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Войниканис Е.А., Якушев М.В. 2004 – Информация. Собственность. Интернет (книга)

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A????n A.A., ss??a I.A. 2004 – E????y. N??????. E?a??

E????y. N??????. E???o:O???y e ???u a ?????i ??a

N????a

I?????

E ??e ? ???????e, e????????e ?e ?? y?????? ??? ??????e ? ? ?????, n
???e ??e ??y??? ??i ?????, ?i a ??oth ?ny?o ?????o ?iy?e ??? “????ey”,
?e ?e ??a ?y??ay n ?c??? e ???????e ??????ii? ????a. I???? ??iy??
?????ey ??a y?y?ny “????ey”, ? ??? a ? ???? ???a. Iu ????y e ???e ?iy?y,
?i ?????th e ????i ??????yi, ??? a ??oth ???ue ?n ??o ?????? ??????ue
“???aoe?” n ???i ????? ??????y, ?a ?ath??y a ?????i ??a. E?? ???e, ? ?
??? “????ue ? ????ue” ???oth ??eth e, ? ?????e, ???? ???? ????? e y?????
?? ???y ???i, ???????ny a ????e??e ??a ?????? ??e e ???o ??i ?????e a
?y? n ????i ????? ??????i-?????e??e ??, ? ???e ?????ue ???? “E???o”.

I?? ???? ???????ue ???eyi ??o ???? e ??????o ????a oi?? a ?i ???, ?? ?i
y?ya?y ?????, o.a. ???ny ????? a ???a ?????? ???????? ???a ???e. Io ??a,
n ??? ???u, ????y ?????ue, ????o ?i ??? ????a? ???? y?????? e ?????
??a???, ???a ?????tho ??iyi?a ????y. ?????a ??o y?? ??y ????y? – ??????
???? e ????a?? ???? ? ??i ???????? ??i?ey – ???ey? ?????oth ??o y????i
?????oth?e ???? ???u. Yoi, ???? ?, ?????a ????a ???? ??? ?????ny ???y
????e, ?a ???a ???? ?????o ?????ay ???eyth?y ????? ????ey. A ????e,
?????ny ??????ue “?????th ??a? ??????” ?e y??? n?????e ???, ??? ?? ?? ?
??? i ????? e ????????e ?????e??a, ? e i ?i “?????? ?????” *(1). E
????th, ????u ??? i??e?ey ? ?o ?? ? ???u ae???i, a ?????y ??? ????a
??e?tho ?? ??a ? ????y?a. C???, e ???o, ?i ???y????? ????e a ?????
???????? ? ??? ??iyo, ???y ???ey?ny ???? ???????e (/a????) ????ey?, ????
e ????? ????? e ???eyi. Eth???i, ?i ???ay ????a ?????e ??c??ue ? ?????e
“??eth??i” ???y ?ae??o ????, o.a. ? ??? ??????i ?y ????a ??? ???? e
?????a/?? ???u ?????o ??a. I????ny ?? ???????? ???ey e ???ey ??o ????
??a – ??????i ??a *(2), ???????i ??a, “????-??a” e o.ae. Iu ???? a ??a
???ii ??????oth ???eth: ????oy??y, ?? ???e ???????a ???i, ????y, ?o?? ?a
“? ??y??”, ? ???? ?????i ????y e ????y a ???a ?a?, ?a ???tho ??o ?????,
?? “?a?” ??e ??????? ?e ? ??e ???? ???u.

A??, ???e ??????y ?i ??e, ??th??ny a ???? ???? ?? ?i??o ??????e ????
????? – ?? ? y?eth?y, ???, ??? ?e ???? ??o, – ??a ?e ? ????ea a ????
??????oth?o y???? ???o ia ??? ??. O?ay ??a ?????a, a ?ith ???ue,
???????o i ??????? ??? ?iy?y “??a” ?e ???u ?? *(3). E?? ???e, ? ??ei
???????a ??a, ? ??a e ?i ?????a ?e ?? ??? ?????a ??a, ??a ?? ?? i ??o
y??????, ???????o e ????? ????o, ???iytho ???????? ???? ???u, ???eytho ?
???? “????th”. I??a ??a?a, ???a ??y?ny ?????? th???e ???? ????, ??o
????ny ?????, ?i, ???, ??i ????, ?? ???e e ????eth ????? ??? ? ? e? ??
???u ???? ?e e ??? ???? o??a ? ??? ???i?ey??, ? ??a e ?????o ?????e.
A??? a ???? ???a ???ath??y ???y ???e ???e ??????e. I???o?u ???ey ???
????e (?a ??? ???ey ?y ??????e) ???tho ?????a, ? ?ii???? ???tho ???o e
???ey ?e ? ???u ?????, ?e e ? ???u ???????-???????. I???i, ?i ???????
????e a ??? e ?????? ???, ?? n ??? ? ????? ????a, ??o ??ue ?????? ????ou
??? ?e ???e ????? ?????y ?????? ???e. Ia ??a ?e ????? ??ey?? ??o ? ???
???????ue ? ??iy?a, ? e ???????ue ? ???a, a ?yce n ?i ???i ???? ?a ?
??ue? i ???????e ???, ?ieue? i ?i ???ath?i ????a *(4).

A ??iy?i ?????? ??? ????? ????ue ???n ??????e ???u ????i ??????y ? ???a
?????y ???uo ????? “?????” e “??????e”. A?????ue y?e ?? ? ???? ????,
???? ?? ??? ? ???ia ????, ???a ? ?? ?? ??y?ny ??????th ?????? ??o,
??????? ???????, a ??a ??????th ??a???oth e ?????oth ???????ue a ?????i
????? ??a ???i, ???a ???atho a ?y? n ??????ueth a ???? ??????? ????e
??????i ????a ??????e. A ???? ?a?u ?ae ??? ??i ????i, ?i ?y ?nn???ey
????o ???? ????y ??iy?i ????ny ?a e ??e ??????e ???e ???? ?????? – e
????a ???? ????e, ?y??? n e??????i E????. E??i ?y?? ????a?y ???eyi ???
???? ????, ??n??a ? ??oth ???? ???e.

Summary

The book sums up the many years experience of the authors in the theory
of Information Law.

The new information technologies raised questions about the nature of
property, intellectual property, and information as an object of legal
regulation.

The goal of the book is to analyze the interrelation between the
existing concepts of information and property.

The codified conception of property as a bundle of sticks (possession,
use and disposal) is still dominant in the Russian academic society.

However, this traditional view of property fails to describe many
relationships involving information, first and foremost because it
cannot express the full range of property rights.

The possible get-out, as suggested, requires the replacement of
traditional concept with an alternative, which extends the old, fixed
and inflexible limits of the notion ‘property’.

Without taking into consideration the foreign legal practice and
historical analysis, no one may give clear answers to the question, how
information can be treated as somebody’s property.

To come to the legal understanding of information it should be studied
as a phenomenon of modern culture, inherent part of everyday life and
topical matter of scientific and philosophical disputes.

The development of the Internet added a lot of material for
interpretation and analysis.

Thus, the question on the information as a legal institute deals
primarily with the legal regulation of subjects, which appeared and
formed along with the Internet era.

So the logic of the book can be well explained: it explores the ‘new
and old’ – new for the Russians, but old for the historians – concept of
the property rights in the context of information society and refers for
this purpose to the Internet as its most relevant environment.

The last chapter of the book presents the implications of these
discoveries for the improvement of legal protection of information in
the Russian Federation.

The array of foreign legal contexts explored in the book, authors
believe, could be helpful to realize better all vices, lacks and
failures of the Russian legal practice and to specify their advisable
changes.

A?????y

I????? ?? ????e ???tho ????i? ??iy?a ???-?????? ??o?? ? ?? “??????ue –
????ey – E???o”, ????oth a ???? ??iy?e ??e. A?????y ? ??? ? ????? ?
y???????? (????ath?e ???? ????? ? ??? ???? ????? au ?????? ?????????
?????ey), ? e ??o “??????” ????, ????o ????ey? ??e ??? ?????, a ???o
???? ???y ?? ???ath?y, ?? ???y n ?e, ???th ????tho ?o?u ??iy?e ??e.

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E????y

C??a ??? ????i ??????

????? ?????ey ???i

??i ??o ???ue, ?e ??? a

?? ????? ?? ???ny, ?i

?e ??? ??i ?? ?????

??, ??o ?e “????ey”,

“y???ey”, “??????”, ??cy

??? ?? ??o ???i.

E?ae O??i. I????ay ???a *(5)

E????y ?e ???i ?????e ????e ?e ???o ???ey

Eth?e ??? ????i ??????y y?y?ny ??????, e ?? a ??oth ???ue, y????
????????, ?????i ??e??? ???u ??. Ae???????ue, ?e??y ? ???u e ????, ??
??????ny ??????? ????e, ????y ?a ??? ?iy???i ???ey e ?e ???o ???ey ????
(a ??i ???i ??? y?? ??a) ????o ?? “???????a ?????a” *(6). Oi ?e ?? y???
?????ue??e ????ny ????th?i e ????ny ????i ???a, ????ey ????? ??? ?e
???????i ???ey ??? a ?? ??, ?i ?i ?a ??i a ?ea ??????i ???y?y e, ??i
???i, a ?? ?????? ????a. I???a ?i???a y??ey, ???? ?e ???y y?y?ny a y?i
??? ????i, ????o ??i?ey e ???ey ? ???u ???? ??o? ??? ? ?a ????y?a, a,
??aa, ??? ?, ?????a ?? ????y ? ?????a (??? ????? ?i???) e ??????a ??
????i ???i ?????o ????? (y???? ?e ??i?a) ????. I?th?, ?????, ????
???????ay ???a ?????y ???a ??????ey ??c ?iy?a ??a *(7).

I???i ??a ????ny ?? ?, ?i y?y?ny ???? ?y ????, a ??th?i (?oy, ???i, ?
??????) ????i ?y ????y ?? ?e ??i y??ey ???? ???? ???ny ? ?o ?? ?i
y?????ay ????: ??? ?, /? ??o ??ue ?????? ????i ?cy?o???i ???a, ??? a “??
??ey” ?a?. A ?e ??????? ????? ??i ???? ????ny e????y e ?a, ?i n ?e ?y??.

E???? ?????y ????? a ?/?i ??? ??i ??????ue ?e “????i?”, o.a. ???
??????i ? ?iy?yth?a, ? ???ath?a ?????? ???a ????? e ???yth?a ??????ue
????????, ? ????ay ???????e. Iiy?? ??? ?i ???e e ???o ??o i?????, ????y
???a e ???e ?iyoey. I???a, ? ???o ??????? ??yn??e ?e ?????e ??n i ?i, ?i
?iy?a “?????” ????ue a ??? ???ey ???i ???i ????y ???????? ????, ?????i
???? ?a? “??ueth??ay ??eth?y”. N?i ??i “???a?y”, ?e ????, ????? ? ?????
“information”, ?i ???? “??y???” ?e “???????ue”. I??a ?? a ??ee ????? ??
???u ?a a ??? ???? XX a.: a 1928 a. ?. O??e ???a ?e ??????? ?????a
?????, a a 1948 a. ??a ????ay ??a E. O??? “I???e??ay ??ey ?y?”, ?a ?????
??ny ?a ??????? ?????a *(8). I???? ???????a ????a ????? ???o ???i ???i ?
???u, ?????? Oa???, ? ?????y ???a ? ?ayo, e??? a ? ????e. A ??ee Oa??a
?iy?a “????ey” ??i ?y?? n ?iy?y? “y???y” e “?y?”. E????? ???ath?y ??? ?
?????? ????y, ?o?? ???atho ???????? o ????ey ?????. N??????, ????ey
???y?ny ????ueth y???e ?n?? ? e ??a ????y ?????. A?e ???a ????
???u-????a ????? ????? “A”, ???a a ???a-?????a ????? “A”, a y???th –
“I”, ? y???? ???u ??o ???? I(A) – I(A/A). I????y, ?i ????a y???e n???
??o ???? ????o, ????o ???y? ???ue ?ey?a ???y A ? ???a A ??c ????? ?????
?????. C??o, ????ey ????o ?e ?? ????y, ????y? ??o ????e, y??ey?, ?????,
a ? ?e ????? ?n?y?y ??? *(9). A?? ???? e ?a ?? ???: ?? ????ey ????o a ??
????e ??o ????e (??y??, ???e), ???a ?atho ??????? ????a, ? ?????, ?e
??????y ???a ??????ey ???o ? ??? ??, ?e ?e y?y?ny, ?e ????o ?i O??i ?
???? e ??e ??a, “??????e a ????e ????? ????” *(10).

E????y ? ??? ??i ?y?? n ????i ? ???? (?????e), ? a ???? ??a ???ey?ny
y?i ????i. E?? ???e, ????ey ????ey? ??e ? ???i ?????? ????, ???i ??????
????, ????? ????a?eth. Ae?????? ?e ??????a ?????a?ny ?e y?i ?e ?y?a
???????? (y???e) ?????i ???, ????ey??i i????? ?????. Ae????y ????? ???
????? ??? a ?????e ???a?y ?iy?y “?????”, ???a ?eth?? ??? ??????e e
??????? ???u.

O?, ?a I. A??, ??a ?? ? ???????? ?????e e ?????e o??e ?????, ???? ?ae
?????e “?????a ????ey, ?????i ? ??i?i ?? a ???? ??? ??????ey e ?? e
???????ey ??o ???” *(11). A ?????e ????? ?y A??a ??????? y?y?ny ???
????i ??? ? ???, a ????? ?? ?????y ????? ??ey. O?? ???i, ????? “?????e”,
? A??o, y?y?ny “????ey ?????y” (?e “??????ey”, ?i ??a e ??????? ????e
O??e). I??????y a ??i ?? ????ey ??y? ?ith ??????, ???? ?? ?????e ?
???-?? ???? (???ey). E?? ???e, ?a ?a ? ??o ???????y ?e ??a ???????a ???
– ??i ??a ??????i “?? ??” e? ??????i “???? ??”, – ????th?a i??i ??a.

A ?????o ?????yo ????? ????ny ???? e ?a ? ?? ???i??a ???? ????? – ?
?????y?a ??o. E??????e ?e ????? ????e ????? a ??? ????? ??e ??ae?? a
?iy?e “?ay???y”. “I?y???th, – ?e ????o Y.O. E?a, – ??i ???? ????tho ?e
y???th n ??????i ???. Y? ??o ???? ???a ??????y. I?y???y (IIA) ??????i
???y?ny a ?o ? ????, ?e y???y (????, a ??o). I????ea ? ???e??? ???????a
y???e. Aa ????? ???? ??a ? ????? y???e. I?a? y? ???? ??iyth?y a ???a ?
???iy???i ??????oyi e ? ??eth?ua ???ey ?? ??nyo ?? ? ??a. I?y???y y?y?ny
??e ii?y?a, ??y?????, ????? ????u, ?y??? ?????” *(12).

????a y????i-??????? ???e ??????? ??? ??? ???? e ??n???? ???? e
???????i e ?????? ????, ?y??? n ??????? ??????? ?????. Ae????i ??? ??i
????i, ?i ????ey ?e ???o ???? ?????ey ? ??o ?? ???a e ?????? ???? ???
???? e ?oe??e. I?????i ???e?? e ?iy?a ?????: ??? ????ey ???????a ? ???
????oth ???o? ???????e ????e ??????? ????ey, ? e ?th ?????? ???????o
y??? a ???e ??e.

N ??e ??ey ???? ????u e ????e eth???i ???? ???? ???????oth ????th, ???y
??th??ny a ???????e ?iy?y “????ey” ??? ? ????y ?i ????? “??????e ?????”
*(13). A ???? ??a ??????y ??e ?yae ????ath?o ??????e ?????? ??a ? ?, ?i
? ??o ???ey? ????? ?iy?y “????ey”.

Ai-???, “???????y” ??ey ???? ??????a ??? “?????” ???. E????y ??????ny
?e ???? ?????a ??-?, ?i ? ??o ?? ???iy? ???? ??? ?e ??????i ???e ?????e.

Ai-???, ????y “???ey” ????? ???? ? ??????e, ?i ????ey n???o?, ? ? a ??i
????? ?? (?a ? ??i ?? ??th?? ? ????a ?iy??ey). O?ay ????y ????? “???i”
?uy?y? ?e ????? ??????? y??ey ?????? ???e, ? ?? ???c n ????y?e ???e ????
??.

A-?a??, ?????y ?????ue n?????ey “???” ?????, ?c ??e-?? ??????e ??u ?
??????y, ?i i???a ??? ??????e ???a ??.

A-????o, ????ey ??o ?? ??i??? ?e ?? ? “????? ?iy??? ???e”, ???a a ????
??o ?? ????i ???? ?????ey ??y? n “???e” ??????e ????e.

A-iy?o, ????? ??? i “?????e” ????? ? ????th ? “????e” i???e, ?e y?i
????? ?? ?? ???o ? ??e ????? a ????o ? ?iy??eyo.

A-???, “????????” ??????a ? ????? ????o ? ??????a ?? ?e ?????oth ?????,
??th???? a ??????e ??y?? ????. I???ue “e????” ??i ????? ?e ?????? e?th
??????th. N?ue ?? ? y?? ? ?iy?ny. E???, ????y ? ??????o ??o-?? ???ae ?e
???? ? ????? ??o ??? ???c, ?a ??? ???o ?????y, ?????? e ??????, ??
?????ny ????y?e ????i??. I?? ?????i ???e i??? ????? “?????e ??e” y?y?ny
???n ? ????eth ????a e ???a, ??????o ??a ???e, ???? ????i e o.i., o.a.
?? ?e ??o ???, ?????? ? ??o ???a ?e ????? ?oa????? (? ??? ??eo ?e
????th?o ?? ????) ????e. Ae??e ????? y?y?ny “??????” ?????e (e ????th,
??????a) ? ???o ? ?????ey ??????o ?????? ?iy???o ??????eth, ?eth?th??
???ieth ???? e ???a, ???e e ??, ??????? e ??????e e o.i. A???e ???? ???c
? ?????y ?o ??, ?i ????y, ??e ? ????? “??ae” ?a ?? ? ????a, ? ??a ???
????a ?????? ???? ????? y?eth?e, a ??i e ?e? ?????e. I?????y ???y ?????o
?iy?e (?e, ???i, e ?iy???i ????a ??? ??) ??e ? ??o y?y?ny ???????i ?
??eth??, o.a. ?????? ?????. Ii ?? ????e, ????e ???ny ??eo?y n ?i, ?i
???????ue ????eyi y?? ??cy ??ei ?? ?e ??? ??????i ?????y ??????o ?????
???o ?? ???? ? y??ey ?????e ????.

Eth???i, ?i ?ay ? ??????e ?????? ??? ????? ????ue ???????e ? ??? ?y
????a, ? e ?y ??????? ????, ?????, ?????, y???? e ??? ??.

I???ue ? ?e ???y ?a E. O??i, ???e a ???i ?????e e “O??i ? ??? ?????”,
??? ??????i “I????? y??ae” (Bandwagon), ???e ??o, ????oth a y??? e
??iy?? ???o *(14). O??i, ???i ?, ??e, e ??? ?????i, a ???o ??e ???,
?i?i, ??? ???i (a ? ??? ?????) ???, ? ??????e ??????a ? ????o ???a e
??????? y????y?e, ??? ? ????ey? ?e ? ?? ???u.

E???a, ? ???e ???e ???? “E??? e Ae??i”, ?yae ? ??? a ???? ??? ?????
“???th” ?e “?o”, ?? ?? ? ??? ????ue i??i ???? “????ey”. E? e a ??? n
???, ? y?y?ny ???y ????y? ???ey e ????ey ????? ??, ?i ???? ??? n ??e
??????? ?e. “Ii?a ????? ??? e ????, ??a ????? y??? e ?????? – ?????
??????????e e ??: Aa ??????? ???i (A? E???a) – ?????, a ??? ? – AeIE”
*(15). O? ?a a 1976 a. ???????e ?????th y?? AE? A????. A ??a “N??y?a
?????a” 1979 a. O??? E??? ?y??? ?????a “y?? ?????a” n ????? “???a ??ey”:
????? ????tho ??? a ???a?th. Y??????? ??ey ?????? ????, ?i ???ae ? y?e
??i, ???? ae???i ?? ??????? ????a, ??tho ? ??ey ???. A?????, ??????i,
???ue ??cy, ?? ??i ???ue ????eth, e ??? ?a ? ??? a ?? ????. “O? ?, ?e
?????? ?n???? ???? ? ???? ?????, a ??i ? ???y??a ????e ????e e ???e ???e
??e e ? y?????th, ?? ????, ?e ??o ???ny a a??? ? ???? ?????” *(16). O
I???a I?ethy? “?????” ????? ??????e ??? ?c ?????y ????ey, ???y, y?yy?
?????? ??? ss, ??????o ?e ???y?a ????? ????, ?e e ?i ????? ???????.
I?????????, ? ??e ???u, ? ??tho ???y?, ?i ?th?i e ????y?? y?y?ny y?e e
?i ?y? ??o ??????, ????e e ?????? y?y?ny ???????? e ????e. A???, y? – ??
???ii? ?????ey.

N????i, ?????? ??????? ?/? ??ey a ???? ??a ?? ????ae?o ???????ue ???? e
??ue ??????? ???o ?????ey e ??????? ? ????o ???e ?? ????e ??? ???o,
????y? ?? ? ??a ?i ??????e a ?????? ????y. Ia ????, ???, ????, ?i a
?????? ??????a ???? ????i “?????” (a ??i ???i ??? y?? ??a) y?y?ny ??ue ?
??? ?????????i ????, ?e “??a?a ????” (o.a. ?????e ??????ey ????o ????ia
a ???a ?????? ????) a ??o????th y?? e “???? y???” (o.a. ?????e ??????ey
??o ??a y??? a ???) a y?? ??????? ??eth?e.

Oi, ?i ? ??o ???????o ???? ??????? ????, y?y?ny ? ??? ???????? ??a, ? e
?a??? ????o ????e, a ??? ?? ????ath?o ???? ?????? e ??? ??. A 1970-1980
?. (?i ??? ?y?y?ny a ??? 1970-o ?.) ??? ???????i ???? ??? a ??i ?????e
????. E. I??a ?e ???i, ?i ??????? ???? ??o ?????? e ???????; Ae. A?e ?
????ny, ?i ??? e ?i ????e – ??? ??? ?th??a ???i? a ???? a???i. Ii ? ???
???? ????? ? ???????. I?????a ????a ????? ?????a, ???????e ?? ??u ??a,
?????? ?e ????? ?????e ?????? – y? ?a ? ??ey, a ?????a ?ay ??i?u. I??a,
?i????, ? ???e ?? n ??e ??ey ????e, ???ny ????a ??, ?i ? ????ey? ??e
????ey. E????y ?????y?ny ? ???i, a ????? ??????? ??e ??????ny ?e ??
????? ????????oe ???? ?a a ?i ? ???, ???a ????? ???????i ????ey a ???a
??a ???oe-? ??? ??a ???? *(17).

I? ?????? ?iy?y “????ey” ????? ? ?o??? ???? “????o???e ???u”. Ae?i a
?i, ?i a ?i??eyo ???????i ???? ???????ay ???a ?????y?ny n ??????? ??i??e
(informational autonomy), o.a. ??????ueth a ??y?e ?o?? ?e ??????e ???a
??n???i ?????, ??e e ? ????y *(18). E?e???? ???e, ?????o ?y ??????y
???????? ???u, ???ey? ??? ?a?u ? ??oth?a ???u. A?th?? ? ?iy?a ????????
???u ??? ???? ??y???, ???a ??? ?? ???a? (o.a. ???ey?ny ??th???? a ????uo
????), ?e ???? ??a ????? ????ey? ss?y?ny ? ?i ?????? ?e ????tho ?ua???a
???? ?y “????y” ???????? ???u? I??? ?e ???? ?????o ???ey, ???a ???ytho
???? i ???e ?e ? ????? ??????? ????e: y? ???y ?y ???a, ???y ?y ?????i
??????y e ???y ?y ?????? ???y?y ?????.

*? ???ny ?????, ???y ?? ? ??????? ?? e ???? (?????th), ? ??ue ???????
???? ???a?? ?????ue ???. A ??????? ?a? a ???? ???y ?y ????? ??? (???)
????? ????o, a ??i??, ? ??????, ???a ? ???ny e ? ????????, o.a. e
???????o ????eth ????? ?????. I???, ?????? ???o ??i ???????i ??? ??i
???ue ????, y?yth?y oo??? ???e ???a, a ??a ???????e ????? i ???, ???e
???? ???ae. O?? ???i, ????? ?????e ?e ??? ?????y ??? ???a e ?e ???o ?y
????a ?????ue ???????? ????th?th ????eth e ia???o ??y?a ?????? ??????y
????? ????? ????? ???e. Aeey ????o ??a ????? e ? ??????y ????y ?????a
?????e ?y?? ???a. A?? ????, ?i ????a?a ??????a ????a ? ????i??e ?
??????? ???? y?y?ny ?????i, ? ??????i ???? ?y ????e ???????? ???u. Ae?i
a ?i, ?i o ????a ??o ??????ue n???y i ???e ?????? ?????, ???y ??a ? ??ue
?th??e ?y ???i??y ?????e ???e, ??th?thu? ???????a ?????? ???i. A ?y? n
y?i ???? ??u, ??th??y “?a??y” ?????e e ????th?a ??? e ?e, ???ath?y ????
???e: n ? ???th ????y ??a, a ???e ????ey ?ac???y ??a ?e ??a ????e.

Ii ????ey ? ??? ???ey?ny ????i, ????? ??a ????ey, ???e ??????ay ??
?????ny n ????i, o.a. ????ey, ???y ????o a ?? ? ????, ?eth?y ????eth i
?i, o.a. ?i ?????? ???. E?? ?i??, ??????ay ????y ??????o ?????oth ???ue
????? ????a ? ??? a ???? ????e ?e ?????, ? ??a a ???? ?o, ?i ???o ?e
??o, o.a. ?????, ?e ???th?o ????a. E??i ?y?? ???? ??u ??? ???ey? ? ???
???a ???a e ?????, ? e ???a ? ??????y. N????a ????, ??th??y ??a e
??????y ?????? ?????, ???atho ?ey?a ? ???????oth ???o ? ??? ii????i
??????? ?e ???ath?o ??, o.a. ?y?i ??i, ? ??a e ??????i, ????o ?????tho
???u ???y?y ????? ?? ??a e ??o ?ay. E?? ???e, ?????ay ????ey ???i
?????ny n ??th ???????y ei??????i ?????, ????u ???? ? ??? ???eyth?y
????i ???? ?y? n ??????.

Ae?a ?? ? ???y?ny a ???o?? ???u ??????ey ????o ????? ????a, ??? ????i
y?y?ny ?o ??, ?i ??o ????e ????i ??????y e ??? ???a, ?eth?th?i ?? ???
????e e ????? ???e, ?????ath?y ????y ????ey?y. E?? ???e, ??????? ??yae ?
??i, ???a ?i “????????” ?e ?????ue ? ?ey?y ???athu??y, ?e ???y, ? ??i
?????i ???i ???a ???ath?y ???iy????. I???y ?i ?e ?o ??????ay ????, ?a
y?y?ny ????oueth, a ?????a ath ??????a – ???e, ???i ???????i ???i,
???eyth?i e ??????yth?i ???u ???????ey e ???? ??????? ????o ????? ?????,
?eth?y ??i.

O???? e ???? ????e a ?????o ???? ???? ??o ????? ????? ??a, ?????a ???
??u. No????? ??a ?a a ???e ???e ???o ? ??????e ??????i ??ie ???a ????a,
o.a. ? ???? ??i??? ???u e ??iyth??y ???i ???yi. Eth?y ???? ??? y?y?ny
?eth???ae e ?????? ???, ? ????o a ??? ??? ???ey – ????ey, ? ??i ???? ??
i ?o ???ieyo, ???a ???tho ?y??? ??? ????i ???a ?e ?o ????otho. N??? n??
?????y, ?i a ???a ????i ??????y ? ??i ????ue ?i ???oth e ?????th ???u
*(19) Eth?e ???? ??? ?e ???e ?????o ????a???e e ????? ???iy???, ????? ?
???y ?e ????ey ??ny??y e ?? ???? ??. N ??? ?i?iu, ????e ??a ? ??? ????ue
?oue ? ???u, ???a ??? ??? ????? ?e ?????i ??y ???tho ??a e ??a ????,
o.a. ??eyth?y ?????oth?i ???? ???? e ???yth?y ???i? ?????th. I???? ???
??ai ???a ??????y ??o ?? ?????? ????? ????e, ?i ? ??ii ?????i ???????e
??????e ???a, ??a ???y, ?i ??? ?e ?? ??????, ???a ?o ????ath?y a ?i?o
???? ???u. A?e ??e ??? aei???o ????? ?ae ??a ???oth ????th, ? ????
?????e ? ????o, ????o ??? ????ny ??????ueth ????, ?y ???o ???? ??i ?a
?????, e ???o ??????? ?e ?????o ??? ?y ?i ??????y, ?e ???i, ? ????y.
N????i ?ay ???ey ????o, ??a ?? ?? ? ???a “???i ??iy”, o.a. ???a, ??ey??
??y? n ????? ???e i? ??? e ???? ??e ??????e. I???i a ??? ??? ??o ???ue
?.128 AE ?O, a ???e ????yth?y ?? ???? ?????o ??. O?y a ???? ???? ??????
??????ey (?????o ??) ??? ??y? ???a ????, ? ???? ?y??y ???a a ???oth?i
AE. I??i E??n ? ??? ???? ????a ? ?ei????? ??a e ???a ?a ?????? ???a
????, ? e ?? ??e ??? – ????eth. Ia ????ny ?????y a ???????e ??e ???u, ?
??ue ? ?????, /? ???? ??i ????? ???ey?ny E???i ?? ???? (a ??o?? ????e e
?????? ??u) e ? ?? ? ??? ??????, ? e ??????o ???a ? ????, ?y??? n ?i, ?i
? “ath??????i” y?? ??? ?c?atho ???????e, a ? “????????” – ????i e
???????o ????.

E????y ?e ??? ?a??? ??????y

I?y?a “????ey” ??i a ?????i?ue, ??i a ???e e ?????e ???n?. E?? ? ???i
?i ??? a ???? ????? N????i, ???????e ??o ???? ????ny o? a ???? ??iy?e
???. ?????u ????????i ??a (????? ??? e ???o ????e), ???? ??o ???????
???? ???tho ???oth ??? a ??? ????? ???????? ??????e. A ??????? ????
???e??? ???? ?????o ???? ??????y ????? ?e ?e??, ? “??y???” e ????a ???
i?????? ???ey e ??a ? ??????y, ???e ???o, ?????oy ???u ??o ??????,
??????ny ??????, ????o??i ?????? ???? ???? ???????? ??????e. Iiy?? e ?
??????ny ? ??? ?????? ???a ????? ??? a ??i ????e.

A? ?? ????a ????????i o????: ? ???o ????ue ?????a e ???a ????e n ????
(????i ?e ??????i) ?????? ?iy?y. Y? ? ????, ?i ????ey a ???e ????e e ??e
? ??o ?? ??? ???? ???e e a ??? ???? “????e” ??e, a ?i ?e ?? ??, a
???oth?a ????iua ??. A??, ???, ???? ?? ??o a ?i, ?i ??a ???a ? ????th e
?a? ????e (e ?????oth?a ? ???u) ?????o ?? ????? e ??otho ??????i
??????ey, ?????e ?y ??, ??u ?? “?????e” a ???? ?????? a ???? ?i ????e
??e ?e y???a. E?? ??, ??i ??? ???? ??? n ?? ???????? ???a, ???a, ?-???,
y?yth?y ????u? (? ???e ??, ?y ??????? a ?????oth?e ???e), ?-???,
??athony ??? a ???? ??????e (o.a. ???tho ?e ????otho ????, ???a ? ??o ??
??? ?????? ?????ey? y??, ?????y ?e ????th??y ???a, ?????? ????? e ??.),
???oe, a-???o, y?yth?y ??????ie e ????o ?????th (??a ??i?a ?????u, a ?i
??a ???? ???e, ? ?????e ????th ???tho ??? ??????eth).

N???? ?iy?y “????ey”, ? ??eth A.A. N????a, ???ey?ny ???????i ?? ?? ?
?iy??ey ?e ????y – ???? e ????e, ???a, ?oy e ???ytho ?? ??a, ???tho
??????i ???e ????? *(20). N???y (“??ey”, ????ee y????o – knowledge)
?????oth?y ?????ueth (??????e ??????ueth ? ??????i ???ey), ???????
???????ueth, ??????th (?????ueth ?????e) e ?????ueth ??????y. I??????
???? ???ytho ??????ue ???ey ?e y????? ????? ???ey, ?????oth?e ?i ?a??oth
(a ? ???oth) ???o, o.a. ???yth?e ? ????e ?????ey ???n ?i ?????y, ???e
????o ???ey a e???eth y?????e ????. N???y y?yth?y ??i ? ???? ei?????
???ey ????i ???th?e ????????. I???a ???? ??o ????? ?????i?? ???
????ey?ny ?????i ????e (“????”, ????? y????? – message ?e
communication). N???ey ???tho ????? ???ea???e (?????ueth ?? ???????? ?
?????? ???? e ??????? ? ??? ???), ??????? (?????) ???ae??? e, ???oe,
?????e (?????? ??? ???eyth?o ? ??a). I???y ???? ???i ?? ???aoe?, ???o
????, ?i ????y ????eytho ??e ?? ? ???? ????? ?????ey e??? ??? ?e ??, ?i
??y? ???? “????? ????i”. I????? ??????a n ??y???th ??????o, ????i ?a???
e ????i ia???? ?ae??? e ?????th ????i ??? ?e ????? a ??i, ?e e ??? ? ??
? ?iy??ey.

A??n ? ?????e ????i ????y ?? ?e ??i ? ??? ????o ????, ?eth?y ??? i ?i
???a e ????????o ????o, ??y?o ? ??ue ????? ? ????th n ???? ????o ????
????y a ???oth ???o ??o ????, ? ??????ey, a a ????? ??? ??a e ??????e n
y?e ????.

I?? ??? ??????ey ??o ?? ?ay?i ???a i?? ?e y??? ????????, ??ath??y a
???? ??????e, ? ? ??ath??y ???? e ????th?i ????yi e ????? e ??oth?e,
??????i, ????y a ???? ???u ???i ??? ???? ???a (????? ??????y). Oi, ?e
??o ?a??????? ????? ?y ??? ???a “????” n ???? a ??i e ?e ??o ??????y ?
???????y – ?????y ?, e ???o, ??????? ?????? ????u ?e ???? ?????ny ? ?a?
??????i, – ?????e ????ii ?????ue ?e ?????? ???a. I?? ??? a ?y?i ???
“?????y” ???, e ?????a ??????e ????y?y ???????i a ?? ??? ???ey. Ii ???
??eth, ????e ??? y?y?ny ? ??? ????i? (????o ????o ?????, ????, e ? ???
?????th, ? ?a-?? ???th?th ???o), ? ??o ??a e ??? ????? ??????i ????i,
???a ??i ?? ? ?i?e ?e ????, ???yy ?oth ????th. E?????ue ???u ?a ????th?e
???u, ?????? ???????ue a ???a? e ?eyo, ??a ?? ?? i ??????e ?????y ?
?????? ????y, ??? ??a ????? e ?????, ?i ????ny ???? ???i ???? ???o.
N?????a ?????ii ?????? e y?????? ???????, a ?i ???n?? ????th ?????ue ?a
?????? o???ny ? ?????i ??a, ??? ???ae?? ????y a ? ???e ???e e e ??o.

I???a ??????a ??? ???a ??o ????y ? ???? n ???e ????e *(21). A y?i ???,
???, ????ny ??ue ?? n ???? ???e, ? aa ?????, ?? ????ue ???????? ????ey,
??i ???ue ??? ?????i. “O?????a ??? ?? ? ?? ??/?o ? ??a ?i ????a ?? ??a,
?i ??a, ??oth?a ??????y ????y ???? ??a ???ey ???u ??a (?? ?oy e ???? a ?
? ??y, ? ???? ????ath?? ???? e?????e ??a) e ??? ??o ?iy? a ?e ??i ? ??a
?e ??i ?y?? ????? ????y ? ? ??, ??a ??i ?e, ??e ???e, ?e ?????? ?? ?????
?????? – ????ey a th????oth ??o ?????? ????o ??o?ee e ????ey ?????e ??a
– ????o ?????, ?e ???i ?????ue, ?????ue ??a ????a” *(22). N ??? ???u,
??? ??? i ???a ????, ??a ????y ????? ??????a ???? e ???? ???a, ?c ??a
???o ???? ??? ????ny ??y????? e ????o ???? ??e ??.

C?? ??o ??? ???? ??? ????o, n ???th ???o ??i n ?????e ???ueth ???? e
?????e ????? ??????? ??, ????? e ???????? ???o, a ??a ??????ue (?e ?oy ?
???th?????) ? ?e?i ???????, ? e ???????? ?o ?e ?? ????a ??ey???i ?????y.
E?y i ??a e? ????i ?????e, ?ath?i ??????oth ????o *(23), ???y? ?????ue
?????? ?? ?e ??e?? ??u ?e ????i y????, ???a ??aey?y a ?n???o ???????o
????? n-??? ??????o e ?a ??????? a ??? ? ?????a ????? ?????y n ????i
?????oth?o ??? ???a. O?? ???i, a ??? ? ?????a ?i y???u (???? ??u) ???tho
???ey?? ???? ???a (????o ????o) ????a, ?i ???y? ???ue ?a ???? ???i
y???a, ?yaeyth??y a ??? ??????. A?e ???ay ??a ??o ?? ???? e ???-??
?????? ??????th ??a, ? ???o??th?e ? i???????? y??? ???? ?????, ????? ?
????, ???oth?i y? ?????a ??????a; a ????i ??? – ? ????. A???y i?? ??
????a a ????e ?????? ???y, ??? ??? ???? ? ??o ?? ???? /?? ?????a ???????
?????. I?? ???? ? ???e ?? ??? ??o ?????? ?a??o ??.

I??th ???o ????o, n ???th ???e ??i ???????? ??????a i??, ??i ???i ?????
?e ???????i-????th. O????e ?? ?? i ?????o ??u, ???ath?o ? ??????ea a
????? ??. I???a ???? ?i???u ??u, ???? ??????y ???e y?yth?y ????y ? ???
?? ?e ?i? ????a, ?e ???i, ?ath?? ??????oth e????eth. N???, ? ??? ??yae,
???? ???????i-????a ????? ??, ?ath?o ?? n ???????i (????i ????), ????i e
?????i i??????, n E????i. Ii e a y?o ??ayo ??????a “?????a” ?????o?e ??o
(e ??? ??) ????? ????? ??? ??o ?????? i?e. A ????e, ??? ??i ???? ????
????????? (??ue ?? ? ??? ??????? ?????) ???? ????ny ?y ??? ?????? ???a i
th??e?ee a E????. “I???y??” ???? ??e ???u ????o y?y?ny ???i??ue ???,
???eyth?o ???? ???? ?? “a ?????? e ???e”. O?????y ???? ?? a ??? ???a
????o ???y? ??? (??y?i) ???????ue ei??? ???? ??, ?????o a ????o th????yo
e ???oth?o a ??? ??y.

Ca ??oth ???o ????o ??i ??y? ????? ?????? (?????oth?a ?????? ???,
???eyth?o ???? ???? ?? “? ??o ?oe”). N??? ?i??? a ?i ???ny a ?????? n
eth?? ????? ??? ????a, ????o ??o. I???a ??u ????ath?y ???? ???th ?????o
????a e ??o ????ny e ????i ???yi ??a. N???i?? y????, ?ath?o ????a
“??i?ue”, ???ey? ???? ??? ????, ????a “?????a ????” – ?????oth ??ue
????i ???a ?cy????o ?????e a ??i e o.ae. A ??? ?????ea y?? y???u y??
?????? ??o ??ue ?e ? ??ue ? ?e ?? ???iey (????, ? ?o ?? ?n???tho ????
??u, ?ath?a ????a “??????”). A ??a ????a ??y ?y?-?? ???? E???? ????i
????th ??e?o “????ey” ???o ???? ??o ??? ??? ???? ????a, ?e th????ea e
????? ?? (?????e e ????), ????o ?y ??? y????i? ???????ey “???o” ???
????a ???ey ????? ???????u.

O??y ???a ????o – ??????ay. E???ey ???i ????i ?????? ??a???tho ???????o
??????th ??e?a ????i ??????y, o.a. ???eytho ???ue ? ????ey. A????i, ??e
???o????? ???? ????ny ?????? ????????th, ??? ?? n ?i ?????? ????ny ????i
????iea ???? ??, ??ny??y e ??????th ???-?? ??? ?? ?y????e, ????,
???????e ??? (? ??y??y ?? e ??th??th ????a ????e), ?????e ?e ???????. N
??? ???u, ?e ????? ?????a ???e ??a (??????, ????? e ?.) ??o ???? ??a
??y?? e a ???? ??a ??a ?????? ????.

I???, a ????e, ???i-th????? ???a ????o ???? ??u ????eyth?y a ?????? ?
??e th????? ?a???e. Nth? ??o ?? ???? ??a ????y, ?e “??ae ??????y”, “????
??u”, “??????? ??u e ??????o ?e ???????o ??o” e ?., ???thu? ??y?a ????y,
a ??a ?????ey ??o ?????i ?iy?y e ???? ??ie – ?i ??????.

E?? ????, ?i ?????a ???u ???????ey ???? ???? ?? ?atho ?y?a ???? a ????
???ey ?o?????-????o ??????. I??????, ???, e ???? ??i ??? ?????ny
e??????a ???i ??y?? a ??a ?? ????a (?????? ??), ?i a ????? ??i ????o ?i
????? ? ??????o ???? ?e ?????? ????a. O?? ???i, ???? ???ue ??oth?e ?a,
??aey “???????” ? ??iy ???? ii?u, ??? ? ??ei ? ????i-????? ?? ??????e
??????e (“?????”). I???a ???e ?y ?????e ?????e ????ny ??????y ?e ?????i
????i ??, a ??? ???e ???? ????? ??? e ?ai ? ??a?? ?iy?e ? ?c?i ????yi, a
??a ?????a ???o ???? ??i ????ey ???o ????, ?????o a ????? ??????o
“???yo” (????e, ???a – ? ??. “facet” – ??ue, ???).

I???aey ?????a ???? ????e ???? ??u ?e ??? ???? ?? (????i ????a, ???e
??????y e o.ae.) ??i ????ey ? ?????? ????o a ???????o ????yo e ??????o
(“??????ey”), a ????? ??? ??? ??????ue ?????y ?ae? ????? ????e ???e
(?????e) a ?? ??? ????? e ????e, ???????o ? ???a ????i ????i (???i
????a), ?????oth?o, a ?ith ???ue, ?i ?e ?? ?????? ????yi. Y? y?y?ny
????? ??y?ui ????i ???? ? ??? ??a ?? ?e ??i ????i ????a a ??e ???a ??a,
? e ???? y?????? ?i ????ey.

E???, y? ??? ?? ? ???i? ???a ?????ey, ?, ?e ?i ??n??y?ny, ?i ??????a a
???? ?????a ? “???????eth” ???? ???, ?????eth ? ?????? ???????? ??o
????y ??? ????.

E?y a ?? ?????a ?? ??o??ey, ????i ???????? ????a ????y ?????i ????????.
Ie ?y ?? ? ???, ?i ?????y ? ???y a ????? ??a ??? e ??????th ???th?o ??
??????? ?i??? ??e ? ??????. A ? ? ??y ??cy ???ue, ?i ? ???e ??a????? ?e
???u “???” ????? ?o????iia ???????? ?????i “???o” ? ????? ??? ??a.
I?e???e ? ?? ???o ?? ?????y ?????? ???a, ??ny??ny e ??????? ??????eyi,
????y ? ????e ???. Ii, e ????th, ????? ?????? o? ??? “????ny”, ??ya a? a
??? – ???? 1990-o ?. ? ?o ?? ????i ???oth?a ??? “a ???e ?????”, ?a ?????
? ??o ??o-?? ???? ? ???i.

A ??oth ???ue ?? ?? i Oa????i ??? ? 25 ???y 1995 a. “Ia ?????, ???????
e ??? ?????” (??a C?? ? ?????). I??i n ?????ey ????? ?????y ?iy?y
“????ey”. A?i ?a ????? ???i i ??i?oyo, ???ath?o ?e ???a ?? ????ee
????eth?a ?????a. Ae??a ??, e ? y?i ??a ?a ??, – ?? ?????a ?????a ?????,
?i ?? n ???i ???i a ???, ?????a ?e ?????. A?e ?ae ??? ???? ????????, ?
?????i, ?i ???? i ?y?i ??????e ? ??e-?ai ??e, ?eth?y th?????eth, ?
?a???y?ny ????i. C???????i ????i ??????ue ??o ??????ueth ?? ?iy?? ?y
?????a ????y, o.a. ???? ????e “??a ?y th???”, e ? ??o? ??????ueth ??th??
?? ?ei??y a ???oth ???o ?iy?e e ????? ??i ???i ??y?a ?????? e, ???a,
??????? ???e. I??i ???ay ?? ??y?y eth?? ??? – ??i???a ????i ??? ?y
?????oth?o ?????? ????e, ???a ? y?? ia ??????? ??? ?e ??????? ? a ???
??, ?????? y????i e o.i. E ????ey y?e ?? y?y?ny, ? ??, ???? ????i ?y
????o ????.

?????e C?? ? ????? ???eo ?????y ?e ????? “?????”, ?e e “????????e
?????”, o.a. ????o ????eth ?e ???th, ?e ????a??e ???, e ????eth, ?y??oth
n ?????? ????i. A ? ? ??y, ?e ????ny y?i ? ?????i ????y i?????i ???,
???? ??i Cae? ??????o ??? ?y ??????a?? ?????. I????y, ?i ?????a e????e
??ny ?e ? ?y ??y??ey i??? ???a, ???e ???ny ??i a n?? ????i ?????y a ??a
??th??e?i “????????e ?????”. Ia ei???? ???u ???????i ???? ??y ???y ??? ?
??. A?? ?ai, ??? ? ?????, ????th?e ????? ? ?????? ????e, ??? ? ??? e ?
?y???? a ?y? n y????? ?????e. I????, ?.139 e 771 AE ?O, ?.11 O?????i ???
“I ???a?yo i ???a ????e”, ?.10 O?????i ??? “I ???????e ??a” ?atho a ?? ?
????????th ????eth, a ?a??y, o.a. ?, ?i ???ey? ? ??????oth (????th) ???o
*(24).

E ?a ? ????y ? ?, ?i ?????a “?????”, ???a ?? a ?.2 C??a ? ?????
(“…???ey i ??o, ????o, ???, ???yo, y??eyo e ????o ????? ? ??u ?
??????y”), y?y?ny, ? ??? ??eth, ???i ??i, ????th?i ?????a ?????a ?
“N???y ???? y??” N.E. I???, ??a ?????a ??i ???ue ?????. E??ea ?????
?????y “?????”, ???a ????ny a Ca??, ?a ??i ??a ??i ???. I??, ???i,
????ny a ?????? ????o ???a e ??????? ?????, ?y ?? ??u ???e a ????? ??a
????????? n ???? ??e ??ey ?????a ?iy?y. A y?i ??? ? ??i ?a??ue ? ?????e
?????, ?????e ? ???????i ??????y e o.i. I??i ??????y ???? ???ey ????????
a ??a ??????? ????? ??a ? ??o ??. E???oy ?????th ?????eth, ?????e ???y
?aa? ??iae ??i ????? ?e ?????e. E????y ?e ???y ???ny ? ????e: ??i ???
????? ????y, ?y??? n ?i ?e ?? ??????? ????, a ? n ?????e ?e ???e. E??i
?y?? – ????o ?i ?? ??????o ??a ??a ??????a ? ????ee, ???ath?a n ????y?i,
– ?????a “?????”, ?????? C??? ? ?????, ??i ???ue ?????????. Ii ??? i????
????eth ?i y?y?ny ?????i. Ii ?? ?i e ??? ?? ??a?, ????o ?ith ??????th
?iy?a ????? ???? ??? a ?y? n ?i ?e ?? ??????? ???? (“????o-???”, “????
???” e o.i.). Ia ??a?i, ?i ? a ??e ??? ?? ?o ????eth?? (????????i)
???????aa ? E????. N???oth?a ?????a ?? ????tho ??th???? ???a ???u
???????ey N?e – ?y????ue ?????, ??????a ????i ??????, ??? ? ??? e o.i. A
??i ??, ????ey ?e ???y (o.a., ??? ???y, ???ey) ? ??o ?? ????a a ???o
?????? ????e ?c ????o?th?? ??????ey, ???a ????o ? ??o e ??? ???. E??
???e, ??a e ??? ???y?e ????? ???ath?y ?????? ? ? ????ey.

A?? ??, ?????a ?iy?y “e????y” ??c ????ath?e ???? ?i i???? ????ey?ny ???
???????i. A?????, ? ??i a ?? ????a ?????a, a ? ???a ????e. A ?y? n y?i
??i ????ue ?iy?a ????i ???? E. Aeo????a, ??a ????i ???? ? ???tho ???i
????? ???o ????a, ??? ???iyth?y ia ????e ??????e ????: ? ?e ?? ????
y?yth?y ??? ?y ??e ??e ????, ??? – ?y ???, ? a???e n ??? ?? ?e ??ie ?? o
???o ??????a. O?? ?e ? ??i ??????, ?i ? ????? ????a, ???a ? y?y?? ??? ?y
?? ?c ??th??y ??????? ????.

A?e ????y e OC ? ?????, ? ????, ? ?o ??yae, ???o ia ??ue? a ???????
????e, ???i a ?i, ?i ?y???e a ???? ????th?? e ????e a ????e ??? ????i
??????y ?e e ???ny ? ????i a ???o ?????-???? ????e.

N????i, ??? ????? ????a, ?????? ??????? ????y OC ? ????? ???iy????e
????o ????eth C??a e ???eth ??y????? a ?????oth?a ??????ey. A??a ???y,
y?o ??i ??y?i ? ???i ????? ?e ???e (???e ?i ???eth), ??ue? ??????? ????
(????????e ?????). A?e ?? ???, ?, a ?????? ? ?.1, ? “????? ????y,
???ath?a ?e: ?????? e ??e???? ??????? ???? ? ??? ???ey, ??a, ????e,
????ey, ??a?y, ???, ???????y e ?????a?y ?????th ????????e ?????; ?c??e e
??????e ??????? ????? e ???a ? ?????y; ??? ?????, ?? ????a, ???oth?o a
??????? ????o e ???????”. Ec ?????? ???y (??i ?e e ? ???ey ??? ???) ??i,
?i e ???oo ?i ??????y ??ny?y ????? ?????a ???u – ???? ???ey ???????
????; ???? ???ey ??????? o????e (? ?????i ??i???ai ????a ??i ???ue ??ae,
?i ?? ?? i ?e ????? ???????); ???u ??? ?????.

N ???e C??a ? ?????, a ?????? ????yo, ????th??y a ??n? ??????y ???????
?????, ??a?? ??a?ey? y?yth?y ??????? ???u, ??iy?a ? ????? e ???????
?????, e ??????? ???u, ????th??y ? ???? ????? a ????e??o ????. E??????a
???u ??y?y ?? e ????????e ?????. I?y?e ???????ey ????? ??? ???????y ????
???????e ???, “??????? ? ?????th ???????aa, ??????eth ????? e ? ????,
?????? ?????e O????”. Ae????ny ??????a th????? ?eu ??i??, ?????i ?
????????? ????e??e ???u, y????? ???? ???ueth (?e ???e a ?????????
??????? ???a ?????-?????o ???a, ????aath?o ??????th ???e, e ??th??e
?o?????i ???a ? ??????y). ??? ??????y y????? ???? ???e a ??i C??a ?
?????.

O???? ?????? ????y ???athony “a ??? ???? ???????”, ???e ???ey?ny ?e
“???????e ????i-y?????? e ???-?????e ???n ?c??y ?????o ???e ?y ??????ey
??????? ?????? e ????? ?? ???i, ???a ???????e ???, ???a ???? ??????ey,
?????e, ?????? ?????e ? ??? ?????ey e ??????y ??????? ????”. Eth?? th??o
????? ???? ?????eay ???iy????ue e ?????? ????? ????i ?? “??????o
?????e”.

O?? ???i, ???? ????u, ??e??????i ???? e ????? ?a??? ??????y (???? e
?????? e ??????eth), ????? a C?? ? ?????, ???? e ??oth?i ?????i.

A C??a ? ?????ny ?iy?a e????e ?e ????? ???a ?????o ?? (?e ?a ?????ny a
AE ?O), ??? ? ?????y e ?, ?i ? ???????? a C??a ??? ??????y (???oth?? ??
?y “??????? ????”) ????? ?y?i ???? ???? ??? ?????, ????th?e a ??a ????
(? ??? ???o ?????????e ???i??). O? ??i ?? ???? “?? ?????? ???ey” a ?????
???? ?????i ???????? a ???e ??????? ????e (?e ??o ???? a ??oth?o ???, y?
a ??oth ???ue ????y ?? ? ???i e “?????ieth” ??a? ?? “??????? ????” ?e
“??????? ????”, ???i e ?????? ???????o ???? ?? ia ??????? ???u).

A??????? e ????eth C??a ? ????? ??? i ????a ????i ??????y ??????? ????e
??i ?????ue a ?? ???u: ???o ? ????ue ?y ????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?????
??????y ?e ???o ???????y ?a ?ath??ny ??i?? ?????, ???a ??o ????y ? ??a
y?????e, ?i ??ue ????a? I??e ??e ??ey ??????y A.A. Ae???a, ??? – E.E.
A??i. A.A. Ae???a (e ????th, ?????i ???e ? ??e a ??? 2003 a.) ???e, ?i
“??????? i???ey ????eytho ??e ??e, ??? ?i??y???e, ?ae ??th????o ??”
*(25). A?? ??????th ???th ??i?o E.E. A??i, ?y ???e ??????? ??? y?y?ny
????i “?????? ???i? ??????y”, a o? ??a ???n?? ??a ???????? ??????e e
a??? ??a *(26).

I ?i, ?i ????ay ???a ??o ? ??? ????i-???????, ? e ????i-?????? ????,
???????o ?oy ? ???i ????th?y ???? ???? e ???? ??? ??? ??????i? ???a, ?e
?????a ?????a. A ???e “?????i” ??? “???? ?y YAI e ?c ???” ????ey?ny
???e, ?o?? ?a???u ??? ?y ??? ????o ??. A???, ???? ??i aea ???i ???o ?? a
???o A???n?? ?th?. E?? ???y, a ????e ??ueth??? ???? ??iy?ny ????? ??a ?
??????y, ? ? ??????ay ????a, ????ae?ay ?????. I?a???? ??? ???? ? ??????i
?i?a, ????ay ?y ????? y?? ??????y ??????? ?????, ????? ??i??????? a
????th?o ???yo ? ???? ???ey. Ni ???u ????? ??????ae ?????? ?????y ?a ???
???a ??????y a ??? ?e ????? ??ey??? ???, ???th?e i??u ?e ?????, ?e e
????? ?a?. A ? ? ??y ?????e ???ny ??ue ???? ? ??? ????? ??????a e
???i???o ??????? ?????o ????a, ??ny??y e ??a?? ?e ?????i ????i ??????
i????ey (“???? n ???? ???? ??i”), ?????y e ???????a ????, ? ??? ???o,
?????y ?c ??o-?? ????i? *(27). O? ??i ?????ay ?ey ???? ????? ??o ???a
??? ????ny ?? ? ??????e, ?, ? ???e ??, ?y?????. A? a ???e ???e, ? ???
??yae, ?y ???? ???a ???yo ???, ?????a ?y ?????y ?? ? ??????a ???u (??a
??????e e ?? ??? ??). I??i ?e ? y??

N??????

N?? “??????ue” ?y??? a

??i ???? ???? ????i

?????? e ??? ? ??

??ayo ??? ??????y

???o???o ?????? ????

??? ?c???i ??y. Iu

???y? o?? ?????y ? ??i

??? ?? e ?????o y??a,

th???, ????a, ????i ?e

??? ?e????o ?????a,

?iy?o ??????e ??ie, a

??o ?i ? ????? ??? y??

?iy?y ???ny ?a a ??i

????a y?????? ???e

??o ??.

I??? O????. C?? A??u *(28)

I?? ??????e – ???y e ??????ue

I?? n?????? ?? ???? ?a ???i, ? i ?i, a ??e ?o????e ??? ?i ????, ?i
????i ???? ?i ??????y e ?i ???i? – ??????ue ?e ????, ??? ?e ?y???????
??a, – ?????u ????tho n???, e y? ni?u, ?-????, ? ????ny ???a. N ??e ??ey
i?????e a ??iy?e ??? ????, ??????? ?????ue ???? ?? y?eth?e, ???th ?????
?iy?a ??????e ? ??y??e ???e. E?? ???e, ? ?????y ?? ? ??i??o ?th??o
?????yo e ???????o ??????e, ???a ????ue ?????? a ? ?e ?oth ?????oth y??,
a ??i ?????y ?oy ? a ??o ??? ???? a ????e ?iy?y ??????e ???? ??i????? ?e
????.

E? ???o ?????e th?? ? ??? i ?i, ?i ? ??a ??????ue? A ???a ? ??????? ??
??, o ???o ? ?y?e ????e ??? ????? ???a ?e ???a ????? ????o ???a a ?????e
? ???e ???e, o th??a a ?/a?? ??????i ????? ??? ??th?y ??u, ??????
????????i. E?? ???e, th?? n ??? ???ueth ??o ????y ? ??i, e ?? ?? ?? i
??a ??????e, ? ??y ????y ???y ??? ??????. A y?i ???a, a ???a ? ??? ???,
??i ? ??o ????, ? ? ???, a, i???a, ??????y ??? ?????i. E???, a ?????e ?
??????? e ?e ?e ?? ???? ???a, ??? ??o ????ny, ??? ?????i. Iu ?????y ??y
?no??e – ???????e e ???????e, o.a. ??, ? ?? ???o ?? ???i ??????a ??i e a
??? ???o ??th??ny ???y ?????e ???n ????y e ????? ?? ??????i ??a.

A ??i ??a ?ae ??????ueth i????y ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ? ??. N??e ??o
????? ? y?y?ny ????, a ? ???ey n??o ??a ????i ?y ??????o ??ia, ?i ?????i
?????? ?y ??y?y ???? ???e *(29). E?? ???e, ?????e ??? ????? ??? ? ?i
????ey ??????, e ????o ????ey ??o ?? ?????? ??o ?????e ???, ??i ??????e
??o ?????? ???o ? ?o ??????. “A ?????? ???? th?????? ??i ??????e
???????ue ?e ???? ??? ????? ?? ?ae ??th” *(30). I???i ?? ?a ???a. N??y
544 A?????i ???a O??? ???ey? ??????ue ?e “??i ?????ny e ???y??ny ???
???? ??eth?? ???i n ?i, ??u ?????a ? y?y?? ??i, ???a ????i ???? ?e
??????”. Ae??e y?? ??a? – ???? 903 A????? ?????? ???ey: “N????? ?? ??o,
?? ?? ? ??y???o ??i ?e ??a ???o ?oe, ???y??ny ??th ? ??? ????eth e ???y?
eth?a ??????i”. N??? ??u ??i ??e a A????? ???? E??? (?.348), I????e
(?.1305) e O???? (?.641), ?i ? ?????i, ?? ???, ?i ?ey?a E??? I???? e
A?????i ???ey ? ?????a ???????? y?o ??i ?? ??i ????????. Ii a ?i ?,
?????, ??? ??ae??y “????? ?ae ??th”? N?ue y?? ??o ? y?o ??? ?? i.1 ?.209
AE ?O. ??ue ?? i ??? ??n?? ??? ???ey, ?????y e ???y??y. C???y ???ay
???ey a ??i e ????? ??i a ????e, ?e ???ony, ?????? i?y?a ??????e ? ????
??a.

Ae??????, ?ath “???i ????? ?ae ??th”, “plena in re potestas”, o ???o
th??? ??e ??i *(31). N “???e” ?? ?n?? ???a, ????o ? ? ?????? ? ???????i
? ??yi, a ??c ????? ??i *(32). E ????i ??????i ??y?o ??th??a E. I?? e I.
I???-Ae???? i ?i, ?i “?????u ??a? ????th ??????e, ????th ???th?th
????eyi ???? ??a: dominium proprietas est jus utendi, fruendi, abutendi
re sua, quaetenus juris ratio patitur (??????ue y?y?ny ??? ????y? ??,
?????ny ? ???e e ???y??ny ?????e ??th, ????o y? ????o ???? ??y?e)”
*(33). I???i ????a ????? A.A. E??????i ? ??? ????ey ????ey ?????n? ?
y???u: “I????e ????? e c?????e ???i ???e ???u ????? ?????? ?ae ??th
???e, ???, ?a o ????a ???e ????ue ????? ??????e ? ?i ????a ??e. O?, I??
??ae, ?i ??i ????iey e ????ey ??? (usufructus) ???ey? ???a??th ??ue
??????e, pars domimi (D.7.1.4.). A? ?????e e ????? O??? ????? ?y?a i???
???o ?????? ???a ??????e e ????e ? ???? ????? ?????? e ?????e ????ey ?i
??a” *(34). I????y, a ??? e ??? ??? ???yo ?????u a ???e ???? ??a, ?i ?
?? ? ???o ???? ???a ? ???? ?????y ??????e, ?oy ?? ?iy?a, ?????, ?? ????
e ??? ??????? ???? ??y?? *(35).

I?i ????, ?i ??ue ???? ???? th??u ??????i ???atho ???y ??? ?????
??????. E? ? ????y ??u ???o th???, ?? ? ?o ??iyth?y e ????? ??a ?????y
?e ??a ?????y e ???y??y (o.a. ??nyo ? ??? ??i ??aiey), ??? ???ytho e ???
?? ????ey (????, ????? ????ey ?e ??i ? ????eth), ???oe, ??? ?????tho
???? ? ????? ???i ??ae??ey ??a ??????e.

A???y e ???? ??o. ???? th??u ? ??? ? n??e ??? e ???o ??eth e ? ??? ??
i????? ??o ??????e, ???a ? ???y? ?a ?c ??th??y. A? ???a ????a ??e ??????
a ???e ?????? th?????? ???? ??a ??ey, ?a??i ???e “???ue e ??ie?yi”, ??ue
?????y ?y ??????? ??i???? ??a e ??????ay ?????? ?????i ??????i, ???i
th??? ?? ???i ???. I??a Aeae. A??? ? ???o ???o ?????: “N???? ??, ?i a
y?i ???a ??o ?? e ??????? ??o ???? ????? ?????? ???y ???a ?????o ?iy?e.
E??i y?o ??e ??????i ???? ??a ???ny a ??? a ????e n ????y??? e ??????
?????i e ??????i ??a. Y? ???? ???oue ? ???a ??i TH???? ???e ?????o th???
??a ???? ???e” *(36). Ec ??????o ???a ?e ? ???e ??????ny A.I. N??i
*(37).

I????y, ?i ? ???a ??i, a ?i ????a, ??? ???e ???? a N??? ?? ????? e ???y
???? ??? ??ay o ???? ??????, ????a ???e ?y ?????ey ?iy???i ???? ?????e
???? ??? ??a. Ae?o ???? ??a, a ?i ??a e a ???a i ??????e, ?????y ??a
???????y ???ay ???a. “E? y? ? ??????i, ? ??o ???i th??ii e th??? ??? ??a
ai?? ???, ?i ??o ???i th??? e ?i ?????, ?????i ?????. E? th?? ??? ??a,
?e e ???e th?? ???tho ????e e ? ?????e ?????e” *(38). A ? ? ??y ? ???o
????, ?i a N??? ?? ???ey ??o ??y ????e ????e ?? ?a ? ??ue ?????. I?y?a
“???ue?e ?????? ??????e” *(39), ???i ????tho ?????ny a ???o ??? ??a, ??
??a ??? ???? e a ??e????? A??a *(40).

I????y ???ue ??? ???. N???a ??a ??????e e ?????e ?? ????? ?ae ??th ?
???u i??i ??, ?e ? ?e e ???? ????? ?????? e ??? e ????o ???th, –
“????ey”, ???a ???th?y ???? ??y-??y ???ey?. A???, ?i ????ia ??aea?a ???e
– y? ? ??? ?? ??a, ???y ??? ????y e ??????e, ? e ????a ?????o ????
????e, ?y ???o ?????? ??u ??tho ?? ??????? e, ?? ???ue, ???o ?????. “A
???o ???-?????i i??a, – ?e ???? I.E. E???, – ??th??ny ????y e “?????th”
??a ??????e ? ?? e ?o ? ???” *(41). ??ue ?? ? ?????e o??? ????ey ????i ?
??????e ? ???e, i ????th?e ?? ????a ??????? ????ey, i ????e ????ey, ??a
???? ?oy e ???tho ec ????, ??a ??? ??? ???.

I??i ??o ? ?????ue ???e ?? ?????y ??????e ?e th????? ????? (?i, ?????,
? ???? ??i) a ??? ??????i ??????y ???o ???e ??????e? ????y?ny ? ??????ue
?c ???a a ??i ?????? ?????? E??ey ?a ? ??a, a ????y ???????o i ?i, ?i
????i ?? ???u, ?????? ?????? eth?? ?iy?y, ??o ?? ??iu ?e a ??? ???
?iy?y, ?e e a ??? ?i ???o ?iy???. N ??e ??e ??ey, ??? ??a (o.a. ??y?th
?????a ? ?e ?e ?? ???u ??a) ?????a ??????e ?e A. ???o a ??i ??????
“A???? ????y ?????? ??a” (1913) *(42). E? ??o A. ???o: “Oi, ?i ????ny
????? ??????? ?e ??????ueth, – y? ?????, ??a ????? e ?????? ia y???u
????a ??o ??i e ??th. I? ??o ????????y e ?i, ?a ?o ???? ?????i ??a. A?e
???c? ? ??i ???a ????? ??? ?y ?ay ??a-? ????, ? y? ???? ?????o ?o”
*(43). E?e, ??? ?????? ???? ?y oy??ey ???? i??? ?iy?y ??????e y?y?ny
???? y?? ?iy?y, ?i ?????ue ? ?i??eth e eth?? ????eth, ???a a ?? ?????ny
a ?????e ? ????i-?????? ???e. I??i ???? ? ???? ???u, ?oy e ?????o (?e e
a ??? n ?????? “??y” o A??y) ????oth ??????n? ?iy?y ??c ?????a ???y.
A??i ?????i ???? a ?????e ??????e y?y?ny ? ??eth?? ????: “A ???? ???????
????i ?, ?i ? ???? i???o ??eth?? ??? ??i ??? ???i ????ny n ?????u? ?o
??th” *(44). I??th ???? a ?y? n ????e ?a ??o ??, ?y??? n ??????e
??????e, ????eytho ?????y ???? i ??????e ??a ??o???? ? ???y ?e ????ey ?o
?e ?? ????? ??????. A. ???o e?e ???? (????o ????? a ??? ??? ?????a ? ???
???????, ? e ???a ?????? *(45)) ?c e ???aea ????? ??????th ??????e ?e
??u ?e ???? ?? ??? ??: “Ni ?? ???????th ???o ?????, ?i ??????ue ? y?y?ny
??? ???, ? ????? e ??, a ???i ??iyony ?a ??? ??a. Y? ????a ????? ???y?
??oth ???????ue, ?? ?? ?a y? ??a ??????u ??ei ethaeyi” *(46).

Ia ??? i ?i, ?i ? ???a?yao ??e ??????ue, ???? e ??? ??o, ???e ?????ny ?
?? ????e ?iy?y ?e ????e. N???y ia ??? Y. E???? i ?iy?e ?e ???e. O??ey,
?th?y ?i ?????e ??o ???e ?y?, ? ?? ?? ?? ?y?. Ii ??i ??cii ?iy?a ?
????y, a ??????ny, ??, ?????y ????? ?????eth ??y?e e ?y? ye???a, ?
?????? ?a ???a ?iy?y. E??y ???y ????ey? ??e ???? ??i, ????th?e, ????y
???????? ???eyi, ???ua ??o ????ue ????ay, ?a ????a ???, a ???? ? ????.
I??a ??? ???? ?iy?y, ?iy?e ?ae ??? ?????, ????ony ??? ???????i ?iy?y i
???e *(47). N ??e ??ey ??? ???e ?????a ??????e ?e ????? ?ae ??th ?????
????o, ????o ?ae y? ?iy?a ???yo ?a ??? ??????i ????i ????? ?ae ???i
????th?? ???, a ??a e ???, ?i y? ?iy?a y?y?ny ?????i ?????ai (a ???,
???e ????e a y? ?iy?a ?i E????) ?????ey.

I? y?i ?o ???e ??????e ???? ?ae ??th ??th ?????oth ???o (????i). I???i
?? ??? ??th??a I. O???? ?????? ??, ?i a ???? ???????? (a ? ??? O???? –
??? ?i “C??a A??u” ??? ?? a ??? 1922 a. – ???????? a ??a ??? ?? ?????e ?
????ei ????e) “??” e “??” ??? ? yaeyth?y ?iy?y? ??a, a “?? ?????tho
????th ???o ??o ????i e ?? ???, ?e ????eytho, ?e n???, ????????? ?????”
*(48). Ec ???a??i ??thae?ey I. O???? ??? ??ae i ?i, ?i ?? ???? ??i ?ei
??? ?e, ? ?????a ??i – y? ??i ???e: “I??o ????? ????? ??? ? ????y
?eth??th a ??? ??i? I??o ????a ??i ????ue ? a ??iy?e ?iy??i io??? ????
???? ? ?i ??, ???a ??i ?????, ??o ?e ???? e ??o?y ????y? I??o a ??e e ?e
? ???a a ?????? n ??? ??? ????ny ????ue ??????oth e ?????oth ??????ue –
?????i ????ey ?????ey ????a e ?????ey ??a ? ???????a? I??o ????a
?????????e ?? ?e ???-??a ??e???, a ????a ??? ???, ? ???i ??? ????,
?????ny a ????i ??y?a? I??o ?i ???y ?ae ?? a? ?a ???o ?iy?a ???? ??:
O????? ???? ????ny ?????a ??i ????i ???ey ? ???? n ??? ???e e ?????e”
*(49). A ??n?a ??a?, ?e ??? ? O????, “???????i ???? ?iy?e” ??i ???? ??o
??ey A.A. A??a, ???e ?????y ?????? “?? ????? ??iy???aa, ?i ???? ??????i
??, ?? (ae????) e ??i ????a (??a e “??i?”) ????? ????? ?????ue ?????o
????o ??????th, ???? ei ????? ???? ??i” *(50). N????i, ???o ????? a ???
??e ??e ??ey A.A. A?? ? ????, a ??? y?? ?????i ?????, ?i ?e ??? ? ??o e
? ??? ??: “A?e ? ???????? ??? – y? ??i ?????a, ? ? ???ath?a n ??????e
???e, ? ??a ?????y ????? ??eth??i ?a? ? y? ?i? “??i ?????a”, ?i ??a
??????e ? ?????a, a ?i ??a e ? ??i, ?? ? ??o. Ai ?y?i ???, ? ???” *(51).
A?????, ?i ??a?y ????, ???y, ???ay ? “????u th????? ??e”, ?????ny a ???
????y ??a ??????e ? ???????? ??e e ??? ??? ???, ???? o a??a ??? ?????
y??e. C???y “?????? ???” ?????? th??a n ????i ????, ???i A.A. A??o ???e
??? I. O????, ???e ?e ?a?? a ?i, ?i, ??a ??o ?ay??tho ??????, ? ???a
???e ??u, “?a? ???ny ? ???i, a ???, e ?e??????ue ????? ????y ??oa ? ???
n ???? ??a, ? ??? ?a” *(52).

*?? ? ????ny ?????? ?e ? ???ue ?????a ? ??????e ??? ?????? ?e ?????e
?????o ????a, ????y ?a ? e ?????, a e ????? ???? ??? e ????. C????a
th??u ???? ???atho ?????ue ????y ??a ??????e ? ??? a ????e ???????? a??
(paperless fund shares), ? ??a e a ??o?? ?? ?????o ??e, ??o ?e ?i????
?????a, ????? ????-??a ?e ?? ?????? ??? *(53). E ?? ??a ? a ?i, ?i ??a
??????? ????? ??a ??????e ??? y?y?ny ???? – e ???o, ??? i ????e
“??????ueth” ?????? ??? y?y?ny, ? ??? ??eth, ??????i, – ?? ?ao i ??? e
??????e ????ey ?i?e ??????. E?? ??i ???ony a ??? ??o ???e, ??a i? ????i
??????ny e ??i ????eyi, eth?y ???y, a ?i ??a e ??y, ???y ??? ?ae ???ey
????u th?????e ????e, ??o ??i ? ????a??. *? ? ???ny ??a ??????e, ? ?i,
e? e ??a a ??i, ???? ???e y?yth?y ?????a e ??? ?????? (n y?????? ?e ??
??e ??ey) ?? e ????e, a ????a, ? ????th ?????? ????? i?? O.A. E??a,
????? ???? ?e “ieth?????a e ???o???, ????? e ??iyth??y, ?????? e ?
?i?????, ??????? ???, ?i ???eyth?a” *(54). E??i ??i (??a ? ??o ???a
???ath?y ???? – ?????? e ?????? – ??, a ? ?????a ?iy?y) y?y?ny ??yae ?
??????ue n ??e ??ey th?????i ????, ???ath?? th??? “???e ? ??? ??????
???ey e ???i ??eth??ny e ?????? ?????eth” *(55).

A???ay? e ????, ? ? ??ee ????? a ??o ??? ???? ???a A???? ?? ???i ??iy,
?????i ? ?????i ??i ?????e ??????e ? ?????a ?????a ??a *(56). E? ?e
??uy?? ?????, ???? ?? ???? a ????? ???a e ?? (Chat-rooms). A ????
???????a ?? ?a i ?ei??? ???y ????? a ????e ?????ey, n ???i ? ?? ??th??
???? ????. A???? ????y ?y ??th??y ? ?? ?ae ???? a ??.1004 AAO *(57),
???y, ?i ????? ???? “?????i ??? ? ????????? ??o????” (virtuelles
Hausrecht), ???a ???o ? a ?i e?i, ?e a ??a ?????? a ?????oth?o ?eyo
(o.a. ?y ??? ??? ??a) ?????a ? ???a ???i?? ?????a (Software). E? ???a
??i ? ??????a ?????? ?????y ?ae ????e??e a ???? ??a ?e “?????th
??????ue” (virtuelles Eigentum) e ?????e ????o ???o??th?th ???. E??
(????e ???? ?oa), ? ??eth ??, ?y?e ?ay ?y?????i, ???a ?? ?????? n???a ?
???a a ??. N ??? ???u, ?o, ?i ???? ?i ?c ??o-?? ??????? ???e e ?????th
??i (o.a. ?????), ? ??? ?????i ????? ??a ?????a. I??i ?ae ?????e ? ???y,
???a ??e ? ?? ?????u ?????i ???a e o?? ???i ?????? ?o ???th ???o ????, e
? ?????y, ????? ???o ?y?? n ???? ??? ?????. O?? ???i, “?????ay ???a???”,
?e ???o ? ????i ???y, ???????y a ??oth ???ue ??a ? ??? ? ????? eth??
????y (?e y? ??o ??i a ??? “?????? ??????e”) – ? ????a ???????i ???o ?
???? ??oi?? ????i ????????i ????, o.a. n ??? ??? ?y?? n ??? ?????y ???o
?oe *(58).

I????a ??e ?????e, ?e ??a?o ????e ???? ????? a ?e????????i ??a A.-O.
E?? *(59), ?????o ???ey ? ??? a ?y? n ????????i ?iy?y ??????e ? ?????a
??i ???y??y ?????i ?????? (?e ???i ????y?a ??????a i i?? ??????e ?e ???
??a ????ee ????), ? e a ?y? n ????e, ???th ??? ???? ?? ??? ??ae ????
?????. I? ??????? ?i?? i ??? ??a ??????e ????? ?ae ????e e ???? n ????i
???y??y ???? ??????ueth. A ??? – ?ae ???ny ? ????a ???o ??iy???a ?e
??????e ??a ? ????? ????e, ????, a ????e ???yth?? ?????oii, ???e, e?
???o ? ???? ????, ??a ? ???? a ??????e ??? ??a *(60). I?a?i, ?i ??a,
???? ?, ???a ????? ??a ??????e a ???????? ???? ?i ????a ?????a: ?? ?????
? ???y??th ??????ueth ???o ? ??????y ???? ??????o ?i????e, ? ?????e
?????y ?y??? ??????e ?y??????, ????a ???o (???i? ???? ???? ?ith “?????th
??????ue”) ??o ?? ???? ??????, o.a. ?????? ?????? e, ??????i, ?????.

A?e ??? ???? ?????? ???, ???e ??? a ??e ???, ??y??? ??????e a ???i ??a,
A.I. N??i, ? ????? ?iy??? ???u o ??yi ???????o i ??????, ???a ???? ?e ?c
??? ????e *(61). E?ie ???e, ?iy?a ??o???? ??i ???? ?????i ?? a ?i ???,
?? ?i ? ???y? ????th?a e ?c??th?a ????y, a ???? ?eth?? a ?ay ?a ?
??????. I???y, ???oe, ?????ue ???? ?e ?????e ????i?? ? ? ????? ??noe
(???y ????? e ??????o ?????ea ????? ??????), a ? ?????e ???, ???e
???th?y ? ?e ?? ????y. A?e ??eth?ay ???, ??????a ?ny????? ? ???u eth?o
???o ?oe ??i ???? ????i, ??a?eyth?i ?y ??????e, ? ????e ??????e ??o ?a ?
???u, ???a ???? ??? e ???? ???? ??i ????. E ???o i ?????? ?iy?e “???y”,
“????????”, ??? ??????i ? ??? e ??????i, ? e e i?????i ???? ?????y
??????e e ?????, ? ?a ???ny.

Aeey ?????? y?? ???ey ??a ??????e ????? ????? ?i ????? ???e. E? ?????
????, ??i?a ????? ???? ???i ?y ??o ???ia y?y?ny ??i ??????e, a ??? ??o
?????? ?a ?c ??o??y e th?????o ????eth ?iy?y “??”. N??y 128 AE ?O ???o e
??i ??? e ??? ???. O? y? ???o a ??? ??, ?i ??? ???a, ??a i? “???” ???ee
a ????? ??? ???th?a ???? ?????? ????. Ae??i ??????? ??? ? ????n?e ????u
??i ???ue ?y??? a e??? ??? ???? ???a, ?e ???eyo?. A ??i ??, ???ey?a – ?
??, a ??????e ???en, ?eth?th?e, ??? ???i, ??th????a ??a, ??a ????ey e
??e (?.132 AE ?O), e ?a-?? ?i y?y?ny ????i ? ??? ??ie, ? e ??a ??????e.
N ??? n???, ?????a ???u y?yth?y ??? e?eth??? (?e, ??u ?eth?oue ???ey?a a
??????e ???, ??????ue ?????y ??uey), e ???? ?????? ???ny ?????e ?????.
A?e ?e i??? ??a ??????e ??o ?? ???ie e ?????, ????e e ?????e, n???e e
????, e o.ae., e o.i., ? ?e ??th?y ??? ??i ???, ?y ???o ???eyth?i ????i
y?y?ny ?????. Ia ???? ??th????a ??a ??nyo ? e ??o ??????e, a ??eytho a
??oth ????? ?????? ??a, e “???????oth ??????ue” ?n???y ???ay ????
??????o, ???????, ?? ?e ???? ?????a ?y ??????y ?e ??u e ??????o e ?e
????, ???a e ??o ??o???? ?y?? ????y ? ?atho *(62).

E ??ue ??ue ???i ????ny e ???e. ????o ??o ?? ???? ?e?? ??e ? “????” e
“?????a”, ?o?? ?????y a E????yo Aay (2.12-14). A e???a ?eth???e ??, ?i ?
???o i???ue ?ae ?????? ???, A? ?e??o ??i ?????ey, ??i ????a e ?y???????
??i. “N????yy y? ??i ????? n ????e, ?????e A?i, ????ny ????, ?i, ???yy
?? ? ???? e ?????a, A? ???? ?ae ??a??e ? ?? a ??? ????a ???? ??, a ???
??a” *(63). I???? ?e ???a ????ue ??i ??????e e ???, ?e ? ?e e ?e ???a
?eth?? ??a a ???? ???? ?????o ?? (?.128 AE ?O), ??o ??i ???? “??a ?
??i”, “?????a ??” ???? ??a, e? ?i ????ey?ny, ?yae ? ??o ??e? y?????
?????? ??????y ????e ???????? ??????e. E?e ??e ??ey ??????ny Ae.A. I??i:
“…?????a ????i ?y??? a ???i ???i ??a a ?? ?i ???????e ?????, ??aey?e ?
??????e a ??o ???o ?iy??eyo; ?????a ????i ?? ????? ?????? ???in?i ???
?-? ?????a ???? ?????e e ? ????i ????y ????? ??????” *(64). O?? ???????
?????a ??y?o ????????. E?, ?a???i, e ?????? ??? a ?i, ?i ???????ay
??????ue ?y?? ??i ???i???i ????th “????o ?????o ???? a ??th????a ??a”,
???a e ??o ??????e ???? ????y ? ?atho *(65). N??a, ?????ay ??? ????i
???ey (??? ???????? ????) e ?a ??a ??iy???y ??? y??????i ???ey “?????”
??????ue ???????y ??? ???a??? ??a e ? ??????? ???u (????a e ??a).

A ??a ??????i ??????y Aeae??e ???? “A? ???a” (“The Age of Access”),
???? a ?? a 2000 a., ??eyth?y ??oth?a ??????? ??a ??????e a ?????th y??.
Ai-???, ??? ????i ??????ny n ??e ??ey ??? ???????i ????ey. O?, a ??????i
????? ?????y ????tho a ??oth ???ue ??a, ???, ?????? e ?? ? ??oth i??? –
? ??????? ?e ???? ??ae???y. Ai-???, ???i, ??? ?????? ????a (??e), ???y?y
??ae??ey (paid-for-experience). Oa ? ?o, ???a ??ath?y ?????e e ???a
??ath?y ??????o ??????th: y?????a ?????y n ??ii ?y ??e ?e ?oa?y ??i?a,
?????th?y ??? a “??e ??”, – ????? “???” ?????e y????. A-???o, ????y
??????ey y???? ???? e ???eth ???? a ????eyo ?????? – ? ??????? ??a
????ey ???y??y e ??i??th ?????y, ???a ???o ?? ????a a ???a. I???,
a-????o, ?oy ?????ue e ?e??o ??? e ??????i ???i ???????i ? ??????y, ?
??? ??? ??????y ??? ??o ??, ??????? ?????e ?e ?????e ??. A ???? ???a
Aeae. ???i ???? ????y ??????, ???a ? ???y?? ?? ???tho ?a ???a ???????a.
“E?????a” ??i ??????e, ??i ???i, ?????? ?????oth ?????th e ?? ???eth, e
a ??? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?i “?????a” – ??i e???????e ??????e. Ia ???? a ????
???? ??a ???? ???? “Aei?? – ?????? ??????e” (“Access – Das Verschwinden
des Eigentums”), ????o ??????ue ? ?????? ??a, o.a. ??????ue a ? ??????
????e, ????ny ??????i ?????? e ????? ??? ? ?o, ???? *(66).

Eth???i ?oy ? ?u? ??a ???????? ??? e ???? ????i??, ????e ????i I??? a
????? 1999 a. “N?????? e ???a”. A???? a ??? ????e ??????i ??????y ???e
??????e ??? ? ??? ???o a ???e, ? e ?e???o ? ???? e ?????. I????y, ?i
??????ue ?????ey? ???????y ??? ???? e ??. A?ue ? ?????? ???e ?e ???? –
?? ?? i ???????? ??????e, ?????? ????e, ???i ???e ????aa?ny e ????
?????? ??????. N???, a ??????e ?. I??a, ????ey? ??e ? ?i ??, ?e “??oth
??ue ?? ??????e” *(67). I?y?y “????i????e ??? ??e”, “??u ????e” e o.i.
???a???tho i ????e ?? ??a, ?i o ???i ???? ?? ?i ?????e ??, ????y
“????ey”, ???y ????y a ?i “??????e”.

Aeey ??e ??iy?e ??? ????? ???n ??n??y? ??th????y ??a ??e “N?????? a
????i ????”, a ???e ??? ????ny e ?????? ???i ??? ? ??e ???e. O?, ?y?a
??? ???y?y ??? ???????e ??e ? ??a XX a. I????, a A??o ? ??? ????e ?e ?
??????a ???? ???e, a a ??? ??yi ??? ???e ??? ?? ??th, e ????? ?e ???
????? ??aeu e ??? ?????. A ??????e A??a, ?e ? ?e e a I?? ??y, ?y?a ???
????? “e ??y? ????ei? ?? ???? ???e”. “E??ey, ??i ???i, ???????o, ?i a
???ae, ????th??y ? ?????? ????? ? ????? ??, ??iy?? (a ???a ? ?y???i n
??????e ??iy?????) ???????a ????ue a ???? ?? ?????, ?? ??? ?? ? ?a ?
????e ??th ????? ???a; ???ue ??a ????yi ??e ??? ???? ??e ? ?? ??? ?????
??????e” *(68). Ii ???? n ???? ?. I?? ??????o ?????????ue ?e ????oth ??,
????o “?y?a ????? ??a ? ?????a, ?i ? ?i ? ??????ue, ? ?? ?? ?????,
??uy?y?ia ? ??? ??o ????i, e a ?i ??????ee ??????i ????o ?? ?e ??????
??i” *(69).

E a ??? n ????, e a n??a n ?????????ueth ?? ?? ? ?????e ??a ???e
??????e, ???a ??????y ??????e ?e ???????? ?????. A??n ??th??ny a ?i,
????i ?????? ?? ????y ??e?? ??????e, ??a ?????? ??tho ?o ?e ?? ?????. O?
a ??a XIX a. a ??a N????? O??a iiy?yth?y ?????, ??a ??c a ??a i????ey ?e
?i ?????a ? ?????ath?y ?e ???a ??????e ?e ? ?uy?a. A ????i ???? ???ay
??a ??ey ?????? ????. A 1979 a. A???? ?ae NOA ???o ???a, a ???i ?????y,
a ?i ??a, ?i “??c a ??????? ??? ? ?????? ?? ??????e ? ?????i ?uy?th. Ii
???e ??, a ???, ??a ???aoe ???y? o ?ay ?? “??” ?? ?a?????, ????? ? y??
?? ??e “??” ? y?y?ny ?uy??, ??? ?i y??? ??? ???????y a a? ??????” *(70).
Oi, ?i ? ??th?? a ????? ??a, a ??? ?a ???a ?????ey, ???a ???u?? ?????i ?
????e ???i “???u ????”, ??o ???????? ????a, ?e ???? ?o?, e ????o
??????e. ?. I??a, ?e ????a ???e ??????e, ????y?a, ?????i, ? ?????: “I??
??????e ??a ??? ?iy? ???th?a ? ??i ? ??a ????e, a ? ?????y a ??? ??????o
??? ????i? ????a e ????i y??????i ??i???y” *(71).

A????ay? ? ????o ???ee, ??i ??????? ????th ??????? ????a, ???y ??th??ny
a ????e ?????y ???o e ?????? (a ?i ??a ???????o) ????a a ??? i????.
N?????? a ???? ???? n?o?? ???? ??? ??i ?n?oth ??????ue, ??? ???e
?????th?y ?a ??? ?? ??????e. N??iy ???ey ?????. O?? ? y?? ?e ?o, ? ????u
???????ue ?????a ??o ???????e, “??e” e ???e ????ii?ueth. O?iy??ny ????
????ey ???????? e ???? ??a – ???nu ?????a ?e ??? e ???? ??e??i ????,
?????i e, ???????, ????i ????a a ??????eyo e ?. – ???atho ????. I??,
???, ??aa?ue ???? ??, ???a ??ny?y ?? e ????????, ?? e ???? i??, ? ??e
????i-?????? ??? a?yae ? ??o ?????? ? ??????th ???????. N??? ???? e
????i ????a ???ath?y ? ???? ? ??a ?i ?eth??. Ae??? ????ny ?a ??a ????? ?
??e ???, a ???i ?????? ? ???u ?????a ?e ??????o ?????e, ??? “????a” ?
????ny ????y? ?e ???????i ????e “?????ey”. O?? ???i, an? ?????i – y? ???
??i ???, ? ?????a ????a ? ??ae???i ??a ????e ???u ???uy??ey ??? ????
?????eth ???? ??a, ?????? ?i ????? ????e ?????e. I??i ??? ? i ???????e
?a?e ?? ??? A????? ??? ???ny ????ue ???? ? y?????oth e ?????oth ??ue
????. A ???????? ??o ??i ????e ???n “th????? ???????e”, ?? ???????y ????
E.E. I?????i, ??a ?????y ???????y ??? ????a ???ny n ??????? ????a
?????eyth??y ???a. I??a, y? ??? ??, ?i ? ????eye E.E. I?????, – ? ???tho
? ???a ?? ?e ??? ???????e, a ?????? e ?????? ???ia?y (????, ???? e
?????a ?????e), ???a ???tho ???? y????n?i ??i. E?? ???e, ???ay ?????a?a
“?????a” e “???”, ? ???o ?e y?i ?????y? ???? ???????a e ???? ??????
(?eth?y y??????). A ?y? n ??? ??????e ????? ???a ? “???????a” e “???a”
??i ???y? ?? ?????e ??e, ?e ?e ? ?? ?????ny ? ??e ??u ??y “???” a ??oth.
?????a ??o ????i e ?????i ??? y?y?ny ??????? (n th???-?o?? ??e ??ey), ?
y? ? ????, ?i ????? ?-??? ???? ? ??? ???, ? ???ay e ???? ????, ???i (?
????th E.A. I?????) “??iy?? ???e ????e”, ???, ?i ???i on???ueth ????. I?
y?i o??a ??????o ???? a ??a ???????? ??????e ??????y ? ??? a ?????e ???
???o ????a ?o?a. A ???????? th????? ??? ????o ??????ue ??????? ??u
“?ua????i ??iy?y” *(72).

E?? ???e, a ??? ????ey “????? ???e” ???e ??????e ???n ?????oth?o ????
????? ? ??e??u ????o???? ??a ? ??? ??y????ue “????? ???e” ?????y ???a e
????eyi ???? e ??e.

I?????ay ????y ??e?????e ??????e

A??n i ?i, y?y?ny ? ????ey ???? ??? ??th????o ?? e? ?a ????o ??a
??????a a ??? ????a ??????e (o.a. y?y?ny, ?oy ? e ???e, ???? ??? ??),
???ny ??????i. I?? ? ??? ??in ?????o ??a ???th ???? ?????y ??a ??????e e
??a ???????? ??????e.

I?????? ???a “???????ay ?a?????” ???????i ?y?? n ?????i ????????i XVIII
a. A? ???e ????e ?????i-???? ??y?, ???i ????????a ?????? ?????eyie. “A
?????? n ??? ???e, ??i ????y eth?? ?????i ?????, ?? ? ?????? ?????? ?e
?????a, y?y?ny ?i ??????, ????i ???, ????o ? ??e ???u ????? ?y????e “e
????? ????? ? ????y” y?? ??a ???????e ???th. A???thu? o ??? ??i ? ?????e
????o ??? ??o ??????e, ???a ?y?ya?y o ??, ??? ???? ???a ?????ay ??”
*(73). O?? ???i, ???????ay ??????ue ????o ?e ??? ???i ??a n ?????? ????,
???a ???ny ???e ? ????ey. I??i, ?a ? ??? ???? XIX a. ??????? ???y ????y
??i????? e ???iy?? ????????i ???o, ???e ??? ?????a?y ?e ?????e ???????
?a n ??? ?????e ?????y? ?y ???? ??? e ????.

N????? ????? ??i, ?e ??e?, ???y?ny ? ?y?? ??? ? ??? ???. Black’s Law
Dictionary ???ey? “???????oth ??????ue” ?e “????th ??????? ??, ???y ????
???? ??????i ?????, ?ath?a ?????oth ????. Ae??y ????y ?eth?? a ?ay, ???
??i, o???a ??e, ????a ??i e ????a ??a, a ??a ??a, ?y?i?a n ?????? ???,
????e ?y??i??th, ?????i ????? ??a e ???e ? ???????? ?????e”. Oi, ?i
“???????ay ??????ue” ????ey? ??e ??? ???a ?iy?a, ???? e ?c ????y e
th????? ???yi. Eth???i ???, a ???, ????? ???ey ? ?, ?? ? ?? i ??a
??o???? ?e i ??i-? ?? ??a, ???a ????y ??????ueth ??? ???i. Na?a ???a
?uy??? y?? ??o – ????? ????, o.a. ????o th??o ??ay ????y? ?iy?e
“???????ay ??????ue” e “??????ue” ????ey?ny ?i-oi ?? ??e ???th??y, ???i,
a ??? ??? ???? ??i ??y?ny ???a ???ea. “E??iyy ??????ey ?a?”, ?e ????
A.Aeae. A??i, – ?????, o????? ??? ?y ???o ????? (e – ???i ? ?ay – ??a
???????) ???a *(74).

A ???? ?y?th?? ??a ??o ?????? ??? ??????e e ??? ???????? ??????e ???
???atho e ????? ????e Aeae. E??. A ???oa “I ???????i ????e” ????ny ?o??y
??ey ??????e. Aa ?a ?i??o ??? ??iyo a ?i, ?i, ?-???, ?????e ?? y?y?ny
?????i e ?????i ????? ??????y ??a ??o????, a ?-???, ?i ??i ??????e (a
????e ??, ?i ????? ? y?? a ??i ????), ??????a ??i, ? ??? ??ey? ?e ????
?? ??? ??? ?????. E?????? ????o ???a ?y ?????y ??a ???????? ??????e ??o
??thth ???th *(75). A ??e ??a “I?? ?????ey” (???????i ??a ? ???i?o ??o)
A.A. I??? ????o ???? “? ??a” ????i ? ?, ?i a ?i ????ny ????ay ???. Ii ?i
??eth, ????e ???? ????? ?? ?? ?? – ???e? a ????i ??a ?e????e ???i, e
y?y?ny ???iy???i, ????o ?? (?e ????ay ???a, “??o?a ???i ??y?a”) ? ????
“????” ??????ue (?e ????o ??????e, “?a???o ???i ??y?a”) *(76).

A??e ???? ??????e ????e ???ny ??eth??i ??a (??eth??i ???n?a e ??eth??
???), ???a ?????ya?y ?e ??????, ?e e ??? (?????eth). N o?? ??ey A.A.
I???, ???? ????? ?????? e ?????a??e ??????e ???? ? ???ey ?yc???? (e ??ae
? ?? – ?????), a ???i ???? ???eth ?y?i a y?i ??? ? ????i ?th?????i ?iy?y
??????oe, ??????e n th????? ?iy?? ??????e. Ii e y?o ??????o, ?aey ? ??o,
????y ??? ??????i: “…????? th????? ???ea ??ue ??i ???????y ?e ?????
???i ???????e y???e” *(77). Oa ? ??a ? ??? e ???y, ?e ??oy. Ii ?e ?? ???
??? I??a ?e ???i y???e ???ey I?a e A????a ?? ???u ?y ?o, o ?? ??n??
?????o ????n?e? N??? ??? ??iy?ny ??? ??a, ??a ?a e y?? ???, ??a ????y
???e, o.a. ? ??? ??a ??????ue ????e ????ny “????? y??”, a ??a ?e ????ny
?????e. E ??a ?????ey ???atho ????? ??iae??e ??????e ???? ???u, ????ny
?, ?i ??i ?? ? ???ue “?????? ??a????i ??a”.

I?? ????, ?i ?????i ???n?o ??????, ??? ?????? ???? ??a, ??ny?y e ??e
?????? ??e?u ?e e ????? ??????th. Ia ???i ??a “E???????y ??????ue: ????
??????a, ???? e ?????u”, ???e ??iy?y 15 ?y?y 2000 a., “??i ???” a
?????yo A.A. Ae????, A.A. A???, A.I. E?y?? e A.E. I????i au? ????a ? ?,
?i “??????ue?y ??????ue” y?y?ny ??? ????i ????. I????y, ?i ???iy???th
???ue, ?a ?? ?? ? ???????? ?y?e???, ? ??th????o ???, ???? ?n???atho ?e
?????a ????iii? ??a ??????e. A.I. E?y?i ??o ???o ?????y a ??????? ????:
“…??th????a ??a ? ??e ???? ???ytho ? ? ???th, ?i e ??i ?a?????. E ???
??????ay ???? y?o ?? ?? ???? e ??, ?i a??i ?e ???? ? ??th?y ??? a ??
???” *(78). A?????i, ?i ???e ?oth ??o ??ey, ?e A.I. Ia??, ???e ??? ?
??????a “???/??e ?y? ??a ??????e e ??a ???????? ??????e” *(79). C???, ?i
?????e ???e (?a ? ???e ??y??? ???? ??a) ?????th?y A.A. E??? e E.E. A??i.

I????ny ? ????? A.A. Ae????, ????i ????? ??????e ????e e ??? ? ???o
?????? a ?e?? ???????? ??????e (?e “???????? ??”, ?e ? ???e ?i ???). O?y
??i ??????e e y?y?ny, ???? ??eth A.A. Ae????, “????e th????? ???e ?y
???? n ??th ? ??a”, ?y ???ey a y?????? ??? ?????a ???????? ?y????e ?i ?
???y *(80). A???o – ??????? ???? ???a. Ae??????, ?????a ??????a, ?e ??o
???, “? ??????o ?????i ????i ???a”, ??? ??a ???? ???a ?e ??? ??? (???)
???eytho ?e?? ????e ??????e? I?? (?? ? ?????? ?e ??????? ???, a ??a
????? ? ??, ?? ? ?? i ?????? ?e ?????i, ???? ??????) ????y a ??????e,
??a ?ath?y a ???e ????? (???eue) i???????y, ????? (n e????-?????? ??e
??ey) ?????? ni ???u ?????a, e ??? ? ?ny?o???a ?? ???o ?oe. Ii ???ny e
?????? A.A. Ae????. I?????, ???a ? ?? “??th????? ??o”, – “??ethoi? ??i ?
??????? ??eo”, – ????ny, ? ?i ?????? ????th, ? ??a ??????e ?? “??a ??e?
???i ????? e ???a ???” *(81). I??a?ny, ?i ?? ? ????y ? ?????a ?? ???
??i??e ??????, ? ??i ? ??? ?n????? ??th????a ??a ?e ??????ue ??a ??????e
? a ????i-th???n?i, a a “??eth??” ???.

A ??e ??a ???e ??? – “Iiy??? “??th????o ??” ?e ??? ????e” – A.A. Ae???a
????o ????e o?????? ??n. E ??????ue, e ??th????a ??a y?yth?y ??ueth ??a
???e ????e ??eth?? ?? *(82). A?e ?????, ????e ???th, ???y ???a e
?c????eth ?????e “??eth?? ??”, ???ue ??i ??????e (a ??? ??? ?a ?e
?????-???? ?iy?a, ???th?a e ???????e ????e ss-Ia-ss), ? i???a ????y.
I??a, ? ??oth?o ????o ?a ???o ? “??e ??e”, ????o ?????y, ?i ? ?a
??th????a ??a y?yth?y ??eth??e. A?? ???? a ??? ??? ???? ?? ?y ????????,
????o ?i????th?a ?a????a ?????a (?e ????? ?????ua ??e) *(83). A?a ?a ?a
?? ? ??i??? ??a ??????e, ???a ?e y?i ????? ?????? (o.a. ????ny ???i
???oth?i ????????i e ???? ????). I???i ????th “?????y” A.A. Ae???? ?
??th????i, ? ? ??eth?? ??a: “A? ??i ???????ue ?e ?????th??, ????o ?i
???ey? ??i?eth, ?oy e ?????oth, ? ae????oth ?y ??a ???a a y?????? ??? e
???yth?th ?????ny ???e, a ??a ????ey? ? ??? ?????, a ?????? ???e ??????
???c??i ?y ??eth?? ??. O?? ???i, ??th????a ?a? ??o ??? ?????, ???th?a ?i
? ??eth?? ??. E?eth?????ue ???o ? a ?i, ?i ??i ?????o ??th???? ??? ??, a
a ?i, ?i ?i ???ey?ny ??th???? ? ??i (???), ?????? ???i, e ? ????yi, ?
?oa??a??” *(84). A?e ???? ????oth e ?????oth ??th????th ??????, ? ?a, ?i
A.A. Ae???a ???o ? ??th????o ???, ??i ???ue e i ??a ?a?????. A ??i
?????i ?? i? ??a y?y?ny “?????th??” (? ??e ??????? ???i ?????y?) e ??a
??o ?????? ? ????? ??, a ??i.

I???i ?????i ??????e ???oe? y?y?ny ??a ????? th?????i ????? IAO E.A.
C??, ?????ey ???? ???? ? ????e ?????e ?????ey ??? ????e e ? ??????ey
?????? ??? ?? ??????. N?? ?????e, ???????? ?????eth ??a?? ??????o ?? ?
????? ???????? ?y????e, E.A. C?? ????o ???????th, y?????oth, ???????th,
th????oth e th???-?????th. “O??????oth ?????o” ??? ???o ??????e ca ????
???a “???? ??????” (? ???? n “?????? ??????i”). A????a ??th????o ?? ?
????a ???? ?????i ??a a ??o ???i-???? ????e (“y?????ay ?????a”) “?????e
??????a i “??a-???a” ?????a ???????? ?yo????” *(85). Ae?? ???o:
“???????y ?a????” ??th??ny a ?i, ?i “??????e? ???y?a ??a ??????e ?e
?y???i e ????????i ???e?i ??????? ????a ????ey ????? ???e??? ??ue ? ??
?????ey ??? ??a ?????? ????a” *(86). I???, “th???n?y” e “th???-?????y”
?????e ?n?atho e ?? ???????i ?a th?????i ???ey: ??ay ???? ???eth ??a ?
????? ????? ?y????e n ??ii ??????e ? ????e ? ??eth???, ??ay – ??aey ?
“???? ?????y ae?iy-??y n??? ???? ??a ?????a ???????? ?y????e” *(87).
I????? ????u ? y?yth?y ??? *(88), ??? ?yae ? ??????? ?????? ???o ???y?
?????? i ? ???????. E?????a ?????e ?????ey ??????e e???? ? ???th?y ?
??????o, ???i ?????? ????ay ???ea (?c???? ???e ?????? ??? ??a e ?????eth
??????? a ??a ?????a ???????? ?y????e), a ??????otho i ??????? e ?????
???a e ?????i ???????? ?y????e, ????i a ???? ?i?o, n o?? ??ey ??a
??????e.

I??i ???i ????? E.A. C??a y?y?ny ??????? ??????e ????e ??? ????? ??????
– ???eth, ??c??eth e ???y??th. I???? ????ey i??a ??? ???e ? ??o ??ea,
????o, ?e ? ?a ??e ?????ue ????, ?iy?a ??????e, ??????? ? ????o ?????,
??????i ? a ???? ?? ? ???? ???i, ???a ??? ??ae th???e ??????ue ??????ey
???a ?????a ???ne?i e ????????i ??a. A y?i ??? ??? ??? ? ?????? ?????a
?. Aeth? y?y?ny ??????? ??????? e ??th????i ??? ??? ???, ??????i a
A????? ???a, ????y ??????e *(89).

Ia ??i ??, ??? ? ?? i???ey ?y?e ????y? ??o ?????? ??? ??????e e ???
???????? ??????e ?a ??????. I????a e?????ey ??? ???e. I?? ????ue ???eth
? ??, ??a ?ae ??????ueth (?? ? ?????ay ?e ???????ay ??????ue) ????ny ?
??? ?????? ??? ?????, a ??? ?????, ????? a ?????e ? ???a ???a e
?????thu?, ?e ?? ???i, ????? (????, ???) e ??eth?oth ???, ?????? (?
?????? ????) ???????e ???th e ???? ????e (y??????i e ???????? ??y?a).
Ae??e, ???? ?????? ???, ???e ???e e ???? ??????? e ?????? ????y, ???o a
“?y?e ????”, ??a ?a ?????? a ??ee e ???? ???i ??a ?????y ? ??i ????????
??????e. A.O. O????/ ????o ???eth ??oth?i ???i: “????o??y? ?iy?a i ???
??? ? ??a, ? ?ath?a ??i ???? ??, ????ey?ny ?????? ????i. I?y?e ??????y,
????, ?????y ??uo ?? ????i ??? ? ?????? eo ?????, e ??? ???????a y?o ???
? ????? ?oth ???ue ??o ???ue ??????a ???? ?iy?e a ??? e ????” *(90).
I???, ???? e ???, “????e” ???, ???e ??ae? ? ?? ???oth?? ????????. I????
???????? a ???a ?????y ???i ??a e ??th????o ?? ? ??????ny y?? ???e,
??????e ???i ???a ??yo ??ae ??e ??/o ??-?????ey, o.a. ????ey ??????e ??
?ae “??e” ?????e ?o??e. O??e ???, ??i ???i, ?????o ?????ey ???????e, a
?i ???a???i, n ????? ?????, ??i ???ue E.E. A??i *(91). N????i, ??????ue
????? ???a ???????? ? ???ao ???ey, a ?y? n ?i ???????e ??? ??o ??i ?
??????a. A?, ????, ?????? (? e ??? ??e???i) ?????i y?y?ny ? ???a ?????y
????y ??o ??????i e ??????? ???i (?i ?e ?? ???????i ??i). E???e
“??????”, ???a??e ?y ???i ???a, ??th?? ???a ??????a n ??? ????o ???? e
??????? ????o ???a, o.a. a? ?, ?i ??????o “???e???oth”, ???th
th?????eth.

A ??th??a ????? ?? ?a ?? ???ny ???? “??? ????? ??o???a”. N????i ????,
?i ?y ??????? ???? a eth?i ??? ?iy?a “????” ? ??o ?oue ????? e ???eth
??th ?e ????o a ??? ? ?????i ????y: ??i ??????e ????e ???? e ??, ?i o
???i ????a ??? ????y ??a ?? ? ??? ???o, ??a ??? ?????e – ???y?, ?ay? e
o.i. – ??i “i???ey” ath ? ???e ?? ?????y ca ?? ????ey e ?a ????? “??eth”
??o ????, ????? ? ???i ????a “???????i ???”. O? ??a ?c??i ?????y ?iy?a
“?????y”, ???a ????ny ????? e eth?? ??, ???? ????i ??? e ???????o ???o,
a ? ??? e ????eth ?aa ? ??e ???. I???, ??a ? ??a ????e ?y ????? ????o
??? – “???y??a” – ??a ??? ?????ny ?ui (? ????th n “??????” ?i???i) ???i,
?e ?????a ??y?a ???a e ???????o ???o. I????a ???y, ?????, e ???e e
?y??eth e ???eth ????? ??i ?? ??, ??? ????o ???????? ??????ueth.

A ?y? n y?i ???i ?a ?c ????y e ???????i ???? ???? ???. O???????a ????,
n ???? ?????ny ???y ??i, ???i ?y?? n ??????ey? a ??a ???i?e, ????y e
???i ? ???u a ??i ??????? ???u ???? ?iy?e e ?no??? ?????y ?y i?? ????
?????. I?? ? ??????o ?????e, ???a ??? ??ae ??e ??? ?iy??ey “????e” ????u
?e ????o ???? ??a, ?e e ??a a ??i, n ???oth?i, a ???? ????, ????? ??ie
????u y?y?ny ?e ????ay ????y ??a (legal ontology) *(92). E? ???? ?? ?
????? ?????? a ???e “????e ????????a”, ?????aeue ??a a A???????
Iueth-E???i ?????? a A??? Aey?ae E???, ??i?a ???u – ?? ? ??o ??????o
????e ?????i ?? *(93). A??ay ??ue ???a ? ?? ????ey? ??e ??????e ????, a
?????i ????e ii ???? ???? ?????y ??? i ????yo. E??i ???, ?i ???? ???u
?eth?tho ??? ?????? e ???????a ????e, ?e ??o ???ue ??? oea?? ????? ?y
?????ey ? ???u ????e, ?????, ??? ?oe ? ????, o.a. ?o, ?i ???otho n????th
????? e ?y??? n ?th ???u. O?, ???u ???????? ??????e, ? ????th Ae. E???a,
???i y?yth?y ?i???e ?????i ??a. Iay?i ? ??i ??????? ?????? ?oe???e ???
??o ?e ?? ????? ????? (e ???o, ??ath), ???y ????? ????e ????ue “?
????ue” ? i???eth, ??ueth ???e y?y?ny ??? ???. A ???? ????? ???a ??i
???? ???, ??a ?? e ?o ? ??? ?????o e ?????th?th?i ????yi. Y? ????, ?i ??
??? ?e ???i ???????i, ?? a ??e ????e ?ath?y ????a ???ey, ???a ?????
??a??. E? ?y?y? Ae. E???: “Iu ???i, ?i ????, ?a???? a ???e ????? ??,
????, ??????, th??u, a ??a ??? e ?????u ? ??? ???? a ??o ?????ue ??oth e
???oth ??? ? i?y??eth ????e ????iai ??. A?e ?????i ???i, ?y??? n ????
??i, ????yo ? ???? ???????? a ????yo, ? ?????i ???ue?o ???? ??o ?? ??a
???? ???? ?????i ????? ?????ey ??a?? ?????i ??. O??a ?? ????? ????e”
*(94).

A ???? ???a ???? “??th ????th” ??a ???????? ??????e, e??oth ????e
?????? ????? a ???e ?e??????e E?? O? *(95). Aeey ?/?a ??i ???a ????
????e, ???e?i ?????? ???oth?i ????????i. Aa ????e ?????? y?yth?y: (1) ??
(???a ?? ? ?? ? ????? ?e?? ???e); (2) ??????? ????y ?e i????y ??, ?eth?y
???, ?????, ?i?th??? ????u e ??. (???th?y ????i ???); (3) ?????a ?????
?? (????ny ????i ???). A ?y? n ????e ????? ???atho ?a ??a?? ???i: ?-???,
?????? ????? ????th?y, ????ath?y ?? ? ??a, ai-???, ????tho ?????
(??????a ???u ??a ???????? ??????e), ???a ??ay ii???y ? ?eth?? a ?ay a
????. Iu ?????? ?? ???? ? ??? ????e ???i, ?o?ay, ? ??eth E. O?a, a ?ith
???ue ??o ?? ???? ? ?a ??, ?? ? ?o ?y?i ? ????i ??o ?o??? e ????? ???e,
a ??? – ni ????i ??o ?ay? e eo ?????.

I???? ???? ??o ????? e ????? ???e ???????i ?y?? n ???? ??????? y?, ???y
??? n ??? ????ey? ???? n ??e ??a e ??a ???u ????y ?e ?????ee. I?????i,
?i ?a a 1908 a. ??????th ???a ?y ??????i ?a?? ?? ???? a ??? ?i ????o ??
? ?i ????e, ?i ? ? ??o ???? ?????? ???? *(96). E ?oy a ????? ????????
??i ? i?e ?eth??y a ???u ????? ??a ?????? ?????y (???a ??a ? ?? ??????
???? ?c ??? ??ueth??a “????” ? ??o), ???? ???ny ?????. Aea? a ?i, ?i
“??????? ????a” (artistic expression) ?e “??????”, ?? ?/ue ?? i ?????
????i ??a, ??i??y ?????? eth?e ????? ?????, ?? ??????y ???e ? ???atho n
????ey? ? ??o ??? ?e ?????i ??i-?? ?????? ????i *(97). ss?y?ny ?
??ueth??ay ????a ????i ??????i ?e ???o ??? ? ???u ????? ??a? Ia ??i ??
y? ??? ? ?????e ?i?n. I???? ??o ???????y e ?e ????a ?????? (?e ????ey a
???, ? ????eyth?y ??e ????eth i ?i, ?e ???????ue ???), e ?e i??? ??????y
????? ??a, ????o ????a ????ey? ??e ??u???th ??ue ??ueth?? ?e ???. A?e
????? ? ???th ????i ??????y ???? ?y YAI, ? ??? ????i, /? ? ??? ????? ??a
a ???? ??????i ????a, ?????ath?? ???? ??i ?y ia??? ??? ??, ??ey? ??o
????i ????, a o? ??a e ?o ??, ?i a ??a 70-o ?. OO a. ???? ??? ??? ?a ??i
????a ??i. A ? ? ??y ??u ?????? ???ey ??? ??u ???? ??? ?y ?????? ?????y
? ????th?y. Y? ?y?? n ???e ???????? ??ueth??? ????u, ???a ? ??o ??????
??i. E.A. I??a ???? ??oth?a ??????a ??u ???? ?y YAI: “I???e ????
??ueth??? ????u y?y?ny ????? YAI, a oi ??y ?e ?????? ?????? ??? ?y
????????i ???y?y ????i. O?? ????u ?c ?????e ?i ??????y ????i n YAI ?
y?y?ny ???i, ? ??o ????ey? ???n ??? n ???e ??e ??ey ?y o??i ??a ?oe”
*(98).

A??y ? ?????? ???i, ???ia ???ey ?? e ? ????y, ??a ???ey? ????ny i ?????
??????ie ????a. Ae?i a ?i, ?i a ????e ????ey ??o ?? e ? ????y ??o ??????
a ??????e ?? ?????o ??, ???? ?????tho ?? ??????? ?e ??? ??. I????, “???a
???” ?e ????n ??ueth??? ????u ??ath?y ??? ??e, a ?o ?ae, i???y?? ?y
???ey y?o ???o ??????e, ????y ?????i, o.a. y?y?ny ??????e ?e ????? ??.
Ii ??? ? ? ??????ue ???e ?ae ????u, ? ??? ?e ?????e ? ??a ??e ??u ????ey
??ueth??? I???a n??? a ?i, ?i ? ??i ?? ? n ?c e ???? ??????i ???? ? ?
????? ??? ???? e ?i ???oth?a ?????, ?y ???? ?????u ????u ???, a n
??????? ?e ????e ????e. E. O? ???? a ??? nth?o i ?? Y??, ???e ???y
???????y ?e ?ay, ? ????ay ???? c??a. Aeey ?? ????, ???, ?i e o y?e ?? ?e
??????? ???, ?y ???? ?i ?ay (????ay) ?? ??ae??i ??a ??e ??, ???? ?????y
??u ae?? e ???a ??a. O?? ???i, ?? ?? ? ??? ? ????e ???? ????y, ? e i ?i,
?i ????, a ?????e ? ??? ??? ???ey, ???ey? ? ?e ?e ?? ??e ??? ????e ?e
????e e ??a ?????a y?y?ny ??ai?i. E?? ???e, ??y?y ????y ????y a ??????
?????e ? ????e, ????y?o a ?????? ????. N??n “????y” a ????e ?? ?e
???????e ???? y?y?ny ? ??eth??, a ??????e ????e, ???? ?oee??? ????e.

Eeth??i ?iy?? a ?y? n y?i ??o ??ue, ? ??eth E. O?a, ?iy?a “??????e”. A
?????? ? “??e i????” ??????ue ??? ???????y ?e ???y ?? ???eyth?o – ???ey,
???e e ????y *(99). O?ay ????a ??????e ????a ?e e ??????? (????o???i)
????, ?e e e ?????? ??i, ? ???a, ?i “? ???” ????y ??? i ?????e ?ae e ?
????y. Eth?e ??? a ????? ????? ??e e ?? ??o ?? ??i, ?ith ??o ? ?????o
???ey, ???e e ????y, ???y? ? ??? ?? ??/????, – ? ??o ?? ??eth??
??????ueth, ?? ???? ?????, e aio ??o ?? ???? a ????e ??a ??????e, ??
???? ????th ?????o. O?? ???i, ????ny ? e a ??e ???e ??? ??????e ?o ?e ??
???, ???o ? ??, a ??e ??a ???u ????o ? ????ao. Ae??y ?oi??y ???, a i????
?a ??th?? ?ath e ? ?????eth, ?a ???i ???, ?i ?????ay ????y, ????? ?ey?th
????e, ????o ??? ????ey?.

A ????e ????? ??a “??y ????y” ??a ????? ?? ???. I???? ??i ????o ????e
(??? ??????e) ?ay?, ??a ?e ????a ??i – ?ay?, ?y ???o ?????i, ???u ?e ?e
?o. Ec y?? ???o, ?i a ??????? ????e “?? ????o ??” ?????y ??a “?????”.
I????ue ??? ??ae ???? ????ay ???a: ????ue = ??/eth?. A?e ?y ???? ?????
????e ?????y ??a ???i ? ????th n ????i ???, ? y? ????, ?i ???? ?ae ?ay?
??ue ???, ?i a “?? ????o ??”. C??o, ??? ?????ey e ????????e ????y a ?i,
?i ?e ????tho ??? ???????i ???? ?o ? ???ue ???, ???e ?e ???, ??a ????ue
?? ?????? ???. A??i y?? ?? ??? ???ue ?oth ???o. A ??? ??? ?y?e ? ???
????? ?????ue ????oth?a ??iy???? e ??? ??? ??oth?? ?a?: ???ay ??iy?a
????? e ????ai ?iy?o a ??? ???e ??????, n??? eth?e ??e ? ??? e ?e ? ??
??c 6 ?e ??a ?ny?a? A?e ???ny, ?i ???o ??a 2 ?e 3, ?, ????, ?ay y?y?ny
???i ??e? ?e ??, ? ???e ???ny ???, ???i ???i *(100). Ae??y ????, ???y
????o a ?y? n ????i ???, ??th??ny a ?i, ?i ??? ???? a ?????a ???a ??y??
n ????? e ?????, a ???, y?????e ????iy?e ????? ????. N ??? n???, a ????i
??a ??? ?? ????a ?n???? ??a – ????y ?y?yth?y ? ?? ? ?????y, ????? ????,
?e ???i, ???o ? ??ae??? ?????oth?o ????o ??. Ae. O? ????, ?i ???a ??ue
????? ??????ey a ???? ??? ???y a ?????o ?noiy????o, ??????? a ?o ???,
??a ??y ??? ??? ??????ue: ????? ?????ey ??/??i ?????? a ???i ????? e ??
??a ????, ?i ????ey i i???o. Iiy??, n ?????? ??e ??ey, ?? ?????c? ????ue
????? ?? ???. Ii ???????a ????ey ???? ???eth, e ????eth i ?o??o ???y ??i
????, a ?i ??a, ????y ????a ???u E????. A?e ????? ?????a a y?i ?????e, ?
???ny ????, /? ???oth?y ???a ??? ???? y?y?ny ??y?????, ????o ? ??????o
?????i ???yi, a ???, ?a ????y a ???????.

E???????y ??????ue – ?????a ????e

E??ey ????? ??a ??o ?? ??? n 1624 a., ??a ?e ??yo N?o? i ????yo. A??i ?
???? ???? ?? ??y?a a 1709 a. N??? ???? A?u. N???ny, ?i a ??? ????? ??
???? ??????th?a ???? ??a ???????? ??????e, ae???th?a e ???. I????? ???th
??a e???????e ??????e ?cth??tho ?????i ???ey ? ???????? ????? ???e
??iy?? ????. Io ?????? ??????, ?????? ?????e e ???? ??? e ????? ?y YAI,
??i ??? e ??????? ????, ?????i ?y ??????? ??e, – ??a ??, ???e ???
???????ay ??????ue ? ?e ?? ??e ???e. O????y ? a?o ?? ?? – y?eth?y ????,
?????a e ? th?????i io???ey a ??? ???????e ??o ???i (?i?????) e ????i
(??? e ?i ???ytho ??ueth ???o – “????a”). I? ??i ???a ?????th?y ?a ??
????e. I????a ???e e ???u ??? (???) ?? ???y, ?????, e??? y?y?ny ?????
????e a ??i ???i ??? (????ath?e ? ??? y????, ? e ???? a ??i). O?, ???i
???i ???y N??? ???? A?u ???e? ????? ????? ?????oth?th ???o ? ???? ???y e
???a?a ??????? ??????eth a ??o?th ??????? ??i ?????y ?????e, o.a. ???
????? ????, a ? ??a ???e ??????e. I?? ????ey ???a ?????ey ??a ????????
??????e ?????y, ?oy e ?oi?e, ???o, ?????? ??? ??o ????? ???a, ????? e
????? ???n?e. A ??iy?a ??y ?? ??a ?a ??a ??iy?ny a ??? ????? e ???a
(??????e): ??? (??????) ???ee a ?? ???y??a ????, i??eyth?a ????? ????i
????e ???? a ????e ??????y ????a ??? ????????i ??a, a ????u, ? ??e ???u,
???? ??? ???a n ???? (?????ey?) *(101). I???i o??, ?i ?y ???????i ????
(?i ?????? ??iy?y) ?????? ? ??? ????????a ????a ???, ? ?? ?????e ?y
?????th?e y?? ???: ?????i ???? ???ey ??? ???? y?y?ny ????a ???????a
?????.

N????i, ?????u, ??y??oth?a ?i????? ?? ? ???????oth ??????ue, ??? ????.
Ae????i ????ue ?iyo? ???????i ??????y (fair use) *(102). I??e??e eth?e
??i ? ????i ??a ???? ???? e (?e) ?????? ???? e ??iy???a, ??a ???iy????a
??????a ????, ????? ???e? ???, ????ny ????? e ?????i *(103). O??i?y ???y
??u ???ey ???????i ??????y ?e ??th??y ? ???, ???i?i ?????y ????o ?? –
????e ??ae, e ???? ???yo ?????u ? ????e ???a ???oth?? ??????i e ???????
???????? ? ????o???e ??????e. “A ? ??y ?e ?i?a ?????u ? ????? ??o ??atho
??th??y ??o? ????, ?????y?? ???i ? ?????? ??????y, ????? ??i ?o, ?i
???o, ??u ??th??y ???????ue ?e ???? ??u a ??i ??a ?e ??, ? ????ieth
????o, ?e ??a ??????e” *(104). I?a ? ?????? ???????ue ????thny ???eth
???o a ?????e ? ??th??y? ?? ?e ??i ???a, ???e ? ?????e ? ???.

I???a ???y ???ay ??? – y? ????a ?y?????e ??th??e aeey ????? ????e (??a
???y ????, ??aey?a ??a ??th??y, ??ath?y ????????e). A?? iy??, ????a ????
?y??tho ????? ?? ?e ??i ??th/?ey n ???? ?y? ??iy??noa ?e ??tho ??????a
???a a ?? ?????th??y ???. N?????th?y ???ay ???, ?e ?? ???i, ???????i
???o ? ???a, ???e ??????y e?eth??th a ?????e ? ?i ???????i ????ey ?e
???? ???a?a. A?e ????ny ???????? ??o????? ???i ??th??y (?uy?y) ? ????e
???u ??eth?? ???, ???e ???th?y ???u ????? ??a, ? ? ?e?? ??oth?a ?e ???:
(1) ??th??y, ?????th?a ??th??a ??????i? n??ae; (2) ??th??y, ?????th?a
????a ????u; (3) ??th??y, ?????ath?a ???? (o.a. ?????a ? ?????? ??iy
??????e?i ???ey) ??e ????i ??????a. *? ???ny ??? ??? ??th??e, ? ??ue ??
i ??o ???????o n???o, ?e ???a ??a, ???a ??e, ??i ? ????????? ??? ??e e
?. O?, ??????a ????? ?????ey a ??? ?eyo ???????i ?????o ??i ? ?????????
??? ??e, a ??????a ??o-?? ?i ??? a ?? ????y a ???yo ?y?? ? ???? ????
?????, ???y, ???, ??????y E?????e ?O (/.5 ?.29). A??y ??? ????? ??th??y,
???a ??oth?y ???????? ?????, ??? ?e ???iyo???? ?????a ???? ??? ?e ????
???????e ???u, ????e, ???a e o.i., o.a. ??o????o y???? ????. E ???e ??ia
??th??e ??ny?y ??th??y, ???a ?i ?ay??? ??a ???????ey ?????oth?? i???.
N????? ?????o ????? y?y?ny ???ay ??a, e ??oe?????a a y?e ??a ????
?????ny ?a ??a ????? ???????? ??a??eth. O????e ? a ??o ???? ?i??a ??u,
?? ???? ??????ue ???ae??a (? ??? y??) ???a, ???eyth?a “??ue” ? ????.
I??, i?i ????, ???? ????ue ??? ??????e ??u, ?a ? ??? ???? ??? ?iy?i, ?i
????ue ??i, a ?? ??cy. A ???? ??a, ???e ??????th ? ?i?? ??????i ??a,
????y ??iy?? ??????: ???????a ?????a eth?? ???a, ????ey, ???e ???
????????ue ?????oth?e o??????? ????? (???y ?e ?????? ? ?????, ?e ??????
? ia???????ue).

A?e ? ???? i ???? “????ue” ??????e ?th/ e ???th ???? ?????e ????a a ??a
???????? ??????e, ? ????? ??y?? ????o ?????a ???????? ??????e
(intellectual property bargain) e ???? ??????i ??iy?y e ???????? ??????e
(commons and anticommons). E ?? ??ay ? ?o ??? ???o ????i?i ????y ???
(????o) e ?????uo ????a, ? ??ay ????o ?y? ?i?????oth ?oo?eth e ?
??????e. “O???y ??????i ??iy?y” (tragedy of the commons) ??o ??i, ??a
????i ??????a ?atho ??? e ???-?? ???o e ? o ?? ? ?o ?o ?????oth?? ??a
????? ??? ???. “O???y ????noa??e ??????e” (tragedy of anticommons) ????,
????, ????? ????i ???a e ???o ?e ??????i ????e ??? ????? ??? e ???o ??
????o ??????a. I??e ??? ??? ????. A ?????? ???a ? n??e 1968 a. A??? O???
?? ?? i ??aey?e ? ???? ???u y?????e ??? ????: ???? ??? a ????? ?????? ??
e ????? ??????o ????a, ???a ? ?????? ???u ??a, ???e ???a e ????? a???yi
a ?????? ???, a a ?????, ?e ????? ??o-?? ???????o ??, – e ??????o ???o
*(105). *? ???ny “???????? ??????e”, ? ??ue a ???? ???a ??i ????
???-??i???? ?????ey. A NOA ?????ey a ??? ???e ?nyo ???e, ??????, a ?
???????e ????. I?????y ae??e ??u ???? a ???? ??????a ???? ???eyie ??a
???????? ??????e ?y ??? ????? ?????a. I??i-??????a ?????ey a e?? ????ue
??? “???i ???ey??”, i??i ??o a ????? ???o: ????ay ????a ? ???u ???o ???,
??????a ?n??e ?????y?, ?u?a ?????i ????a ?????? ??u ?e ?????i ????a,
?????th?o ???c??? ?????oth?o ????? e ???. A?iy??? ???o ???? a ??? ??a ??
? ? ??y?e ??, ?? ? ?????a ??a???y ? ?????ue ???? ???i ???? ??a ??????a n
“??????”, ????????? ????ey? *(106). A?????a ???? ???? ????e “????” – y?
?a ? ? “??????? ??????a”, ??a ???y, c?????a a ???????? ??i ???? ??????
???? ????????i ??a, ???a ???th?y “?????? ??iy??”.

I??? ?a ?a ??????, ? ?o ??yae, ???a, ???a ? ??o ? ?????y ? ???? ?e ???a
????? ?e ????i y??ey e ????i ???a. I? ?e ??ny?y e “???i”, ? ???ath?i n
?????? (?y ????? th???) e ??????e ?? ???e ?a???e ??????. A ??? ??? ?? ??
i ??? ?????th?o, ? ??? ???iy???o ????: ????? ?e ?e?? (information), ???a
? ????e (??????ey), ??????e (interpretation) e ???a ???? ?????, ??????
(communication). A ??i ??, ?????y ?e ???y (o.a., ??? ???y, ??a?y) a
??eth?? ?????a ???a ? i?? ?? ????a a ???o ?????? ????e ?c ??, ??u n
???th ?a?? ??????e ?a ? ?? ??????a a ????th ?y ??aa???i ???y?y e ????y
??o (????y), a ??a ???? (n ???th ???a ???e??e) ?y ???y?y ????. O?ay
???ey ?????, e ???o, ?y ??e, ????? ??th???? ??? ???ey, ? ?? ????? ? y??,
?????i ?y ??, ??th??ny ? ????, ?? ??aey??y a ?????i ?y ? ????y ?n?
(?????, ???? ? ?????? ??io). ??????a ???? ????i ??????y ??????? ????
????? ?c ??i??i ???a ??, ??i ?a?i (n ??e ??ey ??a) ???? ????eo ????a
????? ? ??, ?y ???? ?a ??o ???oth ???? (??a ???y, ????ey?ny ??? e
?????), e ??i ???i ??????ny ???y?a ??e ?????. I?? ????, ?ny??uo ?e
?????o ???? ? ????ey? ?i ? ?? ??e-?? ????? (?i ??a ??????) ????, ??
?????o ?????-??????? (????, ??ueth??), ????oth?a ??e ??? ???? a ?????a ?
y??a ?e ????? ? ?e??a. I???i ? ? ??a ??i ???ue e i ????o ???a e ????ee,
??? (a ?????o ???yo) ???? e ?????????? ?????i ???? ??? (?e ????? a ???e
?e ???o ???). I???? ?y ??????y ?y??i?oe ? ???? ????e (???, ?????), ?? ?a
????ey?ny ? e?????e ???, ?a ????i ?????? ?????-???? ???, ?????i ????e e
?e ?????o ??o ????????, aeey ??????y ???? “????? ?oi?????” ?? ? ???i
????ny e ????a ???????ey e ??????y ????a ??????e ?????. E ????th, a
??iy?a ??y ??a ???u ?? ??i ?????ath?y a ???? ???a e?ue ??????i e ????i
??????an?? ??????ey (“???”) ?????. E ?? ? ?????? y?e ??th??e?i ???,
?????? e ??????e ??????e ???? ???o ? ??e ??iy?e ???.

I???, ??cy ? ???? ???? ? ??????ue “?????i ?????y” ??????? ???? ? ?e
????? – ????? ????th (??????oth) ????eth, ??o e ???? ? ?????e, a ??a
?????? ???? ??e ?????. E??e ? y?o ?????a ?????i ????a?y ????? ?????
i????e ?????e e ?? ???y?, ??a ??, ??????i e ??????? ????? (e? ?a ?????ue
??) ???i-??? ??iyth?? ??????y (? ????e ?iy?y ?i????e e ???????e ??u, a
??a ????? ????????) ? ??n??o ? ?o ??, ????y ? ??????? y?e ???? a A?????
???a (????y ????? ?e ????? ???a ?a???? ??). *? ???ny ??u (???a) ?????e
????e (???????) ?????, ? ?e ?e ??a ??ny??y e ?e th????? ???u ??????u a
???????? ? ????o ??? e e?o ???? ???????? (?eth?y ?????oth) ??????e.
I????i, ???, ???ue, ?i ????a ??i ??iy? ?? ??o, ii ? ????? ?????iai
?i????y e ? ????y e ?ayi, ???oth ???i ??a ???, ?i ????e ???? ??? ?
????y. I???, ?i ??a?y ?????? ????e: n ?? ?a ?n?? ???i ??a, ????o a ????
o??? ???, ?e ???i, ?????? “??”, “????i” (??e, ????u, y???????a e ?????
???? e o.ae.), ??????? ???o – ?????i ??? e, a ?????oth?o ??ayo,
?y??????? ?? – ????? e ?????i ?????? ??e??. N ??? ???u, ?ee? y?? ??? a
?????e ????i ??? ????? “????e” ?????, ????? (???, e ???????!) ?????y
????e ? ??????y, ???? ? ???????, ??????y, ???y??y (?????y ??y?a ???a e
?e) e o.ae.

I??i ???ey?? ????? (????e ?y ?????ey), ????? ??a ????ey, ???e ??????ay
?? ?????ny n ??????i (????i), o.a. ????ey, ???y ????o a ?? ? ????,
?eth?y ????eth i ?i, o.a. ?i i?????a ???. E??i ?y?? ???? ??u ??? ???ey?
? ??? ???a ???a e ?????, ? e ???a ? ??????y. A??n i ?????? ???, ???a?e
??????i ????a ??? – ????? ???. Ii ? y?y?ny ?i-? ii?i ?e ?????i ??? ?y
?????e “??????? y??”, ?? ?????? ??? ????? ???????e ???????? ?????e e
????????? ?????y? (?????? ????ey?, ????? ???ey? e o.ae.) ? ??y??e i??o
?ny???e. O????e ??i ??? ?????oth ???eth ??o ????? ???? e ?i? ?????? ???
e ??? ??????e ? ??????a ?o ????i. I???a ???????? ??????y a ?????a ?????o
??i ??? e ia?????e ????????i ??th??y ???? ??? ?????? ???, ??th?th??ny ?e
a ?????e ???a eth?? ????? e ???o ?????? ??? e ?? ????? i ?i, ??y??y a
??????? ???? ???????o ???a, oae e a ???a ? ????a ???????a i?????o ??? i
??? ??o. A?? o?i, ??? i ???a ?????, i ???o ??a ???? ??o ????ny a ??oth?i
???a, ?e ?c a ???? e ?nay?? ????? ?????y ???a e ?i ?e e?i ??????? ?????,
??y??y a ???o ???????e ??? ?????oth?o ?????.

Ae????i ???i e ????? ??????i ????a th????? ????? y?y?ny ????th?y a
?????a ???? ??? ?e ????ay ???? (??. privacy) – ??i ? ????????? ???e ??e.
Iiy?-o?e ??i ???? ?y?a ???? ??o ????????th ??? ????????? ??????? ??u
???? (privacy) e ??? ???e (“??????”) ??????e ? ????i? ????y
(trespassing). A ??o ??ayo ?? ?? i ??? “?????e”, ?????? ? ??? ??u
??????y ???? (??ae??a, ????). I? y?i n ??e ??ey ?? ???? ?a ? ?e ??i, ??a
????? y?e ??u ??ny?y e ???e???o ????o, a ??a – e ?????? ?????yi e ???
???? ?????? ?y????e.

Y? ??iy???? ??o ?? ???thn????i ????e ?? ??????i, ????n?? ???, ???e
???y?ny ????? i????? ????y a ???th ??o ??e ???? e ????y ???a e ?????,
???y ??o ?????? ????. N????i, e ??ue ??? ??????i ??? ? ????a ?ny???a ?
????i – o?? y???, ?e misrepresentation, “???? a ?????a ?ii???? ????
???????y”, ???? ???ey?. A ???yo ? ??????i ??????y ??????? ????? ??e
????? e “??e ??????” (identity theft), ??a ??????? ???tho ??? ?????e ?
?? ?????? ?o?i?? i ?????? E????, ??a ?? ? ?i ??e ???ath?y ??a ??????a
???ey th?????i ????a. I??i a ???a, ???, ? ??????y ?????i ??? ???? (n
?????e ?????), ??????ey, ??y??? n “?a?e ??????”, ???ath?y a ????a ??? e
?? ??? ??? ????th?y.

A ??? ???? e ?????a ??u, ????th?a ??i ??????e, ??i ia ??? e ??????a
?????, ??? ??????? ?????eth e ????? ???????e ???u, n ??th???, ????ny,
??????i ??a ????o ?????e. I???a, e ????th, ? ??? ??? ? ???e ??, ? e
???ey? ????? ????e. Ae???th?a ??????? ??i a ??o ??? ???? ???? ??ea??y ?
?? ???ey ????n? ?????. O?, ???????? ? ????i ??a e ???o ??? a ??i ?????
??????ny e ???? ????eyi ??ey? ?????e ????o ?? ????i ???? ????ey? ?
???eth ?ae ???y? ???a e ? ?????eyi. A?e eth?a ?????????a ??????a i?????y
a ???? ???a ???????y ?e ????a ????o ??, ? ?????i, ?i ??? ???? ???? ? ???
? ??????? ???? e ?????eth, ? e ? ?y?i ???oth?i ?i ??????.

Iiy?-?? a ??? E???o ??? ?????? ?????ue ???o ???? ????eth a ?????? n
???????e ??i??y?, a ????e ??? ? ??? ? ?????? ? ??a ??i. I??i ??ue?y ??e?
??y?o ????? ??a. O?, ?????? ???? ??? ????tho ? ??? ?o, ?i ????? ?????
??e (?e ? ?????) a ??o ???? ???, ? ??a e ?o, ?i ????? ?????oth?a ????
??e a ????a ??o ????o ??? *(107). Ia ?a??a ????ny, ?i ???????? ??
n?????? ????? ? ??i ?e ?e ?? ????e ???a y?y?ny ?????, ii ???e ?? ????i
?? ???iey ?? ??i ???oth?y ?????i ?oy?uo e ????iy?o ???? ??????? *(108).
I???a ????? ???????? i ????o ?????e??e ???? ?????? ????ey, ????o, ?oy
??a ? ???? ??e e ??o ???????y ?e ?????a???ue ? ?????, ? ??? e ?y??? n
??e ???e ???? ??????y ?????i ??????? ??ay?, ??a ?????ue ?e ??? a ?????a.
E?????? ????i ??a n ??th ???e ?i ????a, ????y ?????e ????? i ? ????a e
??. ???a ? ???????ue ?e ??????ey. N??iy ? ??o ???? ?????y ??? ????a
????ey, a ?????? n ???e ????? y?y?ny ??a e ??a ??????a ???? ???, ?????
???? ????? ??????, ?y??? n ????? ????e ???e, ???y?y ???????e e? ??????e
*(109). Ia ???o ???y ??ue ???a, ???ath?o ?ae “???? ????ey”, ???????i
?y?? n y?????? ????? ????y, ??? ???? ?????o ?????a ??? i ?y????e
?????oth?e ???? *(110). O?? ???i, ???yy “??a”, ???th ??????o ???oth?a
???ae????i ?ae ?????e ???? ???, e ?????y ?????ie ? “?????” ? ??? ???
?????? e ?????? ???e, o.a. ????? ? ???? a ?????a ?????? ?????? ?e ???a.

A????oth ????th ??i ??th?? e a ????e ??? ????a ????? ??a, ?e “???????
??????a” (fair use). A? ????? e ???? ????? (????? ????i ???) ??????i
??????ny. A ????e ??? ????e ?e n?u, ?e ???i, ????tho ?? ???a ? ??????
??a ???y ?e ????ey ?eyiey ? ??????e ??e ??a ????? ?????ey. O?, a ??????
n ????th?i ?????? a ?????? ??a ?y ????y ??????i ??? ??o ??a (market
harm) ????? ???y ????ey ??a ???ue ??e ?y ?????oth?ai ??????y, ???a
?????i ?????? ??????? *(111). A ?y? n y?i ???n ????ey? ??a ??eth?y AOI
io 15 ethiy 2000 a. *(112) A ??? ??eth?e ????ny ???????? ??th??a, ?????a
???a??i ????i ??? a ????e ????? ????o ?????, ???i ?????ue ?????? ?c
?????e ???, ?????oth ? ??i.

I??????a ??a ??????e ? ???????? ???? n ??? ??????i? ???ey ??i “??i
???”. E??y ? ??e ???, ?i ??? ????, ?i ??? ??????y ????ay ?y????ue, o?
a?a ???????ay ???a. A ? ? ??y a ????a ????i ????a?ey ???????? ??????e
????ay e y?????ay ???????? ??? ???e, ?e ?? ????, ??o ?? ??i ?i??a.
O????a ???ey ?ae ???????e ?????, ? ??????y ? ???u ???o ?oe e ???? a
??o?????e ??o ???? e ???eth ???ue?? ?????y?y, ????o ??o ??y???a? ?e
???eth ??e ?????, ?e e ????? ???????th ?a ?ath??y *(113). E? ????o I??a
N?oy??i, ?? ? ???o ?????? a ???e “???? ???????? ??????e”: “N??o??
?????ue ?????? ??th ???? a ??n? ???????? ??????e, ???y ? ????a ? ????
????th ??o e ??????? ??????a (fair uses). *?? ?? ????, ??y ???? ???????y
???? a ???e ???????? ???a??? ??? ??ue ?????th i????th ????o. I? ? ??o
??? ?i???iy? eth?e ???????e ?????, ???th ?????? ?????i ?????? ?????e
(?oy e y?, ? ?? ????e, ae ???ny ???). I? ??? ?? ???? ? ????e ??, ?i
???aoeey ? y?y?ny ??? ?e ?????a?? ???i; ?a ??a y?y?ny ??th???ii ??? ????
e ???i a ?????a, ????, ??????, ??????th ?y????ue e ???????e ???n.
E???????y ??????ue ??? ??e ?? ?noi a ??? ??a ???e ??????? ???? e ?? ???,
a ? ?cy?? ???????i ????” *(114).

O?????ny ?? ????? O????? C?? ? ????? ????i ?? ???u ?????e ? ?????o, e
?? ? ??? ?????, ??u ?????? ?i ??o ???? ????????? ???e ???ue ???????
????ey ???i, ???a ?e ???y ??? ? ???????i ???. A ? ? ?aiy ??a?? C??, ???e
?? e ??a AE ?O, ??? ??? ??i ??????e ? ?o?????a ???u, ??????? ???u,
??i??e e ???? ? ?????y. N?????ii ??????? ???u, ????? e ???a ? ?????y
????ny ????ia ?e th????? ??, ? ???? ???? y? ???u ?????u, ?????u ?e ????
a ??y?a ?????ey, ???y ?e ?? ???? ????. E??????a ???u ??o ?? ???????? e
?????o???e e ?e y??? ??aaa ????a ??aey?y a ??????e ???i, ???a ???????e
???, ???a ???? ??????ey, ?????e e ?????? ?????e, e ?e ??o ?? ???i, ?
??th??? ???a, ???????o ?????e??? ?????e O???ee.

O???? ????a, n ??e ???u, ??o ???????y ?e ?????? ???i??? ??????. A ??i
??, ?e ?a??e ??????? ??a (? ??? ???o) ? ????? ???? (“????ey”) ???i
??????i ????a, a ???i? ???? ??i ???? i ??a ??????e. I???a, ?e ????
??????? ??a ?????y?ny ??? e ??? ??e (?y ?????y, ????a) ?????, a ???i?
???e ? ??o ?????ue ????e “??? ???ey???”, “??aeae?ey”, “???ey” e o.ae.

N ??? ???u, ????a i ??ii ??a ??????e ? ????eth ?c n?????th?o ?????o
????e ? ???? ???? e ?????????e ??? ???. I???? e ???? ??????y C??a ????y
?? ????????y ????ey, a ??? ? ?y?e ??????? ??eo ??o ???????y ?e ????, C??
? ?????? ???? ??iy ???? c??u ????, ???eyth?i ?? ??????? ?e ???? ???????
??a. I?????? ? i???? ?????, ?i ? y?y?ny ???? “??????i” ?e ?e ?? ?????
(???e ?? ?? ? ?? ??yaeyo ????e), ???? e ??, ?i ?a ??????a ????ey C??a ?
?atho ???? ?????i ???ey.

I? y?i ???????a a C??a “??i ??????e” ? ??????? ???? ??e ? ????y?ny
??????i ??i???i; ??? ? ??????e ????a ??a ??????e ? ????eth (“?????
e??????? ???”) ???ny e ????eth ??????ey ?y?e??? ? ??? ?????? y????? ????
???e: A C??a ? ????? ??? ??a ? ????y i ?????e ??????y ??o ??????? ????,
?e ?? (a E????) ?e ???? ?y; ?????e ??? ia ???i i ??? ???aoe?, ?????e a
??????? ???? ??? ?????y. A???, e ? ?????o a C??a ?????e ?iy?e ?????
?????, ??o ? ?i E???o (?e ?i ?????) ?? ???i e ??????? ??a?i (?e ?oyi) a
???? y?? C?iia, e o.ae.

*?ue ??a ???? ????e ??? ??o ???? a ??oth?i ???a, a e??? ?? ??? i ??i,
?a ??? ? ????i ?????e ???e ??a y??? – ??????e ??????? a ?? E???o. A
??th??a ???, ?i ? ??? ???? E???? ???i ?????? ?ey?a ? ?????th ???? e
??????th ???????? ??????e e ? ?y??? ??o ? ????. O???? ???? ???? ???i ?
?y??ey E???? e ???e e ??, ?i “???????ay ?an????ue” ? ???ny ?? e ????i e
???i ??? (? ?????? e ?? ?????ey) e ???? ????e ??? (?eth?y ?????? ???u,
???ua ???, ??a ???? e ??? ????). “O??????” ????e ???????? ??oaa??? ??e
???? ??e e ??e ?????ey, ?????? e ???????? ??e, ?????ey (???ey) ???????
???? (?? ??????y ???a), ??uetho??a ????u, ????e ?????? ????i, ?? ???,
????a ???iaa?y (e ?????? ?????y), e ?? ??a “y?????a” ??, ?e ?????
??i-????? ??????, ?????? ???, a ??a ??a e ?????y ????o eth?e. *? ? ??? a
????e ???? ?o???e, ??????e e ?????ae?? ??????e ?y??? a ?y? n ????i
E?????

E???o

A?e ????ue a ?a ??oth ??o

????e a ???? ???a, ?

????ny ?a ??a e ??a y??,

?i ??a, ??a ?? ?a i

??????e ????ny n

???i?oy? e ???e, ?y???e

n E???o?, ??a ????y

??iy? ??a ? a ???????

??a e ??i ?????yi.

E???ey ??y?th ????

??????o ??a ????

????u e ????e ???

??????y ??a e a ????e

???o ?iy?e ?????? ??a.

E?e-O?n E??. Ae???a E????

?e ??a ?????? ??a *(115)

E????y a E????: ????a ??a ???u

Iiy??? e ??? ???? ????? ??????i-???????? ?? (E???oa) “????” ???a ?????
? ???? ? ??????i ??? ???i ????i ??????y “???????” ???? ?????? ????e.
A??a “?y???” e ?a ???yth?a ???u ???? ??????y ???? ??yaeii, ???? “???i”
???o??tho, ????i ??? ??o ??e ????? ????y ?? ?????e “?????” ???? ??? e
???? e ????i ?????? ??o ????y a ???i ??? ia ???u, ???a ??ae ?? ???
??ue?y ??ue a ???? ????, ?a ??a ????ath?i ??????? ???????i ????. A ? ?
??y, ?e ? ???? ? ???a ??a ??????e, ????? ????? ????i ??????y ? ?y????
??? ??? “??eth???e” ??e?? – ???u ??a ? ??? ??/atho ???? y????? ??? ???y
??e?u, – e ????y ????e ?????? ??e??a e ??i ???yi ???? ???i “c??? ????e”,
o.a. ????? ????ny ?????.

O?a E???o e ??i ??? ??o???ny ???y a ????? (? e a ?????) th????? ?????.
Ia y?i ??????otho ?ny?e ?????, a ?i ??a ???? ???a *(116), e ?????e n
?????i ????i. I??i ????? ???? “????-??a”, ???a a ?????a ???a ???eytho
???? ???o ???a, a ?? ????ey ???i ????ath?y ???? ??a ??? ????a. I??otho ?
???? ??u, ?y??? n ??????? Eio???, ???iy???th ???ue ??a? I???? ??????e,
???????e y?yth?y ????y, ???a ????y ??? a ???oth ??eth a ?y? n ?????y?
E???? ?e ??e ??u ??????y? Ia??oe, ?i, ?????, ???o ???? ?ae “E????i” ?y
??e ????i ??????ey? N?ue y?o e ??? ???? ??i ??? e ???, e ??? ????????, –
??i ??? ?? ??i a ?e ???o ?????, o.a. ??i ???????i ?????

A “???i ????a”, a ???o n ???i ???i ??ueth????e ?e ?????? ??????o ????,
??th??y ?i??????y E????, ?? ??i ????th?y ????a ??a e ??????ey n ??o??e
“???-” (cyberlaw, cybernorm, law of cyberspace) *(117), a th??u, ???a
???th?y ??? ????e, y?yth?y, ?e ??e?, ? ??? ???? ?????, ? e ??????e a
???e ????e ??a (legal philosophy) *(118).

A ???e ?????? ? ??????? e ????i ? ?????? ???ue ???ey ??e-?? ??e ??u
?y????e ??? ???? e ???n ????e (?????ey, ??y?y) ??? ?a??ey, ?????o ??? ?y
??e ??u ?y????e. O?ea ???a ? ?y???? ??? th????? ???? (? ?? ???????
?????a?? ??????) ?e, ? ???e ??, ? ?????e ?i n ??? ???. I???io ??????th
??nooth ??????? ???, ???? ???? ???a, ??u ????? ????a, ??????a ???a.

O????e, ?????th?a ???? e e??????? ????, ?????e, ?i ??? ????th?? ???e
??o ?? a ?i ??a ???a ???????-?????? ????? (?????a ????u ???? ??? e ?y??
?? ????u, ??????a e ???y?? ?????y?, ???th?? a ?????oth?e ???e). O?? ???a
?????? o???? ???yth?y ? ??? ??? n n?????th?? ? th?????e ??a?, ? e ??ue
??i (a ????? ??????e ?????e ??) – e ??? ?o. I??i a ???????e ??ue ??
E???o ????? ???????-?????o ?? ??e????ny ??th???? ???i, ??e ??eth?ui ?i??
y??????.

A ??i ??, ????? th????? ??u ?????i ???????e ????e, a ?i ??a ??????i
????a. I????, ??th??a th?????i ???a ??????ny, ??e ??? ???a, ?????ueth
????ai (?e ??i) ??????y e ????y. E?? ???, ?e ??i ??a ???u ?e ??aey?y, ?e
?y? ???th?y, ???ay ? ????a ???e. A ??? ? ??????i ??th??y ???????-?????o
??i (?????, ????? e o.i.) ????ny ?????i ????? ?e ??, ?aee ???e ??a ??u
?? ?????u. Ie??? ??a ?y? ?c ?????oth?e ???? (a ????a ???) ?? ? ?? ??o e
? ???ue ?????y?? ?????e (? ???i ??? ??????y ????? ???), ? ?ii????a
???a??? ?????ey ?e ?????? ?????y ?e ???a ?y??ny n ??i ????-????? ???
???? ????? ?????i ????? ? ???y ?e ????ey ? y?o ?? ??o-??? ???????o ??a.

I????? ??? ??????, ?i th????? ??? ??????y ? ??? y?yth?y ? ??? ?????i
?????, ? ?? ??a y?????e, ?????? ?y ????ey. I??i a ?????? ??a ???a ?????
??????o y????? ??i th?????i ????a ??o ??ue ?????, ???y?e y??o, a ?i ?n?
e ?e ?????? ?o ?e ?? ???? ???????? ????a.

E???o y?y?ny ?????? ??i y???i ?????? ??e, e ?? ? ????i ???ath??y. A ? ?
??y ??i (a ???i ??? ??a) – “?????e” ????? ??ey??. *?? ???? ??a a eth?e
??? ???e ?a ? ???i, e a ???? ? ??? ?e ?e ??a ???? ????? ???? ??o ?oe.
I?? ??? “???o” ? ???ey ?????uo ???iee, ???a ?i ???? ??????, – ?????
????ue, ?i ??i???a ??? e ??????a ????ey ? ????i ??a ?y??? ?? ??c ?n???
???? ??a ?????y ??????ey. I???y e ?????y ?e ?????? ????ey ???-??????
????a ????yo “?c ?ey?e” ? ?, ????tho ? ?a ????? e ?i ??a-?? ???? ??u.
O?? ???i, ??y?e ?????? ???? ?o ??o a ??? ??? ???????ue ?? ???-? ??????o
(a ??? ?ia? ???e) “??o” ?????? ????e. Ia ????, ?i ??o??? ??o ??a ??y?y
eth?o ???a e ?? ???? ??a ????o ??????ue ???ey a ?o ????e, ????? e?
????e… “E???i” ???? ??u ???ey?ny ? ??ei ?i, ????i ??i ?a ????o ????o
??????i ath ???a e ????i y????i ?a ??o ???y?ny ? ????, ? e ?i, a ???a
??? ???e ?a ? ????o “??????”.

A? ??????y ??i ?????, ?i E???o y?y?ny ??i ? ???o ????? “???? ??u” e, ?e
????ue ??????, ??i ?????i. I???????i ???????? E???? ?? ??ueth??ay n?ue
I?????a ???u NOA, ?????ay a 1969 a. ????i ?????? ??????a e ??ai?, ???y??
???a ??cu. I??y ?? ???? ?????a ???? “APRAnet” (? ???ey ???? ?????e APRA
*(119)). Oe?ueth ???ey ??e N?e ?? ?????a ????? ? ???????ey, ????, a ???
???o ?????. I????a ???i (??????) ????ey ?????? ??????th ???? ????? ?? a
?i ???, ??a ????e ???o N?e ?e ???ai a ????? (????, a ?co??? ???i-y???i
????y). I???? N?ue ????ue ???? ???e ?y ?????? ??? ?????? ???o ?????ee
(?y ??, ?????, ?e e ??????? ??? ????????e ????y?), e ?e ??e ??eth??ny
??? ??ueth??, a ??oth ???ue ????o ?????o? NOA. I?? ??i ?????o ????,
????ny ??c y? N?ue, ??iy?i ?n, e I?????i ???u NOA ????i N?ue ? ?a ??e
(?? ?y ???o ??e e ?? ?????? ????ey), ?????a ?ae? ??e ???i ?????o e
?????o ???a, ????i “Internet Protocol” (“????? ????”) *(120).

I????i e N?e ??e ??eth??ny ???a ????, ????a ? ?o ????e ?????ue ??a a
N?ue ?? ae?ath?i. E???o ?e ???????. I?????ai NOA ????i ?i ??????ue e
???????ue. N ??? 90-o ?. E???o ?? ??????i ?????iy?ny ? ???i e ?????i,
?eth?y a? ??a ?? e ?? ???. O?? ?? ????atho ?????ue ??eth??y e ??a ???i
?oyi, a ???a ?? ?atho ?e ????? ??e ???e (meeting point), ?a ?e ???yth?y
?? n ???.

I??a ?i ???????i ???e e ???o th????? ???i E????, ??????i ????? a ??o
??? ??e??oth ???o ???? ????ey.

A?e ??a-?? ???ey?a ?e ???a ?? ???, ??u ?i ??i ???? (??????i, ?????i)
E????, ?i ??u??y n ???? i ??eth??e e E???? e ?e ????? ?????i (provider),
?a???i ??a ???a e N?e. E??i ??a?? – ? ??, n ???i ?????? E?a??a ???????i
???? a ????y ? ??? ????ey N?e. I????i ??a ???ue, ?i ?? ? n?a ??ueth??ay
?? ???o ??a, ??? ??eth??y ?? e ??o ????o ??ueth??a, ??u?? ? ??o. A? ???
a E???? ???ath?y ????? ?????y?, ???i ?i?a ? ?ath?? ????y e ??ueth???
????eyi. I???? ? ??o ?????e ????th ??????th?y ? ???o ???o, ????, ???ay e
???ay a E???? ???o ??? ?? ?e ???oy y????? ??? ???a ???? ?????. Ae??a
??u, ???a ???oth ?????oth ??? a E????, ??? ec??? e a “???ueth???” ??.
I????, ?????? ? ??? ????tho ??????i ????? ?e ????e ? ??a a E???? ?????ue
???o ? ???o???ey, ? e ??o ? ??? ??o, ii ???? ??i ?????y a ??o. I?i?oe,
ii???i ?????e e ?i ??a ???o ?oe ?????ytho ? ?e ?? ??? ????? ????i, ????,
a ????o ?eyo. A ??i ??i ???ue, ?i a E???? ?a ???? (a ??a ?e ??a ???i
????a) ?????e eth?y ???, ???th ?aeii ???? ??????, ?c ????????i ???? n
???????, – ????ay ????ey, ???c ???, ?????ey th??a, ??c e ?e?? ??? ?
????, ???? ?????ia e o.ae. I? y?i ???i ????ue, ?i ?a ????ey ??o
ei?ueth??? ????yo ?????e ????i e ??? ??? ???? ???a ?y? ?e ??????y ????
??ueth?? ??o ????ue i????? ??? ? ????? ???.

E ???i, ???a ??????? E???? – ?y? ??o eth??, a ? ??o ???yth?? ?
??ueth???. N??iy ?a ??i ????ue ?????y ? ????e, ???th ?? a ?? ????? ????
y????? ??, ????e ????ey a ??, ?a ?o ??a ???????o e ???i??? ??????o ss.
Ia ??a ???th? ?o/? ??ey ? ?????i o???? ???? ???y, ????o ??? n ????i
????i ?????y e ? ?e????a, ?i ?i ???o, a ??? ??a??a ?y?, ?????? ????y.
N?????ue, ???, ????o ??? ????y. A?e ? ? ?eay??? ??th???? e ????i ?????,
????????i ????e, ???ueth ?e ??????, a ??????ue ? ??a ?????i ???, ?e
?????? ????o ?? ?????????e, ? c???a E???? ?????y ? ??? ??ui, ? i??????i:
?i E???o a y?i ??? ??i ?? ? ????? ?e ?????a ????i ??????th??y ????? ???.

I?? n ?????ueth ???ue, ?i “??????? ???” ???ey ????????, ?y???i n
??????? E????, c?i??ny. Ae????a ??u th???-????? e ??????-????a ? ?? ??i
? ?i ?????? E???o ?????ue ??i ????? ?? ????? ??a, ?i ?i ? ?? E???o ? ??o
? ????ue ??o-?? ???? ???i, ? ?e-? ?ae????? ? ???th. A ? ? ??y ???? N?e
??? ??i ???, ?a?????i a ????y ??o eth??, ???th??ny ath. A ?ith ???ue,
??????ue o??y???y ??o ????e, ????ath?o ?a ??a ??? ?????? ????, ? ??o
in??ny ?c ???ey ????o?y.

E???o, ?????, y?y?ny ?????e, ?????i ?????i, ???ath?i ????a ??o eth??.
Ii ??i ? ?i ????ue a ?? ?yae n ??i ?e ??????? A?e ? y? ?? ?e, ? ?????
?????y i ?a??? ????i ??????y E???? ??e ? ?? ????a??e, ?? ???a ??????e,
????o i????? ??u ??i ?? ? ????ue e ???y? ? ????. Aeey ??? ???i ?a ??????
???y. I??a ???a ??th??ny a ?i, /? ???i ????? ??????? ????eyi (?a ??y??i
??i ?e ?????th), ??u ??e ? ???u ?????? ???, ????y ?e??? ?????a ??ey,
??????? ???ey ?????? e ????i ????a (???a?, ?????? ?????e ???e ????????i
???y). Aeey E????, n ??? ???u, ?????? y?y?ny ????? e ?????? ????i. A
???? n E????i, ????, ?????eth ?e ????? ??????? ??ey ????? ?y ??, ??u
?ea????, ????? ???? ?????. A??a ???a ????y ?a e y?????? ??a. ??ue ?? i
???e ?????e E????: ??ue ?????i ????y eth?? ??th?? ???i ???a (i???? ??i
???? NOA), ?i, e ???o, ???e ni????a ?????? ?? ??i- ?e ???????th ???eth.

A????, ???, ?? ???i – ???e? e E???? ??? ??????? ??????y, ???y?? a ???i
e ?????i ??a. E a ???i, e a ?????i ??a ? ?????ny n n????, ?a? ??????
?y????ue a ???? ??ai-?? ?????a ?????y ?? ??????e?i, ?? ?????e ?????i.
I??i ???a ?????? ?????? a ??? ???yo ??a ??????y ? ????a ??y??ey, ?y??ua
n ?????y?, ???a ??tho E???o ??????? n ?a ????? ????ey?. E? ?a ?? ????,
E???o ???? ?????ue (????ue ?o?? ??? e ?i ??a ?????? ? ??o ?????e ???),
?? ??cy ??a? i ???i e ei????i ??a, ?a ????? ??? ????? e ????? ??? ????i.
E ?? ? E???o ??e ? ???????y “???????i ????i” (a ???? ????e), ? a ??e ???
?? ? ????? ???????e ????u, ???ath?e a e???a ?????? ?????? ?e ????a
??ueth??? ?? n ??i ????i *(121). Aeey ???? ?????ey “???????” ??, ?i ?
???? “E???o”, ?n??? ?????, ?????yth?e ?o ??e ???a. A ?o ??ayo, ??a
?????y ????ay ??? n ??????? ???o ????? (????, ???? ? y????? NIE), ??????
?e????y ????o ? ?????, a ????oeey, ????aeyth?y ????th ??? (?????ay ??a
?e ???ey), ????o e ?????oth?i ???i ??? ????u ???? ? ???? “???ueth???”
???? ? ???? ???y. Aeey ??u – ????e?ey ???o ??a “???????” E???? y?yth?y
n????????a ????, ????a ????? ?????oth ??????? e????th ? ??o ????. O?ay
????????ay ???ey (???a-?????) ??i ???a? a ??i ?? n ????? ???a, ? ?e ???
? ???, e a y?i ??? ?a??oe ???a ???? ??? e N?e “? ??o ????yo”. Aeey ?????
“??????? E????” ???atho ????u ??a ???o (“????o”) ??e, ?a???eyth?a ?o
?????ue ????ey n ?ie. O ??? ? ??o ??e ?? ?????e ???aoe, ?, ???i, ?
?????e ? ?? ? ?o ?a ??, “???iy?? E????i”, ? ?????, ? th????e ??????? ?
??o. N???otho, a???, ?????? e ??????? ?????e, ????a a ?????? “?????
E???o”. I??i ?????e “????? E???o” ? ????i ???? ? ??o ????ny ???i ????ey
N?ueth (??a ???? i ?o ??o ???i ??). I? ???th?y a ??oth ???ue ??????i
?????o ????? (??? ???e, ????ey ??e e o.ae.), a ??a ??????? ????i ??????.
N?i ? ?? y? ??ue ??i ?y ?????? ???????ey N?e, ? ? ??o ???e, ??? ?????o
?y ???a ????ey ??????. E ?? ? ?y????ue ?????e, ????aath?o ?????a ???u
??? N?e, ??o y?i ??????? ????, ?????e ? ????y? n ???y? ?????? ????th?o
???a. A? ??????a ???? e ???, ?i e E???? ????? ????ue ????, ???
?????oth?a th????? ??. E???o ? ???? ???????i ????i, ? ??????? ? a ??e ?
??i ?? e ? ?c?i ?e ??????y ?????y. E???o ia ??o ?????? ??????i ????a, ?e
?e ?????? a ?i ?????? e ??????? ???u i????? ? ??a ??????e ??i ??? ????i
(??? ?y? – ?????????? ???eyi; ??ueth??, ????y?a ????? a N?ue, – ?????i;
??ueth?? ??????e – ??i i?????yi; ????? e ?????a ?????a ??? ??????o ??e –
????? ??o ??e). Ia “????” E???o e ??e ??a-?? ???iy???a ??a e ?y????, ?e
?e ? ??? ???ath?i i? ??? a E???? ???????i ??o ????? ??????? ???o. N??i,
?e ??eth/a?e ?????ey e N?e ?i ?????? ????o ?????, ?e ???a ??c N?ue
???-?? ??? (??e??, ??????) – ?????oth?y ?????y-???aoe, a ?e ?????? ???a
? ??? ??c N?ue – ????????ay ????y ??a?. E?? ????, ?i ? ?? ??e?th?o
??????eyo ? ???u, a ??????i, ??i e ???? ???????e ??i????th?o ????a ?????
????, ??o??? “? ????th?y”.

Ia y?y?ny E???o e ???? ??a (?i, e ????th, ? ?????ue a ??????? ?????
??????? n ??e ????e “?e ?i ??????? E???o”). ????i ?a ??????y ???u
??i????e ? ??? ??? a E???? n ??th ?y??ey ? ?????i ????y. I??th??a
??uethoa? ?????ey e ????e ?? ????? ????ey?ny ??i ????ey ????? th????e
???uo ????, ???a ???o ??? ???? e ? y?y?ny ?i-? ??th????i, – ???a ??????
(????u ??? a E???o) e ?????i ?a???ey (??i); ??? ??? ?y? (??i ???? ???eth
n ???? ????i ???e ? YAI ?e n ??????? ????? ??e ?e ??????i ????a). E??
???y, ????th?y ???? ??e-???e, ???? ???, a ??a a ?????? ???e ??u ? ???
??th????o ?? ? ???????a ?????a ?????a (?i, ? ?u?o ???o, ??cy ??????? ?a
? ?? ??ueth?? ?c ?????e ??? ???a??y). A ??? ???e ???-?? ??? ??c N?ue
?y?-?? ?ei?yth?y ????? ?????? ??????a ?iy?y – ???? ??e-???e, ??i ??????e
? ?????e ??? e ?i ???ae ??? ?????? e o.ae. Ae?a a ??? ? ??? ???e
??e-???e, ? e ???e ?e?u (a ?i ??a n ?????i o? ????? ???? “y????? ??a”,
????? ??y?o a ???a) ???o e ????a ????o ????e ??? ???u ?oy ? ?????o a
???e ?????o ???? ????? ?????. I????y, ?i E???o, ????eyth?e ??e ??e???ue
??ueth??? ???, ?????o ???? ?y?, ? ??o ?? e ????i ??????y. A ??i, ?e
????, ?????? ?? ? ?????? ????y (??????ey), ?e ?e ??a ?y??? n ??????e
????? ???ueth. I???a ?ii??y ???atho ??ue ? ???i ? ??? ??? E???? ?e
??ueth???e ??, ???i ? ??? ?o ????, ???a ?i ?e ?? ???i ?y?? n ??e ??th.
N?e y? ???u ?? ?a ??? ???? (???, ?????? ? ???o ? ????), ?? ??a ?????u n
??e ??ey th????? i??, ? ? ????eytho ??e ??-? ?e????? ????? (????, ??? ?
?c???th ???u ? ???). Y? ??i ?uy??i – E???o ?e ??ueth??ay ?? ? ???o
??o-?? ??o ???ae?? ?e ??????? ???? e ???a, a ?? ?????y? ?????e ?y ?
???ey, ????ey e ????? ??o ???a??y? (e ?????e ?????oth?o ??a). *? ? ???ny
????e, ???a ?y?yth?y ? ??? E???? ??? ?e e??th??? ?? (o.a. ?????o –
???o?o e ?????o – ???a ????ey ???i? ??ueth??a), ?, ?-???, ?e ?????e ?
?nyo ????i ????a, a ??ny?y e ??a ?????o ????? e ???e??e. Ai-???, a ?o
???? ?o?yo, ??a ? ?e ?? ???? ??????? ?a ? ???y?ny, ?i ????i ???y?y
?y?-?? ???, ?????? i?? e ?????? ???u, ??i ??????i ? ???th??y ? ?????o
????a ??????y, ??????? e ? ?y?a?y ?? E???o (????, ?????y ?????o e
????i-????? ???a ?y?; ??i ??????e ? ?????oth ??ueth??oth ???o; ?y????ue
????o ??? e o.ae.). A? y? ???u ?? ?a ???? ???????? ?????oth?? (e ?????
???????e) ????e ???, ?? ?y ? ??????ey a ???i ????? ????ue ???, ?????a ?a
??????.

I?????ny ?????i ????e ??ae: ?i ? ?? E???o ? y?y?ny ?e?-?? ??i ???? ??a,
e??? ??i ?? ? ????ue a ?? ?yae, ????, n ?????e ??th????o ??, ?a? ??????e
?e ????e ???????e. Ia ??o ?? E???o a ???i ??ea e ???? ?????? ??a, ????
????o, ????? ?e ??? ? ?????u ???????? ?y????e (?oy ??? ????? ?????
?????-????i ??????y ??tho ???oth ?? a ??? ???? ???????ey N?e). A???, y?
? ??th?? ?????e, ?i a ???i, ?i ? ??a, ??iy?y ??a-?, ??? ?????a, ???u
????? ??e, ???a ????y ???eth E???? ???otho ??????e ??????e a ??? ?????
?????i (?e ??a ????) ??????y (???i ??, ?e ?i – ??? ?o ??ae ?y??? ????i
c???y ????, ?y??ay n ???e ?? ???a ?????? ??????, ?i e ??iy?? ???e ???i e
????o i?????o ???o, ??ny??ny e ??????ue?e ??????e a “??????” ????e).
I???o ? y?, ?i ???? i ?eie-?? th????? ????a ???????ey E???? y?y?ny ???
??????i? Ei??i ?, y? ? ?e. N???? ????e, ?y??? n ??????? E????, ?????,
???y. Iiy??? e ???? E???? ??? ??i ??????i ??? a ???? ???????e ??o eth??
e ?????y?, ?y??th??ny ??o ??e ? N?e, a ??a ??? ? ??e ??????a ??o ?y???o
????a – ???i???e (?????) ???o ??a. TH????ay ?????ue ????e ??o ?????eyie
E???? e ????e ? ??? ?????? a N?e ???? ??th??ny, ii ??? ??eth, a ??????i
???a ?????e ?? e ?y????e ?oe – ??????e N?e. *?? ?y??ue ????th ??ue, ?y
???a ????? n ??e ??ey ?e???ai ??????y ???e ????? ????, a ??o (?????o)
??? n??? n ???i ??? a E????. Aeey ??????, ?y??? ????? ???i, ia ?e ??u
???u i ?i, ?i y?y?ny ????? ?????? ?e ????? ?? ?e ?? ?e???? ????? ????. A
??a ???, ?? y? ?o???ny, ??? ? ?????? ??o (? ????e ????a) ????ny (? ????,
e?? ?e ? ????a) a ????oth ?????th, ???e ? ??? ???y?oth ??o. I??i ???o ?
?i ?? ?????i ????a ??a-?? ??a e ?y??i?e ?y ??????? ?????y, ?o. Ia e??ny
???o ?????o ???, ???a ? ?????? ??y?e ???y ????? ?????, – o.a. ????? ????
???? ????i ??????y a?ue ? ??o! I?? ???ue ?? ?a ????. Ai-???, ???y ?yae
??? ????????i ????a (? ???? ??i ??th, ? ???y? ??? ?????? e o.ae.). Ii
??ue y? ???a ?? ??i ?y?? n ????e? ????e ??????e ??e (e ??? i ??????
????? ????? ?? ??i ????y ????i ?????e ???) e ?? a ??? ?e ????i? ?????i
?????a ??? ? ??e ????? ???????? e ?? ?????i?? (???y a ??i ?? ????ny io
???????e ? ?????a ???? “? ? ????”). Ai-???, a ?y? ?????e ??o ?? ?????y ?
????eth ?????, ?????? ? ????o ????a. O?? ?????y (a ??a ?a?????? ? ????a
? ??th??y) ?nyo oc? ??????, ????e (?????????e) ????. A?????e ???, e??
??i ???? i ????? ??????e ????, ?????? ? ??????a o ?o ?? e ?y????e, ?????
?e ????? ?e ???e ??? n ? ?a??i, i???? ???? ??e-???e. A?e ? ??? ? ????y
????? ??u ?y ????y ???????? ??e ???, ??i ???ue, ?i a ????? ?????i ????a
???? ???????, ???????a ?e ??th??ay a ??? ??a ???. A ? ? ??y ??? ???????
????o ? ?-? ??a ?????, a ?-? ????a ?????? ??n???? ?? ??o ?????. I???i
??i ? ???i ??y?y ???????y ???a??? E???? n ??????, a ??a i?? ??e. I?a? a
??? ??ueth???, a ? ????? ?? ??th??a ???? ??o ?????ey? E???? ??o ????th
????o. I???yy ??th??ny a ?????i ???o ?????o ?????yo ????ue th????? ????
???ey ? ????th n ?? ai????y?, ???a ?????ytho ???i ?e ??; a ???a ?????y
??? e ???a; a ??a ????o ????a ???; a ???i?oyo ????ey e ????y ???e ????;
a ???a ???? ???e ???? a ??e-?? ?????? ??a; a ?i?? ????ey ???? ??i,
???th?i ??? (????, ????th?i ? ??????th) *(122).

E?e, ?a ??? ??i ???? i ??????i ???a (? ? ????e!) ??????y ??????? ??o
?????e e th?????e ???, ?y??th??ny ??o ??e ?????i E????. Y?o ??????e ???:
a) ????? ??? e ??e-?? ??e ? ????o ?? ??th??y ?a??? ?e ??????y ??on????e;
a) ?y?i n ??????? ??th???? ???? ?????? ?????ey, ???yth??, ?i ? ??a,
????ny ?c ?????y ?????o ???? ?y ?i ????ey; a) ??????i ??e ??????ueth e
??n?? ????ey (a ???noe, ???y? ??????ue ???y ??? e ???youe ? a ???a ?????
???); a) o??????ny ???e ???ueth ??????? i???? ??o ?????; ae) ?? ?????ue
????ue th????e ???? ???ey, ?????? ? ????a e ia??u, ???a ??aey?y ? ????e
? ??? ????????i ???ey ???oth?? ????, ? e ??u ???????y ??????i ???????? ?
??o ????ey, ??? ?????i ??a ???i ???? ? ????th n ??a ?????.

E??y ? ??y??o ??????, a ?ith ???ue, ??? ?? ???? a ??????o ????? ???? ??
(?e?? ???????o e ?? ?????o ??a), a ??a a ???y?? th????? ??e? ??????y.
I????, ??????ue ??????i? ??? a E???? ???ey? ?-??? ??y?? ? ??e ???i ???
??a, ?e ???? ??u ? ???e. A “??????????” N?e ???? ??a??i ???a ????
???????e th????e. E?? ??, e ???? ?y????e a E???oa ? ??? ???o ?????i
???th?y ? ????a ????e, ??? ?????o a ???? ???? ??. Aeey y?????i ???????ey
N?e ? ?atho ???? ???ey ????? ????a ?????ey, ?i ????y, ?e ?e ???o, ? ??
?n??? ? ? a ??? ???? ?e ?e ??????ue th?????i ??. A E???? ??i ?? i?i: ??
? o ?????ey ???e ??n e ?????? ? ?????ey ?i ??ueth?? ?y? n ?????i ???a.
I?? o? ????e ????e y?y?ny ?, ?i ?????? E???? ??o ? o???? ?? ????? ?e
th????? ?y, a ?????ny ?????i (nickname) ?e ??? ?????ue ????. I???, ?i
?????ue y?y?ny ??i ? ???? ?????? ????, ???eyth?o ???? ????????ey a N?e
*(123). O??iyy ????a ??y??ey (?y???, e ???o, n ???? n????i ????), ???a
???atho ?e ?/?i ???e, ?????ue ??o e? ?e?????, ?e e ??????a ???u.
I?????ue ???? ????? ?? ?????ue ?ith ??o ??ey ?c ?ey?e ? ??? ?????, ?????
?e ?????. O? aea ??????, ???, ???y ????y?a i?? ???, ??o ????oue ????a
???? ?????? ???y ? ?? ??? ?????eyi. Ae???i ??i ???ny ?????? ???ay ???a
??? – ????a ??, ?i ???? ???a ???? eth?e, a ???, ?? e ? ? ?? ??o ????y ?e
a ?? “?????a”, ?e e a ?? “???”. N????i, ??? y? ????? ??? ??th??a ??o a
??? ???? ???o (a ????e n “?????” ?????? ??i) ????? e ??? ???y, ??uy?y??
?y?-?? e eth?? ?????eth N?e. O???ey ??a?y ?????e, ???y ????? a ????a
??y, ??o ??e ???? ?? ???e ?????? ?????, a ??a ??? n ??????? ????y?
(???). Ae?ay ??? ? ???????a ??e ????e ??c E???o, ??????e (???a, one?)
????? ? ?ay ????a?i ???? ??o, ?? ? ????? (?????ue) ????y ????. O????ue
???? (?e, ???i, e ??????i) ???a a ??oth ???ue ???o ? ???y ?????e ????? i
??????o e ???? ??i??yo (?????yo), ???y ???y? ????ue ??????a ?????ey e
??? ?????? ???? ?????? ??iy?y ?????? ??a. N??e ????????e ????e ??a ?????
? ???y?? ?? y?yth?y ?e ????? cookies *(124), a ??a ??????? ??u, ???a
????? ????ue ?e ?????? ???-?? ??? ?e ?e ??? ??a.

I? ???a th????? ????e ?????? ????e, ?y??? n ??????? E????, ??cy ???? e
i ?i, ?i ??i ?e ????????y ?????? ???a ?????o ??? ? ?????? ????? ??ey??.
E?e-O?? E??, ????? a ???e “???? ??e” (Rechtswissenschaft), ????? e ??i
A?????i ?????? a A???e, ????? ???th, ???? ?o?? “????? ????e ????eytho
??e ? ???a ??u ?????e, ? ???th?a ???? ?????, ?e ??? ???????y ?e ??u
?????? ??????e??? ????ey ?y??th?o ????e e, ??i ???i, ?????ny a ????
?????o ????a” *(125). E?? ???y, ???y i?? ????? ???o???ue ????? ?iy?y
“??u” ?e a ??? ??? ? ????e ??? (? ??? ????i ??ia, o.a. ?????e) ??????o e
? ??a ??? ????????o (????o, ?????o?, ????o e o.i.) ????a, a ?????e ???o
??aee?y ???????i, ?e e a ??? ???? ?????e ?? e ?y??? n ?i ???? ? ??th??y.
Ae???????, ?e ??th???? ??n?i “????????o” ?e “????o” ?? *(126), ?i????ny
a ???????? ? “???e ?i?????ueth” – ????????a “??????” ???ath?y ?? ??i ?
??? ??? (???? y?????), ? e ?????i ????? ???? ????y a ?e ?e ?? ??a ?i??o
????e. I??i e a yo? ???y, ????, ???a ?????? “?a???????i ???a ???????a”:
???? ??u ? ??ath?y a ????a ????y ? ????????e, ????o ? ??th??a ????ey?ny
?????i, a ??y ? “ae??” ????o n ?y????? eo ????????. I?? ??otho ? ?o i?,
?? ?a ???i ????? ? ?e ?? ????y, e ???atho ? ????ue, ?? y?????ay ???ey
??? ??o i?????.

N????? ??iy?a ???? ??a (a?th?y ???? ??i) n ???????th ????? ???iy????ue
?e, ? ???e ??, ???????ue ??? ????? ??a, ?? ?a ???????e ?e “????y?y”
*(127). ???????a ????a ae??? ???a ???o ? ???????e e ??????? ????? ?????
??a. I?? ???a ??i ? ??o ????y ? ?????i ??e ??a, ??a ????a ????a ?? ?e
??i ?????? ?? ?????y ??th???? ?????i ???????? ????y ?e a ????? ?i ????ey
??c ???? ??? (o.a. ?e???? ?????e ???? ???? ??, ?i ????i ????? e ??????o
e ?c ????y “??a”).

A ???? ??e ??????e ????? ??a ???o ??i ???? ?e ????? ????a ????e, ???a
y?yth?y ??i ? ???? ??? ??????, ???yth?i ??e ????? ??o ?????ii, n ??e
???u, e ??? – n ???. I???a y?? ??? ??? en???a ? ??i ??e ? ?????i ??a.
E?th?y a ?? ?????a ???n????a ????? (autorite administrative
independante, ?e A.A.I.), ????eyth?a ??e ??e th????? ????, ?????? ????
?????a ??i ? ??i *(128).

I??ae, ??a ???a ????????o ???? a ???? ???????a ???????ue ?e ??th??a ?
???, ???? e ??o. A??????ay ??? ?? ??aa ???? ??ue ??o ????? ?n??o ???o,
????o ??i ??, ???ay ?????a ????? e ?????oth?a ? ?????a e ?????? ????,
??? ? ????? *(129). N???i O??? ??i, “????????a ?????a ????” ?eth?? ?e ??
????a: (1) ?????i, ???oth?a ? ????e ??????i ??a; (2) ????? ?????, ???a
???y?ny ??????? ??y?o; (3) ??a??, ???oth?o ??i ??i? ????a, ?eth?y
“????????a ????oe?” *(130). I ?????yo, ???? ???tho e ???? ???i ???th?y
???? ???? ??a ?e ????e ?????ai ??????? ?????, A?? A. I???, ??i TH?????i
???? “*??i-E?o”, ?n????ny ??oth?i ???i: “A??????y ?? n ???, ???a ????
?????atho ???a ??????ey, ?e ?????atho ????a ??????ey, ??a ???ae???tho n
??????, e, ???oe, ???ay ? ?????? ???u, ?e ?????tho n?e ??? ???a ???? e
???atho a?????a ???? ??c ??? ??o ??n????e (national interest groups),
ii??eyy ??i ???i ???? ?????” *(131). A ???? ????ath?? ???ey ???a ??y?i
????????a ?????e (NGO). N? ??? “????????y ?a???ey” ??e a ?????? a 1945
a., ??a ?e ?????e III ?e ????? ????????a ?????e ???? ???????? ??? ?e
Y?????? e N????i N??a (ECOSOC), ??i ? ???? ???a III. O????y, ??uy?y??
IAI a ? ??y, ?? ????? – ??????ue ? ?????a, ??????? e ??????? ????
?y????e. N??? ???a ????? e ????? ??????? ??????i ????i ???a ????? ?
?ny???y ?uoth ??o ??ey ? IAI ?e ia “?????e ??? III”. N?a ??a ???? IAI
???? a ??? 90-o ?., e ? a ???ithth ???ue ????y ?? E???o, ????????e ????
???e ??? n ??e ??e ??yae ? ??? ? ???th y????, ? e ? ???th ????. 1 y??y
1991 a. ???? a ?? A????ay ????y “I ????e ???o????? ??????o ????????o
????oe?”, ??y?y ? ????? N??a A??u *(132). Ia ???y?? ?? ?????e ?y
?y????ue IAI, ?y??ay n ???????? ????y? e ???????e ???ey?, ????ey?ny a
??? ????? N?e *(133). I?????? e ????? ???? ???? ?????ue ?iy?a “???????ay
?????y”, ??????? ???? ???e ?e ?c e y?y?ny ? “?????????ue”. Ii e ?a
???????e ???u ?? i ???????? ?????yo (????o?th?e ??? O?????i ??? ?a
???????y a A??????ie Ae?a) ????tho ?????? (o.a. ? ?e???????) ?????y,
???? IOENIo (I???? ??? ????-???-?????a), ??y?a ???i “I??? ?????y ??th”
?eo??? ?????ue ? ???e ?? a ???? ??ay ???? ???a.

E???o, a ?ith ???ue, ????ey? ??e ??????e ??? ??, ????i ??? e y????i ??o
?????y ??ue ???y ?????y ???a ?????e a ????? ??a??? ????i ??????ey.

“A? ?? ????, – ??e A.O. O??i??, – ?i ??? ?? e ???a ????y, ?e ????? ??u”
*(134). C?? ??i ?? ? ??a ????ue E.E. I?????i, ???e ??? ????ey ????? e
i???o ?? ???? ?iy?a ??a, ?eth?a a ?? “?a ?????i-?????? ?????y e ?a
?????oth?a ???? ?c ?y?o ?uy?e e ?????e” *(135). A??, ?i ?iy?a ?????
??????e ?eth?? ???? ??u, o.a. ?? ? ?? y?y?ny ??. N????a ??u ????eytho
??e i????ey, ????ey, ????y, n ???? nay?? ?????? ???ey, a ???, i???y
?????oth?? (?????i ???y??i) ????y. E ????? ??? ??? ??nyo ??u ??a, ???,
?????a, ??????a ??u, ??? (a ?i ??a ???a ?????y), y??o e ??. A ? ? ?aiy
???? ??, ??i ???i ???ny?y ????? ??u e ??????a ??u ????y, ??y?a a N?e, ?
i??y?? ??y ? ???? ?????? ???y.

A?e a ????e ?? ???i, ?yc??o n ???? ??????? E????, ?i ????i? ???? ? ???
i ???e ?? ????? ????e ?????oth?o ????e e ????, ? a ????e ????i ??? ? ?
????a ???o? ? ?n ?????ey ? ??? ???? ??????y, ? ??a ???u (??????y) e
???ey ?ac??o ??.

A?? ? Y??e I. Iy??? *(136) ?ae “??????” ? ??i ???? “?y????a e ????eth
?????? ????? ????u a ????????a” *(137). O? ?? ?a??, ?i ?e ????? ?????a
????? ? ????ey? ??e ???-? ???i ???? e ???o ? ??????e, o.a. ????? a ????
??a eth??, o?e ?, ???a ??yo a ????? ?e ??? (???, ???????? ?e ? ????i) a
????i ?y ?n “????? ?i????a”. A ? ? ??y ?????, ?i ????y, ????th??y ???
??? ???n?a e ???th?a ?i ???, ?e??ueth ????u ??????, ?? ? ???????i. A??a
????, ?i ????o?e a ?e ?e ?? ?? ???nyo ?u??iy?a ????? ??u ? ?????? ???
N?e. I??i, – e a y?i ??th??ny ?? ? ?????o ???a ???? ??a?aa?y Y.I. Iy???
“I?????? e ???? ?? a ????????a: ??? y?eth?e ?????”, – ???? ????????a ?i
? ?? ? ????? ????? ???, ???????ny ? ?i ????e, e ????????o ??????o ?????,
?o?? ????ue ?a ???????i a ?????e ??a *(138).

A?e ? ????y e ???i “????” ?????, ? ????i, ?i ?i ??u? ???e e ??????
??a?ey? ?? ??? (????, ???, ?????, ??????), o.a. eth?, ??????a e ????e e
a ?????? ????e y???? ?????a ????i (??????i) ?????. Ia y?i ??????? y??
?????ue ? ????? ?? (?? i??ey, ?eiy?o a ??a ???) ?? ??????. N???y ?????,
??a E???o ?????y a ???? ?????? ?????i ????a *(139). N??? “????i” ?????ue
e ??a ?eth?? a ?ay ????? (?e ????a ??u), ?????aey ??i ??c? ????o ?????
?? ??????i ????. I? ????i ?????? ?????a ???a ? ???? ????a ? ??? ????e.
I???? E??iao ??o?? a ???? ????? (??y? n ??o?? ?e ???) a ?????? ??????,
????o ???y ??? ??????, ?i ?yae ????i ????eytho ??e ?y?a ??????a ? ??e
?????? (e ???o, ????? i ????? ??eae??????). N ??? ???u, N?ue ?????y? ??a
???? ???????i ???, y????? ???o ????otho a ????? ?a?. A ?y? n ????e ?????
???ao-?????? ?????ay ??ue ????? ?? ?? ???ny ??e ??oe???i? ?????, ??
????y a ?????e, ??u ???????ue ????eyi N?e *(140). I??ae? ???e, ???e
??y?i ????ey? ?c???u ?????? Y.I. Iy???:

Ia ???a ????? ?????? ?a ??????? ?????e – ?????ue ????i ? ????? ??
(C(S)) e ?????ue ????? ?? ? ????i (S(C)). Ia ???a ?ae?, ?i a ? ??y ?e
?????ue (?ue ????o Y) ????i n ???? ???e (?ue ????o X) ????? ????y,
?????ue ????? ?? n ?e ? ????th ?????. A ??? ???e t’, ??e ??i??y, ????
??o ??y ????e ???ony *(141). A?? ??????, ??i ??c?, ?i ???? E???? ??o ??
?????? ???, a ??? ????eth a ?u????th ??ue, ????oth ?e ?????ue a?o ????o
??a ?y????e e ????e, ?eth?y “???e??”. Ia ??i, ???, ????y a ??u ??????
???? E????. Ia ?o ??yae, ??a ??????i y?y?ny ??n ???, ??th??y ?????? ???a
??. I???y ?ath ??? ? ???? ?ey?e ????i ? ????? ?????ey ???e ??????i ????,
? ????u ?-??? ??y?? ? ???? ???? E????: ? ???a y?y?ny ????i (o.a. ????i ?
“?????th” ??o) ??? ? ??? ??yae, ??a ?e a ???????? ??????i ???? ???
???atho aeey?a ? ??????a a ??i, ???nyo a ?? ??a ?iy?y e ??iytho ?i
????u.

I???ny ??? e ???o i ??e??? ????i. I?iy?a ???y ? ?th??i ???? (a ?i ??a
?????i), ?y??? n ?????i E????, ????ey?ny ? ???y?? ?? ???i ???i ???????
??i. I???? ??a O?????a I?y? A. I?? O??? ??ey? ???a ??u “?????”, ???e
?????? ?????? ???o ?? (??? ????y):

1) ?????? ????n (negotiated consensus), ?e ?????? ???e, ???a ?????y a
?????a ?????a ?? ???????? ???. Ae??e ?ae ????? ?????y, e i???, a ???
IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force), ??????? ???i?ey ???????, ???i???
e ??????? ???o ?????, ??????o ? “?????o” E????. I????y ???e?? ????a a
1986 a. ??ay ??? ????? a ??a ????e ????? e ??u? ?y ?? “???????? ?oe”;

2) ???? ????n (market consensus), ?e ??ae????y, ?????y ?????i “??????i
(????i) ???”. E ???o, ?????a ??ae?? ???y?y ???? ? ???, ?i ?i-? ?????? ?
????, a ? ???a ? ????i ??????y. I???? ?? ??oi?e ???? ? ?????eth ?????
???tho ????a ??????, a ???, ????, ??yo ??? (??a, e ???o, ?????y ?e
????ey ? ??????o ??i ?????), ?????a ?e ???? ??????. C???????a ???u ?ae?
?????ue a ?????o e ?????y n ? ???i ??? a ?i ???, ?? ???, ???th ???? n
??e ??????ey, ????o ????th ??? ? ??????? ???? ???y ???? ???a;

3) ??????a (delegation), ?e ????ea e????a ??i ???? ????? ? ??yo? ???e
?????o ?? (??? ?oe). ??ue ?? ? ?????? ????a ??, ???eyi ???? ????-?????
??? ??eiy?ny ?c ???????i ????ey e ??e??? ???. I??????e ?????ueth
“??????y” a ?????i ?????? y?y?ny ????? ????e “???a” – ????o ????o,
???yth?e ????ue ??????a ???y, ??i ? ??????y, ????? ?? ????o, ?e ???i, ?
?????e ?????;

4) ???ay ??ue (mass revenge), ?e ????ay ?a?ey ????? ????-???y ? y?oth
???o, ??aey?th ? ?????e ???????o ?? ????y a N?e. I???a ????e ?iy??ey?
“???? ??e” y?yth?y ????i (o.a. “????” ??o???e ? ?????? ?????) e “y?????
??e” (e ???o, “email bombings”). A?? iy?ay ??a ???e ???y?ny ?y ?????y e
??th??th “n???i y???” (“netiquette”).

Ii ?? ?iy?a “????????y” y?y?ny ?nth???i: ?? ?a ???????a ?? ???ath?y n
???i ???, ? ?????? ????a, ???? ? ????i ?????y?, ?????o. Ae??a ?iy?a
????ny ?????i, ??a ??????ny, ?i ??y-? ??ue ????a ???y?ny ???eth ???. *?
e???y E????, ? ? “???? ?????a e ???????ieth, ????o ????th?e ??i ?? ??i
??o ????y ? ?????a ????u i????ey” *(142). ?a??ay ???a ????e???ey a N?e
??? ??? ??????e ??? i ?i, ?e ??? ???ue ???ey ????? ????e, ?y??? n
??????? ???? ???u, ????o ????? e ????ey ?????oth?? ????i ??????y.
(Ne?oth?i ????, ????, ??o, ????i y????? ???ny ??a ??????a ?y ???ey ??e
?????e ???u.) A? ?c ????ny, ?i ? n? ?? ?????a ??????a ????e ??o
?????ey?, ?????e e ??e ??o??? ?oa??-????e ? ??o ??th???? ?e ?? ???????i
???e??e ????i ????a. Y? ????, ?i, ??? ??????? ???????-?????o i????a,
?????a e ?????, a E???? ???yth?y ??u, ??ny??y e ??ayi (“???i ???eyi”),
??????i i???i, ????i ??????i ??????ey e ?? e y?? (“???? y???”,
netiquette). O??i?? ??iy???? ??i ?? ?uy???, ?y??? n ???? ??????y e ???ey
E????.

E? ?a ????? a ?y? n ?????i ????e Y.I. Iy???, ? ??y??e ??? ?o E???o
???iye ?????? ?????? ?? ??????e ? ?e?????? ????????o ???a NOA. I?? ??
?????i ?????? ????y (?c???y, ? ?eue? ?e ?????e N?ueth), ?????? ?????
???o ??o??. O?? ????y ????????ue ???e ???ueth ???????e, ????i e ??eth
?????a, ??????e “????e ?????”, a ??a ??????? ?????? (“???? n??a”), ???
????e ????ai ???y, ? ?? ?iy?? “ethaeyi ? n???”. Ii ?? ???ey E???? ????
??????, ??i ??a ? ???????a ???a “???? y???” (netiquette) ??e ????y?i
????? ????y e ?y ??o ??????e N?e. E ??iy?? ???e, ???i, ???a “???? y???”
??i ??e a ????i ????e e n ?y?yth?? ?????y?. Ii ? ?o ?? ????? ?? ???? i
???o ? ??????i? ????ey ? ????th e ???th?i eo ??c???yi E????. A ??ai ???
? ? ????y ??? ????o?e ? ??oyo ???ey (?e, ????, ?oetho ???a ????a), a ???
(??? ???) ??? ????? ??o ???? ??i ?????e ????? ???a n ???e ????e. *?au ??
??a ?iyo?, i ?i ?? ??, ???? ??oth?e ???. I?? ? ???o ??a y?y?ny ?e ?????
??? ????, ???yth?e ???? ????y ? y????? ??a ? ?????? ?? ? eth?? ?????ey
E????, “??????ny” ? ?????oth?e ???. N???otho ???a ?????y ????, ?? ??i
????eyth?a ??e ?a?u ?????o ??? e ?????, ?????th?o ??? e ?????. O? ?e y?
???a ?nyo ??i ?????e ????, oi ? ???th??a ??o e oiio, ?i ?????i ????y
???a ? ??o ????a e ????y ????ey ??? ? ??o ????. I?y? n ?????? ????e
?????y ???? ???? ?ath?y e ???a “y???”, ???a ?y ?? ???a. I??? “???? y???”
? ? ?? ???atho n ???e “???ai” y???, ???i ???th?y, ???, ?e ???e ????
????a. I????, ????? “???? y???” y?y?ny ?????a ???iey n ??????? ??? ????o
??. Y? ??y? ???ue “???e ????”, ???? ????y ????, ????????. A?ue e ??a
“y?????a” ???a, ????, ??? ? ???? ????e, ? ?ath?o ????y e ??????e ??
i????y, ?e ???? “??i ? ???a” (?? “????a y?o ??o ?ny? ??i ??i?i”). I????
??? “y???” ? ??? ? ??e ??? a ???a e ?????? ?????, ? ??o ???? e ??, ?i
????eth ??o ???i ????a a ?? ???e ????y, ???th?? ?i ???ey. I??i ????
????a i?? ?? ??a? eth?i ????o??, ??ath?i ?ay “??????”, a ? ??i ??o ?????
??i e ?? ?ny/! I???, ????? ??o ?? ??th?i ? ??? ????, ?? ???a ? y?i ???
??????? ???. I??i ??th??a ? ??? ???? ? ?i?a?, ?i ????? ? ??? ??ue ??ue
????? y?? ? ??? (????, ?ae ?? ??? e ???i), ??ue ????? eth?? ??i ??? ??
????? “?????a” ???ey, ????y ? ??? ???ee, a ??? y????oth ??o. A?e a
ae?n?eyo ????ey “y???” ?o ????e ???? ? ??ueth??? ??????i (e ???o, ????
??? ???u ??ou ???a, n ???? ????? ???? ????e ? ???), ? ???o ??, ??a
????????o, ?? ?????y ?e ????y e ?? ????ue ??cy. O? ? ??a ??? “????
?????a” (e ????th, ??th?y ??) ?????? ??e. I? ??? ?????ue (e ?????) a ??e
N?e. A ??i ? ???o ??? “???? y???” ????? ???????? ? ??? ?e ????th ?y
?i??ey, ?????y e ??th??y, ? e ?e ????? y????oth ?y ?????ey ??y?a ???
?????e a E???? ? ?e?????e ???.

I???i, ??? ?o ??, ?i ??o??? ????e, ???ath?o ??o ?????eyie Ei???a,
?-???? ? ?nyo ??????i, ?????i ????a, ?????? ?ae???eth ?????? ???e
y?????? ??y??o ?? e ??? ?th?????i ????a. I? y?i ??i ????, ?i ?????i?
?????ey? a N?e ?????uo ????, ??i ????i ???????o, ?????????o, ???????i ?a
? ????? ? ??????a ?o ?e ?? ?? e ?y????e o ?o ??o ?e o ??o “??????”. *?a
??i ?? ?? i ???? ????y ?????, ?????ee ??y?a ???a e ?e. O? ?? y? ??????
?????? ???y ???? ??????e E????, ????, ? ?i?a ?????e ? ????. ????a
???/??o ????e a E????, ?????, ??a?? ??a ????e ????? ???, ??e?oth?o ????y
??o ?????ey? N?e, ??? ?ny?o ??? (sui generis) ??eth??/??e ????. E??i ??i
???i ??i “a ???? ???e ????” ????ue ?????? ???? ??? ????y a E???oa. N ??e
???u, ?e ???yth?y a ????? ???-?? ?????? ??? ????????i ???ey e ?????y. N
??? ???u, ?e ????tho ??y?e ????ey ????, ???a ?e ???e ??????? ??????
????? ??y? ???ue ?ath?? th????? ???ea. I ?????o ???? ?????? ????a, ???a
??????tho ??y?e ??ae??ey ????o ??e, ?????a ????u ?????ey e ?????? ?????y
(“????u”), ?a ???a ????? ??. Ec ??? ??? ?th?????i ???a?a, ?ath?o ????a e
E????, ???? ??i???y ? ??????o e ???y?? ???.

A????????? ??u e ???a ????atho ??? ???? a ??? ??????y e E???? ??c ???u,
??????a a ???o ???o ???o e ?????? ???eyo. O?????u e ?????, ?????yth?a
??i ?????i (???ny) ?????ue ???a e N?e, ??? ??????ue eth?a ???a e ?????y
? ?? a ?a. I???a ?????y ??o ??? e? ??i ??????? (????, a????a ??? ? ???
?y?), ?e e ?????? ???? (????, ??y?e e?????ey ???a y????? ??u, ????eo
???? ?y ????a ???a, ?e ?????y ? ???? ???????? ????). E?????? ???? (a
????ai? ??o ???) ????? ?????? e ?a ?? ??? ????y. E?eth???ii ???
?????iy?ny a E???? ???ea ????ey ???y?? ??. A????y ?????i ?????yi ?e
????? ???a a???y? (?????a) eth?e ????o?ue N?e ??o a ??? ????i ???e ????
????a ???ey i ?? e ?????o ?y ?? ???yo ??th?a?e a N?e ??? n ?????i ??
(???y?a), ???a ??????o e ?????o a N?e ?i ??????i ??????. C?a??? aa?a
????o ????, n??????a ???i ?????? ???u ?e ??? ????e ????, ????, ?i ?a?a
??th??. I???a ???y ???ey ??o ?? ????a a ????e ???a ???a ? ???? ?e ? ??o,
??a ????? ??? ???i ?e ????i? ????y-??? ????o ??? ???? ? ?????ny a ?e e ?
????? ????th ???yo. I??i a E???? ?? ????o ??? ?????? ??a ??e. A ????a
??y ???yth?y ?? ? ??? ???y?? ???e? “???ae??ey”, a ???o ?? ???a, ? ??,
?????y n ???y?, ???a ?????e ? ??? ????, ? e “???y? ?y ???o ?oe” (?i ??o
????i y????a ???? “???a ???o ????a”). ?????? ???a ????? ?i???a ? ??????
???y?, ???a ????th?y ?y ????ey a ???i ???. Eo ????? ?????ny ?? ??? ????e
??????, ?? ??e ? ??? ? ?ay e ? ????th ??? ???u – ? ?a. Ii ????e ???
??????? ??? ???? ????y ?????i? (??th???), a ??a – ?????e ???y??? ????a
???? ??o ? ???????? ??? (y? y?y?ny ??i ? ?????? ???e). Iiy?-?? ?????
???y?? ????a e ?????o ???e ? n? ?? ? ???? ???o ??? ?-? ????y ? ???e ?e
??????i ????ey (?????ey) ??e ? ???. E? ???i, ??a ???? ?atho ???e ???? n
????? ???e ????ey, ? ?y?? n ????i ?????? ???? ?? e, ????y ? ???thny
????ue ? ????ey (y? ??? ?a th????? ???e), ??ny?y e ?????? ???i
??????eyi. A?yae ? ??a ???y?? ????u ??a-??? ??? ????y “??????” ?????
???? ??, ? a ??iyu? ??y ? ????ea e ?????oth?i ????yi ????? y????i.
O????e ?? ?? ?a ? ??a??e ????-????? a ???-????, ?eth?y ????u y????? ???e
(???, ??o??).

E?e, ????y ??o ?????e ??a?i ???y a E????, a ?i ??a e ? ??? ????, ?ath?o
th????? ????, ????th?y ?????????i ??e?i ?????o e ?? ???, ???a ? ??
?????u a ??y?a, ?????i aeey ??y?y ???? ??a, e ???a ? ??o ?oue ??????i
???a? n ??????? ?????? ????e ???. O? ? ??a ????? ????? i???o ???a
??????y ? ??eye ?????? ? ??????a ???? N?e a ????a ??. Y?o ???i ?a ??o
????i ??? ?e????? ???ey. A ????i ? ???i ???? a N?e ????e, ?y??? n
???-???? ???a e ??a, e ? ????, ?????, ????o ????? e ????ey ??i th?????o
???? ??????y ????e, ??ou ????a ????oa?e N?e (??????), ????ey ?????e
???????e e ???????. *? ???ny ?a ?ath??y ?????o ???? ??a, ?e ?e ??a
????ath?o ????y ? ??? E????, ? ? ??i ???????? ??oth?i i???.

Ai-???, ? a ??e ? ??i ?? ?o ????eth?? (????????i) c???????a ? E????.
N???oth?a ?????a (?????a) ?? ????tho ??a-?? ???a ???u ???????ey N?e
(?y???n? ????? ???a, ??????a ????i ??????, ??? ? ??? e o.i.).

Ai-???, ??u, ???a ??i ?? ? ????ue e ????yi ? ??? E????, “?????” ?
???????i ??i ?uo ???? ??a, ?eth?y ??? ? ???????? e ?????? ??????e, a ??a
?????e ???, ???i ????e “?????????? ???”.

A-???o, ??o ??i ???????ue e????a ???? ??, ?????ny a ??o???i-???? ????o,
?????? ???o, a?? ???a ??????? ???, ???? ?o?eyo (?????o).

C???? ??????? ?????o ??a ??????o ?y?????? ? ????ey. A ???? ???a ??i
???? C?? NOA i ??th??e ?????? a ????o ?y? (Communications Decency Act) ?
1 ???y 1996 a. C?? ???? (???, ??? ???o ????) ????? a ???? ? 18 ?o ? ??a?
?????, ????? “?y?a ???”, a ??a ? ?????, “???th?e ???ey”. A ???? ???e C??
???????o ??e?? ????a ????y ? ????? a ??ueth??? ?oyo e ?? ????o ?y? ???
?? ????? e ?????e, ?? e ?i ??????ny ??????? ???. N?? ??a ??y?y C??a
E????i ?y??? ??u, ????th?a ?i ???a???a E?????. Eo ????????? ?ea ?????a
?????? ???i, ???i ?????? “?????ay” ????ey. Eth???i, ???, ?i e a ???? ???
????ue ????y ?????e ????. TH??u ?y? ?y?y?, ?i ????o ?? E???? ??th??ny a
??a, ????o ?ea ???u ???o ? ??a e ????e, ???a ???? I??y ???? *(143). A
????? C?? ?????i?e ??a ???? ?o e 26 ethiy 1997 a. ?o??i A????i N?a NOA
?e ???i ????????i. I???i ??e ? ???e? y??o ???????y ?? ??i n ?????i ????i
“Ia ????i ??a a y?? ????i ?ny???y (Digital Millenium Copyright Act)”.

I??i ????y ??a ? ???o ??a e ???, ?????i I??e ?i???, ????tho, ?????, e
??? ???u, ? ???i ????? a ????e E???? ???ath?o ?? ??????y ? ???a ??????a.
Ae??????, ??a, ??a ????tho ???? y?????i ???ey (??o???) ????? ???????i n
??ueth??, ??eth???i e N?e, o.a. ? ???u ?????ey, ???a ????? ???? ???? ?
???u ???e ???? ??????a ????ey. E ??a ??? ?a /?a ???tho ???? i ?e ?????
???ia ????e (cacophony problem) e i ????i?? ???? ?????ey ? ???a ???a?e
(a ??oth ???ue ??a), o ????? ??th??ey ?a ??a ????o ??? ia ???? ????a
???? ?y???. A? ???ey, ???ae ???a ???ey ? a????? e ?i ????i ??ae?? ???y?
???e ?????a, a ??? y?? ??? ??i ?y?y e ? ?oyo ????ue ?????a ??? a ????o
???o. A?? ??????y ?i ??e: E?a?? ???? ???? ? ?????y ???i????e eae???e. Ia
?????i ?????, ?i ??? ??o (e ???) o??ue ???ae, a ???ae ?i ???? ?, ?i, ?
?i ??eth, ???? ???ey.

N??? ????ue ??a, ?i ? ?a?iy?? ?? ??? ???? ???u ??? ??????o ???? – ?????
??a??ue “??????th” ????eth ? ???a ? a NOA, a, e ???o, ? A???? i???o ?e
?? ????? ?a ??u ?i??? th????e NOA. A ?y? n ????a?? ??y?i e ?a ?? ????: ?
?o ?? ?????e ?????o ????a?? ????e ? ??? E???? ? ??????i (?????????) ???.

A??n i ??????e E???? a ?????? ???? ???ny ???? ?????i ?y A???e, ???, ???
e ???a???ue ???e ????i ???? ??e ?????ey a N?e ???? ???????? ???ey
*(144). I???i a ??? ??? i?? ???ue ?????a ?? “A??ey ???
CompuServe-Germany”. A ?y?a – ???a 1995 a. O??? C??, ??a ???a ??????
????? CompuServe a A???e, ?? ??uy??i ????a – ?a???i ?? ????? ??i 300
“????o ?o?”, a ???o ?????ue ????ey ????????i ????a. O????a CompuServe
??y? n?????th?a ??. I???? ??? n ???e ?????? ?? ????th ??????u. N ?o ??i,
???a ????e “iy?oth” ?????th, ????? ?? ?y?, ??a ?? ?e ? ??? ???? ?????i
?????? ?y ??? ??e, ?i ???eei ???eyi ??i ?????ue ??????th ????eth. Ia
???, ???, e ????? ?ny?a, ?e ??? ??????y ????? ? ????o ???? CompuServe
??????? ????? n ???i ???????? ?????i. A ?a 1998 a. I????ue?e ?ae a.
Ith??a ????? O??? C?? e ???? (?? ????i ??th??y) ? ?a ?? e ???? ?o ??o a
???a 100 000 ??e ? ???????a ??????n?o ?????. Ii ?a a ?y?a 1999 a. ????
??ey???e ????e – C???iai ?? – ?e ???i ??????? ????. I?u, ???a ????ye ???
???yth?e ???? CompuServe A?O, ?? ???? ?????? (o.a. ? ??? ?a ? ?? ??ny?a)
e, ??????i, ??th?th?? ??th-?? i???????.

Ae?i “A??ey ??? CompuServe” ???? ???e ????, ????o ??y?e ??????? ????
???? ??? ?? ?th??? ????? ?y ???o ???e, ??th??y ???e y????. C??a, ???y ??
????? ??ae ??y?, ??y?? ??? ???e – ? ??e ???e ???ey, ?????yth?y ??? e
N?e, ??? ??e ???????ue ? ????, ???e ? ??? ? ? ?????o, ? ???e ?a ?aea ? a
??o ???????? O??e ???a ??e, ?i ? ??? ??e ??ey? ?????ay ???ey, ???y ??? a
? ??y a A???, ? a ???????? ? ??o ?? ????? ?????ay ????y – ??iy???y
?????ue ???? ???e eth?? ??????i ?????a a ??? ????? N?e. I???? ?????
??????o ???a ???ny O??n C?i, ??a ?o ???e a ?y???? ????i ???????ue ????u
?????i ????ey, ???ath?a ? NOA e ???ath?a ??????e a O?A.

I?????? ?????y ???????e ?????a – ??a ??ey, ???th ???ytho ???y ?????i
th??? e ???y ????? ???o ?? ?????a a ?????? e ??????i ??a. Ia ??????i ???
??? ??? ?????ny ??y ?????e A?????i ?th? – Ae????e i ????o ???? ????
???ey ?e? a ??????? ????, a ????e y????? ???? ? ????? ??a (Ae???? ?
y????? ????), ??y?e 8 ethiy 2000 a., e Ae????e i ???e??e ????o ????
????? ??a e ???o ?? a ??????? ????, i?iy?e 22 ?y 2001 a. (Ae???? ?
??????? ????).

A i.27 ???o ????e Ae???? ? ??????? ???? ??y?y?, ?i ??????? ?????o
?????? ?y ????? ???????y ? ????y ????????, ????ey?? n????i ?????i, o? ?i
????? ? ??o ???????e ? ????y ??a ? ????a ?????, ?? ? ??? ?????y? ?????a
????. O?????y ??th “????th” ??? Ae????, ???? th?? I. N????? ??ey?
??othuoth ???th: “A ??a ???ey y????? ??? ??? n ?? ??? ???? ? ?????a ?e
?o???oth ??????ue, ?? ?e ???i ??? ?????ey ? y??. A? ??? Ae???? ??th??
????a ??e, ?????a a ?? ?????? ??a?a e ? ?ath?a ???iy???? y??????i ?a??y,
????o ???? ??th y?? ???na y?y?ny ???? ?e ?????a ????a??” *(145). *?
???ny Ae???? ? y????? ????, ? ? ???i ?? ???ey?? ??? ????? ???y ?a????y ?
???????e. N???i ?.12, ???e ??e ?y? ? ???? th????? ???????e, ?? ? “(a) ?
????? ????, (b) ? ???? ?e???y ???? e (n) ? ???? ?e ? ????iy? ????eth,
????othny a ????” *(146). N?? ?????o ???e ??th??ny a ???? ??, ?i ?????
?i?iy? ??i ?????th ???th e ? ??o ??? ??? n ???ey?? ??????, ????i.

I????? ????i ??????y E??i?a, ???, ?a ?? ?????ue ???. N????i, ?i ??? ??
???, ?????e a ?y? n ???? ???e? ?????? ?????? ???? ???, ?i ??a ?????
???y?y ??????a ???? ??u e ????, ???i ?i ?e ?/?ny ?ay?? ?????e ??y?e.

Ai-???, ????? ??????y ???a?y (a ?i ??a e a ???a ????a?e ???oth?o ??).
A?e ????ue ?? n O???i C??i, ? y? a ??oth ???ue ???ny ????? ????????.
I??? ?????? ??????? ??????ao a y?e ??a ? ?o ?? ? ???i.

Ai-???, ????? ????? ??????ai ??o ??????? ???th e o??????? ?????? E????
(?????i ?????a) ??? ? ??????ey ????i ?????, ??aey?o ? ???u ???
e????????e ?????? ???.

A-???o, ???????ue ??? ???y?ny n ??? ?????? ??, ???????e ???i ??y?a,
???y ?????y ?a ???????i ? ??????e. A ? ??o ????y ?e y?????a “?????a”
????, ?e e ??????a ???o ????-?????, ?????y?? ???aea??.

I????? ???u ?????tho, ?i i?? ??i ???a ?????a, ??aey?a “?a?”, ? ???u
?????? ???e, ???ny, iy?i ???y, ??????i, ?y????? e ????o ??iy???y ?????ue
? ??i????e ? ??????? ???, ?eth?y ????????a ???u y???? e ??e.

A ????e E???? ???? ???e??? ????? th??? ?aey?y ??a ??ee ??????y, ?e ???o
?????????ay (????-???ay) ????a ???ey? ?? ??e ???, a ? ??y ?e ???oth ??ue
“???” a ???e ???????a, ????????, ?????y, a ??a, ????ny, a ???e ??y?y
?????o ???e a?? ? ?ay ???e ???. A?? A. I??? ??? ?iy?a ???u ?y ?????
??????y (matrix for hybrid regulation), ?? ???? ??th??ny a ?i, ?i ????a
??i ??????o ??? ???u ?y ???? ?a???y?a *(147).

A ???? ???a ???? “????e” ??u ??? ???? “I???u ??e ??? ?y ????????? ???e
??e” (Safe Harbor Privacy Principles) – ?????, ??th??? ??o NOA e AN a
1999 a. *(148) N??n “??e ???” ???? ????, ???th?a ??oth?i ????eyi: (1)
??????a e ??e-?? ????a ? ??? ????????? ???e ??e, ????? a ???i ???a, ??
(2) ????? ?y????e ???? ???i?o, ??ey???o ?e ????????o ???????? NOA,
?????yth?? y????oth ??? ?????? ???, ??, ???oe, (3) ?y?a ?eth??a ????a
“??e ???” a ???y ??th??? e????a. A ??????i ??? ????a a??e i???ytho ???
???a ????? ??ey??? ????? e ?????tho ????? ??????? ???e. A ? ? ??y ???ue
???u, ?????y?ay ??a?yi a ?????? n N?????, ???i ?? ? ????th n ??????e
???e, ????i?i ????? ???o ??? ?????i. Ae??i ???? ??o ?o?? ????-????ey ?
??????th ???uo ?? e ???a (ICANN), ???y y?y?ny ??i????e ????????e ??????
e a ? ? ??y ????ey? ?????y??? ?e???y *(149).

A ??? ????y e ????i ? ???i ???? ??????y E????, ??oth?o “??????a” ? ???u
th???, o.a. ?o ???i, ?????i ?o??i ?y ???o y?y?ny ??? ???? ??????a. I??i
n ??????, ?????? e ?????? ???e ???ey? ? ?????a ?????, ? ???? ???o
y?????? eth?? ????i ????a.

E? ???, ??u ???? ???? ??????? ????e a ???ue ?i?????o ??? i ???, a ? i
?iy?yo, ???a ?e ???tho, ????i ? ?????ny i ??????e ??????. Iiy?a?a e ????
E???? ???i e ??e ??????? ?iy?y e ???u, ??? ???no?a ?e ????y??ny a ??
???eyo. I?a ?i ???? y??i ???y a N?e y?y?ny ?????, ? “???????y ??a” E????
??iy?i ??????ny ??? ????. E???, ?????eyi N?e ???i ???a ???ny ? ??? y??,
?ea?ay e ??? ?????i ?? ??a, ??a ????? ?uy???y n ??????e-??????. I??i
?????e ?y ?????ey ? E????, ?eth?y e ?????a, e “y????” ???a, ????? ?
????? e ???o ?????i ????y e ?ei????? ????ey ??e ?????ey? N?e. I????
?iy?y ????ue ????? ??? e ?y ????? ?????? (???? ?y, “???ay ?????”, “????y
????”, ????? e o.ae.). Eo ???i ????i ????? ? ??? y??, in??? ?? ???? i
??i ??ey?? ????? E???? – ???????e N?e, ?a ???? ???? ???ae?ny n ?????i ?e
“A???ay ???a” (World Wide Web).

O??ue ??y?i ? ???? ?????? ?a ? ???a “???y???i” E???oa. A????ny ? ??????
A????a??e Ae?u ??????u ????? e ???i? ???? ???e ?y????e, ??? ??i ????
????i ?????o ?y ???i ? ?o ??????. E? y? ? ??ae?ny ???y??, ???u ???a ????
?????ey ??? ?iy?y “E???o”! Y? ??i ?uy??ue ?e ??i “????ai”, ?iy?y??ny
??????y? ???????o ???a e ??? ???iy??o ?y ?o ya??th, ?e ????ay ??????ay
??, ?e e ?????y?, n ???? ??? ?i??a ?????ue ?e ???a ?? th????? ?????a y??
?iy?th. A ??i ??, ?? “??????” ?? ?iy?a “?? E???o”, ? ???o ??????y, ????,
??????? ? y????? ???? ??? “???? a ???a”. Ec ??? ?ia?a ????? ?y?i, ??i ?
???i ?????ny ??i y?????e ?????e (e ???? ????? e ???ny, ? ??eth ???a ???
? ???????, ?y y????ay ???ey) – ??i ??? ae????e n ?????e, ????e ????e ?
?e? ?e ??i-?? ?? i???. N??e ? ??a “??????? ???u” ??? ????tho ???eth,
????o ?y??i ?????y ??o ??? ?y?-?? ? ??ny (a ?, ?i ??, ?y? ?????eo
???oth?? C??o ? ?????). I? y?i y???iiay ???ey ???ey?ny ?e ??th??a ???
??i ??? y?e???? ?????e, a y????? ???? – ?e ????ey, ?????y a ?y? n ?????i
??? a ??a y????? ????. C???? ??.

N ?????y? ?iy?e, ???yth??y a ???????, ??? ????? ???ay ???ey. N ??e
???u, ????, ?i ?y ??? ??? y??ey, ?e “???a ??????ey”, ??? ?? ?????a ???a
????? ?iy?e e ? ?????e, ????ay ????a ???a ??????y. Ii ????o ?-? ????o
?????e n? ??? ??????y ?????e ??a ?y? ? ????y e ? ???ey?y (a ??? ???
????? i ????? ??ueth???o ?oyo ???, ?c ?????e a ??o ??ayo th?????
?????e), ? e ???ua ???????e ?????y ???? ????????ue ???????ueth e
“?????th”. A ?? y? ??? ? ???? ??? – ? ??, ????i ??i ????i ??i e ?????
?iy?y, ????i ?a?i ???a ?????oth?y ????eth ?iy?y ?i “th????ay ??a” (????a
?????a), a ?????? ???e ???o y?????? ????ey ???????? ??. Ia?cy ???? e i
?i, ?i a ???? ?? ???, ?e ???i, ???ath?y ?i?????a ??y?yth?a, ???yth?a e
??iyth?a ? ?????a ?? (??????y, ?????, ???u). ????e ? a ???y?? ?e ???o
?iy?yo ??? ?????.

A ????? ??ue ??? ? ??e?o ???? ?e (a ??? ???) ??? ?????? (????, “????
y????? ????” = ??, ????eyth?a y????oth o???th), ?e ?y? ?????? ?????? ?a
?????y ???? ?????i ??a (i????, ???????? i ??? ?? ??a???e). N????i
?-???o, a ?????? ?e ??o ??e, ?e e n ???othu?e ?????? ????, a ???????
???eyth?y ?iy?y ??????ay ???a, ??????? ????e, ???, y????? ae???o e ?.
Iiy?yth?y ?a ??a ???ee e e ?a ???oth?i ???i e ??e?i: I????, ??? y??i
????ey E???? I???? ??? (e ???????a ?? i ??????i ??a) ????o i ????a ?????
a y????? ??a “? ?????????? ?oyi ?y?” (!): E?e, ???a ????o ?????e ?iy?e,
???y?uo a E???? (????a), ?? ?i ?o. A????i, ? ????a ????? n ??th ????y
???????e ????ey ?????o ??a, a ???o ?e ??o ?e???. I???ue ? ?c ??????o ?y
E???? ???? a ???o ??o ??a, ????, ? ???y.

I??a ??i a ???? ??????e “???o” ????e ???tho ?????? ???u. A????e ????
E???? ??a? ?????? ???? a ?????e ??, ??a ?????????a ??? ??? ?n????? ??u ?
?y??? n N?ueth ?a?????yi e ??a ??i ???? ????eth. I???i ????i ????o (e
????? ????) ????. I?????? e ?????-???? ????yi – ??? ???a ???a ? N?e
??????i ???, ??ai, y????? ??? ???? ???e ????. O??i ?i? ????ey ???ony
?????e ??????. I???? ????o ??a, ????????y a ?????? ??a I??a e ????th?y
???, ????e ??aey??y a A??e e ??????e ?????o ?????. ???? ????y?y ??c Na?
a y?ea???? ?????? ae???i ?????e ??a “y????? ????”, ??????? ??? ???o
(?????e ??) ????? a A???? e ?????o, a ????e, ????e ????? ???. N??a
??th??ny a ???y?? ??a, ?????? oe??-????i. N??e ? ?e???a ??i ? ??e-??
???a a ???y?? ????a ?o. N?e ????ey ????a – ????? ? ????e ????ey ??ae?o
???a ? ?? ???? (??? ??e?i ????i ??a). N??a ????ey – ????ae?? ????eth
??ey ???a e ?? ???, ????? ???th ????eth. Ae?a ????a ????a ?y????a eth?e
? ??? a ??? ??? ???? ???? e ??????th ????? ????o ???? i ????????? e
?????e ??a, i i????e ?????? ?? e ????? ??????i ??a. *? ?e y?i ???ue ???
?????i ?? (?e ??? ??????y ?y????e)? N e?? ???i ??o ?? ???? ??i ?y??
???????? E? ??? ????ue a ???? ????aai ????a? I????????a ??? ??? ?????a
??? ??????ue ???????o ????eth ????i ???y, ?? ?i ?a-?? ?????

I?????? e ????? (e ?????????) ??o, ?????ue ???ey n ???i ????e ??e??
A????y E???y, ???ath?i ??eyi ????e ????ue a ????o ?y? e ???? ?????
?uy??ey eth?? ?? i ???e ?y? ????i ???a. ??????y?ny ? th????y o???? ????e
? ????? ??o ?uy??? a E???oa ??c ???u, ??????a a ??? ????yo E??u e? ???
???o ??? I? y?i ????a e ?????? ??i ??? ????e ???? ???? ? ????, a ?uy??ey
? ?????e ?a ? ??? ? y?? “???????”, ???th ?e ?ec?i ????ue, ???, ????y??e
C?? NOA “I ??th??e ?????? a ????o ?y?”. I???y ???? ??th??ny a ?i, ?i
E???o, ? ?ay ???????o ??? ??? ???????y, ???y? eth?? ?o?th ????e ???? ???
e ?o???e, ???????a ???e ??i-?? ?? ???? ?y? ?????y.

A ???a 1999 a. a NOA ?e ??yo ??????, ???yth?e ??a th?????i ????a eth??
??a (attorney generals) ?????? ???o?? ??????o ?????e ? i??? ???ey ?????
? ?????. E???o a ??????a ?? ? ??y?o, ??? ????i ??????y y?y?ny ????????ay
???ey ????i, ?y?? ?? ??e ?y?y?ny ??a e a ????e ???e ????. I????i ???, ?i
ae???ueth?? ?????e ????e a ss??e ?????ny ??????yi ? ????oth ???eth a
NOA. I????i ? ? ???u ???a??o ???e ????ue ?? ??? ???? ???? ???ey ??? ? ?i
????e, ?i ? ????e a E???? ??oithth ????o, ???y ?y ?? e ?? ???a, ??u ??
????e ethaeyi (??????i ????eyi) ? ??i ???

I?a ?i y?? ???a ? ?a y? ???u ?o, ?oy ?????? ???u e ? ???th ?????ath?y.
A ????? ??????? ???e??i ??? ???i?a ???? ??? ?????? e ? ?iaey?y ?? e
????? ??? ????ey ?????? ????????. E???e ???atho ??o ???e ?e ?????? ????
???, ?e e ????a ?????? ?????; ??o ??? ???? ??iy (???, ?????? ?????); ??o
???? ????o ??? ???; ??o ???e, ??y?? ? ??? e ?? ? ???o a ??? ??y, e o.ae.

O?y ?????? ??i (conflict of laws) y?y?ny ??i ?? ??? ??????i ?y ???????
???? ??a (I*I), ?i ??u ???tho ????-???? ?????y, ????? ? ???????e ?????o
*(150). I????i ???? ?????e ??? ????a ??, ?i ??a ?????o ?????o ?a????
?????? ???u, ? ?i ??i ?ny?? ? ?????u ???i ??????. E?????a ??u a ?y? n
y?i ??? ???????y ?e ???? ????a ?aa e ???a ????o ???i?o ?????, ?e ??????
? ??? ???? ????a ????? ??? ???i. Ae?? I. O?y??i ????? ??o ??ey, ????
???e ??? ???? ?????? ???? (???? ???? ??) y?y?ny i?????e ???n e ??th???i?
????? ? ?????????? ???. E?? ???e, ????u ??????? ??a y?yth?y a ??? ???
?????i ????i ?y ????y ?????? ????ey ??o????i ???? ??a *(151).

I???i, ?i ?????? ???? e ???a, ??th??y th????e, ???????i ??nyo ? ???????
?????e th????e ???? ???e (th????? ???). E o? a ?? ??? y?? ??a ???a??a
th????e a E???? ??????y ? ??????, ? ???e ?? ?e ??? ???a, ????.
“E???????? ????i ???i ????o ????y, ????th?a ??o ????e n ???? ??e ??ey
(?????e) ????? e ? ????ei ???????i. ????a ????? ??ueth??? ?? ????o ?y?
??o ?????n?i ????? e: (1) ???th ????? ???a??? ? ?????eth ???ey ?ae ?-??
?????; (2) ?ey?? ?????i ????y ? ????a ?e ??; (3) c????ueth ??? ????? ???
? ??????th ????? ????a; a ??a (4) ?????ueth o????? ??????ey ???ey?, ??a
??ii ??u ???o ???y?. N?ue, ??i ????, ????th ??????o ???o ?????a??,
????oth ? ???? ??o ?????e ???????, ? ???e ?? a ????e ????ey, ??th??ny
????ey ????????? ?????i ??????? ????????o ??” *(152).

E???o ???o ??a ?? ?? e???? ??? th????e *(153), ????o ??? ?o??????y ????
n ?????? th????e ????i ???iey. ???o ???? ?e ? ???e ?? ???o ? ???o ?a ? ?
????????a, ????o ?i ??????a a ?????a ???a ? o??? ?????e (o.a. ?????ey
??????i? ???????y). E ???o, ?? ???y ??? ????o e??n ?????i ????y, ? ??a
????? ???o ??????ue ?e ????????th?e (?????th?e) ?o. I? ???e, ?i ???? a
??e ??? y?y?ny ????????i, ????? a ??o ?????y, ??e ?o ??a ??o ??????e
o????. *? ???ny ???? th????e, ? ????a ???? ????ey ??? ??a ?????i ???o ?
???u ???-?? ??? ?????a. I?????? ???? ???y ???i, ?y?i?o n ???? th?????,
y?y?ny ???a I?????iai ??????i ???a? (ICA). A?? ??, ???a ????? ??? ?
??????ny ?????. Iiy??? ??a ??? ????ey ??? – ??a ?e ????u ???? ???a ?
????i ????i (credit card chargeback) ?e ???? ???e e “???e ???” ??????
????a, ???a ?????, e ???o, ?????ay ?? ????-????a EBay *(154). O??oth
?????ue ???? e “A??y ???? ?????ey ?i?a ? ???? ???” (UDRP), ????? ???
???yth?yny ? ????.

I??i ?? ? ????y e th????e ???????y, ? ???ey ???y?ny. E? ?????i ???? A??
A. I???, “????????a ????o a ?e ???e, a e??? ?o ???y? ?????ue ?????i”
*(155). E?? ???e, ??u ????????y ??? ?? ?y?? n ????i i??i: ??? ??a, ??a
??y ?y? ?u???o, ????? ?????ue ????? ???oth ??? ????? ???o ???, ???a a
??? ??????e ??? ???o??ue ? ???????e ???o ?????y.

I???i ??e. ???? ?????? ???? th????e a E???? ???y, ?-i??o, a ????????
????? ???? ?? (??????a ??????a ????ey, ????a e ??????a ??? a ??i??????o
?????yo ?? A?????i ?th? e o.ae.). A ??iy?a ??y ???n yo? ?????y ?????
???i eae a ??? ????????? ????? III e AN, ?e e a ?????????o ?????yo
??????? “???? ?????”. Ai-???, ????y ????? ??o ??a ?????? ??y?e, ???ath?o
? ??i ???, ????? ????eth e ??iio ????th. A ????e, ????tho ??y?e e “??o
????ey” ??????ey e? e “??? ??”, ???ath?? ??. I??? ???? ??????? ?????
y?y?ny ????? ???????? ??? ????. A E???? ?????? ??y?e ?a?, ????, ?????ny
? ?i, ?a ????e ????y (?e ???????i) ???? ??, ???ath?? ???, ?e ????????
(??? ???) ???? ??a ???a e N?e. Ia ???o ??a ?????? o???i ??a ??? ????a –
???? “???o” ?????? ?? ??????? ???n ???? ??????, ????y ?????? ???? ???,
?oy ? a /??, ????? ?????? ????y a ?i? N?e.

TH.A. O????, ????? ????? a ???e ??????i ??a, ????, /? “??i ??e ?? i ??e
?? ??????? ??a, ???a ?? ????o ?e ??? ?? ??e ?????ue ?y ????y e ???
?????? ???????a” *(156). E?? ???e, ?? ? ??iy?? ???e ?o??y ??? ???????
??th??? a ?e?a e ???? ?????? ??, ????o ?y ????ey ???o ????, ? ?eth?i?
??????? ????a e ?? ??????? ??a (a ??a ???????? ae????) a ????o ?????i
??a ??n??? ????o ???a ????? ????.

A?ue ????e e a ???a ???o??? “???o ????a”, a ????e ???e ????i ?????????
???. A????? ?????e ???e ?y????e ???o???ny ???e ?e ??i ??????a, ?i?????.
I??i ? ????a ????ey ??????? ???? ????? ??i ????/??ue ???, ??a ??? a
E???? ?ae ?????i (?e ????) ?????y ?c ?????e, a ei?a ??? ?oue ?y? ????a.
N??i, ?e ??????e ???o ???? ICQ ?e ?? ?????o ?i??i ???? ????a ???
(???????) ????a ? ?atho ??o-?? ????a, ???yth?o ?????, ? ??e ??? e ?i
????? ??u??. (A?ue e a “???i”, ????i ????a ?????ue ????y ?a ???ue ?ay ?e
???, a ?i ???o ???ey?y ?? ? ?????? ??? e, ????ny, ? ???? ?e ??? y?????
??u ?????? ????.) C?? ?o ???o ??ei ?a??? ?????e ??????e ????? ???????i
???. A ??? ? ??ayo, i????, ???ath?o ?ae ???? ???a i ??? ?? ?????? ?e ?e
????a?? ???????, ?y??? ????i ??? (?????y, ????a) ?o???e y?y?ny ?????i.
A?yae ? ??o ???i ???ue ?????y ? ???o ????ey ?e ??? ???o ???a. I??i
????ue ??y?e, ?e ???i ?????y ????ey ? ????a ???o ??a ?e ???? y?????i
???? ??? ?oue ???a ?????? ?e ??????a ? ???????o ????eth ???? ???a,
??????i.

A??a ??? e ???? ?y??ey ????? ???u a ?y????? ????o ??? ? ??????e ?????a
(???? ????) ?e ??th??e n??? ???. Ae?i a ?i, ?i ?e ??? ? ?o?????i ?????a
a E???? ?? ??i ????th?y ???a ????a ???? (homepage), ?????a ??o ??e ?e
?????e ???????? ????, ???ath?? ??e ??? ?????, ???a ?e ???. I??i ????
“????e ????”, ?e, ???, ??a (site), ? ???i ?a ????a, ? ?y???? ????o a ??i
?? n ? ???????i (?i, ?i ???i ????ny ????? ??? ? ??a e ?????? ?i ????ey a
N?e). I??n n ???th “????e ????” ?????ny ??? ??ae ? ????? ?? ???, ?a
?????y ??? ??o ?? ???i i???. I???, ?? ??i ????u ??? ? y?yth?y ?????e ?e
???????? ????, ? ???o ???ath?y ? ??u e ???? ??a ???o y?yth?y ??ueth ???o
???a ??o ???. A ????? ??tho ???, ??a ?????eue N?e, ?????ny ? ????i
??e-?? ??? ? ?????? ??? (??), ????? ? ??????y i ????eyo ee?, ???e
????ey? n ?i ??i ?????e a ??? ????i ???e. E??e ???y, ??e ??i ??o ??????y
e ? ????i, a ??ueth??? ????? (???i). A????a y?? ??th??oth ??? a ???? ??i
????? ? ????yi ultra vires. Aeey ??????ey ??o ?o??e ??????i ?? ? ???ue
???? ?????e ??????e ???? ??????i ??????ey (????? ???u ?y????aa), ?e ???i
???????ue ? ?????n? ?????ue ? ? ??, i?a??ath?a ???th ???. Y? ?????o
?eeth???? ??oth ?? ???????o ???a ??e ??????e, a ???e ???? ??? ?? e ????
??????y y????? ???? ???e. Ca ???i, ???, y?e???y ???ay ???ue (digital
signature) y?y?ny ?? ??i ? ????o ???? ??????e (???yth?y e ????a ?????
n???a, e ??????? ???, e ??? ???). N??a ???? ???atho ?e ???e?? ?????
?????a, n ???i ?????ny ??i ?ia??y? ? y????? ??a. E? ?a ????? ??, ???????
???a ???a ?????a e y?e???e ??a ??o ?????i ?????y, e ? ???e ?? a ???i ??
? ????? ????ey (???ay ??????y) ? ???? ?????? ????e. A ????e, ??????ue
?????y ????????ue ??y?e ????ey y????? ???a ????i, n ?i ??u ? ??? ????
??? (?????? ??e ?????ey e ???ey ?i ?????) ??i ?? ???/?? ????? ???o????ue
???i ?????ey *(157).

C????? ????ey ?a ?? i?????e ??? ????e ???????, ???ath?o ? ??? E????, –
??? ?????y ???, ?ath?o th????? ???ea. I?????a ?????ey? N?e ???? ? ??o
???, ? ?????, ?????th e ????a, a ???? ???u ?????th ????? ????? e ? ????.
I?a? a ???a ? ????? ????? ? ???? ????, ????ey, ???e?th?y a N?e, ? ??o ??
?e ? ??i ??uy??a ?y ????ey e ???ey. Ii ???e ??, ????y ?????a ??????
(??ueth??), ??u ????th ????eth ???? ? N?e ?y ????????i ???ey?y e ????ey.
A??n i ????e ??????e ?? (a ???? ????? ??????a) ????? ? ????o e ?????o
???eyo ?????? ???ny a ??? ???? ????. ????a E???? ?? ??? ???y? ???a i
????e oee???oth?e a N?e ????? a ???? ??????a, ?oy e ??? y?o ??? ?????i
?????.

O?, ??? i ????? ???? ??u e ??o ????ey a E???? ?????? ????? ??i ?y?i n
?i??? ???? th????? n??? (???) n ??th ???ey ????????? ?? ?????oth?e ?????
(????, ????? ? ?????? e ?? ????o ?y??e, ??ayi ????, ????a ???? ?????
??a; ????i e ????? ???; ???yi ?e ???ai? ????o ??o, ?y?yth??y ? ???
y????? i????). E? ????, ?i a ????i ????? ???e (??? ??o ???? ?y??ey ? ??a
e ???? ?????ey) ? ??????o ??? ?? ????a ?????ay ????ey? Ia ?i aei?? ????y
?????? E????, ?????e o??e ????? ??????i ????ey ?y?o??? ??? – ???????
???o ??a, a?e ???? n ?e ?e ??th?i a ?? ??? ?????e ??c ?? y?e ??u? E?
????th?y ???y ?eeth??? ??? (?oy ? ????y ???), ?ee ??a ??o a eth?e ???
???? ???y ???y??i ????a? (A?ue ??o ???y??i ????a – ?e e eth?? ??i ????a!
– ? ??? ??? ?? ??o ????ny ? ???, ???????y ? ii?? ??th??y ????, a ?????y
????ey, ?e ???i, ? N?e ?o?iy?ny.)

???? ??i ??e ?e ??????e ????e, ?????oth?? “????i” ???i ??????y, ?e e
???????e, ? ?i????? ?? a ???oth?i ????o???a. *? ???ny ?????? ????, ?
???? ????? ? ?o y?yth?y ????? ?????? y?????? a ??? ????? ??????y, n
?????? ??????o ????e ?e ??th??e y???? e o.i. N ??? ???u, ??i, ?a?i, ??y?
????? ?????ue ??c???a a N?e ???ey a ??e-?? ??????e ??a, ??u ??i ??uy??
???e???oth ??i ???i ????????? ???? ?y ???ey (???i, a ?? ????ee ? ??? ?e
??a ? ????i ?n?). I??i y? n ??????th ??????y ? ????ue, ??th?th?thny a
?????? ??a ??? ?????e ????ue ???? y?????i ????a, ??? ?i??ey a ?? “???
???”, ?i ? n???o ??a ?y ????????? ?????oa. E? ?c a y?o ?eyo ?? ? ???i
????? y????? ???? ????. “Ae????????a ???? y????? ?ae?? ???o a ??????
????a ??? ????a n ??i, ???a y?y?ny ??a?? ?????oth?o ???? ????e. I? y?i
????????? ???? y?e???e ???e y?y?ny ??a ?????? i???ey y?????i ????a e
?????o, o.a. ???th?? ????eyi ????? ??u” *(158). *? ???ny ??????y y?????i
????a n ????? ? a???i ????, ? ?y ???e ?i ???ny ? ?o ?? ?????, ????o, ?e
????? ????ay ???ay ????, y?????a ????u ? ?atho ??e ????????? ??, ???y
????y ????? ????? (???a ???th?y ????? “??????”, a ? ????? ??????ny
?????i) *(159). *? ? ???ny ??y?? ?a a 2001 a. O?????i ??? ? y????? ????
???e, ? ?i ????n?a ????? ?oy???ny ? ????, ???a ??a ???? ??o ???? ??.

E ??o ??????? ???a ??i ???e, a ????e, ???? ?e ????ie ??e ???e a ??u,
?????a n ????-???; ????a ??u ??????y ???e e ??? “????” ?????e
(?????oth?a ??? ????th?y ?a e a ????? E????); ???oe, ???n ?????ey ???o
???? a ????????? ia???? ????ey (????? ?aeu, ??????? ????), ???iy???
???/?ath?a ??????? ? ??. E ?????a?? ??i, a ????e, ??i ???e e ?????a
????, ?????? a ???????? ????, – ?e, ????ey Microsoft n 2003 a. ?????
????eth “????i ??a??y ???e” (digital rights management), ???yth?th eth??
?????eth ???a ???ey? ??? e ??y?e ???a e ?????? ? ????o (??? ???y,
??ueth???o ??o).

I??i ??i ????e ????? a N?e ?????o ????ey a ?????e, ??i- e ????? ??a.
O?ay ???a?y (????, a ?? “??????” ?????e) ??a ??o ??ue ????i ???ey ?e
???e ???o th????? ????, ?a a ???? ? ?e?i ????uo, ? e ?????? ??????a.
Ae?a n?????? ????y ? ??? ????, ?????o ?????ey? E????, ??o ???a??y ? ?
?i, ?i ????ue ??i a?? ?e ???, a ? ?i, ?i ? i??? ?e ???? a ?? ???i?
y????? ??u, ???e ??? e ??e ????? ? ????o ??? e o.ae. I???i, ???? ???u
??o ??ue ??oth ?y? n ????-???? ?????i?i ????e a ??a ??ueth??? ?y???n? e
???? ????? ????ue e ???eoue ???u e ??y?th e ???eth ??????a ?e a ????i,
?e e a ?????i ????.

I???? ????y e ?????y ?????e ??????a ??e ??i ???o ?i??a, ????? a “E????
? ????????e”, ????? A????? ???i 19 ??y?y 1999 a. e ????? a ?? (??a ?
?????e ?????i ??? ?????, ?eth?y ?????a – ??u AN) a 2001 a. *(160) I???i
a ???? ??a? ????i, ? ??? ??eth, ?????o ??, ????o E????e. N??y 16 E????
???????o, a ????e, ?y???? ???y? ??ueth??? ae??a, ?eth?y ??? ??? (traffic
data), a ?????e ?? ????tho ????y ??????, ?i ??a ??? ??o ?? ???y? e?
????. Ae??, a ?.17, ???o ????a ?????? ??? “???a”, ???e ??? ?? ?????i ?y
??????e ?????a ??a e ?? ???? ???. A ?.18 ????ny ????? e ??????, ii????i
E???eth, ???ue ???o??th?a ???? ????u ?y ?????ey ? ??? ?????, ??aey??y a
????i?? ?? ?e ?ae ?i ????i, ? ??a ????? i ?????eyo (“?????o”,
subscribers), o.a. i ???o ??o, ???i i????ey?ny ??? ??? ?y ??????y ????
??????. I? y?i ???a?y i ?????? ????y ??a ? e ????eth ???????o ???
?????eth ???, a ?eth?? eth?th ????eth, n i??ueth ???e ???? ????? ???ue
(?????) ??n, ???i, ?ae ???a e ??? ???ey, ???a ????? ????? ?e ??th??e
???? ? ???? ??a.

I?? ???u “???e ?a?????”

I????? ?? ??? ????o ??????o ???i “???ao-??a” ???? ?n e ?????eth ?a ??a
????? ?????? – e ???o i ??o ???? ????i ??????y. Y? ???? ??o e ???a
?????? ????, ????o a ?y? n ????i N?e a ?????e (?cy????e) ??? ??yony
????? ??a, ??? ?????a a ???????? ???u, ?e y?i ??? ?????othu? ???
???eytho ?a ?ny?e e ??e ????a ????.

O???? ???, a ????????, ?a ? ???e ??? ??????? e ???????? ???y. I???a ??i
?????? ????? ?y?e, ?????? ????e, ?e ?a ?????, ??? ? ????y a ??i-?? ????
??????e, e ?? ??a ???ue ? ???ey a y????n?i ????e ????o ??????i ??iy,
????o ia?????ue ?????ey ??o ??? ?????o ????? ??? (???? ??), ?a ??th??a
??????ny ???????i ??????. I????, ??? ?? (e ?? ???ey!) ?? ?i ?????y i ???
??? ???a ???????? ???ai??e, ?e “?????? ?no ??????y ???”. I??i ?e ???
???? ???a ????? e ???? ?????? ????a ????e ?????e ????/??a ?????e ?y ????
e ???ey ????a ???y, ??????e ?????i e ?iuey? ??????e, ?i ? ??? ??o ?????y
????? ???e ???? ??? ???o ???? ????, ??????? ? ?e ? ?????, ? ????y?o ?
??? ????? e ?? ??i. N????i ??e ??????e ??i, a ????e, ?ya??a “N????i
?????” e “A?y??? ???”, a a ???? ???????? – ?????? ??? ??? ??th????o ?? ?
?????ey ?? i?????ey ???. O? (?e ???? ?e) ?y??y ??e ??? ???????? ????i??.

Iiya??a e ???? E???? a ????a ?ny???a ????? ?y?? n ?????i ????? e
??????e N?e a ?cy????e ???, a ???i-???? ????y. I?????? “???y” ?cy????y
????? ??????? ??? “????” ?eoa ???a a E???o, ??? ??ue ??? ????e y??????
????e a N?e ??e e ??, ? ??ny??y ??th???? e ??a ???????? e ?i????i
?????y, ??? (???????, ?????, ?y????ue “?????” ????a) e o.ae. I???, a
?cy????e ??? ?ee ????u e ?????? “???a” ???u, ? ???? ???a ? ??? e ????.
O???? ???u, ??i ???i, ??e ????i ??????i ????, ???e ??ae??y a ??????
?????? ???. Aei ?o ?? ???? ??i ?u??a ? ????y ?????? ?????th.

Ae??i ? ?a ?, ?i ??i ?i?? e ???? ??????i ??, e “?u?”, ??o ??ue ????
???i-???? ????e. I???? ?? ??e ????u e ???a (“?uy? ? ???a”), a ????e ??
????tho ?????y ?????????. A ??i ??, ? ??o y?y?ny ??i?? ???? ??e-???e
?????e ??? ?e ????e ??, a ?y ??ey ?e ??????o ???a ????tho ??? ???a ????.
A ? ? ??y ??a??? y??????i ???a ???e e ??e ??a ???????? ???u, ????oth?a a
“???e ???a”, ?e ??? ???, i??a ??a ??????? ????a. I???, ???? “???????”
?????i ???y ?i???? ???eth ??? (????e), y?i ? ??ny?thny e ???? ????
????yi (????? ????ue “????” ?? III ?e ???eth ????? ????e ? E?a). O??
???i, ?a ?????e ? ??, ????tho ?e ?o ?????y ? ????????? ?ei?-?? ???a, ?
??o ?? ???? a ????y e??-???e. A ?y? ???a ????a ???oth?o ?????e ??? ? ??e
????th ???????ue (????, ????? ??? ?????), ? ?? ??i ????a ????y ??o ?a
??u ???a?a ??????e.

I???a ???? a ??a ???????? ????? ? ??? ?y E????. Ae????i ????ue ?e ?????
???a (i? ? “???a”, “???a” ?e “????”) ????? ??? ?? 555-55-55 ?e
200-00-00. N??i, ????u ????e ?y? “??atho” ???? ??? ? ??a ???e ??, ?i
“???”, ?oy ???? ????y ??o ???a e ??a ???i ??a ? ????u (???eyth?y ?????
???iy???), a ?i ??? (“???? ?????i ???”) ? ??y?o ie a ca???????, ? a
?e?-?? ?????o ????? ???e ?y?.

I?y?y ???ey n ??????e ??thae??y a ???e ???o ???a (???? ??), ????eyth?o
??e ????? ?????o? ???o ???? E???? a ?? ????? ???e? ?? e ????o ?uo ????.
O ???i ??ueth?? ??? ?a ???. I?i ? ?o (???? ??n) ?????? ?y ?y? ??ueth??a
??o ??e, ???o ? ??? ? ???o ??e e ?????e ? ???y?ny ?????ey?. A??e ??n –
???a eiy, ??iy?a ? ?????a, ???ath?o ? ??????ea ?e ?i ?????e, ??ath?e
??ueth??i, e ? ????i ??e. Ae???a ?y ??? ?? ????? e ??? ?????o ??? ??? ??
(?e ?????e). I??o?, eth?a ?? ?e ????oeey ??o ??ue ?????? ????i ??? ????
??.

N ???????e ??e ??ey ???/?ey ?? www.pepsi.ru ??i ? ???th?y ?
www.5un34-t-qwsd.com (?e, ???, ?????oth?? IP-??? ?? 98.115.263.220). Ii
n ??e ??ey ??????e, ??????, ?y ??u n ????i Ford ??i? ???????? ?????? a
???e ?i??a ?y www.ford.ru.

I???i a ???a ??????y ?? ? ???? ??a ??i ??y?a ???ao-?????e ? ????eth ??
e ???a (ICANN) 24 ?oy?y 1999 a. ?a ??????y “A??e ???? ?????ey ??? ? ????
???” (Uniform Domain Name Resolution Policy). I??? UDRP ?? ?????u a
?????? n ?????ey? “A???? ?a???? ???????? ??????e” (WIPO) e i??y? ?
???y?? ?? ??e ??????? a ???o .com, .net e .org, a ??a ????? ????????
?????? ???a ???? ??iy. I???a ???? “A??a ???a” ??ytho ???th ??? ????? e
?????e ???? “???? ?y – ???? ??”. I?? ??? e ??a?? ???? ??i ???????? ?e
??????e: ????a ??????y a ???? ??? ???? ??? (?e ???, ???o ? ???ey) a ????
??????ey ? ??? ???o ?????y, ? e ??o au? ????i ?e ???e ?????? ??iy???a
*(161).

?????a ???????? ????? ?o?ue ???? n ????e ???e ?-???. N??y 4 ??e ????
O?????i ??? ?O “I ???? ???, ??? ???e??y e ?????eyo ?? ??????y ???a”,
????? a ?? 11 ???y 2002 a., ???????o, ?i “????? ??th????? ??a ???????y
(????? ??????? ???i? ?a?) ????ny ??????a ?c ?i ????ey a ?????i ???a ?
????? ?????e O???? ????i ??a ?e ???? n ?i ? ???e ???ey ?????y a ????e
???a, aeey ???????? ???o ???? ?? ????????, ?e ????? ???a, a ?i ??a ?????
????i ??a ?e ???? n ?i ? ???e ???ey ?????y: a ?? E???o, a ????e, a ????
??e e ?e ??? ???? ????e”. “N?????” ??? ???y ??th??ny ?oy ? a ?i, ?i ?i
????? ? a ?????i ??, ????oth?i ??????? ?????, a a ???????? i ???? ???,
?oy a ??????yo AIEN ?y? ???i, ?i ???? ?????a ???? ??? e ???? e?i ? ???
??????ny n ???th ?? i o???o ???. I???, ?i ??y ???ey ?.4 ?????i ????
y?????oth ????????? a ????e ?i??i ??? a ???a .ru, ????o ??? ??y?????
???? ????? ???o ???????y ??? ???ny “??????e” e ??????y ????? ??????th. N
??? ???u, ??????a e “A??e i???a ?????ey ??? ? ???? ??ai” ??a ? ??????
???th ?????y ????. E? ????o A.N. E???: “Ae??a ???a ? ??o ?? ??y? a ?ia?
.ru, ?e ?e ????ay ? ?o ????a ??o ???????? ????” *(162). A ? ? ??y ??i
?a???ny n ???i A. A???e, th??a ??IEE?IN i ?i, ?i ??i?a ?????y ????ey
???? “A??e ???? ???o??y ??? ? ???? ???”, ? ???oth a y?i ??? ??i ??o
????y a ?? ?e ? ??????? ???? ??????? ??a (?e ???? ???a).

E? ????tho ?????a ???u, ???? ?y (a ????e ??a) ??o ????ue e n ?????oth?i
???? ?a?i, e n ????i ??????i. I? y?i ???? ??e e ????a ?????ey y?yth?y
????e ??th????o ??. A ?o n ????e ???e (????) ???ey e?y. A????? ??u ???
?o (??), ???ay ???? ? ?? ?????o ???a (????a ????a ????? i???e ?????ey
???? ??? ????i a ??a A. N?? “E???o e ??i”). N??????, ???? ???? ?y e ????
ei??????? ??????e ?ea ??????, ?oy ??? i ??i ???a ?a ?? ???yo ??????a e
????? ?????u a ???e ??a.

Ae??i ???? “???e ??????e” y?y?ny ????-?? (?e, a ???? ???ai ??ay,
????-???). O ????-??a ????? ??i ??????th?o ????a, ?eth?y ????? ??n
(???i, ???? “c???” ??? ? ?? ???i), ?????? (?y) “????a”, ??? – ??? ?????e
a ???? ???? ???? ????? e o.ae. E??e ????-?? ???? ?????? ?????? ???a, a
??a ??????th ????th, ?????th, ???????th e ?oth ????eth. N??????, ?????e
??? ????o ????-??a ??o y?y?ny ???? ???? ??? (a ???n?, ????i ???). Ii ???
? ??? ????-??? e ?? ???o ???? ?o???yth?y ? ?-? ??, ?i ????? ??? ???? ?
???? ??th????a ??a ? ????a ????? ??a. I???a, ?????e ??? ?? ?? ??? i ??a
a ??i, ?eth?y ?i ?o?????a ????? (???a, ???, ? ?o??? ???, ? ??e ??th?????
??a? ? ??iy?ny). I??i ??e ???, ?e?ath?e ?????e ?????? e ??????e?
????ueth, ???e y?y?ny ????i n??e a ?????? ?? ???eyth?o ?i ?????a. I???
??, ?e ????y ????? – ? ?e ??? ????o ????????? ???e (????ue, ???, ??? e
o.ae.), a ?e ? ???????y ??????, ???oth?y ?????oth ???th (??????i ????).

I??? “???e ??????e” ?atho ???i-??? ???oth ????, ??? ?? n ? ???th ?????y
?????ay ???????? (??? ? ??? ?????ay ??aea, ? e ?ay ?????ay ???). N??i,
?yae ? ??a-??? ????o ??u ? ??? ?? ? ???? ?y, ???a?yth?a ????e ??? ?? e ?
???ath?a ? n ??? ?????y? e ????? ????e ???e. Ii n ???th ???i? ??e,
y?yth??ny ???? ????? (“?n?????”) ???iai ??a, ????o?ue E???? ???? ??? ???
?y ??? ????? i ???, ?????? ?ae ??i ???, e (????) ???a ???a?o ???o ???
???. A?e ? ?ae ????i ???? ???i ??o ???? ?? ????? ?? ??u, oi o??ey
??????e ????-???? a ??? ??? ??o “n ??????i ???” e ??u ? ??i ????y
?????oth?i ???i ??o ????u.

Oi ? ??a ??i ???ue e ?i ??u. A?e ?? ???e “??????” (a ????e, y?????ie)
???e ? ??o (????, y?yy? ?? ????i ??????y ?i ???), ? ?yae ? ? ??o ????
??e-???e n ?? ? ? ? ?? ???u. A???, a y?i ?o e ? ??o ?? ??-? ????? – ?e
?a ????? ??, a ???? ????o? ?iy??? ????? ??e i????? ?????? y??? e
??????ue ?????oth?? ????i ??????y.

E? ??o ??e ????a ??????ue ?????ey ????i ??? ???? “?o?? ??????e” a
????????? I???i, ????? ???? n ???? ??o ????a ?????? ??a, ?y???i n ????e
???????? ??????e. A? ??n???? ??????, ?i ???? E????, ??????? ????? a ??i
????o ??th ???? a ??????i ?i???e ??e ???????e ???? ????e, ?e ??????ue.
Io ??, a ??i ?????e ??? ???a ????? ??e?, ???o ? ??? ???a E????, ii e ??i
???????? ??????y a ??i. I???i, ?i a ????a ????a ???e ??????e ??o ?a ???
?iy?y?ny ??u, ?????? ? n??? “?????i-???o” ??????th i ??a ??????e
(????????, ???, a AE ?O), ???i ??a ?????, ??????, “?th?????o” ??????th i
??o???? ?e ?????? e y????? ??ey?? ????e “?a – ??a”, “????a ?y ???a –
?????? ?y ???a” e o.i. Ec y??, ???, ???o e ?, /? a ???????e ????i ???
??o ????, ?e ????-??, ????? ??o ???? ??i-? ??i ???i, ??e ???, ??i ????.
N??? ??e???e ???y?y ???u ??????y, ???i ?-???o ??o ??iy?ny ? ????a ?????.

A?e ????ue e ???? ????i ??????y E???? n ??e ??ey ????e ?????a (?e ?
????i ???? – “th?????i ????”), ?a, ?i oe????? a ???????, y????? N?e,
????o ?ae ????th “?????”, ????o ???? ?? ???? ???eyi – ????? ????ey e
?????e ?a? ??? – ???????a – ????. E?? ???e, ?? a ???i ???? ?n ????? ?i
????a ?????, ?? ????a ???i ???? ??????ny e ????th ?n?? e ?? (???e, a
?ith ???ue, ae?o ?i ??????th ?????ue ae??e ???o ?????iy?), ? ? ??i ?? n
?????e (???i, ???yy “? n???e” ?????thny ???? n ? ???????, ???????i a
????th ??o). I?? ??????e ? ????eth ????o ??a, ??a ??o ??i ???? ?ae ?
??????? (??????, ?????i, ?????oth?e ???e). I?????? e ???? (?i ??a ???e)
??a ?iy?a “e????y” ?????o ??????a ????, ?o?iyy ???u, ?????i ??ny??y e ??
???? ??????y. A ???? ?????e ???? ?????y ????a ?a?, ???a ????y?ny a
??????? ?i??eyo *(163). *?, ???i, ??????i, ?ee ??a ????i ???????? ??????
????y, a ???a ????u ??? ? y???? “???”, ??????e a ?a???i ???a. I??i e
??ue ????? ?????a ????? ??o ??ue ?th??i ?y ???y ???ath?o ???i, ????o
???y? ?????eoue ?????? ??y?. I???a ??????i, ? ??? ?a?th, y?y?ny ????a
?iy?y “???a” a ???? ????i ???ey ?e “??? ?a???ey” ?e ?????? eth?o th?????
???, ?y??? n ????i ??a ????i?? ? ????ou ???????? ?y????e. “I????y?ny, ?i
??? ???a e ?????eth ??? ??ue ???? ????i ?y ?????ey ????o ????o ?????.
E??i a y?i ??th??ny ???ue ??e eth?? ??????y ?????ey” *(164).

N?? ???????, ?y??? n E????i, ? ??? “?????ny” ? ??? ??????ey ????? ??a.
?????a ???ia, ??iy?? ????i ???, a ??ueth??? N?e (a ? a ???? ??) ? ?iy?
??????? ????e ? ? ???. Ii E???o ?????y? ??a ???a ?????e ?y ???????y e
???????y ??o ???? (????? ???????i), e ?? ? ???? ???u ????? ???e?tho a
N?e ?c ???. I??????y, ?i ?a ?????? N?e, ???ath?a a ?e ????eth, ????oth
?????e, ?????y e ????????? ??e? ??th????o ??, ?y?? ??????? ???? ????
????o ????? ? ???ec???a ?????. O??, e ????th, ????? ??? ? ???. N??u ?
??? ????e ??th????o ?? ?????ath?y ??? a ??i ??y?a, e ? ??i ??? ??????y.
A ?y? n ?????? ?????y? E???? ?y??? ??a ??n??? ??a ???? ??? ??th????o ??.
O?, ??i ???i e ?????i ???? ??? ??? ?????eth ????? ? ????-??? y?yth?y
?????a ????a ????u, ?????n? “?????ath?a” ????i ??y??y ? n???o ????? e
????th?a ? (?????e ???th?a) ?y ??? ? ??ueth?? ?????ey. I???? ???n ???
???? ????a ?? ???u, ????a ???ey ? ?????a ?? ??e “????” ??a ?????. Aeey
??????? ???y ??e?u ?????y ??? ????a ?????? th??u ????tho ?????oue ????th
“???????e ????” (implied license), ???e ????u ??? ????atho ????? ?c???y
a N?e ? ?????. A?e ??? e ??e ????? ?e ??? ??????ny ? ??o, ? ?????th ????
???th?y ???y, ? ???o ? ??o ???????y ?????? ???e (?e ?????e). A?e ?
????ey ??o ??????e (?????) ????, ? “???????y”, ?i ?????? ??? ?i????ue ?
(a ????e, ????? ? ?? ??ueth??) ?? ? ???yo, ??th?th?o ? ???oth?a ??????a
n ??th ????ey ???e. E???e “???????i” ??????y ?????otho ??i ???i ???
??th????o ?? e ??iyth?y ?ae??e ????e.

I??????a ??????a ??????o ???? fair use, ???e ????i a ????? ???????? ?e
“??????a ?????ey ?c ???ey ??? e ?c ???u ???e?i ??????ey” (?.19 O?????i
??? “Ia ????i ??a e ???o ???”). N?? ???????? ???? ??? ??????y y?y?ny
?????a ?????ey a ????o ???? ? ???e ? ???. I????i ????, ?i ?y?a ?????a
???i ???? ? ????y, ????th??y a Naoe, ?yae ? ????. E???e ??????, ???a ?
???a ???th ????eth (?????? ?e ??? e ?? ???), ????? ??? ? ??????oth ??ue,
???, ????? ?i-? ????i n???. E?? ?e ??????, ?e ??? ????ai ??a, ????, e ?
??o ?????ny ???i a N?e, ??? ?????? “???” ??o ???? ????e ?????? ????th.
I?????? ???? ????? ??????e ???? “fair use” ??o ???ue ???a ?????y y?????e
??a?, ??????a ????e Adobe eBook Reader. A ????o ??ayo ???ey (????) ???y?
??i ?????eyi ??????? ??????a ?ea (fair-use-type uses), ? ??? n ????ey
???? e ??? ?y ?????? ??e. A ????e, ?eue???? ??o ?????, ?y? a ???, ?e
????, ?e, ???oe, ?????ue y????? ??e a ???a Adobe eBook, ?? ? y? ?? ??
???? ????. I?????e ??a ??? ???? ??? e “????o” y????? ??e, ?? ???y ?a?
?????e ????? “????” ?????? ???u ??????i ??ueth?? ?e ???? ? ???i ??a, ?
?y y?? ? ?????y ????ny a ??e ?????e ????e. A?? ?, ?i y? e ??? ??a (?
?????a, ???, ???ae ?y ne??, ??????a ????e ??e ?????ey) ??????u ????????i
? ????i ??a e i?? ? ?? ?????u ?c ??????e ???? ???????a ?????, ?? ? ?? ?a
i ??? ? ???? ????, a ? a ???? ???a. I???? ?????ey ???y?ny ??a e ?i, ?i
?e ??? ?????o ???a ??? ???? ?????y ?????e “?????” e ??o ??????ue ?????y,
?????i ??th?a ??a ? ??????a ???i ????a?? ??e. N????i, ?e e ????? a ??? n
Adobe eBook Reader. I????a ????a ?ei ??? Ae. N?y?? *(165) ???? ??ue ??e?
?????? ???? (a ?i ??? ?n??? ?e ?????? ?????e, ?e e ?????? th??u) ???
???, ?i ????y ? ????a Advanced eBook Processor ????? ?n?????? ????? ??a
??????e – ???y? ??????? ???i ??????a y????? ??e a ?????? ??? ????? Adobe
(.pdf), o.a. ??? ? ????? aeey ?????y e ???.

I???i, ?i ?? ???????a ?????y ?????u, ? ???, ???a ? ?o ??otho, ?
?????th?y ??i ??????i ??a ???????? ??????e. N??iy th??u ?a ???? ???atho
??? ???ey ??ueth???i ??a (computer law) ?e ??a ??????? ?????, ???iy???e
??n? ????i ??????y, a ??? ???e ??aey?y ??????? ??????ey. I??i ????a e ??
?????? ?o??e ??u ?a ? ???? ???y ??e?u. I???a ????? ???u, ?iy?a ???y ??ae
“??ueth??? ???”, – y? ???u, ??th??y ???e e ???? ??????a a ???o ????e,
????th??y a ??ao “y???ii?i ?????”. N??? ??????a ???????i ???o ? th?????
?????? ?????oth?o ????e; ???u ??????a ? ??? ?????eyth?y ????? ??e ??u.
Ii ???a ??o ????o ???? ? ??? ??a ??? ??eo?a: ??? ?? ????? a ?????e ?????
*?i ????i ???o ????? ??a ??oth ???: ???a???, n ??e ???u, ?e ?????a, a???
e ??ueth??? ???? – n ???? E ?? ? ??? a ?i, ?i ?y??e ?????? ???a?ny ????
????? e ?y?? ???o ???????i ???ey ? ???u ???. I??????i a ??? ???? y?y?ny
?o ??, ?i ?????i ???? ???ey ?????e ???? ????ny ??? e ????y ???ey?y ????
???? ei????. Ei?e ???e, ?i ??a ???? ???y ????ey, ?i ??a ????y?? ???y
?e??ath?y ?y ????????i ?????? (?aeue ? a ??a ??e ?e ????a). O?, ??? ?
??a ??? ???ey (???y, ????y) ?????y ?ei????i?i a ??????e ???? ???
????e??o ???, ?i ???ey? ?? ? ??n???o ???? ????ey ? ?i ???a ????ey. Ia
???ithth ?? a ??? ???a ??? y?????ay ?????????: ???u ? ???? e ???ae?? ??o
?? ?????? n ????i ?o ?????a, ???a ??o ?????.

N???otho ? ???u e ???th ???ath?o a ?y? n ????i E???? th????? ???i, ???a
???? ?? ?i???????e ????o n ??e ??ey y?a????e ????i ??????y ?oy ? a
?????? ?????a? A??i, ??o ??? ?? ????? ??????i. Ai-???, ????? ???a ?????
a ??ue ???? ?????e y???e – th????? ??????a ?????oth?o ???? ??? a?ue
????? ?????i, “????”. E? ??? ??i ?????o ???a ?????y ? “???a” ????y ????o
????? ?????th ????, y?????? ??????y ????y ?????e ? ?ey (?i, ??o??i, e
??th??ny a ??e-? ?a?? ?a ??? a ?? ?????o ???e ????? ??????e ?????ue e
??y? ??a “?????a ??? ? E????”). Ai-???, ??u ????i ???ue “??? i??????
??????y”, ?? ? ????? ??????? ???? ???????e ??? ???e ??????y ???o
???o???e n ??????? ??????ey ??????? ???a, ???a ?? ????? a ??iy?e ???.
I???, ???? (??????i e ??????? ????) ????i ? e? ?c n ?????y ???? i????y
(a ??a ???? ????y!) ???o?a ??a ??????e e ??th????o ?? e ?????? ???i
??eyi, ?????i a ???o ?????? ??????y: ??, ???, ???yy (????y) web-????,
????e?? ???u, ???? ??a e e?a ???? ????e, ???? ??????e (????????,
???????) ????a ???o ???????, ?????e e o.ae. Ia ????, ?i ?e ???a ???ey e
????e???y ??? ???o ??????? ???? ??/ath?y ??u ???? ? i???? ??? ? ???i n
“????” ????e ???????? ??????e, ???i n ????e ?????i ????a:

I???i ?? ????ue e ?a ?? ???? a ????e ??, a ??i ?????e ???? ??y?i ??i??
?i?????o ???? e ?????th ?iy?e “n??????” e “????ey”. ??ue ?? i ?iy?e
???????? – o.a. i ?????e ??????i ???a e ????eth ?????? o???, i ?i ??????
?????? ??a??oyi. A ????ei?? ??a ???????? ?? ?e ??i ???a ???ey?ny ?i
?????ueth ????ue ??th ??????oth ???, “???”, ? ? ??? y?i. A??i y?y?ny ??a
???, n ???th ???? ?????y ??????e ????o “??????ey ???i???? ??????”.
I???i, ????, ?i a y?? ??i? ???ey E???? ????? (o.a. ?eth?thu? ?e ?????? –
?????, ?e e ?a???) ???u ? ????a ???a e ?e ?e ?? ????? ??ath?y ????
?????? ???i. A ? ? ??y ???o ????, ?i ?y ????o ??a ??/, ???? n ?????i
?????o (e ? ???) ??????? ????? ?????a ??????? e ?????? ???????
“????????” ??o ?????i ?????y. I???a ?aey?? ???i yoi ??i ???th????? ?i,
?i ???ay ??a “???a” e ?????? ?????eyi – ??e a ??i ???i ????e – ?y /???y
y?y?ny ?????i ??a ???e (o.a. ??a ???????), ?i y????ay, ?e ???e
??ueth???a ??u ??a??th?y a ?????a ? y??a ????. Ia ????, ?i “???e” ??? n
?????y? ??????o ???????a – ???????a a E???? e ???oth?a ???????a ?????o
??? n ???th ????? ???????o aeey y?? ?????o ????a ????ue ?y ??????e
(??a??e) ???i ???????a, ?i ??????a “???e” ???e ??????. ??? ??i ????o ?
???? ????e, ????y ? ?e ?? ?????a ???? ??? a???? ??, ???a ?y ?????o
i?????e a ??iy?e ??? ???th?y ?a???? ???e ???ueth ???????e, ?i ?y ?e
????? y????? ??. E ????y ? ?, ?i ?iy?a ???????? ???a ? ??o ????i e
“?????a??” ?y ?ao ????o ???a ? ???i-??? ????? ??, ??i ?a ? n ????? ????
? ????e? ??????y ???? ???? ???e ????? ? ????a a ???e ????a ?y ??ey
“y????? ?????”. N??????, ??i ? ??ai???th?o ????a ?y ??????ey (?e ?????e)
?ae?a ??? ??? ???? (????a) ???i????e. A ????? ??????? ???? (???????e
????e) ???????i ???a – ???, ??a n ??????e ?????y? ?a???? ??o ????a-????a
(? ??e ??? ??? ??????y ????a ??a) – ? ????? ?eth??y ??? ???a a ?????e
(?cy????e, ???/??e) ???. O? ??a ? ????o ??????e a ????? ?y ??? ???a
?eeo-?? ??????i ??o ???a ???? ???, ?oy, ?ay a ?? ?????e ???, ???y ??o
??eth?? (“????????”) ?? ????a ??a ? ?c???u ?i ?????i ??a ???? ??cy. O??
???i, ?y ????, ?eth??? a ?aae???e ??? (???th?o ???eth “????????”), ?
???y?? ?? ????? ??iy???y ?????ue a ????a??, ?????i ?y ????a (??????o
??).

Ia ??th??, ?i ??? ? ??? ??????y ????e ???????? a?? ???a ???a ??? ????
“???e ??????e”, ??? ?????oth?e ???? ??i ??o ?? ??? ???? e ?y ?? ????
???????? ??????e, a ????e, ??o ??????? ????, ?e ?????a ?????a. A i?oiy?e
??? ??????? y?y?ny ?? ?ae????? y?????? ??? ???? ???e?i ??a a E????,
?eth?y ?????ue ?????????? ???????y ?????? ?????y. I?i ? ???a ? ?????y
???? ??u-???io?? ?aeyo a ??????? ?????eth ? ???i “?????? ???” (?? ????
??o ???ey? ????i ?ny?? ?e ?? ??i ???? e ? ???? ???i ????th?y e?ue
???????? ????a ?????), a ?????e ?????? ?????oth ?i?eth ??? ?????? ?????y
?????ia ??y (??? ?????o ?????). I??i?, ?e ??????e ????ue ??o ???ai ???
??? ??????e ???????e ???e ??????i ??? Microsoft Office ???aa?? N?e ???
?????? a ??i? ?????? ?y y?? ???e ????e ????, ?????e n ??????i ??a. O??
???i, ??? ????? ?????e?? ???o ???? ? ?????a ?????a ??o ?? ?????u (a ???
?ci????y ??e ??????e) ??i???i ????a ???e ? “??? ?????”. I? y?i ?????
?????a ????i? ? ????o ?? ???? ???????ie ??????e (??th????o ??), ???
i?y?e ?i ??????y ???? ?e? ???i ??th?? ?????ue ????? ? ??? ?i ??????????
???c??ey a ?i ??, a ???i ????a ????u ??th?th?y a ??iy?a ??y.

E????y – N?????? – E???o:????ay ???? ??????y

I???y ? ? ?i ???ue ???i??????o e ??????? ??a y?y?ny ??e ? ???? ????i
???ath??y, a ???e ? ???????a ??????a “???????ue” ? ??? ??? 90-o ?.
I?e??a “???u” a ???????? – ?eiy?a 10 y??y 2002 ?? O?????i ??? “Ia
ye????e ???? ???e” e ??e ???? (? 17 ethey 1999 a.) O?????i ??? “I nay?”
– ????a ? ????. I????e (??a?, ????????, ?????? ??????i i??i e ?.) a
ae???th?i ??????? ???????? ? ??? ????tho ??u ??a ?????oth?o y??????
?????e, ? e ??atho ??????oth ????????ue ????o ????. I??????, ?i ??n i
??????e ????e e ?????? ?????? ???????? a ???e ????? e ?y?, ???y ? ?eth??
a ?ay ?e ??????? ?a ???oth?o ???a, ?e e ??y?a ??o ???????o ??a, ??????ny
???y ?i?? y????e e th???e, ?y ???o ???? ?????eue?? y?yth?y, ?a?a ??i,
??????e ?????.

Ie ?y ?? ? y?y?ny ????, ?i ???oth?a a ??iy?e ??? ?e ????? ???a ??? a
???e ??????? ????? ? a ??e ?? ? ???tho ?????i ??eyi. I?iy?a a ??ae?a
90-o ?. (a ??????a ?a ???) O????? ??? “Ia ?????, ??????? e ??? ?????”
(??a C?? ? ?????) e “Ia ???e a ????i?? ??????? ???” n ???a ???a?y ? a ??
??e ???? ?????? ?e?? ? ???u ?e ??e???a-????a, ?e e th???-?????, ????i
????e e ??? ??????? y?yth?y ???????a ?e ???a. Ae????i ?oue ??y??, ?i ?e
?????? ????e ???i C??a (“Ia ???e a ??????i ei?????? ???”) ?y?y?ny, ?i
??? ?????? E????, ????th?e ??? ???a ??? ?????o ???a, ??? ?y y?? ????
??th ???eth… A ????? ?a y?o C??a ????? ? ???y?? n ??? ???, ? ?o
???/a?e ?o ??? a ????? ???? ???yo, a ?? ?????o ??o, a ????o ???o
?????eyo. E?a ????? ??? e ?????a ??, ????th?a ??????? e ????????i?a
????y, ??a ????atho ?????? ???e.

I??? ??ue ??? ???????? ??? ?ae ????? ????-???????a? e ????????i a ??a
???????? ????i. A???, ????, – a ????? ?????e, ??e-?? ?????e ??o a ???
???e. I??????a ???o? (??e ???o ??i ??y?? ? ??? I??y?, ? e I????,
I?y??????y, ONA, ?? ?????? OAINE e ?.), ????a ???? A??????? Ae?u (a ?i
??a ? ??????? ????; ? y????a, ????? e ?y?; ? y??i??e? ???? e ?????????o;
? ???; ? ??????) ???tho a ?y?th “?????th” ??o ??e. I????? ?????????e ???
e ??? ????, ? ??????? ?????y ???? ? ???eth e ??????th E???? a ???e. A
n?????e y? ???u ?a??tho ??????th?a ?????a ? ????o?? e ??? ?????oth?o
???o ??i, ???a ???otho a ????? ?o ?e ?? ?????o ??a e ?????. I?i?oe, ??
???i ??i ??? ??? ?o, ?? ??y? ???? ???e ???????th. ??ue ?? i ??????yo
?i??????i “?????” ????? ??????e E????, ????? ??a ???a e N?e e ????? ??,
?i a ???a ????ny “????i”. A ?? ?c ????????i ????ey ??o ?y ?????i E????
???i a ?????i ???e ????e ????? ????? ???? i ??e-?? y?????? ????ey ???a,
????i? a ??-? ???? ????o.

I??? ??a, ?i ??ey ????i ??????y ? ?????? ??? ia y?????? ?????y ???? ??
? ?????? ????y ??? ????????, o.a. ?????e e ??y?? ???????o ??a. Ia ??a
??????? ?????y ??a ???i ???oth?y ???a ???????y, ?i a ?ith i/??ue ???o, a
????e, ????ey ??????i ??iy ??????y ?o ?oe (???i, ?????e), ? ??????a
?y????e ???o ??i?a ??u ?????. I???, eth?y ??y?y ???ay ??a ???a ?
“?????”, ?? a ????e ? ia ??o ?????i ???? ??? ????y?a, ????e???i ??e ???.
O?? ???i, ??? i ???? ??????e ????e, ?y??? n ??????? ?? E???o, ? ??o
????y e ????? ????? ??????i ??a “???o” ?e??, ???a ?? ? ?? “???” ?a
???ath?a ????.

A ? ? ??y ?? ? ???e ???ue, ?i ???yy ???????y ???ey a ???e ??o ??
???????? e? ??? ??????a th????? ????, ?y??? n N?ueth. I???ey ?ae?
?????ey? E????, ??o ?????e ???o??th?o ??a ????th?y ? ??? ???e??
????????i. N?????th?a ??u ?ae? ??e a E?????, AE ?O, a ??a a ?? ???????o
??o, a ???o ??? ???o ???ath?y ee? ??????? ????y, ?? ????????i?a ??? ?y?.
E?a ??, ?i ??? ????a ????y ????i ?????, ?i ???oth?a ???, ???ay, ?i
?????i? ??????? ??u ? ??? a ?? ? ???? ????, a ????i?? ??o ??? ??? ?
???atho y? ????o. A???, y? ? y?y?ny ?i-? ????i – ??i ?e ?????? “????y”,
“??????ay” ???a ??????y ??i ????o ? ????e ?????? ??a??. Ae????i ????ue
???? a ????? ????? ??a – ? ???ieth n ???e ????? ???ey ???e, ?e a ???????
????a e ??? i??u ???????? ??????e – ? ????th n ?y???i ??o ???? ??????y
(??ueth??? ????, ????e ?e???i) e o.ae.

E??????a ???????? ???e:??????y ? ??? ?????iey

A “???????”, ???????i ??ny??y e ???? ??????y E???? ???????? ??i ???? ?e
???i iy? ???? ?a? ??????y.

Ai-???, y? ???a ?????a ??i???y, ?????ny a E????? ?O, AE ?O, a ??a a
??????y O????? c??? “Ia ?????, ??????? e ??? ?????” e “Ia ???e a ??????i
??????? ???”.

Ai-???, ???????a ??, ??thu?ny ????? ????i ???a. E??a ? ????i ????o
“??????y” ????ey, ??? – “???ay” ????ey. N????i, a ??iy?e ??? ????y ??a
??????y ?e ?c e ??????ny ??ee?? C??? “I ????o ???? ?o???e”, ??y?i ?a ?
??? “?????e” a 1991 a. A y?i ??????i e ? ?i?i ????????? C??a ?????
???i?u ?e ??u, ??ny??y e ???? ????? ???, ?e e ??u, ??????thu? ????o
?y????e ??o ?cy??oth?o ????a, ?e “???? ???? ?????”. A?i ?, ???, ? ???
/??i ????ue e ???o ???i ??? n ???e ???e ???e. A??ay ??ue a? “???” ?? ??i
??????? ?y?? “??????e ????”: ??cy ???? ? ????a “???????”, ??????o?
??y?th ???, a ??a e i ?i, ?i ? ?e ??yo ?a ? ????ey a ?? ??? A?????i ???a
e aei ??? “????-y??”. I???y ? ??ey?i ???? ???iey, C?? “I n???? ????
?????” ???o ????? ????ey a ??e ????. I????a ????? ????, ?eth?y ????? ??o
c??????a *(166), ????ny ?a ????i ????o ?o. C?? ? ????? ??y?oue e i
??????? ??????? – “I ??a ? ????eth”, “Ia ??????? ?????”, “I ???a e ?????
i ?y????e ???????o ???a” e o.i. – ??????y ? ?????? e ?????? ???.

A-???o, a ????e ???????e a?e ??yo ?????a ??, ??y??? ????? ????i ???a, ?
C??a ?O “I ???????e ??a” (1993 a.) ? ??????o ?????o ??a, ??th??y ? ???
a???n???o, ? e ?????, ????o, ????? e ??? “??”. AE ?O ??????i ??y?a ?a ??
???a – i ?????? ??a e i ????e ??a. I?i??y ? ? ?i ????i ?? ?????e? ?a
???????ue A??????? Ae??, ? ?? ec ?o ?? ??yo ? ?e.

A-????o, ????? ??y?? i ????a ???????o ??a, ???i ???y, “i?????” ????a.
Nth? ????? ???e e ???????? i ?y?, e O????? ??i “Ia y????? ???? ???e”, e
?????e? “Ia y????? ????”, “Ia y????? ????????” e o.ae.

A-iy?o, ???????? ? ???????? ??????e (??th????o ??? ? ????? ?????
?y????e, ? “???????? ???”). I???i ???i a ???e a?i??? ??a a ?????e O????
y?y?ny C?? ?O “Ia ????i ??a e ???o ???” (1993 a.). N ??? ?????oe? ????
??????y ???otho ??a ?eiy?a ?a a 1992 a. C??u ?O “I ???? ??? ???? ?y
y????? ??????uo ??i e ?c ???” e “I ???? ??? ????e ?????? ???o?”. O????
?? ????tho ????y, ??e?th?a a ?y? n ????i e ??????? ???? ????? ??a:
?????? ??e, ????? e ????a, a ??a ??a??, ?i???y, ?????, ???/ ?????e y???i
?e ????? ???y (???a ??a). E ???? ????? ??a ??? ??nyo ??a ??????th?a
y??i? ??????? ?????, ?e ????a aeey YAI, ?? ??? ?y YAI e ????y ????ue?o
????i.

A ??a ??????y ??????i ??????y ??????? ????? ????o Iaoe??e ??i ?O (1992
a.), ????th?e e?????? e ??? ???????a ????y, ???ath?a a ?y? n ????i,
???ie ???e e ????a??i ???? i?????e ??????e: ?????e, ???? i??? e ??????
????.

I??o ? ????? ??ae i ?y?????? ???oth?? ?????i ???????? ??????i e
??????eyi, ?y??? n ??????? E????? Ia “?????i” ???, ? ??? ?????? ?y????e
????? ???? e ???????o ???a ????e ??ae ? ???? ???? – n??? ??i ???? a
??????e, ???i ?????? ?????? a ???????? ?????a ?aa?a. Ii ????? ?? ? ?????
y?o ??ae e ? ??? ??????o ????e. Aeey y?? i?? ?? ?, ?-???, ?????
?????i?th e ?????oth ??? ??????e ??n?oth?e a ???e ?????e ??, ????ynue ?
?????e, ?ei??? a ??? ???a ??iy?? ?????ey. I???i, ??th ??? ?a ????o
????ue. Ai-???, ??????i ????? ????a n ????? ????e ?????? ??????y
?????oth?o ????.

E ??ue ??o ????ny ??i, ?ne??i “?????” y?y?ny ????? ?? ???ey ???????i
????????. I????? n ?????e ????e ????o ?? ???? ???a ?????, iy?? ??a – ?
???????? ??????e. E? ??e??a ???????a ?? ? ???a????e ??????e, ?e e
?????oth?a ??? ?????a ????? ??i ????thony ? ?y? ??????o (????o) ????e e
a ??i ? ?????? ?? ??o. “N??i ???” a ???e ???ny ???e?ay ?? ???????y ?eeo
c??????? ??a, ? y? ????y ????, ???y e ?? ? ??a a ????a ??y ???ny ??a
???i.

*? ???ny ?? ??? ?????i ???????i ????????, ? ???? n ?????e ????e ??i
“??????i a?ey?i”. ?????i n ??? ??e ??ey ?a ??????y C?? “Ia ?????,
??????? e ??? ?????”. I??i n ??, ?i a y?o ??i ????? ?????? ?? “????” ??o
?e ????o ???? ??????y, ????o a ?i i???e. Oaea y? ? ??? ?????i ?y ?????
???????? ????. A ??eth?? ?????a ????? ??i ?o ??? ???? ? ????? “?????”
C??. I??? e ??? ?????? i??????y. Ai-???, “????????a” ???u ???i????i ??a
a ???????? ????? ??i ??? ??????u a ?????o ??o ??a ???? ??iy (?????o ????
e ? ????). A ?????o ? ???yo ??y??? ?????? ??? C??a ? ????? ? ??? ?
?????y n ????y? A???n?? ???a, ? e (?e ????? ??) ???oth ?????? ???? ???.
Ai-??uo, ??a ? ???i ? ????? ?????e ???? ????i ???a ??o “???ia”, ?e
“??????? ???u” ?e “??????ey”. E oi? ? ?? ?iy?a “??????ey” y?y?ny ????i
???? (a ??????i, ????????i), ?i ?i ????? ????e ? ? ?? ?????e y?e.
A-???o, ???u “??? ?????” (o??a, “??? ???”) a ????? ?????e?? ae?o
?????ath?y ?? a ???a “?????i ??a” ???a ?e a ???? ???? (??, ???) ?? ???a
– i ???????eyo, i ?????? ??uo e o.ae. A-????o, a ???????? ??? n ????e
???????e ????ey? o? ??i ??i ??? i ??????e ????? ? ?????? ???? e ????? a
y????? ??, ???y ??o e ? ?????? “??????” ????. O???? ??????a ?????y ?i
??a ????, ?i ?e ?i ???e ???u ??????y (a ????e, ???y ?????y ???????e e ??
???e) i???th?y “??????” ? ???, ??????? ???? ????ey? e ???eyth?o ???n????
e ??i ?????e a N?e. N ??? ???u, ???????i ?????i C??a “Ia ei????…”, ?e
?a ?????? ?????, y?y?ny ?, ?i ?i ???? ??????i e “??????? ????” ??????ny
?? ????????e ???a??, ?oy ????, ?i a E???? ??eth?? ?????i ????oth?e ?????
??e i??y ???e e ??????o ????????. A?e ??? ?????a “???a??”, ? ?????a i
?i, ?i ?????ay ???? ????? O?????i ???, ????y y?????? ?i ????ey ??? e
???e, ?yae ? ???o ????a. E ?aea??th, “???e” ???? C??a “Ia ?????…”
??????e e ???a ?a???? ?????y, ???a ?????iy?ny ? ??? ? ??????ey, ?y??? n
?i?????i E????, ? e ? ???? a ??e ??? ??????? ????? a ?e?.

Ia ????, ?i ?e ????? ?e?????? ??a a ??a ??????? ?i??? ? ?????? ??? (a
????o ?????e O????) ???? e ??th?y i??? ????ue ?oy ? ??ue ????o ?????a
?????? ????????. A ???? ???a ??i ???? C?? “Ia ??????? ???? e ???????
??aea I??u”, ??y?e a ?oy?a 2001 a. I???? “??????ue” ?????a ???????? ????
?????e O???? ? ??????, ??, ??????i, ??o ?? ?? i ??????e, ? ????ath?e ??
????e ?????? ???. O?, a I????e ??i n y?e ??th ?? ???u ????a??a ?????y
“??????? ????”, a ????? ?? ??i ???i ?iy?y ?e ?????i ????i. N?ouey 2 C?i?
a. I??u ???ey? “??????? ???u” ?e ????eth (????? ? ???a aa ??????y, ???ey
?e ?????e), ?ae???thny a ??????? ???? e ???ioth a ?????? n ??iy?i C??? e
??????e ??? I??u. I? ??? ??e ????e “???ey?e” (?? ???ue, ? ? ??a ?????e)
? ?????oth?o ????a ??????? ???? ?? ??th?? ? “?????????ue”, a a ????
i?????th?? ???? ???i ????a ???????o ???ia ??????ueth ??aea I??u (?e ????
?????e O????). O??? ???? ??a, ?i ? ??? ae??? ??????i C??a ?iy?a ??a
?a????? ? ??????? ???u ? ??ei ? ?????ny (?i ??a ?i y? o? ?e ??a ?a ??a?
a O????? ???), ? e ? ?????ny, a ????y ?? i “??o, ???oth?o i????y ??????”
????o ????. O? ??i ??ue ???i ? “??????” ??? ????y, ? ??????? ???u – a
/????, i ?????e “???ai??e ???” e “??????? ???? ?e ???? ????i ??????y” –
??th?y ?????e.

A? ??i ???? “????????” ??? “???? ??iy” y?y?ny O????? ??i “Ia ???e a
??????i ??????ii ???” (1996 a.), ??th ???? ?????a?? ???? “???e ?y
y?????i ??oey ???e a ??????i ??????? ??? a ??? ???i ???? ???????i
??????, ??? ????a ?????e Oa???e, ????a ?????e O???? e ?i??ae?? ?????e ?e
??????i ??????? ???, ??? ????a, i?a e ??? ????? e th????? ?oe ?e ??????i
??????? ???”. Ia ???? ??????? ??e y?? ??? ???ny e ?????eth ??????ey e
?y??e?? ?????? ?y????e ? ??????? ???????o ???, ????, ?e ??? “???????o
??????? ????” ? ?????e O???? e ??e???? ???a ??????? ???????i ???. A????a
y?? ?????e ?ii?? ????e ???, ???? ???eya?y ??????a ? ????? ?e i “?u?”,
??i ???? ??o ?? a eth?e ??? “????i”, a ??a ?????ath?y ???????? ???y
??????ey e ?????? ????? ???????i ???, c?? a ??i ?????e ? ???y?ny.
I??????e ??ae ??th??ny a ?i, ?i a ????e n O????? ???i “Ia ?????…”
O????? ??i “Ia ???e a ??????i ??????? ???” ??e????ny ?a ???e ????
?????th a ??????e ??????? ??o??.

O?? ???i, ? ??? “???o” ??????? ???a ??th??ny ??oth?y ??e?. A ???a ?
????? ??i, ?a ????? ??? ????i ??aey?y ?c ?i????th?e “?????”, a ?????e
O?a??e ?? ??o ?a ???, ???a, ? ???o ?????ey, ?atho ??????a ????? a ??a
??????? ????e. A??? ??? ???? “???o”, ???, ??? ??? ???e ??ueth ?
???yth?y, ? ?tho ???a ? ???ath?a a ?o?ia???e ??a ????? ???u th?????i
????a e ????? “? a?????u” e ??????th ???????, ?y??? n ??????? E????.

*? ???ny ???i ??a “?????i?? ????????” – ? ????? “????i” ????a, ? e ??ue
??th??ny y?? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ??o ??????y. ?????e C?? i NIE,
?e ?a ?? ???i, ???iy? a ?? e ???u ???? ?????, e ???u ????e ???????ey
“???a” ???? ei????. “O??o” ???? ? ???i o ?? ?????e ?o: ???u “????
?????”, ???u ??a ????th?y ?i ? ??? ???o ???????o ????a, a “??????a”
??????a ???? ??o e ??????o ???a ?e ????a a?????i ??a ????ey?ny ?? a
??th????o ??ayo. “C?????a” n ???????i ???????? i ?a??? ???? ?????, ???,
?a ??i ?uy??ue. C?? “I NIE” ?????i ??i????y ?e ??? ????? ???????, a ???
? ?????y ????i ??????? ? ???? ??????i ??e??. Ii ?o ????iyy ???? n ??yo?i
???a, ?????th?o ??i ???i ? ??? e ????? (?????? e a E????? ?O), –
???uy??a. A ?????a ??o??? ??i ?a ???i e???oth?y ????-????? ?y ????ey
????? i ?y????e ???????o ???a e ? ??????ey n ????? ???o??th?o ??i, ???
??y?e ??? ???c??ey ????i ???????. A ???e ? ?oue a 2003 a. ?y??y
????ue???? ??? O?????i ??? “Ia ??i??? ???a e ????? i ?y????e ???????o
???a e ???a ???? ????ey”, ???e ?e ?e ??a ????a? ?????oth?a ???u. C?????
????e i???? ?? ???a ???atho ??? “I ???a ?????”. I?? ? i??o, ?a a 60-o
?., o.a. ???i ? ?y??ey E????, ?e ??yo ?????? ??i “I ???a ?????” (Freedom
of Information Act) *(167).

A ???????? ? ????? “??u??” ????a (????? n ?????? ?n??i) a ????? ???o a
??i ?y? n ???????e ???, a ??a ???i?e ??? “????????” ?? (???a?, ????? ?e
?????e ???e) ???o??th?y ???u, ?y??? n ?????e ??????? ????a (?????? ???).
Ia ???y?? ?? ???? ??????a ????, ?y??? n ????i, ??????? e ????????
??ii??? ???, y?y?ny ??i ? ?th??o ?????e a ????? ??????? ??a. I???e ??i
?y ????? ??????i ????a a ???e (?? ? ???ue ????o ???? i ?????? ??? a
“??????” ???o e ????, ??y?o a ??a i???? ??y) ? ?????.

I???, a ???e e ? ???i, ????y ? ????y ???? a ? ??a?yo (????? O????? ??i
“Ia y????? ???? ???e”, ????? ??? “Ia y????? (????) ???yo” e o.ae.), ?
??a?tho ? ???? e ????? ??????y, ??a e “?????” ??? a ??????? ??a. Aeey
??a ??y?? e?th???e ?????y ????a ? O????? ??? “Ia y????? ???? ???e”,
????? a ?? n 23 y??y 2002 a.

I????a y????? ???? ???e (YOeI) a ?????i ???a ?? ?a????? ?a AE ?O. O??
???i, e ? ??y?y ?????oth?? ?????? ??? ??o-?? ???????o ???? ?y ??????y
YOeI ?e a ??a ???????? ??????y, ?e e ??o “?cy??oth?? ?????” a ???? ? ??.
A????? ??? (?.160) ?y? ???? ? ?, /? ??y?e ??????y YOeI ??o ?? i???i a
????? ???. N ??? ???u, ?a E??n ????o i ?????e ??y?y ?????oth?? ???,
??a?y ?i ??i ????a ????a ?y ?n??th?e ???????e ?????. Ae???, ?i a ??y?e
??? ? YOeI (??? a ?i ??, a ???i ? ??? ????o) ?? ??????? ????a ????a,
?c??y ???o ??? ??aa?ny ca y????i “?????”. E ????th, ????o ????y
??????????: ????y ? ????? ????? C??a a ?? ?a a ??? 2002 a., ? ? ?o ??
????? ? ????. A? “?????????ue” ? a ???ithth ???ue ?y?? n a???? ??????
???o ?????e (a ?i ??a ???????? ??y?a), ???a n??? ??????a YOeI ? ??
??????i.

E???ey ??y?? C??a ????ny ? ?iy?e ???????o ???? ??????e ??????y YOeI.
E?? ?a?y, ? ????th n ??e ????e ???????? ???e (??a ?????? ?????i ???),
??? y????ay ???ay ???ue ??i???o ?????a ?????? ??o y????? ????? e ??i, ?i
?????i. Ae??? ?? ???? ?aei?e ??????? ???ytho ? ? ???e (??? ae????i ???i,
?e ???????o ???ay ???? ???y ??????o ????, y?????o ??? ? ?eth?? ??? e
o.ae.). I??i ?y ????y ??????o ?e y????? ????e ???i??? ????? ????? ????y
?a ?e ???i ???????a ???? ???, ???oth?o a ?o ?e ?? ???? ????yo. A y?i ???
YOeI ??o ??? ?? “??eth??” ????, ????o ? ???o ???-?? ???????i ?????y ?e
???????? ?????ey.

A ? ? ??y ????ey ??e ????e ?????i ???y? ????o ??????y ???a YOeI e
????ey ????? y????i-???? ???e. Ai-???, ???????e O????? ??i ???? a ????
?e???? ????e ?y YOeI ??? ????eth ????????? ??????ey ? ?? ??????o ?th?e
???e. Ai-???, ??????i e ????i YOeI ?????i ???a ????? ? ??????.
I????????? ???? ???y? ????? ?????y. A?yae ? ????? ???, e ?? ???ny ?????
????? ?yc???? ?????? a ????? ???yo. I???, ?????yth?a ??? (??th?a ????a?
?th? ???e) ???? ?y????? ??????eth. I???y “?????aa???” ????e ? ??????th
YOeI ? ???? ???a ?? e ??, ?i ????ue ?????oth?o ??a ????y ????? ???a??e,
e ??a ???a – ????? ?????a??. A?ue ????? ????, ?i ?e ???????ue ???? YOeI,
?e e ????ue ?y????ue ?????yth?o ???a (???? ????) ??o ?? e ? ? ???????a
?????e, ??????i y?y??ny ????????e O?????o ????o ????????e ?y? e ?????, a
??a ?i ?????y – I????n?o ?y?. Aea e ? ??? ??? ???u, ?? i?????a a C??a,
??? ??o ?? ???? ?? ??a ??y?y ??????? ?ae????? ???y????o e ??y????? ??a.

E??i ?????, ? ????????? ???? ??? ?? ??o?th?? C?i? “Ia YOeI” ?????i ???o
????e ??????e y??o ? ?i ??y?y. N??i, ??y-? ?????y ??? ? ??ue ?i???yth?i
???i e ??? ????ny ? ????? ?????e ?y y?? ????. *? ? ???o ? ?????eue a
??y?i ???? I????ey ??? ???oue ??????e e ?????e ?????y?, ??u ???? ??ae
?????ey? YOeI ? ???, ????? ????? ??? ? ??????a n ??????e ?????e. A ??? –
????ay ??a: ????ey e ??i “?????yi” ???eyth?y I??????i ii ??????th
“???????i ??? ???”. E ?? ??????? ??i ??? (I??y?) ? ??? ??????a a
I??????, a I?????? ? ????? ?i e ? ???o, ? ?? ?????ythu? ??? ??? ? ??o.

A ??? ?? e ?? ????y, ??i ????oth?a n ?????e ????e. O????e ????ny ??? ?
??????a ?????o ?????? ?th?e YOeI – ?yae ee ????? ?????yth?a ??? ??o
???????ue ?? ???? YOeI a ???n?i “??????? ???”, a ?c ?e, ? ?????a ?????u
??o ?? ???? a ???e ?? “a ??? ????ey ??????o ????????i ???? ????y
th?????i ???ey ?????o ?????”. Ii ??o “?ioe??” a ????e y????? ????? ??? ?
?????! N??????, ????? ?????? E???? e ?? ??????? ??? ??o ? ??? ??i-??
???? ???i ???y? ????? YOeI.

A ???????i ?? ????a ??iy??n?i ??i ????, ???yy ?????th, ?????oth ?? a
??i ??? yo? ??e. I???a ??u, ????th?a ???iey, ?y??? n ???? y????? ?????,
? ?atho a ???, “?????” ?????? ???? ?? ???e “??y?e” e ?????? ?????
?????a. Y? ????, ?i ? ???, “?????” ??i?i ?????? ?e ? ??? ????ny e
“?????i”, ?????i ?? ?y ??????????o ????e. N??????, ????? ? ??? ??y?y
O?????i ??? “Ia YOeI” ???? ??, ???eyth?o “????u ????y th?????i ???ey
?????o ?????”, ????? ??????, “??ey?” ?????e ??????i ????ey ???i ???.

A???, a C??a ? YOeI ? ?ae???y ??o-?? ??, ??ai ?????th?o ???y? YOeI a ?o
?e ?? ?o?yo. I? ??a ? ????a ?????a YOeI – ??i ???ue ???? ? “???e” ?/?, a
? ???ey? ?i a y????? ??. I? ???y ?y???ny n ????? ???? ?????yth?? ??? –
??i e ? ???ey? ??-? ? ?????y. E?a ??, ?i ??????? ??e ??y?y C??a ?? ?e ?c
????ue ???y y?????i ???????? a ??e ??ia, ???? a ?y????ue ???????o ???a
?????a ??????? ?????. Y??o ? ????ey C??a “Ia YOeI” a ??y?i ?? ??o ??
???? – ??i ? ???o ?y???ny ? ??ue ??i?? e ???????i ??i, ?e ?????ea ?????a
YOeI e ????? ?? ??i??e e ?????yth?i ???i.

A ???a ? ?????i C??a, ? ???i e ???? ????ey YOeI ???yo ??a ?????i, ?
??eth???y y????i-???oth ???ue ?e “??? ???a????e ???e”, a ?????ay ? ?? ?e
?? ? ????o ???? ??????e ????? ??????ee, ?y??? n ??????? E????. I? a
????i? ???o ? YOeI e ???e ??y?e e ?i ?e ?? ????eyi, ????? ?i??e e
??????. A ????? ? ???i ???????? i ???? ???yo ????, a a ???e – ?o.

“I?????a” ??????n?i ? E????

I????i ??a ??i ??y??, ?i a ????a ??y a ?????o a ??n? ???????o ??o, ?? ?
??ny??y ??y?th e ??????? ????eyi, ?y?yth?y ??a ??? e ???u, ????th?a ??
????a ???u ??????y E????, ?? ????a ???u, ?y??? n ???? ???? ??????? ????.

O?, a ??? 2002 a. ???? a ?eo ????y a ?.80 I????i ???a ?O, ???y ???ey?
??y?e ??? ????o ?????. A ?????? n y?? ????y? ????y ????ey ??o ?? ??????
a ????e ??i ?? ? ???? ????, ?? “a y????? ??”. I??i ?e ?????? ?????????
??i ?e ??c ?i ??????y, ?e e ??aa?? a ?? ????i ?????y n ??ueth ???ey ?e
(????!) ???? ? ?????????? ???i ?yce. I??? ? ???? ???????? ??e?
“?????????? ??? ?y?” (?a ? ??? I????, a ? “??????????”), ?a ??i ?? ????,
?i ????a ????a y?y?ny a ??e-? ?a?? ??eth???i ?y ????o ????e. I????????,
?ath?a ??ueth?? n ???i ?e ????? ???, ??o ?? ????u ? ??????e ??????i
???ey ??? o ?i?i ????? ?????. (E??e, ?e ???? ????e ????? ? ??????????
???i ?y? ?? ? ??????y ??o ????y ?? ? ????.) A?? ??, ????e ??i ? ???a
???? a ??y?e ????e ????? e ?e ??/a?e ? ? ?????????? ???i ?y? ?y?i ????
????????o ????th i ???a a y????? ??. I???? ????, ?i ? ????o, ???o ?e ?
???? ???? ????th ????eth ???????, ???? ??y?a ???? aa a ?? o?? a ???a
????y ? y????? i?? ?e n ??????? a ?i ?e e?i ?? web-?????a (o.a. ?e ?c
???ao-?????). A???, a ??? C??a ? ??????y ?iy?a “a y????? ??” (??a?a ??
???? ????eth a y????? ??, ? ? ? “?????e????i ???i ?y?” ???? ??cy).
N?a??ny ?? ?????ay ?y ??? ????o???a ????ay ??a: “??y?e ??????y ????e
????? a y????? ?? ???ey?ny I?????? ?????e O???? ? ???i e ???”. A?ue ?a
i???ey ????y, ?i ??????y ??y?a ??????y ????e ????? ??o ???a??y ? ??? ?a
??????? ?? O?????i ??? “Ia y????? ???? i???”. A y?i ???, ????a??
“?????????? ???a ?y?” ?y ???? ????e, ?????o YOeI, ???ny ????i ???????i,
?i ????????e ????? ??? ???? ??? ?n a ?a?? a ????e ????e ?e ???????y
“???e” ???, ?i ?a?? ??y ? ????iy?a ????? ??????? ??a, ????o ?y ????y
YOeI.

I????e ? 28 ??a 2002 a. a O???ue?e ??i “I ??????i ??a” ??a ? ???a, ?i e
?y ??? ????o ae????e, ?? ?????u a ????e ?????y, ???ey e ??????y ???o???
?????. E ????th, e ??ue ? ??i ???????a ????? i “?????????? ???o ?y?” e
????? ?iy?a “a y????? ??”, ? ????? ?i????th?o ????e ???y?y ?a ia ???
????a, ? e ?? ???????? ??? (????, ??? ?????) e ????????a ?????e (????,
?????? ???ey?e, ???eyth?o ??????th ?????). I???? a ??? ??y??o ???a?e ?a
? ????y i ??ai ??? ??y?a ??????y ??????e i????e “a y????? ??”, ??i
??y?ny, ?i ????a ??u ???ny ??a ??a?????.

Ia ???? a ???a ? ????a ????ey ??????? ????? e ??a???e E??? ?O ?
???n????o ??????eyo, ?????i a ?? 1 ethey 2002 a. I? ?i ??y?e ??? ???? ?
???u ??????? ?? ???i ??? ? ???????e ? ????y ??? ????? ???ey, ? ?? ?i
???e ??a?a ? ???a a ?i ???a ?e?i ???a ? ???????? ????yo “a ???e ?y? e
?????” (?.13 EiAI). I?y? n ??? “?????” ????y?, ?e ?????y y?????y ??a ?y?
e? ???????o ????a e ?????a ????a-????a, ?y??? e ??a ni??u ????????
???????. A ????e, ?? ?? i ????yo ??? c??u ????? (a ?i ??a ? ????a??
“?????????o ??????? ???, a? e ??? ???” – ?? ?e ???? ?y????e ??????)
(?.13.12 E?I), i ????? ?y????e a y?e ???e (????, ?iy?a ??e ?y????ueth ?c
????) (?.13.13 E?I) e o.ae. E??e, ???????? ??? ??????u ????? ??n???a (?
???? ?????o ???a ?y ???i e ? ???o ???eue?o ???a ?y ?????e). O?? ???i,
?????? “?a ???” ????? ?n???a ?????? e ???????? ???a ??? ????? (a ?i ??a
?????? a E????), ? ?ath?a ?????o ???? e ??????. Iiy??y e ??e ?? ?a
“y?????e” ??? ?i??????? ??????ey, ?e “?????? e (?e) ???????a ??ny??y e
????i? ????i ???? ????? ??????? ??ueth??? ??? e ???? ????e ??????? ???a,
????? ne??a ???e, ?????th?a ? ?????a eth?e e (?e) ???ath?a ???a ?ey?a ?
? ????” (?.13.15 E?I). *?-? a?? “25-? ??a”, ???????i a ????a ????-???u.
E ??ue, e ????th, ??i ????e (e ????????e) “o??e” – ?i ??a, ????, “????u
????e ??????? ???a, ??ny??y e ?????i ????i ???? ?????”? A?ue ?i?th???
????u e ???? ???? ?????e – ????? ????a ????e e th????e, e ???????, e
?iy??i. C???, ?i a ???? ???e ? ??a ????a ????????y “?????y ????
????????i ??????ey”. A? ??i ?????ue, ?e ??????? ??ueth?? n ?n????????
??e ???, ? ?e ???e???ue “????? ????e ??????? ???a” ?e “???a ???e” – ???
????????? ??? ????ay ??????o??ay ????. I??a ? ???? ???y ???? ? ?.13.11
??? E?I, ?????athuoth ???????ue ? ????a ??????ai ???i ??y?a ??a, ???ey,
??????y ?e ???????y ????? i ????o (?????? ???). I???y ? ????? ?????? ???
? ????? ??????i ????a, ??? i ??? ?????? ??? ??????e E???oa ????? ????.
I???? (?e ?a????oth??y ? ??a ??e ????? ?a??y?a) ??o ???? ????? ???e i??
?????? ????? i ?????? N?e, ????y? ??? ? ???a ?i ?o???e – n ??? ??ueth??
? ??aeeo a E???o, ???? ??? ???ae?a ????ny, a ??a ??y ????ny N?ueth,
????o ? ???e a ???o ??c?? e ? ??a ??u, ???e ??? ????ey ?????ny, ??? ????
???? ????ny, a ??i ????? ??? ?a? e o.i.

I?????i n E?I ?e ??yo ?a ?? ???, O???e, e ?e ?c ?i ?????? ??? ??y?i ??e
???. ?????y, ??? ??i ??????i e ???? ??????eyi. A ????e, ?????? ?y?? ?e
????a ?????? ??? ????? ??th?? ?yae ???o ?????: ????ey? ??th ????o
??th???? a ?eyo ?????y ??th??y ???a e ?? ?????o ???? ??a, ????ey ????? a
???????a, ???? e ?????e ? ???, ?????y ? ??ie ??????. E?? ??, ?? ??????
??? ????ath?y o ??e-?? ???e ???u, a ? ? ??? ???e?, ? ?? ??? ?? ????
????ia ???? ? y?. A?ue e ????y, ???a ??o ???????y ??????. E i???, “?e
??y?e ???e, ????ath?o ???? ????a, ?????? ? e?? ??a ?????ny ? ?????? ??uo
????a, ????? ??th???? a ??e??a ? ????????? ????e ?e y?????i ????y” (?.86
OE ?O). E? ??i ??e??? y????? ????a ??????i, ???, e ??????e ?????, ??????
? y????? ??a? A????i, ?a y? “????????a ??????e” ??? ??ey?u. O? ? ??a,
??i “????” ??????, ?eth??? ?????o o??yth?o ???? ?? a “??????” ????????
???? ????? ?ath??y ???? e “?????” ?????i ?????e??a, ???oth?? a ???????
??a.

A ? ? ??y ????a ????? ????? ???????e ??, ?y??ie n ???????e ??????ey? a
??i e ??????? E???? a ???n?, ????? ?c ??????ey “?????i” ????????, ?eth?y
??? ???? ???? e ?y????? ?i ????e. O???? ?????, ???, ?????e ?a???i ?c
??????ey e ????????i ????ey a ??ue ???????e ???? (?????? ????e) a ???e
???ey ??????? ????? e ??????y ?????oth?o ?????? ????e.

I????ey ? ??????eth?????i ???????i ????????

A?e ????? ?? ???????o i??? ?? ??a ???? ????e ??????y E????, ? e ????
????i, ??ath??y a ????i ?????i ???????, ??ny?y:

?????a ???????e ???? ??? ? ???eth e ??????th E????;

?????? ???? ??a ??????y N?e ?y ????? ???????o ?? ???i, ???ey ??????
????, ????y y?????? ???a ???;

????a ????i ??? ???a?e (a ?i ??a ????), ????e ??c E???o;

????? ?????????e ?y????e, ????ey?? n ??????? E???? (y????ay ???ey,
??????? ??? e o.ae.);

??????? ?????i ???o ?y?e, ?????o a E???? (?eth?y ???????a ?????o ???? –
???a, a ?e? ??a), ?y??? e ?????a e ??o????? ????????;

????y ???oth?o ??? ??? ????o e ?? ??th????o ?? ? ?u?? ???????? ??????e
e ?c???th ? a N?e;

?????a ??????? ?????? e ?????? ??y?a ??????y ???a e?????u ??????i e
E????.

?????? ??????y? ???? ??e? E???? ??????ue ????a ??ey i ????o ???ey
?????i “????” ????????, ???a ??i ???? ??oth?i ???i:

????? ??????a ??????? ??o ?????e e ?????ey? N?e a oe??, a ? ???i ?
“?????i ???oa”;

?????? ???? i??????o ??????th, ????? ???? ??, ???th ???e a ????? e
????? ??????o ?????;

??????a ?ath????? ???a ??e???ey. I?????a ??i ???i, ?y??? n E????i, ??o
e ??? ?? ??ii ? ??? ???????? ??????ey “???? ?????” ??i ??????? e ??????e
?????? ????;

???ay ??????ue ??????y. E??? ?????o ??? a ??a ???? e ??????e ? ????ey ?
????;

???e?? ???. I??y ??????ny ?? ????i ?????? ??????ai, “??????” ???a
??????y. I????i? n ?????e ??o ???? ?? ????? ???ue ????y (a ?y? ???a
n?????a) a ?a ???oth?a ???????ai n ??th ?????y ?i ?y?? ???ey ??????i e
N?e;

?????? ??????. E?????a th????? ?iy?y ??? ? ??? ?? ?????e n ?????e
(???????e) ??e ??ey, ? e ???????ue ????y?e i???e ???i??e.

E??e, ????i ??????? ?? ?????? e ????? ?y ????ey a ?????? ??y?a. O?, ?a
a 2000 a. ??????e I???? ??? ????-???-?????a ???e (IOENIa) ?e ?????i ???
??? “I ???????e ?e??a ????e? O???? ? ???eth e ??????th E????”. Ia y?yy?
????i ???????e ?????, I???e ??i ? ??o ??????ue ?????? ???-?? ??????a
??a, ?e ???oy ??c ????o ????a ?e ?????a ia????y. E ?io ? ? ? ???????i ??
?e i?????y ?????y (?e ?a ?????, aeey ?????y ????a “???o ???????” ????
“??????” ? ?atho ???ey). I???? ???? ????y e ???? ??y??? ????a a?e ?????
e ??e ?????y? ?????i ????-????? (Nith?i ????? E????, E???? ????-?????
??????? y????y?), ?? ? ???i ?oy ? ???a ????? ? y?o ????yo.

Ai-???, ??th ???????e ??o?e ?????e O???? a ????e ?? E???o ????? ???ey??
???????y ????a ???eth N?e. Ae???? ??c E???o ??????? ???u, ?????oth?a
???? ???????i ??? ??? ?? i???u ??? ? ?th?auo ???? ????i-y??????i e
???-?????? ???ey ???e.

Ai-???, ?????? ????ey? ??????a ????e, ?y??? n ??????? E????, ? ???
????y ????a ???????? ??????y e ??????i ?i?????y. I??u ????i ??????y ?
??? ?????iy?ny ? ???????a e ?????a ???u ???ey e ???i????y E????, ?
????ath?a ?????i? ???i ??a e ???? ????, ???? e ?????a. ???????ua a ?y? n
y?i ???? ?? ???? ?y????e ???????e y????a n ???? ??????? ?????? ?????e
?n???o ??????e e ????? ??a E?a??a.

A-???o, ???????ue ???i, ???? ???? ??????a Ei???a a /?e-?? ?y????e ? ??o
???ue ????? ?y ????ey ???????i ??????y ????e ?y????e ? ????th n i???????
????????i. A ? ? ?aiy ??????a E???? ? ?????o ? ??th??y ?a ??ii???o ?e??
????? e ????? ??e ?y???n?.

A-????o, ???????ue ????? ?a?? ???y ???????i ??? ??c E???o, a ????e,
???????a ????? ??????i ?e ????? ????a ???a?? ? ??? ?e ??th??e ????aey?
??e ????? ????? i ???a ???????y ??????e ?????. (E??? a ?? ????ue ?a ???
???ey, ???? ???? ??a.)

A ??a ???i ??? ? ????e ????? ??????o ???? ??e???ue, a ????e, ????th
??????ue ???oth?e C?? ? ????? e ????ue ?i ? ?e ??o ??? n ???iy???? ?????
??????y.

I??i ??i ??i ??????? I?i? ???????? ?????e O???? ? e????e. E??i a ??i
????a ??e ? ?? ?? ?????y ???? ?iyo?, ???y?? a ???o, ???a ????atho
??????oth ??o; ?????u ??a ???? ??????y ??????? ???????; ???? ?iy?a ?????
?e ????? i??? ?????o ?? e ??????i ??i ??? i ??????e ? e??????a ???u;
????? ??? ????i ??? ????o ????e ?????, a ?i ??a e ? ???eth ???a e i?
(???? ??i ???????? ?????, ???ie ????? e o.ae.). I??a ???? a ??i ?????i
?? ????? ?? ? ???ue e ???? ????noyi ?????, ?????e a ??????? ???? e
?????iy?? ? ??????? ?oyi, ?eth?y ???u ??????e ?????? e ?eo???e ??e
?????, ?????y ???????y ??????e (??a???e) ?????, a ?i ??a ????? ????a, a
??a ???????eth ???o NIE. Ia ??a ?????, ??a ??, y?y?ny ?????a ??a ????i
???a ?e? ??o ??????? ????, ?e ??????? ??u (???u, ????-????) e ???? ??a.
I? y?i ????? ????, ?i ???, ???, ???? ?? ?e ???a ???e ????e (??????e) ?
??o ???ey?ny ??????i e ???? e???????e ??????e, y?yth??y ????i ??i (?????
e o.i.) ????????.

A??i ? ??????ny ???a ??ai ?e ??ue ?????e ??i “I ????o??? ??????? ????”.
E??y ? ?ai, ?i ?ae ??????? ???ii ?i???y ?????ay ????ey, ??y???ay a
?????? ??????? ???a, a ??a n ??? ?????-????i ????a ????e ? ??????th
????????o ???a???o ????, ????i ??????y ???e??i ????oa??? ??e ? a?ue
??????? ???u, ??aey??y a ?n?????? ??????e, ?eth?y ??y?e ? ?????ey
(??????ey), ????ey ???????o ???a ?e ???y???e ??????? ????; ?????a ??y?a
???a e i? (a ?i ??a ? ????? e ????? ???); ??? ????i ???a ???????o
??????? ???; ??a e ?y???? ?oe, ???oth?o a ?????? e ??????e ???????o
??????? ????. A ????i ??? ???? ? ???u?th ???????e ???i i ??a ???i ?
????eth i ?y?e??? ???a ???????e ???; ?e ? ???? ???? ????, ?y????o ?y
??????y (????ey) ???????? ??i?e a ??????o ??????? ?oyo.

I???, ?a ??i ???i ?????? ??iy ??? ?e ??ue O????? ??i “Ia ???????
??????”, ??y?i?e ? ???i ???? “??? ?????” (?????? a ???oth?i C??a ?
?????e), ???i ???? ??????? ?????oe ???i, ?cy??oth?o ????a (?????e) e
???a ???????e ???.

I? ??a ?????i ????? n ??? ?????y? ?????y, ?i ?????o ???a ?e ? ?tho, a o
?????a a ?y? n ? ???? ???atho, ???, ??????? e ???????? ?i??. A ??i ??,
???? ???? ???????? ??y?y ??? “I ???????o ??????? ????” a ????? y??
??????e ??????y ?iy?y “??????ua ???u” ???. Ae??i ? ????i y?yaony ??a
?????a ??o ?iiy??i ??????? e ???????e i ??a ? ????eth e ?????e ???a e
????? i ?y????e ???????o ???a – ?? a ??o ??ayo ?? ?? ??? i ???a e
???????i ??????? ???n?, ? ????? ?-???o a ??? ???????o ??o. *? ? ???ny
??????a “Ia ??????? ??????”, ? ?i ???iy???e ???o ??????y ??? ? ???????y,
????o “????eth??” ??? ? ??????? ???n??e, ???? ???ath?? ?n?th?i ?a ???u
????? ???? ??????y, ??y? a ????i ???i ?a ??? ? ???y, ? e ???i ??? a
???????i ?????e ???, ??ny??y e ??? ? ??a “??????”, ??? ?o.

I???i, ???? ?? ? ?????y a ????? ???? ??????y i??????e, ?y??? n E????i,
?????i ???i ?????? ??????e ?? ??????e ?????oth?o ????, ????y ?i e ?????
???? ????. A ?no??e, ????? ?????e ?? ? ??ay ?????a “?????i” ??? ia ?????
?? a ?????e ??????ey ?i a I??u ???????i ???????? ?????e O???? *(168), ??
?i ??? ??? e ?????? ??, ??ny??y e ????o ???o ?????, a AE ?O *(169).

I?????? e ??????e ????ee, e ????? ???????? ??a ? ??? e ?????, ????ey?ny
??????? ??y?a ?????? ??, ?????oth?? ????? ???i i ???a ????ee. E???, ?
??? ??yae ?? ???? ???a O?????i ??? “I ??iaea ?????” ??o ?? ???iy? ??????
n ??? ????? ????? ?e????o ???, ??? ??? a ??i ???????i ?? ??e ? ?? ?????
e y????i ??????u ?e ???u i “??a ? ???”, ?e e ?y???? a???no??? ???a
????ue ????eth i ??e ?y????e (????? ??, ?e y? ???ny ? ???i) a ?? E???o,
a ??i e ???u, ?????i ????a e ?e ????? ???? ?????. A y?i ??? “????????ay”
?????? ??a au ?? ???a ? C??a i NIE, ???e ?e y?i, a ??? ?????? ? ??i
????i, ?e ? ??y?i ??? ????i ???? ????? ?e ????i ?????o ??????ee n ??????
a ??? ????? ????i ???a e ???????ey. Ia??oe, ?i ???ny ????? ??????i ???a,
? a ??????? ??y?a ??????i ?? ? ???????y ? ????? e ??y?e ?????? ??? ?
????? ??????i ????a (?????? ???), ?e ???? ???i ?y c????ey ?? e ????a
???i a ???a???o ????yo.

E???, ?????a ?????y ? ?a? ???????y ?e ????ath?a. I? ?oue ????tho ?o
“???????e ??ae”, n ???? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???u a ??????? ??a,
?i ???? ?????? ???? e i ????e y?????? ??????y ????e, ?y??? n ??????? a
?????e O???? ?? E???o.

C?eth??a

I??????a ?????? ???? ??i??? ?? ????a, ??????th??y ? ?????? ?????? ????
????ey ??????? ?????.

I???y ? ???thny “??????ue” ?? ??????, ?a ??o ???? ????n?a ???? ??? ?y
???e, ?a ???????ue “e??????? ????????” a? ??? ??? a ?????? n ??? ???
??????? ?????, n ????i ?? E???o e ????? ???? ? ??????y. Ia ??ue ???
?????? ???u – ? ???? “???e ??????e”, i ?a??i ???a “?????” ????-??? e
?????e ? ?o ?????, i ?????e ??????? ???u e ??????? ??????, – ??? e
?????o ???a ?? ?a ?o ? ??? a ???o ???????o ??a, ? ?? e a ???-??aae?????o
???o ????? ???a. A ? ? ??y ??/?ue ????? ???y y?o ???i ?yae ? ???? ?c
????i ??????? ???a ???? ????????, ??????, ??a????? ??a, ?c ????y e ???e
??????y ??i?o ????? ?a????? e ?????, ?c ????ey ??a??? ??????i ??a
??????y.

A??u ? ????tho ???o e ?i????? ???e, ?e ????tho ???ey c????y ?ae
????????th e ??????th ???a ????i ??o? ????? ?e ???e.

ss?y?ny ? ????ey ???? ??a ??????e? I?? ? ?a ?? ???? ??????? ?ny????a, a
???, ?i e ?e ??? ????ey? ? ???? Eai e ? ??o ???yo ??? ???????y ??i ?
???ey, ???????ey, ?????y, ???? I?? ? ????ey ???????y ?e ??? ??a ?a
?????e ? ??????i ???ey, ? ?????i? I?? ? ??????ue ????eth ?e ????

I???? ???a ? ?a y? ??i? ?a ??? ???i ? ?y? ???????? ? ??? ?????? ???eyo,
???ath??y ?e ??? n ???????e ????e. E ?oy ??a ??? ?????atho ????i-????
?????? ???????? ????a, ?y ??e ? ?????? ???? ? ?????ue ?a???ue a ??iy?e
??a ???u ?y ????ey a??o ???e.

*?? ???? ???? ??i ?iy?y “??????e” (???e, ? ?????e a ????? ??a ????,
???ny ? ??? ????? ??????), ?i ???? ????ny e ???e ?iy?y e ?i ?????i ??yi.
I???? ????? ?y?e i?? ??th????? ???e e ??? ???a??? ???y? ???ue ??ae i
??????e ????ey ????a ??????e (?????a? ???????? e ??? ?ath?? ?? ??? n
??a???i a ????? A????? ???a ??????? i ?a? ??????e ?e ??i ? “??? ??”) e
??????? ????. I?y?a ??a ??????e a ?i ?????? ????, ??????i ?a a y?? ????
??a, ?a ?? ????ny ?ei????i ?y ???ey ????a, ??ny??y e ??a???? ??a
???????i ????. E???a?ay ???a “??? – ??? – ???” ?????a ?y ??u ??? ?????e.
A??e ????? ??-?? ??????? ?????i, ?????y ???a? ????ny ? “?a??e” ??? ??,
?????ue ? ?????iey e ?????i ???????y ????ny ae???? a ???? ???o.

E?? ???e, “??????ue ? ???a?th” a ???? ???? (???? ?? ??o ???ue ????y
“????o???e n??????” ? ????? ????? ?y???n?), ? ?? ????ny ?ae ??????
a????? ????? y?? ???a e ???ae???th ?i ????y a ??? ??o ?????o ??a.
???????a ?????i ???ae????a a ???e e?????ey e??????o ?????, e a ??oth
???ue E????, ??o ?? y????? ??? ?e ???e ?????i ???????i ???a, ???e ?a
????o ????? e y????? ?????, e ?????eyi.

E????y ??o ??ue e ??a???th ????, a ??????i, ??o ?? ????a a ???i-????
????y, ? ? ?e ???, “??” a “??????” ????e. A ??iy?a ??y ????ey ?a
“i???ny”, ? ?ae ? “????” ????ny ia “??????” ??????e ???? ??e-???e, a
???? ??o-? ??????? ??a, ?e ?????a ???a e ?????? ?? ???, ?e (??e ???e
??a?) ???a ??????i ???ey, ?????i ????th ????eth. I??i ??? ??o o????e
???? ??? e ? oa????i ?????i, ??? a ???yo ????? ???e ???????? a th??/??i
????a ??????ey.

I??i ??a ??????e e ?? ???o n ?i “???” ??, ???ay ????a e ???????y ????
???y? ???? ??th????o ?? ? ??????ua ???u (????a ??i, ???? ????a???e e
????a ???). Ii e ??ue ??????a ????? a ??????? ??a ??th????o ?? ?yae ?
???? e y?i ???????i. O?y ? ???, ?i ??? ??th?oa??o ?? ? ??????? ???
(?????? ??????, ???? ?? ?e ?? ?????ey) ??????ny ??? ???a, ???yy ?c ???ey
??????oth ???o.

A?? ??o ??th??ny, ??e ???i, a ????? ??o ???? ????ia e ?????, ???a ???
???a? ?e ?????th?e ?? ?????? ??e???, ?e e ????o ?????? ??u, ? ??? ?
?ath?th ???? a ???????i ?????e ?????oth?o ?????? ????e.

I? y?i ????ny ????ue e ?o ??, ?i, ?oy ???? ?????a?e e ?nyo ????? ????,
??u e ???ue, a ??a ????e ? ???ey ???ath?y ? ??? e ???.

Ae?a ???a ???? ???u ????th?y ?-???o a ??? ????o ?????? ???? ???.
N????i, ??? ??????ue ?????? ???? ??? ??i??y ???y ??? ?????ey ?e ???e
???o ???? a ??????? ??a. *? ??a ???????i ????th?y ????ue?a ?????, ?i
???e ?????y ??y??oue y?????i ??ey???i ?c???ey ? ??????? ????y, ???a ???
“????tho” a ?? ??e ??????i?e. C?? ??i ???ue ? ???? th????e, ???y, ???e
???eyi, ? ??y? ??e ???u.

N ??? ???u, ?a ???y ??i n ?????ueth ???ue, ?i ??? o?e ? ?? ????y
???????o ?? ????o ????? ?a ???u. Ia ???y?? ?? ? ??i a ??i ???y??e ?e
??????e, ?e e ??????e ????? ?? ??????y ??????? no?u. I? y?i ?? ?? ? ???
i ???????e ???? ????o “??????i ????” ??i, ? e i ?????y ???? ??????y
??????? ????e ? ??????i ???. O?????e ??? – ??????y a ?????? ????oa???
?????o ??i ???? A?????i Nith?. Ia ???o ??a ???? e ? ????? ??????o ????yo
????? ???, ????? a ?i, ?i ?????? ??????ey ????u ?c ???? ????ey ?o ????,
???a ??e?tho o ????? ????? ???ey ???? ?????. I????y ???????, ?i ?????
?????u a “???????” ??a ? ???e ??e ????tho ????? ?? ?e ????tho ?i ?? a
?c?????e ???e.

A ?y? n ?i ?i “??a” ????? a ?????i ???? – ? n???a, ????a, ???????a,
??????a – ??i ?y?? (a ???e ?e ???e ???e ??????) n ????????i E????,
?????ay ??ue ????y?? ?? ?????ey ?? ??y?? “???e” ???a??? e ??a ??i ????i,
?????i ???? ???.

I??? ?? E???o ?????, ?i ???n ???????i ??????ey ??c a????a ?? ??????i e
“y???????i” ? ??e ??. I??? ? ?????? ???????o ???, ????, ?y ??? ??????
???? e ???????i ????? (?????? ??????y ??y??ey ? ???????i ??? ??i ????
n?th ???????ue a y?? ???-?????e ??eth?e). N??n ??? e ????i ???i? ?????i
???????i ??ia ???? ?????e ?y ???i, ?a ?????e ? ?i ??????? e ?????i
???????y. O?? ???i, ?a a ?n?y?a ??y ???y a ???i ??????? ?????? ????yo
?????? “??thaeo”. E????th ????? “????” a ?????? ????, a ??????a
????o-????? ???y? ?????ue ??i ?????e a ????? ??y e ????? ? ???????
???y?e. Iiy?? ??ue ?i?a ??u e ???a, ??????th?a ia??????e ??y?e ??????y
?e ?e ?? ????? (????, ???th?a ???????? ???ey ?e ??iyth?a ?o??? ??a), a
???yo E???? ??? ??ytho ??e. Ia ???, ?i ?e ???atho ?????ue ?e ?????
????ue e eo ni?th??th ???? ???????ai ???ey, a ???, ?i ???u ? ??e ???? e
??a ?????a ??o ?? ??? ?????? n ????i ?o ??e (??? ?y??o, ????o ? ???
a???i ???y?y), ???a ??o ?? ?????.

Aea, ?e??? ?????a ??e ?????? ?????y ? ??y?e ???a e ??? a ??. I??a ???
?????a ??? ? ???ue ??i ????. Ii ?, ?i ???? a ???o n ????? a ??-?a ????
???e ?e a n???, ?a ??i ??eth??? e n?e ??a ? ????o (??) ????? ae?y?? ?e
??i, ?yae ? ????i a ??, ??a “?????o” a y?????? e “???????” ????e ??????.
N??????, ????e ???? ? ????y?i a N?e ?oy a ???? e ????, ? ?????e ??th?i a
?? ??i????? e ????? ?????e.

Iu ??ue ???? e ???, ?i ???? ????u (?????? ???????i ??????) a ???yo
???????i ???? ????tho ?? ???????? ??? ??ey?e ????? ????a. E ?? ? ?????
?o ?????, ??u ???? ??????a “?????ue” a ? ???e ?c? ???????i ????, ?a ?i
????? ?? ? ??y?????. A ?????th?o ???? ??e ? ????? ???? ???? ??o?y ? ?o
??, /? ??? ?????? ???? “???? ?i????a” ?e ?e ??a ??y???, a ?i ??a e ?
????e ?? ?????i ????a. I?e ?? ???? ???eyth?y ??, ??????y a y?i
“???????-?????i” ??? e ?a??i. I??i y??, ??iy?i ???yth??y ????-?????
????? ?? ?????a “????i-y????a” ???a ????y a N?e. N???? ???ey e ????ey
??o ?? ??o ???a ??????th?a, ????th?a ?????a. A??tho?a ai????i ??????e ??
???o ? ?c ???-?? ????i ?????y ? ???u ??????? ???????o ????.

I???i, ?i ????th??y a ????? ????????y “??????? ????a” ??u e ???a ????y
??i ???i?? ?e ??????, ??iy? ?e ????, ???oe, ??i ???ue ? th????oth ??
(????, a ???? ????a ????i ??ay ?e ?????? ???o ????), ii ?? ? ???? ????y
? ? ???????i ??? “??iy?” ?e ??iyoue ??e, ???a ??????? ?????? ???. O? ?e
?y ????i ??????ey ??e ? ????e ??????e y?ya?y y?????? ?????y ? ??????
?????? ????y, ???o ????i ??a??? e ??????i ????ue a e??i ????? ???
???????? ????ey th????? ????? ????ey.

A??????, ???i, ? ????, ?i ???? ???????i ???? “? ?????th” ? ????y a ????
?????e ?????o ?y ?? ?????? ????e ?? ?i ??a ??????a ??o ???? ??th???? ?
??o ??? ?????o ???? ????o. I?????a e ??????ue ????e ??o ?????, ??a???e a
?????? e ???? ?????i?? ????, ???o ???????ue ???? e ???eth ?o ?e ??
?????o ????? ??????y. I???? i???a ????u e ??? ??? ?? ?????? e ????a
?????? ????e. I???? ???? y??ey, ??????i, ??? ????th?y (????, ?????
i??????y ??a ?????a ???ey ????i ??????y ????e a ??????? ??a, ?e ????? e
“??????”, e????????? ???? ???ey ?????i ?????? ??????y). Ii e ?????? ????
????u, ??a e? “?a? ??????e”, ? ???ytho ??? ???ey a ??y???e ?o ?e ??
????a ???ey ???????i ????. Ae??a ??, ?i ???y?ny ?e ??o ???oth e ?????
??i ??i ???????, e yoi, ?????, ??o ??????ny ?e??? ????e a “????”
?????oth?e th????? ???e e ????? ????? i??????ey. A ? ? ??y ???i, ?i
???ay ????, “???ay ??a” ? ?i????? ??????y, ???y?ny n ???athu?e ?????
???i ??o?a, /? ??????, e ???a, a ??a ???a ??e. E? ????? ???? ?????ey a
?????? ??o ?e i ??? ???? ??? ? ???? ??a, ??a ???? ? ??????? ??a e ?????
????? ?? ? ??????i ????i, ?y??? n ???????e ??o?ey?, ? “y?????o” ??o ?
???y?y ?y ??a ?????, e e ?? ? ia ??? ???? ?y ????ey.

A??u ??tho ?? ??o a ???????? ????a ?????o ????e e ?????e. I???i ?? oi,
????i ????? y?y?ny ????ay ????? th??/??o ???? “???????” ?????? ??o??, a
??a ????i ???? “??????ay ??eth?y” ???? ??ey? e ? ??e?a ????? ? ??????y.

I????a

C?? NOA “I ???a ?????” *(170)

O?? 5. N?ae ???a NOA, § 552

552. E????y, ????ay ???a; ????? ?????? ????????? ????eyie ?????a ??,
???a, ??th??y, ???u, ??, ????u

(a) E??a ????????a ????? ?y?? ??? ??????e ??oth?th ????eth:

(1) E??a ????? ?y?? ??????? e ??ey?i ?????ue a O????? ?a??? ?y ???ey
???????:

(A) ???? ????u ??? ????i e ?????? ??????e, a ??a ?o????? ??a, a ???o
????a ??o ???? ? ???? (?e ?????a, ?? ?? ?? i ????????? ???) ?????th
????eth, ???ue ??????y ?e ???u ?e ???? ???y;

(A) ????a ??o ??y?? e ??ae?, ?????i ???o ????eyth?y e ???eyth?y ? ???e,
?eth?y ?? e ????ey ?? ????th?o ????? e ????ue?o ????;

(A) ??????? ??u, ???ey ????th?o ?? ?e ???ey i ???, a ???o ??a ??u ??o
?? ??/?u, a ??a ???ey ? ??? e ????eth ?? ?????, ???a ?e ??th??e;

(A) ???? ??????? ??u, ??i???? a ?????? n c????????, a ??a ?y??ey
????????i ??e?? ?e ??????? ????ey, ??????a e ??y?a ??? ?????i, e

(Ae) eth?a ????u, ??y?a ??i?ey, ????, ?? ??iyth?a ?i-?? ? ?????????. Ie
?e ??o ??iy????o ??cy ????ue ? ??? ? ? ? ?? ?? ????y ?, ??i ?e e ??????
??? ??? ??, ??a-?? ????u, ????? ??????th a Oa????i ????a, ? ? ???????
??i ???i, ? ??th??? ?o ?o??, ??a ??a ?? ?? ????? ???i e ?????? ????????
? ???yo, ????? a ??i ????a. A ??iy?i ????a ?ae ????? ????n?th ????a
??????o ??? ?oe, ????u ???o ? ?????o, ???????y ?i ????ey a O????? ????a,
????ay ?e ?????ey ??i i???, ?????ay Ae????i O?????i ??e??.

(2) E??a ?????, a ?????? n ???????e ????e, ?y?? ?????ue ?y ?????ey e
?????y ??????y? ???????:

(A) ??????a ???y, ?eth?y ??a?? e ??? ??ey, a ??a ???u, ????? ? ???????i
??i;

(A) ?????? ?y??ey e ????ey, ??y?a ?????i, ? ? ??????? a O????? ????a;

(A) ???????? ?????a e ?????e ?y ????a, ????ath?a ???? /??a ????;

(A) ??e ?? ?????, ????? ? ? ??u ?e ???a, ???a ?? ??? eth?? ?? a ??????
n ????? (3) e ???a, ? ???a ????a ? ????ey, ????? ???ey? ?e ??a, ???a ??e
?e ??o ??ue ????i ???oth?o ???? a ???? ?o ? ?????, e

(Ae) ??e ???? ?????, ? ?o?? ????y ?????o (A); ? ??th??? ?o ???a, ??a
?e? ????u ????? ???oth?y e ???atho a ??a?. Aeey ?????, ???a ?? ???u,
i??ay n 1 ?y?y 1996 a., a ???a ??? ?? ??a ????e ??, ??? ????? ?y?? ???ue
??a ??? ?????, a ?i ??a ?????i ?iiueth???o ???????? ?e, ?? ????
??ueth??? ???????? a ????? ? ?? ?????u, ?????i ??? y????? ???a. O????a
??? ? ????ue ??o???oth?a ???ey ?e ??????? ?e i?????? ???y, ?ee????i
cay??ey, ????ey, ?????a ?y ????a, ????? ?e ??e ???, ? ???a ????y ?????o
(A), ????i y? ?ae? ????y ?????i ?y ??????ey i??????? ????y ????????? ???
??e. I??i a ??? ????i ??? ????y ?????ue ????a ?uy?a?a ??? ?uy?y a ?????
??, ??i ? ??? ?uy?y ??? ?? ??? a ?e ??e ???, ???y ??a ??o?? ?e ??????, ?
??th??? ?o ???a, ??a ??? ?uy?a i?? ? ???e ?? ????i, ?y ???o ?????a ??? a
????? (a), a ?????? n ???i y? ?uy?a ?? ?a??. E??a ????? ??a ?y?? ??e e
????ey? ?y ?????ey e ?????y ??????y? ??????? ???a e???e, ????? ????eth,
???? ???e ??????? ??o ???????? eth?e ????, ????, ??y?e ?e ????a??e ??a 4
ethey 1967 a. e ????? ???o???th ?e ??????th a ?????? n ????y? ??iy??
???aoa. E??a ????? ?y?? ???????i ???i??, ? ?? ??? ?? a ???e, e ?????iy?
(??i ???e ?e ?? ????) y???y? ???i ???? ?e ??i??e e ??, ? ??th??? ?o
???a, ??a ?i ???ey? ????, ??ee??i a O????? ????a, ??th i????th ?e ???oth
e ???????oth, ??? a y?i ??? ????? ?i ? ??a ?y?? ?????y? y???y? ??? ???y
? ???o e ? ??, ? ???ath?e ???????? ??? ? ?????i?. E 31 ???y 1999 a. ???
??ae??a ?y?? ?????? e ????, ? ???e ????y ?????o (Ae), ??? ??a???
??ueth??? ????????. O????a ??o ????ue ??????a ???u, ???y, ?????? ?y??ey,
????ey, ??a??? ?e ????? ?y ????a, c????th?a ???? ??? ????, a ????
?????y, ?????? ? ?e ???ueny ? ?o a ???? ????? ?e ae???yo ??? ???e ???u,
??? ??:

(i) ?e ?? ?eth?? a ???a e ?? ??i????, ?? ??????, ?e ??????i ??iy?i
?????; ??

(ii) ??y ??uey ???a ?? ????? ???i e ?????? ???????? ? ???yo, ????? a
??o ?????.

(3) (A) A ????e eth?o ?????, ? ??th??? i????ey?? a ?????? n ?????e (1)
e (2) ??iy?? ?????, ??? ?????, ? eth?? ???o ? ??????? ?????o ?????, ???e
(i) a ?????e ?? ???ey? ??a ???i? e ????i a ?????? n ????a?iu? ????e,
???eyth?? ??y, ??i, ??u (?? ???a ??????u) e ????? ????eth ????u, ?y??
???????i ?????? ??a ?????a ?e??? eth?? ??.

(A) I????ay a ?????? n ?n?y?i ????? ???-?? ?? ??? e ????o, ?????
?????y? y?o ???? ? ???o ??? ?? a eth?e ??a ?e ???a, ?e ???e, ?i ?????
??o ?c ??a ??????e ???? a ??e ??a ?e ???a. E??a ?????a ?y?? ????ue
?????a ??ey ?y ??, ??u ???y? ?? ae???? a ??? ?e ????, ???a ???ytho ?
??????? ?y ??e ??iy?ai ???a.

(A) A ?????? n ??iy?i ??a??i ?e ??? ? ??? ????? ?????a ?y?? ????ue
?????a ?e?y ?y ??? ??????o ????? a y????? ??a ?e ???a, ? ??th??? ?o
???a, ??a ??a ??ey ??e ? ???e ??a ???????eth ??????? ??????? ???u
????ey.

(A) A ?eyo ??iy?? ????a ???i “?e?” ???? ????, ???th ?e ?????????e
?????, ????? ????ey ?y ??e ?????y ???????y ?o ?????, ???a ???tho ???o.

(4) (A) (i) A ?eyo ????ey ????e i??y?e ???, a ??o ? ????a e ????a ???e
e ????e ? i??????e, ??? ????? ?y?? ?????? ??????y, ?????ath?a ?????? ???
? ????o ????, ???? ??iy?? ???o, e ?????ath?a ????u e ???ey ? ?????th
???a ???ey ?? ??? ?e ?????ey ? ? ???. O?? ?????o ??? ???o???? ???eyi,
???a ???? ???th, ??a ???????? ???y ?????oth?? ?????y e ????y ???e e
????e ? ???????, Ae????i ??? ??a??ey e ath??a, e ???a ae??u ????ue
?????o ?i, ??? ?y ?? ?????.

(ii) O?? ??????y, ????? ????ey?, ??? ???????ue, ?i:

(I) ??u ??? ?? ????? ?i????? ?????? ????? ? ??e, ??????a e ??? ?????,
?? ??????a ?????a ????u ??o ??????ny a ?????? ?eyo;

(II) ??u ??? ?? ????? ??????e ?????? ????? ? ??????a ?????, ?? ??????a
??e??? ????u ? ??????u ?y ??????y a ?????? ?eyo e ?? ??? n??i ???????i
?????i ?e ??????? ???e ?????? a ?eyo ?????e?i ?e ???? ?????ey ?e
?????a?i ???? ???? ???aoe?, ??????th??ny ? ????e ????; e

(III) ? eth?? ???o, ? ??????o a (I) ?e (II), ??u ??? ?? ????? i??????
?????? ????? ? ??e e ??????a ?????.

(iii) Ae???? ??? ?? ??????u a? ???ey ??e-?? ??u ?? ? ??o a ???a ?? ???,
?????? a ??? (ii), ?? ??????? ?o???e ??? ????i ????, ????o ?a ??o ???
?????? ??ae a ????a ???????th ???? ?e ?y????e ??????a, e ? ??? a ??oth
???ue ?????? ????i ????ath??.

(iv) I?????u ?i ??? ???????ue ??th???? ????? ?y?o ??? ? ??e, ??????a e
???. C??? ? ??? ??o ?eth?? a ?ay ??? ???u, ???????i ?y??? n ??e??
??????i ????a ? ???o ??ae??ey, ???? ? ????u ???a ???ii ????yi ??iy?e
???, a ??a ? ???o ???ey eth?o ????, ? ????? ???a ???? ????yi ?n?y??
???a. C??? ? ??? ? ??o ?eth?? a ?ay ??a ? ? ? ?? ???u, ????? a ?y? n
???ae???th ???y ??o-?? th????? ?e ?????? ????, ?o?? ??o ????? a ????
????e ???a, ???? ????yi ??iy?e ???. N???i ????yi ??iy?? ???a ? ?? ???a?a
? ??? ???ue ??u:

(I) ?? ???u ? ????a e ??a?? a ???i ??y?a ??? ??a ??i?????i ??o ?? ??u
??a ??? ??a ?e ????ue ? ?e

(II) ?e ????a eth?? ???a, ????? a ???o (ii)(II) ?e (III) ???i ??????, ?
??? ?a ?? ??? ?e ? i??a ?i ???oe ??????y.

(v) Ie ?? ????? ? ??? ????ue ???????e ??? ??? ? ? ? ?? ??a, ? ??th???
???a, ??a ??a ?a ???ue ??? ???????e ??? ??? ??? ????ath?i ?e ?? ??, ?
?????th ????ey, ???? $ 250.

(vi) I??? ????y ???i ????a ? ?atho ????? ?ae ???????? ???, ????i
?????ath?? ???ue ??? ? ????a ?? ?????o ?????.

(vii) A ???, ?? ????ath?e ??????o ??a ? ? ? ?? th????? ???ey a ????e
i?????y ? ??? ???, ???? ????yi ??iy?e ???, ?ae ?y?i ?????ue ?? de novo,
??ai ??i ?????ey ?? ??i ??o ????? ?????, a ????e ???? ??ae??a ??? ??y?
???a.

(A) A ??? ??? ??? ???? ?ae N????? O??a, ??????e a ?i ???, ?a ??oe
????o, ?e ?a ?????i ??i ?i ???? ???, ?e a ???i ??aey?y ????u ????ey, ?e
a ??? E???y, ?????i ????ue ????eth ???? ????? ??aeaea?y e ??? ??? i ??/a
eth?o ????? ????ey, a ???o e?? ?? ?????? ????. A ??i n??a ?ae ?y?i
?????ue ?? de novo e ?a? ??i ???ue ????? ??o ????? ????ey ? ???? ????e n
??th ?y??ey, ae??u ? ??a ????u ?e ? ????a ??e ?? ??? a ?????? n ???-?? ?
????a?e, ??????o a ????? (a) ??iy?e ???, a ????? ?y?? ?????y ?i ???th. A
????? e eth?? ???o ???o, ???e ?ae ?/o? n?????i, ?ae ?y?i ???ue ??????
????o *(171) ????ey, ??th??y ?????? ????y ????ey ? ???o ?????e ??????
????? ????? (2) (A), ????? (a), a ??a ????? ????a (3) (A), ?y??? n
????????ueth.

(A) I????i ? eth?o ??? ??ae?? ????????, ???? ?y?i ?????ue ????ey ?e ??
???i ??????ue eth?th ???, ???oth a ?????? n ????y? ??iy?? ?????, a ???a
???? ?? n ???a ???ey ????o ??y????e ???, a ???e ???? ??y ???, ? ??th???
?o ???a, ??a ?ae, ?e ???e ?????o ????e, ??? ??? ??e.

(A) I???.

(Ae) N? ??? ?y?? N????? O?? ???? ?????oth?a ???? ????uo e ??? ????
????, ????? i??? ????? ? eth?? ?? a ?????? n ????y? ??iy?e ???, ???a
??oe ???e ? ????.

(A) Ai ?? ??ayo, ??a ?ae ??? ??? i ??????? ??o ? ? ? ?? ?????o ?????
????ey, a ??????? ???o ??o ?? ?????? ????, e ?y??? N????? O?? ????
?????oth?a ???? ????? e ?o?a ???? ???? e ??a ?ae ??????i ??? ????ia
??th??a i ?i, ?i ??iy???? ?e??y ????? ???atho ???u ?????? ??, y?y?? ?
???ey ????a ? ???eth ????? ?????i ???i ???a ?e ????a, N????? N?? ?y?i
????? ??? ?????? n ??th ?????y, ????? ? ????? ????i??o ?? e ????o ?e
?????, ???? ???????oth ???????ue ? ???ea ?????. N????? N?? ??a ???ae??ey
e ?????ey ?? ??????? ??????a ????ey? ?? ??th??y e ?????? ??????? ???????
?????oth?? ????ey, a ??e ??th??e e ?????? ???ey? ????o ?e ????? ?? ?i
??????th. I?????ue ??????? ?y?i ??y? e??????a ??, ???????a N????? N???.

(AE) A ??? ?????ey ????o ???o ???? ?ae ??? ???? ????i ????? ?e ????i
????????? ?????e ? ?????? ????i ???ey.

(5) E??a ????? ?ath?a ??a ??ai ????i, ?y?? ??e e ????ey? ?y ???ey
???????th ??? ? ??????e ???e, ?iy?e ??? ???? a ??? ??, ???????i ?????i.

(6) (A) E??a ????? ? eth?? ???o ? ?????a ????u a ??a???e n ?????e (1),
(2) ?e (3) ??iy?? ????? ?y??

(i) a ???a ???? ?? (? ??th/??i ???, ?????e e ?????o ??ae????? ?????)
??a ????y ??? ???a ?????, ??o ? ? ??e???i, e ???????i ????ue ???ey ???
???a i ??y?i ???e e ??e?o ?i ??y?y, a ??a i ??a ??? ?? ??? ??? ?????eth
????ey a ??? ??y?y ?????i ???y e

(ii) a ???a ???? ?? (? ??th??? ???, ?????e e ?????o ???????o ?????) ??a
????y ??e ??? ??y? ???a ? ?e. A?e ?e ?????? ??? ??c a ??????? ???a ??o
?????i ????th ?e ????, ????? ?yc?i ?a??? ???ey ??? ???a ? ???yo ????i
????? ??? ???y a ?????? n ????y? ????a (4) ??iy?? ?????.

(A) (i) A ??th????o ??iy????o, i???? a ??iy?i ??????, ??????? ?? ??o?
(i), ?? ???i (ii) ???a??a (A) ??e ??o ?? ???? ??i ?????y ?????i ?????y
???eth ??? ???a, n ????i ??? ????y e ??????? ?? ??? ??th??y. I??? ?????a
??? ?? ? ??o ????ue ? ??, ???y ??????a ? ?? ????y ??a ?ny? ???o ??, ?
??th??? ??????? a ??? (ii) ??iy?? ????a.

(ii) *? ???ny ???a, a ????e ???? ????? ?????a, ???? ??? (i), ??ey? ??e,
?o????? ???i (i) ?????? (A), ????? ?y?? ????ue ???ey ??? ???a i ?i, ?i
?i ??? ? ??o ?? ????i a ???a ??a, ??????? a ??? ???, e ??? ?????? y?? ??
????n? ????? ??e ??i? ??i ???i, ??u ? ?a ?? ????i a ???? y?? ??a, ?e
?????ue ?????ue n ?????i ?? ??e ????e ???a ?e ????? ???. I?? ?? a ????
???? ???? ??? ?e ?????ue ??a ?? ??e ??? ??i????ny ?e ???a, ???eyth?a,
????tho ? ??th????a ??iy???? ?y ??e, ??????o a ?????? (A).

(iii) A ?i ???, a ???i ??? “??th????a ??iy????” ????y?ny a ??iy?i
??????, ? ?????, ? e?ue ????i, ????i y? ??o ?a??ny ?????i ?y ???e ????e
?????i ???a:

(I) ??????ue ??? e ??a ?????o ????? a ?????? ??????yo e ??? ?????,
?????? ? ???u, ?????th?e ???;

(II) ??????ue ???, ??a e ???? ???ey ??????i ??? ????o e ? ?y??? ??o ??e
?????, ??????o a ??? ??? ???a; ?e

(III) ??????ue ??????, ???a ??iu ?? ????u ????i ???? ???i, n ???
?????i, ?????i c???????i a ??y?e ???y ? ???o, ?e ??o ??y ?e ??a ??y? ???
????ey, ?y ???o ???? ?? ????ey? ?????? ???n.

(iv) A ??o ? ????a ???e e ????e ? ???a???e eth?a ????? ??? ?????? ???a,
??????i? ?y ?????? ?????? ???? ?i?i e ?? ? ???ey ???? ?e a??u ????e,
???oth?o ??????, ?? ????? ?????i ????, ?i ??a ???u a ??oa????? ???eytho
??? ???, ???e, a ????i ??aa, ??o ???????ue ??th????i ??iy?e???, ????i a
??iy?i ??????, a ??a ?i ???u ???? ????i ???? ?y??? ??o ??e ???u.

(A) (i) Eth?a ??, i?ath?a ??? ? ??????? ????? a eth?a ?????a a ?????? n
???y? ????? (1), (2) ?e (3) ??iy?? ?????, ????y ?????i ?ath??y o ?? ????
?????o??e ??? a ????e ??? ???a, a?e ????ea ?????y ? a ??iy?e ????y a
??e, ??????? y?i ?????. A?e I?????? a ??iy?e ???? ???a ??th????o
??iy???a, a ??a ?????? ?????i ???a ??? a ???? ???eyo ? ???o, ?ae ??o
???oue ?? a ??i ?????? e ?????? ????eth ??e????a ??y ?y ????ey ???a
?????. I? ??y?e ?????i ???y ? ??????? ???a ? ?????a ????u y? ????u ???
?? ???????i ?????? ???eth ??? ???a. Eth?a ?????a ? ??? ? ???o ? ?????a
????u a ?????? n ????y? ??iy?? ????? ??? ????ue ??a e ????e ?e ??ey ???i
??, ??????? ? ??c ? ??io ???o.

(ii) A ?eyo ??iyu?i ?????? ??? “??th????a ??iy????” ? ?eth/?o a ?ay
????, ???y ???a ??i????e ??????ueth ????ey ????e, ???? ??iy?? ???o, ?
??th??? ?o ???a, ??a a ?y????e ????ey ??th?th?y ca??? ??? e ?n? ?????ny
????, ??aey??y ? ??????, ?????y.

(iii) I?? ?? a ???? ???? ???? ??? ?e ?????ue ?? ??e ?y ????e ???i ???a
(?e ?????i ???a) a ?????? n ???i (ii) ??a ?? ?e ?????i, a ???a ??? ??
??? ???, ?o ?? ?a????? ?????ue y? ???ue, ??? ???????y ?e ???a,
???eyth?a, ????tho ? ??th????a ??iy???? ?y ??e, ??????o a ??iy?i ??????.

(A) (i) A ??o ? ????a ???e e ????e ? ??????? eth?a ????? ??? ??????
???a, ???????a ?y ??????? ????e ???? a ?????e ? ??? ??? ?e ???e (?e ?? e
???i ??????), ????o ?y ????e ????.

(ii) A ?????? n ??iy?i ??????i ???a ??o ?????? ??, ????o ???, ???e ?
???? ?y ????e ??????? ????e, ?????ue ????oue ??e ???a, ??u ????e ???? ?y
??a a??? ????e.

(iii) I??y?e ?????o ? ??? ??i????ny ?e ????ath?e ?????, ??????a ??????i
(A), i ??????e ?iy?y? ???a ????.

(Ae) (i) A ??o ? ?????a ?e ????a ????e ???e eth?a ???a?a ??? ??????
???a, ???????a ?y ????? ????e ???? ? ?e???:

(I) a ??ayo, ??a ??, ???? ?i?n ? ????u, ????y ? ??ithth ?i?????, a ??a

(II) a ??? ??ayo, ???a ???eyth?y ?????i.

(ii) Ia ?????a ??? (i), ???a, ??a?i ??iy?? ??????, ??? ??????ue:

(I) ?i ???a i ?i, ?????y? e? ?o ????oth ????o, ??o ??y?, a ??, ????
???, ???o ?????a ? y?i ???e a 10-???e ?? ??a ?? ??? ???a; e

(II) ????? ?????? ???????? ????e i ??y?e ??o ???e i ??????? ?????
????e.

(iii) O????a ?y?? ????? ????i ???, ????i y? ?????i, eth?e ??? ??i??a, a
????e ???? ????? ?? ???? ? ????oth ????? a ?????? n ??iy?i ?????o?.
Ae???y ????ey, ???th?a ?e ?????th?a ????? ???a ? ????oth ????? a ??????
n ??iy?i ?????o? e ????? ? ???u ???a?y ??????? ??? ? ??e ??? ??? ??
?????u ????o ????? a ?????? n ????? (4), ? ??th??ai ?o ???a, ??a ????
????? ???i ? ????a, ??aey??y ? ?????? o o/???ey ? ??? ?i??ey ?
?????oth?? ???y.

(iv) I?? ?? ?e ????? ?????ei ??? ??o ? ???, O????? ???? ?ae N????? O??a
? ??o ??a ????? ? ????? ????ey ???a?? ????? ????e c??? ???i?a.

(v) Aeey ??e ??iy?? ?????? ???i “??iyy ??????ue” ????:

(I) ?i ??????ue ???? ??????a ????u ????? ???i a ?????? n ??iy?i ?????
??o ??ue ??i??? ??????? ??e?e ????? ??? ??e ?e ?????o ???ueth ????; ?e

(II) a ????e ???a, ????i ??i, ???? ?iy?? ???? y?y?ny ???n???? ?????,
??????ue a ???i ??y?a ????ue ??????? i ???o ?e ?y???o ???eyo O?????i
I??????.

(vi) O???a ? ??ithth ??????ue ? ???u ??, ??th?? ??? ? ???i?th ????o,
??? ?? ???i ?????i ?y??ey, ????? e ?????? ???? ??? ??, ??aey ? ??, ?i ?o
?a??i, e ??? ??ey, ??????.

(A) I??iyy ??? ? ????u, ?n??i ?e a ??i, ????? ?y?? ????ue ???? ??ey ?y
???????e ?a?e ??? eth?? ??????? ????ey, a ??????? ???? ????, e ?y??
?????? eth?th ? ??o ???????o ??? ??, ??th?? ???, ? ??th??? ?o ???a, ??a
??y ???????y ??? ??a ? ???e ?? ????i, ????? ???? ? ??????, ??????i a
????a (a), a ?????? n ei??i ??? ?e ????.

(a) I??? ??iy?? ???a ? ???yth?y e ?????:

(1) (A) a ????e ???o ??i-?? i???????? ??????? a ????o ???????e ???u ?e
???e ???? ????? ????? ????e ??i ???ey e

(A) ???a ????? e ????? ???i, a ?????? n ??i ??????a?? ???????, ?????u;

(2) ???a ??ny?y ??th???? e ?a??i ?????i ???y?a e ???eyi ?y ????a
????ey;

(3) ???a ???e?i ?????u ???i (? ??th??? ???a 552a ???i o??a) ? ??????e
???e, ?e ???e, ?i ??e ??i

(A) ???? ????? i ?i, ??u y? ????u ?? ???u ? ??????? ??i ????, ???e ?
??th?e a????? i???? ? ???o ???o, ??

(A) ??????o ????? ???? ?y ???ey ?e ????y ? ????? ?? ?????, ?????
???eth;

(4) ???? ???? e ?????? ?? ????? ?????, ????? ? ???-e?i ?? e ??u??e
?????e ?ai ?????? ???a;

(5) ?????? ?e ???i, ????oth?i ??o ????ey? ?e a ???? ??? ????ey, ? ???a
? ??? ? ?a? ??a ???a ??i, ??a ???i ????ey, ??aey??ny a ??iy?e ????i
???????? n ??? ?????i;

(6) ??? ??i e ?????i ??? e ??? ????? ????i ??, ????a??a ???o ??i ?
?????i ??????a ????a ????????? ??? ??e;

(7) ????? ?e ?????, ????e a ?????????o ?eyo, ? ?? ????o, ????o ???????
??o ?????i???? ????? ?e ?????

(A) ? ?ath??y ?????? ??????yi, ???? ????eth ?????????o ?e??e,

(A) ??? ??i ???-?? ?? ? ?????? e ???????a ???o??a ?i ?? a ??,

(A) ? ?ath??y ?????? ??????yi, y??y ??????i ????? ?????a???e ??? ??e,

(A) ? ?ath??y ?????? ??????yi, ???? ???????? ???a????e ????, ?eth?y
???????a, ???a ?e ????? ?????, ?e ??i, ?e ??a-?? ???a ?????, ???????
e????th ? ???????? ??? e, a ?o ??ayo, ??a ????u ?e ????ey ???u ???i,
???yth?i ??u ????? ??a a ???? ????? ?n????ey, ?e ?????i, ????eyth?i ????
???????? ???? a ????o ???????e ??????, ????eth, ???????th ????????
?????,

(Ae) ???? ??? e ????u ?????????o ??????e ?e ????a?? ?e ???? ??a ????e
?????i???? ??????e ?e ??????e, ?? a ????e ??? ????y ?ath?y ??a?ey ????,
?i ?i ??o ?????? ?????ue ??? ???, eee

(A) ? ?ath??y ?????? ??????yi, ???? ?ae ??? ??ue ?e ????oth ??????
eth?? ????;

(8) ?????ny a ?e ??ny??y e ??i y????u ???i ?y ?????i ?????y ?e ???i i
??iy?e ?e, ???? ?????? ?????i, ???th?i ca ??????a ?e ??? ? ?????e
?????y?, ?e ? ?i ??e, ?e ?y ??????y ??i ?????i; ?e

(9) ????? ??????a e ??????a ??? e ????eth, ?eth?y ??u, ?athu? ????y e
????i.

Eth?y ??ue ?????? ????a, ?o?ay ??o ?? a ???? ???? ??e?a, ??? ?? ??????a
??, ????ath?? ??e ????, ??a ???ey ?? ???, ? ????? ???a ???? ????yi
??iy?? ?????. E????i ????e ????? ??? ?? ???i a ???????e ??e ????a, ?
??th??? ?o ???a, ??a ??a ???? ??o ???e ?? ????i, ????? ???? ? ??????,
??????i a ??iy?i ?????, a ?????? n ???? ????ey ?? ???a. A?e y? ??e??e
????i, ????? ????e ????? ??? ?? ???i a ?i ??a ????a, ?a ??a ???? ??
?????i.

(a) (1) Ai ?? ??ayo, ??a ???? ??? ??????o ????a ??a ???a e ?????,
?????? a ????? (a)(7)(A), e:

(A) ??????a ?e ??????a ????ny a ?y? n ????i ????? ?i???i ??a; e

(A) ?ath?y ????y ????, ?i

(i) ???o ??? ??????y ?e ??????y ? ?????o i ?i ????? e

(ii) ????a ??a ??????y ????? ??o ???? ?????????i ???eyi, ????? ???, ?
??? ? ?o ??, ?? ????tho ?????? ??a ??iy????, ??????ue ????u ?e ?
???ath?a ?ae ?e??a ??iy?? ???a.

(2) Ai ?? ??ayo, ??a ??? ? ?????eth, ???a ??y?y ?????i, ?e?iyth?i ??u
????? ??a, ?ae ??? ?????ey ?e ?i ??? ???????i, ????ath?y ???i ??i ? ??e
??ae???y ?e ?i ???o ???????, ????? ??o ??????ue ??a ???ey ?e ? ???ath?a
?ae ???? ??iy?? ???a, ? ??th??? ?o ???a, ??a ???y ?????a ??????a ???a
?????ey ?e ?????ey.

(3) Ai ?? ??ayo, ?a? ???ue ??? ??????o ????a ??a ???a e ?????, ???a
???y O????? ath? ??????e e ??ny?y e ???e ????, ?e ??????a, ?e ???????
?????, e ?? ??????y ??o ????? y?y?ny ???? ?????e ???? ????yi ?????
(a)(1), Ath? ???a, ? ?o ?? ?? ?? ??????y ??o ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????e,
??????ue ??a ????u ?e ? ???ath?a ?ae ???? ??iy?? ?c??.

(a) I??y?e ??ae ? ?? ????ey ? ???? ????? ?e ?????a ??a ???a ??????? e
?????, ? ??th??? ???a, ????i ????? a ??iy?i ???a. I??y?e ??? ? ??o ???ue
????? ?y ???ey ????? ? E????.

(ae) (1) Ia ???a ???y ???i ?? ??? ????? ?y?? ?????ue A?????o ????o
N????? O??a ??o ? ??? ?????i ?????i ??, ???e ??? ?eth??:

(A) ????? ??y?o ??? ????e? ???e ? ??? a ??????? ???? ? ????u, ???? a
??a ????ey a ?????? n ????y? ????? (a), e ???u ??y?y ???i ??? ???y;

(A) (i) ????? ??a, ???? ??? a ?????? n ????y? ????? (a)(6), ?????
?????ey ??o ??a e ???u ??o ???? ?? ? ??? ??ey?e, ???a ??e ?????i ??c a
??????? ?????;

(ii) ??? ??? ?? ?????o ??a i ??????? ????eth ????? ? ???? ????? a
?????? n ?????i (a) (3), ???? ? ?, ????e ? ?ae ???a ????ey i ???? ?????
a ?????? n ??? ? y?o ?????o ??a, a ??a ???a ???? ????ey eth?e ????
?????;

(A) ??i ???? ? ????u, ??aey??y ? ?????? ????ey, ???y n 30 ??y?y
?????th?? ??, e ??i? ????? ??, ???y n ?e ? ae?u, a ???a ???o ??a ???u
??ae??ue ? ?????? o ????ey;

(A) ??i ???? ? ????u, ????? ?????i, e ??i ????, ???a ????? ?????;

(Ae) ???a ????? ??, ???a ??????ue ????eth ?y ????e ????o ??a ????;

(A) ??th ??o ???, ????o ?????? ? ????o ????; e

(AE) ??i ?????a ????ey, ?iy?o ??? ???e ??, ????? aeey ????e ???? ?
????u a ?????? n ??iy?i ????, a ??a ?uoth ??o ???? ????ey ? ????o ??o
????.

(2) E??a ????? ?y?? ?????? ??????? ??? e ???o o??o ???, a ?i ??a ?????i
??ueth???o ???????? ?e, ?? ???? ??ueth??? ???????? ? ?? ?????u ?????i,
?????i ?? y????? ???a.

(3) A????? ???? N????? O??a ?y?i ????? e ?ae?? ???, ???e ?e ??? ????i n
???th y????? ???a, ??? a eth?e ?y?e ? ?????e y????? ??a ???a. A?????
???? N????? O??a ??? o???? ? ???a 1 ??ey ?? ??, a ???i ?e ?????i ??o,
I?????ey e ????? ??????y ?????a E???a ? ???????i ???? e ???o ???
???????, a ??a I??a??ey e ????? ??????y ?????a E???a ? ??i ??????a e
TH???n?? ???? N??a i ?i, /oi e ??i ???i ???y ??? ?e ??? y????? ???a.

(4) A????? ???? N????? O??a ? ?????eth n Ae????i ??? ????ey e ath??a
?y?i ?????ue ????u ? ???i e ????eth a ?y? n ????, ???a ??? a?ue ????a??
a ?????? n ??iy?i ?????i e 1 ?oy?y 1997 a., a ??a ??? ???a??? ???????
????ey ?y ??o ???a, ???a, ? ??eth A?????i ???i?, ??o ?? ????e.

(5) A????? ???? N????? O??a ?y?i ?????ue ????e ??o ? ???a ??ey ???i
?????? a?a, ???e ??? ?eth?? a ????e i????oth?? ?????? ?? ???? ?e,
??????o, a ?????? n ??iy?i ????i, ??th??y, ???????a a ?aeae? ???, ???y,
??y?a ? ??i? ??, a ??a ????, ??u e ???, ?????, ???? ??????i (Ae), (A) e
(AE) ????? (a) (4). O?? ??o ??? ??a ?eth?? ???? ????, ????yo? I??????
th??? n ??th ????oue ??th??a ????ey? ????e ??iy?? ???a.

(a) Aeey ??e ??iy?? ???a ???i:

(1) “?????”, ?e ? ????i a ?c?? 551(1) ??iy?? ???, ?eth?? eth?e
I???????? ?????o, ???e ?????o, I???????oth ????eth, ????eth, ???e???th
I??????i, ?e ?? ????? e??????e ??e I?????? (?eth?y A??e???th I????a), ?e
eth?a ?????a ?a?y??? ?????; e

(2) “????”, a ??a eth?e ??? ???i, ??????? a ??iy?i ???a a ????e ?????,
?eth?? eth?th ????eth, ???y ??o y?y?ny ????? ??ae??y n ??th??? ?????
??iy?? ?c?? e ?e ???e ???ey ? ?????i a eth?i ???a, ?eth?y y????? ???o.

(ae) A?? eth?? ????ey ?yc? ?????ue e ? ????eth ????? ????e ??? e ?????o
????o e? ?????o ? ????th n ????e ia ????u ?e ????th ????? ? o????y n
??th??? ??????, ???? ????? (a), ?eth?y:

(1) ???? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ????ey;

(2) ???? ???? ??????? e ??????o ????o ???, ??????? ?????i; e

(3) ????? ? ????th ? ????ey ????e ????? ????o ??a e e???? a ?????? n
44-i ???i ??u 35, a ??a a ?????? n ??iy?i ????.

A.A. A????n,

I.A. ss??a

???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
??

*(1) Ni.: E???ey ?????? ??ia. I., 2000. N.14-16.

*(2) Ni.: O? ?. N.68; O???? TH.A. E?????a ??i. I., 2001. N.34-35.

*(3) I???? ? y?i ?.: *??aa A.A. A????a ???? ?????? ??a, ?e I?? ????
???? // A??? I????? ?-?. N?.7. Oe???y. 2001. N 2. N.87-95.

*(4) Ae?a ??????e ??yae ? ???? ?????, ?i ???u, ?eyth?a ia ??? ???y,
?yae ? ??o ?? ??????? ? “??????”, “????”, n ?i? ???u, e “??????a, ?
??????” – n ???. O?, ?????eth ??o ?a???a ?????? ?????? ???a, ?????i
????, ?-????, ??o ??eth?y – a ??i ??????i ??? y?? ??a – a ???e ????.

*(5) Shannon C. Collected Papers. N.J.A. Sloane et A.D. Wyner, eds.
IEEE Press, 1993. P.462.

*(6) Ni.: I??i I. E?o e ?????y ??a // I?? ?? a ????e. Na.5. NIa., 1913.
N.120.

*(7) N?? ???o ????? ??? OO a. ??e ??e ??ey ??????y A.O. O????/: “I??
??????? ????, ????o ????y ? ??a ????th??y ????a, e ??? ?i ??? e ??o
????, ?i ?i ???ey? ? /???? ?, ?i ?o ??o n ??e ?a?y ??o ??????. I??? ??a
– y? ??a a y?????? ??ea”. (Oe?. ?: O????/ A.O. I?ay ??ey ??a: O??? ???a.
I., 1995. O.2. N.186.) O?ay ??a ??ey ???o ??o ?????a e ??aeiy. I???? ?
y?i ?.: N???a A.E. I??o ?????? ??????ey // A????a ???? ?????? ?a? // I?
?ae. I.E. A?????. I., 1999. N.118, 136.

*(8) A ???? ?????? ???e ???i, ?i ??????a ????a ???ea ??a ??ey ?????,
??????y ????i ??? A.I. E?????i. A?? ??, ???? ?????ey ????, ?i ??a?a
????y ??? O??? ?? ?????a?u E?????i ?a a 1938 a.

*(9) Ni.: E?a Y.O. E?????a. Ia???ay y???y e ?ay???y. O???, 1998. N.48.

*(10) Shannon C.E. A Mathematical Theory of Communication // The Bell
System Technical Journal. 1948. Vol. 27. P.379.

*(11) A?? I. E????? e ????. I., 1958.

*(12) E?a Y.O. O?. ?/. N.20.

*(13) E ???o, A.I. E???, ??? ??e “E??????y ??i???ue ???e: *???. I???i.
A?????”, ???? e ??? (???e ?, ???, ??ey? ???ii) i ?i, ?i “?y?y ???y
??????a”, “?y?y ????ey ?????a”, a ?a ?/?a ??i ???ue “????e ??????
?u??oth?e ???u e ??”. (Oe?. ?: E??? A.I. E??????y ?????? ??n?: *???.
I???i. A?????. NIa., 2000. N.23). O?ay, n ????ey ???ue, “??????ay ??
???e”, ???i, ? ??y? ????? ?o ???? ??e, ? ????a ????y ?oi?o ? ?a ??i
???ueny.

*(14) Ni.: Shannon C. Collected Papers. N.J.A. Sloane et A.D. Wyner,
eds. IEEEPress, 1993 P. 462.

*(15) A???? AE. N?????? ??i e ???. I., 2000. N.126.

*(16) E??? AE.-O. N??yi? ?????a. NIa., 1998. N.20.

*(17) E??i ??e ???e ????aath?y O. e Y. O???u, ????? ????e, ??? ?? “O??y
??a”, “A?? e a????”, “N??? ????a” e ?., ?????i?o a 80-90-o ?.

*(18) Cohen J. E. Information Rights and Intellectual Freedom // Ethics
and the Internet.A. Vedder, ed. Antwerp: Intersentia, 2001. P.11-32.

*(19) Ii ???o ???o ? ??aey? ??o ??ey ?.I. O???e. Ni.: O??? ?.I. I?? ???
i ???????. I., 1974. N.212-214.

*(20) Ni.: N???? A.A. E????y ?e ?????y ????y // E????y ?e ??? ?????ey a
??????, ?????o e ????? ???. I., 2001. N.6, 19.

*(21) A ????e ????? ??y a???y, a ?????e ? ?????? ??e ??ey, ???? ?e n
???, o? e n ??th????? ???e.

*(22) Ni.: N???? E.E. N?????? a ?????i ??a. I., 2000. N.184.

*(23) ?????ey i “??????e” ???ie ????u ??i ????ue ?a a ??? ???? ????a e
???? ??? OO a. I.I. A????: “I? ??? ??????i, ?i ??????y ????a ??a ????o
??ae ?? ?e ????a ???a??a, ?e ???? ????? ????e, ???i ?e??o ??????, ????y
???? ????eyth?y a ??a ??? i????e ????e ???oy?, ???eyth?? ?i ????o. Ii
???i y?? e ??i i?? ??ue ?ith, ??oth ????o, ?????o?oth ??? ???e ???oy?”.
Oe?. ?: Ae??? I.I. I??u ????e ??a. NIa., 1999. N.73. Ni. ??a: A???a N.N.
I?ay ?i?y ??a. I., 1981. N.258-260.

*(24) I???? ? y?i: I???a Ae.A. E ???o i ???? ??? ????ee // E???????y
??????ue: ?????a ???ua ????: I????-?????? ?. / EAI, EIEII ?AI. I., 1998.
N.81-89.

*(25) Ae???a A. A. E????y ?e ??? ??th????? ??a // Ae?i e ??i. 1996. N
4. N.38.

*(26) Ni.: A??i E.E. E???? ?o??????e ??o???? e ????ey // E???????y
??????ue: ?????a ???? ????. I????-?????? ???e. EAI, EIEII ?AI. I., 1998.
N.71-74.

*(27) I? y?i, ???, ???o ?? ????? n ????????e ????????th, a???e ?? ???i
y?o ?????o ????a. O?? ???? ????o, ?n??? ?e ?a ? ? ??yo a ??? “??????i
??iy?y”, ??o ?????iy?ny ? ?????? ??? e ??iy?ny ???e “????” ????? ??a.

*(28) O???? I. C?? A??u. I., 1998. O. 2. N.86.

*(29) A ???? ???a a ??????e ?????e ????? ??? ???yo ???o ????? ??????,
??????th ?????? A. I?? e ??iy?th ? 11 y?i??a: 1) ??i ???ey, ????? ?e
??th????e ????? ???? ?ae ??th ?e ?e ??i ??th????? ? ??????y; 2) ??i
?????y ?e ???i ??????y ??, ??a ?i ? ?eth?? ?a ???oth?o ????ey; 3) ??i
????ey, o.a. ??i ???, eae e ?i ??o ?? ?????? ??; 4) ??i ? ??ae, o.a. ? ?
??a, ???a ?? ????ey ?? ????? ?????; 5) ??i ? ??ae??a, ?????a, ??o ? ???
????eth, ????a ?e ?????a ??; 6) ???ey ? y??????, eee ??i ? ??????; 7)
??i ????? ??; 8) ???/??ue; 9) ????? ?????? ?? ? ?? ???;10) ?????ue ????y
?? a ?e?o ??a; 11) ????? ????, o.a. ??????a ???, ?????th?o ???????
???i?? ????ey.

*(30) E??? I.E. E???? ??u. I., 1997. N.243.

*(31) Ae??? 1.2.4.4.

*(32) E?? ???y, ???? ????a ?????a dominium ?e ??a ?????ey, ??c??ey ???e
e ???y??y “jus utendi, fruendi, abutendi” ?i??ny e XVI a.

*(33) I?? E., I???-A????y I. ???? ??i. I., 1999. N.141-142.

*(34) ???? ???a ??i // I? ?ae. E.A. I???? e E.N. I?????i. I., 1997.
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*(35) Ni.: Roger A. Owners and Neighbours in Roman Law. Oxford, 1972.
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*(36) A??i A.Aeae. C???y ???ey ??a. I., 1994. N.132-133.

*(37) Ni.: N??i A.I. ???ay familia e ??????y ??yi i ??????e // A? e
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*(38) Buckland Roman Law and Common Law. 1952. Oe?. ?: Oe???o E., E?oe
O. A???a a ??????a ????a?a a ??a ???? ??a. I., 1998. O.1. N.283.

*(39) ??????y ??????ue – ???o?ey n??????, ???ath?y ??????a ????? ????o
???a ??????e ia ?? e ? ? ????i. I ?? ae??e ?????e a ?????i ??a ?.: E???
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*(40) Ni.: A??i A. Aeae. C??iay ???ey ??a. I., 1994. N.233.

*(41) E??? I.E. O?c. ?/. I., 1997. N.250.

*(42) A??o ???o (1883 – 1917) ???e ?? ?????a ?e th??, ??? ??i ?i ??e
??a ????y, a ???th ???e ? ??e ?e ?????a e ?e ????? ??????e ??a.

*(43) ???o A. N??. ?/. I., 2001. N.219.

*(44) O? ?. N.220.

*(45) I???i, ?i ? ???oth?? AE ?O ??i ??????e ???????y ?e ?? ? ??? ??,
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*(46) ???o A. O?c. ?/. I., 2001. N.220.

*(47) Ni.: E???? Y. I???a e ????????. NIa., 1912.

*(48) O???? I. O?c. ?/. N.85-86.

*(49) O? ?. N.84-86.

*(50) A?? A.A. A???????a ??? ???. I., 2001. N.15.

*(51) O? ?. N.19-20.

*(52) O???? I. O?c. ?/. N.85.

*(53) Ni. ? ??? ??: Litman J. Information Privacy/Information Property
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*(54) Yntema H.E. Jurisprudence on Parade, 39 Mich. L. Rev. 1941. P.
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*(55) Dagan H. The Craft Of Property, California Law Review N 92, 2003.
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*(56) Vgl. LG Bonn MMR 2000, 109.

*(57) I???o 1004 AAO ??y?i ???a?th ? ????? ????e, ? ?y??uo n ????
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*(58) Ni.: Ladeur K.-H. Die Dynamik des Internet als Herausforderung
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y????i? ??? a ???a PDF:
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*(59) Ni.: Ladeur K.-H. Op. cit. S.7 – 9. (Ae?a ????? ?n??ey
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*(60) ??ue ?? i ??a ????i?a “???y??ny ??th ? ??? ????eth e ???y? eth?a
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*(61) N??i A.I. O?c. ?/. N.30-31.

*(62) Ni., ????: A????? ??i. O??? // I? ?ae. A.A. N???a. I., 1998. O.1.
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*(63) ???? ???a ??i // I? ?ae. E.A. I???? e E.N. I?????i. N.148.

*(64) I??i Ae.A. Oe??a ??? – ?????a a?e. I., 1998. N.70.

*(65) Ni.: ?i ?. N.71.

*(66) I???i ?e ?????o ??a? ? ??e Aeae. ????. E???? IBM ???ey? 16,6 ??
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????e ??u Nike ??ua ????otho ??a-?? ???????? ???oe. C?i ??e ???ey?e a
???o n ???e ???e ??e ????yo ????th ??ue ? ??e Nike. N?????e Mc Donald’s
??a ???? ??? ????, ?i ???a ?? ???? ???i ??? ??a, ?i ???a ???o ?????a. Ia
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*(67) I?? ?. N?????? e ???a. I., 2000. N.106. I???i, ?i, ? ??th??? ???
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*(68) I?? ?. O?c. ?/. N.308.

*(69) I?? ?. O?c. ?/. N.315.

*(70) Oe?. ?: I?? ?. O?c. ?/. N.324.

*(71) O? ?. N.373.

*(72) I??????a ??? ? ?, ?i? ???? ?????a ????o i?a ??????ueth, ??u
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*(73) N??? A.I. I?? ??????ue?e ??????e a ?????e O?a??e. I., 1996. N.10.

*(74) Ni.: A??i A.Aeae. A?a e c??: ????? ??a e ???e. I., 1999. N.9.

*(75) A ??e ???? ? ???i??e “??????e ?????e” A.A. I??? n???ny ? ??oth?o
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*(76) E? ??o A.A. I???: “…??????y ??ey ?y??? a ?o ???, ??a ???a ?????
? ?????? ???? a ????i ??a, o.a. ??a ???a ???? ??????ue ????, ?i ????a
??i ? ?? ???ue, ???ay ???i, a ?? ??i ?????ey, ??i ??ue aea ?y?a, ?e ??i
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*(77) O? ?. N.590.

*(78) E???????y ??????ue: ?a??a ??????a, ???? e ?????u // C???????i.
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*(79) O? ?. N.16.

*(80) Ni.: Ae???a A.A. I?ay y? a ??? ??th????o ?? // I?? e y????. 1995.
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*(81) O? ?. N.30.

*(82) Ni.: Ae???a A.A. Iiy??? “??th????o ??” ?e ??? ????e // I???u
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*(83) Ni.: O? ?. N.294-295.

*(84) O? ?. N.297.

*(85) C?? E.A. A????i-???? ??????a ????e, ?y??? n ???????? ?y????ueth e
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*(86) O? ?. N.633.

*(87) C?? E.A. O?c. ?/. N.634.

*(88) A ????e, ?y ?????y “???????e ?????e” E.A. C?? n???ny ? ??o N.E.
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*(89) A ?.544 AE O??? ?a?y ??oth?a ?????a ?iy?th ???a???: “N?????? ??
??i ?????ny e ???y??ny ??? ??eth?? ???i, n ?i ??u ?????a ? y?y?? ??i,
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*(90) O????/ A.O. O??? ???? ?????? ??a. I., 1995. N.254-255. A.O.
O????/ ??? ???ue ??th????o ?? ???iy???e, ? ????y ? – ???e ???e ?????ey –
??? ??i ??a ??????e. ????a ??o ??y ???y?, ? ?i ??eth, i????o ? “???ey
????”. Ia ?o ??yae, ??ue ??o ??i ??????ay ???ey ?iy?y ??????e e ??????e
? ?????? ????a??-?????? ??. I?? ??a ???? a???o ???????i ??y?a, ?????e (?
??a) ??, ???e ???yo ????? ??????e ????e. A.O. O????/ ??????y ? ??? eth??
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*(91) Ni.: A??i E.E. O?c. ?/. N.56 – 81; A? ? E???? ??????e e ?o??????e
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*(92) E?????y a ???e ???? ????e ???y ???y ? ??i ??????i ?????yi, ?eth?y
???????? y????? ???? ?c ???, ??e y????????o ????e ????o ???? ??a, a ??a
??? ??????o ???a??? ?aa?? ???u ?? a ???? ??a. N??e ????????e ????????e
??????e ???i ?????y ??atho ?????? ??? XX a. A. ???? e ????-????a ???? XX
a. Aeae. N??. ??ue ?? ??? ??i i ??a A. ??i?a “A???ua ????y ?????? ??a”
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*(93) Ni.: Koepsell D. Introduction to Applied Ontology: the
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*(94) Koepsell D. Op. cit.

*(95) Ni.: Hare K. Towards an Ontology of Intellectual Property: a
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*(96) White-Smith Music Publishing Co. v. Apollo Co. (1908).

*(97) Ia ???? AE. A????, ?a????? ????e ??????? e ??? ????e ??? ?????
?????, ??????o: “:????i ??? ??th?, ????o a ?i? ??? ????? ??? – ???o????.
N??????, ????i ???, ??? ?i ? ??? ??? ?i ?????y ????????ue, ? e ?? ?????,
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*(98) I??a E.A. I???y ??? ???? ?y YAI ? ???i // E???e???ay ??????ue:
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*(99) Ni.: Hare K. Op. cit.

*(100) Ni.: ibid.

*(101) I??e ??? ???ny ?e ????? ???? ??? (trusted systems) – ???
???????ey ?????, ??? ?y??? n ???????? ????? ? ???, ???a ???ytho ???i
???iy??? ??????ue ???a (??, ????, ??????? ????? e o.i.) ??????y ??o
??????. A ????e, a ??aae?o ?????o ????o ???? Microsoft ?????oth?y ??oeey
?????y a “???a ????ey ????e ???e”, ???yth?e ??? ??a ???a ???ey? ??y?e ?i
??????y ???e ???. A??e ??? ? ????? ? A????? ??a??u 1996 a. i ??i?e ???
?c ???: a ???? ??????i ???ey ??????ey ??? ??ue ?????y ??????ue ??????
??????? e ?????? ????? a ????a, ???? ?e ??????a ????ey ?? ???.

*(102) A ????i ??a ?ae “??????? ???????” ????ny ??????a ??iy??i ?????
???????? ?y???n? ?c ???ey ??? e ?c ???u ????? ??????ey. I?? ? ??? ??????
??? ?iy?a ?e? e a ?? ???yo ??a ???????? ????i??.

*(103) Ni.: ?.18 – 25 O?????i ??? ?O “Ia ????i ??a e ???o ???”; United
States Code § 107.

*(104) Aeth??a N., I?? E., Ath?? I. A???? ??i e ??? e e????e a ???? ??a
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*(105) Ni.: Hardin G. The Tragedy of the Commons. Science 162, 1968. P.
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*(106) Ni.: Heller M.A. The Dynamic Analytics of Property Law//
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*(107) Brookfield Communications, Inc. v. West Coast Entertainment
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????nue, ?i ??????a ????i ??a e????a a ????i ????a ???? ??a ? ???? ??,
????o ??? ??e??eth ???ey ? ???u ?????y.

*(108) Ca ????a ?? ??i ? ????? ?e ? ???????? ???o ?? ?? eBay, Inc. v.
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*(109) Ni.: Cohen Julie E. Information Rights and Intellectual Freedom
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*(110) Ni.: Dreyfuss R. C. Expressive Genericity: Trademarks as
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*(111) Princeton University Press, Inc. v. Michigan Document Services,
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v. Texaco, Inc., 60 F.3d 913 (2d Cir. 1994).

*(112) Report of the Panel, United States – Section 110(5) of the US
Copyright Act, WT/DS160/R, 15 June 2000.

*(113) A ?y?a 2001 a. th????? o???? Duke University a NOA ??? ?????th,
??yu??th ???? ?????y ?? ????o???e ??????e e ????a ????e n??. I???? ? y?i
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*(114) Samuelson P. Mapping the Digital Public Domain: Threats and
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*(115) Ladeur K.-H. Die Dynamik des Internet als Herausforderung der
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*(116) Ec ????o ????? ? y? ?? ???o ??i ???? ??o: N?? A.A. E???o e ??i.
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*(117) O???i “????????i” ? ?y?? O?uey? A???, ???e a ??i ???
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???????i e ??e ???e ???a e ??????? ? ?????? ??, ?????e ?????o ?
???????i, ?e ?????i ??. A ??i ???ueth 1994 a. (a ?y? n ???i a ?? ?????
??? “A????? na?”) O. A??i ???ey? “????????i” ?e ?o??o, ???y ??????o ?a,
?i a ??e ??e ?y?? n ????e ????ey?, e a ??oth ???ue n E????i. E?? ???e,
?????e ?? ????? ?a a??????? ??????, a ??ei “????????i” ???y? ???? i ?i
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*(118) Ae????a, ?????yny a ???? ???o e NOA ?ae ????i “????y ??a”, ??a
??i ??????o ??e “??? ??a”. Aa ???? ??/?i (e ?????? ????i ??????i) y?y?ny
?????e ???n e ?????? ????i. E?? ???e, ?????u a ????e i?? ?iy? ? ???i
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*(119) A???? ????o ??????ue?? ???? (Advanced Research Projects Agency)
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*(120) N? ??? “E???o” ???a ?y?y?ny a ????eyo a 1973 a. ?e ????? ?
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*(121) N??i ???y, a NOA ???ey n ????i “Internet” ? ???e ?? ??. I? ????a
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??ath?a n????? (??????e) ??????i-??ueth??? ??th. N?? ? ??? ??, ?i ???
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*(122) I?????a ??i ???i? ??i (??? ??i ????, o.a. ??o, ?y ???o ????a
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*(123) I???i, ?i n ?????ueth ? ?????ny ? ??? ?e ????? “????”, ? e ?e
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*(125) Ladeur K.-H. The Theory of Autopoiesis As an Approach to a
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*(126) ??ue ?? i ???, ???a, ?oy e ???ath?y ????????? ??i?e, ???tho a
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*(127) I??ae?a ?????? ?ae? ????e a ??? ???? ????? ??a e ?????e ??a,
??????e ? ????, ??i ??th?? a ????? ??a. ??ue ??, ????, i ??????yo A???
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*(128) I??a ????? A.A.I. ?????y a ?.8 C??a ? 6 ???y 1978 a. ? ???????
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*(129) A ????? ??eyo y? i?y?y?ny a ????? “?y? ?i???a??? ???u” e ????ue
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*(130) Ni.: Rigaux F. Transnational Civil Society // International Law:
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*(132) A ?.1 E???? ????? ?????a ???y ?y ????y ????????e IAI: ??????a
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*(133) A ???? ???? IAI ??i ???? A???? ??o ???e (WCC) e? I?????oth
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*(134) O????/ A.O. I?ay o??y ??a. I., 1995. O. 1. N.133.

*(135) I????? E.E. O??y ??a e ?????a. NIa., 2000. N.86. E?y i ?i, ?i
eth? (??????, ?? ?? ?? ? E????) ??atho e ???ytho ??u ??a e ? ????e
??a????, ??????e ????????i, ? y?y?ny ??????. I??? ???a E.E. I?????i a
?i?i ???a ??th??ny a ????e ??a (?e, ? ?????? ????th ???, “?????-????
???e”) ?e ?????? eth?? ?????a??. N???, ???, ????, ?i ????y E.E. I?????i,
?oy e ???ny ???????e a ?y? ???????o ??? ??a, ?????e ? ??o ???????.

*(136) April Mara Major – ????e a NOA ????no a ???e “??i?? ??a”, ???o e
?? ????????e ??? ? ??a?th E???? O????? ???? ? ???ea (FTC).

*(137) Major A.M. Norm Origin and Development in Cyberspace: Models of
Cybernorm Evolution // Washington University Law Quaterley. 2000. Vol.
78:59. P.70.

*(138) Ni.: Major A.M. Op. cit. P.76.

*(139) N?? ??ey???th E???o iay?i ???? a ??? 90-o ?. ?e ?c???e A????
???u (World Wide Web), ???y ?????? a ???y??a ??????e ????n? ??? ????? n
???th ?????e (hyperlinks) e ???e ?????e ????n (GUI ?e Grafical User
Interface). N y?? ???a ?????ey ??c N?ue ??a ???e e ????e, o.a. ??? ?
????a ?????o ??? e? ???a.

*(140) O??ey ????y ?? (???, ????e ?e ?????e, ??? ?e ????y) ?e ????a ???
????, ??? a N?e ?iy??? y??e ????? ?????y?, ???a ?????o ??? ???y a ??a
??? ?????e ????y?. N??? ????? ??i ?? ??ae ? ????. E ???o, a ????a ?
e-mail, a ??a a ??? ?????eyo a ????n???? (??o ?e ??? ???? ?e ?-??
?????e) ??? ?? ???i ?? ?????i ????iue ??ue, ?????e ?????i “y?????? ????”
(emoticons). A ???? ???i ???a ??i ???? ??????a ?????a. N??e ???? ????e,
? ???i ??? ?????? ????ue ?ae ?????i ???, y?yth?y ???a ???oue ???y?? ??ey
? ???u ????e ?e ????e ??????e ? ???u ???o e ???. N??? ??? ??o ?????? ? ?
??, ??? a ?????a ???a ?? ?? i ????? ?? ???a – ?????a ?y y?y?ny ??y?i e
????i ????? a ???? ?????? ??????.

*(141) Ni.: Major A.M. Op. cit. P. 90.

*(142) Engel Ch. The Role of Law in the Governance of the Internet //
Max-Planck-Projektgruppe “Recht der Gemeinschaftsgueter”. Bonn, N 13,
2002. P.4.

*(143) I??y ???? (First Amendment) e E????? NOA, ??y?y a 1791 a. e
??????ay ???y ??? ? ??a, ?i ???? ??ae, ??? a ?i ??a, ?i E???n ? ??? ????
? ??? ???, ???/?ath?? ???o ??a e ???. C?? i ?????? a ???????eyo a? ???i
? ?????oth?i I??e ???? e ?e e ? ???e a ??.

*(144) Aei ??iy?? ???e O???ue?a ??????i A???e ???o ??e ?yc???ueth ??e
???e “?????” ???, ???a ?? ???? ???????oth ????eth, ?? ??????tho ???a,
??, ???oe, ????otho i ??????o ?????yo e ? ?y????e.

*(145) N????? I. I??????? ????-?????a ? ????a ????? ??a ? ????o e
?????? ??o // Ath???ue ? ????? ??o. 2001. O. XXXV. N 2.

*(146) I??? ??? ?y?, ???? Ae????, “??iyo a ???? ? ???e????e ?? ?????,
?????y?? ?????i ??a, ?e a ??????? ?n?? e ???????? ??”. E?? ???y, y?
????? ??a a ??????? ????.

*(147) Ni.: Perritt H. The Internet is Changing the Public
International Legal System // KY L. Rev. N 88. 2000. O?? ??? ???? ? ???:
http://www.kentlaw.edu/cyberlaw/perrittnetchg.html (Ae?a ????? ????y –
20.07.03.).

*(148) I???e ?y??ey ????i n????y ????i ??????? ?????? ????? ??? i?????o
??? ?a???i, ???y?? a A??a, a ????i ????ey ??e ???y ????y ??????e ???ey?
?????? ??? i ???o ??o, ???ath?o a A??a.

*(149) A 1999 a. ??o I?????? ???? NOA e ICANN ?e ???? ???i?i, ????i
???? y?y?? ???? ?????y ???? ???? ?? (DNS) “???? ?e??”, ?e ??a –
“?????ey” ???u ???a?y ????e ???e n ??th “???? ??????????ue e ???????
?????ii? ???th a ? ?????”. O?? ?????a ???? ? ???:
http://www.ntia.doc.gov/ntiahome/domainname/icann-memorandum.htm. (Ae?a
????? ????y – 20.07.03.).

*(150) I???, ?i ??????yny a ????a ?ny???y ???y ????y ?????? ???y eth?e
???? ???u ? ????a e ???a ??i, ????? ?a O???? (Ae??? 1.1.1.2.), ???????o
i ???????e ??????i ???y ???i ???a. I????th?y ???y ?????o th??ia ??th??ny
a ????e ????ai e ???? ??a, ???? ???a ??e? ??o ???? ????ny ?a ???a. O? ?
?e ???y ??a ???o ????? ??????y (?oy ? ?y ??, ??u ???? y?????? ???? ????
?o? ???? ?????oe ??a ??????e e ????ey ???e ?e ????e ?e ????? ???????e),
????y n?? a ???yo ???? y???? ? ?ae? ? ????ue ???? ???o ????a. Ni.:
Farber D.A., Frickey Ph. P. In the Shadow of the Legislature: the Common
Law in the Age of the New Public Law // Mich. L. Rev. N 89. 1991. ?.875,
886.

*(151) Ni.: Trachtman Joel P. Conflict of Laws and Accuracy in the
Allocation of Government Responsibility // Vand. J. Transnat’l Law N 26.
1994. P.990-991.

*(152) Johnson D.R., Post D. Law and Borders – The Rise of Law in
Cyberspace // Stan. L. Rev. 1996. N 48. ?. 1370.

*(153) I??????y th????y (jurisdiction to prescribe) ???? ????? ?????a
????? ??a??a ??? ??????i ??a e ?????? ??i e ?e ?????? ??iy?e???.
I??????y th????y ??????y i??a ??i n ?iy?? “??? ??a” (“choice of law”).
N???y th????y (jurisdiction to adjudicate) ???? ????ea ?????a ?????iy? ?
??????o ?oe e ?e ?????? ??iy????o ???? ?????? ???? ???u, a?ue ? ?????a,
???????? ?e ????a ??????. Ae??e ?ae th????e ?i????? ????????o ?iy?th
“?ai? ??” (“choice of forum”). I???, ??????ay th?n??ey (jurisdiction to
enforce) ???ny ????ey ?????a ?e???ue e ??th??th ???a ?e ????? ? ?
???th??a ?e ?????i ??e????? ??????, ?e e n ?????i a???????o ??, ???e e
?? ?????o ???a ??????y ???????? ???.

*(154) Ii ???????? NOA ???o ???a ? ????e ???? ?????iya?y ??? ? ?????? e
? ????o a ????e ??? ? e?????e ???. A????? ??? ? ?????eth ????o ????
????? ?y ??u y????? ???? ??y? ???a ? ??? ?????y ??i ???? ???a, ???e
??????y ?a ?????e ? ??a ?o???y ???a. A ???a io NOA, ?a ? y???? ????o
???? ?a?tho ??????ey ??e ???, a A??a ?????oth?a ???????a ?????y
????otho. I??i ??? ? ???? ???a e ??ue ???? ???a ???????a e y?y?ny ???i
???? ?e ?eeth??e ????? ? ?????? ????o e ????o ????. I??? ??ey??oe ???i
????a ??th??ny a ?i ?o???, ???? e ???? ??????y. O ?????y ???? ??????ue a
??? ???? ?e ????? ?y ????ey n??. I?? ????y ?ny??i i??a ? ????e ???? ?o
????? ??? ????ue ?e ???? y???o e ??????ue ???. A? ????a ???u ??o ???ny
?a ??o y???? e i???? ?c ???y ?????y e ??? ????i, o.a. ?????ue ? ???o
???o ??? ? ??????? ??a. Iay???? ????? ?ith ???????? (????? ????? ????)
?????y ? ????, ???e a ??? ????? ???o ???ue a “??? ???”.

*(155) Perritt H. Op. cit.

*(156) O???? TH.A. E?????a ?a?. I., 2001. N.333 – 334.

*(157) C???, ?i a ????o ???o – “????” ?? A???? ?a a ??a 1990-o ?. – ??i
???a e y????? ??a ???? e ???a???? ??? ????!

*(158) A???i A.I. Y????? ??i?o: ???ay ??a e ??????? a ?aea. I., 2000.
N.125.

*(159) O? ?. N.120-122.

*(160) ???? i ??????e ?????ue “???? ?????, ?ath?e ?y?o??oth ??” ? ????
??????i ????? ??a, ????a ?????y e ???? th????e a ??a ??ueth??? ?????? ??
??y? a 1997 a. ? ????e Y????e ???? ? ?????eyi a ????????? (Committee of
Experts on Crimes in Cyber-Space) ?e A????? Ni??. O?? ???i, E???ey y???
???o?? ??e ??????e ???, a ???e ????e ???a ? ??? y???u AN, ? e ?????u ?
NOA, E??u, ss??e, o.a. ??i, ? y?yth??y /??ie AN.

*(161) A ???? “??iy???a”, ???? ???????i ???? ?? ? ???ia ?y, i.N ?.4
“A??o ???” ??????o, a ????e, ??????? ??????a ??e (?c ????y ??? a ?????a
?????? ?????? ?????oth?? ?a??? ??a), a ??a ??????a ?e i?????ey e
??????th ??e ?y ???ey ??a ?e ???e ???a (o.a. ????? ????y ?????? ???? ?y
?y ???oth?e ?????e).

*(162) E???ae A.N. I??a ?o??? e ?? ??th????o ?? ? ???u ????????
??????e, ?????a a ?? E???o // I???a ???u ??????y ????-?????. I? ?ae.
A.N. E???, Ae.A. A????a. I., 2002. N.50.

*(163) N?? th??? A??e e NOA ?a ???a ???????a ???? ????a ??? ?e “??????y
?????”.

*(164) E?y?i A.I. E???????y n?????? (E?eth????a ??a). I., 2000. N.83.

*(165) ??ue ?? i ?? Adobe vs Elcomsoft, ??y?i a ??oth ?ny?o ?e, ???a
????e ????th ??u Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA), ??th??y ???e
??? ???ey a ?????a (anti-circumvention provisions). *? ???ny Ae. N?y??,
? ? ?? ???, a ????e ???? a ?????? n ?i ? DMCA ?? ????? ????a ??. Ae???
N?y?a, 27-??? i?????, ????? ? ????oth ???eth “Y????”, ?e ????i a E?-A??a
16 ethey 2001 a. e ??? ? 13 ???y 2001 a. – ??a ?e a??? ??????? ???? –
????y a ?????? oth??. N???a ???????i a ????e ?????ey, “Y????”, ?????? ?a
a ???a ??, ??ei 17 ???y 2002 a. ???ey ??a ?? ???ia ?????.

*(166) Ia n??iy?? ?? a ??? ????ey ??aey?y ?e ???? ???a – ??????
E??????? E???a, a ??a ??????u I.E. E???? e I.A. O???a. C???, ?i ????
????oth ???th ? ???u ??????? ??? c?????o E??o????? E???a, ???e ???????o
??????? ? ?? ??????? ?? “?????” NIE, ?????? ??eyy ??a ???? ????a e
?a???i ????. I??a ??y?y ??? ??? i NIE ????e ??a ?????? ?a????, ?e Nithc
?????a ???e, O?ae ??? ????e, E???o ???i ???????i ??a e ????a ???. Eo
???y ???ny e ??, ?i ?? ?e??th?e C?? ????? ??????ue, ? a? ? a ?? ??? ?
???o ??iy? ? ??e, a ????e ?o??i ???? ?ay ????y, ? ??? ?a?ath?y ????eyi
????e e ???????.

*(167) A NOA C?? “I ???a ?????” ?e ??yo a 1966 a., a a 1996 a. a ?? ??
???u ????ey – ?e ?c???a “y????? ????”, e??? ?ae??? ??y??ey ?????? ?????e
??? e ??????ey ???a ? ????? a y????? ???a. A??????y ??y? ?????e ??i ???
a 2000 a., ?oy ?i ????? ???ue ????i ?o, ???y n 1997 a., ??a ??eo???i
?????? ???? ?ae ????i “A?a ??i ??ue” (Your Right to Know). C?? “I ???a
?????” A??????e, a ???a ? ??????i, ??????? ????y ???????ue ? ??? ?????o
???? ?????e ?? ???? a???a, a ????e – i ??a ? ????eth, ? ????? n ??????
????, i ????a ??? ??a a ???iy?a ??? e ???? ??ey?e e ??. I?th? e ???a a
???: ??a ?e ?????? ??i ???o ???? “?????a”, ???ne? – ?????o i?? 100
???oe, o.a. ??e a 10 ?c ????o ?i ? ???o. O?? C??a NOA “I ???a ?????” a
???oth?e ???? ??i ??e a I????e e ??iy?e ??a.

*(168) Ni.: I??? A.A., O???a E.A. A??? ?????e ???????i ???????? //
I???u ???????? a ??a ?o?????e. O??u ???-?????? ?????e. I., 2003.

*(169) Ae?iy “????oth??” ????e 4-e ??e A?????i ???a ? ???y?? ??
y?yth?y: ??? Oe??a ???? ??a e ??? A.I. N???a – A.ss. E????a (??????e ?
??? ?????? e??? ?????? ??a th?????i ????oa N??-Ia?????? ???????? ??????,
????y?? ?????i A.I. N????, e ????e a A??????oth Ae?o ? ????? ???? A.ss.
E????? a ???a 2000 a., a a ?????????i ?? – a ???a 2001 a.). O??u ????
??i ?e? ? ??oth?i y????? ???i: http://privlaw.h1.ru/gk4txt.html (???
Oe??a ???? ??a) e http://www.law.copyright.ru/lawprojects/index.html
(??? A.I. N???a – A.ss. E????a).

*(170) O?? ??? (????) ? ??iy?th ia 1 ???y 2003 a. I??? ???????i (?
???ey ???oth?o ????) ??? ???, ?????e ? ??? ENAeE e ??????? a ?????a
ath???y “C???????i e ???? NIE” (N 3 ? 1966 a.), a ??iy?e ????? ???
?????ia?. C?? NOA “I ???a ?????” ?e ??? a ???? I?? ???i N 89-554 ? 6
??y?y 1966 a., a ????a e ???? ?????? ???? a ?? ?? ???u I?? ???i N
104-231 ? 2 ??y?y 1996 a., ???e ???e ???? ???? “Y?e??? ???? 1996 a. e
C??o i ???a e????e” (Electronic Freedom of Information Act Amendments of
1966).

*(171) A???? (affidevit) – ????? ????a, ??????? ??y?e.

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