¬ aaY¤Yc§cYeY®©
aY!Yaa®?¬®aa? Y¤??aee aYaaaa ¤ ®F® c?¤ ®!eYY
?®«?cYaac® ?§a aa®¤®c ea ¬ aYa? «®c ¤ ®F® c?¤ .
‚ aci§? a aY¬, ca® c a®®acYaaac?? a aaY!®c ?i¬? ae®c®©
i?®®¬??? !aaF «aYaa??© acYa c ®aa?©a?®© ”Y¤Ya ae?? ?®aa?Y®
?YaYa®¤?a ? ¬Y¦¤a a®¤e¬ aa ¤ aa ¬ YF® ®aF ?§ ae??
(®aa ®c«Y?Y a c?aY«iaac ®aa?©a?®© ”Y¤Ya ae?? ®a 12.02.93 F.
N 121 “? ¬Ya a ?® aY «?§ ae?? ?®aa¤ aaacY®© ?a®Fa ¬¬e ?YaYa®¤
c ®aa?©a?®© ”Y¤Ya ae?? ?a?iaai c ¬Y¦¤a a®¤®© ?a ?a??Y
a?aaY¬a acYa ? ®acYa®aa? …”) ??ae?®¬ ®aa?©a?®© ”Y¤Ya ae??
aY?®¬Y¤®c ® ?a?¬YY?Y c acYa®© ?a ?a??Y a ??a ¬Ya®¤®c ®aeY??
¬ aYa? «®c ?® ae ?a?cYa?®© aY!Yaa®?¬®aa?, ? ? “”?”?” ? “‹?”?”
(a?? § ??ae? ®aa?? ®a 28.07.94 F. N 103 c aY¤ ?ae?? ?a?? §
®a 26.12.94 F. N 170)
?Ya®¤ ”?”? § ?«ic Yaai c ®aeY?Y ¬ aYa? «iea aeY®aaY© ?® ?a
?Yac® c «i®© aa®?¬®aa?, ca® ®§ c Ya: “?Yac i ? aa?i ?a?a®¤
? ® ¦Y ?Yac i c a aa®¤”, a. Y. a aa®¤ ¬ aYa? «iea aeY®aaY©
®aeY?c Yaai ?® aa®?¬®aa? ?a ?a?®!aYaY?i c ®?aY¤Y«Y®©
?®a«Y¤c aY«i®aa?:a c « a??aec iaai c a aa®¤ ¬ aYa? «e ?® aeYY
?Yac®© § ?a?®c®© ? aa??, § aY¬ ca®a®©, aaYaiY© ? a. ¤. c
?®ai¤?Y ®cYaY¤®aa? ¤® a aa®¤ ®!eYF® ?®«?cYaac . ®ai¤®? ®aeY??
Y § c?a?a ®a ae ?a?cYa?®© ?®a«Y¤®c aY«i®aa? a aa®¤®c ?i ? aa?©
?®aaa??ce?a ¬ aYa? «®c.
® ¬Ya®¤a ‹?”? ®aeY?c iaai ¬ aYa? «ieY aeY®aa? ?®
c®aa ®c?aY«i®© aa®?¬®aa? (?® aY?ae?¬ aeY ¬) ?aa®¤i ?§ ?a c?« :
“?®a«Y¤ii ? aa?i ?a?a®¤ – ?Yac i a aa®¤”. ? aYa? «ieY
aeY®aa?, ce¤ eY a® a?« ¤ ,®aeY?c iaai ?® aa®?¬®aa? ?®a«Y¤YF®
?a?®!aYaY?i, § aY¬ ?aY¤e¤aeYF® ? a.¤.,a®ai ae ?a?cYa?®Y ¤c?¦Y?Y
a?« ¤Y ¬®¦Ya !eai ?e¬.
?Ya®¤e ”?”® ? ‹?”? c aa«®c?ia ?§¬YY?i aeY aaY!aia ®aF ?§ –
ae?? «?a?cYa?®F® acYa ¬ aYa? «®c Y a®«i?® ?® ?a c?¤ ¬, ® ?
?® ? aa?i¬ ?®aaa?«Y?i. a® § c?aY«i® aa«®¦iYa acYa ? ?®cee Ya
YF® aaa¤®Y¬?®aai.
a?¬Ya ®aeY?? a aa®¤ 100 ?F aYa?« aa? ?® ¬Ya®¤ ¬ ‹?”?, ”?”?
? aaY¤Y© aeYY ?a?cY¤Y c a !«.4 (?a?¬Ya aa«®ce©).
’ !«?ae 4.
E??aY¤Y«Y?Y ae ?a?cYa?®© aY!Yaa®?¬®aa? ¬ aYa? «®c,
®a?aeYea c ?a®?§c®¤aac® ?a? a §ea a?®a®! a ®aeY??.F
0 ———————T————-T————————?
? ®? § aY«? ??®«?cYaac® ?F? ‘Y!Yaa®?¬®aai, aa! ?
? ? +———–T————+
? ? ? 1 ?F ? ‚aYF® ?
+——————–+————-+———–+————+
? 1 ? 2 ? 3 ? 4 ?
L——————–+————-+———–+————-
?aa a®? ¬ aYa? «®c
1 ic ai 1997F. 20 25 000 500 000
®aaa??«? ¬ aYa? «e 30 25 842 775 260
20 29 081 581 620
40 32 728 1 309 120
———————————————————-
?a®F® § ¬Yaiae 90 a 2 666 000
aa®¤ ¬ aYa? «®c §
¬Yaiae ?® ¬Ya®¤a
”?”? 20 25 000 500 000
30 25 842 775 260
20 29 081 581 620
30 32 728 981 840
———————————————————-
?a®F® § ¬Yaiae 100 a 2 838 720
aa®¤ ¬ aYa? «®c §
¬Yaiae ?® ¬Ya®¤a
‹?”? 40 32 728 1 309 120
20 29 081 581 620
30 25 842 775 260
10 25 000 250 000
———————————————————-
?a®F® § ¬Yaiae 100 a 2 916 000
a®¤®«¦Y?Y a !«. 4
———————T————-T———–T————?
? 1 ? 2 ? 3 ? 4 ?
L——————–+————-+———–+————-
aa®¤ ¬ aYa? «®c §
¬Yaiae ?® ¬Ya®¤a
aaY¤Y© aY!Yaa®?¬®aa? 40 28 782 1 151 280
20 28 782 575 640
30 28 782 863 460
10 28 782 287 820
———————————————————-
?a®F® § ¬Yaiae 100 a 2 878 200
?aa a®? ¬ aYa? «®c
1 aeYca «i 1997 F
– ?® ”?”? 10 32 728 327 280
– ?® ‹?”? 10 25 000 250 000
– aaY¤Y© aY!Yaa-aa? 10 28 782 280 782
———————————————————-
3F ’. ®. aa®?¬®aai ?§a aa®¤®c ea § ¬Yaiae ¬ aYa? «®c,?ac?a-
«Y i a §e¬? ¬Ya®¤ ¬? Y a®c? ¤ Ya.
?Ya®¤ ‹?”? c ?!®«ieY© aaY?Y? ?®¤a®¤?a ¤«i a®aa c«Y?i
®acYa ® ?a?!e«ia ? a!ea? a, ?®a?®«i?a ?«ace?¬ ®!a §®¬ ?®§c®-
«iYa a®?®aa c?ai ¤®a®¤e ®a aY «?§ ae?? a®c a®c a ?a aY!Yaa®?¬®a –
aii. ® ® Y ic«iYaai «ace?¬ ¤«i ®aeY?? aY?aeY© ! « a®c®© aa®-
?¬®aa? ?a®?§c®¤aacYea § ? a®c ?a? aaeYaacaieY© aY¤Yae?? ?®-
ceeY?i aeY. ?Ya®¤ ”?”? aeY«Ya®®!a §® ?a?¬Yiai ?a? a®aa c«Y??
! « a , ?®a?®«i?a aa®?¬®aai § ? a®c ?®Yae ®acYa®F® ?Ya?®¤
?!®«YY !«?§? ? aY?ae?¬ aeY ¬ ? aY «iYY ?aY¤aa c«iYa ?a?ce
®aF ?§ ae??. ‘®F« a® “®«®¦Y?i ?® !aaF «aYaa?®¬a acYaa ““cYa-
i ?®«?a?? ?aY¤?a?ia?i” “ 1/94″ (?a?? § ??ae? ®a
28.07.94 F. N 100), ®aF ?§ ae?i ?¬YYa c®§¬®¦®aai ce!®a ¬Y-
a®¤ ®aeY?? § ? a®c, ? ia®a ¬Ya®¤ ¤®«¦Y !eai § ae??a?a®c c
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aYaiY§ea ®a®c ?© ®aF ?§ ae?i ¬®¦Ya ?§¬Y?ai ce!a e© ¬Y-
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‚ a®®acYaaac?? a “®«®«¦Y?Y¬ ® !aaF «aYaa?®¬ acYaY ?
®acYa®aa? c ®aa?©a?®© ”Y¤Ya ae??” (??ae? ®aa?? 26 ¤Y? !ai
1994 F. N 170) ?§¬YY?Y ®aeY?? ?a®?§c®¤aacYea § ? a®c ?®
aYeY?i ®aF ?§ ae?? Y ¤®?aa? Yaai. ?a?«icY?Y a¤Y« ® a®«i?®
c ®¤®¬ a«ac Y: ¬ aYa? «ieY aeY®aa?, ?®a®aeY aeY c
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c aa?c® ?®aYai«? ac®Y ?Yac® c «i®Y ? cYaac®, ®aa ¦ iaai c
!aaF «aYaa?®¬ ! « aY ?®Yae ®acYa®F® F®¤ ?® aeYY c®§¬®¦®©
aY «?§ ae??, Ya«? ® ?¦Y ?Yac® c «i®© aa®?¬®aa? § F®a®c«Y?i
(?a?®!aYaY?i), a ®aYaY?Y¬ a §?aee c aeY a aY§a«ia ae
a®§i©aacY®© ¤YiaY«i®aa?,a. Y. c ¤Y!Ya acYa 80 “a?!e«? ?
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a ae?i ?aa«Y¤aY¬®¬ ?aY¤?a?ia?? c 1996 F. Y ?a®?§c®¤?« ai.
‚ ¦®Y § cY?Y ?a? ceic«Y?? aY§a«ia a®c a®§i©aacY®©
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”Y¤Ya ae?? c aci§? a ?§¬YY?Y¬ aeY ? a a?ae®c. „«i ®aa ¦Y?i aa¬¬
a §?ae ®a ?YaY®aeY?? a®c a® – ¬ aYa? «iea aeY®aaY© ?
Y§ cYaeY®F® ?a®?§c®¤aac ?a?®«i§aYaai acYa 14 “YaY®aeY?
¬ aYa? «iea aeY®aaY©”. ® ¤Y!Yaa ia®F® acYa ®aa ¦ ia c?a«Y-
?i aa¬¬ aaeY??, ?® ?aY¤?aa – c?a«Y?i aa¬¬ ¤®®aeY??.
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?®Faa§®c® – a §Faa§®ceY a !®ae ? ?a®c?Y a aa®¤e). „c?¦Y?Y ¦Y
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a®cYaeY?i ®?Ya ae?©, ? a®¤?ai ®aa ¦Y?Y c acYaY. ®ia®¬a
c®§?? Ya ?®aaY!®aai c ?a?®«i§®c ?? c aY?aeY¬ acYaY acYa¤ea
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¬Yaiae . „«i ia®F® ?§ac Y¬®¬ ?aY¤?a?ia?? cY¤Yaai «?a?cYa??©
acYa ¬ aYa? «®c ?® a §e¬ ®?a®ce¬ aeY ¬, ?®a®ae© c ¤ ®¬ a«ac Y
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aa aii, ?®¤aa aii a aa®¤ ) ? ?®¤ ?Yac?c®F® ¤®?a¬Ya .
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¬ aYa? « , a®?a a?«® !e caY¬i ?®?a? a¦®© ?ae®a¬ ae??.
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? ““«ii®ca?c®¤®? «”.
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0 „-a ac. 10 “? aYa? «e” a/ac. 1 ?
? 650 500 aa!.
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2) ?a?aeYe a?¬aY FYae ®c?aa?a c®¤®?a®c®¤®© c®¤e
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0 7) ‘??aec Yaai ac. 23 ac. 20.
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a/ac. 0 “?¤¬??aaa a?c®-a?a c«YcYa- ?
??Y a aa®¤e” ?
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F® acYa ?a?cY¤Y a?a. 5.
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§ F®a®c?aY«iea a aa®¤®c, ?®a®a i ®?aY¤Y«iYaai ?a®?®aae?® «i®
aa¬¬Y a??a ea ?® acYa®© aeYY ¬ aYa? «®c.
?a®!Y®aai «?a?cYa?®F® acYa ¬ aYa? «®c ?® ®?a®ce¬
aeY ¬ (a. Y. !Y§ ?a?¬YY?i acYa®c 15 ? 16) a aa¬®aa?¬
a«Y¤aieY¬ aa«®c®¬ ?a?¬YaY c ?a?®«i§®c ?Y¬ ¤ ea ?® ¤c?¦Y?i
¬ aYa? «®c § aeYca «i ¬Yaiae 1996 F. ‚ ia®¬ a«ac Y acYaY 10
¬ aYa? «e ac?aec iaai ?® ae ?a?cYa?®© aY!Yaa®?¬®aa?, ?a?cY¬
aa!acYaY 1 ac?aec iaai ¬ aYa? «e ?® ®?a®ce¬ aeY ¬, aa!-
acYaY 2 ac?aec iaai aa a?®aa® – § F®a®c?aY«ieY a aa®¤e. aaai
c «® ¬Yaiae ae ?a?cYa? i aY!Yaa®?¬®aai a?« ¤a??a
§ ? a®c ®a®cea ¬ aYa? «iea aeY®aaY© a®aa c?« 101 000
aea. aa!. a?cY¬ aa®?¬®aai caYa c?¤®c ¬ aYa? «®c ?®
®?a®ce¬ aeY ¬ – 100 000 aea. aa!., c a®¬ c?a«Y:
– ¦?¤??© a«®a – 3 500 aea. aa!.,
– ?® Fa«ia – 1 500 aea. aa!.,
– ?a®c. ¬ aYa? «e – 95 000 aea. aa!.
’a a?®aa® – § F®a®c?aY«ieY a aa®¤e ?® ®a®ce¬
¬ aYa? « ¬ – 1 000 aea. aa!.
‚ aYcY?Y ¬Yaiae !aaF «aYa?© ?aY¤?a?ia?i ?a®c®¤?«?ai
a«Y¤aie?Y ®?Ya ae?? :
’ !«?ae 5.
E acYa aa¬¬ aa a?®aa® – § F®a®c?aY«iea a aa®¤®c ?
ae ?a?cYa?®© aY!Yaa®?¬®aa? ?§a aa®¤®c ea ¬ aYa? «®c
(?a?¬Ya aa«®ce©).F
0 ——T————————————T———T————?
? ? ? ??®aaYa?®. ?
? N ? ? ‘a¬¬ , ?acYa ,a/ac ?
?®?Y- ? ??Ya ae?? ?aea. aa!.+—–T——+
?a ae??? ? ?¤Y!Ya??aY¤?a?
+—–+————————————+———+—–+——+
? 1 ? 2 ? 3 ? 4 ? 5 ?
L—–+————————————+———+—–+——-
1 ??aeY?a®c e a acYaeY ¤®?a¬Yae
?®aa ce??®c § ?®aa c«YeY ¬ aY-
a? «e ?® ®?a®ce¬ aeY ¬ (!Y§ „‘):
¦?¤??© a«®a 7 000
?® Fa«ia 3 000
?a®c?Y ®a®ceY ¬ aYa? «e 190 000
———————————————————-
?a®F® 200 000 10/1 60
2 «®F ¤®! c«Yai aa®?¬®aai ?®
¬ aYa? «®¬ a®aa c?« (20%) 40 000 19 60
3 c?a«Y® ca®! §Y § ¤®aa c?a
¦?¤??© a«®a 150
?® Fa«ia 2 000
?a®c?a ®a®cea ¬ aYa? «®c 2 850
———————————————————-
?a®F® 5 000 10/2 60
4 «®F ¤®! c«Yai aa®?¬®aai ?®
aa a?®aae¬ aa«aF ¬ a®aa c?« (20%) 1 000 19 60
5 ‘??aec iaai ¬ aYa? «e ?® ®?a®ce¬
aeY ¬, ®a?aeYe¬ a® a?« ¤ ®a®c®-
¬a ?a®?§c®¤aaca:
¦?¤??© a«®a 7 000
?® Fa«ia 1 500
?a®c?Y ®a®ceY ¬ aYa? «e 171 500
———————————————————-
?a®F® 180 000 20 10/1
6 ‘??aec iaai ¬ aYa? «e ?® ®?a®ce¬
aeY ¬, ®a?aeYe¬ a® a?« ¤ ca?®¬®F –
aY«ie¬ ?a®?§c®¤aac ¬:
?® Fa«ia 1 500
?a®c?Y ®a®ceY ¬ aYa? «e 8 500
———————————————————-
?a®F® 10 000 23 10/1
3F „«i ®?aY¤Y«Y?i aa a?®aa® – § F®a®c?aY«iea a aa®¤®c
a??aec Y¬ea ®a®c®Y ? ca?®¬®F aY«ieY ?a®?§c®¤aac
a®¤ia ®a®eY?Y caYa ’‡ ? aa®?¬®aa? caYa
¬ aYa? «®c ?® ®?a®ce¬ aeY ¬:
0 1 000 + 5 000
—————– * 100% = 2%,
100 000 + 200 000
3F ? ©¤Ye© ?®iaeae?ae?Ya a¬®¦ ia aa®?¬®aai
?§a aa®¤®c ea ¬ aYa? «®c ?® ®?a®ce¬ aeY ¬:
2% * 180 000 = 3 600 aa!.; 2% * 10 000 = 200 aa!.
a®¤®«¦Y?Y a !«. 5
0 —T————————————–T———T—–T—–?
? 1? 2 ? 3 ? 4 ? 5 ?
L–+————————————–+———+—–+——
7 ‘??aec iaai aa a?®aa® – § F®a®c?-
aY«ieY a aa®¤e, ®a®aie?Yai ? ?§a –
aa®¤®c e¬ ¬ aYa? « ¬:
®a®c®Y ?a®?§c®¤aac® 3 600 20
ca?®¬®F aY«i®Y ?a®?§c®¤aac® 200 23
————————————————————
?a®F® 3 800 10/2
8 ??« cYe acYa ?®aa ce??®c ? 200 000 60 51
ca®! §e
9 ‘??aec Yaai «®F ¤®! c«Yai aa®-
?¬®aai ?® ®?« cYe¬ ¬ aYa? « ¬ 36 800 68 19
3F ’. ®. a «i¤® ?®Yae ¬Yaiae ?® acYaa 10 a®aa c?a:
101 000 + 200 000 + 5 000 – 180 000 – 10 000 – 3 800 = 112 200 –
ae ?a?cYa? i aY!Yaa®?¬®aai ¬ aYa? «iea aeY®aaY© a?« ¤Y,
c a®¬ c?a«Y ?® aa!acYaa 10/1:
100 000 + 200 000 – 180 000 – 10 000 = 110 000 –
aa®?¬®aai ¬ aYa? «®c ?® ®?a®ce¬ aeY ¬ ®aa ce?aai a?« ¤Y
?®Yae ¬Yaiae ?
1 000 + 5 000 – 3 800 = 2 200 –
’‡, ®a®aie?Yai ? ®aa ce?¬ai a?« ¤Y § ? a ¬.
‚a®a®© c a? a ?aY¤?®« F Ya ac?aec ai ¬ aYa? «ieY aeY®aa?
acYaY 10 “? aYa? «e” ?® acYae¬ aeY ¬. ‚ ia®¬ a«ac Y
®a®c ?Y a acYaea ¤®?a¬Ya®c ?®aa ce??®c ¤Y« Yaai § ??ai ?®
¤Y!Yaa acYa 15 “‡ F®a®c«Y?Y ? ?a?®!aYaY?Y ¬ aYa? «®c” ?
?aY¤Yaa acYa®c 60 “ acYae a ?®aa ce?? ¬? ? ?®¤ai¤c?? ¬?”,
71 “ acYae a ?®¤®acYae¬? «?ae ¬?”, 76 “ acYae a a §e¬?
¤Y!?a®a ¬? ? ?aY¤?a®a ¬?” ? ¤a., c § c?a?¬®aa? ®a a®F®, ®a?a¤
?®aaa??«? ¬ aYa? «e. ??a?a®¤®c ?Y ¬ aYa? «®c, ae ?a?cYa??
?®aaa??ce?a ?aY¤?a?ia?Y, § ??aii:
„-a 10 “? aYa? «e” ?-a 15 “‡ F®a®c«Y?Y ? ?a?®!aYaY?Y
¬ aYa? «®c”
‚ ?®aeY ¬Yaiae ia®© ¦Y § ??aii ®aa ¦ iaai ¬ aYa? «e,
®aa ce?Yai ?®Yae ¬Yaiae c ?aa? (!Y§ ®?a?a®¤®c ?i ia?a
aeY®aaY© a?« ¤). ‚ c «Y a«Y¤aieYF® ¬Yaiae ia? aa¬¬e
aa®a?aaiaai ? c?a«iaai c aY?aeY¬ acYaY ?® ¤Y!Yaa acYa 15
“‡ F®a®c«Y?Y ? ?a?®!aYaY?Y ¬ aYa? «®c”. ‚eic?ce?©ai acYaY
15 “‡ F®a®c«Y?Y ? ?a?®!aYaY?Y ¬ aYa? «®c” ®aa a®? a??aec Yaai
c ?®aeY ¬Yaiae c ¤Y!Ya acYa 16 “?a?«®Y?Y c aa®?¬®aa?
¬ aYa? «®c”. ’ ??¬ ®!a §®¬ acYa 15 “‡ F®a®c«Y?Y ? ?a?®!aYaY?Y
¬ aYa? «®c” ?®«®aaii § ?aec Yaai ?® ®?®c ?i ¬Yaiae . ‚®§¬®¦®
a ?¦Y Y § ?aec ai ia®a acYa, c ia®¬ a«ac Y ®aa a®? ?® acYaa
15 “‡ F®a®c«Y?Y ? ?a?®!aYaY?Y ¬ aYa? «®c” ?®Yae ¬Yaiae
?®? §ec Ya «?c?Y ¬ aYa? «iea aeY®aaY© c ?aa?.
? ““«ii®ca?c®¤®? «” ?a?cY¤Y i ?®a«Y¤®c aY«i®aai
!aaF «aYaa??a § ??aY© … ‘?‹?„?…’‘?,a ? ? ? acYa 15
“‡ F®a®c«Y?Y ? ?a?®!aYaY?Y ¬ aYa? «®c” … ?‘?‹?‡“…’‘?.
aa¬®aa?¬ ?a?¬YaY ¤ ea § aeYca «i 1996F. acYa ?®aaa?«Y?i
¬ aYa? «®c ?§ac Y¬®¬ ?aY¤?a?ia??.
’ !«?ae 6.
E“cYa ?®aaa?«Y?i ¬ aYa? «®c ? ““«ii®ca?c®¤®? «”F
0 ——T————————————T———T————?
? ? ? ??®aaYa?®. ?
? N ? ? ‘a¬¬ , ?acYa ,a/ac ?
?®?Y- ? ??Ya ae?? ?aea. aa!.+—–T——+
?a ae??? ? ?¤Y!Ya??aY¤?a?
+—–+————————————+———+—–+——+
? 1 ? 2 ? 3 ? 4 ? 5 ?
L—–+————————————+———+—–+——-
1 ??aeY?a®c e a acYaeY ¤®?a¬Yae
?®aa ce??®c § ?®aa c«YeY ¬ aY-
a? «e ?® ®?a®ce¬ aeY ¬ (!Y§ „‘):
¦?¤??© a«®a 7 000
?® Fa«ia 3 000
?a®c?Y ®a®ceY ¬ aYa? «e 190 000
———————————————————-
?a®F® 200 000 1013 6001525
2 «®F ¤®! c«Yai aa®?¬®aai ?®
¬ aYa? «®¬ a®aa c?« (20%) 40 000 19 6001525
3 c?a«Y® ca®! §Y § ¤®aa c?a
¦?¤??© a«®a 150
?® Fa«ia 2 000
?a®c?a ®a®cea ¬ aYa? «®c 2 850
———————————————————-
?a®F® 5 000 1013 6001302
4 «®F ¤®! c«Yai aa®?¬®aai ?®
aa a?®aae¬ aa«aF ¬ a®aa c?« (20%) 1 000 19 6001302
5 ? aYa? «e ®?a?a®¤®c e a?« ¤
?® ®?a®ce¬ aeY ¬
¦?¤??© a«®a 7 000
?® Fa«ia 3 000
?a®c?Y ®a®ceY ¬ aYa? «e 190 000
———————————————————-
?a®F® 200 000 1010 600
3F ‚ ¤ ®¬ ?a?Y¬YaY ?a?®«i§®c «?ai a«Y¤aie?Y a?aYa?cYa??Y ?
«?a?cYa??Y acYa :
’ !«?ae 7.
Ea?¬Yae a?aYa?cYa??a ? «?a?cYa??a acYa®c,
?a?¬YiY¬ea ? ““«ii®ca?c®¤®? «” ¤«i
®aa ¦Y?i ®?Ya ae?© ?® ?®aaa?«Y?i ¬ aYa? «®c.F
0 ——–T—————–T—————–T——————-?
???aea ac? ‘cYa ? ‘a!acYa ? ? «Ya?? ?
L——-+—————–+—————–+——————–
1010 10 “? aYa? «e” 1 “?a®ceY 0 “« ®c i
¬ aYa? «e” aY!Yaa®?¬®aai”
1013 10 “? aYa? «e” 1 “?a®ceY 3 “” ?a?cYa? i
¬ aYa? «e” aY!Yaa®?¬®aai”
6001525 60 “ acYae a ?®a- 0 “ acYae a 1525 ®¤ ?®aa c-
a ce?? ¬? ? ?®aa ce?? ¬?" e?? >
?®¤ai¤c?? ¬?”
6001302 60 “ acYae a ?®a- 0 “ acYae a 1302 ®¤ ?®aa c-
a ce?? ¬? ? ?®aa ce?? ¬?" e?? >
?®¤ai¤c?? ¬?”
600 60 “ acYae a ?®a- 0 “ acYae a Ya
a ce?? ¬? ? ?®aa ce?? ¬?”
?®¤ai¤c?? ¬?”
161 16 “?a?«®Y?i c 1 “?a®ceY Ya
aa®?¬®aa? ¬ aYa? «e”
¬ aYa? «®c”
—————————————————————-
3F ?a ? acYaY 10 “? aYa? «e” a/ac 1 “?a®ceY ¬ aYa? «e” ?
¤c ¦¤e ®aa ¦ iaai ?®aaa??ce?Y ®a ?®aa ce??®c ¬ aYa? «ieY
aeY®aa? – ?® acYa®© ? ae ?a?cYa?®© aY!Yaa®?¬®aa?, a®¦Y a ¬®Y
acYaY 60 “ acYae a ?®aa ce?? ¬? ? ?®¤ai¤c?? ¬?”. ‚ ?®aeY
¬Yaiae ?a®c®¤ia a«Y¤aie?Y !aaF «aYaa??Y § ??a?:
1) aa®a?a®c®c i § ??ai aa¬¬a ae ?a?cYa?®© aY!Yaa®?¬®aa?
?®aaa??ce?a § ¬Yaiae ¬ aYa? «®c
3F
„-a 10/13 “? aYa? «e” ?® ae ?a?cYa?®© aY!Yaa®?¬®aa?
?-a 60/0 “ acYae a ?®aa ce?? ¬? ? ?®¤ai¤c?? ¬?”,
2) ?aYaY?Y a §?aee ¬Y¦¤a ae ?a?cYa?®© aY!Yaa®?¬®aaii
?a?®!aYaY?i ? ®?a®c®© aeY®© acYa 16
„-a 16/1 “?a?«®Y?Y c aa®?¬®aa? ¬ aYa? «®c” ?® ®a®ce¬
¬ aYa? « ¬
?-a 60/0 “ acYae a ?®aa ce?? ¬? ? ?®¤ai¤c?? ¬?”.
‚ ?a?¬YaY ?§ a !«. 5 ®??a i ae? a®c i ®?Ya ae?i ?¬YYa
a«Y¤aie?© c?¤:
a®¤®«¦Y?Y a !«. 6
0 ——T————————————T———T—–T——?
? 1 ? 2 ? 3 ? 4 ? 5 ?
L—–+————————————+———+—–+——-
6 ‘a®a?a®c®c i § ??ai aa¬¬a
ae ?a?cYa?®© aY!Yaa®?¬®aa? – 205 000 1013 600
?®aaa??ce?a § ¬Yaiae ¬ aYa? «®c
7 ?aYaY?Y a §?aee ¬Y¦¤a ae ?a?cYa?®©
aY!Yaa®?¬®aaii ?a?®!aYaY?i ? ®?a®c®© 5 000 161 600
aeY®© acYa 16
3F ‚ ?a®FY acYaY 10 “? aYa? «e” ac?aec iaai ¬ aYa? «ieY
aeY®aa? ?® acYae¬ aeY ¬, acYaY 16 “?a?«®Y?Y c
aa®?¬®aa? ¬ aYa? «®c” ®aa ¦ iaai aa¬¬e ®a?«®Y?© ae ?a?cYa?®©
aY!Yaa®?¬®aa? ?a?®!aYaY?i ¬ aYa? «®c ®a ?a acYaea aeY.
?a ?, ac?aec i, ca® c ? cYaacY acYaea aeY ?
““«ii®ca?c®¤®? «” ?a?¬Yiiaai ®?a®ceY aeYe, ? § c?a
®a?«®Y?i¬? ¬®Faa ic«iaiai a®«i?® aa a?®aa® – § F®a®c?aY«ieY
a aa®¤e, a ?¦Y ac?aec i,ca® acYa 15 “‡ F®a®c«Y?Y ? ?a?®!aYaY?Y
¬ aYa? «®c” Y ?a?®«i§aYaai, ¬®¦® a¤Y« ai cec®¤ ® a®¬, ca®
aeY«Ya®®!a §® ?aY¤?a?ia?i ®a? § aiai ®a ?a?®«i§®c ?i acYa 16
“?a?«®Y?Y c aa®?¬®aa? ¬ aYa? «®c” ? ®a?aeai aa!acYa ? acYaa 10,
?®a®a®¬ ? !a¤aa ®aa ¦ aiai a? § eY ®a?«®Y?i. ‚ ia®¬ a«ac Y
¬Ya®¤®«®F?i !aaF «aYaa?®F® acYa ?®aaa?«Y?i ¬ aYa? «®c !a¤Ya
?®«®aaii a®®acYaaac®c ai ®a¬ a?ce¬ aaY!®c ?i¬, ?® acYaa
¬ aYa? «iea aYaaaa®c acYaY 10 “? aYa? «e” ?® ae ?a?cYa?®©
aY!Yaa®?¬®aa? ?a?®!aYaY?i.
? ? a¦Y ®a¬Yc «®ai, ?§ac Y¬®¬ ?aY¤?a?ia?? a??a ?Y ¬ aYa? «®c
?a®?§c®¤aacYeY ? a®§i©aacYeY a¦¤e ?a®?aa®¤?a ?® ®?a®ce¬
3F
aeY ¬ c aYcY?Y ®acYa®F® ¬Yaiae . ‚ ?®aeY ¬Yaiae aY ¦Y
acYa § aa a ®a®aiaai aa a?®aa® – § F®a®c?aY«ieY
a aa®¤e. „«i a®c®F® a??a ??i ceeYa? § ea a aa®¤®c ®?aY¤Y«iia
?a®aeYa®Y ®a®eY?Y ®a?«®Y?© ae ?a?cYa?®© aY!Yaa®?¬®aa?
¬ aYa? «®c ®a acYa®© aeYe ? ©¤Y®Y ®a®eY?Y a¬®¦ ia
aa®?¬®aai ®a?aeYea ¬ aYa? «®c ?® acYae¬ aeY ¬:
0
‘2 + ?„2
————– * 100% * ??1,
‘1 + ?„1
3F F¤Y ‘1 – ®aa a?? ¬ aYa? «®c c «® ¬Yaiae ?® acYaa 10,
?„1 – ?a?a®¤ ¬ aYa? «®c § ®acYae© ¬Yaiae ?«? ®!®a®ae
¤Y!Ya ?® acYaa 10 § ¬Yaiae !Y§ caa. ?YaY¬YeY?i,
‘2 – ®aa a®? c «® ¬Yaiae ?® acYaa 16,
?„2 – ®!®a®ae ?® ¤Y!Yaa acYa 16 § ®acYae© ¬Yaiae,
??1 – a aa®¤ ¬ aYa? «®c § ®acYae© ¬Yaiae ?«? ®!®a®ae
?® ?aY¤?aa acYa 10 § ®acYae© ¬Yaiae.
®«acY i aa¬¬ ®a?«®Y?© a??aec Yaai a ?aY¤?a acYa 16
c ¤Y!Ya aYa ¦Y ?a®?§c®¤aacYea acYa®c, ?®a®aeY ®aYaYe
?§a aa®¤®c eY ¬ aYa? «e. …a«? ¬ aYa? «e ?§a aa®¤®c e
®?Ya ae??, aci§ eY a® a!ea®¬ ? aY «?§ ae?Y© ?a®¤a?ae??, a® ®a®-
aie?Yai ? ?¬ aa¬¬e ’‡ a??aec iaai acYa 43 “?®¬¬YacYa??Y
a aa®¤e”.
aa¬®aa?¬ ?a?¬Ya a??a ?i ’‡ ? ““«ii®ca?c®¤®? «”,
?a?®«i§ai ¤ eY ?§ a !«. 5, 6 ? a«Y¤aie?Y acY¤Y?i:
1) ?aa a®? ac. 10 “? aYa? «e” a/ac 1 “?a®ceY ¬ aYa? «e”
c «® ¬Yaiae – 100 000 aea.aa!., c a®¬ c?a«Y:
– ¦?¤??© a«®a – 3 500 aea. aa!.,
– ?® Fa«ia – 1 500 aea. aa!.,
– ?a®c. ¬ aYa? «e – 95 000 aea. aa!.
2) ‘ «i¤® ¤Y!Ya®c®Y c «® ¬Yaiae ?® acYaa 16 “?a?«®Y?i c
aa®?¬®aa? ¬ aYa? «®c” a/ac 1 “?a®ceY ¬ aYa? «e”- 1 000 aea.aa!.
a®¤®«¦Y?Y a !«. 6
0 ——T————————————T———T—–T——?
? 1 ? 2 ? 3 ? 4 ? 5 ?
L—–+————————————+———+—–+——-
8 ‘??aec iaai ¬ aYa? «e ?® ®?a®ce¬
aeY ¬, ®a?aeYe¬ a® a?« ¤ ®a®c®-
¬a ?a®?§c®¤aaca:
¦?¤??© a«®a 7 000
?® Fa«ia 1 500
?a®c?Y ®a®ceY ¬ aYa? «e 171 500
———————————————————-
?a®F® 180 000 20 1010
??aY¤Y«?¬ ?a®aeYa ®a?«®Y?©:
1 000 + 5 000
?a§a = —————— * 100 = 2%
100 000 + 200 000
’‡ a®aa cia : 180 000 * 2% = 3 600
9 ‘??aec iaai aa a?®aa® – § F®a®c?-
aY«ieY a aa®¤e, ®a®aie?Yai ? ?§a –
aa®¤®c e¬ ¬ aYa? « ¬:
®a®c®Y ?a®?§c®¤aac® 3 600 20 161
3F ————————————————————
??…—??…: ®??a eY !aaF «aYaa??Y ¤Y©aac?Y ?® a??a ?i ’‡
ce?®«iiaai ca®¬ a?cYa?? a ?®¬®eii ?a®Fa ¬¬®F® ®!Ya?YcY?i
! §Y ?Yaa® «iea ?®¬?iiaYa®c, aaa ®c«Yea c aeYaa «?§®c ®©
!aaF «aYa?? ? ““«ii®ca?c®¤®? «”.
?a?aa? ?§«?e?a ? Ya¦ea ?aY¤?a?ia?i ¬ aYa? «®c c ?®ai¤?Y
aY «?§ ae?? ®ae®a¬«iYaai ?aaY¬ ce??a?? ?« ¤®© ®a?aa? ¬ aYa –
«®c (a?«. 4). ?ae®a¬ ae?i ® aY «?§ ae?? a®c a® – ¬ aYa? «iea
aeY®aaY© ®!®!e Yaai aY§a«ia a®¬ acYaY 48 “Y«?§ ae?i ?a®c?a
?a?c®c”.
aa¬®aa?¬ aY «?§ ae?i ¬ aYa? «®c ?®?aYa®¬ ?a?¬YaY.
‚ ¤Y? !aY 1996 F. ¬a?ae?? «i®Y ?aY¤?a?ia?Y aY «?§®c «® aa®-
a®a !?aa¬. a? §a®¬ !e«? a®aa c«Ye a«Y¤aie?Y ?a®c®¤??:
1) ‘??a acYa i aa®?¬®aai !?aa¬ :
0 „-a ac. 48 “Y «?§ ae?i ?a®c?a ?a?c®c” ?
? 7 500 492 aa!.
?-a ac. 10 “? aYa? «e” ?
2) ‘??aec Yaai a §?ae ¬Y¦¤a ae ?a?cYa?®© aY!Yaa®?¬®aaii ? aa®?-
¬®aaii ?® acYac¬ aeY ¬ acYa 48 “Y «?§ ae?? ?a®c?a ?a?c®c”.
„-a ac. 48 “Y «?§ ae?i ?a®c?a ?a?c®c” ?
? 12 109 aa!.
?-a ac. 16 “?a?«®Y?i c aa®?¬®aa? ?
¬ aYa? «®c”
0
3) aa®?¬®aai aeY®aaY© ?® ?a®¤ ¦e¬ aeY ¬ a®aa®c«iYaai !aaF –
«aYaa? i § ??ai:
„-a ac. 62 “ acYae a ?®?a? aY«i¬? ? ?
§ ? §c?? ¬?” ? 9 500 000 aa!.
?
?-a ac. 48 “Y «?§ ae?i ?a®c?a ?a?c®c”?
4) ®aaa??ce i ceaac? c acYaY ®aa ¦ Yaai ?a®c®¤?®©:
„-a ac. 51 “ acYae© acYa” ?
? 9 500 000 aa!.
?-a ac. 62 “ acYae a ?®?a? aY«i¬? ? ?
§ ? §c?? ¬?” ?
5) aa¬¬a „‘ ?® ®aFaa¦Ye¬ ? ®?« cYe¬ ¬ aYa? « ¬ a®aa c«i-
Yaai ?a®c®¤? :
„-a ac. 48 “Y «?§ ae?i ?a®c?a ?a?c®c” ?
? 1 584 000 aa!.
?a 68 “ acYae a !i¤¦Ya®¬” ?
3F ”? a®ce© aY§a«ia a ®a aY «?§ ae?? ¬ aYa? «®c a??aec Yaai
a® acYa 48 “Y «?§ ae?i ?a®c?a ?a?c®c” acYa 80 “a?!e«? ?
a!ea??”. ‚ eY¬ ?a?¬YaY aa¬¬a 403 399 aa!. (9 500 000 –
7 500 492 – 12 109 – 1 584 000) – ?a?!e«i:
0 „-a cc. 48 “Y «?§ ae?i ?a®c?a ?a?c®c” ?
? 403 399 aa!.
?-a ac. 80 “a?!e«? ? a!ea??” ?
3F ?a®!®F® c?¬ ?i § a«a¦?c Ya ¬Ya®¤?? ®aa ¦Y?i «®F
¤®! c«Yai aa®?¬®aai ?® ?a?®!aYaYe¬ ¬ aYa? «ie¬ aeY®aai¬
? ?®ai¤®? YF® a??a ?i a® acYa 19 ?® ¬ aYa? « ¬, ?§a aa®¤®c e¬
?a®?§c®¤aac®.
c? i a ®!®a®a®c § ¬ © 1995 F®¤ „‘, a?« cYe© ?®aa ce?? ¬?
?® ¬ aYa? «ie¬ aYaaaa ¬ ?a®?§c®¤aacY®F® § cY?i, a??aec Yaai
a¬YieY?Y ?« aY¦Y© c !i¤¦Ya ?® ¬YaY ?a®cY¤Y?i a acYa®c a ?¬?,
?® ¬ aYa? « ¬, ?a?®«i§®c e¬ Y?a®?§c®¤aacYeY a¦¤e,
a??aec Yaai § acYa ?aa®c?? ae? a?a®c ?i ia?a § aa a (’Y«YFa ¬¬
?‘ ? ?”” ®a 12.05.95 F. N V‚‡-6-05/265).
aY¤eic«YeY ? a?« aY ?aY¤?a?ia?i – ?®?a? aY«i aa¬¬e „‘
(ce¤Y«iY¬eY c acYaY-ae ?aaaY ®a¤Y«i®© aaa®?®©) ae??a?aaiaai ?®
„-aa ac. 19, a/ac 3 “„‘ ?® ?a?®!aYaYe¬ ¬ aYa? «ie¬ aYaaaa ¬”
? ?-aa ac. 60 “ acYae a ?®aa ce?? ¬? ? ?®¤ai¤c?? ¬?”. ‘«Y¤®c aY«i-
®, a?« cYeY aa¬¬e „‘ Y c?«ic iaai c ®aeY?a ?a®?§c®¤aacYea
§ ? a®c ( acYaY 10 “? aYa? «e”) ? Y acY«?c?c ia ?a aY!Yaa®?¬®aai
c?®a«Y¤aac??, ?a? a??a ?? ¬ aYa? «iea § aa a ?§¤Ya¦??
?a®?§c®¤aac . ??®c aY«i i cY«?c? a?« ae „‘ c !i¤¦Ya !Y¤Ya
a c a §®aa? ¬Y¦¤a ?®«acYe¬? ®a ?®?a? aY«Y© aa¬¬ ¬? ia®F®
«®F ?® ?-aa ac. 68, a/ac “ acYae ?® „‘” ? cY«?c?®© „‘ ?®
¬ aYa? «ie¬ aYaaaa ¬ , acaY®© ?® a®®acYaaacaieY¬a a/ac ac.19 ?
a??a ®© ?® ¬YaY a acYa®c a ?®aa ce?? ¬? a ?-a ac. 19/3 c
„-a ac. 68 a/ac “ acYae ?® „‘” . (?§¬YY?i ? ¤®?®«Y?i N 3 ®a
22.08.96 F. ?aaaa?ae?i ?‘ ” ®a 11.10.95 F. N 39 “? ?®ai¤?Y ?ac?a-
«Y?i ? a?« ae „‘”).
…a«? ¬ aYa? «e ®a?aa? iaai c ?a®?§c®¤aac® ?§F®a®c«Y?Y ?a®-
¤a?ae??, ®ac®!®¦¤Y®© ®a a?«? ae „‘ c !i¤¦Ya, a® ?a?a®¤ie?Yai
?a aa¬¬e „‘, acaYeY a/ac 19/3, c?«ic iaai c ?§¤Ya¦??
?a®?§c®¤aac : „-a ac 20 “?a®c®Y ?a®?§c®¤aac®”, 23 “‚a?®¬®F –
aY«i®Y ?a®?§c®¤aac®” ?-a ac. 19/3.
’ ??¬ ®!a §®¬, !aaF «aYaa??© acYa a aa®¤ ¬ aYa? «iea aeY-
®aaY© ?®«®aaii ca®¬ a?§?a®c ? ““«ii®ca?c®¤®? «”.
? aYa? «e ac. 10 “? aYa? «e” ®aa ¦ iaai ?® acYae¬ (®?a®ce¬)
aeY ¬. ?a?«®Y?i ae ?a?cYa?®© aY!Yaa®?¬®aa? ¬ aYa? «®c ®a ?a
aa®?¬®aa? ?® acYae¬ aeY ¬ ac?aec iaai ac. 16 “?a?«®Y?i c
aa®?¬®aa? ¬ aYa? «®c”. ? aYa? «ieY aeY®aa? a??aec iaai
?a®?§c®¤aac® ?® ae ?a?cYa?®© aY!Yaa®?¬®aa? a®F« a® aaY¤Y¬a
?a®aeYaa ®a?«®Y?© ?® ¤ ®¬a aa!acYaa ¬ aYa? «®c c ®acYa®¬
¬YaiaeY, ia®a ?a®aeYaa a ?¦Y ¬Ya ?§?a®c .
‚ ae®cea aa«®c?ia c®§?? Ya Y®!a®¤?¬®aai ®a®!® a®c®F®
acYa ? aaa®F®F® ?®aa®«i § a ae?® «ie¬ ?a?®«i§®c ?Y¬ aeaii ?
¬ aYa? «®c c ?a®?§c®¤aacY, ?®a?®«i?® i?®®¬?i ¬ aYa? «iea § aa a
a?¦ Ya aY!Yaa®?¬®aai ?a®¤a?ae?? ? ?®aaY!®aai c aYaaaa a.
E2.4. ??’?‹? ‡? ‘?•??‘’?? ? ?‘?‹?‡?‚??…?
??’…??‹?‚ ‚ ??‡‚?„‘’‚… ? “’? …?? “‹“—?…??.F
‘eaiY, ¬ aYa? «e, ?®«aae !a?? ae § ?¬ ia c ®!eY¬ ®!eY¬Y § aa a
?a®?§c®¤aac® ? ““«ii®ca?c®¤®? «” 14.4% (?® ¤ e¬
F®¤®cea ®acYa®c 1996 F.). ®ia®¬a ¤«i a?¦Y?i aY!Yaa®?¬®aa? ?
¬ aYa? «®Y¬?®aa? ?a®¤a?ae?? c ¦®Y § cY?Y ?¬YYa ®aF ?§ ae?i
?®aa®«i § a®aa ®aaii ? a ae?® «ie¬ ?a?®«i§®c ?Y¬ ¬ aYa? «®c.
‚ ¦®Y ¬Yaa® aaY¤? caYa ¬Ya®¤®c ?®aa®«i § a®aa ®aaii
®ac®¤?aai ?cYa a?§ ae?? ¬ aYa? «iea aeY®aaY©. ‘®F« a®
“?a®ce¬ ?®«®¦Y?i¬ ?® ?cYa a?§ ae?? ®a®cea aaY¤aac, a®c a® –
¬ aYa? «iea aeY®aaY©, ¤YY¦ea aaY¤aac ? a acYa®c” (a?? §
??ae? ‘‘‘ ®a 30 ¤Y? !ai 1982 F. N 179 c aY¤ ?ae?? ?§¬YY?© ?
¤®?®«Y?© , cYaYea ??ai¬ ¬? ??ae? ‘‘‘ N51 ®a 27 ¬ aa 1984
F. ? N212 ®a 10 ®i!ai 1987 F.), ?cYa a?§ ae?i ?a®?§c®¤aacYea
§ ? a®c c ¤Y©aacaie?a ®aF ?§ ae?ia ®aaeYaac«iYaai Y ¬YYY ®¤®F®
a § c F®¤ ?YaY¤ a®aa c«Y?Y¬ !aaF «aYaa?®© ®acYa®aa?, ® Y
a YY 1 ®?ai!ai ®acYa®F® F®¤ . a®cY¤Y?Y ?cYa a?§ ae??
®!i§ aY«i® a ?¦Y c a«Y¤aie?a a«ac ia:
– ?a? a¬YY ¬ aYa? «i® – ®acYaaacYea «?ae ( ¤Yi ?a?Y¬?? –
?YaY¤ c? ¤Y«);
– ?a? aaa ®c«Y?? ae ?a®c a?eY?© ?«? §«®a?®aaY!«Y?©, a ?¦Y
?®ac? aeY®aaY©;
– c a«ac ia ?®¦ a , aa?a?©ea !Y¤aac?© ?«? ¤aaF?a caY§cec ©ea
a?aa ae?©, ce§c ea i?aaaY¬ «ie¬? aa«®c?i¬?;
– c ¤aaF?a a«ac ia, ?aY¤aa¬®aaYea § ?®®¤ aY«iaac®¬ ®aa?©a?®©
”Y¤Ya ae?? ?«? ®a¬ a?ce¬? ?a ¬? ???aaYaaac ae? a®c ®aa??.
?cYa a?§ ae?i ¬ aYa? «®c ®aaeYaac«iYaai ?cYa a?§ ae?®®©
?®¬?aa?Y©, § c Y¬®© ?a?? §®¬ aa?®c®¤?aY«i ? ““«ii®ca?c®¤®? –
«”, ?a? ®!i§ aY«i®¬ ac aa?? ¬ aYa? «i® – ®acYaaacYea «?ae .
!®a??? ¬ aYa? «i®F® ®a¤Y« aeYaa «?§®c ®© !aaF «aYa?? a«Y-
¤ia, ca®!e ? c «a ?cYa a?§ ae?? c ? aa®c? a a?« ¤a?®F® acYa
!e«? ®aa ¦Ye caY ®?Ya ae?? ?® ¤c?¦Y?i ¬ aYa? «®c; ?® ? ¦¤®¬a ?§
?a cecY¤Ye ®aa a?? ¤Yi ?cYa a?§ ae??. a? ?a®cY¤Y?? ?-
cYa a?§ ae?? ?®¬?aa?i c ?a?aaaaac?? ¬ aYa? «i® ®acYaaacYea
«?ae ®aaeYaac«iYa ae aY«ie© ?®¤acYa, c§cYe?c ?Y ?«? ®!¬Ya ? ¦-
¤®F® c?¤ ¬ aYa? «®c ? ?®«acYeY ae ?a?cYa??Y aY§a«ia ae § ??ae-
c Ya c “?cYa a?§ ae?®eY ®??a?” (a?«. 14). „ eY ®??a? a®¤Ya-
¦ a ?ae®a¬ ae?i ®! ®aa a? a ¬ aYa? «®c ? ¦¤®¬ a?« ¤Y ?® ¤ e¬
!aaF «aYa??, c ?a a? § e ®¬Y?« aaaeY ®¬Ya , ?¬Y®c ?i
¬ aYa? «®c, Y¤??ae ?§¬YaY?i, acYa i aeY , ®aa a®? ¬ aYa? «®c
?® acYae¬ ¤ e¬. ?®¬?aa?i ®?aY¤Y«iYa ae ?a?cYa?®Y «?c?Y ? ¦-
¤®F® ¬ aYa? « a?« ¤Y ? § ®a?a a®®acYaacaieYY § cY?Y c
Fa aea “” ?a?cYa?®Y «?c?Y”.
„ eY ?cYa a?§ ae?®ea ®??aY© ?a?®«i§aiaai ¤«i
a®?®aa c«Y?i ae ?a?cYa?®F® «?c?i ¬ aYa? «iea aeY®aaY© a
acYae¬. ?®¬?aa?i aaa c«?c Ya a a ?aYa, ?a?c?e ceic«Yea
a aa®¦¤Y?© ?«? ?®ac? ¬ aYa? «®c ? ®?aY¤Y«iYa ?®ai¤®?
aYFa«?a®c ?i a §?ae ? c®§¬YeY?i ?®aYai.
a aa¬®aa?¬ !aaF «aYaa??Y § ??a? ?a? ceic«Y?? Y¤®aa c
¬ aYa? «iea aeY®aaY© ?a?¬YaY ?a®c®¤?¬®© 25 ®?ai!ai 1996 F.
?cYa a?§ ae?? a?« ¤Y ‹Y?a?®F® “ ?a? a¬YY ¬ aYa? «i®-
®acYaacY®F® «?ae . ?a ?, c aY§a«ia aY ?cYa a?§ ae?? !e«®
ceic«Y® a«Y¤aieYY ®a?«®Y?Y ®a acYaea ¤ ea :
®aa a®? acYa?«i??®c “‘ 2-36 ?® acYae¬ ¤ e¬ – 85 ea.,
?® aY§a«ia a ¬ ?a®cYa?? – 81.
aa¬¬a 859 996 aa!. ((85 – 81) * 214 999, F¤Y 214 999 – acYa i
aeY acYa?«i??®c) a®aa c«iYaai !aaF «aYaa? i § ??ai:
0 „-a ac. 84 “Y¤®aa c? ? ?®aYa? ®a ?®ac? aeY®aaY©”?
? 859 996 aa!.
?-a ac. 10 “? aYa? «e” a/ac 1 “?a. ¬ aYa? «e” ?
3F “cYa i aeY ¤®c®¤?aai ¤® ae ?a?cYa?®© ?aaY¬ ®aYaY?i ac. 84
a®®acYaaacaieY© ¤®«? ®a?«®Y?i, a acYae¬ ?aaY¬ ®?aY¤Y«iYaai
¤ i aa¬¬ – 10 650 aa!.
0 „-a ac. 84 “Y¤®aa c? ? ?®aYa? ®a ?®ac? aeY®aaY©”?
? 10 650 aa!.
?-a ac. 16 “?a?«®Y?i c aa®?¬®aa? ¬ aYa? «®c” ?
3F …a«? !e aaeYaac®c «? ®a¬e YaaYaacY®© a!e«? ?® a aa¬ aa?c Y¬e¬
¬ aYa? «ie¬ aeY®aai¬, a® Y¤®aa c? ¬ aYa? «®c c ?aY¤Y« a
YaaYaacY®© a!e«? a??a «? !e a ?aY¤?a acYa 84 ?§¤Ya¦??
?a®?§c®¤aac ?«? ®!a eY?i a®§i©aacaie?a aa!eY?a®c (26, 25 ? ¤a.).
® aY§a«ia a ¬ ?a®cYa?? ceic«Y® c?®c®Y «?ae®, § acYa ?®a®a®F®,
?® aYeY?i aa?®c®¤?aY«i ?aY¤?a?ia?i, !a¤Ya c®§¬Ye aiai ?®aYai.
‚ a®®acYaaac?? a ¤Y©aacaie?¬ ?®¤Y?a®¬ § ?®®c ® aaa¤Y
®aa?©a?®© ”Y¤Ya ae?? aa®?¬®aai Y¤®aa ie?a, ?®a?eYea ?«?
?a?®acYea aeY®aaY©, c§ea??c Y¬ea a c?®cea «?ae,®?aY¤Y«iYaai
?aa®¤i ?§ ae®cea aeY, ¤Y©aacaie?a c ¤ ®© ¬Yaa®aa? ¤Yi
?a?c?Y?i aeYa! . ‘cY¤Y?i ® ae®cea aeY a ¬®¦® ?®«ac?ai c
®aF a aeY®®!a §®c ?i ?«? ®aF a F®aa¤ aaacY®© aa a?aa???.
‘ c?®c®F® «?ae aYeY® a¤Ya¦ ai aa®?¬®aai acYa?«i??®c ?®
ae®c®© aeYY 270 000 aa!. § ea., caYF® – 1 080 000 aa!.(270 000
* 4). ‘®aa c«iiaai ?a®c®¤??:
0 „-a ac. 73 “ acYae a ?Yaa® «®¬ ?® ?a®c?¬ ?
®?Ya ae?i¬” a/c 3 “ acYae ?® ? 870 646 aa!.
c®§¬YeY?i ¬ aYa? «i®F® aeYa! ” ?
?
?-a ac. 84 “Y¤®aa c? ? ?®aYa? ®a ?®ac? aeY®aaY©”?
3F §?ae ¬Y¦¤a ae ?a?cYa?®© aY!Yaa®?¬®aaii ¬ aYa? «®c ? ?a
aa®?¬®aaii ?® ae®ce¬ aeY ¬, ?®¤«Y¦ e i c§ea? ?i (1 080 000 –
870 646 = 209 354 aa!.) ®aa ¦ Yaai § ??aii:
0 „-a ac. 73 “ acYae a ?Yaa® «®¬ ?® ?a®c?¬ ?
®?Ya ae?i¬” a/c 3 “ acYae ?® ?
c®§¬YeY?i ¬ aYa? «i®F® aeYa! ” ?
? 209 354 aa!.
?-a ac. 83 “„®a®¤e !a¤ae?a ?Ya?®¤®c”, a/c 3 ?
“ §?ae ¬Y¦¤a aa¬¬®©, ?®¤«Y¦ eY© ?
c§ea? ?i a c?®cea «?ae, ? ?
! « a®c®© aa®?¬®aaii ?® ?
Y¤®aa c ¬ aeY®aaY©” ?
3F ‚?®c®Y «?ae® cYa«® c ? aaa ?aY¤?a?ia?i c aai c®aaaY!®c ®©
aa¬¬e c a §¬YaY 500 000 aa!.:
0 „-a ac. 50 “? aa ” ?
?500 000 aa!.
?-a ac. 73 “ acYae a ?Yaa® «®¬ ?® ?a®c?¬ ®?Ya ae?i¬”?
3F ?aa «ieY 580 000 aa!.(1 080 000 – 500 000) aYeY® a¤Ya¦ ai
?§ § a?« ae § ®i!ai ¬Yaiae:
0 „-a ac. 70 “ acYae a ?Yaa® «®¬ ?® ®?« aY aaa¤ ” ?
?580 000 aa!.
?-a ac. 73 “ acYae a ?Yaa® «®¬ ?® ?a®c?¬ ®?Ya ae?i¬”?
3F ‚ ®i!aY ¦Y ¬YaiaeY aa¬¬ a §?aee ¬Y¦¤a ae ?a?cYa®© ?
ae®c®© aY!Yaa®?¬®aaii ?®aYai a??aec Yaai a® acYa 83 “„®a®¤e
!a¤ae?a ?Ya?®¤®c” c ?aY¤?a acYa 80 “a?!e«? ? a!ea??” :
0 „-a ac. 83 “„®a®¤e !a¤ae?a ?Ya?®¤®c” ?
? 209 354 aa!.
?-a ac. 80 “a?!e«? ? a!ea??” ?
3F Y¤®aa c? aeY®aaY© acYaa ®a¬ a!e«? ? ?®aYa? ®a
?®ac? aeY®aaY© ?a? ®aaaaaac?? ?®?aYaea c?®c??®c
a??aec iaai ae? a®ce© aY§a«ia a – „a 80 ?a 84.
‚eic«YeY ?a? ?cYa a?§ ae?? ?§«?e?? ?a®?§c®¤aacYeY § ? a®c
3F
?a?a®¤aia ?® ¤Y!Yaa ac. 10 ? ®a®aia aY§a«ia ae a®§i©aacY®©
¤YiaY«i®aa? (80 “a?!e«? ? a!ea??”) a ?®a«Y¤aie?¬ aaa ®c«Y?Y¬
?a?c? c®§??®cY?i ?§«?e? ? c?®cea «?ae.
?¤®© ?§ F« cea § ¤ c acYa ¬ aYa? «iea aeY®aaY© ic«iYaai
aa?«Y?Y ?®aa®«i § a ae?® «ie¬ ?a?®«i§®c ?Y¬ ¬ aYa? «iea
aeY®aaY© c ?a®?§c®¤aacY, a. ?. ia® ®? §ec Ya aaeYaacY®Y c«?i?Y
aYa !Y«i®aai ®aF ?§ ae?? ? YY ae? a®c®Y ?®«®¦Y?Y. Y®!a®¤?¬
a ? i ®aF ?§ ae?i !aaF «aYaa?®F® acYa ¬ aYa? «®c, ?a? ?®a®a®©
ae ?a?cYa??Y § aa ae ¬®¦® !e«® !e a®?®aa c?ai a aaa ®c«Ye¬?
®a¬ ¬? Y?aYaec®, ®?Ya a?c® ceic«iai ®a?«®Y?i ®a
aaa ®c«Yea ®a¬ c ?a®aeYaaY ?§F®a®c«Y?i ?a®¤a?ae??.
®a¬ – ia® § ¤ ?Y, ae??a?aaieYY ?aY¤Y«i® ¤®?aaa?¬ai cY«?c?a
a aa®¤ ?®?aYa®F® ¬ aYa? « ?a®?§c®¤aac® Y¤??aee ?a®¤a?ae??
?«? ? ?®© «?!® a !®ae. ’ ? ? ““«ii®ca?c®¤®? «” § ae??a?a®-
c e ®a¬e a aa®¤ a?¬?cYa??a aY FYa®c 1 aea. ¬ ?a!. ®!a ! –
aec Y¬ea aa®cea ? c®¤®?a®c®¤ea c®¤.
®a¬ a?ce© a aa®¤ ¬ aYa? «®c ?a®?§c®¤aac® a®¤?aai
a¬®¦Y?Y¬ ?®«?cYaac cea !®a ®© ?a®¤a?ae?? aaa ®c«Yai
Y¤??cai ®a¬a a aa®¤ .
“cYa ? ?®aa®«i a aa®¤ ¬ aYa? «®c ?a®?§c®¤aac®
aYF« ¬Ya?a®c e “’??®ce¬? a? § ?i¬? ?® ?a?¬YY?i ®a¬ a?c®F®
¬Ya®¤ acYa § aa a ?a®?§c®¤aac® ? ? «i?a«?a®c ?i ®a¬ a?c®©
? ae ?a?cYa?®© aY!Yaa®?¬®aa? ?a®¤a?ae??” ? ®aa a«Yce¬? ?aaaa?ae?i¬?.
?®aa®«i ?a?®«i§®c ?i ¬ aYa? «®c c ?a®?§c®¤aacY ¤Y«?aai
?aY¤c a?aY«ie© ? ?®a«Y¤aie?© (a®®acYaaacY®, ¤® c «
?a®?§c®¤aacY®F® ?a®aeYaa ? ?®a«Y a aa®¤®c ?i ¬ aYa? «®c).
aY¤c a?aY«ie© ?®aa®«i c?«ic Ya E«?¬?a?a®c ?Y ®a?aa?
aYaaaa®c ? a?F «i®Y ¤®?a¬Ya?a®c ?YF.
‹?¬?a?a®c ?i ®a?aa? aYaaaa®c c ?a®?§c®¤aac® ®aaeYaac«iYaai
?®aaY¤aac®¬ «?¬?a® – § !®aea ? aa, c ?®a®aea ae??a?aaYaai «?¬?a
ce¤ c? ? ¦¤®F® c?¤ ¬ aYa? «®c. ‹?¬?a aaa c«?c Yaai «?!®
?c aa «, «?!® ¬Yaiae. ? «®F®¬ «?¬?aea ? aa ?
““«ii®ca?c®¤®? «” ic«iiaai “‡ ?a c®ceY cY¤®¬®aa?” (?a?«. 6),
a ?®¬®eii ?®a®aea ?®aa®«?aaYaai a aa®¤ !Y§? 100 ?¬ ?a®!YF
ca®aa a?®aaea aaY¤aac. „«i ceic«Y?i ?YaYa aa®¤ !Y§?
a c «® ®aY¤Y«iia ®a¬ a?ce© a aa®¤, ?aaY¬ a¬®¦Y?i ®a¬e
a aa®¤ !Y§? 100 ?¬ ?a®!YF ae ?a?cYa??© ?a®!YF, § aY¬
aa c?c ia ?®«acYai cY«?c?a a ae ?a?cYa??¬ ®!eY¬®¬ § ?a c«Y®-
F® !Y§? .
E?Ya®¤ a?F «i®F® ¤®?a¬Ya?a®c ?iF ?a?¬Yiia c a«ac ia
cea¦¤Y®© § ¬Ye ¬ aYa? «®c ? ?a? ®a?aa?Y acYaa ®a¬ eaacea
¬ aYa? «®c. ‚ ia?a a«ac ia ce??aec ia a?Yae? «ie© ¤®?a¬Ya,
?¬Yie?© aecYa®c®Y ®!®§ cY?Y (?®«®aa ?® ¤? F® «?, ¤aaF®© aecYa
!a¬ F?), c ?®a®a®¬ a? §ec ia ?a?c?a ? c?®c?? ®a?«®Y?©, c
Y?®a®aea a«ac ia ?a?c®¤ia ?a a acYa.
„®aa®?aac® ¬Ya®¤ a?F «i®F® ¤®?a¬Ya?a®c ?i c ?a®aa®aY,
a?cYaa «i®aa?, c®§¬®¦®aa? ?a?¬YY?i c «i!ea ?a®?§c®¤aac a.
a?®c®¤?aY«? ?aY¤?a?ia?©, ?®¤??aec i ¤®?a¬Yae, ?®«ac ia
a®®acYaacaieai ?ae®a¬ ae?i ? ?a?¬Yiia ¬Yae ?® ?aY¤®aca eY?i
?YaYa aa®¤ .Y¤®aa a®? ia®F® ¬Ya®¤ c a®¬, ca® ?a? Y¬ ceic«iiaai
Y acYaa®a¬ a?ce© a aa®¤ ¬ aYa? «®c, ?a acYaa«?¬?ae© ®a?aa? c
?a®?§c®¤aac®, ?®ia®¬a ® Y ¬®¦Ya a a ?aYa?§®c ai ?a?®«i§®c ?i
¬ aYa? «®c a !®c?a ¬Yaa a. „ e© ¬Ya®¤ Y ?a?®«i§aYaai
?§ac Y¬®¬ ?aY¤?a?ia??, a®ai ® ¬®F !e ?a?¬Yiaiai ¤«i ®a?aa? c
?a®?§c®¤aac® a ??a ¬ aYa? «iea aeY®aaY© ? ? a?¬?cYa??Y
aY FYae ? ¤a. „«i ia®F® Y®!a®¤?¬® aaa ®c?ai «?¬?a ®a?aa? c
?a®?§c®¤aac® ¤ ea c?¤®c ¬ aYa? «iea aYaaaa®c.
?§ ¬®¦Yaac c®§¬®¦ea ¬Ya®¤®c ?®a«Y¤aieYF® ?®aa®«i c eY
caYF® ?a?¬YiYaai ¬Ya®¤ a a?a®i ?® ? aa?i¬ ? ?cYa ae© ¬Ya®¤.
E?Ya®¤ ? aa?®®F® ? Y?aYaec®F® a a?a®iF – ?!®«YY
a ae?® «Y. Y¤®aa a®? ¤ ®F® ¬Ya®¤ c ®Fa ?cY®aa?
?a?¬YY?i: ® ¬®¦Ya ?a?®«i§®c aiai a®«i?® ¤«i ¬ aYa? «®c,
?®a®aeY ?®¤cYaF iaai a a?a®i, ?®ia®¬a ® Y ?a?¬YiYaai
?§ac Y¬®¬ ?aY¤?a?ia??.
“cYa ? aa?®®F® a a?a®i cY¤Yaai c acYaea ? aa a. ‚ ?a
§ ??aec ia ?®«?cYaac® ¬ aYa? « , ?®¤ ®F® ? a !®cY¬a ¬Yaaa,
?®«?cYaac® § F®a®c®? (¤Ya «Y© ?a®i), a¤Y« ea ?§ ia®© ? aa??,
?®«?cYaac® ?®«acYea ®aa®¤®c ? Y?a?®«i§®c ®F® ¬ aYa? « . aa®¤
¬ aYa? « ?® ®a¬ ¬ ®?aY¤Y«iYaai a¬®¦Y?Y¬ ?®«?cYaac
cea !®a ®© ?a®¤a?ae??, ¤Ya «Y© ®a¬a a aa®¤ . a?
a®?®aa c«Y?? ?®«?cYaac ae ?a?cYa?? ?§a aa®¤®c ea ¬ aYa? «®c a
a aa®¤®¬ ?® ®a¬ ¬ aaa c«?c Yaai aY§a«ia a ?a?®«i§®c ?i:
i?®®¬?i ?«? ?YaYa aa®¤.
“cYa ®a?«®Y?© c ?a?®«i§®c ?? a a?a ?c Y¬ea ¬ aYa? «®c
cY¤Yaai Y?®aaY¤aacY® c ?Yac?cea ¤®?a¬Ya a ?® a a?a®i:
a a?a®©ea «?aa a. ‚ ?a a? §ec ia ?a?c?e ? c?®c??®c
®a?«®Y?©, c a®¬ c?a«Y ?®?aYaea a !®c?a ¬Yaa a.?¤®caY¬Y®
a a?a®© i ¤®?a¬Ya ae?i a«a¦?a ¤«i ®?a?a®¤®c ?i ?®«acYea
¤Ya «Y© ? § F®a®c®?, ¤«i a??a ?i a aa®¤ ¬ aYa? «®c ?a®?§c®¤-
aac®.
„®aa®?aac® ? aa?®®F® ? Y?aYaec®F® a a?a®i c c®§¬®¦®aa?
?®aa®«i § ?a?®«i§®c ?Y¬ ¬ aYa? «®c Y?®aaY¤aacY® a !®c?a
¬Yaa a, c ceic«Y?? ?¤?c?¤a «iea ?a?c? ®a?«®Y?© ?® ? ¦¤®©
? aa?? ¬ aYa? «®c.
E?cYa ae© ¬Ya®¤F ceic«Y?i ®a?«®Y?© aaY!aYa ?cYa –
a?§ ae?? ®aa a?®c Y?§a aa®¤®c ea ¬ aYa? «®c c aeYa®cea ?« ¤®cea ?
a !®c?a ¬Yaa a ¤ aa ceic«Y?i ®a?«®Y?©. ” ?a?cYa??© a aa®¤
¬ aYa? «®c ®?aY¤Y«iia ?® ?§cYaa®© ae®a¬a«Y:
?ae = ?.?. + ?? – ??.?;
F¤Y ?ae – ae ?a?cYa??© a aa®¤ ¬ aYa? «®c;
?.? – ®aa a?? ¬ aYa? «®c c «® ?Ya?®¤ ;
??.? – ®aa a?? ¬ aYa? «®c ?®Yae ?Ya?®¤ , § ?®a®ae©
ceic«iiaai ®a?«®Y?i;
?? – ?®aaa?«Y?Y ¬ aYa? «®c ?a®?§c®¤aac® c aYcY??
?Ya?®¤
®a¬ a?ce© a aa®¤ ¬ aYa? «®c ? ?ac?a«iYaai ?aaY¬ a¬®¦Y?i
c?a« F®¤ea ¤Ya «Y©, § F®a®c®?, F®a®cea ?§¤Y«?© ®a¬ –
a?ceY § aa ae ? ¦¤®F® c?¤ ¬ aYa? «®c:
? = Q * ?,
F¤Y ? – ?®«?cYaac® ?§F®a®c«Yea ¤Ya «Y©,
Q – ®a¬ a aa®¤ ¬ aYa? «®c ®¤a ¤Ya «i.
?a?«®Y?i c a aa®¤Y ¬ aYa? «®c : ?ae – ?
?§ ®!eY© aa¬¬e ®a?«®Y?©, a ac?a ea a ??¬ ¬Ya®¤®¬, a¦®
?a?«ic?ai ®a¬ a?ceY § aa ae ®?®c aY«i® § !a ?®c eY ¤Ya –
«? ? ?§¤Y«?i ®a?«®Y?i c a«Y¤aac?? § ¬Ye ¬ aYa? «®c. ?aa ce iai
aa¬¬ ?aY¤aa c«iYa a®!®© cY«?c?a ®a?«®Y?©, ce§c ea
Ya ae?® «ie¬ ?a?®«i§®c ?Y¬ ®a?aeY a c ?a®?§c®¤aac®
¬ aYa? «®c. „®aa®?aac® ?cYa a®F® ¬Ya®¤ c a?cYaa «i®aa?
?a?¬YY?i ¤«i «i!ea ?a®?§c®¤aac, Y¤®aa a®? – c ®!Y§«?cY-
®aa? acYa ®a?«®Y?© ?® ?a?c? ¬ ? c?®c?? ¬.
„ e© ¬Ya®¤ ?a?®«i§aYaai ?aY¤?a?ia??, ® ?a?¬YiYaai ?a?
®?aY¤Y«Y?? acYaa®a¬ a?c®F® a aa®¤ a?¬aY FYa®c, ?a?®«i§aY¬ea
¤«i ®c?aa?? c®¤®?a®c®¤ea ? aa®cea c®¤. ‘aeYaacaia
¤®?a¬Ya «i® ?®¤acYa¦¤YeY ®a¬e a aa®¤ ? ¦¤®F® c?¤
a?¬aY FYa®c ®¤a aeaica ?a!?cYa??a ¬Yaa®c aY «?§®c ®© c®¤e.
? ¦¤e© ?c aa « ?« ®ce© ®a¤Y« ®?aY¤Y«iYa ®a?«®Y?i ae ?a?cYa?®F®
?®aaY!«Y?i a?¬aY FYa®c ®a ®a¬ a?c®F®, ?a?®«i§ai ¤ eY ®
ae ?a?cYa?®¬ ®!eY¬Y aY «?§®c ®© c®¤e. ?a®c®© ?a?c?®©
®a?«®Y?© ®a ®a¬ ic«iYaai aaYc? c®¤e c aY§a«ia aY c a?©. „ –
eY ?®aYa? a ?¦Y ®a¬?aaiaai ? ?®aYa? c ?aY¤Y« a ®a¬ cec?a iaai
?§ ®!eY© aa¬¬e ®a?«®Y?©. ®«acYeY ®a?«®Y?i a a ?aYa?§aia
YiaeaeY?a?®Y ?a?®«i§®c ?Y a?¬?cYa??a aY FYa®c c ?a®?§c®¤aacY.
’ ??¬ ®!a §®¬, ?®aa®«i § a aa®¤®c ?Y¬ ¬ aYa? «®c
?a®?§c®¤aac® ? ““«ii®ca?c®¤®? «” ®aF ?§aYaai ?®aaY¤aac®¬
¬Ya®¤®c «?¬?a?a®c ?i ®a?aa? ¬ aYa? «®c c ?a®?§c®¤aac® ?
?cYa a®F® ¬Ya®¤ , ?a?cY¬ ¤ eY ¬Ya®¤e ?a?¬Yiiaai ¤«i ?®aa®«i
§ ?a?®«i§®c ?Y¬ c ?a®?§c®¤aacY «?ei Y?®a®aea c?¤®c ¬ aYa? «iea
aeY®aaY©. ®ia®¬a ?aY¤?a?ia?i c ¦® aa®cYaeYaac®c ai ?
3F
a ae?a?ai a?aaY¬a ceic«Y?i ®a?«®Y?© ®a ®a¬ a?c®F® a aa®¤
¬ aYa? «®c. „«i ia®F®, c® – ?Yacea, c ¦® § ae??a?a®c ai ®a¬e
a aa®¤ ? «?¬?a ®a?aa? ?!®«YY aeYea ? ¤®a®F?a ¬ aYa? «iea
aeY®aaY©, ca®!e ?a ! §Y cY¤a?ai a ??Y ?Yac?ceY ¤®?a¬Yae, ? ?
«?¬?a® – § !®aeY ? aae, ?ae § ¬Ya acYaa«?¬?ae© ®a?aa? ? a.
?. ‚® – ca®aea, Y®!a®¤?¬® !®«YY e?a®?®Y cY¤aY?Y ?cYa a®F®
¬Ya®¤ ceic«Y?i ®a?«®Y?© (Y a®«i?® ¤«i a?¬aY FYa®c).
? ?®Yae, c aaYai?a, ¬®¦® ?aY¤«®¦?ai ca®¬ a?§?a®c ai
?a®aeYaa ?®aa®«i § ?a?®«i§®c ?Y¬ ¬ aYa? «®c c ?a®?§c®¤aacY,
¤«i ia®F® Y®!a®¤?¬® aaa ®c?ai Y¤?ai ?ae®a¬ ae?®ai aYai,
aci§ec ieai ?®¬?iiaYae c !aaF «aYa??, a?« ¤ a ? Y?®aaY¤aacY®
a !®c?a ¬Yaa a, ca® ?®§c®«?a ®?Ya a?c® ? ¤®aa®cYa® ceic«iai
Ya ae?® «i®Y ?a?®«i§®c ?Y c ?a®?§c®¤aacY ¬ aYa? «®c ? «?ae,
®acYaaacYea § ia®.
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E‡ ? ? ‹ ? — … ? ….F
‚ ®aa?©a?®© ”Y¤Ya ae?? c aa«®c?ia ae®c®© ?®?aaYae?? !« –
F®a®aa®i?Y ?aY¤?a?ia?i c® ¬®F®¬ § c?a?a ®a YF® a?®a®!®aa?,
!Y§ acY«?cY?i § aa a ? c®c«YcY?i c ?a®?§c®¤aac® ¤®?®«?aY«i-
ea ¤®a®F®aa®ie?a aYaaaa®c, ¤®aa?Faai ®?a?¬ «iea ®!eY¬®c
?a®?§c®¤aac ?a®¤a?ae?? (a !®a, aa«aF), ?®«ac?c ?a? ia®¬ ¬ ?-
a?¬ «i® c®§¬®¦ai ?a?!e«i.
‚ ia®© a?aa ae?? aa ®c?aai ®cYc?¤e¬ Y®!a®¤?¬®aai a ae?-
® «i®F® ? iaeaeY?a?c®F® ?a?®«i§®c ?i c ?a®aeYaaY ?a®?§c®¤aa-
cY®© ? a®§i©aacY®© ¤YiaY«i®aa? caYa ?¬Yie?aai ?aY¤?a?-
ia?? aYaaaa®c, c a®¬ c?a«Y ¬ aYa? «iea aYaaaa®c, § ?¬ ie?a
?!®«ie?© a¤Y«ie© cYa c ?®«®© aY!Yaa®?¬®aa? ?a®¤a?ae?? (a –
!®a, aa«aF) – 45.4 % ? ““«ii®ca?c®¤®? «” c 1996 F®¤a
[’ !«. 9].
‘«Y¤®c aY«i®, a®?a eY?Y ¬ aYa? «iea § aa a ? a?¦Y?Y
¬ aYa? «®Y¬?®aa? ?a®¤a?ae?? (a !®a, aa«aF) ic«iiai ¤«i a aa¬ a-
a?c Y¬®F® ?aY¤?a?ia?i c ¦Y©e?¬ ae ?a®a®¬ ?®ceeY?i iaeaeY?a?c-
®aa? ?a®?§c®¤aac , ?®a?®«i?a a¬YieY?Y § aa a ?a®?§c®¤-
aac® ?a®¤a?ae?? ca«Y¤aac?? i?®®¬®F® a aa®¤®c ?i ¬ aYa? «iea
aYaaaa®c a?®a®!aacaYa a?¦Y?i YY aY!Yaa®?¬®aa? ? a®aaa ?a?!e-
«? ®a YY aY «?§ ae??. ?a®¬Y a®F®, a?¦Y?Y a¤Y«iea a aa®¤®c
¬ aYa? «®c, ¬ aYa? «®Y¬?®aa? ?a®¤a?ae?? (a !®a, aa«aF) ?a?c®¤?a ?
aa?®aY?i ®!®a c?c Y¬®aa? ®!®a®aea aaY¤aac ?aY¤?a?ia?i, a¬Yi-
eY?i ¤YY¦ea § aa a ®!a §®c ?Y ?a®?§c®¤aacYea § ? a®c,
a«Y¤®c aY«i®, a«ace Yaai cai a®c®?a?®aai ?®? § aY«Y© iaeaeY?-
a?c®aa? ?a®?§c®¤aac .
®ia®¬a c ?a ?a??Y ?a?®«i§®c ?i ¬ aYa? «iea aYaaaa®c Y-
®!a®¤?¬® aa?®c®¤aac®c aiai cYa?® ®?aY¤Y«Ye¬? § ¤ c ¬? acYa ,
?®aa®«i ? «?§ ?a?®«i§®c ?i ¬ aYa? «®c ?a®?§c®¤aac®.
YeY?i ia?a a?®a®!aacaYa ?a c?«i i ®aF ?§ ae?i ®?Ya a?c®F®
(?® ¬Yaa ¬ aa Y?i ? ?a?®«i§®c ?i) ? !aaF «aYaa?®F® acYa
¬ aYa? «iea aeY®aaY© ?aY¤?a?ia??.
3F
‚ ?®a«Y¤?Y F®¤e ? ““«ii®ca?c®¤®? «” ¬®F®Y a¤Y« ®
?® a«aceY?i acYa ?® caY¬ ?a c«Y?i¬ acYa®F® ?a®aeYaa , c
a®¬ c?a«Y ?® ®aF ?§ ae?? acYa ? ?®aa®«i ?a?®«i§®c ?i ¬ aY-
a? «iea aYaaaa®c ?a®?§c®¤aac®. ’ ?, ?a?¬Ya:
– ?a?ia acYa i ?®«?a?? ?aY¤?a?ia?i, c ?®a®a®© cYa?® ®!®-
§ cYe ae®a¬e ? ¬Ya®¤e !aaF «aYaa?®F® acYa , ?a?®«i§aY¬eY c
YF® acYa®© ?a ?a??Y, a?®a®!e ®aeY?? ®!eY?a®c !aaF «aYaa?®F®
acYa , c a®¬ c?a«Y ¬ aYa? «iea aYaaaa®c;
– !aaF «aYaa??© acYa ¬ aYa? «iea aeY®aaY© ?®«®aaii ca®¬ –
a?§?a®c ? cY¤Yaai a ?®¬®eii a®caY¬Yea ?Yaa® «iea ?®¬-
?iiaYa®c, ca«Y¤aac?? cYF® ?®cea?« ai ®?Ya a?c®aai ? ¤®aa®-
cYa®aai ?ae®a¬ ae?? ® ¤c?¦Y?? ? ®aa a? a ¬ aYa? «iea aY-
aaaa®c, ?a? ¤«Y¦ e?a ?aY¤?a?ia?i.
?¤ ?® aea?ae?®?a®c ?Y ?aY¤?a?ia?i c ae®cea aa«®c?ia
®!aa«®c«?c Ya Y®!a®¤?¬®aai ¤ «iY©eYF® a®cYaeYaac®c ?i acY-
a , ?®aa®«i ? «?§ a aa®¤ ¬ aYa? «®c ?a®?§c®¤aac®, ? ?
®¤®F® ?§ c ¦Y©e?a ?aa®c??®c ?®ceeY?i iaeaeY?a?c®aa? ?a®?§-
c®¤aac , a®aa YF® ?®?aaYa®a?®a®!®aa? ? i?®®¬?cYa?®© aa-
a®©c?c®aa?.
?aa«Y¤®c ?i ¤Y©aacaieY© ?a ?a??? acYa ? ?®aa®«i ?a?®«i-
§®c ?i ¬ aYa? «®c ?a®?§c®¤aac® ? ““«ii®ca?c®¤®? «” c
1996 F. ?®§c®«?«® aaa ®c?ai, ca® acYa ? ?®aa®«i cY¤aaai c
®a®c®¬ c a®®acYaaac?? a ®«®¦Y?i¬? ® !aaF «aYaa?®¬ acYaY ?
®acYa®aa? c ” ®a 26.12.94 F. N 170 ? ?a?ia®© ?aY¤?a?ia??
acYa®© ?®«?a??®©.
?a?aa? ¬ aYa? «®c ?a®?§c®¤aacYeY ? a®§i©aacYeY a¦¤e
®ae®a¬«iYaai “’aY!®c ?i¬?” ®a?aa? ¬ aYa? «®c a??®c®©
¬Y¦¤acY¤®¬aacY®© ae®a¬e N ?-11 (?a?«.2), “ ?¤ ¤e¬?” caa-
aYYY ?YaY¬YeY?Y ¬ aYa? «®c (?a?«. 3), “ ?« ¤e¬? ®a?aa?
¬ aYa? «®c aa®a®a” a??®c®© ¬Y¦¤acY¤®¬aacY®© ae®a¬e N ?-15
(?a?«. 4) ? “‡ ?a c®ce¬? cY¤®¬®aai¬?” (?a?«. 6).
?aa«Y¤aY¬®¬ ?aY¤?a?ia?? aa?ae?© acYa ¬ aYa? «®c ®aF ?-
§aYaai ?® ?®¬!??a®c ®¬a ¬Ya®¤a «?a?cYa?®F® acYa ¬ aYa?-
«®c, ?®a®ae© a®Y¤?iYa ?a®FaYaa?c®aai a «i¤®c®F® ? ¤®aa®cYa-
®aai ?®«?cYaacY® – aa¬¬®c®F®. a? ia®¬ ¬Ya®¤Y !aaF «aYa?i
cY¤Ya acYa ¤c?¦Y?i ¬ aYa? «®c Y a®«i?® c ¤YY¦®¬, ® ? –
aaa «i®¬ cea ¦Y??, ca® ¤®?®«?aY«i® ®!«YFc Ya ?®?a? ®e?!®?
? a aa®¦¤Y?© ¬Y¦¤a ¤ e¬? !aaF «aYaa?®F® ? a?« ¤a?®F® acYa .
„c?¦Y?Y ¬ aYa? «iea aeY®aaY© ®aa ¦ Yaai Y?®aaY¤aacY®
acYa a 10 “? aYa? «e”, 12 “? «®aeYeY !eaaa®?§ e?c ie?Yai
aaY¤aac ” c ?a?¬Y?Y¬ acYa 16 “?a?«®Y?i c aa®?¬®aa? ¬ aYa?-
«®c”.
? aYa? «e, a??aec Y¬eY c ?a®?§c®¤aac®, ®aeY?c iaai ?® aaY¤-
Y© aY!Yaa®?¬®aa?. a? ia®¬ c aY?aeY¬ acYaY ?aY¤?a?ia?Y ?a-
?®«i§aYa acYaeY aeYe, c ? cYaacY ?®a®aea a«a¦ a ®?a®ceY aeYe
?aY®!aYaY?i, ®a?Y¤Y«iY¬eY ¬Ya®¤®¬ ”?”?. a®aeYaa ®?aY¤Y«Y?i
®a?«®Y?© ae ?a?cYa?®© aY!Yaa®?¬®aa? ¬ aYa? «®c ®a ?a aa®?¬®a-
a? ?® acYae¬ aeY ¬ ca®¬ a?§?a®c ?Yaa® «iea ?®¬?iiaY-
a a ? ?a®?aa®¤?a c ?®aeY ¬Yaiae , ?®F¤ a®F« a® a aac?a ®¬a
?a®aeYaa ®a?«®Y?©, a®®acYaacaie?Y acYa § aa a ?® ?a c-
«Y?i¬ a aa®¤®c ?i ¬ aYa? «®c a??aec iaai ®?aY¤Y«YeY ?a®Fa ¬-
¬e¬ a?®a®!®¬ ®a?«®Y?i.
‘?aYa?cYa??© acYa a aa®¤ ¬ aYa? «®c ®aF ?§aYaai a ?®-
¬®eii ¬ e?®Fa ¬¬, ?®«ac Y¬ea ca®¬ a?cYa?? ?Yaa® «iea
‚?, ?a?¬Ya,”?!®a®a i cY¤®¬®aai ?® a?« ¤ ¬” (?a?«. 9 ),”?a®-
F? ?® ¤®?a¬Ya ¬ ?a?a®¤ – a aa®¤ ” (?a?«. 10), “„c?¦Y?Y ¬ aY-
a? «®c c ¤YY¦®¬ c?¤Y ” (?a?«. 11), “?a®F? aY «?§ ae?? ” (?a?«.
12), “ aa®¤ ¬ aYa? «®c ?® ?a c«Y?i¬ § aa a” (?a?«. 13 ).
‚ aeY«®¬ ®aF ?§ ae?i acYa ? ?®aa®«i ?a?®«i§®c ?i ¬ aYa? –
«®c ?a®?§c®¤aac® ? ““«ii®ca?c®¤®? «” a®®acYaaacaYa
aaY!®c ?i¬ a®¤Ya¦ e?¬ai c ®a¬ a?cea ¤®?a¬Ya a ?® acYaa ¬ –
aYa? «®c, ®¤ ?®, c a®¤Y ?aa«Y¤®c ?i !e«? ceic«Ye a«Y¤aie?Y
Y¤®aa a??:
1) a®F« a® acYa®© ?®«?a??Y ? ““«ii®ca?c®¤®? «” ¬ aYa?-
«ieY aYaaaae ®aa ¦ iaai acYaY 10 “? aYa? «e” ?®
acYae¬ aeY ¬, ?a?¬YiYaai a ?¦Y acYa 16 “?a?«®Y?i c
aa®?¬®aa? ¬ aYa? «®c”, a®F« a® ®a¬ a?ce¬ ¤®?a¬Ya ¬
c ¤ ®¬ a«ac Y ¤®«¦Y ?a?®«i§®c aiai ? acYa 15 “‡ F®-
a®c«Y?Y ? ?a?®!aYaY?Y ¬ aYa? «®c”, ® ?a ?a??Y ®
Y ?a?¬YiYaai, ca® ac?¤YaY«iaacaYa ® aaeY?? ®a¬ –
a?cea ?a c?« cY¤Y?i !aaF «aYaa?®F® acYa c ” ?§a-
c Y¬®¬ ?aY¤?a?ia??;
2) Y¤®aa a®c® iaeaeY?a?c® ®aF ?§®c ?®aa®«i § a ae?®-
«ie¬ ?a?®«i§®c ?Y¬ ¬ aYa? «iea aeY®aaY© c ?a®?§-
c®¤aacY, a. ?. ?a ?a??Y ?a?¬YiYaai a®«i?® ?cYa a-
e© ¬Ya®¤ ¤«i ?®aa®«i § ?a?®«i§®c ?Y¬ c ?a®?§c®¤aacY
a?¬?cYa??a aY FYa®c ? ¬Ya®¤ «?¬?a?a®c ?i ®a?aa? !Y-
§? , ca«Y¤aac?? cYF® a®§¤ iaai aa«®c?i ¤«i Ya ae?®-
«i®F® ? YaeY«Yc®F® ?a?®«i§®c ?i ¬ aYa? «®c c ?Ya-
c?c®¬ acYaY;
3) c ?Yac?c®¬ acYaY Y ?a?®«i§aiaai ?!®«YY iaeaeY?a?ceY
c?¤e a aa®¤ea ?Yac?cea ¤®?a¬Ya®c, a ??Y ? ? «?¬?a®-
§ !®aeY ? aae, ?®a®aeY ¬®F«? !e ?a?¬Yiaiai ¤«i aY?a-
eYF® ?®aa®«i § «?¬?a ¬? ®a?aa? Y?®a®aea a?aaY¬ a?-
cYa?? ?®aaY!«iY¬ea ?a? ce?®«Y?? a !®a ¬ aYa? «®c
?a®?§c®¤aacYeY ? a®§i©aacYeY a¦¤e;
4) ? acYaa 10 “? aYa? «e” ®a?aeae a®«i?® 3 aa!acYa : 5
“?a®ceY ¬ aYa? «e”, 6 “‡ ? aeY c aa?”, 8 “?‘?”, a –
? i a?aa?Y i Faa???a®c? c aa®ieYY caY¬i ic«iYaai
Y iaeaeY?a?c®©, ?®a?®«i?a aa!acYaY 5 “?a®ceY ¬ aY-
a? «e” ac?aec iaai a §«?ceY ?® a®«? c ?a®aeYaaY ?a®?§-
c®¤aac ¬ aYa? «e, ca® aa«®¦iYa ?®?a? ? a!®a ?ae®a¬ –
ae?? ® Y®!a®¤?¬®© Faa??Y ¬ aYa? «iea aeY®aaY©, ?a?-
¬Ya, a?¬?cYa??a aY FYa®c;
5) !aaF «aYa ¬ aYa? «i®F® ®a¤Y« –Yaa «?§®c ®© !aaF «-
aYa?? ?a??¬ Ya ?Yac?ceY ¤®?a¬Yae ?® ¤c?¦Y?i ¬ aYa?-
«iea aeY®aaY© ®a § cY¤aie?a a?« ¤®c !Y§ ®ae®a¬«Y?i
“YYaaa ?a?Y¬?? – ?YaY¤ c? ?a?a®¤ea ? a aa®¤ea ¤®?a-
¬Ya®c”, ca® ¬®¦® !e«® !e ac?a ai ®!®a®c e¬ «?ei
c aa«®c?ia ?®«®© ca®¬ a?§ ae?? a?« ¤a?®F® ? !aaF «aYa-
a?®F® acYa ;
6) a !®c?Y ¬Yaa § cY¤aie?a ?« ¤®cea Y ®a eYe ?®¬?iiaY-
a ¬?, ca® § c?aY«i® aa«®¦iYa a !®aa ? ?®cee Ya cYa®-
ia®aai c®§??®cY?i ®e?!®? ? Ya®c®aaY© ?a? § ?®«Y-
?? ?Yac?cea ¤®?a¬Ya®c, a ?¦Y a aa®¦¤Y?© a ¤ e¬?
!aaF «aYaa?®F® acYa .
‚ aeY«ia a®cYaeYaac®c ?i acYa ? ?®aa®«i a aa®¤ ¬ aYa? –
«®c ?a®?§c®¤aac® ? «?§ iaeaeY?a?c®aa? ?a?®«i§®c ?i ¬ –
aYa? «iea aYaaaa®c ? ““«ii®ca?c®¤®? «” ?aY¤aa c«iYaai
aeY«Ya®®!a §e¬ ?aY¤«®¦?ai:
1) “c?aec i, ca® c ? cYaacY acYaea aeY ?a?¬Yiiai ®?a®ceY
aeYe, ? § c?a, ®a?«®Y?i¬? ¬®Faa ic«iaiai a®«i?® aa –
a?®aa® – § F®a®c?aY«ieY a aa®¤e, a ?¦Y ac?aec i, ca®
acYa 15 “‡ F®a®c«Y?Y ? ?a?®!aYaY?Y ¬ aYa? «®c” ?a ?-
a??Y Y ?a?®«i§aYaai, ¬®¦® a¤Y« ai cec®¤ ® a®¬, ca® aeY-
«Ya®®!a §® ?aY¤?a?ia?i ®a? § aiai ®a ?a?®«i§®c ?i acYa
16 “?a?«®Y?i c aa®?¬®aa? ¬ aYa? «®c” ? ®a?aeai aa!acYa ?
acYaa 10 “’‡”, ?®a®a®¬ ? !a¤aa ®aa ¦ aiai a? § eY
®a?«®Y?i. ‚ ia®¬ a«ac Y ¬Ya®¤®«®F?i !aaF «aYaa?®F® acY-
a ?®aaa?«Y?i ¬ aYa? «®c !a¤Ya ?®«®aaii a®®acYaaac®c ai
®a¬ a?ce¬ aaY!®c ?i¬ ?® acYaa ¬ aYa? «iea aYaaaa®c
acYaY 10 “? aYa? «e” ?® ae ?a?cYa?®© aY!Yaa®?¬®aa?.
2) ? ““«ii®ca?c®¤®? «” c ¦® aa®cYaeYaac®c ai ? a ae?-
a?ai a?aaY¬a ceic«Y?i ®a?«®Y?© ®a ®a¬ a?c®F® a aa®¤
¬ aYa? «®c. „«i ia®F®, c® – ?Yacea, c ¦® § ae??a?a®c ai
®a¬e a aa®¤ ? «?¬?a ®a?aa? ?!®«YY aeYea ? ¤®a®F?a
¬ aYa? «iea aeY®aaY©, ca®!e ?a ! §Y cY¤a?ai a ??Y
?Yac?ceY ¤®?a¬Yae, ? ? «?¬?a® – § !®aeY ? aae, ?ae
§ ¬Ya ? acYaa«?¬?ae© ®a?aa? ¬ aYa? «®c ? a. ?. ‚® –
ca®aea, Y®!a®¤?¬® !®«YY e?a®?®Y cY¤aY?Y ?cYa a®F® ¬Y-
a®¤ ceic«Y?i ®a?«®Y?© (Y a®«i?® ¤«i a?¬?Ya??a aY FY-
a®c). ? ?®Yae, c aaYai?a, ¬®¦® ?aY¤«®¦?ai ca®¬ a?§?a®-
c ai ?a®aeYaa ?®aa®«i § ?a?®«i§®c ?Y¬ ¬ aYa? «®c c ?a®?§-
c®¤aacY, ¤«i ia®F® Y®!a®¤?¬® aaa ®c?ai Y¤?ai ?ae®a¬ ae?®-
ai aYai, aci§ec ieai ?®¬?iiaYae c !aaF «aYa??, a?« ¤ a ?
Y?®aaY¤aacY® a !®c?a ¬Yaa a, ca® ?®§c®«?a ®?Ya a?c® ?
¤®aa®cYa® ceic«iai Ya ae?® «i®Y ?a?®«i§®c ?Y c ?a®?§-
¤®¤aacY ¬ aYa? «®c ? «?ae, ®acYaaacYea § ia®.
3) ?®¦® aY?®¬Y¤®c ai a §a !®a ai !®«YY ¤Ya «iai Faa???-
a®c?a ¬ aYa? «®c, ?a?®«i§aY¬ea Y?®aaY¤aacY® ¤ ®¬
?aY¤?a?ia?? ? ®a?aeai acYaY 10 “? aYa? «e” a®®acYa-
aacaie?Y aa!acYa , ?a?¬Ya, c ®a¤Y«iai Faa??a ¬®¦®
ce¤Y«?ai a?¬?cYa??Y aY FYae, ia® ?®§c®«?a !®«YY ®?Ya –
a?c® ? ¤®aa®cYa® ®?aY¤Y«iai ae ?a?cYa?ai aY!Yaa®?¬®aai
?§a aa®¤®c ea ? ®aa ce?aai a?« ¤Y a?¬?cYa??a aY –
FYa®c.
4) ‚cYaa? “YYaaa ?a?Y¬?? – a¤ c? ¤®?a¬Ya®c” ae. ? – 13 ¤«i
?®aa®«i § ?®«®a®© a¤ c? ?Yac?cea ¤®?a¬Ya®c § cY¤ai-
e?¬? ?« ¤®c a c !aaF «aYa?i.
5) ‚ ¤ «iY©eY¬ ? ““«ii®ca?c®¤®? «” ¬®¦® ?aY¤«®¦?ai ?®-
¬?iiaYaY§?a®c ai a?« ¤a?®© acYa, ca® § c?aY«i® ®!«YFc?a
aaa¤ § cY¤aie?a a?« ¤®c, c ?Yaa?Y?a?cY ¤«i aa?®aY?i
¤®?a¬Ya®®!®a®a ? ?®«acY?i ®?Ya a?c®© ?ae®a¬ ae?? ®
¤c?¦Y?? ¬ aYa? «iea aeY®aaY©, aeY«Ya®®!a §® a®Y¤??ai
?®¬?iiaYae “?a c«Y?i ? ““«ii®ca?c®¤®? «” ? caYa ?« –
¤®cea c Y¤?ai ?ae®a¬ae?®ai aYai.
a®cY¤Ye© «?§ iaeaeY?a?c®aa? ?a?®«i§®c ?i ¬ aYa? «iea
aYaaaa®c aaa ®c?«, ca® ?a®?§c®¤aac® ? ““«ii®ca?c®¤®? «”
c 1995 – 1996 FF ic«iYaai ¬ aYa? «®Y¬??¬, a ? ? ? ¬ aYa? «ieY
§ aa ae c ®!eY¬ a®aa cY § aa a ?a®?§c®¤aac® ? aY «?§ ae?i
?a®¤a?ae?? (a !®a, aa«aF) § ?¬ ia ?!®«ie?© a¤Y«ie© cYa ? a®a-
a c«iia a®®acYaaacY® 47.6% ? 45.4%. “¬YieY?Y !a®«ia®© aa¬¬e
¬ aYa? «iea § aa a c 1996 F. ?® aa cY?i a 1995 F. 3 387.0
¬«. aa!. ?«? 4.4% ?a? ®¤®caY¬Y®¬ a?¦Y?? ?a ¤®«? c ®!eY©
aa¬¬Y § aa a ?a®?§c®¤aac® ? aY «?§ ae?i ?a®¤a?ae?? (a !®a,aa«aF)
2.2 ?a®aeYaea ?a?a ac?¤YaY«iaacaYa ® a?¦Y?? ¬ aYa? «®Y¬-
?®aa? ?a®?§c®¤aac , ca® ic«iYaai ?®«®¦?aY«ie¬ ¬®¬Ya®¬ c a®§i©-
aacY®© ¤YiaY«i®aa? «?§?aaY¬®F® ?aY¤?a?ia?i.
a®cY¤YeY a acYae ?®? § «?, ca® c 1996 F. ae ?a?cYa??Y ¬ –
aYa? «ieY § aa ae !e«? ?¦Y ?« ®cea 7.2%, ae ?a?cYa??©
®!eY¬ ?a®?§cY¤Yea a !®a a¬Yie?«ai ?® aa cY?i a ?« ®¬
a®«i?® 5.0%. ’ ?®Y a®®a®eY?Y ?§¬YY?© ia?a ?®? § aY«Y©
®!aa«®c?«® a?¦Y?Y ®!eY© ¬ aYa? «®Y¬?®aa? ce?®«Yea a !®a a
43.0 ?®? ?® ?« a ¤® 41.9 ?®?. ae ?a?cYa??, ca® ?a?cY«® ? a?¦Y-
?i ¬ aYa? «iea § aa a 1 954.7 ¬«. aa!. ? ?®§c®«?«® ¤®-
?®«?aY«i® ce?®«?ai a !®a 4 545.8 ¬«. aa!. ’ ?®Y ¦Y a®®a-
®eY?Y ?§¬YY?© ¬ aYa? «iea § aa a ? ®!eY¬ ?a®?§cY¤Yea
a !®a a a ?aYa® ¤«i 1996 F. ?® aa cY?i a 1995 F. – ?a? a?-
¦Y?? ¬ aYa? «iea § aa a § ia®a ?Ya?®¤ caY¬Y? 4.4%,
a¬YieY?Y ®!eY¬ ce?®«Yea a !®a a®aa c?«® 4.1%, c aY§a«ia –
aY cYF® ae ?a?cYa? i ®!e i ¬ aYa? «®Y¬?®aai c 1996 F. !e« ?¦Y
a®®acYaaacaieYF® YY § cY?i c 1995 F. 0.1 ?®?. ‚aY ia? ¤ –
eY ac?¤YaY«iaacaia ® ¤®aa a®c® iaeaeY?a?c®¬ ?a?®«i§®c ?? ¬ –
aYa? «iea aYaaaa®c.
„«i ceic«Y?i ?a?c? ?§¬YY?i ®!eY© ¬ aYa? «®Y¬?®aa? ce?®«-
Yea a !®a ? ““«ii®ca?c®¤®? «” c 1996 F. ?a®cY¤Y –
«?§ c aaea ?®? § aY«Y© ¬ aYa? «®Y¬?®aa?, ?®a®ae© ceic?«, ca®
iaeaeY?a?c® ?a?®«i§®c «?ai ?a? ce?®«Y?? a !®a a?¬?cYa??Y aY –
FYae, ?®?a?eY ?§¤Y«?i ? ?®«aae !a?? ae, aY?«®iYaF?i ? i«Y?a-
a®iYaF?i, c aci§? a cY¬ ¬ aYa? «ieY § aa ae a¬Yie?«?ai
5 508.7 ¬«. aa!., ca® ¤ Ya c®§¬®¦®aai ¤®?®«?aY«i® ce?®«-
?ai a !®a aa¬¬a 12 810.9 ¬«. aa!. YiaeaeY?a?c® ?a?®«i§®-
c «?ai aY¬®aeY ¬ aYa? «e, ?a?®«i§aY¬eY ¤«i ?a®cY¤Y?i aY¬®-
a c®¤®?a®c®¤ea ? ? «?§ ae?®ea a®®aa¦Y?©?, ?a®c?Y c?¤e
¬ aYa? «®c, c a«Y¤aac?? cYF® ¬ aYa? «ieY § aa ae acY«?c?«?ai
3 554.6 ¬«. aa!., ca® a¬Yie?«® c®§¬®¦e© ®!eY¬ ce?®«Yea
a !®a 8 265.1 ¬«. aa!. ‡ c?a, ? ““«ii®ca?c®¤®? «” Y-
®!a®¤?¬® aY?®¬Y¤®c ai, ?a®¤®«¦ i a?¦ ai ®!eai ¬ aYa? «®Y¬-
?®aai ce?®«Yea a !®a !Y§ aaa¤eY?i ?a ? cYaac , ?a?iai ¬Y-
ae ?® ?aY¤®aca eY?i ?YaYa aa®¤®c ?® aa cY?i a ?« ®¬ ®a-
¤Y«iea c?¤®c ¬ aYa? «iea aYaaaa®c.
a®cY¤Ye© «?§ iaeaeY?a?c®aa? ?a?®«i§®c ?i ¬ aYa? «iea
aYaaaa®c aaa ®c?«, ca® § acYa ¬®!?«?§ ae?? ceic«Yea aY§Yac®c
? ““«ii®ca?c®¤®? «” a¬®¦Ya a?§?ai ¬ aYa? «ieY § aa ae,
a«Y¤®c aY«i®, ? aY!Yaa®?¬®aai ce?®«Yea a !®a 3 554.0
¬«. aa!. ?!e i aa¬¬ aY§Yac a®aa ®!eY¬ ce?®«Yea a !®a
§ acYa a«aceY?i ?a?®«i§®c ?i ¬ aYa? «iea aYaaaa®c a®aa –
c«iYa 8 265.1 ¬«. aa!. ?«? 4.7% ®a ae ?a?cYa?®F® ?a ®!eY¬ c
1996 F.
”®a¬ N 24
“acYa¦¤Y
?a?? §®¬ ??ca§ ‘‘‘
®a 6 ?aY«i 1983 F. N 429
_____________________________________________________________________
( ?¬Y®c ?Y ca§ )
” ?a«iaYa ____________ ? aeY¤a ______________________________________
‘?Yae? «i®aai _______________________________________________________
“acYa¦¤ i
‡ c. ? aeY¤a®©
“___” _______ 199_F.
‡ ? „ ? ? …
? „?‹????“ ?…?’“ (??’…) ‘’“„…’?
_____________________________________________________________________
(”??)
1. ’Y¬ ?a®Y?a (a !®ae) ____________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
aacYa¦¤Y ?a?? §®¬ ?® ?aa?aaaa ®a “___” _______________ 199__ F. __
2. ‘a®? a¤ c? aaa¤Ya®¬ § ?®cY®F® ?a®Y?a (a !®ae) _______________
3. ?aa®¤eY ¤ eY ? ?a®Y?aa (a !®aY) _______________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
4. ‘®¤Ya¦ ?Y a acYa® – ?®ia?aY«i®© § ??a?? (?YaYcYi ?®¤«Y¦ e?a
a §a !®a?Y c®?a®a®c) ________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
5. YaYcYi Fa ae?cYa?®F® ¬ aYa? « (a a®ce¬ a? § ?Y¬ ®!i§ aY«iea
cYaaY¦Y©) ________________________________________________________
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_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
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6. ?®aa«ia a ?® ?a®Y?aa (a !®aY), a a? § ?Y¬ ®a®aie?aai ? ?¬
a §¤Y«®c ?a®Y?a (a !®ae).
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? ? ? ®¤??ai, ¤ a ?
? ? +———–T————+
? §¤Y« ? ?®aa«ia a ? § ¤ ?Y ? § ¤ ?Y ?
? ? ? ce¤ « ? ?a?i« ?
+——————+———————–+———–+————+
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7. „ a ce¤ c? § ¤ ?i ______________________________________________
a?®c®¤?aY«i _____________________________________________________
(?®¤??ai)
‡ ¤ ?Y ?a?i« ? ?a?®«Y?i ______________________________________
(?®¤??ai)
C ? ‚ ? ?
® ?a ?a?cYa?®© § c?¬®aa? ¤??«®¬®© a !®ae
„??«®¬ i a !®a ____________________________________________________
( ?¬Y®c ?Y
_____________________________________________________________________
¤??«®¬®©
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a !®ae)
aaa¤Ya (??) _______________________________________________________
2 ?aaa ®a¤Y«Y?i ca®a®F® ceeYF® ®!a §®c ?i
“‡? “«?“, ce?®«Y i ¬ aYa? « a
_____________________________________________________________________
a®¤Ya¦?a ____________________________________________________________
(?YaYc?a«?ai ?®«®¦Y?i ? cec®¤e, ?¬Yie?Y
_____________________________________________________________________
?a ?a?cYa?®Y § cY?Y)
_____________________________________________________________________
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?« e© !aaF «aYa ®¤??ai
Yc ai
a?«®¦Y?Y 2
‡ ? ? ‚ ? ?
?aY¤?a?ia?i ce?®«Y?Y
¤??«®¬®© a !®ae
‡ cY¤aieY¬a ? aeY¤a®©
ae? a®c, !aaF «aYaa?®F®
acYa ? aa a?aa???
“‡? “«?“
aY¤?a?ia?Y _________________________________________________________
Y?®¬Y¤aYa aaa¤Yaa 2 ?aaa ®a¤Y«Y?i ca®a®F® ceaeYF® ®!a §®c ?i
_____________________________________________________________________
(”?? aaa¤Ya )
§a !®a ai ¤??«®¬ai a !®aa aY¬a:
_____________________________________________________________________
?¬Y®c ?Y aY¬e ¤??«®¬®© a !®ae
_____________________________________________________________________
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®!®a®c ?Y § ic?? aY¬a
_____________________________________________________________________
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c «i?? ?« ®c®F® ®a¤Y« ®¤??ai
Yc ai
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? ?
? ?®aa®«i ?a?®«i§®c ?i ¬ aYa? «®c c ?a®?§c®¤aacY ?
? ?
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?a. 6. ?Ya®¤e ?®aa®«i ?a?®«i§®c ?i ¬ aYa? «®c c ?a®?§c®¤aacY.
?¬Y®c ?Y ®aF ?§ ae?? E? ““«ii®ca?c®¤®? «”F
?Yaiae _______________
?cYa ae© ®¬Ya ¬ e?e _______________________
E‡??‚?—?? ‚…„???‘’?F
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„ a ? ”?? ? ? ? ? ®¤??ai
? ?®«ac aY«i ? ? ? ?
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? ? ? ? ?
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® a aa¬ aa?c Y¬®¬a ?aY¤?a?ia?i ¬®¦® a¤Y« ai cec®¤, ca®
?a?®«i§®c ?Y ¬ aYa? «®c c ?a®?§c®¤aacY ?®aa®«?aaYaai a®«i?®
®¤?¬ a?®a®!®¬ – ?cYa ae¬, ® ® Y c a®aa®i?? ®?aY¤Y«?ai
«?ae, ?® c?Y ?®a®aea ?a®?§®eY« ?YaYa aa®¤ ?«? i?®®¬?i. ®i-
a®¬a ¤«i ®aF ?§ ae?? c ¦® ®?aY¤Y«?ai «?¬?a ®a?aa? c ?a®?§-
c®¤aac® Y?®a®aea aeYea ¬ aYa? «®c ? ccYaa? a ??Y a aa®¤eY
¤®?a¬Yae, ? ? «?¬?a® – § !®aeY ? aae, ?ae § ¬Ya
? acYaa«?¬?ae© ®a?aa? ? a.?.
Y§ c?a?¬® ®a ?a?¬YiY¬®F® ¬Ya®¤ ceic«Y?i ®a?«®Y?©
aeY«Ya®®!a §® aaaY¬?aiai ®?Ya a?c® ceic«iai ®a?«®Y?i ®a ®a¬
? ®aa ¦ ai ?a c ?Yac?cea ¤®?a¬Ya a, ®acYa®aa?, aaa c«?c i
?a?c?e ia?a ®a?«®Y?©.
?a®ce¬? ¬Ya®¤ ¬?
ceic«Y?i ®a?«®Y?© ®a aaa ®c«Yea ®a¬
ic«iiaai:
– a?F «i®Y ¤®?a¬Ya?a®c ?Y;
– acYa ? aa?®®F® ? Y?aYaec®F® a a?a®i ¬ aYa? «®c;
– ?aY¤c a?aY«ie© a acYa ®a?«®Y?© ?® ae ?a?cYa?®© aYaeY?aaaY
§ ?aa? ¬ aYa? «®c c ?a®?§c®¤aac® (a acYa® «?a?cYa??©
¬Ya®¤);
– ?cYa ae© ¬Ya®¤.
E?Ya®¤ ?aY¤c a?aY«iea a acYa®c ®a?«®Y?©F ?aaY¬ a®?®a-
a c«Y?i ®a¬ a?c®© ? ae ?a?cYa?®© aYaeY?aaae § ?aa? aeaii ?
¬ aYa? «®c ?a?¬YiYaai c ?a®?§c®¤aac a, F¤Y ®? ?®aaY!«iiaai
c c?¤Y a¬Ya? (??eYc®©, a?¬?cYa?®© ?a®¬ee«Y®aa? ? a.?.).
‡¤Yai ®a?«®Y?i ceic«iiaai ?a? ®a?aa?Y aeaii ? ¬ aYa? «®c
c ?a®?§c®¤aac®, aa c?c i ?® ? ¦¤®¬a ?®¬?®Yaa a¬Ya?
a aa®¤ ?® ®a¬Y ? ae ?a?cYa??©. ®a¬ a?ce© !®a ?®¬?®Ya®c
¬®¦® ®?aY¤Y«?ai ?aaY¬ a¬®¦Y?i cYa ?«? ®!eY¬ § Faa§??
?aY¤aa¬®aaYe© aYa®«®F?cYa??¬ ?a®aeYaa®¬ ?®iaeae?ae?Ya
ac aa?i ? ¦¤®F® c?¤ , a®aa , ¬ a?? aeaii ? ¬ aYa? «®c c ?a
®!eY¬ ?®aaY!«Y??. „ e© ¬Ya®¤ Y ?a?®«i§aYaai ?aY¤-
?a?ia?? c c?¤a YF® a?Yae?ae?c®aa?.
34
35
‡??‹?—…?…
a®?§c®¤aacYeY § ? ae (aeaiY, ¬ aYa? «e, a®?«?c®),
ic«iiai ?aY¤¬Ya ¬? aaa¤ , ®!Ya?Yc?c ia c¬YaaY a® aaY¤aac ¬?
aaa¤ ? a !®cY© a?«®© ?a®?§c®¤aacYe© ?a®aeYaa ?aY¤?a?ia?i,
c ?®a®a®¬ ®? ?a?®«i§aiaai ®¤®?a a®. ‘Y!Yaa®?¬®aai ?a
?®«®aaii ?YaY¤ Yaai c®ci a®§¤ e© ?a®¤a?a.
?§ac Y¬®¬ ?aY¤?a?ia?? a¤Y«ie© cYa ¬ aYa? «iea § aa a
c aY!Yaa®?¬®aa? c®¤®?a®c®¤ea aa«aF a®aa c«iYa ?a?¬Ya® 20%.
Ya¬®aai ®a®a?aY«i® Y!®«ieai cY«?c?a ¤ ®F® ?®? § aY«i
a aa¬ aa?c Y¬ i aY¬ Y ¬®¦Ya ic«iaiai ca®a®aaY?Y®©. ‚ a-
a®ieYY caY¬i c aa«®c?ia ae®c®© i?®®¬??? ®?aY¤Y«iieYY § cY?Y
?aY®!aYa ia ? cYaacYeY ?®? § aY«?, a ??Y ? ? a?¦Y?Y a¤Y«i-
ea § aa a aeaii, ¬ aYa? «®c ? a®?«?c . ®a«Y¤YY ¬®¦®
¤®aa?ci iaeaeY?a?c® ®aF ?§ai acYa ¬ aYa? «iea acYa ¬ aYa?-
«iea aeY®aaY© ?aY¤?a?ia??, a ?¦Y cY¤aii ¤Y©aacY-
eY ¬Ya®¤e ?®aa®«i § a®aa ®aaii ? ?a?®«i§®c ?Y¬ ¬ aY-
a? «®c c ?a®?§c®¤aacY.
‚ ¦®© ?aY¤?®ae«?®© ?a c?«i®© ®aF ?§ ae?? acYa
?a®?§c®¤aacYea § ? a®c ic«iYaai ?a ?« aa?ae?? ae?i ?®
§ cY?i ? a®«? c ?a®aeYaaY ?a®?§c®¤aac . ‚ a®®acYaaac??
a Y© ?a®?§c®¤aacYeY § ? ae ?®¤a §¤Y«iiaai a«Y¤aie?Y:
– aeaiY ? ¬ aYa? «e;
– ?®?a?eY ?®«aae !a?? ae ? ?®¬?«Y?aaie?Y ?§¤Y«?i,
?®aaaa?ae??? ¤Ya «?;
– a®?«?c®
– a a ? a aeY ¬ aYa? «e;
– § ? aeY c aa?;
– ?a®c?Y ¬ aYa? «e;
– aaa®?aY«ieY ¬ aYa? «e;
– ¬ «®aeYeY ? !eaaa®?§ e?c ie?Yai ?aY¤¬Yae (?).
‚ a®®acYaaac?? a ?« ®¬ acYa®c !aaF «aYaa?®F® acYa
¤«i ? ¦¤®© ?§ a? § ea Faa?? acYaY 10 “? aYa? «e”
(?a®¬Y ?) ?aY¤ § cY ®a¤Y«ie© aa!acYa.
?aY¤?a?ia?? c ®a¤Y«ieY Faa??e ce¤Y«Ye a«Y¤aie?Y
c?¤e ¬ aYa? «ieYa aeY®aaY©: ?‘?, § ? aeY c aa? ? ¬ aYa? «e,
? ?®a«Y¤Y© Faa??Y ®a®aiaai ? caY ®aa «ieY ceeY ?YaYc?a«Y-
eY Faa??e, ?®ia®¬a ® a®aa c«iYa a ¬ai § c?aY«iai c aai-
82%. ’ ? i ?« aa?ae?? ae?i ?®F¤ !ec Ya Y¤®aa a®c®©,
c ¤ «iY©eY¬ ¬®¦® ?aY¤«®¦?ai ?a®?§cYaa? !®«YY ¤Ya «iai
a §!?c?a ¬ aYa? «®c ?® Faa?? ¬, ?a?¬Ya, c ®a¤Y«iai
Faa??a ce¤Y«?ai a?¬aY FYae, ?®a®aeY ?¤aa ®c?aa?a
c®¤e ¤«i a®F®, ca®!e !®«YY a®c® ®?aY¤Y«iai ?a a aa®¤
®a®c®Y ?a?§c®¤aac®.
‚ ¦Y©eY© ?aY¤?®ae«?®© iaeaeY?a?c®© ®aF ?§ ae?? acYa ¬ aY-
a? «®c ic«iYaai ?a ®aeY? . ‚ a®®acYaaac?? a ®«®¦Y?Y¬ ®
!aaF «aYaa?®¬ acYaY ? ®acYa®aa? ?a®?§c®¤aacYeY § ? ae c
acYaY ? ®acYa®aa? ¤®«¦e ®aa ¦ aiai ?® ?a ae ?a?cYa?®©
aY!Yaa®?¬®aa?.
??aY¤Y«Y?Y ae ?a?cYa?®© aY!Yaa®?¬®aa? ¬ aYa? «iea aYaaaa®c,
a??aec Y¬ea ?a®?§c®¤aac® a §aYe Yaai ?a®?§c®¤?ai ®¤?¬ ?§
a«Y¤aie?a ¬Ya®¤®c ®aeY?? § ? a®c:
36
– ?® aaY¤Y© aY!Yaa®?¬®aa?;
– ¬Ya®¤®¬ ”?”?;
– ¬Ya®¤®¬ ‹?”?.
Yace© a?®a®! ®aeY?? ¬ aYa? «iea aYaaaa®c ic«iYaai
aa ¤?ae?®e¬ ¤«i eY© ®aYcYaacY®© acYa®© ?®«?a???.‚ aYcY?Y
®acYa®F® ¬Yaiae ¬ aYa? «ieY aYaaaae a??aec iaai ?a®?§c®¤-
aac®, ? ? ?a c?«®, ?® acYae¬ aeY ¬, c ?®aeY ¬Yaiae ai¤ ¦Y
®a®a?aai a®®acYaacaie i ¤®«i ®a?«®Y?i ae ?a?cYa?®© aY!Yaa®-
?¬®aa? ¬ aYa? «iea aYaaaa®c ®a aa®?¬®aa? ?a ?® acYae¬ aeY ¬.
?Ya®¤ ”?”? § ?«ic Yaai c ®aeY?Y ¬ aYa? «iea
aeY®aaY© ?® ?a ?Yac® c «i®© aa®?¬®aa?, ca® ®§ c Ya:
“?Yac i ? aa?i ?a?a®¤ ? ® ¦Y ?Yac i c a aa®¤”.
® ¬Ya®¤a ‹?”? ®aeY?c iaai ¬ aYa? «ieY aeY®aa? ?®
c®aa ®c?aY«i®© aa®?¬®aa? ?aa®¤i ?§ ?a c?« : “?®a«Y¤ii
? aa?i ?a?a®¤ – ?Yac i a aa®¤”.
?§ac Y¬®¬ ?aY¤?a?ia?? ¬ aYa? «e a??aec iaai ¬Ya®¤®¬ ”?”?,
¤«i ia®F® cY¤Yaai «?a?cYa??© acYa ¬ aYa? «®c ?® a §e¬
§ ?a?®ce¬ aeY ¬, ?®a®ae© c ¤ ®¬ a«ac Y a®®acYaaacaYa –
«?a?cYa?®¬a acYaa ?® ? aa?i¬ ?®aa c®?. ’.?. c aa®ieYY caY¬i
§ ?a?®c i aeY ¬ aYa? « ?§ ®¤®© ? aa?? ?®aa c®? Y a®®acYa-
aacaYa aeYY ia®F® ¦Y ¬ aYa? « ?§ ¤aaF®© ? aa??. ?a®¬Y a®F®,
?a? aaeYaacaieY© aY¤Yae?? ?®ceeY?i aeY, aeYe a aaaa a ? ¦¤®©
®c®© ? aa?Y©. ? aYa? «ieY aeY®aa? a??aec iaai c ?a®?§c®¤aac®
c? i a ?¬YieY© aeYe, ?®a®a i a®®acYaaacaYa ?!®«YY
a Y© ? a?? ?®aa c®?, c cY¬ ? § ?«ic Yaai aaai ¬Ya®¤ ”?”?.
“«aceY?i aYaaaa®a!YaY¦Y?i a?®a®!aacaYa a?®ai¤®cY?Y
?Yac?c®© ¤®?a¬Ya ae?? ¤«i ®ae®a¬«Y?i ®a?aa? ¬ aYa? «®c
?a®?§c®¤aacYeY ? a®§i©aacYeY a¦¤e.
a aa¬ aa?c Y¬®¬ ?aY¤?a?ia?? a aa®¤ ¬ aYa? «®c ®ae®a¬«iYaai
§ ?a c®ce¬? cY¤®¬®aai¬?, aaY!®c ?i¬? ®a?aa? ¬ aYa? «®c,
?« ¤e¬? caaaYYY ?YaY¬YeY?Y ¬ aYa? «®c, ?« ¤e¬?
®a?aa? ¬ aYa? «®c aa®a®a ? ¤a (a?«. 1 – 3, 11).
?? ic«iiaai a aa®¤e¬? ¤®?a¬Ya ¬?, ®a®c ?? ?®a®aea
?a®?aa®¤?a a??a ?Y ¬ aYa? «®c § aa aeY acYa . ®«®¦?aY«i-
e¬ ¬®¬Ya®¬ ic«iYaai a®, ca® a?« ¤ a ? ““«ii®ca?c®¤®? «”
¤«i a?a®eY?i a?« ¤a?®F® acYa caaaYYY ?YaY¬YeY?Y ? ®a?aa?
¬ aYa? «®c c ?a®?§c®¤aac® cY¤Yaai a®«i?® c aaa «iea ?®? § –
aY«ia. ‚ ?®aeY ¬Yaiae c !aaF «aYa?? ?® ¤ e¬ ?Yac?cea ¤®?a-
¬Ya®c a ?®¬®eii a?Yae? «i®F® ?a®Fa ¬¬®F® ®!Ya?YcY?i
?a®?aa®¤?a ?a?ac®Y?Y acYaea aeY ?® ? ¦¤®¬a a aa®¤®¬a
¤®?a¬Yaa, c ? cYaacY ?®a®aea a«a¦ a ®?a®ceY aeYe ?a?®!aYaY-
?i, ®?aY¤Y«YeY ?® ¬Ya®¤a ”?”?. ?aa?ae aY«i i aa®a® § ?«i-
c Yaai c a®¬, ca® a ?®¬®eii ?a?®«i§aY¬ea ?aY¤?a?ia?? ¤®?a-
¬Ya®c Yc®§¬®¦® ?®aa®«?a®c ai a®aa ®aai ? ?a?®«i§®c ?Y
¬ aYa? «®c c ?a®?§c®¤aacY. „ e¬ aaY!®c ?i¬ ®acYc ia
a ??Y ¤®?a¬Yae, ? ? «?¬?a® – § !®aeY ? aae ? a a?a®©eY
«?aae, a ?®¬®eii ?a ¬®¦® aa¤?ai ® acYaa«?¬?a®¬ ?a?®«i§®-
c ?? ¬ aYa? «®c, a ?¦Y ®! ®a?«®Y?ia ®a aaa ®c«Yea
®a¬ a aa®¤ . ®ia®¬a, ¤«i aa?«Y?i ?®aa®«i § ?a?®«i§®c –
?Y¬ ¬ aYa? «®c c ?a®?§c®¤aacY, ?aY¤?a?ia?i ¬®¦® ?®aY?®¬Y¤®-
c ai ®aaeYaac?ai «?¬?a?a®c ?Y ®a?aa? ®a®!® aeYea ¬ aYa? –
«®c ? cY¤a?ai ?a ! §Y «?¬?a® – § !®aeY ? aae.
‚ ¦Y©e?¬ aa«®c?Y¬ ?a c?«i®© ®aF ?§ ae?? acYa ¬ aYa? «®c
? ®!Ya?YcY?i ?a a®aa ®aa? a«a¦?a a®a®eYY a®aa®i?Y a?« ¤-
a?®F® a®§i©aac . ®ai¤®? acYa ¬ aYa? «®c a?« ¤ a ? c
!aaF «aYa?? § c?a?a ®a ¬Ya®¤ acYa ¬ aYa? «®c. ?!®«YY
37
?a®FaYaa?ce¬ ? a ae?® «ie¬ ac?a Yaai a «i¤®ce© (® ?a?¬YiYa-
ai ?aY¤?a?ia??), c®§¬®¦Y a ?¦Y ?®«?cYaacY® – a®aa®c®©
acYa. ‘ «i¤®ce© acYa c ?!®«ieY© aaY?Y? ?®§c®«iYa acYaiai
¤ eY a?« ¤a?®F® ? !aaF «aYaa?®F® acYa ?aaY¬ a®?®aa c«Y?i
®aa a?®c ¬ aYa? «®c ?® ¤ e¬ a?« ¤a?®F® acYa a ®aa a? ¬?
¬ aYa? «®c ?® ¤ e¬ !aaF «aYaa?®F® acYa .
‚ § c?a?¬®aa? ®a ?a?ia®© acYa®© ?®«?a???, ?aY¤?a?ia?Y ¬®¦Ya
®aaeYaac«iai ¤c?¦Y?Y ¬ aYa? «iea aeY®aaY© ?® acYae¬ aeY ¬ ? ?
a ?a?®«i§®c ?Y¬ acYa®c 16 “?a?«®Y?i c aa®?¬®aa? ¬ aYa? «®c” ?
15 “‡ F®a®c«Y?Y ? ?a?®!aYaY?Y ¬ aYa? «®c”,a ? ? !Y§ ?a. ‘®F« a-
® acYa®© ?®«?a??Y, ?aa«Y¤aY¬®Y ?aY¤?a?ia?Y ?a?¬YiYa acYa 16
(‘c. 15 Y ?a?®«i§aYaai).’.®. acYaY 10 ¬ aYa? «e ®aa ¦ iaai ?®
®?a®ce¬ aeY ¬ ?a?®!aYaY?i.‚aY ®a?«®Y?i, ?¬Y® ’‡, ®aa ¦ i-
aai acYaY 16. ‚ aYcY?Y ¬Yaiae ¬ aYa? «e a??aec iaai a ?aY¤?a
10 c ¤Y!Ya ?a®?§c®¤aacYea acYa®c ?® ®?a®ce¬ aeY ¬, ®?aY¤Y«Y-
e¬ ¬Ya®¤®¬ ”?”?, c ?®aeY ¬Yaiae ai¤ ¦Y ®a®a?aai a®®acYaaaca-
ie i ¤®«i ’‡.
?aa?ae aY«ie¬ ¬®¬Ya®¬ ic«iYaai a®, ca® ?® acYaa 16 “?a?«®Y-
?i c aa®?¬®aa? ¬ aYa? «®c” Y cY¤Yaai «?a?cYa??© acYa ?®
Faa?? ¬ ¬ aYa? «iea aeY®aaY© a ?a?!«?§?aY«i® ®¤? ?®ce¬ aa®-
cY¬ ia?a ®a?«®Y?©. a® ¬®¦Ya ?a?cYaa? ? ?a? ¦Y?i aY!Yaa®-
?¬®aa? ?®?aYa®© ce?aa? Y¬®© ?a®¤a?ae?? (a !®a,aa«aF), a.?. ae ?-
a?cYa? i aY!Yaa®¬®aai ®¤?a ¬ aYa? «iea aeY®aaY© ¬®¦Ya
®? § aiai § ceeY®©, ¤aaF?a – § ?¦Y®©.
„«i ?®aa®«i § a ae?® «ie¬ ?a?®«i§®c ?Y¬ aeaii ? ¬ aY-
a? «®c c ?a®?§c®¤aacY aaeYaacaia a«Y¤aie?Y ¬Ya®¤e ceic«Y?i
®a?«®Y?© ae ?a?cYa?®F® a aa®¤ ¬ aYa? «®c ®a aaa ®c«Yea
®a¬ ic«iiaai:
– a?F «i®Y ¤®?a¬Ya?a®c ?Y;
– acYa ? aa?®®F® ? Y?aYaec®F® a a?a®i ¬ aYa? «®c;
– ?aY¤c a?aY«ie© a acYa ®a?«®Y?© ?® ae ?a?cYa?®© aY-
aeY?aaaY § ?aa? ¬ aYa? «®c c ?a®?§c®¤aac® (a acYa®
«?a?cYa??© ¬Ya®¤);
– ?cYa ae© ¬Ya®¤.
?§ac Y¬®¬ ?aY¤?a?ia?? ?a?¬YiYaai a®«i?® ?cYa ae©
¬Ya®¤. „«i ®c?aa?? c®¤e ? aa®cea c®¤ ?a?®«i§aiaai a?¬aY –
FYae , ?a a aa®¤ ®a¬?aaYaai ? ? ¦¤e© ?c aa « ®?aY¤Y«iiaai
®a?«®Y?i ae ?a?cYa?®F® a aa®¤ ®a ®a¬ a?c®F® . „ e©
¬Ya®¤ Y c a®aa®i?? ®?aY¤Y«?ai «?ae, ?® c?Y ?®a®aea
?a®?§®eY« ?YaYa aa®¤, ?®ia®¬a ®aF ?§ ae?? c ¦® ccYaa?
«?¬?ae ®a?aa? ¬ aYa? «iea aeY®aaY©, ¤«i a®F® ca®!e
cY¤a?ai i«Y¬Yae a?F «i®F® ¬Ya®¤ ¤®?a¬Ya?a®c ?i.
?! iaeaeY?a?c®aa? ®aF ?§ ae?? !aaF «aYaa?®F® acYa
¬ aYa? «iea aYaaaa®c c ? ““«ii®ca?c®¤®? «” ac?¤YaY«i-
aacaYa a®, ca® acYa cY¤Yaai a ?®¬®eii ?Yaa® «iea ?®¬?ii-
aYa®c, ia® ?®§c®«iYa a®cYY ?®aa®«?a®c ai caY ¤c?¦Y?i
¬ aYa? «iea aeY®aaY©. ‚ ?a?ae??Y, ¤«i ?®«acY?i caYa
Y®!a®¤?¬ea ®acYa®c ¤®aa a®c® ccYaa? c ? ¬iai ?®¬?ii-
aYa ?Yac?ceY ¤®?a¬Yae. ‚? ae®a¬?aaYa caY
Y®!a®¤?¬eY ¬ e?®Fa ¬¬e (a?«®¦Y?i 5 – 13).
„«i aa?®aY?i ¤®?a¬Ya®®!®a®a c !a¤aeY¬ ¬®¦® ?aY¤«®¦?ai
ca®¬ a?§?a®c ai acYa Y?®aaY¤aacY® a?« ¤ a ? a®Y¤??ai
?®¬?iiaYae “?a c«Y?i ““«ii®ca?c®¤®? «” ? caYa a?« ¤®c c
Y¤?ai i«Y?aa®ai aYai a aeY«ii ?®«acY?i ®?Ya a?c®©
?ae®a¬ ae?? ® ¤c?¦Y?? ¬ aYa? «iea aeY®aaY©.
3F
E‘??a®? «?aYa aaae.F
1. ”Y¤Ya «ie© § ?® “? !aaF «aYaa?®¬ acYaY” ®a 21.11.96 F.
N 129 – ae3.
2. ®«®¦Y?Y ?® !aaF «aYaa?®¬a acYaa ““cYa i ?®«?a?? ?aY¤-
?a?ia?i”.a?? § ??ae? ” ®a 28.07.94 F. N 100./‘?a –
c®c?? !aaF «aYa ‘ 95. ‘!®a?? ®a¬ a?cea ¤®?a¬Ya®c.
3. ®«®¦Y?Y ® a®aa cY § aa a ?a®?§c®¤aac® ? aY «?§ ae?i
?a®¤a?ae?? (a !®a, aa«aF), c?«ic Y¬ea c aY!Yaa®?¬®aai ?a®-
¤a?ae?? (a !®a, aa«aF), ? ® ?®ai¤?Y ae®a¬?a®c ?i ae? a®cea
aY§a«ia a®c, ac?aec Y¬ea ?a? «®F®®!« ¦Y??. ®aa ®c«Y-
?Y a c?aY«iaac ” ®a 5.08.92 F. N552 /aaF «aYaa??©
acYa, 1992 N10; a ?§¬YY?i¬? ? ¤®?®«Y?i¬? ®a 01.07.95 F.
N661 / ”? a®c i F §Ya , 1995 N30.
4. « acYa®c !aaF «aYaa?®F® acYa ae? a®c® – a®§i©aacY-
®© ¤YiaY«i®aa? ?aY¤?a?ia?i. a?? § ??ae? ‘‘‘ ®a
1.11.91F. a ?§¬YY?i¬? ? ¤®?®«Y?i¬? ®a 28.12.94F. ?a?? §
??ae? ” N173/‘?a c®c?? !aaF «aYa ‘ 95. ‘!®a?? ®a¬ –
a?cea ¤®?a¬Ya®c.
5. ?aaaa?ae?i ?® ?a?¬YY?i ?« acYa®c !aaF «aYaa?®F® acYa
ae? a®c® – a®§i©aacY®© ¤YiaY«i®aa? ?aY¤?a?ia?©. a?? §
??ae? ‘‘‘ ®a 1.11.91F. a ?§¬YY?i¬? ? ¤®?®«Y?i¬? ®a
28.12.94F. ?a?? § ??ae? ” N173/‘?a c®c?? !aaF «aYa ‘
95. ‘!®a?? ®a¬ a?cea ¤®?a¬Ya®c.
6. ®«®¦Y?Y ® !aaF «aYaa?®¬ acYaY ? ®acYa®aa? c
®a?©a?®© ”Y¤Ya ae??. a?? § ??ae? ” N170 ®a 26.12.94F./
‘?a c®c?? !aaF «aYa ’95. ‘!®a?? ®a¬ a?cea ¤®?a¬Ya®c.
7. ?a®ceY ?®«®¦Y?i ?® ?cYa a?§ ae?? ®a®cea aaY¤aac, a®-
c a® – ¬ aYa? «iea aeY®aaY©, ¤YY¦ea aaY¤aac ? a acYa®c.
?ai¬® ?” ‘‘‘ ®a 30 ¤Y? !ai 1982F. N 179 c aY¤ ?ae?? ?§¬Y-
Y?© ? ¤®?®«Y?©, ®a 10 ®i!ai 1987F. ??ai¬® ?” ‘‘‘ N 51/
‘?a c®c?? !aaF «aYa ’95. ‘!®a?? ®a¬ a?cea ¤®?a¬Ya®c.
8. ?! aacYa¦¤Y?? ®ai¤? cY¤Y?i ¦aa «®c acYa acYa®c –
ae ?aaa ?a? a acYa a ?® «®Fa ¤®! c«Yai aa®?¬®aai.
®aa ®c«Y?Y a c?aY«iaac ” ®a 29.07.96 N 914./”? a®-
c i F §Ya , 1996 N37.
9. ? ®c ?.?., ?YaY¬Ya ?.„. ’Y®a?i i?®®¬?cYa?®F® –
«?§ – ?®a?c : ”? ae ? aa a?aa?? , 1993 – 288a.
10. Y§aa??a .‘., ?c e?Yc?c ‚.., ?®¤a ?®c . . ? ¤a.;
aaF «aYaa??© acYa: “cY!?? – ?®a?c : aaF «aYaa??©
acYa, 1996 – 296c.
11. «¤?®c ?.?.,’?e?®c ?. ….„Y¬YaY© ’. . ? ¤a. aaF «-
aYaa??© acYa: “cY!?? – ??a?: ‚ee e?®« , 1996 – 428a.
12. !cY?® ’..,?®§«®c …. ., a eaa? .‚.,? « ? …..
aaF «aYaa??© acYa – ?®a?c : ”? ae ? aa a?aa?? , 1996-
257a.
13. ‚®«?®c . ?.?aeY? a®c a® – ¬ aYa? «iea aeY®aaY© c acY-
aY ? ®acYa®aa? – aaF «aYaa??© acYa, 1996 N11 – c.22-23
14. „ ?«Yca??© ?.„. ?a®!Y®aa? ?a®cY¤Y?i a¤?a®aa?®© ?a®-
cYa?? ®?Ya ae?© a a®c a® – ¬ aYa? «ie¬? aeY®aai¬? –
?« c!aa, 1996 N1 – a.64-65
15. ?®F®«Yc ?.?. “”?”?” ? “‹?”?” – ¬Ya®¤e ®aeY?? ¬ aYa? «iea
§ ? a®c – aaF «aYaa??© acYa, 1995 N8 – c.15-18
16. ?®«iae!YaF ?.?., • a – Y? ‹.?. ‚cY¤Y?Y c !aaF «aYaa?®Y
¤Y«®: Ya. a F«. – ??Yc: ’®aF®c® – ?§¤ aY«ia?®Y !ia® BHV,
1994 – 384a.
17. ?c e?Yc?c ‚.., ? a?aea««? ?.?. aaF «aYaa??© acYa c ?a®-
¬ee«Y®aa?: acY!®Y ?®a®!?Y – ? § i, ?”?, 1993 – 368a.
18. ?c e?Yc?c ‚.. ?aF ?§ ae?i ? ¬Ya®¤e a¤?a !aaF «aYaa?®©
®acYa®aa? – ? § i, ?”?, 1995 – 148a.
19. ?®c! ai? ?.. ? «?§ iaeaeY?a?c®aa? ?a?®«i§®c ?i ?a®?§-
3F
c®¤aacYea aYaaaa®c – ?®a?c : ”? ae ? aa a?aa?? ,1985-
135a.
20. ?®§«®c ….., a eaa? .‚., !cY?® ’.. aaF «aYa?a?©
acYa c ?a®¬ee«Y®aa?-?®a?c :”? ae ? aa a?aa?? ,1993-432a.
21. ‹Y!Y¤Yc .‚., ec?®c ‘.?. ?Ya®¤e ®aeY?? a®c a® – ¬ aY-
a? «iea aeY®aaY© – aaF «aYaa??© acYa, 1997 a?Yaece?aa? –
a.109-110.
22. ‹Yc? ‚.‘. “cYa ?§¬YY?i ®a¬ a aa®¤ ¬ aYa? «®c – aaF «-
aYaa??© acYa, 1990 N12 – a.35-37.
23. ‹?!Ya¬ ‹.‚. “cYa ¬ aYa? «iea aeY®aaY©-?®a?c :”? ae ?
aa a?aa?? , 1989 – 109a.
24. ‹aF®c®© ‚.?. “cYa ?a®?§c®¤aacYea § ? a®c – aaF «aYaa??©
acYa 1996 N4 – a.57-59.
25. ‹aF®c®© ‚.?. “cYa ¬ aYa? «iea aYaaaa®c: a ?a?cYa?®Y
?®a®!?Y, ?®a?c : ??„? ?®®¬?? ? ¦?§i,1995 – 165a.
26. ‹aF®c®© ‚.?. “cYa ®a?aa? ?a®?§c®¤aacYea § ? a®c –
aaF «aYaa??© acYa, 1996 N5 – a.3-10.
27. ? ? aiYc ‚.?. ?®¬¬Ya a?© ? ¬Ya®¤?cYa??¬ a? § ?i¬ ?®
?cYa a?§ ae?? ?¬aeYaac ? ae? a®cea ®!i§ aY«iaac –
?« c!aa, 1995 N5 – a.3-7.
28. ? ?a?¬Y?® ?.„. “cYa ? ?®aa®«i ¬ aYa? «®c – aaF «-
aYaa??© acYa, 1990 N3 – c.4-8.
29. ®¤®«ia??© ‚.?. ?ca®¬ a?§ ae?i !aaF «aYaa?®F® acYa c
a®caY¬Yea aa«®c?ia – aaF «aYaa??© acYa, 1995 N2-a.21
30. ®«i? ?.?. ? aYa? «®Y¬?®aai ?a®¤a?ae?? – c®?a®ae a?¦Y?i
– ?®a?c : ?®®¬?? , 1986 – 72a.
31. ‘Y©aea«« Yc ‘.?., ?§! «?Yc ?.. ?! «?§Y ?a?®«i§®c ?i
¬ aYa? «iea aYaaaa®c – aaF «aYaa??© acYa, 1990 N12 – 25a.
32. –aa? a ‚.?. Yaaaa®a!YaY¦Y?Y ? !aaF «aYaa??© acYa –
aaF «aYaa??© acYa, 1990 N17 – a.18-23.
33. ®§Y!YaF ?.?. “cYa, ?®aa®«i ? «?§ c a?aaY¬Y aYaaaa®-
a!YaY¦Y?i – ?®a?c : ”? ae ? aa a?aa?? , 1989 – 209a.
34. —YcYa ?.. ?®®¬?i ¬ aYa? «iea aYaaaa®c: ?aa? a®cYa-
eYaac®c ?i acYa ? «?§ – ?®a?c : ”? ae ? aa a?aa?-
? , 1983 – 176a.
35. ?¬Y«Yc .., ®?®c ‚.?. ?YaY«®¬Y. ?®®¬?cYa? i ?YaY-
aaa®©? c ®aa?? – ?®a?c : ?§¤ aY«iaac® ?, 1995 – 182a.
36. ?Y©¤¬ ‹.‡. “cYa c ®aa??: ?a®!«Y¬e ? ?Yaa?Y?a?ce aY-
ae®a¬?a®c ?i – aaF «aYaa??© acYa N 11 1996 – a.3-5.
0
E?’‡›‚F
¤??«®¬ai a !®aa ““cYa, ?®aa®«i ? «?§ ?a?®«i-
§®c ?i ¬ aYa? «®c ?a®?§c®¤aac® ( ?a?¬YaY ?
““«ii®ca?c®¤®? «”)aaa¤Ya?? 2 ?aaa ®a¤Y«Y?i ca®-
a®F® ceaeYF® ®!a §®c ?i !?§Ya ae ?a«iaYa a?Yae? «i-
®aa? 0605 “aaF «aYaa??© acYa ? a¤?a” ?aa?aaa i?®-
®¬??? ? !?§Ya “«?“ ?aa®?®c®© ‘cYa« e ??a ©«®ce.
?®®¬?i aeaii, ¬ aYa? «®c, a®?«?c , iYaF?? ? ¤aaF?a c?¤®c ¬ –
aYa? «iea aYaaaa®c c ?a®aeYaaY ?a®?§c®¤aacY®F® ?®aaY!«Y?i a c-
®§ c acY«?cY?i ?a ?a®?§c®¤aac , a«Y¤®c aY«i®, a?¦Y?Y ¬ aY-
a? «®Y¬?®aa? ?a®¤a?ae?? a?®a®!aacaYa acY«?cY?i ®!eY¬ YY ce?aa? ?
a®aaa ae?® «i®F® ¤®a®¤ c aeY«®¬, ca® ? ®!aa« c«?c Ya ?aa «i-
®aai aY¬e ?aa«Y¤®c ?i.
„??«®¬ i a !®a aaa¤Ya?? ?aa®?®c®© ‘.?. a®aa®?a ?§ ccY¤Y?i,
aaYa F« c, § ?«icY?i ? ?a?«®¦Y?©.
‚® ccY¤Y?? ¤??«®¬?ae ®!®a®c « ?aa «i®aai ? aeY«i ?aa«Y¤®-
c ?i, ¤ « a a ?aYa?aa??a acYa®© ?®«?a??? ?aY¤?a?ia?i.
‚ ?Yac®© F« cY ¤??«®¬®© a !®ae “‡ cY?Y i?®®¬®F® ?a?®«i§®-
c ?i ¬ aYa? «iea aYaaaa®c c a?¦Y?? aY!Yaa?¬®aa? ? ¬ aYa? «®Y¬-
?®aa? ?a®¤a?ae??” aaa¤Ya? ?aa®?®c ‘.?. a aa¬®aaY« ? ®!®a®c «
a®«i ? § cY?Y i?®®¬®F® ? a ae?® «i®F® ?a?®«i§®c ?i ¬ aYa? «®c
?a®?§c®¤aac® ?a®¤a?ae?? (a !®a, aa«aF) c a?¦Y?? aY!Yaa®?¬®aa?
?a®¤a?ae??.
‚® ca®a®© F« cY “?aF ?§ ae?i ®?Ya a?c®F® ? !aaF «aYaa?®F® acYa
? ?®aa®«i a aa®¤ ¬ aYa? «®c ?a®?§c®¤aac®” ¤??«®¬?ae a aa¬®a-
aY« c®?a®ae ®aF ?§ ae?? ia?a a !®a. ?«a!®?® ?§ac?c ¤®?a¬Ya «i®Y
®ae®a¬«Y?Y ¤c?¦Y?i ¬ aYa? «®c, ®aF ?§ ae?i ®?Ya a?c®F® ? !aaF «-
aYaa?®F® acYa ¬ aYa? «iea aeY®aaY©; ?®aa®«i § ?a ?a?®«i§®c –
?Y¬, aaa¤Ya? ca?ae« Y¤®aa a?? c ®aF ?§ ae?? acYa ? ?®aa®«i
? ¤ « aY?®¬Y¤ ae?? ?® ?a a®cYaeYaac®c ?i, aaY¤? ?®a®aea § a-
«a¦?c ia c?¬ ?Y:
– ¤«i acYa aa a?®aa® – § F®a®c?aY«iea a !®a ®a?aeai aa!acYa
“’‡” ? acYaa 10, c¬Yaa® ?a?®«i§aY¬®F® ?aY¤?a?ia?? acYa 16,
?®a?®«i?a acYa 15 Y ?a?¬YiYaai;
– aa?«?ai ?®aa®«i § ?a?®«i§®c ?Y¬ ¬ aYa? «®c c ?a®?§c®¤aacY,
e?aY ?a?¬Yii ?cYa ae© ¬Ya®¤ ? ¬Ya®¤ «?¬?a?a®c ?i ®a?aa? aY-
aaaa®c;
– aa!acYa 1 “?a®ceY ¬ aYa? «e” ? acYaa 10 a §!?ai Ya?®«i-
?® aa!acYa®c ¤«i ce¤Y«Y?i ®¤®a®¤ea Faa?? ¬ aYa? «®c, a §«?cea
?® ?a a®«? c ?a®aeYaaY ?a®?§c®¤aac ;
– ?®¬?iiaYaY§?a®c ai a?« ¤a?®© acYa.
‚ aaYaiY© F« cY “? «?§ iaeaeY?a?c®aa? ?a?®«i§®c ?i ¬ aYa? «i-
ea aYaaaa®c” ?a®cY¤Y F«a!®??© «?§ ®!e?a ? c aaea ?®? § aY«Y©
¬ aYa? «®Y¬?®aa? ? ¤ ®aeY? iaeaeY?a?c®aa? ?a?®«i§®c ?i ¬ aYa?-
«®c ?a®?§c®¤aac®. a® ?®§c®«?«® ceic?ai aY§Yace a®aa ®!eY¬
?a®?§c®¤aac ?a®¤a?ae?? (a !®a, aa«aF) § acYa a«aceY?i ?a?®«i§®-
c ?i ¬ aYa? «iea aYaaaa®c, a®aa c?ce?© 8 265.1 ¬«. aa!. ?«?
4.7% ®a ae ?a?cYa?®F® YY ®!eY¬ c 1996 F.
‚ § ?«icY?? ?aY¤aa c«Ye cec®¤e ? ?aY¤«®¦Y?i ?® a®cYaeYaac®-
c ?i acYa ? ?®aa®«i ?a?®«i§®c ?i ¬ aYa? «®c ?a®?§c®¤aac®.
‚ aeY«®¬ ¤??«®¬ i a !®a ??a Fa ¬®a®, ®ae®a¬«Y c a®®a-
cYaaac?? a aaY!®c ?i¬?. ‚ ?a®aeYaaY a !®ae aaa¤Ya? ?®? § «
acYa¤eY § ?i acYaea ? «?a?cYa??a cY«?c?, ce?? a !®ae a
®a¬ a?c®© ? a?Yae? «i®© «?aYa aaa®©. acYae c «?a?cYa?®©
F« cY ¤??«®¬®© a !®ae ?a®cY¤Ye a ?a?¬YY?Y¬ ‚? (?a®Fa ¬¬
EXCEL for WINDOWS).
‘c?a Y¬, ca® aaa¤Ya? ?aa®?®c ‘.?. § a«a¦?c Ya ?a?ac®Y?i
?c «?ae?? ae?? i?®®¬?aa ?® !aaF «aYa?®¬a acYaa ? a¤?aa.
„??«®¬ i a !®a ¤®?aa? Yaai ? § e?aY ? § a«a¦?c Ya cea®?®©
?®«®¦?aY«i®© ®aeY??.
‘a a. ?aY?®¤ c aY«i ? aeY¤ae
”? a®c, !aaF «aYaa?®F® acYa ?a ©®c ?.?
? aa a?aa???
2
E…–…‡??F
¤??«®¬ai a !®aa ““cYa, ?®aa®«i ? «?§ ?a?®«i-
§®c ?i ¬ aYa? «®c ?a®?§c®¤aac® ( ?a?¬YaY ?
““«ii®ca?c®¤®? «”) aaa¤Ya?? 2 ?aaa ®a¤Y«Y?i ca®-
a®F® ceaeYF® ®!a §®c ?i !?§Ya ae ?a«iaYa a?Yae? «i-
®aa? 0605 “aaF «aYaa??© acYa ? a¤?a” ?aa?aaa i?®-
®¬??? ? !?§Ya “«?“ ?aa®?®c®© ‘cYa« e ??a ©«®ce.
?®®¬®Y ? a ae?® «i®Y ?a?®«i§®c ?Y ¬ aYa? «iea aYaaaa®c
c ?a®aeYaaY ?a®?§c®¤aac ic«iYaai c ¦Y©e?¬ aa«®c?Y¬ ?®ceeY?i
iaeaeY?a?c®aa? ae? a®c® – a®§i©aacY®© ¤YiaY«i®aa? «i!®F®
?aY¤?a?ia?i (®aF ?§ ae??). ‚ aci§? a ia?¬ ?aa «i®aai ?§!a –
®© aY¬e Ya®¬Y .
?a?ae?? «i®Y ?aY¤?a?ia?Y ““«ii®ca?c®¤®? «” ®¤® ?§ cY¤ae?a
? aa aY©e?a c F®a®¤Y “«ii®ca?Y a « ¦Y®© a?aaY¬®© acYa , ?®-
aa®«i ? «?§ , c aci§? a ia?¬ aaa¤Ya?Y ?aa®?®c®© ‘.?. ?a?e«®ai
?a?«®¦?ai Y¬ «® aa?«?©, ¬Yc i ?aa? a®cYaeYaac®c ?i acYa ,
aaY¤? ?®a®aea, e c§F«i¤, ?!®«ie?© ?aYaYa ?aY¤aa c«iia ?aY¤-
«®¦Y?i ® !®«YY e?a®?®¬ ?a?¬YY?? ?cYa a®F® ¬Ya®¤ ? ¬Ya®¤
«?¬?a?a®c ?i ®a?aa? aYaaaa®c a aeY«ii aa?«Y?i ?®aa®«i § ?a-
?®«i§®c ?Y¬ ¬ aYa? «®c c ?a®?§c®¤aacY; ®! ®a?aea?Y aa!acYa “’‡”
? acYaa 10 ¤«i acYa aa a?®aa® – § F®a®c?aY«iea a !®a, c¬Yaa®
?a?®«i§aY¬®F® ?aY¤?a?ia?? acYa 16, ?®a?®«i?a acYa 15 Y ?a?-
¬YiYaai; ® ?®¬?iiaYa?§ ae?? a?« ¤a?®F® acYa ? ?aY¤«®¦Y?Y ® a §-
!?c?Y aa!acYa 1 “?a®ceY ¬ aYa? «e” acYa 10 Ya?®«i?® aa!-
acYa®c ¤«i ce¤Y«Y?i ®¤®a®¤ea Faa?? ¬ aYa? «®c, a §«?cea ?® ?a
a®«? c ?a®aeYaaY ?a®?§c®¤aac .
? «?§?aai ?a?®«i§®c ?Y ¬ aYa? «®c ?a®?§c®¤aac® ?
““«ii®ca?c®¤®? «” ¤??«®¬?ae ceic?« aY§Yace a?¦Y?i cY«?c?e
¬ aYa? «iea § aa a, a«Y¤®c aY«i®, ? aY!Yaa®?¬®aa? aa«aF c®¤®-
®acY¤Y?i ? c®¤®a !¦Y?i 3 554.0 ¬«. aa!.§ acYa a«aceY?i
?a?®«i§®c ?i Y?®a®aea c?¤®c ¬ aYa? «iea aYaaaa®c, ca® ¤ Ya
c®§¬®¦®aai ?®cea?ai ?a?!e«i, ?®«ac Y¬ai ?aY¤?a?ia?Y¬.
„??«®¬?ae ?aa®?®c ‘.?. c a®¤Y a !®ae ¤??«®¬®¬ ?a?®«i§®-
c « !®«ie®Y ?®«?cYaac® ¤®?a¬Ya ae?? ¬a?ae?? «i®F® ?aY¤?a?ia?i,
?a®cY« ?a aa c?aY«ie© «?§. !®aa ®ae®a¬?« Fa ¬®a®, ?a?®«i-
§ai a?aa?? ? a !«?aee. acYae c «?a?cYa?®© F« cY ¤??«®¬®© a –
!®ae !e«? ?a®cY¤Ye ‚? (?a®Fa ¬¬ EXCEL for WINDOWS).
‘c?a Y¬, ca® ¤??«®¬ i a !®a ?aa®?®c®© ‘.?. ??a cea®-
?®¬ aa®cY, § a«a¦?c Ya ®a«?c®© ®aeY??, YY ca®a – ?a?ac®Y?i
?c «?ae?? ae?? i?®®¬?aa ?® !aaF «aYaa?®¬a acYaa ? a¤?aa.
c «i?? ? …«i¬Ye?? ‚.?. ®¤??ai
Yc ai
‘cYaa«?¬?ae© ®a?aa? ¬ aYa? « ? § ¬Y
®¤?a c?¤®c ¬ aYa? «®c ¤aaF?¬? ¤®?aa? Yaai a®«i?® ?®
a §aYeY?i aa?®c®¤?aY«i ?aY¤?a?ia?i, F« c®F® ?¦YYa ?«?
«?ae, ?¬? ¬ aYa? « ? YF® ¬®F®?a ae© ®a?aa? c
¤caa i?§Y¬?«ia a: ®¤? ?§ ?a ?aY¤ § cY ¤«i
?®«ac aY«i (aeYa , ac aa? ), ca®a®© – ¤«i a?« ¤ . ?« ¤®ce??
®a¬Yc Ya c ®!®?a i?§Y¬?«ia a ?a – aaY!®c ?i ¤ aa ?
?®«?cYaac® ®a?aeY®F® ¬ aYa? « , ?®a«Y cYF® cec®¤?a
®aa a®?. ‚ ?aY – aaY!®c ?? ?®«ac aY«i (aeYa ,
ac aa? ) a a??aec Yaai § cY¤aie?© a?« ¤®¬, c
a?« ¤a?®¬ i?§Y¬?«iaY – ?aY¤aa c?aY«i ?®«ac aY«i.
15
‘«Y¤aie?Y ¤®?a¬Yae Y ?a?®«i§aiaai ?§ac Y¬®¬ ?aY¤?a?-
ia??, ® ®? ic«iiaai iaeaeY?a?ce¬? c a¬ea«Y ?®aa®«i § a aa®-
¤®c ?Y¬ ¬ aYa? «®c.
a?¬YY?Y ?« ¤ea ? aaY!®c ?© Y ?a?«ic Ya
?®aa®«i § «?¬?a ¬? ®a?aa? ¬ aYa? «®c. „«i ia®F®
?a?¬Yiiaai EcY¤®¬®aa? ?a?®«i§®c ?i «?¬?a®cF. ?? ic«iiaai
®?Ya a?ce¬ ¤®?a¬Ya®¬, c ?®a®a®¬ ¤Y« iaai a®®acYaaacaie?Y
®a¬Ya?? a §®cea ®a?aa?®c ¬ aYa? «®c.
‚ aci§? a a §c?a?Y¬ a?Yae? «?§ ae?? ? ?®®?Ya?a®c ?i
caY !®«ieYY ?a?¬YY?Y a®¤ia E?®¬?«Y?a®c®ceY cY¤®¬®aa?F.
?®¬?«Y?aaie?Y ?§¤Y«?i, ? ? ?a c?«®, ®a?aa? iaai cYaY§
?®¬?«Y?a®c®ceY ?« ¤®ceY, c ?®a®aea § a YY ?®¤!?a iaai
ia? ?§¤Y«?i c ?®«?cYaacY, a®®acYaaacaieY¬ ?« a
ce?aa? ?a®¤a?ae??. ? ¦¤e© YY c?¤ ce??aec iaai
®a¤Y«i® ?®¬?«Y?a®c®c i cY¤®¬®aai, ?® ?®a®a®©
?®¬?«Y?aaie?Y ?§¤Y«?i ®a?aa? iaai ?a®ai¦Y?? ¬Yaiae .
16
‚ cY¤®¬®aa? a? §ec iaai ?« ?a®?§c®¤aac ?a®¤a?ae??,
?¬Y®c Y ? ®¬Y?« aaaeY ®¬Ya ?®¬?«Y?aaie?a
?§¤Y«?©, ®a¬ ?a a aa®¤ Y¤??aea ?a®¤a?ae?? ?
?®«?cYaac® ®a?aeYea ?®¬?«Y?a®c. a? ia®¬ !a ?®c eY
¤Ya «? § ¬Yiiaai ?« ¤®c®© !Y§ ¤®?a¬Ya «i®F® ?a
®ae®a¬«Y?i.
‚ § F®a®c?aY«iea aeYa a ¬ e?®aaa®?aY«iea
?aY¤?a?ia?©, ecY©®©, ®!ac®© ? Y?®a®aea ¤aaF?a
®aa a«Y© ?a®¬ee«Y®aa? ?a?®«i§aiaai Ea a?a®©eY ? aaeF,
?® ?®a®ae¬ ?a®?§c®¤?aai ? ®a?aa? ¬ aYa? «®c c
?a®?§c®¤aac®. ‚ ?a ae??a?aaiaai aY§a«ia ae ?a?®«i-
§®c ?i ®a?aeYea ¬ aYa? «®c ?® ? ¦¤®© ? aa??. ‚
a a?a®©ea ? aa a a? §ec iaai: ®¬Ya a?« ¤ , ?¬Y®c ?Y
? ®¬Y?« aaae© ®¬Ya ¬ aYa? «®c, ?a ?®«?cYaac®, aeY
? aa®?¬®aai, a ?¦Y ?®¤ § aa a ? ¤a. ® ®?®c ??
a a?a®i c ? aaY ®a¬Yc iaai: ae ?a?cYa?®Y ?®«?cYaac®
?®«acYea ¤Ya «Y© (F®¤ea ? !a ?®c ea); a aa®¤
?a ¬ aYa? «®c ?® ®a¬Y ? ae ?a?cYa?? ? cec®¤?aai
aY§a«ia a a a?a®i (i?®®¬?i, ?YaYa aa®¤). a? ? aae
a ?¦Y ?a?®«i§aiaai c ? cYaacY ?Yac?cea ¤®?a¬Ya®c ?®
acYaa cea !®a?? ? ce?aa? ®cea ?§¤Y«?©.
‚ aeY«ia a®?a eY?i c?a« ?Yac?cea ¤®?a¬Ya®c a ¬,
F¤Y ia® aeY«Ya®®!a §®, ¬®¦® ®ae®a¬«iai ®a?aa? ¬ aYa? «®c
Y?®aaY¤aacY® c E? aa®c? a a?« ¤a?®F® acYa F(a?«.
4). ‚ ia®¬ a«ac Y a aa®¤eY ¤®?a¬Yae ®a?aa?
¬ aYa? «®c Y ®ae®a¬«iiaai, a ¬ ®?Ya ae?i ?a®?§c®¤?aai
®a®c ?? «?¬?aea ? aa, ce??aec Y¬ea c ®¤®¬
i?§Y¬?«iaY ? Y ?¬Yie?a § cY?i !aaF «aYaa??a
¤®?a¬Ya®c. ‹?¬?a ®a?aa? ¬®¦® a? § ai c a ¬®©
? aa®c?Y. aY¤aa c?aY«i aeYa ?a? ?®«acY?? ¬ aYa? «®c
a a??aec Yaai c Y?®aaY¤aacY® c ? aa®c?Y a?« ¤a?®F®
acYa , c «?¬?a® – § !®a®© ? aaY a a??aec Yaai
?« ¤®ce??.
aa¬®aa?¬ ?®?aYaeY a?®a®!e aci§ec ie?Y a?« ¤a?®©
acYa a acYa®¬ ¬ aYa? «®c c !aaF «aYa?? ? ceic?¬ ?!®«YY
?a®FaYaa?ce©.
a? ?a?®«i§®c ?? a®c a® – ¬ aYa? «iea aeY®aaY©
®aaeYaac«Y?Y ¬Ya®?a?ia?© aeY«Yc®F® § cY?i c acYaY
a®aa c«iYaai ?a®c®¤? :
„a 48 ?a 10, 12
„a 96 “–Y«YceY ae? a?a®c ?i ? ?®aaa?«Y?i” ?a 48
a? ?a?®«i§®c ?? c aY?aeY¬ acYaY ¬ aYa? «®c
?« ®cea ?«? aaY¤Y?®?a?ea aeY Y¦Y¬Yaic® a aac?aec iaai aa¬¬e
? ?a®aeYae ®a?«®Y?© ae ?a?cYa?®© aY!Yaa®?¬®aa? ®a ?a aa®?¬®aa?
?® a? § e¬ aeY ¬. “? § eY ®a?«®Y?i ac?aec iaai
acYaY 16 “?a?«®Y?i c aa®?¬®aa? ¬ aYa? «®c”. ??
ac?aec iaai Y ?® ? ¦¤®¬a ®¬Y?« aaa®¬a ®¬Yaa
¬ aYa? «®c, ?® Faa?? ¬ aeY®a- aY© a ?a?!«?§?aY«i®
®¤? ?®ce¬ aa®cY¬ ia?a ®a?«®Y?©. ‚ a«ac Y ?a?¬YY?i c
? cYaacY acYaea ®?a®cea aeY ?® ®?®c ?? ¬Yaiae
a aac?aec iaai aa¬¬e ? ?a®aeYa aa a?®aa® – § F®a®c?aY«iea
a aa®¤®c ¤«i ¤®cY¤Y?i acYa®© aa®?¬®aa? ¬ aYa? «®c
¤® ?a ae ?a?cYa?®© aY!Yaa®?¬®aa?. …a«? ®a?«®Y?i ¬®Faa
!eai a® § ?®¬ ?«ia (?YaYa aa®¤) ?«? ¬?aa
(i?®®¬?i), a® aa a?®aa® – § F®a®c?aY«ieY a aa®¤e
– a®«i?® a® § ?®¬ ?«ia. a?a®Y¤?Y?Y ®a?«®Y?©
(?«ia ?«? ¬?aa) ?«? aa a?®aa® – § F®a®c?aY«iea
a aa®¤®c ? aa®?¬®aa? ¬ aYa? «®c ?® acYae¬ aeY ¬ c
?a®FY ¤ Ya ?a ae ?a?cYa?ai aY!Yaa®?¬®aai.
aY!Yaa®?¬®aai ¬Ya®¤ ®aeY?? ?a?®«i§aYaai c aY?aeY¬ !aaF «aYaa?®¬
acYaY ? ®acYa®aa? ?§ac Y¬®¬ ?aY¤?aia?? ¤«i ®?aY¤Y«Y?i
aY!Yaa®?¬®aa? a??a ea c ?a®?§c®¤aac® ¬ aYa? «®c. ‘ c «®
a??aec iaai ¬ aYa? «e ?® ?¬YieY© ?§ § ?a- ?®cea aeY, a. Y.
«?a?cYa??© acYa ?® ? aa?i¬ ?®aa c®? Y ®!i§ aY«i® cYaa?,
a.?. ?a? aaeYaacaieY© aY¤Yae?? ?®ceeY?i aeY ?¬YYY a Y©
? aa?? ?®aa c?? ¬ aYa? «®c a®®acYaaacaYa ?¬Yie i aeY . ?a®¬Y
a®F®, ?aY¤?a?ia?? ?a?®«i§aYaai acYa 16, ?®a®a®¬
ac?aec iaai ®a?«®Y?i c aa®?¬®aa? ¬ aYa? «®c ?® ®?a®ce¬ aeY ¬,
®? a??aec iaai § aa aeY acYa ?a®?®aae?®- «i®
?§a aa®¤®c e¬ ¬ aYa? « ¬ ?® acYae¬ aeY ¬, ®?aY¤Y«Y- ea
¬Ya®¤®¬ ”?”?. ®
11
„a ac. 20 “?a®c®Y ?a®?§c®¤aac®” – ?a? a aa®¤Y
cea !®a?a ?a®¤a?ae?? (a !®a, aa«aF) aeYa ¬? ®a®c®F®
?a®?§c®¤aac
„a ac. 23 “‚a?®¬®F aY«ieY ?a®?§c®¤aac ” – ?a? a aa®¤Y
cea !®a?a ?a®¤a?ae?? (a !®a, aa«aF) c®
ca?®¬®F aY«iea ?a®?§c®¤aac a, c a®¬ c?a«Y ce?®«Y?Y
ac® – ?aa«Y¤®c aY«ia??a ? ®?eaea a !®a; § ? §®c ?®
®ac®Y?i ®cea c?¤®c ?§¤Y«?©, ?§F®a®c«Y?Y i?a-
?Ya?¬Ya «iea ®!a §ae®c aYa®«®F?cYa?®© ®a aa??.
„a ac. 25 “?!eY?a®?§c®¤aacYeY a aa®¤e” – ?a? a aa®¤Y
a®¤Ya¦ ?Y ? i?a?«a a ae?i ¬ e? ? ®!®aa¤®c ?i,
?a®?§c®¤aacYea aeYa®c ? a®§i©aac, ?a a®§i©aacYeY ?
¤aaF?Y a¦¤e.
„a ac. 26 “?!eYa®§i©aacYeY a aa®¤e” – ?a? a aa®¤Y
®!eYa®§i©aacYeY a¦¤e.
„a ac. 28 “a ? c ?a®?§c®¤aacY” – ?a? a aa®¤Y
?a?a c«Y?Y ?a®?§c®¤aacY®F® !a ? .
„a ac. 29 “?!a«a¦?c ie?Y ?a®?§c®¤aac ? a®§i©aac ” –
?a? a aa®¤Y Y?a®¬ee«Ye¬? a®§i©aac ¬? (¤Yaa??Y
acaY¦¤Y?i, ?®¤a®!®Y aY«ia?®Y a®§i©aac® ? a. ?.
„a ac. 31 “ aa®¤e !a¤ae?a ?Ya?®¤®c” – ?a? a aa®¤Y
F®a®?®¤F®a®c?aY«ieY a !®ae; ?®¤F®a®c?a
?a®?§c®¤aac c aY§®ea ®aa a«ia; ®ac®Y?Y ®cea
?aY¤?a?ia?©, ?a®?§c®¤aac, aaa ®c®? ? FaYF a®c;
Ya c®¬Ya® ?a®?§c®¤?¬e© c aYcY?? F®¤ aY¬®a ?«?
Y?aY¤c?¤YeY aY¬®ae ®a®cea aaY¤aac (Ya«? Y
a®§¤ Yaai aY¬®ae© ae®¤), ?®F¤ a !®ae ce?®«i«?ai
YaY¬®ae¬? aeYa ¬?.
„a ac. 43 “?®¬¬YacYa??Y a aa®¤e” – a aa®¤,
aci§ e© a a? ?®c?®© F®a®c®© ?a®¤a?ae?? § acYa
?®aa ce?? ? ¤a.
„«i caYa ceeYa? § ea § ??aY© ?®aaYa?®¤?aaie?¬? acYa ¬?
!a¤aa 10, Ya«? a aa®¤aiaai ¬ aYa? «ieY aeY®aa? ?«? 12,
?a? ?YaY¤ cY ? c i?a?«a a ae?i.
a? § ??a? ®aaeYaac«iiaai c aYcY?Y ¬Yaiae ?®
acYa®© aa®?¬®aa? c cY¤®¬®aaia 12, 13, 15 ?
¦aa « a – ®a¤Ya a 10 ? 10/1.
22
? ? a¦Y ®a¬Yc «®ai, ¬ aYa? «ieY aYaaaae c !aaF «aYaa?®¬ acYaY
? ®acYa®aa? ¤®«¦e ®aa ¦ aiai ?® ?a ae ?a?cYa?®© aY!Yaa®?¬®aa?.
??aY¤Y«Y?Y ae ?a?cYa?®© aY!Yaa®?¬®aa? ¬ aYa? «iea aYaaaa®c,
a??aec Y¬ea ?a®?§c®¤aac® a §aYe Yaai ?a®?§c®¤?ai ®¤?¬ ?§
a«Y¤aie?a ¬Ya®¤®c ®aeY?? § ? a®c:
?® aaY¤Y© aY!Yaa®?¬®aa?;
?® aY!Yaa®?¬®aa? ?Yacea ?® caY¬Y? § ?a?®? (¬Ya®¤ ”?”?);
?® aY!Yaa®?¬®aa? ?®a«Y¤?a ?® caY¬Y? § ?a?®? (¬Ya®¤ ‹?”?).
a?¬Ya a??a ?i ¬ aYa? «®c ?® ?®a«Y¤?¬ ¤ca¬ ¬Ya®¤ ¬ ®??a c
F« cY 1. Yace© a?®a®! ®aeY?? ?aY¤?®« F Ya, ca® c aYcY?Y
®acYa®F® ¬Yaiae ¬ aYa? «e a??aec iaai ?® aaY¤Y© aY!Yaa®-
?¬®aa?, ? ? ?a c?«®, ?® acYae¬ aeY ¬, c ?®aeY ¬Yaiae ai¤
¦Y ®a®aiaai a®®acYaaacaie i ¤®«i ®a?«®Y?i ae ?a?cYa?®©
aY!Yaa®?¬®aa? ¬ aYa? «iea aYaaaa®c ®a aa®?¬®aa? ?a ?® acYae¬
aeY ¬. ?§ac Y¬®¬ ?aY¤?a?ia?? ¬ aYa? «e c aYcY?? ¬Yaiae
a??aec iaai a ?aY¤?a 10 c ¤Y!Ya ?a®?§c®¤aacYea acYa®c
?® ®?a®ce¬ aeY ¬, ®?aY¤Y«Ye¬ ¬Ya®¤®¬ ”?”?, c ?®aeY
¬Yaiae ai¤ ¦Y ®a®a?aai a®®acYaaacaie i ¤®«i ’‡.
‚ § c?a?¬®aa? ®a ?a?ia®© acYa®© ?®«?a???,
?aY¤?a?ia?Y ¬®¦Ya ®aaeYaac«iai E¤c?¦Y?Y ¬ aYa? «iea
aeY®aaY© ?® acYae¬ aeY ¬ ? ? a ?a?®«i§®c ?Y¬ acYa®c
16 “?a?«®Y?i c aa®?¬®aa? ¬ aYa? «®c” ? 15
“‡ F®a®c«Y?Y ? ?a?®!aYaY?Y ¬ aYa? «®c”, a ? ? !Y§
?aF. ‘®F« a® acYa®© ?®«?a??Y, ?aa«Y¤aY¬®Y ?aY¤?a?ia?Y
?a?¬YiYa acYa 16 (‘c. 15 Y ?a?®«i§aYaai).
…a«? c acYa®© ?®«?a??Y ?aY¤?a?ia?i ?aY¤aa¬®aaY®
?a?®«i§®c ?Y acYa 15 “‡ F®a®c«Y?Y ? ?a?®!aYaY?Y
¬ aYa? «®c” ? acYa 16 ” ?a?«®Y?i c aa®?¬®aa?
¬ aYa? «®c”, a® acYa ¤c?¦Y?i ¬ aYa? «iea aeY®aaY©
cY¤Yaai a«Y¤aie?¬ ®!a §®¬.
‘cYa 15 ?aY¤ § cY ¤«i acYa § F®a®c«Y?i ?
?a?®!aYaY?i ¬ aYa? «iea aeY®aaY©, ®a®aie?aai ?
aaY¤aac ¬ c ®!®a®aY. ‚ ¤Y!Ya ia®F® acYa ®a®aiaai
?®?a? i aa®?¬®aai ¬ aYa? «iea aeY®aaY©, ?® ?®a®ae¬
?®aaa??«? a acYaeY ¤®?a¬Yae ?®aa ce?? ? ¤aaF?Y
a aa®¤e ?® ?a?®!aYaY?i ¬ aYa? «®c a ?aY¤?a acYa®c
“ acYae a ?®aa ce?? ¬? ? ?®¤ai¤c?? ¬?”,
“‚a?®¬®F aY«ieY ?a®?§c®¤aac “, “ acYae a
?®¤®acYae¬? «?ae ¬?” ? a. ?., c § c?a?¬®aa? ®a
a®F®, ®a?a¤ ?®aaa??«? ¬ aYa? «ieY aeY®aa?, ®a
a a ?aYa a aa®¤®c ?® § F®a®c?Y ? ¤®aa c?Y
¬ aYa? «iea aeY®aaY©.
? aYa? «ieY aeY®aa?, ae ?a?cYa?? ?®aaa??ce?Y c
®aF ?§ ae?i, a??aec ia ?® acYae¬ aeY ¬ a ?aY¤?a 15
c ¤Y!Ya acYa®c 10, 12 ? ¤aaF?a.
‘a¬¬ a §?aee c aa®?¬®aa? ?a?®!aYaYea
¬ aYa? «iea aeY®aaY©, ?ac?a«Y®© c ae ?a?cYa?®©
26
aY!Yaa®?¬®aa? ?a?®!aYaY?i ? acYaea aeY a, a??aec Yaai
a® acYa 15 c ¤Y!Ya acYa 16 “?a?«®Y?i c aa®?¬®aa?
¬ aYa? «®c”.
?aa a®? acYaY 15 ?®Yae ¬Yaiae ?®? §ec Ya
«?c?Y ¬ aYa? «®c c ?aa? ?«? Y cecY§Yea a®
a?« ¤ ?®aa ce??®c.
?aa«Y¤aY¬®¬ ?aY¤?a?ia??, ? ? a¦Y ®a¬Yc «®ai acYa 15 Y
?a?®«i§aia, ?®ia®¬a ?a? ?®aaa?«Y?? a acYaea ¤®?a¬Ya®c ®a
?®aa ce??®c ¬ aYa? «ieY aeY®aa? aa §a ®aa ¦ iaai ?® ¤Y!Yaa
10 acYa . ’.®. acYaY 10 caY ¬ aYa? «ieY aeY®aa? ®aa ¦Ye
?® ®?a®ce¬ aeY ¬ ?a?®!aYaY?i. ‚aY ®a?«®Y?i, ?¬Y®
aa a?®aaeY ? § F®a®c?aY«ieY a aa®¤e, ®aa ¦ iaai acYaY
16.
‘cYa 16 ?® acYaa ?a?«®Y?i c aa®?¬®aa?
¬ aYa? «®c ?aY¤ § cY ¤«i ®aa ¦Y?i a §?aee c
aa®?¬®aa? ?a?®!aYaYea ¬ aYa? «®c, ?ac?a«Y®© c
ae ?a?cYa?®© aY!Yaa®?¬®aa? ?a?®!aYaY?i ? acYaea aeY a.
a®a acYa ?a?®«i§aYaai a®«i?® c a®¬ a«ac Y, Ya«?
acYa a 10 ? 12 acYa cY¤Yaai ?® acYae¬ aeY ¬.
?®?«YeY acYaY “?a?«®Y?i c aa®?¬®aa?
¬ aYa? «®c” a §?aee ¬Y¦¤a ae ?a?cYa?®© aY!Yaa®?¬®aaii
?a?®!aYaYea ¬ aYa? «iea aeY®aaY© ? aa®?¬®aaii ?®
acYae¬ aeY ¬ a??aec ia a ?aY¤?a ia®F® acYa c ¤Y!Ya
?§¤Ya¦Y? ?a®?§c®¤aac ?«? ®!a eY?i ?«? ¤aaF?a
acYa®c ?a®?®aae?® «i® aa®?¬®aa? ?§a aa®¤®c ea
¬ aYa? «iea aeY®aaY© ?® acYae¬ aeY ¬. „ eY ®a?«®Y-
?i a a?aY¤Y«iia ¬Y¦¤a a §«?ce¬? acYa ¬? ?§¤Ya¦Y?
?a®?§c®¤aac ? ®!a eY?i ®a®c ?? cY¤®¬®aa? a a?aY¤Y«Y?i
¬ aYa? «®c. ‚ !aaF «aYa?? ? ““«ii®ca?c®¤®? «” c ? cYaacY
ia®© cY¤®¬®aa? a«a¦?a ?? “ aa®¤ ¬ aYa? «®c ?® ?a c«Y?i¬
§ aa a” (a?«. 10).
® ?aaYcY?? ¬Yaiae ®?aY¤Y«iia a §?aea ¬Y¦¤a
ae ?a?cYa?®© aY!Yaa®?¬®aaii ?§a aa®¤®c ea ¬ aYa? «®c ?
?a aa®?¬®aaii ?® acYae¬ aeY ¬. §?aea a??aec ia
aY ¦Y acYa § aa a, ?®a®aeY !e«? a??a e
¬ aYa? «e ?® acYae¬ aeY ¬(?a®c®F® ?a®?§c®¤aac ,
‚a?®¬®F aY«iea ?a®?§c®¤aac ? ¤a.). a? ia®¬, Ya«?
ae ?a?cYa? i aY!Yaa®?¬®aai ceeY acYa®© aeYe, a §?aea
¬Y¦¤a ?¬? a??aec ia ¤®?®«?aY«i®© !aaF «aYaa?®©
?a®c®¤?®©, ®!a aai a §?aea – a?®a®!®¬ “?a a®Y
aa®a®”, a.Y. ®aa?ae aY«ie¬? c?a« ¬?. ?§ac Y¬®¬
?aY¤?a?ia?? ca®a®© c a? a a??a ?i Y ?a?®«i§aYaai, a.?.
¬ aYa? «e ®aa ¦ iaai acYaY 10 ?® ®?a®c®© aeYY ?a?®!aYaY?i
? ®a«®Y?i¬? ¬®Faa !eai a®«i?® ’‡, a.Y. a® § ?®¬ “+”,
ia® ac?¤YaY«iaacaYa ® a®¬, ca®, c ?a?ae??Y, ce!a e© ¬Ya®¤
acYa ¬ aYa? «iea aYaaaa®c ?a?®«i§aYaai Y c ?®«®© ¬YaY,
?a? ¤ ®© ¬Ya®¤®«®F?? ¬®¦® !e«® !e ac?aec ai ¬ aYa? «e
acYaY 10 ?® ae ?a?cYa?®© aY!Yaa®?¬®aa? !Y§ ?a?®«i§®c ?i acYa
16.
?aa ce?Yai a?« ¤Y ¬ aYa? «e ®aeYYe ?® aaY¤Y©
?®?a?®© ?«? ?« ®c®© (?« ®c®©) aY!Yaa®?¬®aa?.
a? ?a?®«i§®c ?? ¤«i acYa ?a®?§c®¤aacYea
§ ? a®c acYa®c 15 ? 16 a? § eY aeY®aa? ®aa ¦ iaai
c ! « aY ?® aa aii¬ “a®?§c®¤aacYeY § ? ae” ?
“? «®aeYeY ? !eaaa®?§ e?c ie?Yai ?aY¤¬Yae” ?® acYae¬
aeY ¬.
aa¬®aa?¬ ?®?aYae© ?a?¬Ya a??a ?i ®a?«®Y?© a® acYa
16 ?a®?§c®¤aacYeY acYa . „«i ia®F® ?a?®«i§aY¬
a«Y¤aie?Y ¤ eY § ¤Y? !ai 1996 F®¤ :
‘ «i¤® c «® ¬Yaiae ?® acYaa 10 7 408 511 000
a?a®¤ ¬ aYa? «®c ?® acYae¬ aeY ¬,
!Y§ caaaYYF® ?YaY¬YeY?i 1 068 760 386
aa®¤ ¬ aYa? «®c § ¬Yaiae 905 637 056
c a®¬ c?a«Y:
c ¤Y!Ya 201 780 113 056
c ¤Y!Ya 202 125 524 000
‘ «i¤® ¤Y!Ya ?® acYaa 16
?®Yae ¬Yaiae 967 500
??aY¤Y«iY¬ ?a®aeYa ®a?«®Y?© :
967 500 / (7 408 511 000 + 1 068 760 386) * 100 = 0.01%
‘®aa c«iiaai ?a®c®¤??:
„a 201 ?a 16 780 113 056 * 0.01% = 78 011
„a 202 ?a 16 125 524 000 * 0.01% = 12 552
? «?a?cYa??© acYa ?® acYaa “?a?«®Y?i c
aa®?¬®aa? ¬ aYa? «®c” cY¤Yaai ?® Faa?? ¬
¬ aYa? «iea aeY®aaY© a ?a?!«?§?aY«i® ®¤? ?®ce¬
aa®cY¬ ia?a ®a?«®Y?©. ?§ac Y¬®¬ ?aY¤?a?ia?? a ?®F®
«?a?cYa?®F® acYa Y cY¤Yaai, ca® ¬®¦Ya ?a?cYaa? ? ?a? –
¦Y?i aY!Yaa®?¬®aa? ?®?aYa®© ce?aa? Y¬®© ?a®¤a?ae?? (a !®a,
aa«aF), a.?. ae ?a?cYa? i aY!Yaa®¬®aai ®¤?a ¬ aYa? «iea
aeY®aaY© ¬®¦Ya ®? § aiai § ceeY®©, ¤aaF?a – § ?¦Y®©.
® ?® a?Yae?ae??Y a !®ae a aa¬ aa?c Y¬®F® ?aY¤?a?ia?i, ¤«i
?®aa®«i § YF® aea?ae?®?a®c ?Y¬, Y®!a®¤?¬® ? ? ¬®¦® !®«YY
a®c® ®?aY¤Y«iai ®a¤Y«i® a®«i?® aY!Yaa®?¬®aai c®¤®?a®c®¤ea ?
? «?§ ae?®ea aa«aF, ?®a®aeY a®¤Ya¦ a c aY!Y ¬ aYa? «ieY
§ aa ae a ?a?!«?§?aY«i® a c®© aaaa?aaa®© ?, ?a®¬Y a®F®,
¬ aYa? «ieY § aa ae a®aa c«iia Y a ¬ai § c?aY«iai
¤®«i c aY!Yaa®?¬®aa? ¤ ea aa«aF. ‚aY ia® ¤®? §ec Ya, ca®
a?a®eY?Y acYa ?® acYaa “?a?«®Y?i c aa®?¬®aa? ¬ aYa? «®c”
Y ?a?c®¤?a ? aaeYaacYe¬ ®e?!? ¬ c ¤ ®¬ a«ac Y.
?a®ce¬ ?a c«Y?Y¬ ?®ceeY?i iaeaeY?a?c®aa?
?a?®«i§®c ?i ?a®?§c®¤aacYea § ? a®c ic«iYaai cY¤aY?Y
aYaaaa®a!YaYF ie?a, ¬ «®®aa®¤ea ? !Y§®aa®¤ea
aYa®«®F?©.
ae?® «i®Y ?a?®«i§®c ?Y § ? a®c § c?a?a a ?¦Y ®a
?®«®ae a!®a ? ?a?®«i§®c ?i ®aa®¤®c ? ®!®a®c ®©
?a ®aeY??.
?¤?¬ ?§ aa«®c?© a ae?® «i®F® ?a?®«i§®c ?i
?a®?§c®¤aacYea aYaaaa®c ic«iYaai ®a¬?a®c ?Y a?« ¤a??a
§ ? a®c ? ¬ aYa? «iea § aa a.
®¤ ®a¬®© ?a®?§c®¤aacY®F® § ? a ?®?¬ ia aaY¤?©
c aYcY?? F®¤ § ? a ? ¦¤®F® c?¤ ¬ aYa? «®c,
?a??¬ Y¬e© ? ? ?YaYa®¤ie?© § ? a ?®Yae ?« ?aaY¬®F®
F®¤ . a ®a¬ ?§¬YaiYaai c ¤ia aaY¤Yaaa®c®F®
?®aaY!«Y?i ? ¦¤®F® c?¤ ¬ aYa? «®c.
?aF ?§ ae?? ¤®«¦e aaaY¬?aiai ? a®!«i¤Y?i ®a¬
?a®?§c®¤aacYea § ? a®c ? ¦¤®F® c?¤ ¬ aYa? «®c,
?®a?®«i?a ?a ?§«?eY? ?a?c®¤?a ? § ¬Y¤«Y?i
®!®a c?c Y¬®aa? ®!®a®aea aaY¤aac, Y¤®aa a®? ¬®¦Ya
?a?cYaa? ? aaeca ?a®?§c®¤aacY®F® ?a®aeYaa .
„«i ?®aa®«i § a®aa®i?Y¬ ?a®?§c®¤aacYea § ? a®c
c ¦®Y § cY?Y ?¬YYa ?a c?«i i ®aF ?§ ae?i a?« ¤a?®F®
acYa ?a®?§c®¤aacYea § ? a®c. ?« ¤®ce?? ®!i§
ac®YcaY¬Y® ?ae®a¬?a®c ai a«a¦!a a !¦Y?i ®!
®a?«®Y?ia ae ?a?cYa?®F® ®aa a? ¬ aYa? «®c ®a
aaa ®c«Yea ®a¬, a ?¦Y ®! ®aa a? a ¬ aYa? «®c,
¤«?aY«i®Y caY¬i a®¤ie?aai !Y§ ¤c?¦Y?i.
§a !®a? ? cY¤aY?Y ?a®FaYaa?cea aYa??® –
i?®®¬?cYa??a ®a¬ ? ®a¬ a?c®c ?® ¬ aYa? «ie¬
§ aa a ¬ a®¤Y©aacaia Y a®«i?® ?®ceeY?i iaeaeY?a?c®aa?
?a?®«i§®c ?i ¬ aYa? «iea aYaaaa®c, ® ?
a®cYaeYaac®c ?i ?« ?a®c ?i, acYa ? ? «i?a-
«?a®c ?i aY!Yaa®?¬®aa? ?a®¤a?ae?? (a !®a, aa«aF).
®ia®¬a !aaF «aYa?i ?a?§c ?®aa®i® ®aaeYaac«iai
?®aa®«i § ? cYaac®¬ ®a¬ ? ®a¬ a?c®c, ?a??¬ ai
¬Yae ?® ?YaYa¬®aaa ®a¬ a acYa®¬ ®c®© aYa®«®F?? ?
?§¬YY?© c ®aF ?§ ae?? aaa¤ ? ?a®?§c®¤aac .
?a?®«i§®c ?Y ®a¬ c acYaY ?aY¤?®« F Ya ?aY¦¤Y
caYF® «?¬?a?a®c ?Y ®a?aa? ¬ aYa? «®c c
?a®?§c®¤aac®.
32
w1P
’ !«?ae 1.
E‘cYa 10 “? aYa? «e” ? aa!acYa ? Y¬a, ?a?¬YiY¬eY ?
““«ii®ca?c®¤®? «”F
——T———————–T———————————————-?
?‘cYa ? ‘a!acYa ? § cY?Y ?
+—–+———————–+———————————————-+
? ? ? ?
? 10 ?1. ?a®ceY ¬ aYa? «e ? „«i acYa «?c?i ? ¤c?¦Y?i caYa ¬ aYa? «i- ?
? ? ? ?
? ? ? ea aeY®aaY©, ?a? ¤«Y¦ e?a ?aY¤?a?ia?i, ?
? ? ? ?
? ? ? ?a?«ic i § ? aeY c aa? ? ?‘?. ?
? ? ? ?
? 10 ?2. ‡ ? aeY c aa? ? „«i acYa «?c?i ? ¤c?¦Y?i ?a?®!aYa Y¬ea ?
? ? ? ?
? ? ? § ? aea c aaY© (c ®a®c®¬, ¤«i ca®aa a- ?
? ? ? ?
? ? ? ?®aaea aaY¤aac ? a?«®cea ¬ e?). ?
? ? ? ?
? 10 ?3. ?‘? ? „«i acYa «?c?i ? ¤c?¦Y?i F®aicYa¬ §®cea ?
? ? ? ?
? ? ? ¬ aYa? «®c (!Y§? , ¬ aY«, a¬ §®?, a®a®« ?
? ? ? ?
? ? ? ? ¤a.) ?
L—–+———————–+———————————————–
‚ ?a®¬ee«Y®aa? ?®aa®i® acY«?c?c Yaai ?®aaY!«Y?Y
¬ aYa? «iea aeY®aaY© c ?a®?§c®¤aacY. a® ®!aa« c«?c Yaai
a ae?aY?Y¬ ?a®?§c®¤aac , § c?aY«ie¬ a¤Y«ie¬ cYa®¬
¬ aYa? «iea § aa a c aY!Yaa®?¬®aa? ?a®¤a?ae?? ? a®aa®¬
aeY aYaaaae. „«i ?a?¬Ya , a¤Y«ie© cYa a? § ea
§ aa a c aY!Yaa®?¬®aa? ?a®¤a?ae?? c «YF?®© ? a?¬?cYa?®©
?a®¬ee«Y®aa? ¤®aa?F Ya 90%.
‚ aY§a«ia aY ceeYa? § ®F® c aa«®c?ia
ae®c®© i?®®¬??? E ?aa «i®©F aa ®c?aai aY¬ acYa ?
?®aa®«i a aa®¤ ¬ aYa? «iea § ? a®c ?a®?§c®¤aac®
?a®¤a?ae?? (a !®a, aa«aF).
?§ac Y¬®¬ ?aY¤?a?ia?? a¤Y«ie© cYa ¬ aYa? «iea
§ aa a c aY!Yaa®?¬®aa? c®¤®?a®c®¤ea aa«aF a®aa c«iYa
?a?¬Ya® 10%. Ya¬®aai Y!®«ieai cY«Yc?a ¤ ®F®
?®? § aY«i a aa¬ aa?c Y¬ i aY¬ Y ¬®¦Ya ic«iaiai ca®a®a-
aY?Y®© ¤«i ?aY¤?a?ia?i. ‚ aa®ieYY caY¬i c aa«®c?ia
ae®c®© i?®®¬??? ®?aY¤Y«iieYY § cY?Y ?a?®!aYa Ya
? cYaacYeY ?®? § aY«?, a ??Y ? ? a?¦Y?Y a¤Y«iea § aa a
aeaii, ¬ aYa? «®c ? a®?«?c . ?a?¬Ya, Y®!®a®c e¬
!a¤Ya ic«iaiai acY«?cY?Y § aa a a?¬?? a®c (a«®a , ?® Fa-
«ia ? ¤a.) 1 ?a!. ¬Yaa ®!a ! aec Y¬®© c®¤e c
®acYa®¬ F®¤a ?® aa cY?i a ®a¬ a?ce¬? ?®? § aY«i¬?,
Ya«?, ?®Yc®, ia® Y aci§ ® a a ?a a® – i??¤Y¬?®«®F?-
cYa??¬? aeY«i¬?. ®ia®¬a Y®!a®¤?¬® ¬ ?a?¬ «i® aaaa iai
?®aYa? ? Ya ae?® «ieY a aa®¤e ¬ aYa? «iea aeY®aaY©,
?®a®aeY, c c aa®aa?, ¬®Faa c®§??aai ?a? YiaeaeY?a?c®©
®aF ?§ ae?? acYa ? ?®aa®«i ?a?®«i§®c ?i ¬ aYa? «®c.
„ eY !aaF «aYaa?®F® acYa ¤®«¦e a®¤Ya¦ ai ?ae®a¬ ae?i
¤«i ?§ea? ?i aY§Yac®c a?¦Y?i aY!Yaa®?¬®aa? ?a®¤a?ae??
c c aa? a ae?® «i®F® ?a?®«i§®c ?i ¬ aYa? «®c, a?¦Y?i
®a¬ a aa®¤ , ®!Ya?YcY?i ¤«Y¦ eYF® aa Y?i ¬ aYa? «®c
? a®aa ®aa?.
“«aceY?i aYaaaa®a!YaY¦Y?i a?®a®!aacaYa a?®ai¤®cY?Y
?Yac?c®© ¤®?a¬Ya ae??, e?a®?®Y cY¤aY?Y a??®cea
a?ae?ae?a®c ea ae®a¬, ?®ceeY?Y aa®ci ¬Ya ?§ ae?? ?
ca®¬ a?§ ae?? acYa® – cec?a«?aY«iea a !®a, ®!Ya?YcY?Y
aaa®F® ?®ai¤? ?a?Y¬??, aa Y?i ? a aa®¤®c ?i aeaii,
¬ aYa? «®c, ?®«aae !a?? a®c, ?®¬?«Y?aaie?a ?§¤Y«?©, a®?«?c
? ¤a., ®Fa ?cY?i c?a« ¤®«¦®aaea «?ae, ?¬Yie?a
?a c® ?®¤??a? ¤®?a¬Ya®c ce¤ ca ®a®!® ¤Yae?ae?aea ?
¤®a®F®aa®ie?a ¬ aYa? «®c. „«i ®!Ya?YcY?i a®aa ®aa?
?a®?§c®¤aacYea § ? a®c, ?a c?«i®© ?a?Y¬??, aa Y?i ?
®a?aa? aeY®aaY© c ¦®Y § cY?Y ?¬YYa «?c?Y
?aY¤?a?ia?? c ¤®aa a®c®¬ ?®«?cYaacY a?« ¤a??a ?®¬YeY?©,
®a eYea cYa®ce¬? ? ?§¬Ya?aY«ie¬? ?a?!®a ¬?,
4
¬Ya®© a a®© ? ¤aaF?¬? ?a?a?®a®!«Y?i¬?. Y®!a®¤?¬® a ?¦Y
cY¤aY?Y iaeaeY?a?cea ae®a¬ ?aY¤c a?aY«i®F® ? aY?aeYF®
?®aa®«i § a®!«i¤Y?Y¬ ®a¬ § ? a®c ?
a aa®¤®c ?Y¬ ¬ aYa? «iea aYaaaa®c.
‚ aci§? a ia?¬ ®a®ce¬? E§ ¤ c ¬? ?aa«Y¤®c ?iF
«i!®¬ ?aY¤?a?ia?? ?a?®«i§®c ?i ¬ aYa? «iea aYaaaa®c
ic«iYaai:
– ?a c?«i®Y ? ac®YcaY¬Y®Y ¤®?a¬Ya «i®Y ®aa ¦Y?Y
caYa ®?Ya ae?© ?® § F®a®c?Y, ?®aaa?«Y?i ? ®a?aa?a
¬ aYa? «®c;
– ceic«Y?Y ? ®aa ¦Y?Y § aa a, aci§ ea a ?a
§ F®a®c«Y?Y¬;
– a acYa ? a??a ?Y ®a?«®Y?© ?® ?a c«Y?Y¬ § aa a;
– ?®aa®«i § a®aa ®aaii ¬ aYa? «iea aeY®aaY© c
¬Yaa a ?a aa Y?i ? caYa aa ¤?ia
¤c?¦Y?i;
– ?®aa®ie© ?®aa®«i § a®!«i¤Y?Y¬ aaa ®c«Yea ®a¬
?a®?§c®¤aacYea § ? a®c;
– a?aaY¬ a?cYa??© ?®aa®«i § ?a?®«i§®c ?Y¬ ¬ aYa? «®c
c ?a®?§c®¤aacY ! §Y ®!®a®c ea ®a¬ ?a
a aa®¤®c ?i;
– ?®aa®«i § aYa®«®F?cYa??¬ ®aa®¤ ¬? ? ?®aYai¬? ? ?a
?a?®«i§®c ?Y¬;
– ac®YcaY¬Y®Y ?®«acY?Y a®c®© ?ae®a¬ ae?? ® cY«?c?Y
i?®®¬?? ?«? ?YaYa aa®¤ ¬ aYa? «iea aYaaaa®c ?®
aa cY?i a aaa ®c«Ye¬? «?¬?a ¬?;
– a?aaY¬ a?cYa??© ?®aa®«i § ceic«Y?Y¬ ?§«?e?a ?
Y?a?®«i§®c ea ¬ aYa? «®c, ?a aY «?§ ae?i.
?Ya®¤®«®F?i ®aF ?§ ae?? !aaF «aYaa?®F® acYa ¬ aYa? «iea
aYaaaa®c ?aY¤?®« F Ya Ece!®a ®¤®F® ?§ Ya?®«i??a ¬Ya®¤®cF
?a acYa ? ®aeY??, ?®a®ae© ae??a?aaYaai c acYa®© ?®«?a??Y
?aY¤?a?ia?i. ’ ? ®?aY¤Y«Y?Y ae ?a?cYa?®© aY!Yaa®?¬®aa?
¬ aYa? «iea aYaaaa®c, a??aec Y¬ea c ?a®?§c®¤aac®, a §aYe Yaai
?a®?§c®¤?ai ®¤?¬ ?§ a«Y¤aie?a ¬Ya®¤®c ®aeY?? § ? a®c: ?®
aaY¤Y© aY!Yaa®?¬®aa?, ?® aY!Yaa®?¬®aa? ?Yacea ?® caY¬Y?
§ ?a?®? (”?”?), ?® aY!Yaa®?¬®aa? ?®a«Y¤?a ?® caY¬Y?
§ ?a?®? (‹?”?). ?§ac Y¬®¬ ?aY¤?a?ia?? ?a?®«i§aYaai ¬Ya®¤
”?”?.
?a®¬Y a®F®, ¬ aYa? «e acYaY 10 “? aYa? «e” ¬®Faa ac?aec aiai
«?!® ?® ae ?a?cYa?®© aY!Yaa®?¬®aa? ?a ?a?®!aYaY?i (§ F®a®c??),
«?!® ?® acYae¬ aeY ¬. a? acYaY ¬ aYa? «®c ?® acYae¬
aeY ¬ (?« ®c i aY!Yaa®?¬®aai ?a?®!aYaY?i, aaY¤?Y ?®?a?eY
aeYe ? ¤a.) a §?ae ¬Y¦¤a aa®?¬®aaii aeY®aaY© ?® ia?¬
aeY ¬ ? ae ?a?cYa?®© aY!Yaa®?¬®aaii ?a?®!aYaY?i aeY®aaY©
®aa ¦ Yaai acYaY 16 “?a?«®Y?i c aa®?¬®aa? ¬ aYa? «®c”.
“cYa i ?®«?a?? ? ““«ii®ca?c®¤®? «” ?aY¤?®« F Ya ?a?®«i-
§®c ?Y acYaea aeY ? acYa 16.
?aF ?§ ae?? ?¬Yia ?a c® a ¬®aa®iaY«i® ce!?a ai a?®a®!
?« aa?ae?? ae?? ¬ aYa? «iea aYaaaa®c. ?« aa?ae?? a®a ¤®«¦Y c
?®«®© ¬YaY a?aaY¬ a?§?a®c ai ?¬Yie?Yai a?« ¤ a a §«?c-
eY ¬ aYa? «e, ?aY¤?®« F ai ?®aa®«i § ?a c?«i®aaii cY¤Y?i
!aaF «aYaa?®F® acYa , a?®a®!aac®c ai !®«YY a®c®¬a a a?aY¤Y«Y?i
®a?«®Y?© c aa®?¬®aa? ¬ aYa? «iea aeY®aaY© ?® ?a c«Y?i¬
§ aa a.
‚ ¦Y a ?¦Y ce!®a ¬Ya®¤ acYa a?« ¤Y, ?®a®ae© ¤®«¦Y
®!Ya?Yc?ai ®?Ya a?c®aai ? ¤®aa®cYa®aai ?®«?cYaacY®F® acYa
5
a?« ¤Y, a?aaY¬ a?cYa??© ?®aa®«i § ?a c?«i®aaii ¤®?a¬Y-
a?a®c ?i ®?Ya ae?© ?® ¤c?¦Y?i ¬ aYa? «®c ? a®®acYaaac?i
®aa a?®c ¬ aYa? «®c ?® ¤ e¬ a?« ¤a?®F® acYa a ®aa a? ¬?
¬ aYa? «®c ?® ¤ e¬ !aaF «aYaa?®F® acYa .
E–Y«ii ¤ ®© ?aaa®c®© a !®aeF ic«iYaai ?§acY?Y
aaaa?aaae ¬ aYa? «iea aYaaaa®c, ¤®?a¬Ya «i®F® ®ae®a¬«Y?i
®a?aa? ¬ aYa? «®c ?a®?§c®¤aacYeY ? a®§i©aacYeY
a¦¤e, ®aF ?§ ae?? ®?Ya a?c®F® ? !aaF «aYaa?®F® acYa
a aa®¤ ¬ aYa? «iea aeY®aaY© ? ?®aa®«i § ?a
?a?®«i§®c ?Y¬ c ?a®?§c®¤aacY ?§ac Y¬®¬ ?aY¤?a?ia??.
®¤a®!®Y ?§acY?Y ia®© aY¬e ?®§c®«?a ceic?ai ?®?aYaeY
¬Ya®¤e ®aeY??, acYa ? ?®aa®«i ¬ aYa? «iea aYaaaa®c,
?a?®«i§aY¬ea ®aF ?§ ae?Y©, a ?¦Y ?aY¤«®¦?ai ?aa? a«ac-
eY?i ?a?®«i§®c ?i ¬ aYa? «®c c a ¬? a c®§¬®¦ea a?®a®!®c
cY¤Y?i !aaF «aYaa?®F® acYa ¬ aYa? «iea aYaaaa®c, § ae??a?-
a®c ea c ®a¬ a?cea ®¤®¦Y?ia ?® !aaF «aYaa?®¬a acYaa.
?aF ?§ ae?? !aaF «aYaa?®F® acYa ¬ aYa? «iea aeY®aaY©
!a¤Ya a aa¬ aa?c aiai ?a?¬YaY E? ““«ii®ca?c®¤®? «”F.
?a?ae?? «i®Y ?aY¤?a?ia?Y c®¤®?a®c®¤®F® ? ? «?§ ae?®®F®
a®§i©aac ““«ii®ca?c®¤®? «” ic«iYaai ®¤?¬ ?§ aa aY©e?a c
F. “«ii®ca?Y. aY¤?a?ia?Y ®a®c ® YeY c ?a®e«®¬ cY?Y, ?®F¤
c ‘?¬!?aa?Y !e« ?®aaa®Y ?Yace© c®¤®§ !®a – 1861 F. ‘®caY¬Y i
a?aaY¬ c®¤®?a®c®¤® – ? «?§ ae?®®F® a®§i©aac ?aY¤aa c«iYa
a®!®© a«®¦e© ?®¬?«Y?a a §®®!a §ea a®®aa¦Y?©, ®!Ya?Yc?c ie?a
§ !®a, ®c?aa?a ? ?®¤ ca ?®aaY!?aY«i¬ c®¤e c aaY!aY¬®¬ ?®«?cYaacY
? ¤«Y¦ eYF® ? cYaac , a ?¦Y aa a?®aa?a®c?a aa®cea c®¤, ?a
®c?aa?a ? a!a®a c c®¤®Y¬e.
?a®¬Y a®F® ?aY¤?a?ia?Y ®aaeYaac«iYa:
– ?®aa®«i § ? cYaac®¬ a!a aec Y¬®© aa®c®© ¦?¤?®aa?,
– aYa?cYa?ai i?a?«a a ae?i a?aaY¬c®¤®a !¦Y?i ? c®¤®®acY¤Y?i,
®!Ya?Yc?c ie i !Ya?YaY!®©ai ? ¤Y¦ai a !®aa caYa a®®aa¦Y?©
a acYa®¬ aaY!®c ?© ®aa e c®¤®Y¬®c ? a ae?® «i®F® ?a?®«i-
§®c?i c®¤ea aYaaaa®c.
‚ aa®ieYY caY¬i aaY¤Ya??a®c i c?a«Y®aai a !®a ie?a
a®aa c«iYa ?®ai¤? 2700 cY«®cY?.
a?®c®¤aac® ¬a?ae?? «i®F® ?aY¤?a?ia?i ¤«i ®!Ya?YcY?i ®a¬ «i-
®© a !®ae e?a®?® ?a?®«i§aYa a®caY¬YeY ¬Ya®¤e a?a c«Y?i. !®a
!aaF «aYa??, !®Yaa?®F® ®a¤Y« , ®a¤Y« ? ¤a®c ?®«®aaii ca®-
¬ a?§?a®c .
® ?a®F ¬ a !®ae 1996 F®¤ ?®? § aY«? ?® ®a®ce¬ c?¤ ¬
aa«aF, ®? §ec Y¬ea ®aF ?§ ae?Y© a®aa c?«?:
E? ‚?„??‚?„“F
– ¤®a®¤e, aea. aa!. 118 658 496,4
– a aa®¤e, aea. aa!. 93 112 023
– ?a?!e«i 25 526 473,4
– aYa !Y«i®aai,% 27,4
E? ???‹?‡?–??F
– ¤®a®¤e, aea. aa!. 59 059 517
– a aa®¤e, aea. aa!. 70 564 712
– a!ea®? 11 505 195
®a«Y¤?Y ¤ eY F®c®aia ®! a!ea®c®aa? ? «?§ ae?®ea
a®®aa¦Y?©, ca® cYa®ia® ¬®¦Ya ?a?cYaa? ? acY«?cY?i a a?ae®c.
‚ aa®ieYY caY¬i ?aY¤?a?ia?Y¬ aa?®c®¤?a ¤?aY?a®a
?®aea®c ?. ?., ?« ce© !aaF «aYa …«Yai?? ‚. ‚.
“cYa ¬ aYa? «iea aeY®aaY© ®aF ?§aYaai a !®a?? ¬?
? aYa? «i®F® ®a¤Y« –Yaa «?§®c ®© !aaF «aYa?? ?
““«ii®ca?c®¤®? «”.
3F
‚ ?a®¬ee«Y®aa? ?®aa®i® acY«?c?c Yaai ?®aaY!«Y?Y a®c a-
ea aeY®aaY© c ?a®?§c®¤aacY. a® ®!aa« c«?c –
Yaai a ae?aY?Y¬ ?a®?§c®¤aac , § c?aY«ie¬ a¤Y«ie¬ cYa®¬
¬ aYa? «iea § aa a c aY!Yaa®?¬®aa? ?a®¤a?ae?? ? a®aa®¬ aeY
aYaaaae. „«i ?a?¬Ya , a¤Y«ie© cYa ¬ aYa? «iea § aa a c aY-
!Yaa®?¬®aa? ?a®¤a?ae?? c «YF?®© ? a?¬?cYa?®© ?a®¬ee«Y®aa? –
90%. ’ ??¬ ®!a §®¬ !®«ie?aacY ®aa a«Y© ?a®¬ee«Y®aa? ¬ aY-
a? «ieY aYaaaae a®aa c«iia ?-
!®«ie?© a¤Y«ie© cYa c ?®«®© aY!Yaa®?¬®aa? ?a®¤a?ae??, ia?¬
®?aY¤Y«iYaai Y®!a®¤?¬®aai ®a®!® a®c®F® acYa ? aaa®F®F® ?®a-
a®«i § a ae?® «ie¬ ?a?®«i§®c ?Y¬ aeaii ? ¬ aYa? «®c c ?a®-
?§c®¤aacY, ?®a?®«i?a ?a i?®®¬?i aaeYaacY®
a?¦ Ya aY!Yaa®?¬®aai ?a®¤a?ae?? (a !®a, aa«aF), § c?a ?
?®cee Ya ?®«ac Y¬ai ?a?!e«i ®a YY ?a®?§c®aac ? aY «?§ ae??.
‚ aa«®c?ia ae®c®© ?®?aaYae??
E ?aa «i®©F aa ®c?aai aY-
¬ «?§ iaeaeY?a?c®aa? ?a?®«i§®c ?i ¬ aYa? «iea aYaaaa®c,
?®a®a i ?®§c®«iYa ®aeY?ai aY§a«ia ae a aa®¤ ¬ aYa? «®c
?a®?§c®¤aacYeY ? a®§i©aacYeY a¦¤e c ¤? ¬??Y,
? ®?aY¤Y«?ai aY§Yace
a®aa ®!eY¬ ?a®?§c®¤aac ?a®¤a?ae?? (a !®a, aa«aF) § acYa
a«aceY?i ?a?®«i§®c ?i ¬ aYa? «iea aYaaaa®c.
? «?§ a®§i©aacY®© ¤YiaY«i®aa? ?aY¤?a?ia?i
iaeaeY?a?cY ? ¤®aa®cYaY a®«i?® ?a? aa«®c?? cYa?®© ®aF –
?§ ae?? !aaF aaYa?®F® acYa ? ?®aa®«i ?a?®«i§®c ?i ¬ aYa? –
«®c c ?a®?§c®¤aacY . ®ia®¬a
c®§a aa Ya § cY?Y ae®a¬?a®c ?i ?®«®© ? ¤®aa®cYa®© acYa-
®© ?ae®a¬ ae?? ® «?c?Y, ¤c?¦Y?? ? ®aeY?Y ?a®?§c®¤aacYea
§ ? a®c ?aY¤?a?ia?? (®aF ?§ ae??), cYa?®© ®aF ?§ ae??
caaa?a®§i©aacY®F® ?®aa®«i § ?a a®aa ®aaii ? ?a?®«i§®-
c ?Y¬ c ?a®?§c®¤aacY
–Y«ii ¤??«®¬®© a !®ae ic«iYaai ?§acY?Y ¤Y©aacaieY© ?a ?-
a??? ®?Ya a?c®F® ? !aaF «aYaa?®F® acYa , ?®aa®«i ? «?§
iaeaeY?a?c®aa? ?a?®«i§®c ?i ¬ ?Ya? «ica aYaaaa®c , a ?¦Y ceic-
«Y?i ??aY© ?a a®cYaeYaac®c ?i.
?!eY?a®¬ ?aa«Y¤®c ?i ic«iYaai ? ““«ii-
®ca?c®¤®? «”. ?a?ae?? «i®Y ?aY¤?a?ia?Y c®¤®?a®c®¤®F® ?
? «?§ ae?®®F® a®§i©aac ®a®c ® c 1862
F., ?®F¤ c ‘?¬!?aa?Y !e« ?®aaa®Y ?Yace© c®¤®§ !®a. ‘®caY-
¬Y i a?aaY¬ c®¤®?a®c®¤® – ? «?§ ae?®®F® a®§i©aac ?aY-
¤aa c«iYa a®!®© a«®¦e© ?®¬?«Y?a a §®®!a §ea a®®aa¦Y?©,
®!Ya?Yc?c ie?a § !®a, ®c?aa?a ? ?®¤ ca ?®aaY!?aY«i¬ c®¤e c
aaY!aY¬®¬ ?®«?cYaacY ? ¤«Y¦ eYF® ? cYaac , a ?¦Y aa a?®-
aa?a®c?a aa®cea c®¤, ?a ®c?aa?a ? a!a®a c c®¤®Y¬e.
‚ 1996 F. ®!eY¬ ce?®«Yea a !®a a®aa c?« 177 698.0 ¬«.
aa!., ?a ?®« i aY!Yaa®?¬®aai 163 676.7 ¬«. aa!., ¬ aYa?-
«ieY § aa ae – 74 380.0 ¬«. aa!., ®!e i ¬ aYa? «®Y¬?®aai-
41.9 ?®?.
‘aY¤Ya??a®c i c?a«Y®aai a !®a ie?a a®aa c«iYa ?®ai¤?
2700 cY«®cY?.
“cYa®© ?®«?a??®© ? ““«ii®ca?c®¤®? «”, ?a?ia®©
?aY¤?a?ia?? c a®®acYaaac?? a ?a?? §®¬ § N145 ®a 30 ¤Y? !ai 1995 F
®?aY¤Y«Y®
– !aaF «aYaa??© acYa ?aY¤?a?ia?? ®aF ?§c ai ?® ¬Y¬®-
aY «i® – ®a¤Ya®© ae®a¬Y acYa a ?a?¬YY?Y¬ ‚?;
– acYa § aa a ?a®?§c®¤aac® ®aaeYaac«iai ?® ?®a«®c®¬a
¬Ya®¤a;
– ¬ aYa? «ieY aeY®aa? ac?aec ai acYaY 10 “? aYa? «e”
? acYaY 12 “? «®aeYeY !eaaa®?§ e?c ie?Yai ?aY¤¬Yae” ?® ®?a®-
ce¬ aeY ¬ ?a?®!aYaY?i, a §?ae ¬Y¦¤a ae ?a?cYa?®© aY!Yaa®?¬®a-
aii ?a?®!aYaY?i ¬ aYa? «iea aYaaaa®c ? acYa®© (®?a®c®©)
aa®?¬®aaii ®aa ¦ ai acYaY 16 “?a-
?«®Y?i c aa®?¬®aa? ¬ aYa? «®c”;
– ¬ aYa? «e, a??aec Y¬ea c ?a®-
?§c®¤aac®, ®aeY?c ai ?® aaY¤Y© aY!Yaa®?¬®aa?,
?a¤?a®aa? i ?a®cYa? ?® aY§a«ia a ¬ ?a®cYa?? ?a®?§c®¤aacY® –
a®§i©aacY®© ¤YiaY«i®aa? c 1996F. ? ““«ii®ca?c®¤®? «”
Y ?a®c®¤?« ai.
‚ ?®a«Y¤?Y F®¤e ? ““«ii®ca?c®¤®? «” ¬®F®Y a¤Y« ®
?® a«aceY?i acYa ?® caY¬ ?a c«Y?i¬ acYa®F® ?a®aeYaa , c
a®¬ c?a«Y ?® ®aF ?§ ae?? acYa
’ ?, ?a?¬Ya:
– !aaF «aYaa??© acYa ¬ aYa? «iea aeY®aaY© ?®«®aaii ca®¬ –
a?§?a®c ? ®aaeYaac«iYaai a ?a?¬YY?Y¬ a §a !®a ®F® a?Y-
ae? «i® ¤«i ?aY¤?a?ia?i ?a®Fa. ®!Ya?YcY?i, c a«Y¤aac?? cYF®
?®cea?« ai ¤®aa®-
cYa®aai ?ae®a¬ ae?? ® ¤c?¦Y?? ? ®aa a? a ¬ aYa? «iea aY-
aaaa®c, ?a? ¤«Y¦ e?a ?aY¤?a?ia?i.
?aa«Y¤®c ?i ¤Y©aacaieY© ?a ?a??? acYa ? ?®aa®«i ?a?®«i-
§®c ?i ¬ aYa? «®c ?a®?§c®¤aac® ? ““«ii®ca?c®¤®? «” c
1996 F. ?®§c®«?«® aaa ®c?ai, ca® acYa ? ?®aa®«i cY¤aaai c
®a®c®¬ c a®®acYaaac?? a ®«®¦Y?i¬? ® !aaF «aYaa?®¬ acYaY ?
®acYa®aa? c ” ? ?a?ia®© ?aY¤?a?ia??
acYa®© ?®«?a??®©.
?a?aa? ¬ aYa? «®c ?a®?§c®¤aacYeY ? a®§i©aacYeY a¦¤e
®ae®a¬«iYaai “’aY!®c ?i¬?” , “ ?¤ ¤e¬?” caa-
aYYY ?YaY¬YeY?Y ¬ aYa? «®c , “ ?« ¤e¬? ®a?aa?
¬ aYa? «®c aa®a®a” ? “‡ ?a c®ce¬? cY¤®¬®aai¬?”
?aa«Y¤aY¬®¬ ?aY¤?a?ia?? aa?ae?© acYa ¬ aYa? «®c ®aF ?-
§aYaai ?® ?®¬!??a®c ®¬a ¬Ya®¤a «?a?cYa?®F® acYa ¬ aYa?-
«®c, ?®a®ae© a®Y¤?iYa ?a®FaYaa?c®aai a «i¤®c®F® ? ¤®aa®cYa-
®aai ?®«?cYaacY® – aa¬¬®c®F®. a? ia®¬ ¬Ya®¤Y !aaF «aYa?i
cY¤Ya acYa ¤c?¦Y?i ¬ aYa? «®c Y a®«i?® c ¤YY¦®¬, ® ? –
aaa «i®¬ cea ¦Y??, ca® ¤®?®«?aY«i® ®!«YFc Ya ?®?a? ®e?!®?
? a aa®¦¤Y?© ¬Y¦¤a ¤ e¬? !aaF «aYaa?®F® ? a?« ¤a?®F® acYa .
„c?¦Y?Y ¬ aYa? «iea aeY®aaY© ®aa ¦ Yaai acYa a 10
“? aYa? «e”, 12 “? «®aeYeY !eaaa®?§ e?c ie?Yai
aaY¤aac ” c ?a?¬Y?Y¬ acYa 16 “?a?«®Y?i c aa®?¬®aa? ¬ aYa?-
«®c”.
? aYa? «e, a??aec Y¬eY c ?a®?§c®¤aac®, ®aeY?c iaai ?® aaY¤-
Y© aY!Yaa®?¬®aa?. a? ia®¬ c aY?aeY¬ acYaY ?aY¤?a?ia?Y ?a-
?®«i§aYa acYaeY aeYe, c ? cYaacY ?®a®aea a«a¦ a ®?a®ceY aeYe
?aY®!aYaY?i. a®aeYaa ®?aY¤Y«Y?i
®a?«®Y?© ae ?a?cYa?®© aY!Yaa®?¬®aa? ¬ aYa? «®c ®a ?a aa®?¬®a-
a? ?® acYae¬ aeY ¬ ca®¬ a?§?a®c ?Yaa® «iea ?®¬?iiaY-
a a ? ?a®?aa®¤?a c ?®aeY ®ac. ¬Yaiae , ?®F¤ a®F« a® a aac?a –
®¬a ?a®aeYaa ®a?«®Y?©, a®®acYaacaie?Y acYa § aa a ?® ?a c-
«Y?i¬ a aa®¤®c ?i ¬ aYa? «®c a??aec iaai ®?aY¤Y«YeY ?a®Fa ¬-
¬e¬ a?®a®!®¬ ®a?«®Y?i.
‚ aeY«®¬ ®aF ?§ ae?i acYa ? ?®aa®«i ?a?®«i§®c ?i ¬ aYa? –
«®c ?a®?§c®¤aac® ? ““«ii®ca?c®¤®? «” a®®acYaaacaYa
aaY!®c ?i¬ a®¤Ya¦ e?¬ai c ®a¬ a?cea ¤®?a¬Ya a ?® acYaa ¬ –
aYa? «®c, ®¤ ?®, c a®¤Y ?aa«Y¤®c ?i !e«? ceic«Ye a«Y¤aie?Y
Y¤®aa a??:
1) a®F« a® acYa®© ?®«?a??Y ? ““«ii®ca?c®¤®? «” ¬ aYa?-
«ieY aYaaaae ®aa ¦ iaai acYaY 10 “? aYa? «e” ?®
acYae¬ aeY ¬, ?a?¬YiYaai a ?¦Y acYa 16 “?a?«®Y?i c
aa®?¬®aa? ¬ aYa? «®c”, a®F« a® ®a¬ a?ce¬ ¤®?a¬Ya ¬
c ¤ ®¬ a«ac Y ¤®«¦Y ?a?®«i§®c aiai ? acYa 15 “‡ F®-
a®c«Y?Y ? ?a?®!aYaY?Y ¬ aYa? «®c”, ® ?a ?a??Y ®
Y ?a?¬YiYaai, ca® ac?¤YaY«iaacaYa ® aaeY?? ®a¬ –
a?cea ?a c?« cY¤Y?i !aaF «aYaa?®F® acYa
;
2) Y¤®aa a®c® iaeaeY?a?c® ®aF ?§®c ?®aa®«i § a ae?®-
«ie¬ ?a?®«i§®c ?Y¬ ¬ aYa? «iea aeY®aaY© c ?a®?§-
c®¤aacY, a. ?. ?a ?a??Y ?a?¬YiYaai a®«i?® ?cYa a-
e© ¬Ya®¤ ¤«i ?®aa®«i § ?a?®«i§®c ?Y¬ c ?a®?§c®¤aacY
a?¬?cYa??a aY FYa®c ? ¬Ya®¤ «?¬?a?a®c ?i ®a?aa? !Y-
§? , ca«Y¤aac?? cYF® a®§¤ iaai aa«®c?i ¤«i Ya ae?®-
«i®F® ? YaeY«Yc®F® ?a?®«i§®c ?i ¬ aYa? «®c c ?Ya-
c?c®¬ acYaY;
4) ? acYaa 10 “? aYa? «e” ®a?aeae a®«i?® 3 aa!acYa , ? ?
c?¤® ?§ a !«.1 :
1″?a®ceY ¬ aYa? «e”, 2 “‡ ? aeY c aa?”, 3 “?‘?”, a –
? i a?aa?Y i Faa???a®c? ic«iYaai
Y iaeaeY?a?c®©, ?®a?®«i?a aa!acYaY 1 “?a®ceY ¬ aY-
a? «e” ac?aec iaai a §«?ceY ?® a®«? c ?a®aeYaaY ?a®?§-
c®¤aac ¬ aYa? «e.
6) a !®c?Y ¬Yaa § cY¤aie?a ?« ¤®cea Y ®a eYe ?®¬?iiaY-
a ¬?, ca® § c?aY«i® aa«®¦iYa a !®aa ? ?®cee Ya cYa®-
ia®aai c®§??®cY?i ®e?!®? ?a? § ?®«Y-
?? ?Yac?cea ¤®?a¬Ya®c, a ?¦Y a aa®¦¤Y?© a ¤ e¬?
!aaF «aYaa?®F® acYa .
‚ aeY«ia a®cYaeYaac®c ?i acYa ? ?®aa®«i a aa®¤ ¬ aYa? –
«®c ?a®?§c®¤aac® ? ““«ii®ca?c®¤®? «” ?aY¤aa c«iYaai
aeY«Ya®®!a §e¬ ?aY¤«®¦?ai:
1) “c?aec i, ca® c ? cYaacY acYaea aeY ?a?¬Yiiai ®?a®ceY
aeYe, ? § c?a, ®a?«®Y?i¬? ¬®Faa ic«iaiai a®«i?® aa –
a?®aa® – § F®a®c?aY«ieY a aa®¤e, a ?¦Y ac?aec i, ca®
acYa 15 “‡ F®a®c«Y?Y ? ?a?®!aYaY?Y ¬ aYa? «®c” ?a ?-
a??Y Y ?a?®«i§aYaai, ?®ia®¬a aeY-
«Ya®®!a §® ?aY¤?a?ia?i ®a? § aiai ®a ?a?®«i§®c ?i acYa
16 “?a?«®Y?i c aa®?¬®aa? ¬ aYa? «®c” ? ®a?aeai aa!acYa ?
acYaa 10 “’‡”, ?®a®a®¬ ? !a¤aa ®aa ¦ aiai a? § eY
®a?«®Y?i.
2) ‚ aeY«ia aa®cYaeYaac®c ?i a?aaY¬e ceic«Y?i ®a?«®Y?©
®a ®a¬ a?c®F® a aa®¤
¬ aYa? «®c , c ¦® § ae??a?a®c ai
®a¬e a aa®¤ ? «?¬?a ®a?aa? ?!®«YY aeYea ? ¤®a®F?a
¬ aYa? «iea aeY®aaY©, ca®!e ?a ! §Y cY¤a?ai a ??Y
?Yac?ceY ¤®?a¬Yae, ? ? «?¬?a® – § !®aeY ? aae, ?ae
§ ¬Ya ? acYaa«?¬?ae© ®a?aa? ¬ aYa? «®c ? a. ?. ‚® –
ca®aea, Y®!a®¤?¬® !®«YY e?a®?®Y cY¤aY?Y ?cYa a®F® ¬Y-
a®¤ ceic«Y?i ®a?«®Y?© (Y a®«i?® ¤«i a?¬?Ya??a aY FY-
a®c).
3) ?®¦® aY?®¬Y¤®c ai a §a !®a ai !®«YY ¤Ya «iai Faa???-
a®c?a ¬ aYa? «®c, ?a?®«i§aY¬ea Y?®aaY¤aacY® ¤ ®¬
?aY¤?a?ia?? ? ®a?aeai acYaY 10 “? aYa? «e” a®®acYa-
aacaie?Y aa!acYa , ?a?¬Ya, c ®a¤Y«iai Faa??a ¬®¦®
ce¤Y«?ai a?¬?cYa??Y aY FYae,
5) ‚ ¤ «iY©eY¬ ? ““«ii®ca?c®¤®? «” ¬®¦® ?aY¤«®¦?ai ?®-
¬?iiaYaY§?a®c ai a?« ¤a?®© acYa, c ?Yaa?Y?a?cY ¤«i
aa?®aY?i
¤®?a¬Ya®®!®a®a ? ?®«acY?i ®?Ya a?c®© ?ae®a¬ ae?? ®
¤c?¦Y?? ¬ aYa? «iea aeY®aaY©, aeY«Ya®®!a §® a®Y¤??ai
?®¬?iiaYae “?a c«Y?i ? ““«ii®ca?c®¤®? «” ? caYa ?« –
¤®cea c Y¤?ai ?ae®a¬ae?®ai aYai.
a®cY¤Ye© «?§ iaeaeY?a?c®aa? ?a?®«i§®c ?i ¬ aYa? «iea
aYaaaa®c aaa ®c?«, ca® ?a®?§c®¤aac® ? ““«ii®ca?c®¤®? «”
c 1995 – 1996 FF ic«iYaai ¬ aYa? «®Y¬??¬, a ? ? ? ¬ aYa? «ieY
§ aa ae c ®!eY¬ a®aa cY § aa a ?a®?§c®¤aac® ? aY «?§ ae?i
?a®¤a?ae?? (a !®a, aa«aF) § ?¬ ia ?!®«ie?© a¤Y«ie© cYa ? a®a-
a c«iia a®®acYaaacY® 47.6% ? 45.4%, ? ? c?¤® ?§ a?a.1. “¬YieY?Y
!a®«ia®© aa¬¬e
¬ aYa? «iea § aa a c 1996 F. ?® aa cY?i a 1995 F.
4.4% ?a? ®¤®caY¬Y®¬ a?¦Y?? ?a ¤®«? c ®!eY©
aa¬¬Y § aa a ?a®?§c®¤aac® ? aY «?§ ae?i ?a®¤a?ae?? (a !®a,aa«aF)
2.2 ?a®aeYaea ?a?a ac?¤YaY«iaacaYa ® a?¦Y?? ¬ aYa? «®Y¬-
?®aa? ?a®?§c®¤aac , ca® ic«iYaai ?®«®¦?aY«ie¬ ¬®¬Ya®¬ c a®§i©-
aacY®© ¤YiaY«i®aa? «?§?aaY¬®F® ?aY¤?a?ia?i.
a®cY¤YeY a acYae ?®? § «?, ca® c 1996 F. ae ?a?cYa??Y ¬ –
aYa? «ieY § aa ae !e«? ?¦Y ?« ®cea 7.2%, ae ?a?cYa??©
®!eY¬ ?a®?§cY¤Yea a !®a a¬Yie?«ai ?® aa cY?i a ?« ®¬
a®«i?® 5.0%. ’ ?®Y a®®a®eY?Y ?§¬YY?© ia?a ?®? § aY«Y©
®!aa«®c?«® a?¦Y?Y ®!eY© ¬ aYa? «®Y¬?®aa? ce?®«Yea a !®a a
43.0 ?®? ?® ?« a ¤® 41.9 ?®?. ae ?a?cYa??, ca® ?a?cY«® ? a?¦Y-
?i ¬ aYa? «iea § aa a 1 954.7 ¬«. aa!. ? ?®§c®«?«® ¤®-
?®«?aY«i® ce?®«?ai a !®a 4 545.8 ¬«. aa!.
‚aY ia? ¤ –
eY ac?¤YaY«iaacaia ® ¤®aa a®c® iaeaeY?a?c®¬ ?a?®«i§®c ?? ¬ –
aYa? «iea aYaaaa®c c 1996 F.
„«i ceic«Y?i ?a?c? ?§¬YY?i ®!eY© ¬ aYa? «®Y¬?®aa? ce?®«-
Yea a !®a ? ““«ii®ca?c®¤®? «” c 1996 F. ?a®cY¤Y –
«?§ c aaea ?®? § aY«Y© ¬ aYa? «®Y¬?®aa?, ? ? c?¤® ?§ a !«.2,
?®a®ae© ceic?«, ca®
iaeaeY?a?c® ?a?®«i§®c «?ai ?a? ce?®«Y?? a !®a a?¬?cYa??Y aY –
FYae, ?®?a?eY ?§¤Y«?i ? ?®«aae !a?? ae, aY?«®iYaF?i ? i«Y?a-
a®iYaF?i, c aci§? a cY¬ ¬ aYa? «ieY § aa ae a¬Yie?«?ai
5 508.7 ¬«. aa!., ca® ¤ Ya c®§¬®¦®aai ¤®?®«?aY«i® ce?®«-
?ai a !®a aa¬¬a 12 810.9 ¬«. aa!. YiaeaeY?a?c® ?a?®«i§®-
c «?ai aY¬®aeY ¬ aYa? «e, ?a?¬YiY¬eY ¤«i ?a®cY¤Y?i aY¬®-
a c®¤®?a®c®¤ea ? ? «?§ ae?®ea a®®aa¦Y?©?, a ?¦Y ?a®c?Y c?¤e
¬ aYa? «®c, c a«Y¤aac?? cYF® ¬ aYa? «ieY § aa ae acY«?c?«?ai
3 554.6 ¬«. aa!., ca® a¬Yie?«® c®§¬®¦e© ®!eY¬ ce?®«Yea
a !®a 8 265.1 ¬«. aa!. ‡ c?a, ? ““«ii®ca?c®¤®? «” Y-
®!a®¤?¬® aY?®¬Y¤®c ai, ?a®¤®«¦ i a?¦ ai ®!eai ¬ aYa? «®Y¬-
?®aai ce?®«Yea a !®a !Y§ aaa¤eY?i ?a ? cYaac , ?a?iai ¬Y-
ae ?® ?aY¤®aca eY?i ?YaYa aa®¤®c ?® aa cY?i a ?« ®¬ ®a-
¤Y«iea c?¤®c ¬ aYa? «iea aYaaaa®c.
a®cY¤Ye© «?§ iaeaeY?a?c®aa? ?a?®«i§®c ?i ¬ aYa? «iea
aYaaaa®c aaa ®c?«, ? ? ?®? § ® c a !«.3, ca® § acYa ¬®!?«?§ ae??
ceic«Yea aY§Yac®c
? ““«ii®ca?c®¤®? «” a¬®¦Ya a?§?ai ¬ aYa? «ieY § aa ae,
a«Y¤®c aY«i®, ? aY!Yaa®?¬®aai ce?®«Yea a !®a 3 554.0
¬«. aa!. ?!e i aa¬¬ aY§Yac a®aa ®!eY¬ ce?®«Yea a !®a
§ acYa a«aceY?i ?a?®«i§®c ?i ¬ aYa? «iea aYaaaa®c a®aa –
c«iYa 8 265.1 ¬«. aa!. ?«? 4.7% ®a ae ?a?cYa?®F® ?a ®!eY¬ c
1996 F.
‚Y¤aY?Y c ¤Y©aacaieY© ?a ?a??Y acYa ? ?®aa®«i …
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