Aieiaee E.A. 1998 – Iniiau aiaoiayeiiiie/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe
Niaea?aeaiea.
Aaaaeaiea
Aeaaa 1. Aiaoiayeiiiie/aneea iia?aoeee e naeaeee: aeaeu, eeanneoeeaoeey, i?aaiecaoeey.
1. I?eioeeiu eeanneoeeaoeee e aeaeu aiaoiaoi?aiauo iia?aoeee.
2. Eeanneoeeaoeey aiaoiaoi?aiauo naeaeie ii aeaeai oiaa?ia e oneoa:
2.1. Oi?aiaey i?iiuoeaiiie i?iaeoeoeeae.
2.2. Oi?aiaey nu?ueaauie ?ano?naie.
2.3. Iniaaiiinoe ?uiea oneoa.
3. Eeanneoeeaoeey aiaoiaoi?aiauo naeaeie ii noaiaie aioiaiinoe oiaa?a.
3.1. Oi?aiaey aioiaie i?iaeoeoeeae.
3.2. Oi?aiaey i?iaeoeoeeae a ?acia?aiiii aeaea.
3.3. Oi?aiaey eiiieaeoiui iai?oaeiaaieai.
4. Iaoiaeu aiaoiae oi?aiaee.
4.1. Eeanneoeeaoeey iaoiaeia aiaoiae oi?aiaee.
4.2. Eiienneiiiua e aaaioneea iia?aoeee.
4.3. Ae?aeaaay, aoeoeeiiiay oi?aiaey e iaaeaeoia?iaeiua oi?ae.
Aeaaa 2. Eiiia?/aneea eiio?aeou a iaaeaeoia?iaeiie oi?aiaea.
1. Aeaeu e niaea?aeaiea aiaoiaoi?aiaiai eiio?aeoa.
2. Ii?aaeaeaiea noi?ii e i?aaeiao aeiaiai?a.
3. Oneiaey iinoaaee oiaa?a.
4. Eiio?aeoiua oeaiu.
5. Oneiaey ieaoaaeae.
6. Ae?oaea oneiaey eiio?aeoa.
Aeaaa 3. Naeaeee a?aiaeu e iiae?yaea ai aiaoiayeiiiie/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe.
1. A?aiaea. Iiiyoea e aeaeu.
2. Aeiaiai? a?aiaeu e aai niaea?aeaiea.
3. A?aiaeiay ieaoa (a?aiaeiay noaaea).
4. Eeceia, a?aiaea, e?aaeeo iieoiaoaeth e oeiainiaue e?aaeeo.
5. Iiae?yaeiua naeaeee a iaaeaeoia?iaeiie oi?aiaea.
Aeaaa 4. Oi?aaeaiea aiaoiayeiiiie/aneie aeayoaeueiinoueth.
1. Yoaiu ?acaeoey nenoaiu oi?aaeaiey aiaoiayeiiiie/aneie aeayoaeueiinoueth a ?innee.
2. Nia?aiaiiay nenoaia oi?aaeaiey aiaoiayeiiiie/aneie aeayoaeueiinoueth a ?innee.
3. Oaiiaeaiiia ?aaoee?iaaiea.
4. Oi?aaeaiea aiaoiayeiiiie/aneie aeayoaeueiinoueth ?aaeiia e i?aaei?eyoey.
5. I?aaiecaoeey aiaoiayeiiiie/aneeo iia?aoeee ia i?aaei?eyoee.
6. I?aaiecaoeeiiiua oi?iu aiaoiaoi?aiauo iia?aoeee.
7. I?iecaiaenoaaiiay eiiia?aoeey e i?iiuoeaiiia nio?oaeie/anoai.
AAAAeAIEA
O/anoea ?innee a iaaeaeoia?iaeiii ?acaeaeaiee e ?anoe?aiee aiaoiayeiiiie/aneeo nacae (AYN) anaaaea auei aaaeiui oaeoi?ii aa yeiiiie/aneiai ?acaeoey.
Aua ni a?aiai Iao?a I, eiaaea ia/aeinue oe?ieia inaiaiea aa?iiaeneiai ?uiea, i?aaeiaoii iniaiai aieiaiey ainoaea?noaa aue ?inneeneee yenii?o. Iniiaiuie noaoueyie yenii?oa auee oiaaea nu?uea e i?iaeoeou naeueneioicyenoaaiiiai i?iecaiaenoaa. Ia ?oaaaea 19 -20 aaeia aeeiaie/iue yenii?o aeoeaii niinianoaiaae noaiiaeaieth e?oiiie ioa/anoaaiiie eiaeono?ee. Ca ia?eiae n 1890 ii 1913 aiaeu ?inney caiyea naaeueioth no?i/eo a ie?iaie ea?a?oee yenii?oa?ia, iia?aaeea Eoaeeth, Aano?i-Aaia?eth e n?aaiyaoenue n Aieeaiaeeae. A no?oeoo?a yenii?oa oiaaea iiyaeeenue iaooue, ia?aaioeaaay e ae?oaea ?oaeu, iaoaeeu.
A niaaoneia a?aiy yenii?o noae /anoueth yeiiiie/aneie iieeoeee, n?aaenoaii aeeoioee?iaaiey aaethoiuo ?ano?nia aeey ioaeae ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa. Ii ianoi NNN? a ie?iaie oi?aiaea auei iacia/eoaeueiui. Yoi iauyniyeinue iieeoe/aneie neooaoeeae, a ?acoeueoaoa eioi?ie ?inney ia eiaea iieiioeaiiiai e ?aaiii?aaiiai i?iiuoeaiii-?acaeoui no?aiai o/anoey a ie?iaii ?uiea. A 70-a aiaeu aeiey NNN? a ie?iaie oi?aiaea ninoaaeyea iaiiiaei aieaa 3 %. Aieueooth /anoue a yenii?oa ninoaaeyee oiieeaii-yia?aaoe/aneea e nu?ueaaua ?ano?nu, cieioi e i?oaeea. N 1985 aiaea yoa aeiey noaea oiaiueoaoueny e a 1990 aiaeo ia i?aauneea 2 %. ?acaae auaoaai NNN? e NYA, oooaeoaiea ?ano?niie i?iecaiaenoaaiiie aacu a iniiaiuo yenii?oe?othueo io?aneyo, nieaeaiea eiieo?aioiniiniaiinoe i?iaeoeoeee, ieceea ie?iaua oeaiu ia ioa/anoaaiiua yenii?oiua oiaa?u i?eaaee e oooaeoaieth iiceoeee ?innee ia ie?iaii ?uiea. E 1992-93aa. aeiey ?innee a ie?iaie oi?aiaee ninoaaeyea iaiaa 1%. Caoai iauai aiaoiae oi?aiaee noae oaaee/eaaoueny, aeaaiaea?y aeoeaiui yeiiiie/aneei i?aia?aciaaieyi a ainoaea?noaa.
Nia?aiaiiiio ?inneeneiio ainoaea?noao iaiaoiaeeia aiaoiaoi?aiaay no?aoaaey, ii?aaeaeythuay ia?niaeoeau o/anoey no?aiu a iaaeaeoia?iaeiii ?acaeaeaiee o?oaea. IAYN ?innee i?e o/anoee Ana?inneeneiai IEE eiiuthieoo?u iiaeaioiaeei Oaaea?aeueioth i?ia?aiio ?acaeoey yenii?oa. I?ia?aiia oi?ie?oao iiaoth, o?aoyoaaeioth iiaeaeue aeeth/aiey ?innee a iaaeaeoia?iaeiia ?acaeaeaiea o?oaea. Ia ia?aii yoaia (1996-1997aa.) i?aaeoniao?eaathony i?aaiecaoeeiiii – i?aaiaua e yeiiiie/aneea oi?iu iiaeaea?aeee aiaoiayeiiiie/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe. Ia aoi?ii yoaia (1988-2000 aa.) – iiaeaea?aeaiea aunieiai o?iaiy iauaia yenii?oa ia iniiaa iaeeo/oaai eniieueciaaiey eiathueony eiieo?aioiuo i?aeiouanoa e ie?iaie eiiutheoo?u, ?anoe?aiey anni?oeiaioa yenii?oiie i?iaeoeoeee. Ia o?aoueai yoaia (2001 – 2005 aa.) i?aaeiieaaaaony aeeaa?neoeeaoeey ?inneeneiai yenii?oa, a oii /enea ca n/ao iaoeiaieie i?iaeoeoeee (ay?ieinie/aneay io?aneue, aoiiiay yia?aaoeea, iaoeiino?iaiea aeey yia?aaoeee, aeioaoiieiae/aneay, yeaeo?iiiay io?aneue). Iniiaiay iai?aaeaiiinoue yoie i?ia?aiiu ninoieo a noeioee?iaaiee yenii?oa, niaa?oainoaiaaiee aaia?aoe/aneie no?oeoo?u, eniieueciaaiee i?ia?anneaiuo oi?i iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai oi?aiai-yeiiiie/aneiai nio?oaeie/anoaa. I?iaiice?oaony ?ino aeiee aioiaie i?iaeoeoeee a no?oeoo?a ?inneeneiai yenii?oa aei 40 % e 2005 aiaeo, i?e aeiaeaiee a i?iecaiaenoai 0,7 – 1 ie?ae. aeiee., /oi niioaaonoaoao 0,3 -0,35 % iaoeeiiaeueiiai aeioiaea. ?acaeoea aiaoiae oi?aiaee iaaiciiaeii aac aeoeaiiai o/anoey ainoaea?noaa, oi?ie?othuaai aeaaii?eyoiua yeiiiie/anee oeiainiaua, i?aaiecaoeeiiiua oneiaey aiaoiayeiiiie/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe. Iaiaoiaeeii yooaeoeaiia iaeiaiaia ?aaoee?iaaiea AYAe, eioi?iaoeeiiii-eiinoeueoaoeeiiiay e aeeieiiaoe/aneay iiaeaea?aeea. I?ia?aiia i?aaeoniao?eaaao iniiaiua iai?aaeaiey oaeie aeayoaeueiinoe ia ia?niaeoeao aei 2005 aiaea n o/aoii iio?aaiinoae e aiciiaeiinoae ?innee, iiuoa aiaoiae oi?aiaee, o?aaiaaiee iiiainoi?iiieo niaeaoaiee a ?aieao AAOO / AOI ae?oaeo iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo eiiaaioeee ii aiaoiayeiiiie/aneei ioiioaieyi. I?ia?aiiie i?aaeoniao?eaathony ?acee/iua aeaeu oeiainiaie iiaeaea?aeee yenii?oa?ia, a oii /enea: i?aaeinoaaeaiea ainoaea?noaaiiuo aa?aioee iiae i?eaeaeaaiua oiieiiii/aiiuie aaieaie e?aaeeoiua ?ano?nu aeey iaania/aiey iai?ioiuie n?aaenoaaie yenii?oii?eaioe?iaaiiuo i?iecaiaenoa e i?aaiecaoeee; no?aoiaaiea yenii?oiuo e?aaeeoia aeey caueou yenii?oa?ia io eiiia?/aneeo e iieeoe/aneeo ?eneia, ia iniiaa nicaeaaaaiiai ?inneeneiai yenii?oii-eiii?oiiai no?aoiaiai iauanoaa; e?aaeeoiaaiea yenii?oiii?eaioe?iaaiiuo i?iaeoia e yenii?oa i?iaeoeoeee aunieie noaiaie ia?aaioee.
Aeey iiauoaiey yooaeoeaiinoe aiaoiae oi?aiaee nicaeaaony iaoeeiiaeueiay naoue eioi?iaoeeiiii-eiinoeueoaoeeiiiuo neoaea, ?inneeneee oeaio? eioi?iaoeeiiii-eiinoeueoaoeeiiiiai niaeaenoaey AYAe. Niaa?oainoaoaony ?aeeaiiay, aunoaai/ii-y?ii?i/iay, ia?eaoeiaiaay aeayoaeueiinoue ii inaiaieth aiaoieo ?uieia. Ii?aaeaeythony iaeaieaa ?acoeueoaoeaiua ia?u noeioee?iaaiey yenii?oa. I?aaiecoaony nenoaia na?oeoeeaoeee yenii?oe?oaiie i?iaeoeoeee. Niaa?oainoaoaony iaoaieci acaeiiiai niaeaniaaiey eioa?ania e ianoaeaeaiey ia?niaeoea n o/anoeai i?aaiia aeanoe e yenii?oa?ia. Iineaaeiaaoaeueiay aeayoaeueiinoue ainoaea?noaa ii oe?aieaieth iauaaeeiaiee yenii?oa?ia iicaieeo a ia?niaeoeaa cia/eoaeueii ?anoe?eoue iauaiu yenii?oa.
A i?ia?aiia i?aaeoniio?aii iiyoaiiia oi?ie?iaaiea e ?aaeecaoeey, aieaa yooaeoeaiie iiaeaee o/anoey ?innee a iaaeaeoia?iaeiii ?acaeaeaiee o?oaea. Aaaeoony ia?aaiai?u i anooieaiee ?innee a AOI (Anaie?iay Oi?aiaay I?aaiecaoeey) e i?aaeiieaaaaony, /oi a 1998 a. iia noaiao iieiii?aaiui /eaiii yoie i?aaiecaoeee.
AEAAA 1. AIAOIAYEIIIIE*ANEEA IIA?AOeEE E NAeAEEE:
EEANNEOEEAOeEss E AEAeU.
1. I?EIOeEIU EEANNEOEEAOeEE E AEAeU AIAOIAOI?AIAUO IIA?AOeEE.
Aiaoiayeiiiie/aneea eee aiaoiaoi?aiaua iia?aoeee iiaeii ioa?aeoa?eciaaoue eae eiiieaen iaoiaeia e oi?i ii iaiaio oiaa?aie e oneoaaie iaaeaeo eiio?aaaioaie ec ?aciuo no?ai. I?aaeei, ii eioi?iio niaa?oaaony oaeie iaiai, iniiaaiu ia enoi?e/anee neiaeeaoeony i?eioeeiao iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai ?acaeaeaiey o?oaea.
Nia?aiaiiua oi?iu e iaoiaeu aiaoiaoi?aiauo iia?aoeee yaeythony /anoueth iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo yeiiiie/aneeo ioiioaiee.
A iaaeaeoia?iaeiie i?aeoeea ?acee/atho neaaeothuea e?eoa?ee eeanneoeeaoeee aiaoiaoi?aiauo iia?aoeee:
1. Ii iai?aaeaieyi oi?aiaee.
2. Ii aeaeai oiaa?ia e oneoa.
3. Ii noaiaie aioiaiinoe oiaa?a.
4. Ii iaoiaeai oi?aiaee oiaa?aie e oneoaaie.
5. Ii oi?iai i?aaiecaoeee oi?aiaee.
1.1. A iaaeaeoia?iaeiie i?aeoeea ?acee/atho neaaeothuea aeaeu aiaoiayeiiiie/aneeo (forieng economic operation), eee aiaoiaoi?aiauo iia?aoeee ii iai?aaeaieyi oi?aiaee.
– eiii?oiay (import) – i?eia?aoaiea oiaa?a o eiino?aiiiai i?iaeaaoea n caaiaeii a no?aio iieoiaoaey; eee aaic oiaa?a (?aaio, oneoa, ?acoeueoaoia eioaeeaeooaeueiie aeayoaeueiinoe) ia oaiiaeaiioth oa??eoi?eth ainoaea?noaa aac iaycaoaeuenoa ia?aoiiai auaica.
I?e i?ioiaeaeaiee oiaa?ia /a?ac a?aieoeo i?aaeuyaeythony nii?iaiaeeoaeueiua aeieoiaiou, a oii /enea: eeoeaicey ia aaic oiaa?a a no?aio, aeieoiaiou ia oieaoa oaiiaeaiiie iioeeiu e ia oieaoa nai?ia ca oaiiaeaiiia oi?aaeaiea.
I?e aaica a ?inneth oiaa?ia, i?ienoiaeyueo ec no?ai – /eaiia NIA, oiea/eaaaony oieueei nai? ca oaiiaeaiiia ioi?ieaiea.
– yenii?oiay (export) – i?iaeaaea oiaa?a eiino?aiiiio iieoiaoaeth n auaicii ec no?aiu i?iaeaaoea; eee auaic oiaa?a (?aaio, oneoa, ?acoeueoaoia eioaeeaeooaeueiie aeayoaeueiinoe) n oaiiaeaiiie oa??eoi?ee ainoaea?noaa aac iaycaoaeuenoaa ia ia?aoiii aaica.
A niioaaonoaee n oneiaeyie Oaiiaeaiiiai eiaeaena ?O yenii?o oiaa?ia i?eiaaeeaaeeo e /eneo aaaeiaeoeo oaiiaeaiiuo ?aaeeiia e icia/aao auione oiaa?ia ca i?aaeaeu iaoeeiiaeueiie oa??eoi?ee aac eo iineaaeothuaai aaica.
I?e ia?ana/aiee a?aieoeu oaiiaeaiiie ciiu e yenii?oiiio oiaa?o i?eeaaathony nii?iaiaeeoaeueiua aeieoiaiou, a oii /enea: eeoeaicey ia auaic oiaa?a, aeieoiaiou i aianaiee niioaaonoaothueo ieaoaaeae, a?ociaay oaiiaeaiiay aeaeea?aoeey.
A niioaaonoaee Caeiia ?O “Ia eiino?aiiuo eiaanoeoeeyo” i?aaei?eyoea iiaeao inaiaiaeaeaoueny io oieaou iioeei e iieo/aiey eeoeaicee i?e yenii?oa i?iaeoeoeee, anee a aai onoaaiii oiiaea niaea?aeeony ia iaiaa 30 % eiino?aiiiai eaieoaea.
Niaeanii Caeiio ?O “I oaiiaeaiiii oa?eoa” e iaeioi?ui oiaa?ai e oneoaai i?eiaiythony iaeiaiaua eueaiou e iniaua oaiiaeaiiua iioeeiu.
– ?ayenii?oiay (reexport) – i?eia?aoaiea oiaa?a o eiino?aiiiai i?iaeaaoea n caaicii a no?aio eiii?oa?a n oeaeueth iineaaeothuae ia?ai?iaeaaee aai, aac ia?a?aaioee, eiino?aiiiio iieoiaoaeth;
E ?ayenii?oiiio oiaa?o i?eiaiei ?aaeei “oaiiaeaiiue neeaae”, eioi?ue iiae?acoiaaaao o?aiaiea ?ayenii?oiiai oiaa?a iiae oaiiaeaiiui eiio?ieai aac aceiaiey onoaiiaeaiiuo ieaoaaeae e aac i?eiaiaiey ia? ia oa?eoiiai ?aaoee?iaaiey.
A iniauo neo/ayo i?eiaiyaony ?aaeei “naiaiaeiay oaiiaeaiiay ciia”, /oi icia/aao aaic eiino?aiiuo oiaa?ia aac oieaou iioeei e iaoa?eoiuo ia? ?aaoee?iaaiey, a oaeaea aiciiaeiinoae aai aei?aaioee a onoaiiaeaiiuo i?aaeaeao.
Iaycaoaeueiui oneiaeai yoeo ?aaeeiia yaeyaony ionoonoaea eiiia?/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe, naycaiiie n ecaea/aieai i?eauee.
– ?aeiii?oiay (reimport) – i?eia?aoaiea n aaicii ec-ca a?aieoeu ?aiaa yenii?oe?iaaiiiai e ia iiaeaa?aoaainy oai ia?a?aaioea oiaa?a.
E ?aeiii?oiui ioiinyo neaaeothuea iia?aoeee: aica?ao caa?aeiaaiiuo iieoiaoaeai oiaa?ia, aica?ao oiaa?ia ia i?iaeaiiuo ia aoeoeeiia eee ia ?aaeeciaaiiuo /a?ac eiineaiaoeeiiiua neeaaeu.
Aiaoiayeiiiie/aneea eee aiaoiaoi?aiaua iia?aoeee (forieng trade transaction) – yoi aeiaiai?u (eiio?aeou, niaeaoaiey) ii iaiaio oiaa?aie a eiiieaena n iia?aoeeyie, iaania/eaathueie auiieiaiea iniiaiie naeaeee (iia?aoeee).
E iniiaiui naeaeeai a iaaeaeoia?iaeiie oi?aiaea ioiinyony naeaeee eoiee-i?iaeaaee, iiae?yaea, a?aiaeu, iaeia.
E iaania/eaathuei, eee aeiiieieoaeueiui ioiinyony aaaioneea niaeaoaiey (a?aiaeo agreement) n iin?aaeieeaie, niaeaoaiey n ?aeeaiiuie aaainoaaie e i?aaiecaoeeyie, enneaaeothueie eiiuetheoo?o ?uiea, oaiiaeaiiua e ae?oaea iia?aoeee.
Iaania/eaathuea iia?aoeee inouanoaeythony eee iaiin?aaenoaaiii i?iaeaaoeaie (yenii?oa?aie) e iieoiaoaeyie (eiii?oa?aie), eee ae?oaeie oe?iaie e i?aaiecaoeeyie ia iniiaaiee ioaeaeueiuo niaeaoaiee e aeiaiai?ia ca niioaaonoaothuaa aiciaa?aaeaeaiea. Ia iaeio iniiaioth iia?aoeeth niaa?oaaony, eae i?aaeei, aei 10 aniiiiaaoaeueiuo.
Eaaeaeay naeaeea ioi?ieyaony niioaaonoaothuei eiio?aeoii, eee aeiaiai?ii, eee niaeaoaieai. Iaeioi?ua aiaoiaoi?aiaua naeaeee caeeth/athony nia/aea a onoiie oi?ia, iai?eia?, ai a?aiy aoeoeeiiiuo oi?aia eee ia ae?aeaaie nannee, ii aiineaaenoaee oaeaea ioi?ieythony a ienueiaiiii aeaea.
Eeoea, oe?iu e i?aaiecaoeee, io eiaie eioi?uo caeeth/athony aeiaiai?u, yaeythony eiio?aaaioaie (contracting party), eee aeaeiauie ia?oia?aie.
Eiio?aaaiou ianoo iaoa?eaeueioth ioaaonoaaiiinoue ca auiieiaiea iaycaoaeuenoa ii caeeth/aiiui aeiaiai?ai.
Oeiaine?iaaiea naeaeie iiaeao inouanoaeyoueny eae eiio?aaaioaie, oae e ae?oaeie eeoeaie, oe?iaie e i?aaiecaoeeyie, ca n/ao eioi?uo iie aunooiatho ia ?uiea.
1.2. Ii aeaeai oiaa?ia e oneoa ?acee/atho:
* i?iaeoeoeey i?iiuoeaiiiai iacia/aiey (iaoeiioaoie/aneay i?iaeoeoeey);
* nu?ueaaua oiaa?u;
* i?iaeiaieuenoaaiiua e iio?aaeoaeueneea oiaa?u;
* iao/ii-oaoie/aneay i?iaeoeoeey;
* oneoae: eiinaeoeiaiaua, eaeeie?eiaiaua, oeiainiaua, oo?enoe/aneea, e o.ae..
2. EEANNEOEEAOeEss AIAOIAOI?AIAUO NAeAEIE II AEAeAI OIAA?IA E ONEOA.
a) Oi?aiaey i?iiuoeaiiie i?iaeoeoeeae.
Cia/aiea yoiai aeaea: aeiey i?iiuoeaiiuo oiaa?ia a iauae no?oeoo?a aiaoiae oi?aiaee no?aiu ii?aaeaeyao aa iao/ii-oaoie/aneee iioaioeeae, o?iaaiue i?iiuoeaiiiai ?acaeoey e ianoi ainoaea?noaa a iaaeaeoia?iaeiii ?acaeaeaiee o?oaea.
Iauai eiaanoeoeee a iaoeiino?ieoaeueiue eiiieaen ii?aaeaeyao oa?aeoa? e oaiiu no?oeoo?iie ia?ano?ieee yeiiiieee ainoaea?noaa, aeeyao ia yeieiae/aneoth aaciianiinoue iiauo oaoiieiaee.
A nia?aiaiiuo oneiaeyo oaaee/eaaaony ?ieue ia?eaoeiaa a oi?ie?iaaiee ni?ina ia iiaua, yeieiae/anee aaciianiua aeaeu oaoieee e oaoiieiaee.
Aunieea oaiiu iao/ii-oaoie/aneiai i?ia?anna aaaeoo e iaino?aieth eiieo?aioeee ia ?uiea i?iecaiaeeoaeae i?iiuoeaiiie i?iaeoeoeee. Yoi niinianoaoao ?acaeoeth niioonoaothueo e iin?aaeie/aneeo oneoa, i?iecaiaenoaaiiie e nauoiaie eiiia?aoeee.
a) Oi?aiaey nu?ueaauie ?ano?naie.
Yooaeoeaiia eniieueciaaiea i?e?iaeiuo aiaaonoa, ?aoeeiiaeueiay oi?aiaey nu?ueaauie oiaa?aie yaeyaony aaaeiaeoei oneiaeai aeecie e i?ia?anna iauanoaa.
Nu?uea eee nu?ui iaoa?eaeii noaiiayony enneaaeiaaiiua, ?acaaaeaiiua e aeiauoua i?e?iaeiua aiaaonoaa. Nu?ua iaoa?eaeu, ia?acothuea iaoa?eaeueioth iniiao i?iaeoeoa, yaeythony iniiaiui iaoa?eaeii.
Ia i?aeoeea iiae nu?ueai iiieiathony i?iaeoeou aeiauaathuae i?iiuoeaiiinoe e naeueneiai oicyenoaa, a iiae iniiaiuie iaoa?eaeaie – i?iaeoeoeeth ia?aaaouaathuae i?iiuoeaiiinoe. Aieaa oe?ieia ii?aaeaeaiea “nu?uey” – yoi eiiieaen, iauaaeeiythuee iaoa?eaeu, iaiin?aaenoaaiii aeiauaaaiua ec ie?oaeathuae n?aaeu (iaooue, ?oaeu, ean e o.ae.) e iaoa?eaeu, iiaeaa?aoeany ia?aaioea n oeaeueth eniieueciaaiey eo a ea/anoaa nu?uey aeey i?iecaiaenoaa aioiaie i?iaeoeoeee. Ii noaoenoeea III e nu?ueth ioiinyony: i?iaeiaieuenoaaiiua ?ano?nu, i?iaeiaieuenoaaiiua eoeueoo?u, i?iaeoeou aeeaioiiaiaenoaa e ?uaieianoaa, nu?uea aeey ieuaaie i?iiuoeaiiinoe, eiaeaaaiiia nu?uea, eao/oe, eanii?iaeoeou, aeeth/ay aoiaao, oaenoeeueiua aieieia, ?oaeu e ae?oaea ieia?aeu, aeeth/ay ieia?aeueiua oaeia?aiey, oiieeaiua oiaa?u e oeaaoiua iaoaeeu.
Nu?ueaaua ?ano?nu eeanneoeoee?othony:
1. Oiieeaii-yia?aaoe/aneea oiaa?u (iaooue i?e?iaeiue aac eaiaiiue oaieue).
2. Oeie/aneea oiaa?u
2.a) iaooa oeieeaou (yoeeai i?iieeai ieanoiannu ae?oaea aeaeu).
2.a) iaaeeeaiaiou.
2.a) i?iaeoeou iai?aaie/aneie oeiee (e?aneoaee yoe?iua ianea).
3. I?iaeiaieuenoaaiiua oiaa?u (iiei/iua i?iaeoeou, iyni ?uaa ii?ai?iaeoeou, ca?iiaua e i?iaeoeou eo ia?a?aaioee, naiaia ianee/iuo eoeueoo?, ?anoeoaeueiua ianea, aee?u, eioa, eaeai, /ae, o?oeou, iaiue, naoa?, e o.ae.).
Nu?uea iio?aaeyaiia i?iiuoeaiiinoueth eeanneoeoee?oaony:
1) Naeueneioioyenoaaiiia aiciaiiaeyaiia (i?iaeiaieuenoaaiiua ?ano?nu, i?iaeiaieuenoaaiiua eoeueoo?u, i?iaeoeou aeeaioiiaiaenoaa e ?uaieianoaa, nu?uea aeey ieuaaie i?iiuoeaiiinoe e o.ae.)
2) I?iiuoeaiiia (ia?aie/aiiia a i?e?iaea e ia aiciiaiiaeyaiia):
2.a) ieia?aeueiiai i?ienoiaeaeaiey (?oaeu, oaieue, iaooue, ia?oaeiua eneiiaaiua e ae?.)
2.a) nu?uea iieo/aiiia eneonnoaaiiui iooai (neioaoe/aneee eao/oe, eneonnoaaiiua aieieia, ieanoiannu e ae?.).
Ii oi?iai iaaeaeoia?iaeiie oi?aiaee nu?ueaaua oiaa?u eeanneoeoee?othony:
1) Ae?aeaaua, o.a. naeaeee caeeth/athony ia oiaa?iuo ae?aeao (ca?iiaua, naoa?, oeiiie e ae?.).
2) Iaae?aeaaua, o.a. i?iaeaaea ii eiio?aeoai (iaooue, aac, oaieue, ?oaeu /a?iuo e oeaaoiuo iaoaeia, eaniua, oeaeetheicii-aoiaaeiua e ae?.).
3) Oiaa?u i?iaeaaea eioi?uo inouanoaeyaony ii iaaeaeoia?iaeiui oiaa?iui niaeaoaieyi (eao/oe, ioaieoea, eaeai aiau, ieeaeiaia ianei, naoa? e ae?.).
Aiaoiayeiiiie/aneay aeayoaeueiinoue oe?i a nu?ueaaii aeciana aeanoei ?aaeaiaioe?iaaia ainoaea?noaaiiui ?aaoee?iaaieai yenii?oii-eiii?oiuo iia?aoeee ii nu?ueaaui oiaa?ii. A oi aea a?aiy ainoaea?noaaiiay iieeoeea a iaeanoe yenii?oi-eiii?oa nu?uey ?aaoee?oaony iaaeaeoia?iaeiuie niaeaoaieyie, eiiuthieoo?ie ie?iauo ?uieia, caaeneo io ?acaeoey IOI e aeeyiey o?ainiaoeeiiaeueiuo ei?ii?aoeee (OIE), iieeoeee “oi?aiauo aa?uea?ia” e i?ioaeoeeiiecia ia nu?ueaauo ?uieao. Aeeyao oaeaea ia oi?ie?iaaiea eiiuthieoo?u ?uieia i?iiuoeaiiiai nu?uey e oiieeaa iieeoeea annioeeaoeee-yenii?oa?ia nu?ueaauo oiaa?ia, nicaeaaaaiuo ia iaaei?aaeoaeuenoaaiiie iniiaa. A ianoiyuaa a?aiy aieaa 20 oaeeo annioeeaoeee inouanoaeyao eieeaeoeaioth iieeoeeo eiio?iey iaae aeiau/ae, oi?aiaeae e oeaiaie ii oiieeaii-nu?ueaaui oiaa?ii. I?aaiecaoeey no?ai – yenii?oa?ia iaooe, nicaeaiiay a 1960 aiaeo (IIAE) aeiaeeanue ?inoa aeioiaeia ca n/ao iiauoaiey yenii?oiuo oeai e oe?aieaiey iiceoeee iaoeeiiaeueiiai eaieoaea a iaooaaeiau/a. I?eia?ii iaaeainoaea?noaaiiiai ?aaoee?iaaiey ?uieia nu?ueaauo oiaa?ia yaeyaony eiioa?aioeey III ii oi?aiaea e ?acaeoeth. Iiae aa yaeaeie ?ac?aaaouaaaony iaaeaeoia?iaeiua oiaa?iua noaaeeecaoeeiiiua niaeaoaiey ION, caeeth/aaiua iaaeaeo yenii?oa?aie e eiii?oa?aie nu?uey. ION i?aaeoniao?eaaao iiaeaea?aeaiea niaeaniaaiiie oeaiu ia nu?ueaaie oiaa? ia iniiaa noaiiaeaiey nenoaiu yenii?oiuo eaio e nicaeaiey “aooa?iuo” caiania (AC), noaaeeecaoeeiiiuo oaeoi?ia (NO). Iaoaieci AC : i?e oeaia ieaea ieaeiaai i?aaeaea n ?uiea neoiaaony a AC eceeoee oiaa?a, i?e oeaia neeoeii aunieie ec AC oiaa? i?iaeaaony. Aeey oneeaiiiai ooieoeeiie?iaaiey ION o/?aaeaeai iauee oiiae aeey nu?ueaauo caiania (IONC), eioi?ue ieacuaaao iiiiuue ?acaeaathueiny no?aiai a oi?ia aacaiciacaeiiai oeiaine?iaaiey e eueaioiuo e?aaeeoia aeey ?acaeoey yenii?oa.
Eiio?aeou ii eoiea-i?iaeaaea nu?uey iau/ii eiatho aeieain?i/iue oa?aeoa?, iaania/eaathuee noaaeeueiinoue e aa?aioe?iaaiiia niaaaeaiea i?iecaiaenoaa enoiaeiie i?iaeoeoeeae. Ii caeiiiaeaoaeuenoao a ?acaeaathueony no?aiao a eiio?aeoao i?aaeoniao?eaathony iaycaoaeuenoaa eiii?oa?ia i?aaeoniao?eaaoue ?an/aou ano?a/iuie iinoaaeaie oiaa?ia o?aaeeoeeiiiiai yenii?oa.
?inney yaeyaony /eaiii anao iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo oiaa?iuo i?aaiecaoeee, aeeth/ay IONC e ia ii?iaii ?uiea aunooiaao eae e?oiiaeoay nu?ueaaay aea?aeaaa. A iaae?ao ?innee iaoiaeeony 15-30% ie?iauo caiania iaooe e 40-45% i?e?iaeiiai aaca e oaey, aei 30 % aeaeaciie e oinoi?iie ?oaeu ie?a, aei 70 % aiaoeoiaie ?oaeu, aei 40 % eaeeeiue nieae, cia/eeueiay /anoue caiania oeaaoiuo e ae?aaioeaiiuo iaoaeeia. Ia oa??eoi?ee ?innee iaoiaeeony 25 % anao eaniuo aiaaonoa ie?a. A ie?iaii i?iecaiaenoaa ia aeieth ?innee i?eoiaeeony: ii i?e?iaeiiio aaco – 30%, iaooe – 15%, oaeth 8%, noaee – 12%, ieia?aeueiui oaeia?aieyi – 11%, yeaeo?iyia?aee – 9%, oeaiaioo – 7%, eaniiaoa?eaeai – 165, oa?noyiui oeaiyi – 14%, ea?oioaeth – 12%, naoa?iie naaeea – 10%, ca?io – 6%.
a) Oi?aiaey i?iaeiaieuenoaaiiuie oiaa?aie.
Iniaaiiinoe oi?aiaee i?iaeiaieuenoaeai:
1) iao/ii oaoie/aneee i?ia?ann niinianoaoao oaaee/aieth yenii?oa i?iaeiaieuenoaey ec i?iiuoeaiii ?acaeouo no?ai. (Iai?eia?, a ?inneth oaaee/eeny yenii?o i?iaeiaieuenoaey ec NOA, Aa?iiu e ae?.)
2) oi?aiaey inouanoaeyaony, eae i?aaeei, /a?ac iin?aaeieeia, eiathueo neeaaeneea iiiauaiey, /a?ac aioo?eoe?iaiiie oi?aiaee, /a?ac oeeeaeu “iaoa?eineie” eiiiaiee
A ?innee ca aiaeu ?aoi?iu (n 1992 ii 1998aa) ?acei aic?inea aeiey i?iaeiaieuenoaey a aeiea eiii?oa. Yoi iauyniyaony ianeieueeeie i?e/eiaie, a o./. ?ac?ooaieai naeueneioicyenoaaiiiai i?iecaiaenoaa a ia?eiae yeiiiie/aneie ?aoi?iu, oaaee/aieai aeiee ?anoiaeia ia ieoaiea a iauae no?oeoo?a ?anoiaeia ianaeaiey, e eeaa?aeecaoeee aiaoiae oi?aiaee.
a) Iao/ii-oaoie/aneay i?iaeoeoeey e oneoae;
1) Oneoae i?iecaiaeyony e iio?aaeythony iaeiia?aiaiii e ia iiaeeaaeao o?aiaieth a ioee/ee io ae?oaeo oiaa?ia. Noi?iiaie a naeaeea yaeythony caeac/eee (iieoiaoaeue-eiii?oa?) e iiae?yae/eee (i?iaeaaaoe-eiii?oa?).
2) Oi?aiaey oneoaaie iiaeao niioonoaiaaoue oi?aiaea oiaa?aie, aeiiieiyy aa. Ea/anoai oneoa niinianoaoao yooaeoeaiinoe naeaeee eoiee i?iaeaaee iniiaiiai oiaa?a. Iai?eia?, i?iaeaaea i?iaeoeoeee, a ?acia?aiiii aeaea o?aaoao eiaeeie?eiaiauo oneoa ii ?ac?aaioea i?iaeoa ia no?ieoaeuenoai nai?i/iiai oeaoa, oneoa o?ainii?oiuo i?aaiecaoeee, ?aeeaiiuo aaaionoa e o.i.
3) Iaaeaeoia?iaeiay oi?aiaey oneoaaie acaeiiaeaenoaoao n aeaeaeaieai eaieoaea e ia?aiauaiea ?aai/ae neeu, eioi?ua i?aaeiieaaaao eniieueciaaiea aaieianeeo, eioi?iaoeeiiiuo e o?ainii?oiuo oneoa.
4) Noa?a oneoa iiaeao iaoiaeeony a iieiie eee /anoe/iie nianoaaiiinoe ainoaea?noaa e iiyoiio aieaa iaaeaaeii caueuaia ainoaea?noaii io eiino?aiiie eiieo?aioeee.
5) Ia ana aeaeu oneoa i?eaiaeiu aeey aiaea/aiey a iaaeaeoia?iaeiue oicyenoaaiiue iai?io (iai?eia?, eiiioiaeueiua, auoiaua), a oiaea a?aiy o/eouaaaony ?ieue oneoa, naycaiiuo n ianeoaeeaaieai o?oaeiaie aeayoaeueiinoe (aaieianeea, no?aoiaua, oneoae oi?aiaee, iin?aaeie/aneea e o.ae.)
Ia nia?aiaiiii ie?iaii ?uiea aeoeaii aeaenoaotho eiiiaiee, niaoeeaeece?othueany ia i?iecaiaenoaa oneoa e i?iiuoeaiiua oe?iu, i?aaeeaaathuea oe?ieea iaeaou oneoa. Yoi aaaeao e oiaiueoaieth ?acee/ey iaaeaeo eiiiaieyie noa?u oneoa e noa?u iaoa?eaeueiiai i?iecaiaenoaa, neeyieth ?yaea ?aiaa iainiaeaiiuo oneoa (iai?eia?, aaieianeeo, no?aoiauo, ae?aeaauo e iin?aaeie/aneeo) a aaeeiue eiiieaen (iai?eia?, oeiainiauo oneoa). ?inney eiaao iioaioeeaeueiua aiciiaeiinoe ?anoe?aiey yenii?oa o?ainii?oiuo oneoa (o?aiceo, ii?neea ia?aaicee), oo?ecia e eiaeaia?ii-eiinoeueoaoeeiiiuo e no?ieoaeueiuo oneoa, eeoeaicee e “iio-iao”, oneoa a iaeanoe cae?aaiio?aiaiey, ia?aciaaiey, eoeueoo?u e o.ae.
Ninoaa iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai ?uiea eiaeeie?eiaiauo oneoa:
1) I?iaeoii-eiinoeueoaoeeiiiua oneoae:
* I?aaenoaaeaiea eioa?ania caeac/eea;
* Oaoieei-yeiiiie/aneia iainiiaaiea i?iaeoia ii no?ieoaeuenoao iiauo e ?aeiino?oeoeee aeaenoaothueo iauaeoia;
* Eiio?ieue ca eniieiaieai e i?eaiea aioiauo iauaeoia;
* Eiinoeueoe?iaaiea caeac/eea;
* Iiaeaioiaea oaoie/aneeo oneiaee ey iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo oi?aia.
2) Iiae?yaeiay aeayoaeueiinoue:
* ?ac?aaioea i?iaeoia aeey caeac/eea e ?aciauaiea caeacia o iiae?yae/eeia e noaiiae?yae/eeia;
* Caeeth/aiea aeiaiai?a iiae?yaea n eniieieoaeyie ia no?ieoaeuenoai iauaeoia, aeiaiai?ia ia iinoaaeo eiiieaeoothueo ecaeaeee e niioonoaothueo iaoa?eaeia.
3) Oi?aaeai/aneay aeayoaeueiinoue:
* Oneoae ii i?aaiecaoeee i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo no?oeoo? e aaeieieno?aoeaiiio oi?aaeaieth ia iniiaa ia?aaeiaiai ie?iaiai iiuoa;
* I?aaiecaoeey ieaie?iaaiey e i?iecaiaenoaa oiaa?a ia iniiaa ia?eaoeiaiauo enneaaeiaaiee;
* I?aaiecaoeey o/aoa e noaoenoeee ia iniiaa i?ia?anneaiuo i?ia?aii;
* Iioeiecaoeey no?oeoo? oi?aaeaiey.
Oi?iu ia?aaea/e oaoiieiaee:
1) Iaaeoe?iaiiua niaeaoaiey i ia?aaea/a oaoiieiaee;
2) Aioo?aiiee iaiai;
3) Iaaeoe?iaiiua iinoaaee iaoei,iai?oaeiaaiey e ae?oaie i?iaeoeoeee n ia?aaea/ae oaoiieiaee.
Ia?aaea/a oaoiieiaee inouanoaeyaony ia:
1) Iaeiiia?/aneie iniiaa:
* Eioi?iaoeeiiiua ianneau niaoeeeoa?aoo?u;
* Eiiiuethoa?iua aaiee aeaiiuo, iaoaiou, ni?aai/ieee e o.ae.;
* Eiioa?aioeee, neiiiceoiu, naieia?u, aunoaaee.
* Iao/aiea, noaaee?iaee, iaiai ?acoeueoaoaie enneaaeiaaiee, i?iecaiaenoaaiii- oaoiieiae/aneeie aeinoeaeaieyie e o.ae.;
2) Ia eiiia?/aneie iniiaa:
2.a) Ii eeoeaiceiiiui aeiaiai?ai;
2.a) Aaceeoeaiceiiiua oi?iu:
* iooai i?iaeaaee iai?oaeiaaiey e iaoa?eaeia, eee ia?aaea/a eo a a?aiaeo;
* eiaeeie?eiaiaua oneoae;
* o/a?aaeaeaiea niaianoiuo oe?i
2.a) Eiiia?aoeeiiiua niaeaoaiey:
* iiae?yaeiia eiiia?e?iaaiea;
* niaianoiia i?iecaiaenoai;
* eiiaeie?iaaiiua oi?iu.
Eiiia?/aneea oi?iu ia?aaea/e oaoiieiaee inouanoaeythony eae:
1) Niioonoaothuea: “iiae eeth/”, “iiae aioiaua ?oee”, “ia ?uiie”.
2) Naiinoiyoaeueiua (eeoeaiceiiiua e eiiia?aoeeiiiua niaeaoaiey, aaceeoeaiceiiiua oi?iu ia?aaea/e oaoiieiaee)
Eeoeaiceiiiua niaeaoaiey eeanneoeoee?othony:
1) Ii aeaeo iauaeoia
– ecia?aoaiea, “iio-oao”, oiaa?iua ciaee, i?iiuoeaiiua ia?acoeu.
2) Ii iauaio i?aa
– -ia i?inoua, eneeth/eoaeueiua e iieiua.
3) Ii niiniaai io?aiu iauaeoia
– ia iaoaioiua, aaniaoaioiua e niaoaiiua.
4) Ii noaiaie aaoiiiiiinoe
– ia naiinoiyoaeueiua e iacaaeneiua.
3. EEANNEOEEAOeEss AIAOIAOI?AIAUO NAeAEIE II NOAIAIE AIOIAIINOE OIAA?A.
?acee/atho naeaeee: n aioiaie i?iaeoeoeeae, n i?iaeoeoeeae a ?acia?aiiii aeaea, e eiiieaeoiii iai?oaeiaaiee.
3.1. Oi?aiaey aioiaie i?iaeoeoeeae (o.a. i?iaeoeoeeae aioiaie e oiio?aaeaieth aac aeiiieieoaeueiie ia?aaioee) iiaeao inouanoaeyoueny iai?yioth e /a?ac iin?aaeieeia:
A yoeo neo/ayo iaaeaeo yenii?oa?ii e eiii?oa?ai caeeth/athony aeiaiai?a eoiee-i?iaeaaee, a i?e o/anoee iin?aaeieea – e aeiaiai? i?iaeaaoea n iin?aaeieeii.
Aaaeiui iiiaioii a oi?aiaea i?iaeoeoeeae yaeyaony aiciiaeiinoue i?aaiecaoeee i?aaei?iaeaaeiiai na?aena – eiiieaena ?aaio ii ?aneiina?aaoeee ecaeaeee iinea o?ainii?oe?iaee ia neeaae iin?aaeieea. Oeaeue yoie oneoae – iiaeaioiaeoue oiaa? e i?iaeaaea, i?eaeaoue aio iaeeo/oee aeae. Cao?aou iinoaaueeia e eo aaaioia ii yoei iia?aoeeyi ioiinyony e ecaea?aeeai ia?auaiey e iie?uaathony ca n/ao noieiinoe, nicaeaiiie a i?ioeanna i?iecaiaenoaa.
Nie?auaiea n?ieia iinoaaie oiaa?a oiaiueoaao aai caianu ia neeaaeao e niinianoaoao oiaiueoaieth eaieoaeiaeiaeaiee a neeaaeneea nii?oaeaiey.
I?aaei?iaeaaeiay aei?aaioea oiaa?a – ae?oaay oi?ia i?iecaiaenoaaiiiai i?ioeanna a noa?a ia?auaiey – i?iecaiaeeony oaeaea n oeaeueth iiauoaiey eiieo?aioiniiniaiinoe oiaa?a, oeo/oaiea aai yeieiae/aneeo oa?aeoa?enoee e ae?oaeo eiaeeaeaeoaeueiuo o?aaiaaiee caeac/eeia.
Oaoie/aneia ianeoaeeaaiea iaoei e iai?oaeiaaiey oaeaea inouanoaeyaony a noa?a ia?auaiey, ia neeaaeao e yaeyaony iia?aoeeae, iaania/eaathuae auiieiaiea iniiaiie (eoiee-i?iaeaaee). Neeaaeu iin?aaeieeia , aaea i?iecaiaeyony iaania/eaathuea iia?aoeee, iacuaathony eiineaiaoeeiiiuie, a iin?aaeieee – eiineaiaoi?aie.
3.2. Oi?aiaey i?iaeoeoeeae a ?acia?aiiii aeaea – inouanoaeyaony:
a) Anee oiaa?ii yaeyaony e?oiiua e a?iiicaeeea nii?oaeaiey, iai?oaeiaaiea, no?ieoaeueiua eiino?oeoeee, iaaaeue, aaoaiiua e?aiu e o.ae., eiaaea oaoie/anee iaaiciiaeii eee yeiiiie/anee iaoeaeaniia?acii o?ainii?oe?iaaoue i?iaeoeoeeth a aioiaii aeaea;
a) I?e nouanoaothueo a ?yaea no?ai cai?aoia eee ia?aie/aiee ia aaic i?iaeoeoeee, aiaeiae/iie auioneaaiie iaoeeiiaeueiuie i?iecaiaeeoaeyie. Yoe ia?aie/aiey aaiaeyony aeey caueou ioa/anoaaiiuo io?aneae io eiieo?aioeee eiino?aiiuo iinoaaueeia. A yoii neo/aa ia aaic i?iaeoeoeee a ?acia?aiiii aeaea onoaiaaeeaathony iiieaeaiiua oaiiaeaiiua iioeeiu. Oaeay oi?ia oi?aiaee auaiaeia e iinoaaueeai, e iio?aaeoaeyi. Aeey no?aiu – eiii?oa?a i?aaiecaoeey nai?ee i?iaeoeoeee niaeaenoaoao ?acaeoeth iaoeeiiaeueiie i?iiuoeaiiinoe e iiauoaieth o?iaiy caiyoinoe ianaeaiey. Eiieo?aioeey eiino?aiiuo iinoaaueeia, oioue e ineaaeaiiay eiee/anoaaiiui ia?aie/aieai, noeioee?oao iaoeeiiaeueiuo i?iecaiaeeoaeae, /oi aaaeao e onei?aieth iao/ii-oaoie/aneiai i?ia?anna a no?aia eiii?oa?a. Iinoaaueeai yoa oi?ia oi?aiaee oaeaoaaeyao i?iaeoeoeeth ca n/ao nieaeaiey aaiciuo iioeei e aeaoaaie ?aai/ae neeu a no?aia eiii?oa?a, eniieuecoaiie i?e nai?ea nii?oaeaiee, eiino?oeoeee e o.ae..
Iinoaaee i?iaeoeoeee inouanoaeythony ii eiio?aeoai eoiee-i?iaeaaee e ia oneiaeyo eiineaiaoeee. Yoa oi?ia oi?aiaee niinianoaoao nicaeaieth niaianoiuo i?aaei?eyoee e ae?oaeo aeaeia niaianoiie aeayoaeueiinoe, iai?eia? , niaeaoaiee i i?ia?anneaiie nai?ea. Oaeea niaeaoaiey i?aaeoniao?eaatho i?aaiecaoeeth nai?i/iiai i?iecaiaenoaa aioiaie i?iaeoeoeee ec eiii?oe?oaiuo oceia e aeaoaeae. I?e yoii eiino?aiiue ia?oia? i?eieiaao iaycaoaeuenoai niaeaenoaiaaoue eiii?oa?o a i?aaiecaoeee nianoaaiiiai i?iecaiaenoaa ioaeaeueiuo /anoae i?iaeoeoeee, n oai /oiau a oa/aiea onoaiiaeaiiiai n?iea iieiinoueth ia?aeoe e naiinoiyoaeueiiio auioneo aioiaie i?iaeoeoeee. Eiino?aiiue ia?oia? iiaeao i?iaeaoue eeoeaiceth ia naio i?iaeoeoeeth e “iio- oao” (know – how) ia i?iecaiaenoai oceia e aeaoaeae, iinoaaeyoue oaoie/aneia iai?oaeiaaiea eeai ?aeiiaiaeiaaoue eiii?oa?o ae?oaeo eiino?aiiuo iinoaaueeia iai?oaeiaaiey. Eiii?oa? aac iioa?e a?aiaie iiaeao ia/aoue auione aioiaie i?iaeoeoeee, iinoaiaiii ioeacuaaynue io caeoiie oceia e aeaoaeae ca n/ao iaeaaeeaaiey nianoaaiiiai i?iecaiaenoaa. Aeaaiuie oneiaeyie niaeaoaiee iiaoo auoue:
a) ia?aaea/a eeoeaicee ia aioiaoth i?iaeoeoeeth e “iio- oao” ii i?iecaiaenoao oceia e aeaoaeae;
a) auiieiaiea i?iaeoia i?aaei?eyoey e i?aaiecaoeey i?iecaiaenoaa4
a) iinoaaea oceia e aeaoaeae aeey nai?ee eiia/iie i?iaeoeoeee;
a) iinoaaea iniiaiiai e aniiiiaaoaeueiiai iai?oaeiaaiey aeey i?iecaiaenoaa aioiaie i?iaeoeoeee eee ?aeiiaiaeaoeey iinoaaueeia iai?oaeiaaiey aeey naiinoiyoaeueiie caeoiee aai eiii?oa?ii.
Niaeaoaiey i i?ia?anneaiie nai?ee niaea?aeao oneiaey ieaoaaeae, n?iee auiieiaiey e ae?oaea n?iee eniieiaiey niinianoaothuea iiaeaea?aeaieth o?iaiy eiieo?aioiniiniaiinoe i?iaeoeoeee.
A ?innee eiii?o ?ac?iciaiiiai iai?oaeiaaiey iiaeao inouanoaeyoueny ii oaiiaeaiiui ?aaeeiai: “Oaiiaeaiiue neeaae”, “naiaiaeiue neeaae”, “ia?a?aaioea ia oaiiaeaiiie oa??eoi?ee”. O/?aaeaeaoue “oaiiaeaiiue neeaae” iiaoo oece/aneea e th?eaee/aneea eeoea, iieo/eaoea io oaiiaeaiiuo i?aaiia Eeoeaiceth. A iae oeacuaaaony n?ie ia?a?aaioee e eiee/anoai aioiaiai i?iaeoeoa, eioi?iai aoaeao auaacaii iinea ia?a?aaioee.
Oiaa?u, aaiceiua ia oa??eoi?eth naiaiaeiie oaiiaeaiiie ciiu, iiaeii ia?a?aaaouaaoue, niaa?oaoue n ieie eiiia?/aneea naeaeee, e?iia ?icie/iie oi?aiaee, aaniioeeiii.
3.3. Oi?aiaey eiiieaeoiui iai?oaeiaaieai.
Eiiieaeoiui n/eoaaony iai?oaeiaaiea i?iiuoeaiiiai i?aaei?eyoey, i?aaenoaaeythuaa aaeeiue caeii/aiiue oaoiieiae/aneee eiiieaen. Oi?aiaey eiiieaeoiui iai?oaeiaaieai iieo/eei ?acaeoea n 50 – o aiaeia, eae iineaaenoaea ?anoouaai ni?ina a ?acaeaathueony no?aiao, iieo/eaoeo iieeoe/aneoth iacaaeneiinoue e aiciiaeiinoue oaoieei-yeiiiie/aneiai ?acaeoey. Ionoonoaea auniei?acaeoiai iaoeiino?iaiey e eaaeeoeoee?iaaiiuo eaae?ia a ?acaeaathueony no?aiao i?eaaei e iaiaoiaeeiinoe i?eia?aoaoue iaeioi?ua oaoiieiae/aneea eiiieaenu e oneoae ii eo i?iaeoe?iaaieth, nii?oaeaieth e yenieoaoaoeee.
?inoo iauaiia ie?iaie oi?aiaee eiiieaeoiui iai?oaeiaaieai niinianoaiaaei oaeaea ?acaeoea i?iecaiaenoa ia aaca i?eioeeieaeueii iiauo oaoiieiaee, oe?ieiai aiaae?aiey yia?ainaa?aaathueo oaoiieiae/aneeo i?ioeannia e ono?ienoa ii io?aia ie?oaeathuae n?aaeu. Iaiaoeeanue oaiaeaioeey oaei?iaeaiey oaoiieiae/aneiai iai?oaeiaaiey ca n/ao iiauoaiey aaeeie/iuo iiuiinoae onoaiiaie, iiauoaiey eo i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoe. ?inoo iauaiia ie?iaie oi?aiaee iai?oaeiaaieai niinianoaoao IOI, nie?auathuee n?iee aai ii?aeueiiai no?a?aiey. E ia/aeo 90 – o aiaeia ie?iaay oi?aiaey eiiieaeoiui iai?oaeiaaieai ninoaaeyei 15 – 20 % iauaai iauaia oi?aiaee iaoeiaie e iai?oaeiaaieai.
Iniiao yoiai aeaea oi?aiaee ninoaaeytho eiiia?aoeeiiiua nayce . Iinoaaueee e caeac/eee niaianoii ?ac?aaaouaatho oaoie/aneea o?aaiaaiey e eiiieaeoiiio iai?oaeiaaieth, oaycuaatho aai n eio?ano?oeoo?ie nauoa e i?iiuoeaiiie ciiie. Eiio?aeou ia iinoaaee eiiieaeoiiai iai?oaeiaaiey e i?aaeinoaaeaiey aeiiieieoaeueiuo oneoa eiatho iiae?yaeiue oa?aeoa?, iineieueeo iinoaaueee auiieiytho ?aaiou a niioaaonoaee n eiaeeaeaeoaeueiuie o?aaiaaieyie caeac/eeia. A iauai aeiiieieoaeueiuo oneoa iiaoo aoiaeeoue eiiaiaee?iaee niaoeeaeenoia aeey ?oeiaiaenoaa iiioaaeii, iaeaaeeie e ioneii a yenieoaoaoeeth, niaeaenoaea a i?aaiecaoeee oaoie/aneiai ianeoaeeaaiey, iao/aiey niaoeeaeenoia e ae?oaea.
Oi?aiaey eiiieaeoiui iai?oaeiaaieai iiaeao eiaoue neaaeothuea ?aciiaeaeiinoe:
a) nii?oaeaiea iauaeoia ia oneiaeyo “iiae eeth/”;
a) eiio?aeou n noaiiae?yaeiuie oe?iaie.
Iiae nii?oaeaieai iauaeoia ia oneiaeyo “iiae eeth/” iiieiaaony eiiieaen iiae?yaeiuo ?aaio. Io yeiiiie/aneiai iainiiaaiey nii?oaeaiey iauaeoa, aei naea/e aai caeac/eeo a ninoiyiee iieiie aioiaiinoe. ?aciiaeaeiinoueth oneiaee “iiae eeth/” yaeythony oneiaey “i?iaeoeoeey a ?oee”, aeaaiia ioee/ea eioi?uo ninoieo a ieacaiee iinoaaueeaie iiiiue a oi?aaeaiee oaoiieiae/aneeie i?ioeannaie i?iecaiaenoaa.
Iiae aeaenoaeai IOI iiiyoea “iiae eeth/” o?ainoi?ie?iaaeinue e icia/aao a iineaaeiaa a?aiy iaycaoaeuenoai iinoaaueea naiinoiyoaeueii e iiae naith ioaaonoaaiiinoue ?ac?aaioaoue, iinoaaeoue, niiioe?iaaoue e ia?aaeaoue caeac/eeo oaoiieiae/aneee eiiieaen eee onoaiiaeo a ninoiyiee, iieiinoueth aioiaii e yenieoaoaoeee.
4. IAOIAeU AIAOIAE OI?AIAEE..
?acee/atho i?yiie (direct selling) e einaaiiue (indirect selling) iaoiaeu oi?aiaee.
I?yiie – iniiaai ia eniieueciaaiee ioeaaiai eaiaea ?ani?aaeaeaiey oiaa?a, eiaaea iaaeaeo eiio?aaaioaie onoaiaaeeaathony iaiin?aaenoaaiiua nayce aac iin?aaeieeia.
Iaoiae i?yiuo i?iaeaae eniieuecoaony yenii?oa?ii aeey onoaiiaeaiey aeanoeiai eiio?iey iaae ooieoeeae iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai ia?eaoeiaa e iieo/aiey aunieie i?eauee. Yoio iaoiae i?eiaiyaony a oi?aiaea i?iiuoeaiiuie oiaa?aie, i?e inouanoaeaiee i?iecaiaenoaaiiie eiiia?aoeee iaaeaeo i?aaei?eyoeyie aeey niaianoiiai i?iecaiaenoaa oiaa?ia, i?e i?iaeaaea e iieoiea e?oiiuo ia?oee nu?uey ia iniiaa aeieain?i/iuo eiio?aeoia, i?e eniieueciaaiee a oi?aiaea nianoaaiiie nauoiaie naoe.
Einaaiiue iaoiae i?aaeiieaaaao eniieueciaaiea iin?aaeieeia a iaaeaeoia?iaeiie oi?aiaea. Yoi iiauoaao iia?aoeaiinoue aiaoiaoi?aiauo iia?aoeee, onei?yao oi?aiaue iai?io.
Iin?aaeieee eiatho aieaa oaniua nayce n eiio?aaaioaie, iia?aoeaioth eioi?iaoeeth ia eciaiaieyo ?uii/iie eiiuetheoo?u. Yoi niinianoaoao iiauoaieth yooaeoeaiinoe oi?aiauo iia?aoeee, eiieo?aioiniiniaiinoe i?iaeoeoeee.
Iin?aaeie/aneea ooieoeee auiieiytho eiaeeaeaeoaeueiua eee eieeaeoeaiua i?aaei?eieiaoaee, oece/aneea eee th?eaee/aneea eeoea, aeaenoaothuea a ea/anoaa i?ioanneiiaeueiuo iin?aaeieeia, iieuecothueony noaoonii eiiia?naioia. Eo ?acee/iua iaeiaiiaaiey – oi?aiaua aeiia, yenii?oiua eee eiii?oiua eiienneiiiua oe?iu, aaaioneea, aeeea?neea, a?iea?neea oe?iu e o.ae. – iaoneiaeaiu iniiaiui aeaeii i?iaiaeeiuo eie iia?aoeee. Ioiioaiey iin?aaeieeia n ae?oaeie noauaeoaie oi?aiaiai iai?ioa ?aaoee?othony ii?iaie oi?aiaiai e a?aaeaeaineiai i?aaa.
A caaeneiinoe io niaea?aeaiey i?aa e iaycaiiinoae noi?ii ?acee/atho neaaeothuea aeaeu iin?aaeieeia: i?inoua iin?aaeieee (naiaeieee), iiaa?aiiua, eiienneiia?u, eiineaiaoi?u, oi?aiaua aaaiou, aeeea?u, aeeno?eauethoa?u (nauoiaua iin?aaeieee).
I?inoua iin?aaeieee (middlemen) (naiaeieee, a?iea?u) – yoi eeoea eee i?aaiecaoeee, eioi?ua iiaeuneeaatho caeioa?aniaaiiuo i?iaeaaoeia e iieoiaoaeae, naiaeyo eo, ii naie ia o/anoaotho a naeaeeao ie naiei eiaiai, ie eaieoaeii. Ii caeiiiaeaoaeuenoao iaeioi?uo no?ai (iai?eia?, Aiaeee) oaeeo iin?aaeieeia iacuaatho a?iea?aie (broker). N a?iea?aie iiaoo caeeth/aoueny niaeaoaiey, ?anoe?ythuea eo iaycaoaeuenoaa. Oae, iie iiaoo e?aaeeoiaaoue oi?aiaua iia?aoeee e aa?aioe?iaaoue ieaoaaeaniiniaiinoue iieoiaoaeae. Ca naie oneoae i?inoua iin?aaeieee iiaoo iieo/aoue aiciaa?aaeaeaiea io ethaiai caeac/eea, ii a iniiaiii io yenii?oa?a. Iaaeaeo caeac/eeii e iin?aaeieeii caeeth/aaony aeiaiai? (niaeaoaiea) ia oneoaao e ?acia?ao eo aiciaa?aaeaeaiey. Iin?aaeieee iiaoo ieacuaaoue oneoae ii enneaaeiaaieth ?uiea (ia?eaoeiaiaua iin?aaeieee), ?ac?aaaouaaoue e inouanoaeyoue ?aeeaio, niaaaeaoue caeac/eea iia?aoeaiie eioi?iaoeeae i i?aaenoiyueo aoeoeeiiao, oi?aao, nicaeaaaoue aeaaii?eyoiia iiaiea a iauanoaaiiuo e?oaao i caeac/eea, niaeaenoaiaaoue i?iaaaeaieth aeaeiauo ia?aaiai?ia e caeeth/aieth eiio?aeoia e o.ae. Oaeea iin?aaeieee ia aeeaaeuaatho aieueoeo n?aaenoa a naith aeayoaeueiinoue, a eo aiciaa?aaeaeaiea yaeyaony ioeaieie eo eiiiaoaioiinoe e aeoeaiinoe ia ?uiea.
Iiaa?aiiua – yoi iin?aaeieee, eioi?ui aeiaa?eoaee (i?iaeaaoeu eee iieoiaoaee) ii?o/atho io naiaai eiaie e ca naie n/ao niaa?oeoue naeaeeo. Aeiaa?eoaeue (principal) caeeth/atho n iiaa?aiiui (agent) aeiaiai? ii?o/aiey (contract of agency), a eioi?ii iiae?iaii eceaaathony iieiiii/ey iiaa?aiiiai a /anoe eiiia?/aneeo e oaoie/aneeo oneiaee naeaeee, ii?aaeaeythony ?acia?u aiciaa?aaeaeaiey iin?aaeieea. Aeiaa?eoaee eniieiytho iiaeienaiiua iiaa?aiiuie eiio?aeou, aiciauatho ei ?anoiaeu e auiea/eaatho aiciaa?aaeaeaiea.
Oi?aiaua aaaiou. A no?aiao eiioeiaioaeueiie Aa?iiu e oi?aiaui aaaioai iau/ii ioiinyo oe?iu, eeoea e i?aaiecaoeee, eioi?ua ia iniiaaiee aeiaiai?ia n i?iaeaaoeaie (yenii?oa?aie) e iieoiaoaeyie (eiii?oa?aie) iieo/atho i?aai niaeaenoaiaaoue caeeth/aieth naeaeie eee caeeth/aoue eo io eiaie yenii?oa?ia e eiii?oa?ia, – oi anoue yoi iin?aaeieee, ioiioaiey n eioi?uie no?iyony ia iniiaa aeiaiai?ia ii?o/aiey e i?inoiai iin?aaeie/anoaa. A Aaeeeia?eoaiee e NOA e aaaioai ioiinyo iin?aaeieeia, aeaenoaothueo aeey yenii?oa?ia eee eiii?oa?ia (i?eioeeiaeia) e io eo eiaie. A eiiia?/aneeo ioiioaieyo oaeay oa?ieiieiaey iieo/eea iaeaieueoaa ?ani?ino?aiaiea. N 1990 aiaea a no?aiao AN ia iniiaaiee iauae aee?aeoeau 1986 aiaea aaiaeyony caeiiu i iacaaeneiuo oi?aiauo aaaioao.
Aaaiou ia iieoiatho i?iaeoeoeeth o i?iecaiaeeoaeae eee yenii?oa?ia e ia ia?ai?iaeatho aa. Iie oiieiiii/aiu i?eioeeiaeaie i?iaeaaaoue i?iaeoeoeeth a ea/anoaa eo i?aaenoaaeoaeae. I?e yoii i?eioeeiaeu inoaaeytho ca niaie i?aai ii?aaeaeyoue oneiaey ?aaeecaoeee oiaa?ia iieoiaoaeyie e, i?aaeaea anaai, onoaiaaeeaaoue o?iaaiue oeai.
Aaaioneea niaeaoaiey. Aaaioneia niaeaoaiea, n iaeiie noi?iiu, anaaaea aeieaeii aeaaaoue aeinoaoi/ii oe?ieea iieiiii/ey aaaioai, /oiau nicaeaoue oneiaey aeey eo yooaeoeaiie ?aaiou ia ?uieao, n ae?oaie – aeieaeii niaea?aeaoue i?aaeaeueiua iieiiii/ey, oae eae aaaiou aeaenoaotho ca n/oa i?eioeeiaeia. I?aaeaeueiua iieiiii/ey aeaaiui ia?acii eanathony oeai, oneiaee e ieaoaaeae, n?ieia iinoaaie, aa?aioee e ioaaonoaaiiinoe.
E?iia iieiiii/ee aaaioneea niaeaoaiey iau/ii niaea?aeao aeinoaoi/ii oe?ieee aeeaiacii acaeiiuo i?aa e iaycaiiinoae. A iaycaiiinoe aaaioia iiaoo auoue oaeaea aeeth/aiu enneaaeiaaiea ?uieia nauoa, ?aeeaia, niaea?aeaiea neeaaeia oiaa?ia, i?aaiecaoeey i?aaei?iaeaaeiiai na?aena e oaoie/aneiai ianeoaeeaaiey. A niaeaoaieyo, eae i?aaeei, i?aaeoniao?eaathony iaycaiiinoe aaaioia no?aoiaaoue iaoiaeyueany ia neeaaeao oiaa?u e ii?aaeaeyaony ia?a/aiue aeaeia oiaa?ia, n eioi?uie ?aaioatho aaaiou, oa??eoi?eth, oneiaey niaianoiie n i?eioeeiaeaie ?aaiou ia ?uiea, iaycaoaeuenoaa aaaioia ii iauaiai nauoa.
Iaaeaeo i?eioeeiaeaie e aaaioaie ioiioaiey o?oaeiaiai iaeia ia onoaiaaeeaathony, iiyoiio aiciaa?aaeaeaiea, auiea/eaaaiia i?eioeeiaeii aaaioo, ia yaeyaony aai ca?aaioiie ieaoie, a aiciauaao aaaioo, eae oeiainiai iacaaeneiiio eeoeo, ?anoiaeu, naycaiiua n auiieiaieai aiceiaeaiiuo ia iaai iaycaoaeuenoa. ?acia?ii aiciaa?aaeaeaiey ioeaieaaaony aeoeaiinoue aaaioa ia ?uiea e iaania/eaaaony iieo/aiea ei caieaie?iaaiiie i?eauee ia aeiaeaiiue eaieoae.
Eiienceiia? (commissioner) – yoi iin?aaeiee, n eioi?ui eiieoaio (i?iaeaaaoe eee iieoiaoaeue – principal) caeeth/aao aeiaiai? eiiennee (contract of commission). A oii neo/aa iin?aaeieeo ii?o/aaony iiaeuneeaaoue ia?oia?ia e iiaeienuaaoue n ieie eiio?aeou io naiaai eiaie, ii ca n/ao eiieoaioa. A aeiaiai?ao eiiennee ii?aaeaeyaony iieiiii/ey eiienneiia?ia ii oaoie/aneei e eiiia?/aneei oneiaeyi naeaeee , a oii /enea:
-ieieiaeueiua oeaiu ?aaeecaoeee i?e yenii?oa e iaeneiaeueiua oeaiu i?e eiii?oa oiaa?a;
-ieieiaeueiua n?iee iinoaaie ia?oee oiaa?a;
-i?aaeaeueiua oaoie/aneea e ea/anoaaiiua oa?aeoa?enoeee oiaa?a;
-acaeiiay ioaaonoaaiiinoue eiieoaioa e eiienneiia?a;
-?acia?u e ii?yaeie auieaou eiienneiiiuo aiciaa?aaeaeaiee.
Eiienneiia? ca naie n/ao nicaeaao nauoiaoth naoue, aeinoaaeyao oiaa? e iieoiaoaeth, iieoiaoaeue ?aniea/eaaaony n i?iaeaaoeii ca oiaa?, a i?iaeaaaoe eiiiaine?oao eiienneiia?o ana cao?aou ii aeinoaaea oiaa?a e auiea/eaaao aio aiciaa?aaeaeaiea.
Eiineaiaoi? (consignment) – yoi iin?aaeiee , eioi?ue eiaao eiineaiaoeeiiiua neeaaeu. I?iaeaaea oiaa?ia ia oneiaeyo eiineaiaoeee yaeyaony oi?iie aeiaiai?a eiienneae. Ii oneiaeyi eiineaiaoeee yenii?oa? (eiineaiaio) iinoaaeyao oiaa?u ia neeaae iin?aaeieea (eiineaiaoi?a) aeey ?aaeecaoeee oiaa?a ia ?uiea a oa/aiee ii?aaeaeaiiiai n?iea. Eiineaiaoi? inouanoaeyao ieaoaaee eiineaiaioo ii ia?a ?aaeecaoeee oiaa?a.
Oneiaey ?aaiou eiineaiaioa ia ?uiea:
-iieiay, aacaica?aoiay eiineaiaoeey;
-/anoe/ii aica?aoiay eiineaiaoeey;
-aica?aoiay eiineaiaoeey.
I?e iieiie eiineaiaoeee eiineaiaoi? iaycai aueoieoue aanue iai?iaeaiiue oiaa? o yenii?oa?a.
I?e /anoe/ii aica?aoiie eiineaiaoeee eiineaiaoi? eiaao i?aai aica?aoeoue yenii?oa?o iaiai?aiioth /anoue iai?iaeaiiiai oiaa?a.
I?e aica?aoiie eiineaiaoeee iin?aaeiee eiaao i?aai aa?iooue aanue iai?iaeaiiue oiaa?.
Yoe oneiaey oeene?othony a aeiaiai?a, caeeth/aaiui iaaeaeo eiineaiaioii e eiineaiaoi?ii.
Aeeno?eauethoi?u (distributer) eee nauoiaua iin?aaeieee – yoi iacaaeneiua iin?aaeieee, eioi?ua iieoiatho oiaa? o yenii?oa?a n oeaeueth ia?ai?iaeaaee yoiai oiaa?a.
Aeeno?eauethoi?u noaiiayony nianoaaiieeaie oiaa?a n iiiaioa aai iieoiee o i?iaeaaoea (yenii?oa?a). Iaaeaeo aeeno?eauethoi?ii e yenii?oa?ii caeeth/aaony aeiaiai? aeeno?eauethoeee, a eioi?ii iaiaa?eaathony oneiaey ?aaiou iin?aaeieea ia ?uiea. Oaeea oneiaey iiaoo auoue:
-eneeth/eoaeueiia i?aai i?iaeaaee;
-iaeneeth/eoaeueiia i?aai i?iaeaaee;
-i?aeiouanoaaiiia i?aai i?iaeaaee.
Eneeth/eoaeueiia eee iiiiiieueiia i?aai i?iaeaaee aeaao aiciiaeiinoue aeeno?eauethoi?o i?iaeaaaoue oiaa? ia iaiai?aiiie oa??eoi?ee a oa/aiee iaiai?aiiiai a?aiaie naiinoiyoaeueii eee /a?ac ae?oaeo iin?aaeieeia. I?e yoii iieiaeaiea aeeno?eauethoi?a ia ?uiea noaiiaeony noaaeeueiui, ii ii nooe noaiiaeony iiiiiieenoii, /oi noeioee?oao aai e aeiaeaieth eaieoaea a ?acaeoea nauoiaie naoe. Anee i?e yoeo oneiaeyo yenii?oa? noaiao nai i?iaeaaaoue aiaeiae/iue oiaa? eee i?aaeinoaaeo oaeoth aiciiaeiinoue ae?oaiio i?iaeaaoeo, oi aeeno?eauethoi? a i?aaa iio?aaiaaoue io yenii?oa?a auieaou aiciaa?aaeaeaiey ca oiaa?, eioi?ue ii iia au i?iaeaoue nai eee iio?aaiaaoue caieaoeoue oo?ao e eiiiaine?iaaoue oauoee, eioi?ua ii iiaeao iiianoe ca ia?ooaiea aai iiiiiieueiiai i?aaa.
Iaeneeth/eoaeueiia i?aai i?iaeaaee aeeno?eauethoi?a aeaao aiciiaeiinoue yenii?oa?o i?iaeaaaoue aiaeiae/iue oiaa? ia iaiai?aiiie oa??eoi?ee a oa/aiee iaiai?aiiiai a?aiaie n ?ac?aoaiey aeeno?eauethoi?a e ia aai oneiaeyo.
I?aeiouanoaaiiia i?aai i?iaeaaee eee “i?aai ia?aie ?oee” iaycuaaao yenii?oa?a nia/aea i?aaeeiaeeoue oiaa? iin?aaeieeo e oieueei iinea ioeaca iineaaeiaai iiaeao nai i?iaeaaaoue oiaa? eee ia?aaeaoue aai ae?oaiio iin?aaeieeo aeey i?iaeaaee oiaa?a ia iaiai?aiiie oa??eoi?ee a oa/aiee iaiai?aiiiai a?aiaie.
A aeiaiai?ao, caeeth/aaiuo iaaeaeo i?iaeaaoeii e aeeno?eauethoi?ii, aeieaeiu auoue oeacaiu: i?e/eiu, ii eioi?ui iin?aaeiee iiaeao ioeacaoueny io nauoa oiaa?a; acaeiiua iaycaiiinoe noi?ii; ianoi, a?aiy e oneiaey ?aaiou iin?aaeieea ia ?uiea.
Iin?aaeieee, eiienneiia?u e nauoiaeee nicaeatho eee eniieuecotho o?e aeaea nauoiauo naoae:
1. nianoaaiioth nauoiaoth naoue, eioi?ay ninoieo ec nauoiauo ioaeaeia aieiaiiai iin?aaeieea (eae i?aaeei, eiii?oa?a) e aai ioaeaeaiee, iau/ii ?aniieiaeaiiuo a oi?aiauo oeaio?ao ?aaeiia no?aiu;
2. iacaaeneioth nauoiaoth naoue, ninoiyuoth ec aei/a?ieo eiiiaiee n o/anoeai eaieoaeia iniiaiuo iin?aaeieeia e iacaaeneiuo nauoiauo oe?i, eioi?ua caieiathony iioiaie e ?icie/iie oi?aiaeae;
3. niaoaiiua naoe, ninoiyuea ec nianoaaiiuo nauoiauo ioaeaeia e iacaaeneiuo nauoiauo oe?i.
A nia?aiaiiie iaaeaeoia?iaeiie oi?aiaea niaoaiiua naoe iieo/eee iaeaieueoaa ?ani?ino?aiaiea.
AEAAA 2. EIIIA?*ANEEA EIIO?AEOU A IAAEAeOIA?IAeIIE OI?AIAEA.
1. AEAeU E NIAeA?AEAIEA AIAOIAOI?AIAIAI EIIO?AEOA..
A caaeneiinoe io aeaea naeaeie eiio?aeou iiaoo auoue: eoiee-i?iaeaaee, a?aiaeu, iiae?yaea, caeia e o.ae.
Yenii?oiua eiio?aeou iiaoo caeeth/aoueny a onoiie e ienueiaiiie oi?iao.
Ienueiaiiua oi?iu aeiaiai?ia eoiee-i?iaeaaee iiaoo auoue:
– a oi?ia ienueia, oaeaoaena eee oaeaena, e i?eia?o, i?aaeeiaeaiea e ienueiaiiia i?eiyoea yoiai i?aaeeiaeaiey i?iaeaaoeii, eae iiaeoaa?aeaeaiea caeaca;
– a oi?ia eiio?aeoa, o.a. aeieoiaioa, a eioi?ii ia?a/eneaiu ana oneiaey eoiee-i?iaeaaee (o e?oiiuo oe?i, eae i?aaeei eiathony, naie aeaiee, ia eioi?uo ia iaeiie no?aieoea ia?a/eneaiu ana iauea oneiaey, a ia ae?oaie – naiaiaeiia ianoi, eoaea iiaeii anoaaeyoue eiie?aoiua oneiaey eaaeaeie naeaeee). Iau/ii eiio?aeo ioi?ieyaony a o?ao yecaiiey?ao. Iaeei yecaiiey? inoaaony o i?iaeaaoea, aeaa iai?aaeythony iieoiaoaeth, ec eioi?uo iaeei ei iiaeienuaaaony e aica?auaaony i?iaeaaoeo;
– a oi?ia niaoeeaeueiuo iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo oeiiauo eiio?aeoia, i?eiyouo ii oaeei nu?ueaaui oiaa?ai, eae ca?ii, ianei e o.ae. A yoeo eiio?aeoao a niioaaonoaee n o?aaeeoeeyie iaaeaeoia?iaeiie oi?aiaee i?iaeaaoeu e iieoiaoaee anaaaea eniieuecotho iaeie e oa aea oneiaey.
Aeiaiai? eoiee-i?iaeaaee a th?eaee/aneii niunea yaeyaony iaithaeiui aieaecuyaeoaeai. A eiiia?/aneii niunea ii – aaaeiaeoee eino?oiaio ia?aie/aiey ?enea yenii?oa?a e eiii?oa?a. Aai iaiai?eaie ia?oia?u (noi?iiu) iuoathony eneeth/eoue, ia?aianoe eee ?acaeaeeoue ana aiciiaeiua ?enee, naycaiiua n auiieiaieai aeiaiai?a.
Aieueoeinoaii aeaenoaothueo a no?aiao Caiaaeiie Aa?iiu i?aaiii?yaeeia i?aaeoniao?eaaaony naiaiaeiay oi?ia aeiaiai?a eoiee-i?iaeaaee, eia/a aiai?y, iiaeii caeeth/aoue ethaie aeiaiai? eee eiio?aeo, a oii /enea aeaaea a onoiii aeaea. E ana aea a ethaii neo/aa oeaeaniia?acii caeeth/aoue yenii?oiue eee eiii?oiue aeiaiai? a ienueiaiiie oi?ia, e eo/oa aeaeaoue aai nei?aa aeaoaeece?iaaiiui, /ai iaiauaiiui.
Yoi ia icia/aao, iaeiaei, /oi aeey ethaiai eiio?aeoa iaiaoiaeeii aioiaeoue ioaeaeueiue aeieoiaio. Ii caiaaeiui i?aaiaui ii?iai niaa?oaiii aeinoaoi/ii iaiaia oaeaenaie eee oaeaoaenaie. Yoi a ?aaiie ia?a n/eoaaony oi?iie iiaeienaiey eiio?aeoa.
Oaeno eiio?aeoa ia/eiaaony, eae i?aaeei, n aai iacaaiey, ?aaeno?aoeeiiiiai iiia?a, oeacaiey ianoa e a?aiaie caeeth/aiey eiio?aeoa, ii?aaeaeaiey noi?ii e i?aaeiaoa aeiaiai?a.
Niaea?aeaiea eiio?aeoa (contract), eee aeiaiai?a eoiee-i?iaeaaee ninoieo ec aeaoo /anoae.
Ia?aay /anoue eiio?aeoa eiaao iaiin?aaenoaaiiia ioiioaiea e iaycaoaeuenoaai yenii?oa?a. A iae i?eaiaeyony niaeaniaaiiua iiceoeee ii :
– ea/anoao, eiee/anoao e oeaia oiaa?a,
– oneiaeyo iinoaaie,
– a?aiaie e ianoa iinoaaie oiaa?a.
Ai aoi?ie /anoe eiio?aeoa eceaaathony iaycaoaeuenoaa eiii?oa?a ii :
– oneiaey i?eiyoey oiaa?a,
– oneiaey ieaoaaea.
A eiioea oaenoa eiio?aeoa i?eaiaeyony oneiaey no?aoiaaiey, naaaeaiey i i?eiaiyaiii noi?iiaie i?aaa e a?aeo?aaea.
?acaeaeu eiio?aeoa iau/ii ninoaaeaiu a ii?aaeaeaiiie eiae/aneie iineaaeiaaoaeueiinoe, iai?eia?: ii?aaeaeaiea noi?ii; i?aaeiao aeiaiai?a; oeaia e iauay noiia eiio?aeoa, n?iee iinoaaee oiaa?ia; oneiaey ieaoaaeae; oiaeiaea e ia?ee?iaea oiaa?ia; aa?aioee i?iaeaaoeia; oo?aoiua naieoeee; no?aoiaaiea; ianoiyoaeuenoaa iai?aiaeieeiie neeu, a?aeo?aae.
Anee i?aaeiaoii aeiaiai?a yaeythony neiaeiua iaoeiu e iai?oaeiaaiea, oi a oaoie/aneea oneiaey, oneiaey eniuoaiee, i?eaiee, o?aaiaaiey e oaoie/aneie aeieoiaioaoeee, oneiaey eiiaiaee?iaee niaoeeaeenoia aeey inouanoaeaiey iiioaaea e o.ae. Yoe ?acaeaeu iiaoo aeeth/aoueny a oaeno eiio?aeoa eee i?eeaaaoueny e eiio?aeoo.
2.II?AAeAEAIEA NOI?II E I?AAeIAO AeIAIAI?A.
A i?aaiaoea eiio?aeoa i?eaiaeeony ii?aaeaeaiea noi?ii – yoi iieiia th?eaee/aneia iaeiaiiaaiea eiio?aaaioia n oeacaieai, eaeay noi?iia yaeyaony iieoiaoaeai, a eaeay i?iaeaaoeii.
I?aaeiao aeiaiai?a ii?aaeaeyao aeae naeaeee, aaceniua oneiaey iinoaaee, iaeiaiiaaiea oiaa?a e aai eiee/anoai. Iai?eia?: “I?iaeaaaoe i?iaeae, a Iieoiaoaeue eoiee ia oneiaeyo OIA Eaeeieia?aaeneee ii?o, aaoaiiua e?aiu oeia .A. a eiee/anoaa .7 oo. .”
I?e oeacaiee eiee/anoaa oiaa?a neaaeoao o/eouaaoue eiathueany ?acee/ey a iao?e/aneie e ae?oaeo nenoaiao ia? e aania.
Ea/anoai oiaa?a iiaeoaa?aeaeaaony niioaaonoaothueie aeieoiaioaie – na?oeoeeaoaie – ni nnueeie ia iaaeaeoia?iaeiua, iaoeeiiaeueiua e io?aneaaua noaiaea?oa.
Iaoiaeu ii?aaeaeaiey ea/anoaa oiaa?a:
– iniio? (i?iaa?ea) oiaa?a eeeaioii ia?aae iiaeienaieai eiio?aeoa;
– oi/iia iienaiea oiaa?a (yoi eanaaony iai?oaeiaaiey eee i?iaeoeoeee, i?iecaiaeeiie ii caeaco);
– iiaeoaa?aeaeaiea eeeaioii ia?acoea;
– nnueee ia i?iiuoeaiiua noaiaea?ou (AINO, DIN, OENORM e o.i.).
Ea/anoai oiaa?a oeene?oaony iinea iiaeienaiey eiio?aeoa.
Aeey ii?aaeaeaiey ea/anoaa oiaa?a nouanoaotho neaaeothuea i?aaiaua aiciiaeiinoe:
1. iieoiea n oneiaeai iniio?a, eiaaea aanue oiaa? iniao?eaaaony ia?aae caeeth/aieai eiio?aeoa;
2. iieoiea iioii. A yoii neo/aa ?a/ue eaeao i eoiea-i?iaeaaea eiie?aoiie ia?oee oiaa?a aac ii?aaeaeaiey ea/anoaa e aac ia?a/eneaiey ioaeaeueiuo /anoae (inoaoee ia neeaaea e o.i.; i?iaeaaaoe ia aeaao ieeaeie aa?aioee ii ea/anoao e eiee/anoao);
3. iieoiea ia i?iao ii ia?acoeo: ea/anoai i?iaeaiiiai oiaa?a ii?aaeaeyaony ii ia?acoeo (eae i?aaeei, aa?aony 2 – 3 ia?acoea; i?iaeaaaoe e iieoiaoaeue inoaaeytho o naay ii iaeiiio ia?acoeo aeey aeieacaoaeuenoaa);
4. iieoiea ia aaca ii?aaeaeaiiiai ea/anoaa. I?e yoii onoaiiaeaiiia ?acee/ea iaaeaeo niaeaniaaiiui e iinoaaeaiiui ea/anoaii eiiiaine?oaony neeaeeie n oeaiu eee iaaeaaaeie e oeaia. I?iaeaaaoe iiaeao iinoaaeyoue oiaa? eo/oaai eee ooaeoaai ea/anoaa, iineieueeo ii, a ecaanoiie noaiaie, caaeneo io noaiinoaaueeia. *oi eanaaony eiiiainaoeee ca ioeeiiaiea io ea/anoaa, oi, eae i?aaeei, iaa noi?iiu aeiaiaa?eaathony, /oi ?acieoea a ea/anoaa eiiiaine?oaony oieueei oiaaea, eiaaea iia i?aauoaao onoaiiaeaiiua i?aaeaeu;
5. naeaeea n iineaaeothuei ooi/iaieai oa?aeoa?enoee oiaa?a. Yoi a i?eioeeia oeiiaie eiio?aeo, eioi?ue ii?aaeaeyao aacen oeaiu e eiee/anoai (oeaia oeene?oaony eeoue i?e caeeth/aiee eiie?aoiiai caeaca, a eioi?ii onoaiaaeeaaaony e eiee/anoai oiaa?a);
6. iioeoii, iiaeiaiay naeaeea caeeth/aaony i?aeoe/anee oieueei i?e oneiaee, /oi iaeia ec noi?ii iiaeoaa?aeaeaao aa a oa/aiea ii?aaeaeaiiiai n?iea.
Iioeeii iiaeao auoue a iieueco iieoiaoaey, anee iieoiaoaeue eiaao i?aai iiaeoaa?aeeoue iioeeii aei ii?aaeaeaiiiai /enea. Acaeiiue iioeeii, eiaaea i?iaeaaaoe oaeaea iaeaaeaao i?aaii i?aaeeiaeeoue oiaa? eee ioeacaoueny io yoiai. Anee oi/iua iio?aaiinoe iieoiaoaey i?e caeeth/aiee naeaeee aua ia ecaanoiu, oi iioeeii, eae i?aaeei, nouanoaoao oieueei a iieueco iieoiaoaey. Yoi eniieuecoaony eae ?ac a oao neo/ayo, eiaaea iieoiaoaeue ia?ai?iaeaao oiaa?. I?e yoii iineaaeiee caeeth/aao ni naiei iinoaaueeii oaa?aeue, o.a. aaciocuaiue iioeeii a naith iieueco, e eeoue eiaaea iieoiaoaeue iiaeoaa?aeee aio eoieth, ii oaeaea iiaeoaa?aeaeaao iioeeii naiaio i?iaeaaoeo. *oiau ia?aie/eoue ?ene aeey ia?ai?iaeaaoea, ioaeii naeaeaoue eaeaioe/iuie oneiaey iioeeiia e i?iaeaaee. Iiaeiaiua naeaeee iacuaathony “Back to back deals” (“Nieia e nieia”) e oe?iei i?aeoeeothony ai anao oao noa?ao, a eioi?uo oi?aiauie oe?iaie ia ie?iaii ?uiea caeoiathony e ia?ai?iaeathony nu?ueaaua oiaa?u (oeieeaou, oaeia?aiey, yia?aiiineoaee, ?oaea e o.i.), eiuie neiaaie, a o?aiceoiie oi?aiaea.
3.ONEIAEss IINOAAEE OIAA?A.
*oiau ia?aie/eoue ?enee i?e caeeth/aiee eiio?aeoa, i/aiue aaaeii ii?aaeaeeoue:
– eoi i?aaiecoao e iiea/eaaao ia?aaiceo oiaa?a io i?iaeaaoea e iieoiaoaeth;
– eoi ianao ?ene a oiaea inouanoaeaiey yoeo ooieoeee;
– eoi ianao ?ene io aeaaee eee ii?/e oiaa?a.
?ani?aaeaeaiea yoeo ?eneia iaaeaeo i?iaeaaoeii e iieoiaoaeai i?iecaiaeeony ia iniiaa iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo oi?aiauo iau/aaa, eioi?ua noaee iacuaaoueny aaceniuie oneiaeyie iinoaaie, onoaiiaeaiiuo Iaaeaeoia?iaeiie oi?aiaie iaeaoie (IOI).
N oeaeueth eneeth/aiey i?ioeai?a/ee a oieeiaaiee eiio?aaaioaie aaceniuo oneiaee eiio?aeoia eoiee-i?iaeaaee oiaa?ia Iaaeaeoia?iaeiay oi?aiaay iaeaoa (IOO) aunooieea a 1953 – 1980 e 1990 aiaeao nai?ieee oieeiaaiee iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo eiiia?/aneeo oa?ieiia – “Eeioa?ii”. Yoe nai?ieee ii?aaeaeytho iniiaiua i?aaa e iaycaiiinoe noi?ii i?e ?acee/iuo aaceniuo oneiaeyo. Iaicia/athony aaceniua oneiaey ia/aeueiuie aoeaaie neia, ii?aaeaeythueo iieiaeaiea a?oca ii ioiioaieth e o?ainii?oiiio n?aaenoao. N o/aoii yoiai iieiaeaiey ii?aaeaeythony iaycaiiinoe i?iaeaaoea e iieoiaoaey; a oii /enea: eoi e ca /ae n/ao iaania/eaaao iia?oceo oiaa?ia ia o?ainii?oiia n?aaenoai, o?aooiaaiea o?ainii?oiiai n?aaenoaa, o?ainii?oe?iaeo oiaa?ia ii oa??eoi?eyi no?ai i?iaeaaoea, iieoiaoaey, o?aiceoiuo no?ai, ii?ai e aicaeooii, aaea e eiaaea ia?aoiaeeo n i?iaeaaoea ia iieoiaoaey ?ene neo/aeiiai iia?aaeaeaiey eee oo?aou oiaa?a.
Aaceniua oneiaey ii?aaeaeytho iaycaiiinoe i?iaeaaoea a /anoe oiaeiaee e ia?ee?iaee oiaa?ia, iaycaiiinoe noi?ii ii no?aoiaaieth a?ocia e ioi?ieaieth eiiia?/aneie aeieoiaioaoeee, a oaeaea ae?oaea iaycaiiinoe ii auiieiaieth eiio?aeoa.
Iinea iaicia/aiey aaceniuo oneiaee a eiio?aeoao oeacuaaaony iacaaiea ioieoa, e eioi?iio yoe oneiaey ioiinyony. Oaeeie ioieoaie iiaoo auoue ay?iae?iiu, ii?neea e ?a/iua ii?ou, aeaeaciiaei?iaeiua noaioeee, neeaaeu i?iaeaaoeia eee iieoiaoaeae, a?ociiieo/aoaeae, ae?ae e aoeoeeiiia, iia?aie/iua ioieou, caaiaeu-ecaioiaeoaee e iio?aaeoaee i?iaeoeoeee, no?ieieiuaaeee iauaeoia.
Ii iaoiaeeea nenoaiaoecaoeee e ioi?ieaiey iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo eiiia?/aneeo oa?ieiia (eieioa?ieiia, eee aaceniuo oneiaee), i?aaeeiaeaiiie Iaaeaeoia?iaeiie oi?aiaie ieaoie (IOI) a ?aaeaeoeee “Eieioa?ina” 1990 aiaea 13 oa?ieiia ?ani?aaeaeaiu ia 4 a?oiiu. Ioeoeeaeueiua nie?auaiey iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo eiiia?/aneeo oa?ieiia ooaa?aeaeaiey Iaaeaeoia?iaeiie oi?aiaie iaeaoie e yeiiiie/aneie eiienneae III aeey Aa?iiu i?eaaaeaiu a oaaeeoea 1.
Ia?a/aiue ioeoeeaeueiuo nie?auaiee iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo eiiia?/aneeo oa?ieiia
Oaaeeoea 1.
??
i/i
Iaaeaeoia?iaeiua eiiia?/aneea oa?ieiu
O?ainii?o
aiaei. aaoi. ae/ae. aicaeoo. eiiaeie?.
1 a?oiia ioi?aaeaiey
1
EXW – EX Works – O?aiei-i?aaei?eyoea
+ + + + +
2 a?oiia – iniiaiie o?aoo ia iiea/ai
2
FCA – Free Carrier – O?aiei-ia?aaic/ee
+ + + + +
3
FAS – Free Alongside Ship – naiaiaeai o ai?oa noaeia
+ – – – –
4
FOB – Free On Boad – Naiaiaeai ia ai?oo
+ – – – –
3 a?oiia – iniiaiie o?aoo iiea/ai
5
CFR – Cost & Freight – Noieiinoue e o?aoo
+ – – – –
6
CIF – Cost, Insuarauce & Freight
+ – – – –
7
CPT – Carriage Paid To – O?aoo iiea/ai aei
+ + + + +
8
NIP – Carriage & Insurauce Paid To – o?aoo e no?aoiaaiea iiea/aii aei
+ + + + +
4 a?oiia – i?eauoea
9
DAF – Delirered At Froutier – Iinoaaea o?aiei-a?aieoea
+ + + + +
10
DES – De lirered Ex Ship – Iinoaaea o?aiei-noaeia
+ – – – –
11
DEQ – De lirered Quay – Iinoaaea o?aiei-i?e/ae
+ – – – –
12
DDU – De lirered Duty Unpaid – Iinoaaea aac oieaou iioeei
+ + + + +
13
DDP – Delirered Duty Paid – Iinoaea n oieaoie iioeei
+ + + + +
“+” – aiciiaeii i?eiaiaiea oa?ieia
“-” – iaaiciiaeii i?eiaiaiea oa?ieia
I?aaa e iaycaiiinoe noi?ii i?e niioaaonoaothueo aaceniuo oneiaeyo iiae?iaii iienaiu a “Eieioa?in” e niaoeeaeueiie eeoa?aoo?a:
Aaceniua oneiaey nenoaiaoece?iaaiu oaeei ia?acii, /oi eaaeaeia iineaaeothuaa oaaee/eaaao cao?aou e ?enee yenii?oa?a e oiaiueoaao cao?aou e ?enee eiii?oa?a ii aeinoaaea oiaa?a io i?iecaiaeeoaey aei eiia/iiai iieoiaoaey.
Oneiaey “Eieioa?in” noaiiayony ninoaaiie /anoueth eiio?aeoa oieueei i?eiaee/ee iaithaeiiai ?aoaiey noi?ii, o.a. anee i?e ii?aaeaeaiee acaeiiuo iaycaiiinoae iie i?yii eee einaaiii nnueathony ia aeaiiua oneiaey (iai?eia?, oeacuaatho a oaenoa, /oi i?e oieeiaaiee ianoiyuaai eiio?aeoa eiatho neeo oneiaey “Eieioa?in” a aeaenoaothuae ?aaeaeoeee”). Neaaeoao o/eouaaoue i?e oi?aiaea n oaeeie no?aiaie, eae Aano?ey, Aa?iaiey, O?aioeey, /oi oneiaey “Eieioa?in” n/eoatho aeey ieo iaaeaeoia?iaeiuie oi?aiauie iau/ayie e eniieuecothony aeaaea oiaaea, eiaaea yoi eiio?aeoaie niaoeeaeueii ia iaiai?aii.
Anee a eiio?aeoa i?aaeoniio?aiu niaoeeaeueiua iaiai?ee, i?ioeai?a/auea oneiaeyi “Eieioa?in”, oi eo aeaenoaea eiaao i?aiaeaaeathuaa cia/aiea. Ae?oaeie neiaaie, oneiaey “Eieioa?in”, anee ia ieo a eiio?aeoa naeaeaia nnueea, yaeythony aaceniuie oneiaeyie eiio?aeoa aei oao ii?, iiea a eiio?aeo ia aeeth/aiu ae?oaea, i?ioeai?a/auea ei oneiaey.
Oaeei ia?acii, noi?iiu naiaiaeiu a naiai i?aaa onoaiaaeeaaoue a eiio?aeoa oneiaey ii aeaeaieth e acaeiioaycuaaoue eo n iio?aaiinoyie eiie?aoiie naeaeee. Neaaeoao eioue a aeaeo, /oi i?inoie nnueee ia “Eieioa?in” iaaeinoaoi/ii aeey ii?aaeaeaiey iieiiou i?aaiauo ioiioaiee iaaeaeo noi?iiaie eiio?aeoa.
Ae?oaea ianoiyoaeuenoaa – ia?ooaiea eiio?aeoa e aai iineaaenoaey, a oaeaea aii?in nianoaaiiinoe ia oiaa? – ia ?aaoee?oaony oneiaeyie “Eieioa?in”.
Eiio?aeo iiaeao oieeiaaoueny ii iei, iineieueeo:
– iie yaeythony /anoueth oi?aiaie i?aeoeee (oi?aiaiai iau/ay);
– oiiieiathony a ii?yaeea nnueee a noaiaea?oiuo oneiaeyo i?iaeaaoea eee iieoiaoaey;
– einaaiiay nnueea ia ieo niaea?aeeony a eiio?aeoa;
– iie yaeythony ninoaaiie /anoueth oi?aiaiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa.
Neaaeoao eiaoue aaeaeo aeaa oneiaey. Ai-ia?auo, ia?aae oai eae caeeth/eoue eiio?aeo, iaiaoiaeeii aeiaiai?eoueny n eeeaioii i aeeth/aiee “Eieioa?in” a eiio?aeo, a oaeaea auynieoue, a eaeie ia?a aeaiiua oneiaey i?eciaiu caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii no?aiu-ia?oia?a. Ai-aoi?uo, ii aeinoeaeaiee aeiaiai?aiiinoe i aeeth/aiee oneiaee “Eieioa?in” a oaeno eiio?aeoa ioaeii ii?aaeaeeoue, eaeia ec yoeo oneiaee aua?aoue.
I?e caeeth/aiee eiio?aeoa eaaeaeay noi?iia no?aieony e ia?aie/aieth nianoaaiiuo iaycaiiinoae e ?eneia e ia?aianaieth eo ia ae?oaoth noi?iio. A ?ani?aaeaeaiee iaycaiiinoae e ?enea iaa noi?iiu, eae i?aaeei, ?oeiaiaenoaothony aeaoiy e?eoa?eyie:
– iieiaeaiea ia ?uiea;
– eiio?ieue ca o?ainii?oii e no?aoiaaieai.
Iieiaeaiea ia ?uiea. Anee ia ?uiea nouanoaoao iiiaeanoai eiieo?aioia, i?iaeaaaoe iau/ii auioaeaeai i?aaeeaaaoue oneiaey, eioi?ua auaiaeiu iieoiaoaeth, eia/a aiai?y, ii, iaaa?iyea, iaycai i?aaeeiaeeoue naie oiaa? ia oao aea naiuo oneiaeyo, /oi e eiieo?aiou a no?aia iieoiaoaey. Nei?aa anaai a yoii neo/aao i?iaeaaaoe auioaeaeai aoaeao i?aaeeiaeeoue oiaa? “o?aiei neeaae iieoiaoaey” eee ia oneiaeyo NEO, aeeth/ay noieiinoue no?aoiaaiey i o?aoo. Ii e?aeiae ia?a, ii aoaeao auioaeaeai i?aaieciaaoue ia?aaiceo oiaa?a e caieaoeoue ca iaa ii oneiaeyi EAO, NEO, “o?aiei a?aieoea” eee “aeeth/ay noieiinoue aeinoaaee ia caaiae iieoiaoaey”. Iaeuecy, eiia/ii, oioneaoue ec aeaeo, /oi ana aeiiieieoaeueiua ?anoiaeu ni noi?iiu i?iaeaaoea io?aaeathony a oeaia.
Eiio?ieue ca o?ainii?oii e no?aoiaaieai. E?oiiue yenii?oa?, ?aaoey?ii iinoaaeythuee aieueoia eiee/anoai oiaa?ia, eae i?aaeei, a ninoiyiee iieo/eoue io yeniaaeeoi?ia e no?aoiauo iauanoa aieaa auaiaeiua noaaee, /ai oe?ia, ?aaeei iieuecothuayny yoeie oneoaaie. A oaeii neo/aa oeaeaniia?aciaa i?aaieciaaoue ia?aaiceo a no?aia yenii?oa?a, iineieueeo i?iaaaeaiea ?aaio ia ianoa eiio?iee?iaaoue eaa/a. Caeanue i?iaeaaaoe iiaeao i?aaeeiaeeoue oneiaey EAO (aeeth/ay noieiinoue e oaeoo) eee NEO (aeeth/ay noieiinoue, no?aoiaaiea e o?aoo).
I?iaeaaoeu e iieoiaoaee ia anaaaea aioiau i?eieiaoue ia naay ?ene aeaaee eee ii?/e oiaa?a, i?e ia?aaiceao eee ?ene iiauoaiey noieiinoe ia?aaicee oiaa?a a ae?oaie no?aia.
I?e ii?iaeueiuo oneiaeyo oi?aiaee a aa?iiaeneeo no?aiao, a oaeaea a no?aiao Naaa?iie Aia?eee, aaea caaanoiaee e iieeoe/aneea aieiaiey auaatho ?aaeei, ?ene iieeoe/aneiai oa?aeoa?a (caaanoiaee a ii?oao eee aiaoiaoi?aiaua cai?aou) ieieiaeai. A yoeo neo/ayo yenii?oa? nei?aa aioia i?eieiaoue ia naay ?ene ia?aaicee oiaa?a, a oaeaea aeoeaioiaaoue oaeea oneiaey, i?e eioi?uo aai iaycaiiinoe ?ani?ino?aiythony aei i?eauoey oiaa?a e ianoo iacia/aiey: “iinoaaea ia neeaae iieoiaoaey”, “o?aiei a?aieoea” eee “o?aiei i?enoaiue iieoiaoaey”. I?iaeaaaoe, eioi?ue n/eoaao, /oi oaeea ?enee aeey iaai iai?eaieaiu, eee anee ii ia iiaeao o/eouaaoue aicieeathuea aeiiieieoaeueiua ?anoiaeu a ?an/aoao, iaaa?iia, i?aaeii/oao, /oiau ?ene aioo?aiiae ia?aaicee (ia?aaicee a no?aia iieoiaoaey) i?eiye ia naay iieoiaoaeue. Yoe ianoiyoaeuenoaa niioaaonoaotho oneiaeyi OIA (“o?aiei ai?o noaeia”), EAO, NEO.
I?yii eee einaaiii ia ?aoaiey noi?ii i?iaeaaaoue ia oneiaeyo OIA iiaoo aeeyoue i?aaeoaeuenoaa. Yoi i?ienoiaeeo ii ?yaeo i?e/ei. Oi?aiaua oneiaey yaeythony aaaeiui eino?oiaioii iieo/aiey aeiiieieoaeueiuo caeacia aeey iaoeeiiaeueiuo noaeioiaeiuo eiiiaiee e no?aoiauo iauanoa. Oaeei iooai iiaeii yeiiiieoue eiino?aiioth aaethoo. Yenii?oa?, eioi?ue i?iaeaao ia oneiaeyo EAO, auioaeaeai aeeth/aoue a naie ?an/aou niioaaonoaothuea ?anoiaeu, ca n/ao /aai ii iieo/aao io naiaai eeeaioa aieaa aunieoth oeaio, o.a. noiio eiino?aiiie aaethou. A iieoiaoaeue, acyaoee ?anoiaey ia naay, caieaoeo ca yoio oiaa? a eiino?aiiie aaethoa iaiueoa, oae eae ca ia?aaiceo e no?aoiaaiea iiaeao caieaoeoue a “aeiiaoiae” aaethoa. Eiaiii oae iiiaea, e i?aaeaea anaai ?acaeaathueany, no?aiu noaneaee?otho aeayoaeueiinoue naieo no?aoiauo e noaeioiaeiuo eiiiaiee.
Iaiaoiaeeii oaeaea eiaoue a aeaeo, /oi oneiaey “aeeth/ay iinoaaeo a no?aio iieoiaoaey”, ?ani?ino?aiythueany ia iaycaiiinoe i?iaeaaoea, oaaee/eaatho ia oieueei aai ?anoiaeu, ii e ?enee. ?ene aeaaee eee ii?/e oiaa?a iiaeii cano?aoiaaoue. E /eneo iaeaieaa iianiuo ?eneia ioiinyony aiciiaeiia oaaee/aiea ?acee/iuo nianoaaiiuo ?anoiaeia e oi?n-iaaei? (caaanoiaee, yiaa?ai, ?ino iioeei e o.i.).
Aeeyiea oaeiai ?iaea neooaoeee aaaeii ia?aie/eaaoue iooai iiiauaiey a eiio?aeo iaiai?ee i oi?n-iaaei?a, ii i?e yoii ia neaaeoao oioneaoue ec aeaeo, /oi noii?ioeaioiie aa?aioee io yoiai ia nouanoaoao. E oiio aea aeaaea naii oieeiaaiea iiiyoey “oi?n-iaaei?” a ?acee/iuo no?aiao ie?a iaiaeeiaeiai.
4 EIIO?AEOIUA OeAIU.
Oeaia e iauay noiia eiio?aeoa. Oeaia oiaa?a – yoi eiee/anoai aeaiaaeiuo aaeeieoe ii?aaeaeaiiie aaethoiie nenoaiu, eioi?oth aeieaeai caieaoeoue iieoiaoaeue i?iaeaaoeo a oie aea eee ae?oaie aaethoa ca aanue oiaa? eee aaeeieoeo oiaa?a, aeinoaaeaiiua i?iaeaaoeii ia aaceniuo oneiaeyo a oeacaiiue a eiio?aeoa aaia?aoe/aneee ioieo.
Oeaiu iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo eiio?aeoia au?aaeatho a aeaiaaeiuo aaeeieoeao ii?aaeaeaiiie aaethoiie nenoaiu noieiinoue oiaa?ia. Ii niaeaniaaieth noi?ii oeaiu oeene?othony a eiio?aeoa a aaethoa iaeiie ec noi?ii eiio?aaaioia eee a aaethoa o?aoueae no?aiu. Aeey ieaoaaea, oi anoue aeey acaeiiuo ?an/aoia iaaeaeo i?iaeaaoeii e iieoiaoaeai, iiaeao auoue aua?aia ae?oaay aaethoa, ia oa, a eioi?ie caoeene?iaaiu oeaiu.
A iaaeaeoia?iaeiie oi?aiaea i?aeoeeoaony ianeieueei niiniaia onoaiiaeaiey oeenaoeee oeai:
oaa?aeua oeaiu;
oeaiu n iineaaeothuae oeenaoeeae;
neieuecyuea oeaiu.
Oaa?aeua oeaiu – oa, eioi?ua niaeaniauaathony i?e caeeth/aiee eiio?aeoa e ia eciaiythony a oiaea aai auiieiaiey.
Oeaiu n iineaaeothuae oeenaoeeae – onoaiaaeeaathony a iacai/aiiua aeiaiai?aie n?iee ia iniiaaiee niaeaniaaiiuo ia?oia?aie enoi/ieeia.
Neieuecyoeea oeaiu – iiaoo i?eiaiyoueny a eiio?aeoao n aeeeoaeueiuie n?ieaie iinoaaie (aieaa iaeiiai aiaea) a oa/aiea eioi?uo iiaoo eciaiyoueny yeiiiie/aneea oneiaey i?iecaiaenoaa oiaa?a.
Neieuecyuay oeaia ninoieo ec aeaoo /anoae: aaciaie e ia?aiaiiie.
Aaciaaiey – onoaiaaeeaaaony ia aeaoo i?aaeeiaeaiey eee iiaeienaiey eiio?aeoa; ia?aiaiiay – ii?aaeaeyaony ia ia?eiae ecaioiaeaiey eee iinoaaee oiaa?a e niaeaniauaaaony eiio?aaaioaie. A eiio?aeoa ii?aaeaeytho iaoiaeeeo aa ?an/aoa e enoi/ieee iieo/aiey iaiaoiaeeiie eioi?iaoeee. Aaciaay oeaia ?ann/eouaaaony i?iaeaaoeii ia iniiaa eiieo?aioiuo iaoa?eaeia e niaeaniauaaaony n iieoiaoaeai i?e iiaeienaiee eiio?aeoa. I?e aeeeoaeueiuo n?ieao eniieiaiey eiio?aeoa iiaoo eciaiyoueny: oa?eou ia ia?aaiceo a?oca, noieiinoue nu?uey, iaoa?eaeia e oa?eou ca?aaioiie ieaou, ninoaaeythuea ia?aiaiioth /anoue oeaiu.
Ieii/aoaeueiay oeaia (Oee) o/eouaaao eciaiaiey ia?aiaiiie /anoe ai a?aiy eniieia6iey eiio?aeoa e iiaeao auoue ?ann/eoaia ii oi?ioea:
Oee = Oea (A + A + A + …) 100
, aaea Oea – aaceniay oeaia oiaa?a;
A – iaeciaiiay /anoue oeaiu (iai?eia?, aii?oecaoeey)
A – aeiey eciaiythuaeny /anoe oeaiu oiaa?a (iai?eia?, noieiinoue nu?uey e iaoa?eaeia);
mk e mb oeaia aaeeieoeu nu?uey e iaoa?eaeia, niioaaonoaaiii ia iiiaio iiaeienaiey eiio?aeoa e ia iiiaio iinoaaee.
A – aeiey eciaiythuaeny /anoe oeaiu (iai?eia?, ca?aaioiie ieaou);
Zk e Zb – oa?eoiay noaaea ca?aaioiie ieaou, niioaaonoaaiii ia iiiaio iiaeienaiey eiio?aeoa e ia iiiaio iinoaaee.
Oeaia iiaeao auoue n?aco aea caoeene?iaaia a eiio?aeoa. Aa iineaaeothuea eciaiaiey aeiioneaaony eeoue i?e iaee/ee ii?aaeaeaiiuo i?e/ei (oneiaee). Aeey yoiai nouanoaotho i?aaiaua aiciiaeiinoe, eioi?ua caiinyony a eiio?aeo a aeaea iaiai?ie.
Iaiai?ea i eieaaaiee oeaiu
Aeaiioth iaiai?eo i?eiaiytho eeoue i?e iinoaaea oiaa?ia. Nouanoaotho o?e iaiai?ee: (iiauoaiea), (iiieaeaiea) e eiiaeie?iaaiiay (iiauoaiea – iiieaeaiea).
A ia?aii neo/aa ethaia iiauoaiea ?uii/iie oeaiu aaaeao e iiauoaieth oeaiu.
Ai oi?ii neo/aa ethaia iiieaeaiea ?uii/iie oeaiu aaaeao e iiieaeaieth i?iaeaaeiie oeaiu. Ethaia iiauoaiea oeaiu ai aieiaiea ia i?eieiaaony.
Eiiaeie?iaaiiay iaiai?ea iicaieyao iiauoaiea e iiieaeaiea oeaiu a caaeneiinoe io niioaaonoaothuaai eciaiaiey ?uii/iie oeaiu. Oaeay iaiai?ea i?eiaieia i?aeiouanoaaiii e oiaa?ai, eioe?othueiny ia ae?aeao.
A i?ioeanna ooi?aiauaaiey oeai n o/aoii ninoiyiey ?uiea e oneiaee eiio?aeoa i?eiaiythony oeaiiaua neeaeee, ec eioi?uo iaeaieaa ?ani?ino?aiaiu neaaeothuea:
– a?aiaiiua (naciiiua);
– cae?uoua – i?aaeinoaaeythony ia i?iaeoeoeeth, ia?auathuothny a caieioouo yeiiiie/aneeo nenoaiao, iai?eia?, a ?aieao no?ai AN;
– aaceniua – onoaiaaeeaathony i?e aeinoeaeaiee ii?aaeaeaiiiai iauaia iai?ioa a oa/aiea iaiai?aiiiai ia?eiaea a?aiaie;
– “neiioi” – i?aaenoaaeyaony ca iieaoo oiaa?a ia aieaa auaiaeiuo, ii n?aaiaieth n iaycaoaeueiuie, oneiaeyo iieaou, ii?aaeaeaiiuie a eiio?aeoa;
– aeeea?neea – i?aaenoaaeythony oi?aiaui iin?aaeieeai.
I?aai i?eiyoey ?aoaiey ia eniieueciaaiee neeaeie i?eiaaeeaaeeo eiii?oa?o.
Oeaiiaua iii?aaee – yoi iaoiae i?eaaaeaiey oeai e aaeeiie oaoie/aneie e eiia?/aneie aaca. A ia?aii neo/aa eniieuecotho iii?aaee: ia eiiieaeoaoeeth iinoaaee e onoaiiaeo iai?oaeiaaiey; ia oaoie/aneoth niiinoaaeyaiinoue. Ai aoi?ii – ia ?acieoeo oaiiaeaiiuo iioeei; ia oneiaey ieaoaaeae; ia oneiaey iinoaaee, ia n?iee naeaeie.
Iniiaiui iaoiaeii ii?aaeaeaiey iaiaoiaeeiiai o?iaiy oeai, i?eiyoui a iaaeaeoia?iaeiie oi?aiaea, yaeyaony eco/aiea oeai eiieo?aioia ia aiaeiae/iua oiaa?u. I?e yoii aiinyony iii?aaee ia niiinoaaeaiea oaoie/aneeo oa?aeoa?enoee, a oaeaea o/eouaathuea ?acee/ey a eiiia?/aneeo oneiaeyo naeaeie e oaiaeaioeee eciaiaiey oeai ai a?aiaie.
Enoi/ieeaie naaaeaiee i oeaiao (eiieo?aioiuie iaoa?eaeaie) iiaoo auoue:
– aeinoiaa?iua eiiee i?aaeeiaeaiee e eiio?aeoia eiieo?e?othueo oe?i;
– i?aeneo?aiou n oeacaieai i?aaeinoaaeyaiuo neeaeie;
– ae?aeaaua eioe?iaee;
– ni?aai/iua oeaiu oi?aiauo annioeeaoeee e eiieoaoia;
– ioaeeeaoeee a eiiia?/aneeo e io?aneaauo aeo?iaeao, ecaeaieyo e o.ae.
I?eaea/aiea eiieo?aioiuo iaoa?eaeia niinianoaoao ii?aaeaeaieth oiai o?iaiy oeaiu, eioi?ue io?aaeaao iauanoaaiii iaiaoiaeeiua cao?aou o?oaea iniiaiuo iinoaaueeia i?iaeoeoeee ia ?uiie e o/eouaaao aeeyiea ae?oaeo oaeoi?ia, aeaenoaothueo oaeoi?ia, aeaenoaothueo ia yoio o?iaaiue.
?an/aou e ooaa?aeaeaiea oeai iiaoo auiieiyoueny a iaeiii ec o?ao aa?eaioia:
1. Iainiiaaiea yenii?oiuo eee eiii?oiuo oeai i?iecaiaeeony i?e iaee/ee aeinoiaa?iuo “i?yiuo” eiieo?aioiuo iaoa?eaeia, oi anoue naaaeaiee ia oneiaeyo oi?aiaee aiaeiae/iui oiaa?ii ia iiaeiaiuo eiiia?/aneeo oneiaeyo.
2. Eiieo?aioiue eeno – ?an/ao oeai a oaaee/iie oi?ia, eiaaea o?aaoaony aianaiea ianeieueeeo iii?aaie ia niniinoaaeaiea oaoie/aneeo oa?aeoa?enoee e eiiia?/aneeo oneiaee e aeaoi e aieaa eiieo?aioiui iaoa?eaeai.
3. Neiaeiua ?an/aou auiieiythony, anee aeey ii?aaeaeaiey iauae oeaiu naeaeee o?aaoaony auiieieoue i?aaeaa?eoaeueiua ?an/aou.
Niaeaniaaiea oeai – iaeei ec naiuo neiaeiuo yoaiia caeeth/aiey eiio?aeoa, o?aaothueo aunieie eiiia?/aneie e oaoie/aneie eaaeeoeeaoeee, iiuoa aaaeaiey ia?aaiai?ia.
5. ONEIAEss IEAOAAEAE.
A iaaeaeoia?iaeiie i?aeoeea iaeaieaa ?ani?ino?aiaiu neaaeothuea oneiaey ieaoaaeae:
1. Ieaoaaee iaee/iuie.
2. I?iaeaaea a e?aaeeo.
5.1. Ieaoaaee iaee/iuie – yoi iieaoa oiaa?a iaiaaeeaiii iinea ia?aaea/e eo i?iaeaaoeii iieoiaoaeth eee iaiaaeeaiiay iieaoa oiaa?ia i?ioea i?aaeinoaaeaiey i?iaeaaoeii a aaie aeieoiaioia, iiaeoaa?aeaeathueo oaeo iinoaaee oiaa?ia a niioaaonoaee n oneiaeyie eiio?aeoia. Iaiaaeeaiiui n/eoaaony ieaoaae, ia niaa?oaiea eioi?iai cao?a/aii a?aiaie ia aieaa, /ai iaiaoiaeeii aeey ia?aaioee e eo aaieaie ieaoaaeiuo aeieoiaioia.
I?e i?inoaeoeo iia?aoeeyo ieaoaae iiaeao auoue inouanoaeai aeaenoaeoaeueii iaiaaeeaiii iinea ia?aaea/e oiaa?a e aeieoiaioia ia iaai iooai auienee iieoiaoaeai /aea ia eiy i?iaeaaoea.
A iaaeaeoia?iaeiie oi?aiaea ?an/ao iaee/iuie inouanoaeyaony neaaeothueie niiniaaie:
* /aeaie;
* aaieianeeie ia?aaiaeaie;
* aee?aaeeoeaaie;
* eieanni.
?an/aou aaieianeeie ia?aaiaeaie io iiiaioa iinoaae oiaa?a i?iaeaaoeii aei iieo/aiey ei aeaiaa aeeth/aao neaaeothuea iia?aoeee:
1. I?iaeaaaoe auienuaaao n/ao e a eiiieaeoa n ae?oaeie aeieoiaioaie, iaiai?aiiuie oneiaeyie eiio?aeoia, ioi?aaeyao aai iieoiaoaeth.
2. Iieoiaoaeue, iieo/ea eiiieaeo ieaoaaeiuo aeieoiaioia (EIAe) i?iaa?yao eo niioaaonoaea oneiaeyi eiio?aeoa.
3. Aaie iieoiaoaey ecaauaao aaie i?iaeaaoea i ia?aaiaea aio aeaiaa.
4. Aaie i?iaeaaoea ecaauaao naiaai eeeaioa i ca/eneaiee noii ia aai n/ao.
Aaieianeee i?ioeaio ca a?aiy ia?aaiaea aeaiaa i?iaeaaoeii ia aceiaaony, /oi e yaeyaony iniiaiui i?eciaeii ?an/aoa “iaee/iuie”.
I?e yenii?oa ianniauo, iaeii?iaeiuo oiaa?ia eiii?oa?u ?ann/eouaathony n i?iaeaaoeaie ii “ioe?uoiio n/aoo”, o.a. ia?aaiaeyo ei /a?ac onoaiiaeaiiua a eiio?aeoa i?iiaaeooee a?aiaie noieiinoue ioi?aaeaiiuo ca yoi a?aiy oiaa?ia.
?an/aou aaieianeeie ia?aaiaeaie ia aeatho i?iaeaaoeai aa?aioee a oii, /oi iieoiaoaee e caeac/eee aiiaua iieaoyo iinoaaeaiiue oiaa?. Ii yoiio a oneiaeyo eiio?aeoia iau/ii aeeth/aaony iaycaoaeuenoaa iieoiaoaeae i?aaeinoaaeyoue i?iaeaaoeai oeiainiaua aa?aioee ieaoaaeae. Iieoiaoaee ieaoyo aaieai noieiinoue aa?aioee, eioi?ua yaeythony ioeaieie ?enea ia auiieiaiey ieaoaaeiuo iaycaoaeuenoa.
Aee?aaeeoeaiay oi?ia ?an/aoa, i?aaeoniao?eaaao iaycaoaeuenoaa iieoiaoaey ioe?uoue e onoaiiaeaiiiio a eiio?aeoa n?ieo, a ii?aaeaeaiiii aaiea – yieoaioa aee?aaeeoea (?an/aoiue n/ao) a iieueco i?iaeaaoea ia iaiai?aiioth noiio.
Aee?aaeeoea – yoi iaycaoaeuenoai aaiea ia?aaanoe ia n/ao i?iaeaaoea aeaiueae i?ioea i?aaeinoaaeaiey ei niaeaniaaiiiai n iieoiaoaeai eiiieaeoa aeieoiaioia, iiaeoaa?aeaeathueo iinoaaeo oiaa?a a niioaaonoaee n oneiaeyie eiio?aeoa. Oaeie aee?aaeeoea iacuaaaony aeieoiaioa?iui. Yoio aeae aee?aaeeoeaa ia aeaao aa?aioee i?iaeaaoeo, /oi iieoiaoaeue ia iociaao aee?aaeeoea e oiaa? aoaeao iiea/ai.
Aieaa iaaeaaeiui aeey i?iaeaaoea yaeyaony aaciocuaiue aee?aaeeoea. Eiaaea aaie yieoaio aeaao aa?aioeth, /oi aee?aaeeoea ia aoaeao ioicaai.
Aua aieaa iaaeaaeiui yaeyaony iiaeoaa?aeaeaiiue aee?aaeeoea, eiaaea aieaa iaaeaaeiue aaie aeaao aa?aioeth ieaoaaeaniiniaiinoe aaiea yieoaioa.
Anee aaie yieoaio ii?o/aao ae?oaiio aaieo, oiieiiii/aiiiio a no?aia yenii?oa?a, auieaoeoue ii?aaeaeaiiua aeaiaaeiua noiiu, ii aio ia?aaiaeeo eee iaycoaony ia?aaanoe niioaaonoaothuea n?aaenoaa.
Aeey ioe?uoea aee?aaeeoeaa eiii?oa?u ioi?aaeytho a aaie yieoaio cayaeaiey ii onoaiiaeaiiie oi?ia, eioi?ay niaea?aeeo iaiaoiaeeiua oneiaey aee?aaeeoeaa:
-iacaaiea no?aiu yenii?oa?a, iaeiaiiaaiea oiieiiii/aiiiai aaiea;
-aeae e noiio aee?aaeeoeaa, n?ie aai aeaenoaey;
-ia?a/aiue aeieoiaioia, i?ioea eioi?uo aeieaeia inouanoaeyoueny iieaoa.
Aaie-yieoaio, ioe?uaay aee?aaeeoea, iai?aaeyao aaieo, oiieiiii/aiiiio a no?aia yenii?oa?a niioaaonoaothuoth eino?oeoeeth n oeacaieai ia?a/iy ieaoaaeiuo aeieoiaioia.
Noaia aee?aaeeoeaiie oi?iu ?an/aoia:
1. Yenii?oa? i?iecaiaeeo iinoaaeo oiaa?a, ia?aaeaao eiiieaeo ieaoaaeiuo aeieoiaioia (EIAe) a naie oiieiiii/aiiue aaie, eioi?ue oi?iaeueii i?iaa?yao ninoaa EIAe e ia?anueaao aaieo yieoaioo (A-Y) aeey iieaou.
2. Aaie-yieoaio, oaaaeeaoenue a i?aaeeueiinoe EIAe e auiieiaiee iaycaoaeuenoa yenii?oa?ii, inouanoaeyao ieaoaae n aee?aaeeoeaa, o.a. ca/eneyao niioaaonoaothuoth noiio ia ei??aniiiaeaioneee n/ao A-Y e iai?aaeyao aio ecaauaiea (e?aaeeo-aaeci), n oeacaieai eiie?aoiiai iieo/aoaey.
Yenii?oa? iiaeao ia?aonooieoue i?aai iieo/aiey n?aaenoa n aee?aaeeoeaa o?aoueei eeoeai (iai?eia?, naiei e?aaeeoi?ai), auaeaeioa ia?aae eiii?oa?ii o?aaiaaiea ioe?uoue ia?aaiaeiie (o?ainoa?aaaeueiue) aee?aaeeoea.
Aee?aaeeoea ioe?uaaaony ia ii?aaeaeaiiue n?ie, eioi?ue iiaeao auoue i?iaeeai i?e iaiaoiaeeiinoe. Ca ioe?uoea aee?aaeeoeaa aaie aa?ao ii?aaeaeaiioth eiienneth, ?acia? eioi?ie caaeneo io noiiu, noaiaie neiaeiinoe e n?iea aeaenoaey aee?aaeeoeaa.
Yoa oi?ia ?an/aoia oaeiaia aeey yenii?oa?a, o.e. aa?aioe?oao ieaoaaee, ii aieaa aei?iaay /ai ?an/aou ia?aaiaeaie.
Aee?aaeeoeaiay oi?ia iniiaaia ia ?aaioa aeaoo aaieia ei??aniiiaeaioia ia?aie eaoaai?ee iaoiaeyueony a no?aiao yenii?oa?a e eiii?oa?a.
Eieanni – oaeaea iniiaaii ia ?aaioa aeaoo aaieia ei??aniiiaeaioia.
Noaia ?an/aoia:
1. Yenii?oa? inouanoaeyao iinoaaeo oiaa?a e ia?aaeaao a naie eiiieaeo ieaoaaeiuo aeieoiaioia (EIAe), ioi?ieaiiuo a niioaaonoaee n oneiaeyie eiio?aeoa n i?eeiaeaieai e iaio eieanniaiai ii?o/aiey, niaea?aeauea eino?oeoeee aeey aaiea.
2. Aaie yenii?oa?a i?iaa?yao i?aaeeueiinoue ioi?ieaiey eieanniaiai ii?o/aiey, eiiia?/aneeo e oeiainiauo aeieoiaioia e ia?anueaao eo eieanne?othuaio aaieo ei??aniiiaeaioo a no?aia eiii?oa?a.
3. Aaie eiii?oa?a ecaauaao naiaai eeeaioa (iieoiaoaey) e ia?aaeaao aio EIAe eeai i?ioea oieaou oeacaiiie a eieanniaii ii?o/aiee noiiu (i?e ?an/aoa iaee/iuie), eeai i?ioea aeoeaioa n?i/iie o?aoou (i?e i?aaeinoaaeaiee e?aaeeoa a aaenaeueiie oi?ia).
4. Aaie eiii?oa?a ecaauaao aaie yenii?oa?a i ca/eneaiee niioaaonoaothuae noiiu ia ei??aniiiaeaioneee n/ao aaiea yenii?oa?a.
5. Aaie yenii?oa?a niiauaao eeeaioo i ca/eneaiee n?aaenoa ia aai n/ao.
Iaaeinoaoeii eieanniaie oi?iu ?an/aoa yaeythony ?ac?ua ai a?aiaie iaaeaeo ioa?oceie oiaa?a, ia?aaea/ae aeieoiaioia a aaie e iieo/aieai ieaoaaea.
Eieanniaay oi?ia iiaeao auoue n “i?aaeaa?eoaeueiui aeoeaioii” e “iineaaeothuei aeoeaioii”. Ia?aay oi?ia auaiaeia eiii?oa?o, iineieueeo ia o?aaoao aei iieo/aiey oiaa?a ecuiaoue noiio ec iai?ioiuo n?aaenoa, a yenii?oa?o i?e yoie oi?ia aeeeoaeueiia a?aiy ia aiciauatho n?aaenoa, aeiaeaiiuo a i?iecaiaenoai e o?ainii?oe?iaeo oiaa?a.
Aeey i?iaeaaoeia aieaa auaiaeia eieanniaay oi?ia ieaoaaea n iineaaeothuei aeoeaioii.
Noaia yoie oi?iu ?an/aoa:
1. Eieanne?othuee aaie yenii?oa?a nai i?iaa?yao niioaaonoaea aeieoiaioia oneiaeyi eiio?aeoa e ca/eneyao noiio noieiinoe iinoaaeaiiiai oiaa?a ia n/ao eiii?oa?a.
2. Caoai ecaauaao aaie ieaoaeueueea i i?iecaaaeaiiie iia?aoeee e iai?aaeyao aio EIAe.
3. Aaie eiii?oa?a ia?aaeaao naiaio eeeaioo aeieoiaiou aeey i?iaa?ee, e i?e eo niioaaonaee o?aaiaaieyi eiio?aeoa eiii?oa? aeoeaiooao oaea i?iecaaaeaiiue ieaoaae.
Yoa oi?ia auaiaeiay yenii?oa?o eniieuecoaony iaaeaeo ia?oia?aie, aeiaa?ythueie ae?oa ae?oao. I?aeoeeoaony oaeaea onei?aiiua ?an/aou ii naeaeea iooai “oaeaa?aoiiai eieanni n iineaaeothuei aeoeaioii”, eiaaea eieanne?othuee aaie iaiaaeeaiii i?iecaiaeeo ca/eneaiea noii ia n/ao yenii?oa?a, oaeaa?aoii ecaauay aaie ieaoaeueueea ii i?i ecaaaeaiiie iia?aoeee e aunueaao aio aeieoiaio.
5.2. I?IAeAAEA A E?AAeEO – iaeaieaa /anoay oi?ia ?an/aoia ai aiaoiaoi?aiauo naeaeeao.
Eeanneoeeaoeey e?aaeeoia:
1) Ii n?ieai: E?aoein?i/iua – aei 12 ianyoeaa. N?aaeian?i/iua – io 1 aei 3 eao. Aeieain?i/iua – nauoa 3 eao.
2) Ii noieiinoe: io aani?ioeaioiuo ?ann?i/ae ieaoaaeae aei auieaou yenii?oa?ai i?ioeaioia, aeeceeo e caaiiui noaaeai aaieia.
3) Ii enoi/ieeai i?aaeinoaaeaiey: oe?iaiiue (eiiia?/aneee), aaieianeee, ainoaea?noaaiiue, niaoaiiue, iaaeaeoia?iaeiue (i?aaeinoaaeyaiue aaieaie eee i?aaiecaoeeyie).
4) Ii oi?iai i?aaeinoaaeaiey: oiaa?iue, aaethoii-aeaiaaeiue, a aeaea oneoa (“iio-oao”, eeceia, e o.ae.).
5) Ii iaania/aiiinoe: iaania/aiiua oiaa?ii-iaoa?eaeueiuie oeaiiinoyie eee caeiaii e ia iaania/aiiui.
6) Ii aeaeai oiaa?iuo a?oii: e?aaeeoiaaiea iio?aaeoaeueneeo oiaa?ia, eiaanoeoeeiiiuo oiaa?ia, niaoeeaeueiuo oi?aiauo iia?aoeee.
7) Ii oaoieea i?aaeinoaaeaiey: iaee/iua, aeoeaioiua e?aaeeou, iaeeaaoeeiiiua caeiu.
Iaeaieaa i?inoie oi?iie oiaa?iiai e?aaeeoa yaeyaony aani?ioeaioiay ?ann?i/ea ieaoaaeae – yoi i?iiaaeooi/iay oi?ia ?an/aoia iaaeaeo iaiaaeeaiiui ieaoaaeii iaee/iuie e i?iaeaaeae oiaa?ia a e?aaeeo.
I?e yenii?oa ianniauo iaeii?iaeiuo oiaa?ia /anoi eniieuecothony e?aoein?i/iua e?aaeeou n ieaoaaeaie ii ioe?uoiio n/aoo, eiaaea ii oneiaeyi eiio?aeoa iieoiaoaee iaycaiu ia?aaiaeeoue yenii?oa?ai noiiu iinoaaeaiiuo ca i?ioaaeoee ia?eiae oiaa?ia /a?ac ii?aaeaeaiiua i?iiaaeooee a?aiaie eee a oeene?iaaiiua eaeaiaea?iua aeaou.
Ia e?oiiua ia?oee oiaa?a iiaoo i?aaeinoaaeyoueny aeieain?i/iua e?aaeeou ia iniiaa aaenaeueiie oi?iu ieaoaaeae. Ii?yaeie ?an/aoia i?e yoii: yenii?oa? inouanoaeyao iinoaaeo oiaa?ia, caoai ia?aaeaao iieoiaoaeth aeieoiaiou ia oiaa?, i?ioea aeoeaioa ei (ienueiaiii iiaeoaa?aeaeaiiiai) ia?aaiaeiiai aaenaey (o?aoou), auienaiiiai i?iaeaaoeii ia noiio aeieaa.
Ia?aaiaeiie aaenaeue (o?aooa) – yoi ienueiaiiue aeieoiaio, i?aaenoaaeythuee aaconeiaiue i?eeac aaenaeaaeaoaey (yenii?oa?a) ieaoaeueueeo (eiii?oa?o) oieaoeoue aio eee o?aoueaio eeoeo (/aua anaai aaieo yenii?oa?a) oeacaiioth a o?aooa noiio a onoaiiaeaiiue n?ie.
A o?aooao iiaeao oeacuaaoueny iaycaoaeuenoaa aeoeaioiaaaoaai aa eiii?oa?a ieaoeoue ii i?eeaco aaenaeaaeaoaey eee o?aoueaai eeoea-aaenaeaaea?aeaoaey (?aieoaioa).
Aaenaey yaeythony oeaiiuie aoiaaaie e iiaoo auoue eniieueciaaiu eae n?aaenoai ieaoaaea. A yoii neo/aa aaenaeaaea?aeaoaeue (?aieoaio) iiaeao ia?aaeaoue o?aoo ae?oaiio naiaio eiio?aaaioo, naeaeaa ia iae niioaaonoaothuoth ia?aaeaoi/ioth iaaeienue. O?aooa iiaeao auoue ia?aaeaia a aaie (o/oaia aaieii) a oeaeyo iiaaoaiey iaycaoaeuenoa aaenaeaaeaoaey ia?aae ae?oaei eiio?aaaioii, eeai i?eiyoi a iaania/aiea i?aaenoaaeaiiuo yenii?oa?o e?aaeeoia.
A neo/aa, eiaaea oiaa?iua e?aaeeou i?aaeinoaaeythony n ia/eneaieai aiaeiauo i?ioeaioia (eioa?ana), a o?aooao oeacuaaaony noieiinoue oiaa?a n o/aoii eioa?ania ii e?aaeeoai, eee auienuaathony ioaeaeueiua o?aoou ia noiio iaeaieeaathuothny ii e?aaeeoiui noaaeai, e onoaiiaeaiiui n?ieai ieaoaaea.
6. Ae?OAEA ONEIAEss EIIO?AEOA
N?IEE IINOAAEE OIAA?IA
N?iee iinoaaee oiaa?ia a eiiia?/aneeo eiio?aeoao – yoi eaeaiaea?iua aeaou, e eioi?ui oiaa?u aeieaeiu auoue aeinoaaeaiu i?iaeaaoeaie a onoaiiaeaiiua eiio?aeoaie aaia?aoe/aneea ioieou. *anoi yoi ii?aaeaeyaony aaceniuie oneiaeyie eiio?aeoia. Iai?eia?, “n?ie iinoaaee 17 aeaeaa?y 1996 a. OIA ii?o Eaeeieia?aae” icia/aao , /oi aei enoa/aiey onoaiiaeaiiie aeaou oiaa? aeieaeai auoue iia?oaeai ia ai?o noaeia. Yoi oeene?oaony a eiiinaiaioa – naeaeaoaeuenoaa i ii?neie ia?aaicea.
A eiio?aeoao iiaoo onoaiaaeeaaoueny iany/iua, eaa?oaeueiua, iieoaiaeiaua eee aiaeiaua n?iee iinoaaee.
I?e i?iaeaaea oiaa?ia n aunoaaie e y?ia?ie eee i?e oi?aiaea iaaeaeo ninaaeieie no?aiaie eiio?aeoii iiaeao auoue i?aaeoniio?aia “iaiaaeeaiiay iinoaaea”, oiaaea eaeaiaea?iua aeaou ia oeene?othony.
Ii iau/ayi iaaeaeoia?iaeiie oi?aiaee “iaiaaeeaiii” icia/aao iaycaoaeuenoai i?iaeaaoea iinoaaeoue oiaa? a ethaie aeaiue a oa/aiea ia aieaa aeaoo iaaeaeue.
I?e oneiaee “eae iiaeii auno?aa” i?iaeaaaoe iaycai i?eiyoue ana ia?u e iinoaaea oiaa?a a e?ao/aeoee n?ie.
Eniieuecothony a eiio?aeoao e oaeea n?iee iinoaaee, eae “ii ia?a aioiaiinoe”, “ii ioe?uee iaaeaaoeee”, “ii ia?a iaeiieaiey ia?oee ia iaiaa … oiii” e o.ae.
A nia?aiaiiuo oneiaeyo ?acaeoey ie?iaiai ?uiea, eiaaea i?aaeeiaeaiea oiaa?ia i?aauoaao ni?in, auiieiaiea n?ieia iinoaaee niaeanii oeacaiiuo a eiio?aeoao yaeyaony iaeiei ec aaaeiaeoeo iieacaoaeae eiieo?aioiniiniaiinoe oiaa?ia.
OIAEIAEA E IA?EE?IAEA
A i?aeoeea iaaeaeoia?iaeiie oi?aiaee ?iae oiaeiaee caaeneo io aa iacia/aiey:
aeey ?anoaniaee oiaa?a;
– ?aeeaiiuo oeaeae;
– nio?aiiinoe oiaa?ia a ?acee/iuo aiaoieo n?aaeao;
– caueou ecaeaeee io iaoaie/aneeo iia?aaeaeaiee i?e ia?aaiceao e ia?aa?oceao;
– iaoaiecaoeee iia?oci-?aca?oci/iuo ?aaio e o.ae.
Noieiinoue oiaeiaee a caaeneiinoe io aa iacia/aiey e oa?aeoa?a oiaa?a iiaeao eieaaaoueny a oe?ieeo i?aaeaeao io ianeieueeeo i?ioeaioia aei iieiaeiu noieiinoe naiiai oiaa?a.
O?aaiaaiey e oiaeiaea oiaa?ia iiaeii oneiaii ?acaeaeeoue ia iauea e niaoeeaeueiua.
Iauea o?aaiaaiey e oiaeiaea ii?aaeaeythony iaycaiiinoueth anao yenia?oia iaania/eoue oece/aneoth nio?aiiinoue a?ocia i?e iinoaaea ia aaceniuo oneiaeyo. Oae, yenii?oa?u, i?iaeaaoea oiaa? ia oneiaeyo OIA, NEO, OAN, EAO, a niioaaonoaee n oneiaeyie “Eieioa?in”, iaycaiu iinoaaeoue oiaa? a ii?neie oiaeiaea. ?acoiaaony, yoa oiaeiaea aeieaeia auaea?aeaoue oaeaea aaoiiiaeeueiua e aeaeaciiaeiaiaeiua ia?aaicee eae a no?aia yenii?oa?a, oae e ia oa??eoi?ee iieoiaoaey. I?e iinoaaeao ia oneiaeyo “o?aiei-a?aieca” yenii?oa? iaycai auiieieoue oiaeiaeo, iaania/eaathuoth nio?aiiinoue a?oca i?e o?ainii?oe?iaea aeaeaciiaei?iaeiui e aaoiiiaeeueiui o?ainii?oii.
Yenii?oa?u anaaaea ianoo ioaaonoaaiiinoue ca iia?aaeaeaiey oiaa?ia, anee iie i?iecioee ec-ca ianiioaaonoaey oiaeiaee aaceniui oneiaeyi eiio?aeoia, aeaaea anee a eiio?aeoa iao ieeaeeo iniauo o?aaiaaiee e aa auiieiaieth.
Niaoeeaeueiua o?aaiaaiey e oiaeiaea auaeaeaathony eiii?oa?aie. I?e/eiaie oaeeo o?aaiaaiee iiaoo auoue neaaeothuea:
– eiii?oa?o iaiaoiaeeia niaoeeaeueiay ?anoaniaea oiaa?a aeey nauoa aai iio?aaeoaeyi aac aeiiieieoaeueiie ia?aoiaeiaee;
– eiii?oa? i?aaeuyaeyao iniaua o?aaiaaiey e aanai e aaaa?eoai a?ociauo iano i?eiaieoaeueii e eiathueiny a aai ?anii?yaeaiee iiaeuaiiui e o?ainii?oiui n?aaenoaai;
– eiii?oa? auioaeaeai ?ann/eouaaoue ia aeeeoaeueiia o?aiaiea oiaa?a ia ioe?uoie ieiuaaeea e o?aaotho auiieiaiey oneeaiiie aeae?iecieyoeee e o.ae.
Ia?ee?iaea a?ocia auiieiyao a oaoiieiaee aiaoiaoi?aiauo iia?aoeee neaaeothuea ooieoeee:
eae oiaa?inii?iaiaeeoaeueiay eioi?iaoeey, niaea?aeauay ?aeaeceou eiii?oa?a, iiia?a eiio?aeoa e o?aina, aaniaaaa?eoiua oa?aeoa?enoeee iano, iiia? ianoa e eiee/anoai iano a ia?oee eee o?aina;
oeacaiea o?ainii?oiui oe?iai ii i?aaeeai ia?auaiey n a?ocii;
i?aaeoi?aaeaeaiea ia iianiinoyo i?e ia?auaiee n a?ocii.
E?iia yoeo,iaycaoaeueiuo ?aeaeceoia, iiaeao iaiineoueny ?aeeaiiay ia?ee?iaea, anee yoi ia i?ioeai?a/eo oneiaeyi eiio?aeoa.
Iniaia cia/aiea eiaao oiaeiaea iio?aaeoaeueneeo oiaa?ia, eioi?ay iau/ii niaea?aeeo eioi?iaoeeth i oiaa?a, ?aeeaio oiaa?a e aai i?iecaiaeeoaey. Yenii?oa?ai iio?aaeoaeueneeo oiaa?ia anaaaea neaaeoao o/eouaaoue, /oi iieoiaoaeue noaeeo i oiaa?a nia/aea ii oiaeiaea, a iioi oaea ii ea/anoao naiiai oiaa?a.
AA?AIOEE I?IAeAAOeIA
Aiaoiaoi?aiaua eiio?aeou niaea?aeao aa?aioee i?iaeaaoeia a ioiioaiee oaoie/aneeo oa?aeoa?enoee oiaa?ia e eo ea/anoaa, ?aaeaiaioe?otho ioaaonoaaiiinoue i?iaeaaoeia ca niaethaeaiea aa?aioe?iaaiiuo iieacaoaeae.
Aa?aioee i?iaeaaoeia aeaenoaotho a oa/aiea niaeaniaaiiiai a eiio?aeoa n?iea i?e oneiaee auiieiaiey iieoiaoaeai eino?oeoeee ii o?ainii?oe?iaea, o?aiaieth e eniieueciaaieth oiaa?a.
I?iaeaaoeu aa?aioe?otho niioaaonoaea oiaa?ia oaoie/aneei oneiaeyi eiio?aeoia, iaoeeiiaeueiui eee iaaeaeoia?iaeiui no?aiaea?oai, ia?acoeai e oaeiio iiiyoeth, eae “ii?iaeueiia ea/anoai oiaa?ia”, i?eiyoiio a iaaeaeoia?iaeiie oi?aiaea. Yoi iiiyoea a iniiaiii ioiineony e nu?ueaaui oiaa?ai e, i?aaeaea anaai, e oiaa?ai aeeaioiiai e ?anoeoaeueiiai i?ienoiaeaeaiey.
Oaoie/aneea aa?aioee iau/ii i?iaa?ythony a oiaea eniieueciaaiey oiaa?ia iio?aaeoaeyie.
Oaoie/anee neiaeiua eiio?aeou iiaoo niaea?aeaoue, ia?yaeo n aa?aioe?iaaiiuie oaoie/aneeie oa?aeoa?enoeeaie, e niaeaniaaiiua iaoiaeeee i?iaa?ie e eniuoaiee. Yoe i?iaa?ee iiaoo auiieiyoueny e ia?niiaeii iieoiaoaeae, e niaoeeaeece?iaaiiuie eiio?ieueiuie oe?iaie e o/?aaeaeaieyie.
Oneiaey eiio?aeoa iiaoo i?aaeoniao?eaaoue i?iaaaeaiea eniuoaiee eae ia i?aaei?eyoeyo-ecaioiaeoaeyo, oae e o iieoiaoaeae.
Iauei i?aaeeii a iaaeaeoia?iaeiie oi?aiaea yaeyaony oi, /oi ieii/aoaeueiay i?eaiea neiaeiuo iaoaieciia i?iecaiaeeony o iio?aaeoaeae a i?ioeanna aa?aioeeiie yenieoaoaoeee iai?oaeiaaiey eee i?e aa?aioeeiuo eniuoaieyo.
A ?acaeaea aa?aioee i?aaeoniao?eaaaony oaeaea ioaaonoaaiiinoue i?iaeaaoeia e aa?eaiou ?aoaiey aii?inia, naycaiiuo n iinoaaeaie iaea/anoaaiiuo oiaa?ia.
Neaaeoao eiaoue a aeaeo, /oi iaaeaeoia?iaeiua eiio?aeou anaaaea niaea?aeao oneiaey, caueuathuea eioa?anu iieoiaoaey, e aeatho i?aai iineaaeiaio a iaeiinoi?iiiai ii?yaeea ?anoi?aiooue eiio?aeo, anee oiaa?u ia niioaaonoaotho oaoie/aneei e ea/anoaaiiui oa?aeoa?enoeeai.
OO?AOIUA NAIEOeEE E AICIAUAIEA OAUOEIA
Oneiaeyie iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo eiio?aeoia i?aaeoniao?eaathony oeiainiaua naieoeee, eioi?ua i?aaenoaaeytho niaie aeia?iaieueiia e acaeiiia niaeanea noi?ii auiea/eaaoue ae?oa ae?oao ii?aaeaeaiiua noiiu ca ia?ooaiey eiio?aeoiuo iaycaoaeuenoa.
Iauei i?aaeeai eiiia?/aneeo ioiioaiee eiio?aaaioia yaeyaony: oo?aoiua naieoeee ii naiei ?acia?ai e ii?yaeeo ia/eneaiey aeieaeiu aanoe e auiieiaieth iaycaoaeuenoa, a ia iineoue ?aci?eoaeueiue oa?aeoa?.
Iaoiaeeea ?an/aoa oauoeia, a caaeneiinoe io noaiaie iaauiieiaiey iaycaoaeuenoa, niaeaniauaaaony noi?iiaie.
A eiio?aeoao onoaiaaeeaathony i?aaeaeueiua ?acia?u oauoeia, i?e i?aauoaiee eioi?uo iieoiaoaee i?eia?aoatho i?aai ?anoi?aiooue eiio?aeo e ainiieueciaaoueny aa?aioeae aeieaeiiai eniieiaiey eiio?aeoa, anee iia i?aaeoniio?aia eiio?aeoii.
Iieo/aiiua ii yoie aa?aioee n?aaenoaa eiii?oa?u eniieuecotho aeey iie?uoey naieo oauoeia e ?anoiaeia, naycaiiuo n ?aciauaieai caeacia o ae?oaeo iinoaaueeia.
NO?AOIAAIEA
Yoio ?acaeae eiio?aeoa aeeth/aao /aou?a iniiaiuo oneiaey:
/oi no?aooaony;
io eaeeo ?eneia;
eoi no?aooao;
a /ueth iieueco no?aooao.
I?e naeaeeao eoiee-i?iaeaaee no?aootho oiaa?u io ?enea i?ia?aaeaeaiey, ii?/e eee oo?aou i?e o?ainii?oe?iaea.
Nnueee a eiio?aeoa ia aaceniua oneiaey OIA, NEO, “o?aiei-a?aieoea” e o.ae. ii?aaeaeytho no?aoiaaoaeae, eioi?ua iaycaiu caeeth/eoue aeiaiai?u i no?aoiaaiee (ni. oaio 3).
Aeiaiai? ni no?aoiaie eiiiaieae (no?aoiaueeii) caeeth/aaony iau/ii a iieueco eiii?oa?a eee eiie?aoiiai iieo/aoaey. No?aoiaie iieen iiaeao auoue auienai e “ia i?aaeuyaeoaey”.
No?aoiaaiea a?ocia iiaeao inouanoaeyoueny ia oneiaeyo:
– n ioaaonoaaiiinoueth ca ana ?enee;
– n ioaaonoaaiiinoueth ca /anooth aaa?eth;
– aac ioaaonoaaiiinoe ca iia?aaeaeaiey, e?iia neo/aaa e?ooaiey.
Yoe oneiaey ioee/athony iaai?ii no?aooaiuo ?eneia e niaoeeoeeie aicieeiiaaiey no?aoiauo neo/aaa.
Oneiaeyie eiio?aeoia iiaeao auoue ooi/iaii, eoi-i?iaeaaaoe eee iieoiaoaeue – ianao ?anoiaeu ii no?aoiaaieth, oi anoue eoi aoaeao iiea/eaaoue no?aoiaaiea. ?anoiaeu anaaaea ianao iieoiaoaeue, e iie o/eouaathony a oeaia.
Aii?inu no?aoiaaiey o?aaotho niaoeeaeueiiai eco/aiey iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai i?aaa, oae eae ?anoiaeu iiaoo ninoaaeyoue cia/eoaeueiua noiiu.
Oneiaeyie eiio?aeoia iau/ii i?aaeoniao?eaaaony iaycaoaeuenoai yenia?oia i?aaeinoaaeyoue iieoiaoaeyi no?aoiaua iieenu eee na?oeoeeaou, eioi?ua aoiaeyo a eiiieaeou ieaoaaeiuo aeieoiaioia.
Iiae?iaiaa i no?aoiaaiee a?ocia iaienaii a niaoeeaeueiie eeoa?aoo?a (1, 5, 6, 7, 9, 12).
Ianoiyoaeuenoaa iai?aiaeieeiie neeu (Oi?n-iaaei?)
Ia oiae eniieiaiey eiio?aeoia iiaoo ieacaoue nouanoaaiiia aeeyiea ianoiyoaeuenoaa, i?aaeoaaaeaoue ianooieaiea eioi?uo ca?aiaa i?e caeeth/aiee eiio?aeoia noi?iiu ia eiaee aiciiaeiinoe, iineieueeo iie aicieeatho a ?acoeueoaoa iai?aaeaeaeaiiuo e iaioa?aoeiuo niauoee /?acau/aeiiai oa?aeoa?a.
Oaeea ianoiyoaeuenoaa iacuaathony “ianoiyoaeuenoaaie iai?aiaeieeiie neeu” eee “oi?n-iaaei?iuie ianoiyoaeuenoaaie”. E iei iau/ii ioiinyo iiaea?u, iaaiaeiaiey, caieyo?ynaiey, yieaeaiee e ae?oaea aeaenoaey noeoeeiuo nee i?e?iaeu.
I?e ianooieaiee “ianoiyoaeuenoa iai?aiaeieeiie neeu” n?ie eniieiaiey iaycaoaeuenoa aeey noi?iiu, ia eioi?oth aicaeaenoaotho yoe ianoiyoaeuenoaa, ioiaeaeaaaony ia aanue ia?eiae eo aeaenoaey e eeeaeaeaoeee iineaaenoaee. Ai ecaaaeaiea aicieeiiaaiey ?aciiaeanee (eaeea ianoiyoaeuenoaa iiaoo auoue ioianaiu e oi?n-iaaei?iui) a eiio?aeoao iau/ii i?eaiaeeony niaeaniaaiiue eiio?aaaioaie ia?a/aiue oaeeo ianoiyoaeuenoa.
“Ianoiyoaeuenoaa iaii?aaeieeiie neeu” iiaoo aeaenoaiaaoue ianoieueei aeieai, /oi eniieiaiea eiio?aeoa aeey noi?ii iiaeao noaoue yeiiiie/anee aanniuneaiiui. Iiyoiio eiio?aaaiou onoaiaaeeaatho a eiio?aeoao i?aaeaeueiua n?iee, iinea eioi?uo noi?iiu eiatho i?aai aiioee?iaaoue acaeiiua iaycaoaeuenoaa. I?e yoii anaaaea iaiaa?eaaaony, /oi ie iaeia ec noi?ii ia aoaeao eiaoue i?aaa iio?aaiaaoue io ae?oaie noi?iiu aiciauaiey oauoeia. Eneeth/aieai eiiaaea yaeyaony o?aaiaaiea eiii?oa?ia aica?auaoue auiea/aiiua aaainu, ii iii i?aaenoaaeyaony iaaeinoaoi/ii iainiiaaiiui, oae eae aanueia neiaeii aeieacaoue, /oi yenii?oa?u e iiiaioo aicieeiiaaiey “ianoiyoaeueno iai?aiaeieeiie neeu” ia iio?aoeee aaainu ia i?iaeoiua ?aaiou, i?eia?aoaiea iaoa?eaeia, ecaioiaeaiea inianoee e o.ae.
A?AEO?AAE.
A?aeo?aaeiua e noaeaaiua ?acae?aoaeuenoaa nii?ia iiaoo aicieeiooue ec-ca ?acee/iiai oieeiaaiey eiio?aaaioaie naieo iaycaoaeuenoa. Iaaeaeoia?iaeiay i?aeoeea i?aaeoniao?eaaao ?aoaiea oaeeo nii?ia a?aeo?aaeai (o?aoaeneei noaeii).
E?iia ia?a/eneaiiuo, iaycaoaeueiuo oneiaee, a eiio?aeoa eoiee-i?iaeaaee iiaoo auoue ii?aaeaeaiu ae?oaea, iaoneiaeaiiua iniaaiiinoyie oiaa?a niiniaaie aai o?ainii?oe?iaee, o?aiaiey, oaiiaeaiiuie o?aaiaaieyie e o.ae.
Iie ii?aaeaeythony noi?iiaie ii acaeiiiio niaeaneth ia iniiaa ii?iaoeaii-i?aaiaie aacu.
AEAAA 3 NAeAEEE A?AIAeU E IIAe?ssAeA AI AIAOIAYEIIIIE*ANEIE AeAssOAEUeIINOE.
1. A?AIAeA – IIIssOEA E AEAeU.
A?aiaea eae niinia oi?aiaee aicieeea aua a ae?aaiea a?aiaia. Oae, a O1 aaea aaiaoeeaioeu naeaaaee oi?aiaoeai e aeaaeaeueoeai oi?aiauo noaeia a a?aiaeo /oaoiiua yei?y, n/eoaaoeany ii oai a?aiaiai i/aiue aei?iaeie.
A ia/aea 50-o aiaeia OO aaea aeieain?i/iay a?aiaea iaoeiu e iai?oaeiaaiey noaea oe?iei eniieueciaaoueny a NOA, caoai eae oi?ia nauoa oiaa?ia iiyaeeanue a iaaeaeoia?iaeiie oi?aiaea.
Ia?aoth niaoeeaeece?iaaiioth eeceiaiaoth oi?io a NOA iniiaaea eiiiaiey “THiaeoaae noaeon eeceia ei?ii?aeoi”, caoai noaee auno?i aicieeaoue iiaua “oeiainiai-eeceiaiaua iauanoaa”, i?aaeeaaaaoea naiei eeeaioa ana iiaua oi?iu eeceiaiauo naeaeie.
A ia/aea 60-o aiaeia eeceiaiaua eiiiaiee (EE) iieo/eee oe?ieia ?acaeoea a Aa?iia.
Iicaeiaa a eeceiaiaue aecian aoi?any aaieianeee eaieoae.
A?aiaea eae aeae oi?aiaee iieo/eea ?acaeoea iiae aeeyieai eciaiaiee o?iaiae ni?ina e i?aaeeiaeaiey ia ?uiea iaoei e iai?oaeiaaiey. I?iecaiaeeoaee neiaeiuo e aei?iainoiyueo iaoei, eiiieaeniuo oaoiieiae/aneeo eeiee e iai?oaeiaaiey, nii?oaeaiee e o?ainii?oiuo n?aaenoa noieeioeenue n i?iaeaiaie nauoa naiae i?iaeoeoeee ia ie?iaii ?uiea. A oi aea a?aiy iioaioeeaeueiuo iieoiaoaeae naea?aeeaaee aunieea oeaiu ia yoo i?iaeoeoeeth e auno?ia ii?aeueiia noa?aiea oaoieee a nayce n aunieeie oaiiaie IOI. Oaeei ia?acii auee nicaeaiu i?aaeiinueee aeey eeceiaa – aeieain?i/iie a?aiaeu aeaeaeeiiai e iaaeaeaeeiiai eiouanoaa.
Oaeoi?aie auno?iai ?acaeoey a?aiaeu yaeeenue: aeey i?iecaiaeeoaeae – aeiiieieoaeueiay aiciiaeiinoue nauoa i?iaeoeoeee a oneiaeyo aeanoeie eiieo?aioeee ia aioo?aiieo e aiaoieo ?uieao; aeey iio?aaeoaeae – aiciiaeiinoue a oneiaeyo aunieeo oaiiia IOI iaiiaeyoue iai?oaeiaaiea aac aaeeiia?aiaiiie iiaeeecaoeee cia/eoaeueiuo oeiainiauo n?aaenoa ia aai i?eia?aoaiea.
I?aaeiaoaie a?aiaeu iiaeao auoue ?acee/iia aeaeaeeiia e iaaeaeaeeiia eiouanoai: iaoeiu e iai?oaeiaaiea, nii?oaeaiey e o?ainii?oiua n?aaenoaa, aunoaai/iua, i?iecaiaenoaaiiua, eoeueoo?ii-auoiaua e ae?oaea iiiauaiey, ?aciiia?aciua oiaa?u aeeeoaeueiiai iieueciaaiey.
A ianoiyuaa a?aiy a?aiaea aeoeaii eniieuecoaony ia naciiiuo ?aaioao – a naeueneii oicyenoaa, ?uaieianoaa, no?ieoaeuenoaa, a oaeaea aeey a?aiaiiiai oaaee/aiey i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo iiuiinoae n oeaeueth auiieiaiey ioaeaeueiuo e?oiiuo caeacia. A?aiaea iicaieyao ecaaaeaoue ia?aaicie iaoei e iai?oaeiaaiey ia aieueoea ?annoiyiey e ianoo ?aaio. No?ieoaeueiua e iiioaaeiua eiiiaiee iau/ii a?aiaeotho iaoeiu e iaoaieciu o eeceiaiauo eiiiaiee, aeeaeaeoeo e ianoai nii?oaeaiey iauaeoii.
A caaeneiinoe io aa aeeeoaeueiinoe a?aiaea iacuaaaony eeceiaii (leastng- aeieain?i/iay a?aiaea), oae?eiaii (hiring – n?aaeian?i/iay a?aiaea) e ?aioeiaii (renting – e?aoein?i/iay a?aiaea).
Aeeeoaeueiinoue eaaeaeiai aeaea a?aiaeu caaeneo io oa?aeoa?a i?aaeiaoia a?aiaeu e iiae aeeyieai iao/ii-oaoie/aneiai i?ia?anna eiaao oaiaeaioeeth e nie?auaieth. Oae, aeey nia?aiaiiiai iaoeiaieiai iai?oaeiaaiey a?aiaea ia n?ie aieaa aiaea n/eoaaony eeceiaii, io ianeieueeeo ianyoeaa aei aiaea – oae?eiaii, ia n?ie io ianeieueeeo aeiae aei ianeieueeeo ianyoeaa – ?aioeiaii. A iineaaeiea aeanyoeeaoey ?acei oaaee/eeny iauai iia?aoeee ii eeceiao iaaeaeaeeiinoe a aeaea eiiieaenia oaoiieiae/aneiai iai?oaeiaaiey e oeaeuo i?iiuoeaiiuo i?aaei?eyoee, eiaaea ia?aiauaaony ia i?aaeiao a?aiaeu, a a?aiaeaoi?a.
Cia/eoaeueiui iioaioeeaeii aeey eeceiaiauo iia?aoeee iaeaaeatho ?uiee ?acaeaathueony no?ai, a eioi?uo ia?yaeo n ?acaeoeai iaoeeiiaeueiuo eiiiaiee auno?i ?anoe?yaony naoue oeeeaeia o?ainiaoeeiiaeueiuo ei?ii?aoeee. N?aaee eiiiaiee, o/anoaothueo a eeceiaiaii aeciana, i?ienoiaeeo oaeoaeaiea niaoeeaeecaoeee: iaeie niaeaenoaotho eeceiaiaui eiiiaieyi a i?eia?aoaiee iaoei e iai?oaeiaaiey aeey naea/e a a?aiaeo, ae?oaea aaaeoo ianeoaeeaaiey a?aiaeiaaiiuo e ?aiiio aica?auaiiuo oiaa?ia, o?aouee niaoeeaeece?othony ia i?iaeaaea iaoei e iai?oaeiaaiey, auaoeo a oiio?aaeaiee. A ?yaea no?ai eeceiaiaua iia?aoeee inouanoaeythony i?e iin?aaeie/anoaa a?iea?neeo oe?i. Ia?yaeo n aaieaie aeaenoaotho iniaua oe?iu (eiaanoi?u), e?aaeeoothuea eeceiaiaua iia?aoeee.
Iaeaieueoaa ?ani?ino?aiaiea iieo/eee eeceiaiaua eiiiaiee, niaoeeaeece?iaaiiua a ii?aaeaeaiiie io?anee. Oae, iai?eia?, eiiiaiey, niaoeeaeece?othuayny ia eeceiaa no?ieoaeueiiai iai?oaeiaaiey, iiaeao i?aaeeiaeeoue a a?aiaeo oe?ieoth iiiaieeaoo?o oiaa?ia: naiinaaeu, aaoiiiaicu, aaoiiiianinu, aoeueaeica?u, yeneaaaoi?u, iiaeuaiiua e?aiu, naa?i/iua iaoeiu, eiii?anni?u, iiaaiieino?oiaiou, aaioece/aneea i?eai?u, aeeeua o?aeea?u aeey ?aai/eo, nai?iua iiiauaiey aeey oaoie/aneiai ia?niiaea e o.ae.
Eae i?aaeei, niaoeeaeece?iaaiiay EE i?eia?aoaao o i?iecaiaeeoaeae a e?aaeeo eee ia e?aaeeo, iieo/aiiue io aaiea eee io ae?oaiai eiaanoi?a, oiaa?u a naith nianoaaiiinoue e naeaao eo iieueciaaiea ca a?aiaeioth ieaoo.
Iaoa?eineay EE o?ainiaoeeiiaeueiie ei?ii?aoeee iau/ii ia?ai?iaeaao i?iaeoeoeeth a e?aaeeo ca?oaaaeiie aei/a?iae EE, eioi?ay naeaao yoo i?iaeoeoeeth a a?aiaeo. Iieo/aiiay io a?aiaeiuo iia?aoeee i?eaueue ia?aaiaeeony iaoa?eineei eiiiaieyi iooai i?eiaiaiey aioo?eei?ii?aoeeiiiuo o?ainoa?oiuo oeai. Eeceiaiaua eiiiaiee oe?iei i?aeoeeotho ?aciauaiea o i?iecaiaeeoaeae caeacia ia iai?oaeiaaiea a niioaaonoaee n i?aaeaa?eoaeueii caeeth/aiiuie niaeaoaieyie i naea/a aai a a?aiaeo.
Aieueoeinoai eeceiaiauo eiiiaiee yaeythony oeiainiai iacaaeneiuie io i?iecaiaeeoaeae i?aaeiaoia a?aiaeu. A iineaaeiea aeanyoeeaoey iaaethaeaaony iniaaiii auno?ia ?acaeoea niaoeeaeece?iaaiiuo a?aiaeiuo naoae, a eioi?uo ia?yaeo n aieiaiui eiiiaieyie, yaeythueieny iniiaiuie eiaanoi?aie a a?aiaeiua iia?aoeee, aeoeaii ?aaioatho ia ?uiea e noaa?aiaeiua oe?iu, iaeneiaeueii i?eaeeaeaiiua e a?aiaeaoi?ai. Oaeea naoe aeaenoaotho a iaeanoe eae aeieain?i/iie, oae e e?aoein?i/iie a?aiaeu.
A oeiaine?iaaiee a?aiaeiuo iia?aoeee o/anoaotho i?iecaiaeeoaee i?aaeiaoia a?aiaeu, nicaeaaay a naieo nauoiauo iiae?acaeaeaieyo niaoeeaeece?iaaiiua neoaeau eee aeeaaeuaay eaieoaeu a aei/a?iea eiiiaiee. Iaeiaei iniiaiie iauai oeiaine?iaaiey a?aiaeiuo iia?aoeee inouanoaeytho aaiee eee oe?iu, niaoeeaeece?othueany ia eiaanoe?iaaiee eaieoaea a yoo iaeanoue i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie aeayoaeueiinoe.
N iiiiuueth a?aiaeiuo iia?aoeee eo o/anoee iieo/atho yeiiiie/aneea i?aeiouanoaa ii n?aaiaieth n oiio?aaeaieai oiaa?ia a e?aaeeo. Ii a ioee/ea io aeieain?i/iiai e?aaeeoa eeceia i?aaenoaaeyao niaie nnoaeo iiae iaania/aiea eiouanoaa n aa?aioeae oeaeaaiai eniieueciaaiey i?aaeinoaaeaiiuo n?aaenoa. A oi aea a?aiy eeceia n aeieain?i/iui e?aaeeoii iauaaeeiyao ia?aaea/a eiouanoaa a iieueciaaiea a?aiaeaoi?o a aeiea ia aeeeoaeueiue n?ie.
Eeceia niaea?aeeo a naaa e yeaiaiou oeiaine?iaaiey: yoi aiciiaeiinoue i?eia?aoaiey eiouanoaa a iieueciaaiea. Ii a ioee/ea io oeiaine?iaaiey i?e eeceiaa yoi eiouanoai iiea/eaaaony ca n/ao e?aaeeoa. E?iia oiai, i?e eeceiaa aei?iainoiyuaai eiouanoaa i?eaeaeaaony aaieianeee eaieoae, /oi iicaieyao a?aiaeaoi?o yenieoaoe?iaaoue iiaaeoaa iai?oaeiaaiea i?e ieieiaeueiuo cao?aoao.
Iiae “eiouanoaii” iiae?acoiaaathony ana i?aaeiaou a?aiaeu: iaoeiu, iai?oaeiaaiea, o?ainii?oiua n?aaenoaa, nii?oaeaiey e o.ae.
A i?iiuoeaiii ?acaeouo no?aiao a?aiaea n/eoaaony yooaeoeaiui iaoiaeii noeioee?iaaiey yeiiiieee ca n/ao onei?aiiiai iaiiaeaiey i?iecaiaenoaa, iiyoiio i?aaeoaeuenoai i?aaeinoaaeyao eueaiou e a?aiaeaoi?ai, e a?aiaeiaeaoaeyi (EE). Oae, EE eiatho aiciiaeiinoue onei?aiiiai (aieaa 25% a aiae) nienaiea n?aaenoa ia aii?oecaoeeth naeaiiuo a a?aiaeo iaoei e ae?oaeo aeaeia oiaa?a. Yoi iicaieyao EE oiaiueoeoue aaee/eio iaeaaaaiie iieinaie i?eauee, e ca n/ao yoiai nieceoue a?aiaeiua noaaee. A oneiaeyo eiieo?aioeee oaeay nenoaia auaiaeia iaaei noi?iiai: iiauoaaony eiieo?aioiniiniaiinoue EE e iiauoaaony eioa?an a?aiaeaoi?a: a?aiaea aeey iaai noaiiaeony aieaa auaiaeiie, /ai i?eia?aoaiea oiaa?a a e?aaeeo.
Aeieain?i/iay a?aiaea n aeoeaiui eniieueciaaieai i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiuo iiiu?aiee iieo/eea iacaaiea eeaa?eaeae eeceia e aeoeaii eniieuecoaony i?e a?aiaea iaoeiaieiai iai?oaeiaaiey, iai?eia? yeaeo?iiii-au/eneeoaeueiuo iaoei, iaaeeoeeineiai iai?oaeiaaiey, naiieaoia e o.ae.
2. AeIAIAI? A?AIAeU E AAI NIAeA?AEAIEA.
Oa?aeoa?iuie iniaaiiinoyie aeiaiai?a a?aiaeu yaeythony neaaeothuea.
I?aaeiao a?aiaeu anaaaea no?iai eiaeeaeaeoaeece?iaai. A iienaiee i?aaeiaoa iau/ii i?eaiaeyony aai oa?aeoa?enoeee, aa?aioe?oaiua a?aiaeiaeaoaeai.
N?ie a?aiaeu /aoei ii?aaeaeyaony oneiaeyi niaeaoaiey. Ii iau/ii ia/eiaaony n iiiaioa ia?aaea/e i?aaeiaoa a iieueciaaiea a?aiaeaoi?o e caeai/eaaaony aai ecuyoeai ec iieueciaaiey eee i?iaeaaeae a nianoaaiiinoue iieueciaaoaeth. Aeiaiai? iiaeao onoaiaaeeaaoue iieiue n?ie a?aiaeu eee i?aaeoniao?eaaoue ia/aeueiue n?ie a?aiaeu e ii?yaeie aai i?iaeeaiey.
I?e a?aiaea e?oiiuo iaoei e iai?oaeiaaiey, a iniaaiiinoe ecaioiaeaiiuo ii eiaeeaeaeoaeueiui o?aaiaaieyi a?aiaeaoi?a, a aeiaiai?a onoaiaaeeaaaony n?ie, a oa/aiea eioi?iai ie a?aiaeaoi?, ie a?aiaeiaeaoaeue ia eiatho i?aaa i?a?aaoue aai aeaenoaea, ca eneeth/aieai a?oauo ia?ooaiee oneiaee iinoaaee, o?aaiaaiee e oaoie/aneiio o?iaith e ea/anoao, a oaeaea iaycaoaeuenoa ii ieaoaaeai.
E?oiiua, neiaeiua iaoeiu e iai?oaeiaaiea, oaoiieiae/aneea eiiieaenu e i?iiuoeaiiua i?aaei?eyoey yaeythony iau/ii i?aaeiaoaie aeieain?i/iie a?aiaeu-eeceiaa. Anee aeiaiai? eeceiaa i?aaeoniao?eaaao, /oi ianeoaeeaaiea, ?aiiio e ana aeaeu no?aoiaaiey inouanoaeythony a?aiaeaoi?ii, oi oaeie eeceia iacuaaaony oeiainiaui. A yoii neo/aa a i?aaiaoea niaea?aeeony oeacaiea ia oeiainiaue oa?aeoa? a?aiaeu, o.a. ia oi, /oi eiouanoai, yaeyaony i?aaeiaoii eiio?aeoa, i?eia?aoaii eeceiaiaie eiiiaieae eneeth/eoaeueii n oeaeueth naea/e aai a a?aiaeo. Eiio?aeo ia a?aiaeo n ianeoaeeaaieai iai?oaeiaaiey a?aiaeiaeaoaeai ii nouanoao i?aaenoaaeyaony niaie eiiieaen aeiaiai?ia oeiainiaiai eeceiaa e iiae?yaea. Yoio oei a?aiaeu i?eiaiyaony i?e eeceiaa neiaeiiai oaoiieiae/aneiai iai?oaeiaaiey, yeaeo?iiii-au/eneeoaeueiuo eiiieaenia, eiie?iaaeueiuo iaoei e o.ae.
Anee eeceiaiaue eiio?aeo aeeth/aao a naay, iiieii aeiaiai?a a?aiaeu, i?iaeaaeo a?aiaeaoi?o iai?oaeiaaiey eee iaaeaeaeeiinoe a e?aaeeo eeai oeiaine?iaaiea no?ieoaeuenoaa e ae?oaeo ?aaio, oi oaeie aeae a?aiaeu iacuaaaony iyeeaeae eeceia. I?eia?aie oaeiai eeceiaa iiaeao auoue naea/a a a?aiaeo i?iiuoeaiiuo i?aaei?eyoee, eiaaea caeaiey i?iaeathony a e?aaeeo, iai?oaeiaaiea naeaaony a a?aiaeo, a ?anoiaeu ii caiaeueiie ?aioa e aa?aioeyi oeiaine?othony eeceiaiaie eiiiaieae.
I?e iau/iii eeceiaiaii aeiaiai?a, eiaaea ii enoa/aiee n?iea a?aiaeu i?aaeoniao?eaaaony i?aai a?aiaeaoi?a eoieoue i?aaeiao a?aiaeu, a?aiaeaoi? iiaeao ?ann/eouaaoue ia iieo/aiea aieaa ieceeo a?aiaeiuo noaaie. I?e yoii ii i?aaeinoaaeyao oeiainiaua aa?aioee naieo iaycaoaeuenoa ii caeoiea, aa?aioee aeatho aaiee iiae caeia i?aaeiaoia a?aiaeu.
I?aaeiaoaie n?aaeian?i/iie a?aiaeu iiaoo auoue no?ieoaeueii-iiioaaeiua nii?oaeaiey e iai?oaeiaaiey, naeueoiciaoeiiuo YAI, e?oiiua o?ainii?oiua n?aaenoaa.
Aeiaiai?u ia a?aiaeo o?ainii?oiuo n?aaenoa (noaeia, aaeaeaeia?ia, aaoiaonia e o.i.) iiaoo caeeth/aoueny eae “oaei-/a?oa?” (time charter) – anee o?ainii?oiia n?aaenoai o?aoooaony n yeeiaaeai e aiaeeoaeai, e “aa?oioo” (bare-boat charter) – anee aac yeeiaaea.
Oa aea aeaeu eiouanoaa iiaoo auoue i?aaeiaoaie e?aoein?i/iie a?aiaeu. E?aoei-e n?aaeian?i/iay a?aiaea iacuaaaony iia?aoeaiie. A aeiaiai?ao ii iia?aoeaiie a?aiaea iau/ii i?aaeoniao?eaatho iaycaiiinoe a?aiaeiaeaoaey iaania/eaaoue oaoie/aneia ianeoaeeaaiea e no?aoiaaiea i?aaeiaoa a?aiaeu e eiiaaea – a?aiaeaoi?a. A iineaaeiaa a?aiy iiiiuue a?aiaeiaeaoaeae (EE) a ianeoaeeaaiee i?aaeiaoia a?aiaeu /anoi i?aaeoniao?eaaaony e a eeceiaiauo aeiaiai?ao.
Oaoie/aneea aa?aioee a aeiaiai?ao a?aiaeu ii?aaeaeythony aeaoiy niiniaaie:
1. a?aiaeiaeaoaeue (EE) i?eieiaao ia naay ioaaonoaaiiinoue ii yoei aa?aioeyi;
2. EE ia?aaeaao ioaaonoaaiiinoue ii aa?aioeyi iaiin?aaenoaaiii ecaioiaeoaeyi i?aaeiaoia a?aiaeu.
I?aoaicee ii oaoie/aneei aa?aioeyi ?anniao?eaathony noi?iiaie oae aea, eae e i?e aeiaiai?ao eoiee-i?iaeaaee. Iaeiaei ia?yaeo n i?aaii acuneeaaoue oo?aoiua naieoeee e oauoee ca ianaiaa?aiaiioth eee iaea/anoaaiioth iinoaaeo i?aaeiaoia a?aiaeu a?aiaeaoi?u iieo/atho i?aai caaea?aeeaaoue ieaoaaee.
Aeiaiai?u a?aiaeu niaea?aeao e iaycaoaeuenoaa a?aiaeaoi?ia eniieueciaaoue i?aaeiaou a?aiaeu a niioaaonoaee n i?aaeeaie yenieoaoaoeee e iiaoo i?aaeoniao?eaaoue i?aai a?aiaeiaeaoaeae inouanoaeyoue i?iaa?eo.
Nia?aiaiiua aeiaiai?u ia eecea iaoeiaieiai iai?oaeiaaiey ia?aaeei niaea?aeao iaycaiiinoue a?aiaeiaeaoaeae aei enoa/aiey n?iea a?aiaeu caiaiyoue a?aiaeoaiua iaoeiu, iai?oaeiaaiea e ae?oaea i?aaeiaou ia iiaua, aieaa niaa?oaiiua. Ii nouanoao, oaeea oneiaey yaeythony i?aaii a?aiaeaoi?ia ainiieueciaaoueny aiciiaeiinoueth iiaea?iecaoeee i?iecaiaenoaa a niioaaonoaee n oaiiaie iao/ii-oaoie/aneiai i?ia?anna. Anoanoaaiii, /oi caiaia a?aiaeoaiuo iaoei e iai?oaeiaaiey ia aieaa niaa?oaiiua o?aaoao ia?acaeeth/aiey aeiaiai?a n niaeaniaaieai iiauo noaaie e ae?oaeo oneiaee.
I?aai nianoaaiiinoe ii anai aeiaiai?ai a?aiaeu inoaaony ca a?aiaeiaeaoaeyie, /oi eneeth/aao iaiaoiaeeiinoue i?aaeinoaaeaiey a?aiaeaoi?aie oeiainiauo aa?aioee ia noieiinoue i?aaeiaoia a?aiaeu.
Aeiiieieoaeueiua oneoae yaeythony i?aaeiaoii anao aeaeia a?aiaeu, ca eneeth/aieai oeiainiaie. Iauai iaycaoaeuenoa a?aiaeiaeaoaeae ii oi?aaeaieth i?aaeiaoaie a?aiaeu, iaaethaeaieth ca eo yenieoaoaoeeae, ii oaoie/aneiio ianeoaeeaaieth, iaania/aieth caianiuie /anoyie yaeyaony i?aaeiaoii niaeaniaaiey noi?ii i?e caeeth/aiee aeiaiai?ia a?aiaeu. A caaeneiinoe io oa?aeoa?a i?aaeiaoia a?aiaeu, n?ieia a?aiaeu, aiciiaeiinoae a?aiaeaoi?ia niioiioaiey iaycaoaeuenoa noi?ii iiaoo auoue ?acee/iuie. Oi aea ioiineony e e no?aoiaaieth. I?e ?aioeiaa eaaeiauo aaoiiiaeeae, iai?eia?, a?aiaeiaeaoaeue no?aooao e aaoiiaoeio e a?aiaeaoi?a io anao aeaeia aaa?ee e i?aoaicee o?aoueeo eeoe, a aeiaiai?u ia oeiainiaue eeceia iau/ii aeeth/atho iaycaoaeuenoaa a?aiaeaoi?ia inouanoaeoue no?aoiaaiea a iieueco a?aiaeiaeaoaeae.
A?aiaeiua aeiaiai?u niaea?aeao iiiai ae?oaeo oneiaee, eanathueony ii?yaeea yenieoaoaoeee e ianeoaeeaaiey i?aaeiaoia a?aiaeu, iaycaoaeuenoaa a?aiaeaoi?ia ia ?acaeaoaoue oaoie/aneeo nae?aoia, a oaeaea oneiaey, eanathueany “oi?n-iaaei?iuo ianoiyoaeuenoa” e o.ae., eioi?ua a i?eioeeia ia ioee/athony io oneiaee aeiaiai?ia iinoaaee.
3. A?AIAeIAss IEAOA (A?AIAeIAss NOAAEA)
Noiia a?aiaeiie ieaou aeieaeia aiciauaoue a?aiaeiaeaoaeth:
– ?uii/ioth noieiinoue caeoieaiiuo o iinoaaueeia i?aaeiaoia a?aiaeu ca au/aoii eo inoaoi/iie noieiinoe iinea iinea ieii/aiey aa n?iea;
– noieiinoue e?aaeeoa, iieo/aiiiai io i?iecaiaeeoaey, aaiea eee ae?oaiai eiaanoi?a;
– aaeieieno?aoeaiua ecaea?aeee, ?anoiaeu ia no?aoiaaiea e oaoie/aneia ianeoaeeaaiea e o.ae.
E?iia oiai, a?aiaeiay ieaoa aeieaeia iaania/eaaoue a?aiaeiaeaoaeth aiciiaeiinoue iieo/aiey caieaie?iaaiiie i?eauee ia eaieoae, aeiaeaiiue ei a a?aiaeioth iia?aoeeth.
Oaeei ia?acii, noiia a?aiaeiie ieaou n o/aoii inoaoi/iie noieiinoe ( AI) iiaeao i?aauoaoue noieiinoue i?eia?aoaiey i?aaeiaoa a?aiaeu (NIA) ia aaee/eio ecaea?aeae a?aiaeiaeaoaey (Enoi) e aai i?eaueue (I):
AI = Nia + Enoi + I
A?aiaeiua noaaee, eae e iaaeaeoia?iaeiua oeaiu, caaenyo io ni?ina e i?aaeeiaeaiey ia ?uiea. Noaaee ia e?aoein?i/ioth e n?aaeian?i/ioth a?aiaeo na?eeiuo iaoei, iai?oaeiaaiey, auoiauo i?eai?ia, eino?oiaioia e eiaaioa?y iiae aeeyieai eiieo?aioeee ieaaee?othony e aeinoaoi/ii oi?ioi ecaanoiu ia ?uiea. Ii?aaeaeaiea noaaie ia a?aiaeo iaoei e iai?oaeiaaiey eiaeeaeaeoaeueiiai ecaioiaeaiey i?aaenoaaeyao ecaanoiua o?oaeiinoe. Caeanue neaaeoao enoiaeeoue ec oiai, /oi /enoay noieiinoue a?aiaeu n o/aoii inoaoi/iie noieiinoe, ii aac ?anoiaeia ia no?aoiaaiea, oaoie/aneia ianeoaeeaaiea e ae?oaea oneoae, i?aaeinoaaeyaiua a?aiaeiaeaoaeai, ia aeieaeia i?aauoaoue noieiionue iaoei e iai?oaeiaaiey i?e eo i?aia?aoaiee a e?aaeeo e noieiinoue naiiai e?aaeeoa. Oaeay caeiiiia?iinoue naycaia n aeiiieieoaeueiuie i?aeiouanoaaie, iieo/aaiuie a?aiaeiaeaoaeyie i?e i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiii noeioee?iaaiee a?aiaeiuo iia?aoeee.
A iaaeaeoia?iaeiie i?aeoeea noieiinoue a?aiaeu ?ann/eouaaaony ia iniiaa niiinoaaeaiey eiieo?aioiuo eenoia, a eioi?uo niaea?aeaony yeiiiie/aneea oneiaey a?aiaeu, i?aaeeaaaaiua ?aciuie eiino?aiiuie EE. I?e ionoonoaee iaiaoiaeeiuo eiieo?aioiuo i?aaeeiaeaiee iiaeii eniieueciaaoue aeey ?an/aoa aeaiiua ii i?iaeaaea aiaeiae/iuo oiaa?ia a e?aaeeo.
Ia yoie iniiaa ?ann/eouaatho i?eaioe?iai/ioth noieiinoue eeceiaa n o/aoii i?iaiice?oaiie inoaoi/iie noieiinoe aica?auaaiuo iaoei e iai?oaeiaaiey iinea ieii/aiey n?iea a?aiaeu e nieaeaiey iaeiaiauo ieaoaaeae i?e aiciiaeiinoe onei?aiiie aii?oecaoeee. ?an/ao aeieaeai o/eouaaoue ecaea?aeee a?aiaeiaeaoaey e ieaie?oaioth ei i?eaueue ia aeiaeaiiue eaieoae. Inoaoi/iay noieiinoue iaoei e iai?oaeiaaiey caaeneo io eo oaoie/aneeo oa?aeoa?enoee e oaiiia iao/ii-oaoie/aneiai i?ia?anna.
I?e n?iea a?aiaeu O1 inoaoi/iay noieiinoue (N1) ii?aaeaeyaony oaiiii oece/aneiai eciina. I?e n?iea a?aiaeu O2 inoaoi/iay noieiinoue (N2) ii?aaeaeyaony oaiiii ii?aeueiiai eciina. Caaeneiinoue oece/aneiai e ii?aeueiiai eciina aeieaeia i?iaiice?iaaoueny a?aiaeiaeaoaeyie e a?aiaeaoi?aie aeey eaaeaeiai aeaea iaoei e iai?oaeiaaiey.
Aaee/eiu ?aaiiia?iuo a?aiaeiuo noaaie ii?aaeaeythony aeaeaieai iauae noieiinoe a?aiaeu ia /enei ieaoaaeae. A?aiaeiua noaaee iau/ii yaeythony noiiaie iniiaiuo noaaie, naycaiiuo ni noieiinoueth a?aiaeu iaoei e iai?oaeiaaiey, e aeiiieieoaeueiuo – ca i?aaeinoaaeyaiua a?aiaeiaeaoaeyie a?aiaeaoi?ai aeiiieieoaeueiua oneoae (no?aoiaaiea, oaoie/aneia ianeoaeeaaiea e o.ae.). I?e e?aoei- e n?aaeian?i/iie a?aiaea iau/ii onoaiaaeeaathony iinoiyiiua aaee/eiu iniiaiuo noaaie ia aanue ia?eiae, i?e eeceiaa i?eiaiythony eae iinoiyiiua, oae e eciaiyaiua noaaee. I?e yoii a?aiaeiaeaoaee no?aiyony onoaiiaeoue ?aa?anneaiue oa?aeoa? eciaiaiey a?aiaeiuo noaaie, /oiau iaania/eoue naaa iaeneioi a?aiaeiuo ieaoaaeae a ia/aeueiue ia?eiae a?aiaeu e caeioa?aniaaoue a?aiaeaoi?ia a i?iaeeaiee aa n?ieia.
A oao neo/ayo, eiaaea ia iiiaio caeeth/aiey eeceiaiaiai niaeaoaiey noi?iiu ia iiaoo ii?aaeaeeoue ia?a/aiue e iauai oneoa, eioi?ua iio?aaothony a?aiaeaoi?o, iie aeiaiaa?eaathony, /oi noaaee ca yoe oneoae aoaeoo iiaen/eouaaoueny ii eo oaeoe/aneie naaanoieiinoe aeey a?aiaeiaeaoaey, oaaee/aiiie ia aaee/eio aiciaa?aaeaeaiey, i?eieiaaioth iau/ii a i?aaeaeao 10 – 20%. Aeaaea oi ianoiyoaeuenoai, /oi ia ia?eiae a?aiaeu nianoaaiieeii aa i?aaeiaoa inoaaony a?aiaeiaeaoaeue, ia aeaao iieiie aa?aioee niaethaeaiey aai eioa?ania. Anee a?aiaeaoi? ieaaeaony ia ethaii yoaia a?aiaeu iaieaoaaeaniiniaiui, a?aiaeiaeaoaeue iiaeao iiianoe iioa?e a ?acia?a ianeieueeeo i/a?aaeiuo ieaoaaeae. Iiyoiio eioa?anu a?aiaeiaeaoaey iiaoo caueoeoue eeai i?eiaiaiea ?aa?anneaiuo noaaie, eeai auieaoa i?e iiaeienaiee eiio?aeoa aaaina a ?acia?a aeaoo-o?ao a?aiaeiuo ieaoaaeae. Iaeiaei no?aieaiea a?aiaeiaeaoaeae cano?aoiaaoueny iooai ?aa?anneaiuo noaaie e aaainia naea?aeeaaaony eiieo?aioeeae ia ?uiea.
A?aiaeiua noaaee onoaiaaeeaathony ia oieueei a caaeneiinoe io n?iea a?aiaeu, ii e io eioaineaiinoe eniieueciaaiey i?aaeiaoa. Iai?eia?, i?e ?aioeiaa aaoiiaoei a?aiaeiay ieaoa aceiaaony ca eaaeaeue aeaiue a?aiaeu e ca aeiiieieoaeueiue eeeiiao?aae i?iaaaa naa?o onoaiiaeaiiie ii?iu.
Neaaeoao eiaoue a aeaeo, /oi /ai aeieueoa n?ie a?aiaeu, oai aieueoa noieo cao?aou ia oaoie/aneia ianeoaeeaaiea e yenieoaoaoeeth i?aaeiaoa a?aiaeu. Iiyoiio ia i?aeoeea oieueei iaaeaeaeeiinoue iiaeao naeaaaoueny ia aeeeoaeueiue n?ie, aeaeaeeiia eiouanoai a?aiaeoaony ia n?ie a i?aaeaeao 5-6 eao.
4. EECEIA, A?AIAeA, E?AAeEO IIEOIAOAETH E OEIAINIAUE E?AAeEO. NOIAeNOAI E ?ACEE*EA.
N yeiiiie/aneie oi/ee c?aiey iaaeaeo oaeeie oi?iaie oi?aiaee, eae oeiainiaue eeceia, iia?aoeaiay a?aiaea, e?aaeeo iieoiaoaeth e oeiainiaue e?aaeeo anoue noiaenoai e ioee/ea. Iiaeii neacaoue, /oi eeceia yaeyaony aeiaiai?ii iniaiai ?iaea, a eioi?ii ni/aoathony yeaiaiou a?aiaeiiai aeiaiai?a e aeiaiai?a i i?aaeinoaaeaiee e?aaeeoa.
Eeceia e a?aiaea. I?e iieo/aiee iauaeoa a iieueciaaiea eeceiaa iieo/aoaeue i?eieiaao ia naay iaycaiiinoe, naycaiiua n i?aaii nianoaaiiinoe (?ene neo/aeiie aeaaee, oaoianeoaeeaaiey) oioy ii i?aaiaui ii?iai eeceiaiaeaoaeue inoaaony aeaaeaeueoeai iauaeoa eeceiaiaie naeaeee. A ioee/ea io a?aiaeaoi?a eeceiaiiieo/aoaeue auiea/eaaao eeceiaiaeaoaeth ia aaeaiany/ioth ieaoo ca i?aai iieueciaaiey iauaeoii, a iieioth noiio aii?oecaoeeiiiuo io/eneaiee. A neo/aa auyaeaiey aeaoaeoia a iauaeoa eeceiaiaie naeaeee eeceiaiaeaoaeue n/eoaaony naiaiaeiui io aa?aioeeiuo iaycaoaeuenoa e a ii?yaeea eiii?iienna onooiaao eeceiaiiieo/aoaeth i?aai i?aaeuyaeaiey ?aeeaiaoeee (i?aoaicee) e iinoaaueeo aeaiiiai iauaeoa. Oaeei ia?acii iniiaiay iniaaiiinoue eeceiaiaiai aeiaiai?a a oii, /oi n oi/ee c?aiey ?ani?aaeaeaiey ?eneia, ioaaonoaaiiinoe e aa?aioeyi eeceiaiaeaoaey a?aiaeiua aeiaiai?iua ioiioaiey caiaiythony i?aaiaui ?aaoee?iaaieai ia iniiaa aeiaiai?ia eoiee-i?iaeaaee. Aaaeiie iniaaiiinoueth oeiainiaiai eeceiaa yaeyaony caoeene?iaaiiue a aeiaiai?a e ia iiaeeaaeauee iaiaia n?ie, a oa/aiea eioi?iai iaa noi?iiu eiatho aa?aioe?iaaiiue i?aaiaie noaoon. Eeceiaiaue aeiaiai? iiaeao i?aaeoniao?eaaoue i?aai aein?i/iie auieaou iauae noiiu iaycaoaeuenoa ii eeceiaiaui aciinai. I?e aica?aoa iauaeoa eeceiaiiieo/aoaeue auiea/eaaao oaeaea noieiinoue iauaeoa ca au/aoii noiiu aii?oecaoeee.
Iia?aoeaiue eeceiaiaue aeiaiai? iiaeeaaeeo ?anoi?aeaieth a ethaie iiiaio e ia iaai ?ini?ino?aiythony i?aaiaua ii?iu a?aiaeiiai aeiaiai?a. Iia?aoeaiua eeceiaiaua aeiaiai?u a ioee/ea io oeiainiauo iniiaaiee ia ia iieo/aiee i?aaeiaoa, a ia oeiaine?iaaie. A ieo ia i?aaeoniao?eaaaony iieiay aii?oecaoeey e ioianaiea ?eneia, naycaiiuo n i?aaii nianoaaiiinoe, ia n/ao eeceiaiiieo/aoaey.
Ioee/ea a?aiaeiiai e eeceiaiaiai aeiaiai?ia ninoieo oaeaea a noiia auieao. I?e eeceiaa o/eouaaaony iieoiiay oeaia iauaeoa, n?ie eeceiaa, inoaoi/iay noieiinoue e i?ioeaioiay noaaea. I?e a?aiaea ?acia? auieao caaeneo io ?uii/iie eiiuthieoo?u (ni?ina e i?aaeeiaeaiey). A ioee/ea io a?aiaeu, i?e eeceiaa i?aeoeeoaony iieo/aiea iauaeoa a nianoaaiiinoue eeceiaiiieo/aoaey ii ca?aiaa niaeaniaaiiie iieoiiie oeaia, ii ieii/aiee n?iea aeiaiai?a. A yoii aea ioee/ea eeceiao io e?aaeeoa iieoiaoaeth.
Eeceia e e?aaeeo. I?e e?aaeeoa iieoiaoaeth oeiaine?othuee i?aai eiaao i?aai nianoaaiiinoe ia iauaeo aei iieiiai iiaaoaiey aeieaa, e caaiuee ia eiaao i?aaa ia?ai?iaeaaee iauaeoa. I?aai nianoaaiiinoe ia iauaeo ia?aoiaeeo e caaiueeo iinea auieaou iineaaeiaai aciina.
I?e eeceiaa eeceiaiiieo/aoaeue ia anaaaea iiaeao n/eoaoueny aeaaeaeueoeai iauaeoa aeaaea iinea auieaou e ieii/aiey n?iea aeiaiai?a. Anee i?e caeeth/aiee aeiaiai?a eeceiaiaeaoaeue i?aaeinoaaeyao eeceiaiiieo/aoaeth i?aai iioeeiia, o.a. i?aaa iieoiee iauaeoa ca ii?aaeaeaiioth oeaio, yoi ia icia/aao aua ia?aaea/o i?aaa nianoaaiiinoe.
I?e e?aaeeoa caaiuee iieo/aao aauiia i?aai iieueciaaiey, eioi?ia iinea oieaou anao aciinia ia?aoiaeeo a i?aai nianoaaiiinoe.
I?e eeceiaa eeceiaiiieo/aoaeue eiaao i?aai iieueciaaiey a ia?eiae aeaenoaey aeiaiai?a.
I?e iieoiea a e?aaeeo any aeiiieieoaeueiay i?eaueue io eniieueciaaiey iauaeoa i?eiaaeeaaeeo caaiueeo.
I?e eeceiaa i?aai ia aeiiieieoaeueioth i?eaueue onoaiaaeeaaaony aeiaiai?ii.
Eeceia e oeiainiaue e?aaeeo. Oeiainiaue e?aaeeo, a ioee/ea io e?aaeeoa iieoiaoaeth e eeceiaa ia yaeyaony oeiaine?iaaieai iauaeoa naeaeee, a i?aaeinoaaeyaony eiie?aoiiio caaiueeo.
E?aaeeoi? aeey iaania/aiey naiaai o?aaiaaiey ia oneiaeyo ia?aaea/e nianoaaiiinoe ia aeaeaeeiia eiouanoai iieo/aao i?aai nianoaaiiinoe ia iauaeo, eioi?ia aei oiai i?eiaaeeaaeaei caaiueeo.
Ii iaeiaiaiio e oi?aiaiio i?aao oeiainiaue e?aaeeo ?anniao?eaaaony oaeaea eae e?aaeeo iieoiaoaeth.
Eoae, eeceia yaeyaony n?aaenoaii oeiaine?iaaiey, eioi?ia iiaeao auoue auaiaeii i?aaei?eyoeth i?e iaaeinoaoea n?aaenoa aeey eaieoaeiaeiaeaiey e eueaioiuo oneiaeyo iaeiaiiaeiaeaiey.
A?aiaea a ?innee: A iaoai ainoaea?noaa a?aiaea i?aeoeeiaaeanue a ia/aea 20-o aiaeia, ii iineieueeo a?aiaeiua ioiioaiey ia aienuaaeenue a aaeieieno?aoeaii-eiiaiaeioth nenoaio oi?aaeaiey yeiiiienoia, oi iie auee cai?auaiu a 1930 a., oioy i?aeoe/anee ia eniieueciaaeenue oaea e 1825 a. A oiaea ia?ano?ieee niaaoneie yeiiiieee a eiioea 80o aiaeia niiaa ia/aee i?aeoeeiaaoue a?aiaeiua ioiioaiey.Auee ?ac?aaioaiu i?aaiaua oneiaey aeiaiai?ia eeceiaa iaoei e iai?oaeiaaiey ia iniiaa i?eiyoiai a 1989 a. caeiia “Ia a?aiaea e a?aiaeiuo ioiioaieyo a NNN?”.
N 1991 a. eeceiaiaua iia?aoeee noaee i?eiaiyoueny ?acaeoey a aaieianeie nenoaia.
A iaa 1980 a. a Iooaaa auea iiaeienaia iiaeaioiaeaiiay Iaaeaeoia?iaeiui einoeoooii oieoeeaoeee /anoiiai i?aaa (THIEAe?OA). Eiiaaeoeey i iaaeaeoia?iaeiie oeiainiaie a?aiaea. Iaoa aeaeaaaoeey i?eieiaea o/anoea a yoie eiiiaiee. Ii a ?innee iiea iao nia?aiaiiie i?aaiaie aacu a?aiaeiuo ioiioaiee, niioaaonoaothueo o?aaiaaieyi naaiaeiaoiaai aeiy. Yoi naea?aeeaaao oe?ieia eniieueciaaiea iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai eeceiaa.
Iaeiaiaay nenoaia, a ?innee iiea aieueoa ?aci?yao a?aiaeaoi?a, /ai iiiaaaao aio. Oae, ec ianeieueeeo eeceiaiauo eiiiaiee, nicaeaiiuo a Eaeeieia?aaeneii ?aaeiia a 1991 – 93 aiaeao, e 1996 a. i?aeoe/anee ia inoaeinue ie iaeiie, oniaoii caieiathuaeny yoeie iia?aoeeyie. *oiau auaeeoue, iiiaea eeceiaiaua eiiiaiee noaee caieiaoueny iia?aoeeyie ia?ai?iaeaaee. Ia iaoei iiea oe?ieiai i?eiaiaiey eniieueciaaiea oeiainiaiai eeceiaa a aaieianeie aeayoaeueiinoe ii oie aea i?e/eia ianiaa?oainoaa ii?iaoeaii-i?aaiaie aacu, oioy n 1991 a. iaeioi?ua aaiee ?innee noaee eniieueciaaoue oeiainiaue eeceia.
A oi aea a?aiy i?aaei?eyoey ?innee auoiaeyo ia ca?oaaaeiua eeceiaiaua eiiiaiee, i?eia?aoay nia?aiaiiua oaoiieiae/aneea eeiee, iaoeiu, iai?oaeiaaiea. A Eaeeieia?aaeneii ?aaeiia ia Eaaeooeeineii nu?caaiaea aeaenoaoao eeiey ii ?aceeao e oaniaea iieiea e niaoaiu, i?eia?aoaiiay ii eeceiao.
5. IIAe?ssAeIUA NAeAEEE A IAAEAeOIA?IAeIIE OI?AIAEA
Iiae?yaeiua naeaeee e caeeth/aaiua ii iei eiio?aeou iiaoo i?eiaiyoueny i?aeoe/anee i?e anao oi?iao iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai nio?oaeie/anoaa e oi?aiaee. Oae, i?e oi?aiaea i?iaeoeoeee a ?acia?aiiii aeaea ia?yaeo n eiio?aeoaie eoiee-i?iaeaaee oiaa?a iiaoo caeeth/aoueny eiio?aeou ia nai?eo yoie i?iaeoeoeee a no?aia eiii?oa?a.
Iiae?yaeiua eiio?aeou i?eiaiythony i?e oi?aiaea oaoiieiaeyie e “iio-oao”; oi?aiaea aioiaie i?iaeoeoeee, o?aaothuae na?aeniiai ianeoaeeaaiey; oi?aiaea eiiieaeoiui iai?oaeiaaieai aeey i?iiuoeaiiuo iauaeoia, a iaaeaeoia?iaeiie eiiia?aoeeiiiie oi?aiaea, i?e ioi?ieaiee iao/ii-i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo caeacia e a ae?oaeo oi?iao e iaoiaeao oi?aiaee e nio?oaeie/anoaa.
A eiio?aeoao iiae?yaea noi?iiaie ii naeaeea yaeythony caeac/ee (iieoiaoaeue oneoa) e iiae?yae/ee (i?iaeaaaoe oneoa). I?aaeiaoii aeiaiai?a iiae?yaea yaeyaony oiaa? (oneoae), ecaioiaeaiiue iiae?yae/eeii, ii caeaco iieoiaoaey.
Ii aeiaiai?o iiae?yaea iaeia noi?iia (iiae?yae/ee) iaycoaony ia?aaeaoue ae?oaie noi?iia (caeac/eeo) oiaa?, ecaioiaeaiiue a niioaaonoaee n eiaeeaeaeoaeueiuie o?aaiaaieyie caeac/eea.
Aaaeiie iniaaiiinoueth iiae?yaeiuo eiio?aeoia yaeyaony ia oieueei iieiay ioaaonoaaiiinoue iiae?yae/eea ca auiieiaiioth ?aaioo – ea/anoaaiii e a n?ie, ii e oeenaoeey iiyoaiiuo n?ieia auiieiaiey ?aaio. Caeac/ee eiaao i?aai eiio?iey oiaea ?aaiou e i?eaiee aa ioaeaeueiuo yoaiia. Oae, i?e nii?oaeaiee eiiieaeniuo i?iiuoeaiiuo iauaeoia iiae?yae/ee iaycai, a onoaiiaeaiiua eiio?aeoii n?iee eee aeaou:
– ?ac?aaioaoue e caueoeoue ia?aae caeac/eeii oaoie/aneee i?iaeo;
– iino?ieoue nii?oaeaiea e niiioe?iaaoue iai?oaeiaaiea;
– i?iaanoe eniuoaiey aioiaiai iauaeoa e naeaoue aai caeac/eeo.
I?e auiieiaiee iiae?yae/eeii oneiaee eiio?aeoa caeac/ee iaycai i?eiyoue e iieaoeoue auiieiaiiua ?aaiou.
Oeaiu a iiae?yaeiuo eiio?aeoao oaeaea eiatho naie iniaaiiinoe. Ec o?ao aeaeia oeai, i?eiaiyaiuo a eiio?aeoao eoiee-i?iaeaaee (oaa?aeua, n iineaaeothuae oeenaoeeae e neieuecyuea) a iiae?yaeiuo eiio?aeoao i?eiaiytho a iniiaiii neieuecyuea. Yoi aucaaii aeeeoaeueiuie n?ieaie eniieiaiey eiio?aeoia, a oa/aiea eioi?uo iiaoo eciaiyoueny oeaiu ia nu?uea e noaaee ca?aaioiie ieaou.
I?e auiieiaiee iiae?yaeiuo ?aaio i?eiaiythony iauea (aeiaaeueiua) oeaiu ia aanue iauai e ?acaeaeueiua ?anoeaiee ia aaeeieoeu ecia?aiey ?aaio.
A neiaeiuo eiio?aeoao, eiaaea auiieiythony aieueoea iauaiu ?aaio, i?eiaiythony ia aeiaaeueiua oeaiu (oeaiu anaai eiiieaena ?aaio, eiiieaeoa iai?oaeiaaiey, ia?oee ?acii?iaeiuo oiaa?ia), a aaeeie/iua ?anoeaiee ia ioaeaeueiua aeaeu ?aaio. Iieaoa inouanoaeyaony ii niaeaniaaieth ?anoeaieai, ii ia?a auiieiaiey. I?e yoii aaeeie/iua ?anoeaiee iiaoo auoue oaa?aeuie, o.a. iaeciaiyaiuie ia aanue ia?eiae eniieiaiey ?aaio, eee neieuecyueie, a caaeneiinoe io eciaiaiey noieiinoe iaoa?eaea e noaaie ca?aaioiie ieaou.
A iiae?yaeiuo eiio?aeoao /anoi i?eiaiytho oeaiu, ii?aaeaeyaiua ii nenoaia Cost plus Fee (eino iean oe – noieiinoue iethn aiciaa?aaeaeaiea), eee nie?auaii “eino iean”. I?e yoii caeac/eee iiea/eaatho oaeoe/aneoth noieiinoue auiieiaiiuo ?aaio e ?acia? aiciaa?aaeaeaiey iiae?yae/eea, niaeaniaaiiua n iei. Ec noiiu aiciaa?aaeaeaiey ia?acoaony i?eaueue ia aaaine?oaiue iiae?yae/eeii eaieoae. Iiae?yae/ee i?aaeinoaaeyao caeac/eeo ana n/aoa ia i?eia?aoaiea iaoa?eaeia, a?aiaeo no?ieoaeueiiai, iiioaaeiiai e ae?oaiai iai?oaeiaaiey, aaaeiiinoe ca?aaioiie ieaou ?aaioieeia ?acee/iie eaaeeoeeaoeee.
Aeey noeioee?iaaiey iiae?yae/eeia e nieaeaieth noieiinoe e onei?aieth ieii/aiey ?aaio nenoaia Cost plus Fee aeiiieiyaony niioaaonoaaiii nenoaiaie Target Price (oa?aao i?aen – oeaeaaay oeaia) e Target Time (oa?aao oaei – oeaeaaie n?ie). I?e nenoaia ?an/aoia “oa?aao i?aen” iiae?yae/ee e caeac/ee i?e caeeth/aiee eiio?aeoa niaeaniauaatho iauoth i?eaioe?iai/ioth oeaio anaai iauaia ?aaio. Anee noiia ieaoaaeae ca oaeoe/aneoth noieiinoue ?aaio i?aauneo onoaiiaeaiioth a eiio?aeoa oeaeaaoth oeaio, oi noiia auiea/aiiiai aiciaa?aaeaeaiey “oe” i?iii?oeeiiaeueii oiaiueoaaony ia niaeaniaaiioth aaee/eio; anee ieaea oeaeaaie oeaiu – niioaaonoaaiii oaaee/eaaaony, o.a. yeiiiiey aeaeeony iaaeaeo caeac/eeii e iiae?yae/eeii a ca?aiaa iaiai?aiiie i?iii?oeee. I?e nenoaia “oa?aao oaei” onoaiaaeeaaaony n?ie ieii/aiey ?aaio, e a neo/aa aein?i/iiai eo auiieiaiey caeac/ee auiea/eaaao iiae?yae/eeo niaeaniaaiioth aaee/eio i?aiee, i?e iiicaeaiee – auiea/eaaao ec “oe” (Cost plus Fee – eino iean oe) niaeaniaaiioth a eiio?aeoa noiio.
Ia i?aeoeea ii?iaoea “oe” (Fee – aiciaa?aaeaeaiea) onoaiaaeeaaaony ia o?iaia n?aaeiae ii?iu i?eauee ia aeiaeaiiue eaieoae a iiae?yaeiii no?ieoaeuenoaa. Aa aaee/eia a n?aaeiai ia 30 – 40% i?aauoaao oaeouea e?aaeeoiua noaaee aaieia.
I?aaeinoaaeaiea oneoa a aeaea auiieiaiey iiae?yaeiuo caeacia – auiieiaiey i?iaeoiuo ?aaio, yenia?oec e o.i. – ?acoeueoao eioi?uo ia?aoaao iaoa?eaeueioth oi?io a aeaea io/aoia, /a?oaaeae e o.i., iiaeao ioeaieaaoueny aeiaaeueiuie oeaiaie eee ?anoeaieaie ia aaeeieoeu o?oaeiauo cao?ao ?aaioieeia ?acee/iiai eaaeeoeeaoeeiiiiai o?iaiy, ecia?yaiuo a /aeiaaei-/anao, /aeiaaei-ianyoeao. Oneoae, eioi?ua naie ii naaa ia i?eia?aoatho iaoa?eaeueiie oi?iu (eiinoeueoaoeee, ?oeiaiaenoai ?aaioaie, iao/aiea eiino?aiiuo niaoeeaeenoia), iiea/eaathony eae ii aeiaaeueiui oeaiai, oae e ii noaaeai aiciauaiey, o.a. ii oeaia ca eaaeaeue ?aai/ee aeaiue eee ianyoe niaoeeaeenoa ii?aaeaeaiiie eaaeeoeeaoeee. Yoe oeaiu e noaaee ia yeaeaaeaioiu ca?aaioiie ieaoa niaoeeaeenoia e i?aaenoaaeytho ia noieiinoue ?aai/ae neeu, a oeaiu iiae?yae/eeia ia oneoae.
?aciiaeaeiinoueth aeiaiai?ia iiae?yaea yaeythony aeiaiai?u (eiio?aeou) ia iinoaaee iai?oaeiaaiey e nii?oaeaiea iauaeoia ia oneiaeyo “iiae eeth/”. Oaeaea eiio?aeou eiatho naie iniaaiiinoe, iaeaieaa aaaeiuie ec eioi?uo yaeythony neaaeothuea:
-eceiaeaiea i?aaeiaoa eiio?aeoa iau/ii i?aaenoaaeyao niaie iauaiiue aeieoiaio, a eioi?ii ia?a/eneaiu iaycaoaeuenoaa, oaoie/aneea oa?aeoa?enoeee iinoaaeyaiiai iai?oaeiaaiey, ia?a/aiue oneoa e o.ae. Yoio aeieoiaio ioi?ieyaony a aeaea i?eeiaeaiey e eiio?aeoo;
– oeaia eiio?aeoa iie?uaaao aanue niaeaniaaiiue iauai iinoaaie e oneoa. A eiio?aeou iiaoo aeeth/aoue ?anoeaiee eee noaaee aiciauaiey ia aeiiieieoaeueiua oneoae a niioaaonoaee n o?aaiaaieyie caeac/eea. Oeaiu a oaeeo eiio?aeoao iau/ii neieuecyuea, caaenyuea io eciaiaiey oeai ia iaoa?eaeu e noaaie ca?aaioiie ieaou;
– iaoiaeeea ia/eneaiey oo?aoia e ii?aaeaeaiey ?acia?a oauoeia caeac/eeia o/eouaaao o?aeoiaeo iiiyoey “caaa?oaiey iinoaaie” eiiieaeoiiai iai?oaeiaaiey. I?e yoii noiia oo?aoa ia/eneyaony n noieiinoe iai?oaeiaaiey, eioi?ia ia iiaeao auoue iouaii a yenieoaoaoeeth ec-ca aeiiouaiiiai iiicaeaiey a iinoaaeao. Iiyoiio ec-ca iiicaeaiey iaeaiueeie aeaoaee noieiinoueth a ianeieueei aeanyoeia aeieea?ia oo?ao iiaeao ninoaaeoue ianeieueei nioai ouny/ aeieea?ia, o.e. ec-ca iaeiie aeaoaee iiaeao auoue ia iouaia a n?ie neiaeiay, aei?iainoiyuay onoaiiaea. I?aaeoniao?eaaaony e aiciauaiea oauoeia, eioi?ua iiaeao iiianoe caeac/ee ec-ca ia?ooaiee n?ieia ionea iauaeoa a yenieoaoaoeeth ii aeaea iinoaaueea;
– auiieiaiea acaeiiuo iaycaoaeuenoa noi?ii iaania/eaaaony aaieianeeie aa?aioeyie. Yoe aa?aioee i?aaeinoaaeyao caeac/ee. I?e aicieeiiaaiee ?aciiaeanee ii iiaiaeo acuneaiey oo?aoia e aiciauaiey oauoeia caeac/eee iiaoo niyoue nii?iua noiiu n aa?aioee iinoaaueeia. ?acia?u aa?aioee iiaoo ninoaaeyoue io 10 aei 203 iaueo eiio?aeoia. Nii?u ?ac?aoathony n iiiiuueth a?aeo?aaea.
Naeaeee iiae?yaea oe?iei eniieuecothony a ?innee, i?aeoe/anee i?e anao oi?iao iao/ii-oaoie/aneiai e i?iecaiaenoaaiiiai nio?oaeie/anoaa, oi?iao iaaeaeoia?iaeiie oi?aiaee. Niaianoiua i?iaeou n ia?oia?aie Aiaeee, Aaeueaee, Aa?iaiee, Aieeaiaeee, Aeaiee, Ii?aaaee, NOA e ae?oaeie i?aaeoniao?eaatho eiiieaen eiio?aeoia iiae?yaea, a?aiaeu, ia?ai?iaeaaee e ae?oaeo.
AEAAA 4. OI?AAEAIEA AIAOIAYEIIIIE*ANEIE AeAssOAEUeIINOUeTH.
(1. YOAIU ?ACAEOEss NENOAIU OI?AAEAIEss AIAOIAYEIIIIE*ANEIE AeAssOAEUeIINOUeTH A ?INNEE.
1918 a. – onoaiiaeaiea ainoaea?noaaiiie iiiiiieee ia aiaoithth oi?aiaeth e ae?oaea aeaeu aiaoiayeiiiie/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe. Aeae?aoii “I iaoeeiiaeecaoeee aiaoiae oi?aiaee” (ai?aeue 1918a.) onoaiaaeeaaeny i?aai, oi?aaeythuee iaoeeiiaeece?iaaiiie aiaoiae oi?aiaeae – Ia?iaeiue eiienna?eao oi?aiaee e i?iiuoeaiiinoe. I?e /ai aue ia?aciaai Niaao aiaoiae oi?aiaee.
1920 a. – Niaao aiaoiae oi?aiaee i?aia?acoaony a Ia?iaeiue eiienna?eao aiaoiae oi?aiaee.
1986 a. – Iinoaiiaeaieai OeE EINN e Niaaoa Ieienoa?noa NNN? io 19 aaaonoa 1986 a. ?991 “I ia?ao ii niaa?oainoaiaaieth o?iaiy aiaoiayeiiiie/aneeie naycyie” nicaeaia ainoaea?noaaiiay aiaoiayeiiiie/aneay eiienney (AAE) i?e Niaaoa NNN?. Ia AAE aiceaaathony caaea/e ii eii?aeeiaoeee aeayoaeueiinoe aiaoiayeiiiie/aneeie naycyie a no?aia. Iinoaiiaeaieai ?991 i?aaeinoaaeyeinue i?aai iaiin?aaenoaaiiiai inouanoaeaiey aiaoiaoi?aiauo iia?aoeee aieaa /ai 20-oe ieienoa?noaai e aaaeiinoaai NNN? e nithciuo ?anioaeee, 70-oe e?oiiaeoei iauaaeeiaieyi e i?aaei?eyoeyi.
1987 a. – Oeacii I?aceaeaioa Aa?oiaiiai Niaaoa NNN? io 13 yiaa?y “I aii?inao, naycaiiuo n nicaeaieai ia oa??eoi?ee NNN? e aeayoaeueiinoueth niaianoiuo i?aaei?eyoee, iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo iauaaeeiaiee e i?aaiecaoeee n o/anoeai niaaoneeo e eiino?aiiuo i?aaiecaoeee, oe?i e i?aaiia oi?aaeaiey” ii?aaeaeyeenue aiciiaeiinoue e iniiaiua oneiaey oi?ie?iaaiey e aeayoaeueiinoe niaaonei-eiino?aiiuo i?aaei?eyoee a Niaaoneii Nithca. A ?acaeoea yoiai oeaca Niaao Ieienoa?noa NNN? i?eiye iinoaiiaeaiey io 13 yiaa?y ?481 e ?492 , niaeanii eioi?ui th?eaee/aneea eeoea ia oa??eoi?ee no?aiu iieo/eee i?aai nicaeaaaoue niaianoiua i?aaei?eyoey n o/anoeai eiino?aiiuo oe?i (NI).
A ?acaeoea yoeo iinoaiiaeaiee 17 naioya?y auei i?eiyoi iinoaiiaeaiea OeE EINN e NI NNN? “1074 “I aeiiieieoaeueiuo ia?ao ii niaa?oainoaiaaieth aiaoiayeiiiie/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe a iiauo oneiaeyo oicyenoaiaaiey”.
1988 a. – Iinoaiiaeaieai NI NNN? ? 1405 io 2 aeaeaa?y 1988a. “I aeaeueiaeoai ?acaeoee aiaoiayeiiiie/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe ainoaea?noaaiiuo , eiiia?aoeaiuo e eiuo iauanoaaiiuo i?aaei?eyoee, iauaaeeiaiee e i?aaiecaoeee” auei i?aaeinoaaeaii i?aai auoiaea ia aiaoiee ?uiie aeaaiiio caaio ia?iaeiioicyenoaaiiiai iaoaiecia – i?aaei?eyoeyi. Inouanoaeaiea aiaoiaoi?aiauo iia?aoeee iniiauaaeinue ia i?eioeeia aaethoiie naiiieoiaaiinoe.
1989 a. – Iinoaiiaeaieai ? 203 io 7 ia?oa 1988 a. “I ia?ao ainoaea?noaaiiiai ?aaoee?iaaiey aiaoiayeiiiie/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe”, a oaeaea a niioaaonoaee n iinoaiiaeaieai ? 1405 auea ii?aaeaeaia nenoaia ainoaea?noaaiiiai ?aaoee?iaaiey aiaoiayeiiiie/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe:
1. ?aaeno?aoeey o/anoieeia aiaoiayeiiiie/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe;
2. aeaeea?e?iaaiea oiaa?ia e eiiai eiouanoaa, ia?aiauaaiuo /a?ac ainoaea?noaaiioth a?aieoeo no?aiu;
3. ii?yaeie yenii?oa e eiii?oa ioaeaeueiuo oiaa?ia iauaainoaea?noaaiiiai iacia/aiey, aeeth/athuee eeoeaice?iaaiea;
4. iia?aoeaiia ?aaoee?iaaiea AYAe.
A 1989-90 aa. ia?a/aiue eeoeaice?oaiuo oiaa?ia ninoaaee aieaa 90% noieiinoe niaaoneiai yenii?oa e ieiei 8% – eiii?oa. Iaeiaei aaeieieno?aoeaiay nenoaia oi?aaeaiey aiaoiayeiiiie/aneeie naycyie iaaaoeaii io?aceeanue ia yooaeoeaiinoe naeaeie ii eeoeaice?oaiui oiaa?ai. Iinoaiiaeaieai ?1104 io 11 aeaeaa?y 1989 a. “I aeiiieieoaeueiuo ia?ao ainoaea?noaaiiiai ?aaoee?iaaiey a 1990a. aiaoiayeiiiie/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe2 auee cia/eoaeueii iiiiiieece?iaaiu iieiiii/ey IAYN NNN? a noa?a aiaoiaoi?aiauo iia?aoeee.
Iinea ?aniaaea NNN? e nicaeaiey noaa?aiiiai ainoaea?noaa a ?innee aue i?iaeieaeai i?ioeann aeaiie?aoecaoeee aiaoiayeiiiie/aneeo naycae.
1991 a. – Oeacii I?aceaeaioa ?213 io 15 iiya?y “I eeaa?aeecaoeee aiaoiayeiiiie/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe ia oa??eoi?ee ?NON?” auea ioia/aia niaoeeaeueiay ?aaeno?aoeey i?aaei?eyoee e i?aaiecaoeee a ea/anoaa o/anoieeia AYAe. Aiiaue nicaeaaaaiui i?aaei?eyoeyi iiaeii auei noaoue o/anoieeaie AYAe iinea ?aaeno?aoeee eo a ianoiuo i?aaiao aeanoe. Aue cia/eoaeueii nie?auai ia?a/aiue oiaa?ia, iiaeeaaeaueo eeoeaice?iaaieth e eaioe?iaaieth , aianaiu eciaiaiey a ii?yaeie iaeiaiiaeiaeaiey, nenoaio aaethoiiai e oaiiaeaiiiai ?aaoee?iaaiey.
1993 a. 12 aeaeaa?y – Ia Anaia?iaeiii ?aoa?aiaeoia i?eiyoa Eiinoeoooeey ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee, cae?aieythuay ?aca?aie/aiey iieiiii/ee a iaeanoe AYAe iaaeaeo ainoaea?noaii, ?aaeiiaie e i?aaei?eyoeyie.
Ia ainoaea?noaaiiii o?iaia ?aoathony aii?inu: aiaoiae iieeoeee e iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo ioiioaiee; iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo aeiaiai?ia e niaeaoaiee aieiu e ie?a; onoaiiaeaiea i?aaiauo iniia aaeeiiai ?uiea; oeiainiaia, aaethoiia, e?aaeeoiia, oaiiaeaiiia ?aaoee?iaaiea; iniiau oeaiiaie iieeoeee e aeaiaaeiay yienney.
A aaaeaiee ainoaea?noaa iaoiaeyony oaaea?aeueiua yeiiiie/aneea neoaeau, aaiee, iaeiae e nai?u, oiiaeu ?aaeiiaeueiiai ?acaeoey.
1993 a. – aaaaeaiu a aeaenoaea Oaiiaeaiiue eiaeaen ?O, Caeii “I oaiiaeaiiii oa?eoa”. Iauai aiaoiaoi?aiauo iia?aoeee, inouanoaeyaiuo ia oeaio?aeeciaaiiie iniiaa, nieceeny aei 30 % aiaoiaoi?aiaiai iai?ioa a ?innee. Inouanoaeyaony ia?aoiae ia oa?eoiua iaoiaeu ?aaoee?iaaiey AYAe.
1994 a – Aaiae oiaa?ia ia oeaio?aeeciaaiiie iniiaa iieiinoueth i?ae?auaaony. N 1 ethey iaiaiyaony eaioe?iaaiea ?inneeneiai yenii?oa.
1995 a. – Ia iniiaa Oeaca I?aceaeaioa ?O ? 245 io 6 ia?oa “Ia iniiaiuo i?eioeeiao inouanoaeaiey aiaoiaoi?aiaie aeayoaeueiinoe a ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee” iiaeaioiaeai e aaaaeai a aeaenoaea Oaaea?aeueiue Caeii “I ainoaea?noaaiiii ?aaoee?iaaiee aiaoiaoi?aiaie aeayoaeueiinoe” (?157-03). Aiaoiayeiiiie/aneee iaoaieci iniiauaaaony ia oa?eoiuo iaoiaeao ?aaoee?iaaiey, n nio?aiaieai ia?aie/aiiiai eniieueciaaiey iaoa?eoiuo iaoiaeia a ioiioaiee ?yaea oiaa?ia. Oi?ioee?oaony nia?aiaiiay nenoaia noeioee?iaaiey e?aaeeoiaaiey e no?aoiaaiey yenii?oa, aaaeaony ?aaioa ii iaania/aieth eiiaa?oe?oaiinoe iaoeeiiaeueiie aaethou, nicaeaieth aeaaii?eyoiuo oneiaee aeey i?eoiea eiino?aiiuo eiaanoeoeee a ?inneeneoth yeiiiieeo.
Ia nia?aiaiiii yoaia ainoaea?noaaiiue o?iaaiue oi?aaeaiey aiaoiayeiiiie/aneie aeayoaeueiinoueth i?aaenoaaeai o?aiy aeanoiuie no?oeoo?aie: caeiiiaeaoaeueiie, eniieieoaeueiie e noaeaaiie.
Caeiiiaeaoaeueiay aeanoue a eeoea Oaaea?aeueiiai Nia?aiey i?eieiaao caeiiu. Aii?inu AYAe ?aaoee?othony caeiiaie: i oaiiaeaiiii oa?eoa, i aaethoiii ?aaoee?iaaiee e aaethoiii eiio?iea, ia eiino?aiiuo eiaanoeoeeyo, i iaaeaeoia?iaeiii eiiia?/aneii a?aeo?aaea e ae?.
Eniieieoaeueiay aeanoue a eeoea Oaaea?aeueiuo ieienoa?noa e aaaeiinoa ia iniiaa caeiiia, a oaeaea oeacia I?aceaeaioa, iinoaiiaeaiee I?aaeoaeuenoaa i?eieiaao ii?iaoeaiua aeou a oi?ia eino?oeoeee, i?aaee, iieiaeaiee e o.ae. A nenoaia oi?aaeaiey aiaoiayeiiiie/aneie aeayoaeueiinoueth aeaaioth ?ieue auiieiytho: Ieienoa?noai aiaoieo yeiiiie/aneeo naycae (IAYN ?O) , Ieienoa?noai yeiiiieee ?O, ainoaea?noaaiiue oaiiaeaiiue eiieoao (AOE ?O), Oaaea?aeueiay neoaeaa ?innee ii aaethoiiio e yenii?oiiio eiio?ieth (AYE) e Oeaio?aeueiue aaie ?innee (OeA, eee Aaie ?innee).
Aeaaiay ooieoeey Ieienoa?noaa aiaoiayeiiiie/aneeo naycae – yoi eii?aeeiaoeey e ?aaoee?iaaiea aiaoiayeiiiie/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe a niioaaonoaee n ?aoaieyie aunoeo i?aaiia aeanoe. E?iia oiai niaoeeaeenou IAYN caieiathony ?ac?aaioeie e ?aaeecaoeeae ainoaea?noaaiiie aiaoiayeiiiie/aneie iieeoeeie, a o./. ii eiino?aiiui eiaanoeoeeyi; i?eieiatho o/anoea niaianoii n ae?oaeie ieienoa?noaaie a ?ac?aaioea iaoaiecia aaethoii-e?aaeeoiuo ioiioaiee n eiino?aiiuie ainoaea?noaaie.
Ieienoa?noai yeiiiieee, niaianoii n IAYN, o/anoaoao a ?ac?aaioea i?aaeeiaeaiee ii aiaoiayeiiiie/aneie iieeoeee e inouanoaeyao ainoaea?noaaiioth yeiiiie/aneoth iieeoeeo.
Aaeeioth iauaainoaea?noaaiioth iieeoeeo ii i?aaiecaoeee eiio?iey e iaaeci?a ca niaethaeaieai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa ?O a noa?a aaethoiuo, yenii?oii-eiii?oiuo e ae?oaeo aiaoiayeiiiie/aneeo iia?aoeeyo inouanoaeyao Oaaea?aeueiay neoaeaa ?innee ii aaethoiiio e yenii?oiiio eiio?ieth (AYE).
E?iia IAYN, Iei yeiiiieee e AYE a ?aaoee?iaaiee aiaoiayeiiiie/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe i?eieiatho o/anoea Ieienoa?noai eiino?aiiuo aeae (IEAe ?O), Ieienoa?noai ii nio?oaeie/anoao ni no?aiaie NIA, Ieienoa?noai iaoee e oaoie/aneie iieeoeee ?O, Ainoaea?noaaiiay iaeiaiaay neoaeaa e ae?.
(2. OI?AAEAIEA AIAOIAYEIIIIE*ANEIE AeAssOAEUeIINOUeTH
?AAEIIA E I?AAeI?EssOEss.
Oi?aaeaiea aiaoiayeiiiie/aneie aeayoaeueiinoueth ia o?iaia ?aaeiia inouanoaeyaony a niioaaonoaee n caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii ?innee e n o/aoii ?aca?aie/aiey iieiiii/ee iaaeaeo oaaea?aeueiuie e ?aaeiiaeueiuie i?aaiaie aeanoe. Yoe iieiiii/ey ii?aaeaeythony th?eaee/aneeie aeieoiaioaie: oaaea?aeueiui aeiaiai?ii , aeaonoi?iiieie aeiaiai?aie iaaeaeo ?O e ?anioaeeeaie, aoiaeyueie a aa ninoaa, oaaea?aeueiuie eiinoeoooeeiiiuie caeiiaie, e oaaea?aeueiuie caeiiaie. Oae, iai?eia?, a Eaeeieia?aaeneie iaeanoe , eae e a ae?oaeo ?aaeiiao ?innee, aeaenoaotho o?e aaoae aeanoe: caeiiiaeaoaeueiay – iaeanoiay aeoia (i?aaenoaaeoaeueiue i?aai aeanoe); eniieieoaeueiay – Aaeieieno?aoeey iaeanoe e noaeaaiay a aeaea nenoaiu noaeia (iaueo, a?aeo?aaeiuo, o?aoaeneeo). A ai?iaea Eaeeieia?aaea aeaenoaotho aiaeiae/ii ai?iaeneay aeoia, Aaeieieno?aoeey ai?iaea (Iy?ey), noaeu. A i?aaeaeao naieo iieiiii/ee e ia iniiaa caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa eaaeaeay ec aaoaae aeanoe inouanoaeyao eiio?ieue e oi?aaeaiea aeayoaeueiinoueth o/anoieeia aiaoiayeiiiie/aneeo naycae, ?aniieiaeaiiuo ia oa??eoi?ee ?aaeiia. Ii aieueoaa cia/aiea a oi?aaeaiee AYAe ia o?iaia ?aaeiia eiatho niaoeeaeueiua no?oeoo?iua iiae?acaeaeaiey Aaeieieno?aoeee (iaeanoiay, ai?iaeneay). Ai iiiaeo ?aaeiiao ?innee yoi – Oi?aaeaiea eee Aeaia?oaiaio iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo e aiaoiayeiiiie/aneeo naycae. A Eaeeieia?aaeneie iaeanoiie Aaeieieno?aoeee, a nayce n nicaeaieai iniaie yeiiiie/aneie ciiu, nouanoaotho aeaa naiinoiyoaeueiuo no?oeoo?iuo iiae?acaeaeaiey – Oi?aaeaiea ii iaaeaeoia?iaeiui aeaeai e Eiieoao ii oi?aaeaieth naiaiaeiie yeiiiie/aneie ciiie “ssioa?ue”. ?ani?aaeaeaiea iieiiii/ee a iaeanoe AYAe iaaeaeo yoeie no?oeoo?aie iiae?acaeaeaieyie Aaeieieno?aoeee inouanoaeyaony ia iniiaa:
* Onoaaa iaeanoe;
* Oaaea?aeueiiai caeiia io 22 yiaa?y 1996a. ?13 – OC “Ia Iniaie yeiiiie/aneie ciia a Eaeeieia?aaeneie iaeanoe”;
* Aeiaiai?a i ?aca?aie/aiee i?aaeiaoia aaaeaiey e iieiiii/ee iaaeaeo i?aaiaie ainoaea?noaaiiie aeanoe ?O e i?aaiaie ainoaea?noaaiiie aeanoe Eaeeieia?aaeneie iaeanoe;
* Ii?iaoeaiuo aeoia , aeanoiuo no?oeoo? e caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa ?innee.
Oi?aaeaiea aiaoiayeiiiie/aneie aeayoaeueiinoueth ia o?iaia i?aaei?eyoey inouanoaeyaony a niioaaonoaee n caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii AYAe e ianoiuie ii?iaoeaiuie aeoaie. A caaeneiinoe oi iauaia yenii?oii-eiii?oiie i?iaeoeoeee a iauae no?oeoo?a i?iecaiaenoaa ia i?aaei?eyoee nicaeathony ioaeaeu eee iiae?acaeaeaiey, eioi?ua caieiathony aii?inaie i?aaiecaoeee e oi?aaeaiey aiaoiayeiiiie/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe.
Ooieoeee niaoeeaeenoia ii AYAe iiaoo auoue neaaeothueie, a caaeneiinoe io i?iecaiaenoaaiiie no?oeoo?u oe?iu:
* iao/ii-oaoie/aneia nio?oaeie/anoai e aiaoiea nayce;
* i?ioieieueiua ia?ii?eyoey ii i?aaiecaoeee aiaoiayeiiiie/aneeo naycae;
* enneaaeiaaiea ?uiea, auyaeaiea iioaioeeaeueiuo iieoiaoaeae e iinoaaueeia, eco/aiea eiieo?aioia;
* i?aaiecaoeey e ieaie?iaaiea aiaoiaoi?aiaie naeaeee;
* ?aeeaiiay eiiiaiey, i?aaiecaoeey oiaa?iaeaeaeaiey e noeioee?iaaiea nauoa;
* ioeaiea yooaeoeaiinoe yenii?oii-eiii?oiuo iia?aoeee.
Ooieoeeiiaeueiua ioaeaeu AOI iiaeii oneiaii iiae?acaeaeeoue ia 3 a?oiiu:
1. a?oiia ieaie?iaaiey (ieaiiai-yeiiiie/aneee , aaethoii-oeiainiaue, o?ainii?oiue ioaeae, aooaaeoa?ey e o.ae.)
2. a?oiia ia?eaoeiaa (ioaeaeu eiiuthieoo?u e oeai, ?aeeaiu e aunoaaie, eiaeaia?ii-oaoie/aneee, oaoie/aneiai ianeoaeeaaiey e cai/anoae, niaianoiiai i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa e o.ae.)
3. a?oiia i?eiyoey e eniieiaiey oi?aaeai/aneeo ?aoaiee (ioaeae eaae?ia, eaioeaey?ey, ioaeaeu ANO e ?acaeoey , i?ioieieueiue e th?eaee/aneea ioaeaeu e o.ae.).
A caaeneiinoe io no?oeoo?u i?aaei?eyoey ioaeae AYAe iiaeao auoue /anoueth aioo?ei?iecaiaenoaaiiie no?oeoo?u eee ioiineoaeueii naiinoiyoaeueiui iiae?acaeaeaieai, oiaaea e th?eaee/anee naiinoiyoaeueiui.
(3. I?AAIECAOeEss AIAOIAYEIIIIE*ANEEO IIA?AOeEE IA I?AAeI?EssOEE
I?aaiecaoeey aiaoiayeiiiie/aneeo iia?aoeee ia i?aaei?eyoee aeeth/aao a naay neaaeothuea yoaiu:
1. Eco/aiea eiiuethieoo?u aiaoiaai ?uiea yenii?oa?ii e eiii?oa?ii ii eioa?anothuaio eo aeaeo oiaa?a.
2. Auai? oi?i e iaoiaeia ?aaiou ia ?uiea.
3. Ieaie?iaaiea aiaoiaoi?aiaie iia?aoeee.
4. I?iaaaeaiea ?aeeaiiie eiiiaiee.
5. Iiaeaioiaea e caeeth/aiea aiaoiaoi?aiaiai eiio?aeoa.
6. Eniieiaiea eiio?aeoiuo iaycaoaeuenoa e eiio?ieue ca eniieiaieai.
I?aaiecaoeey e oaoieea aiaoiayeiiiie/aneeo iia?aoeee o?aaoao aunieiai i?ioanneiiaeecia, niaethaeaiey aeaeiaie yoeee, oiaiey aanoe ia?aaiai?u n ia?oia?ii, ciaiey iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo yeiiiie/aneeo caeiiia e ie?iaie i?aeoeee aiaoiae oi?aiaee.
1. Eco/aiea eiiuethieoo?u ?uiea yenii?oa?aie i?iaiaeeony n oeaeueth auyaeaiey ni?ina ia ii?aaeaeaiiua aeaeu oiaa?ia ia ie?iaii ?uiea eee ia ?uieao ioaeaeueiuo aaia?aoe/aneeo ?aaeiiia e no?ai, a oii /enea:
– ii?aaeaeaiey nouanoaothuaai e ia?niaeoeaiiai ni?ina ia ii?aaeaeaiiua aeaeu oiaa?ia;
– auyaeaiea o?aaiaaiee e oa?aeoa?enoeeai oiaa?ia aeey i?eaioaoeee i?iecaiaenoaa ia iio?aaiinoe ?uiea;
– ioeaiee eiieo?aioiniiniaiinoe oiaa?ia ia ioaeaeueiuo ?uieao;
– ii?aaeaeaiey eiiia?/aneeo oneiaee nauoa, aeeth/ay o?iaaiue oeai e ia?niaeoeau aai eciaiaiey, e?aaeeoioth iieeoeeo eiieo?aioia e oi?iu ?an/aoa;
– auai? iaeaieaa yooaeoeaiuo oi?i e n?aaenoa ?aeeaiu;
– ii?aaeaeaiey aiciiaeiuo oi?i e iaoiaeia eiiia?/aneie ?aaiou ia ?uiea.
Yoa ?aaioa iiaeao i?iaiaeeoueny eae naiei yenii?oa?ii, oae e ia?eaoeiaiaie oe?iie ii aai ii?o/aieth.
Eco/aiea eiiuetheoo?u ?uiea eiii?oa?aie auiieiyaony a oeaeyo:
– auyaeaiey nia?aiaiiuo o?aaiaaiee e oiaa?ai, caeoiea eioi?uo ieaie?oaony;
– ii?aaeaeaiey aiciiaeiuo iinoaaueeia n oi/ee c?aiey ea/anoaa oiaa?ia, oaoie/aneiai o?iaiy i?iecaiaenoaa e eo oeiainiaiai iieiaeaiey;
– ii?aaeaeaiey o?iaiy oeai e i?iaiica aai eciaiaiey;
– auai?a iaeaieaa oeaeaniia?aciuo oi?i e iaoiaeia caeoiie.
2. Auai? oi?i e iaoiaeia ?aaiou ia ?uiea yenii?oa?aie inouanoaeyaony n o/aoii:
– oi?aiai-iieeoe/aneeo oneiaee ?aaiou;
– oaiiaeaiiiai ?aaeeia no?aiu-eiii?oa?a e iaoa?eoiuo aa?uea?ia (cai?ao eiii?oa, eeieoe?iaaiea, eeoeaice?iaaiea, na?oeoeeaoeey e o.i.);
– niiniaia nauoa, i?eiaiyaiuo a eiii?oe?othuae no?aia eiieo?aioaie, iioeiaeueiuo n?ieia iinoaaie, oneiaee ieaoaaeae.
Ia iniiaa yoeo aeaiiuo i?eieiathony ?aoaiey i i?eaea/aiee aaaioneeo oe?i, nicaeaiee niaoaiiuo iauanoa e niaianoiuo i?aaei?eyoee, nicaeaiee ca a?aieoeae caiania oiaa?ia. ?ac?aaaouaaaony no?oeoo?a nauoiaie naoe, ii?aaeaeyaony aiciiaeiinoue eniieueciaaiey eeceiaa eae niiniaa nauoa oiaa?ia.
O/eouaaaony oaeaea o?iaaiue ?acaeoey niaaeiuo io?aneae yeiiiieee no?aiu-eiii?oa?a aeey ii?aaeaeaiey aiciiaeiinoe ?acaeoey i?iecaiaenoaaiiie e nauoiaie eiiia?aoeee.
Iaiaoiaeeii ciaoue e o/eouaaoue caeiiiaeaoaeueiua aeou no?aiu nauoa, eanathueany niiniaia ?aciauaiey eiii?oiuo caeacia.
Aieueoeinoai oiaa?ia iiaeii yenii?oe?iaaoue eee eiii?oe?iaaoue ia iniiaa ?acee/iuo oi?i e iaoiaeia iaaeaeoia?iaeiie oi?aiaee. Iai?eia?, nu?ueaaua e i?iaeiaieuenoaaiiua oiaa?u iiaeii caeoiaoue:
* /a?ac ae?aee e aoeoeeiiu,
* ia iniiaa iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo oiaa?iuo niaeaoaiee ii aeieain?i/iui eiio?aeoai,
* ia iniiaa eiiiainaoeeiiiuo niaeaoaiee,
* ii ?aciaui e?aoein?i/iui eiio?aeoai (i?iaeiaieuenoaea).
Aei?iainoiyuaa iai?oaeiaaiea iiaeao i?eia?aoaoueny ia iniiaa eeceiaa eee eiiiainaoeeiiiuo naeaeie. Oi?aiaey eiaeeie?eiaiauie oneoaaie e “iio-oao” (know haw) eiaao naie iniaaiiinoe. Iiyoiio iaiaoiaeeii eco/eoue iaaeaeoia?iaeioth i?aeoeeo oi?aiaee ii ieaie?iaaiiui yenii?oii-eiii?oiui iia?aoeeyi.
3. Ieaie?iaaiea aiaoiaoi?aiaie iia?aoeee i?aaenoaaeyao niaie ?ac?aaioeo acaeiioaycaiiuo ii a?aiaie e niaea?aeaieth i?aaiecaoeeiiiuo e eiiia?/aneeo ia?ii?eyoee, iniiaaiiuo ia ia?eaoeiaiauo enneaaeiaaiee aeaaiuie ec eioi?uo yaeythony.
– eco/aiea ni?ina iioaioeeaeueiuo iieoiaoaeae ia oiaa?u, iai?aaeaiiua ia?niaeoeaiui iieoiaoaeyi eieoeeaoeaiuo i?aaeeiaeaiee, i?iaaaeaiea ia?aaiai?ia e iiaeienaiea eiio?aeoia.
– auai? iaoiaeia ?ani?ino?aiaiey oiaa?ia, eaiaeia ?ani?aaeaeaiey e oiaa?iaeaeaeaiey; ?aeeaia oiaa?a e noeioee?iaaiea nauoa;
– i?aaiecaoeey nenoaiu nauoa, aeeth/ay nicaeaiea nauoiauo oeeeaeia e aei/a?ieo oe?i, caeeth/aiea niaeaoaiee n iin?aaeieeaie, o/anoea a y?ia?eao e aunoaaeao, eniieueciaaiea ae?ae e aoeoeeiiia;
I?e yoii onoaiaaeeaathony aeiaiai?iua ioiioaiey n iinoaaueeaie ii ?ac?aaioea e inaiaieth eiieo?aioiniiniaiie i?iaeoeoeee e iinoaaea aa ia yenii?o.
Ieaie?iaaiea aiaoiaoi?aiaie eiii?oiie iia?aoeee oaeaea aeeth/aao a naay eiiieaen acaeiioaycaiiuo iia?aoeee:
– ?annueea cai?inia iinoaaueeai, aaaioai, a?iea?ai, i?aaiecaoeey iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo oi?aia;
– ?ac?aaioea oaoie/aneeo o?aaiaaiee ia caeoiaaiua oiaa?u;
– niaeaniaaiea o?aaiaaiee e oneiaee caeoiie oiaa?ia n iio?aaeoaeyie, anee aiaoiaoi?aiaay i?aaiecaoeey yaeyaony iin?aaeieeii;
– i?iaaaeaiea ia?aaiai?ia eee oi?aia e caeeth/aiea eiio?aeoia;
– auiieiaiea eiio?aeoiuo iaycaoaeuenoa e eiio?ieue ca auiieiaieai.
Ieaie?oaony iiaeaioiaea e iiaeienaiea iniiaiie aiaoiaoi?aiaie naeaeee e anao iaiaoiaeeiuo, iaania/eaathueo iniiaioth, iia?aoeee.
4. I?iaaaeaiea ?aeeaiiie eiiiaiee aeeth/aao inouanoaeaiea eiiieaena ia?ii?eyoee, ninoaa e niaea?aeaiea eioi?uo ii?aaeaeyaony aua ia ia?aie noaaeee aiaoiaoi?aiauo iia?aoeee – enneaaeiaaiee ?uiea.
?aeeaiiay eiiiaiey aeeth/aao:
– ecaeaiea e aeiaaaeaiea ia/aoiie ?aeeaiu aei iioaioeeaeueiuo iieoiaoaeae ?acee/iuie iaoiaeaie aeeth/ay i?yioth ii/oiaoth ?annueeo;
– i?aaiecaoeey ?aeeaiu /a?ac n?aaenoaa ianniaie eioi?iaoeee – ?aaeei, oaeaaeaeaiey, eeii, ia?eiaee/aneay e niaoeeaeueiay ia/aoue;
-o/anoea a eiieo?nao, oio- i?aaenoaaeaieyo, aunoaaeao, y?ia?eao, naeiiao, aeaaioai?eoaeueiuo ia?ii?eyoeyo, i?iaaaeaiea ?aeeaiiuo eiioa?aioeee e o.ae.
Aeey yenii?oa?ia iaoei e iai?oaeiaaiey, ia?yaeo n ?aeeaiie, iaiaoiaeeii i?iaiaeeoue ?aaioo ii oaoie/aneie eioi?iaoeee, iaania/eaay yoie eioi?iaoeeae aa aiciiaeiuo iio?aaeoaeae, a oaeaea eiaeeie?eiaiaua oe?iu niioaaonoaothuaai i?ioeey.
A oiaea ia?eaoeiaiauo enneaaeiaaiee e i?iaaaeaiey ?aeeaiiie eaiiaiee aaaeii o/anoue ioiioaiey iaaeaeo eiio?aaaioaie. Oae, o?aaeeoeeiiiuo eiio?aaaioia, n eioi?uie ?aaoey?ii aaaeaony iaiai oiaa?aie, iaiaoiaeeii naiaa?aiaiii eioi?ie?iaaoue i iiauoaiee oaoie/aneiai o?iaiy i?iecaiaenoaa, ?ac?aaioea iiauo oiaa?ia. Yoi iiiiaeao nio?aieoue oaeeo eiio?aaaioia a oneiaeyo aa?anneaiie ?aeeaiu eiieo?aioia. A neo/aa, eiaaea yenii?oa?ai ecaanoiu eiio?aaaiou, ii aeaeiauo eiio?aeoia n ieie ?aiaa ia caeeth/aeinue, neaaeoao eniieueciaaoue oeaeaiai?aaeaiioth ?aeeaio. I?e yoii niiauathony naaaeaiey ia iauai i?ioeea i?iecaiaenoaa, aai oaoie/aneii o?iaia, iao/ii-enneaaeiaaoaeueneie aaca, aunieii ea/anoaa i?iaeoeoeee, noaaeeueiinoe oeiainiaiai iieiaeaiey, iiuoa ?aaiou n e?oiiaeoeie iio?aaeoaeyie e iocuaao yoeo iio?aaeoaeae.
Anee yenii?oa?u e eiii?oa?u ia ciatho naieo eiio?aaaioia, oi iauaeou, oi?iu e n?aaenoaa ?aeeaiiie eaiiaiee ii?aaeaeythony ia iniiaa ia?eaoeiaiauo enneaaeiaaiee. Iieiaeaiea eiio?aaaioia ia ?uiea oaeaea aeeyao ia iaoiaeu ?aaiou. A eiiia?/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe aieueoia aieiaiea oaeaeyaony enneaaeiaaieyi ?uiea aeey ii?aaeaeaiey ia?niaeoeaiuo iinoaaueeia, eo oaoie/aneiai o?iaiy, oeiainiaie noaaeeueiinoe.
?aeeaiiua eaiiaiee i?iaiaeyony, /oiau caeioa?aniaaoue e?oiiuo iieoiaoaeae n onoie/eaui oeiainiaui iieiaeaieai e auyaeoue iioaioeeaeueiuo iinoaaueeia e o?iaaiue eiieo?aioeee iaaeaeo ieie.
Aii?inu eco/aiey eiiuethieoo?u ?uiea, auai?a oi?i e iaoiaeia ?aaiou ia ?uiea, ieaie?iaaiey oi?aiaie iia?aoeee e i?iaaaeaiey ?aeeaiiie eiiiaiee aeinoaoi/ii iiae?iaii iienaiu a ?aeiiaiaeoaiie eeoa?aoo?a (1,2,4,3,5,6,7).
5. Iiaeaioiaeo e caeeth/aiea iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai eiio?aeoa iaiaoiaeeii inouanoaeyoue ia iniiaa iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai i?aaa e i?aeoeee iaaeaeoia?iaeiie oi?aiaee.
A caaeneiinoe io noaiaie “ciaeiinoaa” n eiio?aaaioii, aio iiaeao auoue iineaii “oaa?aeia” eee “eieoeeaoeaiia” i?aaeeiaeaiea (ioa?oa – offer).
A neo/aa, eiaaea iieoiaoaee o?aaeeoeeiiiua, yenii?oa? iiaeao iai?aaeyoue ei oaa?aeia i?aaeeiaeaiea (firm offer), a eioi?ii oeacuaathony: iaeiaiiaaiea e eiee/anoai oiaa?a; n?ie iinoaaee; oeaia oiaa?a; n?ie aeaenoaey oaa?aeiai i?aaeeiaeaiey; oneiaey naeaeee.
Anee eiii?oa? niaeanai n i?aaeeiaeaieai, ii iai?aaeyao yenii?oa?o, oaeaeniia iiaeoaa?aeaeaiea i?eiyoey i?aaeeiaeaiey, a i?aaeaeao onoaiiaeaiiiai n?iea. Caoai eiii?oa? iiaeienuaaao eiio?aeo, ninoaaeaiiue ia iniiaaiee i?aaeuaeouaai eiio?aeoa e aeaenoaothuaai i?aaeeiaeaiey e oaeaea iai?aaeyao aai yenii?oa?o. Iiaue aeiaiai? a oaeeo neo/ayo iiaeao caeeth/aoueny eae aeiiieiaiea e i?aaeuaeouaio eiio?aeoo.
I?e ianiaeanee eiii?oa?a n oneiaeyie i?aaeeiaeaiey yenii?oa?a, eiii?oa? niiauaao aio naie eiio? oneiaey, eniieuecoy nei?aeoea n?aaenoaa iauaiey – oaeaoii, oaeaen, oaeaoaen e o.ae. I?e niaeanee yenii?oa?a n yoeie oneiaeyie ii aunueaao eiii?oa?o iiaeoaa?aeaeaiea e iiaeienaiiue yecaiiey? eiio?aeoa.
Anee eiio?aaaiou ia i?eoiaeyo e niaeaneth a i?aaeaeao n?iea aeaenoaey oaa?aeiai i?aaeeiaeaiey, oi niaeaniaaiea oneiaee ia?aoiaeeo a oaco eo ooi?aiauaaiey, ii oiaaea yenii?oa? oaea ia naycai oaa?aeui iaycaoaeuenoaii i?iaeaoue oiaa? ia i?aaeeiaeaiiuo oneiaeyo e iiaeao iaeiia?aiaiii aanoe ia?aaiai?u n ae?oaeie iieoiaoaeyie.
Iiaeiaioth aea oaeoeeo i?eiaiytho ni naieie eiio?aaaioaie e eiii?oa?u, iai?aaeyy ei oaa?aeua cai?inu n oeacaieai ieieiaeueiiai ia?a/iy oneiaee.
Eiio?aaaio, iai?aaeythuee i?aaeeiaeaiea (oa?oo), a iaaeaeoia?iaeiie i?aeoeea iacuaaaony ioa?aioii (offer).
I?e ionoonoaee o?aaeeoeeiiiuo naycae iaaeaeo eiio?aaaioaie eieoeeaoeaiie noi?iiie iai?aaeythony a aae?an eioa?anothuae aa noi?iiu i?inoua (naiaiaeiua) i?aaeeiaeaiey, e yoe i?aaeeiaeaiey iacuaathony eieoeeaoeaiuie (free offer).
A ninoaa eieoeeaoeaiuo i?aaeeiaeaiee yenii?oa?ia iau/ii aeeth/athony neaaeothuea ?aeaeceou:
– oi/iia ii?aaeaeaiea i?aaeeaaaaiiai e i?iaeaaea oiaa?a e aai eiee/anoai;
– eiee/anoai oiaa?a, i?aaeeaaaaiiai e i?iaeaaea;
– ieieiaeueiue n?ie iinoaaee oiaa?a e iaeneiaeueiia aai eiee/anoai, eioi?ia iiaeao auoue iinoaaeaii a yoio ieieiaeueiue n?ie;
– aaceniua oneiaey iinoaaee, oneiaey e ii?yaeie ieaoaaeae;
– oeaia (anee oiaa? iaeiiai aeaea) eee i?aeneo?aio (anee a anni?oeiaioa) – “i?aen eeno” (sticker price), neeaeee a caaeneiinoe io iauaia caeaca;
– n?ie aeaenoaey i?aaeeiaeaiey, a oaeaea ?aeeaiiua e eioi?iaoeeiiiua iaoa?eaeu, oa?aeoa?ecothuea e naieo yenii?oa?ia, e eo i?iaeoeoeeth, nienee iieoiaoaeae, eioi?ua eniieuecotho i?aaeeaaaaiua oiaa?u.
Iiaoo auoue iineaiu eaoaeiae ia i?aaeeaaaaiua oiaa?u, a eioi?uo niaea?aeaony ana iaiaoiaeeiua oaoie/aneea aeaiiua ii eiie?aoiie i?iaeoeoeee n i?eeiaeaieai i?aeneo?aioia (“i?aen-eenou”). A i?aen-eenoao oeacuaathony neeaeee eee iaaeaaaee e oeaiai ia ia?eiae aeaenoaey eieoeeaoeaiiai i?aaeeiaeaiey.
E i?aaeeiaeaieyi ia ianniaua aeaeu iiaoo auoue i?eeiaeaiu ia?acoeu.
Cai?inu eiii?oa?ia, eee eo eieoeeaoeaiua i?aaeeiaeaiey, oaeaea aeeth/atho oi/iia ii?aaeaeaiea (iaeiaiiaaiea) cai?aoeaaaiiai oiaa?a, aai eiee/anoai e n?iee iinoaaee; oeaiu e aeaeaoaeueiua oneiaey e?aaeeoa, a oaeaea n?ie e eiaaea eiii?oa?u ?ann/eouaatho iieo/eoue i?aaeeiaeaiea.
Neaaeothuee yoai – eco/aiea eiio?aaaioaie yoeo cai?inia e i?aaeeiaeaiee.
A iaaeaeoia?iaeiie i?aeoeea, eae i?aaeei, a i?ioeanna cai/iie i?i?aaioee i?aaeeiaeaiee e cai?inia ia oaeaaony ?aoeoue aanue eiiieaen oaoie/aneeo e eiiia?/aneeo aii?inia e caeioa?aniaaiiua noi?iiu iacia/atho a?aiy e ianoi aeey ia?aaiai?ia.
Eiiia?/aneea ia?aaiai?u yaeythony iau/iui yoaiii niaeaniaaiee oneiaee eiio?aeoa. Nii?iua aii?inu ii eiiia?/aneei oneiaeyi naeaeee e oaoie/aneei o?aaiaaieyi e oiaa?o ?aoathony iaoiaeii ooi?aiauaaiey. Yoio iaoiae iniiaai ia acaeiiii eco/aiee iauaeoeaiuo noi?ii e iaoiaeaeaiee ia yoie iniiaa acaeiii?eaieaiuo eiii?iienniuo ?aoaiee.
Ia?aaiai?u aaaeoony ia o?iaia ?oeiaiaeeoaeae eiio?aeoia eee iacia/aiiuie eie i?aaenoaaeoaeae.
A ?acoeueoaoa ia?aaiai?ia noi?iiu ninoaaeytho niaianoiue i?iaeo eiio?aeoa, ia/aoatho aeaa i?eaeiaea e ia?aoe?otho (aece?otho) eaaeaeoth no?aieoeo iiaeienyie iieiiii/iuo i?aaenoaaeoaeae iaaeo noi?ii.
Eaaeaeue yecaiiey? i?eaeiaea eiio?aeoa iiaeienuaaaony iaieie eiio?aaaioaie. *enei iiaeienae n eaaeaeie noi?iiu ii?aaeaeyaony th?eaee/aneei noaoonii eiio?aaaioa.
6. Eniieiaiea eiio?aeoiuo iaycaoaeuenoa yaeyaony aaaeiaeoei yoaiii aiaoiaoi?aiaie iia?aoeee, ii?aaeaeythuei yooaeoeaiinoue naeaeee. Noaio eniieiaiey yenii?oiuo eiio?aeoia iiaeii oneiaii i?aaenoaaeoue a neaaeothuai ii?yaeea:
– caeeth/aiea aeiaiai?ia n iinoaaueeaie yenii?oiuo oiaa?ia ia iniiaa iaueo iieiaeaiee oneiaee iinoaaie oiaa?ia aeey yenii?oa;
– eiio?ieue ca ecaioiaeaieai yenii?oiuo oiaa?ia;
– oaaaeiieaiea eiii?oa?ia ia ioa?ocea oiaa?a iinoaaueeai aeey naiaa?aiaiiiai o?aooiaaiey o?ainii?oiuo n?aaenoa, ioe?uoey aee?aaeeoeaia, i?aaeinoaaeaiey aa?aioee ieaoaaeae;
– iieaoa n/aoia iinoaaueeia yenii?oiuo oiaa?ia;
– no?aoiaaiea o?ainii?oiuo n?aaenoa;
– ioi?ieaiea oiaa?inii?iaiaeeoaeueiuo e ieaoaaeiuo aeieoiaioia;
– oaaaeiieaiea eiii?oa?ia i iinoaaea oiaa?ia;
– iieo/aiea ieaoaaeae eiii?oa?ia;
– ?anniio?aiea e oaeiaeaoai?aiea i?aoaicee eiii?oa?ia.
I?e neiaeiuo yenii?oiuo iia?aoeeyo, iai?eia? iinoaaee noaeia, iaoei e iai?oaeiaaiey eiaeeaeaeoaeueiiai eniieiaiey, ieaie?iaaiea eiio?aeoia aeeth/aao oaeea aeiiieieoaeueiua ia?ii?eyoey, eae iiyoaiiue eiio?ieue eiino?oe?iaaiey e ecaioiaeaiey yenii?oiie i?iaeoeoeee; ecaauaiea eiino?aiiuo iieoiaoaeae i aioiaiinoe i?iaeoeoeee e i?eaiea, anee oaeiaay i?aaeoniio?aia eiio?aeoii.
Neiaeiua eiio?aeou ii iinoaaea iai?oaeiaaiey iiaoo i?aaeoniao?eaaoue eiiaiaee?iaaiea niaoeeaeenoia aeey inouanoaeaiey iiioaaeiuo e ioneiiaeaaei/iuo ?aaio e aeey oaoie/aneiai ianeoaeeaaiey iai?oaeiaaiey a aa?aioeeiue ia?eiae; caeeth/aiea aeiaiai?ia i o?ainii?oe?iaea a?ocia ii oa??eoi?ee eiii?oe?othuae no?aiu, a oaeaea aeiaiai?ia n iaoeeiiaeueiuie iiioaaeiuie oe?iaie, anee yoi ii oneiaeyi eiio?aeoia aoiaeeo a iaycaoaeuenoaa yenii?oa?ia.
?acoeueoaou eniieiaiey yenii?oiuo eiio?aeoia iiaeii naiaeeoue a oaaeeoeo a aa?oeeaeueiuo a?aoao eioi?ie oeacuaathony yoaiu aiaoiaoi?aiauo iia?aoeee e n?iee eo auiieiaiey a niioaaonoaee n oneiaeyie yenii?oiuo eiio?aeoia e aeiaiai?ia n iinoaaueeaie oiaa?ia, a a ai?eciioaeueiuo – ioia/athony iiia?a eiio?aeoia e oaeoe/aneea n?iee eniieiaiey ioaeaeueiuo iaycaoaeuenoa. Oaaee/iay oi?ia iicaieyao e ieaie?iaaoue iniiaiua yoaiu aiaoiaoi?aiauo iia?aoeee e eiio?iee?iaaoue eo auiieiaiea.
Eniieueciaaiea eiii?oiuo iia?aoeee aeeth/aao yoaiu ?aaiou ii auieaoa eiii?oa?ai aaainia, anee yoi i?aaeoniio?aii eiio?aeoii e inouanoaeaiea ieaoaaeae ii aai oneiaeyi; i?aaiecaoeeth ?aca?oci/iuo e o?ainii?oiuo iia?aoeee, i?aaeuyaeaiea eiii?oa?o i?aoaicee a nayce n iaiaaeeaaeauei eniieiaieai eie eiio?aeoiuo iaycaoaeuenoa.
I?e neiaeiuo eiii?oiuo iia?aoeeyo iiaoo i?aaeoniao?eaaoueny eiiaiaee?iaee niaoeeaeenoia ia oe?io eiino?aiiiai iinoaaueea aeey inouanoaeaiey eiio?iey i?iecaiaenoaa e i?eaiee eiii?oe?oaiie i?iaeoeoeee; iai?aaeaiea cayaie ia niaoeeaeueiua o?ainii?oiua n?aaenoaa; inouanoaeaiea eiio?iey ca iiioaaeii e aaiaeii a yenieoaoaoeeth eiii?oiiai iai?oaeiaaiey.
Ieaie?iaaiea e eiio?ieue eiii?oiuo iia?aoeee oaeaea oeaeaniia?acii aanoe a oaaee/iie oi?ia eee a aeaea caiene ioaeaeueiuo ia?ii?eyoee, n eniieueciaaieai eiiiuethoa?iuo i?ia?aii.
(4. I?AAIECAOeEIIIUA OI?IU AIAOIAOI?AIAUO IIA?AOeEE.
Aa?oa?iua iia?aoeee (naeaeee).
Iiae aa?oa?iuie iia?aoeeyie (barter) iiieiaaony iaiai yeaeaaeaioiuie ii noieiinoe oiaa?aie (oiaa? ia oiaa?), eioi?ua i?aaenoaaeyao niaie aeaa naeaeee: eoiee e i?iaeaaee, eneeth/athuea aeaiaaeiua ?an/aou.
Iniaaiiinoe aa?oa?iuo iia?aoeee.
1. Aa?oa?iay naeaeea niaa?oaaony a i?inoie ienueiaiiie oi?ia iooai caeeth/aiey aeaoonoi?iiiaai aeiaiai?a iaiu iaaeaeo aeaoiy eiio?aaaioaie.
2. Aeiaiai? ioi?ieyaony a aeaea iaeiiai aeieoiaioa, eioi?ui ii?aaeaeyaony: iiiaieeaoo?a, eiee/anoai, ea/anoai, oeaia oiaa?a, n?iee e oneiaey yenii?oa, eiii?oa oiaa?a, a oaeaea ii?yaeie oaeiaeaoai?aiey i?aoaicee a neo/aa .iaeniieiaiey eee iaiaaeeaaeauaai eniieiaiey noi?iiaie oneiaee aeiaiai?a.
3. Iia?aoeee ia i?aaeiieaaatho aeaiaaeiuo ?an/aoia, iiyoiio ia?aa?ao “Oneiaea ieaoaaea” ionoonoaoao.
?inneeneea yenii?oa?u ioi?ieytho ianii?o aa?oa?iie naeaeee e i?aaeinoaaeytho yenii?oe?oaiua oiaa?u aeey yenia?oiie ioeaiee, eiee/anoaa, ea/anoaa e oeaiu.
Noieiinoiay ioeaiea eiio?aeoa i?iecaiaeeony aeey: iaania/aiey yeaeaaeaioiiai iaiaia, ii?aaeaeaiey noiiu no?aoiaaiey oiaa?a e noiiu oo?aoa i?e iaauiieiaiee iaycaoaeuenoa e ?an/aou aaee/eiu ooeaiee i?e iinoaaea iaaeia?iea/anoaaiiiai oiaa?a.
Aa?oa?iue oiaa? aeeyao ia eiieo?aioiniiniaiinoue aiaeiae/iiai ianoiiai oiaa?a. Yoi yaeaiea iacuaaaony yooaeoii auoaniaiey aioo?aiieo i?iaeaae. Iiyoiio aa?oa?iua naeaeee eiio?iee?othony ainoaea?noaii.
Ano?a/iua caeoiee.
Ano?a/iua caeoiee (offset trade, counter trade), eee “aae-aae” (bay-back) icia/aao iaycaoaeuenoai yenii?oa?a caeoieoue ia ii?aaeaeaiioth noiio oiaa?u a no?aia eiii?oa?a. Yoe iaycaoaeuenoaa ninoaaeytho /anoue noieiinoe eiio?aeoa.
Ano?a/iua caeoiee, eae e aa?oa?iua naeaeee, auaiaeiu eiii?oa?o, eioi?ue oiaei eniieuecoao neiaeeaoothny eiiuethieoo?o yenii?oiiai oiaa?a e eiieo?aioeeth iaaeaeo eiino?aiiuie iinoaaueeaie.
Eiiiainaoeeiiiua naeaeee.
Eiiiainaoeeiiiua naeaeee – ii nooe aa?oa?iua, ii i?aaeiieaaatho iaiai ianeieueeeie oiaa?aie, a ioee/ea io aa?oa?a, aaea iaeei oiaa? iaiyaony ia ae?oaie. Aoi?ia ioee/ea: eiiiainaoeeiiiay naeaeea aeiioneaao noieiinoioth ?acieoeo iaaeaeo acaeiiuie iinoaaeaie, oiaaea eae aa?oa? – yoi yeaeaaeaioiue ii noieiinoe iaiai. Yoa ?acieoea i?aaenoaaeyao niaie “iaeiiaa?oe?oaiia naeueaei”, o.e. ia?a/eneeoue aeiea no?aiu eiii?oa?a no?aia yenii?oa?a aaieianeei ia?aaiaeii iaaiciiaeii a niioaaonoaee n oneiaeyie. Ii yoiio “aeieaiaay noiia” iiaeao o?aieoueny a aaiea no?aiu eiii?oa?a ia niaoeeaeueiii n/aoa no?aiu yenii?oa?a, e iineaaeiei iiaeao eniieueciaaoue yoo noiio oieueei a no?aia eiii?oa?a (oieueei aeey aioo?aiieo caeoiie).
Iia?aoeee ia aeaaaeue/aneii nu?uea.
Iia?aoeee ia aeaaaeue/aneii nu?uea (commission way) eniieuecoaony eiaaea, yenii?oa? ?aniieaaaao ?ano?naie, ii ia eiaao i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo iiuiinoae aeey eo ia?a?aaioee. Iiyoiio ioi?aaeyao /anoue naieo ?ano?nia ec ae?oaie no?aiu aeey ia?a?aaioee. *anoue i?iecaaaeaiiiai a no?aia eiii?oa?a i?iaeoeoa eniieuecoaony aeey iieaou aai ia?a?aaioee.
Ia aeaaaeue/aneii nu?uea ?aaioatho iiiaea oaenoeeueiua i?aaei?eyoey ?innee, ia eiathuea oeiainiauo n?aaenoa aeey caeoiee nu?uey e i?aaiecaoeee i?iecaiaenoaaiiiai i?ioeanna. ?aciauaiea caeaca ia eo i?aaei?eyoee iicaieyao ei ?aoaoue naie yeiiiie/aneea i?iaeaiu.
Aueoi onoa?aaoae i?iaeoeoeee.
Aueoi onoa?aaoae i?iaeoeoeee, eniieuecoaony eiaaea i?e i?iaeaaea iiauo iaoei, iai?oaeiaaiey ec eo noieiinoe au/eoaaony noieiinoue iaoei, auaoeo a oiio?aaeaiee (A/O). I?e yoii eniieuecothony oaaeeoeu ooeaiee A/O iaoei, o/eouaathuea eo oece/aneee e ii?aeueiue eciin.
(5. I?IECAIAeNOAAIIAss EIIIA?AOeEss E I?IIUOEAIIIA NIO?OAeIE*ANOAI.
Yoa oi?ia aiaoiayeiiiie/aneeo naycae ?acaeaaaony eae oi?ia nio?oaeie/anoaa ia iniiaa aeaeueiaeoaai i?ioeanna niaoeeaeecaoeee e eiiia?aoeee i?iecaiaenoaa . Iia eniieuecoaony e a ?aieao ainoaea?noaa, e a ianooaaa ie?iaiai oicyenoaa, a oaeaea ia o?iaia i?aaei?eyoee.
A ie?iaie i?aeoeea ecaanoii iiiai aeaeia eiiia?aoeee, a oii /enea: i?iecaiaenoaaiiay, nauoiaay, i?iecaiaenoaaiii-nauoiaay, eiiiainaoeeiiiua naeaeee e ae?oaea.
I?iecaiaenoaaiiay eiiia?aoeey – yaeyaony iaeiie ec oi?i aiaoiayeiiiie/aneeo naycae e oa?aeoa?ia oai, /oi oceu e aeaoaee eiiia?e?oaiie i?iaeoeoeee ecaioiaeythony ii caaeaieyi e oaoie/aneei o?aaiaaieyi caeac/eeia, a aiaoiaoi?aiaua eiino?aeou ia i?iecaiaenoai e iinoaaeo oaeie i?iaeoeoeee iinyo iiae?yaeiue oa?aeoa?. Iiaeienaieth eiio?aeoia iiaeao i?aaeoanoaiaaoue caeeth/aiea niaeaoaiee, ii?aaeaeythueo oneiaey aeieain?i/iiai nio?oaeie/anoaa. A yoeo niaeaoaieyo iiaoo i?aaeoniao?eaathony oneiaey ?ac?aaioee eiino?oeoeee, iaoei e iai?oaeiaaiey, i?iecaiaenoaa e iinoaaee eiiia?e?oaiuo oceia e aeaoaeae ii oaoie/aneie aeieoiaioaoeee caeac/eeia eee ii ia?aaeaiiui ia?acoeai. Iinoaaueee iiaoo ecaioaaeeaaoue eiiia?e?iaaiioth i?iaeoeoeeth ec iaoa?eaeia caeac/eeia eee naieo, i?e yoii ca ea/anoai i?eiaiyaiuo iaoa?eaeia, a oaeaea n?iee e ea/anoai eniieiaiey eiio?aeoa ianoo ioaaonoaaiiinoue iinoaaueee.
Eieoeeaoi?aie inouanoaeaiey aioo?e – e iaae – io?aneaaie i?iecaiaenoaaiiie eiiia?aoeee iiaoo aunooiaoue i?iiuoeaiiua i?aaiecaoeee.
Nauoiaay eiiia?aoeey i?aaenoaaeyao niaie nio?oaeie/anoai oicyenoaaiii iacaaeneiuo i?iecaiaeeoaeae, aeeaaeuaathueo n?aaenoaa a niaianoiua ia?ii?eyoey ii nauoo auioneaaiie eie i?iaeoeoeee. Yoe i?iecaiaeeoaee i?iaiaeyo niaianoiua ?aeeaiiua eiiiaiee, aioiayo iauea oaoieei-eiiia?/aneea i?aaeeiaeaiey, eniieuecotho niaianoii nauoiaua naoe, nicaeatho niaianoiua nauoiaua i?aaiecaoeee. ?acaeoea nauoiaie eiiia?aoeee acaeiinaycaii n oaeoaeaieai i?ioeanna niaoeeaeecaoeee e eiioeaio?aoeee i?iecaiaenoaa. Oe?iu, niaoeeaeece?othueany ia auionea oceie iiiaieeaoo?u oiaa?ia, no?aiyony e niaianoiiio nauoo n eiiiaieyie , auioneathueie niaaeiua aeaeu ecaeaeee. Yoi iicaieyao iiauneoue eiieo?aioiniiniaiinoue oiaa?ia e oaeiaeaoai?eoue cai?inu iieoiaoaeae. Nauoiaay eiiia?aoeey oe?iei eniieuecoaony n?aaee i?iecaiaeeoaeae, niaoeeaeece?othueony ia auionea aeaeaaoaeae ii?aaeaeaiiuo iiuiinoae eee iiaeeoeeaoeee, ii /eneo iai?ioia, ecaioiaeoaeae naeueneioicyenoaaiiuo iaoei, ianinia, neiaeiuo eino?oiaioia e o.i.
I?iecaiaenoaaiii-nauoiaay eiiia?aoeey oe?iei eniieuecoaony a ?iaioioaoieea, noaieino?iaiee, aaoiiiaeea – e naiieaoino?iaiee, aaaiiino?iaiee e ae?oaeo io?aneyo. Yoio aeae eiiia?aoeee oaeaea yaeyaony oi?iie e oi?aiaee, e nio?oaeie/anoaa e inouanoaeyaony ia iniiaa niaeaoaiee, caeeth/aaiuo aiaoiaoi?aiauie e i?iecaiaenoaaiiuie ia?oia?aie. Yoe niaeaoaiey iiaoo i?aaeoniao?eaaoue acaeiiua iaycaoaeuenoaa noi?ii ii niaianoiiio i?iecaiaenoao e nauoo eiiia?e?iaaiiie i?iaeoeoeee, iiaeaioiaee eiiia?/aneeo i?aaeeiaeaiee, niaianoiiio o/anoeth a oi?aao, acaeiiiio eniieueciaaieth eiiia?/aneeo i?aaeeiaeaiee, niaianoiiio o/anoeth a oi?aao, acaeiiiio eniieueciaaieth nauoiauo iiiauaiee ia?oia?ia. A niaeaoaieyo iiaoo i?aaeoniao?eaaoueny i?aaa ia naiinoiyoaeueioth ?aaeecaoeeth i?iaeoeoeee e oneiaey i ?acaeaea ?uieia, niaeaniaaiey oeai e ae?oaea oneiaey ?aaiou ia ?uiea.
Oi?aiaey a ninoaaa eiini?oeeoiia – yoi ?aciiaeaeiinoue i?iecaiaenoaaiii – nauoiaie eiiia?aoeee, i?aaenoaaeythony niaie a?aiaiiua nithcu oicyenoaaiii iainiaeaiiuo eiiiaiee, oi anoue iauaaeeiaiey ea?oaeueiiai oeia. Iie nicaeathony aeey iiauoaiey oaoie/aneie e eiiia?/aneie eiieo?aioiniiniaiinoe i?iaeoeoeee eiiiaiee, o/anoaothueo a eiieo?aioiie ai?ueaa ca iieo/aiea caeacia ia iinoaaee e?oiiuo ia?oee oiaa?ia e auiieiaiea iiae?yaeiuo ?aaio ii nii?oaeaieth i?iiuoeaiiuo e ae?oaeo iauaeoia. Oaeea caeacu eini?oeeoiu iieo/atho a ?acoeueoaoa i?yiuo ia?aaiai?ia n caeac/eeaie eee /a?ac iaaeaeoia?iaeiua oi?ae.
A eiiniioeeoiu iauaaeeiythony iinoaaueee i?iiuoeaiiiai iai?oaeiaaiey e e?eeeiaiaua eiiiaiee, iiiaea ec eioi?uo yaeythony i?eciaiuie iaaeaeoia?iaeiuie iiiiiieeyie. A oi?aao ia e?oiiua ia?oee i?iiuoeaiiiai iai?oaeiaaiey o/anoaatho ii ianeieueei e?oiiuo eiini?oeeoiia, a eaaeaeue ec eioi?uo aoiaeeo ii ianeieueei eiiiaiee. O/anoea a oi?aao niinianoaoao iiauoaieth eiieo?aioiniiniaiinoe i?iaeoeoeee. Ca n/ao i?iecaiaenoaaiiie eiiia?aoeee e ?acaeaeaiey i?ioeanna i?iecaiaenoaa iaaeaeo o/anoieeaie, eiathueie iaeeo/oea oneiaey aeey i?iecaiaenoaa ioaeaeueiie /anoe iai?oaeiaaiey, yoio aeae oi?aiaee niinianoaoao nieaeaieth iaueo ecaea?aeae i?iecaiaenoaa e oeo/oaieth oaoie/aneeo oa?aeoa?enoee. A niaeaoaieyo, caeeth/aaiuo /eaiaie eiini?oeeoia, i?aaeoniio?eaathony oneiaey ii acaeiiiio niaeaniaaieth oeai, e?aaeeoiaaieth, ?an/aoai, aa?aioeyi e iaycaoaeuenoaai n oeaeueth iiauoaiey eiieo?aioiniiniaiinoe eiini?oeeoia ia oi?aao.
Eiiieaeoaoeey eiii?oiuo caeoiie – ae?oaay ?aciiaeaeiinoue iaaeaeoia?iaeiie i?iecaiaenoaaiii-nauoiaie eiiia?aoeee. Yoio aeae nio?oaeie/anoaa i?aaeoniao?eaaao iinoaaeo caeac/eeii ia iieeiaioaoeeth no?iyueony ca ?oaaaeii iauaeoia, o?ainii?oiuo n?aaenoa, iai?oaeiuaaiey. Iai?eia? eiii?oe?oaiia iai?oaeiaaiea iiaeao auoue oeiiieaeoiaaii ioananoaaiiuie aeaeaaoaeyie, i?eai?aie, aeaoaeyie e oceaie.
Eiiia?aoeey a ?ac?aaioea eiino?oeoeee eee oaoiieiae/aneo noai niinianoaoao iiauoaieth oaoie/aneiai o?iaiy ecaeaeee e aai eiieo?aioiniiniaiinoe.
Eiiiainaoeeiiiua iia?aoeee – iaeii ec iai?aaeaiee iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai eiiia?aoeeiiiiai nio?oaeie/anoaa. I?e yoii eiino?aiiua iinoaaueee iiaoo i?aaeinoaaeyoue caeac/eeai oeiainiaua e?aaeeou ia iieaoo iinoaaeyaiuo iaoei, iai?oaeiaaiey e o.i., eeai iinoaaeyoue yoo i?iaeoeoeeth e oneoae ia oneiaeyo oiaa?iuo e?aaeeoia.
Niaeaoaiey ii eiiiainaoeeiiiui iia?aoeeyi i?aaeoniao?eaatho iaycaoaeuenoaa eiino?aiiuo ia?oia?ia iieoiaoue i?iaeoeoeeth, i?iecaaaeaiioth ia iino?iaiiuo i?e eo niaeaenoaee i?aaei?eyoeyo, aeey iiaaoaiey oeiainiauo e oiaa?iuo e?aaeeoia.
Yoio aeae nio?oaeie/anoaa oe?iei eniieueciaaeny a auaoeo nioeeaeenoe/aneeo no?aiao; a ianoiyuaa a?aiy eniieuecoaony ?acaeaathueieny e neaai?acaeouie no?aiaie aeey onei?aiey IOI. Ie?iaay i?aeoeea caeeth/aiey e eniieiaiey eiiiainaoeeiiiuo niaeaoaiee iieacaea, /oi ?aciauaiea caeacia ia i?iaeoe?iaaiea , iinoaaee iai?oaeiaaiey e i?aaeinoaaeaiey oneoa iaeaieaa oeaeaniia?acii inouanoaeyoue /a?ac iaaeaeoia?iaeiua oi?ae. I?iaaaeaiea oi?aia niinianoaoao iaino?aieth eiieo?aioeee ia ?uiea e nieaeaieth yenii?oiuo oeai ia 20 – 25 % e o?iaith oeai, niaeanoaiuo a ?acoeueoaoa i?yiuo ia?aaiai?ia, aeaao aiciiaeiinoue iieo/eoue oaoie/aneea e eiiia?/aneea i?aeiouanoaa aeey caeac/eeia.
(6. I?AAIECAOeEss OAIIAEAIIIAI ?AAOEE?IAAIEss A ?INNEE.
A ?innee nia?aiaiiia oaiiaeaiiia ?aaoee?iaaiea aiaoiayeiiiie/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe inouanoaeyaony ia iniiaa:
* Caeiia ?O “I oaiiaeaiiii oa?eoa” (aaaaeai a aeaenoaea n 01.07.1993a),
* Oaiiaeaiiiai eiaeaena ?O (aaaaeai a aeaenoaea n 18.06.1993a),
* Oaaea?aeueiiai caeiia i”I ainoaea?noaaiiii ?aaoee?iaaiee aiaoiaoi?aiaie aeayoaeueiinoe” (aaaaeai a aeaenoaea n 1996a),
* Caeiiia i aaethoiii ?aaoee?iaaiee e aaethoiii eiio?iea, ia eiino?aiiuo eiaanoeoeeyo, i iaaeaeoia?iaeiii eiiia?/aneii a?aeo?aaea e ae?oaeo.
Ia iniiaa yoeo caeiiia i?aaiaie eniieieoaeueiie aeanoe ?acee/iiai o?iaiy oi?ie?othony iiaecaeiiiua aeou, iia?aoeaii ?aaoee?othuea iaoaieci oaiiaeaii- oa?eoiie nenoaiu ?innee.
Iauaa ?oeiaiaenoai nenoaiie oaiiaeaiiiai ?aaoee?iaaiey inouanoaeyaony I?aceaeaioii ?O e I?aaeoaeuenoaii ?O. Iaiin?aaenoaaiii nenoaia oaiiaeaiiuo i?aaiia aicaeaaeyaony Ainoaea?noaaiiui oaiiaeaiiui eiieoaoii (AOE), eioi?iio iiae/eiythony ?aaeiiaeueiua oaiiaeaiiua oi?aaeaiey, oaiiaeie, oaiiaeaiiua iinou.
OAIIAEAIIUE OA?EO ?INNEENEIE OAAeA?AOeEE.
Oaiiaeaiiue oa?eo ?inneeneie oaaea?aoeee – yoi naiae noaaie oaiiaeaiiuo iioeei (oaiiaeaiiiai oa?eoa) e oiaa?ai, ia?aiauaaiui /a?ac oaiiaeaiioth a?aieoeo no?aiu a i iaieo iai?aaeaieyo. Ii nenoaiaoece?iaai a niioaaonoaee n Oiaa?iie iiiaieeaoo?ie aiaoiayeiiiie/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe (OI AYAe). Aeey oeaeae i?eiaiaiey noaaie yenii?oiiai oa?eoa oiaa?u ii?aaeaeythony eneeth/eoaeueii eiaeii. OI AYAe, e?aoeia iaeiaiiaaiea oiaa?a i?eaaaeaii oieueei aeey oaeianoaa iieueciaaiey. OI AYAe i?aaenoaaeyao niaie ?inneeneee aa?eaio Iiiaieeaoo?u Aa?iiiece?iaaiiie nenoaiu (IAN).
I?eia?: niaea?aeaiea eiaea oiaa?a 43 (iaoo?aeueiue e eneonnoaaiiue iao e ecaeaeey ec ieo) e noaaea iioeeiu (a i?ioeaioao io oaiiaeaiiie noieiinoe eeai a YETH), onoaiiaeaiioth iinoaiiaeaiea I?aaeoaeuenoaa ?O:
Eiae oiaa?a ii OI AYAe
E?aoeia iaeiaiiaaiea oiaa?a
Noaaee iioeeiu, %
4302 (oiaa?iay iiceoeey)
Aeoaeaiiua eee auaeaeaiiua oeo?u, e?iia eeanneoeoee?oaiuo a oiaa?iie iiceoeee 4303.
5
430211000
E?iia: oeo?ee ii?ee oeaeua n aieiaie, oainoii eee eaiaie eee aac ieo, ?oaeaiua eee auaeaeaiiua.
20
4303 (oiaa?iay iiceoeey)
Iaeaaeaea iaoiaay, i?eiaaeeaaeiinoe iaeaaeaeu e i?i/ea iooii-iaoiaua ecaeaeey
15
43310 (noaiiceoeey)
E?iia: Iaeaaeaea iaoiaay e i?eiaaeeaaeiinoe iaeaaeaeu
30
ec 430310100
E?iia: Iaeaaeaea ec oeo?ie aaeueeia e ae?oaeo iaiieiaic?aeuo otheaiae a?aieaiaeneeo e oioei/a
30, ii ia iaiaa 90 YETH ca 1 oo.
Ii IAN: oiaa?iay a?oiia iaicia/aaony aeaoiy oeeo?aie (43); oiaa?iay iiceoeey – /aou?ueiy (4302, 4303); oiaa?iay noaiiceoeey – oanoueth (430310).
?inneeneei caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii i?aaeoniio?aiu aeaa oeia noaaie yenii?oiuo iioeei: a YETH ca 1000 ea; eeai a i?ioeaioao e oaiiaeaiiie noieiinoe.
Noaaee iiae?acaeaeythony ia aeaa aeaea: aaciaua e ii oiaa?iiaiaiiui (aa?oa?iui) iia?aoeeyi. Iai?eia?, ii a?oiia 44 OI AYAe (ae?aaaneia e ecaeaeey ec iaa) yenii?oiay iioeeia onoaiiaeaia: ii ia?aiio aeaeo – a ?acia?a 10%, a ii aoi?iio – 15 %. Ii iiceoeee 4403 noaaee niioaaonoaaiii 8 YETH e 12 YETH.
Ii?yaeie ia?aaicee oiaa?a, iiae oaiiaeaiiui eiio?ieai, io oaiiaeie ioi?aaeaiey aei oaiiaeie iieo/aiey ii?aaeaeyaony Iieiaeaieai “I aioo?aiiai oaiiaeaiiii o?aiceoa”.
1. Iniiaiua iiiaiou aiaoiaoi?aiaie iieeoeee a iaeanoe eiii?oa: eeoeaice?iaaiea eiii?oa; eiio?ieue iiaeoaa?aeaeaiey aaciianiinoe ioaeaeueiuo aeaeia aaiceiuo oiaa?ia; onoaiiaeaiea ii?yaeea ii?aaeaeaiey oaiiaeaiiie noieiinoe eiii?oiie i?iaeoeoeee; oa?eoiia e iaeiaiaia ?aaoee?iaaiea aaica a ?inneth oiaa?ia.
Oaiiaeaiiue eiio?ieue oiaa?ia, aeey eioi?uo o?aaoaony iiaeoaa?aeaeaiea eo aaciianiinoe, inouanoaeyaony a niioaaonoaee n Caeiiii ?O “I caueoa i?aa iio?aaeoaeae” e ae?oaeie ii?iaoeaiuie aeoaie, a oii /enea Iinoaiiaeaieai I?aaeoaeuenoaa ?O ia iaycaoaeueiie na?oeoeeaoeee oiaa?ia (?aaio, oneoa).
A ie?iaie oi?aiaea i?eiaiythony neaaeothuea aeaeu na?oeoeeaoeee: na?oeoeeaoeey niioaaonoaey; na?oeoeeaoeey aaciianiinoe; na?oeoeeaoeey ea/anoaa.
Iiauoaiiua o?aaiaaiey aaciianiinoe i?eiaiythony a ?innee e naie a?oiiai iniiaiuo nei?iii?oyueony oiaa?ia.
Oaiiaeaiiay iioeeia ii?aaeaeyao ?acia? ieaoaaea, aceiaaiiai oaiiaeaiiuie i?aaiaie i?e aaica e auaica oiaa?a.
Aeaeu noaaie oaiiaeaiiuo iioeei:
1. Aaeaaei?iua – en/eneythony a i?ioeaioao e oaiiaeaiiie noieiinoe( iai?eia? io 3 aei 25 i?ioeaioia;
2. Niaoeeoe/aneea – en/eneythony a onoaiiaeaiiii ?acia?a ca aaeeieoeo iaeaaaaiiai oiaa?a ( iai?eia?, io 1 aei 64000 YETH ca 1 o. auaiceiiai a?oca)
3. Eiiaeie?iaaiiua – ni/aoaiea ia?auo aeaoo aeaeia noaaie (ia eniieuecothony i?e yenii?oa oiaa?ia, ?aaio e oneoa)
N?ie i?eiaiaiey yenii?oiuo iioeei iiaeao auoue ia?aie/ai ai a?aiaie.
Noaaee yenii?oiuo iioeei onoaiaaeeaathony ia iniiaa ?acieoeu ie?iauo e aioo?aiieo oeai, n o/aoii noeioee?iaaiey i?iecaiaenoaa oiaa?ia, iinoaaeyaiuo ia yenii?o. Ai aiaoiaoi?aiaii iai?ioa oeaiu ia ioa?oaeaaiua yenii?oiua oiaa?u iau/ii onoaiaaeeaathony ia o?iaia ia ieaea ie?iauo.
Caeiiii i oaiiaeaiiii oa?eoa i?aaeoniao?eaaaony i?eiaiaiea: naciiiuo iioeei – aeey iia?aoeaiiai ?aaoee?iaaiey aaica e auaica oiaa?ia; iniauo aeaeia iioeei : niaoeeaeueiuo, aioeaeaiieiaiauo, eiiiainaoeeiiiuo – aeey caueou yeiiiie/aneeo eioa?ania ?innee, aeey caueou ioa/anoaaiiuo i?iecaiaeeoaeae io eiieo?aioeee eiino?aiiuo iinoaaueeia.
Oaiiaeaiiay noieiinoue oiaa?a. Nenoaia ii?aaeaeaiey oaiiaeaiiie noieiinoe (oaiiaeaiiie ioeaiee) oiaa?ia iniiauaaaony ia iaueo i?eioeeiao, i?eiyouo a iaaeaeoia?iaeiie i?aeoeea, e ?ani?ino?aiyaiua ia oiaa?u, aaiceiua ia oaiiaeaiioth oa??eoi?eth ?innee.
Oaiiaeaiiay noieiinoue oiaa?a – noieiinoue oiaa?a, ii?aaeaeyaiay a niioaaonoaee n caeiiii i oaiiaeaiiii oa?eoa e eniieuecoaiia aeey oeaeae:
1 – ia/eneaiey oaiiaeaiiie iioeeiu, nai?ia e eiuo oaiiaeaiiuo ieaoaaeae;
2 – aiaoiayeiiiie/aneie e oaiiaeaiiie noaoenoeee; 3 – i?eiaiaiea eiuo ia? ainoaea?noaaiiiai ?aaoee?iaaiey yenii?oii-eiii?oiuo iia?aoeee, a oii /enea inouanoaeaiea aaethoiiai eiio?iey aiaoiaoi?aiauo naeaeie e ?an/aoia aaieia ii iei.
Ii?yaeie ii?aaeaeaiey oaiiaeaiiie noieiinoe oiaa?ia, aaiceiuo ia oa??eoi?eth ?innee e i?eiaiaiea nenoaiu oaiiaeaiiie ioeaiee yoeo oiaa?ia ?aaoee?oaony ii?iaoeaiuie aeoaie, ia iniiaa i?eioeeiia, iauai?eiyouo a iaaeaeoia?iaeiie i?aeoeea. Ii?yaeie ?an/aoa oaiiaeaiiie noieiinoe oiaa?ia, auaiceiuo n oaiiaeaiiie oa??eoi?ee ?innee, onoaiaaeeaaaony i?aaeoaeuenoaii.
Iaoiaeu ii?aaeaeaiey oaiiaeaiiie noieiinoe oiaa?ia (ON):
1 – ii oeaia naeaeee n aaiceiuie oiaa?aie; 2 – ii oeaia naeaeee n eaeaioe/iuie oiaa?aie; 3 – ii oeaia naeaeee n iaeii?iaeiuie oiaa?aie; 4 – au/eoaiea noieiinoe;
5 – neiaeaiey noieiinoe; 6 – ?aca?aiue iaoiae.
Ia?aue iaoiae i?aaeoniao?eaaao, /oi a oeaio naeaeee aeeth/aia oaiiaeaiiay noieiinoue a noiia oaeoe/anee iiianaiiuo cao?ao ii i?eia?aoaieth oiaa?a ia iiiaio ia?ana/aiey ei oaiiaeaiiie a?aieoeu ?O (aei ii?oa eee eiiai ianoa aaica). Yoi iniiaiie iaoiae, naiue ?ani?ino?aiaiiue.
I?eia? ?an/aoa ON iaoiaeii ? 1.
Aeaii: ?n = 1000 aeiee. Oeaia naeae naeaeee ca aaiceiue oiaa?;
N1 = 200 aeiee. – ?anoiaeu ii aeinoaaea oiaa?a ia oaiiaeaiioth oa??eoi?ee ?O, a oii/enea: ii o?ainiio?e?iaea, no?aoiaaieth, iia?ocea-aua?ocea oiaa?a;
N2 = 100 aeiee. – ?anoiaeu iio?aaeoaey ia auieaoo eiienneiiiuo, noieiinoue oiae?iaee e o.ae.;
N3 = 120 aeiee. – /anoue noieiinoe oiaa?ia, eioi?ua auee i?aaeinoaaeaiu eiiio?a?ii aeey eniieueciaaiey a i?iecaiaenoaa eee i?iaeaaea ia yenii?o ioeaieaaaiuo oiaa?ia;
N4 = 80 aeiee. – eeoeaice?iaaiiua e eiua ieaoaaee;
N5 = 20 aeiee. – /anoue aeioiaea i?iaeaaoea io iineaaeothueo i?iaeaae ia oa??eoi?ee ?O.
?aoaiea: ON = ?n + (N1 + N2 + N3 + N4 + N5) = 1000 + 200 + 100 +120 + 80 + 20 =1520 aeiee.
A neo/aa iaaiciiaeiinoe eniieueciaaiey iaoiaea ? 1 i?eiaiyaony neaaeothuee, a ii?yaeea eo ia?a/iy – aoi?ie iaoiae.
I?eia? ? 2. Ii?aaeaeaiea oaiiaeaiiie noieiienoe oiaa?a (ON), aaiceiuo ia oa??eoi?ee ?innee, iaoiaeii au/eoaiey noieiinoe (iaoiae ? 4).
Aeaii: ?A = 100 aeiee. – oeaia aaeeieoee oiaa?a; ii eioi?ie ioeaieaaaiua, eaeaioe/iua eee iaeii?iaeiua oiaa?u iiaeathony iaeaieueoae ia?oeae ia oa??eoi?ee ?O;
N1 = 10 aeiee. – ?anoiaeu ia auieaoo eiienneiiiuo aiciaa?aaeaeaiee, iau/iua iaaeaaaee ia i?eaueue e o. ae.;
N2 = 4 aeiee. – ?anoiaeu ia o?ainii?oe?iaeo, no?aoiaaiea, iia?ocee-?aca?ocee aaeeieoeu oiaia a ?O;
N2 N3 = 6 aeiee. – noiiu eiii?oiuo oaiiaeaiiuo iioeei e eiuo ieaoaaeae a ?O a nayce n aaicii eee auaicii oiaa?ia.
?aoaiea: ON = ?a – N1 – N2 – N3 = 100 – 10 – 4 – 6 = 80 aeiee.
I?eia? ? 3. Ii?aaeaeaiea ON iaoiaeii ? 5.
Aeaii: N1 = 80 aeiee. – noieiinoue iaoa?eaeia e ae?oaea ecaea?aeee i?e i?iecaiaenoaa aaeeieoeu oiaa?a;
N2 = 20 aeiee. – iauea cao?aou, oa?aeoa?iua aeey i?iaeaaee a ?O ec no?aiu- yenii?oa?a oiaa?ia oiai aea aeaea;
N3 = 30 aeiee. – i?eaueue, iau/ii iieo/aaiay yenii?oa?ii a ?acoeueoaoa iinoaaee a ?O oaeeo oiaa?ia.
?aoaiea: ON = N1 + N2 + N3 = 80 + 20 + 30 = 130 aeiee.
Iaoiae ? 6. Iniiaai ia eniieueciaaiee ie?iaie i?aeoeee. A yoii neo/aa oaiiaeaiiiue i?aai i?aaeuyaeyao aeaeea?aioo oeaiiaoth eioi?iaoeeth, eae ni?aai/ioth.
Iaeiaiiaeiaeaiea eiii?oiuo oiaa?ia i?iecaiaeeony n oeaeueth nio?aiaiey aaeeiiai iaeiaiaiai ?aaeeia aeey ioa/anoaaiiuo oiaa?ia, ia iniiaa caeiiiaeaoaeueiie aacu e iia?aoeaiiai ?aaoee?iaaiey ii?yaeea iaeiaiiaeiaeaiey.
IAeN e aeoeecu aceiathony oieueei a oi?aiaii iai?ioa. Aaee/eia e iaoaieci ia/eneaiey yoeo iaeiaia ii?aaeaeyaony caeiiii ii iaeiaiaie nenoaia a ?innee e iia?aoeaiuie i?eeacaie AOE i i?eiaiiee IAeN e aeoeecia i?e yenii?oii-eiii?oiuo iia?aoeeyo.
i?e en/eneaiee IAeN ii eiii?oe?oaiui oiaa?ai a iaeiaiiaeaaaaioth aaco iiiiaaeaao noiia?iay aaee/eia:
1- oaiiaeaiiie noieiinoe oiaa?a (ON);
2- eiii?oiie oaiiaeaiiie iioeeiu (I);
3 – aeoeeca, anee oiaa? iiaeaeoeeciue (A).
Noiia iaeiaa ia aeiaaaeaiioth noieiinoue (IAeN) en/eneyaony a ?oaeyo ii neaaeothuei oi?ioeai:
1- ii oiaa?ai, iaeaaaaiui oaiiaeaiiuie iioeeiaie e aeoeecaie:
(ON + I + A) o EIAeN
2- ii oiaa?ai, iiaeeaaeauei iaeaaeaieth oaiiaeaiiuie iioeeiaie, ii ia iaeaaaaiua aeoeecaie:
(ON + I) o EIAeN
3- ii i?i/ei oiaa?ai:
ON o EIAeN.
aaea ON – oaiiaeaiiay noieiinoue a ?oa.; I – noiia oaiiaeaiiie iioeeiu a ?oa.; A – noiia aeoeeca; EIAeN – noaaea iaeiaa ia aeiaaaeaiioth noieiinoue.
En/enaiea aeoeeca ii aaiceiui ia oa??eoi?ee ?O oiaa?ai en/eneyaony ia iniiaa oaiiaeaiiie noieiinoe.
Noiia aeoeeca a ?oaeyo ii?aeayaony ii oi?ioea:
NA = ONa o E? o A , aaea ONa – oaiiaeaiiay noieiinoue a aaethoa eiio?aeoa; E? – eo?n ?oaey e eiino?aiiie aaethoa; A – noaaea aeoeeca.
Ii?aaeaeaiea no?aiu i?ienoiaeaeaiey oiaa?a inouanoaeyaony n oeaeueth oa?eoiiai e iaoa?eoiiai ?aaoee?iaaiey aaica e auaica oiaa?a. Caeiiii ii?aaeaeythony e?eoa?ee aeinoaoi/iie ia?a?aaioee oiaa?a, aaiaeeony na?oeoeeaoeey i?ienoiaeaeaiey oiaa?a.
Oa?eoiua eueaiou (oa?eoiua i?aoa?aioeee) a ioiioaiee ia?aiauaiey oiaa?a /a?ac oaiiaeaiioth a?aieoeo i?aaeinoaaeythony ii ?aoaieth i?aaeoaeuenoaa ia iniiaa caeiia.
OAIIAEAIIUE EIAeAEN ?INNEENEIE OAAeA?AOeEE.
Oaiiaeaiiue eiaeaen aeeth/aao a naay neaaeothuea ?acaeaeu: oaiiaeaiiua ?aaeeiu, oaiiaeaiiua ieaoaaee, oaiiaeaiiue eiio?ieue, aaethoiue eiio?ieue, ii?yaeie ia?aiauaiey /a?ac oaiiaeaiioth a?aieoeo oiaa?a e o?ainii?oiuo n?aaenoa, oaiiaeaiiia ioi?ieaiea, oaiiaeaiiua eueaiou, oaiiaeaiioth noaoenoeeo e oiaa?ioth iiiaieeaoo?o AYAe.
Oaiiaeaiiue ?aaeei: A oeaeyo oaiiaeaiiiai ?aaoee?iaaiey onoaiiaeaiu neaaeothuea
aeaeu oaiiaeaiiuo ?aaeeiia oiaa?ia e o?ainii?oiuo n?aaenoa:
1) auione aeey naiaiaeiiai ia?auaiey;
2) ?aeiii?o;
3) o?aiceo;
4) oaiiaeaiiue neeaae;
5) iaaacei aaniioeeiiie oi?aiaee;
6) ia?a?aaioea ia oaiiaeaiiie oa??eoi?ee;
7) ia?a?aaioea iiae oaiiaeaiiui eiio?ieai;
8) a?aiaiiue aaic (auaic);
9) naiaiaeiay oaiiaeaiiay ciia;
10) naiaiaeiue neeaae;
11) ia?a?aaioea aia oaiiaeaiiie oa??eoi?ee;
12) yenii?o;
13) ?ayenii?o;
14) oie/oiaeaiea;
15) ioeac a iieueco ainoaea?noaa.
Oaiiaeaiiue eiio?ieue. A i?aeoeea oaiiaeaiiiai eiio?iey eniieuecoaony a?ociaay oaiiaeaiiay aeaeea?aoeey (AOAe) – oieoeoee?iaaiiue aeieoiaio iauai?eiyoue a ie?iaie oi?aiaea. AOAe eae ii?iaoeaiue aeieoiaio eniieuecoaony n ai?aey 1994 aiaea. Aa aeaaiia iacia/aiea – aeaeea?e?iaaiea oaiiaeaiiiio i?aaio niaa?oaaiue noauaeoaie AYAe naeaeee, iiaeoaa?aeaeaiea caeiiiinoe yoie naeaeee i?e inouanoaeaiee oaiiaeaiiiai eiio?iey. Ii?yaeie caiieiaiey AOAe ii?aaeaeyaony Eino?oeoeeae, ooaa?aeaeaiiie i?eeacii AOI.
A ?acaeoea iieiaeaiee Oaiiaeaiiiai eiaeaena ?O aaaaeaii Iieiaeaiea i oaiiaeaiiii ia?aaic/eea.
Oaiiaeaiiua ia?aaic/eee (OI) ?acaeaeythony ia o?e eaoaai?ee: ciiaeueiua, ?aaeiiaeueiua, iaua?inneeneea. Iieo/ea eeoeaiceth, oaiiaeaiiue ia?aaic/ee (o?ainii?oiia i?aaei?eyoea) i?eia?aoaao i?aai ia?aaiceoue eiii?oiua a?ocu aac oaiiaeaiiiai nii?iaiaeaeaiey, iniauo aa?aioee e caeiaia. Aeey no?ai – /eaiia NIA n naioya?y 1994 aiaea aeaenoaoao Niaeaoaiea ia oi?iuaiee e oieoeeaoeee i?ioeaaeo? oaiiaeaiiiai ioi?ieaiey ia oaiiaeaiiuo a?aieoeao.
Aaethoiue eiio?ieue iainiiaaiiinoe ieaoaaeae a eiino?aiiie aaethoa ca eiii?oe?oaiua oiaa?u inouanoaeyaony ia iniiaaiee niioaaonoaothuae eino?oeoeee, ?ac?aaioaiiie Oeaio?aeueiui Aaieii ?O niaianoii n AOE ?innee e aeaenoaothuee n 1996 aiaea. Oeaee eiio?iey – i?ana/aiea i?aeoeee ia?aaiaea aaainiauo ieaoaaeae ii eiii?oiui eiio?aeoai aac iineaaeothuae iinoaaee oiaa?a, ia?aie/aiea a eniieueciaaiee aee?aaeeoeaiie oi?iu ?an/aoia.
Eo?niaua ?acieoeu. Ai aiaoiayeiiiie/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe eiouanoai e iaycaoaeuenoaa, iaiaa?eaaaiua a eiio?aeoa, o/eouaathony a eiino?aiiie aaethoa e a ?oaeyo. Auiieiaiea oneiaee eiio?aeoa o?aaoao ia?an/aoa noieiinoe eiouanoaa e iaycaoaeuenoa a ?oaee, iineieueeo eo?n aaetho ii ioiioaieth e ?inneeneiio ?oaeth ia yaeyaony noaaeeueiui. Iieiaeeoaeueiay eo?niaay ?acieoea (aeioiae) anoue ?acoeueoaoa iaaeaiey eo?na eiino?aiiie aaethou ii ioiioaieth e ?oaeth. Io?eoeaoaeueiay eo?niaay ?acieoea (oauoie) eiaao ianoi a neo/aa ?inoa eo?na yoie aaethou ii ioiioaieth e ?oaeth.
Aaethoiue ei?eaei?, onoaiiaeaiiue OeA ?innee, ia?aie/eaaao eieaaaiea eo?na ?oaey ii ioiioaieth e aeieea?o e aeaeaao eo a ii?aaeaeaiiie ia?a i?aaeneacoaiuie.
A oeaeii nenoaia oaiiaeaiiiai e aaethoiiai ?aaoee?iaaiey aiaoiayeiiiie/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe ?aoaao eiiieaen iae?iyeiiiie/aneeo caaea/ e neoaeeo oeaeyi oeoaeuaiey ieaoaaeiiai aaeaina no?aiu, yeiiiie/aneie aaciianiinoe e noeioee?iaaiey i?ei?eoaoiuo iai?aaeaiee yeiiiieee, a oaeaea eiio?ieth ia?auaiey oiaa?iie e aeaiaaeiie iann.
Nienie ?aeiiaiaeoaiie eeoa?aoo?u
Iniiaiay
1.Aiaeec aiaoiayeiiiie/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe i?aaei?eyoee / A.E. Io?aaueaa e ae?. – I.: Oeiainu e noaoenoeea, 1991. – 144 n.
2. Aiaoiayeiiiie/aneay aeayoaeueiinoue i?aaei?eyoey. O/aaiee aeey aocia. A.Ae. Ai?aeaaa e ae?. Iiae ?aae. i?io. E.A. No?ianeiai. – I.: Caeii e i?aai, THIEOE, 1996. – 408 n.
3. Iniiau aiaoiayeiiiie/aneeo ciaiee / Iiae ?aae. E.I. Oaieineiai. 2-a ecae., ia?a?aa. e aeii. – I.: Iaaeaeoia?iaeiua ioiioaiey, 1994. – 480 n.
4. Naa?aaaaa I.A. Iniiau aiaoiayeiiiie/aneeo naycae i?aaei?eyoee ?uaiie i?iiuoeaiiinoe. – I.: Eiein, 1994. – 112 n.
5. Neiaoeeee A.E. Aiaoiayeiiiie/aneea iia?aoeee: i?aaiecaoeey e oaoieea. – I.: Iaaeaeoia?iaeiua ioiioaiey, 1989. – 380 n.
6. Oi?aaeaiea aiaoiayeiiiie/aneie aeayoaeueiinoueth oicyenoaothueo noauaeoia a ?innee. O/aaiee iiae ?aae. Y.Y. Aaoece. – I. – EIO?A. – I. 1998. – 284 n.
7. Yeiiiieea aiaoieo naycae ?innee. O/aaiee aeey i?aaei?eieiaoaeae. / Iiae ?aae. aeioe. A.N. Aoeaoiaa. I.: Ecaeao-ai AAE, 1995. – 794 n.
Aeiiieieoaeueiay
8. Aeaoei A.E. ?uiie oeaiiuo aoiaa. Aaaaeaiea a oiiaeiaua iia?aoeee. – Naia?a: Naiaai, 1992. – 160 n.
9. Aaeaaaiia E.O. Aaethoiua iia?aoeee. – I.: Oeiainu e noaoenoeea, 1993. – 144 n.
10. Aieiaee E.A. Aiaoiayeiiiie/aneea iia?aoeee: aeaeu naeaeie e eiiia?/aneea oneiaey eiio?aeoia. – Eaeeieia?aae: AEIE I?O NNN?, 1991. – 68 n.
11. Ai?aoiia N.A. Iaaeaeoia?iaeiue aaethoiue oiiae: i?ioeai?a/ey eaieoaeenoe/aneiai aaethoiiai ?aaoee?iaaiey. – I.: Iaaeaeoia?iaeiua ioiioaiey, 1989.
12. Aeieeai Y.Aeae. e ae?. Aeaiueae, aaieianeia aeaei e aeaiaaeii-e?aaeeoiay iieeoeea / Iiae iau. ?aae. A. Eoeaoaae/a, I. ss?oeaaa; Ia?. n aiae. A. Eoeaoaae/a e ae?. – Nia.: Eeoa?a iethn, 1994. – 406 n.
13. Aeieeai Y.Aeae., Eeiaenae Ae.A. Iae?iyeiiiieea / Ia?. n aiae. A. Eoeaoaae/a e ae?. – NIa: Naieo-Iaoa?ao?a i?eano?, 1994.
14. Aeaoinna A. Oiiaeiaay ae?aea e ae?aeaaua iia?aoeee / Ia?. n o?aioe. – I.: Oea?eo. 1992. – 105 n.
15. Eo?n yeiiiie/aneie oai?ee / Iiae ?aae. i?io. I. *aio?eia, i?io. A. Eenaeaaie. – Ee?ia: IAEII, 1994.
16. Eeiaeaio I. Yeiiiieea ie?ioicyenoaaiiuo naycae / Iau. ?aae. e i?aaeene. I.A. Eaaiiaa; Ia?. n aiae. – I.: I?ia?ann Oieaa?n, 1992.
17. Iaeeiiae E., A?th N. Yeiiiieen: I?eioeeiu, i?iaeaiu e iieeoeea / Iau. ?aae. ia?aaiaea e i?aaeeneiaey i?io. A.A. Ii?ioianeiai. – I.: ?anioaeeea, 1992. – n. 320-364.
18. Ia?eaoeia ai aiaoiayeiiiie/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe i?aaei?eyoey / Iau. ?aae. I.N. Caaueyeiaa e A.A. Aeaieaeiaa. – I.: Aiaooi?aecaeao, 1989. – 152n.
19. Iaaeaeoia?iaeiua aaethoii-e?aaeeoiua e oeiainiaua ioiioaiey / Iiae ?aae. i?io. E.I. E?anaaeiie. – I.: Oeiainu e noaoenoeea, 1994. – 590 n.
20. ?iaeeiiia N., Aaae/aaa TH. Aeaiaaeii-e?aaeeoiia ?aaoee?iaaiea eaieoaeenoe/aneie yeiiiieee. – I.: Oeiainu e noaoenoeea, 1991.
21. Naioyeuenii I. Yeiiiieea / Ia?. n aiae. A. Aioiiiaa e ae?. – I.: III “Aeaii”, “AIENE Iaoeiino?iaiea”, 1994. – O. 2 – 416 n.
22. Naa?aaaaa I.A. i?aeoeeoi ii aiaoiayeiiiie/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe. – I.: ieuaaay i?iiuoeaiiinoue, 1994. – 120 n.
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24. Oaein I. Yeiiiie/aneee ia?ac iuoeaiey / Ia?. n aiae. N. Aioiiiaa e ae?. – I.: Iiainoe i?e o/anoee ecae-aa “Catallaxy”, 1991.
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26. Guide to Incoterms – 1992 edition.
Ni?aai/iay
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29. I ainoaea?noaaiiii ?aaoee?iaaiee aiaoiaoi?aiaie aeayoaeueiinoe: Oaaea?aeueiue caeii ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee. Iiaeienai I?aceaeaioii ?innee 13.10.95. ? 157-O3. // Nia?aiea caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee. 1995; ni. oaeaea: ?inneeneay aacaoa. 1995. ? 207. 24 ieo.
30. I aeiiieieoaeueiuo ia?ao ii i?eaea/aieth eiino?aiiuo eiaanoeoeee a io?anee iaoa?eaeueiiai i?iecaiaenoaa ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee: Oeac I?aceaeaioa ?O io 25.01.95. ? 75 // ?inneeneay aacaoa. 1995. ? 22. 28 yia.
31. I eiiieaeniie i?ia?aiia noeioee?iaaiey ioa/anoaaiiuo e eiino?aiiuo eiaanoeoeee a yeiiiieeo ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee: Iinoaiiaeaiea I?aaeoaeuenoaa ?O io 13.10.95. ? 1016 // ?inneeneay aacaoa. 1995. ? 217. 9 iiya?y.
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33. I iaeioi?uo aii?inao i?aaeinoaaeaiey eueaio o/anoieeai aiaoiayeiiiie/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe: Oaaea?aeueiue caeii io 13.03.95. ? 31-O3 // Nia?aiea caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee. 1995. ? 11. 13 ia?oa. No. 942.
34. Ii?yaeie ii?aaeaeaiey oaiiaeaiiie noieiinoe oiaa?ia, aaiceiuo ia oa??eoi?eth ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee: Ooa. Iinoaiiaeaieai I?aaeoaeuenoaa ?O io 5.11.92. ? 856 // Eiiia?naio. 1992. ? 41.
35. I ?inneeneii oeaio?a niaeaenoaey eiino?aiiui eiaanoeoeeyi i?e Ieienoa?noaa yeiiiieee ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee: Iinoaiiaeaiea I?aaeoaeuenoaa ?O io 30.06.95. ? 657 // Nia?aiea caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee. 1995. ? 28.
36. I oaiiaeaiiii oa?eoa: Caeii ?O io 21.05.93 // ?inneeneay aacaoa. 1993. ? 107.
37. Oaiiaeaiiue eiaeaen ?O io 18.06.93. ? 5221-1 // ?inneeneay aacaoa. 1993. ? 138.
38. Ia Iniaie yeiiiie/aneie ciia a Eaeeieia?aaeneie iaeanoe: Oaaea?aeueiue caeii // ?inneeneay aacaoa. 1996. 3 yia.
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Aieiaee E.A. “Iniiau aiaoiayeiiiie/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe”
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