Вердников В.Г., Мартемьянов В.С., Плеханов А.И. 1978 - Предмет и система курса хозяйственного права. Правовое положение хозяйственных организаций (кни

Aa?aeieeia A.A., Ia?oaiueyiia A.N., Ieaoaiia A.E. 1978 – I?aaeiao e nenoaia eo?na oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa. I?aaiaia iieiaeaiea oicyenoaaiiuo i?aaiecaoeee

NIAeA?AEAIEA:

Aeaaa 1. I?aaeiao e nenoaia eo?na oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa …………… 3
1. Iiiyoea oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee ………………………….. 3
2. I?aaiaua oi?iu e iaoiaeu ?oeiaiaenoaa nioeeaeenoe/aneei oicyenoaii..8
3. Io?anee niaaoneiai i?aaa, ?aaoee?othuea oicyenoaaiiua ioiioaiey.
Aii?in i oicyenoaaiiii i?aaa ………………………………… 14
4. Oicyenoaaiiia i?aai eae o/aaiay aeenoeeieeia ……………….. 17
5. Oicyenoaaiiia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai …………………………. 19

Aeaaa II. I?aaiaia iieiaeaiea oicyenoaaiiuo i?aaiecaoeee ……….. 25
Aaaaeaiea ………………………………………………….. 25
I?aaiaia iieiaeaiea ainoaea?noaaiiuo oicyenoaaiiuo i?aaiecaoeee ……. 27
1. Iauea iieiaeaiey ……………………………………….. 27
2. I?aaiaia iieiaeaiea oicyenoaaiiuo nenoai ………………….. 34
3. I?aaiaia iieiaeaiea i?iiuoeaiiuo iauaaeeiaiee, oi?aaeaiee eniieeiiia
iaeanoiuo (e?aaauo) Niaaoia e ae?oaeo aiaeiae/iuo caaiueaa ia?iaeiiai
oicyenoaa ………………………………………………… 44
4. I?aaiaia iieiaeaiea i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo iauaaeeiaiee (eiiaeiaoia),
iao/ii-i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo iauaaeeiaiee, oe?i, i?aaei?eyoee, o?anoia, oi?aia
e ae?oaeo oicyenoaaiiuo i?aaiecaoeee ………………………….. 49
5. I?aaiaia iieiaeaiea i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo, no?oeoo?iuo aaeeieoe, oeeeaeia
e ae?oaeo noiaeiuo ii eiiiaoaioeee i?aaiecaoeee……………………. 54
6. I?aaiaia iieiaeaiea Ainaaiea NNN?, No?ieaaiea NNN? e naa?eann …57
7. I?aaiaia iieiaeaiea eiiia?aoeaiuo i?aaiecaoeee e eo i?aaei?eyoee.

I?aaiaia iieiaeaiea iaaeeieoiciuo i?aaiecaoeee, i?aaei?eyoee e iauaaeeiaiee.
Ainoaea?noaaiii-eieoiciua i?aaiecaoeee ………………………… 61
AEAAA 1. I?AAeIAO E NENOAIA EO?NA OICssENOAAIIIAI I?AAA

1. Iiiyoea oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee

1. Niaeanii oeacaieth XXV nuacaea EINN . (*1).

Oicyenoaaiiua ioiioaiey /aua anaai ii?aaeaeythony eae ioiioaiey a iaeanoe
oicyenoaa(*2) eee a iaeanoe nioeeaeenoe/aneiai oicyenoaa(*3).

Oa?iei iiiaicia/ai. Iaeaieaa /anoi ii oiio?aaeyaony a
o?oaeao iniiaiiieiaeieeia ia?enecia- eaieiecia, a ?aoaieyo nuacaeia ia?oee
e a iinoaiiaeaieyo Ieaioiia OeE EINN eae neiiiei i?iecaiaenoaa.

Eiaiii a oaeii niunea ii oiio?aaeai, iai?eia?, a ecaanoiii oeacaiee
A.E.Eaieia, /oi (*4).

Aianoa n oai oa?ieio i?eaeathony e ae?oaea cia/aiey. Ia?yaeo n

ia?iaeiui oicyenoaii eae niaieoiiinoueth io?aneae i?iecaiaenoaa e o?oaea
oiiieiaaony ie?iaia oicyenoai; oicyenoaii iacuaathony io?anee
i?iecaiaenoaa eee o?oaea (iai?eia?, eiiioiaeueiia oicyenoai, aeeeeuiia
oicyenoai); ioaeaeueiua i?aaei?eyoey e i?aaiecaoeee (eieoic, niaoic);
i?ioeaiiinoaaeythony ae?oa ae?oao iaoo?aeueiia e oiaa?iia oicyenoai.

Eae ecaanoii, i?iecaiaenoai eiaao aeaa noi?iiu – i?iecaiaeeoaeueiua neeu e
i?iecaiaenoaaiiua ioiioaiey. I?e ii?aaeaeaiee oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee eae
ioiioaiee a iaeanoe oicyenoaa eiaaony a aeaeo noa?a i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo
ioiioaiee. Iineaaeiyy o?aeooaony iaie oaeaea oe?iei, eae iaeanoue
i?iecaiaenoaa a

(**1) , Iieeoecaeao, 1976, no?. 236-237.
(**2) Ni., iai?eia?, ,
Ainth?ecaeao, 1962, no?. 8.
(**3) E. A. Oaaei?ia, Oicyenoaaiiue aeiaiai? – iniaue aeae a?aaeaeainei-
i?aaiaiai aeiaiai?a (, ecae-ai Oiineiai oieaa?neoaoa Oiine, 1971, no?. 56).
(**4) A. E. Eaiei, Iiei. nia?. ni/., o. 44, no?. 398.

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nianoaaiiii niunea ?ani?aaeaeaiey, iaiaia e iio?aaeaiey(*5). Yoa oi/ea
c?aiey ecaeaaia ooaa?aeeeanue a iaoae eeoa?aoo?a(*6).

Eiaaony e eiay oi/ea c?aiey, niioiinyuay ?anniao?eaaaioth eaoaai?eth
iauanoaaiiuo naycae oieueei ni noa?ie ia?auaiey, yeiiiie/aneiai iai?ioa.
Iaeiaei neaainoue aeaiiie iiceoeee iaia?oaeeaaaony anyeee ?ac, eae oieueei
ioi?aaeythueany io iaa aaoi?u iuoathony eiie?aoece?iaaoue niioaaonoaothuea
iauea iieiaeaiey, ia?auaynue e nouanoaothuei a aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe
oicyenoaaiiui naycyi. I?e yoii iie ieacuaathony auioaeaeaiiuie i?e/eneyoue
e oicyenoaaiiui ioiioaieyi nayce, yaii auoiaeyuea ca ?aiee
yeiiiie/aneiai iai?ioa.

2. Iiiaea oicyenoaaiiua ioiioaiey i?aaenoaaeytho niaie iauanoaaiioth oi?io
oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe(*7). Yoa aeayoaeueiinoue iiaeao au?aaeaoueny a
i?iecaiaenoaa oiaa?ia eeai a i?iaeaeaeaiee eo io i?iecaiaeeoaeae e
iio?aaeoaeyi, a ieacaiee oneoa ca aiciaa?aaeaeaiea, a niaa?oaiee
aeaenoaee, iai?aaeaiiuo ia oaeiaeaoai?aiea nianoaaiiuo iio?aaiinoae(*8).
Oaeiau, iai?eia?, aeaenoaey eniieeiia ianoiiai Niaaoa ia?iaeiuo
aeaiooaoia, niaa?oaaiua ei aeey oaeiaeaoai?aiey naieo iio?aaiinoae a
aeaaiono?iaiiuo neoaeaaiuo iiiauaieyo, o?ainii?oiuo n?aaenoaao, i?aaeiaoao
i?aoaoieee, iai?oaeiaaiey, iaaaee e eiaaioa?y(*9).

I?aaenoaaeaiea i ?acee/ee oicyenoaaiiie e iaoicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe
iiaeao auoue iieo/aii, iai?eia?, iooai n?aaiaiey oae iacuaaaiiai
io?aiiiai aeiaiai?a ia ia?aaea/o ninoiyuaai ia ainoaea?noaaiiie io?aia
iaiyoieea a?oeoaeoo?u ai a?aiaiiia aacaiciacaeiia iieueciaaiea n io?aiii-
a?aiaeiui aeiaiai?ii ia ia?aaea/o aiaeiae/iiai iauaeoa a aiciacaeiia
iieueciaaiea ainoaea?noaaiiie, eiiia?aoeaiie eee iauanoaaiiie
i?aaiecaoeee(*10).

Eae a oii, oae e a ae?oaii neo/aa ?anii?yaeaaony eie oi?aaeaiea (ioaeae)
eoeueoo?u eniieeiia ianoiiai (iaeanoiiai, ?aeiiiiai) Niaaoa ia?iaeiuo
aeaiooaoia. Iaeiaei aacaiciacaeiia iieueciaaiea iaiyoieeii a?oeoaeoo?u
eneeth/aao, eae i?aaeei, aiciiaeiinoue eniieueciaaiey aai, a oaeaea
i?eeaaathuaai caiaeueiiai o/anoea e io?aiiie ciiu aeey eaeeo-eeai
oicyenoaaiiuo oeaeae, iai?eia?,

(**5) Eiiaaea ioia/atho, /oi (ni. , ecae-ai e ioia/aii, a /anoiinoe, a ?aaioa I. N. Eiooa, ?acaeoea
oeeaeeenoe/aneie iunee a NNN?, ecae-ai EAO, 1975, no?. 100-102. a eo
acaeiinaycue – a noaouea A.A.Eaioaaa ( 1976 a. ? 7, no?. 74).
(**8) ?aiaa iu ia oniao?eaaee a yoeo aeaenoaeyo inouanoaeaiea
oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe (ni. A. A. Aa?aeieeia, A. TH. Eaaaeeei,
A?aaeaeainei- i?aaiaua oi?iu oiaa?ii-aeaiaaeiuo ioiioaiee, ecae-ai
, 1970, no?. 109). (**9) Ni. i. 1 iinoaiiaeaiey
Niaaoa Ieieno?ia NNN? io 4 ia?oa 1971 a. (NI NNN? 1971 a. ? 5, no. 37).
(**10) Ni. A. N. Ia?oaiueyiia, Ianoiua Niaaou e eo eniieieoaeueiua
i?aaiu eae th?eaee/aneea eeoea, ecae-ai , 1975,
no?. 81 e ne.

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aeey au?aueaaiey naeueneioicyenoaaiiuo eoeueoo?. Naeaiiue aea a a?aiaeo
iauaeo iiaeao auoue eniieueciaai eae aeey eoeueoo?iuo, iao/iuo, oae e aeey
oicyenoaaiiuo ioaeae. ?aaiui ia?acii, e aeayoaeueiinoue naiiai oi?aaeaiey
(ioaeaea) eoeueoo?u a ia?aii neo/aa ia yaeyaony oicyenoaaiiie, a ai
aoi?ii – iineo oa?aeoa? oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe.

O. Yiaaeuen ienae: (*11).

Oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoueth ia?yaeo n io/oaeaeaieai oiaa?ia e naea/ae eo
aiaai yaeyaony oaeaea ieacaiea oneoa ca aiciaa?aaeaeaiea. E. Ia?en
ioiaoee, /oi (*12).

I?eaaaeaiiua iieiaeaiey auee noi?ioee?iaaiu ia iniiaa aiaeeca oiaa?iiai
i?iecaiaenoaa i?e eaieoaeecia, iaeiaei iie ia oo?aoeee naiaai cia/aiey e
a oneiaeyo nioeeaeenoe/aneiai oicyenoaa.

Neaaeoao i?eciaoue oicyenoaaiiie e aeayoaeueiinoue ianoiuo Niaaoia ia?iaeiuo
aeaiooaoia, a oaeaea eo oi?aaeaiee e ioaeaeia ii oaeiaeaoai?aieth naieo

iio?aaiinoae a iiiauaieyo, eiaaioa?a, eiuo aauao e oneoaao.

3. Oicyenoaaiioth aeayoaeueiinoue ia nia?aiaiiii yoaia inouanoaeytho eae
nioeeaeenoe/aneea i?aaiecaoeee, oae e a?aaeaeaia, aneaaenoaea /aai
oicyenoaaiiua ioiioaiey ia iiaoo ?anniao?eaaoueny ii naiaio noauaeoiiio
ninoaao oieueei eae ioiioaiey iaaeaeo i?aaiecaoeeyie. Yoio acaeyae
iiaeaea?aeeaaaony iiiaeie aaoi?aie, (*13), ii ii ia yaeyaony ie
iauai?eciaiiui, ie i?aiaeaaeathuei. A iainiiaa- iea aai ia?aaeei nnueathony
ia oicyenoaaiiua ia?ii?eyoey Niaaoneiai ainoaea?noaa ii ianeoaeeaaieth
iio?aaiinoae a?aaeaeai, eioi?ua inouanoaeythony nioeeaeenoe/aneeie
i?aaiecaoeeyie ii aeiaiai?ai ?icie/iie eoiee-i?iaeaaee, iaeia aeeeiai
iiiauaiey e ae?(*14). Oneoae, ieacuaaaiua a oaeeo neo/ayo a?aaeaeaiai, a
iaeioi?uo ii?iaoeaiuo aeoao i?yii iacaaiu oicyenoaaiiuie oneoaaie(*15).

Neaaeoao ioiaoeoue oaeaea, /oi aaaeaiea nioeeaeenoe/aneiai oicyenoaa
iaiuneeii aac i?eiaiaiey o?oaea ?aai/eo, neoaeaueo, eieoicieeia, oi anoue
aia nioeeaeenoe/aneeo o?oaeiauo e aioo?eeieoiciuo ioiioaiee, eioi?ua a
neeo yoiai i?eciathony aieueoeinoaii aaoi?ia oicyenoaaiiuie ioiioaieyie.

(**11)E.Ia?en e O.Yiaaeuen. Ni/., o. 18, no?. 266.
(**12) E. Ia?en e O.Yiaaeuen, Ni/., o. 26. /. 1, no?. 413.
(**13) Ni., iai?eia?, , ecae-ai
, 1970, no?. 382.
(**14) Ni., iai?eia?, N. I. A?aoonue, I?aaeiao e nenoaia niaaoneiai
a?aaeaeaineiai i?aaa, Ainth?ecaeao, 1963, no?. 153.
(**15) Ni. iiaei. i. 1 iinoaiiaeaiey Niaaoa Ieieno?ia NNN? io 19
aeaeaa?y 1969 a. (NI NNN?
1970 a. ? 1, no. 5).

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Ec /enea niaaoneeo th?enoia, iainiiaaaoeo yoi iieiaeaiea, iiaeii iacaaoue
N. I. A?aoony e E. A. Oai/oea(*16).

A ?aieao nioeeaeenoe/aneie yeiiiieee iaoiaeyo ii?aaeaeaiiia ianoi
iauanoaaiiua ioiioaiey, aicieeathuea a nayce n inouanoaeaieai
oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe ioaeaeueiuie a?aaeaeaiaie, eae oaeiauie(*17).
Oae, ia?yaeo n ainoaea?noaii, iio?aaeoaeueneie eiiia?aoeeae e eieoicaie
oi?aiaeth (eioi?ay i?aaenoaaeyao niaie iaeio ec io?aneae oicyenoaa)
inouanoaeytho e ioaeaeueiua a?aaeaeaia, i?aaeaea anaai eieoicieee. Ee/iia
iiaeniaiia oicyenoai ea?aao aua caiaoioth ?ieue a i?iecaiaenoaa iyna e
iieiea.

Oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoueth caieiathony a?aaeaeaia e a ea/anoaa /eaiia
naiuee. Oeacaiiay aeayoaeueiinoue i?aaenoaaeyao niaie iaeio ec noi?ii
naiaeiie aeecie i?e nioeeaeecia, nioeeaeenoe/aneeo naiaeiuo ioiioaiee.

Eiaaony oi/ea c?aiey, niaeanii eioi?ie oicyenoaaiiuie ioiioaieyie
aeieaeiu auoue i?eciaiu ioiioaiey iaaeaeo iaeieie eeoue ainoaea?noaaiiuie
i?aaiecaoeeyie(*18). Ianeieueei oe?a ii?aaeaeytho e?oa aiciiaeiuo o/anoieeia
oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee aaoi?u, aeeth/athuea a iaai ia?yaeo n
ainoaea?noaaiiuie e ae?oaea oicyenoaaiiua i?aaiecaoeee(*19).

Iaeaieaa oe?iei ?ani?ino?aiaii iiaiea, /oi o/anoieeaie oicyenoaaiiuo
ioiioaiee iiaoo auoue ana nioeeaeenoe/aneea i?aaiecaoeee, ii oieueei iie, a
ioithaeue ia a?aaeaeaia(*20). Iineaaeiea, oioy e iieuecothony oicyenoaaiiuie
oneoaaie nioeeaeenoe/aneeo i?aaiecaoeee, ii naie ieeaeie oicyenoaaiiie
aeayoaeueiinoe ia aaaeoo. Iaeiaei ieeoi ec noi?iiieeia oiai acaeyaea, /oi
oicyenoaaiiua nayce aicieeatho oieueei iaaeaeo nioeeaeenoe/aneeie
i?aaiecaoeeyie, ia auaeaeaatho o?aaiaaiey, /oiau iaa noi?iiu
oicyenoaaiiiai ioiioaiey inouanoaeyee i?e yoii oicyenoaaiioth
aeayoaeueiinoue. E yoi iiiyoii, eai auaeaeaeaiea oaeiai o?aaiaaiey iiaeaeei
au ca niaith iaiainiiaaiiia eneeth/aiea ec /enea oicyenoaaiiuo naycae
?yaea ioiioaiee ii iinoaaea, ii eaieoaeueiiio no?ieoaeuenoao, ii
ia?aaiceai e ae?.

Ioiioaiey yaeythony oicyenoaaiiuie e oiaaea, eiaaea iaeia nioeeaeenoe/aneay
i?aaiecaoeey inouanoaeyao oicyenoaaiioth aeayoaeueiinoue a eioa?anao ae?oaie
i?aaiecaoeee ia ia/aeao aiciacaeiinoe. Oaeia iieiaeaiea eiaao ianoi, eae
i?aaeei, a neo/ayo o/anoey a oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaieyo oi?aaeaiee

(ioaeaeia) eniieeiiia

(**16) Ni. N. I. A?aoonue, I?aaiaia ?aaoee?iaaiea nioeeaeenoe/aneith
i?iecaiaenoaa ( 1966 a. ? 1, no?. 4-5), E.A.Oai/oe,
A.I.Aoeii/eei, O.A.Aaiaa, Oicyenoaaiiua iaycaoaeuenoaa, ecae-ai , 1970, no?. 25.
(**17) Ni. A. I. A?eaaiia, I. N. Eiooa, Iooe ?acaeoey niaaoneiai
oicyenoaaiiiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa. ( 1975 a. ? 6, no?. 47,
48).
(**18) Ni. E. A. E?anueei, Iiiyoea e i?eciaee oicyenoaaiiuo
ioiioaiey a NNN?, Oa?ueeia. 1974, no?. 29.
(**19) , ecae-ai
, 1971, no?. 67.
(**20) Ni., iai?eia?, E. A. Oaaei?ia, I?e?iaea e oa?aeoa?iua /a?ou
ioiioaiee, ?aaoee?oaiuo oicyenoaaiiui aeiaiai?ii (, , o. 224, na?ey th?eaee/aneay, ecae-ai
Oiineiai oieaa?neoaoa, Oiine, 1974, no?. 248).

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ianoiuo Niaaoia ia?iaeiuo aeaiooaoia, eioi?ua, aeaaea i?e ia?aaiaea eo ia
oae iacuaaaiue oicyenoaaiiue ?an/ao, aunooiatho a ea/anoaa
oneoaiiieo/aoaeae, eeoue iaiiiaea ec ieo, iai?eia? ioaeaeu eaieoaeueiiai
no?ieoaeuenoaa, naie ieacuaatho oneoae ae?oaei i?aaiecaoeeyi ca
aiciaa?aaeaeaiea.

A oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaieyo iiaoo o/anoaiaaoue ia oieueei nioeeaeenoe/aneea
i?aaiecaoeee, ii e i?iecaiaenoaaiii- oicyenoaaiiua eiiieaenu,
i?aaenoaaeythuea niaieoiiinoue i?aaiecaoeee aianoa ni naiei i?aaiii
oi?aaeaiey, iai?eia?, i?iecaiaenoaaiiia oi?aaeaiea eniieeiia ianoiiai
Niaaoa ia?iaeiuo aeaiooaoia(*21).

4. A iaeanoe nioeeaeenoe/aneiai oicyenoaa neeaaeuaathony ioiioaiey e ii
inouanoaeaieth oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe e ii ?oeiaiaenoao ath(*22). Yoe
aeaa aeaea iauanoaaiiuo ioiioaiee nouanoaaiii ioee/athony ae?oa io ae?oaa.

Ioiioaiey ii inouanoaeaieth oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe yaeythony
eiouanoaaiiuie ioiioaieyie, o/anoieee eioi?uo iaoiaeyony a ?aaiii
iieiaeaiee. E /eneo oaeeo ioiioaiee i?eiaaeeaaeao, iai?eia?, iiae?yaeiua
ioiioaiey ii eaieoaeueiiio no?ieoaeuenoao, ii i?iaeoe?iaaieth, ii
auiieiaieth iao/ii- enneaaeiaaoaeueneeo, iiuoii- eiino?oeoi?neeo e
oaoiieiae/aneeo ?aaio, ioiioaiey ii yia?ai- eee aiaeiniaaaeaieth.

Ioiioaiey ii ?oeiaiaenoao oicyenoaii yaeythony i?aaiecaoeeiiiuie. A ieo
iiaeao iaee/anoaiaaoue eee ionoonoaiaaoue eiouanoaaiiue yeaiaio. Ii
eiaaony, iai?eia?, a ioiioaieyo ii nicaeaieth ianoiuo oeaio?aeeciaaiiuo
oiiaeia e ?anii?yaeaieth eie(*23), a ionoonoaoao, iai?eia?, i?e
onoaiiaeaiee ieaiiauo caaeaiee ii iinoaaea i?iaeoeoeee e oiaa?ia,
?ani?aaeaeaiea eioi?uo ieaie?oaony ianoiuie Niaaoaie ia?iaeiuo aeaiooaoia,
eo eniieeiiaie, oi?aaeaieyie e ioaeaeaie.

Auneacaiu e eiua oi/ee c?aiey, ioee/athueany io i?eaaaeaiiie oai, /oi iie
aace?othony ia i?eciaiee oicyenoaaiiuie ioiioaieyie oieueei iaeiiai aeaea
iauanoaaiiuo ioiioaiee. I?e yoii iaeie aaoi?u n/eoatho, /oi oaeiauie
yaeythony eeoue eiouanoaaiiua ioiioaiey(*24).

A nioeeaeenoe/aneii oicyenoaa, eae a eaaeaeii ooieoeeiie?othuai i?aaiecia,
neeaaeuaathony ia oieueei ioiioaiey eii?aeeiaoeee, ii e ioiioaiey
noai?aeeiaoeee, eioi?ua, eae iai i?aaenoaaeyaony, iaeuecy eneeth/eoue ec
/enea oicyenoaaiiuo naycae, oioy iie neeaaeuaathony ia a aacena, a a
iaaeno?ieea. Iaeioi?ua aaoi?u iieaaatho,

(**21) Ni. A. A, Eaioaa, Noauaeou oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa ( 1975 a. ? 4, no?. 80-81).
(**22) Ni. , o/aaiee, iiae ?aae. i?io. A. A.
Eaioaaa, ecae-ai , 1970, no?. 18, E. E. Eiiiee,
Nioeeaeenoe/aneay yeiiiieea e iaoaieci aa ooieoeeiie?iaaiey, ecae-ai
, 1974, no?. 114.
(**23) Iiae?iaii ia yoii ni. A. N. Ia?oaiueyiia, Aii?inu a?aaeaeaineiai
i?aaa a aeayoaeueiinoe ianoiuo Niaaoia aeaiooaoia o?oaeyueony, ecae. ATHCE,
I., 1971, no?. 38 e ne.
(**24) Ni. E. A. Oaaei?ia, Oicyenoaaiiue aeiaiai? – iniaue aeae
a?aaeaeaineii?aaiaiai aeiaiai?a (, ecae-ai Oiineiai oieaa?neoaoa, Oiine, 1971.
no?. 45); A. A. sscaa, Oicyenoaaiiua nayce oi?aiaee n i?iiuoeaiinoueth,
ecae-ai , 1974, no?. 31.
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/oi ioiioaiey ii inouanoaeaieth oicyenoaaiie aeayoaeueiinoe e ii ?oei
aiaenoao ath ia?acotho aaeeiue aeae iauanoaaiiuo ioiioaiee(*25).

Iaeaieaa aeaaaeueii ?ac?aaioaaoee yoo oi/eo c?aiey i?io. A. A. Eaioaa
i?eciaao, /oi a oiaea nioeeaeenoe/aneiai oicyenoaiaaiey neeaaeuaathony
?aciiia?aciua ioiioaiey ii ?oeiaiaenoao e inouanoaeaieth oicyenoaaiiie
aeayoaeueiinoe, oaeiaeaoai?aieth iaoa?eaeueiuo iio?aaiinoae ethaeae eae

o/anoieeia i?ioeanna aini?iecaiaenoaa.

Aianoa n oai ii n/eoaao oicyenoaaiiuie ia ana oeacaiiua ioiioaiey, a
oieueei ioiioaiey ii ?oeiaiaenoao e inouanoaeaieth oicyenoaaiiie
aeayoaeueiinoe(*26). Oai naiui oa?ieio
i?eaeaaony oneiaiia cia/aiea. Iaeiaei iai?aiaiiui oneiaeai i?aaeeueiiai
oi?ie?iaaiey niioaaonoaothuaai iiiyoey aeieaeia neoaeeoue iiaeeeiiay
iaeii?iaeiinoue ioaaouaaaiuo ei ioiioaiee.

Iaaeaeo oai aua ieeai ia aeieacaii, /oi ioiioaiey ii inouanoaeaieth
oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe iaeii?iaeiu n ioiioaieyie ii oi?aaeaieth ath.
Iiiuoea onoaiiaeoue aeaiiia ianoiyoaeuenoai au?aaeaaony a ooaa?aeaeaiee, /oi
eae a oao, oae e a ae?oaeo ioiioaieyo eiathony (i?aaaea, a ?acee/iii
eiee/anoaaiiii niioiioaiee) e eiouanoaaiiue e ieaiiaii?aaiecaoeeiiiua
yeaiaiou, e a i?eaaaeaiee i?eia?a, n oeaeueth iieacaoue ni?aaaaeeeainoue yoiai
iieiaeaiey.

Oae, eiouanoaaiiue yeaiaio oicyenoaaiiiai ioiioaiey iaaeaeo i?aaiii
oicyenoaaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa e i?aaei?eyoeai, aicieeathuee i?e onoaiiaeaiee
ieaia, i?iyaeyaony, ii iiaieth i?io. A. A. Eaioaaa, a eiouanoaaiiii
niaea?aeaiee ieaiiaiai caaeaiey e ninoieo a oii, /oi ieai ii?aaeaeyao
iieacaoaee oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe, eioi?ay i?aaenoaaeyao niaie
eniieueciaaiea a oicyenoaaiiuo oeaeyo ii?aaeaeaiiiai eiouanoaa.

Iao?oaeii caiaoeoue, /oi a i?eaaaeaiiuo ?annoaeaeaieyo iaeii?iaeiinoue aeaoo
aeaeia oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee aeieacuaaaony iooai iiaeiaiu iaeiiai ec ieo
ae?oaei.

Aaaeue eniieueciaaiea eiouanoaa a oicyenoaaiiuo oeaeyo eiaao ianoi ia i?e
onoaiiaeaiee ieaiiauo caaeaiee e ia a ?aieao ioiioaiee iaaeaeo ieaiiai-
?aaoee?othuei i?aaiii e i?aaei?eyoeai, i?iecaiaenoaaiiui iauaaeeiaieai eee
eiie oicyenoaaiiie i?aaiecaoeeae, a iicaeiaa – a i?ioeanna auiieiaiey
ieaiiauo caaeaiee e a ae?oaeo ioiioaieyo – a oao, eioi?ua neeaaeuaathony
iaaeaeo naieie eniieieoaeyie oeacaiiuo caaeaiee(*27).

Iiyoiio nieeaea?ece?othueeny a iniiaiii n A. A. Eaioaaui E. A. Oai/oe
aeieaeai aue noaoue ia iooue ioa?aie/aiey anao oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee
iaaeaeo nioeeaeenoe/aneeie i?aaiecaoeeyie io ioiioaiee n o/anoeai
a?aaeaeai(*28). I?e yoii oicyenoaaiiua ioiioaiey, a oceii niunea,
auaeaeythony ei ec anao ioiioaiee a iaeanoe nioeeaeenoe/aneiai oicyenoaa
oaea ia ii i?eciaeo ni/aoaiey a ieo eiouanoaaiiith yeaiaioa n
aeanoii-i?aaiecaoeeiiiui, /oi iiaeii ?anniao?eaaoue eae einaaiiia
i?eciaiea iai?eaiaeiinoe aeaiiiai i?eciaea a ea/anoaa iniiaaiey aeaeaiey.

2. I?aaiaua oi?iu e iaoiaeu ?oeiaiaenoaa nioeeaeenoe/aneei oicyenoaii

1. Niaaoneia ainoaea?noai ?oeiaiaeeo ia?iaeiui oicyenoaii a i?ioeanna
inouanoaeaiey naiae oicyenoaaiii- i?aaiecaoi?neie ooieoeee. I?e yoii iii
aunooiaao e eae nianoaaiiee iiaeaaeythuaai aieueoeinoaa n?aaenoa
i?iecaiaenoaa, ea?athueo, e oiio aea, iaeaieaa aaaeioth ?ieue a yeiiiieea
no?aiu, e eae iineoaeue iieeoe/aneie

(**25) A.A.Eaioaa, I?aaeiao e nenoaia oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa, ecae-ai
, 1969, no?. 24.
(**26) Ni. A. A. Eaioaa. I?aaeiao e nenoaia oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa,
ecae-ai . 1969, no?. 24.
(**27) Ni. , ecae-ai
, 1970, no?. 41-42,
47-48.
-8-

aeanoe. Oeacaiiia ianoiyoaeuenoai i?eaiaeeo e ?ani?ino?aiaieth
ainoaea?noaaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa ia ana ia?iaeiia oicyenoai, a oii /enea e
ia oa aai caaiuey, ooieoeeiie?iaaiea eioi?uo aace?oaony ia ia
ainoaea?noaaiiie, a ia eieoicii- eiiia?aoeaiie nianoaaiiinoe.

Ainoaea?noaaiiia ?oeiaiaenoai ia?iaeiui oicyenoaii iaoae no?aiu no?ieony
ia i?eioeeiao aaeeinoaa iieeoe/aneiai e oicyenoaaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa e
aeaiie?aoe/aneiai oeaio?aeecia. Oicyenoaaiiay aeeciue NNN? ii?aaeaeyaony e
iai?aaeyaony ainoaea?noaaiiui ieaiii yeiiiie/aneiai e nioeeaeueiiai
?acaeoey.

Aeayoaeueiinoue i?aaiia Niaaoneiai ainoaea?noaa iai?aaeyaony
Eiiioienoe/aneie ia?oeae Niaaoneiai Nithca, eioi?ay, iaeaaeay ciaieai
caeiiia ?acaeoey iauanoaa, iaania/eaaao i?aaeeueiia ?oeiaiaenoai anae
?aaioie ii no?ieoaeuenoao eiiioiecia, i?eaeaao ae i?aaieciaaiiue,
ieaiiia?iue, iao/ii-iainiiaaiiue oa?aeoa?(*29). Ainoaea?noaaiiia
?oeiaiaenoai ia?iaeiui oicyenoaii, oi?aaeaiea ei(*30) inouanoaeyaony a
?acee/iuo oi?iao, iiae eioi?uie i?eiyoi iiieiaoue iooe aicaeaenoaey ia
iauaeo oi?aaeaiey(*31).

2. I?aaiauie oi?iaie ainoaea?noaaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa ia?iaeiui oicyenoaii
NNN? neoaeao ii?iaoeaiua e eiaeeaeaeoaeueiua aeou i?aaiia Niaaoneiai
ainoaea?noaa.

I?aaiaia ?aaoee?iaaiea oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee iooai ecaeaiey
ii?iaoeaiuo aeoia inouanoaeyaony eae aunoeie i?aaiaie ainoaea?noaaiiie
aeanoe e ainoaea?noaaiiiai oi?aaeaiey Nithca NN?, nithciuo e aaoiiiiiuo
?anioaeee, aeeth/ay Aa?oiaiue Niaao NNN?, oae e ianoiuie Niaaoaie
ia?iaeiuo aeaiooaoia, eo oi?aaeaieyie e ioaeaeaie.

A caaeneiinoe io aeaea ?aaeaiaioe?oaiie oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe,
eaaeauae a aa iniiaa, oi?iu nioeeaeenoe/aneie nianoaaiiinoe, ninoaaa
i?aaiecaoeee, o/anoaothueo a inouanoaeaiee yoie aeayoaeueiinoe,
aeaoeoeeoiinoe eee aeinoaoi/iinoe ?ano?nia e eo cia/aiey aeey ia?iaeiiai
oicyenoaa i?eiaiythony ?acee/iua i?eaiu i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey
oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee, onoaiaaeeaathony i?aaiaua ii?iu oiai eee eiiai
aeaea.

A naiai iiaeaaeythuai aieueoeinoaa – yoi eiia?aoeaiua (iiaaeeoaeueiua)
ii?iu, oi anoue i?aaeea, eioi?ua i?eiaiythony ei anai i?aaeoniio?aiiui eie
ioiioaieyi iacaaeneii io aiee o/anoieeia yoeo ioiioaiee. Oaeiau ana
ii?iu, ?aaoee?othuea aeanoii- i?aaiecaoeeiiiua oicyenoaaiiua ioiioaiey.
Aianoa n oai, n?aaee i?aaee,

(**29) Ni. ,
Iieeoecaeao. 1974, no?. 136: no. 6 Eiinoeoooeee NNN?.
(**30) A eeoa?aoo?a oa?ieiu e
oiio?aaeythony eae ?acee/iua ii cia/aieth (ni., iai?eia?, TH.I.Eiceia,
Oi?aaeaiea ia?iaeiui oicyenoaii NNN?. /. 1, ecae-ai IAO, 1969, no?. 68)
eeai eae ?aaiicia/iua (ni. A.A.Aoaianueaa. Iao/iia oi?aaeaiia iauanoaii
(iiuo nenoaiiiai enneaaeiaaiey), I., 1968, no?. 109).
(**31) Ni. , o/aaiee, ecae-ai , 1970. no?. 107: A.A.Eoiaa, Oai?aoe/aneea i?iaeaiu
ainoaea?noaaiiiai oi?aaeaiey, ecae-ai , 1974, no?. 164.
-9-

?aaoee?othueo eiouanoaaiiua ioiioaiey a iaeanoe nioeeaeenoe/aneiai
oicyenoaa, eiaaony iaeioi?ia /enei aeeniiceoeaiuo (ainiieieoaeueiuo)
ii?i, i?eiaiyaiuo eeoue e oai i?aaiioiioaieyi, o/anoieee eioi?uo ia
au?aceee naiae aiee ii aeaiiiio aii?ino a aeiaiai?a. Oaeiai, iai?eia?,
i?aaeei /. II i. 26 Iieiaeaiey i iinoaaeao oiaa?ia ia?iaeiiai
iio?aaeaiey, niaeanii eioi?iio a neo/aa, eiaaea aeiaiai? caeeth/ai iooai
i?eiyoey noi?iiaie ia?yaea e eniieiaieth e a ia?yaea oeacai eaa?oaeueiue
n?ie, iinoaaea oiaa?ia i?iecaiaeeony ?aaiiia?ii ii ianyoeai, anee
noi?iiaie ia niaeaniaaiu eiua aioo?eeaa?oaeueiua n?iee iinoaaee eee
n?iee, ia i?aaeoniio?aiiua iniauie oneiaeyie iinoaaee. E ?aaoee?iaaieth
aioo?eoicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee a eieoicao i?eiaiythony iiae/an
?aeiiaiaeaoaeueiua ii?iu.

3. E /eneo eiaeeaeaeoaeueiuo, oi anoue ecaeaaaaiuo i?eiaieoaeueii e ioaeaeueiui
neo/ayi, aeoia inouanoaeaiey ainoaea?noaaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa oicyenoaii
aeieaeiu auoue ioianaiu i?aaeaea anaai eiaeeaeaeoaeueiua aeou i?aaiia
ainoaea?noaaiiiai oi?aaeaiey (iai?eia?, iaeioi?ua i?eeacu ieieno?ia). E
iei iiaoo auoue ioianaiu oaeaea ?aoaiey i?aaiia ainoaea?noaaiiiai
a?aeo?aaea e aaaeiinoaaiiuo a?aeo?aaeae ii oicyenoaaiiui nii?ai.

Eiaeeaeaeoaeueiue aeo i?aaia ainoaea?noaaiiiai oi?aaeaiey – yoi th?eaee/aneee
aeo. Ii i?aaenoaaeyao niaie, niaa?oaiiia a i?aaeaeao eiiiaoaioeee aeaiiiai
ainoaea?noaaiiiai i?aaia, aeanoiia aieaecuyaeaiea, iai?aaeaiiia ia
aicieeiiaaiea ii?aaeaeaiiuo th?eaee/aneeo iineaaenoaee, /aua anaai, ia
onoaiiaeaiea, eciaiaiea eee i?ae?auaiea aaeieieno?aoeaiuo, a eiiaaea
ia?yaeo n ieie oeiainiauo, a?aaeaeaineeo, caiaeueiuo eee eiuo
i?aaiioiioaiee. Eiaeeaeaeoaeueiua aeou ainoaea?noaaiiiai oi?aaeaiey iiaoo
niaea?aeaoue ?anii?yaeaiey, ?ac?aoaiey eee aea auoue aeoaie ?aaeno?aoeee. Iiae
?anii?yaeaieai a aeaiiii neo/aa iiieiaaony aeanoiia i?aaeienaiea
ii?aaeaeaiiiai iiaaaeaiey, iai?eia?, i?aaeienaiea, iaycuaathuaa iaeio
ainoaea?noaaiioth i?aaiecaoeeth ia?aaeaoue, a ae?oaoth – i?eiyoue io iaa
ii?aaeaeaiiia i?aaei?eyoea, caeaiea eee nii?oaeaiea.

Iin?aaenoaii aeoia-?ac?aoaiee i?aai ainoaea?noaaiiiai oi?aaeaiey
naieoeeiie?oao niaa?oaiea ii?aaeaeaiiuo aeaenoaee, iai?eia?, i?iecaiaenoai
no?ieoaeueiuo ?aaio ia i?iacaeae /anoe ai?iaeneeo aei?ia, ane?uoea aei?iaeiuo
iie?uoee e ae?.

Aeou ?aaeno?aoeee i?aaeiacia/athony aeey oeene?iaaiey e o/aoa ii?aaeaeaiiuo
ianoiyoaeuenoa. Iie i?eia?aoatho e i?aaiia?acothuaa cia/aiea, oae

aicieeiiaaiea eieoica naycaii n ?aaeno?aoeeae aai onoaaa a eniieeiia
?aeiiiiai (ai?iaeneiai) Niaaoa ia?iaeiuo aeaiooaoia.

4. Ianoiui Niaaoai ia?iaeiuo aeaiooaoia e eo eniieieoaeueiui eiieoaoai, a
oaeaea oi?aaeaieyi e ioaeaeai i?eiaaeeaaeao oe?ieea iieiiii/ey ii
?oeiaiaenoao oicyenoaii. Yoe iieiiii/ey ii?aaeaeythony Eiinoeoooeeae Nithca
NN?, eiinoeoooeeyie nithciuo e aaoiiiiiuo ?anioaeee, caeiiaie e eiuie
aeoaie iauanithciiai e ?anioaeeeaineiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa, a oii /enea a
?NON? –

-10-

caeiiaie ?NON?- io 19 ethey 1968 a(*32), io 29 ethey 1971 a. e io 29 ethey 1971 a(*33).

A niioaaonoaee ni no. 145 Eiinoeoooeee Nithca NN? Niaaou ia?iaeiuo
aeaiooaoia ?oeiaiaeyo ainoaea?noaaiiui, oicyenoaaiiui e nioeeaeueii-
eoeueoo?iui no?ieoaeuenoaii. Niaeanii no. 146 Eiinoeoooeee NNN?, iie
eii?aeeie?otho e eiio?iee?otho aeayoaeueiinoue i?aaei?eyoee, o/?aaeaeaiee e
i?aaiecaoeee auoanoiyuaai iiae/eiaiey a iaeanoe caieaiieueciaaiey, io?aiu
i?e?iaeu, no?ieoaeuenoaa, i?iecaiaenoaa oiaa?ia ia?iaeiiai iio?aaeaiey,
nioeeaeueii- eoeueoo?iiai, auoiaiai e eiiai ianeoaeeaaiey ianaeaiey. Oai
naiui ia ianoiua Niaaou aiceiaeaii ?oeiaiaenoai oicyenoaaiiie
aeayoaeueiinoueth ia oieueei iiaeaaaeiinoaaiiuo i?aaiecaoeee, ii, a ecaanoiie
ia?a, oaeaea i?aaiecaoeee iauanithciiai e ?anioaeeeaineiai iiae/eiaiey.

Ia?a/eneaiiua caeiiu ?NON? ii?aaeaeytho i?aaa niioaaonoaothueo Niaaoia
ia?iaeiuo aeaiooaoia a noa?a ieaie?iaaiey, athaeaeaoii- oeiainiaie ?aaiou,
i?iiuoeaiiinoe, no?ieoaeuenoaa, ieaie?iaee, cano?ieee, caieaiieueciaaiey
e aiaeiiieueciaaiey; aeeeeuiiai, eiiioiaeueiiai oicyenoaa e
aeaaiono?ienoaa; o?ainii?oa e nayce; oi?aiaee e iauanoaaiiiai ieoaiey;
auoiaiai ianeoaeeaaiey. Naeueneiio, iinaeeiaiio e ?aeiiiiio Niaaoai
ia?iaeiuo aeaiooaoia naa?o oiai i?eiaaeeaaeao i?aaa ii ?oeiaiaenoao naeueneei
oicyenoaii.

Iaeaieaa oe?ieeie iieiiii/eyie ii ?oeiaiaenoao oicyenoaii iaaeaeaiu
ianoiua i?aaiu aeanoe e oi?aaeaiey iaeanoiiai (e?aaaiai) caaia. Aianoa
n oai iiiaea i?aaa, inouanoaeyaiua oeacaiiuie i?aaiaie, ia cae?aieaiu
ca ieie a niioaaonoaothueo iieiaeaieyo, ia ioianaiu iaiin?aaenoaaiii e eo
eiiiaoaioeee, a aeaeaae?iaaiu, onooieaiu ei auoanoiyueie i?aaiaie
ainoaea?noaaiiiai oi?aaeaiey(*34).

A eeoa?aoo?a ioia/aeanue neiaeiinoue oaeie neooaoeee e auei auaeaeiooi
i?aaeeiaeaiea i ?ac?aaioea e i?eiyoee caeiia i oicyenoaaiiuo i?aaao
ianoiuo Niaaoia(*35).

5. Iaeiei ec aeaeia eiaeeaeaeoaeueiuo aeoia i?aaiia ainoaea?noaaiiiai
oi?aaeaiey yaeythony aeou ieaie?iaaiey. Ainoaea?noaaiiia ieaie?iaaiea
ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa inouanoaeyaony a ?acee/iuo i?aaiauo oi?iao. N?aaee
ieo aeaaiay ?ieue i?eiaaeeaaeeo caeiiai i ia?niaeoeaiuo (iyoeeaoieo) e
aiaeiauo ieaiao. Aaaeiia cia/aiea eiatho e iiaecaeiiiua ii?iaoeaiua aeou,
iniaaiii niaianoiua

(**32) Ni. 1968 a. ? 30, no.
1148.
(**33) Ni. , 1 aaaonoa 1971 a.
(**34) Ni., iai?eia?, iinoaiiaeaiea Niaaoa Ieieno?ia ?NON? io 5
ethiy 1961 a. (NI ?NON?
1961 a. ? 16, no. 60).
(**35) Ni. A. N. Ia?oaiueyiia, I oicyenoaaiiuo i?aaao ianoiuo
Niaaoia aeaiooaoia o?oaeyueony, , o. XXXI, ecae. ATHCE, I., 1974,
no?. 91 e ne.

-11-

iinoaiiaeaiey OeE EINN e Niaaoa Ieieno?ia NNN?, iai?eia? oaeea, eae
iinoaiiaeaiea OeE EINN e Niaaoa Ieieno?ia NNN? io 4 ieoya?y 1965 a. (*36). Iaeiaei a caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa (ni.,
iai?eia?, no. 4 Iniia a?aaeaeaineiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa Nithca NN? e nithciuo
?anioaeee) aeou ieaie?iaaiey auaeaeythony ec /enea aaeieieno?aoeaiuo
aeoia, ia eiathueo ii?iaoeaiiai niaea?aeaiey.

A i?ioeanna ieaie?iaaiey onoaiaaeeaaaony, eiie?aoece?oaony e aeiaiaeeony
aei iaiin?aaenoaaiiuo eniieieoaeae (nioeeaeenoe/aneeo i?aaiecaoeee)
caaeaiea, i?aaeoniao?eaathuaa aeinoeaeaiea a oa/aiea ecaanoiiai i?iiaaeooea
a?aiaie ii?aaeaeaiiuo oaoieei- yeiiiie/aneeo iieacaoaeae. I?e yoii o
aae?anaoia ieaiiauo caaeaiee, a caaeneiinoe io oa?aeoa?a iineaaeieo,
aicieeatho eeai iauay iaycaiiinoue iai?aaeyoue naith aeayoaeueiinoue ia
aeinoeaeaiea onoaiiaeaiiie ei oicyenoaaiiie oeaee (aeiaanoe aei
onoaiiaeaiiiai o?iaiy iauai ?aaeecaoeee i?iaeoeoeee, no?ieoaeueii-
iiioaaeiuo ?aaio eee ia?aaicie a?ocia e o. i.), eeai iaycaiiinoue ii
niaa?oaieth eiie?aoiuo, i?aaeienaiiuo aeoii ieaie?iaaiey, aeaenoaee.

O/eouaay ioia/aiiua iniaaiiinoe aeoa ieaie?iaaiey, iiaeii ii?aaeaeeoue aai
eae aaeieieno?aoeaiue aeo, neoaeauee n?aaenoaii onoaiiaeaiey,
eiie?aoecaoeee e aeiaaaeaiey aei eniieieoaeae caaeaiee ainoaea?noaaiiiai
ieaia yeiiiie/aneiai e nioeeaeueiiai ?acaeoey e ii?iaeaeathuee
aaeieieno?aoeaiua, a a ?yaea neo/aaa oaeaea eiua (oeiainiaua, a?aaeaeaineea)
i?aaa e iaycaiiinoe eeai oieueei iaycaiiinoe aeey nioeeaeenoe/aneie
i?aaiecaoeee, eioi?ie ii aae?aniaai.

6. Ii aii?ino i i?aaiauo oi?iao ainoaea?noaaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa oicyenoaii
auneacaia noiaeiay oi/ea c?aiey. Iia ninoieo a i?eciaiee oaeiauie aeoia
nicaeaiey (eeeaeaeaoeee e ?ai?aaiecaoeee) noauaeoia oicyenoaaiiuo
ioiioaiee: i?aaei?eyoee, i?aaiecaoeee e o/?aaeaeaiee; ieaie?iaaiey eo
aeayoaeueiinoe, eiio?iey ca iath e aa ?aaoee?iaaiey (eiie?aoiiai e
ii?iaoeaiiai).

Ia o?oaeii caiaoeoue, /oi ana yoi, ca eneeth/aieai eiio?iey, ia auoiaeeo ca
?aiee oao oi?i, eioi?ua auee ?anniio?aiu auoa. Nicaeaiea (eeeaeaeaoeey e
?ai?aaiecaoeey) i?aaei?eyoee, i?aaiecaoeee e o/?aaeaeaiee inouanoaeyaony
iooai ecaeaiey eiaeeaeaeoaeueiuo aeoia ainoaea?noaaiiiai oi?aaeaiey
(?anii?yaeaiey, ?ac?aoaiey, ?aaeno?aoeee). Oaeiau aea ii naiae th?eaee/aneie
i?e?iaea e aeou ieaie?iaaiey aeayoaeueiinoe i?aaiecaoeee. E oi, e ae?oaia
ioaaouaaaony iiiyoeai eiie?aoiiai ?aaoee?iaaiey.

*oi aea eanaaony eiio?iey, oi ii i?e/eneyaony e i?aaiaui oi?iai
?oeiaiaenoaa oicyenoaii oaeaea noi?iiieeaie oe?iei ?ani?ino?aiaiiiai
acaeyaea, niaeanii eioi?iio ia?yaeo n eiio?ieai ca inouanoaeaieai
oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe e /eneo oiiiyioouo oi?i aeieaeiu auoue ioianaiu
oi?aaeaiea, ieaie?iaaiea e ii?iaoeaiia ?aaoee?iaaiea yoie
aeayoaeueiinoueth(*37).

I?eaaaeaiiay oi/ea c?aiey i?aaenoaaeyaony iai?eaieaiie ii ?yaeo
niia?aaeaiee. I?aaeaea anaai ia eiaao aeinoaoi/ii i?i/iie oai?aoe/aneie
aacu naii ii?aaeaeaiea i?aaiauo oi?i ?oeiaiaenoaa oicyenoaii eae
ii?aaeaeaiiuo aeaeia ainoaea?noaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe, inouanoaeyaiie a
i?aaiauo ?aieao(*38).

(**36) NI NNN? 1965 a. ? 19-20, no. 153.
(**37) Ni. , o/aaiee, iiae ?aae. i?io.
A.A.Eaioaaa, ecae-ai , 1970, no?. 8.
(**38) Ni. oai aea, no?. 8.
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A oai?ee ainoaea?noaa e i?aaa i?aaiaay oi?ia eaaeeoeoee?oaony eae oaeiaay
i?e auyaeaiee aa nayce n iaoa?eaeueiui niaea?aeaieai (iai?eia?,
i?aaiioiioaiea eae th?eaee/aneay oi?ia yeiiiie/aneeo eee eiuo
iauanoaaiiuo ioiioaiee) (*39) eeai aea ?a/ue eaeao i oi?iao i?aaa eae i
aai enoi/ieeao a oi?iaeueiii niunea – caeiiao, oeacao, iiaecaeiiiuo
ii?iaoeaiuo aeoao e o. ae.

Enoiaey ec yoiai, aeayoaeueiinoue, oioy au e inouanoaeyaiay a ii?aaeaeaiiuo
i?aaiauo ?aieao (oi/iaa niioaaonoaothuea iauanoaaiiua ioiioaiey),
neaaeoao ?anniao?eaaoue ia eae i?aaiaoth oi?io, a eae oicyenoaaiiia
niaea?aeaiea. Oi?iie aea yaeythony oa naiua i?aaiaua ?aiee, a eioi?uo
inouanoaeyaony oiiiyiooay aeayoaeueiinoue.

E?iia oiai, iaeuecy iieiinoueth i?ioeaiiinoaaeyoue ae?oa ae?oao oi?aaeaiea,
ieaie?iaaiea e eiio?ieue. Oa?iei iiiaicia/ai(*40). A
eioa?anothuai ian nioeeaeueiii aniaeoa ei iaicia/aaony i?aaiecothuaa
oeaeaiai?aaeaiiia aicaeaenoaea noauaeoa ia iauaeo. I?e yoii ieaie?iaaiea
e eiio?ieue i?eia?aoatho cia/aiea ooieoeee oi?aaeai/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe, aa
yeaiaioia eee oi?i.

7. Ainoaea?noaaiiia ?oeiaiaenoai ia?iaeiui oicyenoaii inouanoaeyaony
?acee/iuie iaoiaeaie. *aua anaai ?aca?aie/eaatho aaeieieno?aoeaiua e
yeiiiie/aneea iaoiaeu. Naioya?ueneee (1965 a.) Ieaioi OeE EINN oeacae ia
iaiaoiaeeiinoue aieaa oe?iei eniieueciaaoue a ?oeiaiaenoaa iaoae
i?iiuoeaiiinoueth yeiiiie/aneea iaoiaeu e iaeiia?aiaiii ia iaaeiionoeiinoue
i?aoaaee/eaaoue cia/aiea aaeieieno?aoeaiuo iaoiaeia. I?e yoii eiaeinue a
aeaeo onoaiiaeaiea i?aaeeueiiai niioiioaiey a eniieueciaaiee aeaiiuo
iaoiaeia, a ia ioeac io i?eiaiaiey iineaaeieo.

(*41). I?eaaaeaiiia
iieiaeaiea ?ani?ino?aiyaony ia oieueei ia ioaeaeueii acyoia i?aaei?eyoea, ii
e ia eaaeaeoth oicyenoaaiioth nenoaio, eae e ia ana ia?iaeiia oicyenoai a
oeaeii.

Oaeei ia?acii, yeiiiie/aneei iaoiaeai i?ioeaiiinoaaeythony ia
aaeieieno?aoeaiua iaoiaeu ?oeiaiaenoaa oicyenoaii, a aaeieieno?e?iaaiea.

I?aiaeaaeaao oi/ea c?aiey, niaeanii eioi?ie yeiiiie/aneeie i?eciathony
iaoiaeu ?oeiaiaenoaa ia?iaeiui oicyenoaii, iniiaaiiua ia noeioee?iaaiee
i?aaei?eyoee e oicyenoaaiiuo i?aaiecaoeee e aeinoeaeaieth ii?aaeaeaiiuo
eiee/anoaaiiuo e ea/anoaaiiuo ?acoeueoaoia eo i?iecaiaenoaaiii-
oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe iooai

(**39) A yoii niunea eaaeeoeoee?otho, a /anoiinoe, oicyenoaaiiue
aeiaiai?, eae i?aaiaoth oi?io ieaiiauo oiaa?ii- aeaiaaeiuo ioiioaiee (ni.
A.A.Aueia, Ieai e oicyenoaaiiue aeiaiai?, ecae-ai IAO, 1975, no?. 50).
(**40) Ni. I. I. Eaaaaeaa, Ainoaea?noaaiiua ?aoaiey a nenoaia
oi?aaeaiey nioeeaeenoe/aneei iauanoaii, ecae-ai
,
1974, no?. 10, 11; A.N.Oienoie, ?ieue iaycaoaeuenoa a oi?aaeaiee
i?iecaiaenoaaiiuie oic?an/aoiuie i?aaiecaoeeyie, , o. XXXI, ecae.
ATHCE, I” 1974, no?. 71-72.
(**41) E. Ia?en e O.Yiaaeuen, Ni/., o. 23, no?. 342.
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eniieueciaaiey oaeeo eino?oiaioia ?acaeoey yeiiiieee, eae oicyenoaaiiue
?an/ao, aeaiueae, oeaia, naaanoieiinoue, i?eaueue, oi?aiaey, e?aaeeo,
oeiainu. Iaoa?eaeueiay caeioa?aniaaiiinoue i?aaei?eyoee e oicyenoaaiiuo
i?aaiecaoeee, neoaeauay noeioeii e ?acaeoeth i?iecaiaenoaa a ioaeiii
iai?aaeaiee, nicaeaaony i?e iiiiue ia? iaoa?eaeueiiai iiiu?aiey e
eiouanoaaiiie ioaaonoaaiiinoe. I?e eniieueciaaiee yeiiiie/aneeo iaoiaeia,
oeaee oicyenoaaiiie iieeoeee aeinoeaathony einaaiiuie iooyie, ii?aaeaeaieai
oneiaee oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe e eiio?ieai iaae aa inouanoaeaieai.

Aaeieieno?aoeaiua iaoiaeu aace?othony ia i?yiuo aaeaieyo, ia aeanoiuo
i?aaeienaieyo ii?aaeaeaiiiai iiaaaeaiey, ia onoaiiaeaiee caaeaiee,
iaycaoaeueiuo e auiieiaieth. Iaeiaei e iie iiaoo oniaoii i?eiaiyoueny eeoue
ia iniiaa iiciaiey aeaenoaothueo a iaoai iauanoaa iauaeoeaiuo
yeiiiie/aneeo caeiiia, i?aaeeueiiai eniieueciaaiey yeiiiie/aneeo
eaoaai?ee nioeeaeecia. I?eiaiaiea aaeieieno?aoeaiuo iaoiaeia ia eneeth/aao,
a iai?ioea, i?aaeiieaaaao o/ao iaoa?eaeueiie caeioa?aniaaiiinoe
i?aaei?eyoee e oicyenoaaiiuo i?aaiecaoeee, eioi?ui aae?aniaaii
i?aaeienaiea. Aianoa n oai, iii eiaao iniaia cia/aiea oai, aaea
iaoa?eaeueiua noeioeu ionoonoaotho eee iaaeinoaoi/iu, e oai aieaa oai, aaea
iie ia niinianoaotho oaeiaeaoai?aieth iauaainoaea?noaaiiuo eioa?ania.

Eniieeiiu e ae?oaea i?aaiu ianoiuo Niaaoia ia?iaeiuo aeaiooaoia aeaenoaotho
aaeieieno?aoeaiuie iaoiaeaie i?e iaaeaeaiee iniiaiuie e iai?ioiuie
n?aaenoaaie nicaeaaaaiua i?aaei?eyoey e oicyenoaaiiua i?aaiecaoeee, i?e
auaeaeaiee anneaiiaaiee ia eaieoaeueiia no?ieoaeuenoai, i?e
ia?a?ani?aaeaeaiee iniiaiuo n?aaenoa (ia?aaea/a caeaiee, nii?oaeaiee), i?e
ieaiiaii ?ani?aaeaeaiee i?iaeoeoeee e o. i. Iie i?eiaiytho yeiiiie/aneea
iaoiaeu, iai?eia?, ooaa?aeaeay ?ani?aaeaeaiea a onoaiiaeaiiii ii?yaeea
iieo/aiiie i?eauee, i?eieiay ia?u ii ?acaeoeth i?iecaiaenoaa oiaa?ia
ia?iaeiiai iio?aaeaiey e ianoiuo no?ieoaeueiuo iaoa?eaeia ia aaca
ianoiiai nu?uey n eniieueciaaieai ia?ani?aaeaeyaiuo a oeaio?aeeciaaiiii
ii?yaeea iooiaeia i?iecaiaenoaa i?aaei?eyoee.

3. Io?anee niaaoneiai i?aaa, ?aaoee?othuea oicyenoaaiiua ioiioaiey.
Aii?in i oicyenoaaiiii i?aaa

1. Ioiioaiey a iaeanoe nioeeaeenoe/aneiai oicyenoaa – oicyenoaaiiua
ioiioaiey, eae iieacaii auoa, – ia iaeii?iaeiu(*42).

Ioaeaeueiua a?oiiu yoeo ioiioaiee ioee/athony oaie eee eiuie
niaoeeoe/aneeie i?eciaeaie, iaoneaaeeaathueie i?eiaiaiea niioaaonoaothuaai
iaoiaea i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey. Iiyoiio ?acee/iua aeaeu oicyenoaaiiuo
ioiioaiee ?aaoee?othony ii?iaie ?acee/iuo io?aneae niaaoneiai i?aaa.
Iniiaiiieaaathuaa cia/aiea aeey i?aaiaie ?aaeaiaioaoeee eo eiatho ii?iu
ainoaea?noaaiiiai i?aaa e iniaaiii iieiaeaiey Eiinoeoooeee NNN?,
cae?aieythuea

(**42) Ni. 1 ianoiyuae aeaau.

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yeiiiie/aneoth nenoaio iaoae no?aiu, nioeeaeenoe/aneoth nianoaaiiinoue ia
n?aaenoaa i?iecaiaenoaa, eae aa iniiao, aaaeouoth ?ieue ainoaea?noaaiiie
nioeeaeenoe/aneie nianoaaiiinoe, ii?aaeaeythuaa cia/aiea ainoaea?noaaiiiai
ieaia yeiiiie/aneiai e nioeeaeueiiai ?acaeoey.

Eiinoeoooeeae NNN? onoaiiaeaiu oaeaea ii?iu, ?aca?aie/eaathuea
caeiiiaeaoaeueioth eiiiaoaioeeth Nithca NN? e nithciuo ?anioaeee, a oii /enea
a noa?a i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee, caoeene?iaaiu
iniiaiua caaiuey nenoaiu i?aaiia, inouanoaeythueo ainoaea?noaaiiia
?oeiaiaenoai oicyenoaii, eo eiiiaoaioeey, noai?aeeiaoeey yoeo i?aaiia, a
oai naiui e ecaeaaaaiuo eie aeoia.

Ioaeaeueiua eaoaai?ee oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee ?aaoee?othony
aaeieieno?aoeaiui, oeiainiaui, caiaeueiui, a?aaeaeaineei, o?oaeiaui e
eieoiciui i?aaii. Eaaeaeay ec yoeo io?aneae niaaoneiai i?aaa ?aaoee?oao
oo /anoue oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee, eioi?ay ninoaaeyao aa i?aaeiao eee
aoiaeeo a iaai, i?e/ai, ii/oe ana iie, ia?yaeo n oicyenoaaiiuie,
?aaoee?otho e eiua ioiioaiey, iaeii?iaeiua n iineaaeieie.

I?eaaaeaiiua iieiaeaiey, oa?aeoa?ecothuea i?aaiaia ?aaoee?iaaiea ioiioaiee
ai anai ia?iaeiii oicyenoaa a oeaeii, nio?aiytho cia/aiea e aeey eaaeaeie
io?anee ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa a ioaeaeueiinoe, a oaeaea aeey oicyenoaaiiuo
naycae iaaeaeo io?aneyie ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa, iaiin?aaenoaaiii
acaeiiaeaenoaothueie ae?oa n ae?oaii.

Iniaaiii oe?ieee e?oa oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee o?aaoee?iaai ii?iaie
aaeieieno?aoeaiiai e a?aaeaeaineiai i?aaa. ?aca?aie/aiea eo ii i?eciaeai,
au?aaeathuei niaoeeoeeo i?aaeiaoa e iaoiaea i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey eaaeaeie
ec yoeo io?aneae niaaoneiai i?aaa, i?eaaaeaii a niioaaonoaothuae o/aaiie
eeoa?aoo?a(*43).

Iaeiaei, eae i?aaeei, a o/aaieeao e a o/aaiuo iiniaeyo, oioy e
ioia/aaony, aeaaea iiae/a?eeaaaony aaeeinoai niaaoneiai nioeeaeenoe/aneiai
i?aaa, eae ?aaoeyoi?a iauanoaaiiuo ioiioaiee, ia ia?aue ieai aunooiaao
caaea/a ?aciaaeaaaiey aai io?aneae, auyaeaiea noa?u aeaenoaey eaaeaeie ec
ieo.

2. Iaeie o/aiua-th?enou i?eciatho, /oi eiathony oaeea iauanoaaiiua
ioiioaiey, eioi?ua ?aaoee?othony ii?iaie aeaoo eee ianeieueeeo io?aneae
i?aaa iaeiia?aiaiii. Ae?oaea, – ooi/iyy yoo oi/eo c?aiey, ia?aaeei ieooo i
oii, /oi eie ?aaoee?othony ?acee/iua noi?iiu iaeiiai e oiai aea
iauanoaaiiiai ioiioaiey. Iaeiiaoe, auneacaii iiaiea, /oi ii?iu niaoaiiuo
einoeoooia ?aaoee?otho ?acee/iua, ii acaeiinaycaiiua iauanoaaiiua
ioiioaiey.

Aeaa iineaaeieo oi/ee c?aiey auaiaeii ioee/athony io ia?aie oai, /oi iie
aiieia niioaaonoaotho i?eiyoiio a iaoea e?eoa?eth ?aca?aie/aiey io?aneae
i?aaa.

Aianoa n oai, ia niioaaonoaiaaei au aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe i?aaenoaaeaiea i
i?aaa eae i niaieoiiinoe io?aneae, ca eaaeaeie ec eioi?uo

(**43) Ni., iai?eia?, , o/aaiia
iiniaea aeey nooaeaioia oaeoeueoaoa niaaoneiai no?ieoaeuenoaa, ecae. ATHCE,
I., 1973, no?. 8.

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cae?aieaia aaniethoii iainiaeaiiay iaeanoue iauanoaaiiuo ioiioaiee.
Iaeioi?ua iauanoaaiiua ioiioaiey eniuouaatho ia naaa ?aciinoi?iiiaa
aicaeaenoaea ii?i ?acee/iuo io?aneae i?aaa. ?aaeaiaioe?oy eo, Niaaoneia
ainoaea?noai, oioy e enoiaeeo i?aaeaea anaai ec oa?aeoa?a yoeo ioiioaiee,
ii, n o/aoii iinoaaeaiiie oeaee e iniauo caaea/, ii?ith i?eiaiyao
?acee/iua n?aaenoaa, ?acee/iua iaoiaeu iaeiia?aiaiii. Ia oieueei a
aeiionoeiinoe iineaaeiaaoaeueiie niaiu iaeiiai iaoiaea ae?oaei, ii e a
aiciiaeiinoe eo niaianoiiai eniieueciaaiey caeeth/aaony aaaeiia i?iyaeaiea
ioiineoaeueiie naiinoiyoaeueiinoe i?aaa. Oaeei ia?acii, aeaenoaea i?aaiauo
ii?i ieacuaaaony eo acaeiiaeaenoaeai eae a ?aieao iaeiie ec io?anee
i?aaa, oae e a ianooaaa aeaoo eee ianeieueeeo io?aneae.

3. A niaaoneii i?aaiaaaeaiee ainiiaenoaoao eceiaeaiiue a i. 1 ianoiyuaai
ia?aa?aoa acaeyae, niaeanii eioi?iio ?aaoee?iaaiea oicyenoaaiiuo
ioiioaiee inouanoaeyaony ia eaeie-eeai iaeiie io?aneueth niaaoneiai i?aaa,
a iiiaeie ec ieo. N yoeo iiceoeee iaienaiu ana o/aaieee aeey th?eaee/aneeo
aocia ii oai?ee ainoaea?noaa e i?aaa e ii io?aneaaui th?eaee/aneei
aeenoeeieeiai, a oii /enea ii niaaoneiio a?aaeaeaineiio e aaeieieno?aoeaiiio
i?aao.

Aaeeinoaaiiia eneeth/aiea ninoaaeyao o/aaiee ,
ecaeaiiue a 1970 aiaeo(*44). Ii iaienai enoiaey ec eiioeaioeee
oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa(*45). Nooue aa ninoieo a i?eciaiee oiai, /oi a
nenoaia aaeeiiai niaaoneiai nioeeaeenoe/aneiai i?aaa, ia?yaeo n oaeeie
io?aneyie i?aaa eae aaeieieno?aoeaiia, oeiainiaia, a?aaeaeaineia,
o?oaeiaia, eieoiciia, noi?ie?iaaeinue, iainiaeeinue io ieo a ea/anoaa
naiinoiyoaeueiiai iiae?acaeaeaiey yoie nenoaiu, oicyenoaaiiia i?aai.
Iacaaiiay io?aneue niaaoneiai i?aaa ii?aaeaeyaony eae <... niaieoiiinoue i ii e inouanoaeaiey oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe oicyenoaaiiua ioiioaiey iaaeaeo nioeeaeenoe a oaeaea eo no caaiueyie n eniieueciaaieai iaoiaeia>(*46).

I?eaaaeaiiia ii?aaeaeaiea noi?ioee?iaaii eae auaiae ec ?annoaeaeaiee,
eiathueo naiae oeaeueth aeieacaoue, /oi oicyenoaaiiia i?aai iaeaaeaao anaie
i?eciaeaie io?anee i?aaa.

Ia?aue ec i?eciaeia – iaee/ea niaoeeoe/aneiai i?aaeiaoa ?aaoee?iaaiey,
?anniio?ai a i. 4 1 ianoiyuae aeaau, aaea iieacaii, /oi oaeiaiai a
nouiinoe iao, aaeaeo ?acii?iaeiinoe ioiioaiee ii inouanoaeaieth
oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe e ii ?oeiaiaenoao ath. Iaeiiai yoiai auei au
oaea aeinoaoi/ii aeey io?eoeaoaeueiiai ioaaoa ia aii?in i nouanoaiaaiee
oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa, eae io?anee i?aaa, eai ia iiaeao auoue io?anee
i?aaa, ia eiathuae naiaai i?aaeiaoa ?aaoee?iaaiey. Iaeiaei, a oii aea iiaeii
oaaaeeoueny, i?iaeieaeea aiaeec i?eienuaaaiuo aio niaoeeoe/aneeo i?eciaeia.
A ea/anoaa oaeiaiai auaeaeaaaony aeaeaa iieiaeaiea i oii, /oi noauaeoaie
nioeeaeenoe/aneiai oicyenoaiaaiey, a neaaeiaaoaeueii, e oicyenoaaiiiai
i?aaa, iiaoo auoue oieueei nioeeaeenoe/aneea i?aaiecaoeee e eo no?oeoo?iua
iiae?acaeaeaiey(*47).

A nayce n yoei ioaeii ioiaoeoue, /oi oicyenoaiaaiea e o/anoea a
oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaieyo – yoi ia iaeii e oi aea, a ea/anoai noauaeoia
i?aaa i?enaaeaaaony

(**44) Ni. , o/aaiee, iiae ?aae. i?io. A. A.
Eaioaaa, ecae-ai , 1970.
(**45) Yoa eiioeaioeey iieo/eea aeiaieueii oe?ieoth iiaeaea?aeeo a
iiiia?aoeyo, aeo?iaeueiuo noaoueyo e o. i. Ni., a /anoiinoe, A. Aeaenaaa,
Yeiiiieea e oicyenoaaiiia i?aai, 1976 a. ? 8, no?. 43 e ne.
(**46) Ni. , o/aaiee, iiae ?aae. i?io. A. A.
Eaioaaa, ecae-ai , 1970, no?. 22.
(**47) Ni. oai aea, no?. 21; ni. oaeaea , ecae-ai , 1975, no?. 24.
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eiaiii o/anoieeai ?aaoee?oaiuo iauanoaaiiuo ioiioaiee (a aeaiiii neo/aa
– oicyenoaaiiuo). Anee au noauaeoaie oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee auee
oieueei nioeeaeenoe/aneea i?aaiecaoeee e eo aioo?aiiea iiae?acaeaeaiey (a a
i. 3 1 ianoiyuae aeaau iu iiiuoaeenue aeieacaoue, /oi yoi ia
niioaaonoaoao aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe), oi i ieo aiiaua ia neaaeiaaei au
oiiieiaoue a aiaeece?oaiii ii?aaeaeaiee, oae eae noauaeoiue ninoaa aue au
i?eciaeii ia oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa, a naieo oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee.
Iaeiiaoe, iaeuecy niaeaneoueny n oai, /oi aioo?aiiea iiae?acaeaeaiey
nioeeaeenoe/aneeo i?aaiecaoeee (ioaeaeu, o/anoee, oeaoe) e aeaaea aieaa
iainiaeaiiua i?iecaiaenoaaiiua aaeeieoeu naie oicyenoaotho, yaeythony
noauaeoaie oicyenoaiaaiey. Iie inouanoaeytho i?iecaiaenoaaiioth
aeayoaeueiinoue, eioi?ay aiana ia ?aaiicia/ia oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe.

Ia auaea?aeeaaao e?eoeee e iineaaeiee i?eciae – eniieueciaaiea ?acee/iuo
iaoiaeia i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey. Yoi ia niaoeeoe/aneee i?eciae
naiinoiyoaeueiie io?anee i?aaa, a anoanoaaiiia neaaenoaea ?acii?iaeiinoe
iauanoaaiiuo ioiioaiee, i?aaenoaaeyaiuo a ea/anoaa aa i?aaeiaoa. Oaeei
i?eciaeii iaecaaaeii aoaeao oa?aeoa?eciaaoueny ethaay i?iecaieueii acyoay
niaieoiiinoue ii?i ?acee/iuo io?aneae i?aaa.
4. Oicyenoaaiiia i?aai eae o/aaiay aeenoeeieeia

1. Oicyenoaaiiia i?aai nouanoaoao a ea/anoaa iao/iiai iai?aaeaiey e eae
o/aaiay aeenoeeieeia, i?aiiaeaaaaiay a th?eaee/aneeo aocao.

I?aaeiaoii eo?na oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa neoaeao oai?aoe/aneea iieiaeaiey,
au?aaioaiiua a ?acoeueoaoa eiiieaeniiai eco/aiey ?aaoee?iaaiey ?yaea
iaeaieaa aaaeiuo ioiioaiee a iaeanoe nioeeaeenoe/aneiai oicyenoaa ii?iaie
?acee/iuo io?aneae niaaoneiai i?aaa, i?aaeaea anaai, ii?iaie
aaeieieno?aoeaiiai e a?aaeaeaineiai i?aaa.

A iacaaiiii eo?na eco/aaony a cia/eoaeueiii iauaia a?aaeaeainei-i?aaiaie
iaoa?eae, eioi?ue i?aaenoaaeyao niaie niaieoiiinoue naaaeaiee i
?aaoee?iaaiee eiouanoaaiiuo ioiioaiee a iaeanoe nioeeaeenoe/aneiai
oicyenoaa.

E noa?a aaeieieno?aoeaiiai i?aaa ioiinyony ?anniao?eaaaiua a aeaiiii
eo?na aii?inu ainoaea?noaaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa oicyenoaii- a iniiaiii
ieaie?iaaiea oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe. Ec iaeanoe a?aaeaeaineiai
i?ioeannoaeueiiai i?aaa a iai eco/athony aii?inu, eanathueany ?anniio?aiey
e ?ac?aoaiey oicyenoaaiiuo nii?ia.

Iaeioi?ua iieiaeaiey yaeythony niaoeeoe/aneeie aeey eo?na oicyenoaaiiiai
i?aaa, iai?eia?, i i?aaiauo oi?iao oicyenoaaiiiai ?an/aoa e
yeiiiie/aneiai noeioee?iaaiey, i i?aaao i?aaei?eyoey ii ?anii?yaeaieth
i?eaueueth, iiiaea aii?inu iauaai o/aiey i oicyenoaaiiii aeiaiai?a.

2. Naaaeaiey, niiauaaiua a eo?na oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa, iiaoo auoue
onaiaiu ia aaca iieiaeaiee ?yaea ae?oaeo o/aaiuo aeenoeeieei. Oae, aeey
iiieiaiey ?anniio?aiiie auoa i?iaeaiu nouanoaiaaiey oicyenoaaiiiai
i?aaa, eae io?anee i?aaa, iaiaoiaeeii ciaoue iaoa?eae oai?ee ainoaea?noaa
e i?aaa i nenoaia niaaoneiai nioeeaeenoe/aneiai i?aaa: aeey oiai /oiau
?acia?aoueny a i?aaiaii ?aaeeia

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oiiaeia ainoaea?noaaiiiai i?aaei?eyoey, ioaeii ciaoue niioaaonoaothuea
iieiaeaiey iieeoe/aneie yeiiiiee nioeeaeecia.

Eo?n oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa naycai oaeaea n eo?naie yeiiiieee
i?iiuoeaiiinoe e ae?oaeo io?aneae ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa,
aaeieieno?aoeaiiai, oeiainiaiai, a a ecaanoiie ia?a, oaeaea eieoiciiai e
o?oaeiaiai i?aaa.

Aanueia aaaeiu iaeioi?ua iniiaiua iieiaeaiey iaoee niaaoneiai a?aaeaeaineiai
i?aaa, aac eioi?uo iaaiciiaeii oynieoue eiie?aoiua naaaeaiey ii iiiaei
aii?inai, eco/aaiui a eo?na oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa: i?aaiaie ?aaeei
eiouanoaa ainoaea?noaaiiuo oic?an/aoiuo i?aaiecaoeee iiaeao auoue iiiyo
eeoue enoiaey ec iauaai o/aiey i i?aaa nianoaaiiinoe (iiiyoea,
niaea?aeaiea, niiniau aicieeiiaaiey), a oa?aeoa?enoeea oicyenoaaiiiai
aeiaiai?a – ia iniiaa iauaai o/aiey ia iaycaoaeuenoaa (iiiyoea
iaycaoaeuenoaa e iniiaaiea aai aicieeiiaaiey: iiiyoea aeiaiai?a, aeaeu
aeiaiai?ia e i?eioeeiu eniieiaiey iaycaoaeuenoaa, niiniau iaania/aiey
iaycaoaeuenoaa, iniiaaiey ioaaonoaaiiinoe ca iaeniieiaiea iaycaoaeuenoaa
e ae?.).

3. A nenoaia eo?na oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa eiathony oaiu, iinayuaiiua iauei
aii?inai i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee, e oaiu,
ioaaouaathuea th?eaee/aneoth ?aaeaiaioaoeeth ioaeaeueiuo aeaeia oicyenoaaiiie
aeayoaeueiinoe. Ia?aua ninoaaeytho iauoth /anoue aeaiiiai eo?na, aoi?ua –
iniaaiioth.

E iauae /anoe eo?na oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa ioiineony eco/aiea i?aaeiaoa e
nenoaiu eo?na, i?aaiaiai iieiaeaiey oicyenoaaiiuo i?aaiecaoeee, i?aaiaiai
?aaeeia eiouanoaa ainoaea?noaaiiuo i?aaiecaoeee, i?aaiauo oi?i
ieaie?iaaiey oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe, i?aaiauo oi?i oicyenoaaiiiai
?an/aoa e yeiiiie/aneiai noeioee?iaaiey, oicyenoaaiiuo iaycaoaeuenoa,
oicyenoaaiiuo aeiaiai?ia, ?ac?aoaiey oicyenoaaiiuo nii?ia.

A iniaaiioth /anoue eo?na aeeth/aiu aii?inu i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey
niaaaeaiey e nauoa, ainoaea?noaaiiie caeoiee naeueneioicyenoaaiiie
i?iaeoeoeee o eieoicia e niaoicia, i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey eaieoaeueiiai
no?ieoaeuenoaa e i?iaeoii-ecuneaoaeueneeo ?aaio, ia?aaicee e yeniaaeeoeee
a?ocia, e?aaeeoiuo e ?an/aoiuo ioiioaiee, i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey
niaianoiie oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe.

Iaaeaeo iaaeie /anoyie eo?na nouanoaoao ia?ac?uaiay naycue. Oae, eco/aiea
iauae oa?aeoa?enoeee i?aaiauo oi?i ieaie?iaaiey oicyenoaaiiie
aeayoaeueiinoe neoaeeo i?aaeiinueeie oyniaiey aii?inia ieaie?iaaiey,
niaaaeaiey e nauoa, caaioiaie naeueneioicyenoaaiiie i?iaeoeoeee,
eaieoaeueiiai no?ieoaeuenoaa e o. ae.; ciaiea iauaai o/aiey i
oicyenoaaiiii aeiaiai?a iaiaoiaeeii aeey iiieiaiey o/aaiiai iaoa?eaea,
ioiinyuaainy e aeiaiai?ai iinoaaee, eiio?aeoaoeee, iiae?yaea ia eaieoaeueiia
no?ieoaeuenoai e ae?.

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5. Oicyenoaaiiia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai

1. Iiae oicyenoaaiiui caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii iiieiaaony niaieoiiinoue
ii?iaoeaiuo aeoia, eioi?uie onoaiiaeaiu i?aaeea, ?aaoee?othuea
oicyenoaaiiua ioiioaiey. A niioaaonoaee n eceiaeaiiui a 1 ianoiyuae
aeaau i?aaenoaaeaieai i ninoaaa o/anoieeia yoeo ioiioaiee, iiiyoeai
oicyenoaaiiiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa aeieaeiu ioaaouaaoueny aeou, niaea?aeauea
i?aaiaoth ?aaeaiaioaoeeth niioaaonoaothueo naycae n o/anoeai ia oieueei
nioeeaeenoe/aneeo i?aaiecaoeee, ii e a?aaeaeai. A oaeii oe?ieii niunea
oa?iei eniieuecoaony a ?yaea ?aaio(*48).

*aua aea aeaiiue oa?iei i?eiaiyaony a aieaa oceii, niaoeeaeueiii niunea aeey
iaicia/aiey niaieoiiinoe ii?iaoeaiuo aeoia, i?aaeea eioi?uo ?aaoee?otho
eeoue oicyenoaaiiua nayce iaaeaeo nioeeaeenoe/aneeie i?aaiecaoeeyie(*49). A
oaeii niunea aai eniieuecotho ia oieueei ana noi?iiieee, ii e iiiaea
i?ioeaieee eiioeaioeee oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa.

2. Nenoaia oicyenoaaiiiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa, eae e any nenoaia
niaaoneiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa, aicaeaaeyaony Eiinoeoooeeae NNN?. Enoiaey ec
aaeeinoaa yeiiiieee Niaaoneiai Nithca eae aaeeiiai oicyenoaaiiiai
eiiieaena, a oaeaea ec aaeeinoaa noauaeoa e oiiaea ainoaea?noaaiiie
nioeeaeenoe/aneie nianoaaiiinoe, ec aaeeinoaa ieaia yeiiiie/aneiai e
nioeeaeueiiai ?acaeoey e ae?oaeo oneiaee

nioeeaeenoe/aneiai oicyenoaiaaiey, iia ioiineo i?aaiaia ?aaoee?iaaiea
oicyenoaaiiuo naycae i?aeiouanoaaiii a eiiiaoaioeee Nithca NN?.

Iauanithciuie ii?iaoeaiuie aeoaie, i?e iiiiue eioi?uo ?aaoee?othony
oeacaiiua nayce, yaeythony i?aaeaea anaai Iniiau: Iniiau a?aaeaeaineiai
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa Nithca NN? e nithciuo ?anioaeee, Iniiau caiaeueiiai
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa Nithca NN? e nithciuo ?anioaeee, Iniiau caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa
Nithca NN? e nithciuo ?anioaeee i iaae?ao, Iniiau caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa Nithca
NN? e nithciuo ?anioaeee i o?oaea. Eae e Eiinoeoooeey NNN?. Iniiau
i?aaeoniao?eaatho ?aoaiea iaeaieaa aaaeiuo aii?inia i?aaiaiai
?aaoee?iaaiey, ioiioaiee a iaeanoe nioeeaeenoe/aneiai oicyenoaa
i?aeiouanoaaiii aeoaie iauanithciiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa. Oae, niaeanii no.
3 Iniia a?aaeaeaineiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa Nithca NN? e nithciuo ?anioaeee, e
aaaeaieth Nithca NN? ioianaii, a /anoiinoe, ?aaoee?iaaiea ioiioaiee iaaeaeo
nioeeaeenoe/aneeie i?aaiecaoeeyie ii iinoaaeai i?iaeoeoeee e eaieoaeueiiio
no?ieoaeuenoao, ioiioaiee ii

(**48) Ni. A.I.A?eaaiia, I,N.Eiooa, Oicyenoaaiiia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai e
a?aaeaeaineia i?aai ( 1976 a. ? 3, no?.
62), A.A.Ieooiei, A.E.Iae?ania, Niaa?oainoaiaaiea oicyenoaaiiiai
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa ( 1976 a. ? 3, no?. 10,
13); A.A.Iooeei, A.N.Oaeanoia, I nenoaiaoecaoeee oicyenoaaiiiai
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa ( 1974 a. ? 5, no?.
89).
(**49) Ni. A.A.Eaioaa, Iiiyoea oicyenoaaiiiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa e
iooe aai niaa?oainoaiaaiey ( 1976 a. ?
7, no?. 72-81).

-19-

ainoaea?noaaiiui caeoieai naeueneioicyenoaaiiie i?iaeoeoeee o eieoicia e
niaoicia, ioiioaiee i?aaiecaoeee aeaeaciiaei?iaeiiai, ii?neiai, ?a/iiai,
aicaeooiiai, o?oaii?iaiaeiiai o?ainii?oa, nayce, e?aaeeoiuo o/?aaeaeaiee n
eeeaioo?ie e iaaeaeo niaie, ioiioaiee ii ainoaea?noaaiiiio no?aoiaaieth,
ioiioaiee, aicieeathueo a nayce n ioe?uoeyie, ecia?aoaieyie e
?aoeeiiaeecaoi?neeie i?aaeeiaeaieyie.

Ioiioaiey i?aaei?eyoee ii?neiai e aicaeooiiai o?ainii?oa n eo eeeaioo?ie
o?aaoee?iaaiu niaoeeaeueiuie eiaeaenaie: Eiaeaenii oi?aiaiai ii?aieaaaiey
Nithca NN? e Aicaeooiui eiaeaenii Nithca NN?.

I?aaiaia ?aaoee?iaaiea oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee inouanoaeyaony
iiiai/eneaiiuie niaianoiuie iinoaiiaeaieyie OeE EINN e Niaaoa Ieieno?ia
NNN? e ioaeaeueiuie iinoaiiaeaieyie i?aaeoaeuenoaa Nithca NN?, a oii /enea
ooaa?aeaeaiiuie eie onoaaaie, iai?eia?, Onoaaii aeaeaciuo aei?ia Nithca NN?,
i?aaeeaie, iai?eia?, I?aaeeaie i aeiaiai?ao iiae?yaea ia eaieoaeueiia
no?ieoaeuenoai; iieiaeaieyie, iai?eia?, Iieiaeaieai i i?iecaiaenoaaiiii
iauaaeeiaiee (eiiaeiaoa).

Aieueooth a?oiio aeoia oicyenoaaiiiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa ninoaaeytho aeou
iauanithciuo ieienoa?noa e aaaeiinoa, i?eiyoua a niioaaonoaee n eo
eiiiaoaioeeae eee ii ii?o/aieth Niaaoa Ieieno?ia NNN?. N?aaee ieo
auaeaeythony aeou Ainieaia NNN?, Iaaeaeoaaaeiinoaaiiie eiiennee i?e Ainieaia
NNN?, Ainno?iy NNN?, ae?oaeo ainoaea?noaaiiuo eiieoaoia i?e Niaaoa
Ieieno?ia NNN?, a oaeaea Ainaaiea NNN?, No?ieaaiea NNN?, o?ainii?oiuo e
eiuo ieienoa?noa e aaaeiinoa, eioi?ui i?aaeinoaaeaii i?aai onoaiaaeeaaoue
ii?iu, iaycaoaeueiua aeey iaiiaeaaaeiinoaaiiuo ei i?aaiecaoeee. ?yae aeoia
oicyenoaaiiiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa ecaeai niaianoii ianeieueeeie
ieienoa?noaaie e aaaeiinoaaie eeai iaeiei ec ieo, ii ii niaeaniaaieth n
ae?oaeie, oae, iai?eia?, Iniaua oneiaey iinoaaee ioaeaeueiuo aeaeia
i?iaeoeoeee ooaa?aeaeathony Ainniaaii NNN? niaianoii n Ainoaea?noaaiiui
a?aeo?aaeai i?e Niaaoa Ieieno?ia NNN?.

Ii?iu, ?aaoee?othuea oicyenoaaiiua ioiioaiey, onoaiaaeeaathony e naiei
Aina?aeo?aaeai NNN? a ecaeaiiuo a i?aaeaeao aai eiiiaoaioeee eeai ii
ii?o/aieth Niaaoa Ieieno?ia NNN? eino?oeoeeyo, iieiaeaieyo, i?aaeeao e
ae?oaeo aeoao.

Oeiainiaua, ieaiiaua e eiua aaaeiinoaaiiua aeou ii?iaoeaiiai oa?aeoa?a,
iaycaoaeueiua aeey ae?oaeo ieienoa?noa e aaaeiinoa, ioaeeeothony a aeo?iaea
.

3. ?anioaeeeaineea aeou oicyenoaaiiiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa – yoi aeaaiui
ia?acii (aneaae ca Eiinoeoooeeyie nithciuo e aaoiiiiiuo ?anioaeee) eiaeaenu
eaaeaeie nithciie ?anioaeeee: a?aaeaeaineee, caiaeueiue, aiaeiue, i o?oaea.
Eiaeaenaie ?aaoee?othony ioiioaiey, eae i?aaeoniio?aiiua niioaaonoaothueie
Iniiaaie, oae e iai?aaeoniio?aiiua eie. Ii ia?a/eneaiiui auoa
ioiioaieyi,

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eioi?ua oeacaiu a no. 3 Iniia a?aaeaeaineiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa,
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii nithciuo ?anioaeee iiaoo ?ac?aoaoueny aii?inu,
ioianaiiua e eo aaaeaieth caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii Nithca NN?. N?aaee aeaeia
o?ainii?oa a iae ia oiiiyioo aaoiiiaeeueiue. Aaaeiaeoea ii?iu ia
aaoiiiaeeueiuo ia?aaiceao niaea?aeaony a AE nithciuo ?anioaeee, aeaoaeueiay
aea eo ?aaeaiaioaoeey inouanoaeaia onoaaaie aaoiiiaeeueiiai o?ainii?oa,
ooaa?aeaeaiiuie ?anioaeeeaineeie i?aaeoaeuenoaaie.

4. Eiiiaoaioeey ianoiuo Niaaoia ia?iaeiuo aeaiooaoia e eo eniieieoaeueiuo
i?aaiia ii?aaeaeaia Eiinoeoooeeae Nithca NN?, Eiinoeoooeeyie nithciuo e
aaoiiiiiuo ?anioaeee, eiui iauanithciui e ?anioaeeeaineei
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii, a oii /enea Caeiiaie i naeueneeo iinaeeiauo,
ai?iaeneeo ?aeiiiuo Niaaoao. Aianoa n oai auneacaii iiaiea, /oi a
iaeioi?uo neo/ayo ii?iioai?/aneay aeayoaeueiinoue ianoiuo i?aaiia
ainoaea?noaaiiie aeanoe iiaeao e ia iie?aoueny ia eiie?aoioth ii?io caeiia
eee iinoaiiaeaiey i?aaeoaeuenoaa, iai?eia?, i?e ii?ie?iaaiee i?aaiecaoeee
iinoaaee iaieaie?oaiie i?iaeoeoeee eee i?iiuoeaiiuo iooiaeia(*50).

5. Oicyenoaaiiia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai neaaaaony eae ec io?aneaauo
ii?iaoeaiuo aeoia, oae e ec iaaeio?aneaauo, niaea?aeaueo ii?iu ?acee/iuo
io?aneae niaaoneiai i?aaa, eioi?uie ?aaeaiaioe?othony ?acii?iaeiua, ii
acaeiinaycaiiua ioiioaiey a ioaeaeueiuo iaeanoyo oicyenoaaiiie
aeayoaeueiinoe. Oaeiau, iai?eia?, o?ainii?oiua onoaau, a eioi?uo ia?yaeo n
a?aaeaeainei- i?aaiauie ii?iaie, iinayuaiiuie aeiaiai?iui ioiioaieyi ii
ia?aaiceai a?ocia, iannaaee?ia e aaaaaea, niaea?aeaony aaeieieno?aoeaii-
i?aaiaua ii?iu ia i?aaiecaoeee e ieaie?iaaiee ia?aaicie. Eiiieaeniue
oa?aeoa? iiaeaaeythuaai aieueoeinoaa ii?iaoeaiuo aeoia yaeyaony
anoanoaaiiui neaaenoaeai ?acii?iaeiinoe iauanoaaiiuo ioiioaiee,
neeaaeuaathueony a eaaeaeie iaeanoe oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe. Niaoeeaeueiua
ii?iu, niaea?aeaueany a yoeo aeoao, i?eiaiythony e oieeothony a ni/aoaiee n
iaueie ii?iaie niioaaonoaothueo io?aneae i?aaa.

6. Ia XXV nuacaea EINN aue ioia/ai cia/eoaeueiue iauai i?aaenoiyuae ?aaiou
ii oeo/oaieth i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe(*51).

Ia?u ii niaa?oainoaiaaieth oicyenoaaiiiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa auee iaia/aiu
iinoaiiaeaieai OeE EINN e Niaaoa Ieieno?ia NNN? io 23 aeaeaa?y 1970 a.
. (*52). A
?acoeueoaoa eo inouanoaeaiey aue i?eiyo ?yae aaaeiuo ii?iaoeaiuo aeoia.
Oai ia iaiaa, aunooiay 14 ethiy 1974 a. n ?a/ueth ia ano?a/a n
ecae?aoaeyie Aaoiaineiai ecae?aoaeueiiai ie?oaa a. Iineau, E. E. A?aaeiaa
ia?aoee aieiaiea ia oi,

(**50) Ni. A. N. Ia?oaiueyiia, Aii?inu a?aaeaeaineiai i?aaa a
aeayoaeueiinoe ianoiuo Niaaoia aeaiooaoia o?oaeyueony, ecae. ATHCE, I., 1971,
no?. 7 e 69.
(**51) Ni. , Iieeoecaeao, 1976, no?. 82.
(**52) NI NNN? 1971 a. ? 1, no. 1.

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/oi a eaaeaeie io?anee ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa aeaenoaotho ouny/e ?aciuo
i?aaeienaiee e eino?oeoeee. Iiiaea ec yoeo eino?oeoeee onoa?aee, niaea?aeao
iaii?aaaeaiiua ia?aie/aiey, iaei/iia ?aaeaiaioe?iaaiea. Yoi noaniyao
eieoeeaoeao, i?ioeai?a/eo iiaui o?aaiaaieyi, eioi?ua iuia i?aaeuyaeythony
e yeiiiieea(*53).

Ia i?eaaaeaiea oicyenoaaiiiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa a niioaaonoaea n yoeie
o?aaiaaieyie iai?aaeaii iinoaiiaeaiea OeE EINN e Niaaoa Ieieno?ia NNN?
io 25 ethiy 1975 a. (*54). Ia?aii/a?aaeiie caaea/ae i?eciaii
ono?aiaiea iiiaeanoaaiiinoe i?aaiauo aeoia ii iaeiei e oai aea aii?inai,
eiathueony a ieo i?ioeai?a/ee, iaoaycie, iaiainiiaaiiuo ia?aie/aiee e
iaei/iiai ?aaeaiaioe?iaaiey, noaniythueo eieoeeaoeao i?aaei?eyoee e
i?aaiecaoeee.

Iniiaiua iai?aaeaiey niaa?oainoaiaaiey oicyenoaaiiiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa
ioaaouaatho ieaie?iaaiea, eaieoaeueiia no?ieoaeuenoai, oeiaine?iaaiea,
e?aaeeoiaaiea ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa, iaoa?eaeueii- oaoie/aneia niaaaeaiea.

Iacaaiiia iinoaiiaeaiea niaea?aeeo ?yae eiie?aoiuo oeacaiee, ii?aaeaeythueo
oi?iu, iooe e n?iee oii?yaei/aiey ?acee/iuo aeaeia ii?iaoeaiuo aeoia.
N?aaee ieo neaaeoao ioiaoeoue i?aaeienaiea OeE eiiia?oee e Niaaoai Ieieno?ia
nithciuo ?anioaeee ?anniio?aoue aii?in i niaa?oainoaiaaiee oicyenoaaiiiai
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa nithciuo ?anioaeee, a oaeaea ii?iaoeaiuo aeoia
ieienoa?noa e aaaeiinoa nithciuo ?anioaeee e eniieieoaeueiuo eiieoaoia
Niaaoia ia?iaeiuo aeaiooaoia, eiay a aeaeo, a /anoiinoe, ono?aieoue
iaiainiiaaiiua ia?aie/aiey oicyenoaaiiie eieoeeaoeau i?aaei?eyoee e
i?aaiecaoeee e iaei/iiai ?aaeaiaioe?iaaiey eo aeayoaeueiinoe.

Ia?u ii eniieiaieth oeacaiiiai i?aaeienaiey iaia/aiu a ?NON?
iinoaiiaeaieai i?aaeoaeuenoaa ?anioaeeee io 1 aaaonoa 1975 a. (*55).

A iieneao iioeiaeueiuo iooae oii?yaei/aiey oicyenoaaiiiai
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa niaaoneea o/aiua e i?aeoe/aneea ?aaioieee auaeaeioee
?yae i?aaeeiaeaiee.

Noi?iiieee eiioeaioeee oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa auaeaeioee i?aaeeiaeaiea i
?ac?aaioea oicyenoaaiiiai eiaeaena NNN? eae iaiauathuaai caeiia, eioi?ue
cae?aiee au iiaua oi?iu e iaoiaeu oicyenoaiaaiey e i?eaae a aaeeioth
nenoaio ii?iaoeaiua aeou oicyenoaaiiiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa(*56).

(**53) E. E. A?aaeiaa, Ana aeey aeaaa ia?iaea, ana ai eiy /aeiaaea.
?a/ue ia ano?a/a n ecae?aoaeyie Aaoiaineiai ecae?aoaeueiiai ie?oaa a.
Iineau 14 ethiy 1974, I., 1974, no?. 15.
(**54) NI NNN? 1975 a. ? 16, no. 98.
(**55) NI ?NON? 1975 a. ? 17, no. 121.
(**56) Ni., iai?eia?, , o/aaiee, iiae ?aae.
i?io. A.A.Eaioaaa, ecae-ai , 1970, no?. 40;
, ecae-ai , 1975,
no?. 34, 48.
-22-

Ii ?acee/iui niia?aaeaieyi yoi i?aaeeiaeaiea ni/ee i?eaieaiui e iaeioi?ua
i?ioeaieee oeacaiiie eiioeaioeee(*57). Aue ?ac?aaioai e aeaaea ianoaeaeai
i?iaeo oicyenoaaiiiai eiaeaena(*58).

Yoa ?aeiiaiaeaoeey e ?ac?aaioaiiue a niioaaonoaee n iath caeiiii?iaeo
auaeaeioei iainiiaaiiua aic?aaeaiey oai?aoe/aneiai e i?aeoe/aneiai
ii?yaeea. N?aaee ieo neaaeoao ioiaoeoue oeacaiey ia iaaiciiaeiinoue nicaeaiey
iauae /anoe, a oai naiui e iiaeeeiiiai eiaeaena aneaaenoaea i?eiaaeeaaeiinoe
aai ii?i e ?acee/iui io?aneyi i?aaa(*59). Ia i?eaaei au i?eiyoea oaeiai
eiaeaena e e nouanoaaiiiio oiaiueoaieth /enea aeoia oicyenoaaiiiai
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa, iai?ioea, iiyaeeny au aua iaeei aieueoie e neiaeiue
ii?iaoeaiue aeo, i?aaeea eioi?iai ia iaeaaeaee au e oiio aea iaiaoiaeeiie
noaaeeueiinoueth.

Iiyoiio iiiaea aaoi?u e iao/iua eieeaeoeau noiyo ia oie oi/ea c?aiey,
/oi ioaeii oii?yaei/aiea oicyenoaaiiiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa, a ia eiiea aai.
Iaeie n/eoatho, /oi e yoie oeaee ioaeii eaeoe oaea eniuoaiiui iooai nia?aiey
aeaenoaothuaai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa NNN?, a ?aieao eioi?iai iiaoo auoue
?ac?aaioaiu e i?eiyou ioaeaeueiua e?oiiua ii?iaoeaiua aeou
eiaeeoeeaoeeiiiiai oa?aeoa?a. (*50). ?yae aaoi?ia iieaaaao, /oi ia?yaeo n
oai aeieaeiu auoue ooaa?aeaeaiu iauanithciua iniiau oicyenoaaiiiai
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa, i?ecaaiiua aicaeaaeoue anth aai nenoaio, aaaeiuie
yeaiaioaie eioi?ie aeieaeiu noaoue oaeaea ii?iaoeaiua aeou, nicaeaiiua iooai
?aaeiiaeueiie eiaeeoeeaoeee, i?aaenoaaeythuea niaith iiaeaioiaeo
eiaeeoeeaoeeiiiuo aeoia ii oe?oiiaiiui -ioaeaeueiui iaeanoyi,
naeoi?ai oicyenoaaiiie aeecie(*61).
(**57) I. A. E?anaa/eeia, Yeiiiie/aneay ?aoi?ia, nioeeaeenoe/aneay
caeiiiinoue e eiaeeoeeaoeey oicyenoaaiiiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa (, Naa?aeeiane, 1969, no?. 19); A.A.Iooeei,
E.I.Nao?iiiaa, A.A.Iiiia, ?acaeoea oicyenoaaiiiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa
( 1970 a. ?10, no?. 95). I. A.
E?anaa/eeia i?aaeeiaeee ?ac?aaioaoue ?yae eiaeaenia: aeeeeuiue, niaaoneie
oi?aiaee e auoiaiai ianeoaeeaaiey, no?ieoaeueiue, aaieianeee e ?yae
o?ainii?oiuo eiaeaenia acaiai niioaaonoaothueo onoaaia (ni. , aui. 33,
Naa?aeeiane, 1974, no?. 14).
(**58) Ni. A.A.Eaioaa, Yeiiiieea e oicyenoaaiiia i?aai (
1975 a. ? 1, no?. 55).
(**59) Ni., iai?eia?, I.N.Eiooa, Iauay /anoue e nenoaiaoecaoeey
oicyenoaaiiiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa ( 1974
a. ? 10, no?. 82 e ne.); aai aea, ?acaeoea oeeaeeenoe/aneie iunee a NNN?,
ecae-ai EAO, 1975, no?. 107: N.N.Aeaenaaa, A.O.sseiaeaa, I
niaa?oainoaiaaiee oicyenoaaiiiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa ( 1975 a. ? 6, no?. 45-48).
(**60) Ni., iai?eia?, (
1974 a. ? 10, no?. 69 e ne.); E.A.Eieeaaa, Aeooaeueiua i?iaeaiu
eiaeeoeeaoeee caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa Nithca NN? (
1975 a. ? 1, no?. 6).
(**61) Ni., iai?eia?, N.N.Aeaenaaa, A.O.sseiaeaa, I
niaa?oainoaiaaiee oicyenoaaiiiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa ( 1975 a. ? 6, no?. 48,50); N.I.A?aoonue, I iooyo
nenoaiaoecaoeee oicyenoaaiiiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa ( 1975 a. ? 9, no?. 56, 58, 59).

-23-

Any ?aaioa aeieaeia i?eaanoe e nicaeaieth iinoiyiii iaiiaeyaiiai Naiaea
oicyenoaaiiiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa(*62).

Ai eniieiaiea ?aoaiey XXV nuacaea EINN ia ecaeaiee Naiaea caeiiia
Niaaoneiai ainoaea?noaa OeE EINN, I?aceaeeoi Aa?oiaiiai Niaaoa NNN? e
Niaao Ieieno?ia NNN? i?eiyee 2 naioya?y 1976 a. iinoaiiaeaiea (*63). I?e yoii aeieaeiu auoue
i?eiyou, a /anoiinoe, caeiiiaeaoaeueiua aeou ii aii?inai ieaie?iaaiey,
iaoa?eaeueii- oaoie/aneiai niaaaeaiey, eaieoaeueiiai no?ieoaeuenoaa. Iie
iiaee au aieoe a niaoeeaeueiue ?acaeae Naiaea, iinayuaiiue ia?iaeiiio
oicyenoao(*64).

Iinea i?eiyoey iiaie Eiinoeoooeee NNN? auea ?ac?aaioaia i?ia?aiia
i?eaaaeaiey niaaoneiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa, a oii /enea e oicyenoaaiiiai, a
niioaaonoaea n iae e ecaeaiey iiauo ii?iaoeaiuo aeoia. (*65). Auiieiaiea
yoie i?ia?aiiu i?eia?aei ia?ainoaiaiiia cia/aiea.

(**62) Ni. , ecae-ai
, 1971, no?. 76.
(**63) Ni. 1976 a. ? 37, no.
515.
(**64) A. O. Oaaaiia. Iiaeaioiaea naiaea caeiiia Niaaoneiai
ainoaea?noaa e th?eaee/aneay iaoea ( 1977
a. ? 5, no?. 62).
(**65) Ni. 1977 a. ? 51, no.
764.
-24-

AEAAA II. I?AAIAIA IIEIAEAIEA OICssENOAAIIUO I?AAIECAOeEE

Aaaaeaiea

A nioeeaeenoe/aneii ia?iaeiii oicyenoaa iaoae no?aiu aeaeno-
aotho ainoaea?noaaiiua, eiiia?aoeaiua i?aaiecaoeee e eieoicu. Io-
/anoe a oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe i?eieiatho o/anoea iauanoaai-
iua i?aaiecaoeee. A eo?na a?aaeaeaineiai i?aaa eco/aeenue aeaaiui
ia?acii oa i?aaiecaoeee, eioi?ua, inouanoaeyy i?iecaiaenoaaiii-
oicyenoaaiioth aeayoaeueiinoue, yaeythony th?eaee/aneeie eeoeaie e ?a-
aeecotho aa ?acoeueoaou a ea/anoaa oiaa?a. Iaeiaei oicyenoaaiioth
aeayoaeueiinoue a oe?ieii niunea aaaeoo ia oieueei yoe i?aaiecaoeee.
Oaeea i?aaiecaoeee, eae oicyenoaaiiay nenoaia ieienoa?noaa, ia-
eanoiiai (e?aaaiai) Niaaoa ia?iaeiuo aeaiooaoia, i?iiuoeaiiia
iauaaeeiaiea, i?iecaiaenoaaiiay aaeeieoea e ae?oaea, ia aoaeo/e th?e-
aee/aneeie eeoeaie, oaeaea inouanoaeytho oicyenoaaiioth aeayoaeue-
iinoue: oi?aaeytho eiouanoaii, nicaeatho e i?ae?auatho ?acee/iua
i?aaiecaoeee, iaania/eaatho oeiaine?iaaiea iiae/eiaiiuo i?aaie-
caoeee, i?eieiatho oaoie/aneea ?aoaiey, aaaeoo ?an/aou e o. ae.

Eco/ay oicyenoaaiiia i?aai, iaiaoiaeeii ?anniio?aoue i?aaiaia
iieiaeaiea yoeo e iiaeiaiuo ei i?aaiecaoeee, a eco/aaoeany ?aiaa
oicyenoaaiiua i?aaiecaoeee (th?eaee/aneea eeoea) aeieaeiu auoue ?an-
niio?aiu n ianeieueei eiuo iiceoeee. A i?aaiaii iieiaeaiee oicye-
noaaiiuo i?aaiecaoeee, ia yaeythueony th?eaee/aneeie eeoeaie, nea-
aeoao ii?aaeaeeoue ia oieueei eo i?aainiiniaiinoue, eae o/anoieeia
oiaa?ii-aeaiaaeiiai iai?ioa, ii e eiiiaoaioeeth ia ?aoaiea aii?i-
nia a i?ioeanna ?oeiaiaenoaa e inouanoaeaiey oicyenoaaiiie aeay-
oaeueiinoe. (*66). Oaeei ia?acii, a /enea i?aaiecaoeee-noauaeoia oi-
cyenoaaiiiai i?aaa a ianoiyuai iiniaee ?anniao?eaathony oa i?-
aaiecaoeee, i?aaiaia iieiaeaiea eioi?uo inaauaeinue a ?acee/iuo
io?aneaauo iaoeao, iai?eia?, a iaoea a?aaeaeaineiai e aaeieieno?a-
oeaiiai i?aaa.

(**66) Ii iiaieth A. A. Eaioaaa, niaieoiiinoue i?aa e iaycaiiinoae, eioi?ua ii-
aoo i?eia?aoaoue oici?aaiu, au?aaeaao eo eiiiaoaioeey (ni. , o/aaiee, iiae ?aaeaeoeeae A. A. Eaioaaa, ecae-ai ,
1970, no?. 44-45).
-25-

Ainoaea?noaaiiua oicyenoaaiiua ia?aciaaiey ii eo iieiaeaieth
a ia?iaeiii oicyenoaa e iniaaiiinoyi i?aaiaiai noaoona iiaoo auoue
iiae?acaeaeaiu ia oicyenoaaiiua nenoaiu (io?aneaaua e oa??eoi-
?eaeueiua); i?iiuoeaiiua iauaaeeiaiey e noiaeiua n ieie ii no?oe-
oo?a e eiiiaoaioeee i?aaiecaoeee; i?iecaiaenoaaiiua iauaaeeiaiey
(eiiaeiaou), i?aaei?eyoey e noiaeiua n ieie ii no?oeoo?a e eiiia-
oaioeee i?aaiecaoeee; i?iecaiaenoaaiiua aaeeieoeu, oeeeaeu e noiae-
iua n ieie ii eiiiaoaioeee i?aaiecaoeee.

Iiae oicyenoaaiiie nenoaiie iiieiaaony ia?aciaaiiay ainoaea?-
noaii niaieoiiinoue i?aaiecaoeee io?anee ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa (ee-
ai iaeanoe, e?ay), iiae/eiaiiuo aa oeaio?o (ieienoa?noao, eeai ia-
eanoiiio (e?aaaiio) Niaaoo ia?iaeiuo aeaiooaoia), ninoiyuay ec
eieeaeoeaia o?oaeyueony e yaeythuayny aae?anaoii ieaiiauo caaea-
iee ii ia?iaeiioicyenoaaiiiio ieaio Nithca, nithciie eee aaoiiii-
iie ?anioaeeee, iaaeaeaiiay aeey yoiai ii?aaeaeaiiie /anoueth aaeeii-
ai oiiaea ainoaea?noaaiiie nioeeaeenoe/aneie nianoaaiiinoe, e au-
iieiythuay iiae ?oeiaiaenoaii ieienoa?noaa eeai iaeanoiiai (e?aa-
aiai) Niaaoa iinoaaeaiiua ainoaea?noaii oicyenoaaiiua caaea/e.

I?iiuoeaiiia iauaaeeiaiea e noiaeiua n ieie ii no?oeoo?a
eiiiaoaioeee oicyenoaaiiua ia?aciaaiey (a oii /enea e aeaenoaoth-
uea aia i?iiuoeaiiuo io?aneae (*67)) i?aaenoaaeytho niaie aaeeiua
i?iecaiaenoaaiii-oicyenoaaiiua eiiieaenu, ninoiyuea ec i?aaieca-
oeee-eieeaeoeaia o?oaeyueony, aunooiathueo a ea/anoaa th?eaee/a-
neeo eeoe, ii iauaaeeiaiiuo a iaeii oeaeia aeey yooaeoeaiiai aaaeaiey
oicyenoaa. Iie iaaeaeaiu ii?aaeaeaiiie /anoueth ainoaea?noaaiiiai
eiouanoaa, iieo/atho ieaiiaua caaeaiey io oicyenoaaiiuo nenoai
e auiieiytho iiae ?oeiaiaenoaii naiaai oeaio?a iinoaaeaiiua oicye-
noaaiiua caaea/e.

I?iecaiaenoaaiiua iauaaeeiaiey (eiiaeiaou) – yoi aaeeiua
i?iecaiaenoaaiii-oicyenoaaiiua eiiieaenu, ninoiyuea ec i?iecaiae-
noaaiiuo aaeeieoe eee (a ae?oaeo io?aneyo, e?iia i?iiuoeaiiuo)
ec iiaeiaiuo ei iiae?acaeaeaiee.

Iie oaeaea eae e i?iecaiaenoaaiiua i?aaei?eyoey i?aaenoaaeytho
niaie i?aaieciaaiiua ainoaea?noaii eieeaeoeau o?oaeyueony, iaaea-
eaiiua ii?aaeaeaiiie /anoueth ainoaea?noaaiiiai eiouanoaa, iieo/a-
thuea ieaiiaua caaeaiey io auoanoiyuaai oicyenoaaiiiai caaia
(nenoaiu, i?iiuoeaiiiai iauaaeeiaiey eee eiiai ia?aciaaiey, ei-
oi?iio iie iiae/eiaiu) e auiieiythuea eo iiae ?oeiaiaenoaii aee?ae-
oi?a (oi?aaeythuaai, ia/aeueieea). A oiaa?ii-aeaiaaeiuo ioiioaie-
yo iie aunooiatho a ea/anoaa th?eaee/aneeo eeoe.

I?iecaiaenoaaiiua (no?oeoo?iua) aaeeieoeu, oeeeaeu e noiaeiua
n ieie ii eiiiaoaioeee i?aaiecaoeee yaeythony ninoaaiuie /anoyie
i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo iauaaeeiaiee (e ei iiaeiaiuo oicyenoaaiiuo i?-
aaiecaoeee), eieeaeoeaaie o?oaeyueony, iaaeaeaiiuie ii?aaeaeaiiie
/anoueth ainoaea?noaaiiiai eiouanoaa e niioaaonoaothuae eiiiaoai-
oeeae aeey inouanoaeaiey oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe (aeaaiui ia-

(**67) Ni. ia yoii aeaeaa.
-26-

?acii aioo?e iauaaeeiaiey) e auiieiythueie ieaiiaua caaeaiey
iauaaeeiaiee (e ei iiaeiaiuo i?aaiecaoeee) iiae ?oeiaiaenoaii aee-
?aeoi?a (ia/aeueieea, ?oeiaiaeeoaey).

A ioee/ea io ainoaea?noaaiiuo eiiia?aoeaii-eieoiciua oicyeno-
aaiiua i?aaiecaoeee iiaoo e ia ninoaaeyoue niaieoiiuo ia?aciaa-
iee, a aeaenoaiaaoue a ea/anoaa ioaeaeueiuo y/aae (iai?eia?, eieoi-
cu). Ii e nenoaiu eiiia?aoeaiuo i?aaiecaoeee eiatho nouanoaai-
iua ioee/ey io ainoaea?noaaiiuo oicyenoaaiiuo nenoai. Oae, eiiia-
?aoeaiua nenoaiu ia iaeaaeatho aaeeiui eiouanoaaiiui oiiaeii
(oioy e niaaeeiytho /anoue eiouanoaa a oeaio?aeeciaaiiua oiiaeu).
?oeiaiaenoai a nenoaia eiiia?aoeaiuo i?aaiecaoeee ia eiaao oie
noaiaie aee?aeoeaiinoe, eioi?ay nouanoaoao a ainoaea?noaaiiuo ne-
noaiao, a no?ieony n o/aoii eiiia?aoeaiie aeaiie?aoee.

A ianoiyuai iiniaee ?anniao?eaaaony i?aaiaia iieiaeaiea ai-
noaea?noaaiiuo, caoai eiiia?aoeaii-eieoiciuo e niaoaiiuo (iaae-
eieoiciuo, ainoaea?noaaiii-eieoiciuo) i?aaiecaoeee. Oicyenoaai-
iua i?aaiecaoeee, iniiauaathuea naith aeayoaeueiinoue ia nianoaaiii-
noe iauanoaaiiuo i?aaiecaoeee (iai?eia? nianoaaiiinoe i?ionith-
cia), – iaiiiai/eneaiiu e ioaeaeueii ia ?anniao?eaathony.

I?AAIAIA IIEIAEAIEA AINOAeA?NOAAIIUO
OICssENOAAIIUO I?AAIECAOeEE

1. Iauea iieiaeaiey

Nioeeaeenoe/aneia ainoaea?noai ?oeiaiaeeo ia?iaeiui oicyenoaii
/a?ac i?aaiu iauae e niaoeeaeueii-oicyenoaaiiie eiiiaoaioeee. E
ia?aui ioiinyony aunoea i?aaiu ainoaea?noaaiiie aeanoe e oi?aa-
eaiey Nithca NN?, nithciuo e aaoiiiiiuo ?anioaeee. Ei aoi?ui –
ieaiiaua i?aaiu, i?aaiu, inouanoaeythuea ooieoeeiiaeueiia ?oei-
aiaenoai ioaeaeueiuie iaeanoyie ia?iaeiioicyenoaaiiie yeiiiieee
(no?ieoaeuenoaii, (*68), oeiaine?iaaieai, ?aaoee?iaaieai o?oaea e ca-
?aaioiie ieaou e ae?.).

E?iia oiai, ainoaea?noai nicaeaao i?aaiecaoeee, inouanoaeythuea
iaeiia?aiaiii e ?oeiaiaenoai e oicyenoaaiioth aeayoaeueiinoue. Oaeei
i?aaiecaoeeyi ainoaea?noai auaeaeyao e cae?aieyao ca ieie ii?aaea-
eaiioth /anoue ainoaea?noaaiiiai eiouanoaa aeey i?iecaiaenoaaiii-oi-
cyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe. (*69). E eo /eneo e ioiinyony ?anniao?eaaa-
iua ieaea oicyenoaaiiua i?aaiecaoeee.

(**68) A ioiioaiee no?ieoaeuenoaa neaaeoao eiaoue a aeaeo, /oi ia?yaeo n ooieoeei-
iaeueiui ?oeiaiaenoaii, eioi?ia inouanoaeyao Ainoaea?noaaiiue eiieoao Niaaoa
Ieieno?ia NNN? ii aeaeai no?ieoaeuenoaa (e niioaaonoaaiii eiieoaou a nithciuo
?anioaeeeao), io?aneaaia ?oeiaiaenoai no?ieoaeueiuie i?aaiecaoeeyie inouanoa-
eyao aicaeaaeythuaa nenoaio ieienoa?noai. Iaeioi?ua i?aaiu, iai?eia? Ainniaa
NNN?, inouanoaeytho iaeiia?aiaiii e ooieoeeiiaeueiia e io?aneaaia ?oeiaiaenoai.
(**69) A eo?na a?aaeaeaineiai i?aaa iu ano?a/aeenue n cae?aieaieai eiouanoaa ca
th?eaee/aneeie eeoeaie ia iniiaa naiinoiyoaeueiiai aooaaeoa?neiai aaeaina, au-
?aaeathuaai o/anoea oaeiai noauaeoa i?aaa a oiaa?ii-aeaiaaeiuo ioiioaieyo. Eco-

-27-

Ainoaea?noaaiiua oicyenoaaiiua nenoaiu e i?aaiecaoeee, a oae-
aea noiaeiua n ieie ii no?oeoo?a e eiiiaoaioeee i?aaiecaoeee. Noiae-
iuie ii no?oeoo?a i?eciathony oaeea i?aaiecaoeee, eioi?ua ii-
no?iaiu ec iaeii?iaeiuo ninoaaiuo /anoae, eiathueo, a iniiaiii,
iaeeiaeiaue i?aaiaie noaoon e caieiathueo iaeeiaeiaia ianoi a
ea?a?oee oicyenoaaiiuo ia?aciaaiee.

Oae, iai?eia?, i?iiuoeaiiua iauaaeeiaiey, o?anou niaoicia, oi-
?aaeaiey eniieeiiia iaeanoiuo (e?aaauo) Niaaoia ninoiyo ec
iauaaeeiaiee, i?aaei?eyoee e i?aaiecaoeee-th?eaee/aneeo eeoe e eo
oeaio?u naie yaeythony naiinoiyoaeueiuie i?aaiecaoeeyie-th?e-
aee/aneeie eeoeaie.

I?iecaiaenoaaiiua iauaaeeiaiey, o?anou, oi?ae, i?aaei?eyoey oa-
?aeoa?ecothony oai, /oi aoiaeyuea a ieo iiae?acaeaeaiey (i?iecaiae-
noaaiiua aaeeieoeu, oeeeaeu, ioaeaeueiua oicyenoaa) aunooiatho a
ea/anoaa ianaiinoiyoaeueiuo i?aaiecaoeee, aeaaiui ia?acii ai
aioo?eoicyenoaaiiii iai?ioa, a naie iauaaeeiaiey, o?anou, oi?ae,
i?aaei?eyoey e iiaeiaiua i?aaiecaoeee yaeythony naiinoiyoaeueiuie
e iaaeaeaiu i?aaaie th?eaee/aneeo eeoe.

Iaoiaeynue ia iaeiii o?iaia a ea?a?oee oicyenoaaiiuo i?aaieca-
oeee, aeaiiua iauaaeeiaiey eiatho a neeo yoiai noiaeioth oicyenoaai-
ioth eiiiaoaioeeth, eioi?ay i?iyaeyaony a aeaaiuo /a?oao eo noaoo-
na, ii iiaoo eiaoue e ioee/ey a caaeneiinoe io eo io?aneaaie i?e-
iaaeeaaeiinoe eee aoiaeaeaiey a oa??eoi?eaeueioth nenoaio iaeano-
iiai (e?aaaiai) Niaaoa, io iaaeaeaiey aeiiieieoaeueiuie i?aaaie
ii niaoeeaeueiui ?aoaieyi i?aaeoaeuenoaa, io ia?a?ani?aaeaeaiey
eiiiaoaioeee auoanoiyueie i?aaiaie e ae?. Iaeiaei aeaaiua aii-
?inu aeey caaiueaa iaeiiai o?iaiy caeiiiaeaoaeue ?aoaao iaeiioeiii.

Iniai aeieaeiu auoue ?anniio?aiu oicyenoaaiiua nenoaiu e?a-
aeeoiuo o/?aaeaeaiee a neeo niaoeeoeee eo ?iee a ia?iaeiii oicye-
noaa e no?oeoo?u yoeo nenoai, ia ?an/eaiyaiuo ia ninoaaiua /a-
noe (a i?aaiaii niunea), a aeaenoaothueo eae aaeeiia oeaeia a aeaea
nenoai – th?eaee/aneeo eeoe.

*oi iicaieyao ?anniao?eaaoue ana yoe ia?aciaaiey, aeaenoaothuea
a ia?iaeiii oicyenoaa, a iaeiii ?yaeo n i?aaiecaoeeyie, inouanoaeyth-
ueie oicyenoaaiioth aeayoaeueiinoue?

Nioeeaeenoe/aneia ia?iaeiia oicyenoai, iniiaaiiia ia iauaia-
?iaeiie ainoaea?noaaiiie nianoaaiiinoe ia n?aaenoaa i?iecaiaenoaa,
aaaeaony i?aaieciaaiiuie ainoaea?noaii eieeaeoeaaie o?oaeyueony
ai aeaaa n ioaaonoaaiiui ?oeiaiaeeoaeai, iaaeaeaiiuie ii?aaeaeai-
iie /anoueth ainoaea?noaaiiiai eiouanoaa e auiieiythueie iinoaa-
/ay i?aaiaia iieiaeaiea eiuo oicyenoaaiiuo i?aaiecaoeee, ia o/anoaothueo a oa-
eii iai?ioa, ii yaeythueony noauaeoaie i?aa e iaycaiiinoae, naycaiiuo n au-
iieiaieai ieaiiauo caaeaiee, iu eiinoaoe?oai iaee/ea eiie cae?aieaiiinoe
eiouanoaa ca oicyenoaaiiuie nenoaiaie, i?iiuoeaiiuie iauaaeeiaieyie, o?a-
noaie, i?iecaiaenoaaiiuie aaeeieoeaie a oi?ia naiaeiiai, ioaeaeueiiai aaeainia.
N yoei eiouanoaii iie e o/anoaotho a oicyenoaaiiii iai?ioa (ni. ia yoii
ieaea).

-28-

eaiiua ainoaea?noaii caaea/e. (*70). Ana auoaia?a/eneaiiua oicyenoaai-
iua ia?aciaaiey i?aaenoaaeytho niaie i?aaieciaaiiua ainoaea?noaii
eieeaeoeau o?oaeyueony ai aeaaa n ioaaonoaaiiuie ?oeiaiaeeoaey-
ie aeey ?aoaiey iinoaaeaiiuo oicyenoaaiiuo caaea/. Io?aaeay
?ieue eieeaeoeaia o?oaeyueony a ia?iaeiii oicyenoaa, no. 16 Eiinoe-
oooeee Nithca Niaaoneeo Nioeeaeenoe/aneeo ?anioaeee cae?aieyao
eo o/anoea a oi?aaeaiee ia?iaeiui oicyenoaii. Eiouanoaaiiia
iainiaeaiea e aai cae?aieaiea ca eaaeaeui oicyenoaaiiui eieeae-
oeaii n iaeiia?aiaiiui aoiaeaeaieai yoiai eiouanoaa a oiiae auoa-
noiyuaai ia?aciaaiey (eieeaeoeaa) a ?aieao oicyenoaaiiie nenoa-
iu au?aaeaiu a i?aaiauo oi?iao ioaeaeueiiai, naiinoiyoaeueiiai e
naiaeiiai aaeainia. A niioaaonoaee n yoei e iino?iaia aooaae-
oa?neay aaeainiaay io/aoiinoue eaaeaeiai ieaeanoiyuaai oicyenoaai-
iiai caaia ia?aae auoanoiyuei ia eniieueciaaiee i?aaeinoaaeaiiuo
ainoaea?noaii eiouanoaaiiuo oiiaeia. (*71). Oicyenoaaiiua aea io?an-
eaaua nenoaiu io/eouaathony iaiin?aaenoaaiii ia?aae ainoaea?noaii
a eeoea i?aaeoaeuenoaa Nithca, nithciie e aaoiiiiiie ?anioaeeee.

Eiia/ii, eiathony ?acee/ey iaaeaeo oaeeie i?aaiecaoeeyie, eae
i?iecaiaenoaaiiay aaeeieoea, i?aaei?eyoea, i?iecaiaenoaaiiia iauaaee-
iaiea e oaeeie e?oiiaeoeie oicyenoaaiiuie ia?aciaaieyie eae
i?iiuoeaiiia iauaaeeiaiea e oicyenoaaiiay nenoaia. Iaeiaei yoe
?acee/ey naycaiu n ianiaiaaeathueie iauaiaie iia?aoeaii-oicye-
noaaiiuo e ieaiiai-?aaoee?othueo ooieoeee o oicyenoaaiiuo ia?a-
ciaaiee ?aciiai o?iaiy. A aeayoaeueiinoe oicyenoaaiiuo nenoai,
i?iiuoeaiiuo iauaaeeiaiee (e noiaeiuo n ieie ii eiiiaoaioeee
ia?aciaaiee) iia?aoeaii-oicyenoaaiiua ooieoeee caieiatho iaiue-
oee iauai iaaeaee o ieaeanoiyueo i?aaiecaoeee, a ieaiiai-?aaoee-
?othuea i?aiaeaaeatho. Iai?ioea, iia?aoeaii-oicyenoaaiiua ooie-
oeee caieiatho i?aiaeaaeathuaa ianoi a ?aaioa i?aaei?eyoee, i?iec-

(**70) A i?aaiaie iaoea i?io. A. A. Aaiaaeeeoia aeey iauyniaiey nouiinoe i?aae-
i?eyoey auaeaeioe oai?eth i?aaieciaaiiiai ainoaea?noaii eieeaeoeaa o?oaeyueo-
ny, iaaeaeaiiiai ainoaea?noaaiiui eiouanoaii e ?aoathuei ai aeaaa n ioaaono-
aaiiui ?oeiaiaeeoaeai iinoaaeaiiua caaea/e (ni. A. A. Aaiaaeeeoia, Aino-
aea?noaaiiay nioeeaeenoe/aneay nianoaaiiinoue, I.-E., 1948). Yoa oai?ey aini?eiy-
oa a ianoiyuaa a?aiy aieueoeinoaii o/aiuo e eniieuecoaony caeiiiaeaoaeai a
Iieiaeaiee i nioeeaeenoe/aneii ainoaea?noaaiiii i?iecaiaenoaaiiii i?aaei?eyoee,
Iieiaeaiee i i?iecaiaenoaaiiii iauaaeeiaiee (eiiaeiaoa). I?aaenoaaeyaony, /oi
a nia?aiaiiuo oneiaeyo oi?aaeaiey ia?iaeiui oicyenoaii n o/aoii i?ienoiaey-
ueo eioaa?aoeeiiiuo i?ioeannia, oai?ey A. A. Aaiaaeeeoiaa iiaeao auoue ?ani?ino-
?aiaia ia ana ainoaea?noaaiiua oicyenoaaiiua ia?aciaaiey.

(**71) Ni. ,
I., 1968.

Ni. oaeaea , ooaa?aeaeai-
iiai iinoaiiaeaieai Niaaoa Ieieno?ia ?NON? io 24 aeaeaa?y 1957 a. ? 1339
(, o. IV, ecae-ai , 1968, no?. 438).
-29-

aiaenoaaiiuo iauaaeeiaiee e noiaeiuo n ieie ii eiiiaoaioeee i?aa-
iecaoeee. (*72).

I?e yoii aaaeii eiaoue a aeaeo, /oi oicyenoaaiiia ?oeiaiaenoai
ianiio?y ia aai ?acee/iua aeaeu e i?aaiaua oi?iu (ieaie?iaa-
iea, ?aaoee?iaaiea, eiio?ieue, ooaa?aeaeaiea eoiaia e ae?.), naiui
oaniui ia?acii naycaii n iaiin?aaenoaaiiui inouanoaeaieai i?i-
ecaiaenoaaiii-oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe. Ioaeaeyoue yoi ?oeiaiae-
noai e ?anniao?eaaoue aai iainiaeaiii iiaeii oieueei a oeaeyo iao/-
iiai eco/aiey aai aeaeia e i?eiaiyaiuo i?aaiauo oi?i. Ii a i?i-
oeanna oicyenoaiaaiey ?oeiaiaenoai e iaiin?aaenoaaiiia inouanoaea-
iea oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe ia?ac?uaii neeou a ethaii caaia
ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa, eai oi?aaeaiea i?iecaiaenoaii anoue ooieoeey
naiiai i?iecaiaenoaa. (*73). A oneiaeyo aea iao/ii-oaoie/aneie ?aaieth-
ethoeee ?ieue iao/ii-i?aaieciaaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa noaiiaeony oae-
oi?ii, iaiin?aaenoaaiii aeeythuei ia yooaeoeaiinoue i?iecaiaenoaa,
a iiiaea aai oi?iu i?aaie/anee aeeth/athony a oicyenoaaiioth aeay-
oaeueiinoue. Oaeiaa, a /anoiinoe, ?ieue aaoiiaoece?iaaiiuo nenoai oi-
?aaeaiey, naeeaeathueo i?icaiaenoaaiiua i?ioeannu n oi?aaeythue-
ie aicaeaenoaeyie ai a?aiaie e i?aaeinoaaeythueo aiciiaeiinoue ia
naiii aunieii o?iaia ?oeiaiaenoaa iia?aoeaii aeeyoue ia yoe i?i-
oeannu. (*74).

Ia?ii?eyoey ia?oee e i?aaeoaeuenoaa ii niaa?oainoaiaaieth oi-
?aaeaiey ia?iaeiui oicyenoaii, aai ieaie?iaaiey e noeioee?iaa-
iey iieacuaatho i?eioeeieaeueiia aaeeinoai a iiaeoiaea e ?aoaieth
aii?inia ?oeiaiaenoaa anaie nioeeaeueiuie oicyenoaaiiuie ia?a-
ciaaieyie, iaoiaeyueieny ia ?acee/iuo nooiaiyo a oicyenoaaiiuo
nenoaiao. I?eioeeieaeueii iaeii?iaeiuie yaeythony iaoiaeu ieaie?i-
aaiey e noeioee?iaaiey aeayoaeueiinoe eieeaeoeaia o?oaeyueony eae
oicyenoaaiiie nenoaiu ieienoa?noaa, oae e i?iecaiaenoaaiiie aaee-
ieoeu. Ieaiiaua caaeaiey ?ac?aaaouaathony e aeiaiaeyony aei eieeae-
oeaia o?oaeyueony /a?ac oicyenoaaiiua oeaio?u yoeo i?aaiecaoeee
ia iniiaa aeaiie?aoe/aneiai oeaio?aeecia e n o/aoii aiciiaeiinoe
i?eiyoey eo eieeaeoeaaie aieaa iai?yaeaiiuo iaycaoaeuenoa a ii-
?yaeea ano?a/iiai ieaie?iaaiey n onoaiiaeaieai noeioee?iaaiey
ca auiieiaiea caaeaiee e ano?a/iuo iaycaoaeuenoa. I?e yoii caaea-
iey ii ieaie?iaaieth e noeioee?iaaieth ?acaa?ouaathony niia?acii
ea?a?oee iino?iaiey oicyenoaaiiuo i?aaiecaoeee naa?oo-aiec, e
eaaeaeay ec ieo ioaaonoaaiia ca auiieiaiea caaeaiee ia?aae i?aaie-
caoeeae, a eioi?oth aoiaeeo, e noeioee?oaony ii onoaiiaeaiiui ae
iieacaoaeyi. (*75). Yoi naeaeaoaeuenoaoao i oii, /oi eaaeaeia caaii ia?iae-

(**72) A. E. Iaiooia i?aaeeueii ioia/aao, /oi oicyenoaaiiua i?aaiecaoeee ni/a-
oatho iia?aoeaii-oicyenoaaiiua ooieoeee n ieaiiai-?aaoee?othueie, ii oaeaeueiue
aan eo ia iaeeiaeia o ?acee/iuo caaiueaa oicyenoaaiiuo nenoai (ni. A. E. Ia-
iooia, I?aaei?eyoea e auoanoiyuee oicyenoaaiiue i?aai, ecae-ai
, 1969, no?. 32-39).
(**73)E.Ia?en, Eaieoae, o. 1, Iieeoecaeao, 1973,no?.342.
(**74) Ni. ia yoii iiae?iaiaa , I., 1975.
(**75) A oicyenoaaiiie i?aeoeea ano?a/athony aeaaea neo/ae, eiaaea nenoaia ieie-
noa?noaa eiaao iaeie iieacaoaee, ca auiieiaiea eioi?uo noeioee?oaony, ia?acoy
oiiaeu yeiiiie/aneiai noeioee?iaaiey io?anee, a aoiaeyuea a iaa iauaaeeiaiey
e i?aaei?eyoey iieo/atho caaeaiey e noeioee?othony ii ae?oaei iieacaoaeyi. Oae
ooieoeeiie?iaaea, iai?eia?, a aeaayoie iyoeeaoea nenoaia Ieienoa?noaa iaooy-
iie i?iiuoeaiiinoe NNN?.

-30-

iiai oicyenoaa i?aaenoaaeaii niioaaonoaothuei eieeaeoeaii ai
aeaaa n ?oeiaiaeeoaeai e n auaeaeaiiie aio /anoueth ainoaea?noaaiii-
ai eiouanoaaiiiai oiiaea. (*76).

Ana ?anniao?eaaaiua oicyenoaaiiua ia?aciaaiey io oicyenoaai-
iie nenoaiu aei i?iecaiaenoaaiiie aaeeieoeu iniiauaatho naith aeay-
oaeueiinoue ia oicyenoaaiiii ?an/aoa. Oic?an/ao eae iaoiae nioeeaee-
noe/aneiai oicyenoaiaaiey oa?aeoa?ecoaony naiioeiaine?iaaieai
e niecia?aieai cao?ao n ?acoeueoaoaie aeayoaeueiinoe. Ii iaoiaeeo
au?aaeaiea a i?aaiauo oi?iao: 1) eiouanoaaiiie iainiaeaiiinoe;
2) iia?aoeaii-oicyenoaaiiie naiinoiyoaeueiinoe; 3) iaoa?eaeueii-
ai noeioee?iaaiey e 4) ioaaonoaaiiinoe ca ?acoeueoaou oicyenoai-
aaiey. Ana yoe i?eciaee oic?an/aoa i?iyaeythony a oie eee eiie
noaiaie a aeayoaeueiinoe anao iacaaiiuo i?aaiecaoeee. Iaeioi?ua
ecuyoey ec aeaiiiai iaoiaea ninoiyo a i?eiaiaiee a io?aneaauo e
oa??eoi?eaeueiuo oicyenoaaiiuo nenoaiao ia?yaeo n oic?an/aoiuie
athaeaeaoiiai oeiaine?iaaiey eo oeaio?ia, (*77), i?eaea/aiee a oicye-
noai athaeaeaoiuo anneaiiaaiee aeey aaaeaiey iao/iuo enneaaeiaaiee,
ecia?aoaoaeueneiai e ?aoeeiiaeecaoi?neiai aeaea, a oii /enea e aia
?aiie eiie?aoiuo oicyenoaaiiuo i?aaiecaoeee a eioa?anao anaai
ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa a oeaeii e ae?. Yoe ecuyoey ec i?eioeeia naii-
oeiaine?iaaiey iiaeii ioiaoeoue e a aeayoaeueiinoe ieaeanoiyueo
caaiueaa. Oae, i?aaei?eyoey ia ianoo iiiaeo cao?ao ia iao/ii-ennea-
aeiaaoaeueneea, iiuoii-eiino?oeoi?neea, oaoiieiae/aneea ?aaiou, ia
iiaeaioiaeo eaae?ia, aiaae?aiea aaoiiaoece?iaaiiuo nenoai oi?aa-
eaiey, ii aacaiciacaeii iieuecothony eie. Aaaeaiea iiaeiaiuo ?aaio
i?iaiaeeony oeaio?aeeciaaiii a ae?oaeo caaiueyo a eioa?anao anaai
ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa. Iaeiaei yoe eneeth/aiey ia eieaaetho oic?an-
/aoa a ea/anoaa i?eioeeia aaaeaiey oicyenoaa, i?eiaiyaiiai anaie
oicyenoaaiiuie ia?aciaaieyie, oae eae i?eaea/aiea n?aaenoa e

(**76) A oai?ee aaeieieno?aoeaiiai i?aaa ?ani?ino?aiai eiie acaeyae, niaeanii
eioi?iio caaiuey ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa ninoaaeytho ia i?aaiecaoeee-eieeaeoeau, a
a aa?oeeaeueiuo ioiioaieyo ieaie?iaaiey i?aaenoaaeaiu oieueei aaeieieno?aoeeae,
inouanoaeythuae eniieieoaeueioth e ?anii?yaeeoaeueioth aeayoaeueiinoue. Iaeiaei oa-
eie acaeyae ia aeaao aiciiaeiinoe oeacaoue aeaenoaeoaeueiue aae?anao ieaie?iaaiey–
eiie?aoiua nioeeaeueiua oicyenoaaiiua ia?aciaaiey, ia iauyniyao i?aaiaiai iiei-
aeaiey oeaio?aeeciaaiiuo oiiaeia e ?aca?aia, eioi?ua oaeei ia?acii
naieo noauaeoia i?aaa, ?oeiaiaeeoaee i?aaiecaoeee io nianoaaiiuo
eieeaeoeaia e eiouanoaa, cae?aieaiiiai ca ieie. Ana yoi ia niinianoaoao iauyn-
iaieth nouiinoe i?iecaiaenoaaiii-oicyenoaaiiuo eiiieaenia e oicyenoaaiiuo
nenoai.

(**77) A aoaeouai, i/aaeaeii, io?aneaaua oicyenoaaiiua nenoaiu noaioo oic-
?an/aoiuie iiaeiaii Ieienoa?noao i?eai?ino?iaiey NNN?, aeayoaeueiinoue eioi?i-
ai iniiaaia ia naiiieoiaaiinoe e ia oeiaine?oaony ec athaeaeaoa.

Eiui aeieaeii auoue ?aoaiea aii?ina aeey oa??eoi?eaeueiuo oicyenoaaiiuo
nenoai, aicaeaaeyaiuo iaeanoiuie (e?aaauie) Niaaoaie, eai iineaaeiea yaey-
thony i?aaiaie iauae, a ia io?aneaaie eiiiaoaioeee e auiieiytho iiieii oicye-
noaaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa e eiua ooieoeee eae i?aaiu ainoaea?noaaiiie aeanoe.

-31-

eiouanoaaiiuo aeaa , ia ia iniiaa naiioeiaine?iaaiey
i?aaeiieaaaao no?iaee o/ao eo iio?aaeaiey e niecia?aiey anao cao-
?ao (a oii /enea e i?eaea/aiiuo) n ?acoeueoaoaie aeayoaeueiinoe.
Ionthaea noaiiaeony iiiyoiui, ii/aio oeacaiiua auoa i?aaiaua
oi?iu oic?an/aoa iiaeii i?ineaaeeoue a aeayoaeueiinoe anao ?anniao-
?eaaaiuo iaie oicyenoaaiiuo i?aaiecaoeee. Oae, eiouanoaaiiia
iainiaeaiea i?iyaeyaony a i?aaiauo oi?iao aooaaeoa?neiai aa-
eaina (ioaeaeueiiai, naiinoiyoaeueiiai e naiaeiiai); iia?aoeaii-oi-
cyenoaaiiay naiinoiyoaeueiinoue au?aaeaia a i?aaiauo aeoao, ii?a-
aeaeythueo noaoon e eiiiaoaioeeth eaaeaeiai caaia, aeathueo aio aic-
iiaeiinoue aaoiiiiii ?aoaoue iinoaaeaiiua caaea/e; iaoa?eaeueiia
noeioee?iaaiea ca aeinoeaiooua ?acoeueoaou iaania/eaaaony nenoa-
iie ii?i, aa?aioe?othueo iieo/aiea a naia ?anii?yaeaiea ii?aaea-
eaiiuo ca?aiaa aeaiaaeiuo oiiaeia. (*78). Ioaaonoaaiiinoue ca iaauiie-
iaiea caaeaiee e iaycaoaeuenoa a ioiioaiee i?aaiecaoeee-th?eaee-
/aneeo eeoe cae?aieaia ii?iaie, A neeo eioi?uo iie ianoo eiouano-
aaiioth ioaaonoaaiiinoue ca ia?ooaiea aeiaiai?ia ia?aae eiio?aaai-
oaie, a a ioiioaiee anao i?aaiecaoeee (a oii /enea e th?eaee/aneeo
eeoe) -ii?iaie, onoaiaaeeaathueie nieaeaiea eo i?aaa ia iieo/a-
iea oiiaeia yeiiiie/aneiai noeioee?iaaiey i?e iaauiieiaiee iea-
iiauo iieacaoaeae. (*79).

Eceiaeaiiia iicaieyao ?anniao?eaaoue a iaeiii ?yaeo ana oicye-
noaaiiua ia?aciaaiey io oicyenoaaiiie nenoaiu ieienoa?noaa aei
i?iecaiaenoaaiiie aaeeieoeu.

I?e inaauaiee iieiaeaiey i?aaiecaoeee-th?eaee/aneeo eeoe,
?anniao?eaaeanue eo i?aainiiniaiinoue, oi anoue niiniaiinoue i?eia?a-
oaoue i?aaa e iaycaiiinoe a noa?a oiaa?ii-aeaiaaeiuo ioiioaiee.
Oaia?ue aea iaaeeaaeeo ?anniio?aoue eiiiaoaioeeth anao i?aaiecaoeee,
a oii /enea e iath?eaee/aneeo eeoe, a noa?a oicyenoaaiiiai iai?ioa,
oi anoue e ioiioaiee, ia i?eieiathueo oiaa?ii-aeaiaaeiie oi?iu.
Yoa eiiiaoaioeey iaania/eaaao i?eia?aoaiea i?aa e iaycaiiinoae
i?aaeaea anaai aeey auiieiaiey ieaiiauo caaeaiee aeaiiie i?aaieca-
oeee. Niaea?aeaiea aa o eaaeaeie i?aaiecaoeee ii?aaeaeyaony n o/aoii
iai?aaeaiey (iaeanoe) aeayoaeueiinoe, a eioi?ie aunooiaao aeaiiay
i?aaiecaoeey, ?aoay ieaiiaua oicyenoaaiiua caaea/e e i?eia?aoay
iaiaoiaeeiua aeey yoiai i?aaa e iaycaiiinoe a iaeanoe ieaie?iaa-
iey, iao/ii-oaoie/aneiai i?ia?anna, eaieoaeueiiai no?ieoaeuenoaa,
iaoa?eaeueii-oaoie/aneiai niaaaeaiey e nauoa, eaae?ia, o?oaea e ca-
?aaioiie ieaou, oeiainia, e?aaeeoa, o/aoa e io/aoiinoe. Niioaao-
noaaiii i eco/aiea i?aaiaiai iieiaeaiey oicyenoaaiiuo i?aaieca-

(**78) Ni., a /anoiinoe, , ooaa?-
aeaeaiiua Aineiio?oaeii NNN?, Ieienoa?noaii oeiainia NNN?, Ainieaiii
NNN?, AOeNIN, ? 50, 1976 a.
(**79) Ni. oai aea.

-32-

oeee i?aaeiieaaaao onaiaiea eo iniiaiuo i?aa e iaycaiiinoae a oea-
caiiuo iaeanoyo eo aeayoaeueiinoe.

A ianoiyuaa a?aiy caeiiiaeaoaeue aeey aieueoeinoaa oicyenoaai-
iuo i?aaiecaoeee ii?aaeaeyao eiiiaoaioeeth e i?aainiiniaiinoue n ii-
iiuueth iaeeiaeiauo th?eaeeei-oaoie/aneeo i?eaiia, ooaa?aeaeay ni-
ioaaonoaothuea Iieiaeaiey i ieo. (*80).

I?aaiaia iieiaeaiea io?aneaauo oicyenoaaiiuo nenoai nithciuo
ieienoa?noa e ianoiyuaio a?aiaie ii?aaeaeyaony ia iniiaaiee Ia-
uaai iieiaeaiey i ieienoa?noaao NNN?, ooaa?aeaeaiiiai iinoaiia-
eaieai Niaaoa Ieieno?ia NNN? io 10 ethey 1967 a. (*81), ioaeaeueiuie
iinoaiiaeaieyie i?aaeoaeuenoaa i i?aaao ieieno?ia NNN?, (*82), a oae-
aea Iieiaeaieyie i eiie?aoiuo ieienoa?noaao, ooaa?aeaeaiiuo ii-
noaiiaeaieyie i?aaeoaeuenoaa Nithca NN?.

I?aaiaia iieiaeaiea i?iiuoeaiiuo nithcii-?anioaeeeaineeo e
?anioaeeeaineeo ieienoa?noa (aaaeiinoa) nithciuo ?anioaeee ii-
aeao auoue ii?aaeaeaii Niaaoaie Ieieno?ia nithciuo ?anioaeee a ae-
oao i eiie?aoiuo ieienoa?noaao e a oii /enea ia oneiaeyo, onoa-
iiaeaiiuo Iauei iieiaeaieai i ananithciii e ?anioaeeeaineii
i?iiuoeaiiuo iauaaeeiaieyo (e?iia ioieoia, eanathueony i?aa e
iaycaiiinoae ananithciiai i?iiuoeaiiiai iauaaeeiaiey a iaeanoe
aiaoiayeiiiie/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe). (*83).

A iaeanoe auoiaiai ianeoaeeaaiey, oi?aiaee, eiiioiaeueiiai
oicyenoaa, iauanoaaiiiai ieoaiey e ae?oaeo io?aneae ia?iaeiiai oi-
cyenoaa i?aaiaia iieiaeaiea oaeeo i?aaiecaoeee eae eiiaeiaou,
o?anou, oi?ae ia anaaaea aua ii?aaeaeyaony niaoeeaeueiuie iieiaeaie-
yie. A oeaeii ?yaea neo/aaa iie aeaenoaotho i?eiaieoaeueii e i. 10
Iieiaeaiey i nioeeaeenoe/aneii ainoaea?noaaiiii i?iecaiaenoaai-
iii i?aaei?eyoee eeai a ea/anoaa i?aaei?eyoee, eeai a ea/anoaa
neiaeiuo ia?aciaaiee, niaaeeiythueo naiinoiyoaeueiua i?aaieca-
oeee – th?eaee/aneea eeoea e ianaiinoiyoaeueiua i?iecaiaenoaaiiua
aaeeieoeu. Iiyoiio aii?in i noaoona oaeeo i?aaiecaoeee ioaeaeaaony
a aieaa iieiii e niaoeeaeueiii o?aaoee?iaaiee.

(**80) Ni. Iauaa iieiaeaiea i ananithciii e ?anioaeeeaineii i?iiuoeaiiuo
iauaaeeiaieyo (NI NNN? 1973 a. ? 7, no. 32); Iieiaeaiea i i?iecaiaenoaaiiii
iauaaeeiaiee (eiiaeiaoa) (NI NNN? 1974 a. ? 8, no. 38); Iieiaeaiea i o?anoa
niaoicia (NI NNN? 1975 a. ? 21, no. 45): Iieiaeaiea i iao/ii-i?iecaiaenoaaiiii
iauaaeeiaiee (NI NNN? 1976a.?2,no. 13);Iieiaeaiea i nioeeaeenoe/aneii aino-
aea?noaaiiii i?iecaiaenoaaiiii i?aaei?eyoee (NI NNN? 1965 a. ? 19-20 no. 155).

Iineaaeiaa Iieiaeaiea ?ani?ino?aiaii oaeaea ia i?aaei?eyoey e i?aaiecaoeee
eiiioiaeueiiai oicyenoaa (NI NNN? 1967 a. ? 23, no. 164), auoiaiai ianeoaee-
aaiey (NI NNN? 1967 a. ? 23, no. 160) e oi?aiaee (NI NNN? 1968 a. ? 9,
no. 54).

(**81) NI NNN? 1967 a. ? 17, no. 116.

(**82) Ni., iai?eia?, iinoaiiaeaiey Niaaoa Ieieno?ia NNN? io 11 ai?aey
1953 a. (ni. , nino. A. TH. Eaaaeeei. ecae-ai
, 1974, no?. 309), io 4 iay 1955 a. (oai aea, no?. 311), io 10 ethey 1967 a. (oai aea, no?.312).
(**83) Ni. i. 2 iinoaiiaeaiey Niaaoa Ieieno?ia NNN? io 2 ia?oa 1973 a. ? 140
ia ooaa?aeaeaiee Iauaai iieiaeaiey i ananithciii e ?anioaeeeaineii i?iiuo-
eaiiuo iauaaeeiaieyo (NI NNN? 1973 a. ? 7, no. 32).

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I?aaiaia iieiaeaiea i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo aaeeieoe, aeaenoaothueo a
ninoaaa i?iecaiaenoaaiiiai iauaaeeiaiey (eiiaeiaoa), ii?aaeaeaii
a iaueo /a?oao a Iieiaeaiee i i?iecaiaenoaaiiii iauaaeeiaiee
(eiiaeiaoa) e aeiiieieoaeueii ii?aaeaeyaony a eiie?aoiuo iieiaea-
ieyo i aeaiiie i?iecaiaenoaaiiie aaeeieoea, ooaa?aeaeaaiuo aaia?aeue-
iuie aee?aeoi?aie i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo iauaaeeiaiee. Iiaeiaiui aea
ia?acii ii?aaeaeyaony i?aaiaia iieiaeaiea no?oeoo?iuo aaeeieoe,
aeaenoaothueo a ninoaaa iao/ii-i?iecaiaenoaaiiiai iauaaeeiaiey. (*84).
I?aaiaia iieiaeaiea i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo aaeeieoe a i?aaiecaoeeyo au-
oiaiai ianeoaeeaaiey, oi?aiaee, iauanoaaiiiai ieoaiey e ae?oaeo
iiaeiaiuo iiae?acaeaeaiee ii?aaeaeyaony a eiie?aoiuo aeoao, onoa-
iaaeeaathueo noaoon aeaiiie i?aaiecaoeee (aa onoaaa, iieiaeaiee).

?anniio?ei i?aaiaia iieiaeaiea ainoaea?noaaiiuo oicyenoaai-
iuo i?aaiecaoeee io auoanoiyueo caaiueaa e ieaeanoiyuei.

(**84) Ni. NI NNN? 1976 a. ? 2, no. 13.

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2. I?aaiaia iieiaeaiea oicyenoaaiiuo nenoai

A ii?aaeaeaiee iiiyoey aaaeii iiae/a?-
eiooue, /oi yoi aunoaa oicyenoaaiiia ia?aciaaiea, iiae/eiythuaany
a eeoea naiaai oeaio?a iaiin?aaenoaaiii i?aaeoaeuenoao Nithca, nithc-
iie eee aaoiiiiiie ?anioaeeee. Oicyenoaaiiua nenoaiu nithciuo
e aaoiiiiiuo ?anioaeee n o/aoii ainoaea?noaaiiiai ono?ienoaa ia-
oae no?aiu iiaoo iiae/eiyoueny e aoiaeeoue iaeiia?aiaiii a auoanoi-
yuea io?aneaaua (Nithca eee nithciie ?anioaeeee) oicyenoaaiiua
nenoaiu. Iaeiaei e a yoii neo/aa ieaiiaua caaeaiey iie iieo/atho
ia io ieienoa?noaa, a io i?aaeoaeuenoaa nithciie eee aaoiiiiiie
?anioaeeee ii ainoaea?noaaiiui ieaiai yeiiiie/aneiai e nioeeaeue-
iiai ?acaeoey yoeo ?anioaeee. Yoi e auaeaeyao eo ec /enea ae?oaeo
oicyenoaaiiuo ia?aciaaiee.

Caeiiiaeaoaeue oiio?aaeyao au?aaeaiea i?eiaieoaeueii
e niaieoiiinoe anao i?aaiecaoeee, iiae/eiaiiuo ieienoa?noao. (*85). A
aeoao aea, eanathueony i?aaei?eyoee e i?aaiecaoeee, iiae/eiaiiuo ia-
eanoiui (e?aaaui) Niaaoai, a oii /enea e ia iniiaa aeaieiiai iiae-
/eiaiey, caeiiiaeaoaeue oiio?aaeyao au?aaeaiea .

A th?eaee/aneie eeoa?aoo?a iao aaeeiiai iiiyoey oicyenoaaiiay nenoaia.
Auneacuaathony ?acee/iua iiaiey e ii iiaiaeo i?aaiaie eaaeeoeeaoeee iiaeiaiuo
ia?aciaaiee. Eiiaaea e nenoaiai ioiinyo ia?yaeo n oicyenoaaiiuie ieienoa?noaa-
ie i?iiuoeaiiua iauaaeeiaiey, oi?aaeaiey eniieeiiia iaeanoiuo (e?aaauo)
Niaaoia. (*86). Iaeie o/aiua i?eciatho i?aainoauaeoiinoue nenoai, (*87), ae?oaea n/eoatho
eo yeiiiie/aneie eaoaai?eae, eiathuae oai ia iaiaa ii?aaeaeaiiia i?aaiaia cia-

(**85) Ni. Iauaa iieiaeaiea i ieienoa?noaao NNN?.

(**86) Ni. I. E. Eiiyaa, Caaiuey ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa e ?aoi?ia. Eoeauoaa,
1973, no?. 137-214; E. I. ?ooiai, I?aainoauaeoiinoue ainoaea?noaaiiiai i?i-
iuoeaiiiai iauaaeeiaiey ( 1974 a. ? 6, no?. 37-45); , o/aaiee, iiae ?aae. A. A. Eaioaaa, ecae-ai , 1970, no?. 50.
(**87) A. N. sseooaa, Oicyenoaaiiay nenoaia: iiiyoea, i?eciaee, ooieoeee
( 1976 a. ? 6). Oaeie aea oi/ee c?aiey i?eaea?-
aeeaathony I. E. Eiiyaa e iaeioi?ua ae?oaea aaoi?u.

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/aiea. (*88). Iu iieaaaai, /oi anoue ana iniiaaiey aeey i?eciaiey oicyenoaaiiuo ne-
noai noauaeoaie i?aaa aaeaeo iaee/ey iainiaeaiey eiouanoaa a i?aaiaie oi?ia
naiaeiiai aaeaina, i?aaiecaoeee aa eieeaeoeaa (eieeaeoeaia) ai aeaaa n ?oeiai-
aeeoaeai eae i?aaiaie ?aaeueiinoe, yaeythuaeny aae?anaoii ieaiiauo caaeaiee ii
ia?iaeiioicyenoaaiiiio ieaio, eiathuae a nayce n yoei iaycaiiinoe ii eo au-

iieiaieth, i?aai ia iaoa?eaeueii-oeiainiaia iaania/aiea caaeaiee, ioaaonoaaiiie
ca auiieiaiea caaeaiee e noeioee?oaiie ca yoi. (*89).

Niaieoiiinoue i?aaei?eyoee e i?aaiecaoeee, iiae/eiaiiuo iaeano-
iiio (e?aaaiio) Niaaoo ia?iaeiuo aeaiooaoia, oaeaea i?aaenoaaeyao
niaie oicyenoaaiioth nenoaio, eai caaeaiey ia?iaeiioicyenoaaiiiai
ieaia ii ?acaeoeth i?iiuoeaiiinoe ianoiiai iiae/eiaiey, eiiio-
iaeueiiai oicyenoaa, auoiaiai ianeoaeeaaiey ianaeaiey, oi?aiaee,
iauanoaaiiiai ieoaiey, eaieoaeueiiai no?ieoaeuenoaa, ainoaea?noaai-
iie caeoiea naeueoici?iaeoeoia aae?aniaaiu i?aaeoaeuenoaii nenoaia
i?aaiecaoeee, iiae/eiaiiuo iaeanoiiio (e?aaaiio) Niaaoo ia?iae-
iuo aeaiooaoia a oeaeii.

Oa??eoi?eaeueiay oicyenoaaiiay nenoaia eiaao naie iniaaiii-
noe, caeeth/athueany a oii, /oi iia aicaeaaeyaony i?aaiii ainoaea?-
noaaiiie aeanoe, iaeaaeathuei iauae (a ia io?aneaaie oicyenoaai-
iie) eiiiaoaioeeae, yaeyaony iiiaiio?aneaaie e aeaenoaoao ia inii-
aa aeaieiiai iiae/eiaiey. O oa??eoi?eaeueiie oicyenoaaiiie nenoa-
iu eiathony iniaaiiinoe a i?aaiauo oi?iao iainiaeaiey aa eio-
uanoaa, niiniaao noeioee?iaaiey aa oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe. (*90).
Iaeiaei yoe iniaaiiinoe ia eneeth/atho ?iaeiaie iauiinoe iiiyoey
e iicaieytho caeiiiaeaoaeth i?aaeinoaaeyoue ai iiiaeo neo-
/ayo iaeeiaeiaua i?aaa ieienoa?noaai e iaeanoiui (e?aaaui) Ni-
aaoai (eo eniieeiiai).

Iino?iaiea oicyenoaaiiie io?aneaaie nenoaiu ii?aaeaeyaony a
i?iiuoeaiiinoe aaia?aeueiie noaiie ?acaeoey io?anee e iiaeao
auoue:
– aeaoocaaiiui:

1) iauanithciia eee nithcii-?anioaeeeaineia ieienoa?noai (aa-
aeiinoai) NNN?, ?anioaeeeaineia (nithciie ?anioaeeee) ieienoa?-
noai; 2) i?iecaiaenoaaiiia iauaaeeiaiea (eiiaeiao), i?aaei?eyoea;
– o?aocaaiiui:

1) iauanithciia eee nithcii-?anioaeeeaineia ieienoa?noai (aa-
aeiinoai) NNN?; 2) ananithciia i?iiuoeaiiia iauaaeeiaiea;
3) i?iecaiaenoaaiiia iauaaeeiaiea (eiiaeiao), i?aaei?eyoea;

(**88) Ni. A. A. Eaioaa, Noauaeou oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa ( 1975 a. ? 4, no?. 82).

(**89) Ia iineaaeiaa iaaei ia?aoeoue iniaia aieiaiea: i?aaieciaaiiue eieeaeoea
a oeaeii aae?anao caaeaiee, ii aea inouanoaeyao ano?a/iia ieaie?iaaiea. Noeio-
ee?iaaiea oaeaea inouanoaeyaony ii’ niaieoiiui iieacaoaeyi nenoaiu a oeaeii.
Iiyoiio ioeai/ai acaeyae, eiaaea a iaeanoe oae iacuaaaiuo aaeieieno?aoeaiuo
ioiioaiee, a oii /enea e ieaie?iaaiey, i?eciaaony i?aainoauaeoiinoue oieueei ca
aaeieieno?aoeeae (ni. TH. I. Eiceia. Oi?aaeaiea ia?iaeiui oicyenoaii, ecae-ai
IAO. 1971).

(**90) Iiae?iaiaa ia yoii ni. A. N. Ia?oaiueyiia, Oicyenoaaiiay nenoaia
iaeanoiiai (e?aaaiai) Niaaoa aeaiooaoia o?oaeyueony, aa iniaaiiinoe e i?iaea-
iu i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey ( 1976 a. ? 7,
no?. 44-52).

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1) nithcii-?anioaeeeaineia ieienoa?noai (aaaeiinoai) NNN?:
2) nithcii-?anioaeeeaineia ieienoa?noai (aaaeiinoai) nithciie ?an-
ioaeeee; 3) i?iecaiaenoaaiiia iauaaeeiaiea (eiiaeiao), i?aae-
i?eyoea;

1) ?anioaeeeaineia ieienoa?noai (aaaeiinoai) nithciie ?anioa-
eeee; 2) ieienoa?noai aaoiiiiiie ?anioaeeee, oi?aaeaiea eniie-
eiia iaeanoiiai (e?aaaiai) Niaaoa ia?iaeiuo aeaiooaoia; 3) i?i-
ecaiaenoaaiiia iauaaeeiaiea (eiiaeiao) .i?aaei?eyoea.

A caaeneiinoe io iniaaiiinoae io?anee i?iiuoeaiiia ieie-
noa?noai iiaeao auoue iino?iaii iaeiia?aiaiii ii aeaoo- e o?aocaai-
iie nenoaia.

A aeaea eneeth/aiey n ?ac?aoaiey Niaaoa Ieieno?ia NNN? aeey
iaeioi?uo io?aneae i?iiuoeaiiinoe iiaeao auoue i?aaeoniio?aia
/aou?aocaaiiay nenoaia oi?aaeaiey: 1 ) nithcii-?anioaeeeaineia
ieienoa?noai (aaaeiinoai) NNN?; 2) nithcii-?anioaeeeaineia ie-
ienoa?noai (aaaeiinoai) nithciie ?anioaeeee; 3) ?anioaeeeaineia
i?iiuoeaiiia iauaaeeiaiea, ieienoa?noai aaoiiiiiie ?anioaeeee,
oi?aaeaiea eniieeiia iaeanoiiai (e?aaaiai) Niaaoa ia?iaeiuo aea-
iooaoia; 4) i?iecaiaenoaaiiia iauaaeeiaiea (eiiaeiao), i?aaei?ey-
oea. (*91).

Oicyenoaaiiua nenoaiu ieienoa?noa (aaaeiinoa) Nithca, nithc-
iie e aaoiiiiiie ?anioaeeee iiaoo iaoiaeeoueny ia ?aciuo o?iaiyo
oeacaiiie caaiiinoe, ii noiaenoai eo a oii, /oi iie yaeythony aae-
?anaoaie ieaiiauo caaeaiee ii ainoaea?noaaiiiio ieaio yeiiiie-
/aneiai e nioeeaeueiiai ?acaeoey Nithca, nithciie eee aaoiiiiiie
?anioaeeee e ioaaonoaaiiu ca aai auiieiaiea ia?aae i?aaeoaeueno-
aii Nithca, nithciie e aaoiiiiiie ?anioaeeee.

No?oeoo?a eiuo (iai?iiuoeaiiuo) oicyenoaaiiuo nenoai, ca
iaeioi?uie eneeth/aieyie, iiea ia ii?aaeaeyeanue a niioaaonoaoth-
ueo aaia?aeueiuo noaiao e i?aaiaia iieiaeaiea iaeioi?uo ninoaa-
eythueo eo caaiueaa ianeieueei ioee/ii io ia?a/eneaiiuo auoa.
Oa??eoi?eaeueiay oicyenoaaiiay nenoaia iaeanoiiai (e?aaaiai)
Niaaoa ia?iaeiuo aeaiooaoia iino?iaia, a iniiaiii, oaeei ia?acii:

1) iaeanoiie (e?aaaie) Niaao ia?iaeiuo aeaiooaoia (eniieeii);

2) oi?aaeaiea eniieeiia iaeanoiiai (e?aaaiai) Niaaoa; 3) i?i-
ecaiaenoaaiiua iauaaeeiaiey (eiiaeiaou), i?aaei?eyoey, o?anou noi-
eiauo, oi?ae eee ae?oaea i?aaiecaoeee. (*92).

Iaeiia?aiaiii a oa??eoi?eaeueiie nenoaia iiaeao i?eiaiyoueny
e eiia iino?iaiea oi?aaeaiey oicyenoaaiiuie i?aaiecaoeeyie. Ia-
i?eia?, iaeioi?ua i?iecaiaenoaaiiua iauaaeeiaiey (a ?NON?-

(**91) Ni. i. 2 iinoaiiaeaiey OeE EINN e Niaaoa Ieieno?ia NNN? io 2 ia?oa
1973 a. . Iiaen/ao caaiueaa, eae iu aeaeei, caeiiiaeaoaeue aaaeao
aei o?iaiy naiinoiyoaeueiuo i?aaiecaoeee-th?eaee/aneeo eeoe (NI NNN? 1973 a.
? 7, no. 31).

(**92) Oa??eoi?eaeueiia iiae/eiaiea ianoiuo io?aneaauo oi?aaeaiee iaeanoiui
(e?aaaui) Niaaoai (ai?eciioaeueiay eeiey aeaieiiai iiae/eiaiey) a iiaen/ao caai-
iinoe oi?aaeaiey ia aoiaeeo. Caeiiiaeaoaeue iiaen/eouaaao caaiuey oieueei ii io?a-
neaaie aa?oeeaee.

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iauaaeeiaiey i?iiuoeaiiinoe no?ieoaeueiuo iaoa?eaeia), i?iaeo-
iua i?aaiecaoeee e iaeioi?ua ae?oaea i?aaei?eyoey e i?aaiecaoeee
iiae/eiaiu iaiin?aaenoaaiii iaeanoiiio (e?aaaiio) Niaaoo (aai
eniieeiio).

A ieciaii caaia ?yae i?aaiecaoeee ianoiie i?iiuoeaiiinoe au-
oiaiai ianeoaeeaaiey ianaeaiey, eiiioiaeueiiai oicyenoaa oi?aia-
ee iiae/eiai ?aeiiiui (ai?iaeneei) Niaaoai ia?iaeiuo aeaiooaoia,

Eiouanoai oicyenoaaiiie nenoaiu ninoaaeytho caeaiey nii?o-
aeaiey, iai?oaeiaaiea, iaoa?eaeu, aeaiaaeiua n?aaenoaa e eiia eio-
uanoai, cae?aieaiiia ca iiae/eiaiiuie oicyenoaaiiuie i?aaieca-
oeeyie e aiia?aoii ieienoa?noaa. E?iia oiai, o nenoaiu eiathony
oeaio?aeeciaaiiua oiiaeu e ?aca?au, ia?acoaiua aeaaiui ia?acii
ca n/ao aeayoaeueiinoe iiae/eiaiiuo oicyenoaaiiuo i?aaiecaoeee.

Oeaio?aeeciaaiiua oiiaeu e ?aca?au i?aaenoaaeytho niaie aea-
iaaeiua n?aaenoaa, neiioeaio?e?iaaiiua ia n/aoa i?aaia oicyenoaai-
iiai ?oeiaiaenoaa (ieienoa?noaa, aaaeiinoaa) (*93) aeey oeaeaaiai eniieue-
ciaaiey a eioa?anao anae nenoaiu. Iie ninoaaeytho iaoa?eaeueii-
oeiainiaoth iniiao oicyenoaaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa nenoaiie.
A nenoaia ieienoa?noaa nicaeathony:

?aca?a aeey ieacaiey oeiainiaie iiiiue i?aaei?eyoeyi e oicye-
noaaiiui i?aaiecaoeeyi;
oiiae inaiaiey iiaie oaoieee;
oiiae oaeouaai ?aaoee?iaaiey iioiauo oeai;

oiiae oeiaine?iaaiey iao/ii-enneaaeiaaoaeueneeo, iiuoii-oaoii-
eiae/aneeo e eiino?oeoi?neeo ?aaio;

oiiae i?aie?iaaiey ca nicaeaiea i aiaae?aiea iiaie oaoieee;
oeaio?aeeciaaiiua oiiaeu yeiiiie/aneiai noeioee?iaaiey (ia-
oa?eaeueiiai iiiu?aiey, nioeeaeueii-eoeueoo?iuo ia?ii?eyoee e aee-
eeuiiai no?ieoaeuenoaa, ?acaeoey i?iecaiaenoaa oe?iio?aaa);
ae?oaea oiiaeu e ?aca?au.

A oicyenoaaiiie nenoaia iaeanoiiai (e?aaaiai) Niaaoa ia?iae-
iuo aeaiooaoia a ?anii?yaeaiee iaeanoiiai (e?aaaiai) eniieeiia
nicaeathony:

?aca?a aeey ieacaiey a?aiaiiie oeiainiaie iiiiue iiae/eiai-
iui i?aaei?eyoeyi e i?aaiecaoeeyi:
oiiae ?acaeoey ianoiie i?iiuoeaiiinoe;

oiiae i?aie?iaaiey i?aaei?eyoee ianoiie i?iiuoeaiiinoe-
?aca?a eaieoaeueiuo aeiaeaiee;
?aca?a e?aaeeoia Ainaaiea e No?ieaaiea;

ae?oaea n?aaenoaa, oeaio?aeecoaiua iinoiyiii eee ii ?aciaui ?a-
oaieyi.

Oicyenoaaiiay nenoaia ?aaeecoao /a?ac naie i?aaiecaoeey (a a
ioiioaiee oeaio?aeeciaaiiuo n?aaenoa iaiin?aaenoaaiii) i?aai aea-

(**93) N?aaenoaa oeaio?aeeciaaiiuo oiiaeia e ?aca?aia oicyenoaaiiuo nenoai ia-
eanoiuo (e?aaauo) Niaaoia nin?aaeioa/eaathony ia n/aoao iaeanoiuo (e?aaauo)
oeiioaeaeia eeai niioaaonoaothueo oi?aaeaiee eniieeiiia iaeanoiuo (e?aaauo)
Niaaoia.

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aeaiey, iieueciaaiey e ?anii?yaeaiey cae?aieaiiui ca iath eioua-
noaii. (*94).

I?aaa e iaycaiiinoe ieienoa?noaa, aicaeaaeythuaai nenoaio
(aai eiiiaoaioeey), io?aaeaiu a Iauai iieiaeaiee i ieienoa?noaao
NNN?, ooaa?aeaeaiiii iinoaiiaeaieai Niaaoa Ieieno?ia NNN? io
10 ethey 1967 a., iieiaeaieyo ia ioaeaeueiuo oicyenoaaiiuo ieienoa?-
noaao, ooaa?aeaeaaiuo Niaaoii Ieieno?ia NNN?, Niaaoaie Ieie-
no?ia nithciuo e aaoiiiiiuo ?anioaeee, (*95), a oaeaea a ?yaea ?aoaiee
i?aaeoaeuenoaa Nithca, nithciuo e aaoiiiiiuo ?anioaeee i i?aaei-
noaaeaiee i?aa ieieno?ai.

Ieienoa?noai ioaaonoaaiii ia?aae ainoaea?noaii a eeoea i?aae-
oaeuenoaa Nithca, nithciie e aaoiiiiiie ?anioaeeee ca ninoiyiea e
aeaeueiaeoaa ?acaeoea io?anee, ca iaeaieaa iieiia oaeiaeaoai?aiea
iio?aaiinoae ai anao aeaeao i?iaeoeoeee io?anee. Iii iaycaii ?ac-
aeaaoue io?aneue aunieeie oaiiaie ia iniiaa iao/ii-oaoie/aneiai
i?ia?anna, auiieiyoue ainoaea?noaaiiua ieaiiaua caaeaiey, yooae-
oeaii eniieueciaaoue i?iecaiaenoaaiiua oiiaeu, o?oaeiaua, iaoa?eaeue-
iua e oeiainiaua ?ano?nu, aioiaeoue e ?aoeeiiaeueii eniieueciaaoue
eaae?u, oeo/oaoue aeeeeuiia e eoeueoo?ii-auoiaua oneiaey ?aai/eo
e neoaeaueo, nicaeaaaoue ei aaciianiua oneiaey o?oaea.

Ieienoa?noai nicaeaao, ?ai?aaiecoao e eeeaeaee?oao i?aaiecaoeee
naiae nenoaiu a i?aaeaeao onoaiiaeaiiiai aio ieaia ii o?oaeo. Ana-
nithciua i?iiuoeaiiua iauaaeeiaiey nicaeathony ieienoa?noaaie
Nithca ii niaeaniaaieth n Niaaoaie Ieieno?ia niioaaonoaothueo
nithciuo ?anioaeee. ?anioaeeeaineea i?iiuoeaiiua iauaaeeiaiey,
iiae/eiaiiua nithcii-?anioaeeeaineiio ieienoa?noao (aaaeiinoao)
nithciie ?anioaeeee, nicaeathony Niaaoii Ieieno?ia nithciie ?an-
ioaeeee ii niaeaniaaieth n niioaaonoaothuei ieienoa?noaii (aa-
aeiinoaii) NNN?. ?anioaeeeaineea i?iiuoeaiiua iauaaeeiaiey,
aoiaeyuea a nenoaio ieienoa?noaa (aaaeiinoaa) nithciie ?anioaeeee,
nicaeathony Niaaoii Ieieno?ia nithciie ?anioaeeee.

(**94) I?aaiaie ?aaeei eiouanoaa ainoaea?noaaiiuo i?aaiecaoeee aoaeao ioa?aeoa-
?eciaai a iineaaeothueo auioneao iiniaey.

(**96) Ni., iai?eia?, NI NNN? 1970 a. ? 3, no. 18; 1972 a. ? 1, no. 2: 1974 a.
?18. no. 104.

I?aaa oicyenoaaiiuo i?aaiecaoeee caeiiiaeaoaeue oi?ioee?oao iau/ii a Ii-
eiaeaieyo i ieo (Iieiaeaiea i i?aaei?eyoee, i i?iecaiaenoaaiiii iauaaeeiaiee
e ae?.). Iieiaeaiey, oa?aeoa?ecothuaai noaoon io?aneaaie e oa??eoi?eaeueiie oi-
cyenoaaiiie nenoaiu, caeiiiaeaoaeue iiea ia i?eieiae. Iiyoiio i?aaa e iaycai-
iinoe nenoai iu auaiaeei ec aeoia, oa?aeoa?ecothueo eiiiaoaioeeth aicaeaaeyth-
ueo eo i?aaiia, eiay a aeaeo, /oi aiiaua eiiiaoaioeey ethaiai oicyenoaaiiiai
ia?aciaaiey ?aaeecoaony aai i?aaiii. Oai in iaiaa iaiaoiaeeii, ii-aeaeeiiio,
o/eouaaoue, /oi a iaeioi?uo neo/ayo i?aai iiaeao aunooiaoue ia io eiaie anaai
oicyenoaaiiiai ia?aciaaiey e i?eia?aoaoue i?aaa e iaycaiiinoe oieueei aeey naay.
Oaeea neooaoeee aiciiaeiu, eiaaea yoio i?aai yaeyaony naiinoiyoaeueiui noauae-
oii i?aaa (iai?eia?, oi?aaeaiea i?iiuoeaiiui iauaaeeiaieai, ieienoa?noai,
eae oeaio? oicyenoaaiiie nenoaiu). ?aca?aie/aiea neo/aaa, eiaaea ?oeiaiaeyuee
oeaio? aeaenoaoao , oi anoue eae i?aai, a eiaaea a ea/anoaa iainiaeai-
iiai noauaeoa i?aaa, iiaeii i?iecaiaeeoue ia iniiaaiee ii?i, ii?aaeaeythueo
oicyenoaaiii-i?aaiaie noaoon aeaiiiai ia?aciaaiey. A ioiioaiee oicyenoaaiiuo
nenoai a ionoonoaea aeoia, oa?aeoa?ecothueo eo noaoon, i?iecaanoe iiaeiaiia
?aca?aie/aiea iiea n aeinoaoi/iie /aoeinoueth ia i?aaenoaaeyaony aiciiaeiui.

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A iaeanoe ieaie?iaaiey ieienoa?noai, enoiaey ec i?iaeai ?ac-
aeoey io?anee a niioaaonoaee n caaea/aie anaai ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa,
ia iniiaa i?iaeoia ieaiia i?aaiecaoeee naiae nenoaiu e n o/aoii
i?aaeeiaeaiee Niaaoia Ieieno?ia nithciuo ?anioaeee (a ii nenoa-
iai ieienoa?noa nithciuo e aaoiiiiiuo ?anioaeee-n o/aoii
i?aaeeiaeaiee Niaaoia Ieieno?ia ANN?, iae (e?ae), ai? (?ae) eniie-
eiiia, ?ac?aaaouaaao i?iaeou ia?niaeoeaiuo e aiaeiauo ieaiia e
aiineo eo a i?aaeoaeuenoai e Ainieai Nithca (eeai niioaaonoaaiii-
a i?aaeoaeuenoai e ainieaiu nithciie e aaoiiiiiie ?anioaeeee).
Enoiaey ec eiio?ieueiuo oeeo? ?acaeoey ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa Nithca
(nithciie eee aaoiiiiiie ?anioaeeee) nithciia ieienoa?noai aeiai-
aeeo ieaiiaua caaeaiey aei iiae/eiaiiuo ieienoa?noa, iauaaeeiaiee,
i?aaei?eyoee e i?aaiecaoeee, niiauay eo oaeaea a oa??eoi?eaeueiii
?ac?aca Niaaoai Ieieno?ia nithciuo ?anioaeee (a ieienoa?noaa
nithciuo ?anioaeee – Niaaoai Ieieno?ia ANN?, iaeanoiui (e?a-
aaui) eniieeiiai) e iaania/eaaao eo auiieiaiea.

A ea/anoaa aunoaai i?aaia io?anee ieienoa?noai Nithca eiaao
i?aai ia eciaiaiea ieaiiauo caaeaiee iiae/eiaiiuo i?aaiecaoeee.
Yoe eciaiaiey aeieaeiu niioaaonoaiaaoue ?yaeo o?aaiaaiee: 1) ia-
i?aauoaoue onoaiiaeaiiuo iauaiia; 2) i?iecaiaeeoueny a onoaiia-
eaiiua n?iee; 3) nii?iaiaeaeaoueny eciaiaieai acaeiinaycaiiuo:
iieacaoaeae; 4) auoue niaeaniaaiu n eiiiaoaioiuie i?aaiaie a
oeacaiiuo caeiiii neo/ayo; 5) niiauaoueny a i?aaeoniio?aiiuo.
caeiiii neo/ayo ii?aaeaeaiiui i?aaiai. (*96).

Ieienoa?noai ii onoaiiaeaiiie iiiaieeaoo?a ?aoaao aii?inu
ieaie?iaaiey iauaiia i?iecaiaenoa naiinoiyoaeueii. Iii ieaie?o-
ao i?aaiecaoeeth oicyenoaaiiuo naycae a naiae nenoaia, ?ac?aaaou-
aaao e ooaa?aeaeaao oaoieei-yeiiiie/aneea ii?iaoeau, ii?iu ?anoi-
aea e caiania nu?uey, oiieeaa, iaoa?eaeia, yeaeo?iyia?aee, a oaeaea-
onoaiaaeeaaao eiiiaoaioeeth ieaeanoiyueo caaiueaa a yoie iaeanoe.

A iaeanoe iaoee e oaoieee ieienoa?noai iaycaii ?aoaoue aaae-

iaeoea caaea/e ?acaeoey io?anee, ii?aaeaeyoue iooe iaeaieaa yooae-
oeaiiai eniieueciaaiey iao/iuo e oaoie/aneeo aeinoeaeaiee. Ii nia-
eaniaaieth n niioaaonoaothueie Ieienoa?noaaie e aaaeiinoaaie ie-
ienoa?noai ?aoaao aii?inu i niyoee n i?iecaiaenoaa onoa?aaoae
i?iaeoeoeee ?ac?aaaouaaao i?iaeou AINO (ia), i?aaenoaaeyao eo
ia ooaa?aeaeaiea e iaania/eaaao eo aiaae?aiea; ia i?iaeoeoeeth, ia
eiathuoth AINO (ia), -ooaa?aeaeaao ii?iaoeaii-oaoie/aneoth aeieo-
iaioaoeeth io?aneaaiai cia/aiey; ?oeiaiaeeo aeaeii ecia?aoaoaeuenoaa

(**96) Ni. iinoaiiaeaiea Niaaoa Ieieno?ia NNN? io 10 ethey 1967 a. ? 641
(NI NNN? 1967 a. ? 17.
no. 117). Niioaaonoaothuea i?aaa ?anioaeeeaineeo ieienoa?noa (nithciuo e aaoi-
iiiiuo ?anioaeee) ii?aaeaeaiu a iinoaiiaeaieyo i?aaeoaeuenoa nithciuo e aaoi-
iiiiuo ?anioaeee. Ni., iai?eia?, iinoaiiaeaiea Niaaoa Ieieno?ia ?NON? io
13 ieoya?y 1967 a. ? 771 (NI ?NON? 1967 a. ? 24, no. 139).

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e ?aoeeiiaeecaoeee; ?ac?aaaouaaao e i?aaenoaaeyao i?aaeeiaeaiey i
caueoa ecia?aoaiee ca a?aieoeae, i?iaeaaea e iieoiea eeoeaicee.

A iaeanoe eaieoaeueiiai no?ieoaeuenoaa ieienoa?noai a niioaao-
noaee n caaeaieai ii ia?iaeiioicyenoaaiiiio ieaio ?ac?aaaouaaao
ieai eaieoaeueiuo aeiaeaiee, ooaa?aeaeaao a onoaiiaeaiiii ii?yaeea
oeooeueiua nienee no?iae e oeooeueiua nienee i?iaeoii-ecunea-
oaeueneeo ?aaio, (*97); iaania/eaaao yooaeoeaiia eniieueciaaiea eaie-
oaeueiuo aeiaeaiee, inouanoaeyao eiio?ieue ca i?iaeoe?iaaieai e
no?ieoaeuenoaii, iaania/eaaao eo oeiaine?iaaiea, niaaaeaiea iai-
?oaeiaaieai, iaoa?eaeaie e ecaeaeeyie, iinoaaea eioi?uo eaaeeo ia
iaycaiiinoe caeac/eea. Iii iaania/eaaao naiaa?aiaiiue aaiae a
aeaenoaea i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo iiuiinoae e iniiaiuo oiiaeia, iacia-
/aao i?eaii/iua eiiennee aeey i?eaiee a yenieoaoaoeeth i?aaei?ey-
oee, caeaiee e nii?oaeaiee e ooaa?aeaeaao aeou i?eaiee. (*98).

A iaeanoe iaoa?eaeueii-oaoie/aneiai niaaaeaiey nenoaia ieie-
noa?noaa aeey auiieiaiey ieaiiauo caaeaiee auaeaeythony iaoa?e-
aeueiua ?ano?nu. A nayce n yoei ieienoa?noai yaeyaony oiiaeiaea?-
aeaoaeai. A yoii ea/anoaa iii ?ani?aaeaeyao iaoa?eaeueiua ?ano?-
nu a naiae nenoaia, iaania/eaaao eo ?aaeecaoeeth e yeiiiiiia en-
iieueciaaiea.

A iaeanoe oeiainia e e?aaeeoa ieienoa?noai iaania/eaaao ia-
?ii?eyoey ii oe?aieaieth oicyenoaaiiiai ?an/aoa, iiauoaieth ?ai-
oaaaeueiinoe e iaeneiaeueiiio oaaee/aieth iaeiieaiee i?aaei?eyoee
e i?aaiecaoeee nenoaiu, a a oao neo/ayo, eiaaea ia ia/aeao oic?an-
/aoa aeaenoaoao a oeaeii any nenoaia, oeacaiiua ia?ii?eyoey aeieae-
iu iaania/eaaoue aa oic?an/aoiinoue.

Ieienoa?noai iaania/eaaao oeiaine?iaaiea aoiaeyueo a iaa
i?aaiecaoeee, auiieiaiea eie oeiainiauo ieaiia, ?aaoee?oao eo
oeiainiaoth aeayoaeueiinoue, a oii /enea n iiiiuueth oeaio?aeeciaai-
iuo oiiaeia e ?aca?aia; i?aaiecoao niaianoii n o/?aaeaeaieyie aai-
eia aiaae?aiea yeiiiie/aneeo e i?ia?anneaiuo oi?i ?an/aoia, nii-
nianoaothueo onei?aieth ieaoaaeae e iai?a/eaaaiinoe n?aaenoa.

Aeaiaaeiua n?aaenoaa oicyenoaaiiuo i?aaiecaoeee nenoaiu ieie-
noa?noaa ia?a?ani?aaeaeythony a onoaiiaeaiiuo caeiiii neo/ayo(*99)
n iiiiuueth ?an/aoiuo n/aoia, ioe?uaaaiuo ieienoa?noaii a aaiea.
*a?ac aaie ieienoa?noai eiaao i?aai aunoaaeyoue i?eeacu, eioi?ua
iiaeeaaeao iaycaoaeueiiio eniieiaieth.

(**97) Eiiiaoaioeey ieienoa?noa Nithca, nithciuo e aaoiiiiiuo ?anioaeee caeanue
?acee/ia. Iia ii?aaeaeyaony a caaeneiinoe io noieiinoe no?ieoaeueiiai iauaeoa
e iauaeoa i?iaeoe?iaaiey.

(**98) Eiiiaoaioeey ieienoa?noa caeanue oaeaea ?acee/ia. Aaaeiaeoeie aeoaie, ii-
?aaeaeythueie eo eiiiaoaioeeth, yaeythony iinoaiiaeaiey Niaaoa Ieieno?ia NNN?
io 22 yiaa?y 1.966 a. (NI NNN? 1966 a. ? 3.
no. 29) e io 13 ethey 1970 a. (NI NNN? 1970 a.
? 11, no. 90).

(**99) Ni. iinoaiiaeaiea Niaaoa Ieieno?ia NNN? io II ai?aey 1953 a. (, I., 1974, no?. 309).

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I i?iecaiaenoaaiii-oeiainiaie aeayoaeueiinoe nenoaiu ca aiae
(ninoiyiea iniiaiuo e iai?ioiuo n?aaenoa ca io/aoiue ia?eiae,
aii?oecaoeey, eaieoaeueiua aeiaeaiey, ninoiyiea ?an/aoia n aeaaeoi-
?aie e e?aaeeoi?aie, iioa?e e ae?oaea aeaiiua, onoaiiaeaiiua Ii-
eiaeaieai i aooaaeoa?neeo io/aoao e aaeainao, a oaeaea eiia/iua
?acoeueoaou io/aoiiai aiaea) ieienoa?noaa Nithca NN? i?aaenoaaey-
tho naiaeiue io/ao e aaeain a Niaao Ieieno?ia NNN?, a ieienoa?-
noaa nithciuo e aaoiiiiiuo ?anioaeee-niioaaonoaaiii Niaaoo
Ieieno?ia nithciie eee aaoiiiiiie ?anioaeeee. Ieienoa?noaa
aeaieiiai iiae/eiaiey i?aaenoaaeytho naiaeiua aooaaeoa?neea e aa-
eainiaua io/aou oaeaea ia ?anniio?aiea auoanoiyueo ieienoa?noa.
A ea/anoaa i?aaia, aicaeaaeythuaai nenoaio, ieienoa?noai ooaa?ae-
aeaao io/aou e aaeainu aoiaeyueo a iaa iiae/eiaiiuo i?aaiecaoeee.

I?aaa e iaycaiiinoe oa??eoi?eaeueiie oicyenoaaiiie nenoaiu
iaeanoiiai (e?aaaiai) Niaaoa ia?iaeiuo aeaiooaoia (aa eiiiaoai-
oeey) ia noi?ioee?iaaiu caeiiiaeaoaeai a eaeii-eeai iaeiii aeoa,
iiaeiaii Iauaio iieiaeaieth i ieienoa?noaao NNN?. Iauee aino-
aea?noaaiii-i?aaiaie noaoon iaeanoiuo (e?aaauo) Niaaoia ii?aaea-
eai Eiinoeoooeeae NNN?, eiinoeoooeeyie nithciuo ?anioaeee, iiei-
aeaieyie ia iaeanoiuo (e?aaauo) Niaaoao, ooaa?aeaeaiiuo eee iaeia-
?aiiuo I?aceaeeoiaie Aa?oiaiuo Niaaoia nithciuo ?anioaeee.
A niioaaonoaee n yoeie caeiiaie Niaaou ?oeiaiaeyo ianoiui oi-
cyenoaaiiui e eoeueoo?iui no?ieoaeuenoaii. Eiie?aoiay oicyenoaai-
iay eiiiaoaioeey iaeanoiuo (e?aaauo) Niaaoia ii?aaeaeaia a ?yaea
iinoaiiaeaiee i?aaeoaeuenoa nithciuo ?anioaeee, ii?aaeaeeaoeo
i?aaa iaeanoiuo (e?aaauo) Niaaoia (eo eniieeiiia) ii ?oeiaiae-
noao ianoiui oicyenoaii. (*100). Yoe iinoaiiaeaiey oa?aeoa?ecotho
eiiiaoaioeeth iaeanoiuo (e?aaauo) Niaaoia a ?acee/iuo iaeanoyo
eo aeayoaeueiinoe i?eia?ii oae aea, eae e io?aneaauo ieienoa?noa.
Iaeiaei, o/eouaay oi, /oi ianoiui oicyenoaii iaeiia?aiaiii ?oei-
aiaeyo io?aneaaua ieienoa?noaa, eiiiaoaioeey Niaaoia (eo eniie-
eiiia) ii?aaeaeaia eae i?aaiia iauaai oicyenoaaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa,
aii?inu aea niaoeeaeueii-oaoie/aneea i?ecaaiu ?aoaoue i?aaiu io?a-
neaaiai ?oeiaiaenoaa.

(**100) Aaaeiaeoea ec ieo a ?NON?: iinoaiiaeaiea Niaaoa Ieieno?ia ?NON?
io 13 ethiy 1955 a. ? 910 (ni. na. , ecae-ai , 1970); iinoaiiaeaiea Niaaoa Ieieno?ia ?NON? io
5 ethiy 1961 a. ? 696 (NI ?NON? 1961 a. ? 16, no. 60), io 12 oaa?aey 1966 a.
? 153 (NI ?NON? 1966 a. ? 4, no. 23), io 13 ieoya?y 1967 a. ? 771 (NI
?NON? 1967 a. ? 24, no. 139).

I?aaenoaaeyaony, /oi i?aaa iaeanoiuo (e?aaauo) Niaaoia aeieaeiu auoue neii-
oeaio?e?iaaiu a niaoeeaeueiii caeiia, ii?aaeaeythuai oicyenoaaiii-i?aaiaie noa-
oon oa??eoi?eaeueiie nenoaiu. E ianoiyuaio a?aiaie yoe i?aaa ?ann?aaeioi/aiu
a ?acee/iuo aeoao e e oiio aea aeaeaae?iaaiu eniieieoaeueiui i?aaiii Niaa-
oia. Iiae?iaiaa ia yoii ni. A. N. Ia?oaiueyiia, Oicyenoaaiiay nenoaia
iaeanoiiai (e?aaaiai) Niaaoa aeaiooaoia o?oaeyueony, aa iniaaiiinoe i i?iaea-
iu i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey ( 1976 a. ? 7,
no?. 44-52); A. N. Ia?oaiueyiia, I oicyenoaaiiuo i?aaao ianoiuo Ni-
aaoia aeaiooaoia o?oaeyueony (, o. XXI, I., ecae. ATHCE, 1974,
no?. 86-103).

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Nicaeaiea, ?ai?aaiecaoeeth e eeeaeaeaoeeth oicyenoaaiiuo i?aaie-
caoeee a naiae nenoaia iaeanoiua (e?aaaua) Niaaou ia?iaeiuo aea-
iooaoia (eo eniieeiiu) i?iecaiaeyo a i?aaeaeao ooaa?aeaeaiiuo ne-
noaia ieaiiauo caaeaiee ii o?oaeo n niiauaieai ia yoii niioaaono-
aothuaio ieienoa?noao nithciie ?anioaeeee, eiaaea oaeea aeou
eanathony i?aaei?eyoee e i?aaiecaoeee, iiae/eiythueony iaeiia?aiai-
ii ?anioaeeeaineei ieienoa?noaai.

A iaeanoe ieaie?iaaiey iaeanoiie (e?aaaie) Niaao a niioaao-
noaee n ainoaea?noaaiiui ieaiii yeiiiie/aneiai e nioeeaeueiiai
?acaeoey nithciie ?anioaeeee onoaiaaeeaaao caaeaiey a aae?an oi-
cyenoaaiiuo oi?aaeaiee eniieeiia iaeanoiiai (e?aaaiai) Niaaoa,
iaiin?aaenoaaiii iiae/eiaiiuo i?aaei?eyoee e i?aaiecaoeee, a oaeaea
a aae?an ai?iaeneeo (?aeiiiuo) Niaaoia ii iiae/eiaiiiio ei oi-
cyenoao.

Yoe caaeaiey eanathony ?acaeoey ianoiie i?iiuoeaiiinoe, eii-
ioiaeueiiai oicyenoaa, auoiaiai ianeoaeeaaiey ianaeaiey, oi?aiaee,
iauanoaaiiiai ieoaiey, eaieoaeueiiai no?ieoaeuenoaa, ainoaea?noaai-
iie caeoiee naeueneioicyenoaaiiie i?iaeoeoeee. Oeacaiioth ?aaioo
iaeanoiie (e?aaaie) Niaao inouanoaeyao n iiiiuueth ia?acoaiie
ei iaeanoiie (e?aaaie) ieaiiaie eiiennee, eioi?ay inouanoaeyao
ooieoeee ieaiiaiai ?oeiaiaenoaa ia oieueei a oicyenoaaiiie nenoaia
Niaaoa, ii e aaaeaao naiaeiui ieaie?iaaieai ia anae oa??eoi?ee ia-
eanoe e e?ay. Iaeiaei ieaiiaia ?oeiaiaenoai i?aaiecaoeeyie naiae
nenoaiu iineo i?e yoii aee?aeoeaiue oa?aeoa?. ?oeiaiaenoai aea
iaiiae/eiaiiuie i?aaiecaoeeyie no?ieony ia iniiaa niaeaniaaiey,
eii?aeeiaoeee.

A ea/anoaa i?aaia, aicaeaaeythuaai oa??eoi?eaeueioth oicyeno-
aaiioth nenoaio, iaeanoiie (e?aaaie) Niaao (aai eniieeii) ai?aaa
eciaiyoue onoaiiaeaiiua ieaiiaua caaeaiey. Yoe eciaiaiey aeieaeiu
niioaaonoaiaaoue ?yaeo o?aaiaaiee: 1) ia i?aauoaoue onoaiiaeaiiuo
iauaiia; 2) i?iecaiaeeoueny a ii?aaeaeaiiua n?iee; 3) nii?iaiaeaeaoue-
ny eciaiaieai acaeiinaycaiiuo iieacaoaeae; a /anoiinoe aeiiieie-
oaeueiua caaeaiey aeieaeiu auoue iaania/aiu nu?ueai ca n/ao ianoiuo
?ano?nia; 4) a oeacaiiuo caeiiii neo/ayo iie aeieaeiu auoue niaea-
niaaiu n eiiiaoaioiuie i?aaiaie; 5) a i?aaeoniio?aiiuo caeiiii
neo/ayo ia yoeo eciaiaieyo niiauaaony ii?aaeaeaiiui i?aaiai. (*101).

A iaeanoe eaieoaeueiiai no?ieoaeuenoaa iaeanoiie (e?aaaie)
Niaao (aai eniieeii) a i?aaeaeao, onoaiiaeaiiuo ia?iaeiioicyeno-

(**101) Ni. i. 1 iinoaiiaeaiey Niaaoa Ieieno?ia ?NON? io 19 ethey 1955 a.
(, o. 1.
ecae-ai , 1968, no?. 287-297): ii. 71-73 iinoaiiaea-
iey Niaaoa Ieieno?ia ?NON? io 12 oaa?aey 1966 a. (NI ?NON?
1966 a. ? 4, no. 23).
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aaiiui ieaiii, ?ac?aaaouaaao ieai eaieoaeueiuo aeiaeaiee a io-
?aneaaii (aeey oi?aaeaiee e ioaeaeia) e oa??eoi?eaeueiii (aeey ai-
?iaeia e ?aeiiia) ?ac?aca, ooaa?aeaeaao oeooeueiua nienee no?iae e
oeooeueiua nienee i?iaeoii-ecuneaoaeueneeo ?aaio, (*102); ?ani?aaeaeyao
iauaiu iiae?yaeiuo no?ieoaeueii-iiioaaeiuo ?aaio, auaeaeaiiuo ia-
eanoiiio (e?aaaiio) Niaaoo e iieo/aiiuo ca n/ao ieienoa?noa e
aaaeiinoa, eioi?ua ia?aaeaee eo aianoa ni n?aaenoaaie a ii?yaeea
aeieaaiai o/anoey a no?ieoaeuenoaa iauaeoia aeeeeuiiai e eoeueoo?ii-
auoiaiai iacia/aiey, iaaeaeo caeac/eeaie. Ii onoaiaaeeaaao i?aa-
iecaoeeyi naiae nenoaiu iauaiu no?ieoaeueii-iiioaaeiuo ?aaio,
inouanoaeyaiuo naa?o iauaiia yoeo ?aaio, ooaa?aeaeaaiuo a aino-
aea?noaaiiuo ieaiao yeiiiie/aneiai e nioeeaeueiiai ?acaeoey e iaa-
nia/eaaaiuo iaoa?eaeueiuie ?ano?naie a oeaio?aeeciaaiiii ii-
?yaeea, n auaeaeaieai iaiaoiaeeiuo iaoa?eaeia e iai?oaeiaaiey aeey
oeacaiiuo ?aaio ca n/ao ecuneaiey aeiiieieoaeueiuo ianoiuo ?a-
no?nia. A i?aaeaeao naiae eiiiaoaioeee iaeanoiua (e?aaaua) Niaaou
(eo eniieeiiu) iacia/atho i?eaii/iua eiiennee ii iauaeoai i?i-
ecaiaenoaaiiiai iacia/aiey, ?aaoee?otho oeiaine?iaaiea no?ie a
oa/aiea ieaiiaiai aiaea.

A iaeanoe iaoa?eaeueii-oaoie/aneiai niaaaeaiey oa??eoi?eaeue-
iie nenoaia auaeaeythony aeey auiieiaiey ieaiiauo caaeaiee iaoa-
?eaeueiua ?ano?nu (a oii /enea ii eeiee niaoeeaeueiuo nenoai niaa-
aeaiey, iai?eia?, ii eeiee Aeaaniaanauoa i?e Niaaoa Ieieno?ia
?NON?), a nayce n /ai iaeanoiie (e?aaaie) Niaao (aai eniieeii)
yaeyaony oiiaeiaea?aeaoaeai. A yoii ea/anoaa ii e ?ani?aaeaeyao
?ano?nu iaaeaeo iiae/eiaiiuie i?aaiecaoeeyie a io?aneaaii e oa?-
?eoi?eaeueiii ?ac?aca.

A iaeanoe nauoa i?iaeoeoeee e oiaa?ia, auioneaaiuo i?aaieca-
oeeyie ianoiiai iiae/eiaiey, iaeanoiie (e?aaaie) Niaao (aai
eniieeii) inouanoaeyao eo ?ani?aaeaeaiea a iaeanoe (e?aa), a ii
caaeaieyi auoanoiyueo i?aaiia ?aoaao aii?inu ii aiaiaeanoiiio
(aiae?aaaiio) iai?aaeaieth i?iecaaaeaiiuo a nenoaia i?iaeoeoeee e
oiaa?ia.

A iaeanoe iaania/aiey ?ano?naie oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe
i?aaiecaoeee oi?aiaee e iauanoaaiiiai ieoaiey, iaeanoiie (e?aa-
aie) Niaao (aai eniieeii) inouanoaeyao ?ani?aaeaeaiea ?uii/iuo
e aia?uii/iuo oiiaeia ia i?iiuoeaiiua e i?iaeiaieuenoaaiiua oi-
aa?u.

A iaeanoe o?oaea e ca?ieaou iaeanoiie (e?aaaie) Niaao a niio-
aaonoaee n ooaa?aeaeaiiuie caaeaieyie ?ani?aaeaeyao ieaiu ii o?oaeo
naiei io?aneaaui oicyenoaaiiui oi?aaeaieyi, ai?iaeneei (?aeii-
iui) Niaaoai ii iiae/eiaiiui ei i?aaiecaoeeyi, ooaa?aeaeaao
no?oeoo?o e ooaou oi?aaeaiee, /eneaiiinoue aaeieieno?aoeaii-

(**102) Ni. iinoaiiaeaiea Niaaoa Ieieno?ia ?NON? io 10 aaaonoa 1967 a. (NI ?NON? 1967 a. ? 20, no. 103) e iinoaiiaeaiea
Niaaoa Ieieno?ia ?NON? io 2 ethey 1965 a. ? 805 (NI ?NON? 1965 a. ? 15, no. 88).

-43-

oi?aaeai/aneiai ia?niiaea, a oaeaea caaeaiey naa?o ooaa?aeaeaiiiai
ieaia ii o?oaeo. (*103). A i?aaeoniio?aiiuo caeiiii i?aaeaeao iaeanoiie
(e?aaaie) Niaao iiaeao aiineoue eciaiaiey a yoe ieaiu, onoaiaaee-
aaoue oneiaey o?oaea e aai iieaou aeey ioaeaeueiuo eaoaai?ee ?aaioie-
eia, i?aaeinoaaeyoue oicyenoaaiiua i?aaa oi?aaeaieyi e ioaeaeai
eniieeiiia ianoiuo Niaaoia.

A iaeanoe oeiainia e e?aaeeoa a oa??eoi?eaeueiie nenoaia
aeieaeiu iaania/eaaoueny ia?ii?eyoey ii oi?i/aieth oic?an/aoa
aoiaeyueo a iaa i?aaiecaoeee, auiieiaieth oeiainiauo ieaiia. Aeey
yoiai iaeanoiiio (e?aaaiio) Niaaoo (aai eniieeiio) i?aaeinoaa-
eaiu i?aaa ii ?aaoee?iaaieth oeiainia.

Yoe i?aaa ai iiiaii noiaeiu n i?aaaie io?aneaauo nenoai. (*104).
E?aaeeoiaaiea aeieain?i/iia e e?aoein?i/iia inouanoaeyaony a
nenoaia iaeanoiiai (e?aaaiai) Niaaoa a niioaaonoaee n ooaa?aeaeai-
iui ei ieaiii. A naiai ?anii?yaeaiee ii iiaeao inoaaeoue aei 5%
io noii e?aaeeoia, i?aaeoniio?aiiuo iaeanoe (e?ath) ii e?aaeeoiui
ieaiai Ainaaiea NNN? e No?ieaaiea NNN?.

3. I?aaiaia iieiaeaiea i?iiuoeaiiuo iauaaeeiaiee, oi?aaeaiee
eniieeiiia iaeanoiuo (e?aaauo) Niaaoia e ae?oaeo aiaeiae/iuo
caaiueaa ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa

I?iiuoeaiiua iauaaeeiaiey, oi?aaeaiey eniieeiiia iaeanoiuo
(e?aaauo) Niaaoia e ae?oaea aiaeiae/iua (oi anoue iaeeiaeiaua ii
eiiiaoaioeee e no?oeoo?a) caaiuey, iai?eia?, oic?an/aoiua ieie-
noa?noaa nithciuo (*105) e aaoiiiiiuo ?anioaeee, (*106), o?anou niaoicia (*107) e
eiua oicyenoaaiiua ia?aciaaiey iino?iaiu ia iniiaa aoiaeaeaiey
a ieo naiinoiyoaeueiuo i?aaei?eyoee, i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo iauaaeeia-
iee e i?aaiecaoeee. Yoe i?aaiecaoeee eiatho naie ?oeiaiaeyuea
oeaio?u – oi?aaeaiey i?iiuoeaiiiai iauaaeeiaiey, oi?aaeaiey

(**103) Ni. ii. 75-76 e 97 iinoaiiaeaiey Niaaoa Ieieno?ia ?NON? io 12 oaa-
?aey 1966 a.; ii. 66 e 78 iinoaiiaeaiey Niaaoa Ieieno?ia ?NON? io 13 ieoya?y
1967 a.; iinoaiiaeaiea Niaaoa Ieieno?ia ?NON? io 30 aaaonoa 1965 a. (NI ?NON? 1965 a. ? 20, no. 126) e ae?o-
aea aeou.

(**104) Ni., iai?eia?, ii. 13-15, 24-30 iinoaiiaeaiey Niaaoa Ieieno?ia
?NON? io 19 ethey 1955 a., ii. 78, 90 iinoaiiaeaiey Niaaoa Ieieno?ia ?NON?
io 12 oaa?aey 1966 a.

(**105) Ni. i, 5 iinoaiiaeaiey Niaaoa Ieieno?ia NNN? io 2 ia?oa 1973 a. (NI NNN? 1973 a. ? 7, no. 32). Naiaia?acea oaeiai iiei-
aeaiey ninoieo a oii, /oi ieienoa?noaa, i?aaenoaaeythuea niaie nenoaio-aae?anao
caaeaiey ii ainoaea?noaaiiiio ieaio ?anioaeeee, ?aaioatho ia oneiaeyo,
onoaiiaeaiiuo Iauei iieiaeaieai i ananithciii e ?anioaeeeaineii i?iiuoeai-
iuo iauaaeeiaieyo (ca ecuyoeyie ii. 109-113), eioi?ua i?aaenoaaeytho niaie
aoi?ia caaii nenoaiu.

(**106) A neo/aa eo ia?aaiaea ia oic?an/ao (ni. i. 80 iinoaiiaeaiey Niaaoa Ie-
ieno?ia ?NON? io 13 ieoya?y 1967 a.).

(**107) Ni. Iieiaeaiea i o?anoa niaoicia, ooaa?aeaeaiiia iinoaiiaeaieai Niaaoa
Ieieno?ia NNN? io 20 ieoya?y 1975 a. (NI NNN? 1976 a. ? 21, no. 145).

-44-

eniieeiia iaeanoiiai (e?aaaiai) Niaaoa, ieienoa?noaa, oi?aaea-
iey o?anoa niaoicia. Naiinoiyoaeueiinoue anao no?oeoo?iuo iiae?ac-
aeaeaiee i?iiuoeaiiiai iauaaeeiaiey au?aaeaia a i?aaiaie oi?ia
naiinoiyoaeueiiai aaeaina e iaee/ey i?aa th?eaee/aneiai eeoea o anao
yoeo iiae?acaeaeaiee, a oii /enea e oi?aaeaiee iauaaeeiaiey eae
o o/anoieeia oiaa?ii-aeaiaaeiiai iai?ioa. A oi aea a?aiy eioaa?a-
oeeth anao yoeo i?aaiecaoeee a iauaaeeiaiea au?aaeaao oeaio?aeeciaai-
iia ieaie?iaaiea a aae?an i?iecaiaenoaaiii-oicyenoaaiiiai eiii-
eaena a oeaeii, aeayoaeueiinoue aai ia iniiaa oic?an/aoa n iieiui
aiciauaieai cao?ao ia i?iecaiaenoai i?iaeoeoeee, aeeth/ay cao?aou
ia i?iaeoiua, eiino?oeoi?neea e iao/ii-enneaaeiaaoaeueneea ?aai-
ou, (*108), ia niaea?aeaiea aiia?aoa oi?aaeaiey.

I?aaiaia aaeeinoai i?iiuoeaiiiai iauaaeeiaiey (e aiaeiae/-
iuo i?aaiecaoeee) iaoiaeeo au?aaeaiea a eiouanoaaiiii aai iainia-
eaiee (a oi?ia naiaeiiai aooaaeoa?neiai aaeaina), a i?aaiecaoeeii-
iii aaeeinoaa, cae?aieaiiii a Iauai iieiaeaiee e a eiie?aoiii
iieiaeaiee i eaaeaeii iauaaeeiaiee, (*109), a i?aaao e iaycaiiinoyo,
i?eia?aoaaiuo aeey auiieiaiey iinoaaeaiiuo oicyenoaaiiuo caaea/,
iaeiiaoe, a ioaaonoaaiiinoe ca auiieiaiea e ?acaeoea anaai i?iec-
aiaenoaaiii-oicyenoaaiiiai eiiieaena. (*110).

Niia?acii yoiio noi?ioee?iaaiu caeiiiaeaoaeai caaea/e i?i-
iuoeaiiiai iauaaeeiaiey, eae caaia, ?aoathuaai a ianooaaao iiae-
io?anee ana aii?inu ?acaeoey e niaa?oainoaiaaiey i?iecaiaenoaa
n iaania/aieai oaoie/aneiai i?ia?anna, oe?ieiai eniieueciaaiey aei-
noeaeaiee iaoee e oaoieee ca n/ao aeayoaeueiinoe aoiaeyueo a eiii-
eaen iao/ii-enneaaeiaaoaeueneeo i?iaeoiuo e eiino?oeoi?neeo i?aa-
iecaoeee, iaania/eaathuaai iaeaieaa iieiia oaeiaeaoai?aiea iio?aa-
iinoae ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa e ianaeaiey a niioaaonoaothueo aeaeao
i?iaeoeoeee.

Ii ninoaao iiae/eiaiiuo i?aaiecaoeee, no?oeoo?a e eiiiaoaioeee
n i?iiuoeaiiuie iauaaeeiaieyie ai iiiaii noiaeiu oi?aaeaiey
eniieeiiia iaeanoiuo (e?aaauo) Niaaoia (ianoiie i?iiuoeai-
iinoe, eiiioiaeueiiai oicyenoaa, auoiaiai ianeoaeeaaiey ianaea-
iey, oiieeaiie i?iiuoeaiiinoe). A iaiueoae noaiaie yoi ioiineony
e oicyenoaaiiui oi?aaeaieyi oi?aiaee, iauanoaaiiiai ieoaiey e
iaeioi?ui ae?oaei. Ia iiaoo ?anniao?eaaoueny a yoii ?yaeo oaeea

(**108) Ca ecuyoeai ?aaio, oeiaine?oaiuo ca n/ao n?aaenoa nenoaiu e athaeaeaoa.
(**109) Iieiaeaiea yoi ooaa?aeaeaaony ia iniiaaiee Iauaai iieiaeaiey i?aaiii,
i?eiyaoei ?aoaiea i nicaeaiee i?iiuoeaiiiai iauaaeeiaiey. Ni., iai?eia?, ii-
noaiiaeaiea Niaaoa Ieieno?ia ?NON? , a ae?. (NI ?NON?
1976 a. ?2, no. 19).

(**110) Ioaaonoaaiiinoue i?iiuoeaiiuo iauaaeeiaiee ca ?acoeueoaou naiae aeay-
oaeueiinoe (ai?i/ai eae e nenoai ieienoa?noa) ninoieo a eeoaiee (nieaeaiee
?acia?a) eo iiiu?eoaeueiuo oiiaeia yeiiiie/aneiai noeioee?iaaiey i?e iaau-
iieiaiee caaeaiee. A ioee/ea io ioaaonoaaiiinoe th?eaee/aneeo eeoe ia?aae eiio?-
aaaioii iia ia naycaia n ecuyoeai eiouanoaa io iaeiiai eeoea a iieueco ae?oaiai.
Oaeoth ioaaonoaaiiinoue iacuaatho yeiiiie/aneie. Caeanue eiouanoaaiiia iaeaca-
iea enoiaeeo ia io eiio?aaaioa, a aeaenoaoao iacaaeneii io iaai a ea/anoaa naie-
oeee ca iaaeinoeaeaiea onoaiiaeaiiuo yeiiiie/aneeo iieacaoaeae.

-45-

oicyenoaaiiua oi?aaeaiey iaeanoiuo (e?aaauo) eniieeiiia, eioi-
?ua ia ninoaaeytho eiiieaenia, iai?eia? oi?aaeaiea eaieoaeueii-
ai no?ieoaeuenoaa, oi?aaeaiea niaaaeaiey e nauoa. Yoe oi?aaeaiey
ii eo noaoono iiaeii n?aaieaaoue n i?aaei?eyoeyie. Iiyoiio caeanue
?anniao?eaathony eeoue oa oi?aaeaiey eniieeiiia iaeanoiuo (e?a-
aauo) Niaaoia, eioi?ua eiatho a naiai iiae/eiaiee i?iecaiaenoaai-
iua iauaaeeiaiey, i?aaei?eyoey, i?iaeoiua, eiino?oeoi?neea i?aa-
iecaoeee, iiae?acaeaeaiey IIO, e iiyoiio yaeythony i?iecaiaenoaai-
ii-oicyenoaaiiuie eiiieaenaie. Aaeaeo yoiai ia iiaoth nenoaio
ieaie?iaaiey e yeiiiie/aneiai noeioee?iaaiey oi?aaeaiey iano-
iie i?iiuoeaiiinoe iaeanoiuo (e?aaauo) eniieeiiia ?NON?
ia?aaiaeeeenue aianoa n iiae/eiaiiuie i?aaiecaoeeyie.

Noiaeiui a yoii niunea yaeyaony iieiaeaiea o?anoa niaoicia,
ninoaaeythuaai i?iecaiaenoaaiii-oicyenoaaiiue eiiieaen, ninoiy-
uee ec niaoicia e ae?oaeo ainoaea?noaaiiuo naeueneioicyenoaaiiuo
i?aaei?eyoee e i?aaiecaoeee.

?oeiaiaeyuea oeaio?u anao yoeo ia?aciaaiee (oi?aaeaiea i?i-
iuoeaiiui iauaaeeiaieai, oi?aaeaiea iaeanoiiai (e?aaaiai)
eniieeiia, oi?aaeaiea o?anoii e ae?.) niaea?aeaony ca n/ao iiae/e-
iaiiuo i?aaiecaoeee.

Eiouanoai i?iiuoeaiiiai iauaaeeiaiey ninoaaeytho caeaiey,
nii?oaeaiey, iai?oaeiaaiea, iaoa?eaeu, aeaiaaeiua n?aaenoaa, cae?ai-

eaiiua ca iiae/eiaiiuie i?aaiecaoeeyie e ca oi?aaeaieai iauaaee-
iaiey.

A i?iiuoeaiiii iauaaeeiaiee nicaeathony oeaio?aeeciaaiiua
oiiaeu e ?aca?au, neiioeaio?e?iaaiiua ia n/aoao oi?aaeaiey iaua-
aeeiaiey.

A oi?aaeaieyo iaeanoiuo (e?aaauo) eniieeiiia e oi?aaeaieyo
o?anoia niaoicia oaeaea nicaeathony niioaaonoaothuea oeaio?aeeciaai-
iua oiiaeu e ?aca?au, eniieuecoaiua a eioa?anao anao iiae/eiaiiuo
i?aaiecaoeee e oaeaea ninoaaeythuea iaoa?eaeueii-oeiainiaoth in-
iiao oicyenoaaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa.

I?e oeaio?aeeciaaiiii inouanoaeaiee oi?aaeaieyie ioaeaeueiuo
i?iecaiaenoaaiii-oicyenoaaiiuo ooieoeee iaiaoiaeeiua aeey yoiai
n?aaenoaa ii niaeaniaaieth n iiae/eiaiiuie i?aaiecaoeeyie oeaio?a-
eecothony aeiiieieoaeueii.

I?iiuoeaiiia iauaaeeiaiea (e niioaaonoaothuea ia?aciaaiey)
?aaeecotho /a?ac iiae/eiaiiua i?aaiecaoeee, a oaeaea n iiiiuueth
oi?aaeaiee i?aai aeaaeaiey, iieueciaaiey e ?anii?yaeaiey cae?ai-
eaiiui ca ieie eiouanoaii-

I?aaa e iaycaiiinoe i?iiuoeaiiiai iauaaeeiaiey (e ae?oaeo
niioaaonoaothueo ia?aciaaiee), oi anoue eo eiiiaoaioeey, ii?aaeaeaiu
a Iauai iieiaeaiee i ananithciii e ?anioaeeeaineii i?iiuoeai-
iuo iauaaeeiaieyo, Iieiaeaiee i o?anoa niaoicia. Iieiaeaieyo ia

-46-

oi?aaeaieyo eniieeiiia iaeanoiuo (e?aaauo) Niaaoia aeaiooaoia
o?oaeyueony e a aeoao eiie?aoiiai cia/aiey, oa?aeoa?ecothueo i?a-
aa e iaycaiiinoe aeaiiie i?aaiecaoeee. (*111).

I?iiuoeaiiia iauaaeeiaiea (e niioaaonoaothuea caaiuey) a eeoea
oi?aaeaiey eiatho neaaeothuoth eiiiaoaioeeth.

A iaeanoe ieaie?iaaiey iii ?ac?aaaouaaao i?iaeou ia?niae-
oeaiuo e aiaeiauo ieaiia e i?aaiecoao yoo ?aaioo a iiae/eiaiiuo
i?aaiecaoeeyo; ?anniao?eaaao ?ac?aaioaiiua i?iaeou ieaiia yoeo
i?aaiecaoeee e iauaaeeiaiee a oeaeii e i?aaenoaaeyao eo auoanoiy-
uaio i?aaio, eioi?ue ooaa?aeaeaao eo iinea i?aaeaa?eoaeueiiai ia-
noaeaeaiey n oi?aaeaieai iauaaeeiaiey.

Ia iniiaa ooaa?aeaeaiiuo ieaiia oi?aaeaiea i?iiuoeaiiiai
iauaaeeiaiey onoaiaaeeaaao iiae/eiaiiui i?aaiecaoeeyi iyoeeaoiea
e aiaeiaua caaeaiey, a oaeaea ooaa?aeaeaao oaeea ieaiu ii iauaaeeia-
ieth a oeaeii.

Eciaiaiey a ieaiiaua caaeaiey iiae/eiaiiuo i?aaiecaoeee iiaoo
auoue aianaiu oi?aaeaieai oieueei a onoaiiaeaiiii ii?yaeea e n?i-
ee, n ooi/iaieai acaeiinaycaiiuo iieacaoaeae, aac eciaiaiey
acaeiiioiioaiee n athaeaeaoii. Iiauoaiiua caaeaiey iiaoo onoa-
iaaeeaaoueny a i?aaeaeao, ii?aaeaeaiiuo ieienoa?noaii eee niioaao-

noaaiii iaeanoiui (e?aaaui) Niaaoii n o/aoii eiiiaoaioeee ii-
neaaeieo.

A i?aaeaeao i?aaeinoaaeaiiie ei eiiiaoaioeee i?iiuoeaiiua
iauaaeeiaiey (e ae?oaea aiaeiae/iua caaiuey) ?ac?aaaouaatho, oo-
aa?aeaeatho e aiaae?ytho ii?iu e ii?iaoeau.

A iaeanoe iao/ii-oaoie/aneiai i?ia?anna iauaaeeiaiea iaania-
/eaaao eiiieaeniia ?aoaiea iao/ii-oaoie/aneeo caaea/ e eniieueci-
aaiea aeinoeaeaiee iao/ii-oaoie/aneiai i?ia?anna; ii niaeaniaaieth
n caeac/eeaie, i?aaiaie Ainniaaa NNN? eee Ieienoa?noaa oi?-
aiaee ?aoaao aii?inu i niyoee n i?iecaiaenoaa onoa?aaoae i?iaeoe-
oeee; iiaeao caeeth/aoue aeiaiai?u ni noi?iiieie i?aaiecaoeeyie ia
eiiieaeniia inouanoaeaiea ?aaio ii iao/ii-oaoie/aneiio i?ia?an-
no: nenoaiaoe/anee aiaeece?oao oaoie/aneee o?iaaiue i?iecaiaenoaa,
i?iaiaeeo ioeaieo ea/anoaa auioneaaiie i?iaeoeoeee e inouanoaeyao
iiaeaioiaeo e aooanoaoeee ea/anoaa; iaania/eaaao ?ac?aaioeo AINOia
ii cae?aieaiiie iiiaieeaoo?a, i?aaenoaaeyao ia ooaa?aeaeaiea e aia-
ae?yao eo; iaania/eaaao ?acaeoea ecia?aoaoaeuenoaa e ?aoeeiiaee-
caoeee.

Noiaeioth eiiiaoaioeeth, i?eiaieoaeueii e noa?a e ianooaaai
naiae aeayoaeueiinoe, eiatho o?anou niaoicia e oi?aaeaiey iaeano-
iuo (e?aaauo) eniieeiiia.

A iaeanoe eaieoaeueiiai no?ieoaeuenoaa iauaaeeiaiea iaania/eaa-
ao yooaeoeaiia eniieueciaaiea eaieoaeueiuo aeiaeaiee, ooaa?aeaeaao

(**111) I?aaa ioaeaeueiuo i?iiuoeaiiuo iauaaeeiaiee e o?anoia ooi/iythony a
Iieiaeaieyo ia yoeo iauaaeeiaieyo, a oaeaea a onoaaao o?anoia. Oi?aaeaiey
iae(e?ae)eniieeiiia, eae oaea aiai?eeinue, ia eiatho iiea iauae ii?iaoeaiie
iniiau. Iieiaeaiey i ieo, i?eieiaaiua iaeanoiuie (e?aaauie) Niaaoaie, ya-
eythony aeoaie i eiie?aoiuo i?aaiecaoeeyo.

-47-

a i?aaeaeao naiae eiiiaoaioeee oeooeueiua nienee no?iae e i?iaeoii-
ecuneaoaeueneeo ?aaio: iauaaeeiyao n ae?oaeie i?aaiecaoeeyie i?a-
aeoniio?aiiua ieaiii n?aaenoaa aeey aeeeeuii-eiiioiaeueiiai, eoeue-
oo?ii-auoiaiai no?ieoaeuenoaa; ?ac?aoaao iiae/eiaiiui i?aaieca-
oeeyi ia?aaeaaaoue a ii?yaeea aeieaaiai o/anoey n?aaenoaa, i?aaeoniio-
?aiiua a niaoao ia no?ieoaeuenoai iauaeoia i?iecaiaenoaaiiiai
iacia/aiey, aeey iauaeoia aiaeiniaaaeaiey, eaiaeecaoeee, aaci-oaiei-
niaaaeaiey e ae?.; ?aaoee?oao oeiaine?iaaiea no?ieoaeuenoaa n oaa-
ee/aieai aai no?ieeai, auiieiythuei ieai, ca n/ao oiaiueoaiey
oeiaine?iaaiey no?iae, ia auiieiythueo ieaia, a i?aaeaeao naiae
eiiiaoaioeee iacia/aao i?eaii/iua eiiennee ii i?eaiea a yenieo-
aoaoeeth no?ieoaeueiuo iauaeoia e ?aoaao ae?oaea aii?inu, i?aaeo-
niio?aiiua Iieiaeaieai.

I?aaa oi?aaeaiee iaeanoiuo (e?aaauo) eniieeiiia ai iiiaii
noiaeiu. I?e yoii o?aaa oi?aaeaiee eniieeiiia iie?athony ia eii-
iaoaioeeth iaeanoiuo (e?aaauo) Niaaoia, eioi?ua iiaoo ia?aaeaaaoue
i?eiaaeeaaeauea ei i?aaa oi?aaeaieyi, a oii /enea e i?e ooaa?ae-
aeaiee Iieiaeaiee i ieo.

A iaeanoe iaoa?eaeueii-oaoie/aneiai niaaaeaiey e nauoa i?i-
aeoeoeee iauaaeeiaiea ?ani?aaeaeyao iaoa?eaeueiua ?ano?nu iaaeaeo

iiae/eiaiiuie i?aaiecaoeeyie e iaania/eaaao ?aaeecaoeeth oiiaeia;
inouanoaeyao iieiinoueth eee /anoe/ii oeaio?aeeciaaiioth ?aaeeca-
oeeth oiiaeia e nauo i?iaeoeoeee; i?aaiecoao oicyenoaaiiua nayce.

A iaeanoe eaae?ia, o?oaea e ca?aaioiie ieaou iauaaeeiaiea ino-
uanoaeyao iiaeai? e ?annoaiiaeo eaae?ia: ii?aaeaeyao oaeouoth
e ia?niaeoeaioth iio?aaiinoue a niaoeeaeenoao, i?aaiecoao eo iiae-
aioiaeo a iiae/eiaiiuo i?aaiecaoeeyo, inouanoaeyao ia?ii?eyoey
ii oe?aieaieth o/aaii-iaoa?eaeueiie aacu i?iooaoo/eeeu, i?aaie-
ciaaiiuo ia aaca i?aaei?eyoee, iauaaeeiaiey; iaania/eaaao i?a-
aeeueiia i?eiaiaiea aeaenoaothueo oneiaee iieaou o?oaea e i?aie-
?iaaiey.

Iauaaeeiaiea onoaiaaeeaaao oneiaey iieaou o?oaea ioaeaeueiui
eaoaai?eyi ?aaioieeia, iieacaoaee e oneiaey i?aie?iaaiey. N
iiiiuueth ia?acoaiiai ?aca?aa ii oiiaeo ca?aaioiie ieaou iauaaee-
iaiea ?aaoee?oao ia?a?anoiae ca?ieaou iiae/eiaiiuie i?aaieca-
oeeyie.

Oi?aaeaiea iauaaeeiaiey ooaa?aeaeaao i?aaiecaoeeyi, aoiaeyuei a
iauaaeeiaiea, i?aaeaeueiua anneaiiaaiey ia niaea?aeaiea aiia?aoa
oi?aaeaiey (enoiaey ec caaeaiee, onoaiiaeaiiuo auoanoiyuae i?aa-
iecaoeeae).

I?aaa o?anoia, niaoicia e oi?aaeaiee iaeanoiuo (e?aaauo)
eniieeiiia ii yoei iai?aaeaieyi aeayoaeueiinoe noiaeiu e eiatho
iaeioi?oth niaoeeoeeo, io?aaeaiioth a iieiaeaieyo.

A iaeanoe oeiainia iauaaeeiaiea i?aaiecoao oeiainiaoth ?aai-
oo ia i?aaei?eyoeyo e a i?aaiecaoeeyo, aoiaeyueo a ninoaa iauaaee-
iaiey. Iii ai?aaa oeaio?aeeciaaoue ?an/aou n athaeaeaoii ii ieaoa-
aeai ec i?eauee, ?an/aou n eiio?aaaioaie; ai?aaa aeaaaoue o/?aae-
aeaieyi Ainaaiea e No?ieaaiea ii?o/aiey ia nienaiea ni n/aoia

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iiae/eiaiiuo i?aaei?eyoee e i?aaiecaoeee n?aaenoa, iiaeeaaeaueo
ia?a/eneaieth oi?aaeaieth iauaaeeiaiey a ii?yaeea ia?a?ani?aaeaea-
iey eceeoeia iai?ioiuo n?aaenoa e a ae?oaeo, aeiioneaaiuo caeiiii
neo/ayo.

Iauaaeeiaiea iaycaii ainiieieoue iaaeinoaoie iai?ioiuo n?aaenoa
iooai i?iaaaeaiey i?aaiecaoeeiiii-oaoie/aneeo ia?ii?eyoee, a oae-
aea ca n/ao a?aiaiiiai (aei aeaoo eao) nieaeaiey aei 30% io/eneaiee
a oiiaeu yeiiiie/aneiai noeioee?iaaiey.

A iaeanoe e?aaeeoia iauaaeeiaiea ieaie?oao eo iieo/aiea e ?an-
i?aaeaeyao eeieou e?aaeeoiaaiey, inoaaeyy ?aca?a a ii?aaeaeaiiii
ieienoa?noaii ?acia?a. Ii e?aaeeoiui iaycaoaeuenoaai naieo i?aae-
i?eyoee e i?aaiecaoeee oi?aaeaiea iauaaeeiaiey (o?ano, oi?aaeaiea
iaeanoiiai (e?aaaiai) eniieeiia) iiaeao auaeaaaoue aa?aioey
o/?aaeaeaieyi Ainaaiea NNN? e No?ieaaiea NNN?.

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4. I?aaiaia iieiaeaiea i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo iauaaeeiaiee
(eiiaeiaoia), iao/ii-i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo iauaaeeiaiee, oe?i,
i?aaei?eyoee, o?anoia, oi?aia e ae?oaeo oicyenoaaiiuo i?aaiecaoeee

A oeacaiioth a?oiio aoiaeyo i?aaiecaoeee – th?eaee/aneea eeoea,
eiouanoai eioi?uo iainiaeaii a i?aaiaie oi?ia naiinoiyoaeueii-
ai aooaaeoa?neiai aaeaina. Oaeie aaeain io?aaeaao oi, /oi ana yoe
i?aaiecaoeee i?iecaiaeyo i?iaeoeoeeth, auiieiytho ?aaiou e ieacuaa-
tho oneoae, ?aaeecoy eo io naiaai eiaie a ea/anoaa oiaa?a.

No?oeoo?a i?aaiecaoeee yoie a?oiiu ioee/aaony oai, /oi aoiaey-
uea a eo ninoaa iiae?acaeaeaiey eiatho ?aciia i?aaiaia iieiaeaiea,
aneaaenoaea /aai iie iiaoo auoue ‘iiae?acaeaeaiu ia aeaa iiaea?oiiu:

1) i?iecaiaenoaaiiua iauaaeeiaiey, iao/ii-i?iecaiaenoaaiiua
iauaaeeiaiey, oe?iu e ae?oaea i?aaiecaoeee, i?aaenoaaeythuea niaie
aaeeiua i?iecaiaenoaaiii-oicyenoaaiiua eiiieaenu, iauaaeeiythuea
ianeieueei e?oiiuo (ioiineoaeueii e?oiiuo) i?aaiecaoeee, ca/anooth
oa??eoi?eaeueii ?aciauaiiuo, ii ia aunooiathueo ii iauaio i?a-
aeeo o/anoieeaie oiaa?ii-aeaiaaeiuo ioiioaiee ii iniiaiie aeay-
oaeueiinoe iauaaeeiaiee. Iauaaeeiaiey eiatho oe?ieoth eiiiaoaioeeth,
i?aaeinoaaeaiioth ei aeoaie i?aaeoaeuenoaa;

2) i?aaei?eyoey, oi?ae, o?anou iauanoaaiiiai ieoaiey e ae?oaea
iiaeiaiua i?aaiecaoeee, aeaenoaothuea eae aaeeiia (a ia eiiieaeniia)
i?iecaiaenoai, /aua anaai i?e iaee/ee iauiinoe ii oa??eoi?ee
(a i?aaeaeao ai?iaea, ?aeiia). Ninoaaeythuea eo iiae?acaeaeaiey
eiatho ioiineoaeueii oceoth eiiiaoaioeeth a neeo aeoia naieo i?aae-
i?eyoee.

Aeaeaiea yoi a ecaanoiie ia?a oneiaii: /aoeiai ?aca?aie/aiey,
iniaaiii a /anoe, eanathuaeny i?aaiecaoeee, aoiaeyueo a oa??eoi?e-
aeueioth oicyenoaaiioth nenoaio, i?iaanoe iaaiciiaeii. Iaeiaei yoi
?acaeaeaiea neaaeoao eiaoue a aeaeo, oae eae ia i?aaiecaoeee ia?aie
iiaea?oiiu ?ani?ino?aiyaony aeaenoaea oaeeo aeoia eae Iieiaeaiea
i i?iecaiaenoaaiiii iauaaeeiaiee (eiiaeiaoa) (*112) e Iieiaeaiea i ia-

(**112) NI NNN? 1974 a. ? 8, no. 38.
-49-

o/ii-i?iecaiaenoaaiiii iauaaeeiaiee. (*113). ?yae i?aaiecaoeee yoie iiae-
a?oiiu aeaenoaoao eae neiaeiia ia?aciaaiea i?eiaieoaeueii e i. 10
Iieiaeaiey i nioeeaeenoe/aneii ainoaea?noaaiiii i?iecaiaenoaai-
iii i?aaei?eyoee.

A ninoaaa oaeeo ia?aciaaiee (oe?i, iai?iiuoeaiiuo iauaaee-
iaiee) iiaoo iaoiaeeoueny i?aaiecaoeee – th?eaee/aneea eeoea n eio-
uanoaii, cae?aieaiiui ca ieie ia iniiaa naiinoiyoaeueiiai aaeai-
na, e i?iecaiaenoaaiiua aaeeieoeu n eiouanoaii, cae?aieaiiui ca
ieii ia iniiaa ioaeaeueiiai aaeaina. A oaeia ia?aciaaiea iiaoo
, o eioi?uo eieoicu
i?eia?aoatho iaiaoiaeeiua iaoeiu, iai?oaeiaaiea, oaeia?aiey e o. ae.

Nauo i?iaeoeoeee eieoicu inouanoaeytho ia iniiaaiee ieaiiauo
aeiaiai?ia eiio?aeoaoeee. Ieaiu i?ee?aieaiey eo e niioaaonoaoth-
uei caaioiaeoaeyi ?ac?aaaouaathony oi?aaeaieyie naeueneiai oi-
cyenoaa eniieeiiia ?aeiiiuo Niaaoia ia?iaeiuo aeaiooaoia niaia-
noii n Aineiniaeoeeae ii caeoieai e ea/anoao naeueneioicyenoaai-
iie i?iaeoeoeee. Ia ?aaeeciaaiioth oaeei ia?acii i?iaeoeoeeth eie-
oic iiaeao ?aaeeciaaoue ii ?aoaieth naieo i?aaiia ia ?uiea /a?ac
i?aaiecaoeee iio?aaeoaeueneie eiiia?aoeee ia eiienneiiiuo ia/a-
eao e iaiin?aaenoaaiii.

A niioaaonoaee n iinoaiiaeaieai Niaaoa Ieieno?ia NNN?
, (*127), oicyenoaaiiay eiiiaoaioeey eieoicia ?anoe-
?aia. Iie iiaoo ?acaeaaoue ia a oua?a iniiaiie aeayoaeueiinoe
i?iecaiaenoai ianoiuo no?ieiaoa?eaeia, oiaa?ia ia?iaeiiai iio?a-
aeaiey, ia?a?aaioeo naeueoici?iaeoeoia, aeeei?anooueo ieiaeia,
yaiae, a?eaia. I?aaiaia iieiaeaiea nicaeaaaaiuo eieoicaie
iiaeniaiuo i?aaei?eyoee oa?aeoa?ecoaony oai, /oi iie ia yaeythony
naiinoiyoaeueiuie, aeaenoaotho ia iniiaa i?aaeinoaaeaiiiai ei eie-
oicii eiouanoaa, eioi?ia iiaeao auoue iainiaeaii ii aooaaeoa?-
neei o/aoiui aeaiiui (iiaeiaii ioaeaeueiiio aaeaino ainoaea?noaai-
iuo i?aaiecaoeee), ii naiinoiyoaeueiiai o/anoey a oiaa?ii-aeaiaae-
iii iai?ioa oaeeo i?aaei?eyoee ia i?aaeiieaaaaony. I?iecaiaenoaai-
iua ieaiu yoeo i?aaei?eyoee onoaiaaeeaathony eieoicaie e ooaa?ae-
aeaieth ae?oaeo i?aaiia ia iiaeeaaeao. Eieoicu ?aaeecotho eo
i?iaeoeoeeth ia iniiaa aeiaiai?ia. Ia iniiaa aeiaiai?ia eieoicia i?aa-
iecoaony e niaaaeaiea aeaiiuo i?aaei?eyoee. Naeueneea (iinaeei-
aua) Niaaou ia?iaeiuo aeaiooaoia ieacuaatho eieoicai iiiiuue a

(**125) Ni. no. 14 Caeiia i ?aeiiiii Niaaoa aeaiooaoia o?oaeyueony ?NON?.
(**126) Ni. NI NNN? 1966 a. ?2, no. 11; NI NNN? 1970 a. ? 8, no. 63; a oae-
aea Iieiaeaiea i ii?yaeea caeeth/aiey e eniieiaiey aeiaiai?ia eiio?aeoaoeee
naeueneioicyenoaaiiie i?iaeoeoeee, ooaa?aeaeaiiia i?eeacii Ieienoa?noaa caaioi-
aie NNN? io 31 aeaeaa?y 1976 a.
(**127) NI NNN? 1967 a. ? 23, no. 63.

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i?aaiecaoeee e ?acaeoee iiaeniaiuo i?aaei?eyoee. (*128). ?aeiiiua Niaa-
ou ia?iaeiuo aeaiooaoia eiio?iee?otho .niaethaeaiea eieoicaie a yoie
/anoe eo oicyenoaaiiie eiiiaoaioeee, a oii /enea e i?e ?anniio?a-
iee aiaeiauo io/aoia eieoicia i oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe. (*129).

?uaieiaaoeeea eieoicu eae oicyenoaaiiua i?aaiecaoeee ioee/a-
thony io eieoicia naiae onoaaiie caaea/ae (eia ?uau, aeiau/a caa?y
e i?iaeoeoia ec ii?y). Iie aeaenoaotho ia iniiaa I?eia?iiai onoaaa
?uaieiaaoeeiai eieoica, ooaa?aeaeaiiiai iinoaiiaeaieai Niaaoa
Ieieno?ia NNN? 4 iay 1972 a. (*130), yaeythony naiinoiyoaeueiuie
eiiia?aoeaiuie oicyenoaaiiuie i?aaiecaoeeyie n i?aaaie th?eaee-
/aneiai eeoea. Yoe eieoicu iauaaeeiythony a ?uaaoeeea oicyenoaaiiua
nithcu.

2. E eiiia?aoeaiui i?aaiecaoeeyi, aeaaiie caaea/ae eioi?uo
oaeaea yaeyaony aaaeaiea i?iecaiaenoaaiii-oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueii-
noe, ioiinyony i?aaiecaoeee iio?aaeoaeueneie eiiia?aoeee. Iio?a-
aeoaeueneay eiiia?aoeey yaeyaony ianniaie iauanoaaiiie oicyeno-
aaiiie i?aaiecaoeeae, i?ecaaiiie oe?aieyoue e ?acaeaaoue yeiiiie-
/aneea nayce iaaeaeo ai?iaeii e aea?aaiae, oeo/oaoue ianeoaeeaaiea
ianaeaiey, niaeaenoaiaaoue aeaeueiaeoaio iiaeuaio iaoa?eaeueiiai
aeaaininoiyiey e eoeueoo?ii-auoiauo oneiaee aeecie ianaeaiey.

Eiouanoaaiiua i?iecaiaenoaaiiua oiiaeu iio?aaeoaeueneiai ia-
uanoaa oi?ie?othony ec anooieoaeueiuo e iaaauo /eaineeo aciinia
e i?eauee io oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe. A niioaaonoaee n eiiia-
?aoeaiui ono?ienoaii i?aaiecaoeee iie iiae?acaeaeythony ia iniia-
iie, iaaaie e niaoeeaeueiue oiiaeu. I?eaueue iio?aaeoaeueneiai ia-
uanoaa ?ani?aaeaeyaony a niioaaonoaee n onoaaii e ?aoaieai iaua-
ai nia?aiey ia ?acaeoea iauanoaaiiuo oi?i iiiu?aiey /eaiia
iauanoaa (no?ieoaeuenoai iaaaceiia, noieiauo, aeaoneeo naaeia, iei-
ia?eaaa?ae e ae?.), ia io/eneaiey auoanoiyuaio nithco, aeey iiaeai-
oiaee eaae?ia, i?aie?iaaiey ?aaioieeia, eoeueoo?ii-auoiauo ia?i-
i?eyoee e a iniiaiie oiiae. ?oeiaiaenoai oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueii-
noueth a nenoaia iio?aaeoaeueneie eiiia?aoeee no?ieony n o/aoii
eiiia?aoeaiie aeaiie?aoee. Oioy eaaeaeia auoanoiyuaa caaii iea-
ie?oao aeayoaeueiinoue ieaeanoiyueo caaiueaa e eiio?iee?oao aa ino-
uanoaeaiea, iaeiaei eoiae aeayoaeueiinoe e ?ani?aaeaeaiea i?eauee
ooaa?aeaeathony /eaiaie iauanoaa (oiieiiii/aiiuie /eaiaie ei-
iia?aoeaiiai nithca). Ia?yaeo n eiio?ieai auoanoiyuaai caaia,
auiieiaiea oicyenoaaiii-oeiainiaie aeayoaeueiinoe eiio?iee?oao-
ny i?aaiaie iauanoaaiiiai eiio?iey, nicaeaaaaiuie a eaaeaeii
caaia.

Ieciaie y/aeeie iio?aaeoaeueneie eiiia?aoeee yaeyaony iio?a-
aeoaeueneia iauanoai, aeaenoaothuaa ia iniiaaiee I?eia?iiai onoa-
aa, ooaa?aeaeaiiiai nuacaeii oiieiiii/aiiuo iio?aaeoaeueneie eiiia-

(**128) Noaouey 12 Caeiia i naeueneii, iinaeeiaii Niaaoa aeaiooaoia o?oaey-
ueony ?NON?>.

(**129) Noaouey 14 Caeiia i ?aeiiiii Niaaoa aeaiooaoia o?oaeyueony ?NON?.
(**130) NI NNN? 1972 a. ? 9, no. 48.

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?aoeee NNN?. (*131). Aai onoaaiuie caaea/aie yaeythony: neeaie e n?aae-
noaaie naieo /eaiia ia iniiaa naiiaeayoaeueiinoe e naiioi?aaeaiey
?acaeaaoue e niaa?oainoaiaaoue eiiia?aoeaioth oi?aiaeth; oaeiaeaoai-
?youe iio?aaiinoe /eaiia eiiia?aoeaa e ianaeaiey a oiaa?ao ia?iae-
iiai iio?aaeaiey, a eieoicia-a oiaa?ao oicyenoaaiiiai iacia-
/aiey; i?aaieciauaaoue caeoiee naeueneioicyenoaaiiuo i?iaeoeoia e
nu?uey e nauo eceeoeia naeueoici?iaeoeoia eieoicia e ianaeaiey;
?anoe?youe nio?oaeie/anoai n niaoicaie, eieoicaie e iaaeeieoiciu-
ie iauaaeeiaieyie e oai naiui niinianoaiaaoue iiaeuaio naeueneiai
oicyenoaa, ?acaeaaoue iauanoaaiiia ieoaiea, oeaaiia/aiea e ae?oaea
aeaeu ianeoaeeaaiey auoiauo ioaeae ianaeaiey.

Naith oicyenoaaiioth eiiiaoaioeeth iio?aaeoaeueneia iauanoai
?aaeecoao n iiiiuueth naiaai auai?iiai i?aaia – i?aaeaiey, ii ia-
eioi?ua oicyenoaaiiua aii?inu ?aoathony ia iniiaa eiiia?aoea-
iie aeaiie?aoee – iauei nia?aieai /eaiia (oiieiiii/aiiuo), ia-
i?eia?, aii?inu ia i?aaiecaoeee e ?ai?aaiecaoeee oi?aiauo e eiuo
i?aaei?eyoee. Iio?aaeoaeueneia iauanoai yaeyaony th?eaee/aneei
eeoeii e i?e ?aaeecaoeee naieo ieaiiauo, onoaaiuo caaea/ caeeth/a-
ao aeiaiai?u iinoaaee, eoiee-i?iaeaaee, eiiennee, iiae?yaea ia eaie-
oaeueiia no?ieoaeuenoai.

Iio?aaeoaeueneea iauanoaa iauaaeeiythony a ?aeiio?aanithcu,
?aeiio?aanithcu – a iae (e?ae) iio?aanithcu, iaeiio?aanithcu – a
?anioaeeeaineea nithcu, a iineaaeiea – a Oeaio?aeueiue nithc iio?a-
aeoaeueneeo iauanoa, oi anoue nicaeatho, eae oaea aiai?eeinue, nenoaio
iio?aaeoaeueneie eiiia?aoeee. Yoa nenoaia ioee/aaony io ainoaea?no-
aaiiuo oicyenoaaiiuo nenoai ia oieueei oai, /oi iia iniiaaia ia
ae?oaie oi?ia nianoaaiiinoe, ii e oai, /oi eaaeaeay y/aeea nenoaiu
iainiaeaia a ea/anoaa nianoaaiieea i?oaeee e n?aaenoa i?iecaiaeno-
aa, iaoa?eaeueiuo e aeaiaaeiuo ?ano?nia. Eiouanoai nenoaiu ia nee-
aaaony a aaeeiue oiiae, oioy e naycaii eaiaeaie ia?a?ani?aaeaeaiey
aai iaaeaeo auoa- e ieaeanoiyueie caaiueyie a onoaiiaeaiiuo ei-
iia?aoeaiuie onoaaaie i?aaeaeao.

Iaeiaei yoi ia?a?ani?aaeaeaiea iniiaaii ia ia iauiinoe eio-
uanoaaiiiai oiiaea (eae a ainoaea?noaaiiuo oicyenoaaiiuo nenoa-
iao, iniiaaiiuo ia aaeeinoaa oiiaeia ainoaea?noaaiiie nianoaaiii-
noe), a ia eiiia?aoeaiii /eainoaa, iauaaeeiythuai iio?aaeoaeue-
neoth eiiia?aoeeth a nenoaio.

Oai ia iaiaa nenoaia iio?aaeoaeueneie eiiia?aoeee, eae nioeeaeue-
iia oicyenoaaiiia ia?aciaaiea, e naia ii naaa noauaeo i?aaa
(eae e aa ieaeanoiyuea caaiuey), oae eae aeaenoaoy ia iniiaa aino-
aea?noaaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa, yaeyaony aae?anaoii ieaiiauo caaeaiee,
ioaaonoaaiiui ca eo auiieiaiea, e oiiaeiaea?aeaoaeai, ?ani?aaeaey-
thuei iaoa?eaeueiua ?ano?nu aeey iaania/aiey oicyenoaaiiie aeay-
oaeueiinoe anao naieo caaiueaa.

Eaaeaeia ec caaiueaa iio?aaeoaeueneie eiiia?aoeee yaeyaony na-
iinoiyoaeueiie eiiia?aoeaiie i?aaiecaoeeae n i?aaaie th?eaee/an-

(**131) Ni. ,
nino. A. TH. Eaaaeeei, ecae-ai
, 1974, no?. 198.
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eiai eeoea, oicyenoaaiiay aeayoaeueiinoue eioi?uo iie?aaony ia i?e-
iaaeeaaeauea ei ia i?aaa nianoaaiiinoe i?iecaiaenoaaiiua oiiaeu,
oi?ie?oaiua ec /eaineeo aciinia e i?eauee io oicyenoaaiiie aeay-
oaeueiinoe. I?aaiecaoeee iio?aaeoaeueneie eiiia?aoeee nicaeatho i?aae-
i?eyoey e oicyenoaaiiua i?aaiecaoeee (ii ia?a?aaioea naeueoici?i-
aeoeoia, iaaaceiu, ?anoi?aiu, caaioiaeoaeueiua eiioi?u), i?aaiaia
iieiaeaiea eioi?uo oa?aeoa?ecoaony oai, /oi iie aeaenoaotho ia in-
iiaa iainiaeaiiiai ei eiiia?aoeaiiai eiouanoaa iiae ?oeiaiaeno-
aii i?aaiecaoeee, eo nicaeaaoeo. I?e ooaa?aeaeaiee eo onoaaia, iaaea-
eaiee nianoaaiiuie iai?ioiuie n?aaenoaaie e ioe?uoee ?an/aoiiai
n/aoa a aaiea iie i?eia?aoatho noaoon naiinoiyoaeueiuo i?aaieca-
oeee n i?aaaie th?eaee/aneiai eeoea.

3. Ae?oaea eiiia?aoeaiua i?aaiecaoeee: aeeeeuii-no?ieoaeueiua
eiiia?aoeau, aea/ii-no?ieoaeueiua eiiia?aoeau, eiiia?aoeau ii
no?ieoaeuenoao e yenieoaoaoeee eieeaeoeaiuo aa?aaeae, naaeiaiae/a-
neea oiaa?euanoaa – i?iecaiaenoaaiii-oicyenoaaiioth aeayoaeueiinoue
inouanoaeytho eeoue yieciaee/anee, aeaaiui ia?acii a ia?eiae no?i-
eoaeuenoaa. Caaea/a yoeo eiiia?aoeaiuo i?aaiecaoeee ninoieo a oaeia-
eaoai?aiee iio?aaiinoae naieo /eaiia a aeeeuo iiiauaieyo, aea/ao,
aa?aaeao, naaeiauo ianaaeaeaieyo, a neeo /aai e o/anoea eo a oicye-
noaaiiii iai?ioa iaaaeeei. Ana iie aeaenoaotho ia iniiaa niioaaonoao-
thueo onoaaia, ?ac?aaioaiiuo a niioaaonoaee n I?eia?iuie onoa-
aaie, ooaa?aeaeaiiuie i?aaeoaeuenoaaie nithciuo ?anioaeee. A iea-
iiai-eiouanoaaiiuo ioiioaieyo a ia?eiae no?ieoaeuenoaa iie aeae-
noaotho iiae ?oeiaiaenoaii ianoiuo Niaaoia e cia/eoaeueioth /anoue
oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe iiiaea ia?aeaaatho ii aeiaiai?ai ia
oi?aaeaiey e ioaeaeu eaieoaeueiiai no?ieoaeuenoaa ianoiuo Niaaoia,
auiieiythueo aeey ieo ana ooieoeee caeac/eeia ii aeiaiai?ai iiae-
?yaea ia eaieoaeueiia no?ieoaeuenoai ia aiciacaeiuo ia/aeao.

4. Iniiauaaynue ia eieoiciie nianoaaiiinoe a ia?iaeiii oicye-
noaa, a ianoiyuaa a?aiy aeaenoaotho naiinoiyoaeueiua i?aaiecaoeee
n i?aaaie th?eaee/aneeo eeoe, eioi?ua aeaaeatho, iieuecothony e ?an-
ii?yaeathony eieoiciui eiouanoaii, ia?aaeaaaaiui ei a iia?aoea-
iia oi?aaeaiea (no. no. 90, 117 AE). Oaeeie i?aaiecaoeeyie yaeytho-
ny: iaaeeieoiciua i?aaei?eyoey, i?aaiecaoeee e iauaaeeiaiey (iaae-
eieoiciua yeaeo?inoaioeee, caaiaeu ii au?aaioea no?ieiaoa?eaeia.
eanoicu, iauaaeeiaiey iaaeeieoicno?ie e ae?.).

I?aaiaia iieiaeaiea oaeeo oicyenoaaiiuo i?aaiecaoeee oa?aeoa-
?ecoaony oai, /oi nianoaaiieeaie eiouanoaa yoeo i?aaiecaoeee ya-
eythony eieoicu-o/?aaeeoaee, nicaeaaoea eo ia iniiaa aeiaiai?a.
Iinea ooaa?aeaeaiey yoiai aeiaiai?a niioaaonoaothuei Niaaoii ia-
?iaeiuo aeaiooaoia aeaiiua i?aaiecaoeee n/eoathony aicieeoeie eae
naiinoiyoaeueiua oic?an/aoiua i?aaiecaoeee n i?aaaie th?eaee/a-
neiai eeoea, aeaenoaothuaai ia iniiaaiee iaueo iieiaeaiee ia i?-
aaiecaoeeyo aeaiiiai aeaea (ni. 25 AE). (*132). Oicyenoaaiiia ?oeiaiaenoai

(**132) A 1955 a. auee i?eiyou ii?iaoeaiua aeou, ia iniiaaiee eioi?uo e aeae-
noaiaaee nicaeaiiua i?aaiecaoeee.

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aeayoaeueiinoueth iaaeeieoiciuo i?aaiecaoeee ii aaaeiaeoei aii?i-
nai inouanoaeyao nia?aiea oiieiiii/aiiuo, eioi?ia, iai?eia? aeey
iaaeeieoiciie no?ieoaeueiie i?aaiecaoeee, ii?aaeaeyao ?acia? aeiea-
aiai o/anoey eieoicia-o/anoieeia; ooaa?aeaeaao aaeaaiaeiua ieaiu
eaieoaeueiiai no?ieoaeuenoaa, ooaoiia ?anienaiea e niaoo aaeieie-
no?aoeaii-oicyenoaaiiuo ?anoiaeia; ioeaieaaao iaaeaiaaeioth /anoue
aeieaaiai o/anoey; onoaiaaeeaaao ii?yaeie iieaou o?oaea ?aaioieeia
no?iei?aaiecaoeee; ooaa?aeaeaao aiaeiaie io/ao e aaeain, a oaeaea
?ani?aaeaeaiea i?eaueae e oauoeia, i?eiyoea eieoicia a /enei
o/anoieeia iaaeeieoiciie no?iei?aaiecaoeee.

Iia?aoeaiia ?oeiaiaenoai iaaeeieoiciie i?aaiecaoeeae inouano-
aeyaony eca?aiiui ia iniiaa eieoiciie aeaiie?aoee niaaoii (ii
1-2 /aeiaaea io eaaeaeiai eieoica-o/anoieea), yaeythueiny i?aa-
iii aeaiiie i?aaiecaoeee, iaaeaeaiiui niioaaonoaothuae oicyenoaai-
iie eiiiaoaioeeae. Niaao ecae?aao i?aaenaaeaoaey, eioi?ue ?oeiai-
aeeo aeayoaeueiinoueth iaaeeieoiciie i?aaiecaoeee e i?aaiecoao inoua-
noaeaiea ?aoaiee niaaoa.

N?aaee iaaeeieoiciuo i?aaiecaoeee aaaeiaeooth ?ieue a ia?iaeiii
oicyenoaa ea?atho iaaeeieoiciua no?ieoaeueiua i?aaiecaoeee, eioi-
?ua a ianoiyuaa a?aiy aaaeoo i?aiaeaaeathuoth /anoue no?ieoaeuenoaa
a eieoicao. Ia?yaeo n eiee/anoaaiiui ?inoii yoeo i?aaiecaoeee, a
iineaaeiea aeaaaeoeaoue eao i?iecioei e ea/anoaaiiia i?aia?aciaaiea
eo oicyenoaaiii-i?aaiaiai iieiaeaiey. E oanoeaeanyoui aiaeai nei-
aeeeenue e ia?aciaaeenue ?anioaeeeaineea nenoaiu iauaaeeiaiey
iaaeeieoiciuo no?ieoaeueiuo i?aaiecaoeee. Ia?aiia/aeueii iaeano-
iua, e?aaaua, ?anioaeeeaineea iauaaeeiaiey nicaeaaaeenue a ea/ano-
aa naiinoiyoaeueiuo oicyenoaaiiuo i?aaiecaoeee ia iniiaa auaeaea-
iey eiouanoaa iaaeeieoicno?ieiauaaeeiaieyie aeey oiai, /oiau
nicaeaaaaiay i?aaiecaoeey iiaea auiieiyoue a ianooaaao iaeanoe
e?oiiua oicyenoaaiiua caaea/e: niaoeeaeueiua ?aaiou ia?aaeaeaeiu-
ie iaoaiece?iaaiiuie io?yaeaie, i?iaeoe?iaaiea, caaioiaeo eana
e ae?. ?aoaiey i nicaeaiee iae (e?ae) iaaeeieoicno?ieiauaaeeiaiee
(?anioaeeeaineeo – ANN?) i?eieiathony nia?aieyie oiieiiii-
/aiiuo ?aeiiiuo iauaaeeiaiee e iiaeeaaeao ooaa?aeaeaieth a
iae (e?ae) eniieeiiao eee Niaaoa Ieieno?ia ANN?. N?aaenoaa
iauaaeeiaiee ia?acothony ca n/ao aciinia i?aaei?eyoee e i?eauee io
inouanoaeaiey oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe.

Yoe iauaaeeiaiey yaeythony naiinoiyoaeueiuie oicyenoaaiiuie
i?aaiecaoeeyie n i?aaaie th?eaee/aneiai eeoea. Aunoee i?aai iaua-
aeeiaiey-nia?aiea oiieiiii/aiiuo. Iinoiyiii aeaenoaothuei i?-
aaiii yaeyaony niaao, ecae?aaiue nia?aieai oiieiiii/aiiuo, e
i?aaenaaeaoaeue niaaoa.

N ?acaeoeai e oe?aieaieai yoeo iae (e?ae) iauaaeeiaiee iie
i?eia?aee oaeaea ooieoeee ii ?oeiaiaenoao ?aeiiiuie i?aaieca-
oeeyie. A ?NON? a 1967 aiaeo auei nicaeaii ia aiaeiae/iuo ia/a-
eao Ana?inneeneia iauaaeeiaiea iaaeeieoiciuo no?ieoaeueiuo i?aa-

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iecaoeee (?ineieoicno?ieiauaaeeiaiea), a a 1972 aiaeo ooaa?aeaeai aai
Onoaa. (*133).

Oicyenoaaiiia ?oeiaiaenoai auoanoiyueo iauaaeeiaiee ieaea-
noiyueie a aeaiiii neo/aa eiaao ii?aaeaeaiioth niaoeeoeeo, auoaea-
thuoth ec iniaaiiinoae ia?aciaaiey auoanoiyueo caaiueaa nenoaiu
ia iniiaa auai?ia, ?acaeaeueiinoe eiouanoaa caaiueaa e no?oeoo?u
nenoaiu. Yoei ii?aaeaeyaony ionoonoaea a yoeo ioiioaieyo aee?ae-
oeaiiai oeaio?aeeciaaiiiai ieaie?iaaiey eae ii?aaeaeythuae oi?-
iu oicyenoaaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa.

Oicyenoaaiiia ?oeiaiaenoai caeanue au?aaeaaony a eiio?iea ca
i?aaeeueiinoueth ieaie?iaaiey, inouanoaeyaiii eaaeaeui yaaiii
naiinoiyoaeueii, auiieiaieai i?eiyouo ieaiia, a ooaa?aeaeaiee ai-
aeiauo io/aoia, a oaeaea a oi?aaeai/aneii aicaeaenoaee (eiinoeueoa-
oeee, eino?oeoaae).

Eiouanoai nenoaiu ia neeaaaony a aaeeiue oiiae, a iaoiaeeony
ia i?aaa iia?aoeaiiai oi?aaeaiey o eaaeaeiai caaia nenoaiu. I?e
yoii a ioee/ea io i?aaa iia?aoeaiiai oi?aaeaiey ainoaea?noaaiiuo
i?aaiecaoeee, inouanoaeyaiiai a ioiioaiee eiouanoaa, auaeaeai-
iiai aaeeiui nianoaaiieeii – ainoaea?noaii, iauaaeeiaiey iaaeeie-
oicno?iy iia?aoeaii oi?aaeytho eiouanoaii, i?eiaaeeaaeauei ia
i?aaa nianoaaiiinoe iiiaei eieoicai, a iaeanoiia e ?anioaeeeai-
neia caaii e oiio aea iieo/aao yoi eiouanoai io ianianoaaiieeia,
oioy e n eo aaaeiia.

Iaaeeieoicno?ieiauaaeeiaiey nicaeatho e naiinoiyoaeueiua oi-
cyenoaaiiua i?aaiecaoeee e, cae?aieyy ca ieie iniiaiua e iai?io-
iua n?aaenoaa, iaaeaeytho eo ia?aaeei i?aaaie th?eaee/aneeo eeoe. Ia-
aieueoea oicyenoaaiiua i?aaiecaoeee iiaoo aeaenoaiaaoue ii aeiaa?ai-
iinoe iauaaeeiaiey e io aai eiaie. Nicaeaaaaiuie i?aaei?eyoeyie
iauaaeeiaiey ?oeiaiaeyo ia iniiaa aee?aeoeaiiai ieaie?iaaiey.

A ?aoaieyo XXV nuacaea EINN iaia/aii oe?aieyoue i?iecaiae-
noaaiioth aaco iaaeeieoiciuo no?ieoaeueiuo i?aaiecaoeee. (*134).

5. A i?ioeanna nioeeaeenoe/aneiai no?ieoaeuenoaa iieo/atho ?ac-
aeoea ?acee/iua aeaeu oicyenoaaiiiai acaeiiaeaenoaey ainoaea?no-
aaiiuo e eieoiciuo i?aaiecaoeee. Yoi aucuaaaony iaiaoiaeeiinoueth
iauaaeeiaiey nee e n?aaenoa aeey aeinoeaeaiey iaueo oicyenoaaiiuo
caaea/. Oicyenoaaiiia acaeiiaeaenoaea ii?iaeaeaao ?acee/iua i?i-
oeannu i?aaiecaoeeiiii-eiouanoaaiiie eioaa?aoeee eieoicia e aino-
aea?noaaiiuo i?aaiecaoeee.

A i?inoaeoeo neo/ayo iiaeiaiua aii?inu ?aoathony ia aeiaiai?-
iie iniiaa aac nicaeaiey naiinoiyoaeueiuo i?aaiecaoeee. Oaeia aca-
eiiaeaenoaea ioaaouaaaony i?aaiaie oi?iie aeiaiai?a i niaianoiie
aeayoaeueiinoe (ae. 38 AE). A ae?oaeo neo/ayo eieoicu e ainoaea?no-
aaiiua i?aaiecaoeee auaeaeytho /anoue eiouanoaa aeey nicaeaiey aino-
aea?noaaiii-eieoiciuo i?aaei?eyoee, aeaenoaothueo a ea/anoaa naii-
noiyoaeueiuo i?aaiecaoeee-th?eaee/aneeo eeoe ia iniiaa ieaiiaiai
?oeiaiaenoaa i?aaiecaoeee, eo nicaeaaoeo.

(**133) NI ?NON? 1972 a. ? 6, no. 32.
(**134) , Iieeoecaeao, 1976, no?. 205.

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Iaiaoeaoeeny a ia?iaeiii oicyenoaa a iineaaeiea aiaeu i?ioeann
aa?a?ii-i?iiuoeaiiie eioaa?aoeee aucaae e aeecie iiyaeaiea ii-
auo oi?i aa?a?ii-i?iiuoeaiiiai eiiia?e?iaaiey, eioi?ue ein-
ioeny e ainoaea?noaaiiuo naeueneioicyenoaaiiuo i?aaei?eyoee e eie-
oicia. Aeey yoeo oi?i eiiia?e?iaaiey oa?aeoa?ii: a) i?aaiecaoee-
iiii-eiouanoaaiiia acaeiiaeaenoaea eieoicia n i?iiuoeaiiuie
ainoaea?noaaiiuie i?aaei?eyoeyie, oaoiieiae/anee naycaiiuie n
naeueneei oicyenoaii; a) aeeth/aiea a yoo eiiia?aoeeth naieo eie-
oicia (a ia oieueei eo eiouanoaa).

Oicyenoaaiii-i?aaiaia aaeeinoai oaeeo eiiieaenia ia iieo/eei
aua aeinoaoi/ii /aoeiai i?aaiaiai o?aaoee?iaaiey. Iii iiin?aae-
noaoaony aeiaiai?aie eieoicia, eioi?ua, anooiay a oaeea iauaaeeia-
iey (ii ioei?io neioa, naea/a i?iaeoeoeee aeey ia?a?aaioee eiina?a-
iui caaiaeai, oeiieicaaiaeai), ia oa?ytho i?aaiaie naiinoiyoaeueii-
noe e eiouanoaaiiiai iainiaeaiey, e no?iyo acaeiiaeaenoaea n ae?o-
aeie i?aaiecaoeeyie iauaaeeiaiey ia aiciacaeiuo ia/aeao.

Iniaaiiinoueth oaeeo iauaaeeiaiee yaeyaony ?oeiaiaeyuay ?ieue
a ieo ainoaea?noaaiiuo i?aaiecaoeee e aeeth/aiea /a?ac ieo eieoi-
cia a i?aeoo aee?aeoeaiiai ieaiiaiai ainoaea?noaaiiiai ?oeiaiae-
noaa, oiaaea eae iauaa oicyenoaaiiia ?oeiaiaenoai eieoicaie ni
noi?iiu ainoaea?noaa inouanoaeyaony eiuie iaoiaeaie-iooai
onoaiiaeaiey caaeaiee ii i?iaeaaea naeueoici?iaeoeoia.

A ?aoaieyo XXV nuacaea EINN iaia/aia aeoeaecaoeey aa?ii?i-
iuoeaiiie eioaa?aoeee. (*135). Iinoaiiaeaieai Niaaoa Ieieno?ia
NNN? io 14 ai?aey 1977 a. (*136) ooaa?aeaeaii .
A niioaaonoaee n yoei iieiaeaieai eieoicu, niaoicu e ae?oaea aino-
aea?noaaiiua, eiiia?aoeaiua e iauanoaaiiua i?aaiecaoeee iiaoo
nicaeaaaoue niaoeeaeece?iaaiiua iaaeoicyenoaaiiua i?aaei?eyoey, au-
aeaeea ei aeey yoiai eiouanoai e iaaeaeea oaeia i?aaei?eyoea i?aaa-
ie th?eaee/aneiai eeoea. Iaaeoicyenoaaiiia i?aaei?eyoea aeaenoaoao
ia iniiaaiee ieaiia, ooaa?aeaeaiiuo aeey iaai nia?aieai oiieii-
ii/aiiuo i?aaenoaaeoaeae oicyenoa-o/anoieeia. Acaeiiaeaenoaea
n oicyenoaaie-o/anoieeaie ii i?iecaiaenoao aeey ieo i?iaeoeoeee,
au?aueaaieth e ioei?io neioa, ia?a?aaioea naeueoici?iaeoeoeee e
ae?oaei ?aaioai e oneoaai inouanoaeyaony ia iniiaaiee aeiaiai?ia.

Oicyenoaa-o/anoieee nio?aiytho i?aai nianoaaiiinoe (eee iia-
?aoeaiiai oi?aaeaiey) ia ia?aaeaiiia iaaeoicyenoaaiiiio i?aae-
i?eyoeth eiouanoai, eioi?ui iii aeaaeaao, iieuecoaony e ?anii?y-
aeaaony ia ia/aeao iia?aoeaiiai oi?aaeaiey. Iie aea e iieo/atho
i?aai ia i?eaueue io aeayoaeueiinoe iaaeoiyyenoaaiiiai i?aaei?eyoey.

(**135) , Iieeoecaeao, 1976, no?. 52, 146. 199.
(**136) NI NNN? 1977 a. ? 13, no. 80.

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Вердников В.Г., Мартемьянов В.С., Плеханов А.И. 1978 – Предмет и система курса хозяйственного права. Правовое положение хозяйственных организаций (кни