A?iiee I.I. 1998 – Ainiiaea?nuee? oiaa?enoaa ? ae?iaie/? eiiia?aoeae
ANOOI
Cai?iaaaeaeaiiy a Oe?a?i? ?eieiaeo a?aeiinei c aaeaeaao-
ieie ?i i?aai?caoe?eii-i?aaiaeie oi?iaie ainiiaea?thaai-
iy aeeeeeaei a?ae?iaeaeaiiy i?ney aaaaoueio aeanyoee?oue ca-
aoooy ?inoeoooo ainiiaea?nueeeo oiaa?enoa ? iiaa?iaiiy
ae?iaie/ei eiiia?aoeaai ?oi?o o?aaeeoe?eieo ?en – aeia-
?ia?eueiino? noai?aiiy, a ??aii – anooio ? aeoiaeo c eiiia-
?aoeao, naiino?eiino?, naiiieoiiino?, naiioi?aae?iiy oiui.
Aaei?i?no?aoeaii-eiiaiaeia nenoaia c i?eoaiaiiei ?e ia-
ioaaiiyi aea?aeaaii? oi?ie aeaniino?, aea?aeaaieo i?aei?e-
?inoa ? iaaeeaeaieo aei ieo ca i?aaiaei noaiiaeuai eie-
aini?a ia oa?i?ea ?inoeoooe?e, ye? ia iiaea eiio?iethaaoe
(iinoaaeoe i?ae na?e oe?eeiaeoee eiio?ieue). Oiio ainiiaea?-
nueeei oiaa?enoaai ? ae?iaie/ei eiiia?aoeaai ye naii-
no?eiei noa’?eoai ainiiaea?thaaiiy ? aeanieeai iaeia ia
ciaeoeiny i?noey a oe?e nenoai?, ca aeiyoeii ia??iaeo iaio,
eiee ?aaeyinueea aeaaea ciooaia aoea ?yooaaoe (a?aeiiaeth-
aaoe) c?oeiiaaia a?iiaaeyinueeith a?eiith ia?iaeia ainiiaea?-
noai caaaeyee aeei?enoaiith ?eieiaeo aeaiaio?a ainiiaea-
-5-
?thaaiiy. E?aa?ae?caoe?y a?aeiinei a aeiiii?/i?e noa?? N?N?
iai?ee?ioe? 80-o – ii/aoeo 90-o ??. Oaeiae ia ia?eoenue aac
a?aeiiaeaiiy ?inoeoooo aeayeeo aeae?a ainiiaea?nueeeo oiaa-
?enoa – aeoe?iia?iiai oa c iaiaaeaiith a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noth, a
oaeiae iiaea?i?caoe?? eiia?aoe??, a o. /. ae?iaie/i? [1].
Ainiiaea?nuee? oiaa?enoaa ? ae?iaie/? eiiia?aoeae ye
i?aai?caoe?eii-i?aaia? oi?ie i?aei?e?iieoeueei? ae?yeueiino?
iathoue /eiaei ni?eueieo ?en, oi/ ? ia ao?a/athoue nai?? nia-
oeeo?ee. O i?aaiaeo nenoaiao aeayeeo e?a?i ? aei?aaieth-
oe?eii? ?in?? ae?iaie/? eiiia?aoeae aeciathoueny (aeciaaa-
eeny) ??ciiaeaeii ainiiaea?nueeeo oiaa?enoa [2]. Cacia/ai?
ianoaaeie ? aaeaeaaoi?noue ye ia?oeo, oae ? ae?oaeo ?eiei-
aei a?aeiineiai, aei yeeo aiie aeia?a i?enoinoaaeeny, iao-
iiaeththoue aeioe?euei?noue ?icaeyaeo i?aaiaiai noaiiaeua ae-
?iaie/eo eiiia?aoea?a ia??ai? c ainiiaea?nueeeie oiaa-
?enoaaie, oi/a caeiiiaeaanoai Oe?a?ie ?o oe?eeii caeiii-
i??ii ia ioioiaeith?.
I?iia?ace no/anieo ainiiaea?nueeeo (oi?aiaeo) oiaa?enoa
? ae?iaie/eo eiiia?aoea?a nyaathoue neai? aeaaieie, eiee
?iaeiieai?iiee eaae iinooieany i?noeai aea?aeaaiiio ono?i-
?a? noni?euenoaa. Ca ?iaeiai? i?aai?caoe?? ethaenoai ia ii-
o?aaoaaei yeeoinue aeiaeaoeiaeo oi?i ia’?aeiaiue, ai eiaeiee
/eai noni?euenoaa iaeaaeaa aei iaaieo ?iaeo oa ieaiai?, aea e
cae?enithaaeany ainiiaea?nueea ae?yeuei?noue. Aeieeiaiiy aea?-
aeaae, yea ca?eueiyea ethaeae a?ae noa?eo ?iaeiaeo ca’yce?a,
ii?iaeeei i?iaeaio noai?aiiy iiaeo ni?eie (nithc?a) ia
i?eioeeiiai iiaeo canaaeao aeey ia’?aeiaiiy coneeue ? eioo?a
?o o/aniee?a (/eai?a) c iaoith cae?eniaiiy ainiiaea?nueei?,
a o. /. i?aei?e?iieoeueei? ae?yeueiino?. Caaaeee i?i iiae?ai?
ni?eee (nithce) cono??/athoueny o aeaai?o anne??eoe?a, o?i?e?yi,
a?ae?a [3]. ?c ieeiii /ano oa ?icaeoeii i?iiene?a ? oi?-
a?ae? iiae?ai? ooai?aiiy noaaaee aeaaeae? ??ciiiai?oi?oeie
? neeaaei?oeie.
Aeaiaioe i?aaiaiai ?aaoethaaiiy i?ioioei?a no/anieo
ia’?aeiaiue in?a aeey ni?eueiiai caiyooy i?aei?e?iieoeueeith
-6-
ae?yeuei?noth (ainiiaea?thaaiiy) aoee aeia?a ?ic?iaeai? ua a
?einueeiio i?aa?. Iaeiae inoaii? iniaeeao oaaao iaaeaaaei
i?aaiaiio noaiiaeuo a?iiaaeyi o noa?? oeea?eueiiai iai?i-
oo ? oiio ciaei eeoa ni?eee (nithce, oiaa?enoaa, anioe?aoe??)
o?ce/ieo in?a – sos?etas ? un?vers?tas, ye? ?noioii a?ae??ciy-
thoueny a?ae no/anieo ainiiaea?nueeeo oiaa?enoa ? eiiia?aoea?a.
Iiaeaeueoee ?icaeoie oi?a?ae? e i?iieneiaino?, a caiaeii –
? ia?aiiaa ?eieiaeo a?aeiinei iaae i?inoei oiaa?iiai?iii
noai?eee ni?eyoeeaee a?oio aeey ?icaeoeo ?inoeoooo ain-
iiaea?nueeeo oiaa?enoa ? eiiia?aoe??, ye? noaee iaiao?aeiiai
iniiaiith (ieciaith) eaieith aeiiii?ee. Eeoa caaaeyee noai-
?aiith ainiiaea?nueeeo oiaa?enoa ae??ai? i?aei?e?ioe? iiaee
eiioeaio?oaaoe eai?oaee (eiooe) aeey aaaeaiiy cia/ieo ca
?ici??ii ni?aa ? a oaeee niin?a noaaaoe a?eueo-iaio ??aii-
i?aaieie o/anieeaie ?eieiaeo a?aeiinei ii?yae ?c aaee-
eeie i?aei?e?ioeyie.
Aeey ?ia?oiee?a, eio?? ia iaee iaa?oue iacia/ieo eai?oae?a,
/e ia ?aeeiei niiniaii cae?eniaiiy i?aei?e?iieoeueei? ae?yeue-
iino? aoei ? ? ia’?aeiaiiy ?o o eiiia?aoea (a?o?eue) aeey
ni?eueiiai aaaeaiiy iaaiiai i?iieneo, an? o/anieee yeiai
iaee ??ai? i?aaa iacaeaaeii a?ae ?ici??o iath, an? iiaeii?
aoee a?aoe o/anoue o ae?iaie/?e ae?yeueiino? eiiia?aoeao oa
ni?eueii ae??ooaaoe eiai ni?aae.
Aeooaeuei?noue ?inoeooo?a ainiiaea?nueeeo oiaa?enoa ? ae-
?iaie/eo eiiia?aoea?a a oiiaao no/anii? Oe?a?ie iia’y-
caia ia eeoa ?c cai?iaaaeaeaiiyi ?eieiaeo a?aeiinei, a e
?c nioe?aeueiith i???ioaoe??th aeiiii?ee [4]. sseui ia?oa aee-
eeeaei a?ae?iaeaeaiiy ainiiaea?nueeeo oiaa?enoa ? iiaea?i?-
caoe?th ?inoeoooo ae?iaie/eo eiiia?aoea?a, oi ae?oaa aeia-
aa? caaeainoaaiiy i?eaaoieo ?ioa?an?a (naieo ainiiaea?nue-
eeo oiaa?enoa ? eiiia?aoea?a oa ie?aieo ?o o/aniee?a) c
ioae?/ieie (noni?eueieie) ?ioa?anaie (anueiai noni?euenoaa
aai ie?aieo eiai i?ioa?e?a – e?aaeeoi??a, niiaeeaa/?a, iai-
oino? – ae??aieo aeoe?iia??a, iaeiaieo i?aoe?aiee?a oiui).
I?aaiaa i?e?iaea ainiiaea?nueeeo oiaa?enoa ? ae?iaie/eo
-7-
eiiia?aoea?a (a?o?eae) o no/aniiio aeaeyae? aoea ? ? i?aae-
iaoii iaoeiaeo aeine?aeaeaiue c iaoith aeyaeaiiy ?oi?o oa-
?aeoa?ieo ?en (ye iiceoeaieo, oae ? iaaaoeaieo) ? a?aeiia?-
aeii aaeineiiaeaiiy i?aaiaiai ?aaoethaaiiy oeeo noa’?eo?a
ainiiaea?thaaiiy. *anoeia aeine?aeiee?a iaiaaaeany aoeniooe
oe? i?aai?caoe?eii-i?aaia? oi?ie a eiino?oeoe?? ?einueeiai
i?aaa ? i?ea’ycaoe no/ani? ainiiaea?nuee? oiaa?enoaa oa ae-
?iaie/? eiiia?aoeae aei i?aaiaeo oi?i, ae?iaeaieo ?ei-
nueeei i?aaii, ui c?iaeoe aeineoue aaaeei c iaeyaeo ia cia/io
aaiethoe?th oiai/anieo nithc?a (ni?eie, anioe?aoe?e, oiaa?enoa),
yei? aiie caciaee i?ioyaii ianooiieo aaaaoueio noie?oue
[5]. Ae?oaa /anoeia iaoeiaoe?a ia aa/eoue i?yeiai ca’yceo i?ae
no/anieie noa’?eoaie ainiiaea?thaaiiy ? a?aeiieie ?ei-
nueeiio i?aao oi?iaie (soc?etas ? un?vers?tas), aaaaeath/e
ia?o? (no/ani? ainiiaea?nuee? oiaa?enoaa oa ae?iaie/? eiiia-
?aoeae) oe?eeii i?ea?iaeueieie ? oaeeie, ui c’yaeeeny
eeoa ia iaaiiio ?noi?e/iiio aoai? ?icaeoeo ?eieiaeo
aeiiii?/ieo a?aeiinei, a eiino?oeoe?? ?einueeiai i?eaaoii-
ai i?aaa aiie aaaaeathoue canoa??eeie aeey no/anii? ainii-
aea?nueei? i?aeoeee [6]. O?aoy /anoeia aeine?aeiee?a ia ca-
ia?a/o? iaaiiai aieeao ?einueeiai i?aaa ia ?icaeoie ?inoe-
oooo ainiiaea?nueeeo oiaa?enoa ? ae?iaie/eo eiiia?aoea?a
(a?o?eae), aaaaeath/e, iaeiae, no/ani? ?oi? oi?ie iano?eueee
aeaeici?iaieie, ui oea iaaeaei ?i (ainiiaea?nueeei oiaa-
?enoaai ? ae?iaie/ei eiiia?aoeaai) niaoeeo?/ieo, iaa?aei-
ieo ?einueeiio i?aao, ?en; i?e oeueiio aiie iaiaaathoueny
i?eie?eoe noa?? e iia? oi?ie [7].
Ca ioe?ieith A. Eai?iee [8], ?einuee? th?enoe a?oioiaii
coieiyeeny ia ?ic?iaeaii? ieoaiue, yeei oiiaai ia? a?aeii-
a?aeaoe ethaeeia, uia aooe noa’?eoii i?aaa, ? iaeaea ia oi?-
eaeeny iniaeeainoae i?aaiaiai noaiiaeua ?oi?o eieaeoea?a
(ni?eie, nithc?a, anioe?aoe?e) ye noa’?eo?a i?aaa. Oea coiiaeei
?iaeea?aeoae?noe/iee oa?aeoa? ?einueeiai i?aaa, a yeiio
o/anieeaie i?aaia?aeiinei aoee ie?ai? o?ce/i? iniae. A?ae-
iia?aeii aoei i?enoiniaaia ? i?aaiaa ?aaoethaaiiy a?aeii-
-8-
nei o noa?? ainiiaea?thaaiiy: eieaeoeai? ooai?aiiy ia cia-
oiaeeee aeey naaa ie?aii? eiino?oeoe?? a ?einueeiio i?eaao-
iiio i?aa?, oiio oai??y oeea?eueiiai i?aaa ?icaeyaeaea oe?
a?aeiineie c iiceoe?? nooi iniaenoeo ciaia’ycaeueieo a?aeii-
nei ie?aieo o/aniee?a. Aea c /anii, ine?eueee oae? ooai-
?aiiy iaaoee oa?aeoa?o i?aai?ciaaii? ?aeiino?, ui caaac-
ia/eei ?i aeineoue-oaee iacaeaaeia noaiiaeua a?aeiinii ?oi?o
caniiaiee?a (o/aniee?a), ? cia/ii iioe?eeeny, caeiiiaeaaaoeue
ciooaiee aoa oo?ooeoenue o ieoaiiy aioo??oiuei? i?aai?-
caoe?? cacia/aieo ooai?aiue. Oea ?iaeeiny aeey oiai, uia:
aiey ie?aieo o/aniee?a ao?aoeea oa ae??oaeueia cia-
/aiiy, yea aiia ia? o cae/aeieo ciaia’ycaeueieo i?aaia?aeii-
neiao, ? oiio ii?o/ ?c iaaeioi?eaiieie i?aaaie ie?aieo
o/aniee?a ia ia?oee ieai aeeoea aiey a?eueoino?, ui, iae-
iae, iaiaaeo?oueny iaaieie i?aaeeaie naiai aeyaeaiiy;
ii?o/ ?c iiiyooyi i?inoiai i?aaenoaaieoeoaa c’yaeei-
ny iiiyooy i?aaio oiaa?enoaa, yea ia?ae?eei o oeeo eieae-
oeaieo ooai?aiiyo naieo o/aniee?a, a caaaeuei? cai?e noa-
ee o?eueee i?aaiii oiaa?enoaa (eiiia?aoeao);
?nioaaiiy oaeeo ooai?aiue ia i?eieiyeiny c? ci?iith
neeaaeo eiai o/aniee?a;
ii/aee /?oei ?ic??ciyoeny aioo??oi? a?aeiineie (i?ae
oiaa?enoaii oa eiai o/anieeaie-/eaiaie) ? ciai?oi? (i?ae
oiaa?enoaii ? o?ao?ie iniaaie): a inoaii?o (ciai?oi?o
a?aeiineiao) o/anieee oa ?oi? oaiaee aeey o?ao?o in?a i?ae
acaaae? ia ?niothoue, oiaoi ia iathoue i?yeiai cia/aiiy [9].
Ioaea, aiane?aeie oeueiai i?ioeano i?aaioai?aiiy ooai?e-
eeny oe?eeii ie?ai? i?aaia? ?inoeoooe – ainiiaea?nueeeo
oiaa?enoa ? ae?iaie/iai eiiia?aoeao (a?o?e?), ye? (c o?a-
ooaaiiyi no/anieo ?oi?o ?en) ia a?aeiia?aeathoue oai??? ?ei-
nueeiai i?eaaoiiai i?aaa. Oey eie?c?y, a oaeiae ?icia?o?noue
eieaeoeaieo oi?i i?aei?e?iieoeoaa ? ni?e/eieee /eneaii?
noia?a/ee uiaei ?oiuei? i?aaiai? i?e?iaee, ye? ia auooathoue
? aeiiei?.
Aeooaeuei?noue ieoaiiy i?aaiaiai noaiiaeua ainiiaea?-
-9-
nueeeo oiaa?enoa ? ae?iaie/eo eiiia?aoea?a iaoiiaeth?oueny
ia eeoa ?oiueith ?noi?e/ii aei?iaoaaiith ?ieeth o ?eieia?e
nenoai? ainiiaea?thaaiiy, a e iniaeeainoyie no/aniiai ia??-
iaeo ?icaeoeo oe??? nenoaie a Oe?a?i?: iiaee i?eaaoiee
naeoi? aeiiii?ee oe?iei aeei?enoiao? oe? i?aai?caoe?eii-
i?aaia? oi?ie c iaoith caii/aoeoaaiiy i?aei?e?iieoeueei?
ae?yeueiino?; o?aaeeoe?ei? aea?aeaai? oa eiioiaeuei? oi?oa?i?
i?aei?e?inoaa ia?aoai?ththoueny ia ainiiaea?nuee? (ye i?aae-
ei, aeoe?iia?i?) oiaa?enoaa a i?ioean? ei?ii?aoecaoe?? oa i?e-
aaoecaoe?? (oiaoi c ?i?oe?aoeae ? ca o/anoth aea?aeaae); oae?
oiaa?enoaa a?aecia/athoueny ??ciiiai?oi?noth ooieoe?e o no-
/aniiio aeiiii?/iiio aeeoo?.
Aeania, ainiiaea?nueea oiaa?enoai iiaea aenooiaoe a ?ie?
i?aei?e?inoaa, eiee an? eiai o/anieee (aai /anoeia ?o) aa-
?ooue o/anoue o cae?eniaii? oeei oiaa?enoaii ae?iaie/i-ain-
iiaea?nueei?, iaoeiai-aeine?aeieoeueei? oa eiia?oe?eii? ae?yeue-
iino?, aai aeey oeueiai oi?io?oueny o?oaeiaee eieaeoea ?c iae-
iaieo i?aoe?aiee?a. Aaciina?aaei? cae?eniaiiy oaeeie oiaa-
?enoaaie ?ioeo aeae?a ainiiaea?nueei? ae?yeueiino? (no?aoiai?,
aaie?anueei?, aoaeeoi?nueei? oiui) na?ae/eoue i?i oa, ui aiie
iaeaaeaoue aei iniiaii? eaiee aeiiii?ee, yea caaacia/o? ae-
eiiaiiy iaaieo iineoa (?ia?o). Ainiiaea?nueea oiaa?enoai
iiaea oaeiae aeeiioaaoe ooieoe?? aeanieea iaeia, cae?enith-
th/e oi?aae?iiy noai?aieie iei (/e iaaooeie ia caeii-
ieo i?aenoaaao ye oe?e?nieie iaeiiaeie eiiieaenaie) aei-
/??i?ie i?aei?e?inoaaie aai /anoeaie a iaei? (aeoe?yie)
?ioeo ainiiaea?nueeeo oiaa?enoa [10]. O oi?i? ainiiaea?-
nueeeo oiaa?enoa oaeiae a?aeaoaa?oueny Caeo/aiiy a aeiiii?eo
Oe?a?ie ?iicaiieo ?iaanoeoe?e [11].
Iii?e aeooaeuei?noue i?iaeai i?aaiaiai noaiiaeua ain-
iiaea?nueeeo oiaa?enoa ? ae?iaie/eo eiiia?aoea?a, iia’ycai?
c oeei ieoaiiy ua ia aoee i?aaeiaoii niaoe?aeueiiai eiii-
eaeniiai aeine?aeaeaiiy a no/ani?e oe?a?inuee?e th?eaee/i?e
e?oa?aoo??. Aei?aaiethoe?ei? aeaeaiiy c oeeo ieoaiue (A. Oa?-
oaiaae/a, A. Eai?iee, I. Oeeoiae/a, E. Iao?aaeeoeueeiai
-10-
oa ?i.), oi/a ? ia ao?aoeee nai?? cia/ouino?, aea ia a?aoi-
aothoue o? ci?ie, ui noaeeny i?ioyaii inoaiiueiai noie?ooy
a naiiio ainiiaea?nueeiio aeeoo?, o i?aaiaiio noaiiaeu?
ainiiaea?nueeeo oiaa?enoa ? ae?iaie/eo eiiia?aoea?a, o oai-
aeaioe?yo caeiiiaeaa/iai ?aaoethaaiiy iia’ycaieo ?c ieie ie-
oaiue. No/ani? i?aoe? c i?iaeai i?aaiaiai noaiiaeua ain-
iiaea?nueeeo oiaa?enoa ? ae?iaie/eo eiiia?aoea?a aeine?ae-
aeothoue eeoa ie?ai? aniaeoe ?oiuei? ae?yeueiino? /e ie?ai?
aeaee ainiiaea?nueeeo oiaa?enoa [12].
Oey i?aoey ia? ia iao? aena?oeeoe i?aaiaa noaiiaeua ain-
iiaea?nueeeo oiaa?enoa ? ae?iaie/eo eiiia?aoea?a, i?iaia-
e?coaaoe caeiiiaeaa/o i?aeoeeo (a?o/eciyio oa na?oiao) i?a-
aiaiai ?aaoethaaiiy ii?yaeeo ?o noai?aiiy, ae?yeueiino?, oa-
?aeoa? aioo??oi?o ? ciai?oi?o a?aeiinei, ? ia i?aenoaa? oeuei-
ai cai?iiiioaaoe oeyoe aaeineiiaeaiiy /eiiiai caeiii-
aeaanoaa c oeeo ieoaiue. Iniaeeaa oaaaa i?eae?eyoeiaoueny
i?iaeaiai caoenoo noni?eueieo ?ioa?an?a o i?ioean? ooieoe?i-
ioaaiiy cacia/aieo i?aai?caoe?e, a oaeiae ?o ni?aa?aeiioai-
ith c i?eaaoieie ?ioa?anaie (oiaoi ?ioa?anaie ie?aieo in?a
– naieo ainiiaea?nueeeo oiaa?enoa ? ae?iaie/eo eiiia?a-
oea?a, ?o o/aniee?a-/eai?a).
-11-
CI?NO
Anooi. 5
Aeaaa 1. Caaaeueia oa?aeoa?enoeea i?aaiaiai noaiiaeua
ainiiaea?nueeeo oiaa?enoa ? ae?iaie/eo eiiia?aoea?a. 13
Aeaaa 2. I?aaiaa noaiiaeua aeoe?iia?ieo oiaa?enoa . 49
2.1. Iiiyooy ? iniiai? ?ene aeoe?iia?ieo oiaa?enoa .49
2.2. Aeaee aeoe?iia?ieo oiaa?enoa . 66
2.3. Ii?yaeie noai?aiiy aeoe?iia?iiai oiaa?enoaa. 71
2.4. Eai?oae (iaeiiaa aaca) aeoe?iia?iiai oiaa?enoaa. 88
2.5. Caniiaieee aeoe?iia?iiai oiaa?enoaa. 97
2.6. I?aaiaee ?aaeei aeoe?e . 104
2.7. I?aaiaa noaiiaeua aeoe?iia?a. 125
2.8. I?aaie aeoe?iia?iiai oiaa?enoaa . 137
Aeaaa 3. I?aaiaa noaiiaeua oiaa?enoa c iaiaaeaiith a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noth. 169
Aeaaa 4. I?aaiaa noaiiaeua oiaa?enoa c aeiaeaoeiaith a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noth. 197
Aeaaa 5. I?aaiaa noaiiaeua iiaiiai oiaa?enoaa . 207
Aeaaa 6. I?aaiaa noaiiaeua eiiaiaeeoiiai oiaa?enoaa. 223
Aeaaa 7. I?aaiaa noaiiaeua ae?iaie/iai eiiia?aoeao. 237
Aeniiaee. 255
I?ei?oee. 263
Anooi. 263
Aeaaa 1. 265
Aeaaa 2. 276
Aeaaa 3. 292
Aeaaa 4. 296
Aeaaa 5. 297
Aeaaa 6. 299
Aeaaa 7. 301
Aeniiaee. 303
Aeei?enoai? nei?i/aiiy. 307
Aeaaa 1
CAAAEUeIA OA?AEOA?ENOEEA
I?AAIAIAI NOAIIAEUA
AINIIAeA?NUeEEO OIAA?ENOA
? AE?IAIE*EO EIIIA?AOEA?A
I?aaiao i?e?iaeo ? oa?aeoa?i? ?ene ainiiaea?nueeeo oi-
aa?enoa, aei yeeo a?aeiineee e a?o?e? (ae?iaie/? eiiia?a-
oeae), aeineoue a?oioiaii aeine?aeeee iaoeiaoe? ieioeiai noi-
e?ooy. A. Oa?oaiaae/, A. Eai?iea, I. Ienainueeee, I. Oee-
oiae/, A. A?e?inueeee oa ?i. a ?in?enuee?e ?iia???, a ca oe
iaaeaie – E.-O. Naa?iue’?, ?. ???eia, ?aii, E. Aieueaeoi?aeo,
I. A??ea, Eano?a oa ?i. [1] i?eae?eyee cia/io oaaao oeueiio
ieoaiith. Oi/a a?aeoiae? ieioei iaeaea noie?ooy ? cacia/ai?
oiaa?enoaa iaaoee aeayeeo iiaeo ?en o no/anieo oiiaao
?icaeoeo ?eieiaeo a?aeiinei (ainiiaea?thaaiiy), iaeiae ?a-
coeueoaoe oiai/anieo aeine?aeaeaiue ia ao?aoeee naiai cia-
/aiiy ? aa?o? oaaae c ei?eaoaaiiyi ia no/ani? oaiaeaioe??
?icaeoeo oeueiai i?aaiaiai ?inoeoooo.
Ainiiaea?nuee? (oi?aia?) oiaa?enoaa oa aeecuee? aei ieo ca
i?aaiaei noaiiaeuai ? i?aaiaith i?e?iaeith ae?iaie/?
eiiia?aoeae (ia’?aeia?ii ?o i?ae iaei??th iacaith – i?aei?e?i-
ieoeuee? oiaa?enoaa, oe?eeii neooii aeei?enoaiith a i?i-
aeo? Oeea?eueiiai eiaeaeno Oe?a?ie [2]), yaeythoue niaith i?aai?-
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ciaaia a ?aeeia oe?ea ia’?aeiaiiy aeae?eueeio (ca oe?a?inueeei
caeiiiaeaanoaii uiiaeiaioa aeaio aeey ainiiaea?nueeeo
oiaa?enoa ? o?ueio aeey eiiia?aoea?a [3]) in?a aeey cae?eniai-
iy ainiiaea?nueei? ae?yeueiino? [aeaioiaeaiiy i?iaeoeoe?? (oi-
aa??a), aeeiiaiiy ?ia?o, iaaeaiiy iineoa] ?c iaoith io?eiaiiy
i?eaooeo, oiaoi iaeaaeaoue aei i?aei?e?iieoeueeeo i?aai?caoe?e
ei?ii?aoeaiiai oeio. Ca aeneiaii A. Eai?iee, aeaa?c oa-
eeo oiaa?enoa: “a ?aeiaii? ni?eueieo coneeue – caii?oea
oni?oo eiaeiiai” [4].
Ia aoai? i?iieneiaiai eai?oae?cio i?aei?e?iieoeuee? oi-
aa?enoaa noai?thaaeeny o?ce/ieie iniaaie (ye? e aoee ?o
o/anieeaie) c iaoith ia’?aeiaiiy eioo?a ? coneeue aeey aa-
aeaiiy caii/aoeiaaii? ni?aae. Oeueiai aeiaaaa ?icaeoie
?eieiaeo (eai?oae?noe/ieo) a?aeiinei, /?eueia i?noea a nen-
oai? yeeo iaeaaeeoue aaeeeei i?aei?e?inoaai. Aac eiini-
e?aeaoe?? i?ae niaith ae??ai? i?aei?e?ioe? ia iaee a ?aaeueii?
iiaeeeaino? caniiaoaaoe aaeee? i?aei?e?inoaa ? a?aoe a ieo
o/anoue.
Iiae?ai? aeiiii?/i? oiiae niiioeaee ?ia?oiee?a, ?aeeia
iaaeaaiiy yeeo iieyaaei a ?oi?e i?aoeacaeaoiino?, oaeiae
ia’?aeioaaoeny: eeoa ni?eea (eiiia?aoea) iaaeaaaei ?i iiae-
eea?noue caeiaoeny ainiiaea?nueeith ae?yeuei?noth c iaoith io?e-
iaiiy i?eaooeo aac i?aeii?yaeeoaaiiy aaeeeiio i?aei?e-
?ioeaa?.
?iaeea?aeoaeueiee i?aei?e?iaoeue, ca?nia ??/, iiaea caeo/e-
oe aeiaeaoeia? eiooe, acyaoe e?aaeeo, aea oea caa?iaeo? eiio
caeaaei?noth a?ae iiceeiaeaaoey, yeiio ne?ae iiaa?iooe a/anii
? noio iiceee, ? iaoiiaeai? a?aenioee ca ei?enooaaiiy iath.
I?aei?e?iieoeuee? oiaa?enoaa noaee oei niiniaii .cae?eniai-
iy i?aei?e?iieoeueei? ae?yeueiino? (ainiiaea?nueei? ae?yeueiino?
c iaoith io?eiaiiy i?eaooeo), eiee aei oeueiai caeo/athoueny
iaeii ? ae?yeuei?noue aeae?eueeio, aoi e aaaaoueio, in?a. Ia?aaea-
ia oaeiio oiaa?enoao iaeii ye aeeaae eiai. o/aniee?a (/ea-
i?a) noa?, ye i?aaeei, aeani?noth oiaa?enoaa. Ioaea, aeoio-
eueiaai? a oaeee niin?a eiooe ia o?aaa i?eiio iiaa?oaoe, a
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oei a?eueoa niea/oaaoe ca ieo a?aenioee iacaeaaeii a?ae ?a-
coeueoao?a ainiiaea?nueei? ae?yeueiino?.
Aeo?ae o/anieea c i?aei?e?iieoeueeiai oiaa?enoaa (ca ae-
iyoeii ae?iaie/iai eiiia?aoeao) ia oyaia ca niaith – ye
iaia’yceiaee iane?aeie – iiaa?iaiiy /anoee oaeiai o/an-
ieea a iaoo??: eiio aa?aioo?oueny nieaoa a?ioiaiai aea?-
aaeaioa /anoee (yeui ?ioa ia ia?aaeaa/aii caeiiii aai
onoaiia/eie aeieoiaioaie oiaa?enoaa). Ioaea, noaa?e?co?oue-
ny iaeiiaa aaca (iaeiiaee eiiieaen) i?aei?e?inoaa, ui
ooieoe?iio? o oi?i? i?aei?e?iieoeueeeo oiaa?enoa. A oea –
?aeeiee niin?a ia eeoa iaa?iiaaeaeaiiy a ?oeao iaeiiai
noa’?eoa ainiiaea?thaaiiy cia/ieo eai?oae?a, a e ca?eueiai-
iy eiai o/aniee?a ye ie?aieo in?a a?ae onueiai oyaa?y ?ece-
eo aaaeaiiy ni?aae.
Ii?aeiaiiy iaeiiaeo eioo?a aeae?eueeio (aaaaoueio) in?a ?
cae??ieaiiy ?o ia i?aa? aeaniino? ca noai?aiei i?aei?e-
?iieoeueeei oiaa?enoaii aeicaieythoue eiai caniiaieeai
(o/anieeai) iaiaaeeoe na?e ?ecee (a a aeayeeo aeaeao oiaa-
?enoa – ? a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noue) ca iaaaoeai? ?acoeueoaoe ae?yeue-
iino? oiaa?enoaa. Ca oaei? oi?ie i?aai?caoe?? noa’?eo i?ae-
i?e?iieoeoaa (ainiiaea?nueea oiaa?enoai /e ae?iaie/ee ei-
iia?aoea) ia ia?aaoaa? o ae??oaeuei?e caeaaeiino? a?ae ini-
ae ie?aiiai i?aei?e?ioey. ?ecee, ca aeneiaii A. Oa?-
oaiaae/a [5], ia eiioeaio?o?oueny ia ainiiaea?noa? iaeiiai
i?aei?e?ioey (iaei??? iniae), a ?iciiae?ey?oueny i?ae aeae?eueei-
ia ainiiaea?noaaie.
Aeina?ae ? ciaiiy iaei??? iniae iiaeooue ii?aeiaoeny c ea-
i?oaeii ?ioi?, yea aaaeaea a caii/aoeoaaoe ? aanoe iaaio
ni?aao, aea ia ia? aeey oeueiai a?aeiia?aeieo ciaiue ? iaae/ie.
Aaeee? oa/aai ?eceeiaai? i?aei?e?inoaa (aeaee ainiiaea?-
nueei? ae?yeueiino?), ui ia i?ae neeo ie?aiiio i?aei?e?ioeaa?,
caniiaothoueny ? cae?eniththoueny caaaeyee ia’?aeiaiith iaeia
oa i?aei?e?iieoeueei? /e o?oaeiai? ae?yeueiino? aaaaoueio in?a,
aae aeoioethaaoe iaiao?aei? eiooe, a a ?ac? iaiao?aeiino? –
? ii?aeiaoe ?o c iaae/eaie, ciaiiyie, ai?iiyi oeeo in?a, a
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oaeiae ciaioeoe aeey ie?aieo i?aei?e?ioe?a ?ecee a?ae iiae-
eeaeo oo?ao. Aiaeii/an oey eaae?noue eiioeaio?aoe?? eioo?a
aeae?eueeio (aaaaoueio) in?a a aeineoue iaaacia/iith, yeui oiaa-
?enoai noai?th?oueny ia c iaoith aaaeaiiy eaaaeueii? i?aei?e?i-
ieoeueei? ae?yeueiino?, a eeoa aeey iaa?iiaaeaeaiiy ? i?eaean-
iaiiy eai?oaeo eiai caniiaieeaie (aai aeayeeie c ieo) ca
?aooiie aeia??eeaeo ethaeae. Iniaeeaiai ?iciaoo oea iiaea
aeinyaoe o a?aee?eoeo aeoe?iia?ieo oiaa?enoaao. Oiio aea?-
aeaaa iiaeiia ao?o/aoeny a ae?yeuei?noue i?aei?e?iieoeueeeo
oiaa?enoa, iniaeeai aeoe?iia?ieo, c iaeyaeo ia ?oith noni?eueio
aaao.
Iaiao?aei?noue aea?aeaaiiai ?aaoethaaiiy oaeeo oiaa?enoa
aoea aeciaia ua a ieioeiio noie?oo?. Oaea ?aaoethaaiiy
cae?enithaaeiny oeyoii i?eeiyooy caaaeueiiai caeiio (ye,
iai?eeeaae. Oi?aiaiai eiaeaeno o O?aioe?? /e Oi?aiaiai oei-
aeaiiy a I?ia//ei?) oa/aai niaoe?aeueieo caeii?a (i?i aeoe?-
iia?i? oiaa?enoaa, i?i oiaa?enoaa c iaiaaeaiith a?aeiia?-
aeaeuei?noth, i?i ae?iaie/? eiiia?aoeae) [6]. O ??cieo e?a?-
iao oea ieoaiiy ae??oo?oueny ii-nai?io, aea caaaeueiith oai-
aeaioe??th ? iineeaiiy a?oioiaiino? ?aaoethaaiiy i?aaiaiai
noaiiaeua i?aei?e?iieoeueeeo oiaa?enoa, iniaeeai aeoe?iia?-
ieo (uiaei inoaii?o, ye i?aaeei, i?eeiathoueny niaoe?aeuei?
caeiie). Ca aeneiaii A. Oa?oaiaae/a, “oeea?euei? ii?ie
i?aaa oiaa?enoa i?ieiyo? caoiaeaie iie?oeaenueeiai oa?ae-
oa?o” [7], ui acaaae? ia ? oa?aeoa?iei aeey oeea?eueiiai i?aaa,
a nei??oa i?eoaiaiia oi?aiaiio (eiia?oe?eiiio, ainii-
aea?nueeiio) i?aao.
I?aei?e?iieoeueea oiaa?enoai ye i?aai?caoe?y in?a, eio??
ia’?aeiaee nai? iaeii ? i?aei?e?iieoeueeo aai o?oaeiao ae?yeue-
i?noue c iaoith io?eiaiiy i?eaooeo, ? noa’?eoii i?aei?e?i-
ieoeueei? ae?yeueiino?, ine?eueee ?i aeanoea? on? ?ene i?aei?e?i-
oey: cae?eniaiiy ainiiaea?nueei? ae?yeueiino? – aeaioiaeai-
iy i?iaeoeoe?? (oiaa??a), aeeiiaiiy ?ia?o, iaaeaiiy iineoa
a?aeaoaa?oueny nenoaiaoe/ii, ia i?ioan?ei?e iniia? o aeaeyae?
i?iieneo (oiaoi ia aeey n,aaa, a aeey caaeiaieaiiy iio?aa
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?ioeo in?a), c iaoith io?eiaiiy i?eaooeo, ia aeani?e iae-
iia?e aac?, a?aeie?aieai?e a?ae iaeia caniiaiee?a /e o/an-
iee?a (ui ia aeeeth/a? aeei?enoaiiy /oaeiai iaeia ia
i?aenoaa? aeiaiai?o iaeiiaiai iaeio), i?ae aeanio iaeiiao
a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noue [8]. I?aei?e?iieoeueea oiaa?enoai iiaeia
iacaaoe eieaeoeaiei i?aei?e?ioeai [9], ui ia? oa?aeoa?i?
iciaee, a naia: a iniia? i?aei?e?iieoeueeiai oiaa?enoaa
eaaeeoue oaiaea, aea oaiaea niaoeeo?/ia, oi/a aei ia? iathoue
canoiniaoaaoeny ? caaaeuei? i?aaeea uiaei oeeaaeaiiy oaiae
(noiniaii ianyao i?aai- oa ae??caeaoiino? in?a, ye? ?? oeeaaea-
thoue aai aei ia? i?e?aeiothoueny). O ainiiaea?nueeeo oiaa?enoaao
oey oaiaea (onoaiia/ee aeiaia??) ia? oeeaaeaoeny a ienueiia?e
oi?i? oa ca oe?a?inueeei caeiiiaeaanoaii [10] ? iaia’ycei-
aei onoaiia/ei aeieoiaioii, oi/ o i?aaiaeo nenoaiao
aeayeeo e?a?i [11] oaea oaiaea a?aenooiy, yeui caeiiiaeaaaoeue
aeicaiey? noai?thaaoe ie?ai? aeaee ainiiaea?nueeeo oiaa?enoa
(aeoe?iia?ia /e c iaiaaeaiith a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noth) iaei?e inia?.
Ca?eueoaiiy e?eueeino? o/aniee?a a?aeaoaa?oueny /a?ac i?iaeaae
aeoe?e (/anoie o iaei? oiaa?enoaa) ? oeeaaeaiiy a oni?e
(o a?aee?eoiio aeoe?iia?iiio oiaa?enoa?) aai ienueiia?e
oi?i? aeiaiai?o i?e?aeiaiiy /e noaaeaiiy noaoooo oaei?
i?aai?caoe?? (a ?aoo? ainiiaea?nueeeo oiaa?enoa, oiaoi ca
aeiyoeii aeoe?iia?ieo a?aee?eoiai oeio, oea a?aeaoaa?oueny
aianaiiyi a?aeiia?aeieo ci?i aei onoaiia/eo aeieoiaio?a).
O ?ac? noai?aiiy ae?iaie/iai eiiia?aoeao aeiaia?? o
ienueiia?e oi?i? /ano?oa ia oeeaaea?oueny, aea onia oi?ia
noaaeaiiy iaeaooi?ie /eaiaie eiiia?aoeao eiai noaoooo
(a a?aeiia?aeii ? cae??ieaieo o iueiio iieiaeaiue, o o. /. e uiaei
i?aa oa iaia’yce?a /eai?a eiiia?aoeao) iaiaei?iii ia? aooe.
Nia?oo i?aei?e?iieoeuee? oiaa?enoaa (ui a?aeiia?aea? ?oi?e
noo?) iaee noai?thaaoeny aeae?eueeiia iniaaie, i?i?iaeueio
e?euee?noue yeeo aecia/aei caeiiiaeaanoai. Oea ciaeoei a?aei-
a?aaeaiiy ? a Caeii? Oe?a?ie “I?i ainiiaea?nuee? oiaa?enoaa”,
ia?oa noaooy yeiai ia?aaeaa/a?, ui oae? oiaa?enoaa noai-
?ththoueny o?ce/ieie oa/aai th?eaee/ieie iniaaie (aaeeoi
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iiiaeeio aac cacia/aiiy i?i?iaeueii? e?eueeino? caniiaiee?a,
ui aeicaiey? aecia/eoe oeae i?i?ioi o aea? iniae; iaeiae aeey
ae?iaie/eo eiiia?aoea?a oea /enei noaiiaeoue o?e, ye i?a-
aeei, o?ce/i? iniae, eio?? aeinyaee 16-??/iiai a?eo [12]).
Eaaae?caoe?y a aeayeeo e?a?iao ainiiaea?nueeeo oiaa?enoa
o neeaae? iaei??? iniae a?aeia?aaea? no/anio oaiaeaioe?th i?ae-
oeee i?aei?e?iieoeoaa, eiee iaa?oue cia/i? ca ?ici??aie
i?aei?e?inoaa iiaeooue caniiaoaaoeny ie?aieie iniaaie –
o?ce/ieie oa/aai th?eaee/ieie ye aeanieeaie iaiao?aeieo
aeey oeueiai eai?oae?a.
O?ao?a ainiiaea?nueeiai oiaa?enoaa (iaa?oue o neeaae? iaei???
iniae) oa ae?iaie/iai eiiia?aoeao iaea?eueoa a?aeiia?aea?
?eieiaei oiiaai ainiiaea?thaaiiy, aaeaea oae? noa’?eoe ain-
iiaea?thaaiiy ? aeanieeaie iaeia, ia?aaeaiiai o/anieeaie
o aeaeyae? aeeaae?a (ia?a), ae?iaeaii? i?iaeoeoe??, io?eiaieo
aeioiae?a, iaaooiai ca ?aooiie inoaii?o, a oaeiae ia ?ioeo
caeiiieo i?aenoaaao iaeia. Eeoa aeaniee iaeia iiaea aooe
iiaiioe?iiei noa’?eoii i?aei?e?iieoeueei? ae?yeueiino? –
aaeaea oea aa?aioo? eiio iacaeaaei?noue ? cia/iee ??aaiue nai-
aiaee (a iaaeao caeiio, ca?nii) uiaei cae?eniaiiy oaei? ae?yeue-
iino? oa naiino?ei?noue eiai iaeiiai? a?aeiia?aeaeueiino? ye
iaiao?aeii? aa?aio?? aeey eiai e?aaeeoi??a o caaeiaieaii? ?oi?o
iaa?oioiaaieo aeiia.
O/anieee i?aei?e?iieoeueeeo oiaa?enoa iiaeii? iaoe
iaiao?aeiee ianya i?aai- oa ae??caeaoiino? (i?aainoa’?eoiino?).
Iaeiae aeiiae aei oaeiai ianyao ??ci? o oiaa?enoa, ui (a)
iaeaaeaoue aei ia’?aeiaiue eai?oae?a, (a) ui ? ia?niiaeueieie
ia’?aeiaiiyie, oa (a) o ae?iaie/eo eiiia?aoea?a. A?aeiinii
ia?oeo iayai?noue iiaii? i?aai- oa ae??caeaoiino? (uiaei o?-
ce/ieo in?a) ia ? iaia’yceiaith, ca aeiyoeii caniiaiee?a,
oiaoi iaeaooi?o o/aniee?a, ye? oeeaaeathoue i?ae niaith onoa-
iia/ee aeiaia?? (aeiaia?? i?i ni?eueio ae?yeuei?noue uiaei noai-
?aiiy oiaa?enoaa c iaaieie ia?aiao?aie). Oae, aeoe?iia-
?aie, o/anieeaie oiaa?enoaa c iaiaaeaiith a?aeiia?aeaeuei?-
noth aai oiaa?enoaa c aeiaeaoeiaith a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noth iiaeooue
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aooe ? iaiiaiie?oi? iniae, ye? io?eiaee, iai?eeeaae, aeoe??
aai /anoee a iaei? oiaa?enoaa o niaaeueio, i?e/iio a oiaa-
?enoa? c iaiaaeaiith a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noth (aeae? OIA) ? a oiaa-
?enoa? c aeiaeaoeiaith a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noth (aeae? OAeA) iaia’yc-
eiaei ? noaaeaiiy oaeiai e?ieo ?aooith o/aniee?a. Oea
iiynith?oueny aeii?ioaaiiyi iaeiiaiai aeaiaioo a oaeeo
oiaa?enoaao (iaia’yceia?noue eeoa iaeiiai? o/ano? aac iaoy-
aeaiiy – ca aeayeeie aeiyoeaie uiaei OIA ? OAeA – iaiae-
i?iii a?aoe o/anoue a oi?aae?ii? ni?aaaie aai ae?iaie/?e
ae?yeueiino? oiaa?enoaa). Oiio a oeeo oiaa?enoaao ia iniao
o/anieea ia aeoaea caaaeathoue; aiia iiaea aooe ? iaae??caeao-
iith, aaeaea ooieoe?? oi?aae?iiy aeeiiothoueny i?aaiaie oiaa-
?enoaa, a ae?iaie/o, oi?aiaaeueio oiui ae?yeuei?noue (aaciina-
?aaeith ainiiaea?nueeo ae?yeuei?noue) iiaeooue aeeiioaaoe ? iae-
iai? i?aoe?aieee. ?ioa?ane oaeeo in?a iiaeooue i?aaenoaaeyoe
?o caeiii? i?aaenoaaieee.
Oea ia noino?oueny i?aiaeieo i?aei?e?inoa, noai?aieo ia aac?
iaeiiaiai eiiieaeno aea?aeaaiiai aai eiioiaeueiiai i?ae-
i?e?inoaa /eaiaie o?oaeiaiai eieaeoeao inoaiiueiai. A?aeii-
a?aeii aei /. 1 no. 6 Caeiio Oe?a?ie “I?i i?aiaeo aea?aeaaii-
ai ? eiioiaeueiiai iaeia” [13] oae? i?aei?e?inoaa iathoue
ooieoe?iioaaoe o oi?i? ainiiaea?nueeeo oiaa?enoa (aac ae-
iiae uiaei iaaiiai ?o aeaeo), a o/anieee oaeiai oiaa?enoaa
iiaeii? aooe /eaiaie o?oaeiaiai eieaeoeao aea?aeaaiiai aai
eiioiaeueiiai i?aei?e?inoaa /e eiai no?oeoo?iiai i?ae?ic-
ae?eo, iaeiiaee eiiieaen yeiai aa?aoueny a i?aiaeo, oiaoi
a?aoe aaciina?aaeith o/anoue o eiai ae?yeueiino? (ianaiia?aae
ae?iaie/?e). Aiaeii/an iaiao?aei?noue aaciina?aaeiuei? o/ano?
o aaaeaii? ni?aa ia?niiaeueieo oiaa?enoa (iiaiiai ? eiiai-
aeeoiiai) aeeeth/a? oaeo iiaeeea?noue (?aii?oaaiiy iniae
o/anieea).
Uiaei ae?iaie/eo eiiia?aoea?a ae?? ii?ia, a?aeiia?aeii aei
yei? eiai /eaiaie iiaeooue aooe iniae, ye? aeinyaee 16-??/ii-
ai a?eo (oiaoi a?iiaaeyie, c yeeie ca o?oaeiaei caeiiiaeaa-
noaii iiaea oeeaaeaoeny o?oaeiaee aeiaia??); aeiiaa uiaei
-19-
aaciina?aaeiueiai cae?eniaiiy ae?iaie/i? ae?yeueiino? ainii-
aea?nueeiai eiiia?aoeao icia/a?, ui eiai /eaiii iiaea aooe,
ye i?aaeei, o?ce/ia iniaa; o/anoue th?eaee/ieo in?a aeiio-
nea?oueny a n?euenueeiainiiaea?nueeeo eiiia?aoeaao, ia?aaaae-
ii ia i?aaao anioe?eiaaiiai /eaia.
Caoeuath/e noni?euei? ?ioa?ane, caeiiiaeaanoai anoaiia-
eth? iaiaaeaiiy aeey aeayeeo eaoaai??e in?a:
caai?iio aeey aea?aeaaieo i?aei?e?inoa, onoaiia, i?aai?-
caoe?e (e??i Oiiaeo aea?aeaaiiai iaeia Oe?a?ie, a?aeiia?ae-
ieo aaeocaaeo i?i?noa?noa ? a?aeiinoa, aea?aeaaieo ainii-
aea?nueeeo ia’?aeiaiue, noai?aieo ca ??oaiiyi o?yaeo) aooe
caniiaieeaie oa o/anieeaie i?aei?e?iieoeueeeo no?oeoo?,
ie??i aoae?aaeueieo i?aai?caoe?e, i?aei?e?inoa aoae?aaeueii?
?iaeono??? oa aoae?aaeueieo iaoa??ae?a, ye? ? caniiaieeaie
ainiiaea?nueeeo oiaa?enoa, ui cae?enithaaoeiooue i?iaeooaai-
iy oa aoae?aieoeoai ca ei?aeiiii [14];
caai?iio aeey th?eaee/ieo in?a, a iaei? yeeo /anoea aea?-
aeaaii? aeaniino? ia?aaeuo? 25%, aooe iieoioeyie a i?i-
oean? i?eaaoecaoe?? [a o. /. ? uiaei aeoe?e (/anoie, ia?a), ye?
iaeaaeaoue aea?aeaa? a iaei? ainiiaea?nueeeo oiaa?enoa];
aeey i?aei?e?inoa oa i?aai?caoe?e, iaeii yeeo ia?aaoaa?
a eiioiaeuei?e aeaniino?, oa i?aai?a i?noeaaiai naiia?yaeo-
aaiiy – uiaei iiaeeeaino? i?eaeaaiiy aeoe?e (/anoie, ia?a)
o iaei? ainiiaea?nueeeo oiaa?enoa, ui iaeaaeaoue aea?aeaa?, o
i?ioean? i?eaaoecaoe?? aea?aeaaiiai ? eiioiaeueiiai iaeia [15];
i?aoe?aieeai aea?aeaaieo i?aai?a i?eaaoecaoe?? (e??i
aeiaaee?a aeei?enoaiiy ieie i?eaaoecaoe?eieo iaia??a)
aooe iieoioeyie ia’?eo?a i?eaaoecaoe?? (a o. /. /anoie, aeoe?e,
ia?a, ui iaeaaeaoue aea?aeaa? a iaei? ainiiaea?nueeeo oiaa?enoa
oa ?ioeo ia’?aeiaiue) a i?ioean? i?eaaoecaoe?? [16];
caai?iio aeey a?enueeiaineoaeaiaoe?a, neoaeaiaeo in?a
i?aai?a i?ieo?aoo?e, noaeo, a?a?o?aaeiiai noaeo, aea?aeaaiiai
iioa??aoo, aea?aeaaii? aaciaee, aioo??oi?o ni?aa, a oaeiae
i?aai?a aea?aeaaii? aeaaee oa oi?aae?iiy, ye? iieeeeai?
cae?enithaaoe eiio?ieue ca ae?yeuei?noth i?aei?e?inoa oa ?i. in?a,
-20-
oiiaiiaaaeaieo ia aeeiiaiiy ooieoe?e aea?aeaae, – uiaei
caiyooy i?aei?e?iieoeueeith ae?yeuei?noth (ui ia??aiicia/ia
o/ano? a ?? i?aai?caoe?eii-i?aaiaeo oi?iao), a oaeiae in?a,
ui iathoue iaiiaaoaio noaeei?noue ca ei?eneea? cei/eie –
uiaei i?aaa aenooiaoe caniiaieeaie i?aei?e?iieoeueeeo
oiaa?enoa, caeiaoe a ieo ea??ai? iinaaee ? iinaaee, iia’ycai?
c iaoa??aeueiith a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noth [17].
Aaaeeeaith iciaeith i?aei?e?iieoeueeeo oiaa?enoa ? ii-
?aeiaiiy a ieo iniaenoeo ? iaeiiaeo nee o/aniee?a. A. Oa?-
oaiaae/ cacia/aa, ui naia ?aeay oiaa?enoaa ia?aaeaa/a? aeey
eiaeiiai o/anieea iaia’yceiaa ni?eyiiy aeinyaiaiith ni?eue-
iiai ?acoeueoaoo iniaenoeie neeaie /e iaeiiaei aeeaaeii
aai oei ? oei ?acii. Iaeiiaee aianie iiaea ae?aaeaoeny
a ?a/ao, a?ioao, oe?iieo iaia?ao, iaeiiaeo i?aaao (o o. /.
? a i?aa? ia ?ioaeaeooaeueio aeani?noue) [18].
Iaeii, aianaia o/anieeaie oiaa?enoaa ye ?oi? aeeaaee
(ia?), iaeaaeeoue oiaa?enoao ia i?aa? aeaniino? (e??i caiaeue-
ieo ae?eyiie, aianaieo /eaiaie n?euenueeiainiiaea?nueeiai ei-
iia?aoeao a ?aooiie ?oiuei? iaeiiai? o/ano?) [19]. A oie
aea /an /anoeia iaeia (iaeiiaeo i?aa) iiaea aooe ia?aaeaia
oiaa?enoao eiai caniiaieeaie (o/anieeaie) ia i?aa? ei?en-
ooaaiiy (iai?eeeaae, i?aai ei?enooaaiiy caieath oa ?ioe-
ie i?e?iaeieie ?ano?naie, aoaeeieaie, nii?oaeaie, onoao-
eoaaiiyi oiui).
?a/?, ui niiaeeaathoueny (a?io?, ne?iaeia, iaeeai) iathoue
ia?aaeaaaoeny o/anieeaie oiaa?enoao ia i?aa? aeaniino?, a
uiaei ?iaeea?aeoaeueii aecia/aieo ?a/ae (caiaeuei? ae?eyiee,
aoaeeiee, nii?oaee oiui) iiaeeeaa canoinoaaiiy ye i?aaa
aeaniino?, oae ? i?aaa ei?enooaaiiy. Iaeiae i?aaiaee ?a-
aeei ?a/ae, ui ia?aaeathoueny oiaa?enoao eiai caniiaieea-
ie (o/anieeaie), ia? aooe /?oei aecia/aiee o aeiaiai??
(onoaiia/iio aai oeeaaeaiiio i?ae oaea noai?aiei oiaa?e-
noaii ? iniaaie, ye? aaaeathoue acyoe a iueiio o/anoue) – /e
oe? ?a/? ia?aaeathoueny o aeani?noue, /e a ei?enooaaiiy.
O/anoue o i?aei?e?iieoeueeiio oiaa?enoa? (ainiiaea?nueei-
-21-
io oiaa?enoa? /e ae?iaie/iio eiiia?aoea?) ? aiaeii/an iai-
a’yceii ? i?aaii eiai o/aniee?a (/eai?a). Iaeiiaa o/anoue
(aianaiiy aeeaaeo /e iath, a a ia?aaeaa/aieo onoaiia/eie
aeieoiaioaie aeiaaeeao – aeiaeaoeiaeo aiane?a) ? iaia’yc-
eiaith, a iniaenoa – i?aaii (a ia’?aeiaiiyo eai?oae?a, aei
yeeo iaeaaeaoue aeoe?iia?ia oiaa?enoai, ? cia/iith i??ith
oiaa?enoai c iaiaaeaiith ? oiaa?enoai c aeiaeaoeiaith a?aeii-
a?aeaeuei?noth [20]), a a ia?niiaeueieo oiaa?enoaao (iiaiiio
? eiiaiaeeoiiio, a oaeiae o ae?iaie/iio eiiia?aoea?) –
iaia’yceii [21).
O oiaa?enoaao, aea aeii?io? iaeiiaee aeaiaio (oea i?eoa-
iaiia ia’?aeiaiiyi eai?oae?a) oa/aai iae?/o?oueny aaeeea
e?euee?noue o/aniee?a, iniaenoa o/anoue a?aenooia? ia ae?oaee
ieai ? ia oyae?? iaae o/anieeaie, yeui caeii aai onoaiia/?
aeieoiaioe oiaa?enoaa oeueiai ia aeiaaathoue. Iniaenoa o/anoue
i?iyaey?oueny a oi?aae?ii? ni?aaaie oiaa?enoaa, a i?aaenoaa-
ieoeoa? o ciai?oi?o a?aeiineiao (oiaoi o a?aeiineiao c o?a-
o?ie iniaaie), o aeeiiaii? oaoi?/ieo ?ia?o (c ianeoaiaoaaiiy,
ae?yeueiino? oiaa?enoaa), o aaciina?aaeiueiio cae?eniaii? aai
i?aai?caoe?? ae?yeueiino?, yeo i?iaaaeeoue oiaa?enoai (aeeiiai-
iy ?ia?o, aeaioiaeaiiy i?iaeoeoe??, iaaeaiiy iineoa), a ?iaio?
i?aai?a oiaa?enoaa (caaaeueieo cai??a, aeeiiaa/eo ? eiio-
?ieueieo i?aai?a). I?aai?caoe??, o/anieee yeeo ia aa?ooue
i?yei? o/ano? a ?oi?e ae?yeueiino?, ia iiaeooue iaeaaeaoe aei
i?aei?e?iieoeueeee oiaa?enoa.
Ianooiia aaaeeeaa ?ena i?aei?e?iieoeueeeo oiaa?enoa –
cae?eniaiiy ainiiaea?nueei? ae?yeueiino? c iaoith io?eiaiiy
i?eaooeo. Iaeii oa iniaeno? coneeey (ciaiiy, aeina?ae, i?i-
oan?eia iaenoa?i?noue, ca’ycee) o/anieee i?aei?e?iieoeueei-
ai oiaa?enoaa ia’?aeiothoue c iaoith aaaeaiiy ni?aae oaeei
/eiii, uia oea i?eianei ?i i?eaooie. Oey iciaea a?ae??ciy?
i?aei?e?iieoeuee? oiaa?enoaa a?ae ?ioeo ni?eie (nithc?a) –
a?iiaaenueeeo, cie?aia, oi/a aiie ca caeiiiaeaanoaii e?a?i
?eieiai? aeiiii?ee (NOA, Aaeeea A?eoai?? oa ?i.) iiaeooue
aeei?enoiaoaaoe aeey nai?? i?aai?caoe?? oi?io ainiiaea?-
-22-
nueeiai oiaa?enoaa (/ano?oa aeoe?iia?iiai), iaeiae iayai?noue
iaeiiai? aace ? iiae?ai?noue i?aai?caoe?eii-i?aaiai? oi?ie
ia ?iaeoue ?o i?aei?e?iieoeueeeie oiaa?enoaaie, ine?eueee
iniiaiith ?oiueith iaoith ? ia io?eiaiiy i?eaooeo, a aeinya-
iaiiy ?ioeo oe?eae (i?ina?oieoeueeeo, eoeueoo?ieo oiui).
Oae? i?aai?caoe?? iiaeooue noai?thaaoe i?aei?e?iieoeuee?
no?oeoo?e, ye? caaacia/oaaee a eiooe aeey o?iainoaaiiy
?oiuei? iniiaii? (a?iiaaenueei?) ae?yeueiino?. Aeey iiae?aieo
i?aai?caoe?e (aei ieo iaeaaeaoue e?aaeeoi? ni?eee, i?ioni?eee,
niiaeea/a eiiia?aoe?y oiui) io?eiaiiy i?eaooeo ? ia ia-
oith, a caniaii aeey aeinyaiaiiy nai?o oe?eae, neaae?ii, aeey
iie?ioaiiy iaoa??aeueiiai noaiiaeua nai?o /eai?a, noai?ai-
iy aeey ieo a?aeiia?aeieo iaoa??aeueieo oa ?ioeo oiia. O
iiae?aieo iaeiia?oe?eieo i?aai?caoe?yo a?aenooiy – ye in-
iiaia – iaoa io?eiaiiy i?eaooeo a?ae ni?eueii? ae?yeueiino?
?o /eai?a. O e?a?iao ?eieiai? aeiiii?ee iioe?ai? a?i-
iaaenuee? i?aai?caoe??, ye? aioo??oiueith aoaeiaith iiae?ai? aei
ainiiaea?nueeeo (/ano?oa aeoe?iia?ieo) oiaa?enoa. Aiie ia-
eaaeaoue aei iaeiia?oe?eieo i?aai?caoe?e, ? ?oi? i?aaiaa noa-
iiaeua ?aaoeth?oueny niaoe?aeueieie caeiiaie (iai?eeeaae,
o NOA ae?? Iiaeaeueiee caeii a?ae 1987 ?. “I?i iaeiia?oe?e-
io ei?ii?aoe?th” [22]).
Iniiaia iaoa i?aei?e?iieoeueeeo oiaa?enoa – io?eiai-
iy i?eaooeo aeinyaa?oueny oeyoii i?iieneo – nenoaia-
oe/iiai aeeiiaiiy ia i?ioan?ei?e iniia? ainiiaea?nueei?
ae?yeueiino? [aeaioiaeaii? i?iaeoeoe?? (oiaa??a), cae?eniaiiy
?ia?o, iaaeaiiy iineoa] ia aeey aeanieo, a aeey /oaeeo (noni-
?eueieo) iio?aa.
A?aeie?aieai?noue iaeia oiaa?enoaa a?ae iaeia eiai can-
iiaiee?a (o/aniee?a) ? i?aai aeaniino? ia aeuacaaaeaia
iaeii aeicaiey? i?aei?e?iieoeueeiio oiaa?enoao naiino?eii
cae?enithaaoe ainiiaea?nueeo ae?yeuei?noue ? a?aeiia?aeaoe ca ??
?acoeueoaoe, a oea – aaaeeeaa aa?aio?y aeey e?aaeeoi??a oi-
aa?enoaa uiaei caaeiaieaiiy ?oi?o iaa?oioiaaieo aeiia ca
?aooiie oeueiai iaeia (oiaoi can?a ia?aaaaeiiai caaeiaieai-
-23-
iy aeiia e?aaeeoi??a oiaa?enoaa ia?aae e?aaeeoi?aie o/an-
iee?a inoaiiueiai). Ioaea, iaeii oiaa?enoaa – oea ia aean-
i?noue eiai o/aniee?a. Inoaii? ? e?aaeeoi?aie oiaa?enoaa aei
e?ea?aeaoe?? inoaiiueiai ia /anoeio iaaeiea/aiiai ?i i?e-
aooeo a?aeiia?aeii aei ?oi?o /anoie. Ii?yaeie a?ae/oaeaiiy
/anoee ia iia’yco?oueny c? neeaaeii iaeia (?ooiia /e ia-
?ooiia). Oe? aea? ianoaaeie aeicaieeee o?aioeocueeiio iao-
eiaoeaa? ieioeiai noie?ooy ?aii [23] ae?eoe aeniiaeo, ui
/anoea o/anieea a iaei? oiaa?enoaa a ?ooiiei iaeiii,
iaa?oue yeui ?? ia?aaeaii oiaa?enoao ye iaeiiaee aianie o
aeaeyae? ia?ooiiino?. Ine?eueee iaeii oiaa?enoaa a?aeie?ai-
eaia a?ae iaeia eiai o/aniee?a ? ? eiai aeani?noth, oiaa?e-
noai ia iiaea eiiiainoaaoe i?aae’yaeai? aei iueiai aeiiae
i?i nieaoo ai?ao ai?aaie oe??? o?aouei? iniae iaeiiio c o/an-
iee?a oiaa?enoaa. Oae naii o/aniee ia iiaea i?ioenoaae-
oe aeiic? naiai e?aaeeoi?a ai?a inoaiiueiai oiaa?enoao.
A?aeie?aieai?noue iaeia oiaa?enoaa a?ae iaeia eiai o/an-
iee?a aeicaiey? oaeiae oeeaaeaoe oaiaee i?ae ia?oei ? ae?o-
aeie.
I?aei?e?iieoeuee? oiaa?enoaa ye oae? ae?thoue caeaa?eueoiai
ia /a?ac on?o nai?o o/aniee?a, a /a?ac oiiaiiaaaeaieo ia
oea o/aniee?a (iiaia ? eiiaiaeeoia oiaa?enoaa) aai /a?ac nai?
i?aaie (aeoe?iia?ia oiaa?enoai, oiaa?enoai c iaiaaeaiith
a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noth, oiaa?enoai c aeiaeaoeiaith a?aeiia?aeaeuei?-
noth, ae?iaie/ee eiiia?aoea).
I?aei?e?iieoeuee? oiaa?enoaa ye noa’?eoe i?aei?e?iieoeue-
ei? ae?yeueiino? iiaeooue aooe ? noa’?eoaie aaie?oonoaa [24].
Ca caeiiiaeaanoaii Oe?a?ie ? cia/ii? /anoeie e?a?i
?eieiai? oa ia?ao?aeii? aeiiii?e i?aei?e?iieoeuee? oiaa?e-
noaa iathoue noaoon th?eaee/ii? iniae iacaeaaeii a?ae oiai,
aeii?iothoue o ieo iaeiia? /e iniaeno? aeaiaioe. Aiaeii/an
o ?yae? e?a?i na?oo (I?ia//eia, NOA, Aaeeea A?eoai?y .oa
?i.) ia?niiaeuei? oiaa?enoaa (a e?a?iao eiioeiaioaeueii?
?a?iie – iiaia ? eiiaiaeeoia oiaa?enoaa, a e?a?iao aia-
ei-aia?eeainueeiai i?aaa – ia?oia?oei ? ia?oia?oei c
-24-
iaiaaeaiith a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noth, a yeeo aeii?io? iniaenoee aea-
iaio) ia aeciathoueny th?eaee/ieie iniaaie, oi/a ?i i?eoa-
iaiia (c a?aeiia?aeiith o?enaoe??th a caeiiiaeaanoa?) cia/ia
/anoeia ?en, ui oa?aeoa?ecothoue inoaiith (aiie aeciathoue-
ny iin?yie i?aa oa iaia’yce?a, iaiao?aeieo aeey cae?eniaiiy
ieie ainiiaea?nueei? ae?yeueiino?). Iniiaia ianoaaeia, ui ?
a?aoiaioii aeey i?ea?/iee?a iaaeciaiiy ca ia?niiaeueie-
ie ia’?aeiaiiyie noaoono th?eaee/ii? iniae, iieyaa? a ia-
iiaeeeaino? i?iaanoe /?oeo iaaeo i?ae iaeiii oiaa?enoaa
? ie?aieo eiai o/aniee?a. Ai?ae oiaa?enoaa iie?eaathoueny
ca ?aooiie eiai iaeia, a a ?ac? iaaeinoaoiino? inoaiiueiai
– ? iaeiii ie?aieo eiai o/aniee?a; nai?th /a?aith, caai?ai-
aai?noue o/anieea ia?niiaeueiiai oiaa?enoaa (ia’?aeiaiiy
in?a) aaaea aei aeae?eaiiy eiai /anoee c? neeaaeeiaiai iaeia
oiaa?enoaa aeey iie?eooy ai?ao /e aei e?ea?aeaoe?? oiaa?enoaa
[25]. Iaeiae, ye neooii caoaaaeea A. Oa?oaiaae/ [26], oea
na?ae/eoue eeoa i?i th?eaee/iee ca’ycie i?ae iaeiii oi-
aa?enoaa ? iaeiii eiai o/aniee?a, eio?ee, ye ? aoaeue-yeee
?ioee ca’ycie, ia?aaeaa/a? naiino?ei?noue ia?oiai ? ae?oaiai.
?icae?euei?noue iaeia a aeaiiio aeiaaeeo ia iiaeiia aeeee-
eaoe noii?ao. A inia? i?aei?e?iieoeueeiai oiaa?enoaa anoa-
iiaeththoueny i?aaa oa iaia’ycee (a o. /. e iaeiia?) ie?aii
a?ae eiai o/aniee?a (/eai?a), a oea oaeiae na?ae/eoue i?i naii-
no?ei?noue i?aei?e?iieoeueeiai oiaa?enoaa ye noa’?eoa i?aaa,
ui aenooia? a i?aaiaeo a?aeiineiao /a?ac aieiae nai?o
o/aniee?a, ? ? oa?aeoa?iiai ?enith th?eaee/ii? iniae.
Aeciaiiy i?aei?e?iieoeueeiai oiaa?enoaa th?eaee/iith ini-
aith oyaia ca niaith iaai? iane?aeee, a naia:
– aaea caaaeoaaio a?aeie?aieai?noue iaeia oiaa?enoaa a?ae
iaeia eiai o/aniee?a (/eai?a). Ia?oa oi?io?oueny ca ?a-
ooiie aeeaae?a caniiaiee?a (o/aniee?a, /eai?a). Inoaii?
ao?a/athoue uiaei oeueiai iaeia, aianaiiai ye aeeaae, iaeiia?
i?aaa, io?eioth/e iaoii?noue ciaia’ycaeuei? i?aaa: ia io?e-
iaiiy /anoeie i?eaooeo oiaa?enoaa (aeea?aeaiae?a), ia io?e-
iaiiy /anoeie iaeia oiaa?enoaa a ?ac? e?ea?aeaoe?? in-
-25-
oaiiueiai a?aeiia?aeii aei ?ici??o nai?? /anoee (iath). I?aai
ia iaeii oiaa?enoaa i?ae /an eiai ?nioaaiiy o/anieee (/ea-
ie) ia iathoue; ooo a?aenooiy ni?eueia (noi?nia /e /anoeiaa)
aeani?noue, ine?eueee noa’?eo i?aaa aeaniino? iaeei – naii
oiaa?enoai, a ia aeae?eueea in?a – eiai o/aniee?a uiaei iae-
iiai ia’?eoa – iaeia oiaa?enoaa. O/anieee oiaa?enoaa ia
iiaeooue aeiaaaoe ?iciiae?eo iaeia oiaa?enoaa i?ae niaith
(ye oea ia? i?noea ca noi?nii? aeaniino?); aeoiaey/e c oiaa-
?enoaa, ie?aiee o/aniee (ca aeiyoeii /eaia eiiia?aoe-
ao) ia ia? i?aaa ia io?eiaiiy iaaii? /anoee iaeia oiaa-
?enoaa (yeui onoaiia/eie aeieoiaioaie ia aecia/aii
?ioa), a iiaea aeiaaaoe eeoa a?ioiaiai aea?aaeaioa nai??
/anoee (ca aeneiaii A. Oa?oaiaae/a, “aeiaaaoe aeiaai-
?iaee ca caeeoaiiy iei o/ano? o aeaiaeao ni?eueiiai i?aei?e?-
inoaa” [27]). O ?ac? aaie?oonoaa oiaa?enoaa, yeui a iueiai
ia aenoa/a? eioo?a aeey iie?eooy caai?aiaaiino? ia?aae e?a-
aeeoi?aie, iaeii oiaa?enoaa i?iaea?oueny [28], aeae?eaiiy
/anoee (iath) O/anieea i?e oeueiio ia aeiionea?oueny;
– ine?eueee iaeii, noai?aia ca ?aooiie aiane?a o/aniee?a
(a caiaeii ca?eueoaia /e ciaioaia ianooiieie iia?aoe?y-
ie), ? aeani?noth oiaa?enoaa, oi e?aaeeoi?e inoaiiueiai ia-
thoue aeeeth/ia i?aai ia caaeiaieaiiy nai?o iaa?oioiaaieo
(aacni??ieo) aeiia ?c aeaniiai iaeia oiaa?enoaa a ?ac? aai-
e?oonoaa inoaiiueiai ? oeei onoaathoue aeiiae e?aaeeoi??a
ie?aieo o/aniee?a (/eai?a) oiaa?enoaa. Ca cae/aeiiai ia-
?aa?ao ni?aa o i?aei?e?iieoeueeiai oiaa?enoaa a ?ac? iaaei-
noaoiino? iaeia o/anieea aeey iie?eooy ai?a?a inoaiiueiai
eiai e?aaeeoi?e iathoue i?aai aeiaaaoe aeae?eaiiy /anoee
o/anieea-ai?aeieea, ui i?ecaiaeeoue aei ciaioaiiy noaooo-
iiai oiiaeo (neeaaeeiaiai iaeia) oiaa?enoaa [29];
– iayai?noue o i?aei?e?iieoeueeiai oiaa?enoaa noaoono th?e-
aee/ii? iniae aeicaiey? eiio ae?yoe ye naiino?eiiio noa’?eoo
i?aaa, a o. /. e oeeaaeaoe oaiaee c o?ao?ie iniaaie iacaeaaeii
a?ae ie?aieo o/aniee?a ? iaa?oue oeeaaeaoe oaiaee c naieie
o/anieeaie;
-26-
– ye oaea cacia/aeiny, ?icae?euei?noue (a?aeie?aieai?noue)
iaeia i?aei?e?iieoeueeiai oiaa?enoaa oa eiai o/aniee?a
(/eai?a) oiaiiaeeeaeth? ca?aooaaiiy ai?a?a caaaeueieo (oiaoi
oiaa?enoaa) ? ie?aieo (oiaoi o/anieea /e o/aniee?a oiaa-
?enoaa). Ioaea, ai?aeiee oiaa?enoaa ia iiaea ca?aooaaoe na?e
ai?a ?c aeiiaith, yeo a?i ia? aei iaeiiai c o/aniee?a. Oae naii
e ai?aeiee iaeiiai c o/aniee?a ia iiaea ca?aooaaoe na?e ai?a
?c aeiiaith, yeo a?i ia? aei oiaa?enoaa;
– ye naiino?eiee noa’?eo i?aaa i?aei?e?iieoeueea oiaa-
?enoai a?ae aeaniiai ?iai? aenooia? a noae?, a?a?o?aaeiiio aai
o?aoaenueeiio noae?, i?aae’yaey? iiciae aei o?ao?o in?a; oae naii
o?ao? iniae, ye? ? e?aaeeoi?aie oiaa?enoaa, i?aae’yaeythoue
iiciae aei oiaa?enoaa, a ia aei ie?aieo eiai o/aniee?a.
A?aenooi?noue noaoono th?eaee/ii? iniae o ia?niiaeueieo oi-
aa?enoa ca caeiiiaeaanoaii aeayeeo e?a?i (I?ia//eie, NOA,
Aaeeei? A?eoai?? oiui) aeicaiey? e?aaeeoi?ai oiaa?enoaa
aaciina?aaeiuei caa?oaoeny c? nai?ie aeiiaaie aei o/aniee?a
oiaa?enoaa [30].
AEAeE I?AeI?E?IIEOeUeEEO OIAA?ENOA. Iayai? ae-
aee i?aei?e?iieoeueeeo oiaa?enoa ? i?iaeoeoii o?eaaeiai ?noi-
?e/iiai ?icaeoeo. Aeaye? c ieo noi?ioaaeeny i?ae aieeaii
na?aaeiueia?//y (iiai? e eiiaiaeeoi? oiaa?enoaa), ui aeicai-
ey? ie?aiei aeine?aeieeai i?iaiaeeoe ia?aeae? i?ae iacaa-
ieie oiaa?enoaaie a no/aniiio ?o aeaeyae? c a?aeiieie
?einueeiio i?aao soc?etas. *anoeia i?aei?e?iieoeueeeo oi-
aa?enoa (aeoe?iia?i? oa ae?iaie/? eiiia?aoeae) aeieeee a
i?ioean? aeiiii?/iiai oa noni?eueiiai ?icaeoeo, a oiaa?enoai
c iaiaaeaiith a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noth – ye ie?aia i?aai?caoe?e-
ii-i?aaiaa oi?ia i?aei?e?iieoeueei? ae?yeueiino? – ia ae-
iiao iio?aa i?aeoeee aoei noai?aia i?iaoeueeeie th?enoa-
ie-iaoeiaoeyie oeyoii ?ic?iaee a?aeiia?aeiiai caeiiii?i-
aeoo, ui eiai 1892 ?. noaaeea ia?eaiaio (?aeonoaa).
??ciiiai?oi?noue i?aei?e?iieoeueeeo oiaa?enoa aeeeeea?
iio?aao ?o eeaneo?eaoe??, yeo iiaeia i?iaanoe ca ??cieie
-27-
iciaeaie. Caeiiiaeaanoao Oe?a?ie a?aeii? ainiiaea?nuee? oi-
aa?enoaa (aeoe?iia?ia, c iaiaaeaiith a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noth, c aei-
aeaoeiaith a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noth, iiaia ? eiiaiaeeoia) oa ae?ia-
ie/? eiiia?aoeae [31]. Eiaeia c ieo ia? nai? oa?aeoa?i?
?ene, i?i ui iiaa eoeia aeae?, iaeiae ni?euei?noue ?en o aea-
yeeo i?aei?e?iieoeueeeo oiaa?enoa aeicaiey? ?o ca?oioaaoe,
eeaneo?eoaaoe ca iaaieie iciaeaie.
Aeieo?eia oi?aiaiai i?aaa iniaeeaiai cia/aiiy iaaea?
iiae?eia? i?aei?e?iieoeueeeo oiaa?enoa ia ia’?aeiaiiy in?a
(ia?niiaeuei? ia’?aeiaiiy) oa ia’?aeiaiiy eai?oae?a, oi/a oey
eeaneo?eaoe?y, ye ? aoaeue-yea ?ioa, a aei iaaii? i??e oiia-
iith. Aei ia’?aeiaiue in?a (ia?niiaeueieo ia’?aeiaiue) iaeaaeaoue
iiaia ? eiiaiaeeoia oiaa?enoaa (ca caeiiiaeaanoaii NOA ?
Aaeeei? A?eoai?? – ia?oia?oei ? ia?oia?oei c iaiaaea-
iith a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noth), a oaeiae ae?iaie/? eiiia?aoeae [32]
(inoaii?, ao?i, iin?aeathoue iniaeeaa i?noea na?aae ia?niiaeue-
ieo ia’?aeiaiue).
A ia’?aeiaiiyo eai?oae?a aeii?io? iaeiiaee aeaiaio: aeey
o/ano? a ieo aeineoue, ye i?aaeei, c?iaeoe iaeiiaee aianie.
O/anieee oiaa?enoaa ia ciaia’ycai? a?aoe o/anoue o canoi-
noaaii? eai?oaeo aei i?ioeano ae?iaieoeoaa (ca aeiyoeii
oiaa?enoa, noai?aieo ?c /eai?a o?oaeiaiai eieaeoeao aea?aeaa-
iiai aai eiioiaeueiiai i?aei?e?inoaa c iaoith i?aiaee eiai
iaeiiaiai eiiieaeno [33]), a oaeiae a oi?aae?ii? ni?aaa-
ie oiaa?enoaa (ca aaea caaaeaieie aeiyoeaie). I?aaenoaa-
ieoeoai oa iia?aoeaio ae?yeuei?noue oaeeo oiaa?enoa cae?e-
niththoue niaoe?aeueii noai?ai? i?aaie.
Aei ia’?aeiaiue eai?oae?a iaeaaeaoue ia?aaeon?i aeoe?iia?ia
oiaa?enoai (a yeiio iaeiiai?oa ao?eaii ?ene oaeeo ia’-
?aeiaiue), oiaa?enoai c iaiaaeaiith a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noth ? oiaa-
?enoai c aeiaeaoeiaith a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noth. Ca caeiiiaeaanoaii
on?o e?a?i na?oo ca oeeie oiaa?enoaaie aecia?oueny noaoon
th?eaee/ii? iniae, oiaoi aiie ? iiaiii?aaieie noa’?eoaie
i?aaa. Aeiiae aei o/aniee?a oeeo oiaa?enoa ia oae? noai??,
ye aei o/aniee?a ia?niiaeueieo oiaa?enoa. sse oaea caaaeoaa-
-28-
einy, oea coiiaeth?oueny o??th ianoaaeiith, ui a?ae ?iai? oiaa?e-
noaa aaciina?aaeiuei ae?thoue ia eiai o/anieee, a i?aaie oiaa-
?enoaa. Oiio caeiiiaeaanoai aeaoaeuei?oa ?aaoeth? (/e ia?
?aaoethaaoe) naia aeiiae aei /eai?a oeeo i?aai?a. Ia’?aeiai-
iy eai?oae?a ae?thoue ia i?aenoaa? aeaio onoaiia/eo aeieoiaio?a
– onoaiia/iai aeiaiai?o ? noaoooo, a ca caeiiiaeaanoaii
e?a?i, ui i?eioneathoue iiaeeea?noue noai?aiiy oaeeo oiaa-
?enoa iaei??th iniaith, – eeoa noaoooo. A oaeeo oiaa?enoaao
iaia’yceiaeie ? iayai?noue aeaio oiiae?a – noaoooiiai ? ?a-
ca?aiiai, aei yeeo caeii i?aae’yaey? iaai? aeiiae (i?i?iaeue-
iee ?ici?? noaoooiiai ? ni?aa?aeiioaiiy noaoooiiai ? ?a-
ca?aiiai oiiae?a).
Aeey an?o ia’?aeiaiue eai?oae?a ni?eueiei ? oa?aeoa? ? noa-
ia oi?aae?iiy: inoaii? cae?enith?oueny /a?ac i?aaie oiaa?e-
noaa, i?e/iio aeuei i?aaiii ? caaaeuei? cai?e o/aniee?a
(aeoe?iia??a), aeeiiaa/ei – i?aae?iiy a aeoe?iia?iiio oi-
aa?enoa?, aee?aeoe?y aai aee?aeoi? o oiaa?enoaao c iaiaaea-
iith ? c aeiaeaoeiaith a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noth, eiio?ieueiei – ?a-
a?c?eia eii?n?y). Cae?eniaiiy oi?aae?iiy oaeeie oiaa?e-
noaaie c aeiiiiiaith i?aai?a, /anoeia yeeo (aeeiiaa/ee
i?aai) iiaea oi?ioaaoeny c iaeiaieo i?aoe?aiee?a, ui ia ?
o/anieeaie oiaa?enoaa, coiiaeth? iaiao?aei?noue a?oioiaii-
ai ?aaoethaaiiy ia caeiiiaeaa/iio ??ai? ni?aa?aeiioaiiy oeeo
i?aai?a, ii?yaeie oi?ioaaiiy ? aeiiae aei ?o neeaaeo, eiiia-
oaioe?th oeeo i?aai?a, ii?yaeie i?eeiyooy ieie ??oaiue oiui.
Ia?niiaeueiei ia’?aeiaiiyi (aei ieo iaeaaeaoue, ianai-
ia?aae, iiaia, a oaeiae eiiaiaeeoia oiaa?enoaa) i?eoaiaiia
aeii?ioaaiiy iniaenoiai aeaiaioo: o/anieee oaeeo oiaa-
?enoa ia’?aeiothoue ia eeoa nai? iaeii, a e iniaeno? coneeey
(i?aei?e?iieoeueeo ae?yeuei?noue), yeo aiie ionyoue aanoe ni?eue-
ii. Iniaenoa ?ieue iiaea iieyaaoe o cae?eniaii? oi?aae?i-
nueei? ae?yeueiino? (i?aai?caoe?eii?, ?icii?yae/i? aai eiio?ieue-
ii?), i?aaenoaaieoeoa?, a ?ioaeaeooaeuei?e i?aoe?, aeaioiaeaii?
i?iaeoeoe?? (oiaa??a), aeeiiaii? ?ia?o, iaaeaii? iineoa. I?e
oeueiio iniaenoee aianie o/aniee?a iiaea aooe ??ciei ca
-29-
ianyaii ? oa?aeoa?ii – a?eueoei aai iaioei, aea iai-
a’yceiai a?i iiaeiai iaoe i?noea. Iniaenoa o/anoue, ia a?ae-
i?io a?ae iaeiiai?, aiineoueny /anoeiaie, a i?ioean? ae?yeue-
iino? naiiai oiaa?enoaa [34]. Iniaenoee aeaiaio i?iya-
ey?oueny ia eeoa a oiio, ui nai? o/anieee (iiai? o/anie-
ee – a eiiaiaeeoiiio oiaa?enoa?) i?aaenoaaeythoue ?ioa?a-
ne oiaa?enoaa, aaaeooue eiai ni?aae, a oaeiae o iaaieo iaia-
aeaiiyo uiaei aeoiaeo c oiaa?enoaa (iiia?aaeaeaiiy i?i oea
ia? aooe c?iaeaii o/anieeii uiiaeiaioa ca o?e i?nyoe?
aei aeoiaeo c oiaa?enoaa, a a oiaa?enoaao, noai?aieo ia iaa-
iee no?ie, – ca o?noue i?nyoe?a ? ca iayaiino? iiaaaeieo i?e-
/ei) ? caai?iiith aeey o/aniee?a (iiaieo o/aniee?a eiiai-
aeeoiiai oiaa?enoaa) eiieo?oaaoe c oiaa?enoaii [35]. Iae-
yne?aa?oei i?aaenoaaieeii ia’?aeiaiue in?a (ia?niiaeueieo
ia’?aeiaiue) ? iiaia oiaa?enoai.
Ia a?aei?io a?ae ia’?aeiaiue eai?oae?a ia?niiaeuei? oiaa?e-
noaa ae?thoue eeoa ia i?aenoaa? onoaiia/iai aeiaiai?o; caeii
ia anoaiiaeth? i?yeeo aeiia aei ?ici??o ?oiuei? iaeiiai? aace
[aa?aio?eio ooieoe?th aeey e?aaeeoi??a ooo aeeiio? ianai-
ia?aae iaiaiaaeaia iaeiiaa a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noue o/aniee?a
(iiaieo o/aniee?a) ca ai?ae oiaa?enoaa]; ooo a?aenooi?
i?aaie oiaa?enoaa, ine?eueee oi?aae?iiy ni?aaaie cae?e-
nith?oueny aaciina?aaeiuei eiai o/anieeaie, ui oiiaiiaaaeai?
ia oea onoaiia/ei aeiaiai?ii; ?aaoethaaiiy aioo??oi?o
a?aeiinei o oaeeo oiaa?enoaao caeii ia?aaea? ia eieaeueiee
??aaiue (oiaoi ia onoaiia/ee aeiaia??, ui i?aeieno?oueny an?ia
o/anieeaie). Caaaeii ia?niiaeuei? oiaa?enoaa i?ino?o?
a oi?aae?ii?, aea iayai?noue o ?o o/aniee?a iaiaiaaeaii?
aeiaeaoeiai? iaeiiai? a?aeiia?aeaeueiino? ca ai?ae oiaa?enoaa
(ui coiiaeth? iaiao?aei?noue oe?eeiaeoi? aeia??e i?ae o/an-
ieeaie), ?iaeoue ?o iaio i?eaaaeeaeie ii??aiyii c ia’?ae-
iaiiyie eai?oae?a c ?oi?i iaiaaeaiei ?eceeii aeey o/an-
iee?a.
Cacia/aiee iiae?e i?aei?e?iieoeueeeo oiaa?enoa ia ia’?ae-
iaiiy in?a oa ia’?aeiaiiy eai?oae?a oiiaiee, ine?eueee a
-30-
aoaeue-yeiio oiaa?enoa? i?enooi? ye iaeiia?, oae ? iniaeno?
aeaiaioe. Iniaeeai yne?aai oea ii?aeiaiiy i?iyaey?oueny o
ae?iaie/iio eiiia?aoea? (a?o?e?), a yeiio caaeainiaai?
ia?o? oa ae?oa? aeaiaioe; iaeiiaa o/anoue i?enooiy, aea ?e
ia iaaea?oueny aeeeth/iiai cia/aiiy; iniaenoa o/anoue i?i-
yaey?oueny ooo aeineoue nai???aeii: o/anoue a oi?aae?ii? ni?a-
aaie ae?iaie/iai -eiiia?aoeao ? eeoa i?aaii eiai /eaia,
a ia iaia’yceii (oeth ?iaioo aeeiiothoue i?aaie eiiia?aoe-
ao, ye ? a ia’?aeiaiiyo eai?oae?a).
??aii/anii iaia’yceii /eaia eiiia?aoeao ? o/anoue a
i?aai?caoe?? /e aaciina?aaeiueiio cae?eniaii? ae?iaie/i? ae?-
yeueiino?, ui i?iaaaeeoue eiiia?aoea. Ci?ia neeaaeo /eai?a
eiiia?aoeao iaiaaeo?oueny aeineoue nai???aeii: oi/a aeo?ae
o/aniee?a (/eai?a) c eiiia?aoeao a?eueiee, aea ia aeiion-
ea?oueny a?aenooieaiiy iath ?io?e inia?; ci?ia neeaaeo /eai?a
ae?iaie/iai eiiia?aoeao iiaeeeaa a ?ac? aeoiaeo /eaia
eiiia?aoeao c inoaiiueiai, eiai nia?o?, aeeeth/aiiy c eii-
ia?aoeao, i?eeiyooy aei eiiia?aoeao iiaeo /eai?a; i?eie-
iaiiy o?oaeiai? o/ano? a eiiia?aoea? oyaia ca niaith aeo?ae
aai aeeeth/aiiy /eaia eiiia?aoeao.
Inoaii?i /anii oiiai?noue iiae?eo i?aei?e?iieoeueeeo
oiaa?enoa ia ia’?aeiaiiy in?a oa ia’?aeiaiiy eai?oae?a ii-
neeth?oueny, iniaeeai a caeiiiaeaanoa? e?a?i ia?ao?aeii? aei-
iii?ee, a o. /. Oe?a?ie. Oea noino?oueny aaea caaaeoaaieo
i?aiaeieo i?aei?e?inoa, cae?eoeo aeoe?iia?ieo oiaa?enoa ?
oiaa?enoa c iaiaaeaiith a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noth, noai?aieo ia aac?
i?eaaoeciaaiiai iaeia aea?aeaaiiai i?aei?e?inoaa /eaia-
ie eiai o?oaeiaiai eieaeoeao. Iaeiae oiiai?noue oeueiai ii-
ae?eo ia aeeeth/a? eiai aeioe?eueiino? ia eeoa c iaoeiaeo, a e
c i?aeoe/ieo i??eoaaiue – iai?eeeaae, iaai? aeaee ae?yeue-
iino? (eiiaa?aei? iia?aoe??, no?aoiaa ae?yeuei?noue) iiaeooue
cae?enithaaoeny eeoa iaaieie aeaeaie i?aei?e?inoa ? oi-
aa?enoa [36].
I?ae ia’?aeiaiiyie eai?oae?a ? ia?niiaeueieie ia’?aeiai-
iyie ? ?noioia ??cieoey: a ia?oeo ca’ycie i?ae o/anieea-
-31-
ie ? oiaa?enoaii iiaea iaiaaeoaaoeny eeoa iaeiiaith o/a-
noth. Aiaeii/an ca’ycie i?ae o/anieeaie aeineoue neaaeee
(aiie ia ciaia’ycai? aanoe ni?eueio i?aei?e?iieoeueeo /e ae-
?iaie/o ae?yeuei?noue /e a?aoe o/anoue o ae?yeueiino? i?aai?a
oiaa?enoaa, oi/ ? iathoue ia oea i?aai, a ia iaia’yceii. O/an-
ieee oeeo oiaa?enoa ia ca’ycai? i?ae niaith nie?aea?iith iae-
iiaith a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noth ca ai?ae oiaa?enoaa, ui caeeoa-
thoueny iaiie?eoeie iaeiii oiaa?enoaa.
Ia i?ioeaaao ia’?aeiaiiyi eai?oae?a ia?niiaeueiei
ia’?aeiaiiyi, aei yeeo iaeaaeaoue iiaia ? eiiaiaeeoia oiaa?e-
noaa, a oaeiae cia/iith i??ith ae?iaie/ee eiiia?aoea (a?-
o?eue), i?eoaiaiiee o?niee ca’ycie ?o o/aniee?a (/eai?a) ?c
oaeei (oiaoi ia?niiaeueiei) ia’?aeiaiiyi [iaeiiaa o/anoue,
iaia’ycie a?aoe o/anoue o ae?iaie/?e ae?yeueiino? (ae?iaie-
/ee eiiia?aoea) aai oi?aae?ii? ni?aaaie oiaa?enoaa (ii-
aia ? eiiaiaeeoia oiaa?enoaa)]. Oea coiiaeth? ? iniaeeaee
oa?aeoa? a?aeiia?aeaeueiino? o/aniee?a – aiie ianooue aeiaeao-
eiao a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noue ca ciaia’ycaiiyie oiaa?enoaa (ae-
?iaie/iai eiiia?aoeao, ca aeiyoeii n?euenueeiainiiaea?-
nueeiai) a ?ac? iaaeinoaoiino? (a?aenooiino?) a inoaiiueiai iae-
ia aeey caaeiaieaiiy i?aoaic?e e?aaeeoi??a: o iiaiiio e ei-
iaiaeeoiiio (uiaei iiaieo o/aniee?a) oiaa?enoaao oaea
a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noue ia? iaiaiaaeaiee ? nie?aea?iee oa?aeoa?
(ca aeneiaii aei?aaiethoe?eiiai ?in?enueeiai aeine?aeieea oi?-
aiaiai i?aaa ?. Oa?aniaa – “c e?oaiaith ii?oeith o/aniee?a
ca ciaia’ycaiiyie oiaa?enoaa” [37]), a uiaei ae?iaie/iai
eiiia?aoeao (e??i n?euenueeiainiiaea?nueeiai) ?ici?? a?aeii-
a?aeaeueiino? aecia/a?oueny a noaooo?, a caeii anoaiiaeth? ??
i?i?iaeueio iaaeo – ??/iee aeio?ae /eaia eiiia?aoeao ca
inoaii?e ainiiaea?nueei-o?iainiaee ??e.
Ca?nii, /?oei ?iciaaeoaaoe i?aei?e?iieoeuee? oiaa?enoaa
ia ia’?aeiaiiy in?a oa ia’?aeiaiiy eai?oae?a noa? aeaaeae?
neeaaei?oa /a?ac ii?aeiaiiy a eiaeiiio c iacaaieo oiaa-
?enoa ? iaeiiaeo, ? iniaenoeo aeaiaio?a, /a?ac aeiiae ca-
eiiiaeaanoaa uiaei iaaieo aeae?a noa’?eo?a ainiiaea?thaaiiy
-32-
(iai?eeeaae, i?aiaeieo i?aei?e?inoa, noai?aieo ia aac? iae-
iiaiai eiiieaeno aea?aeaaiiai i?aei?e?inoaa o?oaeiaeie ei-
eaeoeaaie o oi?i? ainiiaea?nueeeo oiaa?enoa: ooo ia? aooe
iaia’yceiaith iniaenoa o/anoue eiaeiiai o/anieea o ae?ia-
ie/?e ae?yeueiino? oaeiai oiaa?enoaa), a oaeiae /a?ac o?ain-
oi?ioaaiiy n?euenueeiainiiaea?nueeeo a?o?eae o eieainie, cai-
aeii o eieaeoeai? n?euenueeiainiiaea?nuee? i?aei?e?inoaa ?
n?euenueeiainiiaea?nuee? ae?iaie/? eiiia?aoeae (eieaeoeai?
n?euenueeiainiiaea?nuee? i?aei?e?inoaa, iacaaaeath/e ia iacao,
ca nai?th noooth ? ae?iaie/eie eiiia?aoeaaie o noa?? n?eue-
nueeiainiiaea?nueeiai ae?iaieoeoaa, iaeiae c aeayeeie iniaee-
ainoyie, i?i ui iiaa eoeia aeae?).
O caeiiiaeaanoa? aaaaoueio e?a?i na?oo ainiiaea?nuee? oiaa-
?enoaa, ui iaeaaeaoue aei ia’?aeiaiiy eai?oae?a, ? ia?niiaeuei?
oiaa?enoaa iathoue iaa?oue ??cio iacao: ia?o? a ?in?? – “ia-
uanoaa”, a ae?oa? – “oiaa?euanoaa”; a NOA a?aeiia?aeii –
ei?ii?aoe?? oa ia?oia?oei; o Aaeee?e A?eoai?? – eiiiai??
oa ia?oia?oei (o o. /. e ia?oia?oei c iaiaaeaiith a?aeii-
a?aeaeuei?noth); a ?yae? e?a?i Oeaio?aeueii? ?a?iie – eiiiai??
e oiaa?enoaa [38]. Oyaey?oueny aeioe?eueiei aeei?enoaoe a
Oe?a?i? aeina?ae e?a?i Oeaio?aeueii? ?a?iie, c o?aooaaiiyi
niaoeeo?ee oe?a?inueei? iiae, yea ia ia? nooi iaoe?iiaeueieo
aecia/aiue, ui a?ae??ciyee a ia’?aeiaiiy eai?oae?a a?ae ia’?ae-
iaiiy in?a. A?aeiia?aeii aei oeueiai oa?i?i “eiiiai??” iiaeia
canoinoaaoe aei oaeeo ainiiaea?nueeeo oiaa?enoa, ye aeoe?i-
ia?ia, c iaiaaeaiith a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noth, c aeiaeaoeiaith a?aeiia-
?aeaeuei?noth, a oa?i?i “oiaa?enoai” – aei iiaiiai ? eiiai-
aeeoiiai oiaa?enoa.
Caeaaeii a?ae i?aenoaa aeieeiaiiy oiaa?enoaa (eiai iniia-
ieo onoaiia/eo aeieoiaio?a) i?aei?e?iieoeuee? oiaa?enoaa
iiae?eythoueny ia noaoooi? e aeiaia??i? [39]. Oi/ onoaiia/ee
aeiaia?? ca oe?a?inueeei caeiiiaeaanoaii ? iaia’yceiaei
uiaei an?o ainiiaea?nueeeo oiaa?enoa, iaeiae aeey .aeayeeo ?c
ieo (ia?niiaeueieo – iiaiiai ? eiiaiaeeoiiai) a?i ? ?aee-
iei onoaiia/ei aeieoiaioii (?aeeiith i?aenoaaith aeey noai-
-33-
?aiiy oiaa?enoaa), a aeey ?ioeo – ia’?aeiaiue eai?oae?a (ae-
oe?iia?iiai oiaa?enoaa, oiaa?enoa c iaiaaeaiith ? aeiaeaoei-
aith a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noth) – ae?oaei ia??ai? c? noaoooii [40].
Aeey ae?iaie/iai eiiia?aoeao iaia’yceiaei onoaiia/ei
aeieoiaioii ? eeoa noaooo [41], oi/ oaiaea i?i noai?aiiy
eiiia?aoeao i?ae eiai caniiaieeaie ia? i?noea, aea /ano?oa
a oni?e oi?i?, a ?acoeueoaoe ?? aeinyaiaiiy o?enothoueny o
noaooo? eiiia?aoeao (iniae, ui anooiathoue o ae?iaie/ee
eiiia?aoea i?ney eiai noai?aiiy, iiaeii? aeciaaaoe iiei-
aeaiiy noaoooo, oiaoi i?e?aeiaoeny aei eiai iieiaeaiue).
Caeiiiaeaanoai e?a?i, aea eaaae?ciaaii ainiiaea?nuee? oiaa-
?enoaa iaei??? iniae (e?a?ie – /eaie ?AN, ?in?enueea Oaaea-
?aoe?y oa ?i.), ia?aaeaa/a? aeey oaeeo oiaa?enoa iaeei onoaiia-
/ee aeieoiaio – noaooo. O ?ac? iaia’yceiai? iayaiino? o
i?aei?e?iieoeueeiai oiaa?enoaa ? onoaiia/iai aeiaiai?o, ? noa-
oooo aeieea? i?iaeaia ?o ni?aa?aeiioaiiy ? th?eaee/ii?
ioe?iee, ui aeiaeaoeiai aeooae?co?oueny no. 4 Caeiio Oe?a?ie
“I?i ainiiaea?nuee? oiaa?enoaa”, yea i?noeoue aeiiae uiaei
ci?noo onoaiia/eo aeieoiaio?a inoaii?o (aac aeeoa?aioe?aoe??)
iacaeaaeii a?ae oiai, noino?oueny oea onoaiia/iai aeiaiai?o /e
noaoooo. Ia i?aeoeoe? oea ia??aeei ii?iaeaeo? ?aeaioe/i?noue
oaeno?a ia?oiai ? ae?oaiai a cia/i?e ?o /anoei?, c /ei aaae-
ei iiaiaeeoeny.
Aeaye? aaoi?e aaaaeathoue onoaiia/ee aeiaia?? /anoeiith
noaoooo [42], ui oaeiae aeeeeea? noii?ae (? ni??iei ieoai-
iyi). I?ae onoaiia/ei aeiaiai?ii ? noaoooii ?nio? ?noioia
??cieoey (iniaeeai eiee aiie ?niothoue ia?aeaeueii), oi/a aiie
iaeaeaa ? iaeaaeaoue aei onoaiia/eo aeieoiaio?a.
Ii-ia?oa, aiie a?ae??ciythoueny ca ci?noii: a onoaiia/i-
io aeiaiai?? o?enothoueny iai??e caniiaiee?a uiaei noai?aiiy
ainiiaea?nueeiai oiaa?enoaa c iaaieie oa?aeoa?enoeeaie,
aecia/a?oueny ii?yaeie ?oi?o ae?e oa iaia’ycee eiaeiiai uiaei
oeueiai, a oaeiae a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noue o ?ac? ii?ooaiiy acyoiai
ia naaa ciaia’ycaiiy; o noaooo? ae cae??ieththoueny ia?aiao-
?e oiaa?enoaa, aeaee eiai ae?yeueiino?, aioo??oiy i?aai?ca-
34
oe?y, ii?yaeie noai?aiiy, neeaae ? eiiiaoaioe?y i?aai?a oiaa-
?enoaa, ii?yaeie eiai i?aaenoaaieoeoaa o ciai?oi?o a?aeiine-
iao oiui.
Ii-ae?oaa, cacia/ai? aeieoiaioe ??ciyoueny ii?yaeeii ?o
oeeaaeaiiy (i?eeiyooy): onoaiia/ee aeiaia?? i?aeieno?oueny
an?ia caniiaieeaie (ioaea, iaia’yceiaith ? iaeiinoaei?noue –
caiaea an?o caniiaiee?a uiaei oiia aeiaiai?o), oiae? ye noaooo
i?eeia?oueny a aeoe?iia?iiio oiaa?enoa? eaae?o?eiaaiith
a?eueo?noth aiein?a [43], a a oiaa?enoa? c iaiaaeaiith a?aeii-
a?aeaeuei?noth ? oiaa?enoa? c aeiaeaoeiaith a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noth ia?
ae?yoe i?eioeei iaeiinoaeiino? (oi/a Caeii Oe?a?ie “I?i
ainiiaea?nuee? oiaa?enoaa” acaaae? ia caaaeo? i?i ii?yaeie
i?eeiyooy noaoooo cacia/aieo oiaa?enoa, iaeiae a no. 59
ia?aaeaa/a? iaiao?aei?noue iaeiinoaeiino? o aeuiio i?aai? –
cai?ao o/aniee?a i?e aianaii? ci?i aei noaoooo). O ?ac?
a?aenooiino? noaoooo onoaiia/ee aeiaia?? cia/iith i??ith
aeeiio? eiai ?ieue ? oiio, i?e?iaeii, ia? i?noeoe an? a?aei-
iino?, i?eoaiaii? noaoooia?, cie?aia aeeth/ath/e ii?yaeie
oi?aae?iiy ni?aaaie oiaa?enoaa, i?aaenoaaieoeoai o a?aeii-
neiao c o?ao?ie iniaaie oiui.
I?aei?e?iieoeuee? oiaa?enoaa iiaeia eeaneo?eoaaoe ? ca
ianyaii a?aeiia?aeaeueiino? ?o o/aniee?a (/eai?a). A?aeiia?ae-
ii aei oeueiai ?ic??ciythoue:
a) oiaa?enoaa, o/anieee yeeo ia ianooue aeiaeaoeiai? iae-
iiai? a?aeiia?aeaeueiino? ca ai?ae oiaa?enoaa, yeui aiie iia-
i?noth nieaoeee nai? aianee (aeoe??); ai?ae oaeeo oiaa?enoa
iie?eaathoueny eeoa ca ?aooiie iaeia, ui iaeaaeeoue oiaa-
?enoao ia i?aa? aeaniino?, oiaoi nai? oiaa?enoaa ianooue
iaiaiaaeaio a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noue on?i nai?i iaeiii. O/anie-
ee, ye? iiai?noth nieaoeee naiai /anoeo (aeoe??, iae), o ?ac?
iani?eyoeeaiai ia?aa?ao ni?aa o oiaa?enoa? (a o. /. ae-
ciaiiy oiaa?enoaa aaie?ooii) ?eceeothoue ao?aoeoe nai?
/anoee (ia?). Inoaii? (?oi?e a?ioiaee aai iaeiiaee aea?-
aaeaio) iiaa?oathoueny o/anieeai eeoa i?ney iiaaoaiiy
ai?a?a oiaa?enoaa a?aeiia?aeii aei anoaiiaeaii? caeiiii /a?-
-35-
aiaino? [44]; yeui ae iaeii oiaa?enoaa iiai?noth i?aea ia
caaeiaieaiiy iaa?oioiaaieo (a uiaei oiaa?enoa-aaie?oo?a –
aacni??ieo) aeiia e?aaeeoi??a, oi o/anieee oaeiai oiaa?e-
noaa ia io?eiothoue i?/iai (ao?a/athoue iiaeeea?noue iiaa?-
iaiiy oi/a a /anoeiai a?ioiaiai /e iaeiiaiai aea?aaeai-
oa ?oiuei? /anoee (aeoe??, iath). O aeaiiio ?ac? iai?aaii??ii
aiai?eoe i?i iaiaaeaio a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noue o/aniee?a oiaa-
?enoaa ciaia’ycaiiyie inoaiiueiai a iaaeao ?oi?o /anoie
(aeoe?e /e iath), ye oea ia? i?noea a /eiiiio caeiiiaeaanoa? oa
a aeayeeo iaoeiaeo i?aoeyo [45], ine?eueee niea/ai? o/anie-
eaie (/eaiaie) eiooe ca io?eiaiiy /anoee (aeoe?e, iath) a
iaei? (noaoooiiio oiiae?) oiaa?enoaa noathoue aeani?noth
inoaiiueiai, ?icii?yaeaeaoeny yeith iaeiiiniaiaa o/aniee ia
ia? i?aaa.
Uiaei oiaa?enoa oe??? a?oie iiaeia aiai?eoe i?i iaia-
aeai?noue ?eceeo ?oi?o o/aniee?a (/eai?a) aa?o?noth ?oi?o
/anoie (ia?a, aeoe?e), ui e cao?eniaaii a caeiiiaeaa/eo ae-
oao aeayeeo e?a?i (iai?eeeaae, ?in?enueei? Oaaea?aoe?? [46]).
O cia/i?e /anoei? e?a?i ?eieiai? aeiiii?ee caeiiiaeaaaoeue
acaaae? ia caaaeo? i?i iaeiiao a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noue o/aniee?a
(/eai?a) oiaa?enoaa, yeui ia ieo ia iieeaaea?oueny oaeee
iaia’ycie [47], ui iaaaci?aenoaaii i?aeo?eio?oueny aeayeeie
iaoeiaoeyie [48]. Aei oe??? a?oie oiaa?enoa iaeaaeaoue aeoe?i-
ia?i? oiaa?enoaa, oiaa?enoaa c iaiaaeaiith a?aeiia?aeaeuei?-
noth, n?euenueeiainiiaea?nuee? ae?iaie/? eiiia?aoeae (a o. /.
e eieaeoeai? n?euenueeiainiiaea?nuee? i?aei?e?inoaa).
Ae?oao a?oio i?aei?e?iieoeueeeo oiaa?enoa a?aeiia?aeii aei
inoaiiuei? eeaneo?eaoe?? noaiiaeyoue o? c ieo, o/anieee (/ea-
ie) yeeo ianooue aeiaeaoeiao iaiaaeaio iaeiiao a?aeiia?aeaeue-
i?noue ca ciaia’ycaiiyie oiaa?enoaa a ?ac? iaaeinoaoiino? a
inoaiiueiai iaeia aeey iie?eooy an?o nai?o ai?a?a. I?e oeuei-
io, ao?a/ath/e, ye ? a iiia?aaei?e eaoaai??? oiaa?enoa, iiae-
eea?noue iiaa?iaiiy aea?aaeaioa nai?? /anoee (iath), o/an-
ieee oe??? eaoaai??? oiaa?enoa ianooue aeiaeaoeiao a?aeiia?-
aeaeuei?noue nai?i iaeiii ca ai?ae oiaa?enoaa. Iaeiae oey
-36-
a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noue iaiaaeaia – caeiiii oa/aai onoaiia/e-
ie aeieoiaioaie oiaa?enoaa, ye? anoaiiaeththoue a?aie/iee
?ici?? a?aeiia?aeaeueiino? [49]. Aei oe??? eaoaai??? oiaa?enoa
iaeaaeaoue oiaa?enoaa c aeiaeaoeiaith a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noth, ?o
??ciiaeae – aeia??/? oiaa?enoaa [50], a oaeiae ae?iaie/? ei-
iia?aoeae (ca aeiyoeii n?euenueeiainiiaea?nueeeo). O ia?oeo
iaeiiaa a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noue ?o o/aniee?a iaiaaeaia e?aoiei
?ici??ii aianeo eiaeiiai c ieo (nai?th /a?aith, ?ici?? e?ao-
iino? aecia/a?oueny onoaiia/eie aeieoiaioaie, a uiaei aei-
a??/eo oiaa?enoa – a?aeiia?aeiei Aeae?aoii, yeee ia?aaeaa/a?
5-e?aoiee ?ici?? a?aeiia?aeaeueiino? aei aeeaaeo eiaeiiai c
o/aniee?a [51] uiaei ae?iaie/eo eiiia?aoea?a caeii anoaiia-
eth? ieae/o iaaeo aeiaeaoeiai? a?aeiia?aeaeueiino? – ia iaioa
a?ae iaea?aeaiiai ??/iiai aeioiaeo /eaia ae?iaie/iai eiiia?a-
oeao (ca aeiyoeii n?euenueeiainiiaea?nueeiai), a eiie?aoiee
?ici?? a?aeiia?aeaeueiino? o?eno?oueny o noaooo? eiiia?aoeao [52].
Aei o?aouei? eaoaai??? i?aei?e?iieoeueeeo oiaa?enoa ca e?e-
oa???i a?aeiia?aeaeueiino? iaeaaeaoue oiaa?enoaa c iiaiith
a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noth, ui aa?aioo? iaeneiaeueia iie?eooy ai?-
ao oiaa?enoaa ia eeoa ca ?aooiie eiai iaeia, a e aeiaeaoei-
ai – ca ?aooiie onueiai iaeia eiai o/aniee?a. I?e oeueiio
a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noue inoaii?o a ia eeoa iaiaiaaeaiith, a e ni-
e?aea?iith, oiaoi e?aaeeoi?e iathoue i?aai caa?iooeny aei aoaeue-
eiai c o/aniee?a c aeiiaith iie?eoe a iiaiiio ianyc? ai?a
oiaa?enoaa ca a?aenooiino? a inoaiiueiai eioo?a (iaeia) aeey
oeueiai, ? o/aniee ioneoue oea c?iaeoe. I?aai ?aa?ano aei ?ioeo
o/aniee?a oeueiai ae oiaa?enoaa aeicaiey? o/anieeia?, yeee
iiai?noth nieaoea ai?a oiaa?enoaa, iiaa?iooe eiio niea/ai?
ca ?ioeo noie (oea i?aai ?aaeueii ni?aoeueiao? eeoa a oiio
aeiaaeeo, eiee o oaeeo o/aniee?a ? iaeii, aa?o?noue yeiai
aei??aith? aai ia?ae?eaa? aa?o?noue ?oiueiai ai?ao).
Aei oe??? a?oie oiaa?enoa ia?aaeon?i iaeaaeaoue iiaia oi-
aa?enoai, a oaeiae eiiaiaeeoia oiaa?enoai [iaiaiaaeaia ni-
e?aea?ia a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noue ooo i?eoaiaiia eeoa iiaiei
o/anieeai, a ia aeeaaeieeai, ye? eeoa ?eceeothoue ao?aoe-
-37-
oe iiaeeea?noue iiaa?iaiiy a?ioiaiai (iaeiiaiai) aea?aa-
eaioa nai?? /anoee, a aeaniei iaeiii ca ai?ae oiaa?enoaa
ia a?aeiia?aeathoue].
Aeaye? aaoi?e ae??ciythoue ua iaeio eaoaai??th i?aei?e?i-
ieoeueeeo oiaa?enoa a?aeiia?aeii aei inoaiiuei? eeaneo?eaoe??
– oiaa?enoaa, iaeia /anoeia o/aniee?a yeeo iana iiaio
a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noue on?i nai?i iaeiii, ui ia iueiai iiaea aooe
caa?iaia noyaiaiiy, oiae? ye ?ioa /anoeia iaeiiai? a?aeii-
a?aeaeueiino? ia iana, yeui iiai?noth nieaoeea nai? /anoee
(eiiaiaeeoi? oa iaaeani? oiaa?enoaa) [53].
Inoaiiy eeaneo?eaoe?y ia? aaaeeeaa i?aeoe/ia cia/ai-
iy: aeaye? aeaee ae?yeueiino?, i?e cae?eniaii? yeeo ?nio? aaee-
eee ?ecee ceiaaeeaaiue c aieo caniiaiee?a (o/aniee?a) uiaei
niiaeeaa/?a, ee??io?a oiui, caeii aeicaiey? cae?enithaaoe eeoa
oiaa?enoaai, o/anieee yeeo ianooue aeiaeaoeiao /e iiaio
a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noue (iai?eeeaae, cae?eniaiiy aeia??/eo, eiiaa?ae-
ieo iia?aoe?e) [54].
O ?yae? e?a?i oae? oiaa?enoaa iathoue i?eueae uiaei iii-
aeaoeoaaiiy – ye nai???aeio ieaoo ca oyaa? aeiaeaoeiai? (iia-
ii?) a?aeiia?aeaeueiino?, ui aeioe?eueii aoei a cai?iaaaeeoe ? a
Oe?a?i?. O oeo e?a?iao, aea ia?niiaeuei? (iiaia ? eiiaiaeeo-
ia) oiaa?enoaa ia iathoue noaoono th?eaee/ii? iniae, aiie,
iaaia ??/, ia niea/othoue ei?ii?aoeaiiai iiaeaoeo, ui ia-
eeaaea?oueny ia oaeeo in?a; iiaeaoie ia i?eaooie niea/othoue
eeoa o/anieee oiaa?enoaa o ?ac?, yeui aiie eiai io?eio-
thoue, a ia caeeoathoue o ?icii?yaeaeaii? oiaa?enoaa aeey aeea-
aeaiiy o ae?iaieoeoai.
I?eueae uiaei iiiaeaoeoaaiiy ia?niiaeueieo oiaa?enoa,
o/anieee yeeo ianooue oyaa? iiaii? iaeiiai? a?aeiia?aeaeue-
iino? ca ai?ae oiaa?enoaa, noaee a a?eueo-iaio ni?eyoee-
aei i?aea?oioyi aeey aeei?enoaiiy oeeo i?aai?caoe?eii-i?a-
aiaeo oi?i i?aei?e?iieoeueei? ae?yeueiino?, ui caaacia/othoue
e?aaeeoi?ai cia/i? aa?aio?? uiaei nieaoe ai?a?a, a niiaee-
aa/ai – a?aeoeiaeoaaiiy ca iaye?nio i?iaeoeoe?th (?iaioe,
iineoae).
-38-
Aeioe?eueii caaaeaoe i?i ua iaeio eeaneo?eaoe?th, yea a oii-
aao Oe?a?ie ia ia? i?aeoe/iiai cia/aiiy, aea canoiniao?oue-
ny o na?oia?e i?aeoeoe?. Eaeaoueny i?i iiae?e i?aei?e?iieoeue-
eeo oiaa?enoa ca e?eoa???i ?oiueiai i?aaiaiai noaoono:
aeciaiiy /e iaaeciaiiy ca ieie noaoono th?eaee/ii? ini-
ae. sse oaea caaaeoaaeiny aeua, oae? ia?niiaeuei? oiaa?enoaa,
ye iiaia ? eiiaiaeeoia (ia?oia?oei ? ia?oia?oei c iaia-
aeaiith a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noth – a aiaeinaeniinuee?e nenoai?
i?aaa), caeiiiaeaanoaii aeayeeo e?a?i (NOA, Aaeeeia?eoai??,
I?ia//eie, ?in?enueei? Oaaea?aoe?? – aei i?eeiyooy o 1994 ?.
Caaaeueii? /anoeie Oeea?eueiiai eiaeaeno ?O oa ?i.) ia aecia-
thoueny (ia aeciaaaeeny) th?eaee/ieie iniaaie, oi/ ? iaae?eai?
a?eueo?noth i?aa oa iaia’yce?a, i?eoaiaiieo inoaii?i. Oea
ia? cia/i? i?aaia? iane?aeee: oae? oiaa?enoaa ia niea/othoue
ei?ii?aoeaiiai iiaeaoeo (oiaoi iiaeaoe?a, ui iieeaaeathoueny
ia th?eaee/ieo in?a), a ?oi? e?aaeeoi?e iiaeooue /a?ac aieiao
oiaa?enoaa caa?oaoeny aei eiai o/aniee?a c aeiiaith i?i
nieaoo ai?a?a oiaa?enoaa.
Oeth iiceoe?th caeiiiaeaaoey i?aeo?eio? ?yae iaoeiaoe?a, aaa-
aeath/e ia?niiaeuei? oiaa?enoaa i?yieie niaaeei?ioeyie
soc?etas ?einueeiai i?aaa c ?oiueith ni?eueiith /anoeiaith
aeani?noth o/aniee?a uiaei iaeia oiaa?enoaa ? ia?aaaaeii
iniaenoei oa?aeoa?ii aca?iia?aeiinei o/aniee?a oiaa?e-
noaa, ?ioa?ane yeiai ia?aae o?ao?ie iniaaie i?aaenoaaeythoue
ia i?aaie oiaa?enoaa (aiie i?inoi a?aenooi?), a nai? o/an-
ieee. Aeciaiiy ca oaeeie oiaa?enoaaie noaoono th?eaee/-
ii? iniae i?ea?/ieee caaaeaii? oi/ee ci?o aaaaeaee ? aaa-
aeathoue “iiaea?eiith o?eoe??th” [55], a oiio aei?aaaeiaothoue
(iaa?oue aeciathoue aeioe?eueiei) a?aenooi?noue caeiiiaeaa/iai cae-
??ieaiiy oaeiai noaoono ca iacaaieie oiaa?enoaaie, ine-
?eueee a oeeo oiaa?enoaao aiie ia aa/aoue aeiaeii? c iciae
th?eaee/ii? iniae (a?aeie?aieai?noue iaeia, cae??ieaiiai a
naiino?eiiio aaeain?; i?aai?caoe?eia ?aei?noue, ui ia?aaeaa-
/a? iayai?noue /?oei? aioo??oiuei? no?oeoo?e c aeae?eaiiyi
niaoe?aeueieo i?aai?a oi?aae?iiy oa cae??ieaiiyi ?? o noa-
-39-
ooo? aai iieiaeaii?; naiino?ei?noue iaeiiai? a?aeiia?aeaeue-
iino? ca nai?ie ciaia’ycaiiyie [56]).
Iiaiaeaeoth/enue ?c iaaiith ooo/i?noth (oiiai?noth) aeciai-
iy ca ia?niiaeueieie oiaa?enoaaie noaoono th?eaee/ii?
iniae, ne?ae ona ae oaee aeciaoe i?aeoe/io aeioe?euei?noue oeuei-
ai c i??eoaaiue /?oe?oi? aecia/aiino? ?oiueiai noaiiaeua a
ainiiaea?nueeiio iai?io? (aeeoo?), i?i ui na?ae/eoue ? na?oiaa
oaiaeaioe?y aeciaiiy ca oaeeie oiaa?enoaaie i?aa th?eaee/-
ii? iniae (O?aioe?y, e?a?ie Oeaio?aeueii? ?a?iie, ?in?enueea
Oaaea?aoe?y) /e a?eueoino? i?eoaiaiieo th?eaee/iei iniaai
i?aa oa iaia’yce?a (I?ia//eia, NOA oa ?i.).
Ocaaaeueithth/e ?icaeyioo? aeua iciaee, i?aei?e?iieoeue-
ea oiaa?enoai iiaeia aecia/eoe ye caniiaaia ia aeiaiai??
ia’?aeiaiiy in?a (o?ce/ieo oa/aai th?eaee/ieo), ye? oeyoii
ii?aeiaiiy iaoa??aeueieo eioo?a ? iniaenoeo coneeue caeia-
thoueny ainiiaea?nueeith ae?yeuei?noth c iaoith io?eiaiiy i?e-
aooeo. Inoaii?i /anii oi?ia i?aei?e?iieoeueeeo oiaa?enoa,
a iaaeoi aeoe?iia?ieo ? oiaa?enoa c iaiaaeaiith a?aeiia?-
aeaeuei?noth, aeei?enoiao?oueny aeey noai?aiiy ia’?aeiaiue ain-
iiaea?nueeeo i?aai?caoe?e (i?aei?e?inoa). Iciaeaie oaeeo
ia’?aeiaiue ? niaoeeo?/ia iaoa – oi?aae?iiy (eii?aeeiaoe?y)
ae?yeueiino? eiai o/aniee?a oa iniaeeaee neeaae o/aniee?a,
yeeie iiaeooue aooe eeoa th?eaee/i? iniae. I?aaiaa noaii-
aeua oaeeo ia’?aeiaiue oa ?oi?o o/aniee?a, niaoeeo?ea aca?-
iia?aeiinei i?ae ia?oei ? ae?oaeie caeiiiaeaanoaii Oe?a?-
ie a?oioiaii ia aecia/ai?, ui noai?th? iaai? o?oaeiiu? ia
i?aeoeoe?. Ao?i, oey neeaaeia i?iaeaia iio?aao? ie?aiiai
aeine?aeaeaiiy.
I?aei?e?iieoeuee? oiaa?enoaa iiaeia oaeiae iiae?eeoe ia
ainiiaea?nuee? oiaa?enoaa (oiaoi oae?, ui ae?thoue ia i?aenoaa?
Caeiio Oe?a?ie “I?i ainiiaea?nuee? oiaa?enoaa”: aeoe?iia?ia,
c iaiaaeaiith a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noth, c aeiaeaoeiaith a?aeiia?aeaeue-
i?noth, iiaia ? eiiaiaeeoia) ? ae?iaie/? eiiia?aoeae (oiaoi
o?, ui ae?thoue ia i?aenoaa? Caeiio N?N? “I?i eiiia?aoe?th a
N?N?” ? Caeiio Oe?a?ie “I?i n?euenueeiainiiaea?nueeo eii-
-40-
ia?aoe?th”). Iiae?ai?noue ia?oeo ? ae?oaeo ia aeeeth/a?, iae-
iae, iaaii? ??cieoe? i?ae ieie: a) ca neeaaeii o/aniee?a (o
ainiiaea?nueeeo oiaa?enoaao ieie iiaeooue aooe o?ce/i? oa/
aai th?eaee/i? iniae, a o ae?iaie/iio eiiia?aoea?, ye i?a-
aeei, – o?ce/i? iniae, eio?? aeinyaee 16-??/iiai a?eo);
a) a?eueoei aeaiie?aoeciii ae?iaie/eo eiiia?aoea?a ii-
??aiyii c ainiiaea?nueeeie oiaa?enoaaie, ui coiiaeaii
??ai?noth i?aaiaiai noaiiaeua /eai?a eiiia?aoeao iacaeaae-
ii a?ae ?oiuei? iaeiiai? o/ano? (aieinoaaiiy ia caaaeueieo
cai?ao a?aeaoaa?oueny ca i?eioeeiii: eiaeiee /eai eiiia-
?aoeao ia? iaeei aiein) ia a?aei?io a?ae ainiiaea?nueeeo oiaa-
?enoa, o yeeo e?euee?noue aiein?a, ui iaeaaeeoue eiaeiiio
o/anieeia?, caeaaeeoue a?ae eiai iaeiiai? o/ano? a oiaa?enoa?
(e?eueeino? iaeaaeieo eiio aeoe?e aai ?ici??o eiai /anoee
a iaei? oiaa?enoaa); a) yeui oi?ia ainiiaea?nueeiai oiaa-
?enoaa aeei?enoiao?oueny ia?aaaaeii i?aei?e?ioeyie aeey
caii/aoeoaaiiy ? aaaeaiiy iaaii? ni?aae c iaoith io?eiai-
iy i?eaooeo, ye? (a e?auiio aeiaaeeo) oi?aaeythoue ni?a-
aaie oiaa?enoaa aai iaeiathoue aeey oeueiai a?aeiia?aeieo
oao?aoe?a ? eiio?ieththoue ?o, a aaciina?aaeiuei ainiiaea?nueeo
ae?yeuei?noue aeeiio? a a?eueoino? aeiaaee?a eieaeoea iaeia-
ieo i?aoe?aiee?a, oi ae?iaie/ee eiiia?aoea aeei?enoi-
ao?oueny ?ia?oieeaie aeey ni?eueii? ae?iaie/i? ae?yeueiino?,
yeo aiie nai? i?aai?cothoue ? yeith oi?aaeythoue /a?ac i?aa-
ie eiiia?aoeao, noi?iiaai? ia?aaaaeii c naieo /eai?a ei-
iia?aoeao. Iaeiae iniaeeaino? ae?iaie/iai eiiia?aoeao ia
ia?ae?eaathoue ioa?aeoa?eciaaieo aeua ni?eueieo ?en ?c
ainiiaea?nueeeie oiaa?enoaaie, ui e aeicaiey? ia’?aeiaoe ?o
i?ae ni?eueiith iacaith – i?aei?e?iieoeuee? oiaa?enoaa.
O oi?i? i?aei?e?iieoeueeeo, o o. /. e ainiiaea?nueeeo, oi-
aa?enoa cae?enith?oueny ??ciiiai?oia ainiiaea?nueea ae?yeuei?noue
[ae?iaieoeoai i?iaeoeoe?? (oiaa??a), aeeiiaiiy ?ia?o, iaaeai-
iy iineoa], ui ia aeeeth/a? canoinoaaiiy oi?ie ainiiaea?-
nueeeo oiaa?enoa ? aeey ainiiaea?nueeeo ia’?aeiaiue (ia’?aeiaiue
i?aei?e?inoa) ?c iaoith eii?aeeiaoe?? ae?yeueiino? ?o o/aniee?a
-41-
oa ia’?aeiaiiy ?oi?o coneeue aeey aeinyaiaiiy ni?eueieo aeey
ieo aeiiii?/ieo aai nioe?aeueieo oe?eae, oi/ oe?a?inueea ca-
eiiiaeaanoai ia ?aaoeth? ii?yaeie noai?aiiy e ae?yeueiino?
oaeeo oiaa?enoa-ia’?aeiaiue. Aea iae/ano?oa oi?ia i?aei?e-
?iieoeueeeo oiaa?enoa canoiniao?oueny aeey ainiiaea?nueeeo
i?aai?caoe?e, ui aaciina?aaeiuei cae?eniththoue ainiiaea?nueeo
ae?yeuei?noue. A ao?i, ie??i ainiiaea?nueeeo oiaa?enoa ? ae?ia-
ie/eo eiiia?aoea?a, oe?a?inueeiio caeiiiaeaanoao a?aeiia
iiiyooy i?aei?e?inoaa ye noa’?eoa ainiiaea?nueei? (i?aei?e?i-
ieoeueei?) ae?yeueiino?. sse aea ni?aa?aeiinyoueny oe? iiiyooy?
Oi/a Caeii Oe?a?ie “I?i i?aei?e?inoaa a Oe?a?i?” [57]
ia aea? aecia/aiiy i?aei?e?inoaa, iaeiae i?noeoue oae? eiai
iciaee:
iaeaaei?noue aei iniiaii? eaiee aeiiii?ee;
aaciina?aaei? cae?eniaiiy iaaieo aeae?a ainiiaea?nueei?
ae?yeueiino? – ae?iaie/i?, iaoeiai-aeine?aeieoeueei? oa eiia?-
oe?eii?;
iaoo ae?yeueiino? – io?eiaiiy i?eaooeo, aea aac aeii-
ae naiiieoiiino?;
iayai?noue iaiao?aeieo aeey cae?eniaiiy cacia/aieo aeae?a
ae?yeueiino? i?aa oa iaia’yce?a, o o. /. noaoono th?eaee/ii?
iniae;
i?inoioo i?aai?caoe?eii? no?oeoo?e, yea ia iiaeiia
aeeth/aoe ?ioeo th?eaee/ieo in?a, a eeoa no?oeoo?i? i?ae?ic-
ae?ee, a o. /. o?e?? oa i?aaenoaaieoeoaa;
iayai?noue ?aooie?a a onoaiiaao aaie?a;
o??iiaa iaeiaioaaiiy;
iayai?noue oiaa?iiai ciaeo aeey i?aei?e?inoa-oiaa?iae-
?iaiee?a;
cae?eniaiiy ainiiaea?nueei? ae?yeueiino? neeaie o?oaeiai-
ai eieaeoeao, ui oi?io?oueny ia canaaeao o?oaeiaiai aeiaiai-
?o (oiaoi c iaeiaieo i?aoe?aiee?a).
I?e oeueiio cacia/aiee Caeii ia?aaeaa/a?, ui i?aei?e?i-
noaa iiaeooue ooieoe?iioaaoe ia eeoa ia aoaeue-ye?e oi?i?
aeaniino? (aea?aeaai?e, eiioiaeuei?e, i?eaaoi?e), a e iaoe
-42-
??ci? i?aai?caoe?eii-i?aaia? oi?ie, a o. /. oi?io ainiiaea?-
nueeeo oiaa?enoa ? ae?iaie/eo eiiia?aoea?a (/. 1 no. 2).
I?aei?e?inoaa ? i?aei?e?iieoeuee? oiaa?enoaa – ia oioiaei?
iiiyooy: ia?o? ia caaaeaee iathoue oi?io i?aei?e?iieoeueeeo
oiaa?enoa, a iiaeooue aooe oi?oa?ieie (oiaoi iaoe iaeiiai
caniiaieea ? iaeii, ia iiae?eaia ia /anoee, yea ia iaia’yc-
eiai iiaeiii iaeaaeaoe i?aei?e?inoao ia i?aa? aeaniino?;
caeii ia?aaeaa/a? iiaeeea?noue canoinoaaiiy aeey iaeia i?ae-
i?e?inoaa e ?ioeo i?aaiaeo ?aaeei?a – i?aaa iiaiiai
ainiiaea?nueeiai a?aeaiiy ? i?aaa iia?aoeaiiai oi?aae?iiy
– /. 2 no. 10).
Aiaeii/an ei?ii?aoeaiee ono??e i?aei?e?inoaa ia?aaeaa-
/a?, ye i?aaeei, ooieoe?iioaaiiy eiai o oi?i? i?aei?e?i-
ieoeueeiai oiaa?enoaa. Aea ia aoaeue-yea i?aei?e?iieoeueea
oiaa?enoai iiaea aooe i?aei?e?inoaii, oiaoi iaoe iciaee
inoaiiueiai. sseui ae?iaie/ee eiiia?aoea – oea cacae/ae
i?aei?e?inoai, ine?eueee eiio i?eoaiaii? iniiai? iciaee
inoaiiueiai, oi /anoeia i?aei?e?iieoeueeeo oiaa?enoa (aeoe?i-
ia?ia, c iaiaaeaiith a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noth, c aeiaeaoeiaith a?aeiia?-
aeaeuei?noth) – eeoa ca oiiae cae?eniaiiy aeanoeaeo i?aei?e-
?inoao aeae?a ae?yeueiino? (ae?iaie/i?, iaoeiai-aeine?aeieoeueei?
oa eiia?oe?eii?) oa aaciina?aaeuei? o/ano? a i?e o/aniee?a
oiaa?enoaa oa/aai aeei?enoaiiy aeey oeueiai eieaeoeao iae-
iaieo i?aoe?aiee?a; a iiaia ? eiiaiaeeoia oiaa?enoaa iaa?oue
ca oeeo oiia ia iiaeooue aooe i?aei?e?inoaaie o oeoia/aii?
Caeiio Oe?a?ie “I?i i?aei?e?inoaa a Oe?a?i?”, ine?eueee
onoaiia/ei aeieoiaioii o ieo ? eeoa onoaiia/ee aeiaia??,
a noaooo a?aenooi?e.
C oeei aaaeei iiaiaeeoeny, aaeaea iiaia ? eiiaiaeeoia oi-
aa?enoaa o?aaeeoe?eii aeei?enoiaothoueny aeey aaaeaiiy naia
iaeiai a?ciano (a o. /. cae?eniaiiy ae?iaie/i? oa eiia?-
oe?eii? ae?yeueiino?) ca o/anoth /eai?a iaei??? n?i’? aai in?a,
a?aeiineie i?ae yeeie aoaeothoueny ia oe?eeiaeo?e aeia???, ui
coiiaeaii aeiaeaoeiaith iaiaiaaeaiith nie?aea?iith a?aeiia?-
aeaeuei?noth o/aniee?a (iiaieo o/aniee?a – o eiiaiaeeoii-
-43-
io oiaa?enoa?) oeeo oiaa?enoa ca ciaia’ycaiiyie inoaii?o.
Ia aeaeue, a Oe?a?i? i?aei?e?ioe? ia iathoue noeioe?a aeey ca-
ii/aoeoaaiiy nai?? ni?aae o oi?i? cacia/aieo ia?niiaeue-
ieo oiaa?enoa, e??i aeuacaaaeaiiai iaia’yceiaiai canoino-
aaiiy oeeo i?aai?caoe?eii-i?aaiaeo oi?i i?ae /an cae?eniai-
iy iaaieo aeae?a ae?yeueiino?. Oyaa? aea noaneae?a?ii? iiaii?
a?aeiia?aeaeueiino? o/aniee?a oaeeo oiaa?enoa ca ai?ae in-
oaii?o aac caioi/aiiy c aieo aea?aeaae a?aeno?aoo? i?aei?e-
?ioe?a a?ae ia?aiiy oaeeo i?aai?caoe?eii-i?aaiaeo oi?i
aaaeaiiy i?aei?e?iieoeueei? ae?yeueiino?, ui a?eueo i?eaaaeea?
aeey e?aaeeoi??a ? niiaeeaa/?a c iaeyaeo ia a?eueo? iiaeee-
aino? caaeiaieaiiy ?o iaa?oioiaaieo aeiia o iiaiiio ia-
nyc?. Oiio aeioe?eueii aoei a cai?iaaaeeoe aeey oaeeo i?aei?e-
?iieoeueeeo oiaa?enoa i?eueae, i?eiaeii? iiaeaoeia? – ye
nai???aeio eiiiainaoe?th aeey ?o o/aniee?a ca aeia?ia?eueii
iieeaaeaiee ia naaa oyaa? iaiaiaaeaii? iaeiiai? a?aeiia?-
aeaeueiino?.
Aeooaeueiith i?iaeaiith aeey ainiiaea?nueeeo oiaa?enoa ?
eiioeaio?aoe?y a iaei??? iniae eiio?ieueiiai iaeaoa aeoe?e /e
a?aeiia?aeii? /anoee a iaei? oiaa?enoaa, aiein?a o caaaeueieo
cai?ao o/aniee?a (aeoe?iia??a) oiaa?enoaa, ui aeicaiey? cae?e-
nithaaoe iaae ainiiaea?nueeei oiaa?enoaii ae??oaeueiee
aieea aai eiio?ieue c aieo ?ioiai noa’?eoa ainiiaea?thaai-
iy (ia oeth i?iaeaio caa?oaa oaaao ua 1914 ?. A. Aaiaaeee-
o?a, aeine?aeaeoth/e ieoaiiy ceeooy aeoe?iia?ieo oiaa?enoa
[58]). Iiae?ai? a?aeiineie ca i?iaoeueeei caeiiiaeaanoaii
io?eiaee iacao a?aeiinei caeaaeiino?, a ?o o/anieee –
iai?aia i?aei?e?inoai (i?aei?e?inoai, ui cae?enith? eiio?ieue,
aai eiio?iethth/a i?aei?e?inoai) oa caeaaeia i?aei?e?inoai
[59). Aeieeiaiiy a?aeiinei caeaaeiino? iiaea iaoe i?noea ?
a ?ioeo aeiaaeeao: oeeaaeaii? i?ae aeaiia noa’?eoaie ain-
iiaea?thaaiiy i?aei?e?iieoeueeeo aeiaiai??a i?i ia’?aeiaiiy
/e a?ae?aooaaiiy i?eaooeo, i?i i?aeii?yaeeoaaiiy iaeiiai
i?aei?e?inoaa ?ioiio c iaaieo ieoaiue nai?? ainiiaea?nueei?
ae?yeueiino?, i?i i?aiaeo oe?e?niiai iaeiiaiai eiiieaeno, ui
-44-
iaeaaeeoue iaeiiio noa’?eoia? ainiiaea?thaaiiy, ?ioei, i?e
noai?aii? ainiiaea?nueeeo ia’?aeiaiue oeio ei?ii?aoe?e, eii-
oea?i?a, i?iieneiai-o?iainiaeo a?oi oiui.
Ieoaiiy a?aeiinei o a?oiao i?aei?e?inoa, ye? ca i?iaoeue-
eei caeiiiaeaanoaii iaea?aeaee ua iacao ca’ycai? i?aei?e?i-
noaa, iaeiiai?oa a?aaoeueiaai? caeiiiaeaanoaii I?ia//eie
?in?enueei? Oaaea?aoe??. Oa yeui i?iaoeueeee caeiiiaeaaaoeue
c?iaea oea a Aeoe?iia?iiio caeii?, a ?in?enueeee – /anoei-
ai a Oeea?eueiiio eiaeaen? ?O [60], /anoeiai a Caeii? ?O “I?i
aeoe?iia?i? oiaa?enoaa” [61], oi a Oe?a?i? oey i?iaeaia, c
iaeyaeo ia ?? niaoeeo?eo (ia??ai?noue i?aaiaiai noaiiaeua
eiio?iethth/iai oa caeaaeiiai i?aei?e?inoa, iaiaaeaiiy i?aa
ia?oiai c iaoith caoenoo ioae?/iiai ?ioa?ano, a o. /. ?ioa-
?an?a caeaaeiiai i?aei?e?inoaa oa eiai e?aaeeoi??a), ia caei-
iiaeaa/iio ??ai? iiaea aooe ?ica’ycaia a Ainiiaea?nueeiio
(Eiia?oe?eiiio) eiaeaen? Oe?a?ie, i?iaeo yeiai aaea i?ioy-
aii cia/iiai /ano ciaoiaeeoueny ia ?icaeyae? o Aa?oiai?e
?aae? [62].
Caeiiiaeaa/a a?aaoethaaiiy i?iaeai ‘caeaaeiino? i?ae
noa’?eoaie ainiiaea?thaaiiy (ianaiia?aae, i?ae ainiiaea?-
nueeeie oiaa?enoaaie aai ca o/anoth oaeeo oiaa?enoa) ia?
aeeth/aoe:
aecia/aiiy a?aeiinei aeiiii?/ii? oa i?aai?caoe?eii?
caeaaeiino? i?ae noa’?eoaie ainiiaea?thaaiiy oa iiiyoue ia
c?acie: “ca’ycai? i?aei?e?inoaa”, “i?aei?e?inoai, ui cae?enith?
eiio?ieue”, “caeaaeia i?aei?e?inoai”, “o/anoue iaeiiai i?aei?e-
?inoaa a ?ioiio” oiui;
aecia/aiiy, c yeiai nooiaiy o/ano? iaeiiai i?aei?e?i-
noaa a eai?oae? (caaaeueieo cai?ao aai i?aaiao oi?aae?iiy)
?ioiai aeieeathoue a?aeiineie caeaaeiino? – neaae?ii, a?ae
10 aei 50%; o o. /. a?aeiinei eiio?ieth-i?aeii?yaeeoaaiiy –
a ?ac? aieiae?iiy (eiio?ieth) iiiaae 50% aeoea?a (aiein?a
o caaaeueieo cai?ao, neeaaeo i?aai?a oi?aae?iiy) ?ioiai aai
iaioith /anoeith – iai?eeeaae iiiaae 40%, ca oiiae, ui
-45-
i?yeee ?ioee o/aniee ia aieiae?? a?eueo cia/iith /anoeith
(ia eiio?ieth? a?eueo cia/io /anoeo);
iaia’yceia?noue aianaiiy a?aeiiinoae i?i iayai?noue
a?aeiinei eiio?ieth-i?aeii?yaeeoaaiiy aei a?aeiiinoae aea?aeaa-
ii? ?a?no?aoe?? caeaaeiiai i?aei?e?inoaa ? caii/aoeoaaiiy
iaia’yceiai? ia??iaee/ii? ioae?eaoe?? oeeo a?aeiiinoae a niaoe?-
aeueiiio io?oe?eiiio caaaeueiioe?a?inueeiio (oiaoi oeaio-
?aeueiiio) i?aai? ianiai? ?ioi?iaoe??;
aeciaiiy aeioe?eueiino? ioi?ieaiiy a?aeiinei i?ae eii-
o?iethth/ei ? caeaaeiei i?aei?e?inoaaie” /a?ac oeeaaeai-
iy i?aei?e?iieoeueeiai aeiaiai?o, a yeiio iathoue aooe iao-
iiaeai? ?oi? aca?ii? i?aaa oa iaia’ycee, a o. /. ? i?aai
eiio?iethth/iai i?aei?e?inoaa aeaaaoe aeac?aee caeaaeiiio
i?aei?e?inoao, a oaeiae iaia’ycie inoaiiueiai ?o aeeiioaa-
oe, yeui aiie yaii ia noia?a/aoue eiai (caeaaeiiai i?aei?e?i-
noaa) ?ioa?anai;
aecia/aiiy iaae aieeao eiio?iethth/iai i?aei?e?inoaa
ia caeaaeia, yeeie iiaeooue aooe (ca a?aenooiino? aeiaiai?o
i?aeii?yaeeoaaiiy) caai?iia noeeyoe caeaaeia i?aei?e?inoai
aei a/eiaiiy iaaea?aeieo aeey iueiai oaiae oa iia?aoe?e, a a ?ac?
?o oeeaaeaiiy (cae?eniaiiy) i?ae aieeaii eiio?iethth/iai
i?aei?e?inoaa – cae??ieaiiy ca inoaii?i iaia’yceo eii-
iainoaaoe caeaaeiiio i?aei?e?inoao iaaaoeai? iane?aeee
iiae?aieo oaiae oa iia?aoe?e;
ia?aaeaa/aiiy noaneae?a?ii? a?aeiia?aeaeueiino? eiio?i-
ethth/iai i?aei?e?inoaa ca ai?ae caeaaeiiai a?ae iueiai i?ae-
i?e?inoaa, yeui inoaii? aeciaia aaie?ooii c aeie ia?-
oiai;
cae?eniaiiy eiio?ieth c aieo Aioeiiiiiieueiiai eii?-
oaoo Oe?a?ie ca anoaiiaeaiiyi a?aeiinei eiio?ieth-i?ae-
ii?yaeeoaaiiy i?ae noa’?eoaie ainiiaea?thaaiiy, noeoiia
/anoea yeeo ia ?eieo iaaiiai oiaa?o (?ia?o, iineoa) ia?aae-
uo? 35%.
Ca’ycai? i?aei?e?inoaa (a o. /. ? eiio?iethth/? oa caeaaei?)
– oea nueiaiaei?oiy ?aaeuei?noue a oe?a?inuee?e aeiiii?oe?, oiio
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a?aeiineie i?ae oaeeie i?aei?e?inoaaie-oiaa?enoaaie ia-
thoue aooe iaeaaeiei /eiii o?aaoeueiaai? c iaoith caaacia-
/aiiy nioe?aeueii? i???ioaoe?? ?eieiaeo a?aeiinei, ui aaea
iaaoee cia/iiai ?icaeoeo. I?e oeueiio ne?ae aeei?enoiao-
aaoe aeaa ??ai? ?aaoethaaiiy: caeiiiaeaa/ee – eiee oae?
a?aeiineie ca/?iathoue iaenooo?a?o? ?ioa?ane ca’ycaieo i?ae-
i?e?inoa oa/aai iaiaaeothoue eiieo?aioe?th ia ?eieo; eieaeue-
iee – uiaei an?o iaa?aaoeueiaaieo caeiiiaeaanoaii ieoaiue
aca?iia?aeiinei i?ae cacia/aieie i?aei?e?inoaaie (ia?oue-
ny ia oaac? ?aaoethaaiiy oaeeo a?aeiinei naieie noa’?eoa-
ie ainiiaea?thaaiiy, ye i?aaeei, ia aeiaia??i?e iniia?).
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Aeaaa 2
I?AAIAA NOAIIAEUA
AEOe?IIA?IEO OIAA?ENOA
2.1. Iiiyooy ? iniiai? ?ene
aeoe?iia?ieo oiaa?enoa
No/ania caa?iaiiy a?o/eciyiiai caeiiiaeaaoey aei oaei?
iiioey?ii? i?aai?caoe?eii-i?aaiai? oi?ie i?aei?e?iieoeue-
ei? ae?yeueiino?, ye aeoe?iia?i? oiaa?enoaa (aeae? – AO), oe?e-
eii caeiiii??ii a?aeia?aaea? iio?aae i?aeoeee a oiiaao
oi?ioaaiiy ? ?icaeoeo a Oe?a?i? ?eieiaeo a?aeiinei oa
aaeaeaaoieo ?i oi?i ainiiaea?thaaiiy.
?noi??y noai?aiiy AO (i?eiaeii? oeo, ui a?eueo-iaio
a?aeiia?aeathoue no/aniei oi?iai) iae?/o? aeae?eueea noie?oue,
a ?o iiyao ni?e/eieee ao?oeeaee ?icaeoie eai?oae?noe/-
ieo (?eieiaeo) a?aeiinei ? iaiao?aei?noue aeoioethaaiiy cia/-
ieo eai?oae?a aeey caii/aoeoaaiiy ? aaaeaiiy cia/ieo (aa-
eeeeo) ca ?ici??aie ni?aa (caeaa?eueoiai iia’ycaieo c inai-
?iiyi caii?nueeeo eieii?e ? oi?a?aeath c ieie). *eiaei
aeine?aeiee?a AO ooeaee ?o aiaeiae a ?einueeiio e aei?ei-
nueeiio i?aa?, aea aaaeei caia?a/eoe oie oaeo, ui no/ani? AO,
caii/aoeiaai? a aiioo eai?oae?cio, – oea oi?eaeueia yaeua,
yea, oi/ ? ia? ?noi?e/i? ei?ai? a noa?iaeaaiueiio i?aa?
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e oi?aiaaeuei?e i?aeoeoe?, aea i?aaiaith i?e?iaeith oa oa?ae-
oa?ieie ?enaie cia/ii a?ae??ciy?oueny a?ae nai?o aeaai?o i?i-
ia?ac?a.
Neeaaei?noue i?aaiai? i?e?iaee AO noaea i?aaeiaoii /en-
eaiieo iaoeiaeo aeine?aeaeaiue, iniaeeai ?ioaineaieo a aii-
oo ianiaiai caii/aoeoaaiiy i?aei?e?iieoeueei? ae?yeueiino?
a oe?e i?aai?caoe?eii-i?aaia?e oi?i? c ianooiieie iaae?i-
iyie ? ceaoaie (aai, ca ae?acii E. Iao?aaeeoeueeiai, – c
aeii?ioaaiiyi iioei?noe/ii? /e ianei?noe/ii? oaiaeaioe?e
a aeoe?iia?i?e ni?aa? [1]).
No/aniee ia??iae a?aeiiaeaiiy oeueiai i?aaiaiai ?inoeoo-
oo (i?ney aaaaoueio ?ie?a caaoooy) o iinonioe?ae?noe/ieo
e?a?iao noaa iiaoi?aiiyi (aeaui aeaeici?iaiei) ?noi??? noa-
iiaeaiiy oeeo oiaa?enoa o XV??-X?X no.: aeoi?e/i? ia-
no?i? uiaei ia?aaaa AO ye /oaeiaiai aeaea?aea aeey aeeaaeaiiy
a?eueieo eioo?a th?eaee/ieo ? o?ce/ieo in?a c iaoith io?eiai-
iy aaeeeeo aeea?aeaiae?a ci?ieeeny ia iaaeia??eeaa (e?eoe/-
ia) noaaeaiiy aeoe?iia??a aei cacia/aieo iiaeeeainoae AO,
ye? ia aei?aaaeaee ?oi?o niiae?aaiue uiaei caaacia/aiiy ae-
oe?iia?ai aenieeo ? noaa?eueieo aeea?aeaiae?a. I?i oea yne?a-
ai na?ae/eoue no?eiai?noue a?iiaaeyi Oe?a?ie uiaei iaea?aeai-
iy i?eaaoecaoe?eieo iaeiiaeo ? eiiiainaoe?eieo na?oeo?-
eao?a ? aeeaaeaiiy ?o o a?aee?eo? AO, ye? noai?ththoueny ia aac?
aea?aeaaieo i?aei?e?inoa o i?ioean? i?eaaoecaoe??.
Aeoe?iia?i? aoie ? e?aoe, ca na?ae/aiiyi aeine?aeiee?a AO
ieioeiai (E. Iao?aaeeoeueeiai, A. Eai?iee, ?. Oa?aniaa,
?. ???eiaa oa aaaaoueio ?ioeo), iiaoi?thaaeeny c ia??iaee/i?-
noth a 10-14 ?ie?a, aeyaeyth/e i?e oeueiio ia eeoa ia?a-
aaae, a e aaaee AO, a oaeiae niiioeath/e /eneaiieo aeine?ae-
iee?a oeeo oiaa?enoa (ianaiia?aae iaoeiaoe?a-i?aaiee?a)
aea/aoe i?aaiao i?e?iaeo iiae?aieo i?aai?caoe?e.
Iniaeeai a?oioiaii aeine?aeaeoaaeeny oe? i?iaeaie o ae?o-
a?e iieiaei? ieioeiai noie?ooy, eiee a a?eueoino? e?a?i
?a?iie oa Aia?eee ?ioaineaii ?icaeaaeeny ?eieia? a?aeii-
neie, ye?nii ci?ithth/e aeiiii?eo, ui aeinyaea caaaeyee oeuei-
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io cia/iiai ??aiy o nai?io ?icaeoeia?. Ia inoaiith ?ieue
ooo a?ae?a?aaaee ? AO, ui c’yaeyeenue o aaeee?e e?eueeino?,
iia a?eae i?ney aeiuo, a ia?aeaeueii c oeei oi?ioaaeinue ?
aaeineiiaethaaeiny aeoe?iia?ia caeiiiaeaanoai. ?. Oa?ania,
A. Eai?iea, E. Iao?aaeeoeueeee, I. Oeeoiae/, A. A?eeinueeee,
A. Oa?oaiaae/, A. Aaiaaeeeoia oa ?io? aeine?aeieee a ?in??;
Naaa??, ?aii, ?. ???eia, E. Aieueaeoi?aeo oa aaaaoi ?ioeo –
ca ei?aeiiaie ?in?enueei? ?iia??? a?oioiaii aea/aee ?noi-
??th noaiiaeaiiy ? ?icaeoeo AO, ?oi? oa?aeoa?i? ?ene, ia?a-
aaae e aaaee, i?aaiaa noaiiaeua naieo oiaa?enoa oa ?oi?o
aeoe?iia??a oiui. Oey i?iaeaia ia ao?aoeea aeooaeueiino? e
iio?i [ui i?aaaea, ?c oe?eeii c?icoi?eei niaaeii ?ioa?ano
aei ieo a N?N? o i?neyiai?anueeee ia??iae, eiee ia?aiiaea
aaei?i?no?aoeaii-eiiaiaeia nenoaia ainiiaea?thaaiiy c ??
ai?iaeei noaaeaiiyi aei ?eieiaeo (naiino?eieo) noa’?eo?a
ainiiaea?thaaiiy, aei yeeo iaeaaeaoue ? AO].
Aa??aio?a aecia/aiiy iiiyooy AO (aeieo?eiaeueieo ? ea-
aaeueieo) /eiaei, yeui a?aoe aei oaaae na?oiao i?aeoeeo
?icaeoeo aeoe?iia?ii? ni?aae ? aeoe?iia?iiai caeiiiaeaanoaa
a ?noi?e/iiio aniaeo?. C ieo iiaeia ae??cieoe iniiai?
oa?aeoa?i? ?ene AO ye niaoeeo?/ii? (ie?aii?) i?aai?ca-
oe?eii-i?aaiai? oi?ie i?aei?e?iieoeueei? ae?yeueiino?, ui oae
/e ?iaeoa aeciathoueny a?eueo?noth aeine?aeiee?a AO.
Ii-ia?oa, AO ? ia?aaaaeii ia’?aeiaiiyi eai?oae?a (iaeyn-
e?aa?oei ?o i?aaenoaaieeii), aeey o/ano? a yeiio aeineoue
c?iaeoe eeoa iaeiiaee aianie (iieaoeoe aeoe??), oi/a aeaye?
aaoi?e (iai?eeeaae, A. Eai?iea) aa/aoue o ieo ?ene ia?ni-
iaeueieo oiaa?enoa, o/anieee yeeo iiaeii? a?aoe aaciina-
?aaeith iniaenoo o/anoue o ae?yeueiino? oaeeo oiaa?enoa,
o o. /. ? a oi?aae?ii? ni?aaaie, iniaeeai ia aoai? noai?aiiy,
o/ano? a onoaiia/eo ? caaaeueieo cai?ao, a oaeiae a i?aaiao
AO. Aaaeei iiaiaeeoeny c oaeiai aeoieith, ine?eueee ia aoai?
noai?aiiy AO oea oiaa?enoai ua ia ?nio? ye i?aai?caoe?eii-
i?aaiaa oi?ia, a o/anoue aeoe?iia??a o caaaeueieo cai?ao ?
i?aaiao oiaa?enoaa ? ?oi?i i?aaii, a ia iaia’yceii. Ne?ae,
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iaeiae, caoaaaeeoe, ui caeiiii (uiaei AO, noai?aieo ia aac?
i?aiaeiaaiiai iaeiiaiai eiiieaeno aea?aeaaiiai i?aei?e?i-
noaa) /e onoaiia/eie aeieoiaioaie (iai?eeeaae, o cae?e-
oeo AO, noai?aieo ia aac? i?eaaoeciaaiiai aea?aeaaiiai
i?aei?e?inoaa) iniaenoa o/anoue aeoe?iia??a o ae?yeueiino? oi-
aa?enoaa iiaea aooe aeciaia iaia’yceiaith.
AO (eiai aa??aio ca eiioeiaioaeueiei, o o. /. oe?a?i-
nueeei, i?aaii) ia? i?ae /an canioaaiiy aieiae?oe iaaiei ea-
i?oaeii (ca caeiiiaeaanoaii Oe?a?ie a?aee?eo? AO ia iiiaio
neeeeaiiy onoaiia/eo cai??a iiaeii? iaoe niea/aiei ui-
iaeiaioa 30%, a cae?eo? AO – 50% noaoooiiai oiiaeo,
i?i?iaeueiee ?ici?? yeiai ia iiaea aooe iaioei ca 1250
i?i?iaeueieo ca?ia?oieo ieao, aeoiaey/e c? noaaee i?i?iaeue-
ii? ca?ia?oii? ieaoe, /eiii? ia iiiaio noai?aiiy AO), oi/,
iai?eeeaae, ca caeiiiaeaanoaii NOA (a aei iaaeaaiueiai /ano
– ? caeiiiaeaanoaii Aaeeei? A?eoai??) iiae?aia oiiaa ia ?
iaia’yceiaith.
Ae?oaith aaaeeeaith iciaeith AO ? oa, ui eiai iniiaiee
(noaoooiee) eai?oae iiae?ey?oueny ia iaaio e?euee?noue, ye
i?aaeei, ??aieo i?ae niaith /anoie, ui ?o iaceaathoue aeoe?y-
ie. I?e oeueiio iaaia /anoeia onoaiia/iai eai?oaeo caaac-
ia/o?oueny AO ua aei noai?aiiy inoaiiueiai ca ?aooiie niea-
oe iiai?noth aai /anoeiai iniaaie, ye? i?aeienaeeny ia aeoe??
(i?ae /an noai?aiiy a?aee?eoiai AO) aai noaee caniiaieeaie
(a i?ioean? noai?aiiy cae?eoiai AO), aa?oino? aeoe?e (iii?-
iaeueii? /e ?eieiai?), c?iaeaoe a?aeiia?aeiee aianie (a?i-
oiaee, iaeiiaee). I?e oeueiio aeoe?iia? ao?a/a? iaeiia?
i?aaa ia a?io? (iaeii), niea/ai? ca aeoe??, i?aai aeaniino?
ia ye? iaaoaa? AO c iiiaioo eiai aea?aeaaii? ?a?no?aoe??.
Aeoiaey/e c AO, aeoe?iia? io?eio? ia aianaio iei /anoeio
iaeia (yeui a?i ?iaea aianie o ?a/ia?e oi?i?), a aa?o?noue
(?eieiao, iii?iaeueio) aeoe?e, ui a?ae/oaeothoueny. Oea caaac-
ia/o? caa?aaeaiiy iaaii? noaa?eueiino? iaeiiai? aace AO.
Eeoa e?ea?aeaoe?y inoaiiueiai aeicaiey? aeoe?iia?ai io?eia-
oe a?aeiia?aeio ?o /anoeai (aeoe?yi) /anoeio iaeia oiaa?e-
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noaa, yeui, ca?nii, aiii caeeoeeiny i?ney nieaoe ai?a?a AO
(caaeiaieaiiy i?aoaic?e e?aaeeoi??a).
Ia iaio aaaeeeaith ?enith AO a?eueo?noue aeine?aeiee?a
aaaaea? iaiaaeai?noue a?aeiia?aeaeueiino? AO ca eiai ciaia’y-
caiiyie eeoa iaeaaeiei eiio ia i?aa? aeaniino? iaeiii
(aiii iiaea aooe ca nai?th ianith ? a?aeiia?aeii – a?ioiaith
ioe?ieith a?eueoei aai iaioei iae noaoooiiai oiiaeo AO:
inoaiiy ? iii?iaeueiith aaee/eiith, cao?eniaaiith a onoaiia-
/eo aeieoiaioao AO). Oey iciaea a oeiiaith aeey eeane/ii?
(ca ?einueeei i?aaii) th?eaee/ii? iniae, ui caaacia/o? ?e
naiino?ei?noue iaeiiai? a?aeiia?aeaeueiino? ca nai?ie ciai-
a’ycaiiyie a iaaeao iaeia, ui iaeaaeeoue ?e ia i?aa? aean-
iino?. Aeania, AO a?aeiia?aea? ca nai?ie ciaia’ycaiiyie an?i
nai?i iaeiii, a ioaea, i?i iaiaaeai?noue eiai a?aeiia?aeaeue-
iino? oaeiae aiai?eoe ia iiaeia (oa?i?iieia?/ia iaa??ii);
aeaye? aaoi?e aeey oa?aeoa?enoeee a?aeiia?aeaeueiino? AO aaee-
aathoue ae?ac “aeeeth/ia iaeiiaa a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noue” ca aean-
ieie ciaia’ycaiiyie a ianyc? iaeia, ui iaeaaeeoue oiaa-
?enoao ia i?aa? aeaniino? [2].
A?aeiia?aeii aei i?eioeeio aeeeth/ii? iaeiiai? a?aeiia?-
aeaeueiino? AO ia eiai aeoe?iia??a ia iiaea aooe iieeaaeaii
iaia’yceo niea/oaaoe aeiaeaoeia? aianee oa a?aoe ia naaa
ciaia’ycaiiy ia?aae ?ioeie aeoe?iia?aie /e e?aaeeoi?aie
oiaa?enoaa uiaei iie?eooy caeoe?a oiaa?enoaa, yeui caeii
ia cacia/a? ?ioa. Oae, ca?aeii c caeiiiaeaanoaii aeayeeo e?a?i
(I?ia//eie, ?in?enueei? Oaaea?aoe??) eiio?iethth/a i?aei?e?i-
noai (a o. /. aeaniee eiio?ieueiiai iaeaoo aeoe?e) iana
noaneae?a?io /e nie?aea?io a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noue ca ai?ae oiaa-
?enoaa – caeaaeiiai i?aei?e?inoaa, aeeth/ath/e aeiaaeee
aeciaiiy inoaiiueiai aaie?ooii, yeui caiiae?yia oeiaea
(caai?aiaai?noue) /e aaie?oonoai ni?e/eiai? aieeaii eii-
o?iethth/iai i?aei?e?inoaa [3].
Uiaei ?ioi? iciaee – iaiaaeaii? a?aeiia?aeaeueiino? aeoe?i-
ia??a, oi, iii?e oeiia?noue ae??oaiiy oeueiai ieoaiiy ia
i?aeoeoe? (aeoe?iia?e aeaniei iaeiii ca ai?ae oiaa?enoaa
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acaaae? ia a?aeiia?aeathoue, yeui iiai?noth nieaoeee nai? aeoe??),
oai?aoe/ia iaa?oiooaaiiy oa caeiiiaeaa/a cae??ieaiiy
iieiaeaiue uiaei ianyao a?aeiia?aeaeueiino? aeoe?iia??a ia iiae-
ia iacaaoe i?inoei.
*anoeia iaoeiaoe?a-aeine?aeiee?a AO, a ?o i?ae i?aeo?eio?
caeiiiaeaanoai aeayeeo e?a?i (a o. /. e Oe?a?ie), aecia/a-
thoue a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noue aeoe?iia??a ye iaiaaeaio noiaie (eio-
oaie, iaeiii), niea/aieie ca aeoe?? (a iaaeao aeoe?e). Ne?ae,
iaeiae, cacia/eoe, ui aeaye? aaoi?e aiai?youe i?i aaciina?aae-
ith a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noue (o ?ac?, yeui aeoe?iia? ia iiai?noth
iieaoea aeoe?th, a?i a?aeiia?aea? a iaaeao ianiea/aieo ca
aeoe?th noi on?i nai?i iaeiii, ia yea iiaea aooe caa?iaii
noyaiaiiy) ? iiina?aaeeiaaio a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noue (uiaei noi,
niea/aieo ca aeoe??, iiaeeea?noue iiaa?iaiiy yeeo a?i iiaea
ao?aoeoe a ?ac? caaeiaieaiiy aeiia e?aaeeoi??a ca ?aooiie
iaeia oiaa?enoaa) [4].
O ia?oiio aeiaaeeo iiaeia iiaiaeeoeny c iaiaaeai?noth
aeiaeaoeiai? a?aeiia?aeaeueiino? aeoe?iia??a, aaeaea ie ia?ii
ni?aao c? ni?aaae? iaeiiaith a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noth o/aniee?a AO.
O ae?oaiio ae aeiaaeeo aaaeei aiai?eoe i?i iaeiiao a?aeii-
a?aeaeuei?noue aeoe?iia??a ocaaae?, aaeaea aeaniei iaeiii aiie
ia a?aeiia?aeathoue (ia iueiai ia iiaea aooe caa?iaii noyaiai-
iy), yeui a ?ac? iani?eyoeeaiai ia?aa?ao ni?aa /e aaie?oo-
noaa AO eiai iaeia, noi?iiaaiiai a o. /. e ca ?aooiie
aeeaae?a aeoe?iia??a, ia aenoa/a? aeey iie?eooy ai?a?a ? caaei-
aieaiiy iaa?oioiaaieo aeiia e?aaeeoi??a. Aeoe?iia?e a aea-
iiio aeiaaeeo ?eceeothoue eeoa ao?aoeoe iiaeeea?noue ii-
aa?iooe nia? aa?o?noue aeoe?e. A?ae aeaniiai iaeia a AO aeey
caaeiaieaiiy iaa?oioiaaieo aeiia e?aaeeoi??a ia oyaia aeey
aeoe?iia??a, ye? iiai?noth iieaoeee aeoe??, i?yeeo ao?ao aean-
iiai iaeia – aaeaea eiooe, niea/ai? ca aeoe??, ia?aeoee c
aeaniino? aeoe?iia??a o aeani?noue AO: a?aeiia?aeaoe aea?/? iae-
iei ? oei aea iaeiii ??ci? iniae ia iiaeooue, oei a?eueoa,
ui eeoa AO ? eiai aeanieeii. Iaa?oioiaai?oith ? iiceoe?y
ae?oai? a?oie aeine?aeiee?a AO, ye? aie?thoue aiai?eoe ia i?i
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a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noue aeoe?iia??a, a i?i ?oi?e ?ecee ao?aoeoe
iiaeeea?noue iiaa?iaiiy eioo?a, niea/aieo ca aeoe??, aai
?ecee caciaoe caeoe?a, iia’ycaieo ?c ae?yeuei?noth oiaa?e-
noaa [5].
Aeaye? c aeine?aeiee?a aaaaeathoue, ui aeoe?iia?e ia ianooue
i? a?aeiia?aeaeueiino?, i? ?ecee?a ca iaaaoeai? iane?aeee ae?yeue-
iino? AO [6]. A?aeoae aecia?oueny ca aeioe?eueia a eaaaeueiiio
aecia/aii? AO acaaae? ia caaaeoaaoe i?i a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noue
aeoe?iia??a o iaaeao aa?oino? aeoe?e [7].
Ia ci?? aeoe?iia?ii? ni?aae iieiaeaiiy uiaei iaiaaeaiiai
oa?aeoa?o a?aeiia?aeaeueiino? aeoe?iia??a aeeth/aeeny aei
aeoe?iia?iiai caeiiiaeaanoaa, uiae i?aee?aneeoe ??cieoeth
i?aaiaiai noaiiaeua o/aniee?a AO ? ia?niiaeueieo (iiaiiai
? eiiaiaeeoiiai) oiaa?enoa, ye? aoee o?aaeeoe?eieie oi?iaie
i?aei?e?iieoeoaa ia a?aei?io a?ae ia?oeo. Ca?ac oaei? iio?aae
iaia?, ai an? a?aeii? aeaee i?aei?e?iieoeueeeo oiaa?enoa ?nio-
thoue oi?iaeiaae o?eaaeiai /ano, ? ??cieoey a i?aaiaiio noaii-
aeu? ?oi?o o/aniee?a (a o. /. e uiaei ?oiuei? iaeiiai? a?ae-
iia?aeaeueiino? ca ciaia’ycaiiyie oiaa?enoaa) ia aeeeeea?
noii?ao. Aei oiai ae iieiaeaiiy uiaei iaiaaeaiiai oa?aeoa?o
a?aeiia?aeaeueiino? aeoe?iia??a oa?i?iieia?/ia iaoi/ia, ai
inoaii? ianooue ia a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noue (yeui iiai?noth iiea-
oeee aeoe??), a ?ecee caeoe?a (ao?aoe iiaeeeaino? iiaa?iooe
aa?o?noue nai?o aeoe?e), oi/a, ye oaea caaaeoaaeiny, aeaye? aei-
ne?aeieee iaaaci?aenoaaii aaaaeathoue, ui aei caeiio ia ne?ae
aeeth/aoe iieiaeaiiy i? i?i a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noue, i? i?i ?ecee
aeoe?iia??a [8]. Iani?aaae? iaiaaeaia noaneae?a?ia a?aeiia?-
aeaeuei?noue aeoe?iia??a ia? i?noea ca iayaiino? aeaio ianoaaei:
a) yeui aeoe?iia? iaiiai?noth nieaoea aeoe??; a) noaoooii
AO ia?aaeaa/aii aeiaaeee oaei? a?aeiia?aeaeueiino? aeoe?iia?a
a iaaeao ianiea/aieo noi (/. 3 no. 24 Caeiio Oe?a?ie “I?i
ainiiaea?nuee? oiaa?enoaa”).
Caaaeai? ooo iciaee AO iaaiaeyoueny o aecia/aii? oeeo
oiaa?enoa o iaoe?iiaeueieo caeiiiaeaanoaao e?a?i ?eieiai?
? ia?ao?aeii? aei ?eieiai? aeiiii?e, a oaeiae o iaoeiaeo i?a-
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oeyo aeine?aeiee?a AO. Aea ieie ia ae/a?io?oueny oa?aeoa-
?enoeea AO, yeei i?eoaiaii? oaeiae ?io? ?ene – ye ii-
ceoeai?, oae ? iaaaoeai?, coiiaeai? iniaeeainoyie oe??? i?aa-
i?caoe?eii-i?aaiai? oi?ie.
Iciaee AO iai/i?oa aeyaeythoueny a i?ioean? aiae?co
?oi?o oa?aeoa?ieo ?en. O ia??iaee aeoe?iia?iiai aoio (ae??
iioei?noe/ii? oaiaeaioe?? a aeoe?iia?i?e ni?aa? – ca aecia-
/aiiyi E. Iao?aaeeoeueeiai) oaaaa aeine?aeiee?a AO oa an?o
caoe?eaaeaieo in?a aeoeaioo?oueny eeoa ia ?oi?o iiceoeaieo
?enao, yeeo /eiaei, a naia:
1) eaae?noue noai?aiiy cia/iiai ca ?ici??aie eai?oaeo,
ui ia i?ae neeo ia?aaaaei?e a?eueoino? i?aei?e?ioe?a. Oea aei-
nyaa?oueny caaaeyee: a) a?aeiini?e i?inoio? aeeaaeaiiy eai?-
oaeo, ui oei/aniai ia aeei?enoiao?oueny (aeey oeueiai aeineoue
eeoa i?eaeaaoe aeoe??), a a ?ac? ni?eyoeeaiai ia?aa?ao ni?aa
a AO aeicaiey? io?eiaoe cia/i? ca ?ici??ii aeea?aeaiaee;
a) i?inoio? anooio ? aeoiaeo c AO, aeey /iai aeineoue a?aeiia?aeii
i?eaeaaoe aai i?iaanoe a?ae/oaeaiiy (iicaooeny) aeoe?e, ui
aeicaiey? eaaei ia?aeeaaoe eai?oae ?c iaei??? aaeoc? a ?ioo,
i?eaooeia?oo; a) iacia/iiio ?eceeia? aeoe?iia??a o ?ac?
iaaaoeaieo ?acoeueoao?a ae?yeueiino? AO (a?i iaiaaeo?oueny
aa?o?noth iaeaaeieo aeoe?iia?ia? aeoe?e); a) iaiaoyaeeea?noth
iaia’yce?a aeoe?iia??a (aiie iiaeii? eeoa nieaoeoe aa?o?noue
aeoe?e – c?iaeoe iaeiiaee aianie ? ia ciaia’ycai? a?aoe
iniaenoi? o/ano? a ae?yeueiino? oiaa?enoaa, a o. /. a oi?aae?ii?
eiai ni?aaaie, a iiaeooue caaeiaieueieoeny eeoa “no?eaeeith
eoiii?a”, oiaoi io?eiaiiyi aeea?aeaiae?a, ui aeaooiao? a?eue-
o?noue ae??aieo aeoe?iia??a, ye? ia iathoue ?aaeueieo iiaeeeain-
oae aieeaaoe ia ia?aa?a ni?aa a AO;
2) iaiaaeai?noue ?eceeo aeoe?iia??a aeicaiey? oeyoii noai-
?aiiy AO caii/aoeiaoaaoe ?eceeiaaio ni?aao [?eceeiaai?
aeaee ainiiaea?nueei? (i?aei?e?iieoeueei?) ae?yeueiino?], ui a ?ac?
oni?oo aea? aaeee? i?eaooee, a a ?ac? iaaaea/? caa?iaeo? aeoe?i-
ia?ia?, ia a?aei?io a?ae ?iaeea?aeoaeueiiai i?aei?e?ioey /e o/an-
ieea ia?niiaeueiiai oiaa?enoaa, eeoa ao?aoith iiaeeeaino?
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iiaa?iooe aa?o?noue iaeaaeieo eiio aeoe?e ? iaae?e ia aeea?-
aeaiaee aac caa?ice ao?ao aeey aeaniiai iaeia;
3) i?aei?e?inoaa o oi?i? AO noaa?euei?o? uiaei nai?? iae-
iiai? aace, i?ae ?io? aeaee i?aei?e?iieoeueeeo oiaa?enoa> in-
e?eueee ia ieo ia aieeaa?, ye i?aaeei, aeo?ae aeoe?iia?a c
oiaa?enoaa (aeoe??, yeui ?ioa ia ia?aaeaa/aii onoaiia/eie
aeieoiaioaie AO, i?e oeueiio a?ae/oaeothoueny ia naiiio oi-
aa?enoao, a ?ioei iniaai, ioaea, naii AO ca oeae aeo?ae ia
ieaoeoue). O oeo aeiaaeeao, eiee AO aeeoiiao? aeani? aeoe??
c iaaiith iaoith (aeey iiaaoaiiy; aeey i?aeo?eiee ?eieiai-
ai eo?no aeoe?e; aeey ianooiiiai i?iaeaaeo nai?i i?aoe?aie-
eai oiui), aiii iiea/o? aeoe?? a a?ioia?e oi?i? iaa?oue oiae?,
eiee aeoe?iia? aiinea na?e aeeaae o iaeiia?e oi?i?. Io?e-
iaoe oaea iaeii aeoe?iia? ia? iiaeeea?noue eeoa o aeiaaeeo
e?ea?aeaoe?? oiaa?enoaa, yeui oea iaeii caeeoeeiny i?ney ca-
aeiaieaiiy iaa?oioiaaieo aeiia e?aaeeoi??a ? a?aeiia?aea? eiai
/anooe? o noaoooiiio oiiae?;
4) AO iacaia?a/ia ? ia’?aeiaiiyi eai?oae?a, iaa?oue a?eueoa
– a AO ?ene oeueiai ia’?aeiaiiy i?iyaeythoueny iaeiiai?oa.
Oea ia aeeeth/a?, iaeiae, iayaiino? a AO aeayeeo ?en ia?ni-
iaeueieo oiaa?enoa, iniaeeai a cae?eoeo AO, noai?aieo ia
aac? i?eaaoeciaaiiai iaeia aea?aeaaiiai i?aei?e?inoaa o?o-
aeiaeie eieaeoeaaie inoaii?o, a oaeiae i?aiaeieie i?aei?e-
?inoaaie o oi?i? AO. Oa ia a?aei?io a?ae ia?niiaeueieo
ia’?aeiaiue aeiey ia?an?/iiai AO ia caeaaeeoue, ye i?aaeei, a?ae
aeie? eiai aeoe?iia??a (?oiuei? nia?o?, noaio caei?ia’y, caieo-
oaiino? ni?aa uiaei ?o iniaenoiai iaeia oiui), iaa?oue yeui
aiie aoee eiai caniiaieeaie. Oea caaacia/o?oueny a?aeie?ai-
eai?noth iaeia AO a?ae iaeia eiai o/aniee?a, a oaeiae a?aeie-
?aieai?noth oi?aae?iiy a AO (eiai ia??aeei cae?eniththoue i?i-
oan?iiaee-iaiaaeaea?e, ye? /anoi acaaae? ia aieiae?thoue aeoe?-
yie oiaa?enoaa, a i?aoeththoue o iueiio ia i?aenoaa? o?oaeiaiai
aeiaiai?o);
5) aeey AO ? oa?aeoa?iith iiaeeea?noue o/ano? a ieo oe?i-
eeo aa?noa ianaeaiiy ? a?aeiia?aeii – ?iciiae?eo i?eaooeo
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na?aae oeeo in?a o ?ac? ni?eyoeeaiai ia?aa?ao ni?aa a AO (oi/,
ye na?ae/eoue na?oiaa i?aeoeea, a?eueo?noue aeoe?e AO iaeaaeeoue
ia o?ce/iei, a th?eaee/iei iniaai, ye? iathoue a?eueoa iiae-
eeaino? aieeaaoe ia noai ni?aa a AO caaaeyee aieiae?iith
cia/ieie iaeaoaie aeoe?e, ia a?aei?io a?ae aeoe?iia??a –
o?ce/ieo in?a, a?eueoa /anoeia yeeo – ae??ai? aeoe?iia?e);
6) aeoe?iia?ia oi?ia i?aei?e?iieoeueei? ae?yeueiino? ca-
noiniao?oueny a ??cieo naeoi?ao aeiiii?ee: i?eaaoiiio, aea?-
aeaaiiio, eiioiaeueiiio, a ia??aeei a AO aa?ooue o/anoue
noa’?eoe ??cieo oi?i aeaniino? (oae caai? ci?oai? AO).
Aea?aeaai?, eiioiaeuei? AO aeey ?eieiai? aeiiii?ee oaea ae
i?e?iaeia yaeua, ye ? AO, o/anieeaie yeeo ? eeoa i?eaaoi?
(ye o?ce/i?, oae ? th?eaee/i?) iniae. Ia aeaeue, a Oe?a?i? ua
e aein? a?aenooi?e ii?iaoeaiee aeo (e?aua uia oea aoa ca-
eii), yeee ?aaoethaaa ae iniaeeaino? ae?yeueiino? AO ioae?/-
ii? (aea?aeaaii? oa eiioiaeueii?) aeaniino?, a oaeiae ci?oa-
ieo AO;
7) oe?iea aeei?enoaiiy aeoe?iia?ii? oi?ie a i?ioean?
i?eaaoecaoe?? c iaoith ?aoi?ioaaiiy a?aeiinei aeaniino? e
caeo/aiiy ?iaanoeoe?e o ae?iaie/o noa?o. Aaaeei ia?a-
a?eueoeoe ?ieue AO (iniaeeai a?aee?eoeo) o i?ioean? i?eaa-
oecaoe?? iaeia na?aaei?o ? aaeeeeo ca ?ici??aie aea?aeaaieo
? eiioiaeueieo i?aei?e?inoa. Naia noai?aiiy ia aac? i?ae-
i?e?inoa, ui i?eaaoecothoueny, a?aee?eoeo AO aeicaieeei
a?eueo-iaio iioeiaeueii a?aooaaoe iniiai? i?eioeeie e
oe?e? i?eaaoecaoe?? oa ?ioa?ane ye o?oaeiaeo eieaeoea?a oa-
eeo i?aei?e?inoa, oae ? anueiai ianaeaiiy Oe?a?ie (a a aa?i-
i?iieneiaiio eiiieaen? – n?euenueeiainiiaea?nueeeo oiaa-
?iae?iaiee?a, i?aei?e?inoa-noi?aeiee?a oiui), caaacia/oth-
/e i?e oeueiio ia eeoa na?oeo?eaoio, a e a?ioiao i?eaaoe-
caoe?th, caeo/aiiy a oaeee niin?a ?iaanoeoe?e, iaiao?aeieo aeey
ia?aica?i?iiy, iiaea?i?caoe?? i?eaaoeciaaieo i?aei?e?inoa,
iiaeeea?noue aeei?enoaiiy ieie iia?oi?o oaoiieia?e oiui;
8) iiaeeea?noue eiio?iethaaoe AO, aieiae?th/e eiio?ieue-
iei iaeaoii aeoe?e, ?ici?? yeiai oai?aoe/ii ia? ia?aae-
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uoaaoe 50% aeoe?e, aeiouaieo oiaa?enoaii, a oaeoe/ii a
oiaa?enoaao c aaeeeiai e?euee?noth aeoe?iia??a ?ici?? oeuei-
ai iaeaoa iiaea aooe cia/ii iaioei – iaa?oue aeae?eueea
a?aenioe?a, ca oiiae, ui i?yeee ?ioee o/aniee ia aieiae??
a?eueoith e?euee?noth aeoe?e; ca?nii, oey ?ena i?eaaaeeaa aeey
oeo, ooi aaaea? cae?enithaaoe oaeee aieea iaae AO, aea aiaeii-
/an iiaea aooe iaaacia/iith ye aeey naiiai oiaa?enoaa, oae
? aeey ?aooe eiai aeoe?iia??a, i?i ui aaea caaaeoaaeiny;
9) aeoe?iia?ia oi?ia i?aei?e?iieoeueei? ae?yeueiino? aeic-
aiey? anoaiiaethaaoe i?ae i?aei?e?inoaaie-noi?aeieeaie
aeineoue o?ni? ca’ycee, caaaeyee ia?ao?aniiio (aca?iiiio
aieiae?iith) aeoe?yie iaeei iaeiiai (aeineoue iioe?aii a ssiii??,
ui ? iaeiei ?c /eiiee?a, yeee caaacia/o? aenieee ??aaiue
ae?iaieoeoaa ? eiieo?aioini?iiiaei?noue yiiinueeeo oiaa??a
ia na?oiaiio ?eieo [9]; Caeiiii Oe?a?ie “I?i iniaeeaino?
i?eaaoecaoe?? iaeia a AIE” ia?aaeaa/aii oaeiae oaeo iiae-
eea?noue aeey i?aei?e?inoa-oiaa?iae?iaiee?a oe??? aaeoc? oa
iinoa/aeueiee?a ? niiaeeaa/?a ?oiuei? i?iaeoeoe?? [10];
10) i?aai?caoe?eii-i?aaiaa oi?ia AO aeei?enoiao?oueny
o na?oia?e i?aeoeoe? ye iaeia c oi?i ainiiaea?nueeeo ia’?ae-
iaiue (ia’?aeiaiue i?aei?e?inoa), ui noaaeoue iniiaiith iaoith
ia io?eiaiiy i?eaooeo, a eii?aeeiaoe?th ae?yeueiino? nai?o
o/aniee?a, anoaiiaeaiiy i?ae ieie o?nieo ca’yce?a aeey
ia’?aeiaiiy coneeue uiaei caaeiaieaiiy ni?eueieo aeiiii?/ieo
? noni?eueieo iio?aa;
11) aeei?enoaiiy oi?ie AO aeicaiey? ia aea?? eiai can-
iiaiee?a (o/aniee?a) ia?aoe a?eueiee ?oo aeoe?iia??a (?o
anooi ? aeo?ae c oiaa?enoaa), ui i?eoaiaiia a?aee?eoei AO,
aai iaiaaeaiiy oaei? iiaeeeaino? , ui ? oa?aeoa?iith icia-
eith cae?eoeo AO, aea cia/i?oo, i?ae o a?aee?eoiio AO ?ieue,
a?ae?a?a? iniaenoee aeaiaio.
O. A. Aaoea? ? I. A. Aao?-Aaoea? iaceaathoue ua aea? ?ene
AO. Ia?oa c ieo – aacno?ieiaa ?nioaaiiy, eio?a ? caaaeue-
iei i?aaeeii, yeui o noaooo? ei?ii?aoe?? (aiaeia AO ca
aia?eeainueeei caeiiiaeaanoaii) ia ia?aaeaa/aii, ui aiia
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noai?th?oueny ia aecia/aiee no?ie. Oe? aaoi?e caaaeothoue
aene?a na?a A?eueyia Aeaenoiia: “ei?ii?aoe?y – oea th?e-
aee/ia iniaa, yea iaae?eaia i?aaiaei aacnia?oyi”, cacia/a-
th/e, ui ?noioiith aeanoea?noth ei?ii?aoe?? ? ?? iiaeeea?noue
ia?aaeeoe nai?o caniiaiee?a oa aeoe?iia??a. Oa?aeoa?iith
?enith ei?ii?aoe?? (AO) oe? aaoi?e aaaaeathoue oaeiae oeaio?a-
e?ciaaia oi?aae?iiy ei?ii?aoe??th, cae?enithaaia ia?aaaae-
ii ia o/anieeaie AO (aeoe?iia?aie), a iaeiaieie iaiaae-
aea?aie – aee?aeoi?aie ei?ii?aoe?? [11].
Ia aeaeue, iiceoeaieie ?enaie oa?aeoa?enoeea AO ia
iaiaaeo?oueny. Aeaye? ?o aeine?aeieee (iai?eeeaae, ?. ???eia)
iacaaee AO /e ia iaea??oei aeiaoiaeii noni?euenoaa, ui
i?ecaaei aei a?eueoeo oo?ao, i?ae caeiaooe?a. Aei iaaaoeaieo
?en AO, iae/ano?oa a?aeiinyoue:
1) aaeee? ianooaae AO, ui caaaaea? aio/eino? aaaeai-
iy ni?aa oiaa?enoaa. O ?ac? iaaea?aeiino? oiai aeaeo (aeae?a)
ainiiaea?nueei? ae?yeueiino?, yeo cae?enith? AO, inoaiiueiio ia-
aaaaoi neeaaei?oa ia?ai???iooaaoeny ia ?ioee aeae ae?yeue-
iino?, i?ae iaeiio i?aei?e?inoao /e ?iaeea?aeoaeueiiio i?ae-
i?e?ioeth, ?, ye oi ia??aeei o?aiey?oueny o iiae?ai?e neooaoe??
(i?i ui na?ae/eoue na?oiaa i?aeoeea), AO iinooiiai i?ino-
aathoueny aei naiai e?aoo, ia iath/e ni?iiiaeiino? ?noioii
iie?ioeoe noai ni?aa o oiaa?enoa? aaeaaoeny aei ea?aee-
iaeueieo ci?i;
2) aaaaoi aeine?aeiee?a caeeaeathoue AO, ui aiie aei?iai eio-
oothoue nai?i aeoe?iia?ai, aaeaea iaeiai? iaiaaeaea?e (/eaie
i?aae?iiy e ea??aieee no?oeoo?ieo i?ae?icae?e?a) ia caoe?-
eaaeai? a iuaaeeeaino? ? oiio ia iaoyaeothoue naaa oo?aioa-
ie i?i aeiiiiia aaaeaiiy ni?aae, iniaeeai eiee oea noino?oue-
ny ?oi?o ieeaae?a ? canoinoaaiiy aei ieo caoiae?a iaoa??aeue-
iiai caioi/aiiy;
3) c iaoith i?aeo?eiaiiy aenieeo aeea?aeaiae?a, ui ia caa-
aeaee caaacia/o?oueny iniiaiith ae?yeuei?noth AO, iaeiai? ia-
iaaeaea?e /anoi-aonoi aaeathoueny aei aeioneo (? a?aeiia?aeii –
i?iaeaaeo) iae?aaoe?e, ui aaaea aei ca?eueoaiiy caai?aiaaiino?
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AO (aaeaea a?aeiii, ui iae?aaoe?iia? – oea e?aaeeoi? oiaa?e-
noaa; inoaii? ?aii /e i?cii ia? iiaa?oaoe iae?aaoe?iia?ai
ai?ae – iii?iaeueio aa?o?noue iae?aaoe?e oa ia?oeyi? a?ae-
nioee);
4) iaeaaei?noue AO aei eeane/iiai ia’?aeiaiiy eai?oae?a
coiiaeth? a?aeie?aieaiiy aeaniino? a?ae oi?aae?iiy (ye i? a
iaei?e c ?ioeo i?aai?caoe?eii-i?aaiaeo oi?i): inoaii? a
cia/i?e nai?e /anoei? cae?enith?oueny iaeiaieie i?ioan?e-
ieie iaiaaeaea?aie, ye? aoiaeyoue aei neeaaeo aeeiiaa/iai
i?aaio oiaa?enoaa (i?aae?iiy), a ia??aeei (yeui oea aeicai-
ey? iaoe?iiaeueia caeiiiaeaanoai, ye-io o ?in?enuee?e Oaaea-
?aoe?? [12]), -oi ? a niinoa?aaei?e ?aae?. Eiio?ieue c aieo
aeoe?iia??a iaae oeeie i?aaiaie ia??aeei aoaa? nooi neiai-
e?/iei: caaaeuei? cai?e neeeeathoueny ??aeei, a ?aa?c?eia eii?-
n?y oaeiae /ano?oa iaiaaeo?oueny eiio?ieai o?iainiai-ain-
iiaea?nueei? ae?yeueiino? oiaa?enoaa ca ieioeee ??e. Ioaea,
neeaaei?noue eiio?ieth ca ae?yeuei?noth AO, eiai iinaaeiaeo in?a
oaeiae i?eoaiaiia a?eueoino? AO (iniaeeai a?aee?eoiai oeio),
oi/a oea iaaiith i??ith caeaaeeoue a?ae aeoeaiino? e caoe?eaa-
eaiino? aeoe?iia??a oiaa?enoaa;
5) ?aii?oaaiiy ?ioa?an?a iaioino? – iaeia c iaeaieth-
/?oeo aaae AO. Oaeoe/ii aeaaea (oi?aae?iiy) a AO iaeaaeeoue
e?oiiei aeoe?iia?ai, ye? iathoue a?eueo?noue aiein?a ia ca-
aaeueieo cai?ao ? a?aeiia?aeii iiaeooue oi?ioaaoe i?aaie
oiaa?enoaa (i?aae?iiy, niinoa?aaeio ?aaeo) ? eiai ?aa?c?eio
eii?n?th. Oae aiie caaacia/othoue eiio?ieue ca ae?yeuei?noth oi-
aa?enoaa, a?aoiaoth/e i?e oeueiio ianaiia?aae aeani? ?ioa-
?ane iaa?oue oiae?, eiee aiie noia?a/aoue ?ioa?anai ?aooe
aeoe?iia??a;
6) canioaaiiy AO c iaoith aeoioethaaiiy eioo?a ca ?a-
ooiie aiane?a aaaaoueio in?a aac iaoe ?o aeei?enoaiiy aeey
aaaeaiiy noni?eueiiei?enii? ae?yeueiino? – c?o/iee niin?a
aeey oao?a?a, ui ei?enoothoueny iaei??th c iae?noioi?oeo
oa?aeoa?ieo ?en AO o aeanieo aai?noe/ieo, iaa?oue cei/ei-
ieo, ?ioa?anao, i?iiiioth/e aeoe?? iaaaeeei? iii?iaeueii?
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aa?oino? oe?ieei aa?noaai ianaeaiiy, ia?oeyth/e i?e oeuei-
io aenieee ??aaiue aeea?aeaiae?a ? ooo/ii i?aeo?eioth/e ae-
nieo ?eieiao aa?o?noue aeoe?e, ui aeicaiey? ?i ca ei?ioeee
/an iaa?iiaaeeoe aaeee? eai?oaee ? i?eaeanieoe ?o; ?io?
oeiia? ceiaaeeaaiiy caniiaiee?a – oea caaeuaiiy ioe?iee
nai?o iaeiiaeo aiane?a ? anoaiiaeaiiy aeey naaa cia/ieo
i?ea?ea?a (i?i ui eoeiaoueny aeae?), a iio?i – aai oni?oia
cieeiaiiy c oeeie eai?oaeaie, aai oe?eeii eaaaeueiee aeo?ae
c AO, i?ney i?iaeaaeo ca ooo/ii caaeuaiith oe?iith nai?o
aeoe?e, e?euee?noue ? noia?ia aa?o?noue yeeo aeoaea /anoi ia
a?aeiia?aea? ?aaeuei?e aa?oino? iaeiiaiai aianeo oaeiai ca-
niiaieea (o/anieea), a aoaa? cia/ii (?iiae? – a aeae?eueea
?ac?a) caaeuaia;
7) a?aeiiee ?in?enueeee aei?aaiethoe?eiee A. Oa?oaiaae/
iaaeioaa/oaaa AO a ii?aeueiiio ?icoe?ii? noni?euenoaa, yea
c ?aae?noth ni?eeia? ia?oeyiee aaeeeeo i?eaooe?a (aeea?-
aeaiae?a) aac iaiao?aeiino? i?aoethaaoe caaeey oeueiai [13]. Iaa-
iith i??ith oea noaei a?ae/ooiei ? a Oe?a?i?: ua na?ae? nii-
aaaee i?i oa, yeith aaeeeith iiioey?i?noth ei?enooaaeeny,
iai?eeeaae, aeoe?? AO “Ia?eo??e-?iaano”, aeey i?eaeaaiiy yeeo
aeiaiaeeeiny noiyoe o aaee/aci?e /a?c?: ia?oeyi? aenie? aeea?-
aeaiaee ca oeeie aeoe?yie caaacia/eee oaeaeeo ?o ?aae?caoe?th
ca cia/iith ?eieiaith aa?o?noth, iaeiae, niiae?aaiiy a?eueoino?
aeoe?iia??a (ie??i caniiaiee?a oeueiai oiaa?enoaa) ia ni?aa-
aeeeeny: aiie ia o?eueee ia io?eiaee ia?oeyieo aeea?aeaiae?a,
a e ia ciiaee iiaa?iooe niea/aii? aa?oino? aeoe?e, ui acaaa-
e? ia?anoaee ei?enooaaoeny iiieoii ia oiiaeiaiio ?eieo;
8) aaeeeei (ca ?ici??aie ae?yeueiino? oa aeoioeueiaaiei
eai?oaeii) AO i?eoaiaiia oyae?iiy aei iiiiiie?cio
ia ?eieo oiaa??a, a iiiiiie?ci a aeiiii?oe? ia??aeei iia’y-
caiee ? c iie?oeeith: caaaeyee aaeee?e aeiiii?/i?e nee?
iaea?eueo? AO iaiaaathoueny aieeaaoe ia iie?oeeo o?yaeo c
iaoith noai?aiiy yeiiiaa ni?eyoeea?oeo aeey naaa oiia,
aeey /iai ia??aeei aeei?enoiaothoue aeoe?iia??a ye aeai?oe?a
(yne?aaei i?eeeaaeii aoea ni?iaa iaeiiai ?c caniiaiee?a
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aaea caaaeaiiai oiaa?enoaa “Ia?eo??e-?iaano” N. THoe aaei-
ooaaoeny aei ia?eaiaioo e?a?ie);
9) ?aaeueia aa?o?noue aeoe?e aeoaea ??aeei a?aeiia?aea? ?? ?ei-
eia?e aa?oino?, yeo iiaeia ooo/ii i?aeaeuoaaoe aai cie-
aeoaaoe ?, c?a?aaoe ia oeueiio, io?eioaaoe cia/i? i?eaooee,
iaaoaaoe i?aai aeaniino? ia eiio?ieueiee aai ?ioee, cia/-
iee ca ?ici??aie, iaeao aeoe?e oiaa?enoaa ca aacoe?iue, io?e-
ioth/e a oaeee niin?a eiio?ieue iaae iei aai iiaeeiath/e
eiai ye eiieo?aioa, ui /ano?oa ia a?aeiia?aea? ?ioa?anai
aeoe?iia??a ? e?aaeeoi??a oiaa?enoaa; ana oea na?ae/eoue i?i
iaiaae?ei?noue aeioiaeo a AO ? caeaaei?noue eiai io?eiaiiy ia
eeoa a?ae oni?oiino? ainiiaea?nueei? ae?yeueiino? oiaa?enoaa,
a e a?ae a??aeiai? a?e ia oiiaeiaiio ?eieo;
10) aeoe?iia?ia oi?ia i?aei?e?iieoeoaa aeicaiey? noai?e-
oe nenoaio oi?iaeueii naiino?eieo AO (aaeaea ca caeiiii
eiaeia AO ia? noaoon th?eaee/ii? iniae), ui oaeoe/ii ii-
aeooue aooe caeaaeieie a?ae o/aniee?a, ye? aieiae?thoue eiio-
?ieueieie iaeaoaie aeoe?e oaeeo oiaa?enoa. Iiae?ai? oiaa-
?enoaa io?eiaee iacae ? a?aeiia?aeia ?i noaiiaeua: aei/??i?o
i?aei?e?inoa (o a?eueoino? e?a?i na?oo, iai?eeeaae o NOA,
Oe?a?i?, ?in?enuee?e Oaaea?aoe?? (14]) aai o?e?e iaoa?ei-
nueei? i?aai?caoe?? (O?aioe?y [15]), aai caeaaeieo i?aei?e?inoa
(oiaa?enoa), o o. /. e o/aniee?a eiioea?io (I?ia//eia [16]),
yeui aeaniee eiio?ieueiiai iaeaoo aeoe?e – th?eaee/ia
iniaa. Oeae noaoon, c iaeiiai aieo, caaacia/o? a?aeie?aieai?noue
iaeia ? a?aeiia?aeaeueiino? aei/??iueiai (caeaaeiiai) AO a?ae oie-
aeeiaiai? eiiiai?? (iaoa?einueei? i?aai?caoe?? /e eiioea?io),
a c ?ioiai – iaaea? iiaeeea?noue eiio?iethaaoe e aecia/aoe
iiaaae?ieo aei/??iueiai i?aei?e?inoaa c aieo aeanieea eiio-
?ieueiiai iaeaoo aeoe?e o nai?o ?ioa?anao; a?aenooi?noue aea a
Oe?a?i? caeiiiaeaa/eo aa?aio?e i?aa aei/??i?o (caeaaeieo)
i?aei?e?inoa (ye oea ia? i?noea, neaae?ii, a I?ia//ei?,
?in?enuee?e Oaaea?aoe?? /e ?ioeo e?a?iao) ?iaeoue ?o aacca-
oenieie ia?aae aeanieeaie eiio?ieueieo iaeao?a aeoe?e,
o o. /. ia?aae oieaeeiaiaith eiiiai??th. Inoaiiy aoaeue-eiee
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iiaea iicaooeny eiio?ieueiiai iaeaoa aeoe?e aei/??iueiai
i?aei?e?inoaa, yeui oea ?e aea?aeii, a io aei/??i? i?aei?e?i-
noai aac caiaee ia oa oieaeeiaiai? eiiiai?? ia iiaea iae-
o?ae?coaaoe ?? ae??oaeueiee aieea. Oeae aieea iiaea iaaa-
oeaii iicia/aoeny ia o?iainiai-ainiiaea?nueeiio noai? aei-
/??iueiai i?aei?e?inoaa, yeui caeiiiaeaaaoeue ia caaacia/eoue
iaoai?ci?a caoenoo ?ioa?an?a oaeeo i?aei?e?inoa (a ioaea,
?o e?aaeeoi??a ? aeoe?iia??a), aa?aiooth/e aei/??i?i (caeaae-
iei) i?aei?e?inoaai iiaeeea?noue eiiiainaoe?? ca ?aooiie
oieaeeiaiai? eiiiai?? (aai ?ioiai aeanieea eiio?ieueiiai
iaeaoa.aeoe?e) ni?e/eiaieo ae?yie inoaiiuei? caeoe?a o oa-
eiai i?aei?e?inoaa, a e?aaeeoi?ai – noaneae?a?io a?aeiia?-
aeaeuei?noue oieaeeiao /e ?ioiai aeanieea eiio?ieueiiai ia-
eaoa aeoe?e ca ciaia’ycaiiyie aei/??iueiai (caeaaeiiai) i?ae-
i?e?inoaa, yeui iaieaoini?iiiaei?noue inoaiiueiai aeiee-
ea c aeie ia?oiai;
11) iaa?aaoeueiaai?noue ia caeiiiaeaa/iio ??ai? i?aaiai-
ai noaiiaeua ainiiaea?nueeeo ia’?aeiaiue o oi?i? AO ia i?ae-
oeoe? i?ecaiaeeoue aei ceiaaeeaaiue – noai?aiiy iiiiiie?noe/-
ieo ooai?aiue, ae?yeuei?noue yeeo ia eiio?ieth?oueny Aioeii-
iiiieueiei eii?oaoii oa eiai i?aaiaie, eiee, iai?eeeaae,
o/anieee oaeiai AO ia?aaeathoue inoaiiueiio ye aianie ia-
eao nai?o aeoe?e, ?ici?? yeiai ia aeicaiey? eiio?iethaaoe
ae?yeuei?noue ai?oaioa aeoe?e, ? ea??ai? iinaaee a ia?oeo ? ae?o-
aiio (o/aniee?a-th?eaee/ieo in?a ? AO-ia’?aeiaiiy) ia ia?e-
iathoueny oeie naieie iniaaie.
Ocaaaeueithth/e iaeoa?aeoa?i?o? ?ene, i?eoaiaii? aeoe?i-
ia?i?e oi?i? i?aei?e?iieoeueei? ae?yeueiino?, iiaeia aeaoe ae-
cia/aiiy AO. ?icoiaey/enue o aeaoaeyo, a?eueo?noue iaoeiaoe?a
? caeiiiaeaanoa aeoeaioo? ia oaeeo oa?aeoa?ieo ?enao oeeo
oiaa?enoa, ui a?ae??ciythoue ?o a?ae ?ioeo noa’?eo?a ainiiaea-
?thaaiiy:
ii-ia?oa, iaeaaei?noue ?o aei i?aei?e?iieoeueeeo, cie?aia
ainiiaea?nueeeo oiaa?enoa (ca caeiiiaeaanoaii ia?aaaaeii?
a?eueoino? e?a?i na?oo inoaii? ?iaiothoueny oi?aiaeie);
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ii-ae?oaa, iiae?e noaoooiiai eai?oaeo ia /anoee, ui ? ??aie-
ie oa iaceaathoueny aeoe?yie;
ii-o?ao?, aeoe?? iathoue aooe ??aii? iii?iaeueii? aa?oino?
(ui oa?aeoa?ii ? aeey oe?a?inueeiai caeiiiaeaanoaa), oi/a
a ?yae? e?a?i aeiionea?oueny, ui aeoe?? ??cieo eean?a (aeae?a)
iiaeooue a?ae??ciyoeny ca iii?iaeueiith aa?o?noth, iaeiae o
iaaeao iaeiiai eeano (aeaeo) an? aeoe?? iathoue aooe ??aii?
iii?iaeueii? aa?oino?;
ii-/aoaa?oa, aeoe?iia?ia oiaa?enoai ? th?eaee/iith iniaith,
a ioaea, a?aeiia?aea? ca nai?ie ciaia’ycaiiyie eeoa iaeiii,
ui iaeaaeeoue eiio ia i?aa? aeaniino?; aeoe?iia?e, ye? iia-
i?noth nieaoeee nai? aeoe??, aeiaeaoeiai? a?aeiia?aeaeueiino? ca
ai?ae oiaa?enoaa ia ianooue, a eeoa ?eceeothoue ao?aoeoe
iiaeeea?noue iiaa?iaiiy aa?oino? nai?o aeoe?e. Inoaiiy icia-
ea a eaaaeueieo aecia/aiiyo AO cia/ii? e?eueeino? e?a?i
?eieiai? aeiiii?ee a?aenooiy, ine?eueee i?eoaiaiia eea-
ne/i?e th?eaee/i?e inia?, yeith ? ?, iii?e a?aeiinio iieiae?noue,
aeoe?iia?ia oiaa?enoai.
A?o/eciyiee caeiiiaeaaaoeue i?aee?aneth? ua ye ?noioio
iciaeo i?aaiaee ?aaeei iaeia AO, noai?aiiai ca ?aooiie
aeeaae?a aeoe?iia??a ? ?acoeueoao?a o?iainiai-ainiiaea?nueei?
ae?yeueiino? AO, – i?aai aeaniino?. Aeey eeane/ii? th?eaee/-
ii? iniae oea ? i?e?iaeiei. Iaeiae ca aaei?i?no?aoeaii-ei-
iaiaeii? nenoaie, eiee iaioaaea aea?aeaaia aeani?noue oa aoei
caai?iiaii i?eaaoio, ooo/ii noai?eee eaac?th?eaee/io ini-
ao, ui ooieoe?iioaaea ia /oaeiio iaei?, cae??ieaiiio ca
iath ia i?aa? iia?aoeaiiai oi?aae?iiy, a c 1987 ?., c i?ee-
iyooyi Caeiio N?N? “I?i aea?aeaai? i?aei?e?inoaa (ia’?ae-
iaiiy)” [17], aeey inoaii?o aoei cai?iaaaeaeaii iiaee i?aai-
aee ?aaeei – i?aai iiaiiai ainiiaea?nueeiai a?aeaiiy.
No/ania oe?a?inueea caeiiiaeaanoai (/. 1 no. 37 no. 39 Ca-
eiio “I?i aeani?noue”, /. 2 no. 10 Caeiio Oe?a?ie “I?i
i?aei?e?inoaa a Oe?a?i?”) caa?aaei oe? aeaa i?aaia? ?aaeeie:
ia?oee (i?aai iia?aoeaiiai oi?aae?iiy) – aeey aea?aeaa-
ieo onoaiia ? eacaiieo i?aei?e?inoa, ae?oaee (i?aai iiaii-
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ai ainiiaea?nueeiai a?aeaiiy) – aeey oi?oa?ieo i?aei?e?inoa
(ye i?aaeei oeo, ui ooieoe?iiothoue ia aac? aea?aeaaiiai –
ca aeiyoeii eacaiieo i?aei?e?inoa – aai eiioiaeueiiai
iaeia).
On? aeuacacia/ai? ?ene, ynia ??/, ia iiaeia ai?noeoe a
eaaaeueia aecia/aiiy AO c i??eoaaiue aeiiii?? i?aaiaeo
oi?i. Oiio e iaoeiaoe?, e caeiiiaeaaoe? iae?athoue iaeoa?ae-
oa?i?o? ?ene, ui a?ae??ciythoue AO a?ae ?ioeo noa’?eo?a ain-
iiaea?thaaiiy, oa aecia/athoue iniaeeaino? ?oiueiai i?aaiai-
ai noaiiaeua.
AO iiaeia aecia/eoe ye ainiiaea?nueea oiaa?enoai, ui ia?
noaoooiee eai?oae, iiae?eaiee ia aeoe?? ??aii? iii?iaeueii?
aa?oino?, ? iana a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noue ca nai?ie ciaia’ycaiiyie
eeoa iaeiii, cae??ieaiei ca iei ia i?aa? aeaniino?, a
aeoe?iia?e, ye? iiai?noth nieaoeee nai? aeoe??, ianooue ?ecee
ao?aoeoe iiaeeea?noue iiaa?iaiiy ?oiuei? aa?oino? (aai ?e-
cee caeoe?a ca ?acoeueoaoe ae?yeueiino? AO).
2.2. Aeaee aeoe?iia?ieo
oiaa?enoa
Aeoe?iia?i? oiaa?enoaa, c iaeyaeo ia ?oith iaiaeii??aei?noue,
iiaeia eeaneo?eoaaoe ca iaaieie iciaeaie. Iaeiioe?a-
i?oith i?aenoaaith iiae?eo AO ia aeaee ? niin?a ?iciianthae-
aeaiiy (ia?ao) aeoe?e /e, ?ioeie neiaaie, iayai?noue aai a?ae-
nooi?noue iaiaaeaiiy ?ooo ?o o/aniee?a (aeoe?iia??a). Oiaa-
?enoaa, aeoe?? yeeo ?iciianthaeaeothoueny oeyoii i?aeienee ?
a?eueii i?iaeathoueny oa eoiothoueny ia oiiaeiaiio ?eieo, aec-
iathoueny a?aee?eoeie. ?oo o/aniee?a (aeoe?iia??a) o oaeeo
oiaa?enoaao ? a?eueiei, oiaoi i?/ei ia iaiaaeo?oueny (o?aa
ui iniaeeaith i?ioeaaeo?ith ia?aaea/? ?iaiieo oa aeayeeo
?ioeo, iaa?aeiieo a?o/eciyiiio caeiiiaeaanoao, aeae?a aeoe?e).
?iciianthaeaeaiiy aeoe?e oeyoii i?aeienee oa a?eueiee ?oo
o/aniee?a o a?aee?eoeo AO (aeae? – AAO) coiiaeth? iniaee-
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aino? i?ioeaaeo?e noai?aiiy oaeeo oiaa?enoa, yea ? aeineoue
neeaaeiith ? iae?/o? e?eueea aoai?a.
Ae?oaee aeae AO ca aeuaiacaaiith iciaeith – cae?eo? AO
(aeae? – CAO), oiaoi oiaa?enoaa, aeoe?? yeeo ?iciianthaeaeo-
thoueny na?aae cacaeaeaa?aeue iaiaaeaiiai eiea in?a (ca oe?a?i-
nueeei caeiiiaeaanoaii – na?aae caniiaiee?a oiaa?enoaa),
a ?oo o/aniee?a (aeoe?iia??a) aei aianaiiy Caeiiii Oe?a?ie
a?ae 23.12.1997 ?. ci?i aei no. 28 Caeiio Oe?a?ie “I?i
ainiiaea?nuee? oiaa?enoaa” [18] i?a aooe aeineoue iaiaaeaiei.
Aei aianaiiy cacia/aieo ci?i oe?a?inueea caeiiiaeaanoai ia
?aaoethaaei ii?yaeie a?ae/oaeaiiy aeoe?e CAO. Oiio ia i?ae-
oeoe? oea ieoaiiy ae??ooaaeiny a onoaiia/eo aeieoiaioao
CAO ii-??ciiio: cae??ieaiiyi o oeeo aeieoiaioao iieiaeaiue
uiaei i?aaa a?ae/oaeoaaoe aeoe?? CAO eeoa ?ioei eiai o/an-
ieeai /e naiiio oiaa?enoao c onoaiiaeaiiyi caai?iie
a?ae/oaeoaaoe aeoe?? o?ao?i iniaai, aai aeei?enoaiiyi ii-
eiaeaiue Caeiio Oe?a?ie “I?i ainiiaea?nuee? oiaa?enoaa”
uiaei a?aenooieaiiy /anoee a oiaa?enoa? c iaiaaeaiith a?aeii-
a?aeaeuei?noth (no. 53 ), yea ia? /eiaei ni?eueieo ?en ?c CAO
(ui ia?aaeaa/a? iiaeeea?noue ia?aaea/? aeoe?e iaeiiio /e aea-
e?eueeii aeoe?iia?ai oeueiai ae oiaa?enoaa ca caiaeith ?aooe
o/aniee?a, a yeui ?ioa ia ia?aaeaa/aii onoaiia/eie aei-
eoiaioaie, oi e o?ao?i iniaai; i?e oeueiio o/anieee oi-
aa?enoaa ei?enoothoueny ia?aaaaeiei i?aaii i?eaeaaiiy
aeoe?e o/anieea, ui ?o i?iaea?, i?iii?oe?eii ?oi?i /anoeai
o noaoooiiio oiiae? aai a ?ioiio iiaiaeaeaiiio, i?ae ieie
?ici???).
Ne?ae cacia/eoe, ui oaeee ii?yaeie aeineoue neeaaeiee ? a
iiai?e i??? iaaeioe?eueiee aeey canoinoaaiiy o CAO, – aaeaea
o/aniee?a oai iiaea aooe /eiaei, ? oiio i?ioeaaeo?a ocai-
aeaeaiiy c ieie i?iaeaaeo aeoe?e eiie?aoiiai o/anieea noaia
o?eaaeith ? i?iaeaiaoe/iith. Aei oiai ae oea cia/ii iaiaaeo?
i?aaa aeoe?iia?a ye aeanieea aeoe?e [19]. Iaeiae aeicaieeoe
eiio (aeoe?iia?ia? CAO) a?eueii i?iaeaaaoe aeoe?? ia aeaniee
?icnoae, ye oea ?aeiiaiaeo?oueny aeayeeie aaoi?aie ? ia?aaeaa-
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/aii iiaith ?aaeaeoe??th /. 2 no. 28 Caeiio Oe?a?ie “I?i
ainiiaea?nuee? oiaa?enoaa”, iaa?yae /e aei?aaaeaii – aaeaea
aiane?aeie oeueiai iaiaaeothoueny i?aaa naiiai cae?eoiai oi-
aa?enoaa oa ?aooe eiai o/aniee?a. Cai?iaaaeaeaiiy Caei-
iii Oe?a?ie a?ae 23.12.1997 ?. aeineoue-oaee a?eueiiai ?ooo
o/aniee?a-aeoe?iia??a CAO onoaa? iniiaio a?aei?ii?noue i?ae
AAO ? CAO – ??ciee ?oo o/aniee?a: a?eueiee aai. iaiaaea-
iee (aeey CAO caeeoa?oueny aeaa iaiaaeaiiy: iaia’yceiaee
?iciiae?e aeoe?e a i?ioean? canioaaiiy oiaa?enoaa eeoa i?ae
eiai caniiaieeaie, oiaoi iaiiaeeea?noue ?iciianthaeaeaiiy
aeoe?e oeyoii i?aeienee, ? caai?iia i?iaeaaaoe /e eoioaa-
oe aeoe?? ia a??ae?; iiaeeea?noue anoaiiaeaiiy onoaiia/eie
aeieoiaioaie oiaa?enoaa caai?iie oa oiia a?ae/oaeaiiy
aeoe?? o?ao?i iniaai iacaaiei caeiiii neaniaaii). Oea –
?ioa e?aei?noue a?o/eciyiiai caeiiiaeaaoey, c yeiai aaaeei
iiaiaeeoeny, ye? c iiceoe??th oeo aaoi??a, ye? aaaaeathoue noa-
?ee ii?yaeie a?ae/oaeaiiy aeoe?e CAO (oiaoi ia ?icnoae ca-
niiaiee?a AO, ui o?eno?oueny a eiai onoaiia/eo aeieoiai-
oao) oaeei, ui ii?ooo? i?aaa aeoe?iia??a. O a?aeiia?aeue oeei
aaoi?ai ne?ae caoaaaeeoe, ui o aeai?? oeio AO oa ii?yaeeo
aeoiaeo c iueiai (? a?aeiia?aeii – a?ae/oaeaiiy aeoe?e) ca?aeii
c? noa?iai ?aaeaeoe??th /. 2 no. 28 a?aa o/anoue ? oie o/aniee,
yeee caiaeii ae??ooaaa iicaooeny aeoe?e oa aaaeaa naii-
no?eii aecia/eoe iieoioey inoaii?o. Oiio iai?aaii??ii
aiai?eoe i?i iaiaaeaiiy i?aa oaeiai aeoe?iia?a ia ?aae?-
caoe?th eiai i?aaa aeaniino? ia aeoe??, ine?eueee a?i nai ia
aoai? canioaaiiy oiaa?enoaa aai aoiaeaeaiiy aei iueiai iiai-
aeeany c oaeei ii?yaeeii.
A?aeoae oyaey?oueny neooiei aeei?enoaoe aeina?ae ?in?e-
nueeiai caeiiiaeaaoey, yeee ia?aaeaa/ea eiii?ii?niee aa??aio
a?ae/oaeaiiy aeoe?e CAO (oiaoi oaeee, ui iioeiaeueii a?a-
oiao? ?ioa?ane ? CAO, ? eiai aeoe?iia??a). A?aeiia?aeii aei oeuei-
ai aa??aioo: 1) CAO ia iiaeooue i?iiiioaaoe aeey a?aee?eoi-
ai i?iaeaaeo iaeaaei? ?i aeani? aeoe?? iaiaiaaeaiiio eieo
in?a; 2) aeoe?iia? CAO ia? i?aai i?iaeaaaoe nai? aeoe??, aea
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?io? aeoe?iia?e oeueiai ae oiaa?enoaa iathoue ia?aaaaeia i?a-
ai ia i?eaeaaiiy oaeeo aeoe?e; 3) noaoooii oiaa?enoaa iiaea
aooe ia?aaeaa/aii ia?aaaaeia i?aai AO ia i?eaeaaiiy aeoe?e,
ui i?iaeathoueny aeoe?iia?aie, yeui ?io? aeoe?iia?e ia ae-
ei?enoaee naiai ia?aaaaeiiai i?aaa ia i?eaeaaiiy aeoe?e
[20]. Oea, c iaeiiai aieo, a?aeiia?aeaoeia ?ioa?anai naiiai CAO
oa eiai o/aniee?a, ui i?eeiaee ??oaiiy (i?aeienoth/e aai
caoaa?aeaeoth/e onoaiia/? aeieoiaioe CAO) i?i iaiaaeai?noue
eiea aeoe?iia??a, neaae?ii, naieie caniiaieeaie, i?aoe?aie-
eaie i?aei?e?inoaa-oiaa?enoaa oa iniaaie, ui i?eieieee
c ieie o?oaeia? a?aeiineie c iiaaaeieo i?e/ei (aeo?ae ia
iain?th, nei?i/aiiy /enaeueiino? aai ooaoo i?aoe?aiee?a,
iaa?aeiia?aei?noue aeeiioaai?e ?iaio? aiane?aeie noaio caei?i-
a’y oiui), a c ?ioiai – aa?aiooaaoeia ie?aiei aeoe?iia-
?ai, ye aeanieeai aeoe?e, i?aai i?iaeaaeo inoaii?o (aeoe?e)
c o?aooaaiiyi aiaeii/an ?ioa?an?a ?aooe aeoe?iia??a oeueiai
oiaa?enoaa ia i?eaeaaiiy aeoe?e, ui a?ae/oaeothoueny. Inia-
eeai aieth/ei noa? ieoaiiy a?ae/oaeaiiy aeoe?e a ?ac? ae-
oiaeo c CAO, noai?aiiai a i?ioean? i?eaaoecaoe??. Eieeoi?
iia/aiiy Caeiio (aei aianaiiy caaaeaieo ci?i) c i?eaiaeo
ii?yaeeo a?ae/oaeaiiy aeoe?e CAO aeicaieyei ?o caniiaieeai
(a /ano?oa – ea??aieoeoao i?aei?e?inoaa, ui i?eaaoecoaaei-
ny, a oaeee niin?a) cao?enoaaoe a onoaiia/eo aeieoiaioao
aoaeue-yea iaiaaeaiiy (a o. /. e caai?iio) uiaei a?ae/oaeaiiy
aeoe?e o?ao?i iniaai ?c a?aeiia?aeiei iaia’yceii aeoe?iia-
?a, ui aeoiaeeoue ?c oiaa?enoaa, i?iaeaoe inoaiiueiio iaeaaei?
eiio (aeoe?iia?o) aeoe?? ca ?oiueith iii?iaeueiith /e iaa?oue
ieae/ith, a?ae iii?iaeo aa?o?noth. Oei ia/a iai?aaii??ii
i?eioooaaoe oea ?iaeoe i?aoe?aiee?a oaeeo CAO, ye? i?eie-
iythoue ?c ieie o?oaeia? a?aeiineie c iiaaaeieo i?e/ei.
Ocaaaeueieoe a?aei?ii? ?ene a?aee?eoiai ? cae?eoiai AO
iiaeia oae. Oe? oiaa?enoaa ??ciyoueny:
ii?yaeeii ?ici?uaiiy aeoe?e (o a?aee?eoiio – oey-
oii i?aeienee ? a?eueii? eoi?ae?-i?iaeaaeo ia oiiaeia?e a??ae?;
a CAO – ?ici?uaiiyi na?aae o/aniee?a (ca caeiiiaeaanoaii
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aeayeeo e?a?i, cie?aia aaea caaaeoaaii? ?in?enueei? Oaaea?aoe??,
– na?aae cacaeaeaa?aeue aecia/aiiai eiea in?a); ii?yaeie ?ooo
o/aniee?a a iaio aeaeao AO ca iiaith ?aaeaeoe??th /. 2 no. 28
Caeiio Oe?a?ie “I?i ainiiaea?nuee? oiaa?enoaa” ? a?eueiei,
c o??th eeoa a?aei?ii?noth, ui aeoe?? AAO, ia a?aei?io a?ae aeoe?e
CAO, iiaeooue i?iaeaaaoeny ia a??ae?;
aeaeaie aeoe?e, ui aeioneathoueny oeeie oiaa?enoaaie
(AAO iiaea aeioneaoe ye ?iaii? aeoe??, oae ? ia i?aae’yaie-
ea, a CAO – eeoa ?iaii?, ui iia’ycaii c aeayeith iaiaaea-
i?noth eiea o/aniee?a o oeueiio aeae? AO);
ii?yaeeii noai?aiiy (o AAO a?i aeineoue neeaaeiee, ui
iia’ycaii c ?ici?uaiiyi aeoe?e na?aae cacaeaeaa?aeue iaae-
cia/aiiai eiea in?a oeyoii i?aeienee, a ioaea, ? iayai?noth
aoai?a, ia i?eoaiaiieo aeey CAO: ?a?no?aoe?? ?ioi?iaoe?? i?i
aeoe?? (ui i?aeeyaa? iioae?eoaaiith), iaieioaiiy i?i i?aeien-
eo, i?ioeaaeo?? i?aeienee, ae??oaiiy ia onoaiia/eo cai?ao
ieoaiue, iia’ycaieo ?c ?acoeueoaoaie i?aeienee ia aeoe??);
i?i?iaeueiei ?ici??ii iieaoe aeoe?e (a a?aeiia?aeii –
? iniiaiiai eai?oaeo AO) ia iiiaio neeeeaiiy onoaiia-
/eo cai??a: o AAO a?i ia? aooe ia iaioei, i?ae 30%, a a
CAO – 50% iii?iaeueii? aa?oino? an?o aeoe?e ? a?aeiia?aeii
– noaoooiiai oiiaeo AO;
ia?ae?eii iaia’yceiaeo aeey ?icaeyaeo onoaiia/eie
cai?aie ieoaiue, ui oaeiae iia’ycaia c ??ciei ii?yaeeii
noai?aiiy oeeo oiaa?enoa, cie?aia, i?aeieneith ia aeoe?? o
AAO: o AAO oeae ia?ae?e cia/ii a?eueoee ? i?noeoue ieoaiiy:
a) uiaei noaaeaiiy aai a?aeoeeaiiy caeai? i?aeienee (oiaoi
oaei?, yea ia?aaeuo? ?ici?? noaoooiiai oiiaeo, ui ia iueiai
iaieioaii i?aeieneo); a) a ?ac? noaaeaiiy oaei? i?aeienee
ia? aooe i?eeiyoa ??oaiiy i?i a?aeiia?aeia ca?eueoaiiy
noaoooiiai oiiaeo AO; a) o aeiaaeeo, eiee a onoaiiaeaiee
no?ie i?aeieneith ia aeoe?? aoei iie?eoi ia anth iaiao?aeio
noio, aeacaio a iia?aeiieaii? (aea i?e oeueiio aeio?eiaii
aeiia uiaei iaiao?aeiiai 60-a?aenioeiaiai iie?eooy i?aeien-
eith cacia/aii? noie ? i?i?iaeueiiai ?ici??o noaoooiiai
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oiiaeo AO), oi i?eeia?oueny ??oaiiy i?i a?aeiia?aeia ciai-
oaiiy noaoooiiai oiiaeo;
ianyaii iaia’yce?a ? cia/ei?noth a?aeiia?aeaeueiino? ca-
niiaiee?a: o AAO aiia a?eueoa a ca’yceo c i?aeieneith ia aeoe??
(iaia’ycie iiaa?iooe iniaai, ui ia?aaeieaoeee aeoe??, niea-
/ai? ieie noie, yeui i?aeienea ia a?aeaoeany, yeui onoa-
iia/? cai?e ia aoei a/anii neeeeaii ? ia?aaeieaoieee ca-
aeaaeaee iiaa?iaiiy niea/aieo noi, aai yeui onoaiia/?
cai?e c iaiao?aeiei eai?oiii ia aaeaeiny c?a?aoe i? ia?-
oiai, i? ae?oaiai ?aco);
ianyaii ioae?/iino? ae?yeueiino?: AAO ciaia’ycaia ?i-
oi?ioaaoe an?o caoe?eaaeaieo in?a ioae?eaoe??th o a?aeiia?ae-
ieo i?aaiao ianiai? ?ioi?iaoe?? a?aeiiinoae i?i naaa (i?ae
/an iaieioaiiy i?aeienee ia aeoe?? -ca?aeii c aeiiaaie Ca-
eiio Oe?a?ie “I?i oe?ii? iaia?e oa oiiaeiao a??aeo” ? Oei-
/aniaiai iieiaeaiiy i?i ii?yaeie ?a?no?aoe?? aeioneo aeoe?e
? iae?aaoe?e i?aei?e?inoa oa ?ioi?iaoe?? i?i ?o aeione [21]),
i?i ?acoeueoaoe nai?? o?iainiai-ainiiaea?nueei? ae?yeueiino?
– ca?aeii c no. 24 Caeiio Oe?a?ie “I?i oe?ii? iaia?e oa
oiiaeiao a??aeo”; CAO ia ciaia’ycaia oea ?iaeoe, yeui aiii
ia ai?oo? iae?aaoe?? aeey ?ici?uaiiy na?aae in?a, eiei yeeo
aecia/eoe cacaeaeaa?aeue iaiiaeeeai.
2.3. Ii?yaeie noai?aiiy aeoe?i-
ia?iiai oiaa?enoaa
I?aaiaa noaiiaeua AO a?aeaeaaia ?aaoeth?oueny aea?aea-
aith c aeiiiiiaith caeiiiaeaanoaa. Oea coiiaeaii noni?eueiith
aaaith oeeo oiaa?enoa (?ici??ii aeoioeueiaaieo o ieo ea-
i?oae?a, aaeeeith e?euee?noth o/aniee?a, cia/ieie ?ici??aie
ainiiaea?nueei? ae?yeueiino?). Ia?o? AO noai?thaaeeny c aeic-
aieo o?yaeo (ei?iey, ia?eaiaioo, a ?in?enuee?e ?iia??? –
naiaoo) – oeyoii aeaeaiiy a?aeiia?aeiiai ii?iaoeaiiai
aeoa i?i caoaa?aeaeaiiy noaoooo oaeiai AO. Aaaaeaeiny, ui
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?icii?yae/ee ii?yaeie noai?aiiy AO aeicaieeoue caiia?aoe
ceiaaeeaaiiyi c aieo caniiaiee?a. Aei oiai ae, aeaeath/e
oaeee aeo, o?yae iaaeaaaa oaeei oiaa?enoaai ? iaai? i?e-
a?ea? (oae a?aeaoaaeiny ia ii/aoeiaiio aoai? ?icaeoeo aeoe-
?iia?ii? ni?aae, eiee AO aoee ??aee?noth). Iinooiiai, c ?ic-
aeoeii ?eieiaeo a?aeiinei, iaiao?aei?noue o oaeeo oiaa?e-
noaao cia/ii c?inea, ? aiie ii/aee noai?thaaoeny nioiyie
? oeny/aie a iaaeao iaei??? aea?aeaae [22]. Ae??ooaaoe ie-
oaiiy uiaei iaaeaiiy aeicaieo aeey noai?aiiy oaei? aaeeei?
e?eueeino? AO ? i?ea?ea?a aeey eiaeiiai c ieo noaei iaoyae-
eeaei aeey aea?aeaae ? ia?aoe?iiaeueiei, a ?icii?yae/ee ii-
?yaeie ia?aoai?eany ia aaeueii aeey caii/aoeoaaiiy i?ae-
i?e?ioeyie nai?? ni?aae o oe?e i?aai?caoe?eii-i?aaia?e oi?-
i?. Aei oiai ae niiae?aaiiy, ui oaeee ii?yaeie onoia ceiaaee-
aaiiy c aieo ianoie?iieo caniiaiee?a, ia aei?aaaeaeeny.
Iinooiiai iai?ee?ioe? X?X no. a?eueo?noue e?a?i, aea ii-
oe?eeanue aeoe?iia?ia oi?ia i?aei?e?iieoeueei? ae?yeueiino?,
ia?aeoee aei ii?iaoeaii-yai/iiai ii?yaeeo caii/aoeo-
aaiiy AO.
Naia i?ioeaaeo?a noai?aiiy AO a ??cieo e?a?iao na?oo ia?
iaai? iniaeeaino?, oiaoi caeaaeeoue a?ae i?aaiaiai ?aaoethaai-
iy oeueiai ieoaiiy a o?e /e ?io?e e?a?i?. Iaeiae ?niothoue
caaaeuei? ?ene ? oaiaeaioe?? a i?aaiaiio ?aaoethaaii? ii?yae-
eo noai?aiiy AO.
CAO noai?ththoueny a ii?yaeeo, aeineoue iaaeeaeaiiio aei
ii?yaeeo noai?aiiy oiaa?enoa c iaiaaeaiith a?aeiia?aeaeuei?-
noth, ui coiiaeaii ?oi?ie ni?eueieie ?enaie, cie?aia ia-
iaaeaiei ?ooii o/aniee?a. Nia?oo oeeaaea?oueny onoaiia-
/ee aeiaia?? i?ae caniiaieeaie oiaa?enoaa, a yeiio aecia-
/athoueny ia?aiao?e inoaiiueiai, ii?yaeie ae?e caniiaiee?a oa
?oi? iaia’ycee uiaei oeueiai, a oaeiae a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noue eiae-
ii? c? noi??i oaeiai aeiaiai?o ca ii?ooaiiy iath nai?o aei-
aia??ieo ciaia’ycaiue. sseui ca oe?a?inueeei caeiiiaeaa-
noaii (no. 26 Caeiio Oe?a?ie “I?i ainiiaea?nuee? oiaa-
?enoaa”) aeiaia?? i?ae caniiaieeaie io?eiaa iacao onoaiia-
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/iai, oi caeiiiaeaanoai aeayeeo e?a?i, iai?eeeaae ?in?enueei?
Oaaea?aoe??, oieea? oeueiai oa?i?ia, aeei?enoiaoth/e ?ioee –
aeiaia?? i?i noai?aiiy AO, ui oeeaaea?oueny i?ae eiai ca-
niiaieeaie ? aecia/a?: ii?yaeie cae?eniaiiy ieie ni?eueii?
ae?yeueiino?, ?ici?? noaoooiiai eai?oaeo oiaa?enoaa, eaoaai???
e oeie aeoe?e, ui ?ici?uothoueny na?aae caniiaiee?a, ?ici??
? ii?yaeie ?o iieaoe, i?aaa oa iaia’ycee caniiaiee?a uiaei
noai?aiiy AO [23]. Ioaea, eaeaoueny i?i aeiaia?? i?i ni?eueio
(noi?nio) ae?yeuei?noue, ui ia iaeaaeeoue aei onoaiia/eo aeieo-
iaio?a. Ca caeiiiaeaanoaii ?O, I?ia//eie oa ?yaeo ?ioeo
e?a?i ?aeeiei onoaiia/ei aeieoiaioii AO aecia?oueny ee-
oa noaooo [24], a caeiiiaeaanoaii NOA – noaooo (naia a?i
a iaiao?aeiei aeey aea?aeaaii? ?a?no?aoe??) oa aioo??oi?e noa-
ooo (inoaii?e ia? a?aeiia?aeaoe caeiio ? noaoooo oa ?aaoeth-
aaoe ii?yaeie oi?aae?iiy ni?aaaie i?aei?e?iieoeueei? ei?-
ii?aoe??) [25].
I?aaiaa i?e?iaea onoaiia/iai aeiaiai?o ia ? i?inoith.
Aeaye? iaoeiaoe? – aeine?aeieee ainiiaea?nueeeo (i?aei?e?i-
ieoeueeeo) oiaa?enoa aaaaeathoue eiai ??ciiaeaeii aeiaiai?o
i?i ni?eueio (noi?nio) ae?yeuei?noue; ?io? – iniaeeaei (oi?-
eaeueiei) aeiaiai?ii, ui eiai ia iiaeia ioioiaeithaaoe c aeiai-
ai?ii i?i ni?eueio (noi?nio) ae?yeuei?noue [26], ine?eueee aiane?-
aeie oeeaaeaiiy ia?oiai (onoaiia/iai) aeieea? th?eaee/ia
iniaa ye naiino?eiee noa’?eo i?aaa, a o. /. i?aaa aeaniino?
ia ia?aaeaia ye aianie iaeii eiai caniiaieeaie (o/an-
ieeaie), a ae?oaee (i?i ni?eueio /e noi?nio ae?yeuei?noue) ni?y-
iiaaiee ia ocaiaeaeaiiy ae?e aeae?eueeio in?a – naiino?eieo
noa’?eo?a i?aaa uiaei i?iaaaeaeaiiy iaaii? ae?yeueiino? c?
caa?aaeaiiyi ca eiaeiei ?c eiai o/aniee?a i?aaa aeaniino?
ia iaeaaeio eiio /anoeo iaeia, ui aeei?enoiao?oueny aai
noai?th?oueny aiane?aeie oaei? ae?yeueiino?.
Ni?aaae?, iaoa eiaeiiai c oeeo aeiaiai??a ??cia, iaeiae aiia
? ni?eueiith aeey o/aniee?a, ? niin?a aeinyaiaiiy ?? iaeiaeiaee
– ocaiaeaeaiiy ae?e o/aniee?a aeiaiai?o. Ni?euei?noue ?oiuei?
iaoe, iaiaiaaeaia iiaia a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noue ia?aae o?ao?ie ini-
-73-
aaie ca caiiae?yio oaeith ae?yeuei?noth oeiaeo /e caeoee (noao-
o? 8, 26, 66-67, 74-75 Caeiio Oe?a?ie “I?i ainiiaea?nuee?
oiaa?enoaa”) aeicaieythoue aeciaoe iieiaeaiiy, ia?aaeaa/ai?
noaooyie 430-433 Oeea?eueiiai eiaeaeno O?N? 1963 ?.
uiaei aeiaiai?o i?i noi?nio ae?yeuei?noue, i?eeiyoieie ? aeey
onoaiia/iai aeiaiai?o.
Ianooiiei aoaiii noai?aiiy CAO ? oi?ioaaiiy eiai
iaeiiai? aace, iaiao?aeii? aeey caii/aoeoaaiiy ainiiaea?nue-
ei? ae?yeueiino?. A?aeiia?aeii aei aeiia caeiio (no. 31 Caeiio
Oe?a?ie “I?i ainiiaea?nuee? oiaa?enoaa”) ia iiiaio neee-
eaiiy onoaiia/eo cai??a caniiaieee AO iathoue nieaoeoe
ia iaio ye 50% aa?oino? aeoe?e.
Onoaiia/? cai?e ye o?ao?e aoai noai?aiiy CAO iathoue
/e ia ae??oaeueia cia/aiiy: ia ieo i?eeia?oueny ??oaiiy
i?i noai?aiiy oiaa?enoaa, caoaa?aeaeo?oueny eiai noaooo, iae-
?athoueny i?aaie oiaa?enoaa, caoaa?aeaeo?oueny a?ioiaa ioe?i-
ea iaeiiaeo ? iaiaeiiaeo aeeaae?a oa ae??oothoueny ?io?
ieoaiiy. Iaeiae oiaa?enoai aaaaea?oueny noai?aiei ? iaao-
aa? noaoono th?eaee/ii? iniae eeoa c iiiaioo eiai aea?aeaa-
ii? ?a?no?aoe??, ui ? caaa?oaeueiei aoaiii o i?ioean? noai-
?aiiy CAO.
Aea?aeaaia ?a?no?aoe?y cae?enith?oueny a caaaeueiiio aeey an?o
noa’?eo?a i?aei?e?iieoeueei? ae?yeueiino? ii?yaeeo a?aeiia?aeii
aei iiai? ?aaeaeoe?? no. 8 Caeiio Oe?a?ie “I?i i?aei?e?i-
ieoeoai” [27] ? Iieiaeaiiy i?i aea?aeaaio ?a?no?aoe?th noa’?e-
o?a i?aei?e?iieoeueei? ae?yeueiino?, caoaa?aeaeaiiai iinoaiiaith
Eaa?iaoo I?i?no??a Oe?a?ie a?ae 25 o?aaiy 1998 ?. ? 740
[28] o 5-aeaiiee no?ie iae iiiaioo iiaeaiiy an?o iaiao?aeieo
aeieoiaioa (?a?no?aoe?eii? ea?oee anoaiiaeaiiai c?acea,
onoaiia/iai aeiaiai?o ? noaoooo AO, aeieoiaioo, ui cana?ae-
/o? nieaoo caniiaieeaie aiane?a aei noaoooiiai oiiaeo a
?ici??? uiiaeiaioa 50% iii?iaeueii? aa?oino? aeoe?e, a
oaeiae aeieoiaioa, ui na?ae/eoue i?i aianaiiy ieaoe ca aea?-
aeaaio ?a?no?aoe?th) aei aeeiieiio i?noeaai? ?aaee ia?iaeieo
aeaiooao?a (aea?aeaaii? aaei?i?no?aoe??) ca i?noeai ciaoiaeaeaiiy
-74-
(i?noeai i?iaeeaaiiy) iaeiiai ?c caniiaiee?a aai i?noeacia-
oiaeaeaiiy ca ?ioith aae?anith, yea i?aeoaa?aeaeo?oueny aeiaiai-
?ii, ui ia?aaeaa/a? ia?aaea/o caniiaieeo o aeani?noue aai
ei?enooaaiiy i?ei?uaiiy. O ?ac? aaci?aenoaaii? /e iaia-
a?oioiaaii? a?aeiiae a oae?e ?a?no?aoe?? CAO, ye ? aoaeue-yeiio
?ioiio noa’?eoia? ainiiaea?nueeiai i?aaa, aa?aioo?oueny noaei-
aee caoeno i?aa caniiaiee?a oiaa?enoaa /a?ac inea?aeaiiy
a?aeiiae o aea?aeaai?e ?a?no?aoe??.
A?aee?eoa AO, c iaeyaeo ia cia/iee nooi?iue ioae?/iino?
eiai ae?yeueiino? (?aae?caoe?? aeoe?e na?aae cacaeaeaa?aeue iaae-
cia/aiiai eiea in?a oeyoii i?aeienee oa a?eueiith eoi?aeath-
i?iaeaaeai ia oiiaeiaiio ?eieo, a o. /. ?eieao) i?ioiaeeoue
a?eueo neeaaeio, a?aaoeueiaaio caeiiiaeaanoaii i?ioeaaeo?o
naiai noai?aiiy, ui ia? ia iao? caoenoeoe i?aaa oa caeiii?
?ioa?ane ia?aaeieaoiee?a – iaeaooi?o aeoe?iia??a.
Ii/eiath/e c aoaio oeeaaeaiiy aeiaiai?o i?ae caniiaie-
eaie, a yeiio aecia/athoueny: ii?yaeie cae?eniaiiy ieie
ni?eueii? ae?yeueiino? uiaei noai?aiiy AAO iaaieo ia?aiao??a
?c ?iciiae?eii iaia’yce?a i?ae ieie; a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noue ia-
?aae iniaaie, ye? i?aeienaeeny ia aeoe??, ? o?ao?ie iniaaie,
(a?aeiia?aeii aei caeiio iaeiiaa a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noue caniiaiee?a
ia? aooe iaiaiaaeaiith ? nie?aea?iith a?aeiinii ciaia’ycaiue,
ui aeieeee aei ?a?no?aoe?? AO [29]); a?aee?eooy ?aooieo, ui
ia iueiai i?iaaaeeoeiaoueny ia?aaeieaoa aeoe?e, oa ?i.
Ia ae?oaiio aoai? caniiaieee iathoue c?iaeoe iia?aeii-
eaiiy i?i na?e iai?? noai?eoe AO ? cae?enieoe a?aee?eoo
i?aeieneo ia aeoe??. Ci?no oaeiai iia?aeiieaiiy a?aeiia?aeii
aei /anoei 3, 5 no. 23 Caeiio Oe?a?ie “I?i oe?ii? iaia?e
oa oiiaeiao a??aeo” ia? aooe ca?a?no?iaaiee Aea?aeaaiith
eii?n??th c oe?iieo iaia??a ? oiiaeiaiai ?eieo, a naia ii-
a?aeiieaiiy iioae?eiaaia ia iaio ye ca 10 aei?a aei ii/aoeo
i?aeienee a i?aaiao i?ane Aa?oiaii? ?aaee aai Eaa?iaoo
I?i?no??a Oe?a?ie oa io?oe?eiiio aeaeaii? oiiaeiai? a??ae?.
Aeiiae aei oaei? ?ioi?iaoe?? anoaiiaeththoueny Aea?aeaaiith
eii?n??th c oe?iieo iaia??a oa oiiaeiaiai ?eieo ca?aeii c
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i. 1 /. 2 no. 7 Caeiio Oe?a?ie a?ae 30 aeiaoiy 1996 ?. “I?i
aea?aeaaia ?aaoethaaiiy ?eieo oe?iieo iaia??a a Oe?a?i?”
[30]. A?aeiia?aeii aei i. 12 Oei/aniaiai iieiaeaiiy i?i
ii?yaeie ?a?no?aoe?? aeioneo aeoe?e oa iae?aaoe?e i?aei?e?inoa
oa ?ioi?iaoe?? i?i ?o aeione [31], caoaa?aeaeaiiai iaeacii
oe??? eii?n?? a?ae 20.09.1996 ?. ?210, o ?ac? canioaaiiy AO,
yea ia ia? i?aaiaiai iiia?aaeieea, ?ioi?iaoe?y i?i aeione
oe?iieo iaia??a (cie?aia aeoe?e) iiaeiia i?noeoe oae? a?aei-
iino?:
o??iiaa iaeiaioaaiiy iaeaooiueiai AO;
i?aaeiao oa oe?e? eiai ae?yeueiino?;
aeaoo i?iaaaeaiiy onoaiia/eo cai??a;
?ici?? noaoooiiai oiiaeo, ui ia?aaeaa/a?oueny;
neeaae iaeia, ui aiineoueny Caniiaieeaie a iaoo?aeuei?e
oi?i?;
iaeiaioaaiiy aaie?anueei? onoaiiae oa iiia? ?ic?a-
ooieiaiai ?aooieo, ui ia iueiai iathoue aooe aianai? ii/ao-
eia? aianee, a oaeiae aeai? i?i ai?n?th oe?iieo iaia??a (aeaoa
? iiia? i?ioieieo i?eeiyooy ??oaiiy i?i aeione aeoe?e;
iaoa aeei?enoaiiy o?iainiaeo ?ano?n?a, caeo/aieo a?ae ai?-
n??, ui ieaio?oueny; aeae aeoe?e oa iia’ycai? c ieie i?aaa, a
o. /. ? uiaei i?ea?eaeiaaieo aeoe?e: e?euee?noue, iii?iaeueia
aa?o?noue ? noia ai?n?? aeoe?e; /enei, na??y ? ii?yaeeia? iiia-
?e; i?noea e aeaoa ii/aoeo ? i?eieiaiiy i?aeienee, a oaeiae
?ioi?iaoe?y i?i iiaeeea? i?ea?ea? aeaniee?a aeoe?e; caiea-
iiaaiee eo?n; iaeiaioaaiiy oi?aiaoey oe?iieie iaia?aie
(yeui ai?oaio ei?enoo?oueny eiai iineoaaie); ae??, ui i?i-
aiaeyoueny a ?ac? ia?aaeuaiiy aai iaaeinyaiaiiy ??aiy ia-
?aaeieaoe; ii i?ioeaioieo aeoe?yo (i?ea?eaeiaaieo) – ca-
ieaiiaai? a?aenioee (i?ioeaioe), iaoiae ia/eneaiiy ? no?ie
aeieaoe i?ioeaio?a; aae?ane i?noeue aeieaoe aeioiae?a, cae?eniai-
iy iia?aoe?e uiaei aeoe?e oa ?o aeaiiioaaiiy.
I?aenoaaaie a?aeiiae a ?a?no?aoe?? ?ioi?iaoe?? i?i aeione
aeoe?e iiaeooue aooe: iayai?noue o ?ioi?iaoe?? a?aeiiinoae, ui
aeicaieythoue c?iaeoe aeniiaie i?i iaa?aeiia?aei?noue oiia
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aeioneo aeoe?e /eiiiio caeiiiaeaanoao, a oaeiae iaiiaia
?ioi?iaoe?y ii??aiyii c aeiiaaie cacia/aiiai Oei/aniai-
ai iieiaeaiiy.
Ianooiiei (o?ao?i) aoaiii noai?aiiy AAO ? i?iaaaeai-
iy i?aeienee ia aeoe?? a?aeiia?aeii aei c?iaeaii? a i?an? ?ioi?-
iaoe?? a cacia/aiiio i?noe? oa a iaaeao cacia/aiiai no?ieo,
yeee, iaeiae, ia iiaea ia?aaeuoaaoe o?noue i?nyoe?a (/. 2
no. 30 Caeiio Oe?a?ie “I?i ainiiaea?nuee? oiaa?enoaa”).
Ia oeueiio aoai? aaea ii/eia? noai?thaaoeny iaeiiaa iniiaa
iaeaooiueiai AO: ia iiiaio i?aeienee iniae, ye? aeyaeee
aaaeaiiy i?eaeaaoe aeoe??, iiaeii? aianoe ia ?aooiie ca-
niiaiee?a ia iaio ye 10% a?aenioe?a iii?iaeueii? aa?oino?
aeoe?e, ia ye? aiie i?aeienaeeny, i?ney /iai caniiaieee ae-
aeathoue ?i ienueiiaa ciaia’ycaiiy i?i i?iaeaae a?aeiia?aeii?
e?eueeino? aeoe?e (/. 3 no. 30 cacia/aiiai Caeiio).
I?aeienea i?eieiy?oueny c cae?i/aiiyi cacia/aiiai a
?ioi?iaoe?? i?i i?aeieneo ia aeoe?? no?ieo. ?? ?acoeueoaoe
iiaeooue aeyaeoeny ae??oaeueieie aeey aeie? iaeaooiueiai
AAO: yeui i?aeieneith ia ioiieaii (ia iie?eoi) 60% aeoe?e,
oi aiia aaaaea?oueny oaeith, ui ia a?aeaoeany, ? i?ioean noai-
?aiiy AO ia oeueiio i?eieiy?oueny. A?aeoae caniiaieee ia-
thoue iiaa?iooe iniaai, ui i?aeienaeeny ia aeoe??, aianai?
ieie noie aai ?ioa iaeii ia i?ci?o ye /a?ac 30 aei?a i?ney
cae?i/aiiy oa?i?io i?aeienee. sseui caniiaieee ia aeei-
iothoue oeueiai iaia’yceo, aiie ianooue ia?aae i?aeien/eeaie
aeoe?e nie?aea?io a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noue on?i nai?i iaeiii. A
ao?i, o oaeiio ?ac?, aeioe?eueii aoei a ia?aaeaa/eoe e a?aeii-
a?aeaeuei?noue caniiaiee?a ca i?ino?i/aiiy iiaa?iaiiy aeua-
cacia/aieo noi o oi?i? a?aeoeiaeoaaiiy caeoe?a ca aiaei-
a??th c a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noth aeoe?iia??a ca i?ino?i/aiiy iiea-
oe aa?oino? aeoe?e ca?aeii c /. 2 no. 33 Caeiio Oe?a?ie “I?i
ainiiaea?nuee? oiaa?enoaa”, ui ia?aaeaa/a? nieaoo ??/ieo o
?ici??? 10% a?ae noie i?ino?i/aiiai ieaoaaeo aai nieaoo
iai? ?ici??ii 0,1% ca eiaeiee aeaiue i?ino?i/aiiy.
sseui ia?aaeieaoith iie?eoi 60% oa a?eueoa aeoe?e, oi
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aaaaea?oueny, ui aiia a?aeaoeany. Iiaeeeaa neooaoe?y, eiee
i?aeienea ia aeoe?? ia?aaeuo? iaieioaiee noaoooiee oiiae.
Aeiey caeai? i?aeienee ae??oo?oueny aai naieie caniiaie-
eaie, aai ia onoaiia/eo cai?ao. Caniiaieee iiaeooue a?aeoe-
eeoe caeao i?aeieneo, a?aeiiaeyth/e a i?e iniaai ca?aeii c
ia?ae?eii ia?aaeieaoiee?a, ii/eiath/e a?ae e?ioey ia?ae?eo.
sseui caniiaieee oeueiai ia ?iaeyoue, oi aecia/aiiy aeie?
caeai? i?aeienee (i?eeiyoe ?? /e a?aeiiaeoeny a?ae ia?) ii-
eeaaea?oueny ia onoaiia/? cai?e. A?aeiiaa a?ae caeai? i?aeien-
ee oyaia ca niaith iaia’ycie aeey caniiaiee?a (a i?ney noai-
?aiiy AAO – aeey naiiai oiaa?enoaa) iiaa?iooe ia?aae-
ieaoieeai niea/ai? ieie ca aeoe?? noie (iaeii) o oiio ae
ii?yaeeo, yeee ae?? uiaei i?aeienee, ui ia a?aeaoeany (i?ioy-
aii 30 aei?a iae iiiaioo a?aeoeeaiiy caeai? i?aeienee). Ca
i?ino?i/aiiy iiaa?iaiiy cacia/aieo noi (iaeia) caniia-
ieeaie AAO (naiei AO) aeioe?eueii oaeiae ia?aaeaa/eoe a?ae-
iia?aeaeuei?noue o oi?i? nieaoe ??/ieo aai iai? aeuacaaaea-
iiai ?ici??o.
Oni?oia caaa?oaiiy i?aeienee ia aeoe?? aeicaiey? ia?a-
eoe aei /aoaa?oiai aoaio noai?aiiy AAO – neeeeaiiy ? i?i-
aaaeaiiy onoaiia/eo cai??a. Ia iiiaio ?o i?iaaaeaiiy iae-
iiaa aaca iaeaooiueiai AO ia? aooe aaea cia/i?oith, i?ae ia
aoai? caaa?oaiiy i?aeienee ia aeoe??: iniae, ye? i?aeienaee-
ny ia aeoe??, ia iiiaio neeeeaiiy onoaiia/eo cai??a ia-
thoue nieaoeoe, c o?aooaaiiyi iiia?aaeiueiai aianeo uiiae-
iaioa 30% iii?iaeueii? aa?oino? aeoe?e (uiaei CAO oey oeeo-
?a noaiiaeoue 50%), ui i?aeoaa?aeaeo?oueny aeaea/ath caniia-
ieeaie cacia/aiei iniaai oei/aniaeo na?aeioeoa.
Neeeeaiiy onoaiia/eo cai??a iaiaaeo?oueny a /an? (iaa-
iei no?ieii, cacia/aiei o iia?aeiieaii? i?i i?aeieneo ia
aeoe??, yeee, iaeiae, ia iiaea ia?aaeuoaaoe aeaio i?nyoe?a iae
iiiaioo caaa?oaiiy i?aeienee). Ii?ooaiiy oeueiai i?aae-
ea aea? i?aai iniaai, ui i?aeienaeeny ia aeoe??, aeiaaaoe
iiaa?iaiiy niea/aieo ca aeoe?? noi (iaeia). I?ioa a?o/ec-
iyiee caeiiiaeaaaoeue ciiao ae oaee ia anoaiiaeth? i? oa?i?-
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io iiaa?iaiiy oaeeo noi (iaeia), i? a?aeiia?aeaeueiino? ca-
niiaiee?a o oi?i? nieaoe ??/ieo aai iai? o ?ac? ianai?-
/aniiai iiaa?iaiiy oeeo noi (iaeia) [32].
Aeiiae uiaei i?aaiii/iino? onoaiia/eo cai??a ca oe?a?i-
nueeei caeiiiaeaanoaii ia aeoaea noai??: aeey eai?oio ia-
iao?aeii, aae ia cai?ao aoee i?enooi? iniae, ui i?aeienaee-
ny a?eueo ye ia 60% aeoe?e, ui ia ieo i?iaaaeaii ia?aaeiea-
oo; yeui ae /a?ac a?aenooi?noue eai?oio onoaiia/? cai?e ia
a?aeaoeeny c ia?oiai ?aco, i?ioyaii ianooiieo aeaio oeaei?a
iathoue aooe neeeeai? iiaoi?i? onoaiia/? cai?e c oeie na-
ieie aeiiaaie uiaei eai?oio.
Caeii ia caaaeo? i?i ii?yaeie neeeeaiiy onoaiia/eo cai-
??a. Ia i?aeoeoe? iaieioaiiy i?i oea ?iaeoueny a aoaeue-yei-
io ia ?icnoae caniiaiee?a i?aai? ianiai? ?ioi?iaoe??, ui no-
ia?a/eoue ?ioa?anai a?eueoino? ia?aaeieaoiee?a aeoe?e. Ca-
eiiii Oe?a?ie a?ae 27.12.1997 ?. “I?i aianaiiy ci?i aei
Caeiio Oe?a?ie “I?i ainiiaea?nuee? oiaa?enoaa” ia?aaeaa-
/aii ioae?eaoe?th iia?aeiieaiiy i?i caaaeuei? (a ia onoaiia/?)
cai?e aeoe?iia??a a iaeiiio c ae?oeiaaieo aeaeaiue Aa?oiaii?
?aaee Oe?a?ie, Eaa?iaoo I?i?no??a Oe?a?ie /e Aea?aeaaii?
eii?n?? c oe?iieo iaia??a oa oiiaeiaiai ?eieo (aeey ia?aae-
ieaoiee?a aeoe?e oa aeoe?iia??a i?eeiyoi?oei ? c?o/i?oei
aa??aioii aoei a cai?iaaaeaeaiiy oaei? ioae?eaoe??, oae eae
naii ye ? iaieioaiiy i?i i?aeieneo ia aeoe??, ?ioi?iaoe??
i?i ?acoeueoaoe ae?yeueiino? AO oiui, a ?aeeiiio caaaeueii-
aea?aeaaiiio io?oe?eiiio ae?oeiaaiiio i?aai? ianiai? ?ioi?-
iaoe?? oa ia aea?? caniiaiee?a /e aeeiiaa/iai i?aaio AO
– a i?noeaa?e i?an?). Ia??ai? c oaeei iia?aeiieaiiyi o
i?an? an? ia?aaeieaoieee iathoue aooe ienueiiai ?ioi?iiaai?
i?i neeeeaiiy oaeeo cai??a.
Ca caeiiiaeaanoaii aeayeeo e?a?i (I?ia//eie, ?in?enueei?
Oaaea?aoe??) ia onoaiia/eo cai?ao iathoue aooe i?enooi? an?
caniiaieee (a ieie aaaaeathoueny iniae, ye? caoaa?aeeee
noaooo AO ? i?ae yeeie ?iciiae?eaii an? aeoe??); ??oaiiy i?i
noai?aiiy AO caniiaieee iathoue ooaaeeoe iaeiinoaeii [33].
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Ia onoaiia/? cai?e AAO iieeaaea?oueny ae??oaiiy iec-
ee aaaeeeaeo ieoaiue, a naia:
i?eeiyooy ??oaiiy i?i noai?aiiy AO;
noaaeaiiy /e a?aeoeeaiiy caeai? i?aeienee; a ?ac? ii-
ceoeaiiai ae??oaiiy oeueiai ieoaiiy – i?eeiyooy ??oai-
iy i?i a?aeiia?aeia ca?eueoaiiy noaoooiiai oiiaeo AO;
ciaioaiiy noaoooiiai oiiaeo a ?ac?, yeui i?ioyaii
onoaiiaeaiiai no?ieo i?aeieneith ia aoei ioiieaii iiai?noth
iaieioaio a iia?aeiieaii? noio a?aeiia?aeii aei ?ici??o ca-
ieaiiaaiiai noaoooiiai oiiaeo; i?e oeueiio cieaeaiiy ?ic-
i??o noaoooiiai oiiaeo ia iiaeiii aeoiaeeoe ca anoaiiaea-
iee caeiiii i?i?iaeueiee ?ici?? oaeiai oiiaeo;
caoaa?aeaeaiiy noaoooo AO;
ia?aiiy ?aaee AO (niinoa?aaeii? ?aaee), aeeiiaa/iai
i?aaio (i?aae?iiy) ? eiio?ieueiiai i?aaio (?aa?c?eii? ei-
i?n??);
ae??oaiiy ieoaiiy i?i noaaeaiiy oaiae, oeeaaeaieo ca-
niiaieeaie (iiceoeaia ??oaiiy c oeueiai ieoaiiy ci?ia? c
inoaii?o a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noue ca ciaia’ycaiiyie, ui aeieeaa-
thoue ?c oaeeo oaiae, ?c ia?aeeaaeaiiyi ?? ia AO;
aecia/aiiy i?euea, ui iaaeathoueny caniiaieeai (aeey
?aooe aeoe?iia??a iiaea aooe aeineoue iaaacia/iei e?ieii,
ine?eueee caniiaieee iaiaaathoueny ia?aa?eueoeoe nai? can-
eoae ia?aae AO ? a?aeiia?aeii aeiiiaoeny anoaiiaeaiiy cia/-
ieo aeey naaa i?euea, ui eyaea ia iea/? ?aooe aeoe?iia??a, o
yeeo iaei iiaeeeainoae ioe?ieoe aaeaeaaoi?noue cai?iiiii-
aaieo i?euea ni?aaaei?i caneoaai caniiaiee?a. sse nai???-
aeio aa?aio?th caoenoo i?aa aeoe?iia??a, eio?? ia aoee can-
iiaieeaie AO, iiaeia cai?iiiioaaoe oaeee cao?ae: o caei-
iiaeaa/iio ii?yaeeo caai?iieoe caniiaieeai aieinoaaoe ca
??oaiiy c oeueiai ieoaiiy oa/aai cai?iaaaeeoe aea?aeaaiee
eiio?ieue c aieo i?aai?a I?i?noa?noaa thnoeoe?? /e Aea?aeaa-
ii? eii?n?? c oe?iieo iaia??a oa oiiaeiaiai ?eieo ca ae??-
oaiiyi oeueiai ieoaiiy);
caoaa?aeaeaiiy ioe?iee aeeaae?a, aianaieo o iaoo?aeuei?e
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oi?i?. Iniae, ye? c?iaeee oae? aeeaaee, caoe?eaaeai?, ye i?a-
aeei, o caaeuai?e ?o ioe?ioe? – aaeaea oea ca?eueoeoue ?oith
/anoeo a iaei? AO ? a?aeiia?aeii noio aeea?aeaiae?a, ui ia?a-
oiaoaaoeiaoueny ia oaeo /anoeo; oea ia a?aeiia?aea? ?ioa?anai
?aooe aeoe?iia??a, ine?eueee ciaioo? ?ici?? aeea?aeaiae?a, ui
niea/oaaoeiooueny ia eiaeio aeoe?th. Oiio aeioe?eueii aoei a
ni?eeiyoe aeina?ae e?a?i ?eieiai? aeiiii?ee uiaei caoenoo
?ioa?an?a aeoe?iia??a, ye? ia aoee caniiaieeaie oiaa?enoaa,
uiaei a?eueo-iaio ni?aaaaeeeaiai ae??oaiiy oeueiai ieoai-
iy ? ia?aaeaa/eoe a caeii?: a) iacaeaaeio ioe?ieo aoaeeoi?ii
(aoaeeoi?nueeith o??iith) oaeeo aeeaae?a; a) aeeeth/aiiy in?a,
uiaei yeeo ae??oo?oueny ieoaiiy ioe?iee ?oiueiai iaeiiai-
ai aeeaaeo, c /enea oeo o/aniee?a onoaiia/eo cai??a, eio??
aa?ooue o/anoue o aieinoaaii? c oeueiai ieoaiiy; a) eiio?ieue
c aieo aeuacaaaeaieo aea?aeaaieo i?aai?a ca ae??oaiiyi
oeueiai ieoaiiy; a) ?ic?iaeaiiy aeineiiae?oeo iaoiaeee
ioe?iee ia eeoa iaeiiaeo, a e iaiaeiiaeo aeeaae?a ca-
niiaiee?a (o oi?i? i?aaa ia ?ioaeaeooaeueio aeani?noue);
ae??oaiiy ?ioeo ieoaiue, ia?aaeaa/aieo onoaiia/eie
aeieoiaioaie.
oeeiii: iaeia aeoe?y – iaeei aiein, oiaoi caeaaeeoue a?ae iae-
iiai? o/ano?, ui ? oa?aeoa?iei aeey ainiiaea?nueeeo oiaa-
?enoa acaaae?, ? ianaiia?aae ia’?aeiaiue eai?oae?a. Ii?yaeie
i?eeiyooy ??oaiue, iaeiae, ??ciee – a caeaaeiino? a?ae aaae
ieoaiue, aeianaieo ia aieinoaaiiy: aeeoo?ai aaaeeea? aeey
AO ??oaiiy (no?aoaa?/iiai ii?yaeeo) – i?i noai?aiiy AO,
eiai aei/??i?o i?aei?e?inoa, o?e?e ? i?aaenoaaieoeoa, i?i
ia?aiiy ?aaee AO (niinoa?aaeii? ?aaee), aeeiiaa/iai e eiio-
?ieueiiai i?aai?a AO oa i?i iaaeaiiy i?euea caniiaieeai ca
?aooiie AO iiaeii? i?eeiaoeny eaae?o?eiaaiith a?eue-
o?noth aiein?a o 3/4 i?enooi?o ia cai?ao in?a, ye? i?aeiena-
eeny ia aeoe??; ??oaiiy c ?ioeo ieoaiue i?eeiathoueny i?i-
noith a?eueo?noth aiein?a (/. 6 no. 35 Caeiio Oe?a?ie “I?i
ainiiaea?nuee? oiaa?enoaa”).
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Noai?aiiy AAO (o ?ac? aeianaiiy onoaiia/eie cai?aie
iiceoeaiiai ??oaiiy c oeueiai ieoaiiy ? noaaeaiiy noaoooo
oiaa?enoaa) caaa?oo?oueny ianooiiei ? inoaii?i aoaiii
noai?aiiy AAO – eiai aea?aeaaiith ?a?no?aoe??th, c iiiaioo
yei? AAO iaaoaa? noaoono th?eaee/ii? iniae, oiaoi noa? iia-
iioe?iiei noa’?eoii ainiiaea?nueei-i?aaiaeo a?aeiinei. Oaea
?a?no?aoe?y cae?enith?oueny a caaaeueiiio aeey an?o noa’?eo?a
i?aei?e?iieoeueei? ae?yeueiino? ii?yaeeo.
Iienaiee ii?yaeie noai?aiiy AO ? caaaeueiei. A ao?i, o
i?ioean? ?aoi?ioaaiiy aea?aeaaieo ? eiioiaeueieo i?aei?e-
?inoa, o o. /. a i?ioean? i?eaaoecaoe?? aea?aeaaiiai ? a?ae/o-
aeaiiy eiioiaeueiiai iaeia, noi?ioaaeeny niaoe?aeuei? ii-
?yaeee noai?aiiy AO: iaeei ?c ieo noino?oueny ei?ii?aoe-
caoe?? aea?aeaaieo i?aei?e?inoa, ?ioee – i?eaaoecaoe?? iae-
ia aea?aeaaieo ? a?ae/oaeaiiy iaeia eiioiaeueieo i?aei?e-
?inoa oeyoii ?o aeoe?iioaaiiy (ia?aoai?aiiy ia AAO c
iaeii/aniei caoaa?aeaeaiiyi ieaio ?aae?caoe?? aeoe?e). Ia?-
oee ii?yaeie noino?oueny i?ioean?a ?icaea?aeaaeaiiy, eiee aac
ci?ie oi?ie aeaniino? caciathoue ?aoi?ioaaiiy i?aei?e?i-
noaa aea?aeaaiiai e eiioiaeueiiai naeoi??a aeiiii?ee uiaei
ci?ie i?aai?caoe?eii-i?aaiaeo oi?i, ??aiy naiino?eiino? a
i?ioean? cae?eniaiiy ainiiaea?nueei? ae?yeueiino?, oi?aae?iiy
ieie c aieo aeanieea iaeia – aea?aeaae aai oa?eoi??aeue-
ii? a?iiaaee a inia? oiiaiiaaaeaieo ieie i?aai?a. I?aei?e?i-
noaa iaaoaathoue iiai? i?aai?caoe?eii-i?aaiai? oi?ie – AO,
yeiio i?eoaiaiia ei?ii?aoeai?noue oi?aae?iiy, ui cae?e-
nith?oueny ia ia?a?niei aeanieeii iaeia (eiai i?aaenoaa-
ieeaie), a /a?ac i?aaie oaeeo oiaa?enoa; noathoue aean-
ieeaie cae??ieaiiai ca ieie iaeia (aaeaea an? aeaee ainii-
aea?nueeeo oiaa?enoa ? oaeeie a?aeiia?aeii aei caeiio); aea?-
aeaaa aai oa?eoi??aeueia a?iiaaea a inia? oiiaiiaaaeaieo
i?aai?a aenooiathoue ye aeanieee aeoe?e ei?ii?aoeciaaii-
ai i?aei?e?inoaa, ui aeicaiey? ?i /a?ac nai?o i?aaenoaaiee?a
iiina?aaeeiaaii a?aoe o/anoue a oi?aae?ii? oaeeie i?aei?e-
?inoaaie.
-82-
Ei?ii?aoecaoe?th aoei caii/aoeiaaii 1993 ?. Oeacii
I?aceaeaioa a?ae 15.06.1993 ?. “I?i ei?ii?aoecaoe?th aea?aeaa-
ieo i?aei?e?inoa”[34]. Nooi?noue oeueiai i?ioeano iieyaa? a
oiio, ui aea?aeaai? i?aei?e?inoaa (a aei ieo oiae? iaeaaeaee ?
i?aei?e?inoaa eiioiaeueii? aeaniino?, yea aoea ??ciiaeaeii
aea?aeaaii? aeaniino?) oi?iaeueii ia?aoai?ththoueny ia AAO,
aanue iaeao aeoe?e yeeo caeeoa?oueny o aeaniino? aea?aeaae.
Oeae i?ioean aeineoue a?oioiaii ?aaoeth?oueny i?aecaeiiieie
ii?iaoeaieie aeoaie, ye?, e??i oiai, aecia/athoue niaoe?aeuei?
aeiiae uiaei ii?yaeeo oi?ioaaiiy oa neeaaeo i?aai?a oaeeo
oiaa?enoa, ii?yaeeo ?o ?iaioe oiui.
Noai?aiiy a?aee?eoeo AO ia aac? iaeiiaeo eiiieaen?a
aea?aeaaieo aai eiioiaeueieo i?aei?e?inoa o i?ioean? ?o i?e-
aaoecaoe?? (oeae i?ioean io?eiaa iacao aeoe?iioaaiiy) ?aao-
eththoueny caeiiiaeaanoaii i?i i?eaaoecaoe?th aea?aeaaiiai
iaeia – caeiiaie Oe?a?ie: caaaeueiei – (Caeiiii Oe?a-
?ie a?ae 19 ethoiai 1997 ?. “I?i i?eaaoecaoe?th aea?aeaaiiai
iaeia”[35], niaoe?aeueiei – (Caeiiii Oe?a?ie a?ae 10 eeiiy
1996 ?. “I?i iniaeeaino? i?eaaoecaoe?? iaeia a aa?ii?i-
ieneiaiio eiiieaen?”[36] oa aeaeaieie a?aeiia?aeii aei ieo
i?aecaeiiieie ii?iaoeaieie aeoaie. Ia a?aei?io a?ae ei?-
ii?aoecaoe?? aeoe?iioaaiiy ia?aaeaa/a? ia?aoai?aiiy aea?-
aeaaiiai oi?oa?iiai i?aei?e?inoaa o AAO c iaeii/aniei
caoaa?aeaeaiiyi ieaio ?aae?caoe?? eiai aeoe?e.
Iniaeeaino? ii?yaeeo noai?aiiy AAO o i?ioean? ei?ii?a-
oecaoe?? oa i?eaaoecaoe?? ianaiia?aae iieyaathoue o oiio, ui
caniiaieeii oaeeo oiaa?enoa aenooia? eeoa iaeia iniaa
– i?aai, oiiaiiaaaeaiee oi?aaeyoe aea?aeaaiei (eiioiaeue-
iei) iaeiii – ca ei?ii?aoecaoe?? /e i?aai i?eaaoecaoe??
(i?aai i?noeaaiai naiia?yaeoaaiiy – uiaei a?ae/oaeaiiy ei-
ioiaeueiiai iaeia) – ca i?eaaoecaoe??. ?i?oe?aoi?ii noai-
?aiiy oaeeo oiaa?enoa ? , ye i?aaeei, aea?aeaaa /e oa?eoi??-
aeueia a?iiaaea a inia? oiiaiiaaaeaieo ieie i?aai?a. Aei-
aia??iee oa?aeoa? noai?aiiy AO ia a?ae?a?a? ooo i?yei? ?ie?
(a?i i?inoi a?aenooi?e c iaeyaeo ia iayai?noue eeoa iaeiiai
-83-
caniiaieea). ?aeeiei onoaiia/ei aeieoiaioii oaeiai oi-
aa?enoaa ? noaooo. Nai???aeiee eiii?ii?n i?ae ei?ii?aoe-
caoe??th oa i?eaaoecaoe??th – oea noai?aiiy ci?oaieo AAO o
i?ioean? i?eaaoecaoe??, caii/aoeiaaia aeuacaaaeaieie caei-
iaie, ui ia?aaeaa/athoue ca i?eaaoecaoe?? iaaieo eaoaai??e
i?aei?e?inoa caeeoaiiy eiio?ieueiiai (aai ?ioiai ca ?ic-
i??aie) iaeaoa aeoe?e o aeaniino? aea?aeaae [37].
Ca?aeii c i. 2 no. 15 Caeiio Oe?a?ie a?ae 19.02.1997 ?.
“I?i i?eaaoecaoe?th aea?aeaaiiai iaeia” a i?ioean? aaeeei?
i?eaaoecaoe?? (oiaoi i?eaaoecaoe?? iaeia na?aaei?o ? aaee-
eeo i?aei?e?inoa) ia aac? iaeia aea?aeaaieo i?aei?e?inoa
aeiionea?oueny noai?aiiy eeoa AAO ca aeiyoeii ?aaeaini?a
? aeayeeo ?ioeo eaoaai??e aea?aeaaieo i?aei?e?inoa aa?ii?i-
ieneiaiai eiiieaeno, ye? a i?ioean? i?eaaoecaoe?? ia aea??
o?oaeiaiai eieaeoeao (caaaeueieo cai??a) ia?aoai?ththoueny aai
ia eieaeoeaia n?euenueeiainiiaea?nueea i?aei?e?inoai, aai ia
AAO [38]. A?aeiia?aeii aei no. ?? oeiai Caeiio i?eaaoecaoe?e-
iee i?ioean iaeia aea?aeaaieo i?aei?e?inoa ?icii/eia?oue-
ny c iioae?eoaaiiy o aeaeaiiyo aea?aeaaieo i?aai?a i?eaa-
oecaoe??, i?noeaa?e i?an? nieneo ia’?eo?a, ui i?aeeyaathoue i?e-
aaoecaoe??. ??oaiiy i?i ia?aoai?aiiy aea?aeaaiiai i?aei?e?i-
noaa ia AAO i?eeia?oueny aea?aeaaiei i?aaiii i?eaaoe-
caoe?? ia i?aenoaa? caoaa?aeaeaiiai iei ieaio i?eaaoecaoe??
oeueiai i?aei?e?inoaa a 10-aeaiiee no?ie a?ae aeiy caoaa?aeaeaiiy
oeueiai ieaio. Aea?aeaaiee i?aai i?eaaoecaoe?? a 10-aeaiiee
oa?i?i a?ae aeiy i?eeiyooy iei oaeiai ??oaiiy iiaea? ca-
yao i?i noai?aiiy oiaa?enoaa, a oaeiae oei/aniaee noaooo
inoaiiueiai. Aea?aeaaia ?a?no?aoe?y AAO, ui noai?ththoueny a
i?ioean? i?eaaoecaoe??, cae?enith?oueny o aeaioeaeiaaee no?ie
aac niaoe?aeueii? iieaoe a ii?yaeeo, ia?aaeaa/aiiio aeey ?a?-
no?aoe?? noa’?eo?a i?aei?e?iieoeueei? ae?yeueiino?. C iiiaioo
oaei? ?a?no?aoe?? aeoeae e ianeae aea?aeaaiiai i?aei?e?i-
noaa i?eeiathoueny noai?aiei ia eiai aac? AAO, yea noa?
i?aaiianooiieeii ia?oiai. ??oaiiy aea?aeaaiiai i?aaio
i?eaaoecaoe?? i?i noai?aiiy AO ? aiaeii/an ? ??oaiiyi i?i
84
aeione aeoe?e oaeiai oiaa?enoaa. ?a?no?aoe?y aeioneo aeoe?e
i?iaaaeeoueny a ii?yaeeo, anoaiiaeaiiio Aea?aeaaiith eii?-
n??th c oe?iieo iaia??a oa oiiaeiaiai ?eieo Oe?a?ie [39], a
nai aeione cae?enith?oueny ca ?aooiie eioo?a AAO. Aei ?aae?-
caoe?? (i?iaeaaeo) iiiaae 60% aeoe?e oaeiai oiaa?enoaa iaia’yc-
‘ ee /eai?a i?aae?iiy iieeaaeathoueny ia aecia/aieo aea?aeaa-
iei i?aaiii i?eaaoecaoe?? iinaaeiaeo in?a i?aei?e?inoaa,
ui ia?aoai?th?oueny o AAO, a iaia’ycee aieiae i?aae?iiy
AAO – ia ea??aieea oeueiai i?aei?e?inoaa a?aeiia?aeii aei
oeeaaeaiiai c iei eiio?aeoo.
Aeuacacia/aiee i?ioean io?eiaa iacao aeoe?iioaaiiy ?
eiai ne?ae a?ae??ciyoe a?ae i?ioeano ei?ii?aoecaoe??, oi/a ii-
nooiiai a?aei?iiino? i?ae oeeie i?ioeanaie ciaioothoueny.
Ei?ii?aoecaoe?y cae?enith?oueny c iaoith i?aeaiooaaiiy aea?-
aeaaieo i?aei?e?inoa aei ianooiii? i?eaaoecaoe?? oa yaey?
niaith ia?aoai?aiiy aea?aeaaieo i?aei?e?inoa, CAO, a?eueo ye
75% noaoooiiai oiiaeo yeeo ia?aaoaa? a aea?aeaai?e aean-
iino?, a oaeiae ae?iaie/eo ? iaoeiai-ae?iaie/eo ia’?aeiaiue,
i?aaiaee noaoon yeeo ia a?aeiia?aea? /eiiiio caeiiiaeaanoao
(no. ? Oeaco I?aceaeaioa Oe?a?ie a?ae 15 /a?aiy 1993 ?. “I?i
ei?ii?aoecaoe?th i?aei?e?inoa”), o AAO.
Caniiaieeaie AAO, ui noai?ththoueny ia aac? cacia/aieo
noa’?eo?a a?aeiia?aeii aei iacaaiiai Oeaco, aenooiathoue i?aa-
ie aea?aeaaii? aeeiiaa/i? aeaaee, oiiaiiaaaeai? oi?aaeyoe
aea?aeaaiei iaeiii. Noai?ai? a i?ioean? ei?ii?aoecaoe??
AAO ? oaeeie eeoa oi?iaeueii, ine?eueee ooieoe?? aeoe?i-
ia??a aeeiio? cacia/aiee i?aai aea?aeaaii? aeeiiaa/i? aea-
aee (i?i?noa?noai, a?aeiinoai, aea?aeaaia ainiiaea?nueea ia’?aeiai-
iy, iaeani? aea?aeaai? aaei?i?no?aoe??). Oaeei (oiaoi iaiia-
iioe?iiei AAO) oea oiaa?enoai caeeoa?oueny aei ?aae?caoe??
ieaio i?iaeaaeo aeoe?e (i?eiaeii? 60% aeoe?e), yeee ca-
oaa?aeaeo?oueny i?ney caaa?oaiiy i?aeaiooaaiiy ei?ii?aoeci-
aaiiai i?aei?e?inoaa aei i?eaaoecaoe??.
O i?ioean? aeoe?iioaaiiy caniiaieeii AAO, ui noai?th-
thoueny ia aac? aea?aeaaieo i?aei?e?inoa, aenooia? Oiiae aea?-
85
aeaaiiai iaeia Oe?a?ie, eiai a?aeae?eaiiy ? i?aaenoaaieoeoaa
ia i?aenoaa? caoaa?aeaeaiiai ia?ae?eo ia’?eo?a, ui i?aeeyaa-
thoue iaia’yceia?e i?eaaoecaoe?? o a?aeiia?aeiiio ?ioe?. Oe? ae
i?aaie aeiinyoue ??oaiiy i?i i?iaeaae aeoe?e oaeeo oiaa-
?enoa ? caoaa?aeaeothoue neeaae eii?n?? c i?eaaoecaoe?? a?aeii-
a?aeieo ia’?eo?a. Oaea eii?n?y oi?io?oueny e caoaa?aeaeo?oue-
ny o neeaae? ea??aieea (aieiaa eii?n??), aieiaiiai aooaaeoa-
?a i?aei?e?inoaa, i?aaenoaaiee?a ainiiaea?nueeiai oiaa?enoaa,
noai?aiiai /eaiaie o?oaeiaiai eieaeoeao i?aei?e?inoaa, ui
i?eaaoeco?oueny, ?ioeo in?a, eio?? iiaeaee cayao ia i?eaaoe-
caoe?th, aea?aeaaiiai i?aaio i?eaaoecaoe??, i?noeaaeo ?aae, o?iai-
niaeo i?aai?a oa Aioeiiiiiieueiiai eii?oaoo (aeey i?aei?e-
?inoa-iiiiiie?no?a), a oaeiae i?aaenoaaiee?a a?aeiia?aeiiai
i?i?noa?noaa /e ?ioiai oeaio?aeueiiai i?aaio aea?aeaaii? ae-
eiiaa/i? aeaaee [40]. Eii?n?y uiiaea?eueoa a aeaioi?ny/iee
no?ie a?ae aeiy ?? ooai?aiiy iiaea? ia caoaa?aeaeaiiy aei a?aeii-
a?aeiiai aea?aeaaiiai i?aaio i?eaaoecaoe?? aeieoiaioaoe?th, ui
i?noeoue i?iaeo noaoooo AAO, aeo ioe?iee aa?oino? iaeia
ia’?eoa, i?iaeo ieaio ?ici?uaiiy aeoe?e oa nienee in?a, ye?
iathoue ca?aeii c /eiiei caeiiiaeaanoaii Oe?a?ie i?eueae ia
i?eaeaaiiy aeoe?e. I?ney caoaa?aeaeaiiy aea?aeaaiei i?aaiii
i?eaaoecaoe?? a?aeaoaa?oueny ?aae?caoe?y oeueiai ieaio. ?? caaa?-
oaiiy (aai ?aae?caoe?y i?eiaeii? iiiaae 60% aeoe?e) aei-
caiey? neeeeaoe caaaeuei? cai?e aeoe?iia??a ? ia?aoai?eoe
oi?iaeueia AAO o ?aaeueia.
Iniaeeaino? ia? oaeiae ii?yaeie noai?aiiy AAO ia aac?
oe?e?niiai iaeiiaiai eiiieaeno aea?aeaaiiai i?aei?e?inoaa
(eiai no?oeoo?iiai i?ae?icae?eo), caeaiiai a i?aiaeo. Ii-ia?-
oa, iiaeeea?noue noai?aiiy oaeiai oiaa?enoaa iia’yco?oueny
c iayai?noth iaaieo oiia: 1) yeui caeaia a i?aiaeo iaeii
iiaea aooe ia’?eoii i?eaaoecaoe?? oa uiaei iueiai ia ia?aae-
aa/a?oueny canoinoaaiiy iaiaaeaiue (iaaiiai ii?yaeeo i?e-
aaoecaoe??); 2) yeui iaeii caeaaaeiny a i?aiaeo aac i?aaa
aeeoio aai i?aai aeeoio ia?aaeaa/aeiny aeiaiai?ii i?ai-
aee, oeeaaeaiei i?ney iaa?aiiy /eiiino? Caeiiii Oe?a?ie
-86-
“I?i i?aiaeo aea?aeaaiiai oa eiioiaeueiiai iaeia”; 3) yeui
i?aiaea? caiaeai aenooieoe ?acii ?c aea?aeaaiei i?aaiii
i?eaaoecaoe?? caniiaieeii oaeiai AAO; 4) yeui aea?aeaa-
iee i?aai i?eaaoecaoe?? caoaa?aeaeo? ieai i?eaaoecaoe?? (?ic-
i?uaiiy aeoe?e). Ii-ae?oaa, caniiaieeaie oaeiai AAO ae-
nooiathoue aea?aeaaiee i?aai i?eaaoecaoe?? (c aieo aea?aeaae)
oa i?aiaea? a inia? noai?aiiai /eaiaie o?oaeiaiai eieaeoe-
ao aea?aeaaiiai i?aei?e?inoaa (eiai no?oeoo?iiai i?ae?icae?-
eo), iaeii yeiai ia?aaea?oueny a i?aiaeo, ainiiaea?nueeiai oi-
aa?enoaa. Ii-o?ao?, ?ieue onoaiia/iai aeiaiai?o oaeiai AAO
aeeiio? ??oaiiy caniiaiee?a i?i noai?aiiy oiaa?enoaa. Ii-
/aoaa?oa, ?a?no?aoe?y noai?aiiai AAO a?aeaoaa?oueny a caaaeue-
iiio aeey an?o noa’?eo?a i?aei?e?iieoeueei? ae?yeueiino? ii?yae-
eo, aea aac aianaiiy a?aeiia?aeii? ieaoe ca ?a?no?aoe?th. Ii-
i’yoa, ia? i?noea iniaeeaee neeaae ? ii?yaeie oi?ioaaiiy
noaoooiiai oiiaeo oaeiai AAO: a?i oi?io?oueny ca ?aooiie
aea?aeaaiiai iaeia, caeaiiai a i?aiaeo, oa iaeia, ui ? aeani?-
noth i?aiaea?y. ? ia?aoo?, oaea AAO ? iaiiaiioe?iiei, in-
e?eueee aei iiiaioo ?aae?caoe?? ieaio i?iaeaaeo aeoe?e ? neee-
eaiiy ia?oeo caaaeueieo cai??a aeoe?iia??a ea??aieoeoai
i?aei?e?inoaii iieeaaea?oueny ia aaei?i?no?aoe?th i?aiaeiiai
i?aei?e?inoaa, ui i?eaaoeco?oueny; ia?aoai?aiiy iaiiaii-
oe?iiiai (oi?iaeueiiai) AAO o ?aaeueia (iiaiioe?iia) a?aeao-
aa?oueny ?c caaa?oaiiyi ?aae?caoe?? ieaio i?iaeaaeo aeoe?e,
ui iaeaaeaoue aea?aeaa? o oaeiio AAO, c /ei iia’ycaia iiae-
eea?noue neeeeaiiy caaaeueieo cai??a aeoe?iia??a, i?eeiyo-
oy ieie noaoooo AAO ? oi?ioaaiiy a?aeiia?aeii aei Caeiio
Oe?a?ie “I?i ainiiaea?nuee? oiaa?enoaa” oa i?eeiyoiai
noaoooo i?aai?a AO [41].
-87-
2.4. Eai?oae (iaeiiaa aaca)
aeoe?iia?iiai oiaa?enoaa
Ae??oaeueio ?ieue o aeie? oa ae?yeueiino? AO a?ae?a?a? eiai
eai?oae – aaeaea oey i?aai?caoe?eii-i?aaiaa oi?ia canoini-
ao?oueny naia c iaoith noai?aiiy cia/iiai ca ?ici??aie
eai?oaeo oeyoii ia’?aeiaiiy eioo?a ? iaeia aaaaoueio in?a
aeey cae?eniaiiy, ye i?aaeei, cia/ii? ca ?ici??aie i?aei?e?i-
ieoeueei? ae?yeueiino?. ?ic??ciythoue:
NOAOOOIEE EAI?OAE, ui a iii?iaeueiith ? iino?eiith
(i?eiaeii? aei eiai ci?ie a ia?aaeaa/aiiio caeiiii ii?yae-
eo) aaee/eiith, cao?eniaaiith a onoaiia/eo aeieoiaioao oi-
aa?enoaa. A?i iaeaea i?eiee ia a?aeiia?aea? oaeoe/i?e iae-
iia?e ian?, ui iaeaaeeoue oiaa?enoao ia i?aa? aeaniino?;
OAEOE*IEE EAI?OAE – ia?ai?iia aaee/eia, yea
ci?ith?oueny aiane?aeie o?iainiai-ainiiaea?nueei? ae?yeueiino?
oiaa?enoaa. Ia?aaeuoth/e aai ia aeinyaath/e ?ici??o noaooo-
iiai eai?oaeo;
IAIEIOAIEE EAI?OAE, ia?ic?eaii iia’ycaiee c
iiiyooyi noaoooiiai eai?oaeo. A ?ac? iie?eooy i?aeieneith
? iieaoe an?o aeoe?e, cai?iiiiiaaieo i?aeien/eeai, aiie
ni?aiaaeathoue ca iii?iaeueiith aaee/eiith; o oeo aeiaaeeao,
eiee i?aeieneith iie?eoi iaio ye 100% iaieioaiiai ea-
i?oaeo (i?eiaeii? 60%) aai onoaiia/eie cai?aie i?eeiy-
oi ??oaiiy i?i noaaeaiiy caeai? i?aeienee ia aeoe??, noa-
oooiee oiiae a?aeiia?aeii noa? iaioei aai ia?aaeuo? iai-
eioaiee eai?oae (oiaoi oe? aea? aaee/eie ia caaaeaee ni?aia-
aeathoue);
NIEA*AIEE EAI?OAE, ui a?ae??ciy?oueny a?ae iaaa-
aeaieo aeua iiiyoue, ianaiia?aae ?ici??aie. A?i a?aeiia?aea?
oaeoe/ii io?eiai?e noi? eioo?a, niea/aieo ca aeoe??. Ia
aoai? i?aeienee a?i iiaea aooe a iaaeao 10% noaoooiiai
eai?oaeo; ia aoai? i?iaaaeaiiy onoaiia/eo cai??a – 30%
(o AAO) aai 50% (o CAO) noaoooiiai eai?oaeo, a aei??aith?
inoaiiueiio ca aeaio oiia: 1) yeui an? aeoe?? iiai?noth
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iiea/aii; 2) yeui aiie ?aae?ciaoaaeeny ca iii?iaeueiith
aa?o?noth (inoaii? aoaa? aeineoue ??aeei). Ioaea, iiea/aiee ea-
i?oae oaeiae /anoi a?ae??ciy?oueny a?ae noaoooiiai ca nai?i
?ici??ii; ??aeei a?i a?aeiia?aea? oaeiae ?ici??ia? oaeoe/ii-
ai eai?oaeo, ui ooai?th?oueny aiane?aeie aeei?enoaiiy a
i?ioean? ainiiaea?nueei? ae?yeueiino? iiea/aiiai eai?oaeo: a
?ac? oni?oiiai aaaeaiiy ni?aa oaeoe/iee eai?oae ca?eue-
oo?oueny i?ioe niea/aiiai, a iaaoaeoeaia aeei?enoaiiy
(canoinoaaiiy) inoaiiueiai i?ecaiaeeoue;aei a?aeiia?aeiiai ciai-
oaiiy iayaieo eioo?a AO.
Caeii Oe?a?ie “I?i ainiiaea?nuee? oiaa?enoaa” ia aea?
aecia/aiiy iaaaaeaiei ooo iiiyooyi, ui oaeiae aeeeeea?
o?oaeiiu? ia i?aeoeoe?: ia??aeei oe? iiiyooy ieooathoue, /a?ac
ui niioai?th?oueny ?aaeueia ea?oeia oaeoe/iiai iaeiiai-
ai noaio AO.
NOAOOOIEE EAI?OAE. Iayai?noue noaoooiiai eai?oa-
eo (oiiaeo) aecia/aiiai iii?iaeueiiai ?ici??o ? iaei??th c
aaaeeeaeo ?noioieo ?en AO. Noaoooiee eai?oae (?iiae? eiai
iaceaathoue iniiaiei aai iii?iaeueiei) yaey? niaith iii?-
iaeueio a?ioiao noio, yea ia? aooe ‘aianaia aeoe?iia?aie
ye ieaoa (aeiaai?iaea) ca iaaoooy /eainoaa a AO [42]. Oi/a
noaoooiee eai?oae (oiiae) ??aeei a?aeiia?aea? oaeoe/i?e iae-
iia?e aac? AO, yea aaea a iiiaio canioaaiiy iiaea aooe
a?eueoith /e iaioith ca noaoooiee eai?oae, i?aaiaiio ?a-
aoethaaiith noaoooiiai eai?oaeo iaaea?oueny iniaeeaa cia/ai-
iy. Oea iiynith?oueny aaaeeea?noth eiai ooieoe?e. Ii-ia?oa,
iaeii, ui aiineoueny ye iieaoa noaoooiiai eai?oaeo i?ae /an
canioaaiiy AO, neeaaea? iaoa??aeueio iniiao eiai ainiiaea?nue-
ei? ae?yeueiino?. Oiio aaaeeeaa cia/aiiy iaaea?oueny ?ici?-
?ia? noaoooiiai eai?oaeo, i?i?iaeueia iaaea yeiai anoaiia-
eth?oueny caeiiiaeaanoaii (a Oe?a?i? aiia noaiiaeoue noio,
aea?aaeaioio 1250 i?i?iaeueiei ca?ia?oiei ieaoai ca
noaaeith, ui neeaeeny ia iiiaio noai?aiiy oiaa?enoaa). Ia
aoai? i?aeienee oeae eai?oae ia? aooe iiea/aiee ia iaaio
noio – ye i?i?ioi ia 10%, ia iiiaio i?iaaaeaiiy onoaiia-
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/eo cai??a -ia 30% (o AAO) ? ia 50% (o CAO), a iiai?noth –
aei cae?i/aiiy ia?oiai ?ieo a?ae iiiaioo canioaaiiy (aea?-
aeaaii? ?a?no?aoe??) AO. Caeiiiaeaanoai ??cieo e?a?i onoaiia-
eth? ??ci? i?i?iaeuei? ?ici??e noaoooiiai eai?oaeo AO, i?e-
/iio oea aeineoue cia/ia noia. Uii?aaaea, oaea aeiiaa ia
ia?aaeaa/a?oueny caeiiiaeaanoaii NOA [43], a aei 1985 ?. aoea
a?aenooiy ? a caeiiiaeaanoa? Aaeeei? A?eoai??. Ao?i, inoai-
iy, ea?oth/enue ae?oaith aee?aeoeaith ?a?iiaenueeiai aeiii-
i?/iiai ni?aoiaa?enoaa, a?aeiia?aeii aei yei? i?i?iaeueiee ?ic-
i?? noaoooiiai eai?oaeo ia iiaea aooe iaioei, i?ae 25 oen.
AETH [44], oaeiae ia?aaeaa/eea aeiiae uiaei i?i?iaeueiiai
?ici??o noaoooiiai eai?oaeo [45].
E??i i?i?iaeueiiai ?ici??o noaoooiiai oiiaeo, caeiiiaeaa-
noaii Oe?a?ie (/anoeie 3, 4 no. 13 Caeiio Oe?a?ie “I?i
ainiiaea?nuee? oiaa?enoaa”) anoaiiaeththoueny iaai? iaiaaeai-
iy uiaei eioo?a, ca ?aooiie yeeo iiaea oi?ioaaoeny noa-
oooiee oiiae (caai?iiy?oueny aeei?enoiaoaaoe aeey oeueiai
athaeaeaoi? eiooe, eiooe, iaea?aeai? a e?aaeeo ? i?ae canoaao),
oa aa?aio?? uiaei i?aeoaa?aeaeaiiy ieaoini?iiiaeiino? th?e-
aee/ieo in?a – caniiaiee?a a?aee?eoeo AO [?oi?e o?iaini-
aee noai uiaei ni?iiiaeiino? cae?enieoe a?aeiia?aei? aianee
aei noaoooiiai oiiaeo ia? aooe ia?aa??aiee aoaeeoi?ii (aoaee-
oi?nueeith o??iith)].
Noaoooiee eai?oae aeeiio? ua e aa?aio?eio ooieoe?th
uiaei caaeiaieaiiy iaa?oioiaaieo aeiia e?aaeeoi??a. Oea
coiiaeaii oei, ui AO iana iaeiiao a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noue ia-
?aae e?aaeeoi?aie a iaaeao iaeia, ui iaeaaeeoue eiio ia
i?aa? aeaniino?. Cao?eniaaiee a onoaiia/eo aeieoiaioao
?ici?? iniiaiiai (noaoooiiai) eai?oaeo ?icaeyaea?oueny (ioe?-
ith?oueny) ye aaee/eia, a iaaeao yei? oiaa?enoai aa?aioo?
a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noue ca nai?ie ciaia’ycaiiyie. Oiio coneeey
caeiiiaeaaoey ni?yiiaai? ia oa, uia: 1) caaacia/eoe noai-
?aiiy aeoe?iia?iiai eai?oaeo; 2) oo?eiaoe iaeii oiaa?e-
noaa ia iaaiiio ??ai?, i?eiaeii? a iaaeao noaoooiiai ea-
i?oaeo. Aeinyaiaiiy ia?oi? oe?e? (oiaoi noai?aiiy iniiaiiai
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eai?oaeo) caaacia/othoue aeiiae caeiiiaeaanoaa uiaei niea-
oe iaia’yceiai? /anoee iii?iaeueii? aa?oino? aeoe?e ia aoa-
iao: i?aeienee (ia iaio ye 10%), neeeeaiiy onoaiia/eo
cai??a (i?eiaeii? 30% o AAO ? 50% o CAO) ? iiaii? iieaoe
aei cae?i/aiiy ia?oiai ?ieo a?ae iiiaioo noai?aiiy (aea?-
aeaaii? ?a?no?aoe??) AO. Ae?oaa iaoa (oiaoi caa?aaeaiiy iae-
iiai? aace oiaa?enoaa ia iaaiiio ??ai?, cacia/aiiio a onoa-
iia/eo aeieoiaioao) caaacia/o?oueny iieiaeaiiyie caei-
iiaeaanoaa, ui aeicaieythoue ?iciiae?eyoe i?eaooie AO i?ae
aeoe?iia?aie eeoa oiae?, eiee aa?o?noue iaeia oiaa?enoaa ia-
?aaeuo? cao?eniaaiee a onoaiia/eo aeieoiaioao ?ici??
iniiaiiai (aeoe?iia?iiai, noaoooiiai) eai?oaeo.
A aaeain? AO noaoooiee eai?oae ?icaeyaea?oueny ye noaooy
ianeao. ?iciiae?eia? i?ae aeoe?iia?aie ye aeea?aeaiaee ii aeoe?-
yo i?aeeyaa? eeoa /enoee i?eaooie, ui noaiiaeoue ??cieoeth
i?ae aeoeaaie oa ai?aaie oiaa?enoaa ia?aae aea?aeaaith, e?aaee-
oi?aie, iaeiaieie i?aoe?aieeaie oiui, iethn aeoe?iia?iee
eai?oae ? a?ae?aooaaiiy aei ?aca?aiiai (no?aoiaiai) oa ?ioeo:
oiiae?a, ia?aaeaa/aieo caeiiiaeaanoaii oa/aai onoaiia/eie
aeieoiaioaie oiaa?enoaa. sseui a ?acoeueoao? ae?yeueiino? AO
aeieeee caeoee, ui ni?e/eieei ciaioaiiy iaeiiai? aace
oiaa?enoaa ieae/a a?ae ??aiy eiai noaoooiiai eai?oaeo, oi
i?eaooie ianooiiiai ?ieo ia? ianaiia?aae ni?yiiaoaaoe-
ny ia iiiiaiaiiy iniiaiiai eai?oaeo aei cacia/aiiai a onoa-
iia/eo aeieoiaioao ?ici??o. Iiae?ai? iieiaeaiiy o?eno-
thoueny a aeoe?iia?iiio caeiiiaeaanoa? e?a?i ?eieiai? oa ia-
?ao?aeii? aeiiii?e [46]. Caeiie Oe?a?ie “I?i ainiiaea?nuee?
oiaa?enoaa” (no. 15), “I?i oe?ii? iaia?e ? oiiaeiao a??aeo”
(no. 9) aeaui ni?iuaii i?aeoiaeyoue aei ?aaoethaaiiy oeueiai
ieoaiiy, aecia/ath/e eeoa: 1) ii?yaeie oi?ioaaiiy /en-
oiai i?eaooeo aac caaaeee i?i ?ieue o oeueiio noaoooiiai ea-
i?oaeo; 2) iiaeeea?noue ?icii?yaeaeaiiy i?eaooeii a?aeii-
a?aeii aei onoaiia/eo aeieoiaio?a; 3) aeieaoo aeioiaeo ii ae-
oe?yo ca ?aooiie i?eaooeo, ui caeeoa?oueny o ?icii?yaeaeaii?
AO i?ney nieaoe anoaiiaeaieo caeiiiaeaanoaii iiaeaoe?a
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oa ?ioeo iaia’yceiaeo ieaoaae?a, a oaeiae i?ioeaio?a ca ei-
?enooaaiiy aaie?anueeei e?aaeeoii. Eeoa ii?iaoeai? aeoe,
ui ?aaoeththoue ieoaiiy aooaaeoa?nueeiai iae?eo ? ca?oiino?,
aeaoae?cothoue oe? iieiaeaiiy [47], oi/a iiae?ai? ii?ie iaee a
aooe cae??ieai? a caeii?.
*enoee i?eaooie, ui iiaea aooe aeei?enoaiee ia nieaoo
aeea?aeaiae?a c aeoe?e, ia? aecia/aoeny eeoa i?ney nieaoe:
1) ai?aiaeo ciaia’ycaiue oiaa?enoa; 2) iiaeaoe?a oa ?ioeo
iaia’yceiaeo ieaoaae?a; 3) a?aeiia?aeieo a?ae?aooaaiue aei no?a-
oiaiai (?aca?aiiai) oa ?ioeo, ia?aaeaa/aieo caeiiiaeaanoaii
aai onoaiia/eie aeieoiaioaie oiaa?enoaa, oiiae?a. Cacia-
/ai? a?aeiiino? iathoue aooe a?aeia?aaeai? a aaeain? AO, yeee
iiaeiai cana?ae/oaaoe oaeoe/ia o?iainiaa noaiiaeua inoai-
iueiai oa aooe i?aenoaaie> aeey ae??oaiiy ieoaiiy uiaei iiae-
eeaino? aeieaoe aeea?aeaiae?a ? aecia/aiiy ?o ?ici??o. Ca?nii,
ia i?aeoeoe? aaeaine AO ia caaaeaee a?aeia?aaeathoue ?aaeueio
ea?oeio noaio ni?aa oiaa?enoaa. Cae/aeiei yaeuai ?
caaeuaiiy aeoea?a, ui aeicaiey? niea/oaaoe iaaei??i?, ia
i?aee??ieai? o?iainiai-ainiiaea?nueeei noaiiaeuai oiaa-
?enoaa aeea?aeaiaee.
Ieoaiiy uiaei aa?aio?eii? ooieoe?? noaoooiiai eai?oa-
eo a aeeneon?eiei. Oaea caaaeoaaia aia?eeainueea caeiiiaeaa-
noai ? a?aeiia?aeii – aia?eeainuee? iaoeiaoe? oa th?enoe-i?ae-
oeee ia i?eae?eythoue oeueiio cia/ii? oaaae, aaaaeath/e aeii-
ao uiaei iaia’yceiaiai i?i?iaeueiiai ?ici??o iniiaiiai
eai?oaeo nooi oi?iaeueiei ieoaiiyi, iineeath/enue i?e
oeueiio ia oa, ui cacia/aiee eai?oae ia a?aeiia?aea? ?aaeueii-
io ?ici??ia? iaeiiai? aace AO, ui iath oaeoe/ii caaacia-
/o?oueny ianya iaeiiai? a?aeiia?aeaeueiino? oiaa?enoaa. Oi/a
oaeueneo?eaoe?y aaeain?a c iaoith caaeuaiiy aeoea?a ? ia-
iiiaeeiieei yaeuai, iaeiae o cia/i?e /anoei? aeiaaee?a
caeiiiaeaa/? aeiiae uiaei oi?ioaaiiy noaoooiiai oiiaeo,
ii?yaeeo aecia/aiiy i?eaooeo AO c iaia’yceiaei aeeth-
/aiiyi aei ianeao noaoooiiai oiiaeo, i?ioeaaeo?a aeieaoe
aeea?aeaiae?a, a oaeiae iiaa?iaiiy inoaii?o o ?ac? iai?aai-
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i??ii? ?o aeieaoe, i?i ui aeoe?iia?ai aoei a?aeiii aai i?i
ui aiie iiaeii? aoee ciaoe, – ona oea caoeua? ?ioa?ane
e?aaeeoi??a, iaaeath/e ?i iaai? aa?aio?? uiaei caaeiaieaiiy
?oi?o iaa?oioiaaieo aeiia aei AO. Oiio caeiiiaeaaaoeue ia?
i?eae?eyoe oeei ieoaiiyi iniaeeao oaaao, /iai, ia aeaeue,
ia iiaeia neacaoe i?i Caeii Oe?a?ie “I?i ainiiaea?nuee?
oiaa?enoaa”, yeee caeeoa? aac a?aeiia?aeiiai ?aaoethaaiiy
a?eueo?noue ?c cacia/aieo ieoaiue.
A io oi?ioaaiith noaoooiiai oiiaeo Caeii i?eae?ey? inia-
eeao oaaao. Ia?aaeaa/a?oueny, ui oeae oiiae oi?io?oueny ca
?aooiie aeeaae?a o/aniee?a – a?ioae, iaoa??aeueieo oe?iii-
noae, oe?iieo iaia??a, iaeiiaeo i?aa (i?aaa ia ei?enooaai-
iy caiaeueiith ae?eyieith, aiaeieie oa ?ioeie i?e?iaeieie
?ano?naie, aoaeeieaie, nii?oaeaie, a oaeiae i?aaa ia ?ioa-
eaeooaeueio aeani?noue). Aeai? inoaii?o (aeeaaee o oi?i? oe?i-
ieo iaia??a ? iaeiiaeo i?aa) oi/ ? ia?aaeaa/athoueny Caei-
iii Oe?a?ie “I?i ainiiaea?nuee? oiaa?enoaa” (no. ?C), iaa?oue
ia caaaeothoueny /. 1 no. 8 Caeiio Oe?a?ie “I?i oe?ii? iaia-
?e oa oiiaeiao a??aeo”, aea eaeaoueny i?i oi?io iieaoe aeoe?e.
Aeeaae aeoe?iia?a ia? aooe ioe?iaiee a iaoe?iiaeuei?e aaetho?,
oiaoi a a?eaiyo. Ii?yaeie ioe?iee aeeaae?a o oi?i? iaeia ?
iaeiiaeo i?aa aecia/a?oueny onoaiia/eie aeieoiaioaie AO
aac caeiiiaeaa/iai a?aaoethaaiiy oeueiai ieoaiiy, c /ei aaae-
ei iiaiaeeoeny. Ia aoai? canioaaiiy AO ioe?iea iaeiiaeo
aiane?a caniiaiee?a ia? caoaa?aeaeoaaoeny onoaiia/eie cai-
?aie, aeey /iai aeineoue io?eiaoe i?inoo a?eueo?noue aiein?a
i?enooi?o ia caaaeueieo cai?ao in?a, ui i?aeienaeeny ia
aeoe??. sseui acyoe aei oaaae, ui a oaeiio aieinoaaii? aa-
?ooue o/anoue ? nai? caniiaieee, iaeiia? aeeaaee yeeo ioe?-
iththoueny, a oaeiae oo ianoaaeio, ui caniiaieee AO iathoue
aieiae?oe ia iaioa ye 25% aeoe?e, oi a aaaaoueio aeiaaeeao
iiceoeaiee ?acoeueoao ae??oaiiy oeueiai ieoaiiy ia aeeee-
ea? noii?ao, ine?eueee cia/ia /anoeia ae??aieo i?aeien/ee?a
ia aa?a o/ano? a oaeeo cai?ao oa/aai ia aieiae?? iaiao?aeie-
ie iaae/eaie ? ciaiiyie uiaei ioe?iee oaeeo aeeaae?a. Oea
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i?ecaiaeeoue ia i?aeoeoe? aei caaeuaiiy ioe?iee iaeiiaeo
aeeaae?a caniiaiee?a, a ioaea, ? ?oi?o /anoie o noaoooiiio
oiiae? (? a?aeiia?aei?e oeei /anoeai e?eueeino? aeoe?e), ui a
e?ioeaaiio i?aenoieo ii?ooo? i?aaa ?aooe aeoe?iia??a, ye?
nieaoeee ca aeoe?? a?ioia? eiooe ca iii?iaeueiei aai ?ei-
eiaei ?o eo?nii.
O e?a?iao ?eieiai? aeiiii?ee caoeno i?aa aeoe?iia??a,
ye? ia aoee caniiaieeaie AO oa/aai niea/othoue ca aeoe??
a?io?, a?aeaoaa?oueny c aeiiiiiaith niaoe?aeueieo iaoai?ci?a
ioe?iee aeeaae?a, c?iaeaieo o iaoo?aeuei?e aai iaiaoa??aeuei?e
oi?i?, ui eiio?ieth?oueny aea?aeaaieie i?aaiaie – noaei-
ai? /e aeeiiaa/i? aeaaee, aeiiaith o?enaoe?? a noaooo? oiaa-
?enoaa a?aeiiinoae i?i ?a/ia? aeeaaee (?c cacia/aiiyi i?aae-
iaoa ?a/iaiai aeeaaeo, iniae, yea eiai aianea, iii?iaeueii?
noie aeoe?e, ui ?o ne?ae iaaeaoe oae?e inia?), a oaeiae ?c aeiii-
iiaith iniaeeaeo i?ioeaaeo? ia?aa??ee ae?e caniiaiee?a
(o o. /. uiaei ioe?iee ?a/iaeo aiane?a) ia?oeie niinoa?aae-
iith ?aaeith ? i?aae?iiyi, ca?oe yeeo caoaa?aeaeothoueny caaaeue-
ieie cai?aie aeoe?iia??a; i?e oeueiio iniae, ca?o yeeo caoaa?-
aeaeo?oueny, ia aa?ooue o/ano? a aieinoaaii? c oeueiai ieoaiiy
[48]. Caeii Oe?a?ie “I?i ainiiaea?nuee? oiaa?enoaa” ia ia-
?aaeaa/a? oaeeo caoiae?a. Ia i?aeoeoe? oea i?ecaiaeeoue aei
ceiaaeeaaiiy caniiaieeaie nai?ie iiaeeeainoyie uiaei
caaeuaiiy ioe?iee c?iaeaieo ieie iaa?ioiaeo aeeaae?a.
sse oaea cacia/aeiny, caeiiiaeaaaoeue aeicaiey? ?iaeoe aia-
nee aei noaoooiiai oiiaeo ainiiaea?nueeeo, o o. /. aeoe?iia?-
ieo, oiaa?enoa oe?iieie iaia?aie, ui oaeiae noaiiaeoue
cia/io i?iaeaio uiaei aecia/aiiy ?oiuei? ?aaeueii? aa?oino?
oa ioe?iee o a?ioia?e oi?i?. Iia/aiiy caeiio c oeueiai
ieoaiiy oaeiae aeicaiey? caniiaieeai aeineoue a?eueii, caeaae-
ii a?ae aeanieo ?ioa?an?a, iaeeaeaoe onoaiia/ei cai?ai
ioe?ieo aa?oino? oaeeo iaia??a, a a?aeiia?aeii aei oeueiai – ?
aecia/aoe naith /anoeo a noaoooiiio oiiae? (a?aeiia?aeio
e?euee?noue aeoe?e, ui ia? ?i iaeaaeaoe). Aiaeii/an ?aaeueia
aa?o?noue oe?iieo iaia??a – aeineoue neeaaeia ieoaiiy. Aeaye?
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c ieo ocaaae? iiaeooue ia iaoe ?eieiai? aa?oino? (aooe ia-
e?ea?aeieie), cie?aia aeoe?? iaieaoini?iiiaeiiai i?aei?e?i-
noaa /e i?aei?e?inoaa-aaie?ooa, aai eioe?oaaoeny ia oii-
aeia?e a??ae? ieae/a a?ae iii?iaeueii? aa?oino?. Ia?aaeaa/aia
ae caeiiii i?ioeaaeo?a ioe?iee oe?iieo iaia??a, ui aiinyoue-
ny o/anieeaie a iieaoo aeoe?e oiaa?enoaa (ye aeeaae), oiaoi
ae??oaiiy oeueiai ieoaiiy onoaiia/eie cai?aie, ia caoe-
ua? ?ioa?ane ?aooe aeoe?iia??a, ui iiea/oaaee aeoe?? o a?i-
oia?e oi?i?, ine?eueee i?ecaiaeeoue aei caaeuaii? ioe?iee
cacia/aieo oe?iieo iaia??a, a ioaea, ? naiiai iaeia oiaa?e-
noaa ? /anoee a iueiio o/aniee?a, ye? c?iaeee aianee o oi?i?
oaeeo oe?iieo iaia??a.
A?ae yeino? ioe?iee aeeaae?a, c?iaeaieo o iaoo?aeuei?e oi?-
i?, a oaeiae o oi?i? oe?iieo iaia??a, iaeiiaeo i?aa (aeeth/ii
c i?aaaie ia ?ioaeaeooaeueio aeani?noue) caeaaeeoue ?aaeueia
aa?o?noue iaeia oiaa?enoaa ? iiaeeea?noue cae?eniaiiy iei
ia aac? oaeiai iaeia ia?aaeaa/aii? onoaiia/eie aeieoiai-
oaie ae?yeueiino?, a oaeiae ?aae?caoe?y i?aa aeoe?iia??a ia
io?eiaiiy aeea?aeaiae?a, a e?aaeeoi??a oiaa?enoaa – ia caaei-
aieaiiy ca ?aooiie oeueiai iaeia nai?o iaa?oioiaaieo aeiia.
Aa?aio?eia ooieoe?y noaoooiiai eai?oaeo iaeaaeiei /e-
iii iiaea a?ae?a?aaaoe naith ?ieue eeoa oiae?, eiee ioe?iea
aeeaae?a, cae?eniaieo ia a a?ioia?e oi?i?, a?aeiia?aeaoeia ?oi?e
?aaeuei?e aa?oino?. Oiio caeiiiaeaaaoeue ia iiaeiai a?aeaeaaa-
oe ae??oaiiy oeueiai ieoaiiy ia eieaeueiee ??aaiue, oiaoi
ia onoaiia/? (caaaeuei?) cai?e, a?eueo?noue aiein?a o yeeo iiaea
iaeaaeaoe caoe?eaaeaiei o caaeuai?e ioe?ioe? iniaai. Ca?aene
aeioe?eueiei oyaey?oueny aeei?enoaiiy aeuacaaaeaiiai aei-
na?aeo e?a?i ?eieiai? aeiiii?ee uiaei ?aaoethaaiiy oeueiai
ieoaiiy.
O ?yae? aeiaaee?a caniiaieeai (o/anieeai) AO aoaa? ae-
a?aeii caieaeoaaoe ioe?ieo iaa?ioiaiai aeeaaeo iaeiiai c ieo
?c yeeoinue i??eoaaiue (iai?eeeaae, i?ae /an noai?aiiy ni?eueii-
ai i?aei?e?inoaa ca o/anoth aea?aeaaieo i?aei?e?inoa (i?aai?-
caoe?e) oa ?iicaiieo i?aei?e?ioe?a o?aieythoueny aeiaaeee,
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eiee /anoea aea?aeaaiiai iaeia ioe?ith?oueny ieae/a a?ae eiai
?eieiai? aa?oino? c iaoith caaeuaiiy /anoee ?iicaiiiai
o/anieea o noaoooiiio oiiae? oiaa?enoaa; oea noa? iniaeeai
aeooaeueiei c iaeyaeo ia ?ioeyoe?ei? i?ioeane ? ianai?/anio
?iaeaenaoe?th (ia?aioe?ieo) iniiaieo oiiae?a aea?aeaaieo i?ae-
i?e?inoa). Oiio aeioe?eueii ia?aaeaa/eoe a caeiiiaeaa/iio
ii?yaeeo oae? caoiaee: i?ae /an noai?aiiy AO ca o/anoth aea?-
aeaaieo (eiioiaeueieo) noa’?eo?a ainiiaea?thaaiiy oa ?ii-
caiieo i?aei?e?ioe?a ia?aaeaa/eoe a caeiiiaeaa/iio ii?yae-
eo i?iaaaeaiiy: 1) iaia’yceiai? ?iaeaenaoe?? aea?aeaaiiai /e
eiioiaeueiiai iaeia, ui aiineoueny ye aeeaae aei noaoooiiai
oiiaeo oaeiai AO; 2) i?iaaaeaiiy iaia’yceiai? iacaeaaeii?
ioe?iee (aoaeeoo) ?eieiai? aa?oino? oaeiai iaeia;
3) ia?aaeaa/eoe iaeiiao ? e?ei?iaeueio a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noue ca
oienia aee?eaeaiiy ?aaeueii? aa?oino? cacia/aieo ia’?eo?a
oaeeie ioe?ithaa/aie, a oaeiae caoiaee aeenoeeie?ia?ii?,
iaeiiai? oa e?ei?iaeueii? a?aeiia?aeaeueiino? uiaei iinaaei-
aeo in?a aea?aeaaieo ? eiioiaeueieo ainiiaea?nueeeo i?aai?-
caoe?e, ye? ia caaacia/eee i?iaaaeaiiy ia?aaeaa/aii? caei-
iiaeaanoaii ?iaeaenaoe?? aa?oino? iaeia, ui aiineoueny aei
noaoooiiai oiiaeo ni?eueiiai i?aei?e?inoaa-AO ye aeeaae
aea?aeaae aai oa?eoi??aeueii? a?iiaaee.
A AO, ye ? a ?ioeo ia’?aeiaiiyo eai?oae?a, iaia’yceiaith
? iayai?noue no?aoiaiai (?aca?aiiai) oiiaeo, i?ecia/aiiy
yeiai aeineoue aocueea – iie?eooy iaia?aaeaa/aieo ai?a?a
oiaa?enoaa, cie?aia nieaoa aeanieeai i?ea?eaeiaaieo
aeoe?e ia?oeyieo ii ieo aeea?aeaiae?a o ?ac? a?aenooiino? a AO
i?eaooeo ca ?acoeueoaoaie o?iainiai-ainiiaea?nueei? ae?yeue-
iino? ca ieioeee ??e, aeieaoa iae?aaoe?iia?ai aa?oino?
iae?aaoe?e oa ia?aaeaa/aieo oiiaaie ?o aeioneo a?aenioe?a o
?ac? ianoaiiy oa?i?io iiaaoaiiy oeeo oe?iieo iaia??a oiui.
Ca oe?a?inueeei caeiiiaeaanoaii ?ici?? oaeiai oiiaeo ia?
aooe ia iaio ye 25% noaoooiiai oiiaeo; oi?io?oueny ae a?i
ca ?aooiie ui??/ieo a?ae?aooaaiue o ?ici???, ia?aaeaa/aii-
io onoaiia/eie aeieoiaioaie oiaa?enoaa, aea ia iaioa, i?ae
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5% noie /enoiai i?eaooeo. Eiooe oaeiai oiiaeo, ui ia?
aocueeioe?eueiaa i?ecia/aiiy, ia iiaeooue aeei?enoiaoaaoe-
ny ia o?iainoaaiiy cae/aeii? o?iainiai-ainiiaea?nueei?
ae?yeueiino? oiaa?enoaa. ?ieue cacia/aiiai oiiaeo – nooi
aa?aio?eia: aa?aiooaaiiy e?aaeeoi?ai oiaa?enoaa iie?eooy
iaia?aaeaa/aieo ai?a?a, ui caaacia/o? i?aaa iaaieo eaoa-
ai??e in?a – aeaniee?a i?ea?eaeiaaieo aeoe?e, iae?aaoe?i-
ia??a AO ia aeiaaeie a?aenooiino? o oiaa?enoaa i?eaooeo a
?ici???, iaiao?aeiiio aeey aeeiiaiiy ciaia’ycaiue ia?aae ca-
cia/aieie iniaaie.
Caeiiii oa/aai onoaiia/eie aeieoiaioaie AO iiaeooue
ia?aaeaa/aoeny e ?io? oiiaee. Oae, aeey AO, ui ? i?aei?e?i-
noaaie, iaia’yceiaei ? oiiae iieaoe i?aoe?, ?iiiaaoe?eiee oa
aii?oecaoe?eiee oiiaee [49]. O oeeo oiaa?enoaao aeioe?eueii
noai?thaaoe oiiae aeieaoe aeea?aeaiae?a, oiiae caioi/aiiy iae-
iaieo i?aoe?aiee?a oa ?io? oiiaee [50].
2.5. Caniiaieee aeoe?iia?iiai
oiaa?enoaa
Aeoe?iia?iei oiaa?enoaai i?eoaiaiia /enaeuei?noue eiai
o/aniee?a-aeoe?iia??a (ia??aeei aiia nyaa? aeae?eueeio oeny/
aai iaa?oue aeanyoe?a ? nioaiue oeny/ in?a), na?aae yeeo iniaeeaa
i?noea iin?aeathoue caniiaieee AO. Oea iaaaeeea a?oia in?a
(ca caeiiiaeaanoaii aeayeeo e?a?i AO iiaea caniiaoaaoeny
eeoa iaei??th iniaith, ui a?aeaoaa?oueny ? a Oe?a?i? i?ae /an
noai?aiiy oaeeo oiaa?enoa o i?ioean? ei?ii?aoecaoe?? oa
i?eaaoecaoe?? aea?aeaaieo i?aei?e?inoa; o ?ie? caniiaieea
aenooia? a?aeiia?aeii i?aai, oiiaiiaaaeaiee oi?aaeyoe aea?-
aeaaiei /e eiioiaeueiei iaeiii, aai i?aai i?eaaoecaoe??).
On? iaeaooi? o/anieee AO, ye i?aaeei, ia iiaeooue aooe
eiai caniiaieeaie /a?ac ?oith cia/io e?euee?noue ? iaaecia-
/ai?noue ia aoai? canioaaiiy an?o i?aoaiaeaio?a ia o/anoue
o oaeiio oiaa?enoa?, ye a ?ioeo aeaeao oiaa?enoa. Aeiyoeii
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?c oeueiai i?aaeea ? CAO, on? o/anieee yeiai ca Caeiiii
Oe?a?ie “I?i ainiiaea?nuee? oiaa?enoaa” ia iiiaio canio-
aaiiy CAO ? eiai caniiaieeaie, ine?eueee a?aeiia?aeii aei
aeiia a?o/eciyiiai caeiiiaeaanoaa aeoe?? oaeiai oiaa?enoaa
?iciiae?eythoueny eeoa i?ae eiai caniiaieeaie. O AAO aaae-
ei iaa?oue ia?aaeaa/eoe iiaeeeao e?euee?noue aeoe?iia??a (o?aa
ui iaeneiaeueio – a?aeiia?aeii aei e?eueeino? aeoe?e, ia yeo
iiae?eaii noaoooiee oiiae oiaa?enoaa) ia aoai? ?aae?caoe??
caaeoio i?i noai?aiiy oiaa?enoaa i?ae iniaaie, ye? aa?ooue
ia naaa ciaia’ycaiiy uiaei oeueiai. Oiio ia an? aaaeath/? a?a-
oe o/anoue o iaeaooiueiio oiaa?enoa? noathoue eiai caniia-
ieeaie, a eeoa o? c ieo, ooi ia?aae?a? ia naaa ?i?oe?aoeao,
ciaia’ycaiiy e a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noue uiaei noai?aiiy oaei? i?aa-
i?caoe??. Caaaeaiiy oeeo in?a iieyaa? o i?iaaaeaii? i?aeaioia-
/i? ?iaioe, yeo iaiao?aeii aeeiiaoe, uia ia’?aeiaoe anth iano
in?a, iaeaooiaaieo oeeanoe nai? eiooe a iaeaooi? AO aeey
aaaeaiiy ieaii? ni?aae (cae?eniaiiy iaaieo aeae?a ainii-
aea?nueei? ae?yeueiino?). Caniiaieeai iaeaaeaoue ?aeay caii/ao-
eoaaiiy ainiiaea?nueei? (i?aei?e?iieoeueei?) ae?yeueiino? o
oi?i? AO, a oaeiae cae?eniaiiy anueiai eiiieaeno caoiae?a,
iaiao?aeieo aeey noai?aiiy AO: ?ic?iaeaiiy a?aeiia?aeiiai
ieaio ae?e, neeaaeaiiy i?iaeoo noaoooo iaeaooiueiai AO, ii-
a?aeiieaiiy i?i iai?? noai?eoe AO, ?a?no?aoe?y oa ioae?ea-
oe?y ?ioi?iaoe?? i?i i?aeieneo ia aeoe??, i?iaaaeaiiy oaei?
i?aeienee, neeeeaiiy onoaiia/eo cai??a oa ?o i?iaaaeaiiy, a
oaeiae cae?eniaiiy aea?aeaaii? ?a?no?aoe?? oiaa?enoaa. Oaea
?iaioa i?ae neeo a?oi? in?a. Caeiiiaeaanoai aeayeeo e?a?i
aeiaaa? i?i?iaeueii? e?eueeino? caniiaiee?a, iaeiae i?eion-
ea? iiaeeea?noue noai?aiiy AO iaei??th iniaith (ye i?aaeei,
th?eaee/iith, ui ia? a?aeiia?aei? iaoa??aeuei? oa ethaenuee? ?a-
no?ne aeey ?aae?caoe?? naiai caaeoio). Ca oe?a?inueeei caei-
iiaeaanoaii i?i?iaeueia /enei caniiaiee?a, ye oaea cacia-
/aeiny, ia? noaiiaeoe aea? iniae, a uiaei no?aoiaeo i?aai?-
caoe?e ? eiia?oe?eieo aaie?a – o?e iniae [51], a i?e noai-
?aii? AAO o i?ioean? ei?ii?aoecaoe?? oa i?eaaoecaoe?? ia-
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?aaeaa/aii canioaaiiy oaeeo oiaa?enoa iaei??th th?eaee/iith
iniaith – i?aaiii, oiiaiiaaaeaiei oi?aaeyoe aea?aeaaiei
/e eiioiaeueiei iaeiii, aai i?aaiii i?eaaoecaoe??. Inia-
eea?noue i?ioeaaeo?e noai?aiiy AAO o i?ioean? ?aoi?ioaai-
iy aea?aeaaieo /e eiioiaeueieo i?aei?e?inoa (cie?aia uiaei
iiaeeeaino? canioaaiiy iaei??th iniaith) ia? aooe a?aeia?a-
aeaia a caaaeueiiio caeii?, yeee ?aaoeth? i?aaiaa noaiiae-
ua AO.
sseui caniiaiee?a aeai? /e a?eueoa, oi i?ae ieie oeea-
aea?oueny aeiaia??, ui ca oe?a?inueeei caeiiiaeaanoaii ?ia-
io?oueny onoaiia/ei, a ca caeiiiaeaanoaii aeayeeo e?a?i (?O,
iai?eeeaae [52]) – aeiaiai?ii i?i noai?aiiy AO aai i?i
noi?nio ae?yeuei?noue. Ioaea, caniiaieeaie AO ? iniae (th?e-
aee/i? oa/aai o?ce/i?), ui oeeaee i?ae niaieth oaiaeo i?i
ni?eueio ae?yeuei?noue uiaei noai?aiiy AO, a ye?e ia?aaeaa/e-
ee ii?yaeie ae?e oa iaia’ycee eiaeiiai c ieo uiaei caii/ao-
eoaaiiy iiai? i?aai?caoe?? o oi?i? AO, a oaeiae a?aeiia?-
aeaeuei?noue eiaeiiai ca ii?ooaiiy acyoeo ia naaa ciaia’y-
caiue. O CAO eiei caniiaiee?a ca?aa?oueny c eiai o/anieea-
ie (i?eiaeii? ia ii/aoeiaiio aoai? ae?yeueiino? oaeiai
oiaa?enoaa), ine?eueee a?aeiia?aeii aei oe?a?inueeiai caeiii-
aeaanoaa aeoe?? ?iciiae?eythoueny eeoa na?aae caniiaiee?a oa-
eiai oiaa?enoaa. Oiio eeoa caniiaieee ia onoaiia/eo
cai?ao ? i?eeiathoue a?aeiia?aeia ??oaiiy i?i noai?aiiy oi-
aa?enoaa, caoaa?aeaeothoue eiai noaooo oiui.
Caniiaieeaie iiaeooue aooe ye o?ce/i?, oae ? th?eaee/i?
iniae. Caeii ia?aaeaa/a? iaai? iaiaaeaiiy aeey ie?aieo
eaoaai??e in?a uiaei iiaeeeaino? ?oiuei? o/ano? a canioaaii?
AO. Oae, a?aeiia?aeii aei no. 2 Caeiio Oe?a?ie “I?i i?aei?e?i-
ieoeoai” caniiaieeaie ia iiaeooue aooe caaaeoaai? aeua
eaoaai??? o?ce/ieo in?a, a oaeiae aea?aeaai? i?aei?e?inoaa
(inoaii? iaiaaeai? o nai?o caniiaieoeueeeo iiaiiaaaeaiiyo
a?aeiia?aeii aei Aeae?aoo EI Oe?a?ie a?ae 31 a?oaeiy 1992 ?.
“I?i oi?aae?iiy iaeiii, ui ia?aaoaa? o caaaeueiiaea?aeaai?e
aeaniino?” [53], oiaoi ia iiaeooue noai?thaaoe oa a?aoe o/anoue
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o aaea noai?aieo i?aei?e?iieoeueeeo no?oeoo?ao, o o. /. AO).
Caeiiii Oe?a?ie a?ae 20 aa?aciy 1991 ?. “I?i aaiee oa
aaie?anueeo ae?yeuei?noue” (/. 2 no. 22) caai?iiaii aooe ca-
niiaieeaie, o/anieeaie (aeoe?iia?aie) eiia?oe?eieo aaie?a
?aaeai ia?iaeieo aeaiooao?a on?o ??ai?a, ?o aeeiiaa/ei i?aa-
iai, iie?oe/iei ? i?ioni?eeiaei i?aai?caoe?yi, ni?eeai ?
ia?o?yi, a?iiaaenueeei oiiaeai [54].
A?aeiinia eaae?noue aeoioeyoe?? cia/ieo eioo?a aaaaoueio
in?a o ?oeao iaei??? /e aeae?eueeio in?a (caniiaiee?a), a iio?i
– a inia? AO aeicaiey? aeei?enoaoe oe? eiooe ia eeoa aeey
aaaeaiiy aaaeeeai? noni?eueii-ei?enii? ae?yeueiino?, a e noai-
?th? aeey caniiaiee?a oa/aai in?a, ye? eiio?ieththoue AO, nii-
eono nei?enoaoeny oeeie eiooaie o aeanieo ?ioa?anao. Aaea
caaaeoaaeeny /eneaii? aeiaaeee ceiaaeeaaiue caniiaiee?a AO,
ye? caniiaothoue inoaii? eeoa c iaoith c?a?aoe cia/i? eai?-
oaee aeey aeanieo iio?aa, iooeaaoe a oaeee iaoeo?ee
niin?a i?aeien/ee?a ia aeoe??, a caiaeii – aeoe?iia??a. Iaaac-
iaea ceiaaeeaaiue c aieo caniiaiee?a AO aeiaaa? a?ae caei-
iiaeaaoey aaeeooy a?aeiia?aeieo i?aaaioeaieo caoiae?a, ui
iathoue caoenoeoe noni?euei? ?ioa?ane (i?aeien/ee?a ia aeoe??,
aeoe?iia??a, e?aaeeoi??a AO). Ii-ia?oa, oea noino?oueny a?aeii-
a?aeaeueiino? caniiaiee?a ia?aae ia?aaeieaoieeaie (i?aeien-
/eeaie) aeoe?e ? o?ao?ie iniaaie ia aoai? i?aeaioia/i? ?i-
aioe uiaei noai?aiiy AO aae aei ?a?no?aoe?? inoaiiueiai ye
noa’?eoa i?aei?e?iieoeueei? ae?yeueiino?. Oaea a?aeiia?aeaeue-
i?noue ca?aeii c aeiiaaie caeiio ia? aeey caniiaiee?a nie?aea?-
iee ? iaiaiaaeaiee oa?aeoa? uiaei acyoeo ieie ia naaa
ciaia’ycaiue a?aeiia?aeii aei onoaiia/iai aeiaiai?o (no. 26
Caeiio Oe?a?ie “I?i ainiiaea?nuee? oiaa?enoaa”). Oey a?ae-
iia?aeaeuei?noue caa??aa?oueny aei caaa?oaiiy i?aeaioia/i? ?i-
aioe ? oaeoe/iiai noai?aiiy AO oa aea?aeaaii? eiai ?a?no-
?aoe??, aea o?eueee ca oiiae, ui onoaiia/? cai?e noaaeyoue
oeeaaeai? caniiaieeaie oaiaee ? oeei ia?aeeaaeooue a?aeiia?-
aeaeuei?noue ca oeeie oaiaeaie ia caniiaaia AO (i. ae no. 36
Caeiio Oe?a?ie “I?i ainiiaea?nuee? oiaa?enoaa”).
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Iiceoeaia ae??oaiiy oeueiai ieoaiiy onoaiia/eie cai-
?aie a?aeiia?aea? ?ioa?anai caniiaiee?a, aea iiaea iaaaoea-
ii a?aeaeoeny ia ?ioa?anao naiiai oiaa?enoaa ? ?aooe eiai
aeoe?iia??a (naaoi oeo, ooi ia a?aa o/ano? a canioaaii? oiaa-
?enoaa). Oiio caeiiiaeaanoai ?yaeo e?a?i ia?aaeaa/a? ca-
iia?aei? caoiaee uiaei noaaeaiiy oaiae, ye? iiaee a iaaaoea-
ii a?aeaeoeny ia noai? (ianaiia?aae, o?iainiaiio) AO ? ii-
?ooeoe ?ioa?ane eiai aeoe?iia??a. Aei oaeeo caoiae?a iaea-
aeaoue: 1) ia?aa??ea ia?oeie ia?aieie onoaiia/eie cai-
?aie, niinoa?aaeiith ?aaeith oa/aai i?aae?iiyi i?aaii??-
iino? oeeaaeaiiy oaeeo oaiae ? a?aeiia?aeiino? ?o ?ioa?anai
AO (iiae?aiee cao?ae aoei ia?aaeaa/aii iaa?oue aeoe?iia?iei
caeiiiaeaanoaii ?in?enueei? ?iia???, a a no/aniee ia??iae –
Aeoe?iia?iei caeiiii I?ia//eie [55]); 2) aeeeth/aiiy
caniiaiee?a ?c /enea in?a, ye? iathoue i?aai aieinoaaoe ca
noaaeaiiy cacia/aieo oaiae [56]; 3) aeiiae caeiiiaeaanoaa
uiaei iaia’yceiai? /anoee caniiaiee?a o noaoooiiio oiiae?
AO i?ioyaii iaaiiai ia??iaeo c iaoith aa?aiooaaiiy na?eic-
iino? ?oi?o iai???a uiaei noai?aiiai oiaa?enoaa ye noa’?eoa
i?aei?e?iieoeueei? ae?yeueiino? (oaea /anoea ca oe?a?inueeei
caeiiiaeaanoaii ia? aooe ia iaioith i?ae 25% noaoooiiai
oiiaeo AO, a no?ie iaia’yceiaiai aieiae?iiy caniiaieeaie
oaeith /anoeith – i?ioyaii 2 ?ie?a iae iiiaioo aea?aeaa-
ii? ?o ?a?no?aoe?? AO (/. 2 no. 30 Caeiio Oe?a?ie “I?i ain-
iiaea?nuee? oiaa?enoaa”). Aea a?aenooi?noue o caeiiiaeaanoa?
ii?ie uiaei a?aeiia?aeaeueiino? caniiaiee?a ca ii?ooaiiy
oe??? aeiiae (oiaoi a?ae/oaeaiiy aeoe?e aei cae?i/aiiy cacia-
/aiiai oa?i?io) caiaeeoue iai?aaoeue ?? aa?aio?eia cia/aiiy;
4) caeiiiaeaa/a cae??ieai? aeiiae uiaei iaeiiaiai noaio
caniiaiee?a oa ?oiuei? ni?iiiaeiino? a?aeiia?aeaoe ca oeea-
aeaieie ciaia’ycaiiyie ia aoai? noai?aiiy AO (oe?a?i-
nueeei caeiiiaeaanoaii iaia’yceiao aoaeeoi?nueeo ia?aa??eo
o?iainiaiai noaio ia?aaeaa/aii eeoa uiaei caniiaiee?a –
th?eaee/ieo in?a).
A?aeiineie ca o/anoth caniiaiee?a, ye neooii cacia/aa
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ua A. O. Oa?oaiaae/ [57], iaiaeii??aei?: aiie iiaeooue
neeaaeaoeny: a) i?ae naieie caniiaieeaie; a) i?ae ca-
niiaieeaie ? oiaa?enoaii; a) i?ae caniiaieeaie ? o?ao?ie
iniaaie.
Aca?ii? a?aeiineie i?ae caniiaieeaie aoaeothoueny a?aeii-
a?aeii aei oeeaaeaiiai i?ae ieie aeiaiai?o (ca a?o/eciyiei
caeiiiaeaanoaii oeae aeiaia?? caaoueny onoaiia/ei), ?o ia’?ae-
iaiiy ua ia noaiiaeoue i?aai?caoe?th-oiaa?enoai, a eeoa
ni?yiiaaia ia i?iaaaeaiiy i?aeaioia/i? ?iaioe uiaei canio-
aaiiy AO – e?ioeaai? iaoe ?oiuei? ae?yeueiino?.
Ca oe?a?inueeei caeiiiaeaanoaii [58] caniiaieeaie ae-
ciathoueny iniae, ye? i?aeienaee cacia/aiee aeiaia?? (caeiii-
aeaaaoeue aeayeeo e?a?i, iai?eeeaae I?ia//eie, ?in?enueei?
Oaaea?aoe?? [59], caniiaieeaie aecia? in?a, ye? a?aee o/anoue
a onoaiia/eo cai?ao ? caoaa?aeaeaii? noaoooo AO). On? ca-
niiaieee a?aeiia?aeaeuei? iaeei ia?aae iaeiei ca ii?ooaiiy
acyoeo ia naaa ciaia’ycaiue ?c oeeaaeaii? i?ae ieie oaiaee ?
ia?aae o?ao?ie iniaaie ca iane?aeee ae?e, ui aoee a/eiai? ia
aeeiiaiiy cacia/aii? oaiaee. TH?eaee/ia i?e?iaea oaei?
oaiaee iiaea aooe aecia/aia ye aeiaia?? i?i noi?nio ae?yeue-
i?noue c on?ia i?eoaiaiieie eiio ?enaie: ocaiaeaeai?noth
ae?e caniiaiee?a uiaei aeinyaiaiiy iaoe oaiaee, ?o iaiaia-
aeaiith iaeiiaith a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noth ca ciaia’ycaiiyie, ui
a?oioothoueny ia oeeaaeaieo a?aeiia?aeii aei cacia/aii? oaiaee
aeiaiai?ao.
Ia?aae o?ao?ie iniaaie caniiaieee a?aeiia?aeathoue ye oae?,
ui oeeaee aeiaia?? i?i ni?eueio (noi?nio) ae?yeuei?noue uiaei
canioaaiiy AO, a ia ye i?aaenoaaieee inoaiiueiai. Ae?yeue-
i?noue caniiaiee?a ia?aaeo? noai?aiith AO, aeania, aiia ia oea
ni?yiiaaia. Aeiee ae?thoue caniiaieee AO, aeioe iaia? naiiai
oiaa?enoaa, a iiyaa inoaiiueiai icia/a?, ui caniiaieee
ia?aoai?eeeny ia aeoe?iia??a. AO ia a?aeiia?aea? ca ciaia’y-
caiiyie (oaiaeaie), ui ?o oeeaee caniiaieee, yeui onoa-
iia/? cai?e ia noaaeyoue ?oi? ae?e. Iiceoeaia ??oaiiy
c oeueiai ieoaiiy onoaiia/eie cai?aie icia/a?, ui oiaa?e-
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noai ia?aae?a? ia naaa a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noue ca oaiaeaie, ui ?o
oeeaee caniiaieee. A?aeiiaa onoaiia/eo cai??a noaaeeoe
oae? oaiaee caeeoa? ?o iane?aeee ia a?aeiia?aeaeueiino? caniia-
iee?a (i?e oeueiio inoaii? a?aeiia?aeathoue ye nie?aea?i? ai?ae-
ieee).
A?aeiineie i?ae caniiaieeaie ? noai?aiei ieie oiaa-
?enoaii aeineoue neeaaei?. Oi/a ia?o? iathoue ae?yoe a ?ioa-
?anao ae?oaiai, ae??ooth/e eiai aeieth, iaeiae ae?yeuei?noue ca-
niiaiee?a ia iiaeia iacaaoe aacei?eneeaith. Noai?aiiy AO
ia?aaeon?i a?aeiia?aea? ?ioa?anai naieo eiai caniiaiee?a. sse
neooii caoaaaeea eieenue i?io. A. O. Oa?oaiaae/, oe? ?ioa-
?ane iieyaathoue ia no?eueee a i?eaooeiaino? noai?aiiai
?oi?ie coneeeyie i?aei?e?inoaa, ne?eueee o aenie?e ioe?ioe?
i?aoe? caniiaiee?a ia ei?enoue oiaa?enoaa, ia?aaeaiiai ieie
oiaa?enoao iaeia, a oaeiae onoaiiaeaii? aeey ieo iniaee-
aeo i?ea?ea?a [60]. Caaacia/aiiy ?ioa?an?a AO (? a?aeiia?ae-
ii – ?aooe aeoe?iia??a, ye? ia a?aee o/ano? o i?aeaioia/eo
ae?yo uiaei eiai canioaaiiy) ia?aaeaa/a?, ui caniiaieee aeey
AO – noi?iii? iniae, ?ioa?ane yeeo ia caaaeaee ca?aathoueny
c ?ioa?anaie naiiai oiaa?enoaa oa ?aooe eiai o/aniee?a, a.
oiio AO ia? i?aai ei?enooaaoeny iineoaaie caniiaiee?a
ia aeaniee ?icnoae. A io /eiia oe?a?inueea caeiiiaeaanoai
ia a?aoiao? iaeaaeiei /eiii noia?a/eeaino? ?ioa?an?a
caniiaiee?a, naiiai oiaa?enoaa ? ?aooe eiai o/aniee?a.
Iiaeeeaino? caniiaiee?a uiaei ?aae?caoe?? nai?o aai?noe/ieo
?ioa?an?a iei iaeaea ia iaiaaeothoueny, ui aae i?ye ia a?aeii-
a?aea? caoenoia? noni?eueieo ?ioa?an?a. Oeueiio ni?ey? a?ae-
nooi?noue: a) caeiiiaeaa/i? aeiiae uiaei iacaeaaeii? ioe?iee
aeeaae?a, c?iaeaieo o iaa?ioia?e oi?i?, a oaeiae i?ea?ea?a
aeey caniiaiee?a; a) iaia’yceo ia?oiai ia?aiiai i?aae?i-
iy uiaei ia?aa??ee iaa?oioiaaiino? ioe?iee oaeeo aeeaae?a
caniiaiee?a oa i?ea?ea?a, ui ?o aiie aaaeathoue io?eiaoe a?ae
AO; a) caai?iie aeey caniiaiee?a a?aoe o/anoue o aieinoaaii?
ia onoaiia/eo cai?ao c ieoaiue ioe?iee ?oi?o iaa?ioiaeo
aeeaae?a ? anoaiiaeaiiy aeey ieo iniaeeaeo i?ea?ea?a.
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Caeiiiaeaanoai aaaaoueio e?a?i ?eieiai? aeiiii?ee cae??i-
eth? ??ciiiai?oi?, a o. /. e aeuaiacaai?, caoiaee, ui iaia-
aeothoue iiaeeeaino? caniiaiee?a a?aeiinii ?aae?caoe?? nai?o
ei?eneeaeo ?ioa?an?a ca ?aooiie (? ia oeiaeo) caniiaaiiai
ieie oiaa?enoaa oa a?aeiia?aeii oeo eiai o/aniee?a, ye? ia
aoiaeyoue aei neeaaeo caniiaiee?a.
2.6. I?aaiaee ?aaeei aeoe?e
IIIssOOss “AEOe?ss”. Iiiyooy “aeoe?y” aeei?enoiao?oue-
ny o aeaio cia/aiiyo (?icoi?iiyo): 1) ye iaeae??ai?oa /ano-
ea noaoooiiai oiiaeo (eai?oaeo) AO, aieiae?iiy yeith iaaea?
i?aai o/ano? a AO; 2) ye aeieoiaio (oe?iiee iai??) aac onoa-
iiaeaiiai no?ieo ia?ao, ui cana?ae/o? aieiae?iiy iaeae??ai?-
oith /anoeith noaoooiiai oiiaeo AO ? a?aeiia?aeii iaaea? ??
aeanieeia? i?aaa aeoe?iia?a, oiaoi o/anieea AO. Nai?th
/a?aith, i?aaa o/anieea AO – aeanieea aeoe?? i?iyaeythoueny
o oi?i?: a) o/ano? a ?iciiae?e? i?eaooeo AO (a oaeiae a io?e-
iaii? ?ioeo, ia?aaeaa/aieo onoaiia/eie aeieoiaioaie
oiaa?enoaa, aeeno?eaooe?e [61]); a) o/ano? a oi?aae?ii? ni?a-
aaie oiaa?enoaa; a) o/ano? a ?iciiae?e? iaeia oiaa?enoaa
i?ae /an eiai e?ea?aeaoe?? [62]. sseui ia?oa ? o?ao? c iacaa-
ieo i?aa iathoue iaeiiaee oa?aeoa?, oi ae?oaa iaeaaeeoue aei
iniaenoeo i?aa.
sse iaeae??ai?oa /anoea noaoooiiai eai?oaeo aeoe?y ia?
a?aeiia?aeaoe iaaiei aeiiaai: a) oe? /anoee iathoue aooe
??aieie; a) ?oi?e ?ici?? ia iiaeiai aooe ieae/ei a?ae
i?i?ioio, anoaiiaeaiiai caeiiii (a?aeiia?aeii aei /. 10 no. 4
Caeiio Oe?a?ie “I?i oe?ii? iaia?e oa oiiaeiao a??aeo” oey
i?i?iaeueia iaaea noaiiaeoue 50 e?a., ui ia a?aeiia?aea? no-
/ani?e oe?a?inuee?e iaoe?iiaeuei?e aaetho? – a?eai?; ??oai-
iy Aea?aeaaii? eii?n?? c oe?iieo iaia??a oa oiiaeiaiai ?ei-
eo uiaei i?i?iaeueiiai ?ici??o aeoe?? a 1 eii. [63] ia iiaea
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eiiiainoaaoe aaae caaaeaiiai caeiio, ine?eueee naia a?i ia?
?aaoethaaoe oe? ieoaiiy). O oaeiio cia/aii? (ye iaeae??a-
i?oi? /anoee noaoooiiai eai?oaeo) aeoe?y a iaiiae?eueiith, a
ioaea, ia i?eionea?oueny iiaeeea?noue ?? ae?iaeaiiy, oi/a ca-
eiiiaeaaaoeue i?yii ia ia?aaeaa/a? oaei? caai?iie.
O ae?oaiio nai?io cia/aii? aeoe?y ye aeieoiaio (oe?iiee
iai?? aac onoaiiaeaiiai no?ieo ia?ao), ui cana?ae/o? o/anoue
a AO oa iayai?noue o aeanieea aeoe?e aeuaiacaaieo i?aa,
iiaeiia a?aeiia?aeaoe anoaiiaeaiei caeiiii aeiiaai: iaoe
a?aeiia?aei? ?aea?ceoe, ia?aaeaa/ai? /. 12 no. 4 Caeiio Oe?a?-
ie “I?i oe?ii? iaia?e oa oiiaeiao a??aeo”; iii?iaeueiith
aa?o?noth aooe ia ieae/a, i?ae 50 e?a. (1 eii.) aai e?aoiith
oe?e noi?; iaeaaeaoe aei ia?aaeaa/aieo caeiiii aeae?a (oiaoi
aooe i?inoith aai i?ea?eaeiaaiith, ?iaiiith /e ia i?aae’ya-
ieea), a oaeiae iaoe ye iiaeeeaee (aea ia iaia’yceiaee)
aeiaeaoie – eoiiiiee eeno ia aeieaoo aeea?aeaiae?a ?c cacia-
/aiiyi o iueiio ia?aaeaa/aieo caeiiii a?aeiiinoae (?aea?-
ceo?a): ii?yaeeiaiai iiia?a eoiiia ia aeieaoo aeea?aeaiae?a,
ii?yaeeiaiai iiia?a aeoe??, ii ye?e aeiea/othoueny aeea?aeai-
aee, iaeiaioaaiiy AO ? ??e aeieaoe aeea?aeaiae?a.
Aeoe?y ye oe?iiee iai?? iaeaaeeoue aei ?ooiiiai iaeia
(oi/a iiaea aooe iiea/aia e ia?ooiiei iaeiii) ? ? iaii-
ae?eueiith, ye ? a?aeiia?aeia ?e /anoea o noaoooiiio oiiae? AO.
Oea ia aeeeth/a?, iaeiae, iiaeeeaino? aieiae?iiy iaei??th ae-
oe??th aeaiia /e a?eueoa iniaaie. O oeueiio aeiaaeeo aei aeoe??
canoiniaothoueny i?aaeea i?i ni?eueio (noi?nio aai /anoei-
ao) aeani?noue [64]. Ne?ae aeciaoe neooiith aeoieo A. Oa?-
oaiaae/a uiaei a?aenooiino? o niaaeei?ioe?a aeoe?iia?a, yeee
aieiae?a iaei??th aeoe??th, i?aaa aeiaaaoe aeaea/? aeoe?iia?iei
oiaa?enoaii eiaeiiio c ieo aeieoiaioa, ui a?aeiia?aea? ?oi?e
niaaeeia?e /anooe? [65].
AEAeE AEOe?E. Aeoe?iia?iiio caeiiiaeaanoao a?aeii? ??ci?
aeaee (eeane) aeoe?e caeaaeii a?ae ianyao i?aa, ui iaaeathoue-
ny ieie, a oaeiae ca niiniaii aecia/aiiy iniae ?? aeanie-
ea. Eeane/ieie aeaeaie aeoe?e, ui iaaoee iioe?aiiy a
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onueiio na?o? oa ia?aaeaa/ai? /eiiei oe?a?inueeei caeiii-
aeaanoaii, ?: ca ia?oith iciaeith – i?ino? e i?ea?eaei-
aai? aeoe??, ca ae?oaith – ?iaii? oa ia i?aae’yaieea.
I?inoa aeoe?y iaaea? ?? aeanieeia? i?aai o/ano? a: ?ic-
iiae?e? i?eaooeo oiaa?enoaa ca ?acoeueoaoaie eiai o?iaini-
ai-ainiiaea?nueei? ae?yeueiino? ca ??e ia io?eiaiiy ?ioeo
aeeno?eaooe?e a?aeiia?aeii aei onoaiia/eo aeieoiaio?a oiaa?e-
noaa; a ?iciiae?e? iaeia AO a ?ac? eiai e?ea?aeaoe??, a oaeiae
o/ano? a oi?aae?ii? ni?aaaie oiaa?enoaa (yeui ?ioa ia
ia?aaeaa/aii eiai onoaiia/eie aeieoiaioaie). I?ino? aeoe??
ia iaoyaeeea? aeey AO, ine?eueee aeea?aeaiaee ii ieo niea/o-
thoueny eeoa a ?ac? iayaiino? o oiaa?enoaa i?eaooeo ca ?a-
coeueoaoaie eiai o?iainiai-ainiiaea?nueei? ae?yeueiino?, a i?a-
ai ia o/anoue o ?iciiae?e? iaeia oiaa?enoaa a ?ac? eiai e?e-
a?aeaoe?? aeanieee i?inoeo aeoe?e ?aae?cothoue /e ia a inoai-
ith /a?ao (i?ney iieaoe i?aoe? iaeiaieo i?aoe?aiee?a, caaei-
aieaiiy aeiia uiaei nieaoe iiaeaoe?a oa ?ioeo iaia’ycei-
aeo ieaoaae?a, caaeiaieaiiy aeiia e?aaeeoi??a ? aeaniee?a
i?ea?eaeiaaieo aeoe?e).
Ia a?aei?io a?ae i?inoi? i?ea?eaeiaaia aeoe?y iaaea? ?? aean-
ieeia? iaai? ia?aaaae: ianaiia?aae aa?aioo? aeieaoo ca-
caeaeaa?aeue aecia/aiiai (oaa?aeiai) i?ioeaioa (a?aenioe?a) ca
aeoe?yie iacaeaaeii a?ae iayaiino? a AO i?eaooeo. sseui
?ioa ia ia?aaeaa/aii onoaiia/eie aeieoiaioaie oiaa?enoaa,
oi aeaniee oaei? aeoe?? a iai?i ia cacia/ai? ia?aaaae (i?e-
a?ea?) iicaaaey?oueny i?aaa a?aoe o/anoue a oi?aae?ii? oi-
aa?enoaii. Iayai?noue o AO oaeeo aeoe?e, c iaeiiai aieo, aea?
ciiao caeo/eoe aei o/ano? a oiaa?enoa? iaiao?aeieo eiio in?a
(iae/ano?oa oea cia/i? e na?eici? eai?oaeiaeeaaeieee, ye?
aac aeiaeaoeiaeo aa?aio?e – iniaeeai eiee eaeaoueny i?i ?e-
ceeiaai? aeaee ae?yeueiino? aai oae?, ui ia ia?oeo aoaiao ia
aeathoue cia/ieo i?eaooe?a, – ia aaaeathoue aea?ii ?eceeoaa-
oe nai?ie a?ioeia (iaeiii). O oaeee niin?a oiaa?enoai
io?eio? iaiao?aei? eiio eiooe aac caa?iaiiy aei e?aaeeoi??a,
yeei, e??i nai?/anii? nieaoe a?aenioe?a ca ei?enooaaiiy
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e?aaeeoii, iaeaaeeoue ua a iaoiiaeaiee no?ie iiaa?ioo?
iice/aio noio, oiae? ye aeanieeai i?ea?eaeiaaieo aeoe?e
o?aaa eeoa niea/oaaoe a/anii (ye i?aaeei ?ac ia ??e) iaai?
i?ioeaioe (a?aenioee ii aeoe?yo), ia iiaa?oath/e ?i niea/a-
ieo ca aeoe?? eioo?a (iaeia). Iaeiae o i?ea?eaeiaaieo aeoe?e
? e iaaaoeaiee a?e, ui iiaea cia/ii iaoyaeeoe oiaa?enoai,
a ioaea, ? iani?eyoeeai a?aeaeoeny ia eiai o?iainiaiio noai?,
ui ia a?aeiia?aea? ?ioa?anai ye naiiai oiaa?enoaa, oae ? aean-
iee?a i?inoeo aeoe?e. Oea noino?oueny iaia’yceo oiaa?enoaa
niea/oaaoe iaoiiaeai? a?aenioee ii oaeeo aeoe?yo ca aoaeue-
yeeo ianoaaei, o o. /. ? a ?ac? a?aenooiino? iaiao?aeiiai aeey
oeueiai i?eaooeo. A inoaiiueiio aeiaaeeo iaia’ycee AO ia-
?aae aeanieeaie i?ea?eaeiaaieo aeoe?e caaeiaieueiythoueny ca
?aooiie ?aca?aiiai (no?aoiaiai) oiiaeo (/. 6 no. 4 Caeiio
Oe?a?ie “I?i oe?ii? iaia?e oa oiiaeiao a??aeo”). Eioo?a
oaeiai oiiaeo iiaea ia aenoa/eoe aeey oeueiai, oiae? aeiaaaeaoue-
ny ?iciea/oaaoeny c aeanieeaie i?ea?eaeiaaieo aeoe?e ca
ni?aa a AO oaoaeueii ia a?aeaeany ia eiai iaeiia?e aac?,
caeiiiaeaaaoeue iaiaaeo? ?ici?? /anoee noaoooiiai oiiaeo, a
iaaeao yei? iiaeooue aooe aeiouai? i?ea?eaeiaai? aeoe??.
Ca oe?a?inueeei caeiiiaeaanoaii oey /anoea ia iiaea ia?a-
aeuoaaoe 10% noaoooiiai oiiaeo AO.
Aa?aioiaai?noue aeieaoe iaaiiai (o?eniaaiiai) i?ioeaioa
iacaeaaeii a?ae ?acoeueoao?a o?iainiai-ainiiaea?nueei? ae?yeue-
iino? oiaa?enoaa (ui aeicaiey? caeo/eoe iaiao?aei? oiaa?e-
noao eiooe iaa?oue ca oiia aeieaoe iecueeiai ??aiy aeea?-
aeaiae?a ii i?inoeo aeoe?yo) iaaeeaeo? i?ea?eaeiaai? aeoe??
aei iae?aaoe?e. Iaeiae a?aei?iiino? i?ae ieie cia/i?o?, i?ae
ni?euei? ?ene. Ii-ia?oa, iae?aaoe?iia? caaaeaee ? e?aaeeoi?ii
oiaa?enoaa, ? eiai i?aoaic?? a ?ac? e?ea?aeaoe?? AO aai ae-
ciaiiy inoaiiueiai aaie?ooii caaeiaieueiythoueny ia?aaaaeii
ia?aae aoaeue-yeeie aeoe?iia?aie (o o. /. aeanieeaie i?e-
a?eaeiaaieo aeoe?e). Ii-ae?oaa, iae?aaoe?iia?ia? AO iiaeiii
ia eeoa niea/oaaoe o?eniaai? i?ioeaioe ii iae?aaoe?yo, a e
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iiaa?iooe aa?o?noue inoaii?o o ?ac? ianoaiiy no?ieo ?o ii-
aaoaiiy, a aeaniee i?ea?eaeiaaii? aeoe?? iicaaaeaiee i?aaa
aeiaaaoe a?ae AO iiaa?iaiiy eiio niea/aii? aa?oino? aeoe?e,
yeui oea i?yii ia ia?aaeaa/a?oueny onoaiia/eie aeieoiai-
oaie oiaa?enoaa. ? ia?aoo?, noio, ia yeo iiaeooue aooe ae-
iouai? i?ea?eaeiaai? aeoe??, caeii iaiaaeo? 10% noaoooii-
ai oiiaeo, a uiaei iae?aaoe?e a?i iiae?aieo iaiaaeaiue ia anoa-
iiaeth?.
Iiae?e aeoe?e ia ?iaii? oa ia i?aae’yaieea a?aeaoaa?oueny
ca ?ioith iciaeith – i?eioeeiii aecia/aiiy ?? aeanieea:
aeanieeii ia?oi? aaaaea?oueny cacia/aia a i?e iniaa, a
ae?oai? – i?aae’yaiee (oaeoe/iee aieiae?eaoeue) aeoe??. sse
ia?o?, oae ? ae?oa? iathoue iaai? iaaeie?ee ? ia?aaaae. Aeoe??
ia i?aae’yaieea aea?aei?o? c aeiiii?/ii? oi/ee ci?o: a ca’yc-
eo c eaae?noth ?o ia?ao aeeaaeai? a oae? aeoe?? eai?oaee eaaei
ia?aeeaathoueny c iaei??? ni?aae (aaeoc? aeiiii?ee) a ?ioo,
a?eueo aea?aeio (i?eaooeiao). Aiii?ii?noue aeaniee?a oaeeo
aeoe?e oaeiae ni?ey? ?o eaaeiio ?iciianthaeaeaiith (?ici?uai-
ith) na?aae ca?ioa?aniaaieo in?a, aea aiaeii/an ? noai?th? ca-
a?ico eiioeaio?aoe?? eiio?ieueiiai iaeaoa aeoe?e a ?oeao ia-
a?aeiii? iniae; aei oiai ae o ?ac? ao?aoe aeoe?e oeueiai aeaeo
oneeaaeith?oueny, a oi e oiaiiaeeeaeth?oueny ?o iiiiaeaiiy.
Iaaaciaea aeoe?e ia i?aae’yaieea iieyaa? ua e o oiio, ui
eaae?noth ?o caooo iiaeooue nei?enoaoeny caniiaieee, ye?
iathoue ia iao? iicaooeny iaeaaeieo ?i aeoe?e, io?eiaaoe
ooo/ii caaeuaio ?eieiao aa?o?noue oaeeo aeoe?e, eio?? aei
oiai ae iiaeooue ia a?aeiia?aeaoe ?aaeuei?e aa?oino? aianaieo
ieie a iaa?ioia?e oi?i? aeeaae?a a ca’yceo ?c caaeuaiiy
ioe?iee, ? caeeoeoe AO a ?oeao iaeiiiaoaioieo in?a aai
ae??aieo aeoe?iia??a, ye? ia iathoue iaiao?aeieo iiaeeeainoae
aeey ia’?aeiaiiy nai?o coneeue aeey oi?aae?iiy ni?aaaie oi-
aa?enoaa (iai?eeeaae, o ?ac? ?icii?ioaiino? aeoe?e ii ??cieo
i?noeaainoyo – o iaaeao e?a?ie aai iaa?oue aeae?eueeio e?a?i).
Oiio caeiiiaeaaoeaa? aeioe?eueii aoei a ia?aaeaa/eoe, ui io?e-
iai? caniiaieeaie aeoe?? a?aeiia?aeii aei iaia’yceiai? aeey
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ieo /anoee – 25% noaoooiiai oiiaeo oiaa?enoaa – iathoue
aooe eeoa ?iaiieie iacaeaaeii a?ae oiai, /e ? caniiaiee
o?ce/iith, /e th?eaee/iith iniaith. Oiae? iiaeia aoaea i?ieii-
o?iethaaoe a?ae/oaeaiiy oaeeo aeoe?e caniiaieeaie ? i?e-
oyaiooe inoaii?o aei a?aeiia?aeaeueiino? i?ioyaii anoaiiaea-
iiai caeiiii ia??iaeo (aeaio ?ie?a iae iiiaioo aea?aeaaii?
?a?no?aoe?? AO) ca oiiae, ynia ??/, onoaiiaeaiiy oaei? a?aeii-
a?aeaeueiino? caeiiiaeaaoeai (iai?eeeaae, o oi?i? ainiiaea?nue-
ei-aaei?i?no?aoeaiiai oo?aoo a ?ici??? 50% ?eieiai? aa?-
oino? iai?aaii??ii a?ae/oaeaieo aeoe?e ? iieeaaeaiiy ia oa-
eeo in?a iaiaiaaeaii? iaeiiai? a?aeiia?aeaeueiino? ca oeiaeo,
caiiae?yio iiae?aieie ae?yie oiaa?enoao oa eiai aeoe?iia?ai).
No/ania caeiiiaeaanoai ia?aaeaa/a? iaai? caoiaee uiaei
iiia?aaeaeaiiy iia’ycaieo c aieiae?iiyi aeoe?yie ia i?aae’-
yaieea ceiaaeeaaiue, a naia: aeanieeii aeoe?e ia i?aae’ya-
ieea iiaea aooe eeoa th?eaee/ia iniaa, ui a?aeiia?aeii o?eno-
?oueny a ?? aooaaeoa?nuee?e aeieoiaioaoe?? (ianaiia?aae aaeain?),
a i?eaeaaoe aeoe?? ?ioeo AO aiie iiaeooue eeoa ca ?aooiie
eioo?a, ui caeeoathoueny o ?o ?icii?yaeaeaii? i?ney nieaoe
iiaeaoe?a, ?ioeo iaia’yceiaeo ieaoaae?a, a?aenioe?a ii aaie-
?anueeiio e?aaeeoo; aieiae?iiy cia/ieie iaeaoaie aeoe?e
i?aei?e?inoa-iiiiiie?no?a ia? ?a?no?oaaoeny a i?aaiao
Aioeiiiiiieueiiai eii?oaoo Oe?a?ie [66]. Oea noai?th? iaa-
io i?ici??noue ia?ao oaeeo aeoe?e ? aea? iiaeeea?noue aioe-
iiiiiieueiei i?aaiai cae?enithaaoe eiio?ieue ca i?eaeaai-
iyi eiio?ieueieo oa ?ioeo cia/ieo ca ?ici??aie iaeao?a
aeoe?e th?eaee/ieie iniaaie c iaoith caiia?aaiiy noai?aiiy
a oaeee niin?a iiiiiie?noe/ieo ooai?aiue, a oaeiae cei-
aaeeaaiiy inoaii?ie nai?i aeii?ioth/ei noaiiaeuai ia
?eieo iaaieo oiaa??a (?ia?o, iineoa).
Ia?a ?iaiieo aeoe?e ? neeaaei?oei, ui iia’ycaii c iaia’yc-
eiaei cacia/aiiyi o ieo iniae aeanieea. C iaeyaeo ia oea
ia?aaeaa/a?oueny aaaeaiiy ?a?no??a aeaniee?a ?iaiieo oe?iieo
iaia??a (o o. /. aeoe?e) ? cai?iaaaeaeaiiy ?inoeoooo iacaeaae-
ieo ?a?no?aoi??a, ye? ia aeiaia??ieo canaaeao cae?eniththoue on?
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iia?aoe??, iia’ycai? c o?enaoe??th, ?ooii oaeeo aeoe?e a?ae iae-
ieo aei ?ioeo in?a oa ?ioeie iia?aoe?yie c ?iaiieie aeoe?-
yie [67]. Oea, ca?nia ??/, iia’ycaii aeey AO c aeiaeaoeiaeie
aeo?aoaie, aea aiaeii/an iaaea? eiio oa eiai aeoe?iia?ai
iaai? ia?aaaae e aa?aio??: 1) iiaeeea?noue eiio?iethaaoe
cina?aaeaeaiiy cia/ieo iaeao?a aeoe?e a ?oeao iaei??? iniae;
2) a?aeiinio eaae?noue iiiiaeaiiy ao?a/aieo (caaoaeaieo)
aeoe?e; 3) i?inoioo aecia/aiiy in?a, ye? iathoue i?aai a?aoe
o/anoue o caaaeueieo cai?ao aeoe?iia??a; 4) o?enoaaiiy ia?a-
aea/? ie?aieie aeoe?iia?aie nai?o i?aa, iia’ycaieo ?c aiei-
ae?iiyi aeoe?yie, ?ioei iniaai (i?aaenoaaieeai), ui i?aae-
noaaeythoue ?ioa?ane aeaniee?a aeoe?e aai ei?enoothoueny iaa-
ieie i?aaaie inoaii?o (iai?eeeaae, ia io?eiaiiy aeea?-
aeaiae?a oa ?ioeo aeeno?eaooe?e AO); 5) aeeiio? ?ieue iaaiiai
aa?’??o aeey ia?aoiaeo aeoe?e a ?oee iaaaaeaieo aeey AO in?a.
A?eueiee aa?a aeoe?e, oa?aeoa?iee aeey AAO, noai?th? ca-
a?ico ceiaaeeaaiue ca?ioa?aniaaieie a oeueiio iniaaie, ia?a-
aeon?i caniiaieeaie AO, aeanieeaie cia/ieo ca ?ici??a-
ie iaeao?a aeoe?e. Caaaeaiiy caeiiiaeaaoey – noai?eoe caniae
caoenoo noni?eueieo ?ioa?an?a, ianaiia?aae caaacia/eaoe
ioae?/i?noue ae?yeueiino? caniiaiee?a ? noai?aieo ieie AO
uiaei i?aeienee ia aeoe??, i?eeiyooy caaaeueieie cai?aie
aeoe?iia??a ??oaiue, ye? ca/?iathoue noni?euei? ?ioa?ane (aeoe?-
iia??a, iae?aaoe?iia??a, e?aaeeoi??a AO – uiaei ci?ie ?ic-
i??o noaoooiiai oiiaeo, iai?io aeoe?e ia iae?aaoe??, i?eieiai-
iy ae?yeueiino? oiaa?enoaa aoaeue-yeei niiniaii: ?ai?aai?-
caoe?? (o oi?iao iiae?eo, aeae?eaiiy, ceeooy, i?e?aeiaiiy, ia?a-
oai?aiiy) /e e?ea?aeaoe??, a oaeiae ?ic?iaeaiiy ??ciiiai?oieo
iaoai?ci?a caoenoo i?aa aeuacacia/aieo in?a).
Caeiiiaeaanoao e?a?i ?eieiai? aeiiii?ee a?aeii?, e??i
aeuacacia/aieo, ?io? eeane (aeaee, eaoaai???) aeoe?e: aeoe??
iaeiaieo i?aoe?aiee?a, aeoe?? iaiaaeaea??a, iaaieinoth/? aeoe??,
cieioa aeoe?y, caniiaieoeuee? aeoe?? oiui.
I?aaiaee ?aaeei aeoe?e iaeiaieo i?aoe?aiee?a iieyaa?
a oiio, ui aiie ?iciianthaeaeothoueny na?aae iacaaii? eaoa-
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ai??? in?a ia i?eueaiaeo oiiaao (aaceiooiaii /e ca oe?iith
cia/ii ieae/ith a?ae ?eieiai? /e iii?iaeueii?) ia ia??iae
?oiuei? ?iaioe a AO aai ia i?aei?e?inoa? inoaiiueiai. I?e-
ieiaiiy o?oaeiaeo a?aeiinei c AO iicaaaey? .eiai eieeoi?o
i?aoe?aiee?a i?aa, ui iaaeathoueny oaeeie aeoe?yie. Cai?noue
aeoe?e ?i iiaa?oa?oueny ?oiy iii?iaeueia aa?o?noue (yeui aiie
niea/oaaee ca oae? aeoe?? i?eueaiao ieaoo) aai ?ioa, ia?aae-
aa/aia oiiaaie aeioneo oeueiai aeaeo aeoe?e eiiiainaoe?y, a
a ?ac?, eiee i?aaa ca oaeeie aeoe?yie iaaeaaaeeny iaeia-
iei i?aoe?aieeai aaceiooiaii, oi c i?eieiaiiyi o?oaei-
aeo a?aeiinei i?eieiythoueny ? oe? i?aaa (a iiae?aieo aeiaae-
eao aeoe??, ye i?aaeei, ia ?oee ia aeaeathoueny, a ioaea, ? ia
aeieea? iio?aae uiaei ?o iiaa?iaiiy AO). Aieiae?iiy iacaa-
iei aeaeii aeoe?e aeicaiey? caeo/eoe iaeiaieo i?aoe?aiee?a
aei oi?aae?iiy AO, ca?ioa?anoaaoe ?o o iie?auaii? iieacie-
e?a o?iainiai-ainiiaea?nueei? ae?yeueiino? oiaa?enoaa, a a e?i-
oeaaiio i?aenoieo – ca?eueoeoe i?eaooeia?noue AO ? ?ici??
aeiea/oaaieo aeoe?iia?ai aeea?aeaiae?a oa iaaeaiiy ?ioeo aee-
no?eaooe?e, ia?aaeaa/aieo onoaiia/eie aeieoiaioaie AO [68).
Aeoe?? iaiaaeaea??a ca nai?i i?aaiaei ?aaeeiii iiae?ai?
aei aeuaiacaaiiai aeaeo aeoe?e (oiaoi aeoe?e iaeiaieo i?a-
oe?aiee?a), aea c aoae/ei eieii ?o aieiae?eueoe?a, yeeie ii-
aeooue aooe eeoa iinaaeia? iniae AO oa caniiaaieo iei
i?aei?e?inoa onoaiia/iai oeio, ye? aeeiiothoue nai? iaia’yc-
ee ia i?aenoaa? aeiaiai?o o?oaeiaiai iaeio c oiaa?enoaii.
Ca?ioa?aniaai?noue oe??? eaoaai??? in?a o ?acoeueoaoao ae?yeue-
iino? AO iniaeeai aaaeeeaa aeey inoaiiueiai. Ii?aeiaiiy a
iaei?e inia? oi?aae?ioey (iinaaeiai? iniae AO, yea i?aoeth? a
iueiio ca o?oaeiaei aeiaiai?ii) ? aeoe?iia?a oeueiai ae oiaa-
?enoaa aeicaieeoue noeioethaaoe aieiae?eueoe?a aeoe?e iaia-
aeaea??a aei oaeiai aeeiiaiiy nai?o iinaaeiaeo iaia’yce?a, yea
iaeneiaeueii a?aeiia?aeaei a ?ioa?anai oiaa?enoaa.
Oaeee aeae aeoe?e, ye iaaieinoth/? aeoe??, ia aea? ?oi?i aean-
ieeai i?aaa aieino ia caaaeueieo cai?ao aeoe?iia??a iaca-
eaaeii a?ae e?eueeino? oaeeo aeoe?e ia a?aei?io a?ae cae/aeieo
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i?inoeo, eiaeia c yeeo aai iaaia, aecia/aia onoaiia/eie
aeieoiaioaie oiaa?enoaa oa oiiaaie ai?n?? aeoe?e ?o e?eue-
e?noue aea? i?aai aieino ia caaaeueieo cai?ao aeoe?iia??a. A?ae
i?ea?eaeiaaii? aeoe?? iaaieinoth/a aeoe?y a?ae??ciy?oueny oei,
ui ia iaaea? i?yeeo ia?aaaa ?? aeanieeia? a io?eiaii? aee-
a?aeaiae?a (ia aa?aioo? aeieaoe o?eniaaiiai i?ioeaioa ii i?e).
O ?aoo? i?aa (ie??i caaaeaiiai i?aaa o/ano? a oi?aae?ii?
ni?aaaie oiaa?enoaa) iaaieinoth/a aeoe?y ia a?ae??ciy?oueny
a?ae cae/aeii? i?inoi? aeoe??.
Aeoe?y ei?enooaa/a, i?i yeo caaaeoaaa ua A. Oa?oaia-
ae/ ? yea ia?aaeaa/aia no. 174 Caeiio O?aioe?? “I?i oi?-
aia? oiaa?enoaa”, [69], aa?aioo? e aeanieeia? eeoa io?eiai-
iy aeea?aeaiae?a ca ?acoeueoaoaie o?iainiai-ainiiaea?nueei?
ae?yeueiino? AO ca ??e (eaa?oae, i?a??//y), aea ia aea? eiio
i?aaa a?aoe o/anoue o ?iciiae?e? iaeia oiaa?enoaa a ?ac?
e?ea?aeaoe?? inoaiiueiai. Ia??aeei oae? aeoe?? canoiniaothoueny
o oeo aeiaaeeao, eiee i?ae /an canioaaiiy AO aoei ia?aaeaa/a-
ii aii?oecaoe?th aeoe?e, i?i yeo a?o/eciyiee caeiiiaeaaaoeue
acaaae? ia caaaeo?. Oea iiiyooy icia/a? iiaaoaiiy aeoe?e
oeyoii ?o iieaoe. Aii?oecaoe?y aeoe?e iiaea canoiniaoaaoe-
ny a AO, noai?aieo ia aecia/aiee /an, oiaoi a oeo aeiaae-
eao, eiee ae?yeuei?noue oiaa?enoaa iaiaaeaia a /an? (iai?e-
eeaae, ia no?ie ae?? eiioean?? ia ?ic?iaeo ei?enieo eiiaeei),
i?ney caaa?oaiiy oa?i?io yei? (eiioean??) ni?aaa ia? iiai?n-
oth ia?aeoe aei aea?aeaae aai oa?eoi??aeueii? a?iiaaee, iicaa-
aeaoe oei naiei aeoe?iia??a ?oi?o i?aa ? ia aeea?aeaiaee, ?
ia iaeii oiaa?enoaa. C iaoith a?aooaaiiy ?ioa?an?a aeanie-
e?a oaeeo aeoe?e o iiaa?iaii? niea/aieo ca ieo noi a?aeaoaa-
?oueny ia??iaee/ia iiaaoaiiy an?o aeoe?e aei cae?i/aiiy no?i-
eo ae?yeueiino? AO (a oaeee niin?a aeoe?iia?ai iiaa?oathoue-
ny c?iaeai? ieie aianee aei noaoooiiai oiiaeo oiaa?enoaa).
Aii?oecaoe?y aeoe?e iiaea a?aeaoaaoeny ca iaaieo oiia:
1) yeui aiia ia?aaeaa/aia onoaiia/eie aeieoiaioaie oi-
aa?enoaa; 2) iaia’yceiai? ia?ciaiino? aeoe?iia??a ?c cacia-
/aieie iieiaeaiiyie onoaiia/eo aeieoiaio?a uiaei aii?-
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oecaoe?? ? a?aeiia?aeii – iayaiino? ?oiuei? caiaee c oeeie ii-
eiaeaiiyie (i?ae /an eoi?ae? aai i?aeienee ia aeoe?? caiaea
on?o i?aeien/ee?a aai iieoioe?a iaia’yceiaa, a yeui oaea
??oaiiy i?eeia?oueny a i?ioean? ae?yeueiino? oiaa?enoaa, oi
a?aeiia?aeii aei aeiia caeiiiaeaanoaa ca iueiai ia? i?iaiei-
noaaoe eaae?o?eiaaia a?eueo?noue – ia iaio ye 3/4 aiei-
n?a aeoe?iia??a, ye? aa?ooue o/anoue o caaaeueieo cai?ao, ine?eue-
ee oea oyaia ca niaith aianaiiy ci?i ? aeiiiaiaiue aei noa-
oooo).
Iia/aiiy a?o/eciyiiai caeiiiaeaaoey uiaei iiaeeeaino?
e ii?yaeeo i?iaaaeaiiy aii?oecaoe?? aeicaiey? ?iaeoe oea iae-
iei ?c o?ueio niinia?a: 1) ca ?aooiie ?aca?aiiai (no?aoi-
aiai) oiiaeo; 2) ca ?aooiie iniiaiiai (noaoooiiai) eai?oa-
eo; 3) ca ?aooiie /enoiai i?eaooeo. Iaea?eueo i?eeiyo-
iei ne?ae aeciaoe o?ao?e oeyo, ine?eueee ia?oee ia a?aeii-
a?aea? i?ecia/aiith ?aca?aiiai (no?aoiaiai) oiiaeo, ui ia?
oe?eueiaa i?ecia/aiiy – iie?eooy iaia?aaeaa/aieo aeo?ao;
aeei?enoaiiy ae eioo?a oeueiai oiiaeo ia aii?oecaoe?th aeoe?e
ii?oooaaoeia i?aaa aeaniee?a i?ea?eaeiaaieo aeoe?e, ia-
e?aaoe?iia??a oa ?ioeo e?aaeeoi??a oiaa?enoaa. Canoinoaai-
iy ae?oaiai i?ecaiaeeoue aei oaeoe/iiai ciaioaiiy ?ici??o
noaoooiiai (iniiaiiai) eai?oaeo.
Niin?a cae?eniaiiy aii?oecaoe?? a?aeaeaaia ai?iaiaaii ia
i?aeoeoe?: caeaa?eueoiai oea a?aeaoaa?oueny oeyoii i?iaaaeai-
iy ui??/iiai oe?aaeo, oiaoi aecia/aiiyi ca aeiiiiiaith
aea?aaeoaaiiy o??? e?eueeino? aeoe?e, ui a?aeiia?aea? ca nai?th
iii?iaeueiith oe?iith i?ecia/ai?e aei iiaaoaiiy noi?. Iae-
iae, iiaa?oath/e aeoe?iia?ai aa?o?noue ?oi?o aeoe?e cacia/a-
iei niiniaii, oiaa?enoai ia iiaea iicaaaeoe oaeeo in?a
i?aaa ia io?eiaiiy aeea?aeaiae?a i?ioyaii /ano ?nioaaiiy
AO. O i?eaiae? ooo noathoue aeoe?? ei?enooaa/?a, ye? aeaeathoue-
ny cai?noue aii?oeciaaieo aeoe?e. Ioaea, ao?aoeaoe i?aai
ia eai?oae (o/anoue o ?iciiae?e? iaeia oiaa?enoaa), aeoe?iia-
?e i?ney aii?oecaoe?? iniiaieo aeoe?e aiaeii/an caa??aathoue
i?aai ia io?eiaiiy aeea?aeaiae?a.
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Cieioa aeoe?y, ui a?aeiia caeiiiaeaanoao ?yaeo e?a?i (o o. /.
e eieeoi?o ?anioae?e N?N?), cana?ae/o? ?? aeanieeia?
i?aai o/ano? a oi?aae?ii? ni?aaaie AO (a /anii – ? eii-
o?ieth iaae iei) aac i?aaa ia eai?oae (o/ano? o ?iciiae?e?
i?eaooeo ca ?acoeueoaoaie ae?yeueiino? AO ? ?iciiae?e? iae-
ia oiaa?enoaa a ?ac? eiai e?ea?aeaoe??). A Oe?a?i? aeioe?eueii
aoei a cai?iaaaeeoe oaeee aeae aeoe?e ia aeoe?iiiaaieo o
i?ioean? i?eaaoecaoe?? aea?aeaaiiai iaeia i?aei?e?inoaao,
i?eiaeii? o iaai?e ?o /anoei?, eiio?ieue ca iinoi?eaaoe-
caoe?eiith ae?yeuei?noth yeeo i?ioyaii iaaiiai ia??iaeo (aei
5 ?ie?a, a uiaei i?aei?e?inoa AIE – aei 10 ?ie?a [70]) caa-
??aa? ca niaith eieeoi?e aeaniee (aea?aeaaa – uiaei i?eaa-
oeciaaieo aea?aeaaieo i?aei?e?inoa ? i?aaie i?noeaaiai na-
iia?yaeoaaiiy – uiaei a?ae/oaeaieo i?eaaoiei aeanieeai
i?aei?e?inoa, ye? iaeaaeaee aei eiioiaeueii? aeaniino?).
Caniiaieoeuee? (aai i?iieneia?) aeoe??, ui i?i ieo caaaeo-
aaee A. Oa?oaiaae/, A. Ieeeiaiei ? A. Ua?aeia [71],
ia?aaeaa/athoueny caeiiiaeaanoaii aeayeeo e?a?i a iieaoo ca
iineoae caniiaiee?a ia aoai? noai?aiiy AO. Iaeiae aei-
oe?euei?noue canoinoaaiiy oaeeo aeoe?e aeeeeea? noii?a –
aaeaea ?niothoue ?io?, i?eeiyoi?o?, niiniae aeiaai?iaee ca-
neoa caniiaiee?a, o o. /. iaaeaiiy ?i i?ea?ea?a. Aeei?enoai-
iy aeoe?e caniiaiee?a niioai?th? ?aaeueio ea?oeio (noai
ni?aa) iniiaiiai (noaoooiiai) eai?oaeo – aaeaea ca iieaoo
oaeeo aeoe?e ia aiinyoueny i? a?io?, i? iaeii, i? iaeiia?
i?aaa, ? a?aeiia?aeii iii?iaeueiee ?ici?? noaoooiiai eai?oa-
eo, cao?eniaaiiai a onoaiia/eo aeieoiaioao AO, caaeuo?oueny
ia noio iii?iaeueii? aa?oino? oaeeo aeoe?e:
O. Eaoai?ia [72] caaaeo? oaeee aeae aeoe?e, ye i?aoa?ai-
oe?eiaai? aeoe??, aeanieee eio?eo iathoue i?aoa?aioe?? (i?eue-
ae), yeeie ia ei?enoothoueny ?io? aeoe?iia?e (aeania, oae?
aeoe?? iaeaaeaoue aei eeano i?ea?eaeiaaieo, aea c iaaieie
iniaeeainoyie caeaaeii a?ae ?o iiaeeo?eaoe?e). Oe? aeoe?? aoaa-
thoue aeae?eueeio ??ciiaeae?a:
EOIOEssOEAI? I?AOAEOe??, ii yeeo ia?aaeaa/a?oue-
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ny eoioeyoeaia nieaoa aeea?aeaiae?a (oiaoi iaaeiea/ai? ca
iani?eyoeea? ?iee aeea?aeaiaee niea/othoueny a ianooii? ia-
??iaee; i?e oeueiio eoioeyoeai? aeea?aeaiaee io?eio? iniaa, yea
aieiae?? aeoe??th ia iiiaio aeieaoe aeea?aeaiae?a, a iiia?aaei?e
aeaniee ia io?eio? i?/iai) [73];
IAEOIOEssOEAI? I?AOAEOe??, ii yeeo aeea?aeaiaee
niea/othoueny eeoa ca oiiae ?o caoaa?aeaeaiiy (? a?aeiia?aeii
– iaieioaiiy) ?aaeith aee?aeoi??a (aeeiiaa/ei i?aaiii);
I?AOAEOe??, UI IIAA?OATHOUeNss AO, ia?aaeaa/a-
thoue aeieaoo i?ai?? ye eiiiainaoe?? ca iiaeeeaee aeeoi
AO nai?o aeoe?e, aeey /iai noai?th?oueny aeeoiiee oiiae ? ia-
?aaeaa/a?oueny i?ioeaaeo?a iiia?aaeaeaiiy aeaniee?a oaeeo
aeoe?e i?i ianooiiee aeeoi;
I?AOAEOe?? AACIIAI?IOI? (UI IA IIAA?OA-
THOUeNss AO) ia iiaeooue iiaaoaoeny aeioe, aeiee ?nio? AO;
I?ssI? I?AOAEOe?? ia?aaeaa/athoue cae/aei? i?ea?ea?
uiaei aeoea?a ? aeea?aeaiae?a;
EIIAA?OIAAI? I?AOAEOe?? iiaeooue aooe cai?iai?
ia cae/aei? (i?ino?) aeoe?? a?aeiia?aeii aei cacaeaeaa?aeue ae-
cia/aii? oe?ie ? a iaaiee i?ii?aeie /ano (ia??iae);
I?AOAEOe?? ?AO?AEOEAI? – ca iaaieo oiia ii-
aeooue i?aae’yaeyoeny ai?oaioia? aeey iiaaoaiiy a?aeiia?aeii
aei oiia ?o aeioneo;
I?AOAEOe?? C “IEAAATH*EI” AeEA?AeAIAeII (aai
ia?ai?iiei eo?nii), aaee/eia aeea?aeaiaeo ii yeeo i?ea’y-
co?oueny aei i?ioeaioii? noaaee iaaiiai aaieo; a?aeiia?aeii
ci?ia aaie?anueeiai i?ioeaioa a?aeaeaa?oueny ia ?ici??? aee-
a?aeaiae?a;
I?AOAEOe?? C I?AAII O*ANO? aeathoue ?o aeanieeia?
i?aai ia io?eiaiiy aeiaeaoeiaeo aeea?aeaiae?a iiiaae cae/aei?,
ui anoaiiaeththoueny ye o?eniaaiee a?aenioie ia aeeaaeaiee
eai?oae ? ia o/anoue a oi?aae?ii?;
I?AOAEOe?? C I?AeA?AIE aeathoue ?o aeanieeia? i?a-
ai i?eaeaaoe iaaio e?euee?noue i?inoeo aeoe?e;
I?AOAEOe?? C IIEAOITH A ?IICAII?E AAETHO?
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aeioneathoueny ca ianoaa?eueiino? aaethoiiai eo?no ? aeathoue
i?aai ia io?eiaiiy aeea?aeaiae?a a ?iicaii?e aaetho?.
Na?oia?e i?aeoeoe? aeoe?iia?ii? ni?aae a?aeii? oaeiae e
?io? eeane aeoe?e. Iai?eeeaae, no. 175 Caeiio O?aioe?? “I?i
oi?aia? oiaa?enoaa” ia?aaeaa/athoueny aeoe?? c i?aaii aeaio
aiein?a [74]; no. 27 Caeiio ?O “I?i aeoe?iia?i? oiaa?e-
noaa” – iaieioai? aeoe?? (oiaoi oae?, ui ?o oiaa?enoai ia?
i?aai a iaeaooiueiio ?ici?noeoe na?aae aeoe?iia??a); N. Aa-
e??a oa A. ?eeca?ia caaaeothoue a?ieoeueiaai? aeoe?? (?iaii?
aeoe??, iiaeeea?noue ia?aaea/? yeeo o?ao?i iniaai iaoiia-
eth?oueny iaiao?aei?noth io?eiaiiy caiaee ia oea AO, ui aeio-
noeei aeoe??; oeei eiio?ieth?oueny ?oo aeoe?e ? a?aeiia?aeii –
aeoe?iia??a oa aeeeth/a?oueny iiaeeea?noue aeinooio aei /enea
aeoe?iia??a iaaaaeaieo aeey AO in?a) ? aeoe?? aac iii?iaeue-
ii? aa?oino? (canoiniaothoueny o NOA oa aeayeeo ?ioeo
e?a?iao ? ia i?aeoeoe? iaei /ei a?ae??ciythoueny a?ae aeoe?e c
iii?iaeueiith aa?o?noth) [75].
IA?AAeA*A AEOe?E OA EI?II?AOEAI? IIA?AOe?? C
AEOe?ssIE. Ca?aeii c Oeacaie I?aceaeaioa Oe?a?ie a?ae
25.05.1994 ?. ? 274 ? a?ae 2.03.1996 ?. ? 160/96 oa Iiei-
aeaiiyi i?i ii?yaeie aaaeaiiy ?a?no??a aeaniee?a ?iaiieo
oe?iieo iaia??a (ioieoe 4.2, 4.3) i?aenoaaith aeey aianaiiy a
nenoaio ?a?no??a caien?a i?i ia?aaea/o i?aa aeaniino? ia
?iaii? oe?ii? iaia?e (a o. /. aeoe??) ? ia?aaeaaaeueia aei?o/ai-
iy a?ae ca?a?no?iaaii? iniae (a ?a?no?? aeaiiai AO) aai oiia-
iiaaaeaii? iath iniae, a a ?ac? a?aee?eoiai ?ici?uaiiy ?iai-
ieo oe?iieo iaia??a – a?ae oi?aiaoey oe?iieie iaia?aie, ui
cae?enith? ?o ?ici?uaiiy ca aei?o/aiiyi, a?ae ?iai? oa ca ?a-
ooiie ai?oaioa. E??i oiai, yeui oe?ii? iaia?e ?niothoue o
iaia?ia?e oi?i?, cacia/ai? ae?? iathoue noi?iaiaeaeoaaoenue ?
a?aeiia?aeiith ia?aaea/ath ?iaiieo oe?iieo iaia??a.
Ia?aaeaa/aia caeiiiaeaanoaii iaoyaeaiiy uiaei iaia’yc-
eiaiai aaaeaiiy ?a?no?o ?iaiieo oe?iieo iaia??a coiiaea-
ia, ii-ia?oa, iaiao?aei?noth o?enaoe?? ?o aeaniee?a ? ia?aoi-
aeo i?aa (o o. /. ? i?aaa aeaniino?) ca oaeeie oe?iieie ia-
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ia?aie a?ae iaei??? iniae aei ?ioi?; ii-ae?oaa, iaiao?aei?noth
aeieoiaioaeueiiai a?aeia?aaeaiiy iia?aoe?e c oe?iieie iaia-
?aie, ui cae?eniththoueny naiei ai?oaioii (eiinie?aeaoe?y aai
ae?iaeaiiy aeoe?e, eiiaa?oaoe?? ?iaiieo oe?iieo iaia??a, a
oaeiae ?o aioethaaiiy, ui a noeoiiino? aecia/a?oueny caei-
iiaeaaoeai ye cae?eniaiiy ei?ii?aoeaieo iia?aoe?e [76]).
Ia?oee /eiiee iia’ycaiee c iaiao?aei?noth aecia/aiiy in?a,
ye? iathoue i?aai a?aoe o/anoue a oi?aae?ii? AO (ianaiia-
?aae o caaaeueieo cai?ao AO), a io?eiaii? ia?aaeaa/aieo onoa-
iia/eie aeieoiaioaie AO aeeno?eaooe?e, a o. /. e aeea?aeaiae?a.
Ca?aeii c iiaith, cai?iaaaeaeaiith Caeiiii a?ae 23 a?oaeiy
1997 ?. “I?i aianaiiy ci?i aei Caeiio Oe?a?ie “I?i ain-
iiaea?nuee? oiaa?enoaa”, ?aaeaeoe??th i. “a” /. 1 no. 10 inoai-
iueiai c iacaaieo caeii?a i?aai ia io?eiaiiy /anoee i?e-
aooeo (aeea?aeaiae?a) i?iii?oe?eii /anooe? eiaeiiai c o/aniee?a
(aeoe?iia??a) iathoue iniae, ye? ? o/anieeaie AO ia ii/aoeo
no?ieo aeieaoe aeea?aeaiae?a.
Aeanieee aeoe?e iiaeooue caeeoaoe ca niaith i?aai aean-
iino? ia oe? oe?ii? iaia?e, ia?aaeath/e ?ioei iniaai aeaye?
i?aaa, ui ?i iaeaaeaoue: i?aai ia io?eiaiiy aeea?aeaiae?a /e
?ioeo aeeno?eaooe?e, i?aai a?aoe o/anoue a oi?aae?ii? AO
(ianaiia?aae, o caaaeueieo cai?ao aeoe?iia??a) aai acaaae?
i?aaenoaaeyoe ?oi? ?ioa?ane c on?o ieoaiue uiaei ?aae?caoe??
i?aaa aeaniino? ia aeoe??. Iiae?ai? e?iee (iia?aoe??) iathoue
?a?no?oaaoeny iniaeeai ?aoaeueii, aaeaea a?ae oeueiai a ie?a-
ieo aeiaaeeao iiaea caeaaeaoe iaa?oue i?aaii??i?noue i?ee-
iyooy AO iaaieo ??oaiue aai a/eiaiiy iei iaaieo ae?e.
?a?no?aoe?y ?iaiieo aeoe?e oa ?ioeo ?iaiieo oe?iieo
iaia??a (cie?aia iae?aaoe?e, ui aeioneathoueny AO) aeicaiey?
eiio?iethaaoe (c aieo ia eeoa aea?aeaae, a e naiiai AO oa
eiai aeoe?iia??a) cina?aaeaeaiiy iaaieo (cia/ieo ca ?ici?-
?aie) iaeao?a aeoe?e aai aiein?a a iaei??? iniae, a ioaea, e
caiia?aaoe aeei?enoaiith oaeith iniaith iai?aiiai noaii-
aeua a AO o aeanieo ?ioa?anao ? ia oeiaeo inoaiiueiio (/iio
ia? ni?eyoe cae??ieaiiy aeuacaaaeaieo caoiae?a uiaei ca-
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oenoo i?aa caeaaeieo i?aei?e?inoa) oa noai?aiith iiiiii-
e?noe/ieo oa?oioaaiue caaaeyee oae?e (aeii?ioth/?e) o/ano?
a aeoe?iia?iiio eai?oae? aeae?eueeio AO.
O?enaoe?y iia?aoe?e c ?iaiieie oe?iieie iaia?aie, ui
cae?enith?oueny naiei AO aai ca eiai aei?o/aiiyi ?a?no?a-
oi?ii, oaeiae ia? iaaaeyea cia/aiiy. Oae, ia?aaeaa/aia ca-
eiiii iiaeeea?noue eoi?ae? naiei AO nai?o aeoe?e iiaea
aooe ?aae?ciaaia c ii?ooaiiyi /eiiiai caeiiiaeaanoaa
(no. 32 Caeiio Oe?a?ie “I?i ainiiaea?nuee? oiaa?enoaa”), yea
ia?aaeaa/a?, ui i?iaaaeaiiy oaeeo iia?aoe?e iiaeeeaa eeoa
ca iaaieo oiia: 1) iieaoa aeoe?e ia? cae?enithaaoeny ca ?a-
ooiie noi, ui ia?aaeuothoue noaoooiee oiiae; 2) oaeee ae-
eoi aeoe?e naiei oiaa?enoaii ia? a?aeaoaaoeny eeoa c ia-
oith ianooiiiai ?o ia?ai?iaeaaeo, ?iciianthaeaeaiiy na?aae
nai?o i?aoe?aiee?a aai aioethaaiiy; 3) oa?i?i ?aae?caoe?? aai
aioethaaiiy – aei iaeiiai ?ieo; 4) i?ioyaii ia?aaoaaiiy
aeoe?e o aeaniino? AO – ?oiueiai ai?oaioa ?iciiae?e i?eaoo-
eo, a oaeiae aieinoaaiiy ? aecia/aiiy eai?oio ia caaaeue-
ieo cai?ao aeoe?iia??a ia? i?iaaaeeoeny aac o?aooaaiiy
i?eaeaaieo AO aeanieo aeoe?e. Ia aeaeue, caeii ia aecia/a?
a?aeiia?aeaeueiino? ca ii?ooaiiy aeuacacia/aieo iieiaeaiue.
Ca?aene aeieeaa? ca aeioe?euei?noue cai?iaaaeaeaiiy oaeeo naie-
oe?e ? iane?aee?a: ii?ooaiiy oiia ia?aaoaaiiy o aeaniino?
AO aeeoieaieo iei aeanieo aeoe?e iiiaae ??/iee oa?i?i
ia? oyaiooe ca niaith aioethaaiiy oeeo aeoe?e ? a?aeiia?aeia
ciaioaiiy noaoooiiai oiiaeo AO, a yeui aiane?aeie oaeiai
ciaioaiiy noaoooiee oiiae ia a?aeiia?aeaoeia aeiiaai uiaei
eiai i?i?iaeueiiai ?ici??o, – oi e i?eioniao e?ea?aeaoe?th
AO; aeeoi aeoe?e ca ?aooiie noaoooiiai oiiaeo ? oo?eiai-
iy ?o o aeaniino? AO-ai?oaioa iiiaae ??/iee oa?i?i oaeiae
ia? noi?iaiaeaeoaaoeny a?aeiia?aeiei ciaioaiiyi oeueiai
oiiaeo (ia noio, ui aeo?a/aia ia i?eaeaaiiy aeoe?e); c a?aeii-
a?aeiei iaia’yceii iiia?aaeeoe i?i oea e?aaeeoi??a oiaa?e-
noaa ca iaaiee oa?i?i ? a/eiaiiyi on?o ia?aaeaa/aieo ca-
eiiii ae?e uiaei aa?aio?? caoenoo i?aa aeoe?iia??a o ca’yc-
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eo c oeei e?ieii (??oaiiy i?i oea ia? aooe aeianaia ca-
aaeueieie cai?aie aeoe?iia??a eaae?o?eiaaiith a?eueo?noth
aiein?a). O ?ac? aeei?enoaiiy aiein?a uiaei aeeoieaieo
aeoe?e ia caaaeueieo cai?ao aeoe?iia??a ? aecia/aiiy c o?a-
ooaaiiyi oeueiai eai?oio, aeianai? a oaeee niin?a ??oaiiy
iiaeooue aooe aeciai? iaae?enieie; i?eaooie, ?iciiae?eaiee
c o?aooaaiiyi oaeeo aeoe?e, ia? aooe ia?a?aoiaaiee a?aeii-
a?aeii aei aeiia caeiio c iaia’yceiaei ei?eaoaaiiyi niea-
/aieo aeoe?iia?ai aeea?aeaiae?a. Iinaaeia? iniae (/eaie ei-
eaa?aeueieo i?aai?a AO – i?aae?iiy aai niinoa?aaeii? ?aaee),
c aeie yeeo aoei a/eiai? cacia/aii ii?ooaiiy, iiaeii?
ianoe ca oea a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noue, ianaiia?aae iaeiiao. Iiae?ai?
??oaiiy i?eeiathoueny i?aae?iiyi aai niinoa?aaeiith ?a-
aeith (yeui oea ia?aaeaa/aii noaoooii AO), aai ca ?o iiaeai-
iyi – caaaeueieie cai?aie aeoe?iia??a. A?aeiia?aeii /eaie
oaeeo i?aai?a (i?aae?iiy aai niinoa?aaeii? ?aaee), ui aiei-
noaaee ca i?eeiyooy iai?aaii??ieo ??oaiue, iathoue a?aeii-
a?aeaoe nie?aea?ia ca iaaaoeai? iane?aeee ?aae?caoe?? oaeeo
??oaiue, ui ni?e/eieee oeiaeo naiiio oiaa?enoao oa/aai
eiai aeoe?iia?ai, o ?ici??? caiiae?yii? oeiaee.
Ia?aaea/a aeoe?e iiaea cae?enithaaoeny ia eeoa c iaoith
a?aenooieaiiy i?aaa aeaniino? ia aeoe?th, a e o caaacia/aiiy
ciaia’ycaiiy, ui ia?aaeaa/aii Caeiiii Oe?a?ie a?ae 2 aeiao-
iy 1992 ?. “I?i canoaao” [77). Ii?yaeie canoaae oe?iieo
iaia??a, cie?aia aeoe?e – ye ?iaiieo, oae ? ia i?aae’yaieea,
?aaoeth?oueny noaooyie 53-55 oeueiai Caeiio ? Iieiaeaiiyi
i?i ii?yaeie aaaeaiiy ?a?no??a aeaniee?a ?iaiieo oe?iieo
iaia??a.
sseui caeiiii aai noaoooii AO ia ia?aaeaa/aii ?ioa,
i?aenoaaith aeey ia?aoiaeo i?aa aeoe?iia?a a?ae iaei??? iniae aei
?ioi? a: a) aeiaia?? (eoi?ae?-i?iaeaaeo, i?ie, aea?oaaiiy, ca-
noaae, ia oi?aae?iiy iaeiii-aeoe?yie); a) ??oaiiy noaeo (a?-
a?o?aaeiiai noaeo) uiaei aeciaiiy i?aa aeanieea ia ni??io
aeoe?th ca iaaiith iniaith; a) aeieoiaio, ui i?aeoaa?aeaeo? i?a-
ai ia niaaeueio, a uiaei aeoe?e, ?ici?uaieo o i?ioean? i?e-
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aaoecaoe??, – aeieoiaioe, aecia/ai? Oiiaeii aea?aeaaiiai
iaeia Oe?a?ie ? oi?io yeeo iiaiaeaeaii c Aea?aeaaiith eii?-
n??th c oe?iieo iaia??a oa oiiaeiaiai ?eieo; a) caniiaieoeuee?
(onoaiia/?) aeieoiaioe th?eaee/ii? iniae a ?ac? ia?aaea/?
?iaiieo aeoe?e caniiaieeii o aeani?noue iiainoai?thaaii?
th?eaee/ii? iniae aeey oi?ioaaiiy ?? noaoooiiai (iniiaiiai)
eai?oaeo, oa ?io? aeieoiaioe, ia?aaeaa/ai? caeiiiaeaanoaii.
On? ei?ii?aoeai? iia?aoe?? c aeoe?yie (a aei ieo, ye oaea
caaaeoaaeiny, iaeaaeaoue aioethaaiiy, ae?iaeaiiy, eiiaa?oaoe?y
oa eiinie?aeaoe?y aeoe?e) iathoue cae?enithaaoeny ye oae?, ui
aeeeeeathoue aianaiiy ci?i aei noaoooo oiaa?enoaa c on?ia
a?aeiia?aeieie ae?yie, ia?aaeaa/aieie caeiiiaeaanoaii: neee-
eaiiyi ? i?iaaaeaiiyi caaaeueieo cai??a aeoe?iia??a, iiia-
?aaeaeaiiyi e?aaeeoi??a oiaa?enoaa o ia?aaeaa/aiiio caei-
iii ii?yaeeo (a o. /. no?iee), yeui oaeee e?ie i?ecaiaeeoue
aei ciaioaii? noaoooiiai oiiaeo oa/aai ci?ie i?aa (i?aai-
aiai noaiiaeua) aeoe?iia??a, a oaeiae eiiiainaoe??th aeoe?i-
ia?ai ao?ao a?ae oaeeo iia?aoe?e. Oiio aaaeei iiaiaeeoeny
c i. 4.3 /. 3. Iieiaeaiiy i?i ii?yaeie aaaeaiiy ?a?no??a
aeaniee?a ?iaiieo oe?iieo iaia??a, aea i?aenoaaith aeey aia-
naiiy a?aeiia?aeieo ci?i aei ?a?no?o a ?ac? cae?eniaiiy ai?-
oaioii ei?ii?aoeaieo i?aa aecia/aii i?ioieie ??oaiiy
(??oaiue) i?aai?a oi?aae?iiy ai?oaioa, aei yeeo, e??i caaaeue-
ieo cai??a, iaeaaeaoue ? i?aae?iiy, ? niinoa?aaeia ?aaea. ??-
oaiiy i?i cae?eniaiiy ei?ii?aoeaieo iia?aoe?e aaciina?aae-
iuei iia’ycaia ?c aianaiiyi ci?i aei noaoooo AO, ui iaea-
aeeoue aei eiiiaoaioe?? caaaeueieo cai??a aeoe?iia??a c iaia’yc-
eiaith aeiiaith aianaiiy iiae?aiiai ??oaiiy eaae?o?eiaa-
iith a?eueo?noth aiein?a (3/4 aiein?a aeoe?iia??a, ui i?aaenoaa-
eai? ia caaaeueieo cai?ao) [78].
Ae?iaeaiiy aeoe?e (oiaoi ciaioaiiy ?oiuei? iii?iaeueii?
aa?oino? ia iaaiee, aecia/aiee oiiaiiaaaeaieie i?aaia-
ie oiaa?enoaa, ianaiia?aae caaaeueieie cai?aie aeoe?iia??a,
eiao?oe??io) ia ni?e/eith? ?noioieo ci?i i?aa aeoe?iia??a
(oi/ ? aeiaaa? aianaiiy iaaieo ei?aeoea aei noaoooo AO),
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ine?eueee ?ici?? noaoooiiai eai?oaeo caeeoa?oueny oei
naiei, a noia?ia aa?o?noue aeoe?e eiaeiiai aeoe?iia?a ca iae-
ii/aniiai ca?eueoaiiy ?oiuei? e?eueeino? oaeiae caeeoa?oue-
ny iiia?aaeiueith.
Eiiaa?oaoe?y ?iaiieo oe?iieo iaia??a, cie?aia iae?aaoe?e
a aeoe?? oa iaaiaee, a oaeiae ia?aaaaeaiiy aeoe?e iaeiiai aeaeo
a aeoe?? ?ioiai aeaeo, ye ? eiinie?aeaoe?y aeoe?e (ciaioaiiy
?oiuei? caaaeueii? e?eueeino? i?ioe ae?th/i? a?aeiia?aeii aei ca-
aeaiiai eiao?oe??ioo), iaeaaeeoue aei iia?aoe?e, ye? iiaeooue
ii?ooeoe ?ioa?ane aeoe?iia??a aai iaaieo ?o a?oi. Eiiaa?-
oaoe?y iae?aaoe?e a aeoe?? oa iaaiaee aaciina?aaeiuei ca/?ia?
i?aaa an?o aeoe?iia??a: ia?oa i?ecaiaeeoue aei ca?eueoaiiy
e?eueeino? aeoe?e ? a?aeiia?aeii – aei ciaioaiiy ?ici??o aee-
a?aeaiaeo, ui i?eiaaea? ia eiaeio c ieo, aaeaea i?e oeueiio ca?eue-
oo?oueny ? e?euee?noue aeoe?iia??a ca ?aooiie eieeoi?o ia-
e?aaoe?iia??a, ? ?ici?? noaoooiiai oiiaeo AO, ui ? iaei??th c?
noaoae ianeao aaeaino; ae?oaa (eiiaa?oaoe?y aeoe?e a iae?aaoe??)
ci?ith? noaoon ?o aeaniee?a, ia?aoai?thth/e c aeoe?iia??a, ye?
iathoue i?aai a?aoe o/anoue a oi?aae?ii? AO, ?iciiae?e? eiai
i?eaooeo, a oaeiae iaeia i?ae /an e?ea?aeaoe?? oiaa?enoaa, a
iae?aaoe?iia??a, iicaaaeaieo oaeeo i?aa, oi/ ? c aa?aiooaai-
iyi nieaoe o?eniaaiiai i?ioeaioa ? iii?iaeueii? aa?oino?
iae?aaoe?e i?ney cae?i/aiiy anoaiiaeaiiai oa?i?io.
Eiinie?aeaoe?y aeoe?e ?noioii ia a?aeaeaa?oueny ia i?aaao
oa ?ioa?anao aaeeeeo aeoe?iia??a (aeaniee?a cia/ieo iaeao?a
aeoe?e), ine?eueee i?eaiaeeoue eeoa aei a?aeiia?aeiiai ciaioai-
iy e?eueeino? iaeaaeieo ?i aeoe?e aac ciaioaiiy ?oiuei?
noia?ii? aa?oino?, oi/a i?e oeueiio a?aeiia?aeii ciaioo?oue-
ny e?euee?noue aiein?a, ui iaeaaeaoue oaeiio aeoe?iia?ia? (aea
aac ci?ie eiai /anoee o noaoooiiio oiiae? oiaa?enoaa ?
a?aeiia?aeii – i?ioeaioiiai ni?aa?aeiioaiiy e?eueeino? aiein?a
oaeeo aeoe?iia??a uiaei caaaeueii? e?eueeino? aiein?a). Ae??ai?
aeoe?iia?e, iaaiaee, iiaeooue a?ae/ooii iino?aaeaeaoe a?ae ii-
ae?aii? iia?aoe??, iaa?oue iicaooeny noaoono aeoe?iia?a, yeui
caaaeueia noia iaeaaeieo ?i aeoe?e aoaea ieae/ith a?ae iii?-
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iaeueii? aa?oino? iiai?, eiinie?aeiaaii? aeoe??. Oaeei aeoe?-
iia?ai caeii ia? aa?aiooaaoe iiaeeea?noue ia ?o aea?? aai
aeiaianaiiy (nieaoe) a?aeiia?aeii? noie aei iiai? iii?iaeue-
ii? aa?oino? eiinie?aeiaaii? aeoe??, aai iieaoo AO ni?aaaae-
eeai? aa?oino? iaeaaeieo ?i iaeiinie?aeiaaieo aeoe?e. Oey
aa?o?noue ia? aecia/aoeny ca ?acoeueoaoaie ?iaioe AO i?i-
oyaii inoaiiueiai ainiiaea?nueei-o?iainiaiai ?ieo, a yeui
?eieiaa aa?o?noue ? aeuith – oi ca inoaiiueith.
OI?IA AEOe?E. Aeoe?? iiaeooue ?nioaaoe ye o iaia?ia?e,
oae ? a aacaeieoiaioa?i?e oi?i?. Iaia?iaa oi?ia ? iaia’yc-
eiaith aeey aeoe?e ia i?aae’yaieea, aaeaea naia iniaa, a ?oeao
yei? ia?aaoaathoue oae? aeoe??, aaaaea?oueny ?? aeanieeii.
Cai?iaaaeaeaiiy aacaeieoiaioa?ii? oi?ie iiaeeeaa eeoa
aeey ?iaiieo oe?iieo iaia??a, o o. /. aeoe?e. Aea ia aeiiao
aeoe?iia?a eiio ne?ae aeaeaoe aeieneo c ?a?no?o aeoe?iia??a
i?i iayai?noue o iueiai ca i?aaii aeaniino? iaaii? e?eueeino?
aeoe?e iaaii? iii?iaeueii? aa?oino? oa iaaiiai eeano (aeaeo).
Aacaeieoiaioa?ia oi?ia o aeaeyae? caien?a a aeaeo?iii?e
aac? aeaieo, ui iei? canoiniao?oueny aeineoue oe?iei, ia? ye
ia?aaaae, oae ? aaaee. Aeoe?iia? ca?eueiy?oueny a?ae iaiao?aeiino?
caa??aaoe aeoe?? (oe?ii? iaia?e) ? iiiiaethaaoe ?o o ?ac? ao?a-
oe aai cieuaiiy, a AO – a?ae iaiao?aeiino? aeo?ao, iia’yca-
ieo ?c aeioneii iaia?iaeo aeoe?e. Aiaeii/an aeieoiaioa?ia
oi?ia aeoe?e (ia a?aei?io a?ae aacaeieoiaioa?ii?) caaacia/o?
aeoe?iia?ia? iayai?noue on??? iaiao?aeii? ?ioi?iaoe?? i?i aeoe??
oa i?aaa, ui ?o aiia cana?ae/o?, a aacaeieoiaioa?ia oi?ia
i?noeoue o nia? iaaio iaaaciaeo aeey aeoe?iia??a o ?ac? cei-
aaeeaaiue aai iaiaeaaeiiai aeeiiaiiy ?a?no?aoi?ii oe?iieo
iaia??a nai?o iaia’yce?a. Oi/a i. 4.1 Iieiaeaiiy i?i ii-
?yaeie aaaeaiiy ?a?no??a aeaniee?a ?iaiieo oe?iieo iaia??a
ia?aaeaa/a? iaia’ycie ?a?no?aoi?a aeaeaoe aeanieeia? aeoe?e
ia aeiiao inoaiiueiai aeieneo c ?a?no?o, iaeiae caeiiiaea-
aaoeue i?e oeueiio ia aeiaaa? cacia/aiiy a oae?e aeienoe? an?o
?aea?ceo?a aeoe??, ui oo?oaeith? iiaeeea?noue ?aae?caoe?? aeoe?-
iia?ii nai?o i?aa.
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Na?oeo?eao ia noia?io e?euee?noue aeoe?e, ui /anoi-aonoi
canoiniao?oueny ia i?aeoeoe?, ca /eiiei caeiiiaeaanoaii ia
iaeaaeeoue aei oe?iieo iaia??a c on?ia iane?aeeaie oeueiai.
Ine?eueee caeii i?eionea? ?nioaaiiy oaeeo na?oeo?eao?a
(/. ?? no. 4 Caeiio Oe?a?ie “I?i oe?ii? iaia?e oa oiiaeiao
a??aeo”), a?i ia? e aa?aiooaaoe caoeno i?aa aeaniee?a oa-
eeo aeieoiaio?a. Oea iiaeia caaacia/eoe: a) aai iaaeaaoe
na?oeo?eaoai ?aaeei oe?iiiai iaia?o ? a?aeiia?aeii – ia-
iao?aei?noue a?aeia?aaeaiiy a iueiio (na?oeo?eao?) an??? ?ioi?-
iaoe??, ui ca Caeiiii Oe?a?ie “I?i oe?ii? iaia?e oa oii-
aeiao a??aeo” (/. 12 no. 4) ia? i?noeoe aeoe?y; a) aai anoaii-
aeaoe aeey na?oeo?eao?a aeoe?e o? nai? aeiiae uiaei ci?noo,
ui e aeey aeoe?e.
A?AeIIAEAIIss IAIA?IAEO AEOe?E. Iiaeeea? aeiaae-
ee, eiee iaia?ia? aeoe?? ao?a/athoueny ?oi?ie aeanieeaie
(caaoaeai?, cieuai? iiaeaaeath, iioeiaeaeai? iano?eueee, ui
ao?aoeee iniiai? iciaee oe?iiiai iaia?o). Ine?eueee cae?e-
niaiiy i?aa, cana?ae/aieo aeoe??th (iayai?noue yeeo caaacia-
/o?oueny aieiae?iiyi aeoe??th), ia?ic?eaii iia’ycaia c aeoe??th
ye oe?iiei iaia?ii, aeieea? iaaaciaea aeey aeoe?iia?a ao?a-
oeoe cacia/ai? a aeoe?? i?aaa ? a?aeiia?aeii – noaoon aeoe?i-
ia?a. Uiaei ?iaiieo aeoe?e oea ieoaiiy ae??oo?oueny aeineoue
i?inoi: ia i?aenoaa? aeaieo ?a?no?o oa a?aeiia?aeii? cayae
aeoe?iia?a aeaea?oueny aeoae?eao ao?a/aii? (caaoaeaii?) aeoe??,
a inoaiiy – a?aeiia?aeii aecia?oueny oaeith, ui ao?aoeea
th?eaee/io neeo (oeae i?ioean io?eiaa iacao ii?oeo?eaoe??
aeoe?e). Iaaaaaoi neeaaei?oa iiiiaeoe caaoaeai? (ao?a/ai?
aai cieuai?) aeoe??, yeui inoaii? ? aeoe?yie ia i?aae’yaie-
ea. Ca caeiiii (no. 147 OeE) a?ae aeia?inia?niiai iaaoaa/a
oe?ii? iaia?e ia i?aae’yaieea ia iiaeooue aooe aeo?aaoaai?
(aeanieeii oaeiai oe?iiiai iaia?o aaaaea?oueny iniaa, yea
iaaoea eiai ia caeiiieo i?aenoaaao). Ioaea, iiiiaeaiiy aeoe??
ia i?aae’yaieea ?? ia?a?niiio aeanieeia? noa? iaiiaeeeaei,
yeui aiia iieieoueny a ?oeao aeia?inia?niiai iaaoaa/a. Aea
ae i?aaa aeoe?iia?a iathoue aooe caoeuai?! ? ooo aa?oi aeei-
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?enoaoe aeina?ae aei?aaiethoe?eiiai ?in?enueeiai aeoe?iia?iiai
caeiiiaeaanoaa ? i?aeoeee, i?i ui ienaa A. Oa?oaiaae/
[79], a oaeiae ca?oa?aeiee aeina?ae. O noaoooao aeayeeo oiai-
/anieo (aei?aaiethoe?eieo) AO ia?aaeaa/aeany, iai?eeeaae,
iaiao?aei?noue iiaeaiiy a oaeeo aeiaaeeao aeoe?iia?ii aeaio
caya: AO ? oiiaeia?e a??ae?, yea ia i?aenoaa? oeueiai ciaia’yca-
ia iioae?eoaaoe ca ?aooiie aeoe?iia?a-cayaieea iaieioai-
iy i?i ao?aoo iei aeoe?e ?c cacia/aiiyi ?oi?o ?aea?ceo?a.
Iniaa, yea iiaeaea iiae?aio cayao, iiaea ?ic?aoiaoaaoe ia
aeaea/o aeoae?eao?a aeoe?e (? a?aeiia?aeii ia io?eiaiiy aeea?-
aeaiae?a) ca iayaiino? oaeeo oiia: a) yeui i?ooi ia cayaeoue
caia?a/aiiy i?i ao?aoo aeoe?e; a) yeui a?ae iiiaioo iiaeai-
iy cayae ieioa i?eiaeii? iaeei ??e; a) yeui i?ioyaii
oeueiai ia??iaeo iaee i?noea ia iaio ye aea? nieaoe aeea?aeaiae?a;
ae) yeui cayaiee ia? ??oaiiy noaeo i?i anoaiiaeaiiy oae-
oo ao?aoe aeoe?e; a) yeui cayaiee iaaeanoue AO a?aeiia?aeia
caaacia/aiiy a ?ici??? noi niea/oaaieo eiio aeea?aeaiae?a
ia aeiaaeie ni?aaaaeeeaeo aeiia aeia?inia?niiai iaaoaa/a
oaeeo aeoe?e.
Aeoe?iia?, yeee ao?aoea aeoe??, iiaea aooe caoe?eaaeaiee
o ?o iiiiaeaii? c iaoith ianooiiiai i?iaeaaeo (a?ae/oaeaiiy
?ioei niiniaii). Aeioe?eueii iia’ycaoe oea c iayai?noth iaa-
ieo oiia (ia c?acie caaaeoaaieo A. Oa?oaiaae/ai [80]
iieiaeaiue o?aioeocueeiai caeiiiaeaanoaa), a naia: a) cae?i-
/aiiyi no?ieo iiciaii? aeaaiino?, oiaoi o?ueio ?ie?a a?ae
iiiaioo ioae?eaoe?? iaieioaiiy a i?aai? oiiaeiai? a??ae?;
a) a?aenooiino? nii?o c i?eaiaeo ao?a/aii? aeoe?? (aeoe?e);
a) nieaoith cayaieeii on?o aeo?ao, iia’ycaieo ?c aeaea/ath
aeoae?eaoo; a) ii?eethaeiaiiyi iiia?o aeaeaiiai aeoae?eaoo
ao?a/aii? aeoe?? a oiio ae ae?oeiaaiiio aeaeaii? oiiaeiai?
a??ae?, a yeiio ioae?eoaaeiny iaieioaiiy i?i ao?aoo aeoe??.
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2.7. I?aaiaa noaiiaeua
aeoe?iia?a
Aeoe?iia? – oea o/aniee AO, iniaa, yea aieiae?? aeoe??th ye
iaeae??ai?oith /anoeith noaoooiiai oiiaeo AO, ui cana?ae-
/o?oueny aeoe??th ye oe?iiei iaia?ii. I?aai aeaniino? ia
aeoe?th ? a?aeiia?aeii – aeaea/? ?? ia ?oee aeoe?iia?o a?aeao-
aa?oueny eeoa i?ney iiaii? ?? iieaoe, ui iiaea ?icoyaio-
oenue o /an? iaeaea ia aeaa ?iee (ia iaeei ??e ? 11,5 i?nyoe?a):
o?noue i?nyoe?a ia?aaeieaoe, ia iiiaio yei? ia? aooe niea/a-
ii i?eiaeii? 10% iii?iaeueii? aa?oino? aeoe?e, iethn aeaa
i?nyoe? aeey neeeeaiiy onoaiia/eo cai??a, aei yeeo ia? aooe
niea/aii c o?aooaaiiyi iiia?aaeiueiai aianeo ia iaio ye
30% iii?iaeueii? aa?oino? aeoe?e, a uiaei cae?eoeo AO –
i?eiaeii? 50% (yeui onoaiia/? cai?e ia a?aeaoeeny c ia?-
oiai ?aco, oi iiaeeeaa ?o iiaoi?ia neeeeaiiy i?ioyaii
iaeaeeae/eo aeaio oeaei?a), iethn iaeei ??e a?ae iiiaioo aea?-
aeaaii? ?a?no?aoe?? AO, aei cae?i/aiiy yeiai aeoe?iia?e ia-
thoue iiai?noth nieaoeoe aeoe??, a yeui aiie ia ciiaeooue oeuei-
ai c?iaeoe, ?i aeathoueny ua o?e i?eueaia? i?nyoe?, i?ioyaii
yeeo ia?aaeaa/a?oueny, e??i iiaii? iieaoe aeoe?e, nieaoa ua
e 10% ??/ieo ca i?ino?i/aiiy iieaoe). A ca’yceo c oeei
aeieea? ieoaiiy, c yeiai iiiaioo o iniae, ui i?aeienaeany
ia aeoe?? a?aee?eoiai AO aai oeeaea oaiaeo i?i noai?aiiy
cae?eoiai AO, aeieea? i?aai aeoe?iia?a? *eainoai a AO ia
ia?oiio aoai? eiai ?nioaaiiy caeiiiaeaanoaii iia’yco?oueny
c iayai?noth aeaio oiia: 1) AO ia? aooe noai?aii (aeeiiaii
i?aeaioia/? ae??, neeeeaii onoaiia/? cai?e, ui aeianee ??oai-
iy i?i noai?aiiy AO ? caoaa?aeeee noaooo inoaiiueiai, i?i-
aaaeaii aea?aeaaio ?a?no?aoe?th oeueiai oiaa?enoaa); 2) iniaa, yea
i?aoaiaeo? ia i?aaa aeoe?iia?a, iiaeiia acyoe a AO iaaio
iaeiiao o/anoue, i?i?iaeueiee ?ici?? yei? anoaiiaeaii ca-
eiiii: aeey o/ano? o a?aee?eoiio AO ia iiiaio i?iaaaeaiiy
onoaiia/eo cai??a ia? aooe niea/aii oi/a a 30% iii?iaeue-
ii? aa?oino? aeoe?e, ia ye? i?aeienaeany oaea iniaa, a aeey
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o/ano? a cae?eoiio AO – ia iaio ye 50%. Oe? oiiae ? aei-
noaoi?ie aeey aeciaiiy ca iniaith noaoono aeoe?iia?a a?aeii-
a?aeii aei aeiia /eiiiai caeiiiaeaanoaa i?ioyaii ia?oiai
?ieo ?nioaaiiy AO iethn caaaeai? o?e i?nyoe? aeey iiaaoai-
iy caai?aiaaiino? c? nieaoe aeoe?e. Aeey oo?eiaiiy oeueiai
noaoono a iiaeaeueoiio aeoe?iia?ia? i?ioyaii cacia/aiiai
a onoaiia/eo aeieoiaioao ia??iaeo (aea ia a?eueoa iaeiiai
?ieo) ? i?eueaiaeo o?ueio i?nyoe?a ne?ae iiai?noth iieaoeoe
aeoe??, ui a?aeiia?aeathoue eiai /anooe? o noaoooiiio oiiae? AO
(yeui oea a?aeaoaa?oueny i?ney cae?i/aiiy anoaiiaeaiiai noa-
oooii aai caeiiii oa?i?io, oiaoi i?ioyaii cacia/aieo
o?ueio i?nyoe?a, oi aeiaeaoeiai ua niea/othoueny ia?aaeaa/ai?
caeiiii naieoe?? – a?aeoeiaeoaaiiy caeoe?a o oi?i? niea-
oe 10% ??/ieo a?ae noie i?ino?i/aiiai ieaoaaeo). O ?ac?,
yeui aeoe?iia? ia aeeiia? oeeo oiia, noa? iiaeeeaei i?e-
ioniaa iicaaaeaiiy eiai oaeiai noaoono: AO io?eio? i?a-
ai ia ?aae?caoe?th ianiea/aieo a/anii aeoe?e o ii?yaeeo, ia-
?aaeaa/aiiio noaoooii oiaa?enoaa.
Aeania, oeei ? iaiaaeothoueny ia?aaeaa/ai? caeiiii aeiaae-
ee aeeeth/aiiy aeoe?iia?a c oiaa?enoaa, oi/a caeiiiaeaaaoeue
ia?aaeaa/a? aeey aeoe?iia?a ia eeoa i?aaa (noaoo? 10, 30, 31,
33 /. 3 no. 38, /anoeie 3 ? 4 no. 39, /. 1 no. 41, noaoo? 43 ? 44,
/. 4 no. 44, /. C no. 49 Caeiio Oe?a?ie “I?i ainiiaea?nuee?
oiaa?enoaa”, noaoo? 4 ? 5 Caeiio Oe?a?ie “I?i oe?ii? iaia?e
oa oiiaeiao a??aeo”), a e iaia’ycee (noaoo? 11, 33 Caeiio
Oe?a?ie “I?i ainiiaea?nuee? oiaa?enoaa”). Iaaeeiiaiiy
iaia’yce?a aai a?oaa ?o ii?ooaiiy (iai?eeeaae, ?icaieioai-
iy eiia?oe?eii? oa?iieoe? /e eiio?aeaioe?eii? ?ioi?iaoe??)
iiaea aooe i?aenoaaith aeey i?eoyaiaiiy oaeiai aeoe?iia?a
aei a?aeiia?aeaeueiino? (ianaiia?aae iaeiiai?) , aea ia aeeeth-
/aiiy c AO, ine?eueee inoaii? ? ia’?aeiaiiyi eai?oae?a ? ia
aeiaaa? iniaenoi? o/ano? aeoe?iia?a o aaaeaii? ni?aa oiaa-
?enoaa. Oea – iaaacni??ia ieoaiiy, ui iniaeeai aino?i
iinoa? a CAO, on? (aai a?eueo?noue o/aniee?a yeeo) aa?ooue
aaciina?aaeith o/anoue o. ainiiaea?nuee?e ae?yeueiino? oaeiai
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oiaa?enoaa. Aiaeii/an aaaeei iiaiaeeoeny c aeoieith, ui aeoe?i-
ia? i? ca yeeo oiia, o o. /. ? a ?ac? ianieaoe iiaii? aa?-
oino? aeoe?e, ia iiaea aooe iicaaaeaiee oeueiai noaoono [81].
I?aaa aeoe?iia??a aecia/athoueny aeaiia Caeiiaie Oe?a?-
ie: “I?i ainiiaea?nuee? oiaa?enoaa” ? “I?i oe?ii? iaia?e oa
oiiaeiao a??aeo”, a oaeiae (aeiaeaoeiai) – onoaiia/eie aeieo-
iaioaie oiaa?enoaa. sse oaea caaaeoaaeiny, /anoeia oeeo i?aa
ia? iaeiiaee oa?aeoa? (o/anoue o ?iciiae?e? i?eaooeo oa
iaea?aeaii? ?ioeo aeeno?eaooe?e, a oaeiae iaeia oiaa?enoaa
a ?ac? eiai e?ea?aeaoe??), a /anoeia – iniaenoee oa?aeoa?
(i?aai o/ano? a oi?aae?ii? ni?aaaie oiaa?enoaa, i?aai ia
io?eiaiiy ?ioi?iaoe?? i?i ae?yeuei?noue oiaa?enoaa). *anoeia
aeoe?iia??a (a iaaeoi oea noino?oueny ae??aieo aeoe?iia??a –
aeaniee?a iaei??? /e iacia/ii? e?eueeino? aeoe?e) iaaoaa?
oeueiai noaoono c iaoith ?aae?caoe?? iaeiiaeo i?aa, iniaeeai
i?aaa ia o/anoue o ?iciiae?e? i?eaooeo. ?aooa i?aa (iniaen-
oiai oa?aeoa?o, cie?aia o/anoue a oi?aae?ii? ni?aaaie oiaa-
?enoaa oeyoii o/ano? a caaaeueieo cai?ao) ia aeey an?o
aeoe?iia??a i?eaaaeeaa, ine?eueee iia’ycaia c aeo?aoaie /ano
? eioo?a (ia?a?cae aeey o/ano? a caaaeueieo cai?ao ?iiai?iaei?o
aeoe?iia??a), ? ieoia?oueny eeoa a oiio ?ac?, eiee aeoe?iia?
nai?ie aieinaie iiaea aieeaaoe ia ??oaiiy caaaeueieo
cai??a. Inoaii? iiaeeeaa eeoa aeey aeaniee?a cia/ieo ca
?ici??aie iaeao?a aeoe?e.
?aae?caoe?y aeoe?iia?aie nai?o i?aa iiaea noi?iaiaeaeo-
aaoeny ii?ooaiiyi i?e oeueiio ?ioa?an?a ?ioeo aeoe?iia??a
? naiiai AO (iai?eeeaae, aeei?enoaiiy ?ioi?iaoe?? i?i ae?-
yeuei?noue AO c iaoith ia?aiiaoe eiai a eiieo?aioi?e ai-
?iouea?, yeui i?aaeiao ae?yeueiino? aeoe?iia?a – th?eaee/ii?
iniae oie naiee, ui e a?aeiia?aeiiai AO, ? oeae aeoe?iia? aaaea?
onoiooe a inia? AO naiai eiieo?aioa). Oiio caeiiiaeaaaoeue
ia? iaiaaeoaaoe iiaeeea?noue aeoe?iia??a ceiaaeeaaoe ?oi?ie
i?aaaie ia oeiaeo AO, eiai e?aaeeoi?ai oa ?ioei aeoe?iia-
?ai. Oea noino?oueny cai?iaaaeaeaiiy aaea caaaeoaaieo aeua
caoiae?a uiaei caoenoo i?aa caeaaeieo i?aei?e?inoa (oiaa-
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?enoa), iaiaaeaiiy i?aa aeoe?iia??a ia ?ioi?iaoe?th (ia eooaeo
Aeoe?iia?iiai caeiio I?ia//eie [82], a oaeiae cai?iaaaeaeai-
iy ?ioeo iaoai?ci?a caoenoo i?aa aeoe?iia??a. *anoeia oa-
eeo caoiae?a iaeaaeeoue aei o?aaeeoe?eieo (ioae?/i?noue ae?yeueii-
no? AO, i?ioeaaeo?e neeeeaiiy ? i?iaaaeaiiy caaaeueieo cai??a,
aeiiae uiaei eai?oio inoaii?o, aa?aiooaaiiy i?aa iaioi-
no? uiaei neeeeaiiy caaaeueieo cai??a oa aianaiiy ci?i ?
aeiiiaiaiue aei ii?yaeeo aeaiiiai, aeiiae eiiiainoaaoe aeoe?i-
ia?ai caeoee, iia’ycai? c? ciaioaiiyi noaoooiiai oiiaeo,
caai?iia iaeii/aniiai /eainoaa iaei??? iniae o aeeiiaa/iio
i?aai? AO ? eiai niinoa?aaei?e ?aae?, iaia’yceia?noue aaaeaiiy
?a?no??a aeaniee?a ?iaiieo aeoe?e, aa?aiooaaiiy ??aiino?
i?aa on?o aeoe?iia??a, ui ? aeanieeaie iaeiiai aeaeo aeoe?e,
i?aai aeoe?iia?a ia inea?aeaiiy ??oaiue caaaeueieo cai??a,
yeui oae? ??oaiiy aianaii iai?aaii??ii oiui). Ao?i,
cacia/aieo caoiae?a iaaeinoaoiuei ca iei?oiueiai ?icaeoeo
aeoe?iia?ii? ni?aae a Oe?a?i?, i?i ui na?ae/aoue /eneaii?
aeiaaeee oao?aenoa oa ?ioeo ceiaaeeaaiue a AO. *a?ac oea
ii?ooothoueny noni?euei? ?ioa?ane (aeoe?iia??a, iae?aaoe?iia??a
oa ?ioeo e?aaeeoi??a AO, iaeiaieo i?aoe?aiee?a, aea?aeaae).
C i?enei?aiiyi oaii?a i?eaaoecaoe?? oeyoii aeoe?iio-
aaiiy ? ?icaeoeii aeoe?iia?ii? oi?ie i?aei?e?iieoeueei?
ae?yeueiino? iica i?eaaoecaoe?eieie i?ioeanaie aeaaeae? aeoo-
aeuei?oith noa? i?iaeaia caoenoo i?aa aeoe?iia??a, iniaeeai
ae??aieo. Ia aeaeue, aaaeeea?noue oe??? i?iaeaie a?o/eciyiee
caeiiiaeaaaoeue yaii iaaeiioe?ith?, i?i ui na?ae/eoue iaaei??iee
eaeii?ci i?eeiyoiai 1991 ?. Caeiio Oe?a?ie “I?i ainii-
aea?nuee? oiaa?enoaa”, a yeiio AO niaoe?aeueii i?enay/aii
eeoa 26 noaoae (ie??i caaaeueieo iieiaeaiue uiaei an?o aeae?a
ainiiaea?nueeeo oiaa?enoa, oi?uaieo o 24 noaooyo iacaaiiai
Caeiio), oiae? ye aiae?enueeee Caeii “I?i eiiiai??” 1985 ?.
iae?/o? 747 noaoae oa 25 aeiaeaoe?a. Iiaeaeueiee caeii NOA
“I?i i?aei?e?iieoeueeo ei?ii?aoe?th” – aeecueei 200 noaoae,
Aeoe?iia?iee caeii I?ia//eie 1965 ?. (ca noaiii ia
20 o?aaiy 1993 ?.) – iiiaae 400 noaoae.
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Oi/a iinooiiai i?iaaeeie a oe?a?inueeiio aeoe?iia?ii-
io caeiiiaeaanoa? caiiaiththoueny i?eeiyooyi a?aeiia?aeieo
i?aecaeiiieo ii?iaoeaieo aeo?a oa aeo?a ?aeiiaiaeaoe?eiiai
oa?aeoa?o (c?acee onoaiia/eo ? aioo??oi?o aeieoiaio?a,
?ic?iaeaieo Oiiaeii aea?aeaaiiai iaeia Oe?a?ie) [83], oa
ana ae ??aaiue caoeuaiino? ae??aieo aeoe?iia??a a?ae iiaeeeaeo
i?iya?a naaaie? oa ceiaaeeaaiue c aieo aeaniee?a aaeeeeo
iaeao?a aeoe?e ? iinaaeiaeo in?a AO caeeoa?oueny iacaaei-
a?eueiei. Iaoooaaiiy (a oi e i?inoi ?aii?oaaiiy) ?ioa?an?a
cia/ii? /anoeie aeoe?iia??a aaea i?ecaaei aei iaaaoeaieo
iane?aee?a: iaiiiaeeiieeie ? aeiaaeee iooeoaaiiy aeoe?i-
ia??a iaaeia?inia?nieie (ianoie?iieie) caniiaieeaie oa
iinaaeiaeie iniaaie /anoeie AO (i?i ui aaea caaaeoaaeiny).
Oea i?ecaaei aei ao?aoe aeia??e c aieo ae??aieo aeoe?iia??a
aei oaeiai niiniao aeeaaeaiiy a?ioiaeo eioo?a c iaoith
io?eiaiiy /anoeie i?eaooeo AO (aeea?aeaiae?a), ye i?eaeaaiiy
aeoe?e, a a?aeoae – aei ao?aoe aaaeeeaiai aioo??oiueiai aeaea-
?aea ?iaanooaaiiy a?o/eciyii? i?iieneiaino? oa ?ioeo
aaeocae ia?iaeiiai ainiiaea?noaa e?a?ie.
I?iaeaia caoenoo i?aa aeoe?iia??a iaeaaeeoue aei eaoaai???
no?aoaa?/ieo a oiiaao noaiiaeaiiy oa ?icaeoeo nioe?aeueia
i???ioiaaii? ?eieiai? aeiiii?ee. Oea aaea aeaaii caaaioee
caeiiiaeaaoe? a e?a?iao c iei? oeea?e?ciaaiei oa?aeoa?ii
?eieiaeo a?aeiinei. Ooo iniaeeaa oaaaa i?eae?ey?oueny aaein-
eiiaeaiith /eiiiai aeoe?iia?iiai caeiiiaeaanoaa, yeiio
i?eoaiaii? a?oioiai?noue ? anaa?/i?noue ?aaoethaaiiy i?aai-
aiai noaiiaeua AO e aeoe?iia??a, a oaeiae aca?iia?aeiinei
i?ae ieie. I?e oeueiio aeei?enoiaothoueny ??ciiiai?oi? ca-
niae, a?eueo?noue ?c yeeo ? oeiiaeie aeey aeoe?iia?iiai i?aaa
e?a?i ?eieiai? aeiiii?ee: aea?aeaaia ?a?no?aoe?y AO ye
noa’?eo?a i?aei?e?iieoeueei? ae?yeueiino? oa ai?oaio?a oe?iieo
iaia??a, ?a?no?aoe?y aeioneo oe?iieo iaia??a, a oaeiae caaac-
ia/aiiy ?ioi?iiaaiino? i?i oea ianaeaiiy oa ca?ioa?aniaa-
ieo th?eaee/ieo in?a; iaoai?cie ioe?iee oa eiio?ieth ca
ioe?ieith iaa?ioiaeo aeeaae?a caniiaiee?a oa o/aniee?a AO;
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/?oea ?iciaaeoaaiiy ooieoe?e i?ae caaaeueieie cai?aie
aeoe?iia??a (aeuei i?aaiii AO), i?aae?iiyi (aeeiiaa/ei
i?aaiii) ? niinoa?aaeiiai ?aaeith (i?aaiii, ui cae?enith? eii-
o?ieue ca ae?yeuei?noth aeeiiaa/iai i?aaio) c iaoith caaacia-
/aiiy ae??aino? oa iia?aoeaiino? ae?yeueiino? AO, c iaeiiai aieo,
oa caaeainiaaiino? iiaiiaaaeaiue eiai i?aai?a – c ?ioiai;
anoaiiaeaiiy e?euee?nieo ? ye?nieo aeiia aei neeaaeo aeei-
iaa/iai i?aaio oa niinoa?aaeii? ?aaee AO; iaoai?cie a?aeii-
a?aeaeueiino? caniiaiee?a ? iinaaeiaeo in?a AO, a oaeiae aean-
iee?a iaea?eueoeo iaeao?a aeoe?e (ianaiia?aae eiio?ieueii-
ai iaeaoa, aieiae?iiy yeei aeicaiey? eiio?iethaaoe ae?yeue-
i?noue oiaa?enoaa ? /eieoe ia iueiai ae??oaeueiee aieea) ca
ni?e/eiaio c ?oiuei? aeie oeiaeo ?aoo? aeoe?iia??a oeueiai
ae oiaa?enoaa; iaaeaiiy aeoe?iia?ai i?aa, ui caaacia/othoue
caoeno ?oi?o ?ioa?an?a (i?aai aieino, i?aai ia ?ioi?iaoe?th
i?i ae?yeuei?noue AO, i?aai ia aeeno?eaooe?? oiui); i?ioeaaeo?e
?ai?aai?caoe?? oa e?ea?aeaoe?? AO, ui yeiaeiiai?oa a?aoiao-
thoue ye ?ioa?ane e?aaeeoi??a AO, oae ? aeoe?iia??a oiaa?e-
noaa, ? o. ?i.
Ia??ai? c aeuaiacaaieie caniaaie caoenoo ?ioa?an?a
aeoe?iia??a o aeayeeo e?a?iao aeei?enoiaothoueny iniaeea?
caniae, ye? /anii iaa?oue ia iathoue aiaeia?a a aeoe?iia?ii-
io caeiiiaeaanoa? a?eueoino? e?a?i na?oo.
Nai???aeiei caeiiiaeaaoeai iiaee o noa?? aeoe?iia?iiai
i?aaa, ye ni?aaaaeeeai caoaaaeo? ?yae aaoi??a [84], noaee Nii-
eo/ai? Ooaoe Aia?eee, aea ?eieia? a?aeiineie i?aaenoaaea-
ii a iaea?eueo /enoiio (ii??aiyii c ?ioeie e?a?iaie)
aeaeyae?. Aia?eeainueeee aeina?ae aeineoue oe?iei aeei?en-
oiao?oueny a ?ioeo e?a?iao ?eieiai? i???ioaoe??, iniaeeai
oeo ?c ieo, o yeeo, aeania, caiiai oi?io?oueny aeoe?iia?ia
caeiiiaeaanoai i?ney o?eaaeiai ia??iaeo iaioaaiiy aaei?i?-
no?aoeaii-eiiaiaeii? aeiiii?ee, cie?aia a ?in?enuee?e Oa-
aea?aoe?? [853. Aenieee aaoi?eoao aia?eeainueeiai aeoe?iia?-
iiai i?aaa iiynith?oueny oei, ui aiii /oaeiai i?enoiniaaia
aei ?eieiaeo a?aeiinei ? aiaeii/an caaacia/o? caoeno noni-
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?eueieo ?ioa?an?a. Nenoaia aeoe?iia?iiai caeiiiaeaanoaa NOA
aeeth/a? Iiaeaeueiee caeii NOA “I?i i?aei?e?iieoeueeo ei?-
ii?aoe?th” 1991 ?. oa a?aeiia?aei? caeiie ooao?a (inoaii?
iiaeooue ?noioii a?ae??ciyoeny a?ae ia?oiai), iaoai?cie ca-
oenoo i?aa aeoe?iia??a, oa?aeoa?i? aeey aeoe?iia?iiai i?aaa
e?a?ie a oe?eiio, ye? ia??aeei a?ae??ciythoueny cia/iith nai?-
??aei?noth ii??aiyii c nenoaiaie eiioeiaioaeueiiai i?aaa.
Oaeeie iaoai?ciaie ?: i?aai aeoe?iia?a ia iacaiaeo, a oa-
eiae oae? niaoeeo?/i? noaeia? niiniae caoenoo, ye “eieae-
oeai?” oa “iio?aei?” iiciae.
I?aai ia iacaiaeo, yeiio i?enay/aia oe?ea aeaaa c 14 noa-
oae Iiaeaeueiiai Caeiio “I?i i?aei?e?iieoeueeo ei?ii?aoe?th”,
ca aia?eeainueeei caeiiiaeaanoaii ia? aeaniee aeoe?e i?ae-
i?e?iieoeueei? ei?ii?aoe??, yea ca nai?i i?aaiaei noaii-
aeuai iiae?aia aei AO e?a?i eiioeiaioaeueiiai i?aaa. Oeei
i?aaii ei?enoothoueny aeanieee aeoe?e, aei yeeo iaeaaeaoue
ye ca?a?no?iaai? aeanieee aeoe?e, oae ? aeanieee-aaiao?-
oe?a???, /e? aeoe?? oo?eiothoueny aieinoth/ei o?anoii aai
oiiaiiaaaeaiith aeanieeii iniaith.
Ci?no i?aaa ia iacaiaeo iieyaa? a oiio, ui aeoe?iia?ia? a
?ac? eiai iacaiaee c iaaieie ??oaiiyie ei?ii?aoe??, ye?
ca/eiathoue eiai ?ioa?ane, iaaea?oueny i?aai aeiaaaoe iiea-
oe ni?aaaaeeeai? aa?oino? nai?o aeoe?e. I?aai ia iacaiaeo ?
a?aeiia?aeia a?aeoeiaeoaaiiy aeieea? eeoa ca iayaiino? oa-
eeo ianoaaei: 1) yeui aeoe?iia? ia? i?aai aieinoaaoe ca
i?eeiyooy ??oaiiy, c yeei a?i ia iiaiaeaeo?oueny; 2) oe?
??oaiiy aeiinyoueny c ieoaiue: i?i ceeooy ei?ii?aoe?? c
?ioith (a o. /. aei/??iueith) ei?ii?aoe??th; cae?eniaiiy ieaio
i?iaeaaeo /e iai?io an??? /e iniiaii? aeaniino? ei?ii?aoe??
(yeui oea ia a?aeaoaa?oueny a iaaeao cae/aeiiai ia?aa?ao
a?ciano ? ia a?oioo?oueny ia ??oaii? noaeo); i?i aianaiiy
ci?i aei noaoooo ei?ii?aoe??, ye? ?noioii ii?ooothoue i?aaa
iaca?aeiiai aeoe?iia?a [cie?aia iii?aaee i?i ci?io /e nea-
noaaiiy i?ea?eaeiaaieo i?aa aeoe?iia??a; i?i noai?aiiy,
ci?io aai neanoaaiiy i?aaa uiaei aeeoio aeoe?e ei?ii?a-
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oe??th; i?i neanoaaiiy /e iaiaaeaiiy ?nioth/iai i?aaa aeoe?-
iia?a aieinoaaoe c aoaeue-yeiai ieoaiiy ia caaaeueieo cai-
?ao, ca aeiyoeii anoaiiaeaiiy oaeiai iaiaaeaiiy /a?ac
aeione aeoe?e c aiaeia?/ieie i?aaaie uiaei aieinoaaiiy,
a oaeiae c ?ioeo ieoaiue, yeui a?aeiia?aeii aei noaoooo, aioo-
??oiueiai noaoooo aai ooaaee ?aaee aee?aeoi??a (aeeiiaa/i-
ai i?aaio ei?ii?aoe??) ??oaiiy c oaeeo ieoaiue iiaeooue aooe
i?aenoaaith aeey iacaiaee]; 3) aeoe?iia? ia iiaea inea?aeeoe
??oaiiy ei?ii?aoe?? c iaoith anoaiiaeaiiy nai?o i?aa, o?aa
ui aeacaia ??oaiiy ? iacaeiiiei /e iaiaiiei noiniaii
aeoe?iia?a /e ei?ii?aoe??.
Onoaiiaeaiee caaaeaiei caeiiii iaoai?ci ?aae?caoe??
i?aaa ia iacaiaeo ia?aaeaa/a? oae? aoaie:
1) aoai ia?oiai iia?aeiieaiiy (iaieioaiiy), i?ioyaii
yeiai aeoe?iia? iiaeiai aooe iia?aeiieaiee i?i i?eeiyo-
oy ei?ii?aoe??th ??oaiiy, yea aea? i?aai ia iacaiaeo, oeyoii
cacia/aiiy a iaieioaii? i?i cai?e aeoe?iia??a i?i iayai?noue
o inoaii?o i?aaa cayaeoe naith iacaiaeo c i?iiiiiaaiei
??oaiiyi ei?ii?aoe?? (yeui oaea ??oaiiy noaaeoueny ia
aieinoaaiiy ia cai?ao aeaniee?a aeoe?e) aai oeyoii ienue-
iiaiai iia?aeiieaiiy aeoe?iia??a i?i i?eeiyoa aeeiiaa/ei
aeoe?iia??a) ??oaiiy;
2) aoai a?aeiia?ae? aeoe?iia?a ia ia?oa iia?aeiieaiiy: io-
?eiaaoe oaea iia?aeiieaiiy aai iciaeiieaoenue ?c aeua-
cacia/aiei iaieioaiiyi, aeaniee aeoe?e, yeee aaaea? cay-
aeoe i?i naith iacaiaeo ?c cai?iiiiiaaiei ??oaiiyi ei?-
ii?aoe??, iiaeiai aei aieinoaaiiy a ienueiia?e oi?i? iia?aei-
ieoe ei?ii?aoe?th i?i na?e iai?? aeiaaaoe iieaoe iaeaae-
ieo eiio aeoe?e ? ia a?aoe o/ano? nai?ie aeoe?yie a aieino-
aaii? ca oaea ??oaiiy (iaaeio?eiaiiy cacia/aieo aeiia
iicaaaey? aeoe?iia?a i?aaa ia iieaoo aeoe?e);
3) aoai ae?oaiai iia?aeiieaiiy ianoa? a ?ac? i?eeiyooy
cai?aie aeoe?iia??a aai aeeiiaa/ei i?aaiii ei?ii?aoe??
??oaiiy, yea noai?th? i?aai ia iacaiaeo; ei?ii?aoe?y a oaei-
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io ?ac? i?ioyaii 10 aei?a iae iiiaioo aianaiiy oaeiai
??oaiiy iiaeiia iaae?neaoe an?i aeanieeai aeoe?e, ye?
aeeiiaee aeiiae ae?oaiai aoaio, ienueiiaa iia?aeiieaiiy i?i
ii?yaeie, i?noea, no?iee iaaeneeaiiy iaca?aeieie aeoe?iia?a-
ie aeiia i?i iieaoo oa aeaiiioaaiiy na?oeo?eao?a aeoe?e
(i?e oeueiio no?ie aeey io?eiaiiy ei?ii?aoe??th aoeiia i?i
iieaoo ia? anoaiiaethaaoeny a iaaeao a?ae 30 aei 60 aei?a iae
aeiy iaaeneeaiiy ae?oaiai iia?aeiieaiiy);
4) aoai a?aeiia?ae? aeoe?iia?a ia ae?oaa iia?aeiieaiiy, io-
?eiaaoe yea, aeaniee aeoe?e, eio?ee aaaea? ?aae?coaaoe nai?
i?aai ia iacaiaeo c i?eeiyoei ei?ii?aoe??th ??oaiiyi,
iiaeiai: a) iiaeaoe aeiiao i?i iieaoo aeoe?e a no?ie ? a
i?noe?, cacia/aieo o iia?aeiieaii?; a) cana?ae/eoe, ui a?i noaa
aeanieeii-aaiao?oe?a???i ia?aae aeaoith ia?oiai iia?aeiieai-
iy (iaieioaiiy), oiaoi aei ii/aoeo ia?oiai aoaio i?ioeaaeo-
?e ?aae?caoe?? i?aaa ia iacaiaeo; a) aeaiiioaaoe nai? na?oe-
o?eaoe ia aeoe?? a no?ie ? a i?noe?, cacia/aieo o ae?oaiio ii-
a?aeiieaii?. Aeaniee aeoe?e, yeee aeeiiaa oe? aeiiae, caa-
??aa? an? i?aaa aeoe?iia?a aeioe, aeiee aiie (i?aaa) ia aoaeooue
neaniaai? aai ci?iai? i?eeiyooyi ei?ii?aoe??th i?iiiii-
aaiiai ??oaiiy (iaaeeiiaiiy aeuacacia/aieo aeiia iic-
aaaey? aeoe?iia?a i?aaa ia iieaoo eiai aeoe?e);
5) aoai iieaoe aeoe?e iaca?aeiiai aeoe?iia?a: iae?aco i?ney
i?eeiyooy ei?ii?aoe??th cai?iiiiiaaiiai ??oaiiy, uiaei
yeiai aoei iaieioaii i?i i?aai ia iacaiaeo, aai i?ney io?e-
iaiiy aeiiae i?i iieaoo ei?ii?aoe?y iiaeiia iieaoeoe
iaca?aeiiio aeoe?iia?o (aeanieeia? aeoe?e), yeee aeeiiaa on?
ia?aaeaa/ai? caeiiii aeiiae, noio, ui, ia aeoieo ei?ii?aoe??,
a?aeiia?aea? ni?aaaaeeea?e aa?oino? eiai aeoe?e iethn iaeaaei?
i?ioeaioe (aeea?aeaiaee). I?e oeueiio iieaoa ia? aacoaaoeny ia
?acoeueoaoao ae?yeueiino? ei?ii?aoe?? ca inoaii?e o?iainiaee
??e, noi?iaiaeaeoaaoeny aaeainiaei ca?oii ei?ii?aoe?? oa
cayaith i?i noai ia?a ca oeae ia??iae, a oaeiae iiyniaiiyi
oiai, a yeee niin?a ia?aoiaaii i?ioeaioe;
6) aoai ocaiaeaeaiiy ?ica?aeiinoae a iieao? aeoe?e: yeui
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aeoe?iia? ia iiaiaeaeo?oueny .c i?iiiiiaaiith ei?ii?aoe??th
ioe?ieith eiai aeoe?e oa iaeaaeieo ii iei aeea?aeaiae?a, a?i
iiaea ienueiiai, i?ioyaii 30 aei?a iae aeiy i?iiiceoe?? i?i
iieaoo /e naii? iieaoe iia?aeiieoe ei?ii?aoe?th i?i naith
ioe?ieo aeoe?e ? aeea?aeaiae?a oa aeiaaaoe ?o iieaoe; ei?ii?a-
oe?y iiaeiia ?icaeyiooe i?iiiceoe?? aeoe?iia?a ?, yeui aiie
iaa?oioiaai?, i?eeiyoe ? a?aeiia?aeii (oiaoi ca?aeii c ?ic?a-
ooieaie aeoe?iia?a) iieaoeoe eiai aeoe?? oa a?aenioee (aee-
a?aeaiaee);
7) aoai noaeiaiai ??oaiiy: yeui aeiiao aeoe?iia?a i?i
iieaoo ia caaeiaieaia, ei?ii?aoe?y iiaeiia a 60-aeaiiee
oa?i?i a?ae aeiy iaea?aeaiiy a?ae aeoe?iia?a aeiiae i?i iieaoo
?icii/aoe (?i?oe?thaaoe) noaeiaee ?icaeyae (i?aae’yaeoe a?aeii-
a?aeiee iicia aei noaeo) ? i?ineoe noae aecia/eoe ni?aaaaeee-
ao aa?o?noue aeoe?e iaca?aeiiai aeoe?iia?a oa iaeaaei? ii iei
aeea?aeaiaee (a ?ac? iaia?aaea/? nii?o ia ?icaeyae noaeo ei?ii-
?aoe?y iiaeiia caieaoeoe eiaeiiio iaca?aeiiio aeoe?iia?ia?
aecia/aio iei noio). Ae??ooth/e ni??, noae oaeiae aecia-
/a? ? iieeaaea? ia ei?ii?aoe?th noaeia? aeo?aoe, aeeth/ath/e
iaeaaeio eiiiainaoe?th oa iieaoo aeaeaoe?a i?ecia/aieo
noaeii ioe?ithaa/?a, iineoae aaeaieaoa (e??i aeiaaee?a iieea-
aeaiiy oeeo aeo?ao ia iaca?aeiiai aeoe?iia?a, yeee ae?ya naii-
/eiii aai iaaeia?inia?nii, ui e i?ecaaei aei noaeiaiai nii?o).
I?aai ia iacaiaeo oa iaaaaeaiee iaoai?ci eiai ?aae?caoe??
aeicaiey? iioeiaeueii a?aooaaoe ?ioa?ane oeo aeoe?iia??a, ye?
nai?ie aieinaie ia iiaeooue aieeaaoe ia ??oaiiy ei?ii-
?aoe??, ui nai?th /a?aith, iiaea i?ecaanoe aei i?eeiyooy ia-
aea?aeieo aeey ieo ??oaiue. Aia?eeainueeee caeiiiaeaaaoeue
i?e oeueiio anoaiiaeth? aeiaeaoeia? iaia’ycee aeey ei?ii?aoe??,
iaiaaeoth/e a oaeee niin?a naiaiaeo ?? ae?e c iaoith caoenoo
ioae?/iiai ?ioa?ano, ui caaacia/o? nioe?aeueio i???ioaoe?th
?eieiai? aeiiii?ee, aei /iai i?aaia ? Oe?a?ia [86]. Caii-
/aoeoaaiiy a?o/eciyiei caeiiiaeaaoeai i?aaa ia iacaiaeo,
aiaeia?/iiai aeuaiienaiiio, ni?eyei a oeea?e?ciaaiiio
?icaeoeia? ?eieiaeo a?aeiinei a Oe?a?i? oa ca?eueoaiith
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aioo??oi?o aeaea?ae ?iaanooaaiiy a?o/eciyieo oiaa?iae?ia-
iee?a ca ?aooiie /eneaiieo aeeaae?a ae??aieo ?iaanoi??a.
Aa?oi oaeiae aeine?aeeoe noaeia? niiniae caoenoo i?aa ae-
oe?iia??a ca caeiiiaeaanoaii NOA, ye? a?eueo ??ciiiai?oi?,
i?ae a nenoaiao eiioeiaioaeueiiai i?aaa. Aei ieo iaeaaeaoue
ia eeoa o?aaeeoe?ei? niiniae noaeiaiai caoenoo (i?aae’yaeaiiy
aeoe?iia?ii a?ae naiai ?iai? oa o aeanieo ?ioa?anao iicia?a
aei ei?ii?aoe??, ui io?eiaee iacao “i?yieo iicia?a”, aea e
oae? niaoeeo?/i?, ye “eieaeoeai? iiciae” oa “iio?aei? iici-
ae”, oiaoi iiciae aeoe?iia??a a?ae ?iai? oa a ?ioa?anao ei?-
ii?aoe??).
Nenoaia “i?yieo iicia?a” aeeth/a? iiciae i?i: i?aai
ia aiein; i?aai ia io?eiaiiy ?ioi?iaoe?? i?i ae?yeuei?noue
ei?ii?aoe?? (i?aai i?i?iniaeooaaoe oeth ae?yeuei?noue); iaaeai-
iy ia?aaeaa/aieo noaoooii ei?ii?aoe?? aeeno?eaooe?e [87];
?a?no?aoe?th ia?aaea/? aeoe?e ?io?e inia? oa aianaiiy aeoe?i-
ia?a aei ?a?no?o aeoe?iia??a; iiciae aei iaiaaeaea??a ei?ii-
?aoe??, ye? iaiaiii i?eioneee /e noeeeee aeoe?iia?a i?eae-
aaoe /e i?iaeaoe aeoe?? (a ?ac?, iai?eeeaae, iaaeaiiy caa?aeiii
iaaeinoia??ii? ?ioi?iaoe??).
I?aae’yaeyth/e “i?yi? iiciae”, aeoe?iia?e o NOA ia??aeei
ei?enoothoueny iaoai?ciii “eieaeoeaieo iicia?a”, ui ia-
?aaeaa/a? iiaeaiiy iioa?i?eei aeoe?iia?ii iiciao a?ae ?iai?
an?o aeoe?iia??a, ui ia?aaoaathoue a aiaeia?/iiio noaiiaeu?.
Oea aeicaiey? ia’?aeiaoe coneeey (? a?aeiia?aeii – eiooe) an?o
iioa?i?eeo a?ae iai?aaii??ieo ae?e ei?ii?aoe?? /e ?? iina-
aeiaeo in?a aeoe?iia??a, ciaioeoe ?oi? aeaeaoee ia aaaeaiiy
ni?aae a noae?, aiaeii/an iaaeath/e ?i iiaeeea?noue ia?aoe
eaae?o?eiaaiiai aaeaieaoa, a oaeiae i?iaanoe noaeiaee ?ic-
aeyae ni?aae a iaeaeiiii?/i?oee niin?a. Aiaeii/an caeii
aeiaaa? o ?ac? iiaeaiiy eieaeoeaiiai iiciao niia?noeoe i?i
oea an?o aeoe?iia??a, o /e?o ?ioa?anao a?i i?aae’yaey?oueny.
Iiciae aeoe?iia??a a?ae ?iai? ei?ii?aoe??, ui ae?noaee ia-
cao “iio?aeieo iicia?a”, ? iaeiei ?c cania?a cae?eniaiiy eii-
o?ieth ca ae?yeuei?noth iaiaaeaea??a ei?ii?aoe??. Oae? iiciae
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iiaeathoueny c iaoith a?aeoeiaeoaaiiy caiiae?yieo ei?ii?aoe??
caeoe?a, oi/a iiceaa/ai ? ie?aiee aeoe?iia? (aeoe?iia?e).
I?aenoaaith aeey ?o iiaeaiiy, ye i?aaeei, ? ii?ooaiiy iaia-
aeaea?ii (iinaaeiaith iniaith) ei?ii?aoe?? iieeaaeaieo ia iuei-
ai iaia’yce?a, ceiaaeeaaiiy nai?ie i?aaaie, ui ni?e/eieei
caaaeaiiy ei?ii?aoe?? oeiaee (iai?eeeaae, onoaiiaeaiiy ia-
iaaeaea?aie iaaei??ii aeniei? iieaoe nai?? i?aoe?, ?ico?aoa
eioo?a ei?ii?aoe??, ae?yeuei?noue o aeanieo ?ioa?anao ia oei-
aeo ei?ii?aoe??, i?eaeaniaiiy iiaeeeaino? aaaeaiiy a?ciano
oiui) [88].
Iiaeeea?noue iiaeaiiy aeoe?iia?aie iicia?a a?ae ?iai? ei?-
ii?aoe?? ca’ycaia iaaiiai i?ioeaaeo?ith, yea ia? ia iao?:
a) caiia?aaiiy iaiaa?oioiaaiei iiciaai ?c iaoith aeia-
aaoaeuenoaa (oaioaaeo);
a) aeiiii?th noaeiai? i?ioeaaeo?e a oeo aeiaaeeao, eiee
aeiiae aeoe?iia??a iiaeooue aooe caaeiaieai? a ?ioee niin?a.
Ia?oei ? iniiaiei aeaiaioii oe??? i?ioeaaeo?e ? aeiiaa
aei aeoe?iia??a i?aae’yaeoe i?aoaic?th aei ?aaee aee?aeoi??a
(aeeiiaa/iai i?aaio) ei?ii?aoe?? ca 90 aei?a aei iiaeaiiy
“iio?aeiiai iiciao”. O oe?e i?aoaic?? ia? aooe aena?oeaia
nooi?noue iaeaooiueiai iiciao oa aeiiaa aei ?aaee aee?aeoi??a
i?eeiyoe ??oaiiy i?i aei?aaeaiiy ?ioei niiniaii ii-
?ooaiiy, ui aeeeeeaei caiaiiei?iiy aeoe?iia?a.
Ianooiieie aeaiaioaie caaaeaii? i?ioeaaeo?e, ui oaeiae
aeicaieythoue caiia?aoe iiaeaiith iaiaa?oioiaaieo iicia?a, ?
oae? caoiaee: 1) iaaeaiiy (caaacia/aiiy) iiceaa/ai ia ae-
iiao ei?ii?aoe?? canoaae aeey a?aeoeiaeoaaiiy iiaeeeaeo
ao?ao a?aeiia?aea/a; 2) ?aaoethaaiiy caeiiiaeaanoaii ii?yae-
eo oeeaaeaiiy ie?iaeo oaiae i?ae iiceaa/ai ? ei?ii?aoe??th
(a?aeiiaa a?ae iiciao /e ie?iaa oaiaea aac aeicaieo noaeo ? ii-
ia?aaeiueiai iia?aeiieaiiy ?ioeo aeoe?iia??a no. 7.45 Iiaeaeue-
iiai caeiio “I?i i?aei?e?iieoeueeo ei?ii?aoe?th” caai?i-
iy?oueny); 3) iaaeaiiy noaeia? i?aaa ciaia’ycaoe iiceaa/a
iieaoeoe a ?icoiieo iaaeao aeaeaoee a?aeiia?aea/a (aeeth/-
ii c iieaoith iineoa aaeaieao?a), yeui noae aecia?, ui iicia
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aoei iiaeaii (noaeiaee ?icaeyae aoei ?icii/aoi) aac aeinoaoi?o
i?aenoaa aai c iaa?aeiiith iaoith [89].
I?ioeaaeo?a iiaeaiiy iio?aeieo iicia?a, oaeei /eiii, ca-
oeua? ?ioa?ane noie?iieo aeoe?iia??a, aiaeii/an iaa??aath-
/e ei?ii?aoe?th a?ae ceiaaeeaaiue aeoe?iia?aie i?aaii ia
iiaeaiiy oaeeo iicia?a.
?icaeyioo? ooo niiniae noaeiaiai caoenoo i?aa aeoe?iia??a
? ia eeoa i?ea?iaeueieie ? /oaeiai ?ic?iaeaieie c iiceoe??
th?eaee/ii? oaoi?ee, a e aaeaeaaoieie nioe?aeueia i???ioiaai?e
?eieia?e nenoai? ainiiaea?thaaiiy ? aeia?a ai?iaiaaieie a
oe?e nenoai?. Oiio oe?a?inueeiio caeiiiaeaaoeaa? aeioe?eueii
aoei a aea/eoe ? a?aooaaoe aeina?ae NOA a ?aaoethaaii?
aiaeia?/ieo a?aeiinei a Oe?a?i?, aaeaiooaaaoe oeae aeina?ae
aei a?o/eciyieo oiia.
2.8. I?aaie aeoe?iia?iiai
oiaa?enoaa
CAAAEUeI? CAI?E AEOe?IIA??A. Aeoe?iia?ia oiaa?e-
noai ii?aeio? a nia? aaeeeo e?euee?noue o/aniee?a, ye? caea-
a?eueoiai ia iathoue i?ae niaith iniaenoeo ca’yce?a. Cacia/aia
ianoaaeia coiiaeth? iaiao?aei?noue i?aai?caoe?? an??? iane
o/aniee?a c iaoith caaacia/aiiy ?o ooieoe?iioaaiiy ye
iaeiiai oe?eiai – oiaa?enoaa, ui ia’?aeiaei ?o. Aeey oeueiai
iio??ai? i?aaie, c aeiiiiiaith yeeo aeoe?iia?ia oiaa?enoai,
ye th?eaee/ia iniaa, ni?iiiaeia aoei a cae?enithaaoe oi?aa-
e?iiy ye aioo??oi?ie (oiaoi oaeeie, ui neeaaeathoueny ana-
?aaeei? oiaa?enoaa), oae ? ciai?oi?ie a?aeiineiaie (inoaii?
iathoue i?noea o noinoieao ?c o?ao?ie iniaaie).
Aeuei i?aaiii AO ? caaaeuei? cai?e aeoe?iia??a. Aiie
ae?aaeathoue caaaeueio aieth aeoe?iia??a (a??i?oa, ?o a?eue-
oino?). Oeae i?aai aecia/a? iai?yiee ae?yeueiino? oiaa?e-
noaa, eiai no?aoaa?th, ni?yiiao? ae?yeuei?noue noai?aieo iei
i?aei?e?inoa. ??oaiiy oeueiai i?aaio aeeiio? ia?aia iei
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i?aae?iiy. Oi/a ??oaiiy caaaeueieo cai??a aeoe?iia??a ii-
aeooue a?ae?a?aaaoe ae??oaeueio ?ieue o aeie? naiiai oiaa?e-
noaa, ?o, ye neooii caoaaaeea A. Oa?oaiaae/ [90], ia aa?-
oi ioioiaeithaaoe c naiei AO ye noa’?eoii i?aaa.
Ooieoe?? caaaeueieo cai??a aeoe?iia??a a AO, noai?aieo o
i?ioean? ei?ii?aoecaoe?? oa i?eaaoecaoe?? aei ?aae?caoe?? iea-
io i?iaeaaeo aeoe?e (i?eiaeii? ?o 60% ) aeeiio? i?aai aea?-
aeaaii? aeeiiaa/i? aeaaee, oiiaiiaaaeaiee cae?enithaaoe
oi?aae?iiy aea?aeaaiei iaeiii, aai i?aai i?eaaoecaoe?? ye
?aeeiee caniiaiee AO. Oeacii I?aceaeaioa Oe?a?ie a?ae
19.06.1995 ?ieo “I?i caaacia/aiiy oi?aae?iiy iaeiii, ui
ia?aaoaa? o caaaeueiiaea?aeaai?e aeaniino?, o i?ioean? eiai
i?eaaoecaoe??” ? iinoaiiaith Eaa?iaoo I?i?no??a Oe?a?ie a?ae
28.12.95 ?. ? 1056 “I?i caaacia/aiiy ii?yaeeo oi?aae?i-
iy aeoe?yie, iayie, /anoeaie ainiiaea?nueeeo oiaa?enoa, ye?
ia?aaoaathoue o caaaeueiiaea?aeaai?e aeaniino?” [91] ia?aaeaa-
/a?oueny cae?eniaiiy oi?aae?iiy aeoe?yie, ui iaeaaeaoue aea?-
aeaa? o noaoooieo oiiaeao AO, oiiaiiaaaeaiith iniaith (th?e-
aee/iith /e o?ce/iith), yea i?ecia/a?oueny Oiiaeii aea?aeaa-
iiai iaeia Oe?a?ie ca iiaiaeaeaiiyi c a?aeiia?aeiei i?i?n-
oa?noaii (a?aeiinoaii).
O caaaeueieo cai?ao iathoue i?aai a?aoe o/anoue on? aeoe?-
iia?e oiaa?enoaa iacaeaaeii a?ae e?eueeino? e aeaeo aeoe?e, ui
?i iaeaaeaoue. Aea i?aai aieinoaaoe ia oeeo cai?ao iathoue
eeoa aeanieee oeo aeae?a aeoe?e, yeeo a?aeiia?aeii aei caei-
io oa onoaiia/eo aeieoiaio?a AO iaae?eaii oaeei i?aaii.
Aei aeoe?iia??a, ye? iiaeii? iaoe i?aai aieino, iaeaaeaoue
aeanieee i?inoeo aeoe?e. Caeiiii Oe?a?ie a?ae 23.12.1997
?. “I?i aianaiiy ci?i aei Caeiio Oe?a?ie “I?i ainiiaea?nuee?
oiaa?enoaa” aoei neaniaaii iieiaeaiiy, a?aeiia?aeii aei yeiai
o noaooo? oiaa?enoaa iiaea aooe anoaiiaeaia i?i?iaeueia
e?euee?noue aeoe?e, ui iaaea? i?aai aieino, aai iaiaaeaiiy e?eue-
eino? aiein?a, ye? iaaeathoueny iaeiiio aeoe?iia?o [92].
Aeoe?iia?e iiaeooue a?aoe o/anoue o caaaeueieo cai?ao ini-
aenoi aai /a?ac nai?o i?aaenoaaiee?a. Oi/a caeii ia iaia-
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aeo? iiaeeeaino? aeoioethaaiiy aiein?a aeoe?iia??a iaeiei
?oi?i i?aaenoaaieeii, o ?ic?iaeaiiio Oiiaeii aea?aeaaii-
ai iaeia Oe?a?ie ?aaeaiaio? caaaeueieo cai??a aeoe?iia??a
(i. 6.4) i?iiiio?oueny c?iaeoe oea a iaaeao 10% aiein?a, ca-
o?enoaaaoe a?aeiia?aeia iaiaaeaiiy o noaooo? AO [93] (ii-
ae?aia iieiaeaiiy, ia iith aeoieo, ia? aooe cao?eniaaia ia a
aeo? ?aeiiaiaeaoe?eiiai oa?aeoa?o, a a caeii?). I?aaenoaaie-
eaie (iino?eieie /e i?ecia/aieie ia iaaiee no?ie) ii-
aeooue aooe ye ?io? aeoe?iia?e, oae ? o?ao? iniae, ye? cae?enith-
thoue nai? iiaiiaaaeaiiy ia i?aenoaa? aeia??aiino?, ioi?iea-
ii? a?aeiia?aeii aei aeiia caeiio. Aeoe?iia? ia? i?aai aoaeue-
eiee cai?ieoe naiai i?aaenoaaieea o aeuiio i?aai? oiaa-
?enoaa, neanoaaaoe iaaeaio eiio aeia??ai?noue a onoaiiaea-
iiio ii?yaeeo ? iia?aeiieaoe i?i oea i?aae?iiy oiaa?enoaa.
Aieinoaaiiy ia caaaeueieo cai?ao aeoe?iia??a i?iaiaeeoue-
ny ca i?eioeeiii: iaeia aeoe?y – iaeei aiein.
Iaiaaeaiiy o i?aa? ei?enooaaiiy aieinii aeioe?eueii anoa-
iiaethaaoe a caeiiiaeaa/iio ii?yaeeo a oeo aeiaaeeao, eiee
aeieea? caa?ica, ui iniaenoee ?ioa?an aeoe?iia?a a iueiio
neeuei?oee ca ?ioa?ane AO. Aei oaeeo aeiaaee?a iaeaaeaoue:
caoaa?aeaeaiiy ioe?iee iaa?ioiaeo aeeaae?a caniiaiee?a oa
aeoe?iia??a, a oaeiae i?ea?ea?a aeey caniiaiee?a; ??oaiiy i?i
oeeaaeaiiy i?ae AO oa eiai aeoe?iia?ii oaiaee, iai?eeeaae,
i?i a?ae/oaeaiiy iaeia; i?i i?eoyaiaiiy aei a?aeiia?aeaeue-
iino?, ca?eueiaiiy c iinaaee iinaaeiai? iniae (/eaia niinoa-
?aaeii? ?aaee, i?aae?iiy aai aieiae ?aa?c?eii? eii?n??), ui ?
aeoe?iia?ii aeaiiai oiaa?enoaa oiui. A oaeeo aeiaaeeao i?ae
/an aieinoaaiiy c oeeo ieoaiue ca?ioa?aniaaiiai aeoe?iia?a
ne?ae iicaaaeyoe i?aaa aieino, ye oea iaei i?noea a aei?aai-
ethoe?eiiio ?in?enueeiio caeiiiaeaanoa?, a iei? canoiniao?oue-
ny a aeoe?iia?iiio i?aa? aaaaoueio e?a?i ?eieiai? aeiii-
i?ee [94].
A?aoe o/anoue o caaaeueieo cai?ao ?c i?aaii aei?aae/iai
aieino iiaeooue ? /eaie aeeiiaa/eo i?aai?a, ye? ia a aeoe?i-
ia?aie. Aeoe?iia?e (?o i?aaenoaaieee), ye? aa?ooue o/ano? a
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caaaeueieo cai?ao, ?a?no?othoueny c cacia/aiiyi e?eueeino?
aiein?a, yeo ia? eiaeiee o/aniee. Oeae ia?ae?e i?aeieno?oue-
ny aieiaith oa nae?aoa?ai cai??a.
Caaaeuei? cai?e iiaeooue aooe aeae?eueeio aeae?a. A?o/eciy-
iei caeiiiaeaanoaii ia?aaeaa/aii aeaa aeaee oaeeo cai??a:
ui??/i? (/a?aia? aai cae/aei?) oa iica/a?aia?. Aeoe?iia?ia
i?aai ca?oa?aeieo e?a?i cia? ua oaeee aeae caaaeueieo cai??a,
ye cai?e aeaniee?a iaaii? e?eueeino? aai iaaiiai eeano
aeoe?e (neaae?ii, i?ea?eaeiaaieo aeoe?e). Cai?e ia?oiai aeaeo
(/a?aia?) iathoue iaia’yceiai neeeeaoeny iaaii? ii?e ?ieo
(iai?eeeaae, i?ney cae?i/aiiy o?iainiai-ainiiaea?nueeiai
?ieo) aai iaaio e?euee?noue ?ac?a ia ??e. *a?aia? caaaeuei?
cai?e aeoe?iia??a a?aeiia?aeii aei aeiia oe?a?inueeiai caei-
iiaeaanoaa neeeeathoueny ia ??aeoa iaeiiai ?aco ia ??e, yeui
?ioa ia ia?aaeaa/aii noaoooii. Iica/a?aia? (aai aeno?ai?)
cai?e neeeeathoueny a oeo aeiaaeeao, eiee oiai aeiaaathoue
ianoaaeie, oiaoi eiee cae/aeia ae?yeuei?noue AO iio?aao?, ca
aeneiaii A. Oa?oaiaae/a, “ae?aco aie? aeoe?iia??a” [95],
a a?aeiia?aeii aei aeiia /eiiiai caeiiiaeaanoaa a oaeeo ae-
iaaeeao: o ?ac? iaieaoini?iiiaeiino? oiaa?enoaa, ia aeii-
ao ?aaee AeO (niinoa?aaeii? ?aaee), ?aa?c?eii? eii?n?? AO, ia
aeiiao aeoe?iia??a, ui a noeoiiino? aieiae?thoue a?eueo ye 10%
aiein?a (oey iaio?noue aeoe?iia??a iiaea aeiaaaoe neeeeai-
iy iica/a?aiaeo caaaeueieo cai??a aeoe?iia??a aoaeue-eiee oa
c aoaeue-yeiai i?eaiaeo), a oaeiae ca iayaiino? ianoaaei, aea-
caieo o noaooo? oiaa?enoaa, ? a aoaeue-yeiio ?ioiio aeiaae-
eo, yeui oeueiai aeiaaathoue ?ioa?ane AO a oe?eiio.
Iiaeeea?noue neeeeaiiy iica/a?aiaeo caaaeueieo cai??a
? aianaiiy aeiaeaoeiaeo ieoaiue aei ii?yaeeo aeaiiiai iaio?-
noth aeoe?iia??a a?o/eciyiei caeiiiaeaaoeai aeineoue-oaee
iaiaaeaia. Ianaiia?aae oea noino?oueny i?i?iaeueii? iaae?
iaioino? (e?eueeino? aeoe?iia??a), ui iaae?ey?oueny i?aaii,
aeiaaaoe neeeeaiiy iica/a?aiaeo caaaeueieo cai??a: caei-
iii onoaiiaeaii aeineoue cia/io iaaeo – oaeei i?aaii
iaae?eai? eeoa aeoe?iia?e, ye? aieiae?thoue o noeoiiino? a?eueo
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ye 10% aiein?a, a aeey aianaiiy ie?aieo ieoaiue aei ii?yae-
eo aeaiiiai – iiiaae 10% aiein?a (o aei?aaiethoe?ei?e ?in??
oaa a?eueoino? e?a?i ?eieiai? aeiiii?ee oaeei i?aaii
iaae?eythoueny aeoe?iia?e, ye?- a noeoiiino? aieiae?thoue 1/20
aiein?a [96]). Ii-ae?oaa, caeii ia o?eno? i?aaa oaei? iai-
oino? caa?oaoeny aei noaeo a ?ac? a?aeiiae i?aae?iiy neee-
eaoe caaaeuei? cai?e, aea aeicaiey? ?e nai?e oea c?iaeoe, yeui
i?aae?iiy AO ia aeeiiaei oaei? aeiiae i?ioyaii 20 aei?a.
Aei eiiiaoaioe?? caaaeueieo cai??a iaeaaeaoue:
aecia/aiiy iniiaieo iai?yie?a ae?yeueiino? AO oa ca-
oaa?aeaeaiiy eiai ieai?a ? ca?o?a i?i ?o aeeiiaiiy;
aianaiiy ci?i aei noaoooo oiaa?enoaa;
ia?aiiy oa a?aeeeeeaiiy /eai?a ?aaee AO (niinoa?aae-
ii? ?aaee);
ia?aiiy oa a?aeeeeeaiiy /eai?a aeeiiaa/iai i?aaio
oa ?aa?c?eii? eii?n??;
caoaa?aeaeaiiy ??/ieo ?acoeueoao?a ae?yeueiino? AO, a o. /.
eiai aei/??i?o i?aei?e?inoa, caoaa?aeaeaiiy ca?o?a ? aeniiae?a
?aa?c?eii? eii?n??, ii?yaeeo ?iciiae?eo i?eaooeo, no?ie oa
ii?yaeie aeieaoe aeea?aeaiae?a, aecia/aiiy ii?yaeeo iie?eo-
oy caeoe?a;
noai?aiiy, ?ai?aai?caoe?y oa e?ea?aeaoe?y aei/??i?o i?ae-
i?e?inoa, o?e?e oa i?aaenoaaieoeoa, caoaa?aeaeaiiy ?oi?o noa-
ooo?a ? iieiaeaiue;
aeianaiiy ??oaiue i?i i?eoyaiaiiy aei iaeiiai? a?aeii-
a?aeaeueiino? iinaaeiaeo in?a oiaa?enoaa;
caoaa?aeaeaiiy i?aaee i?ioeaaeo?e oa ?ioeo aioo??oi?o
aeieoiaio?a oiaa?enoaa, aecia/aiiy i?aai?caoe?eii? no?oe-
oo?e oiaa?enoaa;
ae??oaiiy ieoaiiy i?i i?eaeaaiiy AO aeoe?e, ui ae-
ioneathoueny iei;
aecia/aiiy oiia iieaoe i?aoe? iinaaeiaeo in?a AO, eiai
aei/??i?o i?aei?e?inoa, o?e?e oa i?aaenoaaieoeoa;
caoaa?aeaeaiiy aeiaiai??a (oaiae), oeeaaeaieo ia noio, ui
ia?aaeuo? aeacaio a noaooo? oiaa?enoaa;
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i?eeiyooy ??oaiiy i?i i?eieiaiiy ae?yeueiino? oiaa-
?enoaa, i?ecia/aiiy e?ea?aeaoe?eii? eii?n??, caoaa?aeaeaiiy
e?ea?aeaoe?eiiai aaeaino;
?io? ieoaiiy, a?aeianai? noaoooii oiaa?enoaa aei eii-
iaoaioe?? caaaeueieo cai??a.
Aeey aeciaiiy caaaeueieo cai??a iiaiiaaaeieie aeia-
aa?oueny, aae ia ieo aoee i?aaenoaaeai? (acyee a ieo o/anoue)
aeoe?iia?e /e ?oi? i?aaenoaaieee, ye? noeoiii aieiae?thoue
a?aeiia?aeii aei noaoooo oiaa?enoaa a?eueo ye 60% aiein?a.
Oeae aeineoue aenieee a?aenioie aoa caiice/aiee c i.49 Ii-
eiaeaiiy i?i aeoe?iia?i? oiaa?enoaa, caoaa?aeaeaiiai iinoaii-
aith ?aaee I?i?no??a N?N? a?ae 19.06.1990 ?. ? 590 [973 [aeey
ii??aiyiiy: ca caeiiiaeaanoaii aei?aaiethoe?eii? ?in?? a?i
noaiiaea 1/5 /anoeio iniiaiiai eai?oaeo oiaa?enoaa (e??i
aeiaaee?a, eiee aei ii?yaeeo aeaiiiai aeeth/aeeny ieoaiiy
i?i ci?io iniiaiiai eai?oaeo, i?i aeione iae?aaoe?e, i?i
aianaiiy ci?i aei noaoooo, aeey i?eeiyooy ??oaiue c yeeo
aeiaaaeiny i?aaenoaaieoeoai i?eiaeii? iieiaeie iniiaiiai
eai?oaeo), a ca no/aniei caeiiiaeaanoaii O?aioe?? – 20%,
Oai?ueie – 50%, *ao?? oa Neiaa//eie – 30%] [98].
sseui caaaeuei? cai?e ia a?aeaoaathoueny /a?ac a?aenooi?noue
iaiao?aeii? e?eueeino? neeaaeo aeoe?iia??a, ye? i?aaenoaaeythoue
a?aeiia?aeio /anoeo a noaoooiiio eai?oae? AO, aai ia?a?eaa-
thoueny nei?i/aiiyi oeueiai neeaaeo ia?aae i?eeiyooyi ca-
aaeueieie cai?aie ??oaiue, oi iiaoi?ii (aae?oaa) caaaeuei?
cai?e neeeeathoueny a oiio ae ii?yaeeo, ui e iiia?aaei? ca-
aaeuei? cai?e, ye? ia a?aeaoeeny. Eai?oi ia oaeeo cai?ao
aecia/a?oueny a caaaeueiiio ii?yaeeo (oiaoi a ieo iathoue
a?aoe o/anoue aeanieee iiiaae 60% aeoe?e), ui aeeeeea?
noii?a, – aaeaea aeoe?iia?e aaea aea?/? aoee iiia?aaeaeai? i?i
no?iee, i?noea i?iaaaeaiiy oaeeo cai??a, ii?yaeie aeaiiee
oa ?i., aea ia ciaeoee iiaeeeaei aooe i?enooi?ie /e
i?eneaoe nai?o i?aaenoaaiee?a. Oiio aeioe?eueii a caeiiiaeaa-
/iio ii?yaeeo aeciaoe caaaeuei? iiaoi?i? cai?e i?aaiii/-
ieie ca aoaeue-yeiai i?aaenoaaieoeoaa (ui iaei i?noea a aei-
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?aaiethoe?ei?e ?in?? oa aeei?enoiao?oueny a aeoe?iia?iiio
i?aa? aaaaoueio e?a?i ?eieiai? oa ia?ao?aeii? aeiiii?e [99].
Aaaeeeaei ? oaeiae ieoaiiy uiaei i?aaiii/iino? ??oaiue
caaaeueieo cai??a. Ca oe?a?inueeei caeiiiaeaanoaii (no. 42
Caeiio Oe?a?ie “I?i ainiiaea?nuee? oiaa?enoaa”) ??oaiiy
oaeeo cai??a i?eeiathoueny aai eaae?o?eiaaiith (3/4 aiein?a),
aai i?inoith a?eueo?noth aiein?a aeoe?iia??a, ye? aa?ooue o/anoue
o caaaeueieo cai?ao. Caeii aeiaaa? iayaiino? eaae?o?eiaa-
ii? a?eueoino? i?ae /an aieinoaaiiy c ieoaiue, ui iiaeooue iaoe
ae??oaeueia cia/aiiy aeey aeie? oiaa?enoaa, a naia:
ci?ie noaoooo oiaa?enoaa;
i?eeiyooy ??oaiiy i?i i?eieiaiiy ae?yeueiino? oiaa-
?enoaa;
noai?aiiy oa i?eieiaiiy ae?yeueiino? aei/??i?o i?ae-
i?e?inoa, o?e?e oa i?aaenoaaieoeoa oiaa?enoaa.
??oaiiy c ?aooe ieoaiue i?eeiathoueny i?inoith a?eue-
o?noth aiein?a aeoe?iia??a, ye? aa?ooue o/anoue o cai?ao.
Noaooyie 46, 47 Caeiio Oe?a?ie “I?i ainiiaea?nuee? oi-
aa?enoaa” ia?aaeaa/a?oueny iiaeeea?noue aeaeaaoaaiiy ?aae? AO
(niinoa?aaei?e ?aae?) oa i?aae?iith oiaa?enoaa /anoeie i?aa
aai aeeiiaiiy ie?aieo ooieoe?e, ui iaeaaeaoue aei eiiia-
oaioe?? caaaeueieo cai??a, ca aeiyoeii ieoaiue, ??oaiiy c
yeeo i?eeiathoueny eaae?o?eiaaiith a?eueo?noth aiein?a, a
oaeiae uiaei caoaa?aeaeaiiy ??/ieo ?acoeueoao?a ae?yeueiino?
AO (aeeth/ath/e eiai aei/??i? i?aei?e?inoaa), caoaa?aeaeaiiy
ca?o?a ? aeniiae?a ?aa?c?eii? eii?n??, ii?yaeeo ?iciiae?eo
i?eaooeo, no?ieo e ii?yaeeo aeieaoe aeea?aeaiae?a, aecia/ai-
iy ii?yaeeo iie?eooy caeoe?a, caoaa?aeaeaiiy aeiaiai??a (oaiae),
ui ia?aaeuothoue aeacaio a noaooo? oiaa?enoaa noio. Anoa-
iiaeaiiy oaeeo iaiaaeaiue, caii/aoeiaaieo Caeiiii Oe?a-
?ie a?ae 23.12.1997 ?. “I?i aianaiiy ci?i aei Caeiio Oe?a-
?ie “I?i ainiiaea?nuee? oiaa?enoaa” (iiaa ?aaeaeoe?y no. 41),
caaacia/o? caoeno ?ioa?an?a aeoe?iia??a, iniaeeai oeo ?c ieo,
ye? ia iathoue nai?o i?aaenoaaiee?a o cacia/aieo i?aaiao
(i?aae?ii? oa niinoa?aaei?e ?aae?).
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Ii?yaeie neeeeaiiy caaaeueieo cai??a aeoe?iia??a ia?
a?aeiia?aeaoe ?ioa?anai ia eeoa oiaa?enoaa, a e eiai aeoe?i-
ia??a, oiio caeii ioneoue iniaeeai ?aoaeueii ?aaoethaaoe oea
ieoaiiy. Ca a?o/eciyiei caeiiiaeaanoaii iia?aeiieaiiy
i?i i?iaaaeaiiy caaaeueieo cai??a aeoe?iia??a iiaeiii aooe
c?iaeaia oaeei /eiii: aea?aeaoae? ?iaiieo aeoe?e iia?aeii-
eythoueny ia?niiaeueii; e??i oiai, iiaeiii aooe c?iaeaii (ia
i?ci?oa ye ca 45 aei?a aei neeeeaiiy oaeeo cai??a) caaaeueia
iia?aeiieaiiy i?i ianooii? cai?e ?c cacia/aiiyi /ano e
i?noey i?iaaaeaiiy cai??a ? ii?yaeeo aeaiiiai (oiaoi ia?ae?eo
ieoaiue, ui noaiooue i?aaeiaoii iaaiai?aiiy ia caaaeueieo
cai?ao ? c i?eaiaeo yeeo i?eeiaoeiooueny ??oaiiy), ui
Ae?oeo?oueny a i?noeaa?e i?an? ca i?noeaciaoiaeaeaiiyi AO ? a
iaeiiio c io?oe?eieo ae?oeiaaieo aeaeaiue Aa?oiaii? ?aaee
Oe?a?ie, Eaa?iaoo I?i?no??a Oe?a?ie /e Aea?aeaaii? eii?n??
c oe?iieo iaia??a oa oiiaeiaiai ?eieo.
Aoaeue-yeee c aeoe?iia??a iiaea aiineoe nai? i?iiiceoe??
uiaei ii?yaeeo aeaiiiai caaaeueieo cai??a ia i?ci?o ye ca
30 aei?a aei ?o neeeeaiiy. O oeae aea no?ie aeoe?iia?e, ye? aiei-
ae?thoue o noeoiiino? a?eueo ye 10% aiein?a, iiaeooue aeiaaa-
oe aeeth/aiiy ieoaiue aei ii?yaeeo aeaiiiai. Ia i?e iiaeyae,
oaeei i?aaii iiaeiia aieiae?oe iaio?noue aeoe?iia??a, ui
aieiae?? a?eueo ye 1/20 (5% ) aiein?a, ye oea ia? i?noea ca ca-
eiiiaeaanoaii I?ia//eie, a oaeiae aoei oa?aeoa?iei aeey
caeiiiaeaanoaa aei?aaiethoe?eii? ?in??.
Aeey oiai, uia na?aeiii ? ia i?aenoaa? a?aeiia?aeii? ?ioi?iaoe??
aeoe?iia?e aieinoaaee ca ??oaiiy c ieoaiue ii?yaeeo aeai-
iiai, aei neeeeaiiy caaaeueieo cai??a ?i iiaeiia aooe ia-
aeaia iiaeeea?noue iciaeiieoeny c aeieoiaioaie, iia’ycaie-
ie c ii?yaeeii aeaiiei cai??a. Oea oae caaia i?aai ia ?ioi?-
iaoe?th, yeith, iaeiae, aeoe?iia?e ia iiaeii? ceiaaeeaaoe. C
oe??th iaoith, iai?eeeaae. Aeoe?iia?iee caeii I?ia//eie (ia-
?aa?ao 131) ia?aaeaa/a? aaea caaaeai? iaiaaeaiiy (i?aae?i-
iy iiaea a?aeiiaeoe a iaaeaii? aeoe?iia?ia? a?aeiiinoae ca
ianooiieo oiia aai uiaei aeae?a ?ioi?iaoe??: yeui iaaeai-
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iy oaei? ?ioi?iaoe?? iiaea caaaeaoe oiaa?enoao cia/io oei-
aeo; yeui a?aeiiino? noinothoueny iiaeaoeiai? ioe?iee /e ?ic-
i??o ie?aieo iiaeaoe?a; i?i iaoiaee neeaaeaiiy aaeaino oa
??/iiai ca?oo; yeui iaaeaiiy a?aeiiinoae oyaia aeey /eai?a
i?aae?iiy e?ei?iaeueio a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noue oiui).
Ia noi?iae? ?ioa?an?a aeoe?iia??a noi?oue ? cae??ieaia a
caeii? caai?iia noaaeoe ia aieinoaaiiy ia caaaeueieo cai-
?ao ? i?eeiaoe ??oaiiy c ieoaiue, ia aeeth/aieo aei ii?yae-
eo aeaiiiai.
Aei a?aee?eooy caaaeueieo cai??a ia? aooe i?iaaaeaia ia?a-
a??ea neeaaeaiiai i?aae?iiyi ia?ae?eo aeoe?iia??a, ye? ia-
thoue i?aai aieino. Iaeiae oe?a?inueeee caeiiiaeaaaoeue ia ca-
e??ieth? a caeii? i? iaia’yceiaino? ia?aa??ee, i? iieeaaeaiiy
oeeo iaia’yce?a ia ?aa?c?eio eii?n?th oiaa?enoaa, aea iaaea?
i?aai iaioino? aeoe?iia??a (ye? aieiae?thoue a?eueo ye 10%
aiein?a) oa Aea?aeaai?e eii?n?? c oe?iieo iaia??a oa oiiaeiaiai
?eieo i?ecia/aoe nai?o i?aaenoaaiee?a aeey eiio?ieth ca ?a?-
no?aoe??th aeoe?iia??a.
Cai?e a?aee?eaathoueny aieiaith i?aae?iiy /e iniaith, yea
aeeiio? eiai iaia’ycee. I?ney a?aee?eooy cai??a aeoe?iia?e,
ye? iathoue i?aai aieino (a ia aooe i?enooi?ie ia cai?ao),
iae?athoue ?c naiai /enea (neeaaeo) aieiao cai??a ? nae?aoa-
?y. Inoaii?e ia? aanoe i?ioieie oeeo cai??a, ?aoaeueii o?eno-
th/e a iueiio an? ieoaiiy, ui aoee i?aaeiaoii iaaiai?aiiy
oa c yeeo i?eeiaeeny ??oaiiy. I?aaeeuei?noue aaaeaiiy
i?ioieieo cana?ae/o? aieiaa cai??a. Ca aei?aaiethoe?eiei
caeiiiaeaanoaii ?in?? aeiaaaeeny ua i?aeiene ia iaio ye
o?ueio aeoe?iia??a, ui, iaaia ??/, aoei aeiaeaoeiaith aa?aio??th
i?aa aeoe?iia??a ? naiiai oiaa?enoaa uiaei aeinoia??iino?
oaeeo i?ioieie?a, a oaeiae i?aaiii/iino? i?eeiyooy ieie
??oaiue.
Caaaeuei? cai?e aeoe?iia??a, iii?e a?aeaaaeaiiy ?i ?ie?
aeuiai i?aaio AO, ia i?aeoeoe? aeeiiothoue ia aeineoue aai
ia caaaeaee aaaeeeao ?ieue, iaiaaeoth/enue eeoa caoaa?aeaeai-
iyi ?ic?iaeaieo i?aae?iiyi aai niinoa?aaeiith ?aaeith
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??oaiue. *anoeia aeine?aeiee?a aaa/a? a oeueiio iaaaoeaio ?eno
AO, a E. Iao?aaeeoeueeee – iaaiaee – iiceoeaio. A?i oaa-
aea?, ui caaaeaiiy caaaeueieo cai??a – nooi oi?iaeueia, a
aieiaia ?o ooieoe?y – iaaaoeaia ? aeineoue ianeeaaeia: aiia
iieyaa? o ae?ac? ?ainoaoaaiiy oa iao?aiiy a ?ac? cia/iiai
aeeniiaino i?ae iai?yieii aaaeaiiy ni?aa a AO oa ?ioa?a-
naie aeoe?iia??a; “caaaeuei? cai?e aeey i?aei?e?inoaa – eea-
iai aaciaee ia aeiaaeie i?iyao aino?iai aeeniiaino i?ae
?ioa?anaie ? aieath aeoe?iia?ieo ian ? iiaaae?ieith aaei?i?-
no?aoe??” [100]. A ao?i, aaaeei iiaiaeeoeny c eiai eaoaai?e/-
iith oi/eith ci?o, ui caaaeuei? cai?e a on?o aeiaaeeao ae?a-
aeathoue aieth oa ?ioa?ane a?eueoino? aeoe?iia??a [101]. Oea,
cie?aia, ia noino?oueny oeo aeiaaee?a, eiee eiio?ieueiee
iaeao aeoe?e iaeaaeeoue iaei?e aai aeae?eueeii iniaai, ye?
oaeoe/ii aieiae?thoue a?eueo?noth aiein?a o caaaeueieo cai?ao
? aecia/athoue ?oi? ??oaiiy. Noiniaii oaeeo neooaoe?e ia-
thoue canoiniaoaaoeny aaea cai?iiiiiaai? caoiaee uiaei ca-
oenoo i?aa iaioino? ? caeaaeieo i?aei?e?inoa (oiaa?enoa)
?c a?aeiia?aeiith ?o o?enaoe??th a caeiiiaeaanoa?.
I?AAE?IIss. E??i aeuiai i?aaio – caaaeueieo cai??a
aeoe?iia??a, ui cae?athoueny ia??iaee/ii, aea /a?ac cia/i?
i?ii?aeee /ano (aeae?eueea i?nyoe?a, a oi e ??e), AO iio??aii
iaoe iino?eii ae?th/ee i?aai, yeee aeeiioaaoeia ??oaiiy
caaaeueieo cai??a, cae?enithaaoeia oi?aae?iiy iioi/iith ae?-
yeuei?noth oiaa?enoaa ? i?aaenoaaeyoeia eiai o a?aeiineiao c
o?ao?ie iniaaie. Oiaoi eaeaoueny i?i aeeiiaa/ee i?aai.
Ca?aeii c? no. 47 Caeiio Oe?a?ie “I?i ainiiaea?nuee? oiaa-
?enoaa” oaeei i?aaiii ? i?aae?iiy aai ?ioee i?aai, ia-
?aaeaa/aiee noaoooii oiaa?enoaa.
Aea?? /eai?a i?aae?iiy caeaaeeoue a?ae aie? aeoe?iia??a, ye?
ia caaaeueieo cai?ao iae?athoue neeaae i?aae?iiy. O caeiii-
aeaanoa? ?yaeo e?a?i ?eieiai? aeiiii?ee i?ecia/aiiy /eai?a
i?aae?iiy (aeeiiaa/iai i?aaio) a?aeianaii aei eiiiaoaioe??
niinoa?aaeii? ?aaee oiaa?enoaa (yeui ?? ?nioaaiiy ia?aae-
aa/aii caeiiii aai noaoooii oiaa?enoaa) [102]. Neeaae
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i?aae?iiy iiaea oi?ioaaoeny ye ?c naieo aeoe?iia??a, oae ?
c iaeiaieo i?aoe?aiee?a (iaiaaeaea??a). I?eioneath/e iiae-
eea?noue ia?aiiy inoaii?o /eaiaie i?aae?iiy, caeii ia
aeiaaa?, aae aiie aoee aeanieeaie aeoe?e oiaa?enoaa.
I?aae?iiy ? eieaa?aeueiei i?aaiii, iaeiae caeiiiaeaaaoeue
ia anoaiiaeth? aeiia uiaei eiai e?euee?niiai neeaaeo, ye oea
ia? i?noea a ca?oa?aeiiio aeoe?iia?iiio i?aa? (oae, ca caei-
iiaeaanoaii I?ia//eie, O?aioe??, Oai?ueie oa aeayeeo ?i-
oeo e?a?i aecia/athoueny aeiiae aei e?euee?niiai neeaaeo
i?aae?iiy AO, yeee iiaea caeaaeaoe a?ae /enaeueiino? aeoe?i-
ia??a, a?ae ?ici???a iniiaiiai eai?oaeo, aeiiouaiiy aeoe?e
oiaa?enoaa aei eioe?oaaiiy ia a??ae? [103]). Oiiae aea?aeaa-
iiai iaeia a ?ic?iaeaiiio iei Iieiaeaii? i?i i?aae?i-
iy a?aee?eoiai aeoe?iia?iiai oiaa?enoaa [104] ?aeiiaiaeo?
oaeee neeaae i?aae?iiy: aieiaa i?aae?iiy, /eaie i?aae?i-
iy, aieiaiee aooaaeoa? AO, nae?aoa? i?aae?iiy. ??aii/an-
ii caoaa?aeaeaiee oei aea i?aaiii (iaeac OAeIO a?ae 07.02.
1996 ?. ? 124) Oeiiaee noaooo a?aee?eoiai aeoe?iia?iiai
oiaa?enoaa, noai?aiiai a i?ioean? ei?ii?aoecaoe?? aai i?e-
aaoecaoe?? (ae?? uiaei i?aei?e?inoa c? ci?oaiith oi?iith aean-
iino?) a i. 11.2 [105] ia?aaeaa/a?, ui aei neeaaeo i?aae?iiy
aoiaeyoue: aieiaa i?aae?iiy, ia?oee eiai canooiiee, canooi-
ieee aieiae i?aae?iiy, aieiaiee aooaaeoa?, aieiaiee th?eno,
nae?aoa?, a oaeiae iiaeooue aooe aeeth/ai? ?io? iniae.
*eiia caeiiiaeaanoai ia?aaeaa/a? eeoa iaeio iaia’yceiao
aeiiao aei /eai?a i?aae?iiy – caai?iio aooe iaeii/anii
/eaiii niinoa?aaeii? ?aaee oiai ae AO ? /eaiii eiai ?aa?-
c?eii? eii?n??, caeeoath/e iica oaaaith iaiao?aei?noue onoa-
iiaeaiiy iaiaaeaiue uiaei iaeii/aniiai /eainoaa a i?aae?-
iiyo oa/aai niinoa?aaeieo ?aaeao aeae?eueeio AO, ui aiee-
aa? ? ia ye?noue aeeiioaaieo iiaiiaaaeaiue oaeeie /eaiaie
i?aae?iiy, ? ia aeio?eiaiiy aeiia aioeiiiiiieueiiai caeiii-
aeaanoaa. Oiio oyaey?oueny aeioe?eueiei o caeiiiaeaa/iio ii-
?yaeeo anoaiiaeoe e?euee?ni? oa ye?ni? aeiiae aei neeaaeo
i?aae?iiy.
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Ui ae aei e?euee?niiai neeaaeo i?aae?iiy, oi caeii iiaea
ie?anethaaoe eiai iaae? (neaae?ii, a?ae 3 aei 21 iniae – aeey
i?aae?iiy), a o. /. ia?aaeaa/aoe iaia’yceiaa i?aaenoaaieoeo-
ai a oeueiio i?aai? iaeiaieo i?aoe?aiee?a, yeui a AO a?aenoo-
iy niinoa?aaeia ?aaea (ii?ia oaeiai i?aaenoaaieoeoaa ia? aooe
ia a?eueoa 1/3 neeaaeo i?aae?iiy). Eiie?aoio e?euee?noue
/eai?a oeueiai i?aaio aecia/a? naia AO caeaaeii a?ae e?eueeino?
aeoe?iia??a, ?ici??o noaoooiiai oiiaeo, ianooaa?a ae?yeueiino?
oa no?oeoo?e AO.
Aeiiae aei ye?niiai neeaaeo i?aae?iiy, ia iith aeoieo,
iiaeii? aooe aeaui ?ioeie. Oae, /eaiaie i?aae?iiy, ye oea
aecia/a? iei? ae?th/a ii?ia, iiaeooue aooe ia o?eueee aeoe?i-
ia?e oiaa?enoaa, a e iaeiai? i?aoe?aieee; caaaeaia caai?i-
ia uiaei iaeii/aniiai /eainoaa o niinoa?aaei?e ?aae? oa i?aa-
e?ii? caeeoa?oueny; cai?iiiiiaai? aeua aeiiae uiaei iai-
a’yceiaiai i?aaenoaaieoeoaa iaeiaieo i?aoe?aiee?a iathoue
ae?yoe eeoa a oeo AO, aea a?aenooiy niinoa?aaeia ?aaea; /ea-
iaie i?aae?iiy ca iinaaeith aeioe?eueii aeciaoe aieiaiiai aoo-
aaeoa?a AO oa ?ioeo aieiaieo niaoe?ae?no?a; iaeii/ania
/eainoai a i?aae?iiyo ??cieo AO aa?oi iaiaaeeoe, iai?e-
eeaae, o?ueiia oiaa?enoaaie, ca aeiyoeii i?aei?e?inoa iaei???
oieaeeiaiai? eiiiai?? (a inoaiiueiio aeiaaeeo oea /enei iiaea
aeinyaaoe 5-7 oiaa?enoa).
I?aae?iiy ae??oo? an? ieoaiiy ae?yeueiino? AO, e??i oeo,
ui iaeaaeaoue aei eiiiaoaioe?? caaaeueieo cai??a ? ?aaee AO
(niinoa?aaeii? ?aaee). Caaaeuei? cai?e iiaeooue aeianoe ??oai-
iy i?i ia?aaea/o /anoeie iaeaaeieo ?i i?aa aei eiiiaoaioe??
i?aae?iiy, e??i oeo ieoaiue, ui caeiiii (/. 6 no. 41 ? /. 4
no. 46 Caeiio Oe?a?ie “I?i ainiiaea?nuee? oiaa?enoaa”) ?
noaoooii AO a?aeianai? aei aeeeth/ii? eiiiaoaioe?? caaaeue-
ieo cai??a aeoe?iia??a ? niinoa?aaeii? ?aaee oiaa?enoaa.
Ca caeiiiaeaanoaii ?yaeo e?a?i, a oaeiae aei?aaiethoe?eii?
?in??, ia ia?oa ia?aia i?aae?iiy iieeaaeathoueny (iieeaaea-
eeny) aeiaeaoeia? ooieoe?? – ia?aa??ea ae?e caniiaiee?a ?
i?aaeeuei?noue ioe?iee aeeaae?a, cae?eniaieo o iaa?ioia?e oi?-
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i?, i?i ui aaea caaaeoaaeiny. Iiae?aio ii?io aeioe?eueii ia?aae-
aa/eoe ? a oe?a?inueeiio caeiiiaeaanoa? c oaeeo i??eoaaiue:
a) caaaeuei? cai?e o/aniee?a ia iathoue ?aaeueii? iiaeeeaino?
ia?aa??eoe ia’?eoeai?noue cai?iiiiiaaii? ioe?iee; a) caniia-
ieee ye i?aai?caoi?e oeeo cai??a iniaenoi caoe?eaaeai? a
i?eeiyoo? iiceoeaiiai ??oaiiy c oeueiai ieoaiiy, ? aiie
oaeoe/ii aeii?iothoue ia oeeo cai?ao; a) iniae, ye? c?iaeee
aeeaaee a iaa?ioia?e oi?i?, ca oe?a?inueeei caeiiiaeaanoaii
aa?ooue o/anoue o aieinoaaii? uiaei ??oaiiy c oeueiai ieoaiiy.
A?aeiia?aeii aei no. 47 Caeiio Oe?a?ie “I?i ainiiaea?nuee?
oiaa?enoaa” i?aae?iiy i?aeca?oia caaaeueiei cai?ai aeoe?-
iia??a (o oiaa?enoaao, aea ?nio? niinoa?aaeia ?aaea/?aaea AO, ?
oe?e ?aae?) oa i?aai?co? aeeiiaiiy ?oi?o ??oaiue.
E??i oiai, ia i?aae?iiy iieeaaeathoueny oaeiae iiaiiaa-
aeaiiy uiaei:
cae?eniaiiy eiio?ieth ca nai?/ani?noth aianaiiy iiaii?
iieaoe aeoe?e, yeui oiiaaie i?aeienee aoei ia?aaeaa/aii
/anoeiao iieaoo iii?iaeueii? aa?oino? aeoe?e;
neeeeaiiy caaaeueieo cai??a aeoe?iia??a – ye /a?ai-
aeo (aeey caoaa?aeaeaiiy ca?o?a i?i o?iainiai-ainiiaea?nueeo
ae?yeuei?noue oiaa?enoaa ca iaaiee ia??iae – ??e, i?a??//y aai
eaa?oae), oae ? iica/a?aiaeo (iaaecae/aeieo), yeui oeueiai
aeiaaa? noai ni?aa o oiaa?enoa?;
oeeaaeaiiy a?ae ?iai? oa a ?ioa?anao AO oaiae, a yeui oea
ia?aaeaa/aii noaoooii oiaa?enoaa – c iaia’yceiaei ?o
caoaa?aeaeaiiyi caaaeueieie cai?aie aai niinoa?aaeiith
?aaeith AO;
?icaeyae on?o i?iiiceoe?e oa caya aeoe?iia??a, yeeo iic-
aaaeaii i?aaa ?iaeoe oea ia caaaeueieo cai?ao, aai yeui oae?
caa?iaiiy aeoe?iia??a iiaeooue aooe ?icaeyioo? c aeianai-
iyi ??oaiiy a iia?aoeaiiio ii?yaeeo;
i?eeiyooy ??oaiiy i?i oeeaaeaiiy o?oaeiaiai aeiaiai-
?o (eiio?aeoo) c on?ia iniaaie, i?aoey e iineoae yeeo ia-
iao?aei? aeey aeinyaiaiiy oiaa?enoaii eiai ainiiaea?nueeeo
oe?eae;
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i?aaenoaaieoeoai o ciai?oi?o a?aeiineiao, oiaoi o a?aeii-
neiao ?c o?ao?ie iniaaie, a o. /. e oeeaaeaiiy c inoaii?ie
oaiae a?ae ?iai? oiaa?enoaa a?aeiia?aeii aei iiaiiaaaeaiue, ca-
e??ieaieo noaoooii AO, a yeiio iathoue aooe aecia/ai? iaae?
iiaiiaaaeaiue i?aae?iiy uiaei oeeaaeaiiy oaiae (iai?eeeaae,
/a?ac onoaiiaeaiiy iaeneiaeueii? noie ie?aii? oaiaee, aeaeo
oaiae). Oey ooieoe?y i?aae?iiy ? /e ia aieiaiith oa aaaeee-
aith ia eeoa aeey naiiai oiaa?enoaa, a e aeey o?ao?o in?a, c
yeeie aiii anoaiiaeth? aeiaia??i? a?aeiineie. Ca?aeii c ca-
eiiii i?aae?iiy ae?? a?ae ?iai? AO a iaaeao, ia?aaeaa/aieo
/eiiei caeiiiaeaanoaii ? noaoooii AO.
A?aeiineie i?ae /eaiaie i?aae?iiy oa AO anoaiiaeththoue-
ny ia iaaiee oa?i?i, oi/a a?o/eciyiee caeii ia aecia/a?
i?i?iaeueiiai oa iaeneiaeueiiai eiai ?ici???a, ui ia iiae-
ia aeciaoe aeioe?eueiei, – aaeaea aacno?ieia?noue ? iaci?ii?noue
neeaaeo i?aae?iiy iaaacia/ia ye aeey naiiai AO, oae ? aeey
eiai aeoe?iia??a. Caeiiiaeaanoai e?a?i ?eieiai? aeiiii?ee
anoaiiaeth? iaeneiaeueiee no?ie iiaiiaaaeaiue /eai?a i?aa-
e?iiy, a oaeiae iiaeeea?noue ia?aiiy (i?ecia/aiiy) oeo na-
ieo in?a ia iiaoi?iee oa?i?i. Oea ia icia/a?, iaeiae, ui
caaaeuei? cai?e aeoe?iia??a iicaaaeai? i?aaa aoaeue-eiee a?ae-
eeeeaoe ia?aieo ieie /eai?a i?aae?iiy, yeui inoaii? ia-
iaeaaeiei /eiii aeeiiothoue nai? iaia’ycee aai caaaeathoue
nai?ie ae?yie oeiaeo oiaa?enoao, ae?th/e o aeanieo ?ioa?a-
nao aai a ?ioa?anao o?ao?o in?a.
I?aae?iiy ? eieaa?aeueiei i?aaiii, a ioaea, iiaeiii iaoe
aieiao i?aae?iiy, yeee i/ieth? ?iaioo oeueiai i?aaio, oa
/eai?a i?aae?iiy. Aieiaa i?aae?iiy AO ia? i?aai aac aei-
a??aiino? cae?enithaaoe ae?? a?ae ?iai? oiaa?enoaa. ?io? /eaie
i?aae?iiy oaeiae iiaeooue aooe iaae?eai? oeei i?aaii ca?aeii
c? noaoooii.
I?aae?iiy i?aeca?oia o nai?e ae?yeueiino? caaaeueiei cai-
?ai aeoe?iia??a ? niinoa?aaei?e ?aae? oiaa?enoaa (yeui aiia
ia?aaeaa/aia noaoooii oiaa?enoaa) oa ciaia’ycaia ia??iaee/-
ii, a?aeiia?aeii aei aeiia aioo??oi?o ii?iaoeaieo aeo?a AO,
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ca?ooaaoe ia?aae niinoa?aaeiith ?aaeith, a oaeiae i?ioyaii
iaaiiai no?ieo i?ney cae?i/aiiy o?iainiaiai ?ieo iiaeaoe
niinoa?aaei?e ?aae? caaaeaiee ??/iee aaeain, caaaeaiee ca?o
i?eaooe?a ? caeoe?a, a oaeiae ??/iee ca?o.
Eieaa?aeuei?noue i?aae?iiy ye i?aaio AO iaoiiaeth? ie-
oaiiy i?i ii?yaeie i?eeiyooy ??oaiue oeei i?aaiii, a oa-
eiae i?aaiii/i?noue oaeeo ??oaiue. *eiia caeiiiaeaanoai
oaeiae ia anoaiiaeth? aeiia uiaei oeueiai, caeeoath/e ae??-
oaiiy cacia/aiiai ieoaiiy naiei AO a inia? caaaeueieo
cai??a ?o o/aniee?a (aeoe?iia??a), a ca aaaeaiiyi aeoe?iia??a
oiaa?enoaa – c aeei?enoaiiyi ?ic?iaeaieo Oiiaeii aea?-
aeaaiiai iaeia Oe?a?ie aioo??oi?o aeieoiaio?a a?aee?eoi-
ai AO [106]. Aiaeii/an cacia/ai? ieoaiiy oaeiae aeioe?eueii
a?aaoethaaoe a caeii?, anoaiiaeaoe oiiae i?eeiyooy ??-
oaiue oeei i?aaiii: a) ca iayaiino? a?eueoino? /eai?a i?aa-
e?iiy, a c ie?aieo ieoaiue – 2/3 neeaaeo i?aae?iiy; a) ca
oiiae, ui ca oaea ??oaiiy i?iaieino?, a?eueo?noue i?enooi?o
ia can?aeaii? i?aae?iiy /eai?a. Oaeiae ? ?acii onoaiiaeoe
i???ioiaio (iaeneiaeueio) ia??iaee/i?noue can?aeaiue i?aae?-
iiy (neaae?ii, i?eiaeii? aea?/? ia i?nyoeue). Iaaeeiiaiiy
anoaiiaeaieo caeiiii aai noaoooii AO aeiia uiaei i?a-
aiii/iino? i?eeiyoeo i?aae?iiyi ??oaiue iiaeiii iaoe
cia/aiiy eeoa aeey aioo??oi?o a?aeiinei – oiaoi /eai?a
i?aae?iiy c oiaa?enoaii, ? ia ca/?iaoe o?ao?o in?a. Ca i?ee-
iyooy ? aeeiiaiiy i?eeiyoeo c ii?ooaiiyie cacia/aieo
aeo?a ??oaiue aieiaa ? /eaie i?aae?iiy, ye? a?aee a oeueiio
o/anoue, iiaeii? a?aeiia?aeaoe ia?aae oiaa?enoaii a iiaiiio
ianyc? ye nie?aea?i? ai?aeieee, yeui a ?acoeueoao? aeeiiai-
iy oaeeo ??oaiue AO ?/aai eiai aeoe?iia?ai caaaeaii iae-
iiai? oeiaee. Oeeaaeai? ae ?c o?ao?ie iniaaie ia aeeiiai-
iy cacia/aieo ??oaiue oaiaee iathoue aeciaaaoeny /eiieie
o aeiaaeeo, eiee oae? iniae ia ciaee ? ia iiaeii? aoee cia-
oe, ui oaiaee c ieie oeeaaeaii ia i?aenoaa? ??oaiue, i?eeiy-
oeo c ii?ooaiiyi ii?yaeeo, ui eiai anoaiiaeth? noaooo
oiaa?enoaa. O?enaoe?y iiae?aieo ii?i a oe?a?inueeiio ca-
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eiiiaeaanoa? a?aeiia?aeaea a aiaeia?/i?e i?aeoeoe? o e?a?iao
?eieiai? aeiiii?ee, cie?aia a e?a?iao – /eaiao ?a?i-
iaenueeiai aeiiii?/iiai ni?aoiaa?enoaa, oa aeaeai?e inoai-
i?i ia?o?e aee?aeoea? a?ae 9 aa?aciy 1968 ?. [107].
sse iinaaeia? iniae oiaa?enoaa /eaie i?aae?iiy iiaeii?
ianoe a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noue ca a/eiai? ieie c ii?ooaiiyi
caeiio, noaoooo aai iinaaeiai? ?ino?oeoe?? ae?? /e aacae?yeuei?noue,
ianaiia?aae yeui inoaii? caaaeaee oeiaeo oiaa?enoao oa
aeoe?iia?ai. Oey a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noue ia iiaeiia iaiaaeoaaoe-
ny aeenoeeie?ia?iith oa iaeiiaith a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noth eeoa
oeo /eai?a i?aae?iiy, ye? aeeiiothoue nai? iaia’ycee ia
i?aenoaa? o?oaeiaiai aeiaiai?o. Ca iai?aaii??ii i?eeiyo?
??oaiiy oa caaaeaio aeeiiaiiyi inoaii?o oeiaeo iathoue
nie?aea?ia a?aeiia?aeaoe ia?aae oiaa?enoaii on? /eaie i?aae?i-
iy, ye? aieinoaaee ca oae? ??oaiiy oa/aai aeeiioaaee ?o.
Aeeiiaiiy iaia’yce?a /eai?a i?aae?iiy, cae/aeii, aeia-
ai?iaeaeo?oueny, oi/ onoaiia/eie aeieoiaioaie oiaa?enoaa
iiaeooue aooe ia?aaeaa/ai? aeiaaeee, eiee oae? iaia’ycee
aeeiiothoueny ia aaciieaoi?e iniia? aeoe?iia?aie oiaa?e-
noaa. Aeiaai?iaea /eaiai i?aae?iiy iiaea ae?aaeaoenue o
aeaeyae?: 1) iaaiiai iinaaeiaiai ieeaaeo; 2) iaaii? /anoee a
i?eaooeao oiaa?enoaa; 3) i?ai?e. Ii?yaeie aecia/aiiy
aeiaai?iaee oa ?? ?ici?? iathoue ?aaoethaaoeny noaoooii
oiaa?enoaa.
NIINOA?AAEIA ?AAeA. Aaaeeeaei ? a iaaieo aeiaae-
eao (cie?aia a AO, ye? iae?/othoue iiiaae 50 aeoe?iia??a [108]
aai noai?ai? a i?ioean? ei?ii?aoecaoe?? [109] aei iiiaioo
neeeeaiiy caaaeueieo cai??a aeoe?iia??a i?ney ?aae?caoe??
ieaio i?iaeaaeo aeoe?e, ui iaeaaeaee aea?aeaa?) iaia’yceiaei
i?aaiii AO ? eiai niinoa?aaeia ?aaea (?aaea oiaa?enoaa).
Caeii Oe?a?ie “I?i ainiiaea?nuee? oiaa?enoaa” ia?aaea? ia
eieaeueiee ??aaiue (oiaoi caaaeueiei cai?ai aeoe?iia??a)
ae??oaiiy ieoaiiy i?i aeioe?euei?noue noai?aiiy a AO oeueiai
i?aaio a ?aoo? aeiaaee?a. Cai?iaaaeaeaiiy iaia’yceiaino?
niinoa?aaeii? ?aaee a AO ?c cia/iith e?euee?noth aeoe?iia??a
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a?aeiia?aea? cae??ieaiiio a no. ?C Eiinoeoooe?? Oe?a?ie ii-
eiaeaiith i?i caaacia/aiiy aea?aeaaith nioe?aeueii? i???ioaoe??
oe?a?inueei? aeiiii?ee, ui ia?aaeaa/a? anoaiiaeaiiy aea?aeaa-
ieo aa?aio?e i?aa aeoe?iia??a (ianaiia?aae ae??aieo), e?aaee-
oi??a ? niiaeeaa/?a, a oaeiae naieo AO ye noa’?eo?a ainii-
aea?thaaiiy.
*eiiee Caeii Oe?a?ie “I?i ainiiaea?nuee? oiaa?enoaa”
iaaei??o eaeii?/iee uiaei niinoa?aaeii? ?aaee, ?? neeaaeo,
eiiiaoaioe??, ii?yaeeo i?iaaaeaiiy can?aeaiue oiui. Cacia/a-
ia i?iaaeeia Caeiio iaaiei /eiii (aea ia iiaiith i??ith)
eiiiaino?oueny a?aeiia?aeieie iieiaeaiiyie Oeiiaiai noa-
oooo a?aee?eoiai aeoe?iia?iiai oiaa?enoaa, noai?aiiai a i?i-
oean? ei?ii?aoecaoe?? aai i?eaaoecaoe??. Iieiaeaiiy i?i nii-
noa?aaeio ?aaeo ei?ii?aoeciaaieo i?aei?e?inoa, caoaa?aeaea-
iiai iinoaiiaith Eaa?iaoo I?i?no??a Oe?a?ie a?ae 19.07.1993 ?.
? 556 [110], a oaeiae ?aeiiaiaeiaaiei Oiiaeii aea?aeaa-
iiai iaeia Oe?a?ie Iieiaeaiiyi i?i niinoa?aaeio ?aaeo
a?aee?eoiai aeoe?iia?iiai oiaa?enoaa [111]. Oae, noaoo? 36,
41, 46, 49 iacaaiiai Caeiio ia?aaeaa/athoue: eeoa iaeio ae-
iiao aei /eai?a oeueiai i?aaio – caai?iio iaeii/anii aooe
ua e /eaiii i?aae?iiy aai ?aa?c?eii? eii?n?? oeueiai ae AO;
uiaei eiiiaoaioe?? niinoa?aaeii? ?aaee – iaiaaeothoueny ii-
eiaeaiiyie i?i oa, ui inoaiiy i?aaenoaaey? ?ioa?ane aeoe?-
iia??a o ia?a?a? i?ae i?iaaaeaiiyi caaaeueieo cai??a ? a
iaaeao eiiiaoaioe??, aecia/aii? noaoooii, eiio?ieth? ? ?aao-
eth? ae?yeuei?noue aeeiiaa/iai i?aaio AO, a o. /. ia? i?aai ae-
iaaaoe ia?aa??ee ?aa?c?eiith eii?n??th oiaa?enoaa o?iai-
niai-ainiiaea?nueei? ae?yeueiino? i?aae?iiy, a oaeiae ca ??oai-
iyi caaaeueieo cai??a aeoe?iia??a iiaea aeeiioaaoe ie?ai?
iiaiiaaaeaiiy oeeo cai??a (ie??i a?aeianaieo caeiiii ? noa-
oooii aei aeeeth/ii? eiiiaoaioe?? inoaii?o); i?ecia/aiiy
e a?aeeeeeaiiy /eai?a niinoa?aaeii? ?aaee a?aeaoaa?oueny ca
??oaiiyi caaaeueieo cai??a aeoe?iia??a, yeei oey ?aaea e
i?aeca?oia.
Ia i?aeoeoe? niinoa?aaeia ?aaea ia??aeei ? aaaeeea?oei
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i?aaiii, i?ae i?aae?iiy, ine?eueee iaae?ey?oueny ia eeoa eii-
o?ieueieie ooieoe?yie uiaei inoaiiueiai, a e aeineoue oe?i-
eith eiiiaoaioe??th. O iacaaieo Oeiiaiio noaooo? e Iiei-
aeaii? i?i niinoa?aaeio ?aaeo oeth ianoaaeio a?aoiaaii, ?
ii?yaeie ae?yeueiino? niinoa?aaeii? ?aaee oeeie aeieoiaioaie
?aaoeth?oueny a?oioiai?oa. Oae, ia?aaeaa/a?oueny, ui: a) oaea
?aaea iae?a?oueny caaaeueieie cai?aie aeoe?iia??a ia no?ie
aei aeaio ?ie?a o neeaae? o?ueio (a?aeiia?aeii aei Oeiiaiai noa-
oooo) aai ?ioi? e?eueeino? in?a ?c /enea aeoe?iia??a; a) aei
neeaaeo niinoa?aaeii? ?aaee ia iiaeooue iae?aoeny /e i?e-
cia/aoeny /eaie i?aae?iiy oa ?io? iinaaeia? iniae oiaa?e-
noaa; a) /eai i?aae?iiy iiaea aooe ia?aiee /eaiii nii-
noa?aaeii? ?aaee ia ?ai?o ye /a?ac 2 ?iee i?ney i?eieiai-
iy eiai iiaiiaaaeaiue o i?aae?ii? AO; a) oa naia iniaa ia
iiaea iae?aoeny /eaiii niinoa?aaeii? ?aaee a?eueo ye o?e
no?iee iini?eue; ae) /eai niinoa?aaeii? ?aaee iiaea aooe a?ae-
eeeeaiee caaaeueieie cai?aie aeoe?iia??a aei cae?i/aiiy
no?ieo iiaiiaaaeaiue niinoa?aaeii? ?aaee /e iayaiino? aei-
noaoi?o i?aenoaa; a) e??i cae??ieaieo o caeii? ooieoe?e, nii-
noa?aaeia ?aaea:
?icaeyaea? ca?oe ca eaa?oae, i?a??//y, ui ?o iiaea? i?aa-
e?iiy, ? i?eeia? a?aeiia?aei? ??oaiiy;
aiae?co? ae?? i?aae?iiy uiaei ci?ie, a o. /. ?icoe?aiiy
noa? ae?yeueiino? oiaa?enoaa, eiai o?e?e oa i?aaenoaaieoeoa, ?
?iaeoue a?aeiia?aei? aeniiaee;
iiaea? i?iiiceoe?? uiaei oiia iieaoe i?aoe? iinaaeiaeo
in?a oiaa?enoaa, eiai o?e?e oa i?aaenoaaieoeoa;
o ?ac? iaiao?aeiino? aenooia? ?i?oe?aoi?ii i?iaaaeaiiy
iica/a?aiaeo ?aa?c?e o?iainiai-ainiiaea?nueei? ae?yeueiino? oa
aoaeeoi?nueeeo ia?aa??ie oiaa?enoaa, aei/??i?o i?aei?e?inoa,
o?e?e oa i?aaenoaaieoeoa ? i?eeia? ??oaiiy ia i?aenoaa? ca?o?a
?aa?c?eii? eii?n??;
?icaeyaea? oa aiae?co? aeniiaee e iaoa??aee ia?aa??ie
? neoaeaiaeo ?icne?aeoaaiue, ui i?iaiaeyoueny ?aa?c?eiith ei-
i?n??th AO;
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cae?enith? iiia?aaei?e ?icaeyae on?o ieoaiue, ui iaeaaeaoue
aei aeeeth/ii? eiiiaoaioe?? caaaeueieo cai??a aeoe?iia??a, aioo?
oe? ieoaiiy aei cai??a, ?icaeyaea? i?iaeoe ??oaiue caaaeueieo
cai??a uiaei oeeo ieoaiue ? o. ?i.
Niinoa?aaeia ?aaea, ye ? i?aae?iiy, ? eieaa?aeueiei i?aa-
iii, a ioaea, iinoathoue ieoaiiy uiaei ea??aieoeoaa oeei i?-
aaiii ? ii?yaeeo i?eeiyooy iei ??oaiue. Aeuacaaaeai? aeoe
Oiiaeo aea?aeaaiiai iaeia ia?aaeaa/athoue, ui: a) can?aeaiiy
niinoa?aaeii? ?aaee i?iaiaeyoueny uieaa?oaeo aai ia ??aeoa
iaeiiai ?aco ia eaa?oae; a) iica/a?aia? can?aeaiiy neeeea-
thoueny aieiaith niinoa?aaeii? ?aaee c aeanii? ?i?oe?aoeae aai
ia aeiiao /eai?a niinoa?aaeii? ?aaee, a oaeiae i?aae?iiy
/e ?aa?c?eii? eii?n??; /eaie niinoa?aaeii? ?aaee iia?aeii-
eythoueny i?i iica/a?aia? can?aeaiiy ia?niiaeueii ia i?ci?o
ye ca n?i aei?a aei i?ecia/aii? aeaoe can?aeaiiy; a) ia ia?-
oiio can?aeaii? niinoa?aaeii? ?aaee AO c /enea ?? /eai?a
iae?athoueny aieiaa, canooiiee aieiae oa nae?aoa?; a) /eai
niinoa?aaeii? ?aaee iiaea: a?aoe o/anoue o can?aeaiiyo ini-
aenoi aai /a?ac naiai i?aaenoaaieea c iaeaaeii ioi?iea-
iith aeia??ai?noth, aai ia?aaeaoe nai? iiaiiaaaeaiiy a can?-
aeaii? ?ioiio /eaiia? niinoa?aaeii? ?aaee ia i?aenoaa? ia-
eaaeii ioi?ieaii? aeia??aiino? (aea i?e oeueiio ?aeiiai-
aeo?oueny iaiaaeeoe iiaeeea?noue oaeiai i?aaenoaaieoeoaa eeoa
iaei??th aeia??ai?noth); ae) niinoa?aaeia ?aaea i?aaiii/ia i?ee-
iaoe ??oaiiy, yeui ia can?aeaii? iaeaaeiei /eiii i?aae-
noaaeaii i?eiaeii? 2/3 ?? /eai?a; a) /eaie niinoa?aaeii?
?aaee ianooue ia?niiaeueio a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noue ca aeeiiaiiy
??oaiue caaaeueieo cai??a, yeui aiie (??oaiiy) ia noia?a-
/aoue /eiiiio caeiiiaeaanoao ? noaoooia? AO, a a ?ac? iaae-
eiiaiiy aai iaiaeaaeiiai aeeiiaiiy nai?o iaia’yce?a ia-
nooue aeenoeeie?ia?io /e ?ioo a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noue ca?aeii c /ei-
iei caeiiiaeaanoaii, o o. /. iaeiiao – ca oeiaeo, caiiae?y-
io AO ii?ooaiiyi iieeaaeaieo ia ieo iaia’yce?a. Iiei-
aeaiiy uiaei a?aeiia?aeaeueiino? /eai?a niinoa?aaeii? ?aaee (a
iaaeoi aeenoeeie?ia?ii?) ia iiaeia iacaaoe oaeeie, ui a?aeii-
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a?aeathoue /eiiiio caeiiiaeaanoao. Oi/a /eaie niinoa?aaeii?
?aaee ca caeiiii – iinaaeia? iniae AO, iaeiae /eaie oeueiai
i?aaio ? aeoe?iia?aie, oiaoi ia iaeaaeaoue aei iaeiaieo ?ia?o-
iee?a, a ioaea, e ia iiaeooue ianoe aeenoeeie?ia?ii? a?aeiia?-
aeaeueiino? ca o?oaeiaei caeiiiaeaanoaii.
Iieiaeaiiy Caeiio Oe?a?ie “I?i ainiiaea?nuee? oiaa?e-
noaa” noiniaii niinoa?aaeii? ?aaee ia iiaeia aeciaoe aein-
oaoi?ie. Caaaeai? i?aecaeiii? ii?iaoeai? aeoe ia eiiiai-
nothoue aaae caeiio. Oiio oyaey?oueny ia eeoa aeioe?eueiei, a
e ae?ae iaiao?aeiei aeey ?icaeoeo aeoe?iia?ii? ni?aae a
Oe?a?i? (caaaeath/e ia i?ioeane ei?ii?aoecaoe?? oa i?eaa-
oecaoe??) anaa?/ii a?aaoethaaoe ieoaiiy, iia’ycai? c ooieoe?i-
ioaaiiyi oeueiai i?aaio, a naia: a) onoaiiaeoe e?euee?ni?
(iai?eeeaae, a iaaeao 3-12 in?a) oa ye?ni? aeiiae uiaei
neeaaeo oeueiai i?aaio, a o. /. iaiaaeaiiy uiaei iaeii/aniiai
/eainoaa a eiio?ieueieo ? aeeiiaa/eo i?aaiao aeae?eueeio
AO [oaeeie aeiiaaie iiaeooue aooe: iayaia iei? oiiaa
aooe aeoe?iia?ii aeaiiai oiaa?enoaa (yeui aeoe?iia? –
th?eaee/ia iniaa, oi a?ae ?? ?iai? ia? ae?yoe niaoe?aeueii i?ecia-
/aiee iath aeey oeueiai i?aaenoaaiee); ia?aaeaa/aia /eiiei
caeiiiaeaanoaii caai?iia iaeii/anii aooe /eaiii i?aa-
e?iiy aai ?aa?c?eii? eii?n?? oeueiai naiiai oiaa?enoaa; ae-
iiaa uiaei iaia’yceiaiai i?aaenoaaieoeoaa iaeiaieo i?a-
oe?aiee?a – o iaaeao 1/3 neeaaeo niinoa?aaeii? ?aaee; aeiaeao-
eiaa caai?iia aooe iaeii/anii /eaiii iiiaae, neaae?ii, 5
niinoa?aaeieo ?aae ??cieo AO, ca aeiyoeii aei/??i?o i?ae-
i?e?inoa iaei??? oieaeeiaiai? eiiiai?? (oiae? oea /enei iiaea
aooe ca?eueoaii aei 10)]; a) ia?aaeaa/eoe ii?yaeie i?eeiyo-
oy niinoa?aaeiiai ?aaeith ??oaiue; a) a?eueo a?oioiaii ae-
cia/eoe ?? eiiiaoaioe?th c o?aooaaiiyi i?aeoe/iiai aeina?-
aeo e i?aecaeiiii? ii?iioai?/ino? (iieiaeaiue i?aecaeiiieo
ii?iaoeaieo aeo?a), a oaeiae ca?oa?aeiiai aeina?aeo, ie?aneea-
oe a no. 46 Caeiio Oe?a?ie “I?i ainiiaea?nuee? oiaa?enoaa”
iaae? eiiiaoaioe?? niinoa?aaeii? ?aaee oae: “Niinoa?aaeia
?aaea caoaa?aeaeo? neeaae i?aae?iiy ? a?aeeeeea? i?ecia/aieo
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iath /eai?a i?aae?iiy; i?aai?co? oa eiio?ieth? ae?yeuei?noue
i?aae?iiy; aeeiio? ie?ai? ooieoe?? caaaeueieo cai??a aeoe?i-
ia??a, e??i ieoaiue, a?aeianaieo caeiiii ? noaoooii oiaa-
?enoaa aei aeeeth/ii? eiiiaoaioe?? caaaeueieo cai??a aeoe?i-
ia??a; cae?enith? i?aaenoaaieoeoai AO a noaeiaeo i?ioeanao ca
o/anoth /eai?a i?aae?iiy (oiaoi eiee inoaii? aenooiathoue
o ?ie? iiceaa/?a aei AO aai a?aeiia?aea/?a ca iiciaii oiaa-
?enoaa); aea? caiaeo ia oeeaaeaiiy a?ae ?iai? oiaa?enoaa oaiae:
ia noio iiiaae 10 oeny/ iaiiiaeaoeiaoaaieo i?i?ioi?a aei-
oiae?a a?iiaaeyi; iia’ycaieo ?c canoaaith ia?ooiiiai iaeia
oiaa?enoaa; oeo, ui oeeaaeathoueny i?ae AO ? /eaiii (/eaia-
ie) i?aae?iiy aai niinoa?aaeii? ?aaee oeueiai oiaa?enoaa”;
2) ia?aaeaa/eoe a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noue /eai?a niinoa?aaeii? ?aaee
ia?aae oiaa?enoaii ca oeiaeo, caiiae?yio i?eeiyooyi oeei
i?aaiii ??oaiue onoia?a/ ?ioa?anai AO oa eiai aeoe?iia??a,
ia c?acie oaea cai?iiiiiaaii? uiaei /eai?a i?aae?iiy.
?AA?C?EIA EII?N?ss. ?aa?c?eia eii?n?y a iaia’ycei-
aei eiio?ieueiei i?aaiii AO. Iaiao?aei?noue ?aa?c?eii?
eii?n?? coiiaeaia oei, ui a?aoe o/anoue a i?aaiao oi?aae?i-
iy iiaeooue ia eeoa aeoe?iia?e, a e iniae, ye? aeeiiothoue
ooieoe?? /eai?a i?aae?iiy, ea??aiee?a no?oeoo?ieo i?ae-
?icae?e?a ? aieiaieo niaoe?ae?no?a ia i?aenoaa? o?oaeiaiai aei-
aiai?o. Ae?yeuei?noue cacia/aieo iinaaeiaeo in?a oa i?aai?a,
noi?iiaaieo ca ?oiueith o/anoth, iio?aaothoue ia?aa??ee c aieo
aeoe?iia??a – aaeaea ?ioa?ane iaeiaieo i?aoe?aiee?a ia caa-
aeaee ca?aathoueny c ?ioa?anaie AO, a yeiio aiie i?aoeththoue,
a oaeiae o/aniee?a oeueiai oiaa?enoaa. Iaiaaeaea?e AO, ye?
ia a aeoe?iia?aie inoaiiueiai, caoe?eaaeai? o caaeuai?e ioe?ioe?
nai?? i?aoe?, a aei oiai ae iiaeooue ceiaaeeaaoe nai?i noaii-
aeuai a AO ia oeiaeo inoaiiueiio (iai?eeeaae, oeeanoe
oaiaeo /e cae?enieoe ainiiaea?nueeo iia?aoe?th ia naith ei?enoue
aai a ?ioa?anao o?ao?o in?a – ca a?aeiia?aeio aeiaai?iaeo).
Ioaea, iniiaia i?ecia/aiiy ?aa?c?eii? eii?n?? AO – eiio-
?ieue ca o?iainiai-ainiiaea?nueeith ae?yeuei?noth oiaa?enoaa a
oe?eiio, oiaoi i?aae?iiy, an?o eiai i?ae?icae?e?a ? noai?aieo
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oiaa?enoaii aei/??i?o i?aei?e?inoa. Noaooy 49 Caeiio Oe?a-
?ie “I?i ainiiaea?nuee? oiaa?enoaa” a?aeaiaeeoue ?aa?c?ei?e
eii?n?? ne?iii?oo ?ieue – eeoa cae?eniaiiy eiio?ieth ca
o?iainiai-ainiiaea?nueeith ae?yeuei?noth i?aae?iiy AO, ui
iaa?yae /e iiaeia aeciaoe aeioe?eueiei. Aei oiai ae ca iaya-
iino? a AO niinoa?aaeii? ?aaee inoaiiy oa ?aa?c?eia eii?-
n?y aeyaeythoueny aeaiia i?aaiaie, ui eiio?ieththoue ae?yeue-
i?noue i?aae?iiy. Oe? i?aaie iathoue aaaaoi ni?eueieo ?en (aiie
iae?athoueny e a?aeeeeeathoueny caaaeueieie cai?aie aeoe?i-
ia??a, i?aeca?oi? oeei cai?ai, oi?iothoueny c /enea aeoe?iia??a,
ii?yaeie ?oiuei? ae?yeueiino? oa e?euee?niee neeaae caoaa?aeaeo-
thoueny caaaeueieie cai?aie aeoe?iia??a ca?aeii c? noaoooii
oiaa?enoaa, iaeaeaa oe? i?aaie iiaeooue aeiaaaoe neeeeaiiy
?nio? ?noioia ??cieoey.
Ii-ia?oa, niinoa?aaeia ?aaea iiaeiia iaiaaeeoeny eiio-
?ieai ae?yeueiino? i?aae?iiy (? aiaeii/an – on??? ae?yeueiino?
aeeiiaa/iai i?aaio AO, a o. /. o?iainiai-ainiiaea?nueei?,
i?aai?caoe?eii?: uiaei ?icaeyaeo i?iiiceoe?e oa caa?iaiue
aeoe?iia??a oiui), a ?aa?c?eia eii?n?y iieeeeaia eiio?i-
ethaaoe eeoa o?iainiai-ainiiaea?nueeo ae?yeuei?noue, aea oiaa-
?enoaa a oe?eiio (a o. /. ? eiai o?e??, i?aaenoaaieoeoaa, aei/??i?
i?aei?e?inoaa oi?oa?iiai oeio).
Ii-ae?oaa, yeui niinoa?aaeia ?aaea ae?? iino?eii, ia??iaee/-
ii cae?ath/enue ia nai? can?aeaiiy, oi ?aa?c?eia eii?n?y cae?e-
nith? ia?aa??ee o?iainiai-ainiiaea?nueei? ae?yeueiino? oiaa?e-
noaa eeoa ca iaaieo ianoaaei – ca aei?o/aiiyi caaaeue-
ieo cai??a, ?aaee AO (niinoa?aaeii? ?aaee), c aeanii? ?i?oe?a-
oeae, yeui aeey oeueiai ? a?aeiia?aei? i?aenoaae, aai ia aeiiao
aeoe?iia??a, ye? aieiae?thoue o noeoiiino? a?eueo ye 10% ai-
ein?a, a aeniiaee uiaei ??/ieo ca?o?a oa aaeain?a AO aioo?
ii caaa?oaii? a?aeiia?aeiiai ainiiaea?nueei-o?iainiaiai ?ieo
(i?e oeueiio ?aa?c?ei?e eii?n?? AO iathoue aooe iiaeai? an?
iaoa??aee, aooaaeoa?nuee? aai ?io? aeieoiaioe oa iniaeno?
iiyniaiiy iinaaeiaeo in?a ia ?? aeiiao).
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Ii-o?ao?, ?aa?c?eia eii?n?y aeiiia?aea? i?i ?acoeueoaoe
i?iaaaeaieo iath ia?aa??ie caaaeueiei cai?ai AO aai ?aae?
AO (niinoa?aaei?e ?aae?), oiae? ye inoaiiy ca?oo? i?i naith
ae?yeuei?noue eeoa caaaeueiei cai?ai AO (oi/a caaaeaiei
Oeiiaei noaoooii a?aee?eoiai aeoe?iia?iiai oiaa?enoaa,
noai?aiiai a i?ioean? ei?ii?aoecaoe?? oa i?eaaoecaoe??, ia-
?aaeaa/a?oueny, ui ?aa?c?eia eii?n?y ca?oo? eeoa ia?aae ca-
aaeueieie cai?aie).
Ii-/aoaa?oa, /eaie ?aa?c?eii? eii?n?? iathoue i?aai a?a-
oe o/anoue ?c i?aaii aei?aae/iai aieino a can?aeaiiyo i?aa-
e?iiy, oiae? ye ca /eaiaie niinoa?aaeii? ?aaee caeii oaeiai
i?aaa ia o?eno?.
Iiaiiaaaeaiiy ?aa?c?eii? eii?n?? iiaeia ie?aneeoe oae:
1) cae?eniaiiy /a?aiaeo (ii cae?i/aii? o?iainiai-ainii-
aea?nueeiai ?ieo) oa iica/a?aiaeo ia?aa??ie o?iainiai-ain-
iiaea?nueei? ae?yeueiino? AO, eiai aei/??i?o i?aei?e?inoa, o?e?e,
i?aaenoaaieoeoa oa ?ioeo no?oeoo?ieo i?ae?icae?e?a – ca
aei?o/aiiyi caaaeueieo cai??a aeoe?iia??a, ?aaee AO, c ?? aean-
ii? ?i?oe?aoeae aai ia aeiiao aeoe?iia??a, ye? noeoiii aiei-
ae?thoue 10 (ca caeiiii), a aeioe?eueii (c iaoith caoenoo iaioino?)
– 5% aiein?a; cacia/ai? ia?aa??ee iiaeooue noinoaaoeny:
aeio?eiaiiy aeiia /eiiiai caeiiiaeaanoaa, noaoooo AO
? eiai aioo??oi?o ii?iaoeaieo aeo?a;
aeeiiaiiy ??oaiue caaaeueieo cai??a uiaei o?iainiai-
ainiiaea?nueeeo ieoaiue, o o. /. onoiaiiy aaae, aeyaeaieo ii-
ia?aaeiueith ?aa?c??th;
i?aaeeueiino? ?ic?aooie?a noie i?eaooeo, ui niea-
/o?oueny aeoe?iia?ai ii aeoe?yo;
aeio?eiaiiy aeoe?iia?aie ii?yaeeo ? no?ie?a iieaoe
aeoe?e, yeui onoaiia/eie aeieoiaioaie oa oiiaaie ai?n??
aoei Ia?aaeaa/aii iiaoaiio /anoeiao iieaoo, a oaeiae niea-
oe aeoe?iia?aie, ye? nai?/anii ia aeeiiaee nai?o ciaia’y-
caiue uiaei iieaoe, 10% ??/ieo a?ae noie i?ino?i/aiiai
ieaoaaeo;
i?aaeeueiino? aecia/aiiy ?ici??o noaoooiiai oiiaeo AO
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? e?eueeino? aeoe?e, ui aeioneathoueny, a oaeiae ci?i ?ici??o
oeueiai oiiaeo;
iaa?oioiaaiino? cai?iiiiiaaii? ioe?iee aeeaae?a, c?ia-
eaieo o iaa?ioia?e oi?i?;
oi?ioaaiiy e aeei?enoaiiy ?aca?aiiai oa ?ioeo oii-
ae?a, aeaea?aeii yeeo ? i?eaooie AO;
noaio eane oa iaeia oiaa?enoaa oiui;
2) neeaaeaiiy aeniiaeo ii ??/ieo ca?oao oa aaeainao AO,
ui ? iaia’yceiaith oiiaith aeey caoaa?aeaeaiiy caaaeueieie
cai?aie aaeaino;
3) aeiaaaoe iica/a?aiaiai neeeeaiiy caaaeueieo cai??a
aeoe?iia??a o ?ac? aeieeiaiiy caa?ice nooo?aei ?ioa?anai
AO /e aeyaeaiiy ceiaaeeaaiue, o/eiaieo iinaaeiaeie ini-
aaie; oea ? aiaeii/an ? i?aaii, ? iaia’yceii ?aa?c?eii? eii?n??.
?aa?c?eia eii?n?y AO oaeiae ? eieaa?aeueiei i?aaiii, ye
niinoa?aaeia ?aaea ? i?aae?iiy, aea caeii ia anoaiiaeth?
e?euee?nieo aeiia aei ?? neeaaeo ia a?aei?io a?ae aiaeia?/ii?
eii?n?? oiaa?enoaa c iaiaaeaiith a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noth, e?euee?n-
iee neeaae yei? ia? noaiiaeoe uiiaeiaioa o?e iniae. Oea
/enei ne?ae aeciaoe i?i?iaeueiei aeey ?aa?c?eii? eii?n?? AO,
ca aeiyoeii oiaa?enoa ?c iacia/iith (aei 50 in?a) e?euee?noth
aeoe?iia??a (aeey ieo aeioe?eueii aoei a o caeiiiaeaa/iio ii-
?yaeeo ia?aaeaa/eoe iiaeeea?noue ia?aiiy iaeiiai ?aa?ci?a).
Aaaeeeaei ieoaiiyi ? aecia/aiiy oa?i?io iiaiiaaaeaiue
?aa?c?eii? eii?n?? /e ?aa?ci?a, iaeiae a?o/eciyiee caeiii-
aeaaaoeue ia i?eae?ey? oeueiio iaeaaeii? oaaae. Oiio aeioe?eueii
a caeiiiaeaa/iio ii?yaeeo ia?aaeaa/eoe oaeee oa?i?i (i?e-
iaeii? iaeneiaeueiee) ? iiaeeea?noue ia?aiiy /eaiii ?a-
a?c?eii? eii?n?? /e ?aa?ci?ii ia a?eueo ye ia aeaa no?iee
i?ae?yae.
I?aai?caoe?y ?iaioe ?aa?c?eii? eii?n?? AO ia? cae?enith-
aaoeny ia i?aenoaa? caeiio, a oaeiae aioo??oi?o ii?iaoea-
ieo aeo?a oiaa?enoaa, ui aeaoae?cothoue i?ioeaaeo?o oi?ioaai-
iy oa ae?yeuei?noue oeueiai i?aaio, eiai ooieoe??, i?aaa oa iai-
a’ycee /eai?a eii?n??, c o?aooaaiiyi niaoeeo?ee ae?yeueiino?
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eiie?aoiiai AO. A io ieoaiiy a?aeiia?aeaeueiino? /eai?a
?aa?c?eii? eii?n?? ca iaaeeiiaiiy, iaiaeaaeia aeeiiaiiy
nai?o iaia’yce?a aai ceiaaeeaaiiy nai?ie i?aaaie ia? anoa-
iiaethaaoe caeii. Ia inoaii? i?noea a nenoai? caoiae?a a?aeii-
a?aeaeueiino? uiaei oaeeo in?a iaeaaeeoue iaeiia?e a?aeiia?-
aeaeueiino? ia?aae AO, yeui ae?yie (aacae?yeuei?noth) /eai?a
?aa?c?eii? eii?n?? oiaa?enoao caaaeaii oeiaee, a o. /. ? caeo-
e?a. Iiaeeea?noue canoinoaaiiy iaeiiai? a?aeiia?aeaeueiino?
uiaei /eai?a ?aa?c?eii? eii?n?? ye iinaaeiaeo in?a i?aai?a
AO ia?aaeaa/aia no. 23 oa i. “?” no. 41 Caeiio Oe?a?ie “I?i
ainiiaea?nuee? oiaa?enoaa”; iaeiae iiiyooy oa iaae? oaei?
a?aeiia?aeaeueiino? oeae caeii ia ?ice?eaa?, ui a iaei??th c eiai
aaae. Acaaae? a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noue /eai?a i?aai?a AO (o o. /. e
?aa?c?eii? eii?n??) aeioe?eueii aoei a ia?aaeaa/eoe, ye oea ?
?iaeoue, iai?eeeaae, ?in?enueeee caeiiiaeaaaoeue uiaei iinaaei-
aeo in?a AO (no. 71 Caeiio ?O “I?i aeoe?iia?i? oiaa?e-
noaa”) aai i?iaoeueeee caeiiiaeaaaoeue uiaei cacia/aieo in?a ?
?aa?ci??a (ia?aa?aoe 93 ? 116 Aeoe?iia?iiai caeiio oa ia-
?aa?ao 323 Oi?aiaiai oeiaeaiiy), o niaoe?aeueiiio Caeii?
“I?i aeoe?iia?i? oiaa?enoaa”, iio?aaa a yeiio a Oe?a?i?
aeaaii iac??ea. I?e oeueiio ianya ? oa?aeoa? iaeiiai? a?aeii-
a?aeaeueiino? /eai?a ?aa?c?eii? eii?n?? iathoue aooe oaeeie
ae ye o /eai?a ?ioeo eieaa?aeueieo i?aai?a AO – i?aae?i-
iy oa niinoa?aaeii? ?aaee.
* * *
Ocaaaeueithth/e iaaaaeaio ooo oa?aeoa?enoeeo AO, iiae-
ia aecia/eoe iniiai? ?ene AO acaaae?, niaoeeo?/i? ?ene
ie?aieo aeae?a AO (AAO ? CAO), a oaeiae AO, ui noai?ththoue-
ny a niaoe?aeueiiio ii?yaeeo (a i?ioean? i?eaaoecaoe??).
Iniiai? ?ene aeoe?iia?ieo oiaa?enoa:
ainiiaea?nueea i?aai?caoe?y ei?ii?aoeaiiai oeio;
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iiae?e noaoooiiai eai?oaeo ia /anoee ??aii? iii?iaeue-
ii? aa?oino?, ui ?iaiothoueny aeoe?yie;
a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noue AO ca nai?ie ciaia’ycaiiyie eeoa
iaeiii, ui iaeaaeeoue eiio ia i?aa? aeaniino?;
a?aenooi?noue o aeoe?iia??a noaneae?a?ii? iaeiiai? a?aeii-
a?aeaeueiino? ca ciaia’ycaiiyie oiaa?enoaa, yeui aiie (ae-
oe?iia?e) iiai?noth nieaoeee nai? /anoee;
iayai?noue noaoono th?eaee/ii? iniae;
i?i?iaeueia e?euee?noue caniiaiee?a – 2;
caniiaieee – o?ce/i? oa/aai th?eaee/i? iniae ;
iaia’yceia?noue iaeiiai? o/ano? aeoe?iia??a a AO ? iai-
aia’yceia?noue aeey: ieo ia?niiaeueii? o/ano?;
iaia’yceiaa iayai?noue noaoooiiai e ?aca?aiiai oiiae?a,
aeiiae aei i?i?iaeueiiai ?ici??o, ni?aa?aeiioaiiy e ii?yae-
eo oi?ioaaiiy yeeo aecia/athoueny caeiiii;
iayai?noue aeaniiai iaeia (cae??ieaiiai ca AO ia i?aa?
aeaniino?);
i?eaeaoi?noue oi?ie AO aeey i?aei?e?inoa, ?ioeo ainii-
aea?nueeeo i?aai?caoe?e ieciai? eaiee aeiiii?ee (aaie?a,
no?aoiaeo i?aai?caoe?e oiui), ainiiaea?nueeeo ia’?aeiaiue;
ei?ii?aoeaiee oa?aeoa? oi?aae?iiy oa a?aeiia?aeia
nenoaia i?aai?a: aeuee i?aai – caaaeuei? cai?e aeoe?iia??a,
aeeiiaa/ee – i?aae?iiy, eiio?ieuei? – niinoa?aaeia ?aaea
(ca an??th ae?yeuei?noth i?aae?iiy), ?aa?c?eia eii?n?y (ca o?iai-
niai-ainiiaea?nueeith ae?yeuei?noth i?aae?iiy);
o/anoue aeoe?iia??a a oi?aae?ii? caeaaeeoue a?ae e?eueeino?
aeoe?e, ye? iaeaaeaoue ?i;
iiaeeea?noue o caniiaiee?a (aeoe?iia??a) aeai?o oeio
AO – cae?eoa /e a?aee?eoa;
iiaeeea?noue caeo/aiiy cia/ieo ?iaanoi??a ia i?aaao
aeaniee?a i?ea?eaeiaaieo aeoe?e;
aecia/aiiy ianyao i?aa aeoe?iia??a caeaaeii a?ae aeaeo
(eeano) aeoe?e (i?ino? /e i?ea?eaeiaai?), ui ?i iaeaaeaoue;
aeo?ae aeoe?iia?a c AO cae?enith?oueny a?ae/oaeaiiyi
aeoe?e.
-162-
Iiceoeai? e iaaaoeai? ?ene aeoe?iia?iiai oiaa?enoaa.
Iiceoeai? ?ene:
eaae?noue noai?aiiy cia/iiai ca ?ici??aie eai?oaeo;
iaiaaeai?noue ?eceeo aeoe?iia?a ?ici??ii niea/aieo
ca aeoe?? eioo?a;
noaa?euei?noue iaeiiai? aace AO, ine?eueee ia ia?, ye
i?aaeei, ia aieeaa? aeo?ae aeoe?iia?a c AO (oea a?aeaoaa?oueny
/a?ac a?ae/oaeaiiy aeoe?e ?ioei iniaai);
iaiaia’yceia?noue ia?niiaeueii? o/ano? aeoe?iia??a o
ae?yeueiino? AO;
iiaeeea?noue caeo/aiiy aei o/ano? o AAO oe?ieeo aa?noa
ianaeaiiy ? a?aeiia?aeii – ?iciiae?eo i?eaooeo AO i?ae ieie;
iiaeeea?noue canoinoaaiiy a ??cieo naeoi?ao aeiiii?-
ee – aea?aeaaiiio, eiioiaeueiiio, i?eaaoiiio, a oaeiae
ci?oaieo AO;
aeei?enoaiiy oi?ie AO a i?ioean? ?icaea?aeaaeaiiy e
i?eaaoecaoe??;
iiaeeea?noue cae?eniaiiy eiio?ieth iaae AO caaaeyee
aieiae?iith eiio?ieueiei iaeaoii aeoe?e.
Iaaaoeai? ?ene:
?aii?oaaiiy ?ioa?an?a iaioino?;
iiaeeea?noue oi?ioaaiiy aeeiiaa/iai i?aaio c iaeia-
ieo i?aoe?aiee?a ? iaiaia’yceia?noue ia?niiaeueii? o/ano? a
ieo aeoe?iia??a coiiaeth? a?ae/oaeaiiy inoaii?o a?ae oi?aae?i-
iy AO;
neeaaei?noue oi?aae?iiy (aeae?eueea i?aai?a – caaaeuei?
cai?e aeoe?iia??a, i?aae?iiy, niinoa?aaeia ?aaea, ?aa?c?eia
eii?n?y) ? eiio?ieth ca aeeiiaa/ei i?aaiii c aieo aeoe?i-
ia??a;
iiaeeea?noue ceiaaeeaaiue c aieo caniiaiee?a /a?ac eaa-
e?noue aeoioethaaiiy eioo?a;
oyae?iiy aei iiiiiie?cio;
iiaeeea?noue cae?eniaiiy eiio?ieth iaae AO caaaeyee
? aieiae?iith eiio?ieueiei iaeaoii aeoe?e, yeui oaeee eii-
o?ieue cae?enith?oueny ia oeiaeo AO oa eiai aeoe?iia?ai.
-163-
A?aei?ii?noue i?ae a?aee?eoei aeoe?iia?iei oiaa?eno-
aii ? cae?eoei aeoe?iia?iei oiaa?enoaii aecia/a-
?oueny:
ii?yaeeii ?ici?uaiiy aeoe?e (o AAO – ia?aaeieaoith ?
a?eueiith eoi?aeath-i?iaeaaeai ia oiiaeiaiio ?eieo, a CAO
– ?ici?uaiiyi na?aae caniiaiee?a);
ii?yaeeii ?ooo o/aniee?a (o AAO a?i a?eueiee, o CAO
– aeaui iaiaaeaiee, ine?eueee aeoe?? oaeiai oiaa?enoaa ia
i?iaeathoueny e ia eoiothoueny ia a??ae?);
aeaeaie aeoe?e, ui aeioneathoueny oeeie oiaa?enoaaie
(AAO iiaea aeioneaoe ye ?iaii? aeoe??, oae ? aeoe?? ia i?a-
ae’yaieea, a CAO – eeoa ?iaii?);
ii?yaeeii noai?aiiy (o AAO a?i aeineoue neeaaeiee, ui
iia’ycaii c ?ici?uaiiyi aeoe?e na?aae iaiaiaaeaiiai eiea
in?a oeyoii i?aeienee, a ioaea, ? iayai?noth aoai?a, ia i?e-
oaiaiieo CAO: ?a?no?aoe?? ?ioi?iaoe?? i?i aeoe?? (ui ioae?-
eo?oueny), iaieioaiiy i?i i?aeieneo, i?ioeaaeo?e i?aeienee,
ae??oaiiy ia onoaiia/eo cai?ao ieoaiue, iia’ycaieo c ?a-
coeueoaoaie i?aeienee);
i?i?iaeueiei ?ici??ii iieaoe aeoe?e ia iiiaio neee-
eaiiy onoaiia/eo cai??a (o AAO a?i ia? aooe ia iaioei
ca 30%, a a CAO – 50% iii?iaeueii? aa?oino? aeoe?e);
ia?ae?eii iaia’yceiaeo aeey ?icaeyaeo ia onoaiia/eo
cai?ao ieoaiue (o AAO a?i cia/i?oee, ui iia’ycaii c ?a-
coeueoaoaie i?aeienee ia aeoe?? AAO);
ianyaii iaia’yce?a ? a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noth caniiaiee?a: o
caniiaiee?a AAO aiia cia/i?oa, ui iia’ycaii c i?aeieneith
ia aeoe?? (iaia’ycie iiaa?iooe iniaai, ui i?aeienaeeny ia
aeoe??, niea/ai? ieie noie a ?ac?: a) yeui i?aeienea ia a?aeao-
aaeany a) yeui onoaiia/? cai?e a/anii ia aoee neeeeai?,
? i?aeien/eee aeoe?e caaeaaeaee iiaa?iaiiy niea/aieo noi;
a) yeui onoaiia/? cai?e c iaiao?aeiei eai?oiii ia aaea-
einy c?a?aoe i? ia?oiai, i? ae?oaiai ?aco;
ianyaii ioae?/iino? ae?yeueiino? (o AAO aiia cia/i?-
oa, ui iia’ycaii c ?ici?uaiiyi aeoe?e na?aae cacaeaeaa?aeue
-164-
iaaecia/aiiai eiea in?a, ? ia?aaeaa/a? ?ioi?ioaaiiy an?o
caoe?eaaeaieo in?a /a?ac i?aaie ianiai? ?ioi?iaoe?? i?i
i?aeieneo ia aeoe??, i?i ?acoeueoaoe o?iainiai-ainiiaea?nueei?
ae?yeueiino?).
Iniaeeaino? a?aee?eoiai aeoe?iia?iiai oiaa?enoaa
(AAO), ui noai?th?oueny a i?ioean? i?eaaoecaoe?? aea?aeaa-
iiai i?aei?e?inoaa:
noai?th?oueny iaei??th iniaith – i?aaiii i?eaaoecaoe??,
yeee caoaa?aeaeo? noaooo oaeiai AAO ? i?iaiaeeoue eiai aea?-
aeaaio ?a?no?aoe?th (i?aenoaaith aeey oeueiai ? caoaa?aeaeaiee
ieai i?eaaoecaoe?? i?aei?e?inoaa /e ieai i?iaeaaeo aeoe?e);
?a?no?o?oueny a caaaeueiiio aeey an?o noa’?eo?a i?aei?e?i-
ieoeueei? ae?yeueiino? ii?yaeeo, aea aac aianaiiy ieaoe ca oaeo
?a?no?aoe?th;
a?ae iiiaioo aea?aeaaii? ?a?no?aoe?? noa? i?aaiianooi-
ieeii i?aa oa iaia’yce?a i?aei?e?inoaa, ui i?eaaoeco-
?oueny;
? iaiiaiioe?iiei a?aee?eoei AO aei iiiaioo neeeeai-
iy caaaeueieo cai??a aeoe?iia??a, ui iiaeeeai i?ney caaa?-
oaiiy ?aae?caoe?? ieaio i?iaeaaeo aeoe?e (aai aei i?iaeaaeo
i?eiaeii? iiiaae 60% aeoe?e): a) i?aae?iiy oi?io?oueny c
iinaaeiaeo in?a aea?aeaaiiai i?aei?e?inoaa, ia?aoai?aiiai o
AAO; a) aieiaith i?aae?iiy i?ecia/a?oueny ea??aiee aea?-
aeaaiiai i?aei?e?inoaa, ia?aoai?aiiai o AAO; a) ooieoe??
oi?aae?iiy aeoe?yie, ui iaeaaeaoue aea?aeaa?, iieeaaeathoueny
ia oiiaiiaaaeaio iniao, i?ecia/aio Oiiaeii aea?aeaaiiai
iaeia;
i?aoe?aieee oaeiai i?aei?e?inoaa iathoue i?aai: 1) ia’?ae-
iaoeny, noai?eaoe ainiiaea?nueea oiaa?enoai, aeey aeeoio
eiio?ieueiiai iaeaoa aeoe?e; 2) ia ia?oi/a?aiaa i?eaeaai-
iy aeoe?e ca ?oiueith iii?iaeueiith aa?o?noth ia noio ? ca ?a-
ooiie i?eaaoecaoe?eiiai iaeiiaiai na?oeo?eaoa, a oaeiae
ca aeani? a?ioia? eiooe ia iieiaeio noie aeaeaiiai i?aoe?a-
ieeia? i?eaaoecaoe?eiiai iaeiiaiai na?oeo?eaoa;
iayai?noue o ea??aieo i?aoe?aiee?a oaeiai i?aei?e?i-
-165-
noaa i?aaa ia aeiaeaoeiaa i?eaeaaiiy ca a?ioia? eiooe aeoe?e
ca ?oiueith iii?iaeueiith aa?o?noth ia caaaeueio noio aei 5%
noaoooiiai oiiaeo oiaa?enoaa c a?aeno?i/aiiyi iieaoe ia
1 ??e ca oiiae aianaiiy ia iaio ye 30% aa?oino? i?eaeaa-
ieo aeoe?e;
?aae?caoe?y ieaio i?iaeaaeo aeoe?e (i?eiaeii? iiiaae
60% aeoe?e) aeicaiey? neeeeaoe cai?e aeoe?iia??a, i?eeiyoe
iiaee noaooo AAO, noai?eoe nenoaio i?aai?a ia ?icnoae ae-
oe?iia??a ? a?aeiia?aeii aei Caeiio Oe?a?ie “I?i ainiiaea?nuee?
oiaa?enoaa”, a oaeiae ia?aoe neeaae oeeo i?aai?a, oiaoi ia?a-
oai?eoe oi?iaeueia AAO o ?aaeueia AAO.
Iniaeeaino? a?aee?eoiai aeoe?iia?iiai oiaa?enoaa
(AAO), noai?aiiai a i?ioean? i?eaaoecaoe?? ia aac? aea?-
aeaaiiai iaeia, caeaiiai a i?aiaeo:
iiaeeea?noue noai?aiiy ca iayaiino? oaeeo oiia:
a) yeui caeaia a i?aiaeo iaeii iiaea aooe ia’?eoii i?e-
aaoecaoe?? oa uiaei iueiai ia ia?aaeaa/a?oueny canoinoaaiiy
iaiaaeaiue (iaaiiai ii?yaeeo i?eaaoecaoe??);
a) yeui iaeii caeaaaeiny a i?aiaeo aac i?aaa aeeoio aai
i?aai aeeoio ia?aaeaa/aeiny aeiaiai?ii i?aiaee, oeeaaeaiei
i?ney iaa?aiiy /eiiino? Caeiiii Oe?a?ie ”I?i i?aiaeo
aea?aeaaiiai ? eiioiaeueiiai iaeia”;
a) yeui i?aiaea? caiaeai aenooieoe ?acii c aea?aeaaiei
i?aaiii i?eaaoecaoe?? caniiaieeii AAO ia aac? iaeiiai-
ai eiiieaeno aea?aeaaiiai i?aei?e?inoaa (eiai no?oeoo?ii-
ai i?ae?icae?eo), caeaiiai a i?aiaeo;
a) caoaa?aeaeaiiy i?aaiii i?eaaoecaoe?? ieaio i?eaa-
oecaoe?? (ieaio ?ici?uaiiy aeoe?e);
caniiaieeaie oaeiai AAO aenooiathoue aea?aeaai? i?aaie
i?eaaoecaoe?? (c aieo aea?aeaae) oa i?aiaea? a inia? noai?aiiai
/eaiaie o?oaeiaiai eieaeoeao aea?aeaaiiai i?aei?e?inoaa
(eiai no?oeoo?iiai i?ae?icae?eo), iaeii yeiai ia?aaea?oueny a
i?aiaeo, ainiiaea?nueeiai oiaa?enoaa;
?ieue onoaiia/iai aeiaiai?o oaeiai AAO aeeiio? ??oaiiy
caniiaiee?a i?i noai?aiiy oiaa?enoaa;
-166-
?a?no?aoe?y noai?aiiai AAO a?aeaoaa?oueny a caaaeueiiio
aeey an?o noa’?eo?a i?aei?e?iieoeueei? ae?yeueiino? ii?yaeeo, aea
aac aianaiiy a?aeiia?aeii? ieaoe ca ?a?no?aoe?th;
c iiiaioo aea?aeaaii? ?a?no?aoe?? aeiaia?? i?aiaee aaa-
aea?oueny ?ic??aaiei, ae?yeuei?noue i?aei?e?inoaa, noai?aiiai ia
aac? i?aiaeiaaiiai iaeia, i?eieiy?oueny, a i?aaiianooiie-
eii i?aiaea?y noa? noai?aia AAO;
noaoooiee oiiae AAO oi?io?oueny ca ?aooiie aea?aeaa-
iiai iaeia, – caeaiiai a i?aiaeo [yeui caeiiii ia anoaiia-
eaii caai?iie /e iniaeeaiai ii?yaeeo (iaiaaeaiiy) i?eaa-
oecaoe?? oaeiai iaeia] oa iaeia, ui ? aeani?noth i?aiaea?y;
oaea AAO ? iaiiaiioe?iiei, ine?eueee aei iiiaioo ?aae?-
caoe?? ieaio i?iaeaaeo aeoe?e ? neeeeaiiy ia?oeo caaaeue-
ieo cai??a aeoe?iia??a ea??aieoeoai i?aei?e?inoaii iieea-
aea?oueny ia aaei?i?no?aoe?th i?aiaeiiai i?aei?e?inoaa, ui i?e-
aaoeco?oueny;
ia aa?o?noue naiai aianeo i?aiaea? io?eio? aeoe?? noai-
?aiiai AAO, a aeoe??, ui a?aeiia?aeathoue /anooe? aea?aeaae o noa-
oooiiio oiiae? AAO, i?iaeathoueny ca?aeii c caeiiiaeaanoaii
i?i i?eaaoecaoe?th;
iayai?noue o /eai?a o?oaeiaiai eieaeoeao i?aiaeiiai
i?aei?e?inoaa, ui aenooieei caniiaieeii oaeiai AAO, ca-
aaeueieo (i?aaa ia ia?oi/a?aiaa i?eaeaaiiy aeoe?e AAO ca
iii?iaeueiith ?oiueith aa?o?noth ia noio oa ca ?aooiie i?e-
aaoecaoe?eiiai iaeiiaiai na?oeo?eaoa, a oaeiae ca a?ioia?
eiooe ia iieiaeio noie i?eaaoecaoe?eiiai iaeiiaiai na?-
oeo?eaoa) ? aeiaeaoeiaeo i?euea (i?aaa ia i?eaeaaiiy aeoe?e
AAO ca ?oiueith iii?iaeueiith aa?o?noth ca ?aooiie eiiiai-
naoe?eieo na?oeo?eao?a o iaaeao 25% noaoooiiai oiiaeo, aea
ia a?eueoa, i?ae ia noio iaeiiai i?eaaoecaoe?eiiai iaeiiai-
ai na?oeo?eaoa ia eiaeiiai /eaia i?aai?caoe?? i?aiaea??a,
yeui /anoea iaeia i?aiaea?y c o?aooaaiiyi aa?oino? aeoe?e,
i?eaeaaieo ia i?eueaiaeo oiiaao /eaiaie o?oaeiaiai eieae-
oeao, o noaoooiiio oiiae? AAO iaioa ca 25%);
?c caaa?oaiiyi ?aae?caoe?? ieaio i?iaeaaeo aeoe?e, ui
-167-
iaeaaeaoue aea?aeaa? o oaeiio AAO, neeeeathoueny caaaeuei?
cai?e aeoe?iia??a ? a?aeaoaa?oueny ia?aoai?aiiy iaiiaiioe?i-
iiai AAO o iiaiioe?iia (caoaa?aeaeo?oueny iiaee noaooo AAO,
oi?iothoueny eiai i?aaie a?aeiia?aeii aei Caeiio Oe?a?ie
“I?i ainiiaea?nuee? oiaa?enoaa”).
-168-
Aeaaa C
I?AAIAA NOAIIAEUA
OIAA?ENOA C IAIAAEAIITH
A?AeIIA?AeAEUeI?NOTH
Oiaa?enoai c iaiaaeaiith a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noth (aeae? OIA), oae
naii, ye ? AO, iaeaaeeoue aei ia’?aeiaiue eai?oae?a. Aeaye? aa-
oi?e iaceaathoue oe? oiaa?enoaa “aeoe?iia?ieie eiiiai?yie
a i?i?aoth??” [1] aai ??ciiaeaeii AO [2]. Iaeiae a iueiio
a?eueoa iniaenoeo aeaiaio?a, i?ae a AO. Oea iiynith?oueny oei,
ui OIA aoei noai?aia ooo/ii i?iaoeueeeie th?enoaie oey-
oii ii?aeiaiiy iaea?eueo i?eeiyoieo aeey iaeiai a?ciano
?en aeoe?iia?iiai ? iiaiiai oiaa?enoa. Oaeee i?aeo?ae aeaa
ciiao ae??oeoe i?iaeaio noai?aiiy c?o/ii? nai?th i?i-
noioith ? aiaeii/an iacia/iei i?aei?e?iieoeueeei ?eceeii
oi?ie aaaeaiiy a?ciano.
Ia?oee ? aein? /eiiee Caeii “I?i oiaa?enoaa c iaiaaea-
iith a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noth” aoei i?eeiyoi a I?ia//ei? 1892 ?.
sseui a I?ia//ei? oa cia/iith i??ith a Aano??? oe? oiaa-
?enoaa aeineoue oaeaeei iaaoee cia/ii? iiioey?iino?, a e?eue-
e?noue-?o iaooeeueii c?inoaea (ca na?ae/aiiyi i?io. TH. A??ea
e?euee?noue OIA 1911 ?. aeinyaea 22 179 c iniiaiei eai?oa-
eii 41,4 ie?ae ia?ie [3], oi a ?in?enuee?e ?iia??? aiie ia
-169-
ciaeoee i?eoeeueiiai noaaeaiiy caeiiiaeaaoey ? cia/ii?
/anoeie th?eno?a – ye i?aeoee?a, oae ? iaoeiaoe?a (A. Ea-
i?iea, iai?eeeaae, oaa/aa o ieo eeoa i?aai?caoe?th, ui ia?
ia iao? “ia ieaoeoe nai?i e?aaeeoi?ai” [4]). C iaaeia??ith
aei OIA oaeiae noaaeeany i?ney AEiaoiaai? ?aaiethoe?? iiaa
aeaaea, ia aeciath/e oeueiai aeaeo oiaa?enoaa [5], ? eeoa cai-
?iaaaeaeaiiy iiai? aeiiii?/ii? iie?oeee c iaoith a?aeaoaei-
ae c?oeiiaaiiai ?aaiethoe??th oa a?iiaaeyinueeith a?eiith
ia?iaeiiai ainiiaea?noaa aeeeeeaei eaaae?caoe?th (eeoa oei-
/aniao) OIA o Oeea?eueiiio eiaeaen? O?N? 1922 ?. [6].
sse ? an? ainiiaea?nuee? oiaa?enoaa, OIA iaeaaeeoue aei i?aai-
?caoe?e ei?ii?aoeaiiai oeio, oiaoi ia? aeaio ? a?eueoa caniia-
iee?a oa iiae?eaia ia /anoee (??ai? aai ??ci? ca ?ici??aie)
iaeii. Iacaa – oiaa?enoai c iaiaaeaiith a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noth
– iaoi/ii a?aeia?aaea? oa?aeoa? a?aeiia?aeaeueiino? ? naiiai
oiaa?enoaa, ? eiai o/aniee?a, ye neooii caoaaaeothoue ?yae
aaoi??a A. ?icaiaa?a, A. Caeoeaaa oa ?i. [7]. Ia?oa a?aeiia?-
aea? ca nai?ie ciaia’ycaiiyie on?i iaeiii, ui iaeaaeeoue
eiio ia i?aa? aeaniino?; o/anieee oiaa?enoaa aeaniei
iaeiii ca ai?ae oiaa?enoaa ia a?aeiia?aeathoue, a eeoa ?ece-
eothoue oo?aoeoe iiaeeea?noue iiaa?iaiiy a?ioiaiai (iae-
iiaiai) aea?aaeaioa nai?? /anoee a iaei? (noaoooiiio oiiae?)
oiaa?enoaa, aai ?ioeie neiaaie – ianooue ?ecee caeoe?a
ca ?acoeueoaoe ae?yeueiino? oiaa?enoaa. A?aenooi?noue a o/an-
iee?a iaia’yce?a uiaei aeiaeaoeiai? a?aeiia?aeaeueiino? ca ai?-
ae oiaa?enoaa i?aee?aneththoue ? caeiiiaeaaoe? aeayeeo e?a?i
(I?ia//eie, ?in?enueei? Oaaea?aoe??, Oai?ueie) [8].
Iacaa “OIA” aei?aaaeiao? naaa o aeaio aeiaaeeao: 1) yeui
o/aniee iaiiai?noth nieaoea na?e aianie ? onoaiia/eie
aeieoiaioaie oiaa?enoaa ia?aaeaa/a?oueny eiai aeiaeaoeiaa
a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noue ia?aae e?aaeeoi?aie oiaa?enoaa a iaaeao
ianiea/aii? /anoeie aeeaaeo; 2) eiee onoaiia/eie aeieo-
iaioaie oiaa?enoaa ia?aaeaa/a?oueny iaia’ycie o/aniee?a
c?iaeoe aeiaeaoeia? aianee a ?ac? a?aenooiino? (iaaeinoaoiino?)
o oiaa?enoaa iaeia, iaiao?aeiiai aeey iie?eooy eiai ai?ai-
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aeo ciaia’ycaiue (oi/ o aeaiiio ?ac? a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noue o/an-
iee?a aeieea? ia ia?aae e?aaeeoi?aie oiaa?enoaa, a ia?aae
naiei oiaa?enoaii). O aaaaoueio e?a?iao na?oo c iaeyaeo ia
oea ia ia?aaeaa/a?oueny – ye ie?aiee aeae oiaa?enoaa – oi-
aa?enoai c aeiaeaoeiaith a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noth, ine?eueee oaea
a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noue iiaea aooe ia?aaeaa/aia naieie o/anie-
eaie a OIA. Caeiiiaeaanoaii O?N? ia??iaeo iaio oaeiae
ia?aaeaa/aeeny iiae?ai? OIA, ia o/aniee?a yeeo iieeaaeaea-
ny a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noue o iaaeao aeeaae?a oa a aoaeue-yeiio ae-
cia/aiiio ca aca?iiith caiaeith o/aniee?a e?aoiiio ?ici???
aei ?o aeeaae?a [9].
Oia?oa OIA, ye oaea cacia/aeiny, aoei eaaae?ciaaia a
I?ia//ei? 1892 ?. ? io?eiaei aeciaiiy a ?ioeo e?a?iao
eiioeiaioaeueii? ?a?iie, a oaeiae o oeo e?a?iao na?oo, aea
canoiniao?oueny eiioeiaioaeueia i?aai. A Aiae?? iiae?aie-
ie aei OIA ca i?aaiaei noaoonii ? i?eaaoi? eiiiai??, o
NOA – cae?eo? ei?ii?aoe??.
Iaea?eueo a?oioiaii e iine?aeiaii ieoaiiy noai?aiiy,
ae?yeueiino? oa e?ea?aeaoe?? OIA ?aaoeththoueny caeiiiaeaanoaii
I?ia//eie.
Oe?a?inueeee caeiiiaeaaaoeue, ni?eeiyaoe i?aai?caoe?eii-
i?aaiao oi?io OIA ? a?aeiia?aeii cao?enoaaaoe oea a Caeii?
Oe?a?ie “I?i ainiiaea?nuee? oiaa?enoaa”, aeineoue noaiaoe/-
ii ?aaoeth? iia’ycai? c ooieoe?iioaaiiyi oeeo oiaa?enoa
ieoaiiy. Iaaiaey/e aecia/aiiy OIA. a?o/eciyiee caeiii-
aeaaaoeue iiaoi?th? iiieeeo i?i iaiaaeai?noue a?aeiia?aeaeueiino?
o/aniee?a oiaa?enoaa, cacia/ath/e a no. 50, ui o/anieee
oiaa?enoaa, ye? iiai?noth nieaoeee nai? aeeaaee, ianooue a?aeii-
a?aeaeuei?noue a iaaeao oeeo aeeaae?a, a o? c o/aniee?a, ye? ia
iiai?noth nieaoeee aeeaaee, o aeiaaeeao, ia?aaeaa/aieo onoa-
iia/eie aeieoiaioaie, a?aeiia?aeathoue ca ciaia’ycaiiyie
oiaa?enoaa oaeiae o iaaeao iaaianaii? /anoeie aeeaaeo.
O oe?e oi?i? i?aei?e?iieoeueei? ae?yeueiino? caa?aaeaii in-
iiai? ia?aaaae AO: aeeeth/io iaeiiao a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noue
oiaa?enoaa ca nai?ie ciaia’ycaiiyie oa oa?eueiaiiy a?ae
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oaei? a?aeiia?aeaeueiino? eiai o/aniee?a (inoaii?, ye oaea ca-
cia/aeiny, ?eceeothoue eeoa ao?aoith nai?o /anoie); aeenii-
ceoeai?noue a?eueoino? ii?i, ui ?aaoeththoue i?aaiaa noaii-
aeua OIA ia a?aei?io a?ae aiaeia?/ieo iieiaeaiue uiaei AO,
ye? iathoue ?iia?aoeaiee oa?aeoa?; eaae?noue ci?ie noaooo-
iiai oiiaeo ii??aiyii c AO; a?eueoo i?inoioo oi?aae?iiy;
iaio iaoyaeeea? iaia’ycee aeey OIA, ui iia’ycaii c iai-
oei nooiaiai ioae?/iino? eiai ae?yeueiino? oiui.
Oe?a?inueea caeiiiaeaanoai ia?aaeaa/a? iiaeeea?noue noai-
?aiiy OIA aeaiia oa a?eueoa iniaaie, oi/a caaaeueiith oaiaeai-
oe??th a e?a?iao eiioeiaioaeueii? ?a?iie ? eaaae?caoe?y noai-
?aiiy oeueiai oiaa?enoaa iaei??th iniaith, ui cao?eniaaii o
aeaaiaaeoeyo?e aee?aeoea? ?a?iiaenueeiai aeiiii?/iiai ni?aoi-
aa?enoaa. Oea iieiaeaiiy ni?eeiyoi a?eueo?noth e?a?i ?ei-
eiai? oa ia?ao?aeii? aeiiii?e, o o. /. ?in?enueeith Oaaea?a-
oe??th a i?eeiyoiio iiaiio Oeea?eueiiio eiaeaen? [10], ine?eueee
aiie a?aeiia?aeathoue iio?aaai ? noaiia? no/anii? ?eieiai?
aeiiii?ee, a ye?e ae?? /eiaei i?aei?e?ioe?a, ni?iiiaeieo aean-
ieie neeaie ? eiooaie caii/aoeoaaoe iiao ni?aao; ia-
yai?noue o oaei? ainiiaea?nueei? i?aai?caoe?? aeaniiai iaeia
(ia?aaeaiiai caniiaieeii ? iaaooiai a ?acoeueoao? ae?yeueiino?
ia caeiiieo i?aenoaaao) ?iaeoue ?? (ia a?aei?io a?ae a?o/eciy-
iiai oi?oa?iiai i?aei?e?inoaa-iaaeanieea, ca yeei iaeii
cae??ieaia ia i?aa? iiaiiai ainiiaea?nueeiai a?aeaiiy) ii-
aiii?aaiei noa’?eoii i?aei?e?iieoeueei? ae?yeueiino? [11].
Onoaiia/? aeieoiaioe OIA (ca oe?a?inueeei caeiiiaeaa-
noaii ieie ? onoaiia/ee aeiaia?? ? noaooo), ie??i caaaeue-
ieo aeey an?o ainiiaea?nueeeo oiaa?enoa a?aeiiinoae, iiaeii?
ua i?noeoe ?ioi?iaoe?th i?i ?ici?? /anoie eiaeiiai c o/an-
iee?a, ?ici??, neeaae ? ii?yaeie aianaiiy ieie aeeaae?a. I?e
oeueiio caeii ia?aaeaa/a?, ui ci?ie aa?oino? iaeia, aianaii-
ai ye aeeaae, ? aeiaeaoeia? aianee o/aniee?a ia aieeaathoue ia
?ici?? ?oiuei? /anoee o noaoooiiio oiiae?, aeacaii? a onoa-
iia/eo aeieoiaioao oiaa?enoaa, yeui ?ioa ia ia?aaeaa/aii
onoaiia/eie aeieoiaioaie oiaa?enoaa.
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sse ? ?io? ia’?aeiaiiy eai?oae?a OIA iiaeiii iaoe noa-
oooiee oa ?aca?aiee oiiaee, uiaei yeeo caeii anoaiiaeth?
iaai? aeiiae: i?i?iaeueiee ?ici?? noaoooiiai eai?oaeo OIA
ia? noaiiaeoe uiiaeiaioa noio, aea?aaeaioio 625 i?i?-
iaeueiei ca?ia?oiei ieaoai, aeoiaey/e c? noaaee i?i?iaeue-
ii? ca?ia?oii? ieaoe, ae?th/i? ia iiiaio noai?aiiy oiaa?e-
noaa c iaiaaeaiith a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noth; ?ici?? ?aca?aiiai
(no?aoiaiai) oiiaeo iiaeiai noaiiaeoe ia iaioa 25% noa-
oooiiai oiiaeo. Cacia/ai? oiiaee aeeiiothoue noaa?e?caoe?e-
io (uiaei ni?iiiaeiino? oiaa?enoaa cae?enithaaoe ainiiaea?nue-
eo ae?yeuei?noue) ? aa?aio?eio (uiaei iiaeeeaino? caaeiaieai-
iy aeiia e?aaeeoi??a) ooieoe??.
Caeii aeicaiey? /anoeiaa aianaiiy o/anieeaie nai?o
aeeaae?a, aea aeiaaa?, uia i?e oeueiio: 1) aei iiiaioo ?a?n-
o?aoe?? oiaa?enoaa eiaeai c o/aniee?a ai?n i?eiaeii? 30%
oeacaiiai a onoaiia/eo aeieoiaioao aeeaaeo, ui ia? i?aeoaa?-
aeaeoaaoeny aeieoiaioaie, aeaeaieie aaie?anueeith onoaiiaith;
2) iiai?noth aeeaae aoei aianaii i?ioyaii ?ieo i?ney ?a?-
no?aoe?? oiaa?enoaa (a ?ac? iaaeeiiaiiy oeueiai ciaia’ycai-
iy o aecia/aiee no?ie o/aniee, yeui ?ioa ia ia?aaeaa/a-
ii onoaiia/eie aeieoiaioaie, niea/o? ca /an i?ino?i/aiiy
10% ??/ieo ?c iaaeiaianaii? noie). Uiaei ?ici??o e ii?yae-
eo nieaoe oaeeo naieoe?e ca i?ino?i/aiiy aeioe?eueii ia?aae-
aa/eoe oae? nai? iieiaeaiiy, ui aoee cai?iiiiiaai? ca
i?ino?i/aiiy iiaii? iieaoe aeoe?e – 0,1% a?ae noie i?i-
no?i/aiiai ieaoaaeo ca eiaeiee aeaiue i?ino?i/aiiy. O/an-
ieeia? OIA, yeee iiai?noth ai?n aeeaae, aeaea?oueny na?aeioeoai
oiaa?enoaa. Aiaeii/an caeii caeeoa? iica oaaaith neooaoe?th,
eiee noaoooiee oiiae o cacia/aiee oa?i?i (1 ??e iae iiiaioo
aea?aeaaii? ?a?no?aoe??) ia aoaea noi?iiaaii c aeie eio?i-
ainue (/e aeayeeo) c o/aniee?a. A ca’yceo c oeei ia c?acie
aiaeia?/ii? ii?ie i?iaoeueeiai caeiiiaeaanoaa [12] aeioe?eueii
aoei a o caeiiiaeaa/iio ii?yaeeo ia?aaeaa/eoe a iiae?aieo
aeiaaeeao iieeaaeaiiy ia ?aooo o/aniee?a oiaa?enoaa iaia’-
yceo aianoe ianiea/aio noio i?iii?oe?eii nai?i aianeai
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aei noaoooiiai oiiaeo (a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noue oeeo o/aniee?a iiaei-
ia iaoe nie?aea?iee oa?aeoa?).
Iniiaiith ooieoe??th noaoooiiai eai?oaeo ? aa?aio?eia, ye
? a AO. Aeieaoa i?eaooeo o/anieeai iiaeeeaa eeoa a oiio
aeiaaeeo, yeui iaeii oiaa?enoaa ia?aaeuo? ?ici?? eiai
noaoooiiai eai?oaeo. Iaeiae Caeii Oe?a?ie “I?i ainiiaea?-
nuee? oiaa?enoaa” ia i?noeoue cacia/aieo iieiaeaiue, ui ca-
e??ieththoueny eeoa a ii?iaoeaieo aeoao, ye? ?aaoeththoue ii-
?yaeie aaaeaiiy aooaaeoa?nueei? ca?oiino?. Aa?aio?eia ooie-
oe?y noaoooiiai eai?oaeo (oiiaeo) ia? ua i?aeneethaaoeny
nie?aea?iith a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noth o/aniee?a ca iiaio iieaoo
/anoie, ye oea ia?aaeaa/a?oueny caeiiiaeaanoaii I?ia//eie, a
oaeiae caai?iiith ca?eueiyoe aoaeue-eiai c o/aniee?a a?ae iaia’yc-
eo aianaiiy naiai aeeaaeo aei iniiaiiai eai?oaeo OIA [13].
Iaeia c iacaaieo ia?aaaa OIA – a?aeiinia eaae?noue ci?ie
noaoooiiai eai?oaeo, aeey /iai iaiao?aeii: 1) aianoe ci?ie
aei onoaiia/eo aeieoiaio?a; 2) ca?a?no?oaaoe oe? ci?ie o
a?aeiia?aeieo i?aaiao, ui cae?eniththoue ?a?no?aoe?th noa’?eo?a
i?aei?e?iieoeueei? ae?yeueiino?; 3) o ?ac? ca?eueoaiiy noaooo-
iiai oiiaeo – c?iaeoe aeiaeaoeia? aianee; o ?ac? ciaioai-
iy – io?eiaoe ia oea caiaeo e?aaeeoi??a, ye? iathoue aooe
iia?aeiieai? i?i oea ia?niiaeueii oa oeyoii a?aeiia?aeii?
ioae?eaoe?? (i?e oeueiio caeii anoaiiaeth?, ui ??oaiiy OIA
i?i ciaioaiiy eiai noaoooiiai oiiaeo iaae?a? /eiiino? ia
?ai?o ye /a?ac o?e i?nyoe? i?ney aea?aeaaii? ?a?no?aoe?? oa
ioae?eaoe?? i?i oea a onoaiiaeaiiio ii?yaeeo).
Aeaea?aeii ?iaanooaaiiy OIA, ie??i aeeaae?a eiai o/an-
iee?a, ? oaeiae iice/eiaee eai?oae, ui iiaea iaaeaaaoenue ?
o/anieeaie oiaa?enoaa. O aeiaaeeo aeciaiiy OIA aaie-
?ooii o/anieee oiaa?enoaa, ui iaaeaee eiio e?aaeeo, aen-
ooiathoue ye e?aaeeoi?e oiaa?enoaa ii?yae c ?ioeie e?aaee-
oi?aie.
C iaoith caoenoo ?ioa?an?a o?ao?o in?a caeiiiaeaanoaii
aeayeeo e?a?i (cie?aia I?ia//eie) i?eeiathoueny iieiaeai-
iy, ni?yiiaai? ia iaiaaeaiiy iiaeeeaino? aeey o/aniee?a
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OIA i?aei?iyoe noie (iaeii), ui iathoue aooe aianai? a ?ie?
aeeaae?a, a?ioiaeie iice/eaie aai ieaoiei ei?enooaai-
iyi iaeiii. Oae, i?iaoeueea caeiiiaeaanoai ia?aaeaa/a?, ui
noie (iaeii), iaaeai? o/anieeii oiaa?enoao ia oiiaao ii-
ce/ee (iaeiiaiai iaeio), aeeth/athoueny aei eiieo?nii? iane,
ca ?aooiie yei? caaeiaieueiythoueny aeiiae e?aaeeoi??a [14].
I?aaiaa oi?ia OIA nia?oo noai?thaaeany aeey iaeiai
oa na?aaeiueiai a?ciano. Ia i?aeoeoe? oeth oi?io /ano?oa iae-
?athoue naia oae? i?aei?e?inoaa. Ao?i, a?aenooi?noue iaiaaeai-
iy uiaei neeaaeo o/aniee?a ? iaeneiaeueiiai ?ici??o eiai
noaoooiiai eai?oaeo aeicaiey? aeei?enoiaoaaoe oeth i?aai?-
caoe?eii-i?aaiao oi?io ? aaeeeiio a?ciano. A ?yae? e?a?i
(O?aioe??, *ao??, Neiaae??, ?in?enuee?e Oaaea?aoe??) iaeneiaeueia
e?euee?noue o/aniee?a OIA iaiaaeo?oueny 50 iniaaie [15].
Iniiaiee eai?oae OIA nai?ie ?enaie (ca aeiyoeii i?i?-
iaeueiiai ?ici??o) iiae?aiee aei neeaaeo eai?oaeo AO: ae?a-
aea?oueny o a?ioia?e noi?, ?ici?? yei? o?eno?oueny a onoa-
iia/eo aeieoiaioao, ? iino?eiei aei iiiaioo aianaiiy ci?i
aei inoaii?o ? ia? a?aeiia?aeaoe anoaiiaeaiiio caeiiii ia-
iaaeaiith uiaei i?i?iaeueiiai ?ici??o; ca nai?i neeaaeii
iiaea aeeth/aoe ye a?ioia? noie, oae ? iaeii, oe?ii? iaia?e,
iaeiia? i?aaa; iaa?ioia? aeeaaee iiaeii? iaoe a?ioiao
ioe?ieo; noeoii?noue aeeaae?a ca ?o a?ioiaith ioe?ieith ia?
aei??aithaaoe iaieioaiiio (cao?eniaaiiio) a onoaiia/eo
aeieoiaioao noaoooiiio oiiaeia? (eai?oaeo) [16]. Iaeiae ca-
eiiiaeaaaoeue ciiao ae oaee caeeoea iaa?aaoeueiaaiei ii-
?yaeie caoaa?aeaeaiiy ioe?iee iaa?ioiaeo aeeaae?a, ui noai-
?th? caa?ico ceiaaeeaaiue c aieo in?a, ye? c?iaeee oae? aia-
nee (cie?aia, caaeuothoue ioe?ieo c?iaeaieo aeeaae?a). C
iaoith caiia?aaiiy oaeeo ceiaaeeaaiue aeioe?eueii aoei a ca-
o?enoaaoe a caeii? iaiao?aei?noue iaeiinoaeiiai noaaeaiiy
an?ia o/anieeaie ioe?iee iaa?ioiaeo aeeaae?a i?ney ia?a-
a??ee i?ecia/aieie aeey oeueiai iniaaie cai?iiiiiaaii?
ioe?iee aeeaae?a.
OIA ?ic?aoiaaii, ye i?aaeei, ia iino?eiee neeaae o/an-
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iee?a. Oiio ?oo o/aniee?a cia/iith i??ith iaiaaeo?oueny ?
iiaeeeaee o aeiaaeeao:
aeia?ia?eueiiai aeoiaeo o/anieea c oiaa?enoaa ? ia?a-
aea/? eiai /anoee ?ioiio o/anieeia? (o/anieeai) aai o?ao?e
inia?, yeui ?ioa ia ia?aaeaa/aii onoaiia/eie aeieoiaioa-
ie oiaa?enoaa;
i?aaiianooiieoeoaa (aiane?aeie ?ai?aai?caoe?? o/anie-
ea – th?eaee/ii? iniae) aai niaaeei?inoaa o/anieea – o?-
ce/ii? iniae ca oiiae caiaee inoaiiuei? oa o/aniee?a oiaa-
?enoaa;
aeeeth/aiiy o/anieea c oiaa?enoaa a ?ac? a?oaiai /e
nenoaiaoe/iiai ii?ooaiiy iei nai?o iaia’yce?a aai eiee
a?i nai?ie ae?yie ia?aoeiaeaea? aeinyaiaiith oe?eae oiaa?enoa,
a?aeaoaa?oueny ia iniia? iaeiinoaeii i?eeiyoiai ??oaiiy
cai??a o/aniee?a oiaa?enoaa. I?e oeueiio oeae o/aniee (eiai
i?aaenoaaiee) o/ano? a aieinoaaii? ia aa?a;
aeeoio /anoee o/anieea naiei oiaa?enoaii;
aeae?eaiiy /anoee o/anieea ia aeiiao eiai e?aaeeoi??a
(oea oaeiae noi?iaiaeaeo?oueny, ye i?aaeei, aeoiaeii aai ae-
eeth/aiiyi o/anieea c oiaa?enoaa).
Iiaeeea?noue a?aenooieaiiy /anoee iaoiiaeth?oueny iaaie-
ie i?aaeeaie: o/aniee oiaa?enoaa iiaea ca caiaeith ?aooe
o/aniee?a a?aenooieoe naith /anoeo (?? /anoeio) iaeiiio /e
e?eueeii o/anieeai oeueiai ae oiaa?enoaa, a yeui ?ioa ia
ia?aaeaa/aii onoaiia/eie aeieoiaioaie, oi e o?ao?i iniaai.
Iiaeeea?noue ia ?icoe?thaaoe eiea o/aniee?a ca ?aooiie
iaaaaeaieo in?a aa?aioo?oueny cae??ieaiei o caeii? ia?a-
aaaeiei i?aaii ?aooe o/aniee?a oiaa?enoaa ia i?eaeaai-
iy /anoee (?? /anoeie), ui a?aenooia?oueny, i?iii?oe?eii ?oi?i
/anoeai o noaoooiiio oiiae? oiaa?enoaa aai a ?ioiio ii-
aiaeaeaiiio i?ae ieie ?ici???.
A?aeiia?aeii aei aeiia oe?a?inueeiai caeiiiaeaanoaa ia?a-
aea/a /anoee (?? /anoeie) o?ao?i iniaai iiaeeeaa o?eueee
i?ney iiaiiai aianaiiy aeeaaeo o/anieeii, yeee ?? a?aenoo-
ia? (caeiiiaeaanoai I?ia//eie aeicaiey? a?aenooieaiiy ? ia-
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iiai?noth niea/aii? /anoee ca oiiae caiaee ia oea ?aooe
o/aniee?a ? nie?aea?ii? a?aeiia?aeaeueiino? iniae, yea a?aenoo-
ia? oaeo /anoeo, ca iiaio ?? nieaoo iiaei aeanieeii [17]);
aiaeia?/ia iieiaeaiiy aeioe?eueii aoei a cae??ieoe ? a oe?a-
?inueeiio caeiiiaeaanoa?, ui aeicaieeei a o/anieeai OIA
naiei ae??ooaaoe oea ieoaiiy). C ia?aaea/ath /anoee (??
/anoeie) o?ao?e inia? a?aeaoaa?oueny iaeii/aniee ia?ao?ae aei
ia? an?o i?aa oa iaia’yce?a, ui iaeaaeaee o/anieeia?, yeee
a?aenooiea /anoeo.
Caeii ia?aaeaa/a?, ui /anoea o/anieea OIA i?ney iiaiiai
aianaiiy iei aeeaaeo iiaea aooe i?eaeaaia naiei oiaa?e-
noaii c iaoith ia?aaea/? ?ioei o/anieeai aai o?ao?i ini-
aai, ui ia? aooe cae?eniaii o no?ie aei iaeiiai ?ieo. I?ioy-
aii oeueiai ia??iaeo ?iciiae?e i?eaooeo, a oaeiae aieinoaai-
iy ? aecia/aiiy eai?oio o aeuiio i?aai? i?iaaaeyoueny aac
o?aooaaiiy /anoee, i?eaeaaii? oiaa?enoaii [18].
O ?ac? aeoiaeo, aeeeth/aiiy o/anieea c OIA, a?aeiiae i?a-
aiianooiieea (niaaeei?ioey) o/anieea anooieoe aei oiaa?e-
noaa /e a?aenooiino? caiaee ?aooe o/aniee?a i?eeiyoe aei
neeaaeo oiaa?enoaa i?aaiianooiieea (niaaeei?ioey) oaeei
iniaai aeiea/o?oueny aa?o?noue /anoeie iaeia oiaa?enoaa
(o a?ioia?e aai iaoo?aeuei?e – ia aeiiao o/anieea oa ca
caiaeith oiaa?enoaa – oi?i?), i?iii?oe?eii eiai /anooe? o noa-
oooiiio oiiae?. Aeieaoa i?iaaaeeoueny i?ney caoaa?aeaeaiiy
ca?oo ca ??e, o yeiio a?i aeeoia ?c oiaa?enoaa, ? a no?ie aei
12 i?nyoe?a iae aeiy aeoiaeo. E??i oiai, o/anieeia?, yeee ae-
aoa, aeiea/o?oueny iaeaaeia eiio /anoea i?eaooeo, iaea?aea-
iiai oiaa?enoaii o aeaiiio ?ioe? aei iiiaioo eiai aeoiaeo.
Iaeii, ia?aaeaia o/anieeii oiaa?enoao o?eueee a ei?enoo-
aaiiy, a?aeiia?aeii aei /. 2 no. 54 Caeiio Oe?a?ie “I?i ainii-
aea?nuee? oiaa?enoaa” iiaa?oa?oueny a iaoo?aeuei?e oi?i? aac
aeiaai?iaee. Aea cacia/aia ii?ia ia ia?aaeaa/a? iane?aee?a
iaaeio?eiaiiy aeiia, ui a i?e i?noyoueny: 1) uiaei ia?aae?-
caoe?? aeeoieaii? oiaa?enoaii /anoee i?ioyaii ?ieo [a
oaeiio ?ac? aoei a aeioe?eueii cai?iaaaeeoe ?yae caoiae?a:
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a) ia?aaeaa/eoe iiaeeea?noue a?aeiia?aeiiai ciaioaiiy noaooo-
iiai oiiaeo (aea ia ieae/a anoaiiaeaio caeiiii i?i?iaeue-
io iaaeo) a ia?aaeaa/aiiio caeiiii ii?yaeeo, oiaoi ca oii-
ae aianaiiy a?aeiia?aeieo ci?i aei onoaiia/eo aeieoiaio?a,
ioae?eaoe?? i?i oea o a?aeiia?aeiiio i?aai? ianiai? ?ioi?iaoe??,
a oaeiae a?aenooiino? caia?a/aiue e?aaeeoi??a; a) o ?ac? iaya-
iino? caia?a/aiue e?aaeeoi??a aai ciaioaiiy ?ici??o noa-
oooiiai oiiaeo ieae/a a?ae onoaiiaeaiiai caeiiii i?i?io-
io ia?aaeaa/eoe iaia’ycie o/aniee?a oiaa?enoaa nieaoeoe
oeth /anoeo i?iii?oe?eii ?oi?i aianeai o noaoooiiio oiiae?;
2) uiaei ?ici??o i?eaooeo, aieinoaaiiy ? aecia/aiiy eai-
?oio aac o?aooaaiiy aeeoieaii? oiaa?enoaii /anoee
(iaaeio?eiaiiy oeeo aeiia ia? oyaoe ca niaith iaae?eni?noue
??oaiue c ieoaiue ?iciiae?eo i?eaooeo, aecia/aiiy eai?oio
? ?acoeueoao?a aieinoaaiiy).
A?aeie?aieai?noue iaeia oiaa?enoaa a?ae iaeia eiai o/an-
iee?a coiiaeth? cae??ieaiiy a caeiiiaeaanoa? caai?iie caa?-
oaoe noyaiaiiy ia /anoeo o/anieea o OIA ca eiai aeanie-
ie ciaia’ycaiiyie. O ?ac? iaaeinoaoiino? iaeia o/anieea
aeey iie?eooy eiai ai?a?a e?aaeeoi?e iiaeooue aeiaaaoe ae-
ae?eaiiy /anoee o/anieea-ai?aeieea oa ?? iieaoe o a?ioia?e,
aai iaeiia?e oi?i? c a?aeiia?aeiei ciaioaiiyi ?ici??o
noaoooiiai eai?oaeo oiaa?enoaa. A ?acoeueoao? ci?ie neea-
aeo o/aniee?a o cacia/aieo aeiaaeeao (aeoiaeo /e aeeeth-
/aiiy o/anieea c oiaa?enoaa, a?aeiiaa i?aaiianooiieea /e
niaaeei?ioey anooieoe aei OIA aai a?aenooi?noue ia oea caiaee
?aooe o/aniee?a), yeui oiaa?enoao ia aaea?oueny ?aae?coaa-
oe /anoeo o/anieea, ui aeaoa, oaeiae aeieea? iaaaciaea
ciaioaiiy noaoooiiai oiiaeo, a o. /. ieae/a a?ae onoaiiaea-
ii? caeiiii i?i?iaeueii? iaae?.
Aeey caoenoo i?aa e?aaeeoi??a oiaa?enoaa a caeii? aei-
oe?eueii ia?aaeaa/eoe iiaeeea?noue iiiiaiaiiy noaoooiiai ea-
i?oaeo oiaa?enoaa ca ?aooiie aeiaeaoeiaeo aiane?a o/aniee?a
aai ae e?ea?aeaoe?th oiaa?enoaa, yeui i?ioyaii iaeiiai ?ieo
i?ney nieaoe /anoee o/anieea, ui aeaoa, noaoooiee oiiae
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oiaa?enoaa ia aoaea i?eaaaeaii o a?aeiia?aei?noue c onoaiia/e-
ie aeieoiaioaie. Ciaioaiiy noaoooiiai oiiaeo oiaa?enoaa
ieae/a a?ae onoaiiaeaii? caeiiii i?i?iaeueii? iaae? (noie,
aea?aaeaioii? 625 i?i?iaeueiei ca?ia?oiei ieaoai) o ?ac?
eiai iaiiiiaiaiiy i?ioyaii ?ieo a?ae iiiaioo ciaioai-
iy a on?o aeiaaeeao ia? oyaoe ca niaith i?eioniao e?ea?aea-
oe?th oiaa?enoaa.
Oi?aae?iiy OIA cae?enith?oueny, ye ? a AO, i?aaiaie oiaa-
?enoaa. Aeuei i?aaiii aeciathoueny cai?e o/aniee?a. Ca
aeiiiiiaith oeueiai i?aaio o/anieee OIA ?aae?cothoue i?aaa,
iia’ycai? c o/anoth a oiaa?enoa?, ? ianaiia?aae – i?aai ia
o/anoue a oi?aae?ii? ni?aaaie oiaa?enoaa. Caaaeuei? cai?e
neeaaeathoueny c o/aniee?a oiaa?enoaa aai i?ecia/aieo ieie
i?aaenoaaiee?a. I?aaenoaaieee o/aniee?a iiaeooue aooe ii-
no?eieie aai i?ecia/aieie ia iaaiee no?ie. Oe? iiaiiaa-
aeaiiy iiaeooue iieeaaeaoeny ia ?ioiai o/anieea oiaa?e-
noaa aai o?aoth iniao, iaeiae o/aniee ia? i?aai a aoaeue-yeee
/an cai?ieoe naiai i?aaenoaaieea o cai?ao o/aniee?a, niia?-
noeaoe i?i oea ?ioeo o/aniee?a.
I?eioeei aieinoaaiiy ia caaaeueieo cai?ao o/aniee?a
OIA iiae?aiee aei a?aeiia?aeiiai i?eioeeio, ui ae?? a AO, oiaoi
o/anieee iathoue e?euee?noue aiein?a, i?iii?oe?eio ?ici??ia?
?oi?o /anoie o noaoooiiio oiiae?. Ia?aae a?aee?eooyi cai??a,
i?iaiaeeoueny ?a?no?aoe?y o/aniee?a OIA, ye? aa?ooue o/anoue
o oeeo cai?ao, ?c cacia/aiiyi e?eueeino? aiein?a, ui ?? ia?
eiaeiee o/aniee.
Aieiaoaaiiy ia caaaeueieo cai?ao cae?enith? ia?aiee i?e-
nooi?ie ia cai?ao o/anieeaie OIA aieiaa, yeee i?aai?co?
aaaeaiiy i?ioieie?a cai??a, caaacia/o? iiaeeea?noue ?ioei
o/anieeai iciaeiieoenue ?c caienaie a eiec? i?ioieie?a
oa io?eiaoe cana?ae/aiee aeoya ?c i?ioieieo, a oaeiae ?acii
?c nae?aoa?ai cai??a i?aeieno? ia?ae?e ca?a?no?iaaieo o/an-
iee?a cai??a.
Ia caaaeueieo cai?ao ?icaeyaeathoueny iaenooo?a?o? ieoai-
iy ae?yeueiino? oiaa?enoaa, ui aecia/athoue eiai no?aoaa?th oa
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iathoue ae??oaeueia cia/aiiy aeey aeie? oiaa?enoaa. Aei eii-
iaoaioe?? caaaeueieo cai??a OIA iaeaaeaoue:
a) aecia/aiiy iniiaieo iai?yie?a ae?yeueiino? OIA ?
caoaa?aeaeaiiy eiai ieai?a oa ca?o?a i?i ?o aeeiiaiiy;
a) aianaiiy ci?i aei noaoooo oiaa?enoaa;
a) anoaiiaeaiiy ?ici??o, oi?ie e ii?yaeeo aianaiiy
o/anieeaie aeiaeaoeiaeo aeeaae?a;
a) ae??oaiiy ieoaiiy i?i i?eaeaaiiy oiaa?enoaii /ano-
ee o/anieea;
ae) aeeeth/aiiy o/anieea c oiaa?enoaa;
a) ia?aiiy oa a?aeeeeeaiiy /eai?a aeeiiaa/iai i?aaio
oa ?aa?c?eii? eii?n??;
?) caoaa?aeaeaiiy ??/ieo ?acoeueoao?a ae?yeueiino? aeoe?iia?-
iiai oiaa?enoaa, a o. /. ? eiai aei/??i?o i?aei?e?inoa, caoaa?-
aeaeaiiy ca?o?a ? aeniiae?a ?aa?c?eii? eii?n??, ii?yaeeo ?ic-
iiae?eo i?eaooeo, no?ie oa ii?yaeie aeieaoe /anoee i?eaoo-
eo, aecia/aiiy ii?yaeeo iie?eooy caeoe?a;
ae) noai?aiiy, ?ai?aai?caoe?y oa e?ea?aeaoe?y aei/??i?o i?ae-
i?e?inoa, o?e?e oa i?aaenoaaieoeoa, caoaa?aeaeaiiy ?oi?o noa-
ooo?a ? iieiaeaiue;
c) aeianaiiy ??oaiue i?i I?eoyaiaiiy aei iaeiiai? a?aeii-
a?aeaeueiino? iinaaeiaeo in?a oiaa?enoaa;
e) caoaa?aeaeaiiy i?aaee i?ioeaaeo?e oa ?ioeo aioo??o-
i?o aeieoiaio?a oiaa?enoaa, aecia/aiiy eiai i?aai?caoe?e-
ii? no?oeoo?e;
?) aecia/aiiy oiia iieaoe i?aoe? iinaaeiaeo in?a AO, eiai
aei/??i?o i?aei?e?inoa, o?e?e oa i?aaenoaaieoeoa;
?) caoaa?aeaeaiiy aeiaiai??a (oaiae), oeeaaeaieo ia noio, ui
ia?aaeuo? cacia/aio a noaooo? oiaa?enoaa;
e) i?eeiyooy ??oaiiy i?i i?eieiaiiy ae?yeueiino? oi-
aa?enoaa, i?ecia/aiiy e?ea?aeaoe?eii? eii?n??, caoaa?aeaeai-
iy e?ea?aeaoe?eiiai aaeaino [19].
O oe?eiio eiiiaoaioe?y caaaeueieo cai??a OIA a?ae??ciy?oue-
ny a?ae eiiiaoaioe?? aiaeia?/ieo cai??a aeoe?iia??a iiaeee-
a?noth ae??oaiiy aeayeeo ieoaiue, ui a?aeia?aaeathoue niaoee-
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o?eo oeueiai aeaeo oiaa?enoaa (anoaiiaeaiiy ?ici??o, oi?ie
e ii?yaeeo aianaiiy o/anieeaie aeiaeaoeiaeo aeeaae?a; ae??-
oaiiy ieoaiiy i?i i?eaeaaiiy oiaa?enoaii /anoee o/an-
ieea; aeeeth/aiiy o/anieea c oiaa?enoaa), a oaeiae a?aenoo-
i?noth ieoaiue, i?eoaiaiieo eeoa AO (aeai?e /eai?a nii-
noa?aaeii? ?aaee oiaa?enoaa oa ae??oaiiy ieoaiiy uiaei
i?eaeaaiiy AO aeanieo aeoe?e). Uii?aaaea, aeaui ??ciyoueny
aeiiae caeiiiaeaanoaa uiaei eai?oio (i?aaiii/iino? i?ee-
iyoeo caaaeueieie cai?aie ??oaiue). sseui a AO ??oaiiy
c iaeaaaeeea?oeo ieoaiue i?eeiathoueny eaae?o?eiaaiith
a?eueo?noth aiein?a, oi a OIA ??oaiiy uiaei /anoeie oaeeo
ieoaiue (cacia/aieo aeua a ioieoao a, a, ae) aeiaaa?oueny
iaeiinoaei?noue o aeuiio i?aai? (aei oeueiai ia?ae?eo a caei-
iiaeaa/iio ii?yaeeo aeioe?eueii aoei a aeiaeaoe anoaiiaeaiiy
?ici??o, oi?ie e ii?yaeeo aianaiiy o/anieeaie aeiaeaoei-
aeo aiane?a, a oaeiae ioe?ieo iaa?ioiaeo aeeaae?a o/aniee?a);
c ?aooe ieoaiue ??oaiiy i?eeiathoueny i?inoith a?eueo?noth
aiein?a. A?aeiia?aeii aei oeueiai ? aeaui niaoeeo?/i? aeiiae aei
eai?oio caaaeueieo cai??a o/aniee?a OIA: oae? cai?e aaa-
aeathoueny iiaiiaaaeieie, yeui ia ieo i?enooi? o/anieee
(i?aaenoaaieee o/aniee?a), ui aieiae?thoue o noeoiiino? a?eueo
ye 60% aiein?a, a c ieoaiue, ui iio?aaothoue iaeiinoaeiino?,
– an? o/anieee. A?aoe o/anoue o cai?ao ?c i?aaii aei?aae-
/iai aieino iiaeooue /eaie aeeiiaa/iai i?aaio OIA, ye? ia
? o/anieeaie oiaa?enoaa.
I?aai o/aniee?a OIA ia o/anoue o oi?aae?ii? eiai ni?a-
aaie caaacia/o?oueny ia eeoa iiaeeea?noth aeey eiaeiiai c
ieo a?aoe o/anoue a caaaeueieo cai?ao o/aniee?a, a e cae??-
ieaiiyi o caeii? i?aaa cai?iiiioaaoe nai? ieoaiiy oa
aeiaaaoe ?icaeyaeo oeueiai ieoaiiy ia cai?ao o/aniee?a ca
oiiae, ui aiii aoei iei iinoaaeaii ia i?ci?o ye ca 25
aei?a aei ii/aoeo cai??a.
??oaiiy c ieoaiue, aeianaieo ia ?icaeyae caaaeueieo cai??a
o/aniee?a, i?eeiathoueny oeyoii aieinoaaiiy ia oeeo cai-
?ao aai iaoiaeii iieooaaiiy, yeui oea ia?aaeaa/aii onoa-
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iia/eie aeieoiaioaie /e caoaa?aeaeaieie oiaa?enoaii i?a-
aeeaie i?ioeaaeo?e. O ?ac? canoinoaaiiy ae?oaiai niiniao
i?eeiyooy ??oaiue i?iaeo ??oaiiy aai ieoaiiy aeey aiei-
noaaiiy iaaeneeathoueny o/anieeai, ye? iiaeii? o ienueiia?e
oi?i? niia?noeoe uiaei iueiai naith aeoieo. I?ioyaii 10 aei?a
c iiiaioo iaea?aeaiiy iia?aeiieaiiy a?ae inoaiiueiai o/an-
ieea aieinoaaiiy an? aiie iiaeii? aooe i?i?ioi?iiaai?
aieiaith i?i i?eeiyoa ??oaiiy. ??oaiiy iaoiaeii iieoo-
aaiiy aaaaea?oueny i?eeiyoei i?e a?aenooiino? caia?a/aiue
oi/a a iaeiiai c o/aniee?a.
Cai?e o/aniee?a OIA neeeeathoueny, ye i?aaeei, /ano?-
oa, i?ae a AO: caeii aeiaaa?, uia oea a?aeaoaaeiny i?eiaeii?
aea?/? ia ??e, yeui ?ioa ia ia?aaeaa/aii onoaiia/eie aei-
eoiaioaie.
I?aai neeeeaiiy iica/a?aiaeo cai??a o/aniee?a iaea-
aeeoue:
aieia? oiaa?enoaa (ca iayaiino? ianoaaei, cacia/aieo
a onoaiia/eo aeieoiaioao, o ?ac? iaieaoini?iiiaeiino? oi-
aa?enoaa, a oaeiae o aoaeue-yeiio ?ioiio aeiaaeeo, yeui oeueiai
iio?aaothoue ?ioa?ane oiaa?enoaa a oe?eiio, cie?aia yeui
aeieea? caa?ica cia/iiai nei?i/aiiy noaoooiiai oiiaeo);
aeeiiaa/iio i?aaio, ia aoaeue-yeo eiai aeiiao;
o/anieeai oiaa?enoaa, ui aieiae?thoue o noeoiiino?
a?eueo ye 20 (a aeey caoenoo ?ioa?an?a iaioino? aeioe?eueii
cieceoe aei 10% ) aiein?a (aiie iathoue i?aai aeiaaaoe neee-
eaiiy iica/a?aiaeo cai??a o/aniee?a o aoaeue-yeee /an ? c
aoaeue-yeiai i?eaiaeo, ui noino?oueny ae?yeueiino? oiaa?enoaa;
yeui i?ioyaii 25 aei?a aieiaa oiaa?enoaa ia aeeiiaa ca-
cia/aii? aeiiae, aiie ai?aa? nai? neeeeaoe cai?e o/an-
iee?a).
?aa?c?eia eii?n?y ia? i?aai noaaeoe ieoaiiy i?i neee-
eaiiy iica/a?aiaeo cai??a o/aniee?a, yeui aeieeea caa?ica
nooo?aei ?ioa?anai oiaa?enoaa aai aeyaeaii ceiaaeeaaiiy
iinaaeiaeie iniaaie oiaa?enoaa.
I?aai o/ano? a caaaeueieo cai?ao i?aee??ieth?oueny o?ena-
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oe??th a caeii? aeiia uiaei ii?yaeeo neeeeaiiy oaeeo cai??a:
i?i oea o/anieee OIA iia?aeiieythoueny ia?aaeaa/aiei noa-
oooii niiniaii ?c cacia/aiiyi /ano e i?noey i?iaaaeaiiy
cai??a ? ii?yaeeo aeaiiiai; i?e oeueiio iia?aeiieaiiy ia? aooe
c?iaeaii i?eiaeii? ca 30 aei?a aei neeeeaiiy caaaeueieo
cai??a; ia i?ci?o ye ca 7 aei?a aei neeeeaiiy caaaeueieo
cai??a o/anieeai oiaa?enoaa iiaeiia aooe iaaeaia iiae-
eea?noue iciaeiieoeny c aeieoiaioaie, aianaieie aei ii?yaeeo
aeaiiiai cai??a; c ieoaiue, ia aeeth/aieo aei ii?yaeeo aeaiii-
ai, ??oaiiy iiaeooue i?eeiaoeny o?eueee ca caiaeith an?o o/an-
iee?a, i?enooi?o ia cai?ao.
Ia a?aei?io a?ae AO aeeiiaa/ee i?aai OIA ia aea?? eiai
o/aniee?a iiaea aooe eieaa?aeueiei (aee?aeoe?y ia /ie? c
aaia?aeueiei aee?aeoi?ii) aai iaeiiiniaiaei (aee?aeoi?).
*eaiaie aeeiiaa/iai i?aaio iiaeooue ye o/anieee OIA, oae
? iniae, ye? ia ? o/anieeaie oiaa?enoaa, a o. /. e iaeiaa
ia i?aenoaa? o?oaeiaiai aeiaiai?o (eiio?aeoo) i?aoe?aieee.
Aeey /eai?a aeeiiaa/iai i?aaio anoaiiaeaii iaiaaeaiiy
uiaei iaeii/anii? o/ano? a ?aa?c?ei?e eii?n?? oiaa?enoaa, a
aeey aaia?aeueiiai aee?aeoi?a – ua e caai?iia (aeeiioaa-
oe iaia’ycee aieiae cai??a o/aniee?a oiaa?enoaa.
Aei eiiiaoaioe?? aeeiiaa/iai i?aaio iaeaaeaoue: a) caaac-
ia/aiiy aeeiiaiiy ??oaiue cai??a o/aniee?a; a) ae??oai-
iy an?o ieoaiue ae?yeueiino? oiaa?enoaa ca aeiyoeii oeo,
ui iaeaaeaoue aei aeeeth/ii? eiiiaoaioe?? cai??a o/aniee?a>
a oaeiae a?aeiinii aeaeaaiaaieo caaaeueieie cai?aie aeayeeo
iiaiiaaaeaiue inoaii?o. Aeeiiaa/ee i?aai i?e oeueiio ia
ia? i?aaa i?eeiaoe ??oaiiy, iaia’yceia? aeey o/aniee?a
oiaa?enoaa. Aeicaieyth/e aeaeaaoaaoe aeaye? iiaiiaaaeaiiy
caaaeueieo cai??a aeeiiaa/iio i?aaio oiaa?enoaa, caeii ia
o?eno? caai?iie ?iaeoe oea uiaei ieoaiue, ??oaiiy c yeeo
iathoue noaaethaaoeny iaeiinoaeii. A?aeiia?aeia iieiaeaiiy
iiaeiii i?noeoeny a caeiiiaeaa/iio aeo?, ui aa?aiooaaoe-
ia caoeno ?ioa?an?a o/aniee?a OIA.
Aeeiiaa/ee i?aai iae?a?oueny caaaeueieie cai?aie o/an-
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iee?a oiaa?enoaa ? i?aeca?oiee oeei cai?ai. Aee?aeoe?y (aee-
?aeoi?) ae?? a?ae ?iai? oiaa?enoaa a iaaeao, onoaiiaeaieo
Caeiiii Oe?a?ie “I?i ainiiaea?nuee? oiaa?enoaa” oa onoa-
iia/eie aeieoiaioaie OIA. Aaia?aeueiee /e iaeiiiniaiaee
aee?aeoi? ia? i?aai aac aeia??aiino? aeeiioaaoe ae?? a?ae ?iai?
oiaa?enoaa. sseui a oiaa?enoa? noai?aii eieaa?aeueiee ae-
eiiaa/ee i?aai, oi oeei i?aaii iiaeooue aooe iaae?eai? oa-
eiae ?io? /eaie aee?aeoe??.
Iiaeeea?noue oi?ioaaiiy aeeiiaa/iai i?aaio OIA /an-
oeiai aai iiai?noth c iaeiaieo i?aoe?aiee?a coiiaeth? ia-
iao?aei?noue cae?eniaiiy ca iei eiio?ieth c aieo o/aniee?a
oiaa?enoaa. Oey ooieoe?y iieeaaea?oueny ia ?aa?c?eio eii?-
n?th, ui ooai?th?oueny cai?aie o/aniee?a oiaa?enoaa c ?o
/enea (aea ca aeiyoeii oeo, ui aoiaeyoue aei neeaaeo aeei-
iaa/iai i?aaio) a e?eueeino?, ia?aaeaa/ai?e onoaiia/eie aei-
eoiaioaie, aea ia iaio ye ?c o?ueio in?a. Onoaiiaeaiiy
caeiiii i?i?iaeueii? e?eueeino? /eai?a ?aa?c?eii? eii?n??
OIA ia? aaaeeea? aeey oaeiai oiaa?enoaa iane?aeee, a naia:
i?i?iaeueia e?euee?noue eiai o/aniee?a ca oiiae, ui aiie ia
aoiaeyoue aei neeaaeo aeeiiaa/iai i?aaio, ia? noaiiaeoe oa-
eiae o?e iniae. O aeiaaeeo, eiee o/anieee aeeiiothoue iaia’-
ycee /eai?a aeeiiaa/iai i?aaio, oi caaaeueia e?euee?noue o/an-
iee?a ia? noaiiaeoe a?aeiia?aeii o?e (iaiao?aeia e?euee?noue
aeey neeaaeo ?aa?c?eii? eii?n??) iethn e?euee?noue o/aniee?a, ui
aoiaeyoue aei neeaaeo aee?aeoe??.
Oaeoe/ii cacia/aia iieiaeaiiy iaiaaeo? iiaeeea?noue
noai?aiiy OIA aeaiia iniaaie, ia eaaeo/e aaea i?i i?aai
noai?thaaoe oaea oiaa?enoai iaei??th iniaith, ui ? caaaeueiith
oaiaeaioe??th a e?a?iao ?a?iiaenueeiai aeiiii?/iiai ni?aoi-
aa?enoaa oa iinonioe?ae?noe/ieo e?a?iao (e?a?iao ia?ao?aeii?
aeiiii?ee). Ca?aene aeieeaa? aeioe?euei?noue ciyooy e?euee?nieo
aeiia uiaei neeaaeo ?aa?c?eii? eii?n?? OIA ?c iaaeaiiyi
i?aaa o/anieeai inoaiiueiai naiei ae??ooaaoe oea ieoai-
iy ca oiia iaia’yceiaino? eiio?ieueiiai i?aaio (iaeiiini-
aiaiai aai eieaa?aeueiiai).
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A?aeiia?aeii aei aeiia caeiio ia?aa??ea ae?yeueiino? aee?aeoe??
(aee?aeoi?a) oiaa?enoaa i?iaiaeeoueny ?aa?c?eiith eii?n??th
ca aei?o/aiiyi cai??a, c aeanii? ?i?oe?aoeae aai ia aeiiao
o/aniee?a oiaa?enoaa. Cae?enithth/e nai? iiaiiaaaeaiiy,
?aa?c?eia eii?n?y ai?aa? aeiaaaoe a?ae iinaaeiaeo in?a oiaa-
?enoaa iiaeaiiy ?e on?o iaiao?aeieo iaoa??ae?a, aooaaeoa?nue-
eeo /e ?ioeo aeieoiaio?a oa iniaenoeo iiyniaiue. ?acoeue-
oaoe i?iaaaeaieo ia?aa??ie ?aa?c?eia eii?n?y aeiiia?aea? ae-
uiio i?aaio oiaa?enoaa – cai?ai o/aniee?a.
Aei ooieoe?e ?aa?c?eii? eii?n?? iaeaaeeoue oaeiae neeaaeai-
iy aeniiaeo uiaei ??/ieo ca?o?a oa aaeain?a, aac yeiai cai-
?e o/aniee?a oiaa?enoaa ia iathoue i?aaa caoaa?aeaeoaaoe
aaeain oiaa?enoaa.
C iaoith aeeiiaiiy nai?o eiio?ieueieo ooieoe?e ?aa?c?eia
eii?n?y iaae?eaia i?aaii noaaeoe ieoaiiy i?i neeeeaiiy
iica/a?aiaeo cai??a o/aniee?a, yeui aeieeea caa?ica noo-
o?aei ?ioa?anai oiaa?enoaa aai aeyaeaii ceiaaeeaaiiy
iinaaeiaeie iniaaie oiaa?enoaa.
Aieea o/aniee?a ia ia?aa?a ni?aa OIA uiaei ae??oaiiy
a?eueoino? ieoaiue ooieoe?iioaaiiy oiaa?enoaa caeaaeeoue a?ae
?ici??o /anoie, yeeie aiie aieiae?thoue [20]. A?o/eciyia
caeiiiaeaanoai ia anoaiiaeth? aeiiae uiaei ??aiino? /anoie
o/aniee?a. ?ici?? /anoie ia?aaeaa/a?oueny onoaiia/eie aei-
eoiaioaie oiaa?enoaa ? iiaea aooe ye ??aiei, oae ? ??ciei.
A inoaiiueiio aeiaaeeo iiaea iaoe i?noea neooaoe?y, eiee iaeei
/e aeae?eueea o/aniee?a aieiae?oeiooue iacia/ieie ca ?ic-
i??ii /anoeaie, ye? ia aeicaieyoeiooue ?i aieeaaoe ia
??oaiiy cai??a o/aniee?a. A?aeoae iinoa? i?iaeaia caoenoo
i?aa iaioino?, yea a OIA ?ica’yco?oueny /a?ac cae??ieaiiy
a caeiiiaeaanoa? aeiia uiaei:
iaeiinoaeiino? i?eeiyooy ??oaiue ?c iaenoooaa?oeo
ieoaiue, ui iiaeooue ca/?iaoe ?ioa?ane o/aniee?a (aeeeth/ai-
iy c oiaa?enoaa, aecia/aiiy i?aaeiaoa e iai?yie?a ae?-
yeueiino?, aianaiiy ci?i aei noaoooo oiaa?enoaa, caoaa?aeaeaiiy
ca?o?a oiui);
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iaaeaiiy eiaeiiio c o/aniee?a i?aaa aiineoe nai?
i?iiiceoe?? aei ii?yaeeo aeaiiiai cai??a o/aniee?a OIA;
i?aaa o/aniee?a, ye? a noeoiiino? aieiae?thoue ia iaio
ye 20% noaoooiiai eai?oaeo oiaa?enoaa (aeey ii??aiyiiy:
ca caeiiiaeaanoaii I?ia//eie oaeei i?aaii iaae?eythoue-
ny o/anieee, ye? a noeoiiino? aieiae?thoue i?eiaeii? 10%
eai?oaeo oiaa?enoaa [21], ui na?ae/eoue i?i a?eueoee aeaii-
e?aoeci i?iaoeueeiai caeiiiaeaanoaa, ine?eueee aiii iine?aeia-
i?oa caoeua? i?aaa iaioino? aeiaaaoe neeeeaiiy cai??a
o/aniee?a, a yeui oeth aeiiao ia aoei aeeiiaii – naiei
neeeeaoe oae? cai?e).
Ia?ae?/ai? caoiaee ia iiaeia aeciaoe aeinoaoi?ie aeey
caoenoo i?aa iaioino? a OIA. ?o ne?ae aeiiiaieoe iieiaeai-
iyie uiaei: aeiiae i?eeiyooy noaoooo OIA iaeiinoaeiei
??oaiiyi on?o caniiaiee?a; iaiao?aeiino? iaeiinoaeiino? a
caoaa?aeaeaii? iaa?ioiaeo aeeaae?a o/aniee?a (i?i iaiao?ae-
i?noue oeueiai cacia/aa ?ua A ?icaiaa?a [22]); cieaeaiiy aei
1/10 ii?ie i?aaenoaaieoeoaa o noaoooiiio eai?oae? aeey
o/aniee?a, ye? ei?enooaaeeny a i?aaii iaioino? (cie?aia
uiaei neeeeaiiy cai??a o/aniee?a).
I?aaa o/aniee?a OIA iiaeia iiae?eeoe ia iaeiia? e oae?,
ui caaacia/othoue ?oith o/anoue a oi?aae?ii? ni?aaaie oiaa-
?enoaa. Aei iaeiiaeo iaeaaeaoue: i?aai ia io?eiaiiy /an-
oeie i?eaooeo oiaa?enoaa, a?aeiia?aeii aei ?ici??o /anoee
o/anieea; i?aai ia o/anoue o ?iciiae?e? iaeia oiaa?enoaa
i?ae /an eiai e?ea?aeaoe?? oa i?aai ia ?io? aeeno?eaooe??, ia-
?aaeaa/ai? onoaiia/eie aeieoiaioaie oiaa?enoaa (i?aai
i?eueaiaiai i?eaeaaiiy i?iaeoeoe?? oiaa?enoaa oiui). Ii?y-
aeie ?iciiae?eo i?eaooeo aecia/a?oueny onoaiia/eie aeieo-
iaioaie oiaa?enoaa, aea caeii ia? o?enoaaoe iiaeeea?noue
cae?eniaiiy oeueiai eeoa a ?ac?, yeui iayai? eiooe (iaeii)
oiaa?enoaa ia?aaeuothoue ?ici?? eiai noaoooiiai oiiaeo.
Aei eaoaai??? i?aa ia o/anoue a oi?aae?ii? ni?aaaie oi-
aa?enoaa iaeaaeaoue: i?aai o/ano? a cai?ao o/aniee?a oiaa-
?enoaa; i?aai aiineoe nai? i?iiiceoe?? uiaei ii?yaeeo aeai-
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iiai oeeo cai??a; i?aai iaioino? aeiaaaoe neeeeaiiy ii-
ca/a?aiaeo cai??a, a a ?ac? iaaeeiiaiiy aeeiiaa/ei i?aa-
iii oe??? aeiiae – naiei neeeeaoe oae? cai?e; i?aai ia
?ioi?iaoe?th (oiaoi i?aai ia iciaeiieaiiy c i?ioieieaie
cai??a o/aniee?a, oa ?ioeie aeieoiaioaie oiaa?enoaa –
??/ieie ca?oaie oa aaeainaie, ?acoeueoaoaie ia?aa??ee
ae?yeueiino? aeeiiaa/iai i?aaio oiui).
Aei iaia’yce?a o/aniee?a OIA iaeaaeaoue:
aianaiiy iiaiiai ?ici??o aeeaaeo, yeui onoaiia/eie
aeieoiaioaie ia?aaeaa/a?oueny iiaoaiia nieaoa aeeaae?a (ia
iaio ye 30% ia iiiaio i?iaaaeaiiy onoaiia/eo cai??a, a
?aooo – i?ioyaii ?ieo aai iaioiai ia??iaeo, ia?aaeaa/a-
iiai onoaiia/eie aeieoiaioaie); a?ae oeueiai iaia’yceo ia
iiaea aooe oa?eueiaiee aeiaeai c o/aniee?a, oi/a caeiiiaea-
aaoeue ia o?eno? oeueiai iieiaeaiiy a Caeii? Oe?a?ie “I?i
ainiiaea?nuee? oiaa?enoaa”;
aianaiiy aeiaeaoeiaeo aiane?a, yeui oea ia?aaeaa/aii onoa-
iia/eie aeieoiaioaie oiaa?enoaa aai noaaeaii caaaeueieie
cai?aie o/aniee?a;
a?aoe o/anoue a cai?ao o/aniee?a, ia yeeo ae??oothoueny
ieoaiiy, ??oaiiy c yeeo aeiaaathoue iaeiinoaeiino?;
ia ?icaieiooaaoe eiia?oe?eii? oa?iieoe? oa eiio?aeai-
oe?eii? ?ioi?iaoe?? oiaa?enoaa;
nai?ie ae?yie ia caaaeaaaoe oeiaee oiaa?enoao.
Ioaea, o/anieee OIA iathoue ia eeoa iaeiia? i?aaa oa
iaia’ycee, a e i?aaa oa iaia’ycee iniaenoiai oa?aeoa?o, ui
coiiaeaii iayai?noth a OIA ie?aieo ?en iiaiiai oiaa?e-
noaa.
Iayai?noue o OIA ?en aeoe?iia?iiai ? iiaiiai oiaa?enoa
coiiaeth? iaiao?aei?noue ii??aiyiiy oeeo oiaa?enoa, ianaiia-
?aae ?oi?o oa?aeoa?ieo ?en.
Ine?eueee OIA, ye oaea caaaeoaaeiny, ia??aeei iaceaathoue
AO a i?i?aoth?? aai ??ciiaeaeii AO, oi aeioe?eueii ii/aoe naia
c oeueiai aeaeo ainiiaea?nueeeo oiaa?enoa, a naia c CAO. O aea-
yeeo e?a?iao OIA ? CAO iaa?oue ioioiaeiththoueny. Oae aoei,
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cie?aia, a ?in?enuee?e Oaaea?aoe?? ca Caeiiii ?O “I?i i?ae-
i?e?inoaa oa i?aei?e?iieoeueeo ae?yeuei?noue” a?ae 25 a?oaeiy
1990 ?. [23]. I?ioa c i?eeiyooyi 1994 ?. Caaaeueii? /an-
oeie Oeea?eueiiai eiaeaeno ?O, a caiaeii, 24 eenoiiaaea 1995 ?.,
Caeiio ?O “I?i aeoe?iia?i? oiaa?enoaa” oe? iieiaeaiiy aoei
neaniaaii. Oaia? oe? oi?ie ainiiaea?nueeeo oiaa?enoa ?ic-
aeyaeathoueny ye ie?ai?, naiino?ei? [24].
CAO ? OIA iathoue aaaaoi ni?eueieo ?en [25]. Oea coiiaea-
ii iaeaaei?noth ?o aei ia’?aeiaiue eai?oae?a, a oaeiae noai?ai-
iyi OIA ia aac? aeei?enoaiiy i?eeiyoieo aeey iaeiai
a?ciano ?en AO. Aei oaeeo ?en iaeaaeaoue:
aaea caaaeoaaia iaeaaei?noue CAO ? OIA aei ia’?aeiaiue
eai?oae?a, aeey o/ano? a yeeo aeineoue c?iaeoe eeoa iaeii-
aee aianie – nieaoeoe /anoee aai aeoe?? (c aeayeeie canoa-
?aaeaiiyie uiaei OIA, i?i ye? iiaa eoeia aeae?);
iayai?noue a iaio caaaeaieo oiaa?enoaao iniiaiiai ea-
i?oaeo, ui ?iaio?oueny noaoooiei, i?i?iaeueiee ?ici?? yeiai
aecia/a?oueny caeiiii; a?i iiae?ey?oueny ia /anoee (a CAO
– aeoe??), ?ici?? yeeo aecia/a?oueny onoaiia/eie aeieo-
iaioaie;
iiaeeea?noue noai?aiiy ca?aeii c? no. 1 Caeiio Oe?a?ie
“I?i ainiiaea?nuee? oiaa?enoaa” e?eueeiia caniiaieeaie
(uiiaeiaioa aeaiia, ine?eueee, aiai?y/e o iiiaeei? i?i in?a,
ye? iiaeooue aooe o/anieeaie ainiiaea?nueeiai oiaa?enoaa,
oeae Caeii ia cacia/a? ?oiuei? i?i?iaeueii? e?eueeino?); i?e
oeueiio caniiaieeaie (o/anieeaie) iiaeooue aooe o?ce/i?
oa/aai th?eaee/i? iniae, ui iathoue a?aeiia?aeiee ianya i?aai- oa
ae??caeaoiino?;
iaia’yceiaa iayai?noue o CAO ? OIA ii?yae ?c noaooo-
iei oiiaeii ?aca?aiiai (no?aoiaiai) oiiaeo, ?ici?? yeiai
iiaeiai noaiiaeoe i?eiaeii? 25% noaoooiiai oiiaeo ?
a?ae?aooaaiiy aei yeiai iathoue cae?enithaaoenue o ?ici??? ia
iaio ye 5% /enoiai i?eaooeo oiaa?enoaa (no. 14 Caeiio
“I?i ainiiaea?nuee? oiaa?enoaa”, a aeae? – Caeiio);
noaoon th?eaee/ii? iniae, ui eiai ca oe?a?inueeei ca-
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eiiiaeaanoaii ainiiaea?nuee? oiaa?enoaa iaaoaathoue iae ii-
iaioo aea?aeaaii? ?a?no?aoe??;
a?aeie?aieai?noue iaeia oiaa?enoa, ui iaeaaeeoue ?i ia
i?aa? aeaniino?, a?ae iaeia eiai caniiaiee?a oa o/aniee?a
(aeoe?iia??a), a oea, nai?th /a?aith, coiiaeth? a?aeie?aieai?noue
a?aeiia?aeaeueiino? oiaa?enoaa oa eiai o/aniee?a (aeoe?iia??a)
ca ciaia’ycaiiyie oiaa?enoaa ? iaiiaeeea?noue ca?aooaai-
iy ai?ao oiaa?enoaa o?ao?e inia? ai?aii inoaiiuei? o/an-
ieeo (aeoe?iia?o) oeueiai oiaa?enoaa ? iaaiaee;
uiaei i?eioeeio a?aeiia?aeaeueiino? ca nai?ie ciaia’ycai-
iyie, oi o CAO ? OIA aiia iaiaaeo?oueny eeoa iayaiei o
ieo ia i?aa? aeaniino? iaeiii, a o/anieee (aeoe?iia?e) ca
ai?ae oiaa?enoaa ia a?aeiia?aeathoue, a eeoa ?eceeothoue ao?a-
oeoe iiaeeea?noue iiaa?iaiiy nai?o aeeaae?a (aa?oino? nai?o
aeoe?e) o ?ac? a?aenooiino? (iaaeinoaoiino?) o oiaa?enoaa ei-
oo?a (iaeia) aeey caaeiaieaiiy aeiia e?aaeeoi??a;
aeey iaio oiaa?enoa, ui ?icaeyaeathoueny, oa?aeoa?iei a
iaiaaeaiee ?oo ?oi?o o/aniee?a: o OIA iiaeeeaa a?aenooi-
eaiiy /anoee, ye i?aaeei, ?ioiio o/anieeo oiaa?enoaa,
yeui onoaiia/eie aeieoiaioaie ia iaoiiaeaii ?ioa; oiae?
ye o CAO aeoe?? ?iciiae?eythoueny eeoa na?aae eiai caniia-
iee?a, iiaeeea?noue a?ae/oaeaiiy aeoe?e iaiaaeo?oueny eeoa
caai?iiith ?iciianthaeaeoaaoe ?o oeyoii i?aeienee, i?iaea-
aaoe /e eoioaaoe ia a??ae?;
CAO ? OIA iathoue ae?yoe ia i?aenoaa? aeaio onoaiia/eo
aeieoiaio?a – onoaiia/iai aeiaiai?o ? noaoooo, ci?no yeeo
aecia/a?oueny Caeiiii (noaoo? 4, 37, 51);
iaeaeaa cacia/ai? oiaa?enoaa iathoue iiae?ai? i?eioeeie
oa i?aaie oi?aae?iiy: aeuee i?aai – caaaeuei? cai?e
o/aniee?a (aeoe?iia??a); aeeiiaa/ee i?aai – i?aae?iiy
(CAO), aee?aeoe?y aai aee?aeoi? (OIA); eiio?ieueiee i?aai –
?aa?c?eia eii?n?y;
ia aeiionea?oueny oa?eueiaiiy aeoe?iia??a CAO ? o/aniee?a
OIA a?aeiiaii? nieaoe aeoe?e (/anoie); no?ie aeey iiaii?
nieaoe iaiaaeo?oueny iaeiei ?ieii; iaoai?ci a?aeiia?aeaeue-
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iino? oa iane?aeee ca ianai?/anio nieaoo aeoe?e (/anoie)
(ca?aeii c? no. 33 ? /. 3 no. 52 Caeiio) iaeiaeia?;
aeoe?iia?e CAO ? o/anieee OIA iathoue iiae?ai? i?aaao
(no. 10 Caeiio) oa iaia’ycee (no. 11 Caeiio);
i?eieiaiiy ae?yeueiino? e ?iciiae?e eioo?a (iaeia) oeeo ;
oiaa?enoa ca ?o e?ea?aeaoe?? a?aeaoaa?oueny a caaaeueiiio aeey
an?o ainiiaea?nueeeo oiaa?enoa ii?yaeeo (noaoo? 19-21 Caeiio); :
iaeaeaa aeaee oiaa?enoa iathoue i?aai aeioneaoe ia-
e?aaoe??, a oaeiae noai?thaaoe aei/??i? i?aei?e?inoaa, o?e??,
i?aaenoaaieoeoaa;
i?eoaiaiia AAO ioae?/i?noue ae?yeueiino? ia iaia’yceiaa
aeey CAO ? OIA, yeui aiie ia a ai?oaioaie iae?aaoe?e, ui
i?iiiiothoueny aeey a?aee?eoiai i?iaeaaeo.
Iiae?ai?noue cia/ii? /anoeie ?en CAO ? OIA oea aeeeth-
/a?, iaeiae, ?oiuei? a?aei?iiino?. Oea coiiaeaii iayai?noth o
OIA ie?aieo ?en iiaiiai oiaa?enoaa, a ioaea, ? i?ino?oith
i?ioeaaeo?ith canioaaiiy e ooieoe?iioaaiiy oeeo oiaa?enoa,
a naia:
yeui i?aaiaa noaiiaeua OIA aecia/a?oueny ia?aaeon?i
Caeiiii Oe?a?ie “I?i ainiiaea?nuee? oiaa?enoaa”, a oaeiae
Caeiiaie Oe?a?ie “I?i aeani?noue”, “I?i i?aei?e?iieoeo-
ai”, “I?i i?aei?e?inoaa a Oe?a?i?”, oi ae?yeuei?noue CAO c ia-
eyaeo ia iayai?noue o ieo aeoe?e ?aaoeth?oueny ua e Caeiiii
Oe?a?ie “I?i oe?ii? iaia?e ? oiiaeiao a??aeo”;
iaeaaei?noue OIA aei ia’?aeiaiue eai?oae?a iaaiith i??ith
oiiaia, ine?eueee a iueiio ii?aeiothoueny ?ene aeoe?iia?iiai
? iiaiiai oiaa?enoa, a ioaea, i?enooi? aeaiaioe inoaiiueiai
(iaia’yceiaa o/anoue o/aniee?a a cai?ao, ia yeeo ae??oo-
thoueny ieoaiiy, ui iio?aaothoue iaeiinoaeiino?);
o CAO iii?iaeueia aa?o?noue aeoe?e ye iaeae??ai?oeo
/anoie noaoooiiai oiiaeo ia? aooe iaeiaeiaith, o OIA aea
?ici?? /anoie o/aniee?a aecia/a?oueny onoaiia/eie aeieo-
iaioaie ? iiaea aooe aoaeue-yeei;
CAO ? OIA ??ciyoueny oaeiae i?i?iaeueiei ?ici??ii
noaoooiiai oiiaeo: a ia?oiio a?i ia? aooe aea?aaeaioiei
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1250 i?i?iaeueiei ca?ia?oiei ieaoai, aeoiaey/e c? noaaee
i?i?iaeueii? ca?ia?oii? ieaoe, ae?th/i? ia iiiaio canioaai-
iy oiaa?enoaa, o ae?oaiio – 625 i?i?iaeueiei ca?ia?oiei
ieaoai;
noaoooiee eai?oae CAO ia iiiaio neeeeaiiy onoaiia-
/eo cai??a ia? aooe niea/aiee ia iaio ye ia 50, a a OIA
ia iiiaio eiai ?a?no?aoe?? – ia iaio ye ia 30% (no. 31,
/. 2 no. 52 Caeiio);
/anoea aeoe?iia?a a CAO aecia/a?oueny e?euee?noth aeoe?e,
ui eiio iaeaaeaoue, a /anoea o/anieea OIA – onoaiia/e-
ie aeieoiaioaie (iae/ano?oa o a?aenioeao aei ?ici??o noa-
oooiiai oiiaeo);
yeui iaeiiaa o/anoue aeoe?iia?a a AO iaiaaeo?oueny
iiaiith iieaoith aeoe?e, oi a OIA iiaea aooe ia?aaeaa/aia
(onoaiia/eie aeieoiaioaie aai ??oaiiyi cai??a o/aniee?a)
nieaoa aeiaeaoeiaeo aiane?a;
ia a?aei?io a?ae AO a?ioiaa ioe?iea iaa?ioiaeo aiane?a
o/aniee?a ia? caoaa?aeaeoaaoeny an?ia o/anieeaie OIA
(aaeaea oea ia? o?enoaaoeny a onoaiia/iio aeiaiai?? e noaooo?
oiaa?enoaa), ? oiio ooo iaioa iaaaciaea caaeuaiiy oaei?
ioe?iee;
aeaye? a?aei?iiino? o ci?no? onoaiia/eo aeieoiaio?a:
noaooo CAO, e??i caaaeueieo aeey an?o ainiiaea?nueeeo oiaa-
?enoa a?aeiiinoae, ia? i?noeoe oaeiae ?ioi?iaoe?th i?i aeoe??:
?oith iii?iaeueio aa?o?noue, aeaee, e?euee?noue; iane?aeee iaae-
eiiaiiy ciaia’ycaiue uiaei aeeoio aeoe?e (no. 37 Caeiio),
a onoaiia/? aeieoiaioe OIA – a?aeiiino? i?i ?ici?? /an-
oie eiaeiiai o/anieea, ?ici??, neeaae ? ii?yaeie aianaiiy
ieie aeeaae?a;
/eiaei iniaeeainoae CAO iia’ycaii c iayai?noth o ieo
aeoe?e, a naia: iaiao?aei?noue ?a?no?aoe?? aeioneo aeoe?e; aa-
aeaiiy ?a?no?o aeoe?iia??a; caai?iia ai?n?? aeoe?e aeey iie?eo-
oy ai?a?a AO (ca?eueoaiiy ae noaoooiiai oiiaeo OIA c oe??th
iaoith ia caai?iiy?oueny);
neeaaei?oa i?ioeaaeo?a ci?ie noaoooiiai oiiaeo, i?ae o
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OIA, iniaeeai o a?e ciaioaiiy, ui iaia’yceiai ia? noi?i-
aiaeaeoaaoeny aa?aiooaaiiyi aeoe?iia?ai iie?eooy iia’y-
caieo ?c oeei caeoe?a;
??ciiiai?oi?noue oi?i ca?eueoaiiy (aeione iiaeo ae-
oe?e, iai?i iae?aaoe?e ia aeoe?? aai ca?eueoaiiy iii?iaeueii?
aa?oino? aeoe?e) ? ciaioaiiy noaoooiiai oiiaeo (ciaioai-
iy iii?iaeueii? aa?oino? aeoe?e aai ciaioaiiy e?eueeino?
aeoe?e /a?ac aeeoi aeoe?e o ?oi?o aeaniee?a c iaoith aioeth-
aaiiy aeoe?e) (noaoo? 38, 39 Caeiio);
iiaeeea?noue aeey CAO aeioneo i?ea?eaeiaaieo aeoe?e,
ye? aa?aioothoue o?eniaaiee ?ici?? aeea?aeaiae?a, ui aea? cii-
ao caeo/eoe aeiaeaoeia? eiooe ?iaanoi??a; o OIA aa?aioo-
aaiiy eiionue ?c o/aniee?a io?eiaiiy oaa?aeiai ?ici??o
i?eaooeo iacaeaaeii a?ae ?acoeueoao?a o?iainiai-ainiiaea?-
nueei? ae?yeueiino? oiaa?enoaa ia aeiioneathoueny;
aeo?ae ?c CAO iiaeeeaee /a?ac a?ae/oaeaiiy aeoe?e, ui
iaeaaeaoue aeoe?iia?ia?, a aeo?ae ?c OIA – /a?ac a?aenooieai-
iy /anoee;
o/aniee OIA aoaeue-eiee iiaea aeeoe c oiaa?enoaa, ?
inoaii? ia? nieaoeoe eiio eiai /anoeo; aeoe?iia? CAO iiaea
c?iaeoe oea, eeoa iicaoaoenue aeoe?e, ui eiio iaeaaeaee, i?e
oeueiio a?i ia ai?aa? aeiaaaoe a?ae CAO aeeoieoe eiai aeoe??,
yeui oaeee ii?yaeie ia ia?aaeaa/aii onoaiia/eie aeieoiai-
oaie oiaa?enoaa;
aeey CAO oa?aeoa?ia a?eueoa neeaaei?noue oi?aae?iiy ni?a-
aaie, ui coiiaeaii oaeeie /eiieeaie: cia/i?oith, i?ae
o OIA, e?euee?noth o/aniee?a/aeoe?iia??a; iiaeeea?noth noai-
?aiiy niinoa?aaeii? ?aaee (?aaee oiaa?enoaa) ye i?aaio, ui
eiio?ieth? ae?yeuei?noue i?aae?iiy CAO, a oaeiae aeeiio? aea-
ye? aeaeaaiaai? eiio caaaeueieie cai?aie iiaiiaaaeaiiy;
eieaa?aeueiei oa?aeoa?ii aeeiiaa/iai i?aaio CAO (o OIA
iiaea aooe ia?aiee aai eieaa?aeueiee i?aai (aee?aeoe?y), aai
iaeiiiniaiaee aee?aeoi?; aeaoaeuei?oith ?aaeaiaioaoe??th ia
caeiiiaeaa/iio ??ai? ae?yeueiino? i?aai?a CAO oa aeiia aei
?oiueiai neeaaeo, i?ae o OIA, oi/ ye?noue ? a?oioiai?noue oaei-
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ai ?aaoethaaiiy ca oe?a?inueeei caeiiiaeaanoaii cia/ii
iinooia?oueny caeiiiaeaanoao i?i oi?aia? (ainiiaea?nuee?) oiaa-
?enoaa, a oiio /ene? aeoe?iia?i?, e?a?i ?eieiai? aeiiii?ee
(I?ia//eie, NOA, O?aioe?? oiui) ? aeayeeo iinonioe?ae?noe/-
ieo e?a?i (Oai?ueie, Anoii??, ?in?enueei? Oaaea?aoe?? oa ?i.).
Caaaeii ne?ae cacia/eoe, ui CAO ? neeaaei?oith i?aai?-
caoe?eii-i?aaiaith oi?iith cae?eniaiiy i?aei?e?iieoeueei?
ae?yeueiino?, i?ae OIA, ? oiio i?eeiyoi?oith aeey aaaeaiiy
cia/ii? ca ?iciaoii ni?aae ? c a?eueoith e?euee?noth o/an-
iee?a, i?ae o OIA. CAO aeioe?eueii noai?thaaoe a oiio ?ac?,
eiee iio??aii caeo/aoe ?iaanoeoe?? oeyoii aeioneo i?e-
a?eaeiaaieo aeoe?e ? aiaeii/an iaiaaeoaaoe eiei aeoe?iia??a
c ia?niaeoeaith, iaeiae, o iaeaooiueiio ia?aoai?aiiy CAO
ia AAO. AO oaeiae aeioe?eueii noai?thaaoe a oeo aeiaaeeao,
eiee caii/aoeiao?oueny no?aoiaa i?aai?caoe?y, caniiaieee
(a caiaeii – o/anieee) yei? aaaeathoue iaiaaeeoe na?e ?ecee
ca iiaeeea? caeoee iaaeaie niea/aieo /anoie, aaeaea a?aeii-
a?aeii aei /. 1 no. 2 Caeiio Oe?a?ie “I?i no?aooaaiiy” ae-
ei?enoaiiy i?aai?caoe?eii-i?aaiai? oi?ie OIA aeey aaaeaiiy
no?aoiai? ae?yeueiino? ia aeiionea?oueny.
sse oaea cacia/aeiny, OIA noai?thaaeeny ooo/ii aeey ca-
aeiaieaiiy iio?aa iaeiai a?ciano, ui i?aaioa iaoe i?ea?ea?
AO [iaiaaeai?noue a?aeiia?aeaeueiino? ca ai?ae oiaa?enoaa eeoa
iaeiii inoaiiueiai oa oa?eueiaiiy a?ae ia? o/aniee?a o ?ac?
iiaii? nieaoe ieie nai? /anoie (aeoe?e), ui aeicaiey? aiai-
?eoe i?i iaiaaeai?noue ?oiueiai ?eceeo ca caeoee oiaa?e-
noaa] ia a?aei?io a?ae ia?niiaeueieo oiaa?enoa (iiaiiai e ei-
iaiaeeoiiai) c ?oiueith aeiaeaoeiaith iaiaiaaeaiith nie?aea?iith
a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noth o/aniee?a (iiaieo o/aniee?a) ca ai?ae oi-
aa?enoaa. Aiaeii/an a?ae cacia/aieo oiaa?enoa caa??aaeenue
iia?aoeai?noue, i?inoioa oi?aae?iiy ni?aaaie ? a?aeiinia
ni?iuai?noue i?ioeaaeo?e ci?ie iniiaiiai eai?oaeo.
A ocaaaeueiaiiio aeaeyae? ni?euei? oa a?aei?ii? ?ene iia-
iiai oiaa?enoaa (i?aaiaa noaiiaeua yeiai ?icaeyaeaoe-
iaoueny i?ci?oa) ? OIA iiaeia aecia/eoe oae.
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Ni?euei? ?ene:
ainiiaea?nuee? oiaa?enoaa;
aeiaia??i? canaaee noai?aiiy;
noaoon th?eaee/ii? iniae;
iaia’yceiaa iayai?noue onoaiia/iai aeiaiai?o;
iayai?noue aeaniiai iaeia (aianaiiai o/anieeaie ye
aeeaae, aeaioiaeaii? i?iaeoeoe??, aeioiae?a a?ae ainiiaea?nueei?
ae?yeueiino?, iaaooiai ia ?ioeo caeiiieo i?aenoaaao iaeia);
iaia’yceia?noue ia eeoa iaeiiai?, a e ia?niiaeueii?
o/ano? a oiaa?enoa?;
iaiaaeaiee ?oo o/aniee?a.
A?aei?ii? ?ene:
??aaiue caeiiiaeaa/iai ?aaoethaaiiy: a?eueo cia/ia a
OIA ia a?aei?io a?ae iiaiiai oiaa?enoaa, aioo??oiy i?aai?-
caoe?y yeiai ?aaoeth?oueny onoaiia/ei aeiaiai?ii;
iaia’yceiaa iayai?noue o T?B, e??i onoaiia/iai aeiai-
ai?o, noaoooo;
aeiiae aei iaeia oiaa?enoaa: aeey OIA caeii anoaiia-
eth? iaia’yceia?noue noaoooiiai oiiaeo oa eiai i?i?iaeueiee
?ici??, a uiaei iiaiiai oiaa?enoaa oea ieoaiiy ae??oo?oue-
ny ia eieaeueiiio ??ai? (a onoaiia/iio aeiaiai??);
iayai?noue ? ?ici?? noaneae?a?ii? iaeiiai? a?aeiia?aeaeue-
iino? o/aniee?a ca ciaia’ycaiiyie oiaa?enoaa: o/aniee
OIA. yeee iiai?noth nieaoea naith /anoeo, oaei? a?aeiia?aeaeue-
iino? ia iana, a ia o/anieea iiaiiai oiaa?enoaa iieeaaea?oue-
ny aeiaeaoeiaa iiaia iaeiiaa a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noue (i?e oeueiio
o/anieee iiaiiai oiaa?enoaa a?aeiia?aeathoue ia?aae e?aaeeoi-
?aie inoaiiueiai ye nie?aea?i? ai?aeieee);
ii?yaeie oi?aae?iiy (a OIA oi?aae?iiy cae?eniththoue
i?aaie – cai?e o/aniee?a, aee?aeoe?y /e aee?aeoi?, ae?yeuei?noue
inoaii?o eiio?ieth?oueny ?aa?c?eiith eii?n??th, a a iiaiiio
oiaa?enoa? – aaciina?aaeiuei nai? o/anieee);
ianya ia?niiaeueii? o/ano?: a OIA iaiaaeo?oueny iaia-
o?aei?noth a?aoe o/anoue o cai?ao o/aniee?a, ia yeeo ae??oo-
thoueny ieoaiiy, ui iio?aaothoue iaeiinoaeiino?; o iiaiiio
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oiaa?enoa? – oea iaia’yceiaa o/anoue a oi?aae?ii? ni?aaa-
ie, yeo, iaeiae, iiaeia aeaeaaoaaoe ?ioei o/anieeai (o/an-
ieeia?);
onoaiiaeaiiy aeey o/aniee?a iiaiiai oiaa?enoaa ia
i?eoaiaiieo OIA iaiaaeaiue: uiaei aeoiaeo c iiaiiai oiaa-
?enoaa (iaia’yceia?noue iiia?aaeaeaiiy i?i oea ?ioeo o/an-
iee?a i?eiaeii? ca o?e i?nyoe?, a uiaei oiaa?enoaa, noai?a-
iiai ia iaaiee no?ie, – ca o?noue i?nyoe?a ca oiiae iaya-
iino? aeey oeueiai iiaaaeieo i?e/ei); uiaei caai?iie eiieo-
?oaaoe c iiaiei oiaa?enoaii.
* * *
I?aenoiiaoth/e oa?aeoa?enoeeo OIA, iiaeia aecia/eoe
oae? eiai iniiai? ?ene:
ainiiaea?nueea i?aai?caoe?y ei?ii?aoeaiiai oeio;
??ciiaeae ainiiaea?nueeiai oiaa?enoaa c on?ia i?eoaiai-
ieie inoaiiueiio iciaeaie, aeeth/ii c iayai?noth: noaoono
th?eaee/ii? iniae ? aeaniiai iaeia (ui iaeaaeeoue ia i?aa?
aeaniino?);
iaia’yceia?noue aeaio oiiae?a (noaoooiiai ? ?aca?aiiai),
aeiiae aei i?i?iaeueiiai ?ici??o, ni?aa?aeiioaiiy e ii?yae-
eo oi?ioaaiiy yeeo onoaiiaeththoueny caeiiii;
iiae?e noaoooiiai oiiaeo ia /anoee, ?ici?? yeeo aecia-
/a?oueny onoaiia/eie aeieoiaioaie ? iiaea aooe aoaeue-yeei
(??aiei aai ??ciei);
a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noue oiaa?enoaa ca aeanieie ciaia’ycai-
iyie on?i iaeiii, ui iaeaaeeoue eiio ia i?aa? aeaniino?;
a?aenooi?noue a o/aniee?a oiaa?enoaa noaneae?a?ii? a?aeii-
a?aeaeueiino? ca ai?ae oiaa?enoaa, yeui aiie iiai?noth niea-
oeee nai? /anoee;
iayai?noue i?aai?a oiaa?enoaa, c aeiiiiiaith yeeo cae?e-
nith?oueny oi?aae?iiy ni?aaaie oiaa?enoaa: aeuee i?aai
– cai?e o/aniee?a, aeeiiaa/ee i?aai – iaeiiiniaiaee aee-
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?aeoi? aai aee?aeoe?y (iiaea oi?ioaaoeny ia eeoa c o/an-
iee?a, a e c iaeiaieo i?aoe?aiee?a), eiio?ieueiee – ?aa?-
c?eia eii?n?y (oi?io?oueny aeeeth/ii c o/aniee?a oiaa?e-
noaa);
iaia’yceia?noue aeey o/aniee?a iaeiiai? o/ano? a oiaa-
?enoa? (aiineoe iniiaiee ? aeiaeaoeia?, yeui aiie ia?aaeaa-
/ai? onoaiia/eie aeieoiaioaie aai ??oaiiyi cai??a o/an-
iee?a, aianee);
iaiaaeaiiy iaia’yceiai? ia?niiaeueii? o/ano? eeoa
aeiaaeeaie i?eeiyooy cai?aie o/aniee?a ??oaiue ?c ieoaiue,
uiaei yeeo caeii aeiaaa? iaeiinoaeiino?;
iaiaaeaiee ?oo o/aniee?a;
i?eieiaiiy o/ano? a oiaa?enoa? a?aeaoaa?oueny aiane?-
aeie: a) nia?o? o/anieea – o?ce/ii? iniae aai ?ai?aai?caoe??
/e e?ea?aeaoe?? o/anieea – th?eaee/ii? iniae; a) a?aenooieai-
iy /anoee ?ioiio o/anieeo (o/anieeai) aai o?ao?e inia?;
a) aeeeth/aiiy o/anieea c oiaa?enoaa; a) aeia?ia?eueiiai
aeoiaeo o/anieea c oiaa?enoaa c aeeoiii eiai /anoee na-
iei oiaa?enoaii; ae) aeae?eaiiy /anoee o/anieea ia aeii-
ao e?aaeeoi??a inoaiiueiai, yeui aeey iie?eooy eiai ai?a?a
ia aenoa/a? eiai (o/anieea) aeaniiai iaeia.
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Aeaaa 4
I?AAIAA NOAIIAEUA
OIAA?ENOA C AeIAeAOEIAITH
A?AeIIA?AeAEUeI?NOTH
Aei ainiiaea?nueeeo oiaa?enoa – ia’?aeiaiue eai?oae?a ia-
eaaeeoue oaeiae oiaa?enoai c aeiaeaoeiaith a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noth
(aeae? – OAeA), oi/a eiio i?eoaiaiia a?eueoa e?euee?noue ?en
ia?niiaeueieo oiaa?enoa, i?ae AO ? OIA. Oea coiiaeaii aei-
aeaoeiaith iaiaaeaiith a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noth eiai o/aniee?a ca
ai?ae oiaa?enoaa, a oaeiae i?enooi?noth a oeueiio aeae? ain-
iiaea?nueeeo oiaa?enoa aeuacaaaeaieo ?en ia?niiaeueieo oi-
aa?enoa, ye ? a OIA (iaia’yceia?noue ia?niiaeueii? o/ano? o
ae??oaii? ieoaiue, uiaei yeeo caeii aeiaaa? iaeiinoaeiino?,
a?aeiinia eaae?noue ci?ie noaoooiiai oiiaeo, iiaeeea?noue ii-
eeaaeaiiy ia o/aniee?a iaia’yceo nieaoe aeiaeaoeiaeo aian-
e?a, a?eueoa i?inoioa oi?aae?iiy ni?aaaie ii??aiyii c AO,
iaiaaeaiee ?oo o/aniee?a oa i?aenoaae aeey ci?ie neeaaeo
o/aniee?a). Caaaeii OAeA iiae?aia aei OIA o /anoei?, ui ia
noino?oueny a?aeiia?aeaeueiino? eiai o/aniee?a. sse oaea ca-
cia/aeiny, a caeiiiaeaanoa? aeayeeo e?a?i aiaeia a?o/eciyiiai
OAeA ioiieth?oueny iiiyooyi OIA. Ioaea, ia?oa (OAeA) iiaeia
iacaaoe ??ciiaeaeii ae?oaiai (OIA). C iaeyaeo ia cacia/ai?
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ianoaaeie a?o/eciyiee caeiiiaeaaaoeue oe?eeii caeiiii??ii
iioe?th? ae?th a?eueoino? ii?i, ui ?aaoeththoue i?aaiaa noaii-
aeua OIA, ia OAeA [1].
Caeii aecia/a? OAeA ye oaea ainiiaea?nueea oiaa?enoai,
noaoooiee oiiae yeiai iiae?eaiee ia /anoee aecia/aieo
onoaiia/eie aeieoiaioaie ?ici???a ? o/anieee yeiai a?aeii-
a?aeathoue ca ai?aaie oiaa?enoaa nai?ie aianeaie aei noaooo-
iiai oiiaeo, a ca iaaeinoaoiino? oeeo noi – aeiaeaoeiai ia-
eaaeiei ?i iaeiii a iaeiaeiaiio aeey an?o o/aniee?a e?ao-
iiio ?ici??? aei aianeo eiaeiiai o/anieea; i?e oeueiio a?a-
ie/iee ?ici?? a?aeiia?aeaeueiino? o/aniee?a ia?aaeaa/a?oueny
a onoaiia/eo aeieoiaioao oiaa?enoaa [2].
Caeiiiaeaaaoeue ooo ciiao i?eionea?oueny iiieeee uiaei
ianyao a?aeiia?aeaeueiino? o/aniee?a oiaa?enoaa, cacia/ath/e,
ui aiie ianaiia?aae a?aeiia?aeathoue nai?ie aianeaie aei noa-
oooiiai oiiaeo oiaa?enoaa, eio?? c iiiaioo ?a?no?aoe?? OAeA
noathoue aeani?noth inoaiiueiai, a a o/aniee?a, ye? c?iaeee
oaeee aianie, cai?noue iaeiiaeo aeieeathoue ciaia’ycaeuei?
i?aaa. A?aeiia?aeaoe ae /oaeei iaeiii o/anieee ia iiaeooue.
Oiio oi/i?oa aoei a aecia/eoe iaae? a?aeiia?aeaeueiino? o/an-
iee?a oeueiai oiaa?enoaa ia c?acie oiai, ye oea ?iaeoue ?i-
n?enueeee caeiiiaeaaaoeue o no. 95 ia?oi? /anoeie Oeea?eueiiai
eiaeaeno ?in?enueei? Oaaea?aoe??: o/anieee oaeiai oiaa?enoaa
(oiaoi OAeA) nie?aea?ia ianooue noaneae?a?io a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noue
ca eiai ciaia’ycaiiyie nai?i iaeiii a iaeiaeiaiio aeey
an?o e?aoiiio ?ici??? aei aa?oino? ?oi?o aiane?a, ui aecia-
/a?oueny onoaiia/eie aeieoiaioaie oiaa?enoaa. Oiae? ieoai-
iy uiaei oa?aeoa?o oa ianyao a?aeiia?aeaeueiino? o/aniee?a
OAeA aoaeooue oi/i?oa a?aaoeueiaai?, ine?eueee c ii?i a?o/ec-
iyiiai caeiio aaaeei aecia/eoe oa?aeoa? oaei? a?aeiia?-
aeaeueiino? – /e ? aiia nie?aea?iith /e /anoeiaith. Aeioe?eueii
oaeiae aeei?enoaoe iieiaeaiiy iacaaii? noaoo? Oeea?eueii-
ai eiaeaeno ?in?enueei? Oaaea?aoe?? uiaei a?aeiia?aeaeueiino?
o/aniee?a oiaa?enoaa a ?ac? aaie?oonoaa iaeiiai c ieo, ia-
?aaeaa/eaoe, ui a oaeiio aeiaaeeo eiai a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noue
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ca ciaia’ycaiiyie oiaa?enoaa ?iciiae?ey?oueny i?ae ?aooith
o/aniee?a, yeui ?ioa ia ia?aaeaa/aii onoaiia/eie aeieo-
iaioaie oiaa?enoaa. Oea aa?aiooaaei a caoeno ?ioa?an?a
e?aaeeoi??a OAeA, ui iniaeeai aino?i iinoa? a aeia??/eo oi-
aa?enoaao, ye? ca i?aai?caoe?eii-i?aaiaith oi?iith iaeaaeaoue
aei OAeA.
Iiae?ai?noue i?aaiaiai noaiiaeua OAeA aei OIA (ca aeiyo-
eii oa?aeoa?o oa ianyao a?aeiia?aeaeueiino? o/aniee?a) co-
iiaeth? iiae?ai?noue ?oiueiai i?aaiaiai ?aaoethaaiiy c ieoaiue,
ui ia noinothoueny a?aeiia?aeaeueiino? o/aniee?a, ? a?aeiia?aeii
– canoinoaaiiy a?eueoino? ii?i ae. 2 Caeiio Oe?a?ie “I?i
ainiiaea?nuee? oiaa?enoaa”, ui ia? iacao “Oiaa?enoai c ia-
iaaeaiith a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noth”, aei OAeA.
OAeA oaeiae ae?? ia i?aenoaa? aeaio onoaiia/eo aeieoiaio?a
– onoaiia/iai aeiaiai?o ? noaoooo, a yeeo, iaeiae, ia a?aei?io
a?ae OIA ia? aooe cacia/aiee a?aie/iee ?ici?? a?aeiia?aeaeue-
iino? o/aniee?a /a?ac onoaiiaeaiiy iaeiaeiaiai aeey an?o
o/aniee?a e?aoiiai ?ici??o aei ?o aiane?a (oaea aeiaeaoeiaa
a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noue aeieea? a o/aniee?a OAeA ? ia?aae oiaa?e-
noaii, ? ia?aae eiai e?aaeeoi?aie); ia? o? nai? aeiiae uiaei
i?i?iaeueiiai ?ici??o ? ii?yaeeo oi?ioaaiiy noaoooiiai
oiiaeo (ca aeiyoeii aeia??/eo oiaa?enoa, ye? uiaei oeueiai
iathoue naith niaoeeo?eo) oa ?aca?aiiai oiiaeo; noaia oi?aa-
e?iiy ni?aaaie OAeA iiae?aia aei OIA: cai?e o/aniee?a –
aeuee i?aai, ui ae??oo? iaeaaaeeea?o? aeey oiaa?enoaa
ieoaiiy ? aeiineoue ??oaiiy i?inoith a?eueo?noth aiein?a /e
iaeiinoaeii (o niaoe?aeueii cacia/aieo o caeii? aeiaaeeao),
aeeiiaa/ee i?aai – iaeiiiniaiaee (aee?aeoi?) aai eieaa?-
aeueiee (aee?aeoe?y), eiio?ieueiee i?aai – ?aa?c?eia eii?-
n?y, yea oi?io?oueny c o/aniee?a oiaa?enoaa; iiae?aiee aei
OIA iaiaaeaiee ?oo o/aniee?a ? i?aaeea a?aenooieaiiy
/anoee o/anieea oa i?aaiaa ?aaoethaaiiy ?ioeo ieoaiue, ia
iia’ycaieo c ianyaii ? oa?aeoa?ii a?aeiia?aeaeueiino? o/an-
iee?a.
Ni?euei?noue aaaaoueio ?en o OIA ? OAeA coiiaeth? ? ni?eue-
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i?noue i?iaeai uiaei aaeineiiaeaiiy i?aaiaiai ?aaoethaai-
iy ?o noai?aiiy, ae?yeueiino? oa e?ea?aeaoe??.
??aii/anii OAeA iathoue aeaye? iniaeeaino?. Aeiaeaoeiaee
oa?aeoa? a?aeiia?aeaeueiino? o/aniee?a oeueiai aeaeo oiaa?enoa
caaacia/o? ?i iiaeeea?noue caeiaoeny oeie aeaeaie ae?yeue-
iino?, ye? ia iiaeooue aeeiioaaoe OIA (no?aoiaa ae?yeuei?noue,
iai?eeeaae).
O oi?i? OAeA ooieoe?iiothoue aeia??/? oiaa?enoaa (aeae? –
AeO). ?oi? i?aaiaa noaiiaeua ?aaoeth?oueny Aeae?aoii Eaa?-
iaoo I?i?no??a Oe?a?ie a?ae 17.03.1993 ?. “I?i aeia??/? oi-
aa?enoaa”[3]. Oa?aeoa?ieie ?enaie oeeo oiaa?enoa ? oae?:
ainiiaea?nueea i?aai?caoe?y ei?ii?aoeaiiai oeio;
ia? i?aai?caoe?eii-i?aaiao oi?io oiaa?enoaa c aeiaeao-
eiaith a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noth ? an? eiai iniiai? iciaee;
niaoeeo?/iee i?aaeiao ae?yeueiino? – cae?enith? i?aaenoaa-
ieoeueeo ae?yeuei?noue a?aeiia?aeii aei aeiaiai??a, oeeaaeaieo c
aeia??eoaeyie iaeia uiaei ?aae?caoe?? ?oi?o i?aa aeaniee?a
(cae?enith? aeia??/? iia?aoe??);
aeeiio? ?ieue o?iainiaiai iina?aaeieea a i?ioean? i?e-
aaoecaoe??; oey ae?yeuei?noue cae?enith?oueny i?ney iiaeaiiy aei
eiia?oe?eiiai aaieo aeicaieo (e?oeaic??) Oiiaeo aea?aeaaiiai
iaeia Oe?a?ie ia i?aai cae?eniaiiy i?aaenoaaieoeueei? ae?yeue-
iino? c i?eaaoecaoe?eieie iaia?aie;
iniaeea? aeiiae aei ?ici??o noaoooiiai oiiaeo (iiae-
iai noaiiaeoe ia iaio ye 1 iei ea?aiaaioe?a) [4] oa eiai
neeaaeo (oi?io?oueny aeeeth/ii ca ?aooiie eioo?a ? oe?iieo
iaia??a o/aniee?a);
iniaeea?noue aianaiiy aeeaae?a o/aniee?a (aei iiiaioo
?a?no?aoe?? AeO eiaeai c eiai caniiaiee?a ciaia’ycaiee aia-
noe ia oei/aniaee ?aooiie i?eiaeii? 50% a?ae cacia/a-
iiai a onoaiia/eo aeieoiaioao ?ici??o eiai aeeaaeo aei noa-
oooiiai oiiaeo, ui ia? i?aeoaa?aeaeoaaoenue aeieoiaioaie, ae-
aeaieie eiia?oe?eiei aaieii, a i?ioyaii ianooiieo o?ueio
i?nyoe?a – aianoe na?e aeeaae iiai?noth);
iaia’yceia?noue aoaeeoi?nueei? ia?aa??ee o?iainiaiai
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noaio caniiaiee?a (e??i o?ce/ieo in?a) AeO uiaei ?oiuei?
ni?iiiaeiino? c?iaeoe a?aeiia?aei? aianee aei noaoooiiai
oiiaeo;
noaneae?a?ia a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noue o/aniee?a AeO ca eiai
ciaia’ycaiiyie iaeaaeiei ?i iaeiii o i’yoee?aoiiio
?ici??? aei aianeo eiaeiiai o/anieea;
ianeoaiaoaaiiy aeia??/eo iia?aoe?e AeO cae?enith?oueny
eiia?oe?eiei aaieii, a?aeiineie c yeei aecia/athoueny aei-
aiai?ii, ui iiaeiai a?aeiia?aeaoe oeiiaiio aeiaiai?o, yeee
caoaa?aeaeo?oueny Oiiaeii aea?aeaaiiai iaeia Oe?a?ie oa
Iaoe?iiaeueiei aaieii Oe?a?ie;
?ic?aooieiaee ?aooiie AeO a?aee?eaa?oueny eiia?oe?e-
iei aaieii, ui ianeoaiao? cae?eniaiiy aeia??/eo iia?aoe?e
? caaacia/o? a?aeiia?aeaeueia caa??aaiiy aeanieo eioo?a AeO
oa iaeia aeia??eoae?a;
iaia’yceia?noue ia?niiaeueii? o/ano? o/aniee?a AeO a eiai
iniiai?e ae?yeueiino?: o/anieee AeO a aiaeii/an aeia??aieie
iniaaie, ye? cae?eniththoue aeia??/? iia?aoe?? a?ae ?iai? AeO ?
iiaeii? ae?yoe aeeeth/ii aeey ?aae?caoe?? ?ioa?an?a aeaniee?a
ca oiiaaie oeeaaeaiiai i?ae ieie aeiaiai?o; i?e oeueiio
aa?o?noue iaeia, ui eiai aeia??aia iniaa aa?a ia ianeoaiao-
aaiiy o aeia??eoae?a iaeia, ia iiaeiia noia?ii ia?aaeuo-
aaoe /anoee aeia??aii? iniae a noaoooiiio oiiae? AeO oa a?aeii-
a?aeii ?? iniaenoi? aeiaeaoeiai? a?aeiia?aeaeueiino?;
iniaeeaee ii?yaeie iae?eo (cae?enith?oueny ia niaoe?aeue-
ieo aeia??/eo ?aooieao, iaia’yceia?noue i?aeienaiiy ieao?-
aeieo aeieoiaio?a uiaei aeia??/eo iia?aoe?e c iaeiii /e
eiooaie aeia??eoaey on?ia aeia??aieie iniaaie) ? ca?oiino?;
iniaeeaee ii?yaeie cae?eniaiiy iae?eo e eiio?ieth ca
ae?yeuei?noth AeO (anoaiiaeth?oueny oiiaeii aea?aeaaiiai iae-
ia Oe?a?ie, Iaoe?iiaeueiei aaieii Oe?a?ie ? I?i?noa?-
noaii O?iain?a Oe?a?ie);
iaia’yceia?noue i?aeoaa?aeaeaiiy aoaeeoi?nueeith ia?aa??-
eith aeinoia??iino? e iiaiioe ??/iiai aaeaino ? ca?oiino? AeO.
I?iaeaia AeO iieyaa? a iaaecia/aiino? caeiiiaeaanoaii
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aeiia aei iaeiiaiai noaio ?oi?o o/aniee?a ? a?aenooi?noth
iaeaaeiiai eiio?ieth ca ?oiueith ae?yeuei?noue c aieo caaaeaieo
aea?aeaaieo i?aai?a, ui i?ecaaei ia i?aeoeoe? aei o?eoea-
iino? anoaiiaeaiiai caeiiiaeaanoaii 5-e?aoiiai ?ici??o
?oiuei? a?aeiia?aeaeueiino?. Ia iath/e a?aeiia?aeii? e?eueeino?
iaeia ia i?aa? aeaniino?, cia/ia /anoeia AeO oa ?o o/anie-
ee oaeoe/ii aeyaeeeny iani?iiiaeieie iie?eoe ai?aia?
ciaia’ycaiiy oiaa?enoaa, ui i?ecaaei aei ii?ooaiiy iae-
iiaeo i?aa ee??io?a oeeo oiaa?enoa – oeo aeia??/eo aean-
iee?a, a ?ioa?anao yeeo iaee ae?yoe aeia??ai? iniae – o/an-
ieee AeO. Ca aeaieie Aea?aeaaii? iiaeaoeiai? aaei?i?no?aoe??
Oe?a?ie aei noa?e AeO caeo/aii aeecueei 4 iei aeia??eoae?a
iaeia (eioo?a); aa?o?noue ia?aaeaiiai a aeia??/a oi?aae?iiy
iaeia noaiiaeoue iaeaea 217 iei a?i.; ?c caaaeueii? noie
caeo/aieo eioo?a 118,6 iei a?i. aeo?a/aii ia ca i?ecia-
/aiiyi (i?eaeaaiiy aaoiiia?e?a, iaae?a, io?n?a, eaa?oe?
oiui); caai?aiaai?noue ia?aae aeia??eoaeyie nyaioea 262,5
iei a?i.; cia/io /anoeio aeia??aieo eioo?a, iniaeeai o
aaetho?, aeaacaii ca iaae? Oe?a?ie [5].
A ca’yceo ?c cacia/aieie ianoaaeiaie c iaoith aeya-
eaiiy ieaoini?iiiaeiino? caniiaiee?a (o/aniee?a ) OAeA
uiaei aeeiiaiiy acyoeo ia naaa ciaia’ycaiue (a o. /. ? ii-
a’ycaieo c aeiaeaoeiaith a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noth) oyaey?oueny aei-
oe?eueiei ia?aaeaa/eoe a caeiiiaeaa/iio ii?yaeeo iaia’ycei-
aee aoaeeo ?oiueiai iaeiiaiai noaio – uiaei th?eaee/ieo in?a
? iayai?noue o o?ce/ieo in?a, ye? aaaeathoue noaoe caniiaie-
eaie (o/anieeaie) OAeA (ianaiia?aae AeO), ia?ooiiiai iae-
ia ia noio, ui aei??aith? aai ia?aaeuo? ianya ?oiuei? a?aeii-
a?aeaeueiino?; i?ioyaii oa?i?io o/ano? oaeeo in?a o OAeA ia
oea iaeii ia? aooe iaeeaaeaia caai?iia uiaei eiai a?ae/oaeai-
iy aai iaaeaiiy a canoaao.
Aeaye? aaoi?e i?iiiiothoue cai?iaaaeeoe aeiaeaoeia? iaoa-
i?cie ?aae?caoe?? a?aeiia?aeaeueiino? AeO oa ?oi?o o/aniee?a, a
oaeiae caaacia/aiiy aeeiiaiiy ieie acyoeo ia naaa ciai-
a’ycaiue, cie?aia: ia?aaeaa/eoe iiaeeea?noue i?aae’yaeaiiy aei
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o/aniee?a oaeiai oiaa?enoaa iicia?a i?i noyaiaiiy caai?-
aiaaiino? oiaa?enoaa aac aeciaiiy eiai aaie?ooii; iioe?e-
oe ia ee??io?a AeO ae?th Caeiio Oe?a?ie “I?i caoeno i?aa
niiaeeaa/?a” [6]; caai?iieoe ?iaanoeoe?eiei eiiiai?yi
aoiaeeoe aei neeaaeo o/aniee?a AeO; ciaia’ycaoe AeO aeeth/a-
oe aei aeiaiai?o c aeia??eoaeyie iaeia iieiaeaiiy i?i no?a-
ooaaiiy ye iaeaooiueiai i?eaooeo, oae ? ?eceeo [7]; ia?aaeaa-
/eoe iaia’yceia?noue noai?aiiy a AeO niinoa?aaeii? ?aaee,
iieiaeio neeaaeo yei? noaiiaeee a iacaeaaei? /eaie (oiaoi
iniae, ui ia ? o/anieeaie oeueiai oiaa?enoaa): i?aaenoaaiee
ianeoaiaoth/iai aaieo, i?aaenoaaiee o?iainiaiai i?aaio,
i?aaenoaaiee Oiiaeo aea?aeaaiiai iaeia Oe?a?ie (yeui AeO
cae?enith? iia?aoe?? c i?eaaoecaoe?eieie iaia?aie); caaacia/e-
oe a?oioiai?noue ? ioae?/i?noue a?aeiiinoae aea?aeaaii? ?a?no?a-
oe?? oa ?acoeueoao?a o?iainiai-ainiiaea?nueei? ae?yeueiino? AeO [8].
* * *
Ocaaaeueithth/e oa?aeoa?enoeeo OAeA, iiaeia aecia/eoe
oae? eiai iniiai? ?ene:
ainiiaea?nueea i?aai?caoe?y ei?ii?aoeaiiai oeio;
??ciiaeae ainiiaea?nueeiai oiaa?enoaa c on?ia i?eoaiai-
ieie inoaiiueiio ?enaie a?aeiia?aeii aei caeiiiaeaanoaa Oe?a-
?ie, aeeth/ii c iayai?noth noaoono th?eaee/ii? iniae ? aean-
iiai iaeia, yea oi?io?oueny ca ?aooiie aeeaae?a o/aniee?a,
ae?iaeaii? i?iaeoeoe??, io?eiaieo aeioiae?a, iaaooiai ca ?a-
ooiie inoaii?o oa ia ?ioeo caeiiieo i?aenoaaao iaeia;
onoaiia/? aeieoiaioe – onoaiia/ee aeiaia?? ? noaooo;
iaia’yceia?noue noaoooiiai ? ?aca?aiiai oiiae?a, ye?
iathoue a?aeiia?aeaoe anoaiiaeaiei caeiiii aeiiaai uiaei
?oiueiai i?i?iaeueiiai ?ici??o ? ii?yaeeo oi?ioaaiiy;
iiae?e noaoooiiai oiiaeo ia /anoee, ?ici?? yeeo aecia-
/a?oueny onoaiia/eie aeieoiaioaie ? iiaea aooe aoaeue-yeei
(??aiei aai ??ciei);
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a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noue oiaa?enoaa ca aeanieie ciaia’ycai-
iyie an?i iaeiii, ui iaeaaeeoue oiaa?enoao ia i?aa? aean-
iino?;
iayai?noue i?aai?a oi?aae?iiy, c aeiiiiiaith yeeo cae?e-
nith?oueny oi?aae?iiy ni?aaaie oiaa?enoaa ? eiai i?aaenoaa-
ieoeoai o ciai?oi?o a?aeiineiao (c o?ao?ie iniaaie): cai?e
o/aniee?a – aeuee i?aai, aee?aeoe?y (eieaa?aeueiee) aai
aee?aeoi? (iaeiiiniaiaee) – aeeiiaa/ee i?aai, ?aa?c?eia
eii?n?y – eiio?ieueiee i?aai;
noaneae?a?ia iaiaaeaia iaeiiaa a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noue o/an-
iee?a ca ciaia’ycaiiyie oiaa?enoaa, a?aie/iee ?ici?? yei?
anoaiiaeth?oueny aai caeiiii (uiaei aeia??/eo oiaa?enoa) oa/
aai onoaiia/eie aeieoiaioaie OAeA a iaeiaeiaiio aeey an?o
o/aniee?a e?aoiiio ?ici??? aei aianeo eiaeiiai o/anieea;
iiae?ai?noue i?aaiaiai noaiiaeua OAeA ? eiai o/aniee?a
aei i?aaiaiai noaiiaeua OIA oa eiai o/aniee?a, ca aeiyo-
eii ianyao a?aeiia?aeaeueiino? o/aniee?a ? iia’ycaieo ?c oeei
ieoaiue (o o. /. ci?noo onoaiia/eo aeieoiaio?a), cie?aia:
a) iiaeeea?noue oi?ioaaiiy aeeiiaa/iai i?aaio c iae-
iaieo i?aoe?aiee?a, ye? ia ? o/anieeaie oiaa?enoaa;
a) iaia’yceia?noue aeey o/aniee?a iaeiiai? o/ano? a oiaa-
?enoa? (?iaeoe iniiaiee ? aeiaeaoeia? aianee, yeui inoaii?
ia?aaeaa/ai? onoaiia/eie aeieoiaioaie aai ??oaiiyi cai-
??a o/aniee?a);
a) iaiaaeaiiy iaia’yceiai? ia?niiaeueii? o/ano? eeoa
aeiaaeeaie i?eeiyooy cai?aie o/aniee?a ??oaiue ?c ieoaiue,
uiaei yeeo caeii aeiaaa? iaeiinoaeiino?;
a) iiaeeea?noue a?aenooieaiiy o/anieeii nai?? /anoee (??
/anoeie) ?ioiio o/anieeo (o/anieeai) ca caiaeith ?aooe
o/aniee?a aai o?ao?i iniaai (yeui ?ioa ia ia?aaeaa/aii
onoaiia/eie aeieoiaioaie oiaa?enoaa);
ae) iaiaaeaiee ?oo o/aniee?a; ci?ia neeaaeo o/aniee?a
a?aeaoaa?oueny /a?ac aeeeth/aiiy o/anieea c oiaa?enoaa;
a?aenooieaiiy /anoee ?ioiio o/anieeo (o/anieeai) aai
o?ao?e inia?, yeui ?ioa ia ia?aaeaa/aii onoaiia/eie aeieo-
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iaioaie oiaa?enoaa; niaaeeoaaiiy /anoee o/anieea ~ o?-
ce/ii? iniae aai i?aaiianooiieoeoaa o/anieea – th?eaee/-
ii? iniae;
a) i?eieiaiiy o/ano? a oiaa?enoa? iiaeeeaa a ?ac?: nia?-
o? o/anieea -o?ce/ii? iniae aai ?ai?aai?caoe?? /e e?ea?-
aeaoe?? o/anieea – th?eaee/ii? iniae; a?aenooieaiiy /anoee
?ioiio o/anieeo (o/anieeai) aai o?ao?e inia?; aeeeth/ai-
iy o/anieea c oiaa?enoaa; aeia?ia?eueiiai aeoiaeo o/anieea
c oiaa?enoaa c aeeoiii eiai /anoee naiei oiaa?enoaii;
aeae?eaiiy /anoee o/anieea ia aeiiao e?aaeeoi??a inoai-
iueiai, yeui aeey iie?eooy eiai ai?a?a ia aenoa/a? eiai aean-
iiai iaeia.
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Aeaaa 5
I?AAIAA NOAIIAEUA
IIAIIAI OIAA?ENOAA
Iaeyne?aa?oei i?aaenoaaieeii ainiiaea?nue-
eeo oiaa?enoa, ui iaeaaeaoue aei ia?niiaeueieo ia’?aeiaiue, ?
iiaia oiaa?enoai (aeae? IO). Oeae aeae ainiiaea?nueeiai oiaa-
?enoaa noi?ioaaany i?ae nai???aeiei aieeaii na?aaeiueia?-
//y [1]. I?ioioeiii IO oi?iaeiaae o?eaaeiai /ano, aaaaeaee
?einueeo soc?etas, yea iaea iaaiee aieea ia ?icaeoie oe???
oi?ie oiaa?enoaa [2]. sse cacia/a? A. Oa?oaiaae/ [3], IO
ciaia’ycaia nai?i iioiaeaeaiiyi ia ?einueeiio i?aao, a na-
?aaeiueia?/iei cae/ayi.
A??ia?aeii, ui ei??iiy iiaiiai oiaa?enoaa iioiaeyoue a?ae
n?i’?, yea aieiae?ea oi?aiaei i?iieneii. ?ioa?ane aeaae
n?i’? oa eiai nei?a, ianaiia?aae, iieyaaee a iaiiae?eueiino?
oeueiai i?iieneo, caa?icith /iio iiaea aooe nia?oue aaoueea.
Aeey i?aeo?eiee nai?? e?aaeeoini?iiiaeiino? (iiaeeeaino?
io?eiaiiy e?aaeeoo, aeia?i? ?aiooaoe?? oa aeia??e o e?aaee-
oi??a/eiio?aaaio?a) aeaaa oi?aiaiai i?iieneo ca’ycoaaa ,
nai?o nei?a ia?oeyieith ia ae?eeoe oi?aiao ni?aao i?ney eiai
nia?o?, i?i ui niia?uaeeny e?aaeeoi?e. A?aeoae aeieeaea
-207-
compagn?a fraterna, soc?etas fratrum, a iniia? yei? eaaeaei
ia i?aaiaiiy neeanoe ni?eueiee eai?oae, a aaaeaiiy iiia-
?aaeeoe ?iciaae oaea ?nioth/iai eai?oaeo. Inoaiiy ianoaae-
ia coiiaeea iiyao e cae??ieaiiy ?aea? i?i naiino?ei?noue
iaeia oiaa?enoaa ? a?aeiia?aeii – i?aai e?aaeeoi??a oiaa-
?enoaa ia caaeiaieaiiy ?oi?o aeiia ia?aaaaeii ia?aae e?a-
aeeoi?aie o/aniee?a oiaa?enoaa.
Aeieeoe a iaae?ao n?i’?, iiae?aia ooai?aiiy caaaeyee nai-
?i ia?aaaaai noaei i?eeiyoiei ? aeey noi?iii?o iaeia iaei?e
in?a, ye? ia’?aeioaaee nai? iniaeno? coneeey ? iaeii aeey
cae?eniaiiy ni?eueiiai oi?aiaiai i?iieneo. O no/aniiio
aeaeyae? IO ii/aei ie?anethaaoeny a ?oae?? a X?V no. Ca?aeoe
aiii iioe?eeiny ii an?e ?a?ii?, a o. /. o O?aioe??. Ooo aiii
aia?oa caciaei caeiiiaeaa/iai ?aaoethaaiiy, io?eiaaoe
iacao soc?ate generale a Ordonnans de commerce 1673 ?.,
ia?aeiaiiaaia a Oi?aiaiio eiaeaen? 1808 ?. a soc?ete en iii?
collect?f (oiaa?enoai eieaeoeaiiai ?iai?). Oeth iacao aoei
ni?eeiyoi a aaaaoueio caeiiiaeaanoaao. Ia a?aei?io a?ae O?ai-
oe??, oi?ioaaiiy IO a I?ia//ei? a?aeaoaaeiny i?ae aieeaii
?einueeiai i?aaa, ui i?eaaei aei iaaeciaiiy ca IO noaoono
th?eaee/ii? iniae [4].
?in?enueeee oa?i?i “iieiia oiaa?euanoai” (? a?aeiia?ae-
iee eiio oe?a?inueeee oa?i?i “iiaia oiaa?enoai”) aoa ni?i-
aith ioa?aeoa?ecoaaoe a iaca? naio oi?io ? nooi?noue oiaa-
?enoaa. ? oi/a ca aeneiaii A. Eai?iee “oaea ni?iaa ca
nai?th nooi?noth ??aeei iiaea aooe aaeaeith” [5], iaeiae ne?ae
aeciaoe, ui oey iacaa a?eueo-iaio a?aeia?aaea? nooi?noue oa-
eiai oiaa?enoaa uiaei a?aeiia?aeaeueiino?: a) naiiai oiaa?e-
noaa (oiaoi an?i iaeiii, ui iaeaaeeoue eiio ia i?aa? aean-
iino?); a) eiai o/aniee?a ?c ?oiueith aeiaeaoeiaith iaiaiaaea-
iith (iiaiith) a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noth o ciai?oi?o a?aeiineiao
(oiaoi ia?aae o?ao?ie iniaaie) ca ai?ae oiaa?enoaa.
IO a e?a?iao ?eieiai? aeiiii?ee ? aein? caa??aa? nai?
cia/aiiy ye can?a aeey iiia?aaeaeaiiy ?iciaaeo oi?aiaiai
eai?oaeo (ni?aae), noai?aiiai iaei??th n?i’?th. Aiaeii/an oeth
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oi?io ia’?aeiaiiy aeei?enoiaothoue iniae, i?ae yeeie ia-
ia? e?iaii? nii??aeiaiino?, c iaoith noai?aiiy eai?oaeo,
?ici?? yeiai ia?aaeuo? eiooe ie?aii? iniae, a oaeiae ?ic-
iiae?eo iiaeeeaeo ao?ao a?ae i?aei?e?iieoeueei? ae?yeueiino?.
Inoaiiy ianoaaeia e oa?aeoa? a?aeiia?aeaeueiino? oa oe?ie?
i?aaa eiaeiiai o/anieea aeiaaathoue iiaii? aeia??e i?ae
ieie, a oiio oae? oiaa?enoaa aeieeathoue ca o/anoth iaaaaa-
oueio in?a, ye? aeia?a ciathoue iaeia iaeio.
Oeae oei oiaa?enoaa aoa aaeueie iioe?aiei aei ii/aoeo
XX no. C eaaae?caoe??th OIA i?aei?e?ioe? noaee iae?aoe naia
oeth iiao oi?io oiaa?enoaa, a?aoiaoth/e ?? ia?aaaae uiaei
iaiaaeaiiy ?oiueiai ?eceeo. Ao?i, inoaii?i /anii ?ioa?an
aei IO ciiao iineeeany, ui aeeeeeaii ia?aaaaaie a iii-
aeaoeoaaii?, aaaaeaieie a aaaaoueio e?a?iao ?eieiai? aeiii-
i?ee (iiaeeeaino? aeai?o noaie iiiaeaoeoaaiiy, a o. /. o???
c ieo, ui ca?eueiy? oiaa?enoai a?ae ei?ii?aoeaiiai iiaeaoeo,
ia?aaeaa/ath/e eeoa nieaoo eiai o/anieeaie iiaeaoeo ia
io?eiai? ieie aeioiaee a?ae o/ano? a oiaa?enoa?) [6].
E?aaeeoini?iiiaei?noue IO a?oioo?oueny ia aeia??? o?ao?o
in?a aei o/aniee?a, aei ?oiuei? ni?iiiaeiino? (caeaoiino?) ia-
eaaeiei /eiii aanoe ni?aae oiaa?enoaa ? a?aeiia?aeaoe ca
eiai ciaia’ycaiiyie. Ia??aeei a IO ?iciiae?eythoueny ?ie?
i?ae o/anieeaie, ui aeicaiey? ?i aeeiioaaoe ??ci? iia?aoe??
aac caeo/aiiy iaeiaieo i?aoe?aiee?a, ye? a?eueoa caoe?eaa-
eai? a iieao? nai?? i?aoe?, i?ae o iaeaaeiiio aaaeaii? /oaei?
(aei?o/aii?) ni?aae.
Aeii?ioaaiiy iniaenoeo aeaiaio?a o IO na?ae/eoue ia eeoa
i?i ?oi? e?au? yeino?, a e i?i aaaee: iacaiaea i?ae o/anieeaie
uiaei niiniao aaaeaiiy oi?aiai? ni?aae, ao?aoa aeia??e, ?ic-
a?aeiino? a aioiaiino? ?eceeoaaoe – ona oea noai?th? oiiae,
ui oeiaeyoue ni?aa? oa iiaeooue ni?e/eieoe ?? caiaiaae.
Oe?a?inueeee caeiiiaeaaaoeue aecia/a? IO ye oaea ainii-
aea?nueea oiaa?enoai, an? o/anieee yeiai caeiathoueny ni?eue-
iith i?aei?e?iieoeueeith ae?yeuei?noth ? ianooue nie?aea?io a?aeii-
a?aeaeuei?noue ca ciaia’ycaiiyie oiaa?enoaa on?i nai?i iae-
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iii [7). Ca caeiiiaeaanoaii aei?aaiethoe?eii? ?in?? IO ia-
ceaaeiny ua oi?aiaei aeiiii [8].
?icaeyiaii iciaee IO.
1. Ianaiia?aae, aiii ? ia’?aeiaiiyi in?a – th?eaee/ieo
oa/aai o?ce/ieo, iaeneiaeueia e?euee?noue yeeo caeiiii ia
anoaiiaeth?oueny, a i?i?iaeueia – noaiiaeoue 2 iniae, in-
e?eueee IO ooieoe?iio? ia i?aenoaa? eeoa onoaiia/iai aeiai-
ai?o. O?niee ca’ycie i?ae o/anieeaie IO, ianya ? oa?aeoa?
?oiuei? a?aeiia?aeaeueiino? (a ioaea, ? cia/iee nooi?iue ?eceeo,
iia’ycaiiai c o/anoth a oaeiio oiaa?enoa?) coiiaeth? ia-
iao?aei?noue a?aeiinei oe?eeiaeoi? aeia??e i?ae o/anieeaie ?
a?aeiia?aeii – iacia/io ?o e?euee?noue a oeueiio aeae? ainiiaea?nue-
eiai oiaa?enoaa.
2. Ii?aeiaiiy in?a o IO ia? aeiaia??i? i?aenoaae. A?aeiia?-
aeii aei noaoo? 4, 67 Caeiio Oe?a?ie “I?i ainiiaea?nuee? oi-
aa?enoaa” ?aeeiei onoaiia/ei aeieoiaioii oaeiai oiaa-
?enoaa ? onoaiia/ee aeiaia??, ui oeeaaea?oueny a?aeiia?aeii aei
caaaeueieo i?aaee oeeaaeaiiy aeiaiai??a (oiaoi c o?aooaai-
iyi iniiaieo iieiaeaiue ciaia’ycaeueiiai i?aaa [9]).
3) IO noai?th?oueny aeey ni?eueiiai caiyooy ainiiaea?nueeith
ae?yeuei?noth in?a, ui eiai caniiaothoue oa aa?ooue o iueiio
o/anoue, ?c iaoith io?eiaiiy i?eaooeo, a oea ia?aaeaa/a? ca-
ieaiiaaio caniiaieeaie (o/anieeaie) ? ?ic?aoiaaio ia
a?eueo-iaio o?eaaeee /an ae?yeuei?noue. Oea coiiaeth? a?eueoo
neeaaei?noue aeoiaeo c IO, i?ae c aeoe?iia?iiai, OIA /e OAeA.
4. Iniiaia iciaea, ui a?ae??ciy? IO a?ae ?ioeo aeae?a ain-
iiaea?nueeeo oiaa?enoa, iieyaa? a iaiaiaaeai?e aai iiai?e
a?aeiia?aeaeueiino? on?o eiai o/aniee?a ca ciaia’ycaiiyie
oiaa?enoaa (oiaoi an?i iaeiii, ui iaeaaeeoue ?i ia i?aa?
aeaniino? ? ia yea a?aeiia?aeii aei caeiio iiaea aooe caa?ia-
ia noyaiaiiy). Aoaeue-ye? canoa?aaeaiiy a onoaiia/iio aei-
aiai?? IO i?i iaaeo a?aeiia?aeaeueiino? oiai /e ?ioiai eiai
o/anieea iai?eionoei?. Caeii Oe?a?ie “I?i ainiiaea?nuee?
oiaa?enoaa” ia i?noeoue oaei? caai?iie (ui a iaeiei c eiai
iaaeie?e?a).
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5. A?aeiia?aeaeuei?noue o/aniee?a ? nie?aea?iith, oiaoi aiie
a?aeiia?aeathoue ia?aae e?aaeeoi?aie oiaa?enoaa ye nie?aea?i?
ai?aeieee (ca aeneiaii aei?aaiethoe?eiiai ?in?enueeiai ca-
eiiiaeaaoey – “ni?eueii e ia??cii” [10]). O/aniee, yeee niea-
oeoue iiai?noth ai?ae oiaa?enoaa, ai?aa? caa?iooeny c ?a-
a?aniith aeiiaith o a?aeiia?aei?e /anoei? aei ?aooe o/aniee?a,
ye? ianooue ia?aae iei a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noue i?iii?oe?eii nai?e
/anooe? o iaei?.
6. Iiaia (iaiaiaaeaia) nie?aea?ia a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noue o/an-
iee?a ia? noaneae?a?iee oa?aeoa?: aiia ianoa? eeoa o ae-
iaaeeao, eiee o IO ia aenoa/a? iaeia aeey iie?eooy nai?o
ai?a?a. Oaeee oa?aeoa? a?aeiia?aeaeueiino? o/aniee?a coiia-
eaiee aeciaiiyi IO ca oe?a?inueeei caeiiiaeaanoaii th?e-
aee/iith iniaith (inoaiiy a?aeiia?aeii aei eaiii?a oeea?eueiiai
i?aaa a?aeiia?aea? ca aeanieie ciaia’ycaiiyie eeoa iae-
iii, ui iaeaaeeoue ?e ia i?aa? aeaniino?).
O i?ioeaaeo?? noai?aiiy IO ae??ciythoue aeaa iniiai? aoa-
ie: a) oeeaaeaiiy onoaiia/iai aeiaiai?o i?ae o/anieeaie
oiaa?enoaa, yeee anoaiiaeth? ciaia’ycaeuei? a?aeiineie i?ae
ieie; a) iiiaio aeieeiaiiy IO ye th?eaee/ii? iniae –
o/anieea ainiiaea?nueeeo i?aaia?aeiinei, ui iia’yco?oueny c
oaeoii eiai aea?aeaaii? ?a?no?aoe??, oi/a ia? aooe i?enooi?i
? i?ii?aeiee aoai – noai?aiiy iaeiiai? aace oiaa?enoaa,
yea eiai onoaiia/ei aeiaiai?ii aecia?oueny i?i?iaeueiith
aeey caii/aoeoaaiiy oiaa?enoaii i?aei?e?iieoeueei? ae?yeue-
iino?.
Onoaiia/ee aeiaia?? oiaa?enoaa oeeaaea?oueny a ienueiia?e
oi?i? oa iiaeiai i?noeoe, e??i caaaeueieo aeey an?o ainii-
aea?nueeeo oiaa?enoa, ua e aeiaeaoeia? oiiae, a naia: aecia-
/aoe ?ici?? /anoee eiaeiiai c o/aniee?a, ?ici??, neeaae ?
ii?yaeie aianaiiy aeeaae?a, oi?io ?oiuei? o/ano? o ni?aaao
oiaa?enoaa, a oaeiae o?enoaaoe oa?aeoa?enoeeo a?aeiia?aeaeue-
iino? o/aniee?a [aeiaeaoeiaee, nie?aea?iee ? iiaiee (iaiaia-
aeaiee) ?? oa?aeoa?].
I?aa th?eaee/ii? iniae IO ye iiaiii?aaiee noa’?eo ain-
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iiaea?nueeiai i?aaa iaaoaa? c iiiaioo eiai aea?aeaaii? ?a?-
no?aoe??, yea a?aeaoaa?oueny a caaaeueiiio aeey an?o noa’?eo?a
i?aei?e?iieoeueei? ae?yeueiino? ii?yaeeo. Iayai?noue noaoono
th?eaee/ii? iniae aecia?oueny ca caeiiiaeaanoaii a?eueoino?
e?a?i eiioeiaioaeueiiai i?aaa, iaeiae o I?ia//ei? oa aeay-
eeo ?ioeo e?a?iao IO ia iaae?eythoueny oeei noaoonii, oi/
? aeciathoueny iin?yie i?aa oa iaia’yce?a noa’?eo?a ain-
iiaea?thaaiiy. Ca caeiiiaeaanoaii ?in?enueei? Oaaea?aoe??
(Caeiiii a?ae 25.12.1990 ?. “I?i i?aei?e?iieoeoaa oa i?ae-
i?e?iieoeueeo ae?yeuei?noue”), ui ae?yei aei i?eeiyooy iiaiai
Oeea?eueiiai eiaeaeno ?O, oaeiae aoei cae??ieaia aiaeia?/-
ia iieiaeaiiy [11]. Iaeiae ?c iaaoooyi /eiiino? Oeea?eue-
iei eiaeaenii ?O ii/aea ae?yoe iiaa ii?ia (cae??ieaia a
/. 2, no. 48) i?i iayai?noue o IO i?aa (noaoono) th?eaee/ii?
iniae.
A?aeiineie i?ae o/anieeaie IO (aioo??oi? a?aeiineie)
aecia/athoueny aca?iiith oaiaeith, cao?eniaaiith a onoaiia-
/iio aeiaiai??. Naiaiaea o/aniee?a IO uiaei aecia/aiiy
aca?iieo a?aeiinei ye a onoaiia/iio aeiaiai??, oae ? a ci?iao
(aeiiiaiaiiyo) aei iueiai, iaiaaeo?oueny eeoa aeiiaith uiaei
aeuacaaaeaieo iaia’yceiaeo oiia oaeiai aeiaiai?o oa caaaeue-
ieo canaae ciaia’ycaeueiiai i?aaa, a o. /. a?aenooiino? a oaei-
io aeiaiai?? iieiaeaiue, ui noia?a/aoue ?ioa?anai aea?aeaae
e noni?euenoaa.
Aioo??oi? a?aeiineie i?ae o/anieeaie IO aeeth/athoue
?oi? aca?ii? i?aaa oa iaia’ycee uiaei oiaa?enoaa ? iaeei aei
iaeiiai.
Iaei??th c aaaeeeaeo oiia onoaiia/iai aeiaiai?o ? ciai-
a’ycaiiy noi??i uiaei aianaiiy aeeaae?a, ca ?aooiie yeeo
oi?io?oueny iaeiiaa aaca oiaa?enoaa. Aea caeii ia anoa-
iiaeth? aeiia aei ?ici??o (cie?aia i?i?iaeueiiai) iaeiiai?
aace IO. Cacia/aia ianoaaeia coiiaeaia oei, ui e?aaee-
oini?iiiaei?noue IO aaco?oueny ia eeoa ia iaei? naiiai
oiaa?enoaa, a e ia noi? anueiai iaeia, ui iaeaaeeoue on?i
o/anieeai oaeiai oiaa?enoaa. O?ao? iniae, oeeaaeath/e oaiaee
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c IO, ?ic?aoiaothoue ia caaacia/aiiy nai?o aeiia on?i iae-
iii, ui iaeaaeeoue o/anieeai oaeiai oiaa?enoaa. Iaeiae
noai?aiiy naiino?eii? iaeiiai? aace oiaa?enoaa ia? iaa-
iee nain: oiaa?enoai iio?aao? ie?aieo eioo?a, yeeie iiaei
a a?eueii ?icii?yaeaeaoeny aeey aeanieo ainiiaea?nueeeo ii-
o?aa. Oiio eiaeiee o/aniee aiineoue /anoeio naiai iaeia
ye aeeaae o IO.
Aeeaaee o/aniee?a iiaeooue aooe ??cieie ca ci?noii: iae-
iia? (neeaaeai? c iaiao?aeieo aeey oiaa?enoaa ?a/ae), a?ioia?,
o oi?i? oe?iieo iaia??a aai iaeiiaeo i?aa, ui iathoue oe?i-
i?noue aeey ainiiaea?nueei? ae?yeueiino? oiaa?enoaa (i?aai ia
ei?enooaaiiy caiaeueiith ae?eyieith, i?aai ia aeiao?ae oiui)
aai o oi?i? oe?e?niiai iaeiiaiai eiiieaeno i?aei?e?inoaa
c on?ia eiai aeoeaaie, a o. /. ? ee??ioaeith (ainiiaea?nueee-
ie ca’yceaie). O/anieee oaeiae iiaeooue aiineoe (ui ia
i?aeoeoe? ia? i?noea) nai? aeina?ae, ciaiiy, ca’ycee, ye?, ao?i,
ia noai?ththoue eai?oaeo (iaeiiai? aace) oiaa?enoaa, a ioaea,
iaia? i?aenoaa aeey aeciaiiy ?o aeeaaeii.
sseui aeeaae o/anieea neeaaea?oueny c ?ooiieo ?a/ae, oi
iaaeoiaeaeaiiy ?o aei neeaaeo iaeia oiaa?enoaa a?aeaoaa?oueny
oeyoii ia?aaea/?, a yeui c ia?ooiieo – oi a?aeiia?aeii aei
ii?yaeeo, anoaiiaeaiiai caeiiii aeey a?ae/oaeaiiy ia?ooi-
iiai iaeia.
Caeiiiaeaaaoeue ia anoaiiaeth? ii?yaeeo ia?aaea/? aeeaae?a
o/aniee?a oiaa?enoao, caeeoath/e oea ia ?oi?e ?icnoae. ?ic-
i??, ii?yaeie ? no?iee aianaiiy aeeaae?a aecia/athoueny onoa-
iia/ei aeiaiai?ii, ui eiai i?aeienothoue on? o/anieee. Oe?
oiiae iathoue aeeiioaaoeny an?ia o/anieeaie. O ?ac? ii-
?ooaiiy iaia’yceo uiaei iiaii? nieaoe aeeaaeo, aei o/anie-
ea iiaeooue aooe canoiniaai? ia?aaeaa/ai? onoaiia/eie aei-
aiai?ii i??e a?aeiia?aeaeueiino?, a o. /. e aeeeth/aiiy c?
neeaaeo oiaa?enoaa. O caeiiiaeaanoa? aeayeeo e?a?i [12] on-
oaiiaeth?oueny iaia’ycie o/aniee?a, ui i?ino?i/eee nieaoo
aeeaaeo, caieaoeoe ca oea iaonoieeo iaaiiai ?ici??o ? a?aeoei-
aeoaaoe caiiae?yi? oaeei i?ino?i/aiiyi caeoee. Iiae?aiee
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ii?yaeie iiaeia ia?aaeaa/eoe o a?o/eciyiiio caeiiiaeaanoa?
ia oie aeiaaeie, yeui onoaiia/ee aeiaia?? oiaa?enoaa ia
caaaeo? i?i ?ici?? oaei? a?aeiia?aeaeueiino?.
O/anieee a?aeiia?aeathoue ia?aae oiaa?enoaii ca i?aai-
i??i?noue (oaa?ae?noue – ca aeneiaii A. Oa?oaiaae/a [13])
ia?aaeaiiai i?aaa aeaniino? ia iaeii, ui aiineoueny aei oi-
aa?enoaa ye aeeaae. A?aeiia?aeaeuei?noue o/anieea ca aaaee ia-
?aaeaiiai i?aaa ia aeeaae iiaeia ?icaeyaeaoe eeoa c iiceoe?e
a?aeiia?aeaeueiino? ca oeiaeo, caiiae?yio ia?aaea/ath oiaa?enoao
o/anieeii iai?aaii??ii iaaooiai iaeia, yeui oeae o/an-
iee ciaa aai iiaeiai aoa ciaoe i?i a?aenooi?noue o iueiai
caeiiieo i?aenoaa iaaoooy i?aaa aeaniino? ia oaea iaeii.
Iaeii iiaea ia?aaeaaaoeny o/anieeaie oiaa?enoao ia
??cieo i?aenoaaao: c ia?aaea/ath i?aaa aeaniino? aai ia i?aa?
ei?enooaaiiy. A onoaiia/iio aeiaiai?? oiaa?enoaa aaaeee-
ai oea oi/ii aecia/eoe, ine?eueee aiii ia? cia/aiiy aeey:
a) aecia/aiiy, ooi (oiaa?enoai /e o/aniee) iana ?ecee
aeiaaeeiai? caaeaae? /e iioeiaeaeaiiy oaeiai iaeia; a) aeey
ae??oaiiy ieoaiiy, a ye?e oi?i? oaea iaeii iiaeiii ii-
aa?oaoeny o/anieeo a ?ac? eiai aeoiaeo c oiaa?enoaa oa o
aeiaaeeo e?ea?aeaoe?? inoaiiueiai, – a iaoo?aeuei?e oi?i? /e
a?ioiaei aea?aaeaioii. Iaaecia/ai?noue a onoaiia/iio
aeiaiai?? oeueiai ieoaiiy, ia aeaeue, ia eiiiaino?oueny /eiiei
caeiiiaeaanoaii Oe?a?ie, ye oea ia? i?noea a e?a?iao ?eiei-
ai? aeiiii?ee. Oae, ca caeiiiaeaanoaii I?ia//eie [14] o
?ac? noii?ao (iaoi/iino? aecia/aiiy a onoaiia/iio aeiai-
ai??) aianai? ?a/ia? aeeaaee aaaaeathoueny ni?eueiith aeani?-
noth o/aniee?a.
Caeii ia anoaiiaeth? aeiia aei iaeiiai? aace IO, ine?eue-
ee e?aaeeoini?iiiaei?noue oiaa?enoaa caaacia/o?oueny ia ee-
oa eiai iaeiii, a e on?i iaeiii eiai o/aniee?a. Ia
i?aeo?eiaiiy e?aaeeoini?iiiaeiino? IO a aei?aaiethoe?eii-
io ?in?enueeiio caeiiiaeaanoa? aoea ni?yiiaaia e cao?eni-
aaia a caeii? caai?iia a?aoe o/anoue a ?ioeo oiaa?enoaao
oa a aiaeia?/ieo ?c oiaa?enoaii ni?aaao (i?aei?e?inoaao)
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[15]. Caeiiiaeaanoai Oe?a?ie ia i?noeoue oaeeo iieiaeaiue, a
eaea oeyoii e?a?i Cao?aeii? ?a?iie, ye? caai?iiythoue o/an-
ieeai eiieo?oaaoe a oiaa?enoaii, i?i ui eoeiaoueny aeae?.
?ici?? aeeaae?a o/aniee?a aecia/a?oueny a onoaiia/iio
aeiaiai?? oiaa?enoaa. Oi/a a ?acoeueoao? ae?yeueiino? oiaa?e-
noaa oaeoe/ia iaeiiaa aaca iiaea ci?ieoeny, a o./. ciai-
oeoeny, ui a?aeiia?aeii i?ecaaaea aei ciaioaiiy ?ici??o
aeeaae?a o/aniee?a, oey ianoaaeia ia ciaia’yco? o/aniee?a aei
iiiiaiaiiy nai?o aeeaae?a aei ii/aoeiaiai ?ici??o. Ao?aoa
oiaa?enoaii naiai iaeia aai ciaioaiiy eiai aei ?ici??o,
ui oiaiiaeeeaeth? iiaeaeueoa aaaeaiiy ni?aae, noai?th? i?aenoa-
ae aeey i?eieiaiiy ae?yeueiino? oiaa?enoaa. Iaeiae caeiii-
aeaanoai ia iia’yco? i?eieiaiiy ae?yeueiino? IO c oo?aoith
iei iaiao?aeii? aeey aaaeaiiy ni?aae iaeiiai? aace, caee-
oath/e ae??oaiiy oeueiai ieoaiiy ia ?icnoae o/aniee?a.
Inoaii? iiaeooue i?eeiyoe ??oaiiy i?i nieaoo aeiaeaoeiaeo
aiane?a aeey iiiiaiaiiy iaeia oiaa?enoaa. Ao?i oea ia
iineaaeth? iiaii? (iaiaiaaeaii?) iaeiiai? a?aeiia?aeaeueiino?
o/aniee?a IO ca eiai ciaia’ycaiiyie.
Iao? caa?aaeaiiy iaeiiai? aace oiaa?enoaa oa caoenoo
?ioa?an?a eiai e?aaeeoi??a a?aeiia?aea? cae??ieaia a caeiii-
aeaanoa? (no. 73 Caeiio Oe?a?ie “I?i ainiiaea?nuee? oiaa?e-
noaa”) caai?iia caa?iaiiy noyaiaiiy ia /anoeo o/anieea
a IO ca eiai (o/anieea) aeanieie ciaia’ycaiiyie. ?ioa-
?ane e?aaeeoi??a oiaa?enoaa ia caaeiaieaiiy nai?o aeiia ca
?aooiie iaeia oiaa?enoaa caoeuathoueny ia?aaaaeii ia?aae
aeiiaaie e?aaeeoi??a o/aniee?a oiaa?enoaa. O aeiaaeeao,
eiee iaeia o/anieea ia aenoa/a? aeey iie?eooy eiai aean-
ieo ai?a?a, e?aaeeoi?e oaeiai o/anieea iiaeooue aeiaaaoe a
onoaiiaeaiiio ii?yaeeo e?ea?aeaoe?? oiaa?enoaa /e aeae?eai-
iy /anoee o/anieea-ai?aeieea. Aae caiia?aoe e?ea?aeaoe??
oiaa?enoaa, ?aooa o/aniee?a ia? i?aai aeae?eeoe /anoeo
o/anieea-ai?aeieea o a?ioia?e aai iaoo?aeuei?e oi?i? a?ae-
iia?aeii aei aaeaino, neeaaeaiiai ia aeaiue aeaoooy oaeiai o/an-
ieea c oiaa?enoaa.
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IO iaeaaeeoue aei eaoaai??? ainiiaea?nueeeo oiaa?enoa, inii-
aith yeeo ? iniaenoee aeaiaio. O iueiio iaeiiai?oa a?aeae-
aathoueny ?ene ia?niiaeueiiai ia’?aeiaiiy. Iniaenoa o/anoue
o/aniee?a IO a?oioo?oueny ia ?oi?e iiai?e /e iaiaiaaeai?e
iaeiia?e a?aeiia?aeaeueiino? ca ai?ae oiaa?enoaa, ui coiia-
eth? caoe?eaaeai?noue eiaeiiai o/anieea o aaaeaii? ni?aa oi-
aa?enoaa. Eeoa nai o/aniee iiaea ae??oeoe, a?aoe o/anoue
o aaaeaii? ni?aa oiaa?enoaa /e ia?aaei?o/eoe oea ?ioiio
(?ioei) o/anieeia? (o/anieeai), ui o?eno?oueny a onoaiia-
/iio aeiaiai??.
Noaooath 68 Caeiio Oe?a?ie “I?i ainiiaea?nuee? oiaa?e-
noaa” ia?aaeaa/a?oueny, ui aaaeaiiy ni?aa IO cae?enith?oueny
ca caaaeueiith caiaeith an?o o/aniee?a. I?e oeueiio canoini-
ao?oueny iaeia c o?ueio noai ia aea?? o/aniee?a: aaaeaiiy
ni?aa oiaa?enoaa iiaea cae?enithaaoeny aai an?ia o/anie-
eaie, aai iaeiei, aai e?eueeiia, ye? aenooiathoue a?ae ?iai? oi-
aa?enoaa. A ?ac? onoiaiiy iaeiiai /e e?eueeio o/aniee?a a?ae
aaaeaiiy ni?aa oiaa?enoaa ianya iiaiiaaaeaiue oeo o/aniee?a,
ca yeeie caa??aa?oueny oea i?aai, aecia/a?oueny aei?o/aiiyi,
ui ia? aooe i?aeienaia ?aooith o/aniee?a oiaa?enoaa.
sseui a onoaiia/iio aeiaiai?? aecia/athoueny aeae?eueea
o/aniee?a, ye? iaae?eythoueny iiaiiaaaeaiiyie ia aaaeaiiy
ni?aa oiaa?enoaa, oi ia?aaeaa/a?oueny, ui eiaeai ?c ieo iiaea
ae?yoe a?ae ?iai? oiaa?enoaa naiino?eii, yeui a onoaiia/i-
io aeiaiai?? ia ia?aaeaa/aii, ui oae? o/anieee iathoue ae?yoe
eeoa ni?eueii. Iiaiiaaaeaiiy o/anieea ia aaaeaiiy ni?aa
oiaa?enoaa i?eieiythoueny iiai?noth aai /anoeiai: a) c i?e-
ieiaiiyi ae?yeueiino? naiiai oiaa?enoaa; a) c a?aeiiaith
o/anieea a?ae aei?o/aiiy; a) c? neanoaaiiyi aei?o/aiiy ia
aeiiao oi/a a iaeiiai c ?aooe o/aniee?a. Ioaea, yeui ?io?
o/anieee caia?a/othoue i?ioe aaaeaiiy ni?aa iaeiiiniaiaa
iaaiei o/anieeii a?aeiia?aeii aei iieiaeaiue onoaiia/iai
aeiaiai?o, oi oey ianoaaeia iiaeiia oyaiooe ca niaith neano-
aaiiy (ci?io) a?aeiia?aeieo iieiaeaiue onoaiia/iai aeiaiai?o.
Aeey ??oaiue, ui i?eeiathoueny o/anieeaie, iio??aia cai-
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aea an?o o/aniee?a, oiiaiiaaaeaieo aanoe ni?aae oiaa?enoaa,
iaeiae oe?a?inueea caeiiiaeaanoai ia?aaeaa/a? i?e oeueiio i?ee-
iyooy ??oaiue eeoa ca ni?eueiith caiaeith oaeeo o/aniee?a,
oiae? ye i?iaoeueea caeiiiaeaanoai [16] ia?aaeaa/a?, iai?eeeaae,
iiaeeea?noue ooaaeaiiy ??oaiue a?eueo?noth aiein?a, ui ia?
iaoiiaethaaoeny a onoaiia/iio aeiaiai??.
O/anieee, yeei aei?o/a?oueny aaaeaiiy ni?aa IO, ciaia’y-
cai? iaaeaaaoe ?aoo? o/aniee?a ia ?oith aeiiao iiaio
?ioi?iaoe?th i?i ae??, ui aeeiiothoueny a?ae ?iai? oa a ?ioa?a-
nao oiaa?enoaa. O/anieee oiaa?enoaa, ui a?aeiia?aeii aei
onoaiia/iai aeiaiai?o onoaathoueny a?ae aaaeaiiy ni?aa oiaa-
?enoaa, iathoue i?aai ciaeiieoeny c on??th aeieoiaioaoe??th
oiaa?enoaa. Aiaeii/an ia aeeeth/ai? aeiaaeee, eiee oae?
o/anieee ae?yoeiooue o ni?eueieo ?ioa?anao, oeeaaeath/e, ia-
i?eeeaae, oaiaee a ?ioa?anao oiaa?enoaa. Noaaeaiiy ?aooith
o/aniee?a oaeeo ae?e (oaiae) icia/a? ia?aae?aiiy oiaa?e-
noaii ia naaa an?o i?aa oa iaia’yce?a, ui c ieo aeieeaa-
thoue. A?aeiiaa noaaeeoe cacia/ai? ae?? (oaiaee) oyaia aeey o/an-
ieea, yeee ae?ya naii/eiii, a?aeiia?aei? iane?aeee: a?i nai
a?aeiia?aeaoeia ca oae? ae?? (ii oaeeo oaiaeao). Iaeiae caeii
anoaiiaeth? aeey iueiai ? iaai? aa?aio??, ia?aaeaa/ath/e, ui
o/aniee, yeee ae?ya o ni?eueieo ?ioa?anao, ia iath/e iiaii-
aaaeaiue, o aeiaaeeao, eiee eiai ae?? ia aoaeooue noaaeai? ?ao-
oith o/aniee?a, ai?aa? noaaeoe aeiiao aei oiaa?enoaa a?aeoei-
aeoaaoe aeo?aoe ca oiiae, yeui aeiaaaeaii, ui aiane?aeie eiai
ae?e oiaa?enoai caa?aaei /e a?aeiia?aeii iaaeaaei iaeii, yea
ia?aaeuo? ca aa?o?noth iiianai? oiaa?enoaii aeo?aoe [17].
?oo o/aniee?a o IO ua a?eueo iaiaaeaiee, i?ae o OIA /e
a OAeA. Oea coiiaeaii aeii?ioaaiiyi o oaeiio oiaa?enoa?
iniaenoiai aeaiaioo ? iaiao?aei?noth a?aeiinei aeia??e i?ae
o/anieeaie, iia’ycaii? c iiaiith (iaiaiaaeaiith) oa nie?aea?-
iith ?oiueith a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noth ca ciaia’ycaiiyie oiaa?enoaa.
Ci?ia neeaaeo o/aniee?a o iiaiiio oiaa?enoa? iiaeeeaa
eeoa o aeiaaeeao: 1) ia?aaea/? o/anieeii nai?? /anoee (??
/anoeie) ?ioei o/anieeai oeueiai oiaa?enoaa aai o?ao?i
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iniaai, ui iiaea iaoe i?noea eeoa ca caiaeith an?o o/aniee?a;
2) ?ai?aai?caoe?? th?eaee/ii? iniae – o/anieea IO, aai nia?o?
a?iiaaeyieia – o/anieea IO, yeui i?aaiianooiiee (niaae-
ei?iaoeue) ca caiaeith an?o o/aniee?a oiaa?enoaa ?aae?co? nai?
ia?aaaaeia i?aai anooio aei oiaa?enoaa; 3) aeoiaeo o/anie-
ea c oiaa?enoaa, i?i ui a?i ia? iiia?aaeeoe ?aooo o/aniee?a
ia i?ci?oa, i?ae ca o?e i?nyoe?, a yeui oiaa?enoai aoei noai-
?aia ia aecia/aiee no?ie, – ia iaioa, i?ae ca o?noue i?nyoe?a;
4) aeeeth/aiiy o/anieea, yeee nenoaiaoe/ii ia aeeiio? /e
iaiaeaaeiei /eiii aeeiio? iaia’ycee aai ia?aoeiaeaea?
nai?ie ae?yie aeinyaiaiith oe?eae oiaa?enoaa, a?aeiia?aeii aei
ii?yaeeo, ia?aaeaa/aiiai onoaiia/ei aeiaiai?ii; i?e oeueiio
oiaa?enoai ?ic?aoiao?oueny c oaeith iniaith, iiaa?oath/e ?e
aa?o?noue ?? aianeo ? a?aeiia?aeio /anoeio i?eaooeo, iaea?aea-
iiai oiaa?enoaii o aeaiiio ?ioe?, a oaeiae o iaoo?? iaeii
(aac aeiaai?iaee), yea iaaeaaaeiny ia i?aa? ei?enooaaiiy;
5) aeae?eaiiy ia aeiiao e?aaeeoi??a /anoee o/anieea-ai?-
aeieea c aeieaoith ?? aa?oino? o a?ioia?e /e iaoo?aeuei?e
oi?i?, ui noi?iaiaeaeo?oueny, ye i?aaeei, aeoiaeii /e aee-
eth/aiiyi oaeiai o/anieea c oiaa?enoaa.
C ia?aaea/ath /anoee (?? /anoeie) o?ao?e inia?, niaaeei?i-
oeth (i?aaiianooiieeo) o/anieea aiaeii/an cae?enith?oueny
ia?ao?ae on??? noeoiiino? i?aa oa iaia’yce?a, ui iaeaaeaee
o/anieeo, yeee aeaoa ?c IO aai a?aenooiea /anoeio nai??
/anoee. I?e oeueiio ia iiaiai o/anieea, i?aaiianooiieea
(niaaeei?ioey) iaaea? aanue oyaa? a?aeiia?aeaeueiino? ca ai?ae
eieeoiueiai o/anieea, ui aeieeee ca /an ae?yeueiino? oiaa-
?enoaa, ia?aae IO, a oaeiae ca ai?ae oiaa?enoaa ia?aae o?ao-
?ie iniaaie. sseui i?ae /an e?ea?aeaoe?? IO aeyaeoueny, ui
iayaiiai iaeia ia aenoa/a? aeey nieaoe an?o ai?a?a, ca oiaa-
?enoai a iaaeinoaoi?e /anoei? ianooue nie?aea?io a?aeiia?-
aeaeuei?noue eiai o/anieee an?i nai?i iaeiii, ia yea a?ae-
iia?aeii aei caeiiiaeaanoaa Oe?a?ie iiaea aooe caa?iaii noy-
aiaiiy.
O/aniee, yeee nieaoeoue iiai?noth ai?ae oiaa?enoaa, ia?
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i?aai caa?iooeny c ?aa?aniith aeiiaith o a?aeiia?aei?e /an-
oei? aei ?aooe o/aniee?a, ye? ianooue ia?aae iei a?aeiia?-
aeaeuei?noue i?iii?oe?eii nai?e /anooe? o iaei? oiaa?enoaa.
O ?ac? aeoiaeo o/anieea c oiaa?enoaa, a?aeiiae i?aai-
ianooiieea (niaaeei?ioey) a?ae anooio aei IO aai a?aeiiae
oiaa?enoaa o i?eeiyoo? i?aaiianooiieea (niaaeei?ioey)
oaeei iniaai aeiea/othoue aa?o?noue /anoee, ui iaeaaeeoue
a?aeiia?aeii o/anieeo, ui aeaoa, aai ?ai?aai?ciaai?e th?e-
aee/i?e inia? (niaaeei?ioeth); ?ici?? /anoee aecia/a?oueny ia
aeaiue a?aeiia?aeii – aeoiaeo o/anieea c oiaa?enoaa aai ?ai?-
aai?caoe?? (nia?o?) o/anieea. O oeeo aeiaaeeao a?aeiia?aeii
ciaioo?oueny ?ici?? iaeia oiaa?enoaa, aeacaiee a onoaiia-
/iio aeiaiai??.
O ?ac? aeoiaeo o/anieea c oiaa?enoaa ia eiai aeiiao oa
ca caiaeith oiaa?enoaa aeeaae iiaea aooe iiaa?iooi iiai?noth
aai /anoeiai a iaoo?aeuei?e oi?i?. Oaeiio o/anieeo aei-
ea/o?oueny oaeiae iaeaaeia eiio /anoeia i?eaooeo, iaea?aea-
iiai oiaa?enoaii o aeaiiio ?ioe?. Iaeii, ia?aaeaia o/anie-
eii oiaa?enoao ia i?aa? ei?enooaaiiy, iiaa?oa?oueny a
iaoo?aeuei?e oi?i? aac aeiaai?iaee.
Iaia’yceia?noue iniaenoi? o/ano? o ni?aaao oiaa?enoaa oa
iaiaiaaeaiee ? nie?aea?iee oa?aeoa? a?aeiia?aeaeueiino? eiai
o/aniee?a coiiaeth? ua iaeia aaaeeeaa iaiaaeaiiy: anoaiia-
eaiiy aeey o/aniee?a IO caai?iie eiieo?oaaoe c oaeei
oiaa?enoaii. A?aeiia?aeii aei no. 70 Caeiio Oe?a?ie “I?i
ainiiaea?nuee? oiaa?enoaa” o/anieee iiaiiai oiaa?enoaa ia
ai?aa? a?ae naiai ?iai? oa a nai?o ?ioa?anao cae?enithaaoe oaiaee,
iaeii??aei? c oe?eyie ae?yeueiino? oiaa?enoaa, a oaeiae a?aoe
o/anoue o aoaeue-yeeo oiaa?enoaao (e??i AO), ye? iathoue iae-
ii??aeio c IO iaoo ae?yeueiino?. Ii?ooaiiy oeeo i?aaee oyaia
aeey o/aniee?a IO ciaia’ycaiiy eiiiainoaaoe caeoee, ca-
iiae?yi? oiaa?enoao oaeeie ae?yie.
Ia?niiaeueiee oa?aeoa? IO, a?aeiineie aeia??e i?ae o/an-
ieeaie oa iaiaiaaeaiee ? nie?aea?iee oa?aeoa? ?oiuei? a?aeii-
a?aeaeueiino? ca ciaia’ycaiiyie oiaa?enoaa coiiaeth? iaaa-
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eeeo e?euee?noue eiai o/aniee?a, a oaeiae o iaaieo aeiaaeeao
iiaeeea?noue ooieoe?iioaaiiy oaeeo oiaa?enoa eeoa o iaa-
iiio neeaae?, cao?eniaaiiio a onoaiia/iio aeiaiai?? ia aoai?
noai?aiiy oiaa?enoaa. Aeaoooy (nia?oue, e?ea?aeaoe?y) eio?i-
ainue c o/aniee?a iiaea ni?e/eieoe i?eieiaiiy ae?yeueiino?
oiaa?enoaa, yeui: a) e?euee?noue o/aniee?a ciaioeoueny aei
iaeiiai; a) onoaiia/ei aeiaiai?ii aoei ia?aaeaa/aii ooie-
oe?iioaaiiy oiaa?enoaa o iiaiiio neeaae?.
Oe?a?inueeee caeiiiaeaaaoeue caiia/o? iaeio aaaeeeao ae-
iiao aei o/aniee?a IO, ui i?eoaiaiia oeueiio aeaeo oiaa-
?enoa: iayai?noue noaoono noa’?eoa i?aei?e?iieoeueei? ae?yeue-
iino? – ye aeey o?ce/ieo, oae ? aeey th?eaee/ieo in?a. A?ae-
nooi?noue o a?o/eciyiiio caeiiiaeaanoa? oeueiai iieiaeaiiy
aaaeei aeciaoe iaa?oioiaaiei. sse aei?aaiethoe?eia, oae ?
no/ania ?in?enueea caeiiiaeaanoai, a oaeiae caeiiiaeaanoai
?ioeo e?a?i (ieioea e no/ania) o?enothoue iaiao?aei?noue aeey
caniiaiee?a (o/aniee?a) IO iaoe noaoon eiia?naioa (i?ae-
i?e?ioey) [18]. Oea coiiaeth?oueny oaeeie ianoaaeiaie:
a) aaaeaiiyi ni?aa IO aaciina?aaeiuei naieie o/anieeaie,
ye? a?ae eiai ?iai? ae?thoue o a?aeiineiao c o?ao?ie iniaaie;
a) iaiaiaaeaiei oa?aeoa?ii aeiaeaoeiai? a?aeiia?aeaeueiino?
o/aniee?a ca ai?ae oiaa?enoaa. Ia?niiaeueiee oa?aeoa? IO
a ca?oa?aeieo caeiiiaeaanoaao aeoeaioo?oueny ua iieiaeai-
iyi, a?aeiia?aeii aei yeiai iacaa IO ia? i?noeoe ?iaia an?o
aai /anoeie eiai o/aniee?a [19], ui oaeiae caneoaiao? ia
oaaao.
A ocaaaeueithth/iio aeaeyae? iniiai? ?ene IO oiaa?enoaa
iiaeia aecia/eoe oae:
ainiiaea?nueea i?aai?caoe?y ei?ii?aoeaiiai oeio;
??ciiaeae ainiiaea?nueeiai oiaa?enoaa;
onoaiia/ee aeieoiaio – onoaiia/ee aeiaia??;
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i?i?iaeueia e?euee?noue o/aniee?a – 2;
iayai?noue o oiaa?enoaa aeaniiai iaeia, ui oi?io?oue-
ny ca ?aooiie aeeaae?a o/aniee?a, ae?iaeaii? i?iaeoeoe??,
io?eiaiiai i?eaooeo, iaaooiai ca ?aooiie i?eaooeo oa ia
?ioeo caeiiieo i?aenoaaao iaeia;
a?aenooi?noue caeiiiaeaa/eo aeiia i?i ?ici?? ? ii?yaeie
oi?ioaaiiy iaeia, ui ?aaoeth?oueny onoaiia/ei aeiaiai?ii;
a?aenooi?noue i?aai?a oiaa?enoaa, ine?eueee oi?aae?iiy
ni?aaaie oiaa?enoaa cae?enith?oueny naieie o/anieeaie;
ii?yaeie oi?aae?iiy ni?aaaie oiaa?enoaa aecia/a?oueny
a onoaiia/iio aeiaiai?? oiaa?enoaa;
iiaeeea?noue aeei?enoaiiy oaeeo noai oi?aae?iiy:
oi?aae?iiy cae?enith?oueny ni?eueii an?ia o/anieeaie; oi?aa-
e?iiy aei?o/a?oueny aai iaeiiio, aai /anoei? o/aniee?a, ye?
ae?thoue ia i?aenoaa? i?aeienaiiai ?aooith o/aniee?a aei?o/ai-
iy;
iiaia a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noue oiaa?enoaa ca aeanieie ciai-
a’ycaiiyie (oiaoi an?i iaeiii, ui iaeaaeeoue eiio ia i?aa?
aeaniino?);
noaneae?a?ia iiaia (iaiaiaaeaia) a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noue o/an-
iee?a oiaa?enoaa ca ciaia’ycaiiyie inoaiiueiai; i?e oeuei-
io o/anieee oiaa?enoaa a?aeiia?aeathoue ia?aae e?aaeeoi?aie
inoaiiueiai ye nie?aea?i? ai?aeieee;
iaiaaeaiee ?oo o/aniee?a; ci?ia neeaaeo o/aniee?a
iiaeeeaa a ?ac?: a) a?aenooieaiiy /anoee o/anieea (?? /an-
oeie) ?ioei o/anieeai aai o?ao?i iniaai ca caiaeith an?o
o/aniee?a; a) i?aaiianooiieoeoaa a ?ac? ?ai?aai?caoe?? o/an-
ieea – th?eaee/ii? iniae aai niaaeeoaaiiy a ?ac? nia?o?
o/anieea – o?ce/ii? iniae, yeui ?aooa, o/aniee?a oiaa-
?enoaa aeaea caiaeo ia anooi aei oiaa?enoaa oaeeo o/aniee?a;
a) aeoiaeo o/anieea c oiaa?enoaa, i?i ui a?i ia? cacaeaeaa?aeue
iia?aeiieoe (ca o?e i?nyoe? – yeui oiaa?enoai aoei noai-
?aia ia iaaecia/aiee no?ie, ca o?noue i?nyoe?a ? eeoa ca
iayaiino? iiaaaeieo i?e/ei, yeui oiaa?enoai aoei noai-
?aia ia aecia/aiee no?ie; a) aeeeth/aiiy o/anieea c IO,
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ui iiaea iaoe i?noea o ?ac?, yeui o/aniee nenoaiaoe/ii
ia aeeiio? nai?o iaia’yce?a aai ia?aoeiaeaea? nai?ie ae?yie
aeinyaiaiith oe?eae oiaa?enoaa; ae) aeae?eaiiy /anoee o/an-
ieea-ai?aeieea ia aeiiao eiai e?aaeeoi??a;
iayai?noue caeiiiaeaa/a anoaiiaeaieo iaiaaeaiue aeey
o/aniee?a eiieo?oaaoe c iiaiei oiaa?enoaii;
caai?iia caa?iaiiy noyaiaiiy ia /anoeo o/anieea
iiaiiai oiaa?enoaa ca eiai aeanieie ciaia’ycaiiyie;
iiaeeea?noue e?ea?aeaoe?? IO ia aeiiao e?aaeeoi??a iae-
iiai c o/aniee?a, yeui oiaa?enoai a?aeiiaey?oueny aeae?ee-
oe /anoeo o/anieea-ai?aeieea aeey caaeiaieaiiy aeiia e?a-
aeeoi??a.
222
Aeaaa 6
I?AAIAA NOAIIAEUA
EIIAIAeEOIIAI OIAA?ENOAA
Aei ainiiaea?nueeeo oiaa?enoa – ia?niiaeueieo ia’?aeiaiue
iaeaaeeoue oaeiae eiiaiaeeoia oiaa?enoai (aeae? EO), oi/ o
iueiio a?eueoa, i?ae o IO, aeaiaio?a ia’?aeiaiiy eai?oae?a
(iaeiiaeo aeaiaio?a). Caeii Oe?a?ie “I?i ainiiaea?nuee?
oiaa?enoaa” (no. 75) aecia/a? EO oaea ainiiaea?nueea oiaa-
?enoai, ui ia? ii?yae c iaeiei /e a?eueoith e?euee?noth o/an-
iee?a, ye? cae?eniththoue a?ae ?iai? oiaa?enoaa i?aei?e?iieoeue-
eo ae?yeuei?noue ? ianooue a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noue ca ciaia’ycaiiyie
oiaa?enoaa an?i nai?i iaeiii, oaeiae iaeiiai /e a?eueoa
o/aniee?a, a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noue yeeo iaiaaeo?oueny aeeaaeii o
iaeii oiaa?enoaa (aeeaaeiee?a). O caeiiiaeaanoa? ?in?? (ye
aei?aaiethoe?eiiai ia??iaeo, oae ? a no/aniiio) oea oiaa?enoai
io?eiaei iacao “oiaa?enoai ia a???” [1]. O EO iaia’ycei-
aith ? iayai?noue aeaio eaoaai??e o/aniee?a: 1) o/anieee c
iiaiith (iaiaiaaeaiith) ? nie?aea?iith (yeui ?o aeai? oa a?eue-
oa) a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noth (ca caeiiiaeaanoaii aei?aaiethoe?eii?
?in?? oa aeayeeo e?a?i ?eieiai? aeiiii?ee aiie iaceaathoue-
ny “oiaa?eoaie” aai “iiaieie oiaa?eoaie”) [2]; c iaey-
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aeo ia iaaeei?enoaiiy oe?a?inueeei caeiiiaeaaoeai iiae?aieo
oa?i?i?a oa caaaeeaoe ia iiaiee oa?aeoa? aeiaeaoeiai? iae-
iiai? a?aeiia?aeaeueiino? oaeeo o/aniee?a, ?o iiaeia ?iaio-
aaoe “iiaieie o/anieeaie”; 2) aeeaaeieee (ca caeiiiaeaa-
noaii e?a?i Cao?aeii? oa Oeaio?aeueii? ?a?iie – eiiaiaee-
oenoe [3]), ?ecee yeeo iaiaaeo?oueny ?oi?ie aianeaie aei
iaeia oiaa?enoaa.
EO i?eoaiaii? oae? iciaee
1. sse ? aoaeue-yea ainiiaea?nueea oiaa?enoai, aiii ia’?aeio?
in?a – th?eaee/ieo oa/aai o?ce/ieo ? oiio iiaeiii iaoe
i?eiaeii? aeaio o/aniee?a, iaeei ?c yeeo a?aeiia?aeaa ae ca
ciaia’ycaiiyie oiaa?enoaa an?i nai?i iaeiii, a ae?oaee
eeoa aoa ae ciaia’ycaiee aianoe iaaiee aeeaae o iaeii
oiaa?enoaa, ?eceeoth/e a ?ac? iani?eyoeeaiai ia?aa?ao ni?aa
o oiaa?enoa? ao?aoeoe iiaeeea?noue iiaa?iaiiy a?ioiaiai
(iaeiiaiai) aea?aaeaioa nai?? /anoee a oeueiio iaei?. sseui
a EO aa?ooue o/anoue aeaa /e a?eueoa o/aniee?a ?c iiaiith a?aeii-
a?aeaeuei?noth, aiie ianooue nie?aea?io a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noue ca ai?-
ae oiaa?enoaa. I?aaiaa noaiiaeua iiaieo o/aniee?a aia-
eia?/ia noaiiaeuo o/aniee?a IO ? a?aeiia?aeii ?oi? aca?ii-
a?aeiineie aoaeothoueny ca i?aaeeaie inoaiiueiai. Ca?aeii c?
no. 77 Caeiio Oe?a?ie “I?i ainiiaea?nuee? oiaa?enoaa” uiaei
EO canoiniaothoueny ii?ie oeueiai Caeiio i?i IO c o?aoo-
aaiiyi iniaeeainoae ia?oiai.
2. EO iaeaaeeoue aei aeiaia??ieo ainiiaea?nueeeo oiaa-
?enoa, iniiaiei ? ?aeeiei onoaiia/ei aeieoiaioii yei-
ai ? onoaiia/ee aeiaia?? (noaoo? 4, 76 Caeiio Oe?a?ie “I?i
ainiiaea?nuee? oiaa?enoaa”).
3. Iaeoa?aeoa?i?oith iciaeith EO ? iaiaeii??aei?noue iai-
a’yce?a ? a?aeiia?aeaeueiino? eiai o/aniee?a. sseui iaei? c ieo
ia eeoa aiinyoue na?e aeeaae o iaeii oiaa?enoaa, a e aa?ooue
iniaenoo o/anoue a oi?aae?iiy eiai ni?aaaie oa ianooue aei-
aeaoeiao a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noue ca ciaia’ycaiiyie oiaa?enoaa
an?i nai?i iaeiii, ia yea iiaea aooe caa?iaia noyaiaiiy,
oi ?io?, iaaiaee, iaiaaeothoueny eeoa aianaiiyi aeeaae?a,
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ia iath/e iaia’yceo ia?niiaeueii? o/ano? a oiaa?enoa?, ? ia
ianooue noan?ae?a?ii? a?aeiia?aeaeueiino? ca ai?ae oiaa?enoaa
nai?i iaeiii, yeui ia oeeaaeaee oaiae a?ae ?iai? oa a ?ioa-
?anao oiaa?enoaa. O oaeiio oiaa?enoa?, ioaea, ii?aeiothoueny
aeaiaioe ia?niiaeueiiai oiaa?enoaa oa ia’?aeiaiiy eai?oae?a,
oi/ aeaiaioe ia?oiai ia?aaaaeathoue. Oaea ii?aeiaiiy aea?
EO iaai? ia?aaaae ia?aae IO, caa??aath/e an? aeaiaee ia?ni-
iaeueiiai ia’?aeiaiiy. Ii-ia?oa, ooo caa??aathoueny iniiai?
?ene (a, ioaea, e ia?aaaae) IO, a o. /. ? aaaeaiiy ni?aa oiaa-
?enoaa iniaenoi o/anieeaie c iiaiith a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noth
(iiaieie o/anieeaie), iaea?eueo caoe?eaaeaieie a oni?-
oo ni?aae /a?ac iaiaiaaeaiee ? nie?aea?iee oa?aeoa? nai??
a?aeiia?aeaeueiino?. Ii-ae?oaa, e?aaeeoini?iiiaei?noue EO aa-
co?oueny ye ia aeia??? aei iiaieo o/aniee?a, ye? oi?aaeythoue
ni?aaaie oiaa?enoaa ? ianooue oyaa? aeiaeaoeiai? iaiaiaaea-
ii? a?aeiia?aeaeueiino?, oae ? ia eai?oae?, ui neeaaea?oueny ?c
aeeaae?a o/aniee?a (o o. /. aeeaaeiee?a) oiaa?enoaa. Ii-o?ao?,
iaiaaeai?noue ?eceeo aeeaaeiee?a (eiiaiaeeoeno?a) eeoa ia-
aeaie ?oi?o aeeaae?a, aeicaiey? caeo/eoe aei o/ano? a EO a?eueoa
o/aniee?a, i?ae o IO, ? a?aeiia?aeii – noai?eoe a?eueoee eai?-
oae. Ii-/aoaa?oa, o/anoue o EO a ?ie? aeeaaeieea aea? a?eueo?
ia?aaaae, i?ae iiceea (ca ioe?ieith A. O. Oa?oaiaae/a [4])
/e caa??aaiiy a?ioae a onoaiiaao aaieo, oiio ui: a) /an-
oeia i?eaooeo, ui io?eio? aeeaaeiee, cacae/ae a?eueoa ca
?ici??ii, i?ae a?aenioee ii aeeaaeao a onoaiiaao aaieo /e
ieaoa (a?aenioee) ca ei?enooaaiiy iice/eith; a) aeeaaeieeo
iaeaaeeoue i?aai eiio?ieth ca oaiaeaie, oeeaaeaieie iiaieie
o/anieeaie, ? aaaeaiiyi ieie ni?aa oiaa?enoa, /iai ia
iathoue e?aaeeoi? ca aeiaiai?ii iiceee ? aeeaaeiee aaieo.
EO aeieeei i?ci?oa, i?ae IO. Eiai iiyaa a aiioo Na?aae-
iueia?//y aoea coiiaeaia ?icaeoeii ii?nueei? oi?a?ae?, a
ye?e a?aee aaciina?aaeith o/anoue eoioe?, a iiina?aaeeiaaio
– iniae, ye? aei?o/aee eoioeyi cae?enieoe iaai? oi?aia?
iia?aoe??, iaaeaaoe ?i aeey oeueiai a?aeiia?aei? eiooe. Iiae?ai?
a?aeiineie a na?aaecaiiiii?nuee?e oi?a?ae? oeo /an?a io?e-
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iaee iacao accomenda, commanda, accomand?ta. A th?eaee/-
iiio a?aeiioaii? aiie ii?aeioaaee aeaiaioe iiceee, aei?o-
/aiiy oa iniaenoiai iaeio, ia iath/e iaaii? i?aai?caoe?e-
ii-i?aaiai? oi?ie, ine?eueee aeey o?ao?o in?a a?aeiia?aeaeue-
iei aoa eeoa eoiaoeue (portator), yeee cae?enithaaa on? oi?-
aia? iia?aoe?? a?ae aeaniiai ?iai?. Oea ca?eueiyei aeeaaeiee?a
(commendatores), ye? ia aaaaeaeeny eoioeyie, a?ae iaia’yceo
ieaoeoe /anoeio io?eiaiiai a?ae oi?a?ae? i?eaooeo ia oea?-
eao, a i?aaenoaaieeai aeai?yinoaa aeicaieyei io?eioaaoe
aeaiaee a?ae oi?a?ae?, ia caeiath/enue iath aaciina?aaeiuei, ui
aiie aaaaeaee iai?eeiyoiei aeey naiai noaio.
Caeiiiaeaa/a aecia/aiiy eiiaiaeeoiiai oiaa?enoaa aia?-
oa cono??/a?oueny o o?aioeocueeiio Ordonance de commerce
1673 ?., aea oaaao caeiiiaeaaoey i?eaa?ioee eeoa aioo??oi?
a?aeiineie a oiaa?enoa?, oiae? ye ciai?oi? a?aeiineie (c o?a-
o?ie iniaaie) caeeoeeeny iica eiai oaaaith. Eeoa caiaeii
o Code de commerce (Oi?aiaiio eiaeaen? O?aioe??) oea oiaa?e-
noai io?eio? i?aaa th?eaee/ii? iniae – naiino?eiiai no-
a’?eoa i?aaa, ui ia? aeaniee eai?oae ? ae?? i?ae nai?i ?iaiai
o a?aeiineiao ?c o?ao?ie iniaaie. O?aioeocueeee caeiiiaea-
aaoeue aeciaa aea? oi?ie eiiaiaeeoe – i?inoo e aeoe?iia?io.
O ae?oa?e oi?i? eai?oae (iaeii) oiaa?enoaa, ui ia? neeaaea-
oeny c aeeaae?a, iiae?ey?oueny ia aeoe??. Oey oi?ia iaaoea cia/-
iiai iioe?aiiy a aiioo, eiee cae/aei? AO noai?thaaeeny
eeoa c aeicaieo o?yaeo, a ia aeoe?iia?io eiiaiaeeoo oea i?a-
aeei ia ?iciianthaeaeoaaeiny. Ni?iuaiee ii?yaeie noai?ai-
iy (ye aeey IO ? EO) a ii?aeiaii? c eaae?noth noai?aiiy ae-
oe?iia?iiai eai?oaeo ni?eya iioe?aiith oe??? i?aai?caoe?e-
ii-i?aaiai? oi?ie aei neanoaaiiy noai?iai iaaeyaeo c aieo
o?yaeo iaae AO iai?ee?ioe? 60-o ?. ieioeiai noie?ooy.
Oi?aiaa oeiaeaiiy I?ia//eie ni?eeiyei aea? oi?ie ei-
iaiaeeoe, a?aeii? o?aioeocueeiio caeiiiaeaanoao [5], a aei oiai
ae caa?aaei o?aoth oi?io – eiiaiaeeoo a ?? ia?a?niiio ae-
aeyae? i?ae iacaith “iaaeania oiaa?enoai” [6]. Aaaeeeaith inia-
eea?noth o?aouei? oi?ie ? oa, ui aeeaaeieee, a ?ac? aaie?oo-
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noaa iiaiiai oiaa?eoa (aeanieea oi?aiai? ni?aae), iathoue
i?aai i?aae’yaeoe aei iueiai nai? aeiiae ye e?aaeeoi?e. Aeey
o?ao?o in?a ?nioaaiiy aeeaaeiee?a ia ia? aeiaeiiai cia/aiiy
– aiie iathoue ni?aao eeoa c iiaiei oiaa?eoai. Iaaean-
iee o/aniee (aeeaaeiee) aa?a o/anoue o ?iciiae?e? i?eaooe?a
? aeaeaoe?a, a oaeiae ia? i?aai ii cae?i/aii? eiaeiiai ain-
iiaea?nueeiai ?ieo aeiaaaoe ca?oo c oeeaaeaieo i?ioyaii
oeueiai ia??iaeo oaiae [7].
Aea? oi?ie eiiaiaeeoe (i?inoa e aeoe?iia?ia) a?aeii? oa-
eiae aeayeei ?ioei caeiiiaeaanoaai (?oae?enueeiio, ?niai-
nueeiio). O e?a?iao aiaei-naeniinueeiai i?aaa EO a?aeiia?aea?
oi?ia ia?oia?oeio c iaiaaeaiith a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noth (l?-
m?ted partnersh?p). A Aiae?? oey i?aai?caoe?eii-i?aaiaa oi?-
ia ainiiaea?nueeeo oiaa?enoa, oi/a e aoea a?aaoeueiaaia ca-
eiiii 1907 ?. (L?m?ted Partnersh?p act 1907), iaeiae cia/-
iiai iioe?aiiy ia iaaoea. O NOA, iaaiaee, ia?oia?oei
c iaiaaeaiith a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noth aeei?enoiao?oueny aeineoue
oe?iei, /iio ni?ey? i?eueaiaee iiaeaoeiaee ?aaeei aeey
oaeeo oiaa?enoa. A ao?i, oey oi?ia oiaa?enoa ia iiaea ca-
noiniaoaaoenue o no?aoia?e oa aaie?anuee?e ni?aaao, a iniaee-
a?noth oaeeo oiaa?enoa ca caeiiiaeaanoaii NOA ? iiae-
eea?noue aeey iaei??? iniae aenooiaoe aiaeii/an o ?ieyo ii-
aiiai oiaa?eoa ? eiiaiaeeoenoa (ia?aa?ao 12 Oi?o?eiaa-
iiai caeiio NOA i?i ia?oia?oei ?c iaiaaeaiith a?aeiia?-
aeaeuei?noth) [8].
Oe?a?inueea caeiiiaeaanoai ni?eeiyei eeoa iaeio oi?io
eiiaiaeeoe: i?inoa EO, caeeoeaoe iica oaaaith ?aooo
oi?i.
Oiiae noai?aiiy EO oae? nai?, ye ? aeey IO. Ianaiia?aae,
i?ae o/anieeaie oiaa?enoaa oeeaaea?oueny onoaiia/ee aei-
aia??, a yeiio, e??i caaaeueieo aeey an?o ainiiaea?nueeeo oi-
aa?enoa oiia, iathoue i?noeoeny a?aeiiino? i?i ?ici?? /an-
oie eiaeiiai c o/aniee?a c iiaiith a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noth, ?ici??,
neeaae ? ii?yaeie aianaiiy ieie aeeaae?a, oi?io ?oiuei? o/ano?
o ni?aaao oiaa?enoaa, a noiniaii aeeaaeiee?a aeacothoueny
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noeoiiee ?ici?? ?oi?o /anoie o iaei? oiaa?enoaa, ?ici??,
neeaae ? ii?yaeie aianaiiy ieie aeeaae?a [9]. I?e oeueiio
noeoiiee ?ici?? /anoie aeeaaeiee?a ia iiaeiai ia?aaeuo-
aaoe 50% iaeia oiaa?enoaa, cacia/aiiai a onoaiia/iio
aeiaiai??.
Aeey aeciaiiy oiaa?enoaa noa’?eoii ainiiaea?nueeiai i?a-
aa iaiao?aeii i?iaanoe eiai aea?aeaaio ?a?no?aoe?th, c iiiai-
oo yei? aiii iaaoaa? i?aa th?eaee/ii? iniae. Aei?aaiethoe?e-
iei ?in?enueeei caeiiiaeaanoaii ? no/aniei caeiiiaeaa-
noaii e?a?i ?eieiai? aeiiii?ee ia?aaeaa/a?oueny ua iai-
a’yceiaa ioae?eaoe?y i?i noai?aiiy oaeiai oiaa?enoaa o
niaoe?aeueieo i?aaiao ianiai? ?ioi?iaoe?? c cacia/aiiyi
iniiaieo ia?aiao??a oiaa?enoaa oa ?iai o/aniee?a ?c iai-
aiaaeaiith a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noth.
Aei iiiaioo aea?aeaaii? ?aano?aoe?? oiaa?enoai ia ?nio? ye
naiino?eiee noa’?eo i?aaa, a oaiaee, oeeaaeai? caniiaieea-
ie aei oiai /ano, aoaeooue iaia’yceiaeie aeey ieo, a ia aeey
oiaa?enoaa, yeui inoaii? ia noaaeeoue oae? oaiaee.
Caeiiiaeaanoaii e?a?i ?eieiai? oa ia?ao?aeii? aeiiii?e
ia?aaeaa/a?oueny, ui iacaa (o??ia) EO ia? i?noeoe ?iaia
iiaieo o/aniee?a aai oi/a a iaeiiai c ieo (iiae?aia iiei-
aeaiiy ia?aaeaa/aeinue ? aei?aaiethoe?eiei ?in?enueeei caei-
iiaeaanoaii). Aei oiai ae iiai? o/anieee iiaeii? iaoe noa-
oon noa’?eoa i?aei?e?iieoeueei? ae?yeueiino? aai eiia?naioa
(aooe ca?a?no?iaaieie ye oae? noa’?eoe). ?iaia aeeaaeiee?a
ia iiaeii? aeeth/aoeny aei iacae (iaeiaioaaiiy) EO, a ii-
?ooaiiy oe??? aeiiae oyaia aeey aeeaaeieea iaai? iane?aeee:
a?i aecia?oueny o/anieeii, ui iana iaiaiaaeaio a?aeiia?-
aeaeuei?noue ca ai?ae oiaa?enoaa [10]. Oe?a?inueea caeiiiaeaa-
noai oaeeo iieiaeaiue ia i?noeoue ? ia ia?aaeaa/a? a?aeiia?-
aeaeueiino? aeeaaeiee?a ca iiaeeea? ao?aoe (oeiaeo) aeey o?ao?o
in?a, oaaaeaieo a iiaio iiae?aieie ae?yie.
AIOO??OI? A?AeIINEIE. I?aaa oa iaia’ycee o/an-
iee?a ?c iaiaiaaeaiith a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noth (iiaieo o/aniee?a),
?oi? aca?iia?aeiineie aecia/athoueny i?aaeeaie, ui ae?thoue
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noiniaii o/aniee?a IO. Ia a?aei?io a?ae inoaiiueiai a EO i?e-
nooi? aeeaaeieee, ye? iathoue nai???aeia i?aaiaa noaiiaeua.
Aeeaaeiee (eiiaiaeeoeno) iiaea anooieoe aei EO, c?iaea-
oe a?ioiaee aai iaoa??aeueiee aeeaae?a (aoaeue-yeiai iaoa-
??aeueiiai aeaaa). A ao?i, ia iiaeooue aooe aeciai? aeeaaeii
i?aoey, iniaenoa o/anoue o noai?aii? /e ae?yeueiino? oiaa?e-
noaa. O iaeiia?e o/ano? iieyaa? aieiaiee iaia’ycie aeeaae-
ieea uiaei oiaa?enoaa. I?e oeueiio aeeaae iiaea aiineoeny
/anoeiaie a ii?yaeeo, ia?aaeaa/aiiio onoaiia/ei aeiaiai-
?ii oiaa?enoaa, iaeiae ia iiiaio aea?aeaaii? ?a?no?aoe?? EO
eiaeiee c aeeaaeiee?a iiaeiai aianoe i?eiaeii? 25% nai-
ai aeeaaeo. Ca iaaeeiiaiiy iaia’yceo uiaei iiaii? iieaoe
aeeaaeo aeeaaeiee iana a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noue a?aeiia?aeii aei onoa-
iia/iai aeiaiai?o (oea iiaea aooe a?aeoeiaeoaaiiy caeoe?a ?
nieaoa iaonoieee); caeii ia anoaiiaeth? naieoe?e ca oaea
ii?ooaiiy, ye oea ia? i?noea uiaei o/aniee?a AO, OIA ? OAeA;
ooo ae?? caaaeueiee i?eioeei a?aeoeiaeoaaiiy caeoe?a, caiiae?-
yieo ii?ooaiiyi aeiaia??iiai ciaia’ycaiiy [11].
Ca iani?eyoeeaiai ia?aa?ao ni?aa o oiaa?enoa? aeeaae-
iee aeiaeaoeiai? a?aeiia?aeaeueiino? ca ai?ae oiaa?enoaa ia iana,
yeui a?i ia oeeaaeaa a?ae ?iai? oa a ?ioa?anao oiaa?enoaa
oaiae aac a?aeiia?aeieo iiaiiaaaeaiue.
Aeeaaeieee EO o/ano? a oi?aae?ii? ni?aaaie oiaa?enoaa
ia aa?ooue, a ca?aeii c? no. 79 Caeiio Oe?a?ie “I?i ainii-
aea?nuee? oiaa?enoaa” iathoue i?aai:
ae?yoe a?ae ?iai? EO o?eueee a ?ac? iayaiino? aei?o/aiiy
? ca?aeii c iei;
aeiaaaoe ia?oi/a?aiaiai iiaa?iaiiy aeeaaeo (ia?a-
aaaeii a?ae o/aniee?a ?c iiaiith a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noth) a ?ac?
e?ea?aeaoe?? oiaa?enoaa;
aeiaaaoe a?ae o/aniee?a ?c iiaiith a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noth,
ye? oi?aaeythoue ni?aaaie oiaa?enoaa, iiaeaiiy ?i ??/ieo
ca?o?a ? aaeain?a, a oaeiae caaacia/aiiy iiaeeeaino? ia?a-
a??ee i?aaeeueiino? ?o neeaaeaiiy.
E??i iaia’yceo aianoe aeeaae (ia iiiaio ?a?no?aoe?? ia
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iaio ye 25%, a ?aooo – o no?ie, aecia/aiee onoaiia/ei
aeiaiai?ii), ia aeeaaeiee?a oaeiae iiaea iieeaaeaoeny iai-
a’ycie uiaei aianaiiy aeiaeaoeiaeo aiane?a o ?ici???, niini-
aaie ? a ii?yaeeo, ia?aaeaa/aieie onoaiia/ei aeiaiai?ii.
Aeeaaeieee oaeiae ia iathoue i?aaa ia?aoeiaeaeaoe ae?yi
o/aniee?a c iiaiiai a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noth c oi?aae?iiy ni?a-
aaie EO.
O/anoue aeeaaeiee?a o EO iaiaaeo?oueny, ye i?aaeei, aia-
naiiyi iaeiiaiai aeeaaeo. Iniaenoa o/anoue aeey ieo ia
ia?aaeaa/a?oueny, ine?eueee: a) aiie iaioa caoe?eaaeai? o aa-
aeaii? ni?aa, oiaa?enoaa, i?ae o/anieee c iaiaiaaeaiith a?aeii-
a?aeaeuei?noth; a) iniaenoa ae?yeuei?noue aeeaaeieea c oi?aae?i-
iy ni?aaaie oiaa?enoaa iiaea aaanoe a iiaio o?ao?o in?a,
ye? iiaeooue ia i?aenoaa? oeueiai ae??oeoe, ui iathoue ni?aao
c iiaiei o/anieeii. A ca’yceo c oeei caeiiiaeaaaoeue ia-
?aaeaa/a? caoeno i?aa e?aaeeoi??a ? naiiai oiaa?enoaa a ?ac?
a/eiaiiy aeeaaeieeii ae?e a?ae ?iai? oiaa?enoaa, anoaiia-
ethth/e: 1) yeui aeeaaeiee EO oeeaaea? oaiaeo a?ae ?iai? oa a
?ioa?anao oiaa?enoaa aac a?aeiia?aeieo iiaiiaaaeaiue, oi a ?ac?
noaaeaiiy eiai ae?e EO a?i ?acii c o/anieeaie c iiaiith
a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noth a?aeiia?aea? ca oaiaeith ia?aae e?aaeeoi?aie
an?i nai?i iaeiii, ia yea a?aeiia?aeii aei caeiiiaeaanoaa
iiaea aooe caa?iaii noyaiaiiy; 2) yeui noaaeaiiy ia aoaea
iaea?aeaii, aeeaaeiee a?aeiia?aea? ia?aae o?aoueith iniaith naii-
no?eii an?i nai?i iaeiii, ia yea a?aeiia?aeii aei caeiiiaeaa-
noaa iiaea aooe caa?iaii noyaiaiiy.
Aeeaaeiee EO, yeee anooiea aei oiaa?enoaa i?ney eiai
noai?aiiy (oiaoi i?ci?oa ca ?ioeo o/aniee?a), iana ia??ai?
c ?aooith aeeaaeiee?a ?ecee caeoe?a, iia’ycaieo ?c ae?yeue-
i?noth oiaa?enoaa aei eiai anooio a inoaii?.
Ca nai?i i?aaiaei noaiiaeuai aeeaaeieee aeaui iaaa-
aeothoue aeaniee?a i?ea?eaeiaaieo aeoe?e. sse ia?o?, oae ?
ae?oa? ia aa?ooue o/ano? a oi?aae?ii? ni?aaaie oiaa?enoaa,
nieaoeaoe iiai?noth nai? aeeaaee (aeoe??), aeiaeaoeiai? a?aeii-
a?aeaeueiino? ca ai?ae oiaa?enoaa, ye i?aaeei, ia ianooue ?
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iathoue ia?aaaaeia i?aai ia?aae ?ioeie o/anieeaie ia
io?eiaiiy nai?? /anoee o ?ac? e?ea?aeaoe?? oiaa?enoaa. Iaeiae
i?ae ieie ? ?noioia ??cieoey, a naia: yeui aeanieeai i?e-
a?eaeiaaieo aeoe?e aa?aioo?oueny aeieaoa o?eniaaiiai i?i-
oeaioa iacaeaaeii a?ae ?acoeueoao?a o?iainiai-ainiiaea?nueei?
ae?yeueiino? oiaa?enoaa, oi aeeaaeieee oaeiai i?ea?eath ii-
caaaeai?; oa?aeoa? a?aeiia?aeaeueiino? aeeaaeieea ca ai?ae
oiaa?enoaa iiaea ci?ieoeny, yeui a?i oeeaaea oaiaeo a?ae ?iai?
oa a ?ioa?anao oiaa?enoaa aac a?aeiia?aeieo iiaiiaaaeaiue (o
?ac? noaaeaiiy oaei? oaiaee oiaa?enoaii aeeaaeiee a?aeii-
a?aeaoeia ia??ai? c iiaieie o/anieeaie, a a ?ac? ianoaaeai-
iy naiino?eii a?aeiia?aeaoeia ca oaeith oaiaeith an?i nai?i
iaeiii, ia yea iiaea aooe caa?iaia noyaiaiiy), a ia oa?ae-
oa? a?aeiia?aeaeueiino? aeanieea i?ea?eaeiaaii? aeoe?? iiae?ai?
ianoaaeie ia aieeaathoue.
Oi?aae?iiy ni?aaaie EO cae?enith?oueny, ye oaea cacia-
/aeiny, o?eueee iiaieie o/anieeaie, oi/a aeeaaeieee ii-
aeooue aooe oiiaiiaaaeai? iiaieie o/anieeaie ia oeeaaeai-
iy ie?aieo oaiae (a/eiaiiy ie?aieo ae?e) a?ae ?iai? oa a ?ioa-
?anao oiaa?enoaa. O EO, aea ? o?eueee iaeei iiaiee o/aniee,
oi?aae?iiy ni?aaaie cae?enith?oueny oeei o/anieeii naii-
no?eii.
Iayai?noue aeae?eueeio iiaieo o/aniee?a aeicaiey? canoi-
noaaoe iaeio c o?ueio noai oi?aae?iiy oiaa?enoaii: aaaeai-
iy ni?aa iieeaaea?oueny ia iaeiiai iiaiiai o/anieea, yeee
ae?? ia i?aenoaa? aei?o/aiiy, i?aeienaiiai ?aooith o/aniee?a
?c iaiaiaaeaiith a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noth; ia e?eueeio ?c ieo, ye?
oae naii ae?thoue ia i?aenoaa? aeaeaiiai ?aooith iiaieo o/anie-
e?a aei?o/aiiy; cae?enith?oueny an?ia iiaieie o/anieeaie
ca ni?eueiith caiaeith /e c ?iciiae?eii i?ae ieie iaia’yce?a
uiaei aaaeaiiy ni?aa.
EO, e??i caaaeueieo aeey an?o ainiiaea?nueeeo oiaa?enoa
i?aenoaa i?eieiaiiy ae?yeueiino? (a ?acoeueoao? ?ai?aai?caoe??
aai e?ea?aeaoe??, ye aeia?ia?eueii?, oae ? i?eioniai?; o ca’yceo
c cae?i/aiiyi no?ieo, ia yeee aiii noai?thaaeiny; i?ney
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aeinyaiaiiy iaoe, iinoaaeaii? i?e eiai noai?aii?), i?eie-
iy?oueny oaeiae o ?ac? aeaoooy an?o o/aniee?a ?c iiaiith
a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noth, i?i ui aiinyoueny a?aeiia?aei? a?aeiiino? aei
aea?aeaaiiai ?a?no?o. A ?ac? aeaoooy an?o aeeaaeiee?a o/an-
ieee c iiaiith a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noth ai?aa? cai?noue e?ea?aeaoe??
oiaa?enoaa i?eeiyoe ??oaiiy i?i eiai ia?aoai?aiiy o
iiaia oiaa?enoai, ai?noe a?aeiia?aei? ci?ie aei onoaiia/iai
aeiaiai?o ? iia?aeiieaoe a ia?aaeaa/aiiio caeiiii ii?yae-
eo i?aai, ui cae?eniea aea?aeaaio ?a?no?aoe?th oiaa?enoaa, aeey
aianaiiy a?aeiia?aeieo a?aeiiinoae aei aea?aeaaiiai ?a?no?o.
Iayai? o EO a?ioia? eiooe, a o. /. ? ae?o/ea a?ae i?iaea-
aeo eiai iaeia i?e e?ea?aeaoe??, i?ney ?ic?aooie?a ii iieao?
i?aoe? iaeiaieo i?aoe?aiee?a oiaa?enoaa ? aeeiiaiiy iai-
a’yce?a ia?aae aaieaie, athaeaeaoii, ?ioeie e?aaeeoi?aie o
ia?oo /a?ao ?iciiae?eythoueny ianaiia?aae i?ae aeeaaeieea-
ie aeey iiaa?iaiiy ?i ?oi?o aiane?a, a iio?i i?ae o/anie-
eaie c iiaiith a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noth a ii?yaeeo ? ia oiiaao,
ia?aaeaa/aieo Caeiiii Oe?a?ie “I?i ainiiaea?nuee? oiaa-
?enoaa” oa onoaiia/ei aeiaiai?ii. Ca iaaeinoaoiino? eio-
o?a oiaa?enoaa aeey iiaiiai iiaa?iaiiy aeeaaeieeai ?oi?o
aeeaae?a iayai? eiooe ?iciiae?eythoueny i?ae aeeaaeieeaie
a?aeiia?aeii aei ?oiuei? /anoee o iaei? oiaa?enoaa.
I?iaeaie aaeineiiaeaiiy i?aaiaiai ?aaoethaaiiy ae?yeue-
iino? EO iiae?ai? aei aiaeia?/ieo i?iaeai IO. ?o ae??oai-
iy ia?aaeaa/a?: iaiao?aei?noue caeiiiaeaa/iai cae??ieaiiy
aeiiae aei iiaieo o/aniee?a uiaei iayaiino? o ieo noaoono
noa’?eoa i?aei?e?iieoeueei? ae?yeueiino?; cacia/aiiy a iaca?
(o??i?) EO ?iai iiaieo o/aniee?a (i?eiaeii? iaeiiai c ieo);
iiaeeea?noue onoaiiaeaiiy aeiaeaoeiaeo aiane?a aeey an?o
o/aniee?a oiaa?enoaa (aeeth/ath/e ? aeeaaeiee?a) ca iaeii-
noaeiei ??oaiiyi on?o o/aniee?a (o o. /. ? aeeaaeiee?a);
onoaiiaeaiiy a caeii? a?aeiia?aeaeueiino? o/aniee?a, ye? ia-
nai?/anii niea/othoue iniiai? oa aeiaeaoeia? aianee, o oi?i?
iai? a ?ici??? 0,1 % ca eiaeiee aeaiue i?ino?i/aiiy, yeui
onoaiia/ei aeiaiai?ii oiaa?enoaa ia ia?aaeaa/aii a?aeii-
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a?aeaeueiino? ca oaea ii?ooaiiy acaaae?; cai?iaaaeaeaiiy ?a-
aeeio i?eueaiaiai iiiaeaoeoaaiiy aeey IO ? EO ye nai???ae-
ii? ieaoe ca oyaa? aeia?ia?eueii acyoi? o/anieeaie ia naaa
aeiaeaoeiai? iiaii? a?aeiia?aeaeueiino? ca ciaia’ycaiiyie oi-
aa?enoaa, ia?aaeaa/eaoe eeoa nieaoo o/anieeaie iiaeao-
eo ia io?eiai? a?ae o/ano? a oiaa?enoa? aeioiaee c a?aeiia?ae-
iei ca?eueiaiiyi oiaa?enoaa a?ae nieaoe iiaeaoeo ia io?e-
iaiee iei i?eaooie.
Noenei aecia/eoe oa?aeoa?i? ?ene EO ca oe?a?inueeei
caeiiiaeaanoaii iiaeia oae:
ainiiaea?nueea i?aai?caoe?y ei?ii?aoeaiiai oeio;
??ciiaeae ainiiaea?nueeiai oiaa?enoaa;
iayai?noue noaoono th?eaee/ii? iniae;
iaia’yceia?noue iaeiiai onoaiia/iai aeieoiaioa – onoa-
iia/iai aeiaiai?o;
iayai?noue aeaniiai iaeia, ui oi?io?oueny ca ?aooiie
aeeaae?a o/aniee?a, ae?iaeaii? i?iaeoeoe??, io?eiaieo aeioiae?a
? iaeia (eioo?a), iaaooeo ia ?ioeo caeiiieo i?aenoaaao;
a?aenooi?noue caeiiiaeaa/eo aeiia aei ?ici??o iaeia ?
ii?yaeeo eiai oi?ioaaiiy (oe? ieoaiiy ?aaoeththoueny onoa-
iia/ei aeiaiai?ii);
iayai?noue aeaio eaoaai??e o/aniee?a, oi/a a ii iaeiiio
o/anieeo a?ae eiaeii? eaoaai???: a) iiaieo o/aniee?a, a)
aeeaaeiee?a;
iaiaaeaiiy noeoiii? /anoee aeeaaeiee?a 50% iaeia
oiaa?enoaa;
a?aenooi?noue i?aai?a oiaa?enoaa, ine?eueee oi?aae?iiy
ni?aaaie cae?enith?oueny iiaieie o/anieeaie;
ii?yaeie oi?aae?iiy ni?aaaie oiaa?enoaa (cie?aia a
oeo aeiaaeeao, eiee a oiaa?enoa? aeai? oa a?eueoa iiaieo
o/aniee?a) aecia/a?oueny onoaiia/ei aeiaiai?ii;
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i?aaiaa noaiiaeua iiaieo o/aniee?a aiaeia?/ia i?a-
aiaiio noaiiaeuo o/aniee?a IO;
iiaeeea?noue ?ai?aai?caoe?? o IO, yeui aeaoaathoue on?
aeeaaeieee;
iaia’yceiaa e?ea?aeaoe?y a ?ac? aeaoooy c oiaa?enoaa an?o
iiaieo o/aniee?a.
Iniaeea?noue i?aaiaiai noaiiaeua iiaieo o/aniee?a
? aeeaaeiee?a eiiaiaeeoiiai oiaa?enoaa
Iiai? o/anieee:
ciaia’ycai? a?aoe iaeiiao e ia?niiaeueio o/anoue o EO;
aiinyoue aeeaaee a ii?yaeeo, anoaiiaeaiiio onoaiia/ei
aeiaiai?ii oiaa?enoaa;
cae?eniththoue a?ae ?iai? oiaa?enoaa i?aei?e?iieoeueeo ae?-
yeuei?noue ? oi?aaeythoue ni?aaaie oiaa?enoaa;
ianooue noaneae?a?io iaeiiao a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noue ca ciai-
a’ycaiiyie oiaa?enoaa an?i nai?i iaeiii, ia yea iiaea
aooe caa?iaia noyaiaiiy; yeui iiaieo o/aniee?a aeai? oa
a?eueoa, oi aiie a?aeiia?aeathoue ia?aae e?aaeeoi?aie oiaa?e-
noaa ye nie?aea?i? ai?aeieee;
iathoue i?aaa oa iaia’ycee, aiaeia?/i? i?aaai oa iai-
a’yceai o/aniee?a IO, a o. /.: caai?iia eiieo?oaaoe c oi-
aa?enoaii; aeiiaa i?i iiia?aaeaeaiiy aeoiaeo c oiaa?enoaa
uiiaeiaioa ca o?e i?nyoe?, a yeui oiaa?enoai noai?aia ia
aecia/aiee no?ie – ca o?noue i?nyoe?a ? ca iayaiino? ii-
aaaeieo i?e/ei aeey oeueiai;
yeui iiaieo o/aniee?a aeai? oa a?eueoa, oi aiie iiaeooue
cae?enithaaoe oi?aae?iiy ni?aaaie ni?eueii aai aei?o/aoe oea
iaeiiio /e e?eueeii iiaiei o/anieeai, ye? ae?thoue ia i?ae-
noaa? aei?o/aiiy, i?aeienaiiai ?aooith o/aniee?a.
Aeeaaeieee:
ciaia’ycai? a?aoe eeoa iaeiiao o/anoue o oiaa?enoa?
(niea/oaaoe ye iniiaiee, oae ? aeiaeaoeia? aianee);
ia iiiaio aea?aeaaii? ?a?no?aoe?? oiaa?enoaa ciaia’y-
cai? aianoe i?eiaeii? 25% naiai aeeaaeo;
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iathoue i?aai a?aoe o/anoue o ?iciiae?e? i?eaooeo oiaa-
?enoaa a?aeiia?aeii aei ?ici??o nai?o /anoie;
ai?aa? aeiaaaoe ia?oi/a?aiaiai (ia?aaaaeii ia?aae
iiaieie o/anieeaie) iiaa?iaiiy aeeaaeo a ?ac? e?ea?aeaoe??
oiaa?enoaa;
ia aa?ooue o/ano? a oi?aae?ii? ni?aaaie oiaa?enoaa, aea
a ?ac? iaiao?aeiino? ia i?aenoaa? oa a?aeiia?aeii aei aeaeaiiai
aei?o/aiiy iiaeooue ae?yoe a?ae ?iai? oiaa?enoaa;
ciaia’ycai? ia ia?aoeiaeaeaoe cae?eniaiith iiaieie
o/anieeaie oi?aae?iiy ni?aaaie oiaa?enoaa;
ia ianooue noaneae?a?ii? a?aeiia?aeaeueiino? ca ciaia’ycai-
iyie oiaa?enoaa, yeui ia oeeaaeaee oaiae a?ae ?iai? oiaa?e-
noaa aac iayaiino? a?aeiia?aeiiai aei?o/aiiy;
a?aeiia?aeathoue ia??ai? c iiaieie o/anieeaie ca oeea-
aeaiith aac iayaiino? a?aeiia?aeieo iiaiiaaaeaiue a ?ioa?anao
oiaa?enoaa oaiaeith a ?ac? ?? noaaeaiiy oiaa?enoaii;
naiino?eii a?aeiia?aeathoue on?i nai?i iaeiii, ia yea
iiaea aooe caa?iaia noyaiaiiy, yeui aac iayaiino? a?aeii-
a?aeieo iiaiiaaaeaiue oeeaee oaiaeo a?ae ?iai? oiaa?enoaa ?
inoaii? ia noaaeeei oeth oaiaeo.
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AEAAA 7
I?AAIAA NOAIIAEUA
AE?IAIE*IAI EIIIA?AOEAO
I?aai?caoe?eii-i?aaiaa oi?ia ae?iaie/iai eiiia?aoeao
(aeae? – AE) aeineoue iioe?aia, iniaeeai a aoae?aieoeoa?, n?eue-
nueeiio ainiiaea?noa? oa a aeayeeo ?ioeo noa?ao ia?iaeiiai
ainiiaea?noaa.
sse ? ainiiaea?nuee? (oi?aia?) oiaa?enoaa, “eiiia?aoe?y ia-
?aaeaa/a? oe?eeiaeoo aaoiiii?th iniaenoino?, ui anooia? aei.
oaeiai ia’?aeiaiiy, caa?aaeaiiy ca iath i?aaa caeeoeoeny
aai aeeoe c iueiai” [1].
Eiiia?aoe?y ia caciaea oaeiai ieu?aiiai oaea?o c aieo
aaei?i?no?aoeaii-eiiaiaeii? nenoaie, ye ainiiaea?nuee? oiaa-
?enoaa, iaeiae ?? iniiai? canaaee aoee cia/iith i??ith nii-
oai?ai? o i?ioean? oae caaii? eieaeoea?caoe?? oa iaea?aeaaeai-
iy eiiia?aoea?a. I?eionia?noue anooio aei eieaini?a, i?aeii-
?yaeeiaai?noue ?o aea?aeaai?e aeeiiaa/?e aeaae? a N?N?, ia-
a’ycoaaiiy inoaiiueith /eaiai eieaini?a ?oi?o ea??aiee?a
(aie?a eieaini?a), ao?o/aiiy (/anoi-aonoi a?ooaeueia ? i?/ei
iaiaa?oioiaaia) a ainiiaea?nueeo ae?yeuei?noue eieaini?a, ia-
?a?iciiae?e i?eaooe?a oni?oii i?aoethth/eo eieaini?a ia
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ei?enoue ia?aioaaaeueieo ainiiaea?noa oiui cia/iith i??ith
ciaoe?ieei i?aai?caoe?eii-i?aaiao oi?io AE, oa ana ae ia
cieueei ?aeath eiiia?aoe?? ye oaei?.
O e?a?iao ?eieiai? aeiiii?ee oey i?aai?caoe?eii-i?aai-
aa oi?ia oaeiae canoiniao?oueny, aea ia anthaee ? c ??ciei
oni?oii. *anoeia iacaaieo e?a?i a?aeiiaeeany a?ae AE, ?o
aeineoue oni?oii cai?iththoue ainiiaea?nuee? (oi?aia?) oiaa?e-
noaa ??cieo aeae?a. A ?ioeo, aea neeueieie aoee o?aaeeoe??
eiiia?aoe?? na?aae ?ia?oiee?a (?oae?y, ?niai?y, I?ia//eia), oey
oi?ia aeineoue oe?iei canoiniao?oueny, oi/ ? iinooia?oueny
ainiiaea?nueeei (oi?aiaei) oiaa?enoaai. O e?a?iao ia?ao?ae-
ii? aeiiii?ee AE, oi/a ? iinooieeeny nai?ie iiceoe?yie
iiaei ?eieiaei oi?iai ainiiaea?thaaiiy (ainiiaea?nueeei-
/oi?aiaei oiaa?enoaai, oa?ia?nueeei ainiiaea?noaai), aea
caa??aathoue /eiaei i?eoeeueiee?a, ye? aeei?enoiaothoue ia
i?aeoeoe? oeth i?aai?caoe?eii-i?aaiao oi?io.
Aia?oa i?ioioei no/aniiai AE c’yaeany a e?a?iao Ca-
o?aeii? ?a?iie a na?aaeei? X?X no. A Aiae?? iiae?aio i?aai?-
caoe?th aia?oa noai?eee ?i/aeaeuenuee? oea/? (1844 ?.), i?e-
eeaae yeeo iane?aeoaaee ?io? ?ia?oieee. Caiaeii c’yaeeeny
iaa?oue ni?eee oaeeo oiaa?enoa aeey caaeiaieaiiy iio?aa nai?
o/aniee?a (/eai?a) o iaiao?aei?e ne?iaei? oa iaoa??aeao. C
/anii oae? i?aai?caoe?? caciaee caeiiiaeaa/iai ?aaoethaai-
iy a?aeiia?aeii aei ?ndustr?al and prov?dent soc?et?es act 1876.
O O?aioe?? noai?aiiy AE noaei iane?aeeii Ethoiaai?
?aaiethoe?? 1848 ?. Caeiiiaeaa/a a?aaoethaaiiy i?aaiaiai
noaiiaeua oaeeo i?aai?caoe?e aoei cae?eniaia aeaui i?ci?oa
– caeiiii 1867 ?. c iacia/ieie aeiiiaiaiiyie a 1893 ?.
Iaeoni?oi?oa ?aeay ae?iaie/i? eiiia?aoe?? oa ?? caei-
iiaeaa/a ioi?ieaiiy ?icaeaaeany a I?ia//ei?. O 1867 ?.
c’yaeany i?onnueeee caeii, uiaei oaeeo oiaa?enoa, yeee cai-
aeii noaa caaaeueiii?iaoeueeei. O 1889 ?. a?i caciaa ea?aee-
iaeueieo ci?i, a 1896 ?. i?ae aieeaii i?iieneiaoe?a aei iuei-
ai aiinyoueny ci?ie uiaei iaiaaeaiiy i?aa oaeeo i?aai?caoe?e
(eiiia?aoea?a), cie?aia caai?iia aeoiaeeoe ca iaae? ni?e-
-238-
yiiy nai?i /eaiai [23. O no/ani?e I?ia//ei? aein? ae?? Ca-
eii a?ae 1 o?aaiy 1889 ?. “I?i ae?iaie/? ? ainiiaea?nuee?
eiiia?aoeae” [3].
O ?in??, aei neeaaeo yei? aoiaeeea cia/ia /anoeia no/an-
ii? Oe?a?ie, a?o?eue ?nioaaea caeaaia aac aoaeue-yeiai caeiii-
aeaa/iai a?aaoethaaiiy aei e?ioey XV??? no. Ii/eiath/e c
1799 ?., eiee iniiai? canaaee ooieoe?iioaaiiy a?o?e? aoee ca-
o?eniaai? a oeaoiaiio noaooo?, ?in?enueeee caeiiiaeaaaoeue ia-
iaeii?aciai caa?oaany aei oeueiai ieoaiiy: caeii a?ae 11 /a?aiy
1886 ?. ia?aaeaa/ea a?o?e? a n?euenueeiio ainiiaea?noa?; ca-
eii a?ae 1 /a?aiy 1902 ?. ?aaoethaaa ae?yeuei?noue o?oaeiaeo
a?o?eae, eiai iieiaeaiiy aa?eoee aei neeaaeo Oeea?eueieo
caeii?a ?in?enueei? ?iia???; caeiiii a?ae 16 /a?aiy 1905 ?.
caciaee ii?ioaaiiy a??aeia? a?o?e? [4]; ia?aoo?, 20 aa?ac-
iy 1917 ?. aoei i?eeiyoi Caeii “I?i eiiia?aoeai? oiaa-
?enoaa” [5], ui ?aaoethaaa ae?yeuei?noue on?o aeae?a eiiia?aoe??,
a o. /. e ae?iaie/i?.
I?ney AEiaoiaai? ?aaiethoe?? 1917 ?. a?aeaoaaeiny iaea?-
aeaaeaiiy eiiia?aoe?? acaaae? ? ianaiia?aae – AE. Eeoa a
ia??iae iaio a?aeiiaeeeny i?eoaiaii? eiiia?aoe?? ye oae?e
i?eioeeie aeia?ia?eueiino?, naiino?eiino? (a o. /. ? i?aai na-
iino?eii ?icii?yaeaeaoeny i?iaeoeoe??th aeaniiai ae?iaie-
oeoaa ? io?eiaiei a?ae ?? ?aae?caoe?? i?eaooeii), naiioi?aa-
e?iiy, naiio?iainoaaiiy oiui, ui aoei coiiaeaii aeiiouai-
iyi aeaiaio?a ?eieiaiai ainiiaea?noaa aeey a?aeiiaeaiiy
c?oeiiaaii? a?iiaaeyinueeith a?eiith aeiiii?ee. Aeania,
caaaeyee oeei ?eieiaei aeaiaioai, cie?aia e aeia?ia?euei?e
eiiia?aoe??, i?ioyaii eeoa e?eueeio ?ie?a aoei caaacia/a-
ii aeiiii?/ia i?aeianaiiy ? a?aeaoaeiaaii aeiiii?eo. Iaeiae
iai?ee?ioe? 20-o ??. noaeiny iiaa?iaiiy aei ?aea? i?eioni-
ai? eiiia?aoe??, yea aei oiai ae ia?aaoaaea i?ae aei?noeei
aea?aeaaiei ea??aieoeoaii ? eiio?ieai. Caa??aaeeny eeoa
aeaye? aeaiaioe naiioi?aae?iiy. ??cei c?inea e?euee?noue
/eiiaiee?a a i?aaiao aea?aeaaii? aeeiiaa/i? aeaaee, ye?
cae?enithaaee oi?aae?iiy n?euenueeei ainiiaea?noaii (naia
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a oe?e aaeoc? ia?iaeiiai ainiiaea?noaa ia?aaaaeii ? caa??aa-
eeny eiiia?aoeae). Oae, eeoa cao?e ?iee (c 1925 ?. ii
1928 ?.) ?oiy e?euee?noue ia iaeaniiio oa ?aeiiiiio ??aiyo
ca?eueoeeany ia 69,7% [6].
Aaei?i?no?aoeaii-eiiaiaeia nenoaia iaea?eueo iaoa?ie-
ia noaaeeany aei ae?iaie/i? eiiia?aoe??, iio?aaa a ye?e aoea
aeoaea neeueiith c iaeyaeo ia a?aei?noue niiaeea/iai ?eieo a
N?N?. Iaa?oioiaoaaeiny oea oei, ui cia?yaeaey i?aoe?, onoao-
eoaaiiy, oaoi?ea ye? aeei?enoiaothoueny o AE, aooe?ioi ia-
?a?inee iaae? eiiia?aoeaii? aeaniino? e iio?aaoaaee “ii-
aiai iaeyao” – aea?aeaaii? aeaniino?. A?aeiia?aeii aei oe??? eia?-
ee, ye cacia/ea A. N. Oeeiei [7], iiaa, ia?aaeiaa oaoi?ea i?ae
acaaae? aoea iai?eeiyoiith aeey eiiia?aoe??. Aiane?aeie oa-
ei? iie?oeee /eiaei AE aoei ia?aoai?aii ia aea?aeaai?
i?aei?e?inoaa. ? eeoa iai?ee?ioe? 80-??., ?c i?eeiyooyi
Caeiio N?NA a?ae 26 o?aaiy 1988 ?. “I?i eiiia?aoe?th a
N?N?” ii/aee a?aeiiaethaaoenue iniiai? canaaee eiiia?aoe??.
I?aaiaa noaiiaeua ae?iaie/eo eiiia?aoea?a a Oe?a?i?
aein? ?aaoeth?oueny aeuaiacaaiei Caeiiii c ianooiieie
ci?iaie e aeiiiaiaiiyie (a /anoei?, ui ia noia?a/eoue /ei-
iiio caeiiiaeaanoao, cie?aia Caeiiai Oe?a?ie “I?i aean-
i?noue”, “I?i i?aei?e?iieoeoai”, “I?i i?aei?e?inoaa a Oe?a-
?i?”), a uiaei n?euenueeiainiiaea?nueeeo eiiia?aoea?a – Ca-
eiiii Oe?a?ie a?ae 17 eeiiy 1997 ?ieo “I?i n?euenueeiain-
iiaea?nueeo eiiia?aoe?th” [8]. sse oaea cacia/aeiny, AE ia? aa-
aaoi ni?eueiiai c ainiiaea?nueeeie (oi?aiaeie) oiaa?enoaa-
ie, ui aeicaieeei aei?aaiethoe?eiiio ?in?enueeiio ? no/an-
iiio i?iaoeueeiio caeiiiaeaaoeyi a?aeianoe ia?o? (AE, aai
a?o?e?) aei eaoaai??? ae?oaeo (oi?aiaeo oiaa?enoa), a i?iaeo
iiaiai Oeea?eueiiai eiaeaeno Oe?a?ie ia’?aeio? ?o i?ae ni?eueiith
iacaith i?aei?e?iieoeueeeo oiaa?enoa. Iiae?ai?noue cia/ii?
/anoeie ?en oeeo i?aai?caoe?e [aaciina?aaei? cae?eniaiiy i?ae-
i?e?iieoeueei? ae?yeueiino?, ei?ii?aoeaiee ono??e, iayai?noue
iiae?eaiiai ia /anoee (ia?) iaeia, noi?iiaaiiai ca ?aoo-
iie aeeaae?a o/aniee?a (/eai?a), eieaa?aeueiee oa?aeoa?
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oi?aae?iiy ni?aaaie, o/anoue o/aniee?a (/eai?a) o ?icii-
ae?e? i?eaooeo oiaa?enoaa oiui] ia aeeeth/athoue, iaeiae, nai?-
??aeiino? AE ye i?aai?caoe?eii-i?aaiai? oi?ie, a ye?e aei-
neoue niaoeeo?/ii ii?aeiothoueny ?ene ia’?aeiaiiy eai?oae?a ?
ia?niiaeueiiai ia’?aeiaiiy, oi/a, ia aeoieo A. Eai?iee, a
a?o?eueieo (eiiia?aoeaieo) i?aai?caoe?yo a?eueoa iniaenoeo
aeaiaio?a, i?ae o IO [9].
Aeey AE oa?aeoa?i? oae? iciaee:
noai?aiiy ia aeia?ia?eueieo canaaeao, i?e/iio caaaeue-
iee ? niaoe?aeueiee caeiie i?i eiiia?aoe?th ia aeiaaathoue
iayaiino? oeeaaeaiiai i?ae caniiaieeaie AE onoaiia/iai
aeiaiai?o, oi/a cao?eniaaia a i?ioieie? onoaiia/eo cai??a
aeiiiaeai?noue i?ae oeeie iniaaie iaiaei?iii i?enooiy (aaeaea
aac oeueiai ia a?aeaoaeaoueny e naia i?aai?caoe?y);
aaciina?aaei? cae?eniaiiy ae?iaie/i-ainiiaea?nueei? ae?-
yeueiino?, a naia: ae?iaieoeoai oiaa??a, i?iaeoeoe??, ?ia?o, a
oaeiae iaaeaiiy ieaoieo iineoa ?ioei i?aai?caoe?yi oa
a?iiaaeyiai (ae?iaie/a ae?yeuei?noue Caeiiii N?N? “I?i
eiiia?aoe?th a N?N?” o?aeoo?oueny aeineoue oe?iei: e??i
ae?iaieoeoaa iiaeo i?iaeoeoe?? e oiaa??a, cae?aiiy e ia?a-
?iaee aoi?eiii? ne?iaeie oa a?aeoiae?a ae?iaieoeoaa, aei ia?
a?aeianaii oi?a?aey, iiaooiaa ianeoaiaoaaiiy, i?aai?caoe?th
eoeueoo?iiai aeica?eey, iaaee/io aeiiiiiao, iaaeaiiy i?aai-
aeo, o?ainii?oii-aeniaaeeoe?eieo, iaoeiai-aeine?aeieoeueeeo,
i?iaeoieo, eiino?oeoi?nueeeo, ai?iaaaeaeoaaeueieo, nii?oea-
ii-icaei?ia/eo oa ?ioeo iineoa, o o. /. o noa?ao ?eaaeue-
noaa ? ae?iaieoeoaa ?eaii? i?iaeoeoe??, caaio?ae? aea?aaeie,
aeaeiaoaaiiy ei?enieo eiiaeei, ?ioeo i?e?iaeieo ?ano?n?a
oa a ?ioeo noa?ao ae?yeueiino?) [10];
iayai?noue noaoono th?eaee/ii? iniae, yeee iaaoaa?oueny
c iiiaioo aea?aeaaii? ?a?no?aoe?? eiiia?aoeao, ui cae?enith-
?oueny a caaaeueiiio aeey an?o noa’?eo?a i?aei?e?iieoeueei?
ae?yeueiino? ii?yaeeo;
iayai?noue noaoooo ye iaia’yceiaiai onoaiia/iai aeieo-
iaioa, ui ia? i?noeoe oae? a?aeiiino?: iaeiaioaaiiy ei-
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iia?aoeao, eiai i?noeaciaoiaeaeaiiy, i?aaeiao ? oe?e? ae?yeueiino?,
ii?yaeie anooio aei eiiia?aoeao ? aeoiaeo c iueiai, i?aaa oa
iaia’ycee /eai?a eiiia?aoeao, eiai i?aaie oi?aae?iiy e
eiio?ieth, ?oiy eiiiaoaioe?y, ii?yaeie ooai?aiiy iaeia
eiiia?aoeao, oi?ioaaiiy oiiae?a ? ?iciiae?eo aeioiae?a (i?e-
aooeo), i?aenoaae e ii?yaeie aeeeth/aiiy c eiiia?aoeao, oii-
ae ?ai?aai?caoe?? oa i?eieiaiiy ae?yeueiino? eiiia?aoeao.
A n?euenueeiainiiaea?nueeiio eiiia?aoea? aeiaeaoeiai ua ae-
cia/athoueny: oi?ie o?oaeiai? o/ano? oa iieaoe i?aoe? /eai?a
eiiia?aoeao; ni?aa?aeiioaiiy i?ae eiiia?aoeaieie aeiea-
oaie ? aeieaoaie ia ia?, a oaeiae ?io? iieiaeaiiy, iia’y-
cai? c? niaoeeo?eith ae?yeueiino? eiiia?aoeao, yeui aiie ia
noia?a/aoue /eiiiio caeiiiaeaanoao [11];
ooieoe?iioaaiiy c iaoith io?eiaiiy i?eaooeo, ui
aeicaiey? a?aeianoe AE aei noa’?eo?a i?aei?e?iieoeueei? ae?yeue-
iino? ia a?aei?io a?ae niiaeea/eo eiiia?aoea?a, iniiaiith
iaoith yeeo ? ni?eueia aaaeaiiy /eaiaie eiiia?aoeao ainii-
aea?nueei? ae?yeueiino? c iaoith iie?ioaiiy naiai aeiiii?/-
iiai ? nioe?aeueiiai noaio, a o. /. caaeiaieaiiy iaaieo iio?aa
/eai?a eiiia?aoeao a iaaieo i?iaeoeoe??, ?iaioao, iineoaao
ei?ii?aoeaiee ono??e: i?i?iaeueia e?euee?noue caniia-
iee?a (/eai?a) – 3 ; ye i?aaeei, o?ce/i? iniae, ye? aeinyaee
16-??/iiai a?eo (a n?euenueeiainiiaea?nueeeo eiiia?aoeaao
iiaeeeaa o/anoue th?eaee/ieo in?a, caeaa?eueoiai, o noaoon?
anioe?eiaaieo /eai?a) ? iayai?noue noaoooiiai (iniiaiiai)
eai?oaeo, iiae?eaiiai ia ia? (neeaae iaeia a n?euenueeiainii-
aea?nueeeo eiiia?aoeaao ia? naith niaoeeo?eo, i?i ui iiaa
eoeia ieae/a);
iaia’yceiaa iayai?noue ?aca?aiiai oiiaeo, ?ici?? yeiai
ia? noaiiaeoe ia iaioa 5% a?ae aeioiaeo/i?eaooeo, ui
caeeoa?oueny o ?icii?yaeaeaii? eiiia?aoeao i?ney ?ic?aooie?a
c athaeaeaoii oa aaieaie; a n?euenueeiainiiaea?nueeeo ei-
iia?aoeaao ia? aooe iaeiaee (ui a?aeiia?aea? noaoooiiio
oiiaeo) ? iaiiae?eueiee oiiae, ui oi?io?oueny ca ?aooiie
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anooiieo aiane?a /eai?a ? a ?ac? aeoiaeo inoaii?o ?c eiiia-
?aoeao oe? noie ?i ia iiaa?oathoueny (iaiiae?eueiee oiiae
aeeiio? cia/iith i??ith ?ieue ?aca?aiiai oiiaeo ? noaa?e?co?
iaeiiao aaco eiiia?aoeao);
cae?eniaiiy ae?iaie/i-ainiiaea?nueei? ae?yeueiino? ia
canaaeao naiio?iainoaaiiy e naiiieoiiino?, oiaoi iniiaiei
aeaea?aeii iiiiaiaiiy eioo?a ae?iaie/iai eiiia?aoeao ?
i?eaooie, io?eiaiee a?ae ?aae?caoe?? eiai i?iaeoeoe??, ?ia?o,
iineoa);
ei?ii?aoeaiee oa?aeoa? oi?aae?iiy ni?aaaie eiiia-
?aoeao, yea cae?enith?oueny eiai i?aaiaie: aeuei i?aaiii
? caaaeuei? cai?e /eai?a eiiia?aoeao aai cai?e oiiaiiaa-
aeaieo; aeeiiaa/ei – i?aae?iiy ia /ie? c aieiaith; eii-
o?ieueiei – ?aa?c?eia eii?n?y aai ?aa?ci?, a a n?euenueeiain-
iiaea?nueeeo eiiia?aoeaao c e?euee?noth /eai?a iiiaae 50 aei-
aeaoeiai iiaea iae?aoeny niinoa?aaeia ?aaea, yea eiio?ieth?
ae?yeuei?noue i?aae?iiy, a aeey cae?eniaiiy oi?aae?iiy iia?a-
oeaii-ainiiaea?nueeith ae?yeuei?noth iiaea iaeiaoeny aeeiiaa-
/ee aee?aeoi? aai oi?ioaaoeny c iaeiaieo i?aoe?aiee?a
aeeiiaa/a aee?aeoe?y ye eieaa?aeueiee i?aai [13];
o/anoue /eai?a eiiia?aoeao a oi?aae?ii? eiai ni?aaa-
ie cae?enith?oueny ia canaaeao /eainoaa (i?ae /an aieinoaaiiy
ia caaaeueieo cai?ao eiaeiee /eai eiiia?aoeao ia? iaeei
aiein iacaeaaeii a?ae ?ici??o eiai iath);
iaia’yceiaa aaciina?aaeiy o/anoue /eai?a eiiia?aoeao
a eiai ae?iaie/i-ainiiaea?nuee?e ae?yeueiino? (ca aeiyoeii
anioe?eiaaieo /eai?a o n?euenueeiainiiaea?nueeeo ae?iaie/eo
eiiia?aoeaao);
?iciiae?e /enoiai i?eaooeo (i?ney oi?ioaaiiy ia?aae-
aa/aieo caeiiii ? noaoooii oiiae?a) i?ae /eaiaie eiiia-
?aoeao caeaaeii a?ae ?oiuei? o?oaeiai? o/ano?, a a ia?aaeaa/a-
ieo noaoooii aeiaaeeao – c o?aooaaiiyi iaeiiaiai aia-
neo, i?e/iio a n?euenueeiainiiaea?nueeeo ae?iaie/eo eiiia-
?aoeaao (aeae? – NAE) aeei?enoiaothoueny eiiia?aoeai? ae-
ieaoe, oiaoi ?iciiae?e aeioiaeo i?ae /eaiaie eiiia?aoeao ca-
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eaaeii a?ae ?oiuei? o?oaeiai? o/ano?, ? aeieaoe /anoie aeioiaeo
ia ia? [14];
iayai?noue o /eai?a eiiia?aoeao i?aaa a?eueiiai aeoi-
aeo c eiiia?aoeao ? i?aaa ia io?eiaiiy naiai iath a iaoo??,
oe?iieo iaia?ao aai a a?ioia?e oi?i?, a oaeiae iaeia (a
iaoo?aeuei?e oi?i?), ia?aaeaiiai eiiia?aoeao ia i?aa? ei-
?enooaaiiy;
iayai?noue o AE iaeia, ui iaeaaeeoue eiio ia i?aa?
aeaniino?; aeani?noth eiiia?aoeao a iaeii ? a?ioia? eio-
oe, ia?aaeai? eiai /eaiaie ye iaeiaee aianie (ca aeiyo-
eii caiaeueieo ae?eyiie, ui ?o /eaie n?euenueeiainiiaea?-
nueeiai eiiia?aoeao ia?aaeathoue o ?aooiie iath, aea ia oiiaao
ei?enooaaiiy), ae?iaeaia i?iaeoeoe?y, io?eiai? a?ae ?? ?aa-
e?caoe?? aeioiaee, aeea?aeaiaee ii aeoe?yo oa i?ioeaioe ii iae?aaoe?-
yo, ui iaeaaeaoue eiiia?aoeao, e?aaeeoe aaie?a, a oaeiae ia-
aooa ca ?aooiie aeanieo ? caiice/aieo eioo?a oa ia ?ioeo
caeiiieo i?aenoaaao iaiao?aeia eiiia?aoeao iaeii (onoao-
eoaaiiy, ne?iaeia, iaoa??aee, iaeeai oiui); oea, iaeiae, ia
aeeeth/a? iiaeeeaino? caeo/aiiy eiiia?aoeaii iaeia ?i-
oeo in?a ia i?aa? ei?enooaaiiy (ianaiia?aae ieaoiiai, oiaoi
i?aiaee) [15];
iiaeeea?noue ?nioaaiiy (a n?euenueeiainiiaea?nueeeo eii-
ia?aoeaao) anioe?eiaaieo /eai?a, ui ca nai?i i?aaiaei
noaiiaeuai iiae?ai? aei aeeaaeiee?a EO aai (iaaiith i??ith)
aei aeaniee?a i?ea?eaeiaaieo aeoe?e a AO, oi/a aac aa?ai-
ooaaiiy aeieaoe o?eniaaiiai i?ioeaioa ii aeeaaeo (anioe?-
eiaai? /eaie aiinyoue eeoa iaeiiaee aeeaae, ia ciaia’ycai?
a?aoe o/anoue o ae?iaie/?e ae?yeueiino?, iathoue eeoa i?aai
aei?aae/iai aieino, aea ?i aa?aioo?oueny i?aai ia io?eiaiiy
/anoee aeioiaeo ia na?e iae, a a ?ac? e?ea?aeaoe?? eiiia?aoeao
– ia?oi/a?aiaa i?aai ia io?eiaiiy naiai iaeiiaiai aia-
neo oa a?aeiia?aeieo /anoie aeioiaeo ? iiaa?iaiiy ?oiuei? ca-
iaeueii? ae?eyiee o iaoo??).
Caeii N?N? “I?i eiiia?aoe?th N?N?” aecia/a? eiiia?a-
oea ye a?iiaaenueeo i?aai?caoe?th a?iiaaeyi, ui aeia?ia?eueii
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ia’?aeiaeeny ia i?aenoaa? /eainoaa aeey ni?eueiiai aaaeaiiy
ainiiaea?nueei? oa ?ioi? ae?yeueiino? ia aac? iaeia, ui iaea-
aeeoue eiio (eiiia?aoeao) ia i?aa? aeaniino?, i?aiaeiaaiiai
aai iaaeaiiai a aaciieaoia ei?enooaaiiy iaeia, naiino?e-
iino?, naiioi?aae?iiy e naiio?iainoaaiiy, a oaeiae iaoa-
??aeueii? ca?ioa?aniaaiino? /eai?a eiiia?aoeao ? iaea?eueo
iiaiiai ii?aeiaiiy ?o ?ioa?an?a c ?ioa?anaie eieaeoeao oa
noni?euenoaa [16]. Iniaeea?noue AE ca oeei caeiiii iieyaa?
o cae?eniaii? ieie ae?yeueiino? uiaei ae?iaieoeoaa oiaa??a ?
i?iaeoeoe??, aeeiiaiiy ?ia?o, a oaeiae iaaeaiiy ia ieaoi?e
iniia? ??ciiiai?oieo ia caai?iiaieo caeiiii iineoa i?ae-
i?e?inoaai, i?aai?caoe?yi, onoaiiaai ? a?iiaaeyiai.
O Caeii? Oe?a?ie “I?i n?euenueeiainiiaea?nueeo eiiia?a-
oe?th” aea?oueny aeaui ?ioa aecia/aiiy:
N?EUeNUeEIAINIIAeA?NUeEEE EIIIA?AOEA aecia/a-
?oueny ye aeia?ia?eueia ia’?aeiaiiy o?ce/ieo ? th?eaee/ieo in?a
(/eai?a) a ?ioo th?eaee/io iniao ia canaaeao /eainoaa, ia’?ae-
iaiiy iaeiaeo aiane?a, o/ano? o ni?euei?e n?euenueeiainii-
aea?nuee?e ae?iaie/?e ae?yeueiino? oa ianeoaiaoaaii? ia?aaaae-
ii /eai?a eiiia?aoeao, a n?euenueeiainiiaea?nueeee ae?iaie-
/ee eiiia?aoea (iaeei ?c ??ciiaeae?a n?euenueeiainiiaea?nueeeo
eiiia?aoea?a) – ye i?aei?e?inoai, noai?aia aeey ni?eueiiai
ae?iaieoeoaa i?iaeoeoe?? n?euenueeiai, ?eaiiai ? e?niaiai ain-
iiaea?noaa, c iaia’yceiaith o?oaeiaith o/anoth a eiai ae?yeue-
iino? [17]. ?aooo n?euenueeiainiiaea?nueeeo eiiia?aoea?a ia-
caaiee caeii a?aeiineoue aei ianeoaiaoth/eo. Na?aae ieo ?ic-
??ciythoue ia?a?iai? eiiia?aoeae, ye? caeiathoueny ia?a?ia-
eith n?euenueeiainiiaea?nueei? ne?iaeie (ae?iaieoeoai oe?ai-
aoei/ieo, iaea?iiieo ae?ia?a, iai/aaeo, ieiaeiai-ya?aeieo,
i’ynieo, iiei/ieo, ?eaieo i?iaeoeo?a, ae?ia?a ? iai?aoaa-
?eeao?a c eueiio, eiiiie?, e?ni- e ieeiiaoa??ae?a oiui), ca-
aio?aaeueii-caooia? eiiia?aoeae, ui cae?eniththoue caaio?-
aeth, caa??aaiiy, ia?aaei?iaeaae, ia?iaeo, i?iaeaae i?iaeoeoe??,
iaaeathoue ia?eaoeiaia? iineoae oiui, iinoa/aeueieoeuee? ei-
iia?aoeae, ui noai?ththoueny c iaoith caeoi?ae? oa iinoa-
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/aiiy cania?a ae?iaieoeoaa, iaoa??aeueii-oaoi?/ieo ?ano?n?a,
iaiao?aeieo aeey ae?iaieoeoaa n?euenueeiainiiaea?nueei? i?i-
aeoeoe?? oa i?iaeoeo?a ?? ia?a?iaee; aeaioiaeaiiy ne?iaeie
e iaoa??ae?a oa iinoa/aiiy ?o n?euenueeiainiiaea?nueeei oi-
aa?iae?iaieeai, na?a?ni? eiiia?aoeae, ui cae?eniththoue
oaoiieia?/i?, o?ainii?oi?, iae?i?aoeai?, ?aiiioi?, aoae?aaeuei?,
aeieiai-a?aeiiai? ?iaioe, aaoa?eia?ia ianeoaiaoaaiiy oaa-
?ei ? ieai?iio ?iaioo, oaeaoii?caoe?th, aaceo?eaoe?th, aeaeo?e-
o?eaoe?th a n?euenuee?e i?noeaaino?, iaaeathoue iaaee/i?, iiaooi-
a?, naiaoi?ii-eo?i?oi?, iaoeiai-eiinoeueoaoe?ei? iineoae,
iineoae c aaaeaiiy aooaaeoa?nueeiai iae?eo, aoaeeoo oa ?i.; a
o ?ac? ii?aeiaiiy e?eueeio aeae?a ae?yeueiino? noai?th?oueny aa-
aaoiooieoe?iiaeueiee eiiia?aoea [18]. Ioaea, ianeoaiaoth/?
eiiia?aoeae a n?euenueeiio ainiiaea?noa?, iii?e cae?eniaiiy
ieie ae?iaie/i? ae?yeueiino?, ia iaeaaeaoue aei AE /a?ac a?ae-
nooi?noue o ieo ye iniiaii? iaoe io?eiaiiy i?eaooeo a?ae
oaei? ae?yeueiino?, a oaeiae ia aeciathoueny, ia a?aei?io a?ae AE,
noa’?eoaie i?aei?e?iieoeueei? ae?yeueiino?, ine?eueee aieiaiith
?oiueith iaoith ? ianeoaiaoaaiiy iaaieo iio?aa /eai?a eii-
ia?aoeao. Ao?i, oe? eiiia?aoeae ai?aa? noai?thaaoe i?aei?e-
?inoaa, i?aaeiaoii ae?yeueiino? yeeo iiaeooue aooe aeaioia-
eaiiy e ?aae?caoe?y iaaii? i?iaeoeoe?? (iaaeaiiy ?ia?o, aeei-
iaiiy iineoa) ia ieaoi?e iniia? c iaoith io?eiaiiy i?e-
aooeo.
sseui nithciee caeii i?eionea?oueny iiieeee, aecia/a-
th/e eiiia?aoeae, a o. /. ae?iaie/?, ye a?iiaaenuee? i?aai?-
caoe??, oi oe?a?inueeee (“I?i n?euenueeiainiiaea?nueeo eiiia?a-
oe?th”) ia iiaoi?th? ??, aeciath/e NAE noa’?eoii i?aei?e?i-
ieoeueei? ae?yeueiino?.
AE ca nai?th i?e?iaeith iiae?ai? aei ainiiaea?nueeeo (oi?ai-
aeo) oiaa?enoa, ?i aeanoea? ?ene ye ia’?aeiaiue eai?oae?a,
oae ? ia?niiaeueieo ia’?aeiaiue. C ia’?aeiaiiyie eai?oae?a
?o ca’yco?:
iaiao?aei?noue iaeiiai? o/ano? /eai?a eiiia?aoeao o
oi?ioaaii? iaeiiai? aace eiiia?aoeao;
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iayai?noue noaoooo ye iaia’yceiaiai onoaiia/iai aeieo-
iaioa;
iayai?noue noaoooiiai ? ?aca?aiiai oiiae?a (a a n?euenueei-
ainiiaea?nueeeo eiiia?aoeaao – iaeiaiai ? iaiiae?eueiiai
oiiae?a, ui cia/iith i??ith aeeiiothoue ooieoe?? noaoooiiai
? ?aca?aiiai oiiae?a);
cae?eniaiiy oi?aae?iiy ni?aaaie oa i?aaenoaaieoeoai a
ciai?oi?o a?aeiineiao /a?ac i?aaie eiiia?aoeao, a oaeiae
noaia iaia’yceiaeo i?aai?a (caaaeuei? cai?e ye aeuee i?aai,
i?aae?iiy ye aeeiiaa/ee i?aai, ?aa?c?eia eii?n?y ye eii-
o?ieueiee i?aai, a a n?euenueeiainiiaea?nueeeo eiiia?aoeaao
– iiaeeea?noue noai?aiiy niinoa?aaeii? ?aaee oa oi?ioaai-
iy aeeiiaa/i? aee?aeoe?? aai iaei aeeiiaa/iai aee?aeoi-
?a aeey cae?eniaiiy oi?aae?iiy iia?aoeaiith ae?yeuei?noth
eiiia?aoeao).
C ia?niiaeueieie ia’?aeiaiiyie AE ii?aeiothoue oae? ?ene:
iaia’yceia?noue ia?niiaeueii? o/ano? /eai?a .eiiia?aoe-
ao a eiai ae?yeueiino? (aeiyoie noaiiaeyoue anioe?eiaai? /ea-
ie n?euenueeiainiiaea?nueeeo eiiia?aoea?a, ye? ca nai?i i?a-
aiaei noaiiaeuai iiae?ai? aei aeeaaeiee?a EO);
a?aenooi?noue o caeii? aeiia uiaei i?i?iaeueiiai ?ici??o
iaeiiai? aace eiiia?aoeao oa ii?yaeeo aianaiiy /eaiaie
nai?o ia?a;
iaaeaiiy iiaeeeaino? naiei eiiia?aoeaai aecia/aoe
oa?aeoa? aioo??oi?o aca?iia?aeiinei;
noaneae?a?ia a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noue /eai?a AE (e??i n?eue-
nueeiainiiaea?nueeiai) ca eiai ciaia’ycaiiyie, ?ici?? yei?
anoaiiaeth?oueny noaoooii eiiia?aoeao, aea ia iiaea aooe
iaioei a?ae ??/iiai aeioiaeo /eaia eiiia?aoeao.
Iii?e ni?euei?noue aaaaoueio ?en, ae?iaie/? eiiia?aoeae
ana ae oaee a?ae??ciythoueny a?ae ainiiaea?nueeeo (oi?aiaeo)
oiaa?enoa aaaaoueia ?enaie, ui aeicaiey? ae??cieoe ?o a
ie?aio eaoaai??th noa’?eo?a i?aei?e?iieoeueei? ae?yeueiino?.
Inue oe? a?aei?iiino?:
iaiao?aei?noue aaciina?aaeiueiai cae?eniaiiy ae?iaie/i?
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ae?yeueiino? [a a ainiiaea?nueeeo (oi?aiaeo) oiaa?enoaao oea
iiaea aooe aoaeue-yea ainiiaea?nueea ae?yeuei?noue, ui aea? i?e-
aooie, a o. /. e caaaeyee aieiae?iith eiio?ieueieie iaeaoa-
ie aeoe?e aai a?aeiia?aeiith /anoeith a iaei? ?ioeo oiaa?enoa,
ui aea? i?aai o/ano? a oi?aae?ii? ?oi?ie ni?aaaie];
iniaeea?noue neeaaeo o/aniee?a-/eai?a: ieie, ye i?a-
aeei, iiaeooue aooe o?ce/i? iniae, ye? aeinyaee 16-??/iiai
a?eo (ia a?aei?io a?ae ainiiaea?nueeeo oiaa?enoa, o/anieeaie
yeeo iiaeooue aooe o?ce/i? iniae, ye? aeinyaee, ye i?aaeei,
18-??/iiai a?eo, oa/aai th?eaee/i? iniae); iiaeeea?noue o/ano?
th?eaee/ieo in?a o AE iaiaaeaia anoaiiaeaiith a caeii?
aeiiaith uiaei aaciina?aaeiuei? o?oaeiai? o/ano? a ae?yeueiino?
eiiia?aoeao, /iai ia iiaea cae?enithaaoe th?eaee/ia iniaa, ca
aeiyoeii anioe?eiaaiiai /eainoaa a n?euenueeiainiiaea?nueei-
io eiiia?aoea?, yea ia?aaeaa/a? eeoa iaia’yceia?noue iae-
iiai? o/ano? e aeciaiiy iieiaeaiue noaoooo ? ia aeiaaa?
i?yei? ia?niiaeueii? o/ano? (o?oaeiai? oa a oi?aae?ii? ni?a-
aaie oiaa?enoaa);
iayai?noue eeoa iaeiiai iaia’yceiaiai onoaiia/iai aei-
eoiaioa – noaoooo;
i?eioeei o/ano? /eai?a eiiia?aoeao a oi?aae?ii? ni?a-
aaie eiiia?aoeao: eiaeiee /eai eiiia?aoeao uiaei oeueiai
ia? ??ai? i?aaa iacaeaaeii a?ae iaeiiai? /e o?oaeiai? o/ano?,’
a o. /. i?ae /an aieinoaaiiy ia caaaeueieo cai?ao ia? eeoa
iaeei aiein;
iayai?noue o NAE iaiiae?eueiiai oiiaeo ii?yae ?c iaei-
aei (iiae?eueiei), ui caaacia/o? noaa?euei?noue iaaii? /anoe-
ie iaeia eiiia?aoeao;
aa?aiooaaiiy /eaiia? eiiia?aoeao a ?ac? eiai aeoiaeo
i?aaa ia iiaa?iaiiy eiio a iaoo?? iaeia, aianaiiai ye iae
(ia a?aei?io a?ae ainiiaea?nueeeo oiaa?enoa, aea aa?aioo?oueny
nieaoa a?ioiaiai aea?aaeaioa /anoee, a iiaeeea?noue iiaa?-
iaiiy iaeia a iaoo?? iaoiiaeth?oueny aeiiaith o/anieea ?
caiaeith ia oea naiiai ainiiaea?nueeiai oiaa?enoaa, ui o?e-
no?oueny, ye i?aaeei, a onoaiia/eo aeieoiaioao inoaiiueiai);
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a?aooaaiiy i?ae /an ?iciiae?eo i?eaooeo eiiia?aoeao
ianaiia?aae o?oaeiai? o/ano?, a iio?i (aai ia??ai? c oeei) iae-
iiai? o/ano? /eai?a eiiia?aoeao (ia a?aei?io a?ae ainiiaea?-
nueeiai oiaa?enoaa, aea a?aoiao?oueny eeoa iaeiiaa o/anoue);
i?eioeeiii aecia/aiiyi iaae noaneae?a?ii? iaeiiai?
a?aeiia?aeaeueiino? /eai?a eiiia?aoeao ca eiai ciaia’ycaiiy-
ie (ii??/ n?euenueeiainiiaea?nueei? eiiia?aoe??), yea caeaaeeoue
ia a?ae ?ici??o iath /eaia eiiia?aoeao, a a?ae ?ici??o io?e-
iaiiai ??/iiai aeioiaeo; oa?aeoa? oaei? a?aeiia?aeaeueiino?,
yea, ia a?aei?io a?ae a?aeiia?aeaeueiino? o/aniee?a IO /e ii-
aieo oiaa?eo?a o EO, ? /anoeiaith, a ia nie?aea?iith;
a?aenooi?noue o /eaia eiiia?aoeao i?aaa ia ia?aaea/o
(a?aenooieaiiy) naiai iath ?io?e inia? (e??i niaaeeoaaiiy);
aeiaeaoeiaa i?aenoaaa aeey i?eieiaiiy /eainoaa o AE –
i?eieiaiiy o?oaeiai? o/ano? a ae?yeueiino? oaeiai eiiia-
?aoeao.
NAE ia? oae? iniaeeaino?:
niaoeeo?/iee i?aaeiao ae?yeueiino? – ae?iaieoeoai i?i-
aeoeoe?? n?euenueeiai, ?eaiiai ? e?niaiai ainiiaea?noaa;
iiaeeea?noue o/ano? th?eaee/ieo in?a, ia?aaaaeii a ?ie?
anioe?eiaaieo /eai?a;
iaia’yceiaa iayai?noue iaiiae?eueiiai oiiaeo, ui oi?-
io?oueny ca ?aooiie anooiieo aiane?a o/aniee?a oa iaeia
eiiia?aoeao (ca aeiyoeii caie?); o ?ac? aeoiaeo /eaia ei-
iia?aoeao c inoaiiueiai anooii? aianee ia iiaa?oathoueny ?
aeieaoe c cacia/aiiai oiiaeo ia cae?eniththoueny; oeae oiiae
iiaea aooe iiae?eaiee i?ae /eaiaie eiiia?aoeao eeoa a ?ac?
eiai e?ea?aeaoe?? i?ney aeieaoe ca?ia?oii? ieaoe i?aoe?aie-
eai, aeeiiaiiy ciaia’ycaiue ia?aae athaeaeaoii, aaieaie oa
?ioeie e?aaeeoi?aie (/anoeie 4, 5 no. 38 Caeiio Oe?a?ie
“I?i n?euenueeiainiiaea?nueeo eiiia?aoe?th”);
caa?aaeaiiy ca /eaiaie eiiia?aoeao i?aaa aeaniino?
ia caiaeueio ae?eyieo, ui ia?aaea?oueny eiiia?aoeao a ?aoo-
iie iaeiai? o/ano? (/. 2 no. 20);
iiaeeea?noue noai?aiiy niinoa?aaeii? ?aaee a eiiia?a-
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oeaao c e?euee?noth /eai?a iiiaae 50 (no. 18), a oaeiae oi?io-
aaiiy c iaeiaieo i?aoe?aiee?a aeeiiaa/i? aee?aeoe?? /e
iaei iaeiiiniaiaiai aeeiiaa/iai aee?aeoi?a aeey cae?eniai-
iy oi?aae?iiy iia?aoeaii-ainiiaea?nueeith ae?yeuei?noth ei-
iia?aoeao (no. 17);
iiaeeea?noue aei?o/aiiy ooieoe?e eiio?ieueiiai i?aaio
a eiiia?aoeaao c iacia/iith (aei 10) e?euee?noth /eai?a iaei?e
inia? – ?aa?ci?o (/. 1 no. 19);
a?aenooi?noue o /eai?a eiiia?aoeao noaneae?a?ii? a?aeii-
a?aeaeueiino? ca ai?ae eiiia?aoeao (/. ? no. 23);
iiaeeea?noue caeo/aiiy aei eiiia?aoeao anioe?eiaaieo
/eai?a, ye? c?iaeee iaeiaee aianie ? aeciathoue eiai noaooo,
c iaaeaiiyi ?i eeoa i?aaa aei?aae/iai aieino, c a?aenooi?-
noth a ieo iaia’yceo a?aoe aaciina?aaeith o?oaeiao o/anoue o
ae?yeueiino? eiiia?aoeao, aea iayai?noth ia?oi/a?aiaiai (ia-
?aae ?ioeie /eaiaie eiiia?aoeao) i?aaa ia io?eiaiiy
naiai iaeiiaiai aianeo oa a?aeiia?aeieo /anoie aeioiaeo ?
iiaa?iaiiy caiaeueieo ae?eyiie o iaoo?? a ?ac? e?ea?aeaoe??
eiiia?aoeao (no. 12);
iiaeeea?noue noai?aiiy aeey i?aeaioiaee ie?aieo ieoaiue
ca ??oaiiyi caaaeueieo cai??a, a a ia??iae i?ae ieie –
i?aae?iiyi aai niinoa?aaeiith ?aaeith niaoe?aeueieo eii?n?e
c /eai?a eiiia?aoeao ?c caeo/aiiyi ye eiinoeueoaio?a iae-
iaieo i?aoe?aiee?a (/. 3 no. ?C).
Ca nai?i i?aaiaei noaiiaeuai, oa?aeoa?ii aioo??oi?o
aca?iia?aeiinei ? niaoeeo?eith ae?yeueiino? aei eaoaai??? NAE
oaeiae iiaeia a?aeianoe ? eieaeoeaia n?euenueeiainiiaea?nueea
i?aei?e?inoai (aeae? – ENI), ia?aaeaa/aia iaeiieiaiiei
caeiiii [19]. A?ae NAE eiai a?ae??ciythoue eeoa aeaye? ?ene,
a naia:
iaeii, ia?aaeaia /eaiaie ENI a ?aooiie iath, iaea-
aeeoue /eaiai ENI ia i?aa? ni?eueii? /anoeiai? aeaniinoa, a
a NAE – ia i?aa? aeaniino? naiiio eiiia?aoeao, e??i ca-
iaeueieo ae?eyiie, ui ia?aaeathoueny eiiia?aoeao ia i?aa?
ei?enooaaiiy, oi/ ? a ?aooiie iaeiaiai aianeo [20];
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aeaui ?io? noaia oi?aae?iiy ni?aaaie ? neeaae oiiae?a:
ca iayaiino? ni?eueieo aeey ieo i?aai?a (caaaeueieo cai??a
/eai?a /e cai??a oiiaiiaaaeaieo ye aeuiai i?aaio ? i?aa-
e?iiy ye aeeiiaa/iai i?aaio) a caeii? ia anoaiiaeththoueny
aeiiae uiaei iaia’yceiai? iayaiino? a ENI iaiiae?eueiiai
oiiaeo ? eiio?ieueiiai i?aaio – ?aa?c?eii? eii?n?? /e ?aa?-
ci?a oa ia ia?aaeaa/a?oueny iiaeeeaino? noai?aiiy a ENI nii-
noa?aaeii? ?aaee, a oaeiae aeeiiaa/i? aee?aeoe?? c iaeiaieo
i?aoe?aiee?a (iaeii aeeiiaa/iai aee?aeoi?a);
a?aenooi?noue iiaeeeaino? o/ano? a ENI th?eaee/ieo in?a
o aoaeue-ye?e oi?i?, a oaeiae caeo/aiiy anioe?eiaaieo /eai?a.
Ii??aithth/e i?aaiaa noaiiaeua AE ca a?o/eciyiei
caeiiiaeaanoaii c aiaeia?/ieie ainiiaea?nueeeie i?aai?ca-
oe?yie a e?a?iao ?eieiai? aeiiii?ee (ianaiia?aae o I?ia/-
/ei? c ?? Caeiiii “I?i ae?iaie/? ? ainiiaea?nuee? eiiia?a-
oeae”, /e ia iaenoa??oei ?c /eiieo aeioaia?, aea iaea?oi-
oiai?oei), a oaeiae ?c aei?aaiethoe?eiei ?in?enueeei caeiiii
a?ae 1917 ?. iiaeia c?iaeoe caoaaaeaiiy uiaei a?aenooiino? o
a?o/eciyiiio caeiiiaeaanoa? (aeeth/ii c iieiaeaiiyie Ca-
eiio N?N? “I?i eiiia?aoe?th a N?N?”) iaeaaeieo cania?a
caoenoo noni?eueieo ?ioa?an?a (cie?aia, ?ioa?an?a e?aaeeoi??a
AE ? niiaeeaa/?a ?oiuei? i?iaeoeoe??), a naia iieiaeaiue noi-
niaii:
aa?aiooaaiiy ioae?/iino? ae?yeueiino? AE, ui ia? ca-
aacia/oaaoeny ioae?eaoe??th a?aeiiinoae ?o aea?aeaaii? ?a?-
no?aoe?? a caaaeueiioe?a?inueeiio io?oe?eiiio i?aai? iani-
ai? ?ioi?iaoe??;
ianyao iaeiiai? a?aeiia?aeaeueiino? iinaaeiaeo in?a eii-
ia?aoeao ca caiiae?yio c ?oiuei? aeie oeiaeo eiiia?aoeao;
aa?aiooaaiiy ?ioa?an?a e?aaeeoi??a eiiia?aoeao a ?ac?
eiai aeia?ia?eueii? e?ea?aeaoe?? (oiaoi e?ea?aeaoe?? ca ??oaiiyi
caaaeueieo cai??a /eai?a eiiia?aoeao) /a?ac cae??ieaiiy a
caeii?: a) i?i?iaeueieo no?ie?a aeey i?aae’yaeaiiy aeiia
e?aaeeoi??a; a) iaia’yceiaiai ia?niiaeueiiai ienueiiaiai
iiia?aaeaeaiiy yaieo e?aaeeoi??a i?i ianooiio e?ea?aeaoe?th
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eiiia?aoeao, a iayaieo (niiaeeaa/?a i?iaeoeoe?? eiiia?aoe-
ao) – a i?noeaaiio ? caaaeueiioe?a?inueeiio io?oe?eieo i?aa-
iao ianiai? ?ioi?iaoe??; a) aa?aiooaaiiy nieaoe noi ai?-
ao yaiei e?aaeeoi?ai, ye? ia c’yaeeeny i?ioyaii no?ieo
aeey i?aae’yaeaiiy i?aoaic?e, ia iaaiee oa?i?i (neaae?ii,
i?ioyaii ?ieo a?ae iiiaioo iaieioaiiy i?i e?ea?aeaoe?th);
a) caai?iie cae?enithaaoe ?iciiae?e iaeia eiiia?aoeao aei
cae?i/aiiy ?ieo i?ney iaieioaiiy i?i e?ea?aeaoe?th.
Cacia/ai? aaaee iathoue aooe onoiai? c o?aooaaiiyi ii-
eiaeaiue no. 13 Eiinoeoooe?? Oe?a?ie uiaei caaacia/aiiy
aea?aeaaith nioe?aeueii? i???ioaoe?? aeiiii?ee e?a?ie, yea,
ianaiia?aae, ia?aaeaa/a? caoeno noni?eueieo ?ioa?an?a o i?i-
oean? cae?eniaiiy i?aei?e?iieoeueei? ae?yeueiino?, a o. /. e ca-
oeno ?ioa?an?a e?aaeeoi??a AE oa niiaeeaa/?a ?oiuei? i?i-
aeoeoe??. Oea ne?ae c?iaeoe, i?eeiyaoe caaaeueiee Caeii Oe?a-
?ie “I?i ae?iaie/? eiiia?aoeae”, a oaeiae oaeineiiaeea-
oe /eiiee Caeii Oe?a?ie “I?i n?euenueeiainiiaea?nueeo ei-
iia?aoe?th” oa i?ea?aoe o a?aeiia?aei?noue ?c iei (aai acaaae?
neanoaaaoe) Caeii Oe?a?ie “I?i eieaeoeai? n?euenueeiain-
iiaea?nuee? i?aei?e?inoaa”.
Iaeaooi?e Caeii Oe?a?ie “I?i ae?iaie/? eiiia?aoe-
ae”, ia a?aei?io a?ae Caeiio N?N? “I?i eiiia?aoe?th a N?N?”,
ia?, ia i?e iiaeyae, aeeoa?aioe?eiaaii i?aeoiaeeoe aei ieoaiiy
a?aeiia?aeaeueiino? /eai?a eiiia?aoeao ca ai?ae inoaiiueiai
caeaaeii a?ae e?euee?nieo ? ye?nieo oa?aeoa?enoee iaeia, ui
eiai caniiaieee (/eaie) eiiia?aoeao aiinyoue ye iae
(aeeaae). Oea ieoaiiy i?iiiio?oueny ?ica’ycaoe oae: yeui
iaeiiaa aaca AE a?aeiia?aeaoeia aeiiaai, ui i?aae’yaeythoue-
ny aei iaeia (noaoooiiai ? ?aca?aiiai oiiae?a) AO, aai yeui
ae?aaeaia a a?ioao /anoea ia?ooiiino? a iaei? eiiia?a-
oeao ia?aaeuo? i?i?iaeueiee ?ici?? noaoooiiai oiiaeo oi-
aa?enoaa c iaiaaeaiith a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noth, oi ia /eai?a eii-
ia?aoeao ia iiaeiia iieeaaeaoeny aeiaeaoeiaa a?aeiia?aeaeue-
i?noue ca ai?ae eiiia?aoeao (yeui ?ioa ia ia?aaeaa/aii eiai
noaoooii). O ?aoo? aeiaaee?a (oiaoi eiee iaeii AE ia a?aeii-
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a?aea? oeei oa?aeoa?enoeeai), /eaie eiiia?aoeao iiaeii?
ianoe noaneae?a?io a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noue ca ciaia’ycaiiyie ei-
iia?aoeao aiaeia?/ii caaaeaiei iieiaeaiiyi Caeiio N?N?
“I?i eiiia?aoe?th a N?N?”.
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AENIIAEE
Ainiiaea?nuee? oiaa?enoaa ? ae?iaie/? eiiia?aoeae ? iae-
a?eueo aaeaeaaoieie ?eieiaei oi?iai ainiiaea?thaaiiy
i?aai?caoe?eii-i?aaiaeie oi?iaie noa’?eo?a i?aei?e?iieoeue-
ei? ae?yeueiino?. Oea caaacia/o?oueny caaaeyee iayaiino? a ieo
on?o iciae ? aeiia aei noa’?eo?a i?aei?e?iieoeueei? ae?yeueiino?,
a naia: a) i?aaa aeaniino? ia neeaaeeiaa iaeii (eiooe),
ae?iaeaio i?iaeoeoe?th, io?eiai? aeioiaee, iaaooa ca ?aooiie
inoaii?o oa ia ?ioeo caeiiieo i?aenoaaao iaeii; a) iaya-
iino? noaoono th?eaee/ii? iniae; a) i?aei?e?iieoeueeiai oa-
?aeoa?o ae?yeueiino?, oiaoi i???iooaaiiy ?? ia io?eiaiiy
i?eaooeo; a) iiaeeeaino? aeei?enoaiiy ye o ae?iaie/?e,
oae ? a ?io?e noa?ao aeiiii?ee, a oaeiae aeey noai?aiiy
ainiiaea?nueeeo ia’?aeiaiue; ae) iiaeeeaino? oe?ieiai aeai?o
aeey caniiaiee?a oiai aeaeo oiaa?enoaa, yea iaea?eueoa a?aeii-
a?aea? ?oi?i ?ioa?anai ? aeiiaai caeiiiaeaanoaa (uiaei ia-
nyao a?aeiia?aeaeueiino?, ii?yaeeo oi?aae?iiy ni?aaaie, iiae-
eeaino? aeoioethaaiiy eioo?a oiui). A?ae?iaeaeaiiy ?inoe-
oooo ainiiaea?nueeeo oiaa?enoa ? aaeineiiaeaiiy ?inoeoooo
-255-
ae?iaie/i? eiiia?aoe?? i?ioyaii inoaiiueiai aeanyoee?ooy
aeicaieeee cai?iaaaeeoe ?eieia? a?aeiineie ? ni?eyee ?o
?icaeoeia?, aea noai ?o i?aaiaiai ?aaoethaaiiy a Oe?a?i?
ia a?aeiia?aea? iio?aaai ?icaeoeo ainiiaea?nueeeo a?aeiinei
ia no/aniiio aoai? aeiiii?/ieo ia?aoai?aiue.
Aaeineiiaeaiiy caeiiiaeaanoaa i?i ainiiaea?nuee? oiaa?e-
noaa ? ae?iaie/? eiiia?aoeae ia? a?aeaoaaoeny ia aeaio ??a-
iyo: a) uiaei an?o noa’?eo?a ainiiaea?thaaiiy; a) uiaei ie?a-
ieo aeae?a i?aei?e?iieoeueeeo oiaa?enoa (ainiiaea?nueeeo oi-
aa?enoa ? ae?iaie/eo eiiia?aoea?a) [1].
Caaaeueiee iai?yiie oaeineiiaeaiiy caeiiiaeaanoaa
ia? ia?aaeaa/aoe:
aecia/aiiy a ocaaaeueithth/iio ii?iaoeaiiio aeo?,-
yeei ia? aooe Ainiiaea?nueeee (Eiia?oe?eiee) eiaeaen Oe?a-
?ie [2], caaaeueieo aeey an?o noa’?eo?a ainiiaea?nueei? (a o./.
i?aei?e?iieoeueei?) ae?yeueiino? canaae ainiiaea?thaaiiy, aeeth/-
ii c i?eioeeiaie noai?aiiy, ae?yeueiino? e e?ea?aeaoe?? ainii-
aea?nueeeo i?aai?caoe?e, a a niaoe?aeueieo – Caeiiao Oe?a?ie
“I?i ainiiaea?nuee? oiaa?enoaa”, “I?i aeoe?iia?i? oiaa?e-
noaa”, “I?i ae?iaie/? eiiia?aoeae”, “I?i n?euenueeiainii-
aea?nueeo eiiia?aoe?th” – niaoeeo?eo eiaeiiai aeaeo i?aei?e?-
iieoeueeeo oiaa?enoa;
cai?iaaaeaeaiiy nenoai eiio?ieth ca canioaaiiyi ain-
iiaea?nueeeo oiaa?enoa ? AE oa iaoai?ci?a ioe?iee iaa?ioi-
aeo aeeaae?a ?oi?o o/aniee?a (/eai?a);
caii/aoeoaaiiy iaia’yceiai? ioae?eaoe?? a?aeiiinoae
aea?aeaaii? ?a?no?aoe?? an?o noa’?eo?a i?aei?e?iieoeueei? ae?yeue-
iino?, iniiaieo ?acoeueoao?a ?oiuei? o?iainiai-ainiiaea?nueei?
ae?yeueiino? ca iaaiee ia??iae (eaa?oae, ??e) o caaaeueiioe?a-
?inueeiio io?oe?eiiio i?aai? ianiai? ?ioi?iaoe??;
caaacia/aiiy caoenoo ioae?/ieo ?ioa?an?a ia noaae??
naiie?ea?aeaoe?? i?aei?e?iieoeueeeo oiaa?enoa /a?ac iaia’yc-
eiao ioae?eaoe?th ??oaiiy i?i oea o aeuacaaaeaiiio i?aai?
ianiai? ?ioi?iaoe??; ia?niiaeueia ienueiiaa iiia?aaeaeaiiy
i?i oaeo e?ea?aeaoe?th an?o yaieo (a?aeiieo) e?aaeeoi??a;
-256-
onoaiiaeaiiy iaia’yceiaiai i?i?iaeueiiai no?ieo aeey iiia-
?aaeaeaiiy iayaieo e?aaeeoi??a i?i ianooiio e?ea?aeaoe?th ?
iaaeaiiy ?i iiaeeeaino? i?aae’yaeoe nai? i?aoaic?? uiiae-
iaioa ca aeaa i?nyoe? (a aeey AO, OIA, OAeA ? AE – iaeiiai
?ieo) [3]; iaia’yceiao eai?oae?caoe?th noi ai?ao yaieo e?a-
aeeoi??a aai iaaeaiiy aa?aio?e nieaoe oeeo ai?a?a, iiaeeea?noue
?iciiae?eo iaeia oiaa?enoaa (eiiia?aoeao) na?aae eiai o/an-
iee?a (/eai?a) eeoa i?ney cae?i/aiiy ??/iiai oa?i?io i?ney
inoaiiueiai iia?aeiieaiiy i?i naiie?ea?aeaoe?th ? aa?aiooaai-
iy nieaoe e?aaeeoi?ai yaieo ai?a?a;
aeeth/aiiy aei i?aenoaa e?ea?aeaoe?? i?aei?e?iieoeueeeo
oiaa?enoa (ainiiaea?nueeeo oiaa?enoa ? AE) ciaioaiiy ?oiuei?
iaeiiai? aace ieae/a a?ae onoaiiaeaiiai caeiiii i?i?iaeue-
iiai ??aiy (aeey noaoooieo ainiiaea?nueeeo oiaa?enoa), a aeey
AE – ieae/a a?ae ?ici??o, ia?aaeaa/aiiai onoaiia/eie aei-
eoiaioaie, ? iaiiiiaiaiiy aai a?aeiia?aeia iaciaioaiiy
?ici??o noaoooiiai oiiaeo i?ioyaii ?ieo a ia?aaeaa/aiiio
caeiiii oa/aai onoaiia/eie aeieoiaioaie ii?yaeeo (ciai-
oaiiy – eeoa ca caiaeith e?aaeeoi??a eiiia?aoeao);
anoaiiaeaiiy iaoai?ci?a caoenoo i?aa caeaaeieo oi-
aa?enoa oa ?oi?o e?aaeeoi??a a?ae aieeao eiio?iethth/eo oi-
aa?enoa (i?aei?e?inoa).
Uiaei aeoe?iia?ieo oiaa?enoa aaeineiiaeaiiy caeiii-
aeaanoaa ia?aaeaa/a?:
i?eeiyooy ie?aiiai Caeiio Oe?a?ie “I?i aeoe?iia?i?
oiaa?enoaa”, yeee o ?icai?iooiio aeaeyae? a?oioiaii a?a-
aoethaaa ae iniiai? ieoaiiy noai?aiiy, ooieoe?iioaaiiy oa
i?eieiaiiy ae?yeueiino? oeeo ainiiaea?nueeeo i?aai?caoe?e;
aeeeth/aiiy c aecia/aiiy AO caaaeee i?i a?aeiia?-
aeaeuei?noue eiai aeoe?iia??a;
iiaeeea?noue noai?aiiy aeoe?iia?ii? eiiaiaeeoe ye ??c-
iiaeaeo AO;
iiaeeea?noue noai?aiiy oaeeo oiaa?enoa iaei??th iniaith
ca oiiae iaaeaiiy iath a?aeiia?aeieo aa?aio?e uiaei oi?io-
aaiiy noaoooiiai oiiaeo oiaa?enoaa, a oaeiae ?aaoethaaiiy
-257-
iniaeeaino? noai?aiiy AO a i?ioean? ei?ii?aoecaoe?? oa i?e-
aaoecaoe?? niaoe?aeueieie Caeiiaie Oe?a?ie (“I?i i?eaa-
oecaoe?th aea?aeaaiiai iaeia”, “I?i i?aei?e?inoaa ioae?/ieo
oi?i aeaniino?”);
o ?ac? noai?aiiy AO iaei??th iniaith oaea oiaa?enoai
ia? ooieoe?iioaaoe ia i?aenoaa? iaeiiai onoaiia/iai aeieoiai-
oa – noaoooo;
anoaiiaeaiiy iaoai?ci?a ioe?iee ? eiio?ieth ca ioe?i-
eith iaa?ioiaeo aeeaae?a caniiaiee?a (o/aniee?a);
cai?iaaaeaeaiiy i?ioeaaeo? (iaoai?ci?a) ia?aa??ee ae?e
caniiaiee?a ? caoaa?aeaeaiiy (noaaeaiiy) oeeaaeaieo ieie
oaiae ia noaae?? canioaaiiy AO eeoa ca ?acoeueoaoaie cacia-
/aii? ia?aa??ee;
anoaiiaeaiiy aeiiae, a?aeiia?aeii aei yei? 25% aeoe?e,
yeeie iathoue aieiae?oe caniiaieee i?ioyaii ia?oeo aeaio
?ie?a iae iiiaioo aea?aeaaii? ?a?no?aoe?? AO, iathoue aooe
?iaiieie, a ca ?o a?ae/oaeaiiy aei cae?i/aiiy cacia/aiiai
no?ieo – cai?iaaaeaeaiiy a?aeiia?aeaeueiino? o oi?i? ainii-
aea?nueei-aaei?i?no?aoeaiiai oo?aoo a ?ici??? 50% iii?iaeue-
ii? aa?oino? iai?aaii??ii a?ae/oaeaieo aeoe?e ? iieeaaeaiiy
ia oaeeo in?a iiaii? (iaiaiaaeaii?) iaeiiai? a?aeiia?aeaeue-
iino? ca caiiae?yio oaeith iia?aoe??th oeiaeo AO, eiai aeoe?i-
ia?ai, e?aaeeoi?ai;
aecia/aiiy iiiyoue: noaoooiee eai?oae, oaeoe/-
iee eai?oae, iaieioaiee eai?oae, niea/aiee eai?oae;
aecia/aiiy a iaeaooiueiio Caeii? Oe?a?ie “I?i aeoe?i-
ia?i? oiaa?enoaa” i?i?iaeueii? iii?iaeueii? aa?oino? aeoe?e
a?aeiia?aeii aei iaoe?iiaeueii? aaethoe – a?eai? ? ianooaao
oe?i ia oiiaeiaiio ?eieo (iai?eeeaae, 1 a?eai?), a oaeiae
aeei?enoaiiy, e??i a?aeiieo oe?a?inueeiio caeiiiaeaanoao,
?ioeo eean?a aeoe?e (aeoe?? iaeiaieo i?aoe?aiee?a, aeoe??
iaiaaeaea??a, aeoe?? ei?enooaa/?a, “cieioi? aeoe??” oiui) ?
cai?iaaaeaeaiiy iaoai?cio aii?oecaoe?? aeoe?e;
aecia/aiiy ia caeiiiaeaa/iio ??ai? ii?yaeeo a?ae/oaeai-
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iy aeoe?e o CAO c o?aooaaiiyi ?ioa?an?a naiiai oiaa?e-
noaa oa eiai aeoe?iia??a;
anoaiiaeaiiy ii?yaeeo aecia/aiiy i?eaooeo AO, ui
?iciiae?ey?oueny i?ae aeoe?iia?aie, c iaia’yceiaei aeeth/ai-
iyi aei ianeao aaeaino AO eiai noaoooiiai oiiaeo, a oaeiae
iaoai?cio aeieaoe aeea?aeaiae?a (o o. /. caai?iie ?o aeieaoe
a ?ac? ia?aaeuaiiy ianeao iaae aeoeaii) oa ?o iiaa?iaiiy
a ?ac? ii?ooaiiy anoaiiaeaiiai caeiiii ii?yaeeo aecia-
/aiiy i?eaooeo, ui ?iciiae?ey?oueny i?ae aeoe?iia?aie;
aeciaiiy a caeiiiaeaa/iio ii?yaeeo caaaeueieo cai??a
aeoe?iia??a i?aaiii/ieie, yeui ia ieo i?aaenoaaeaii ii-
iaae 50% aeoe?e, a ia cai?ao iiaoi?iiai neeeeaiiy (yeui
cai?e ia?oiai neeeeaiiy ia a?aeaoeeny /a?ac a?aenooi?noue
eai?oio) – ca aoaeue-yeiai i?aaenoaaieoeoaa;
iiaeeea?noue aeciaiiy iaae?enieie ??oaiue caaaeueieo
cai??a aeoe?iia??a ca iiciaii aoaeue-eiai c ieo, yeui oe? cai-
?e aoei i?iaaaeaii c ii?ooaiiyi ia?aaeaa/aiiai caeiiii
oa/aai aioo??oi?ie aeieoiaioaie AO ii?yaeeo, a o. /. e o
?ac? iaiia?aeiieaiiy ia?niiaeueii, a ienueiia?e oi?i?, aean-
iee?a ?iaiieo aeoe?e i?i aeaoo, i?noea, ii?yaeie aeaiiee ca-
aaeueieo cai??a aeoe?iia??a;
anoaiiaeaiiy e?euee?nieo ? ye?nieo aeiia aei neeaaeo
niinoa?aaeii? ?aaee oa i?aae?iiy c iaoith caaacia/aiiy ?ioa-
?an?a AO, eiai aeoe?iia??a, iaeiaieo i?aoe?aiee?a (uiaei
iaia’yceiaiai i?aaenoaaieoeoaa a iaeiiio c oeeo i?aai?a –
niinoa?aaei?e ?aae?, a yeui aiia a?aenooiy – o i?aae?ii?),
iia?aoeaiino? ae?yeueiino? AO ? aeio?eiaiiy aeiia aioeii-
iiiieueiiai caeiiiaeaanoaa;
a?oioiaia e /?oea aecia/aiiy eiiiaoaioe?? niinoa?aae-
ii? ?aaee, i?aae?iiy, ?aa?c?eii? eii?n??;
anoaiiaeaiiy iaoai?ci?a a?aeiia?aeaeueiino? iinaaeiaeo
in?a, /eai?a niinoa?aaeii? ?aaee, i?aae?iiy, ?aa?c?eii? eii?n??
ca caiiae?yio c ?oiuei? aeie oeiaeo oiaa?enoao, eiai aeoe?i-
ia?ai ? e?aaeeoi?ai, ?c iieeaaeaiiyi ia oaeeo in?a iiaii?
-259-
e nie?aea?ii? (yeui ??oaiiy i?eeiaeeny eieaa?aeueieie
i?aaiaie) iaeiiai? a?aeiia?aeaeueiino?;
cai?iaaaeaeaiiy aeiaeaoeiaeo cania?a (iaoai?ci?a) caoe-
noo i?aa iaioino? a AO, cie?aia caii/aoeoaaiiy i?aaa ia
iacaiaeo, i?aaa ia iiaeaiiy eieaeoeaieo ? iai?yieo iicia?a,
iaae?eaiiy i?aaaie iaioino? aeoe?iia??a, ye? aieiae?thoue 1/20
aeoe?e o noaoooiiio oiiae? (uiaei neeeeaiiy iica/a?aiaeo
caaaeueieo cai??a aeoe?iia??a, aianaiiy ci?i aei ii?yaeeo aeai-
iiai caaaeueieo, cai??a oiui);
iicaaaeaiiy aeoe?iia??a i?aa aieino i?ae /an aieinoaai-
iy c ieoaiue i?eoyaiaiiy ?o aei a?aeiia?aeaeueiino?, caoaa?-
aeaeaiiy neeaaeaieo ieie ca?o?a oiui;
anoaiiaeaiiy niaoe?aeueiiai ii?yaeeo (aeiaeaoeiai aei caa-
aeaiiai aaea caaaeueiiai) aeia?ia?eueii? e?ea?aeaoe?? AO (ca ??-
oaiiyi caaaeueieo cai??a aeoe?iia??a), ?c i?eiaeii? aeaiia
iaia’yceiaeie ioae?eaoe?yie a caaaeueiioe?a?inueeiio io?-
oe?eiiio oa i?noeaaiio i?aaiao ianiai? ?ioi?iaoe?? c ?ioa?-
aaeii o o?noue i?nyoe?a; iiaeaiiy e?aaeeoi?aie nai?o i?a-
oaic?e i?ioyaii uiiaeiaioa iaeiiai ?ieo a?ae iiiaioo
ioae?eaoe?? ia?oiai iaieioaiiy, a oaeiae oaea caaaeaieo
caoiae?a uiaei aa?aiooaaiiy nieaoe ai?a?a yaiei e?aaeeoi-
?ai, ye? ia c’yaeeeny i?ioyaii cacia/aiiai no?ieo).
Aaeineiiaeaiiy caeiiiaeaanoaa uiaei oiaa?enoa c ia-
iaaeaiith a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noth ia?aaeaa/a?:
aeeeth/aiiy c aecia/aiiy OIA caaaeee i?i a?aeiia?-
aeaeuei?noue o/aniee?a ca ciaia’ycaiiyie oiaa?enoaa, yeui
o/anieee iiai?noth nieaoeee nai? /anoee;
iiaeeea?noue noai?aiiy iaei??th iniaith oa a?aeiia?aeii –
iiaeeea?noue ooieoe?iioaaiiy ia i?aenoaa? iaeiiai onoaiia-
/iai aeieoiaioa – noaoooo;
iiaeeea?noue noai?aiiy niinoa?aaeii? ?aaee a oiaa?enoa?
c? cia/iith e?euee?noth (iiiaae 50) o/aniee?a;
anoaiiaeaiiy iaoai?cio i?eeiyooy noaoooo OIA (iae-
iinoaeii an?ia caniiaieeaie, ye? a iaia’yceiaiio ii?yae-
eo iathoue a?aoe o/anoue a onoaiia/eo cai?ao);
-260-
aeiiiaiaiiy ia?ae?eo ieoaiue, ??oaiiy c yeeo i?eeia-
thoueny o/anieeaie OIA iaeiinoaeii (aeeth/eoe aei oeueiai
ia?ae?eo ieoaiiy uiaei caoaa?aeaeaiiy ii?yaeeo e ?ici??o
nieaoe aeiaeaoeiaeo aiane?a, caoaa?aeaeaiiy ioe?iee iaa?ioi-
aeo aeeaae?a o/aniee?a (caniiaiee?a) i?ney ia?aa??ee ia-
a?oioiaaiino? oaei? ioe?iee niaoe?aeueii i?ecia/aieie cai-
?aie o/aniee?a oiaa?enoaa iniaaie);
aaeineiiaeaiiy iaoai?cio caoenoo i?aa iaioino?, ci-
e?aia uiaei ciaioaiiy aeiia aei /anoee, aieiae?iiy yeith
aeicaiey? aeei?enoiaoaaoe i?aaa iaioino?.
Aaeineiiaeaiiy caeiiiaeaanoaa uiaei oiaa?enoa c aei-
aeaoeiaith a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noth ia?aaeaa/a?:
?aae?caoe?y cai?iiiiiaaieo caoiae?a uiaei OIA (ca ae-
iyoeii a?aeiia?aeaeueiino? o/aniee?a);
caii/aoeoaaiiy aoaeeoi?nueei? ia?aa??ee iaeiiaiai
noaiiaeua caniiaiee?a (o/aniee?a) – th?eaee/ieo in?a uiaei
?oiuei? ni?iiiaeiino? ianoe ia?aaeaa/aio caeiiii oa/aai
onoaiia/eie aeieoiaioaie oiaa?enoaa aeiaeaoeiao a?aeiia?-
aeaeuei?noue, a uiaei caniiaiee?a (o/aniee?a) – o?ce/ieo in?a
c o??th ae iaoith – cai?iaaaeaeaiiy aeiiae uiaei iaia’ycei-
ai? iayaiino? a ieo ia i?aa? aeaniino? ia?ooiiiai iaeia
aa?o?noth ia iaioa a?ae ianyao ?oiuei? aeiaeaoeiai? a?aeiia?-
aeaeueiino? ca ciaia’ycaiiyie oiaa?enoaa ? caai?iie a?ae/o-
aeoaaoe oea iaeii i?ioyaii ?oiuei? o/ano? o OAeA;
cai?iaaaeaeaiiy iaia’yceiaino? a AeO niinoa?aaeii? ?a-
aee, iieiaeio neeaaeo yei? iathoue noaiiaeoe iacaeaaei? /ea-
ie (i?aaenoaaieee ianeoaiaoth/iai oiaa?enoai aaieo, o?iaini-
aiai i?aaio. Oiiaeo aea?aeaaiiai iaeia, yeui oiaa?enoai cae?e-
nith? aeia??/? iia?aoe?? c i?eaaoecaoe?eieie iaia?aie oiui).
Aaeineiiaeaiiy caeiiiaeaanoaa uiaei iiaiiai ? eiiai-
aeeoiiai oiaa?enoa ia?aaeaa/a?:
anoaiiaeaiiy aeiiae uiaei iaia’yceiai? iayaiino?
noaoono noa’?eoa i?aei?e?iieoeueei? ae?yeueiino? aeey caniia-
iee?a (o/aniee?a) (a a EO – iiaieo o/aniee?a) oeeo oiaa-
?enoa ?c a?aeiia?aeiith aea?aeaaiith ?a?no?aoe??th;
-261-
a?aeia?aaeaiiy o o??iia?e iaca? oiaa?enoaa i??caeu
(iaeiaioaaiiy) on?o aai /anoeie o/aniee?a oeeo oiaa?enoa,
e??i aeeaaeiee?a eiiaiaeeoiiai oiaa?enoaa;
cai?iaaaeaeaiiy i?eueaiaiai ?aaeeio iiiaeaoeoaaiiy aeey
oeeo oiaa?enoa ye nai???aeii? ieaoe ca aeia?ia?eueii acyoee
ia naaa eiai o/anieeaie (iiaieie o/anieeaie) oyaa? aei-
aeaoeiai? iiaii? (iaiaiaaeaii?) a?aeiia?aeaeueiino? ca ciai-
a’ycaiiyie oiaa?enoaa;
anoaiiaeaiiy aeey o/aniee?a oeeo oiaa?enoa, ye? ianai?-
/anii niea/othoue nai? aianee, a?aeiia?aeaeueiino? o oi?i? iai?
(0,1% a?ae noie i?ino?i/aiiai ieaoaaeo ca eiaeiee aeaiue
i?ino?i/ee), yeui onoaiia/ei aeiaiai?ii oiaa?enoaa aca-
aae? ia ia?aaeaa/a?oueny a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noue ca oaea ii?ooaiiy;
aeey EO: anoaiiaeaiiy aeiiae uiaei iaeiinoaeiino?
i?eeiyooy on?ia o/anieeaie oiaa?enoaa (oiaoi iiaieie
o/anieeaie oa aeeaaeieeaie) ??oaiiy i?i nieaoo e ii?y-
aeie nieaoe aeiaeaoeiaeo aiane?a.
Uiaei ae?iaie/eo eiiia?aoea?a aaeineiiaeaiiy caei-
iiaeaanoaa ia?aaeaa/a?:
i?eeiyooy ie?aiiai Caeiio Oe?a?ie “I?i ae?iaie/o
eiiia?aoe?th”;
caaacia/aiiy ioae?/iino? ae?yeueiino? AE (o o. /. e
n?euenueeiainiiaea?nueeeo) ? caoenoo ?ioa?an?a ?oi?o e?aaeeoi??a,
niiaeeaa/?a ia c?acie oaea cai?iiiiiaaieo;
iiaeeea?noue noai?aiiy niinoa?aaeii? ?aaee o AE ?c cia/-
iith (iiiaae 50) e?euee?noth /eai?a;
iiaeeea?noue canoinoaaiiy aeiaeaoeiai? a?aeiia?aeaeueiino?
/eai?a AE caeaaeii a?ae ?ici??o ? neeaaeo iaeiiai? aace AE;
aeioe?euei?noue neanoaaiiy Caeiio Oe?a?ie “I?i eieae-
oeaia n?euenueeiainiiaea?nueea i?aei?e?inoai” ? ia?aoai?aiiy
oaeeo i?aei?e?inoa (ca aeai?ii ?oi?o /eai?a) o ainiiaea?nuee?
oiaa?enoaa aai NAE.
-262-
I?EI?OEE
ANOOI
**00?
“Iieiaeaiea ia aeoeeiia?iuo iauanoaao”, “Iieiaeaiea
ia iauanoaao n ia?aie/aiiie ioaaonoaaiiinoueth”. Ooaa?ae-
aeaiu Iinoaiiaeaieai NI NNN? io 19 ethiy 1990 a. ? 590
// NI NNN?. – 1990. – ? 15. – No. 82; Caeii N?N? a?ae
26 o?aaiy 1988 ?. “I?i eiiia?aoe?th a N?N?” // A?aeiiino?
Aa?oiaii? ?aaee N?N?. – 1988. – ? 22; 1989. – ? 19;
1990. – ? 26; 1991. -?11.-No. 294; ? 12. – No. 325;
Caeii Oe?a?ie a?ae 17 eeiiy 1997 ?ieo “I?i n?euenueeiain-
iiaea?nueeo eiiia?aoe?th” // O?yaeiaee eo?’??. – 1997. –
14 na?iiy.
**002
No.55 /.2 o.X? Naiaea caeiiia ?inneeneie eiia?ee ec-
aeaiey 1903 a. ii naiaeiiio i?iaeieaeaieth 1912 a. // Onoaa
oi?aiaee / Nino. A.I. Aannai. – NIa.: Ecae. th?eae. ei.
neeaaea “I?aai”, 1914. – N. 55-54; Oonoa? E.Iniiau aa?-
iaineiai oi?aiaiai i?aaa // Iniiae iaiaoeeiai oi?aiaiai
e oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa. – I.: AAE, 1995. – N. 19-20.
**003
Eaieiea A. E. I/a?ee oi?aiaiai i?aaa. – NIa.: Ecae.
th?eae. ei. neeaaea “I?aai”, 1911. – N. 161.
**004
Nioe?aeueia i???iooaaiiy aeiiii?ee Oe?a?ie ia?aaeaa/a-
ii Eiioeaioe??th ia?aoiaeo Oe?a?ie aei ?eieiai? aeiiii?ee,
noaaeaii? Iinoaiiaith A? O?N? a?ae 01.11.1990 ?. (aeea.
A?aeiiino? Aa?oiaii? ?aaee O?N?. – 1990. -? 48.-
No. 631; no. 13 Eiinoeoooe?? Oe?a?ie // A?aeiiino? Aa?oia-
ii? ?aaee Oe?a?ie. – 1996. – ? 30. – No. 141.
**005
Eaieiea A. E. I/a?ee oi?aiaiai i?aaa. – N. 184, 189.
**006
Oai aea. – N. 180; Oeeoiae/ I. I/a?ee ii oai?ee oi?ai-
aiai i?aaa. – NIa., 1901 – 1902. – N. 73.
**007
Eaieiea A. E. I/a?ee oi?aiaiai i?aaa. -N. 163. Oeei
oeyoii i?oei caeiiiaeaanoai I?ia//eie oa aeayeeo ?ioeo
e?a?i, ia aeciath/e ca iiaieie oa eiiaiaeeoieie oiaa?e-
noaaie noaoono th?eaee/ii? iniae oa caa??aath/e o?ao?o ia-
aeaniiai oiaa?enoaa, aea aiaeii/an noai?eaoe oaeo i?ea?-
iaeueio i?aai?caoe?eii-i?aaiao oi?io ye oiaa?enoai c ia-
iaaeaiith a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noth (aeea.: Aa?iaineia i?aai. –
*. 2: Aa?iaineia oi?aiaia oeiaeaiea e ae?oaea caeiiu. –
I.: Iaaeaeoia?. oeaio? oei.- yeii. ?acaeoey, 1996. – N. 45-
63,328-347.
**008
Eaieiea A. E. I/a?ee oi?aiaiai i?aaa. – N. 163.
**009
Oai aea. – N. 163-164, 169.
**010
I?iineay A. A. Nia?aiaiiue?a oaiaeaioeee ?acaeoey iniia-
iiai i?iecaiaenoaaiiiai caaia a io?aneaaii oi?aaeaiee
ia?iaeiei oicyenoaii ?anioaeeee // Io?aneaaia oi?aa-
eaiea a ?anioaeeea: i?aaiecaoeeiiii-i?aaiaie aniaeo. –
E., 1991. -N. 110.
**011
Einnae A. ?iicaii? ?iaanoeoe?? a Oe?a?i?: oeea?eueii-i?a-
aiaee aniaeo. – Euea?a: Oeaio? ?a?iie, 1996. – N. 72-73,
76-77.
**012
Ieeeiaiei A. ss., Ua?aeia A. N. I/a?ee aeoeeiia?iiai
i?aaa Oe?aeiu. – E.: IAOI, 1995; Nu?iaeiaaa I. I. Aeoee-
iia?iia i?aai NOA e ?innee (n?aaieoaeueiue aiaeec). –
I.: NIA?E, 1996; Eaoaieia O. A. Oicyenoaaiiua oiaa-
?euanoaa e iauanoaa: i?aaiaia ?aaoee?iaaiea aioo?eoe?-
iaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe: O/aa. aeey aocia. – I.: EIO?A-I:
Eiaeaen, 1995; Eieaniee A. A. Aeoe?iia?iee ?eiie a Oe?a-
?i?. – E.: A. E. Ae., 1995; Aeieeineay A. A. Aeoeeiia?iia
i?aai: O/aa. aeey aocia. – I: TH?eae. eeo., 1997; Eiiia?a-
oeaia i?aai: I?ae?o/iee aeey aoc?a / Ca ?aae. A.?. Nai/eea.
– E.: ?i TH?a, 1998.
AEAAA ?
**101
Eaieiea A. E. I/a?ee oi?aiaiai i?aaa. – N. 104, 111,
161,166-167,174-175,183; Eaieiea Ass. Aeoeeiia?iue?a
eiiiaiee: TH?eaee/aneia enneaaeiaaiea. -O. 1.- NIa.:
Oei. Eaiaeao, 1902; Oa?oaiaae/ A. O. Eo?n oi?aiaiai i?a-
aa. – O. 1: Oi?aiaua aeayoaee. – NIa.: Ecae. A?. Aao-
ia/ieeiauo, 1908. – N. 275, 311; Aaeeineee A. A. I?aaiu
oi?aaeaiey aeoeeiia?iuo eiiiaiee. – Aa?oaaa, 1891;
Ienaineee I. Aeoeeiia?iua eiiiaiee n oi/ee c?aiey
a?aaeaeaineiai i?aaa. – I.: Oei. A?a/aaa e E…, 1876. –
N. 19 -22, 23-24; Oeeoiae/ I. I/a?ee oi?aiaiai i?aaa.
– NIa., 1901-1902; Oeeoiae/ I. O/aaiee oi?aiaiai i?a-
aa. – E.: Iaeiaeei, 1891; Iao?aaeeoeeeeE. Aeoeeiia?iay
eiiiaiey. Aeoeeiia?iua ceioiio?aaeaiey e ?ieue aeoeei-
ia?iuo eiiiaiee a ia?iaeiii oicyenoaa. Ii iiaiaeo i?aae-
noiyuae ?aoi?ie aeoeeiia?iiai i?aaa. – NIa.: Oei.
Iei-aa oeiainia (A. Ee?oaaoi), 1896.
**102
Ae. 7 i?iaeoo Oeea?eueiiai eiaeaeno Oe?a?ie // Oeea?eue-
iee eiaeaen Oe?a?ie: I?iaeo (20 aa?aciy 1996 ?. ). – E.,
1996. – N. 25.
**10C
No. 1 Caeiio Oe?a?ie a?ae 19 aa?aniy 1991 ?. “I?i ain-
iiaea?nuee? oiaa?enoaa” // A?aeiiino? Aa?oiaii? ?aaee Oe?a-
?ie. – 1992. – ? 49. -No. 682.
**104
Aeea: Eaieiea A. E. I/a?ee oi?aiaiai i?aaa. – N. 160.
**105
Oa?oaiaae/ A. O. Eo?n oi?aiaiai i?aaa. -T. 1.-N. 278.
**106
Aeea.: Oi?aiaa oeiaeaiiy. Aeoe?iia?iee caeii. Caeii i?i
oiaa?enoai c iaiaaeaiith a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noth. Caeii i?i ae-
?iaie/? eiiia?aoeae I?ia//eie // Aa?iaineia i?aai. –
*. 2. – I., 1996. – N. 17-406.
**107
Oa?oaiaae/ A. O. Eo?n oi?aiaiai i?aaa. – T. 1. – N. 277.
**108
Uiaei e?eueeino? iciae, i?eoaiaiieo noa’?eoia? i?aei?e?i-
ieoeueei? ae?yeueiino?, ?nio? aeae?eueea iiaeyae?a. C oeueiai i?e-
aiaeo aeea.: Oa?oaiaae/ A. O. Eo?n oi?aiaiai i?aaa. – O. 1.
– N. 278; Eaieiea A. E. I/a?ee oi?aiaiai i?aaa. –
N. 91-96; A?aaeaeaineia e oi?aiaia i?aai eaieoaeenoe/a-
neeo ainoaea?noa / Iiae ?aae. A. A. Aaneeueaaa. – I., 1993.
– N. 103-107; AEaiai N., Eaeo? E. Oi?aiaia i?aai. –
I.: Iaaeaeoia?. ioiioaiey, 1993. – N. 21; I?aaei?eieia-
oaeueneia i?aai: Eo?n eaeoeee / Iiae ?aae. I.E. Eeaei. –
–
I.: TH?eae. eeo., 1993. – N. 19; Iooe?i A., Nae?aaiia A.
A?aeiineie i?aei?e?iieoeoaa ? i?aaiaee noaoon ?o noa’?eo?a
// I?aai Oe?a?ie. – 1994. – ? 5-6. – N. 9-12; Nae?aa-
iia A. I?aei?e?iieoeoai a Oe?a?i?: i?iaeaie noaiiaeaiiy
oa ia?niaeoeae ?icaeoeo// I?aai Oe?a?ie. – 1995. –
? 8. – N. C-14; ?7.-N. 16-22; Eaoaieia O. A.
Oicyenoaaiiue?a oiaa?euanoaa e iauanoaa: i?aaiaia ?aao-
ee?iaaiea aioo?eoe?iaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe. – N. 14-19;
Iaiooia A. E., *oaieei I. I. Ainiiaea?/a i?aai ca?oa?ae-
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**109
Oa?oaiaae/ A. O. Eo?n oi?aiaiai i?aaa.-T. 1. – N. 277.
**110
No. 4 Caeiio Oe?a?ie “I?i ainiiaea?nuee? oiaa?enoaa”.
**111
Aei ieo iaeaaeaoue, ianaiia?aae, e?a?ie – o/anieoe? ?a?i-
iaenueeiai aeiiii?/iiai ni?aoiaa?enoaa, a o. /. I?ia//eia
? O?aioe?y, a oaeiae aeaye? iinonioe?ae?noe/i? e?a?ie (*ao?y,
Neiaa//eia, Oai?ueia, ?in?enueea Oaaea?aoe?y oa ?i.). Aeea.:
Ia?aa?ao 1 Caeiio I?ia//eie a?ae 20.04.1892 ?. “I?i oiaa-
?enoaa c iaiaaeaiith a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noth” // Aa?iaineia i?aai.
– 4.2. – N. 328; no. 34 Caeiio O?aioe?? a?ae 24.06.1966 ?.
“I?i oi?aia? oiaa?enoaa” // Aeoeeiia?iia iauanoai e oi-
aa?euanoai n ia?aie/aiiie ioaaonoaaiiinoueth: Na. ca?oaaae.
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa. – I.: AAE, 1995. – N. 32; ia?aa?ao.
101 Oi?aiaiai eiaeaeno *aoi-Neiaa//eie // Aeoeeiia?iia
iauanoai e oiaa?euanoai n ia?aie/aiiie ioaaonoaaiiinoueth
– N. 63; ia?aa?ao 250 Caeiio Oai?ueie “I?i ainii-
aea?nuee? oiaa?enoaa” // Aeoeeiia?iia iauanoai e oiaa?e-
uanoai n ia?aie/aiiie ioaaonoa?iiinoueth.- N. 255; no. 9
Caeiio ?in?enueei? Oaaea?aoe?? a?ae 24.11.1995 ?. “I?i aeoe?-
iia?i? oiaa?enoaa” a?ae 26.12.95 ?. // Nia?. caeiiiaeaoaeue-
noaa ?in. Oaaea?aoeee. – 1996. – ? 1. – No. 1.
**112
*. 2 no. 3, no. 5 Caeiio N?N? “I?i eiiia?aoe?th a N?N?”.
**113
A?aeiiino? Aa?oiaii? ?aaee Oe?a?ie. – 1995. – ? 15.
– No. 99; I?iinueea A.A. I?aaiaa noaiiaeua i?aiaeiiai
i?aei?e?inoaa a Oe?a?i? // ?aoa?aoeaiee iaeyae ae?th/iai
caeiiiaeaanoaa Oe?a?ie oa i?aeoeee eiai canoinoaaiiy. –
E., 1996.-N. 63.
**114
Ioieoe 1, 2 Aeae?aoo EI Oe?a?ie a?ae 31.12.1992 ?. “I?i
oi?aae?iiy iaeiii, ui ? o caaaeueiiaea?aeaai?e aeaniino?”
// A?aeiiino? Aa?oiaii? ?aaee Oe?a?ie. – 1993. -?7.-
No. 52; ioieoe 1, 2 Aeae?aoo Eaa?iaoo I?i?no??a Oe?a?ie
a?ae 31.12.1992 ?. “I?i aii?yaeeoaaiiy ae?yeueiino? noa’?eo?a
i?aei?e?iieoeueei? ae?yeueiino?, noai?aieo ca o/anoth aea?aeaa-
ieo i?aei?e?inoa” // A?aeiiino? Aa?oiaii? ?aaee Oe?a?ie.
– ? 11. -No. 94; Aeae?ao EI Oe?a?ie a?ae 19.02.1993 ?.
“I?i oi?aae?iiy iaeiii, ui ? o caaaeueiiaea?aeaai?e aean-
iino?, a aoae?aieoeoa? oa i?iieneiaino? aoae?aaeueieo iaoa??-
ae?a” // A?aeiiino? Aa?oiaii? ?aaee Oe?a?ie. -? 17. –
No. 188; /anoeie 2, 3 no.7, /. 1 no.18 Caeiio Oe?a?ie a?ae
19.02.1997 ?. “I?i i?eaaoecaoe?th aea?aeaaiiai iaeia” //
Aiein Oe?a?ie. – 1997. – 20 aa?aciy; i. 2 Caaaeueiiai ii-
eiaeaiiy i?i i?i?noa?noai, ?ioee oeaio?aeueiee i?aai aea?-
aeaaii? aeeiiaa/i? aeaaee, caoaa?aeaeaiee Oeacii I?aceaeai-
oa Oe?a?ie a?ae 12.03.1996 ?. // O?yaeiaee eo?’??. – 1996.
– 28 aa?aciy; Ua?aeia A. Iaeioi?ua i?iaeaiu o/?aaeaea-
iey niaianoiuo i?aaei?eyoee // I?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoai, oi-
cyenoai e i?aai. – 1997. -?3.-N. 25-28.
**115
*. 3 no. 8 Caeiio Oe?a?ie “I?i i?eaaoecaoe?th aea?aeaa-
iiai iaeia”.
**116
Oai naii.
**117
No.2, ioieoe “a”, “a” no.5 Caeiio Oe?a?ie a?ae 05.10.95 ?.
“I?i ai?ioueao c ei?oioe??th” // A?aeiiino? Aa?oiaii? ?aaee
Oe?a?ie. – 1995.-? 34.- No.266; no.2 Caeiio Oe?a?ie
a?ae 7.02.1991 ?. “I?i i?aei?e?iieoeoai” // A?aeiiino? Aa?-
oiaii? ?aaee Oe?a?ie. – 1991. – ? 14. – No. 168. C i?e-
aiaeo ioioiaeiaiiy o/ano? a i?aei?e?iieoeueeeo i?aai?caoe?yo
c aaciina?aaei?i caiyooyi i?aei?e?iieoeueeith ae?yeuei?noth
aeea.: A?o?ia A. Eiee aea?aeaaiee neoaeaiaaoeue caniiaiee…
// O?yaeiaee eo?’??. – 1997. – 9 aa?aniy. – N. 7; Aeca?a
I. A. ?icaeoie i?aaa aeaniino? a?iiaaeyi a Oe?a?i?: Aaoi-
?ao. aeen… ae-?a th?eae. iaoe. – E., 1996. – N. 29-30. Uiaei
aeoe?iia??a ye o/aniee?a aeoe?iia?ieo oiaa?enoa aeea.: Ia-
o?aaeeoeeee E. Aeoeeiia?iay eiiiaiey – N. 37-48.
**118
No. 13 Caeiio Oe?a?ie “I?i ainiiaea?nuee? oiaa?enoaa”;
/.2 no. 7 Caeiio N?N? “I?i eiiia?aoe?th a N?N?”.
**119
No. 12 Caeiio Oe?a?ie “I?i ainiiaea?nuee? oiaa?enoaa”;
/.2 no.7 Caeiio N?N? “I?i eiiia?aoe?th a N?N?”; no.20
Caeiio Oe?a?ie “I?i n?euenueeiainiiaea?nueeo eiiia?aoe?th”.
**120
Iaiaia’yceia?noue iniaenoi? o/ano? iaea?eueo oa?aeoa?-
ia aeey aeoe?iia?ieo oiaa?enoa, a iniaeeai aeey oiaa?enoa
a?aee?eoiai oeio. Aeey oiaa?enoa ?c iaiaaeaiith ? aeiaeaoei-
aith a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noth ? aeiyoie: aeey ae??oaiiy ia cai?ao
o/aniee?a ieoaiue, ui iio?aaothoue iaeiinoaeiino?, iaiao?aeia
o/anoue o ?iaio? cai??a on?o o/aniee?a.
**121
Ca aeayeeie aeiyoeaie: uiaei aeeaaeiee?a eiiaiaeeoii-
ai oiaa?enoaa ? anioe?eiaaieo /eai?a o n?euenueeiainiiaea?-
nueeiio eiiia?aoea?.
**122
I?aaiaee i?ia?an /a?ac ii??aiyeueia i?aai: i?iaeaie
?icaoaeiae eiia?oe?eiiai caeiiiaeaanoaa Oe?a?ie ia oe? aei-
na?aeo Niieo/aieo Ooao?a Aia?eee: Iaoa??aee i?aeia?iae-
iiai neiiic?oio. – E., 1993. -Ei. 1. – N. 257-324.
**123
Eaieiea A. E. I/a?ee oi?aiaiai i?aaa. – N. 184-185.
**124
No. 2 Caeiio Oe?a?ie a?ae 14.05.1992 ?. “I?i aaie?oo-
noai” // A?aeiiino? Aa?oiaii? ?aaee Oe?a?ie. – 1992. –
? 31. – No. 440; i.2 no.12 A?a?o?aaeiiai i?ioeanoaeueiiai
eiaeaeno Oe?a?ie // A?aeiiino? Aa?oiaii? ?aaee Oe?a?ie.
– ? 6. – No. 56.
**125
No. 73 Caeiio Oe?a?ie “I?i ainiiaea?nuee? oiaa?enoaa”.
**126
Oa?oaiaae/ A. Eo?n oi?aiaiai i?aaa.- T.1.-N. 286.
**127
Oai aea. – N. 285.
**128
No. 20 Caeiio Oe?a?ie “I?i aaie?oonoai” // A?aeiiino?
Aa?oiaii? ?aaee Oe?a?ie. – 1992. -? 31. -No. 440.
**129
Noaoo? 55-57 Caeiio Oe?a?ie “I?i ainiiaea?nuee? oiaa-
?enoaa”.
**130
Ia?aa?aoe 128-130a Oi?aiaiai oeiaeaiiy I?ia//eie
// Aa?iaineia i?aai. -*. 2.-N. 50-51.
**131
*. 2 no. 1 Caeiio Oe?a?ie “I?i ainiiaea?nuee? oiaa?enoaa”;
/. 2 no. 3 Caeiio N?N? “I?i eiiia?aoe?th a N?N?”; aacaoe 4
no. 1 ? /.2 no.2 Caeiio Oe?a?ie “I?i n?euenueeiainiiaea?nueeo
eiiia?aoe?th”.
**132
A?aaeaeaineia e oi?aiaia i?aai eaieoaeenoe/aneeo ai-
noaea?noa / Iiae ?aae. A. A. Aaneeue?aa. – I.: Iaaeaeoia?.
ioiioaiey, 1993. – N. 125-126; A?aaeaeaineia e oi?aiaia
i?aai eaieoaeenoe/aneeo ainoaea?noa: O/aa.: A 2 /./ Iiae
?aae. ?. E. Ia?uoeeiie. – *. 1. – I., 1983. – N. 148-
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oeo A. A?aaeaeaineia e oi?aiaia i?aai io ae?aaiaai ?eineiai
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N. 59-60.
**133
Aacaoe 1 /. 1 no.6 Caeiio Oe?a?ie “I?i i?aiaeo aea?aeaa-
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ai i?aei?e?inoaa a Oe?a?i? // ?aoa?aoeaiee iaeyae ae?th/i-
ai caeiiiaeaanoaa Oe?a?ie oa i?aeoeee eiai canoinoaaiiy.
-E., 1996. -N. 63.
**134
Eaoaieia O. A. Oicyenoaaiiua oiaa?euanoaa e iaua-
noaa… – N. 44-45.
**135
No. 70 Caeiio Oe?a?ie “I?i ainiiaea?nuee? oiaa?enoaa”.
**136
*. 1 no. 4 Caeiio Oe?a?ie “I?i i?aei?e?iieoeoai”; /. 1
no. 2 Caeiio Oe?a?ie a?ae 7.03.1996 ?. “I?i no?aooaaiiy”
// A?aeiiino? Aa?oiaii? ?aaee Oe?a?ie. – 1996. – ? 18.
-No. 78.
**137
Oa?ania E. O/aiea ia aeoeeiia?iuo eiiiaieyo. – ss?i-
neaaeue: Oei. A. Oaeuee, 1879. – N. 3.
**138
O??aeiai ?” ?aia/einueeee A., A?e Aeae. N. oa ?i. I?eaa-
oecaoe?y a Oeaio?aeuei?e ?a?ii?. -O. 1.-E.: Iniiae, 1994.
– N. 30-34, 75-79, 137-140, 192-197, 260-264.
**139
A?aaeaeaineia e oi?aiaia i?aai eaieoaeenoe/aneeo ai-
noaea?noa / Iiae ?aae. A. A. Aaneeueaaa. – N. 127-128; A?aae-
aeaineia e oi?aiaia i?aai eaieoaeenoe/aneeo ainoaea?noa
/ Iiae ?aae. ?.E. Ia?uoeeiie. -*. 1.-N. 150-151;
Aiaaouo A. A?aaeaeaineia e oi?aiaia i?aai… – N. 60.
**140
No. 4 Caeiio Oe?a?ie “I?i ainiiaea?nuee? oiaa?enoaa”.
**141
No. 11 Caeiio N?N? “I?i eiiia?aoe?th a N?N?”; no. 7
Caeiio Oe?a?ie “I?i n?euenueeiainiiaea?nueeo eiiia?aoe?th”.
**142
A?oaeieoeueea N. I. I?i i?aaiaee noaoon ia’?aeiaiue i?ae-
i?e?inoa o i?iieneiaino?: Aaoi?ao. aeen… eaiae. th?eae.
iaoe. – Aeiiaoeuee, 1997. – N. 21.
**143
Noaoo? 35, 36 Caeiio Oe?a?ie “I?i ainiiaea?nuee? oiaa?e-
noaa”.
**144
No. 21 Caeiio Oe?a?ie “I?i ainiiaea?nuee? oiaa?enoaa”;
/anoeie 4, 5 no.38 Caeiio Oe?a?ie “I?i n?euenueeiainiiaea?nueeo
eiiia?aoe?th”; no.21 Caeiio Oe?a?ie “I?i aaie?oonoai”.
**145
Noaoo? 24, 50 Caeiio Oe?a?ie “I?i ainiiaea?nuee? oiaa?e-
noaa”; /. 1 no.23 Caeiio Oe?a?ie “I?i n?euenueeiainiiaea?nueeo
eiiia?aoe?th”.
**146
*. 1 no.87, /. 1 no.96 Oeea?eueiiai eiaeaeno ?in?enueei? Oa-
aea?aoe?? // Nia?. caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee.
– 1994. – ? 32. – No. 3301; /. 1 no. 2 Caeiio ?in?enueei?
Oaaea?aoe?? a?ae 24.11.1995 ?. “I?i aeoe?iia?i? oiaa?enoaa”
a?ae 26.12.95 ?. // Nia?aiea caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa ?inneeneie
Oaaea?aoeee. – 1996.- ?1.-No. 1.
**147
Ia?aa?ao 1 Aeoe?iia?iiai caeiio I?ia//eie, ia?aa?ao
13 Caeiio I?ia//eie “I?i oiaa?enoaa c iaiaaeaiith a?aeii-
a?aeaeuei?noth” // Aa?iaineia i?aai. -*. 2.-N. 167, 332;
Iiaeaeueiee caeii NOA “I?i i?aei?e?iieoeueeo ei?ii?aoe?th”
1991 ?. // I?aaiaee i?ia?an /a?ac ii??aiyeueia i?aai. –
Ei. 1.-N-325- 401.
**148
Aaoea? O. 3., Aaoe-Aaoea? I. A. Ei?ii?aoeee e oeai-
iua aoiaae ii i?aao ?innee e NOA. – I.: Ca?oeaei, 1997.
– N. 22-24, 39-40.
**149
No. 65 Caeiio Oe?a?ie “I?i ainiiaea?nuee? oiaa?enoaa”;
no. 43 Caeiio N?N? “I?i eiiia?aoe?th a N?N?” (a ?aae. Ca-
eiio a?ae 6.06.1990 ?. ) // A?aeiiino? Aa?oiaii? ?aaee N?N?.
– 1990. – ? 26. – No. 489.
**150
Aeae?ao EI Oe?a?ie a?ae 17.03.1993 ?. “I?i aeia??/? oi-
aa?enoaa” // A?aeiiino? Aa?oiaii? ?aaee Oe?a?ie. – 1993.
– ? 19. – No. 93.
**151
Oai naii. – *. 4. – No. 2.
**152
No. 43 Caeiio N?N? “I?i eiiia?aoe?th a N?N?”.
**153
Iaiooia A. E., *oaieei I. I. Ainiiaea?/a i?aai ca?o-
a?aeieo e?a?i. – N. 66.
**154
*. 1 no.4 Caeiio Oe?a?ie “I?i i?aei?e?iieoeoai”; noaoo?
1-4 Aeae?aoo EI Oe?a?ie “I?i aeia??/? oiaa?enoaa” //
A?aeiiino? Aa?oiaii? ?aaee Oe?a?ie. – 1993. – ? 19. –
No. 207.
**155
Eaieiea A. E. I/a?ee oi?aiaiai i?aaa. – N. 184-185.
**156
Aeiieo?iaa E. O. I?iaeaie i?aaiaiai iaania/aiey ii-
aeo oi?i oicyenoaiaaiey // I?iaeaiu noaiiaeaiey
oicyenoaaiiiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa Oe?aeiu: Na. iao/. noa-
oae e iaoa?eaeia eiioa?aioeee. – Aeiiaoee: ECIE AI
Oe?aeiu, 1993. -N. 69-70.
**157
A?aeiiino? Aa?oiaii? ?aaee Oe?a?ie. – 1991. – ? 24.
– No. 272.
**158
Aaiaaeeeoia A. A. Neeyiea aeoeeiia?iuo eiiiaiee. –
Ia., 1914. -N. 4-9.
**159
Ia?aa?aoe 15, 16, 17 Aeoe?iia?iiai caeiio I?ia//eie
a?ae 6.09.1965 ?. // Aa?iaineia i?aai. -*. 2.-N. 169.
**160
Noaoo? 105 ? 106 Oeea?eueiiai eiaeaeno ?in?enueei? Oaaea-
?aoe??.
**161
Noaoo? 3 ? 6 Caeiio ?in?enueei? Oaaea?aoe?? “I?i aeoe?i-
ia?i? oiaa?enoaa”.
**162
No. 170 i?iaeoo Ainiiaea?nueeiai (Eiia?oe?eiiai) eiaeaeno
Oe?a?ie // Oicyenoaaiiue?e (Eiiia?/aneee) eiaeaen Oe?a-
eiu: I?iaeo. – E., 1996.
AEAAA 2
**2001
Iao?aaeeoeeee E.Aeoeeiia?iay eiiiaiey… – N. 103-
112, 131-135, 189, 140, 148, 161-164.
**2002
A?aaeaeaineia e oi?aiaia i?aai eaieoaeenoe/aneeo ai-
noaea?noa / Iiae ?aae. A. A. Aaneeueaaa. – N. 139, 165.
**200C
Ia?aa?aoe 309 ? 311 Aeoe?iia?iiai caeiio I?ia//eie;
noaoo? 105 ? 106 Oeea?eueiiai eiaeaeno ?in?enueei? Oaaea?aoe??;
noaoo? 3 ? 6 Caeiio ?in?enueei? Oaaea?aoe?? “I?i aeoe?iia?i?
oiaa?enoaa”.
**2004
?icaiaa?a A. A. Oiaa?euanoai n ia?aie/aiiie ioaaonoaai-
iinoueth (i iaiaoiaeeiinoe aaaaeaiey yoie oi?iu a ?innee).
– NIa.: Oei. Iei-aa Oeiainia, 1912. – N. 5-7.
**2005
Aiaaouo A. A?aaeaeaineia e oi?aiaia i?aai… – N. 70;
Aeieeineay A. Aeoeeiia?iia i?aai. – N. 113.
**2006
Aaoea? O. Y., Aaoe-Aaoea? I. A. Ei?ii?aoeee e oeai-
iua aoiaae … – N. 22-24, 39-40.
**2007
Nii/aoeo aei i?iaeoo Ainiiaea?nueeiai (Eiia?oe?eiiai)
eiaeaeno Oe?a?ie (/. 1 no.113), a caiaeii ? aei i?iaeoo Oeea?eue-
iiai eiaeaeno Oe?a?ie (/.2 no.126), ?ic?iaeaieo io?oe?eii
noai?aieie ?iai/eie a?oiaie ? aianaieie ua 1996 ?. ia
?icaeyae A? Oe?a?ie, aei aecia/aiiy AO aeeth/aii aiaeia?/i?
iieiaeaiiy (i?i a?aenooi?noue a aeoe?iia??a aeiaeaoeiai? a?ae-
iia?aeaeueiino? ca ciaia’ycaiiyie AO ? ianaiiy ieie ?eceeo
ca iaaaoeai? ?acoeueoaoe ae?yeueiino? oiaa?enoaa a iaaeao
niea/aieo ca aeoe?? noi).
**2008
Aaoea? O. Y., Aaoe-Aaoea? I. A. Ei?ii?aoeee e oeai-
iua aoiaae … – N. 22-24, 39-40.
**2009
Oe?ine Ieoio?a. Ei?ii?aoeaiue?e eaieoaeeci a ssii-
iee: Ia?. n yi. – I.: Iuneue, 1986. – N. 28, 73-88, 102,
140.
**2010
Noaoo? 3, 4, 13, 21 Caeiio Oe?a?ie a?ae 10.07.1996 ?. “I?i
iniaeeaino? i?eaaoecaoe?? iaeia a aa?ii?iieneiaiio eii-
ieaen?” // A?aeiiino? Aa?oiaii? ?aaee Oe?a?ie. – 1996. –
? 41.-No. 188.
**2011
Aaoea? O. Y., Aaoe-Aaoea? I. A. Ei?ii?aoeee e oeai-
iua aoiaae … – N. 25-26, 40.
**2012
No. 66 Caeiio ?in?enueei? Oaaea?aoe?? “I?i aeoe?iia?i?
oiaa?enoaa”.
**2013
Oa?oaiaae/ A. Eo?n oi?aiaiai i?aaa. -O. 1.-N. 393.
**2014
No. 8 (?icae?ee 20-481) ae. 20 (iia?aoe?? no?aooaaiiy)
Eiaeaeno caeii?a NOA // I?aaiaee i?ia?an /a?ac ii??a-
iyeueia i?aai. – Ei.3. – N. 380; Oeac I?aceaeaioa Oe?a?-
ie “I?i oieaeeiaia? eiiiai??, ui noai?ththoueny a i?ioean?
ei?ii?aoecaoe?? oa i?eaaoecaoe??” // Aea?aeaaiee ?ioi?ia-
oe?eiee atheaoaiue i?i i?eaaoecaoe?th. – 1994. -?5; no. 6
Caeiio ?in?enueei? Oaaea?aoe?? “I?i aeoe?iia?i? oiaa?enoaa”.
**2015
No. 354 Caeiio O?aioe?? 66 – 537 a?ae 24.07.1966 ?. “I?i
oi?aia? oiaa?enoaa” // A?aaeaeaineia, oi?aiaia e naiaeiia
i?aai eaieoaeenoe/aneeo no?ai: Na. ii?iao. aeoia. Caei-
iiaeaoaeuenoai i eiiiaieyo, iiiiiieeyo e eiieo?aioeee. –
I.: Ecae. Oi-oa ae?oaeaue? ia?iaeia, 1987. – N. 55.
**2016
Ia?aa?aoe 17 ? 18 Aeoe?iia?iiai caeiio I?ia//eie.
**2017
A?aeiiino? Aa?oiaii? ?aaee N?N?. – 1987. – ? 26. –
No. 385; A?aeiiino? c’?caeo ia?iaeieo aeaiooao?a N?N? ? Aa?-
oiaii? ?aaee N?N?. – 1989. -?9.-No. 214.
**2018
Caeii Oe?a?ie a?ae 23 a?oaeiy 1997 ?. “I?i aianaiiy ci?i
aei Caeiio Oe?a?ie “I?i ainiiaea?nuee? oiaa?enoaa” // Io?-
oe?eiee a?niee Oe?a?ie. – 1998. -?3.- No. 73.
**2019
C oeueiai i?eaiaeo aeea.: Caoa?ei I. ?yaeiaee aeoe?iia?
aeoiaeeoue c AO: ia ui iiaeiai caaaeaoe i?aceaeaio // Aa-
eeoeuee? eiio?aeoe. – 1997. -?30.-N. 61-62; A?ia-
/aiei E. I/?eothoueny ci?ie a caeiiiaeaanoa? i?i AO cae?e-
oiai oeio” // Aiein Oe?a?ie – 1995. – 1 ea?oiy.
**2020
*.3 no.7 Caeiio ?in?enueei? Oaaea?aoe?? “I?i aeoe?iia?i?
oiaa?enoaa”.
**2021
Noaoo? 23 ? 24 Caeiio Oe?a?ie a?ae 18 /a?aiy 1991 ?ieo
“I?i oe?ii? iaia?e oa oiiaeiao a??aeo” // A?aeiiino? Aa?-
oiaii? ?aaee Oe?a?ie. – 1991. – ? 38. – No. 508; i.9
Oei/aniaiai iieiaeaiiy i?i ii?yaeie ?a?no?aoe?? aeioneo
aeoe?e ? iae?aaoe?e i?aei?e?inoa oa ?ioi?iaoe?? i?i ?o aeione,
caoa. iaeacii Aea?aeaaii? eii?n?? c oe?iieo iaia??a oa oii-
aeiaiai ?eieo a?ae 20 aa?aniy 1996 ?. ? 210 // Aeoe?iia?i?
oiaa?enoaa: I?aai?caoe?y oa ae?yeuei?noue. – E., 1997. –
N. 267-268.
**2022
C oeueiai i?eaiaeo aeea. noaoenoe/i? aeai?, iaaaaeai? a ei.:
Oa?ania ss. O/aiea ia aeoeeiia?iuo eiiiaieyo. – ss?in-
eaaeue: Oei. A.’Oaeuee, 1879. – N. 30-31, 60-64, 70-72 e
ae?.; Oaiaeaa E. A. Aeoeeiia?iea eiiiaiee a ?innee. –
E.: Iaoea, 1973. – N. 23-25, 30, 63, 66, 80-81, 84-85, 92-
97, 224-227.
**2023
*. 5 no.9 Caeiio ?in?enueei? Oaaea?aoe?? “I?i aeoe?iia?i?
oiaa?enoaa”.
**2024
Oai naii. – No. 11; ia?aa?aoe 2 ? 23 Aeoe?iia?iiai ca-
eiio I?ia//eie.
**2025
Noaoo? 2.02, 2.06 Iiaeaeueiiai caeiio NOA 1991 ?. “I?i
i?aei?e?iieoeueeo ei?ii?aoe?th” // I?aaiaee i?ia?an /a?ac
ii??aiyeueia i?aai. – Ei. 1. – N. 338-339.
**2026
Uiaei oi/ie ci?o ia i?aaiao i?e?iaeo onoaiia/iai aeiai-
ai?o aeea.: A?aaeaeaineia i?aai: O/aa. / Iiae ?aae. A. Na?aa-
aaa e TH. E. Oienoiai.- *. 1. – I.: I?iniaeo, 1996. –
N. 145; Eiceiaa I. A. O/?aaeeoaeueiue aeiaiai? i nicaeaiee
eiiia?/aneeo iauanoa e oiaa?euanoa. – I., 1993. –
N. 31-32; Eoccae B. ?ioceii? ?iaecoeoe?? a Oepa?i? (oeea?eueio-
i?aaiaee aniaeo). – Euea?a: Oeaio? ?a?iie, 1996. – N. 70-
71; I?aaei?eieiaoaeueneia i?aai: Eo?n eaeoeee / Iiae ?aae.
I. E. Eeaei. – I.: TH?eae. eeo., 1993. – N. 45.; Naaeeeia
I. I. O/?aaeeoaeueiue aeiaiai? e aai i?aaiaua iniaaiiinoe
// Ain. e i?aai. – 1994. -? 6.-N. 87-95; Ieeeiai-
ei A. ss., Ua?aeia A. N. I/a?ee aeoeeiia?iiai i?aaa Oe?a-
eiu. – N. 13-14; Nooaiia A. Eiiiaioa?ee AE ?in?enueei?
Oaaea?aoe??. TH?eaee/aneea eeoea //Oicyenoai e i?aai. –
1995. -? 3.-N. 9; Oaeiae/aiei I. N. Ooieoe?? onoaiia-
/iai aeiaiai?o a ainiiaea?nueeeo oiaa?enoaao: Aaoi?ao. aeen…
eaiae. th?eae. iaoe. – Oa?e?a, 1996. – N. 5-10; A?oaeieoeue-
ea N. I. I?aaiaee noaoon ia’?aeiaiue i?aei?e?inoa o i?i-
ieneiaino?: Aaoi?ao. aeen… eaiae. th?eae. iaoe. – Aeiiaoeuee,
1997.-N. 6, 20-21 oa ?i.
**2027
Iiaa ?aaeaeoe?y oe??? noaoo? ia?aaeaa/a?oueny Caeiiii Oe?a-
?ie a?ae 23 a?oaeiy 1997 ?. “I?i aianaiiy ci?i aei Caeiio
Oe?a?ie “I?i i?aei?e?iieoeoai” // Io?oe?eiee a?niee Oe?a-
?ie. – 1998. – ? 4. – No. 130.
**2028
O?yaeiaee eo?’??. – 1998. – 2 /a?aiy. – N. 9.
**2029
*. 2 no. 23 Caeiio Oe?a?ie “I?i ainiiaea?nuee? oiaa?e-
noaa”.
**2030
A?aeiiino? Aa?oiaii? ?aaee Oe?a?ie. – 1996. – ? 51.
– No. 292.
**2031
Aea?aeaaiee ?ioi?iaoe?eiee atheaoaiue i?i i?eaaoecaoe?th.
– 1997. – ? 1.- N. 45-48.
**2032
*.2 no.35 Caeiio Oe?a?ie “I?i ainiiaea?nuee? oiaa-
?enoaa”.
**2033
Ia?aa?aoe 22, 28, 29 Aeoe?iia?iiai caeiio I?ia//eie;
noaoo? 9 ? 10 Caeiio ?in?enueei? Oaaea?aoe?? “I?i aeoe?iia?i?
oiaa?enoaa”.
**2034
Aea?aeaaiee ?ioi?iaoe?eiee atheaoaiue i?i i?eaaoecaoe?th.
– 1993. -? 7.-N. 37-39; 1994. – ? 1.- N. 6; ? 3-
4.-C. 4.
**2035
Aiein Oe?a?ie. – 1997. – 20 aa?aciy; A?aeiiino? Aa?-
oiaii? ?aaee Oe?a?ie. – 1997. – ? 17. – No. 122.
**2036
A?aeiiino? Aa?oiaii? ?aaee Oe?a?ie. – 1996. – ? 41.
– No. 188.
**2037
*.3 no.5 Caeiio Oe?a?ie “I?i i?eaaoecaoe?th aea?aeaa-
iiai iaeia”; noaoo? 9 ? 11 Caeiio Oe?a?ie “I?i iniaee-
aino? i?eaaoecaoe?? iaeia a aa?ii?iieneiaiio eiiieaen?”.
Aeea., ye i?eeeaae: ?ioi?iaoe?y i?i ia?oee aeione aeoe?e
aea?aeaaii? aeoe?iia?ii? aia?aiiinoa/aeueii? eiiiai?? “Eo-
aainueeiaeaia?ai”, a?aeiia?aeii aei i. 4 yei? o aeaniino? aea?-
aeaae caeeoa?oueny iaeao aeoe?e ?ici??ii 26% noaoooiiai
oiiaeo //O?yaeiaee eo?’??. – 1998. – 15 n?/iy. – N. 21.
**2038
Noaoo? 5, 8, 10, 12 Caeiio Oe?a?ie “I?i iniaeeaino? i?e-
aaoecaoe?? iaeia a aa?ii?iieneiaiio eiiieaen?”.
**2039
Oei/aniaa iieiaeaiiy i?i ii?yaeie ?a?no?aoe?? aeioneo
aeoe?e a?aee?eoeo aeoe?iia?ieo oiaa?enoa, noai?aieo ?c aea?-
aeaaieo i?aei?e?inoa o i?ioean? i?eaaoecaoe??, oa ?ioi?iaoe??
i?i ?o aeione. Caoa. iaeacii Aea?aeaaii? eii?n?? c oe?iieo
iaia??a oa oiiaeiaiai ?eieo a?ae 20.06.1996 ?. ? 210 //
Aeoe?iia?i? oiaa?enoaa: i?aai?caoe?y oa ae?yeuei?noue. – N. 272.
**2040
Aacaoee 1-3, 5-7 /.C no.7,’/anoeie 1 ? 2 no. 13 Caeiio
Oe?a?ie “I?i i?eaaoecaoe?th aea?aeaaiiai iaeia; Oeac I?a-
ceaeaioa Oe?a?ie a?ae 19 /a?aiy 1995 ?ieo “I?i caaacia/ai-
iy oi?aae?iiy iaeiii, ui ia?aaoaa? o caaaeueiiaea?aeaai?e
aeaniino?, o i?ioean? eiai i?eaaoecaoe??” // Aeoe?iia?i? oiaa-
?enoaa: i?aai?caoe?y oa ae?yeuei?noue. – N. 174-175.
**2041
No. 17 Caeiio Oe?a?ie “I?i i?eaaoecaoe?th aea?aeaaiiai
iaeia”.
**2042
A?aaeaeaineia e oi?aiaia i?aai eaieoaeenoe/aneeo aino-
aea?noa /Iiae ?aae. ?.E. Ia?uoeeiie. – *.1.- N. 164-165.
**2043
Iiaeaeueiee caeii NOA 1991 ?. “I?i i?aei?e?iieoeueeo
ei?ii?aoe?th”.
**2044
A?aaeaeaineia e oi?aiaia i?aai eaieoaeenoe/aneeo ai-
noaea?noa / Iiae ?aae. A. A. Aaneeue?aa. – N. 139.
**2045
Art?cle 118 Compan?es Act 1985 // Hann?gan I. Blenda.
Company Law. – Butterburgs (London, Dubl?n, Ed?nburg),
1993. – P. 75.
**2046
Ia?aa?ao 266 Oi?aiaiai oeiaeaiiy I?ia//eie, ia?aa?a-
oe 150-174 Aeoe?iia?iiai caeiio I?ia//eie, noaoo? 42 ?
43 Caeiio ?in?enueei? Oaaea?aoe?? “I?i aeoe?iia?i? oiaa-
?enoaa”.
**2047
I. 65 Iieiaeaiiy i?i i?aai?caoe?th aooaaeoa?nueeiai ia-
e?eo ? ca?oiino? a Oe?a?i?, caoa. iinoaiiaith Eaa?iaoo I?i?n-
o??a Oe?a?ie a?ae 03.04.1993 ?. ? 250 // Ca??iee iinoaiia
o?yaeo Oe?a?ie. – 1993. – ? 39. – No. 186; ? 11. –
No. 251; 1994. – ? 2. – No. 45; ? 7. – No. 176 aai
Aaeeoeuee? eiio?aeoe. – 1995. – ? 45.
**2048
Ia?aa?aoe 27, 30-34, 136 Aeoe?iia?iiai caeiio I?-
ia//eie.
**2049
No. 21 Caeiio Oe?a?ie a?ae 14.10.1992 ?. “I?i ioi?iio
i?aoe?” // A?aeiiino? Aa?oiaii? ?aaee Oe?a?ie. – 1992. –
? 49. – No. 668; no. 8 Caeiio Oe?a?ie a?ae 22.05.1997 ?.
“I?i iiiaeaoeoaaiiy i?eaooeo i?aei?e?inoa” // A?aeiiino?
Aa?oiaii? ?aaee Oe?a?ie. – 1997. – ? 27. – No. 181;
? 47. – No. 294; 1998. -? 2.-No. 7; ?5.-No. 18;
Iinoaiiaa Eaa?iaoo I?i?no??a Oe?a?ie a?ae 18.02.1992 ?.
? 77 “I?i noai?aiiy aea?aeaaiiai ?iiiaaoe?eiiai oiiaeo”
// Ca??iee iinoaiia o?yaeo Oe?a?ie. – 1992. -? 7.-
No. 171; 1996. – ?1.- No. 8.
**2050
C oeueiai i?eaiaeo aeea.: Iieiaeaiiy i?i oiiaee a?aee?eoi-
ai aeoe?iia?iiai oiaa?enoaa, ?aeiiaiaeiaaia ?icii?yaeaeai-
iyi Oiiaeo aea?aeaaiiai iaeia Oe?a?ie a?ae 5 o?aaiy 1996 ?.
? 71-? // Aeoe?iia?i? oiaa?enoaa: i?aai?caoe?y oa ae?yeue-
i?noue. – N. 146-149 aai Aea?aeaaiee ?ioi?iaoe?eiee ath-
eaoaiue i?i i?eaaoecaoe?th. – 1996. -? 11.-N. 47-80, a
oaeiae aeea.: Ieeeiaiei A. ss., Ua?aeia A. N. Ainiiaea?nueea
i?aai: Eo?n eaeoe?e. – Ee?a: Aaioo??, 1996. – N. 128.
**2051
*.1 no.2 Caeiio Oe?a?ie “I?i no?aooaaiiy”; /. 2 no. 22
Caeiio Oe?a?ie a?ae 20.03.1991 ?. “I?i aaiee ? aaie?anueeo
ae?yeuei?noue” // A?aeiiino? Aa?oiaii? ?aaee Oe?a?ie. – 1991.
– ? 25. – No. 281.
**2052
*. 5 no. 9 Caeiio ?in?enueei? Oaaea?aoe?? “I?i aeoe?iia?i?
oiaa?enoaa”.
**2053
A?aeiiino? Aa?oiaii? ?aaee Oe?a?ie. – 1993. -?7.-
No. 52; no. C Caeiio Oe?a?ie a?ae 01.02.1996 ?. “I?i aia-
naiiy ci?i aei Caeiio Oe?a?ie “I?i aaiee ? aaie?anueeo
ae?yeuei?noue” // A?aeiiino? Aa?oiaii? ?aaee Oe?a?ie. – 1996.
_ ?7.- No. 29.
**2054
A?aeiiino? Aa?oiaii? ?aaee Oe?a?ie. – 1991. – ? 25.
– No. 281.
**2055
Oa?oaiaae/ A. O. Eo?n oi?aiaiai i?aaa. -O. 1. –
N. 449; ia?aa?aoe 33 ? 34 Aeoe?iia?iiai Caeiio I?ia//eie.
**2056
Ia?aa?ao 136 Aeoe?iia?iiai caeiio I?ia//eie.
**2057
Oa?oaiaae/ A. O. Eo?n oi?aiaiai i?aaa. -O. 1. –
N. 434.
**2058
*.1 no.4, /.2 no.26 Caeiio Oe?a?ie “I?i ainiiaea?nuee?
oiaa?enoaa”.
**2059
Ia?aa?aoe 28 ? 29 Aeoe?iia?iiai caeiio I?ia//eie;
noaoo? 9, 10 Caeiio ?in?enueei? Oaaea?aoe?? “I?i aeoe?iia?i?
oiaa?enoaa”.
**2060
Oa?oaiaae/ A. O. Eo?n oi?aiaiai i?aaa. -O. 1. –
N. 435.
**2061
I?ae aeeno?eaooe?yie ooo ? iaaeae? ?icoi??oueny io?eiaiiy
aeoe?iia?aie iaaieo aeaa aai ia?aaaa, ye-io: ia?aaaaeia
i?aai ia ia?aaeieaoo iiaeo aeione?a aeoe?e, ia i?eaeaaiiy
aeiouaieo AO iae?aaoe?e, i?iaeoeoe??, ui ae?iaey?oueny i?ae-
i?e?inoaaie AO, oa ?ioiai iaeia (eioo?a).
**2062
*.1 no.4 Caeiio Oe?a?ie “I?i oe?ii? iaia?e oa oiiaeiao
a??aeo”.
**2063
??oaiiy Aea?aeaaii? eii?n?? c oe?iieo iaia??a oa oiiaei-
aiai ?eieo a?ae 14.05.1997 ?. ? 6 “I?i anoaiiaeaiiy i?i?-
iaeueii? iii?iaeueii? aa?oino? aeoe?e” // Oe?. ?iaanoeoe?eia
aacaoa. – 1997. – 29 o?aaiy.
**2064
Noaoo? 112-116 Oeea?eueiiai eiaeaeno O?N? 1963 ?.
**2065
Oa?oaiaae/ A. O. Eo?n oi?aiaiai i?aaa. -O. 1. –
N. 418.
**2066
Aacaoe 2 /. 1 no.7 Caeiio Oe?a?ie a?ae 26.11.1993 “I?i
Aioeiiiiiieueiee eii?oao Oe?a?ie” // A?aeiiino? Aa?oia-
ii? ?aaee Oe?a?ie. – 1993 – ? 50. – No. 472; No. 15
Caeiio Oe?a?ie “I?i iaiaaeaiiy iiiiiie?cio ? iaaeiio-
uaiiy iaaeia?inia?nii? eiieo?aioe?? o i?aei?e?iieoeuee?e
ae?yeueiino?” // A?aeiiino? Aa?oiaii? ?aaee Oe?a?ie. – 1992.
– ? 21. – No. 296.
**2067
Oeace I?aceaeaioa Oe?a?ie a?ae 25.05.1994 ?. ?274 “I?i
aaaeaiiy ?a?no??a aeaniee?a ?iaiieo oe?iieo iaia??a” ? a?ae
02.03.1996, yeeie aoei aianaii ci?ie aei iiia?aaeiueiai Oeaco,
a oaeiae Iieiaeaiiy i?i ii?yaeie aaaeaiiy ?a?no??a aeanie-
e?a ?iaiieo oe?iieo iaia??a, caoa. iaeacii Aea?aeaaii? eii?-
n?? c oe?iieo iaia??a oa oiiaeiaiai ?eieo a?ae 1.04.1996 ?.
? 58 // Aea?aeaaiee ?ioi?iaoe?eiee atheaoaiue i?i i?eaa-
oecaoe?th. – 1996. -?5.-N. 37; ?7.-N. 38, a oaeiae
Aeoe?iia?i? oiaa?enoaa: i?aai?caoe?y oa ae?yeuei?noue. – N. 232
-255; no. 9 Caeiio Oe?a?ie a?ae 10.12.1997 ?. “I?i iaoe?i-
iaeueio aeaiiceoio nenoaio oa iniaeeaino? aeaeo?iiiiai
ia?ao oe?iieo iaia??a ? Oe?a?i?” // O?yaeiaee eo?’??. –
1998. – 10 n?/iy.
**2068
Iai?eeeaae, ia?aa?ao 244 Caeiio O? Oai?ueie a?ae
1988 ?. “I?i ainiiaea?nuee? oiaa?enoaa” // Aeoeeiia?iia ia-
uanoai e oiaa?euanoai n ia?aie/aiiie ioaaonoaaiiinoueth.
– N. 223-224.
**2069
Oa?oaiaae/. A. O. Eo?n oi?aiaiai i?aaa. -O. 1. –
N. 423; Aeoeeiia?iia iauanoai e oiaa?euanoai n ia?aie-
/aiiie ioaaonoaaiiinoueth. – N. 204.
**2070
*. 2 no. 27 Caeiio Oe?a?ie “I?i i?eaaoecaoe?th aea?aeaa-
iiai iaeia”; no. 18 Caeiio Oe?a?ie “I?i iniaeeaino? i?e-
aaoecaoe?? iaeia a aa?ii?iieneiaiio eiiieaen?”.
**2071
Ieeeiaiei A. ss., Ua?aeia A. N. I/a?ee aeoeeiia?iiai
i?aaa Oe?aeiu. – N. 50; Oa?oaiaae/ A. O. Eo?n oi?aiai-
ai i?aaa. -O. 1.-N. 422-423.
**2072
Eaoaieia O. A. Oicyenoaaiiia oiaa?euanoaa e iaua-
noaa. – N. 418-422.
**2073
I. 2 no. 32 Caeiio ?in?enueei? Oaaea?aoe?? “I?i aeoe?i-
ia?i? oiaa?enoaa”.
**2074
Aeoeeiia?iia iauanoai e oiaa?euanoai n ia?aie/aiiie
ioaaonoaaiiinoueth: Na. ca?oaaae. caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa. – I.:
AAE, 1995. -N. 204.
**2075
Aaeeaa N., Aeeca?ia A, Caueoa oeaiiuo aoiaa. – I.,
1997. – N. 10.
**2076
Ioieo 1.1 Iieiaeaiiy i?i ii?yaeie aaaeaiiy ?a?no??a
aeaniee?a ?iaiieo oe?iieo iaia??a.
**2077
A?aeiiino? Aa?oiaii? ?aaee Oe?a?ie. – 1992. – ? 47.
– No. 643.
**2078
No. 42 Caeiio Oe?a?ie “I?i ainiiaea?nuee? oiaa?enoaa”.
**2079
Oa?oaiaae/ A. O. Eo?n oi?aiaiai i?aaa. -O. 1. –
N. 430 – 431.
**2080
Oai aea.
**2081
I?aai nianoaaiiinoe a Oe?aeia / Iiae ?aae. I. A. Oaa-
/aiei. – E.: Aeeoe-Eioi?i, 1996. – N. 99.
**2082
*.3 ia?aa?aoa 131 Aeoe?iia?iiai caeiio I?ia//eie.
**2083
Aeea.: Aea?aeaaiee ?ioi?iaoe?eiee atheaoaiue i?i i?eaa-
oecaoe?th. – 1996. -? 11.-N. 47-80.
**2084
A?aaeaeaineia e oi?aiaia i?aai eaieoaeenoe/aneeo no?ai:
O/aa. iiniaea / Iiae ?aae. A. I. Iicieeia, I. E. Eoeaaeia.
– I.: Auno. oe., 1980. – N. 66; Nu?iaeiaaa I. I. Aeoeei-
ia?iia i?aai NOA e ?innee: n?aaieoaeueiue aiaeec. –
I.: NIA?E, 1996. -N. 6-7.
**2085
Caeii ?in?enueei? Oaaea?aoe?? a?ae 24 eenoiiaaea 1995 ?. “I?i
aeoe?iia?i? oiaa?enoaa” a?ae 26.12.95 ?.
**2086
Eiioeaioe?y ia?aoiaeo aei ?eieiai? aeiiii?ee, noaaeaia
Iinoaiiaith Aa?oiaii? ?aaee O?N? a?ae 01.11.1990 ?. // A?aei-
iino? Aa?oiaii? ?aaee O?N?. – 1990. – ? 48. – No. 631;
no. 13 Eiinoeoooe?? Oe?a?ie // A?aeiiino? Aa?oiaii? ?aaee
Oe?a?ie. – 1996. -?30.-No. 141.
**2087
A?aeiia?aeii aei i. 5 no. 1.40 Iiaeaeueiiai caeiio NOA “I?i
i?aei?e?iieoeueeo ei?ii?aoe?th” i?ae aeeno?eaooe?yie ?icoi?-
thoue i?yio ? iai?yio ia?aaea/o a?ioae aai ?ioiai iaeia,
ui ia?aaoaa? o aeaniino? ei?ii?aoe??, e??i aeanieo aeoe?e
inoaiiuei?, aai acyooy ei?ii?aoe??th ciaia’ycaiue ia?aae aeoe?-
iia?aie, a o. /. i?i nieaoo aeea?aeaiae?a, a oaeiae i?i i?iaeaae
aai eoi?aeth (aeeoi) aeoe?e, ia?a?iciiae?e ai?ao aai iaaiaee.
**2088
Nu?iaeiaaa I. Aeoeeiia?iia i?aai NOA e ?innee…-N. 6.
**2089
No. 7.46 Iiaeaeueiiai caeiio NOA “I?i i?aei?e?iieoeue-
eo ei?ii?aoe?th”.
**2090
Oa?oaiaae/ A. O. Eo?n oi?aiaiai i?aaa. -O. 1. –
N. 457.
**2091
Aeoe?iia?i? oiaa?enoaa: i?aai?caoe?y oa ae?yeuei?noue. –
N. 174-178.
**2092
No. 44 Caeiio Oe?a?ie “I?i ainiiaea?nuee? oiaa?enoaa” a
noa??e ?aaeaeoe??, oiaoi aei iaaoooy /eiiino? Caeiiii Oe?a?-
ie a?ae 23.12.1997 ?. “I?i aianaiiy ci?i aei Caeiio Oe?a?-
ie “I?i ainiiaea?nuee? oiaa?enoaa”.
**2093
Aea?aeaaiee ?ioi?iaoe?eiee atheaoaiue i?i i?eaaoecaoe?th.
– 1996. – ? 11. – N. 55.
**2094
Ia?aa?ao 136 Aeoe?iia?iiai caeiio I?ia//eie, a oaeiae
i. 13 A?aiaiiuo i?aaee ia i?aaiecaoeee e nicuaa iaueo
nia?aiee e ?aaeceiiiuo eiiennee aeoeeiia?iuo e?aaeeo-
ieo onoaiiaeaiee, oi?aiaii?iiuoeaiiuo iauanoa (ca en-
eeth/aieai aeaeaciiaei?iaeiuo) e oiaa?euanoa ia iayo
(e?iia oao, iae eieo ia eioe?othony ia ae?aea) (I?eeiaea-
iea e no. 2158 A?aaeaeaineeo caeiiia ?inneeneie eiia?ee)
// Caeiiu i oiaa?euanoaao. Aeoeeiia?iua iauanoaa, oiaa-
?euanoaa ia iayo, oi?aiaua aeiia, a?oaee e ae?. Ii?yaeie eo
o/?aaeaeaiey e aeayoaeueiinoe n pacuycieieyie I?aaeoaeue-
noaothuaai Naiaoa / Nino. A. Iaeneiia. – I.: TH?eno, 1911.
– N. 105.
**2095
Oa?oaiaae/ A. O. Eo?n oi?aiaiai i?aaa. -O. 1. –
N. 460.
**2096
Ia?aa?ao 122 Aeoe?iia?iiai caeiio I?ia//eie; i. 11
A?aiaiiuo i?aaee ia i?aaiecaoeee e nicuaa iaueo nia?a-
iee, a oaeiae Oa?oaiaae/ A. O. Eo?n oi?aiaiai i?aaa. –
O. 1.-N. 460.
**2097
Nai?iee iinoaiiaeaiee i?aaeoaeuenoaa NNN?. – 1990.
-? 15.-No. 82.
**2098
I. 7 A?aiaiiuo i?aaee ia i?aaiecaoeee e nicuaa ia-
ueo nia?aiee; Oa?oaiaae/ A. O. Eo?n oi?aiaiai i?aaa.
-T. 1.-N. 461; no. 155 Caeiio O?aioe?? “I?i oi?aia?
oiaa?enoaa”, ia?aa?ao 281 Caeiio Oai?ueie “I?i ainii-
aea?nuee? oiaa?enoaa”; ia?aa?ao 185 Oi?aiaiai eiaeaeno *aoi-
Neiaa//eie // Aeoeeiia?iia iauanoai e oiaa?euanoai n
ia?aie/aiiie ioaaonoaaiiinoueth. – N. 198-199, 233, 258.
**2099
Oai aea.
**2100
Iao?aaeeoeeee E. Aeoeeiia?iay eiiiaiey … – N. 187-
188.
**2101
Oai aea. – N. 184.
**2102
Ia?aa?ao 64 Aeoe?iia?iiai caeiio I?ia//eie; /. 1 ia-
?aa?aoa 194 Oi?aiaiai eiaeaeno *aoi-Neiaa//eie; /. 3
no. 69 Caeiio ?in?enueei? Oaaea?aoe?? “I?i aeoe?iia?i? oiaa-
?enoaa”; noaoo? 118-120 Caeiio O?aioe?? i?i “Oi?aia? oi-
aa?enoaa”.
**2103
*. 2 ia?aa?aoa 76 Aeoe?iia?iiai caeiio I?ia//eie; no. 29
Caeiio O?aioe?? “I?i oi?aia? oiaa?enoaa”; /. 2 ia?aa?aoa
285 Caeiio Oai?ueie “I?i ainiiaea?nuee? oiaa?enoaa”.
**2104
Aea?aeaaiee ?ioi?iaoe?eiee atheaoaiue i?i i?eaaoecaoe?th.
– 1997. -? 3.-N. 63.
**2105
Aeoe?iia?i? oiaa?enoaa: i?aai?caoe?y oa ae?yeuei?noue. –
N. 87.
**2106
Oai naii. – N. 73-92; Aea?aeaaiee ?ioi?iaoe?eiee
atheaoaiue i?i i?eaaoecaoe?th. – 1996. – ? 11.
**2107
Iaea X.-A. Aa?iiaeneia i?aai oi?aiauo iauanoa //
Iniiae iaiaoeeiai oi?aiaiai e oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa. –
I.: AAE, 1995. – N. 51.
**2108
*. 2 no. 46 Caeiio Oe?a?ie “I?i ainiiaea?nuee? oiaa?e-
noaa” a ?aaeaeoe?? Caeiio a?ae 23 a?oaeiy 1997 ?. “I?i aianai-
iy ci?i aei Caeiio Oe?a?ie “I?i ainiiaea?nuee? oiaa?enoaa”
// Io?oe?eiee a?niee Oe?a?ie. – 1998. – ? 3. – No. 73.
**2109
Iieiaeaiiy i?i ii?yaeie ei?ii?aoecaoe?? i?aei?e?inoa.
Caoaa?aeaeaia iinoaiiaith Eaa?iaoo I?i?no??a Oe?a?ie a?ae
05.07.1993 ?. ? 508 // O?yaeiaee eo?’??. – 1993. –
15 eeiiy. – N. 10; Iieiaeaiiy i?i niinoa?aaeio ?aaeo. Caoa.
iinoaiiaith Eaa?iaoii I?i?no??a Oe?a?ie a?ae 19.07.1993 ?.
? 556 // Aea?aeaaiee ?ioi?iaoe?eiee atheaoaiue i?i i?e-
aaoecaoe?th. – 1993. – ?8.- N. 19-21.
**2110
Aea?aeaaiee ?ioi?iaoe?eiee atheaoaiue i?i i?eaaoecaoe?th.
– 1993. -? 8.-N. 19-21.
**2111
Oai naii. – 1996. -?11.-N. 58-59.
AEAAA C
**301
Ai?aeii A. I. I?aaeene. e ei.: Eaiaeeio N. I. Oiaa?eua-
noai n ia?aie/aiiie ioaaonoaaiiinoueth ia Caiaaea e a NNN?.
– Oa?ueeia, 1924. – N. 111.
**302
Oai aea. – N. 10.
**303
Oai aea.-N. 111.
**304
Eaieiea A. E. I/a?ee oi?aiaiai i?aaa. – Aui. 1. –
1912.-N. 371.
**305
Eaiaeeio N. I. Oiaa?euanoai n ia?aie/aiiie ioaaonoaai-
iinoueth ia Caiaaea e a NNN?. – N. 1.
**306
Noaoo? 318-321 Oeea?eueiiai eiaeaeno O?N? 1922 ?.
**307
?icaiaa?a A. A. Oiaa?euanoai n ia?aie/aiiie ioaaonoaai-
iinoueth… – N. 59, 64-65; A?aaeaeaineia e oi?aiaia i?aai
eaieoaeenoe/aneeo ainoaea?noa / Iiae ?aae. A.A. Aaneeueaaa.
– N. 165.
**308
Ia?aa?ao 13 Caeiio I?ia//eie “I?i oiaa?enoaa c ia-
iaaeaiith a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noth; no. 87 Oeea?eueiiai eiaeaeno ?i-
n?enueei? Oaaea?aoe??; ia?aa?ao 155 Caeiio Oai?ueie “I?i
ainiiaea?nuee? oiaa?enoaa”.
**309
No. 318 Oeea?eueiiai eiaeaeno O?N? 1922 ?., a oaeiae:
Eaiaeeio N. I. Oiaa?euanoai n ia?aie/aiiie ioaaonoaai-
iinoueth ia Caiaaea e a NNN?. – N. 9; Eaiaeeio N. I. Oiaa-
?euanoaa e aeoeeiia?iua iauanoaa. Oai?ey e i?aeoeea.
– Oa?ueeia: Ecae-ai Ia?eiithnoa ONN?, 1926.- N. 105, 225.
**310
IaeaO.-A. Aa?iiaeneia i?aai oi?aiauo iauanoa.-N. 52;
ia?aa?ao 1 Caeiio I?ia//eie a?ae 20 ea?oiy 1892 ?. (c ia-
nooiieie ci?iaie ? aeiiiaiaiiyie) “I?i oiaa?enoaa c ia-
iaaeaiith a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noth” // Aa?iaineia i?aai. – *. ??.
– N. 328; no. 34 Caeiio O?aioe?? ? 66-537 a?ae 24 /a?aiy
1966 ?. “I?i oi?aia? oiaa?enoaa” // Aeoeeiia?iia iaua-
noai e oiaa?euanoai n ia?aie/aiiie ioaaonoaaiiinoueth. –
N. 32; ia?aa?ao 156 Caeiio O? Oai?ueie 1988 ?. “I?i
ainiiaea?nuee? oiaa?enoaa”// Aeoeeiia?iia iauanoai e oi-
aa?euanoai n ia?aie/aiiie ioaaonoaaiiinoueth. – N. 46;
no. 87 Oeea?eueiiai eiaeaeno ?in?enueei? Oaaea?aoe??.
**311
A?iiee I. I. I?aai aeaniino? ye iniiaiee i?aaiaee
?aaeei iaeia noa’?eoa i?aei?e?iieoeueei? ae?yeueiino? //
Aeiiii?ei-i?aaia? i?iaeaie o?ainoi?iaoe?? a?aeiinei aean-
iino? a Oe?a?i?: 36. iaoeiaeo i?aoeue. – N. 137-141; A?i-
iee I. I. Eiouanoaaiiay naiinoiyoaeueiinoue eae iaiaoi-
aeeiia oneiaea aeey inouanoaeaiey i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie
aeayoaeueiinoe // I?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoai, oicyenoai e i?aai.
– 1997. – ? 3.- N. C-6.
**312
Ia?aa?ao 24 Caeiio I?ia//eie “I?i oiaa?enoaa c ia-
iaaeaiith a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noth”.
**313
Ia?aa?aoe 19 ? 22 Caeiio I?ia//eie “I?i oiaa?enoaa
c iaiaaeaiith a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noth”.
**314
Ia?aa?ao 32a Caeiio I?ia//eie “I?i oiaa?enoai c
iaiaaeaiith a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noth”.
**315
No. 36 Caeiio O?aioe?? “I?i oi?aia? oiaa?enoaa”; i. 3
ia?aa?aoa 105 Oi?aiaiai eiaeaeno *aoi-Neiaa//eie; no. 88
Oeea?eueiiai eiaeaeno ?in?enueei? Oaaea?aoe??.
**316
?icaiaa?a A. A. Oiaa?euanoai n ia?aie/aiiie ioaaonoaai-
iinoueth. – N. 77.
**317
Ia?aa?aoe 17 ? 22 Caeiio I?ia//eie “I?i oiaa?enoaa
c iaiaaeaiith a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noth”.
**318
*. 4 no. 53 Caeiio Oe?a?ie “I?i ainiiaea?nuee? oiaa-
?enoaa”.
**319
No. 59, ioieoe “a”, “a”, “a-ae”, “e-?” no. 41 Caeiio Oe?a-
?ie “I?i ainiiaea?nuee? oiaa?enoaa”.
**320
*.4 no.58 Caeiio Oe?a?ie “I?i ainiiaea?nuee? oiaa?enoaa”.
**321
*. 1 ia?aa?aoa 50 Caeiio I?ia//eie “I?i oiaa?enoaa c
iaiaaeaiith a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noth”.
**322
?icaiaa?a A. A. Oiaa?euanoai n ia?aie/aiiie ioaaonoaai-
iinoueth … – N. 84.
**323
No. 11 Caeiio ?in?enueei? ?ON? a?ae 25.12.1990 ?. “I?i
i?aei?e?inoaa oa i?aei?e?iieoeueeo ae?yeuei?noue” // Aaaeiiinoe
Aa?oiaiiai Niaaoa ?NON?. – 1990. – ? 30. – No. 418.
**324
Noaoo? 87 ? 97 Oeea?eueiiai eiaeaeno ?in?enueei? Oaaea?aoe??;
no. 7 Caeiio ?in?enueei? Oaaea?aoe?? “I?i aeoe?iia?i? oiaa-
?enoaa”.
**325
A?iiee I. Cae?eoa aeoe?iia?ia oiaa?enoai ? oiaa?enoai
c iaiaaeaiith a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noth: ii??aiyeueia oa?aeoa?en-
oeea ? i?iaeaie aaeineiiaeaiiy i?aaiaiai ?aaoethaaiiy //
I?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoai, oicyenoai e i?aai. – 1997. – ? 8.
– N. 3-6.
AEAAA 4
**401
*. 3 no. 65 Caeiio Oe?a?ie “I?i ainiiaea?nuee? oiaa?e-
noaa”.
**402
*anoeie 1 ? 2 no. 65 Caeiio Oe?a?ie “I?i ainiiaea?nuee?
oiaa?enoaa”.
**40C
A?aeiiino? Aa?oiaii? ?aaee Oe?a?ie. – 1993. – ? 19.
– No. 207.
**404
Ni?aa?aeiioaiiy oe??? noie aei no/anii? oe?a?inueei? a?i-
oiai? iaeeieoe? – a?eai? c o?aooaaiiyi ??aiy ?ioeyoe??, ui
iaea i?noea a?ae iiiaioo i?eeiyooy Aeae?aoo Eaa?iaoo I?i?-
no??a Oe?a?ie “I?i aeia??/? oiaa?enoaa”, caeiiiaeaaaoeue aein?
ia anoaiiaea, ui oo?oaeith?, iaa?oue oiaiiaeeeaeth? canoino-
aaiiy cacia/aii? ii?ie ia i?aeoeoe?.
**405
Uia o?anoe ia?anoaee e?anoe // O?yaeiaee eo?’??. –
1998. – 22 n?/iy. – N. 3.
**406
A?aeiiino? Aa?oiaii? ?aaee Oe?a?ie. – 1994. -?1.-
No. 1.
**407
?aniiiia A. Iaoai?ci ?aae?caoe?? a?aeiia?aeaeueiino? aeia??-
/eo oiaa?enoa // TH?eaee/iee a?niee Oe?a?ie. – 1996. –
?26.-N. 4.
**408
Oaooeei A. A. I?aaiecaoeeiiii-no?oeoo?iua (i?aainoau-
aeoiua) i?aaeiinueee yeiiiie/aneeo i?anooieaiee //
Oicyenoaaiii-i?aaiaua n?aaenoaa i?aaeioa?auaiey yeiii-
ie/aneeo i?anooieaiee: Oacene aeieeaaeia e aunooieaiee,
?aeiiaiaeaoeee “e?oaeiai noiea”. – Aeiiaoee, EYIE IAI
Oe?aeiu, 1995. – N. 15.
AEAAA 5
**501
Oa?oaiaae/ A. O. Eo?n oi?aiaiai i?aaa. -O. 1.-
N. 287.
**502
Eaieiea E. A. I/a?ee oi?aiaiai i?aaa. – N. 199-202.
**503
Oa?oaiaae/ A. O. Eo?n oi?aiaiai i?aaa. -O. 1. –
N. 308.
**504
Ieana O. I?aai oi?aiauo oiaa?euanoa // Iniiau ia-
iaoeeiai oi?aiaiai e oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa. – N. 26.
**505
Eaieiea A. E. I/a?ee oi?aiaiai i?aaa. – N. 209.
**506
Aoee I. Oi?aiaia i?aai: neiaa?ue o?aioeocneeo oa?ie-
iia. – I.: Iaaeaeoia?. ioiioaiey, 1993. – N. 242-243.
**507
No. 66 Caeiio Oe?a?ie “I?i ainiiaea?nuee? oiaa?enoaa”.
**508
Oa?oaiaae/ A. O. Eo?n oi?aiaiai i?aaa. -O. 1. –
N. 306; /. 1 no. 2134 o. O Naiaea caeiiia ?inneeneie eiia-
?ee (Caeiiu A?aaeaeaineea), no. 62 Oi?aiaiai onoaaa ?in-
neeneie eiia?ee // Caeiiu i oiaa?euanoaao … – N. 59,
180.
**509
Noaoo? 4 ? 67 Caeiio Oe?a?ie “I?i ainiiaea?nuee? oiaa-
?enoaa”, noaoo? 41-61 Oeea?eueiiai eiaeaeno O?N? 1963 ?.
// Eiaeaene Oe?a?ie. – 1996. – ? 2.
**510
No. 68 Oi?aiaith noaoooo ?in?enueei? ?iia???.
**511
Aaaeiiinoe Aa?oiaiiai Niaaoa ?NON?. – 1990. – ? 30.
– No. 418.
**512
Iai?eeeaae, ia?aa?ao 111 Oi?aiaiai oeiaeaiiy I?ia/-
/eie // Aa?iaineia i?aai. – *.2.- I., 1996. – N. 46.
**513
Oa?oaiaae/ A. O. Eo?n oi?aiaiai i?aaa. -O. 1. –
N. 327.
**514
Ia?aa?ao 706 Oeea?eueiiai oeiaeaiiy I?ia//eie // Aa?-
iaineia i?aai. -*. 1.-I., 1996. – N. 168.
**515
Oa?oaiaae/ A. O. Eo?n oi?aiaiai i?aaa. -O. 1. –
N, 331-333.
**516
I. 2 ia?aa?aoa 119 Oi?aiaiai oeiaeaiiy I?ia//eie.
**517
*. 6 no. 68 Caeiio Oe?a?ie “I?i ainiiaea?nuee? oiaa-
?enoaa”.
**518
No. 65 Oi?aiaiai noaoooo ?in?enueei? ?iia???; A?aaeaeai-
neia e oi?aiaia i?aai eaieoaeenoe/aneeo ainoaea?noa. –
*.1.-N. 151-152; /.4 no.66 Oeea?eueiiai eiaeaeno ?in?e-
nueei? Oaaea?aoe??.
**519
Ia?aa?ao 19 Oi?aiaiai oeiaeaiiy I?ia//eie; A?aaeaeai-
neia e oi?aiaia i?aai eaieoaeenoe/aneeo ainoaea?noa. –
*.1. – N. 152; /.3 no.69 Oeea?eueiiai eiaeaeno ?in?enueei?
Oaaea?aoe??.
AEAAA 6
**601
Oa?oaiaae/ A. O. Eo?n oi?aiaiai i?aaa. -O. 1. –
N. 362; noaoo? 55 ? 71 Oi?aiaiai noaoooo ?in?enueei? ?iia???;
no. 82 Oeea?eueiiai eiaeaeno ?in?enueei? Oaaea?aoe??.
**602
Oa?oaiaae/ A. O. Eo?n oi?aiaiai i?aaa. -O. 1. –
N. 362; no. 62 Oi?aiaiai oeiaeaiiy ?in?enueei? ?iia???; /.
1 no. 82 Oeea?eueiiai eiaeaeno ?in?enueei? Oaaea?aoe??; A?aae-
aeaineia e oi?aiaia i?aai eaieoaeenoe/aneeo ainoaea?noa.
– N. 132.
**603
Ia?aa?ao 161 Oi?aiaiai oeiaeaiiy I?ia//eie; A?aae-
aeaineia e oi?aiaia i?aai eaieoaeenoe/aneeo no?ai. – *.1.
– N. 157; no. 82 Oeea?eueiiai eiaeaeno ?in?enueei? Oaaea?aoe??.
**604
Oa?oaiaae/ A. O. Eo?n oi?aiaiai i?aaa. -O. 1. –
N. 364.
**605
Ia?aa?ao 161 Oi?aiaiai oeiaeaiiy I?ia//eie; ia?a-
a?ao 278 Aeoe?iia?iiai caeiio I?ia//eie.
**606
Ia?aa?ao 230 Oi?aiaiai oeiaeaiiy I?ia//eie.
**607
Ia?aa?ao 235 Oi?aiaiai oeiaeaiiy I?ia//eie.
**608
A?aaeaeaineia e oi?aiaia i?aai eaieoaeenoe/aneeo ai-
noaea?noa / Iiae ?aae. A. A. Aaneeueaaa. -N. 135; Hoeber R. N.,
Re?tzel J. D., Lyden D. P., Roberts N. J., Severance G. B. Con-
temporary Bus?ness Law. Pr?ns?ples and Cases. – Un?ted Sta-
tes: McGraw-H?ll Book Company, 1986. – P. 908-929.
**609
Noaoo? 4 ? 76 Caeiio Oe?a?ie “I?i ainiiaea?nuee? oiaa?e-
noaa”.
**610
No. 23 O?aioeocueeiai oi?aiaiai eiaeaeno // A?aaeaeaineia,
oi?aiaia e naiaeiia i?aai eaieoaeenoe/aneeo no?ai: Na.
ii?iao.aeoia. A?aaeaeaineea e oi?aiaia eiaeaenue?. – I.:
OAeI, 1986. – N. 100 – 112; /.4 no.82 Oeea?eueiiai eiaeaeno
?in?enueei? Oaaea?aoe??; /. 2 ia?aa?aoa 19 Oi?aiaiai oei-
aeaiiy I?ia//eie.
**611
No. 203 Oeea?eueiiai eiaeaeno O?N? 1963 ?.
AEAAA 7
**701
Oeeiei A. N. Eae auee i?aaeaiu caaaaieth eaeae Eaieia.
// Eiiia?aoeau naaiaeiy e a aoaeouai. – I.: TH?eae. eeo.,
1989. – N. 12-13. Uiaei iniiaieo canaae eiiia?aoe?? ? oi-
/ie ci?o c oeueiai ieoaiiy Oioe?ina, A. Ithieia?a, A. Nai-
/eea aeea.: I?aai aeaniino? a niiaeea/?e eiiia?aoe?? Oe?a?-
ie. – E., 1996. – N. 25-33.
**702
Oa?oaiaae/ A. O. Eo?n oi?aiaiai i?aaa. -O. 1. –
N. 290-292.
**703
Aa?iaineia i?aai. -*.2.–N. 355-407.
**704
Oa?oaiaae/ A. O. Eo?n oi?aiaiai i?aaa. -O. 1. –
N. 292-293.
**705
Iiaue eiiia?aoeaiue caeii. (Ecaeaiea iaioeoeeaeueiia.)
– Oa?ueeia, 1917.
**706
Aeiaiai ss., Oaeiiai N. Eaae?u ainoaea?noaaiiiai e ei-
iia?aoeaiiai aiia?aoa NNN?. – I., 1930. – N. 104-105,
oaae. 6.
**707
Oeeiei A. N. Eae auee i?aaeaiu caaaaieth eaeae Eaieia.
– N. 12-13.
**708
A?aeiiino? Aa?oiaii? ?aaee Oe?a?ie. – 1997. – ? 39.
– No. 261.
**709
Eaieiea A. E. I/a?ee oi?aiaiai i?aaa. – N. 209.
**710
Aacaoee 2 ? 3 /. 2 no. 3 Caeiio N?N? “I?i eiiia?aoe?th a
N?N?”.
**711
*. 5 no. 11 Caeiio N?N? “I?i eiiia?aoe?th a N?N?”; no. 7
Caeiio Oe?a?ie “I?i n?euenueeiainiiaea?nueeo eiiia?aoe?th”.
**712
Noaoo? 1 ? 2 Caeiio Oe?a?ie a?ae 10 ea?oiy 1992 ?. “I?i
niiaeea/o eiiia?aoe?th” // A?aeiiino? Aa?oiaii? ?aaee Oe?a-
?ie. – 1992. – ? 30. – No. 414.
**713
No. 14 Caeiio N?N? “I?i eiiia?aoe?th a N?N?”; noaoo?
13-19 Caeiio Oe?a?ie “I?i n?euenueeiainiiaea?nueeo eii-
ia?aoe?th”.
**714
*. 1 no. 13 Caeiio N?N? “I?i eiiia?aoe?th a N?N?”;
no. 24 Caeiio Oe?a?ie “I?i n?euenueeiainiiaea?nueeo eii-
ia?aoe?th”.
**715
No. 7 Caeiio N?N? “I?i eiiia?aoe?th a N?N?”; noaoo? 20-
22 Caeiio Oe?a?ie “I?i n?euenueeiainiiaea?nueeo eiiia?aoe?th”.
**716
*.1 no. 5 Caeiio N?N? “I?i eiiia?aoe?th a N?N?”.
**717
Aacaoee 3 ? 4 no. 1, no. 2 Caeiio Oe?a?ie “I?i n?euenueei-
ainiiaea?nueeo eiiia?aoe?th”.
**718
*anoeie 3-7 no.2 Caeiio Oe?a?ie “I?i n?euenueeiain-
iiaea?nueeo eiiia?aoe?th”.
**719
Caeii Oe?a?ie a?ae 14 ethoiai 1992 ?. “I?i eieaeoeaia
n?euenueeiainiiaea?nueea i?aei?e?inoai” // A?aeiiino? Aa?oia-
ii? ?aaee Oe?a?ie. – 1992. – ? 20. – No. 272.
**720
No. 7 Caeiio Oe?a?ie “I?i eieaeoeaia n?euenueeiainii-
aea?nueea i?aei?e?inoai”; noaoo? 20 ? 21 Caeiio Oe?a?ie “I?i
n?euenueeiainiiaea?nueeo eiiia?aoe?th”.
AENIIAEE
**A01
C oeueiai ieoaiiy aeea. oaeiae: A?iiee I. I. Oeyoe aaein-
eiiaeaiiy ainiiaea?nueeiai caeiiiaeaanoaa Oe?a?ie c ieoaiue
i?aaiaiai noaiiaeua ainiiaea?thth/eo noa’?eo?a iniiaii?
eaiee aeiiii?ee // Eiioeaioe?y ?icaeoeo caeiiiaeaanoaa
Oe?a?ie: Iaoa??aee iaoeiai-i?aeoe/ii? eiioa?aioe??, o?a-
aaiue 1996 ?.-E., 1996.-N. 208-210; A?iiee I. I. I?a-
aiaia iieiaeaiea oicyenoaaiiio i?aaiecaoeee: iooe niaa?-
oainoaiaaiey caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa // I?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoai,
oicyenoai e i?aai. – 1997. -? 1.-N. 7-11; A?i-
iee I. I. Cae?eoa aeoe?iia?ia oiaa?enoai ? oiaa?enoai c ia-
iaaeaiith a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noth: ii??aiyeueia oa?aeoa?enoeea
? i?iaeaie aaeineiiaeaiiy i?aaiaiai ?aaoethaaiiy // I?aae-
i?eieiaoaeuenoai, oicyenoai e i?aai. – 1997. – ? 8.-
N. 3-6; A?iiee I. I. Caoeno noni?eueieo ?ioa?an?a o i?i-
oean? cae?eniaiiy i?aei?e?iieoeueei? ae?yeueiino? // I?aaei?eie-
iaoaeuenoai, oicyenoai e i?aai. – 1997. -? 9.-N. 14-
19; A?iiee I. I. I?aaiaa noaiiaeua caeaaeiiai i?aei?e?i-
noaa: i?iaeaie aaeineiiaeaiiy caeiiiaeaanoaa // I?aaei?e-
ieiaoaeuenoai, oicyenoai e i?aai. – 1997. – ? 11. –
N. 10-12.
**A02
I?i aeioe?eueiino? i?eeiyooy Ainiiaea?nueeiai (Eiia?oe?e-
iiai) eiaeaeno Oe?a?ie aeea.: Iaiooia A. E. ?icaeoie ca-
eiiiaeaanoaa i?i ia?iaeia ainiiaea?noai: aeoe caaaeueiiain-
iiaea?nuee? oa niaoe?aeuei? // Eiioeaioe?y ?icaeoeo caeiiiaeaa-
noaa Oe?a?ie. – N. 31- 33, Iaiooia A. E. Eiaeeoeeaoeey
oicyenoaaiiiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa Oe?aeie a iiauo yei-
iiie/aneeo oneiaeyo // Ainoaea?noai e i?aai. – 1994. –
?6.-N. 77-87; Ciaiaineee A. E. Iauanoaaiiue oicye-
noaaiiue ii?yaeie e caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai // Ainoaea?noai e
i?aai. – 1994. -? 4.-N. 61-69; “Ia ii caiuoeaieth
aiyith…”: Aanaaea n i?io. A. A. I?iineie i nicaeaiee i?iae-
oa Oicyenoaaiiiai (Eiiia?/aneiai) eiaeaena Oe?aeiu //
Caeii e aecian. – 1996. – ?4.- N. 6-7; I?iinueea A.
I?i i?ioan?iiae?ci ? ii?aeuei?noue o iaoeia?e aeeneon?? //
Caeii e aecian. – 1997. -?37.-N. 6, ? 38.-N. 6;
Oe?iiee I. I?aaiaa ?aaoethaaiiy noni?eueieo a?aeiinei o
noa?? aeiiii?ee: i?iaeaie eiaeeo?eaoe?? caeiiiaeaanoaa //
Ca??iee ??oaiue oa a?a?o?aaeii? i?aeoeee Aeuiai a?a?o-
?aaeiiai noaeo Oe?a?ie. – 1997. -? 1.-N. 183-190.
**A0C
Caeiiii Oe?a?ie “I?i ainiiaea?nuee? oiaa?enoaa” aca-
aae? ia ia?aaeaa/a?oueny no?ie aeey iiia?aaeaeaiiy e?aaeeoi??a
o ?ac? naiie?ea?aeaoe??; no. 35 Caeiio Oe?a?ie “I?i i?aei?e?i-
noaa a Oe?a?i?” oaeee oa?i?i oi/ ? anoaiiaeaiee (2 i?nyoe?),
aea, ii-ia?oa, aei i?aei?e?inoa iaeaaeaoue ia an? ainiiaea?nuee?
oiaa?enoaa, a ii-ae?oaa, iaa?oue oeae no?ie ia i?aeoeoe? ia
aeio?eio?oueny ? noaiiaeoue ?iiae? iaeei i?nyoeue, aeaa oeaei?,
iaa?oue 10 aei?a aai acaaae? a iaieioaii? i?i e?ea?aeaoe?th ia
cacia/a?oueny oaeee oa?i?i. Aeea., iai?eeeaae, iaieioaiiy
i?i naiie?ea?aeaoe?th: I?eaaoieo i?aei?e?inoa “Eiiieaen-E”
(no?ie aeey i?aae’yaeaiiy e?aaeeoi?aie nai?o i?aoaic?e
acaaae? ia cacia/a?oueny), IIO “Inoa?” (30 aei?a), “Aiaio?e”
(10 aei?a) // Aeaeiaie eo?uea?. -1997. – 20 ieoya?y. – N. 2;
OIA th?eaee/ia o??ia “Ia?oeo?i ? eiiiai?y” (i?ioyaii
i?nyoey) // Aeaeiaie eo?uea?. – 1997. – 6 ieoya?y. – N. 2;
CAO “Oe?a?inueeee Aeaeaaie/ee Ae?i-1” (i?ny/iee oa?i?i)
// O?yaeiaee eo?’??. – 1997. – 15 aeiaoiy. – N. 14; II
“Eaeiai” (i?ioyaii i?nyoey c aeiy ioae?eaoe??) // O?yaei-
aee eo?’??. – 14 /a?aiy. – N. 23; *i?iiaeeuenueea aoae?-
aaeueii-iiioaaeia oi?aae?iiy (i?ny/iee oa?i?i) // O?yaei-
aee eo?’??. – 20 o?aaiy. -N. ??; CAO “Oe?a?inueeee ae?o-
ea?nueeee ae?i” (i?ny/iee oa?i?i) // O?yaeiaee eo?’??. –
24 o?aaiy. – N. 14; eiiia?aoea “Oooaiee”, i?eaaoia
i?aei?e?inoai “Eeyie” – aac cacia/aiiy oa?i?io aeey i?aae’-
yaeaiiy i?aoaic?e // O?yaeiaee eo?’??. – 1997. – 15
a?oaeiy. – N. 2; OIA “Eaie Oe?a?ie ?iaano”, OIA “O?ecoa”
– i?ioyaii i?nyoey // O?yaeiaee eo?’??. – 1997. – 17
eenoiiaaea. -N. 8 oa ?i. O e?a?iao ?eieiai? aeiiii?ee
anoaiiaeththoueny cia/i?o? no?iee: ca caeiiiaeaanoaii I?-
ia//eie (ia?aa?ao 272 Aeoe?iia?iiai caeiio, ia?aa?aoe
65 ? 73 Caeiio “I?i oiaa?enoaa c iaiaaeaiith a?aeiia?aeaeue-
i?noth”, ia?aa?ao 90 Caeiio “I?i ae?iaie/? e ainiiaea?nuee?
eiiia?aoeae) ia?aaeaa/a?oueny ??/iee oa?i?i aeey i?aae’ya-
eaiiy aeiia e?aaeeoi??a (aeea.: Aa?iaineia i?aai. – *. 2.
– N. 267-268, 349, 351-352,389-390), a no. 14.07 Ii-
aeaeueiiai caeiio NOA “I?i i?aei?e?iieoeueeo ei?ii?aoe?th”
– aeey iayaieo e?aaeeoi??a iaa?oue 5 ?ie?a iae iiiaioo ioa-
e?eaoe?? iia?aeiieaiiy i?i e?ea?aeaoe?th (aeea.: I?aaiaee i?i-
a?an /a?ac ii??aiyeueia i?aai. – Ei. 1. – N. 387).
AEEI?ENOAI? NEI?I*AIIss
AO – aeoe?iia?ia oiaa?enoai
AAO – aeoe?iia?ia oiaa?enoai a?aee?eoiai oeio
CAO – aeoe?iia?ia oiaa?enoai cae?eoiai oeio
OIA – oiaa?enoai c iaiaaeaiith a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noth
OAeA – oiaa?enoai c aeiaeaoeiaith a?aeiia?aeaeuei?noth
AeO – aeia??/a oiaa?enoai
IO – iiaia oiaa?enoai
EO – eiiaiaeeoia oiaa?enoai
AE – ae?iaie/ee eiiia?aoea
NAE – n?euenueeiainiiaea?nueeee ae?iaie/ee eiiia?aoea
EII – eieaeoeaia n?euenueeiainiiaea?nueea i?aei?e?inoai
AA? Oe?a?ie – A?aeiiino? Aa?oiaii? ?aaee Oe?a?ie
CIO Oe?a?ie – C?a?aiiy iinoaiia O?yaeo Oe?a?ie
IAO – Io?oe?eiee a?niee Oe?a?ie
Ae?AI – Aea?aeaaiee ?ioi?iaoe?eiee atheaoaiue i?i i?eaaoecaoe?th
C?AIAANO – Ca??iee ??oaiue oa a?a?o?aaeii? i?aeoeee Aeuiai a?a?o?aaeiiai noaeo Oe?a?ie
AO – Aiein Oe?a?ie
OE – O?yaeiaee eo?’??
A? Oe?a?ie – Aa?oiaia ?aaea Oe?a?ie
A? O?N? – Aa?oiaia ?aaea O?N?
EIO – Eaa?iao I?i?no??a Oe?a?ie
AA? N?N? – A?aeiiino? Aa?oiaii? ?aaee N?N?
AAN NNN? – Aaaeiiinoe Aa?oiaiiai Niaaoa NNN?
AAN ?NON? – Aaaeiiinoe Aa?oiaiiai Niaaoa ?NON?
NI NNN? – Nia?aiea iinoaiiaeaiee i?aaeoaeuenoaa NNN?
NI NNN? – Niaao Ieieno?ia NNN?
AO – Aiein Oe?a?ie
THAO – TH?eaee/iee a?niee Oe?a?ie
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