Iiiia A.A. 2000 – Iaaeaeoia?iaeiia /anoiia i?aai
I?AAeENEIAEA EI AOI?IIO ECAeAIETH
Iaaeaeoia?iaeiia /anoiia i?aai iiaeii iacaaoue naiie ?aoeaio’ aaiiie io?aneueth i?aaa, oioy au iioiio /oi neeoeii iiiaia caeanue ia o?aaoee?iaaii aiiaua e eiaao a yoii ioiioaiee iayniua ia?niaeoeau, a iiiaia ec oiai, /oi o?aaoee?iaaii, ii/aio-oi ia i?eaiaeeo e iaeeaeaaiiio ?acoeueoaoo. Ii anee aiai?eoue na?ueacii, oi neaaeoao i?eciaoue, /oi niaoeeoeea ?aaoee?oaiuo I*I ioiioaiee e n iaoiaeu ?aaoee?iaaiey i?eaaee e nicaeaieth iaeiiai ec naiuo aei: iue!O iaoaieciia i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey.
Aeey iaeieo yoa iniaaiiinoue I*I naia ii naaa yaeyaony aeiaoaoi iueo niaeaciii iio?oaeeoueny iaae oaoiieiaeyie i?aaiaie ioeaiee oaeoia e i?aaiioiioaiee, auoiaeyueo ca ?aiee noa?u aeaenoae, oieueei ioa/anoaaiiiai eee oieueei eiino?aiiiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoa-
Ae?oaei o?aaoaony aieaa i?aaeiaoiay iioeaaoeey, a ninoiyiea oaiaeaioeee nioeeaeueiie e yeiiiie/aneie aeecie iauanoaa aeatho yoiiO ana ?anoe?ythueeny ia?a/aiue iniiaaiee. N?aaee ieo e iio?aaiinoe yooaeoeaiiai i?aaiaiai iaania/aiey aiaoiayeiiiie/anei aeayoaeueiinoe, iaaiciiaeiiai aac eaaeeoeoee?iaaiiiai i?eiaiaiey eino?oiaioa?ey I*I.
A yoii niunea aeiaaeecaoeey ie?iauo yeiiiie/aneeo i?ioeannia i?aa?auaao I*I a i?aaiaie ycue iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai yeiiiie/ai eiai iauaiey. Yoe aea iniiaaiey canoaaeytho aieeaoue a iaiaaiiino i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo ia?aaicie a?ocia e ian naaee?ia. Aeinoaoi/ii aniiiieoue, neieueei i?iaeai aicieeei o oe?aeineeo noaeiaeaaeaeueoeaa aneaaenoaea ieaeeenoe/aneiai ioiioaie e iaaeaeoia?iaeiiio /anoiiio ii?neiio i?aao.
Aeooaeecaoeey I*I, e niaeaeaieth, i?ienoiaeeo e ia oiia iaino?ythueony nioeeaeueiuo i?iaeai a Oe?aeia. E iei iaeuecy ia ioianoe iici?iua aeey ainoaea?noaa ianooaau o?oaeiaie yiea?aoeee ec Oe?aeiu, ii i?aeiouanoao iaeaaaeueiie, ni anai eiiieaenii i?a iiauo aii?inia caueou o?oaeiauo i?aa, aeeth/ay io?aio o?oaea e nioeeaeueiia iaania/aiea. A yoii aea ?yaeo noieo ianniaia e ii/oe ia ieaeaeueiia no?aieaiea oe?aeineeo aeaiuei e a?aeo n eiino?aioeaie, n aiaeiae/iui eiiieaenii i?aaiauo aii?inia, i?aaiaia noaoona noi?oaia a ae?oaii ainoaea?noaa, eo i?aa a ioiioaiee eiouanoaa e aeaoae e o.i.
A eiioea eiioeia oaeei iioeaii iiaeao aunooiaoue e iaiaoi-; aeeiinoue naeaoue yecaiai ii iaaeaeoia?iaeiiio /anoiiio i?aao.
A Oe?aeia ino?i ia oaaoaao eiiieaeniuo ?aaio ii iaaeaeoia?iae-1 iiio /anoiiio i?aao, aeathueo i?aaenoaaeaiea ia ioa/anoaaiiie aai aeieo?eia. Iiyoiio iniai neaaeoao i?eaaonoaiaaoue ?aaioo A.A. Iiiiaa, eioi?ue a eaeiie/iie oi?ia, aeia?iniaanoii e eaaeeoeoee?iaaiii eceiaeee aaceniue iauai ciaiee a yoie /?acau/aeii neiaeiie noa?a i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey.
Ae.A. Caaeuoaeii
eaiae.th?eae.iaoe,
aeioeaio Iaoeeiiaeueiie th?eaee/aneie aeaaeaiee Oe?aeiu ei. ss?ineaaa Ioae?ith
Oaia 1
IIIssOEA, I?AAeIAO E NENOAIA IAAEAeOIA?IAeIIAI *ANOIIAI I?AAA
IEAI: 1. Iiiyoea iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai /anoiiai i?aaa.
2. Niaea?aeaiea iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai /anoiiai i?aaa.
3. Iaoiaeu e caaea/e iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai /anoiiai i?aaa.
4. Nenoaia iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai /anoiiai i?aaa.
1. Iiiyoea eaaeaeoii?iaeiiai /anoiiai i?aaa
Aioo?eainoaea?noaaiiia i?aai, aoaeo/e niaieoiiinoueth th?eaee/aneeo ii?i, aeaenoaothueo ia iaeiie oa??eoi?ee, ioaaouaaao aeaa oeia ioiioaiee:
1) ioiioaiey iaaeaeo eeoeaie;
2) ioiioaiey iaaeaeo eeoeaie e iauanoaii, th?eaee/anee i?aaenoaaeaiiui ainoaea?noaii.
Ia?aue oei ioiioaiee a cia/eoaeueiie noaiaie ?aaoee?oaony /anoiui i?aaii. Iii aeeth/aao a naay aaaeiua e ae?aaiea io?anee — a?aaeaeaineia e oi?aiaia i?aai, a iicaeiaa — naiaeiia e o?oaeiaia i?aai. Aoi?ie oei ioiioaiee — iaaeaeo eiaeeaeaeaie e ainoaea?noaii — ?aaoee?oaony ioaee/iui i?aaii n oaeeie io?aneyie, eae eiinoeoooeeiiiia, aaeieieno?aoeaiia, iaeiaiaia e oaieiaiia i?aai*.
Iiieii aioo?eainoaea?noaaiiiai, nouanoaoao iaaeaeoia?iaeiue i?aaiii?yaeie. Ii?iu iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai i?aaiii?yaeea, aae?aniaaiiua /anoiui eeoeai, oece/aneei eee th?eaee/aneei,
* Oe?aeineee o/aiue *.Aceiia ioia/aao, /oi ioaee/iia i?aai ia aeiioneaao iaee/ey eiie eieoeeaoeau, e?iia naiae, a /anoiia i?aai enoiaeeo ec oiai, /oi i?aaiioiioaiey ia?aciauaathony ii aeaeaieth o/anoieeia. (Ni.: Aceiia *. Iiiyoea e niaea?aeaiea /anoiiai i?aaa // Caeii e aecian.— 1996.— 4 aeae.)
Iaaeaeoia?iaeiia /anoii* i?a|
iauaaeeiaiu iiae iacaaieai iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai /anoiiai i? (aeaeaa I*I).
i «~ • »- – ,
aa ?aniaaeaaony ia aeaa /anoe: ioaee/iia e /anoiia. Ioaee/iia i?aai anoue oi, eioi?ia ioiineony e iieiaeaieth ?eineiai
ia ioiin
eOi*U ————————— 1 ii. i?aai «oue«,^?^^-^^e110EueaaiOaeaeueiuo Nouanoaotho ?acee/iua i?aaenoaaeaiey i i?e?iaea I/| ainoaea?noaa oiaAe^eae^a^^^ a iauanoaaiiii ioiioaiee
_______ _ __„ ,.„„ „..i/e,-, ooiy-ai-aua IIIIAE _MTTi NOUaNOAoa! in
aaea?noaa, oiaaea eae /anoiia eoie/,»*..— — __
eyoe; nouanoaoao ia/oi iieaciia a iauanoaaiiii ioiioaiee e a /anoiii ioiioaiee».
Nia/aea ?eineia i?aai ia ciaei eieeeceiiiuo aii?inia, eiathueo aaaeiia cia/aiea a nia?aiaiiii I*I, n„ – —… o 1Oe(- e_.~1Y o DJ 1 ?e^i^aeaee -iiu*^ *»a~^~-________
Iaeii ec ieo caeeth/aaony a oii, /oi eiaiii i?aaiaua ii?!
ainoaea?noa ninoaaeytho ii?iu I*I. Nouanoaotho noaeaaia
i?aeoeea e ii?iu oe?aeineiai, o?aioeocneiai, aia?eeaiie^
ai I*I, eioi?ua cia/eoaeueii ioee/athony ae?oa io ae?oaa. Ae?^ ^„_
aia i?aaenoaaeaiea iauyniyao i?e?iaeo I*I, aeeth/ay ao noauaeoii i?aaa i?eciaaaeny oieu.e _-*———– .
a iaaeaeoia?iaeiia i?aai a oe?ieii niunea neiaa. I tcivis romanus); eiino?aiaoe n/eoaeny a?aaii (hostis), no
A aeieo?eia ano?a/athony ?acee/iua iiaeoiaeu e e niaea?aea yuii aia io?aiu caeiia. Ii iia auoue caoaa/ai a ieai e i?aieth oa?ieia «I*I». Iaeie aaoi?u naiaeyo aai oieueei e eiE A?auai a ?aaa. Eneeth/aiea ninoaaeyee oieueei eaoeiyia eeceiiiui ii?iai, ae?oaea aeiaaaeytho oieoeoee?iaaiiua o -f—— ~–.aii.ea aoiaeeee a eaoeineee nithc, ca oa?eaeuiua ii?iu iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo aeiaiai?ia, o?aouee oaeaea e iaoa?eaeueiua ii?iu aioo?aiiaai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoa niaoeeaeueii i?aaeiacia/aiiua aeey ?aaoee?iaaiey a?aaeaeai ei-i?aaiauo ioiioaiee n eiino?aiiui yeaiaioii (ii?i i?yiiai eee iaiin?aaenoaaiiiai aeaenoaey). Iaeioi?ua o/aiu
* *”a’*’ae~a —— ____ _———— •«»_.« oa_,-/ TTtr/^rVk O*O.ss*E OOss WCK.OT1
i?yiiai eee iaiin?aaenoaaiiiai aeaenoaey). Iaeioi?ua o/aiue aee iacuaaoueny «ia?aa?ei*»””- ‘ EAEIinoiiai eeoea ioiinyo e I*I e aii?inu iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai a?aaeaeaineiaa ie iiae/eiyeenue TH?E^Ae^Oe™ iaoa?eaeueiiai a?aaeaeainei
• __„,—— o.0 OOOOIU. ENIIIE IIEa1-1UeE- 1Y1C»* 1-
a?auai a ?aaa. Eneeth/aiea ee^*——…_
aeeoaee oao iauei, eioi?ua aoiaeeee a eaoeineee nithc; ca
ieie i?eciaaaeanue eiouanoaaiiay i?aainiiniaiinoue (jus
corporate).
?acaeoea oi?aiauo ioiioaiee n ae?oaeie ia?iaeaie eciaieei neooaoeeth. A ?anioaeeeaineii ?eia /oaeano?aioeu noa-
iacuaaoueny «Ia?aa?eiaie». I?aaiioiioaiey n ia?aa?eia-— -“””””MVTiiTH iniaiai aeieaeiinoiiai eeoea e
i?ioeanna.
A iacaaiee iaoee I*I anaaaea inia?eaaeinue iaeii ec ii ?aaeaeythueo neia: «/anoiia». Iiyoiio iaiaoiaeeii oynieo’ naycue I*I n aioo?aiiei ioaee/iui i?aaii.
j. „ «oo ,-.»,- ,- i ^A AI O-EAI.- J”13 *””—-‘ —
O?aioeocneee o/aiue Ieaoaea aac eieaaaiee ioiineo e ia| ?eeo a?aaeaeai, e jus gentium, eanoe eieeeceiiiiai i?aaa (a neaaeiaaoaeueii, e iaeanoe I*I” v _.- ___.__„„„ ONiiyea. ?aaoee?iaaiea iaeioi?uo aaeieieno?aoeaiuo e iaeiaiauc i?iaeai. Oaeea no?aiu, eae NOA e O?A, oaeaea i?eaea?aeeaa thony ?anoe?eoaeueiie eiioeaioeee. Aeaenoaeoaeueii, nouanoaoa-ii?aaeaeaiiay naycue yoeo i?iaeai n I*I, iaeiaei iia eiaao aei noaoi/ii neiaeiue oa?aeoa?.
Eiino?oeoeaii iiaiea ?inneeneiai o/aiiai A.I. Caaeiaa i oii, a /anoiinoe, /oi aeey I*I eiaao cia/aiea ioaee/iie i?aaiaia ia/aei, niaea?aeauaany a i?eiaiaiee oaeeo einoeoo-) oia, eae eiia?aoeaiua ii?iu no?aiu noaea e o?aoueae no?aiu,! ia?aie/eaathuea aeaenoaea eieeeceiiiuo ii?i1.
Enoiee aeaeaiey i?aaa ia ioaee/iia e /anoiia neaaeoao eneaoue a ?eineii i?aaa.
?eineia i?aai
IE IIAe*EIssEENUe TH?ENAeEEOeEE uuuw-^-. „,–.-.
?aaoee?iaaeenue iniaie iaeanoueth iaoa?eaeueiiai a?aaeaeaineiai
i?aaa (jus gentium).
Oae ia?aciaaeenue aeaa iaeanoe iaoa?eaeueiiai a?aaeaeainei-i?aaa: jus civile, eioi?ia inoaaaeinue aeinooiiui oieueei aeey ineeo a?aaeaeai, e jus gentium.
A 212 aiaeo eiia?aoi? Ea?aeaeea iauyaee anao naiaiaeiuo ethaeae ?eineie eiia?ee ?eineeie a?aaeaeaiaie. Aaeeiia aeey anao jus gentium noaei ?ani?ino?aiyoueny aeaaea ia aa?aa?ia (neaayi, aa?iaioeaa e ae?oaeo).
Aeaeaiea i?aaa ia ioaee/iia e /anoiia auei aini?eiyoi iinea ?aniaaea ?eineie eiia?ee ae?oaeie ia?iaeaie e nio?aiaii aei iaoeo aeiae, ianiio?y ia oi, /oi iaiyeenue oi?iu nianoaaiiinoe, niinia i?iecaiaenoaa e oeiu ainoaea?noa.
Nenoaia ieaiaiiuo i?aa ia Caiaaea (n VI aaea)
Eiaaea Caiaaeiay ?eineay eiia?ey iaea iiae iaoeneii iauaaeeiaiiuo aa?iaineeo ieaiai, noa?a aeaenoaey ?eineiai i?aaa noceeanue: iii nio?aiyei neeo a ioiioaiee ?eieyi, aa?iaioeu aea i?iaeieaeaee aeeoue ia iniiaa naieo ieaiaiiuo i?aa. — „ „„„^ eio,iiy AINIiaenoaiaaei ia?niiaeueiia
ineia i?aai • oeu aea i?iaeieaeaee aeeoue ia INa^ia;iiaeioaiaaei ia?niiaeueiia A Aeeaanoao THnoeieaia iu /eoaai ?annoaeaeaiey Oeueiea-| Acaiai oa??eoi?eaeueiiai ia/a^ i?eoiaeeeinue noa-^ oo. _ .___ _ ___„_„„„ „..«,»Q- ^oe-oae?ie^ nna-l ______ i „,a,oieiii ?acae?aoaeuenoaa ioae*> v .__._„,,,,„._
ia, aeeaoaai a III aaea, i i?aainoaeee e i?aaa: -«Eco/aiea i?a-
1 Caaeia A.I. Iaaeaeoia?iaeiia /anoiia i?aai: Eo?n eaeoeee.— I.: Ecaeaoaeueneay a?oiia II?IA-EIO?A, 1999.— N. 30.
Acaiai oa??eoi?eaeueiiai ia
ia/aei. A noaeaaiii ?acae?aoaeuenoaa noaeuea i?eoiaeeeinue noaaeoue aii?in eaaeaeie ec noi?ii: qua lege vivis ? (ii eaeiio caeiio aeeaaoue?)
Iaaeaeoia?iaeiia /anoiia i?a|
Iiiyoea, i?aaeiao e nenoaia I*I
?aiiea ca/aoee iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai /anoiiai i?aan\ a Eeaaneie ?one
Ni a?aiai Eeaaneie ?one ecaanoiu o?e aeiaiai?a n aeca] oeeneeie eiia?aoi?aie: eiycy Ieaaa (911a.), eiycy Eain (944 a.) e eiycy Nayoineaaa (971 a.). Oi?aiaey, eioi?oth aae eoioeu e eiycuey Ae?aaiae ?one ii ecaanoiiio iooe «ec aa?; a a?aee», iio?aaiaaea caeeth/aiey iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo aeiaiai?a i?aaeoniao?eaathueo aii?inu eieeecee ?onneiai e a?a/an ai i?aaa.
Aeiaiai?u 911 e 944 aiaeia auee ninoaaeaiu ia a?a/anei ycuea, a caoai ia?aaaaeaiu ia ?onneee. I?e ninoaaeaiee e niaethaeaeanue ii?aaeaeaiiay oi?ia: eaaeaeue aeiaiai? eia anooieaiea, aeaaioth /anoue e caeeth/aiea. Ii niaea?aeaieth e iiaeii ?acaeaeeoue ia /anoe, eanathueany iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai io ee/iiai i?aaa (aii?inu i?aaiaiai iieiaeaiey ?one e Aeca] oee, iiiiue i?e ei?aaeae?ooaieyo, aueoia ieaiiuo, auae /e i?anooiieeia, neoaeau ?onneeo o a?aeia), oae iacuaaaii: iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai /anoiiai i?aaa (caueoa ianeaaeiaaiey e ? aiaeaaeaiea) e aii?inia oaieiaiiai i?aaa.
A aeiaiai?a eiycy Ieaaa 911 aiaea, a /anoiinoe, aiai?eony «Anee eoi oi?ao (ec ?onnia a A?aoeee), ia o?yaeeaoe naiai eiaiey e ia eiaao naieo (o.a. ienoiaeyueo i?e naaa a A?aoeee) oi eiouanoai aica?auaaony aai iaeui aeeaeiei (o.a. ?iae noaaiieeai) a ?onue». Yoi oneiaea ii naiaio oa?aeoa?o yaey aony ae?aaiaeoae ii?iie I*I.
Eoaeueyineay oai?ey noaoooia XIII—XV aaeia Aeieo?eiu iinoaeinnaoi?ia
N X aaea ia/eiaaony ?ino yeiiiie/aneiai, a caoai e eoeue oo?iiai cia/aiey ai?iaeia Naaa?iie e N?aaeiae Eoaeee. i
Eaaeaeue ec yoeo ai?iaeia eiae naie eiaeeoeeaoeee iano-] iuo iau/aaa, eioi?ua iieo/aee iaeiaiiaaiea noaoooia. Ia? aiia/aeueii n/eoaeinue, /oi noae eaaeaeiai ai?iaea aeieaeai i?e-| iaiyoue naia nianoaaiiia i?aai. Iaeiaei ni a?aiaiai noaei i/aaeaeiui, /oi oaeia i?aai ia iiaeoiaeeo e a?aaeaeaiai ae?o aeo ai?iaeia.
Ia?yaeo ni noaoooaie ioaeaeueiuo ai?iaeneeo iauei, eioi ?ua ii naiaio niaea?aeaieth nouanoaaiii ?anoiaeeeenue, i?i aeieaeaei aeaenoaiaaoue ?eineia i?aai, eioi?ia n/eoaeinue ia-i uei i?aaii aeey anao ai?iaeia (Aaioe, Oineaiu, Eiiaa?aeee] e ae?.).
?acieoea iaaeaeo i?iaeieaeaaoei iieueciaaoueny aieueoei aaoi?eoaoii ?eineei i?aaii e noaoooaie, a oaeaea iaaeaeo noaoooaie ?acee/iuo aaoiiiiiuo ai?iaeia ainoaea?noa ii?iaeaeaea eieeecee.
TH?enou oiai a?aiaie iuoaeenue ?aoaoue eieeeceiiiua aii?inu iooai oieeiaaiey enoi/ieeia ?eineiai i?aaa. Oae aicieeee oai?ee aeinnaoi?ia (XIII a.), aeaeaaoeo ia iieyo Eiaeaena THnoeieaia aeinnu, o.a. iiiaoee. A ia?aie oaeie aeinna Aeeo?ney auei neacaii, /oi, «anee i?ioea aeeoaey Aieiiuee a/eiyaony ene a Iiaeaia, ii ia aeieaeai noaeeoueny ii noaoooai Iiaeaiu, eioi?ui ii ia iiae/eiai…». Yoa ciaiaieoay aeinna e iieiaeeea ia/aei oai?ee noaoooia.
I?eaeeceoaeueii a ia/aea XIII aaea ia/eiaao i?iaiaeeoueny ?acee/ea (iaeii ec iaeaieaa nouanoaaiiuo a I*I) iaaeaeo iaoa?eaeueiui i?aaii e i?aaii i?ioeannoaeueiui.
Aeinnaoi?ia niaieee iinoaeinnaoi?u, eee eiiiaioaoi?u (XIV a.) — Aa?oie (1314-1357) e aai o/aiee Aaeueae (1327-1400), eioi?ua n/eoathony ?iaeiia/aeueieeaie aeieo?eiu I*I. Iinoaeinnaoi?u oaea ia ia?aie/eaaeenue aeinnaie, a ninoaaeyee aieaa eee iaiaa iaoe?iua eiiiaioa?ee e oaenoai ?eineiai i?aaa. Niaeanii auaeaeiooie eie «oai?ee noaoooia», ana noaooou (o.a. caeiiu) aeieaeiu auoue eeanneoeoee?iaaiu ii aeaeai, a caoai aeey eaaeaeiai aeaea aeieaeai auoue onoaiiaeai eieeeceiiiue i?eioeei.
O?aioeocneay aeieo?eia XVIII a. Eiaeaen Iaiieaiia
A XVIII aaea i?ei?eoao a aii?inao eieeeceiiiiai i?aaa aiiaue ia?aoae e o?aioeocneei th?enoai, iaeaieaa aeaeiui ec ieo n/eoaeny Aoea. Iaeiaei caeii ianoiaeeoaeuenoaa eeoea, auaeaeiooue Aoea a ea/anoaa enoiaeiiai eieeeceiiiiai i?eioeeia, aue ioiaiai O?aioeocneie ao?aeoaciie ?aaiethoeeae XVIII aaea. A aac. 3, no. 3 A?aaeaeaineiai eiaeaena Iaiieaiia neacaii: «Caeiiu, eanathueany a?aaeaeaineiai ninoiyiey e niiniaiinoe (i?aai- e aeaaniiniaiinoe) eeoe, ?ani?ino?aiythony ia o?aioeocia, aeaaea i?iaeeaathueo a eiino?aiiuo ainoaea?noaao».
Aiaei-aia?eeaineay oa??eoi?eaeueiay aeieo?eia (O1O-OOaa.)
Eeoue a ia?aie iieiaeia XIX aaea nia/aea a NOA, a caoai a Aiaeee neiaeeeanue ia?aay ii a?aiaie aicieeiiaaiey /enoi ao?aeoaciay eieeeceiiiay aeieo?eia I*I.
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Iaaeaeoia?iaeiia /anoiia i?i
Iiiyoea, i?aaeiao e nenoaia I*I
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Yoi iauyniyaony ?aiieie oeaio?aeecaoeeae eaeaeiiai aii ?aoa e iauaaeeiaieai iaoa?eaeueiiai a?aaeaeaineiai i?aaa a ? coeueoaoa caaiaaaiey Aiaeee Ii?iaiaie e ia?aciaaiey oa neeueiie ei?ieaaneie aeanoe oaea a XI aaea.
A oaeeo oneiaeyo ianoiua iau/ae a?aonoa auee iinoaia; ii naaaeaiu e aaeeiiio iau/iiio i?aao Aiaeee, e oae iacua aiiio «Iauaio i?aao» (common law). Iiyoiio a oi a?ai nouanoaaiiie iaiaoiaeeiinoe a eieeeceiiiuo ii?iao auei. A oao ?aaeeeo neo/ayo, eiaaea oaeea eieeecee aiciee; ee, noaeu eeai iauyaeyee naay iaeiiiaoaioiuie a ?ac?ao’ iee nii?ia, eeai i?inoi i?eiaiyee aiaeeeneia i?aai. Nai eieeeceiiioth aeieo?eio Aiaeey a ia?aie iieiaeia XIX aa] caeinoaiaaea ec NOA, aaea ia?iiiia ?ani?ino?aiaiea iieo/ ee eaeae Aeae. Noi?e.
Eiaiii aio, /eaio Aa?oiaiiai Noaea NOA e i?ioanni? Aa?aa?aeneie oeieu i?aaa Aeaeicaoo Noi?e (1779—1845), i?e. iaaeeaaeeo naii au?aaeaiea -«iaaeaeoia?iaeiia /anoiia i?aai»! aia?aua oiiiyiooia a aai ?aaioa «Eiiiaioa?ee e eiioe oo caeiiia», auoaaeoae a 1834 a.
(O?aieoo?oneee aaeaieao Oaooia? nicaeae ii yoiio ia?ac oeo iaiaoeeia au?aaeaiea e eniieueciaae aai a ea/anoaa caaea aey aeey naiae auoaaeoae a 1841 aiaeo eieae. Yoio oa?iei ca oai iaioae anth Aa?iio: ai O?aioeee ia?aui i I*I aiai ?eo Oaeeen a 1844 aiaeo (droit international prive); aeaea^ iineaaeiaaee eoaeueyioeu n eo diritto internazionale private A Aiaeee, i?aaaea, eae e a Niaaeeiaiiuo Ooaoao, aua e oaia?^ aiai?yo i laws of the conflict of laws, iaeiaei oiio?aaeyaoa^ e au?aaeaiea «private international law»), ! Noi?e ia iaoae aacu aeey naieo aeieo?ei a «iauai i?aaae Aiaeee, oae eae oai eo e ia auei.
Iinayoea naay eco/aieth i?aoeaaeaioia e ioeacaaoenue oi i?aaeoaaaeaeaiee inaaaeiiao/iuo aeneii, ii aeieacae aa?iiaeneei th?enoai i?aainoiaenoai naiaai iaoiaea eioa?i?aoaoeey e ?acuyniaiey caeiia i?e aai i?eiaiaiee. Aa?iiaeneea o/a iua oiai a?aiaie ia i?eaueee iinooiaoue oaeei ia?acii. ?aaiou ii aii?inai eieeeceiiiiai i?aaa eee iinayuaiiua ae?oaei naycaiiui n iei i?aaiaui oaiai eciaeeiaaee nnueeaie ia aeieo?eiu, eioi?ua aaoi? eeai e?eoeeiaae, eeai iaeia?ye, ii nnueee ia noaeaaiua ?aoaiey ano?a/aeenue ?aaeei] Noi?e ia iino?iee naith eieao anaoeaei ia aiaeeeneeo e aia?eeaineeo ?aoaieyo; ii caeinoaiaae iaeioi?ua th?e-aeeei-oaoie/aneea i?eaiu e iiiyoey o aieeaiaeneeo th?enoia XVII aaea — I. Aoaa?a e E. Aooa. Eo aeieo?eiu, aicieeoea
a oneiaeyo, eiaaea Aieeaiaeey aeinoeaea aunoae oi/ee naiaai oi?aiaiai iiaouanoaa, ieacaeenue iaeaieaa iiaeoiaeyueie aeey eniieueciaaiey aia?eeaineeie noaeaie a eioa?anao aia?eeai-ceie ao?aeoacee.
O/aiea Noi?e auei onaiaii aia?eeaineie, a caoai aiaeee-ceie noaeaaiie i?aeoeeie. Iii aei neo ii? neoaeeo iniiaiui enoi/ieeii aeey ?ac?aoaiey eieeeceiiiuo aii?inia a Aiaeee e NOA, iiaeaa?aoenue, ?acoiaaony, nouanoaaiiie ia?a?a-thoea (iiaeii oiiiyiooue a yoie nayce aiaee/aieia A. Aeaene, .ia?eeaioea Ae. Aeey e ae?.).
Aa?iaiey. Aeaeueiaeoaa ?acaeoea aeieo?eiu I*I naycaii ,aeanue n eiaiai O.-E. Naaeiuee, n aai oai?eae «ianoiiaoiaeaea-ey i?aaiioiioaiee» e i?eioeeiii aaoiiiiee aiee.
Eoaeey. Caeanue neaaeoao i?aaeaea anaai oiiiyiooue i «iaoeei-:aeuiie» oai?ee I. Iai/eie, a niioaaonoaee n eioi?ie «?a-oiiui aacenii» aeey iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai ioaee/iiai i?aaa .aeyaony ia ainoaea?noai, a iaoeey e i?eiaaeeaaeiinoue e iae [(nationalita — a?aaeaeainoai). Yoa aeieo?eia iineoaeeea aacenii aeey nicaeaiey oae iacuaaaiie eoaeueyineie oai?ee I*I, i?aaeoniao?eaathuae nouanoaiaaiea a eaaeaeie i?aaiaie nenoaia aeaoo aeaeia ii?i: ii?i, onoaiiaeaiiuo a eioa?anao /anoiuo eeoe, e ii?i, caueuathueo ioaee/iue ii?yaeie.
?inney. Eieeeceiiiua aii?inu a ?innee i?eia?aee i?aeoe/aneia cia/aiea n na?aaeeiu XIX aaea, eiaaea noaea ?acaeaaoueny ?onneay yenii?oii-eiii?oiay oi?aiaey. Ia?aui iinayoee ianeieueei no?aieoe «aeaenoaeth caeiia ioiineoaeueii ianoa» Ae.E. Iaea? (Eacaineee oieaa?neoao) a naieo «*oaieyo i ?onneii a?aaeaeaineii i?aaa» (1858-1859 aa.) Caneoaa aea ia?aiai eceiaeaiey eieeeceiiiiai i?aaa a oeaeii eae naiinoiyoaeueiie io?anee i?aaa i?eiaaeeaaeeo I.I. Eaaiiao. Aai ?aaioa «Iniiau /anoiie iaaeaeoia?iaeiie th?enaeeeoeee» (Eacaiue, 1865 a.) ioee/aeanue caia/aoaeueiie yniinoueth e oi/iinoueth eceiaeaiey.
Neaaeothuee yoai ?acaeoey ?onneie iaoee I*I naycai n o?oaeaie E. Iaeuoaaa. Ii naiinoiyoaeueii eco/ee ana, /oi auei naeaeaii aei iaai a iaeanoe eieeeceiiiiai i?aaa, a oaeaea Naiae caeiiia ?inneeneie eiia?ee, Eiaeaen Iaiieaiia (nio?aieaoee naia aeaenoaea a Oea?noaa Iieueneii, aoiaeeaoai oiaaea a ninoaa ?inneeneie eiia?ee), caeiiu a I?eaaeoeea e nicaeae naia o/aiea.
Iinea 1917 aiaea ia?iiioth iaaaoeaioth ?ieue a ?acaeoee e i?aeoe/aneii i?eiaiaiee aeaeaiey i?aaa ia ioaee/iia e /anoiia, a neaaeiaaoaeueii, e a ?acaeoee e i?aeoe/aneii
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Iaaeaeoia?iaeii*
aenoaii I*I
13
iaea AU? ceeanue e a eneonnoaaiii nicaeaaaaiie «yenoa??eo*^ neaeueii oe» — ia?ani?ino?aiaiee aeaenoaey ianoiiai caei^ aeaoaeuen! aa ia eiouanoaaiiua e eiua ioiioaiey niaaone!^ ca ?oaaaeii.
A eoiaa Niaaoneee Nithc e ioaeaeueiua niaaoneea^ ee ninoaaeee i/aiue iaei ii?i I*I. Ioiinyony i:^ a inii iii e ii?aaeaeaiiui niaoeeoe/aneei iaeanoyi: eo ii?nei i?aao, /aeai, i?aainiiniaiinoe eiino?aiiuo th?^«aee/anee eeoe e aua e aeaoi-o?ai aii?inai. (I ia?acaeoinoe a ss?ioei niioaaonoaothueo ioiioaiee naeaeaoaeuenoaoao e o ian aei neo ii? ioaeaeueiiai caeiiiaeaoaeueiiai I*I) *.
* Ia neo/aeii auaeathueeny oe?aeineee o/aiue A.I.
/anoue naieo o?oaeia iinayoee enneaaeiaaieyi a iaeanoe I*I H iniiaa aapi aaaeiiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa. (Ei?aaeeee A.I. Eca?aiiua o?oaeu a ae^a e ei „1 E., Iaoe, aeoiea, 1989.) “W *aeaa*’|
ieueoe
iniiaa
Ai?acaei aieueoa a iaoai i?aaa niaea?aeaeinue, aea e nae/an .ua niaea?aeeony, ioaee/ii-i?aaiauo ii?i.
Aio ii/aio a ecaanoiii niunea oi/ea c?aiey, niaeanii ei-i?ie a I*I nouanoaotho eae /anoii-i?aaiaua, oae e ioaee/-:i-i?aaiaua ii?iu, eiaao i?aai ia aeeciue.
N o/aoii neacaiiiai iiaeii ooaa?aeaeaoue, /oi i?aaeiaoii 1aaoee?iaaiey a I*I a oceii niunea neiaa yaeythony ioii-1aiey a?aaeaeainei-i?aaiaiai oa?aeoa?a (iaeei ec aeaeia /anouo ioiioaiee), aicieeathuea a iaaeaeoia?iaeiie aeecie.
Iineieueeo iaeiei ec ?aaoeyoi?ia iaaeaeoia?iaeiie aeecie :aeyaony oaeaea iaaeaeoia?iaeiia ioaee/iia i?aai (aeaeaa [II), iaiaoiaeeii auynieoue, iao ee nayce iaaeaeo III I*I. Ia/iai n ioee/ee.
1. ?aaeaiaioe?oaiua III ioiioaiey iinyo ia a?aaeaeainei-i?aaiaie, a iaaeaeoaeanoiue oa?aeoa?. *oi eanaaony I*I, oi ei ?aaoee?oaony (a oceii niunea neiaa) iniaay a?oiia a?aaeaeainei-i?aaiauo ioiioaiee, eioi?ua eiatho iaaeaeoia?iaeiue oa?aeoa?.
2. Iniiaiie noauaeo III — ainoaea?noai. A I*I aea iniiaiui noauaeoii yaeyaony ia ainoaea?noai, oioy iii e iiaeao aunooiaoue a yoii ea/anoaa, a ioaeaeueiua eeoea — oece/aneea e th?eaee/aneea.
I?eaaaeai i?eia?, eanathueeny oece/aneeo eeoe. Eiino?aiiue a?aaeaeaiei — nooaeaio, iao/athueeny a Oe?aeia, anooiaao a a?ae n oe?aeineie a?aaeaeaieie. Anooieaiea a yoio a?ae ?aaoee?oaony iaaeaeoia?iaeiui /anoiui
i?aaii.
3. A III ?ieue iniiaiiai enoi/ieea i?aaa ea?aao iaaeaeoia?iaeiue (iaaeainoaea?noaaiiue eee iaaei?aaeoaeuenoaaiiue) aeiaiai?. A I*I iaaeaeoia?iaeiua aeiaiai?u oaeaea eiatho aieueoia cia/aiea, ii eeoue a /anoe ?aaoee?iaaiey a?aaeaeainei-i?aaiauo ioiioaiee.
E?iia ii?i aeiaiai?iiai i?ienoiaeaeaiey, aeey I*I nouanoaaiiia cia/aiea eiatho enoi/iee /enoi aioo?aiiaai oa?aeoa?a — caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai, a oaeaea noaeaaiay e a?aeo?aaeiay i?aeoeea.
Iniaoth iaeanoue ninoaaeytho oae iacuaaaiua aiaaino-Aea?noaaiiua enoi/ieee I*I, ioia/aiiua A.I. Ei?aoeeei. E iei iaoea e i?aeoeea I*I ioiineo oeiiaua aeiaiai?u, oi?ioey?u e o.i.
Iiieii ioee/ee, iaaeaeo III e I*I nouanoaoao e ii?aaeaeaiiay naycue. Oae, oeaeue ?yae iaueo ia/ae III eniieuecoaony
14 Iaaeaeoia?iaeiia /anoiia i?n
a I*I. Ii?aaeaeythuaa cia/aiea caeanue eiatho i?aaeaea ana) i?eioeeiu noaa?aiiiai ?aaainoaa ainoaea?noa, iaaeiiouai^ aeene?eieiaoeee. Ieaoaea iieaaaao, /oi ana ii?iu I*I, eae thuea oeaeueth ?aca?aie/eoue noa?u aeayoaeueiinoe caeiiia a u no?ainoaa, iniiauaathony ia noaa?aieoaoa ainoaea?noaa e, aeiaaoaeueii, ioiinyony e ioaee/iiio i?aao. I Acaeiinaycue ii?i III e I*I iiaeii iieacaoue ia ne| aeothuai i?eia?a.
Oe?aeia caeeth/aao iaaeainoaea?noaaiiia niaeaoai^ n eaeei-eeai ainoaea?noaii ia inouanoaeaiee e?oiiE ianooaaiiai i?iaeoa (Oe?aeia — NOA). Niaeaoaiea ca^ eth/aaony iaaeaeo ainoaea?noaaie. Iii neoaeeo aacie aeey KOI o?aeoia oe?aeineeo i?aaiecaoeee n oe?iaie niioaaonoac| thuae no?aiu (iai?eia?, eiio?aeo iaaeaeo E?aiai/oaaei! oaaa/iie oaa?eeie e aia?eeaineie eiiiaieae *Oeeei| Ii??en*).
2. Niaea?aeaiea iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai /anoiiai i?aaa
*anoii-i?aaiaua ioiioaiey — yoi ia oieueei a?aaeaeai! neea i?aaiioiioaiey. Iiyoiio a oe?ieii niunea neia^ ii?iu I*I ?aaoee?otho a?aaeaeainei-i?aaiaua, naiaeiua, o?oaeiaua, a oaeaea a?aaeaeainee-i?ioeannoaeueiua ioiioaio /anoiiai oa?aeoa?a n eiino?aiiui eee iaaeaeoia?iaeiu» yeaiaioii.
Iiaeii i?eaanoe o?e iniiaiua a?oiiu ioiioaiee, aeey eioi?uo oa?aeoa?ii iaee/ea oaeiai yeaiaioa:
1) ioiioaiey, noauaeoii eioi?uo aunooiaao noi?iia, ia naiaio oa?aeoa?o yaeythuayny eiino?aiiie (aeiionoei^ iieueneay oe?ia, nicaeathuay niaianoiia i?aaei?eyoea n oe?a eineie oe?iie). Yoi iiaeao auoue oaeaea eiino?aiaoe, o.a. a?aae-j aeaiei eee iiaeaeaiiue eiino?aiiiai ainoaea?noaa eee aeaeaa] eiino?aiiia ainoaea?noai;
2) ioiioaiey, eiaaea iauaeo (iai?eia?, ianeaaenoaaiii! eiouanoai) iaoiaeeony ca a?aieoeae (aanueia aiciiaeii, a Ea iaea);
3) ioiioaiey, aicieeiiaaiea, eciaiaiea eee i?ae?auaia eioi?uo naycaiu n th?eaee/aneei oaeoii, eiaaoei ianoi c iinoiiai i?a»a
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Oai»
ENOI*IEEE IAAEAeOIA?IAeIIAI *ANOIIAI I?AAA
IEAI: 1. Iauea caia/aiey.
2. Aeaeu enoi/ieeia I*I.
3. Iaaeaeoia?iaeiua aeiaiai?u.
4. Aioo?aiiaa caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai.
5. Noaeaaiay e a?aeo?aaeiay i?aeoeea.
6. Iau/ae.
1. Iauea caia/aiey
A th?eaee/aneie iaoea, aiai?y ia enoi/ieeao i?aaa, eie a aeaeo oi?iu, a eioi?uo au?aaeaia oa eee eiay i?aaiaay ii?:
Iniiaiay iniaaiiinoue enoi/ieeia I*I caeeth/aaony a aeaienoaaiiii oa?aeoa?a. N iaeiie noi?iiu, enoi/iee I*I yaeythony iaaeaeoia?iaeiua aeiaiai?u e iaaeaeoia?iaei iau/ae, a n ae?oaie — aioo?aiiaa caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai, noaeaa e a?aeo?aaeiay i?aeoeea, aeieo?eia. A yoie aeaienoaaiii iaoiaeyo naia i?iyaeaiea iaaeaeoia?iaeiia ?aaoee?iaai e aioo?eainoaea?noaaiiia ?aaoee?iaaiea ioiioaiee n ei ?aaiui yeaiaioii.
Iiyoiio a aeaiiie oaia ?a/ue aoaeao eaeoe ia oieueei ia e» oi/ieeao oe?aeineiai I*I — ?anniio?aieth iiaeeaaeao oa! aea ca?oaaaeiua enoi/ieee I*I. Iiaeiaiue iiaeoiae iauynie aony oaeaea iaiaoiaeeiinoueth au?aaioaoue i?eaieaiua e?eo ?ee aeey ?aoaiey i?iaeai, aicieeathueo a oe?aeinei i?aaiaie i?aeoeea n eiino?aiiui yeaiaioii.
E neacaiiiio ioaeii aeiaaaeoue, /oi ca?oaaaeiay aeieo?e* aeieaeia ?anniao?eaaoueny a ea/anoaa enoi/ieea I*I a ionueee e ca?oaaaeiiio i?aao.
L Aessue1 enoi/ieeia iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai /anoiiai
>aai
Iniiaiuo aeaeia enoi/ieeia I*I /aou?a:
1) iaaeaeoia?iaeiua aeiaiai?u;
2) aioo?aiiaa caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai;
3) noaeaaiay e a?aeo?aaeiay i?aeoeea;
4) iau/ae.
Ca ?oaaaeii enoi/ieeii I*I i?eciaaony oaeaea aeieo?eia, neiaeaiiay a ?aaioao oaeeo ecaanoiuo o/aiuo a iaeanoe I*I, nae aia?eeaioeu Aeae. Noi?e, Ae. Aeeue, aiaee/aiei A. Aeaene.
I*I — yoi oa iaeanoue i?aaa, eioi?ay a i/aiue aieueoie :oaiaie «ieoaaony» ?acoeueoaoaie aeieo?eiaeueiuo enneaaeiaa-oe e eiioeaiooaeueiuo iaoiaeie, a iioiio caeanue iao aeanoei-‘i i?ioeaiiinoaaeaiey iaoee e i?aeoeee. Iauyniyaony yoi oaeeie iauaeoeaiuie i?e/eiaie, eae iaiieiia caeiiiaeaoaeueiia ?aaoee?iaaiea, ia?iiiia ?aciiia?acea neooaoeee, eciaiaiey nioeeaeueiuo e iieeoe/aneeo ?aaeee, eioi?ua noaeuey aa anaaaea iiaeao aaeaeaaoii aini?eiyoue eee io?aceoue a nai-
t ?aoaiee.
Iaaeaeoia?iaeiua aeiaiai?u
Nouanoaotho ?acee/iua aeaeu aeiaiai?ia — enoi/ieeia /. O. Iai?eia?, io iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo aeiaiai?ia, oeaeueth eioi->uo yaeythony iauea eieeeceiiiua ii?iu, iaiaoiaeeii ioee/aoue iaaeaeoia?iaeiua aeiaiai?u, a neeo eioi?uo aaiaeeony aaeeiiia?aciia ii niaea?aeaieth i?aai. A yoii neo/aa aeiaiai?iia i?aai, caeeth/athuaa a naaa niaea?aeaoaeueiua ii?iu, eiei?ii?e?oaony ai aioo?aiiaa i?aai /a?ac ?aoeoeeaoeeth e iaia?iaeiaaiea. Aaeeiiia?aciia i?aai iiaeao auoue oaeaea aaaaeaii, eae “• aaeeiiia?aciua eieeeceiiiua ii?iu, a ea/anoaa aioo?aiia-• ‘ i?aaa ia iniiaa iaycaoaeuenoaa ainoaea?noa a iaaeaeoia?iaeiii aeiaiai?a.
Iniai neaaeoao neacaoue i oii, /oi, n oi/ee c?aiey iineaaeothuae iaycaoaeueiinoe aeey ainoaea?noaa iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai aeiaiai-?a, ia eiaao cia/aiey, eiaaea e eaeie i?eciaiiue iaaeaeo ni-Uanoaii iaoaieci eniieuecoaony ainoaea?noaii aeey au?a-aiey naiaai niaeaney auoue iaycaiiui aeaiiui aeiaiai?ii. e yoie nayce neaaeoao ia?aoeoue aieiaiea ia neaaeothuea ii-.«IO^1’ naycaiiua n eco/aieai iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo aeiaiai?ia — I*I Oe?aeiu.
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Iaaeaeoia?iaeiia /anoii» “Ae i„ieee iaAEAeOiae?°Aeiiai /anoiiai_i?a?I_
21
Iai?eia?, niaeaoaiea NNN? n Aaeeeia?eoaieae i oi?ai-oiaenoaa 1968 a. n i?ioieieii 1974 a. o iaiaoiaeeii neacaoue i aoi?iiieo aeiaiai?ia. 1ae,
1’1 a –
^eiiaaioeee ii aii?inai a?aaeaea.ineiai
Ia oa??eoi?ee Oe?aeiu yoa eiiaaioeey
Ia ?1?9a7aiaea. Caoai a iiiaio ?aniaaea NNN? aa aeae
ea A
EAn^i i?aaeeai e i?ioeaaeo?a, i?eaaaeaiiui a no. 22
1. Oe?aeia caeeth/aea iaaeaeoia?iaeiua aeiaiai?u, a /enea cao?aaeaathuea aii?inu I*I, aua aei ?aniaaea N( Oae, a no. 16 Iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai iaeoa i a?aaeaeaineeo e ii oe/aneeo i?aaao 1966 aiaea, ?aoeoeoee?iaaiiiai Oe?ae 19 ieoya?y 1973 a., aiai?eony: «Eaaeaeue /aeiaae, aaea au ii iaoiaeeeny, eiaao i?aai ia i?eciaiea aai i?aainoauaeoiino
2) Iinea ?aniaaea NNN? Oe?aeia ia?yaeo n ae?oaeie aua ie nithciuie ?anioaeeeaie de jure yaeeanue i?aaiieoeae i aeoia?iaeiuo aeiaiai?ia NNN?. A no.7 Caeiia Oe?aeiu «I i aii?aainoaa Oe?aeiu» io 12.09.91 a. aiai?eony: «Oe?a yaeyaony i?aaii?aaiieeii i?aa e iaycaiiinoae ii iaae, ia?iaeiui aeiaiai?ai Nithca NN?, eioi?ua ia i?ioeai?a Eiinoeoooeee Oe?aeiu e eioa?anai ?anioaeeee».
(Aoi?ie oacen ia neaaeoao iiieiaoue oae, aoaeoi Oe?ae aaoiiaoe/anee noaea i?aaiieoeae NNN? a naiae /anoe ni a ie auoaeathueie ionthaea iineaaenoaeyie.
Oae, a i.1 Iinoaiiaeaiey Aa?oiaiiai Niaaoa Oe?aeiu « eniieueciaaiee aaenaeae a oicyenoaaiiii iai?ioa Oe?aei: io 17 ethiy 1992 a. aiai?eeinue: «Aaanoe aaenaeueiue iai? n eniieueciaaieai i?inoiai e ia?aaiaeiiai aaenaeae a niioa noaee n AEaiaaneie eiiaaioeeae 1930 aiaea»*.
A ioiioaiee anao aeiaiai?ia, aini?eiyouo Oe?aeiie a e /anoaa i?aaiieoeu, anoaao iaeei nouanoaaiiue aii?in: n eae ai iiiaioa eo iaaeeaaeeo n/eoaoue a neea aeey Oe?aeiu?»
Iiiaea ec ?aaoee?oaiuo niioaaonoaothueie aeiaiai? ioiioaiee yaeythony aeeyueieny. Iniaaiii yoi ioiineo
e aeeiaioiui i?aaai eee iaycaiiinoyi, iiaea e iiia/ ^„ „ __ ijLAJf e ieeu/ee» oaeuenoao, a iaiaeie noaiaie — e eniieiaieth ?aoaiee. I?a?aaii?aainoaa aeaenoaiaae Aeiaiai? iaaeaeo i„aaiauo ioii-ecaieueiia aianaiea eciaiaiee a n?ie aeaenoaey oaeeo aeiaia ~ – ” “——*«.”«aui_-w.v ~~„- Oe?aeia a ia?iiiie noaiaie oaa-aeoeaiinoue ia aiaoiae a?aia, caeeth/ay iiiaeanoai aaeaeoia?iaeiuo aeiaiai?ia, a oii /enea ii aii?inai I*I. [ae, a no. 9 Eiiaaioeee i i?aaao ?aaaiea 1989 aiaea, anooiea-[ae aeey Oe?aeiu a neeo 27 naioya?y 1991a., aiai?eony: 1. Ainoaea?noaa-o/anoieee iaania/eaatho, /oiau ?aaaiie ia aceo/aeny ni naieie ?iaeeoaeyie aii?aee eo aeaeaieth, ca en-yth/aieai neo/aaa, eiaaea eiiiaoaioiua i?aaiu, niaeanii oaeaaiiio ?aoaieth, ii?aaeaeytho a niioaaonoaee n i?eiaie-eoe caeiiii e i?ioeaaeo?aie, /oi oaeia ?aceo/aiea iaiaoi-ii a iaeeo/oeo eioa?anao ?aaaiea…». Aei ioiineoaeueii iaaeaaiaai a?aiaie a Oe?aeia ia iniiaa ?aaii?aainoaa aeaenoaiaae Aeiaiai? iaaeaeo NNN? e Iieueneie Ia?iaeiie ?anioaeeeie i i?aaiaie iiiiue aaieyo ii a?aaeaeaineei, naiaeiui e oaieiaiui aeaeai 1957 a.), ?aaii eae e aeaa I?ioieiea e iaio*.
[Iaeiaei, iineieueeo Oe?aeia e ?anioaeeea Iieueoa 27 iay 993 aiaea iiaeienaee iiaue aeiaiai? ii yoiio aea aii?ino, anoo-^eaeoe a neeo 14 aaaonoa 1994 aiaea, iaaeeaaeeo i?eciaoue, /oi
1A*A70 „„,.„ ooe
(eae e aeey ae?oaeo o/anoieeia yoeo niaeaoaiee) n anooieaiey eo a neeo a naia a?aiy aua aeey auaoaai NNN?
* 25 iiya?y 1936 a. Niaaoneee Nithc i?eniaaeeieeny e o?ai AEaiaane^ eiiaaioeeyi 1930 a.:
1) i aaeeiiia?aciii caeiia i ia?aaiaeiii e i?inoii aaenaea,
2) i ?ac?aoaiee iaeioi?uo eieeecee caeiiia i ia?aaiaeiuo e i?ino] aaenaeyo,
3) i aa?aiaii nai?a a ioiioaiee ia?aaiaeiiai e i?inoiai aaenaey (ni.N.! NNN?, 1937, I, ? 18. no.no.108, 109, 110).
?eiaieoaeueii e no. 24 Aaineie eiiaaioeee 1978 aiaea o/ano iaaaoaai aeiaiai?a a ioiioaiee iaa yanoaaiii aeiaiai?eeenue ia eiii», a nayce n /ai aeiaiai?
eee ?aiaa aeaenoaiaaaoaai aeiaiai?a a o«°^«;?J yanoaaiii aeiaiai?eeenue ia eiii», %NA^^aaAe°?%* 957 aiaea oaia?ue oaea i?ae?aoee aeey Oe?aeI^(?!nAoIoNoaea t Aeey Iieueoe) naia nouanoaiaaiea, ««^^S; : oaenoa iiaiai aeiaiai?a i?yiiai oeacaiey ia yoio n/ao. ~ Ieacaiiua aeieoiaiou iioaeeeiaaiu a Nai?ieea ^aae^a^aeiu^yiai. «?ia i acaeiiie i?aaiaie iiiiue e i?aaiauo ioii i OAIEIAIUI aeaeai. (I-, Iaaeaeoia?iaeiua ioiioaiey
ii
c. 49-87.)
n. •*»
22
Iaaeaeoia?iaeiia /anoiia nfl_ eee iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai /anoiiai i?aaa
23
•no 2 ia?a/eneaiu eaoaai?ee eeoe, eioi?ui i?aaeinoaaeaii aai eueaioiiai i?iacaea ii anae oa??eoi?ee NIA. Nouanoaoao e ?yae aeaonoi?iiieo aeiaiai?ia no?ai aeeaeia-
ca?oaaaeuey.
Anooiee a neeo Aeiaiai? iaaeaeo Oe?aeiie e Eeoianeie enioaeeeie i i?aaiaie iiiiue e i?aaiauo ioiioaieyo
Aeaonoi?iiiea aeiaiai?u caeeth/aiu Oe?aeiie e n ie ainoaea?noaaie. 21 ieoya?y 1995a. Aa?oiaiue Niaao] ?aeiu ?aoeoeoee?iaae Niaeaoaiea iaaeaeo i?aaeoaeuenoa Oe?aeiu e i?aaeoaeuenoaii Nioeeaeenoe/aneie ?anioae| Aueaoiai i iiiu?aiee e caueoa eiaanoeoeee, caeeth/ai
8 ethiy 1994 a., e Aeiaiai? iaaeaeo Oe?aeiie e Niaaeeiaiiue- aio0eee^ ~ ^———— —-—,
Ooaoaie Aia?eee i iiiu?aiee e acaeiiie caueoa eiaa
Ia VI eiioa?aioeee Iaiaia?eeaineiai nithca a 1928 aiaeo Aaaaia aue i?eiyo Eiaeaen Aonoaiaioa. Yoio eiaeaen, yaea-eeny ?acoeueoaoii ia?aaiai?ia e ?ac?aaioee i?iaeoia, ia-
— ..-__ __ …. „^„^„,_. eiay n 1879 aiaea, iacaai ii eiaie aai oai?oea, eoaeineiai iiiainoi?iiiei Eiiaaioeeyi no?ai NIA ioiineo. oenoa, i?ioanni?a i?aaa Aioiiei Nai/ana aea Aonoaiaioa e Niaeaoaiea i acaeiiii i?eciaiee i?aa ia aiciauai Ne?aai. Noaey ii iacaaieth, iiaeii auei au i?aaeiieiaeeoue, a?aaea, i?e/eiaiiiai ?aaioieeai oaa/ueai, i?ioanneiiaeueiue oi ?a/ue eaeao i aioo?aiiai caeiia. Iaeiaei ia naiii aeaea ei-caaieaaaieai eeai eiui iia?aaeaeaieai caei?iauey, naycaii: aen Aonoaiaioa yaeyaony iaaeaeoia?iaeiui aeiaiai?ii, ei ie n eniieiaieai eie o?oaeiauo iaycaiiinoae. A no 4 yoi aoeoeoee?iaai e iuia aeaenoaoao a A?aceeee, Aaianoyea, /eee. Niaeaoaiey, iai?eia?, neacaii, /oi «ia?aniio? noaiaie oy» 1a?O> Aieeaee*, Aaeoe, Aaaoaiaea, Aiiaeo?ana, Aeiieieeaineie noe o?oaeiaiai oaa/uey e i?ioanneiiaeueiiai caaieaaaiey in ««ioaeeea, Eoaa, Einoa-?eea, Ieea?aaoa,Ae1aiaia, ‘ uanoaeyaony a niioaaonoaee n caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii Noi?iiu, 1 >eaaaei?a e iaeioi?uo ae?oaeo no?aiao, oa??eoi?ee eioi?ie ii i?iaeeaaao». A no. 7 aiai?eony, / ~ ~~~~ “” ” ” a neo/aa eeeaeaeaoeee i?aaei?eyoey, ioaaonoaaiiiai ca a?a
—————,_,—1—— “I—«”^«»»»«—— EA.IA>NOI«»?E
i?e/eiaiiue ?aaioieeai, e ionoonoaey aai i?aaii?aaiie*a iaa nnueathony «a neeo ?acoiiinoe e oeaeaniii?aciinoe
——— – — — a ——— ~1——«———/
Noi?iia, ia oa??eoi?ee eioi?ie eeeaeaee?iaaii i?aaei?eyoe!
” a. ” ” ” “””Eeiny eiiaaea a noaeaaiuo ?aoaieyo, aa?aioe?oao aiciauaiea a?aaea yoei ?aaioieeai a niioaaAE*”11’*1 ee^ae» ° •»«
noaee n iaoeeiiaeueiui caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii. I 12 ia?oa 1993 aiaea i?aaeoaeuenoaa ainoaea?noa — /eai|
A*1 ~
NIA iiaeienaee niaeaoaiea «I acaeiiii i?eciaiee i?aa i eueaioiue i?iacae aeey eiaaeeaeia e o/anoieeia Aaeeeie Io /anoaaiiie aieiu, a oaeaea i?e?aaiaiiuo e iei eeoe», a,
A inoaeueiuo aia?e-ia
naineeo ainoaea?noaao, a oii /enea e a NOA, eiaeaen yoio theo/ee ?aoeoeeaoeee e ia eiaao aeaenoaey. Iaeiaei ia?aaeei
— — —–e^»/e aue-aoouoo»
mperio rationes». Iiyoiio nnueee ia aeaiiue Eiaeaen i?eai-
* Aieeaey e Ia?o, yaeyynue oaeaea o/anoieeaie Aeiaiai?a Iiioaaeaeai 1889 aiaea (noi?iiaie yoiai Aeiaiai?a yaeythony oaeaea A?aaioeia, Ia?aaaay E O?oaaae), cayaeee /oi a ioiioaieyo iaaeaeo niaie ii aii?inai iaaeaeoia?iae-?iai /anoiiai i?aaa, oi?aiaiai i?aaa e i?ioeannoaeueiiai i?aaa aoaeoo ?oeiaiaenoaiaaoueny Aeiaiai?ii Iiioaaeaeai.
24
Iaaeaeoia?iaeiia /anoiia i|
25
Iniaia ianoi n?aaee enoi/ieeia I*I caieiatho Aaaa eiiaaioeee i a?aaeaeaineii i?ioeanna (1900-a aiaeu)
Iinea ia?aie ie?iaie aieiu Aaaaneea eiiaaioeee oi ioe?uou oaeaea aeey ainoaea?noa, eioi?ua ia i?eieiaee o oey a eiioa?aioeeyo.
Iinea aoi?ie ie?iaie aieiu anoae aii?in i iiaie ioea 1 aaaneeo eiiaaioeee ia/aea XX aaea. ?yae ainoaea?noa ia| aieiie auoee ec ninoaaa o/anoieeia. Iinea iaiiaeaiey aeeeoeee Aaaaneeo eiiaaioeee ia/aeny ia?aoiue, ?anoe?eoa iue i?ioeann. A 1951 aiaeo i?eiyo noaooo Aaaaneie eiioao oeee, e ia aa nanneyo caeeth/aii ii/oe o?eaeoeaoue iaaeaeoia? iuo eiiaaioeee, a iniiaiii iinayuaiiuo a?aaeaeainen i?ioeanno e naiaeiiio i?aao.
Iineaaiaiiua Aaaaneea eiiaaioeee eiatho o?e OCHOBI iniaaiiinoe.
Ia?aay eanaaony eo niaea?aeaiey. Anee a ia/aeueiue iae °^^^ aei^i. e NOAe.„. a»————o„ A?OIIO a————o
„=r^t\ii^f^^^
Oi?aaeea i iiaenoaeiinoe e i?eciaiee eiino?aiiuo noaeaaiuo aoaiee. E iei ioiineony, iai?eia?, Aaaaneay eiiaaioeey eiiiaoaioeee i?aaiia e i?eiaieiii i?aaa a iaeanoe io?a-;u i?aa ianiaa?oaiiieaoieo 1961 aiaea.
E a?oiia Aaaaneeo eiiaaioeee a iaeanoe a?aaeaeaineiai i?i-
___ ___,.„.i »i.»i»-.«iooo o^e-ioo ooi*\OOOEOOoaaea OEAuIOUA***.! OAEOA-
•i/ieee iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai /anoiiai i?aaa
1assNaeaineiai i?ioeanna. Iia ?anniao?eaaao ?yae aii?inia iaae-.«^?iaeiiai a?aaeaeaineiai i?ioeanna: i a?o/aiee noaeaaiuo aei-ayoia, noaeaaiuo ii?o/aieyo, ia oi?acaeiaiee o?aaiaaiey thnia/aiey eiino?aioeaie noaeaaiuo ?anoiaeia i?e i?aaeuya->iee eie eneia e ae?. N 1966 aiaea aa o/anoieeii yaeyeny CN? (oaia?ue ?inney e iaeioi?ua ae?oaea ainoaea?noaa NIA). Ainoaea?noaa, eioi?ua iiaeienaee Eiiaaioeeth 1954 aiaea, oai 1iui niyee n naay iaycaoaeuenoaa ii Eiiaaioeee 1905 aiaea, inoaea?noaa, ia iiaeienaaoea iiaie Eiiaaioeee, ii-i?aaeiaio Aycaiu noa?ie.
Niioaaonoaothuea ?acaeaeu Eiiaaioeee 1954 aiaea aeieaeiu uoue caiaiaiu (a ioiioaieyo iaaeaeo ainoaea?noaaie, a ieo /anoaothueie) o?aiy iiauie niaeaoaieyie. Yoi Aaaaneay iiaaioeey 1965 aiaea i i?aaeinoaaeaiee noaeaaiuo e aianoaeaa-jx aeieoiaioia, Aaaaneay eiiaaioeey 1970 aiaea i aeieacaoaeue-»i^ e Aaaaneay eiiaaioeey 1980 aiaea ia iaeaa/aiee iaaeaeo-——— ———,— e Noaeai Cia/eoaeueioth a?oiio Aaaaneeo
, iio a?aaeaeain i?ioeanno, oi iinea aoi?ie ie?iaie aieiu i?aaeiaoii eo
OOOAIIIssOOIi eoe w o*~™~~~-—— —
——— a- ——— “fj” i^cwrt^a.itt;ivu- i?aaiauo
nia. Ueuee iiaeaioiaeaiu iyoue eiiaaioeee e i?iaeoia, ec ei-1 ?uo anooieea a neeo eeoue Aaaaneay eiiaaioeey 1955 a i m aa, i?eiaieiii e aeiaiai?ai iaaeaeoia?iaeiie eoiee-i?iaeaa aeaeaeeiuo aauae. A 1986 a. auea caeeth/aia iiaay eiia? oeey ii aii?inai i?eiaiaiey i?aaa e iaaeaeoia?iaeiie ea-i?iaeaaea oiaa?ia.
iniaaiiinoue iineaaiaiiuo Aaaaneeo
—— –
*1Eo1\,IE rHJUJOGJaiJjrJ.*» ?> WUtfJLMW E.AEE e. ?*uv.&v,bsi~ji~w~~ — Uj.—
;anna ioiinyony oaeaea eiiaaioeee, ?aaoee?othuea aii?inu iiae-[oaeiinoe e i?eciaiey eiino?aiiuo ?aoaiee. Aaaeiaeoea ec : Aaaaneay eiiaaioeey i i?eciaiee e eniieiaiee ?aoaiee
•eo:
O?aouey iniaaiiinoue , /ai
i?eiaiyoueny, «eeoue anee iii yaii iui ii?yaeeii». A ianoith
IINOIssIIIE __ _,__— __ -..-»., »«*«, e?iiE1UI a 1OII 1
A yoo i?aaiecaoeeth iiieii aa?iiaeneeo no?ai aoiaeyo N Eaiaaea, Aano?aeey, ssiiiey, A?aaioeia.
Ec Aaaaneeo eiiaaioeee iaeaieueoee oniao auiae ia aei, Eiiaaioeee 1954 aiaea (i?aaenoaaeythuae niaie oniaa?oaino! aaiioth iaeiieiaiioth eiiaaioeeth 1905 aiaea) ioiineoaeue
eo: i aaaneay eiiaaioeey i i?eciaiee e iieeei^ia.»* ^/^^uv«*«aioeee ii I*I no?ai Aia?eeaineiai eiioeiaioa. A ?acoeue-rvrr.iwr aa«„oo~ 1«^EaO* aaoa /aou?ao iaaeaia?eeaineeo eiioa?aioeee ii I*I
srxp™r Aie» on* ^ •«—• -a8 a-a iaaaaaeai *™??a- • Ea-Iana
^^ a 1O89 a. iiyoue a Iiioaaeaeai) caeeth/aii 21 niaeaoaiea .a iniiaiii a iaeanoe oi?aiaiai e i?ioeannoaeueiiai i?aaa). Iniaui aeinoeaeaieai yaeeinue caeeth/aiea a 1979 aiaeo a Iii-
|aaaeaeai Eiiaaioeee ii iauei iiiyoeyi I*I (iaeiaei ca ?ai-e&Ie yoiai i?ioeanna inoaeenue NOA).
26
, _„..—^ -i«*iiti
?aaeiiaeueiua niaeaoaiey ii ?yaeo aii?inia I*I sa /aiu oaeaea no?aiaie «Iauaai ?uiea». A ?aieao AYN /aea auei caeeth/aii Niaeaoaiea i iiaenoaeiinoe e enii, iee noaeaaiuo ?aoaiee 1968 aiaea, caoai yoi niaeaoaie i?ioeannoaeueiui aii?inai aeiiieiaii ?eineie Eiiaaio 1980 aiaea i i?aaa, iiaeeaaeauai i?eiaiaieth e aeiaiai?* iaycaoaeuenoaai, ?aoeoeoee?iaaiiie oanoueth ainoaea?noaa ?yae niaeaoaiee aue ?ac?aaioai a ?aieao Aa?iiaeneiai aaoa e ae?oaeo iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo i?aaiecaoeee. Aeey i?eiaia ii?i I*I iiae yaeaeie Aa?iiaeneiai niaaoa ?ac?aaio e i?eiyoa Eiiaeiineay eiiaaioeey 1968 aiaea i iieo/aiee oi?iaoeee ia eiino?aiiii i?aaa. Oeaaeai oaeaea ia aa?ith neia Ethenaiao?aneia niaeaoaiea 1985 aiaea i i?eciaiee e iieiaiee ?aoaiee i niaea?aeaiee aeaoae e i ainnoaiiaea i?aaa ia iieo/aiea niaea?aeaiey, a oaeaea ia Aa?iiaeneoth i aaioeeth i ainoaea?noaaiiii eiioieoaoa 1972 aiaea.
E yoiio iaaei aeiaaaeoue, /oi a 1988 aiaeo a Eoaaii no?a! aoiaeyuea a Aa?iiaeneoth annioeeaoeeth naiaiaeiie oi?a ee (AOOA), caeeth/eee aianoa ni no?aiaie-/eaiaie ~ Eiiaaioeeth i noaeaaiie iiaenoaeiinoe e eniieiaiee noaeaa-?aoaiee ii a?aaeaeaineei e oi?aiaui aeaeai.
A nia?aiaiiuo oneiaeyo iiauneeanue ?ieue iaaei?aaeoa. noaaiiuo i?aaiecaoeee a eiaeeoeeaoeee i?aaee I*I, a ii, oiaea i?iaeoia ?acee/iuo iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo niaeaoaiee. A 1966 aiaeo nicaeai niaoeeaeueiue i?aai — Eiienney I ii i?aao iaaeaeoia?iaeiie oi?aiaee (THINEO?AE). A nia eiiennee aoiaeyo 36 ainoaea?noa. Ia Eiienneth, a /anoiia aiceiaeaiu iiaeaioiaea iiauo iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo eiiaaioeee, aeaenoaea eiaeeoeeaoeee iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo oi?aiauo iau/a nai? e ?ani?ino?aiaiea eioi?iaoeee a yoie iaeanoe. Ia iiaa iiaeaioiaeaiiuo i?iaeoia aue i?eiyo ?yae eiiaaiu ia eneiaie aeaaiinoe a iaaeaeoia?iaeiie eoiea-i?iaeaaea oi ?ia (1974 a.), i aeiaiai?ao iaaeaeoia?iaeiie eoiee-i?iaeaaee aa?ia (1980 a.) e ae?.
Eiienneae ?ac?aaioaiu Oeiiaie caeii THINEO? i iaaeaeoia?iaeiii oi?aiaii a?aeo?aaea 1985 a., ia oc eioi?iai ai iiiaeo no?aiao auei i?eiyoi niioaaonoaoth caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai (ec iieiaeaiee Oeiiaiai caeiia ecxo^ e Caeii Oe?aeiu «I iaaeaeoia?iaeiii eiiia?/aneii a?a: ?aaea» 1994 a.), Oeiiaua caeiiu THINEO?AE: i caeoieao aa?ia, no?ieoaeueiuo ?aaio e oneoa (1994 a.); i iaaeaeoia?iaei e?aaeeoiauo ia?aaiaeao (1992 a.); ii yeaeo?iiiie oi?ai (1996 a.); i o?aina?aie/iie ianinoiyoaeueiinoe (1997 a.).
oi/ieee iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai /anoiiai i?aaa
27
?ac?aaioeie i?iaeoia eiiaaioeee a iaeanoe I*I caieia-;ss oaeaea Aaaaneay eiioa?aioeey ii I*I.
Cia/eoaeueioth ?aaioo a yoie iaeanoe i?iaiaeeo oaeaea oa-_ae iaaei?aaeoaeuenoaaiiay i?aaiecaoeey, eae iaaeaeoia?iaeiue inoeooo ii oieoeeaoeee /anoiiai i?aaa (OIEAe?OA) a ?e-Ue*. Einoeooo yoio — iaaei?aaeoaeuenoaaiiay i?aaiecaoeey, ni-aiiay a 1926 aiaeo. Aa /eaiaie yaeythony 52 no?aiu.
Iaaeaeoia?iaeiua eiiaaioeee, a eioi?uo ?aaoee?othony io-[iiaiey ii aii?inai I*I, ?ac?aaaouaathony oaeaea a ?aiao eiioa?aioeee III ii oi?aiaea e ?acaeoeth (THIEOAAe), naie?iie i?aaiecaoeee eioaeeaeooaeueiie nianoaaiiinoe ‘IEN) e ae?oaeo i?aaiecaoeee.
Aioo?aiiaa caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai
Aioo?aiiaa caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai oao eee eiuo no?ai yaeyao-enoi/ieeii eae eieeeceiiiuo, oae e iaoa?eaeueii-i?aai-:o ii?i I*I.
A iniiaiii nouanoaoao /aou?a nenoaiu ?aciauaiey eie-oiiiuo ii?i a i?aaiauo nenoaiao.
Eieeeceiiiua ii?iu iiaoo iaoiaeeoueny:
1) a a?aaeaeaineeo eiaeaenao;
2) a ^iieiaeaieyo, i?aoai?ythueo a?aaeaeaineee eiaeaen;
3) a caeiiao, niaoeeaeueii iinayuaiiuo I*I;
4) a caeiiao, niaea?aeaueo ioaeaeueiua ii?iu I*I.
?anniio?ei yoe nenoaiu a iacaaiiie iineaaeiaaoaeueiinoe.
1. A a?aaeaeaineeo eiaeaenao eieeeceiiiua ii?iu iiae-to iaia?oaeeoue ai o?aioeocneii i?aaa (A?aaeaeaineee eiaeaen ‘804 a.). Ii aeaenoaoao e iiiuia. A yoii eiaeaena eiaaony ?yae oaoae, ioiinyueony e i?aaai eiino?aioeaa e eieeeceiiiui
•ii?inai.
Ec ieo iniiaiia cia/aiea eiaao no. 3, onoaiaaeeaathuay
‘eaaeothuaa:
1) «caeiiu aeaaiono?ienoaa e aaciianiinoe iaycaoaeueiu aeey anao i?iaeeaathueo ia oa??eoi?ee (O?aioeee)»;
2) «iaaeaeaeeiinoe, aeaaea oa, eioi?ua i?eiaaeeaaeao eiino?aioeai, iiae/eiythony o?aioeocneei caeiiai» (?a/ue eaeao i iaaeaeaeeiia oyo, ?aniieiaeaiiuo ia oa??eoi?ee O?aioeee);
Ni., iai?eia?: Eiiaaioeeth OIEAe?OA i iaaeaeoia?iaeiii oeiainiaii ‘eceiaa (a. Iooaaa, 1988 a.) e Eiiaaioeeth OIEAe?OA i iaaeaeoia?iaeiii oaeoi-
*iaa (a. Iooaaa, 1988 a.).
28
Iaaeaeoia?iaeiia /anoiia
29
3) «caeiiu, eanathueany a?aaeaeaineiai ninoiyiey (i?|
e aeaaniiniaiinoe) eeoe, ?ani?ino?aiythony ia o?aioeo]
aeaaea i?iaeeaathueo a eiino?aiiuo ainoaea?noaao».
A 1939 aiaeo auea aaaaeaia a aeaenoaea /anoue iiaiai eo«
yineiai a?aaeaeaineiai eiaeaena, niaea?aeaaoay noaouee i i?a|
eiino?aioeaa, aaea i?iaiaeeeanue iieeoeea enaiioiaee e ?ana
iaiaaenoe. I
Yoe noaouee iioa?yee neeo (ni. no. 15 Ie?iiai aeiaia]
n Eoaeeae 1947 a.), ii eieeeceiiiua noaouee iiaiai eoaeue
neiai eiaeaena inoaeenue a neea
2. A iieiaeaieyo, i?aoai?ythueo a?aaeaeaineee eiae* eieeeceiiiua ii?iu niaea?aeaony a iaiaoeeii i?aaa. Iie] aaouaaee no.no. 7—31 Aaiaeiiai caeiia e Aa?iaineiio a?aaeae neiio eiaeaeno 1896 aiaea*. Iaeiaei a iai ionoonoaiaaee ii? ii iiiaei nouanoaaiiui aii?inai (iiouaii aauanoaai] i?aai), anaai iaeia noaouey ec iaeanoe iaycaoaeuenoaaiiiai i?a) o?aaiaioa?ii o?aaoee?iaaii ianeaaenoaaiiia i?aai.
N 1 naioya?y 1986 aiaea a O?A anooiee a neeo Caeii ethey 1986 aiaea i iiaii ?aaoee?iaaiee a iaeanoe I*I, ei| ?ui auee caiaiaiu niioaaonoaothuea noaouee Aaiaeiiai ca) ia e AAO.
Iaeiia?aiaiii a yoio caeii aeeth/aiu i?aaeea ?eia» eiiaaioeee 1980 aiaea i i?eiaiaiee i?aaa e aeiaiai?iui caoaeuenoaai.
3. Ioaeaeueiua caeiiu, niaoeeaeueii iinayuaiiua I1
eiathony o ssiiiee (1893 a.), Eeooaiooaeia (1922/1926 Oaeeaiaea (1939 a.), Iieueoe (1965 a.), Aeaaiee (1964 a.), Au ?ee (1978 a.), Aaia?ee (1979 a.), Oo?oeee (1982 a.), Oaaeoea{ (1987 a.), ?oiuiee (1992 a.). N 1 naioya?y 1995 a. anooi a neeo caeii i ?aoi?ia eoaeueyineie nenoaiu iaaeaeoia?iae] ai /anoiiai i?aaa. I?eiyoue a THaineaaee a 1982 a. cae i ?ac?aoaiee eieeecee iaaeaeo caeiiii e ii?iaie eiino?! iiai i?aaa a ii?aaeaeaiiuo i?aaiioiioaieyo aeaenoaoao a aee, Neiaaiee, Oi?aaoee, *a?iiai?ee.
A ooaoa Eoeceaia a 1991 a. i?eiyo caeii i iaaeaeoia?
|OeIE1ne iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai /anoiiai i?aaa
1eiya,— yoi ?anniio?aiea a eaaeaeie niaoeeaeueiie aeaaa o?ao iiaiiieaaathueo aii?inia I*I:
‘ th?enaeeeoeee, i?eiaieiiai i?aaa, i?eciaiey e eniieiaiey eiino?aiiuo noaeaaiuo ?aoaiee.
Aeaaiaea?y yoiio aanue Caeii i?eia?aoaao no?ieiinoue, /ao-|noue, n iei oaeiaii ?aaioaoue. Ianeo/aeii aii?inu I*I ?an-[eienaiu eiaiii a oaeii, a ia a eiii ii?yaeea: ii?aaeaeaiea
1U eoaiee a oaoeo, a. ia a iinum ee?eaein. eionaenenee^
2 A iieiae – – – – — –~. a/aea eiiiaoaioeee noaea, caoai i?eiaieiiai i?aaa e a cae-aee/eiei^a^ ieyo’ e?aoai?ythoeo a?aaeaeaineee eiaeAec/aiea — ii?yaeea i?eciaiey eiino?aiiuo noaeaaiuo ?aoa-
l”*llJiWJtilil>le IIIIO.A f*n OA?E-|*o»iaie ,» •. _ ___ _ ^^^A ., e
?e. Eiaiii a oaeie iineaaeiaaoaeueiinoe iie anoatho ia?aae
Aaeueae i?e ?aoaiee aeae n eiino?aiiui yeaiaioii.
I Iaee/ea ioaeaeueiuo caeiiia, ioaaouaathueo ii?iu I*I,
icia/aao oai ia iaiaa, /oi aia ?aiie yoeo caeiiia ii?i [*I auoue ia iiaeao.
Oae, iieueneee caeii «Iaaeaeoia?iaeiia /anoiia i?aai» •65 aiaea ninoieo ec 38 noaoae, ?acaeouo ia 12 ?acaeaeia: ia-ea iieiaeaiey (I), eeoea (II), oi?ia aeaaniiniaiinoe (III), en->aay aeaaiinoue (IV), a?ae (V), ?iaenoai (VI), iiaea e iiia/eoaeue-ai (VII), nianoaaiiinoue e eiua eiouanoaaiiua i?aaa (VIII), 1ycaoaeuenoaa (IX), ioiioaiey noaea (X), ianeaaenoai (XI), cae-
/eoaeueiua iieiaeaiey (XII). *oi eanaaony aieaa niaoeeaeue-
[o eieeeceiiiuo ii?i, oi iie niaea?aeaony, iai?eia?, a Ca->ia i aaenaeueiii i?aaa (1936 a.), ii?neii eiaeaena (1961 a.), (caeooiii eiaeaena (1962 a.), a?aaeaeaineii i?ioeannoaeueiii ^aeaena e eiuo ii?iaoeaiuo aeoao. __ 4. Caeiiu, niaea?aeauea ioaeaeueiua ii?iu I*I. Iaeioi-no?aiu, iai?eia?, Aaeeeia?eoaiey e Niaaeeiaiiua Ooa-e Aia?eee, ia eiatho niaoeeaeueiuo caeiiia, iinayuaiiuo [*I. Enoi/ieeaie eieeeceiiiiai i?aaa a Aaeeeia?eoaiee
,
Enoi/ieeaie eieeeceiiiiai i?aaa o i?aaeaea anaai noaeaaiay i?aeoeea, a caoai /anoiu 1aaieee, ec eioi?uo i?aaeii/oaiea ioaeaaony ?aaioa A. Aeae
. –
(Dicey’ s Conflict of Laws). A oi aea a?aiy a nayce n o/anoe-a ?yaea Aaaaneeo eiiaaioeee e anooieaieai a «Iauee ?u-a Aaeeeia?eoaiee aue i?eiyo ?yae caeiiia: i caaaua-(1963a.); i i?eciaiee noaeaaiuo ?aoaiee i ?acaiaea ?acaeaeueiii aeeoaeuenoaa noi?oaia (1971a.); ia eniieiaiee auaiee ia aeeiaioao (1972 a.); i aeiieoeeeee e a?a/ii-naiae-Ue1o aeaeao (1973 a.); ia a?aeo?aaea; i aeieacaoaeuenoaao i?e no-ioe?iecaiaenoaa a ae?oaeo th?enaeeeoeeyo (1975 a.); Caeii ia ei-“OIeoaoa ainoaea?noaa (1978 a.) e ae?.
Iiaeiaiui ia?acii a NOA enoi/ieeii iaaeaeoia?iaeii-0 /anoiiai i?aaa yaeyaony /anoiia nia?aiea, ia?aaioaiiia
30
Iaaeaeoia?iaeiia /anoiia i|
Aia?eeaineei Einoeoooii i?aaa a 1934 aiaeo (restate e 1971 aiaeao («Naiae caeiiia i eiioeeeoa caeiiia»).
Ii iooe eiaeeoeeaoeee ii?i I*I a io?aneaauo eiae] eaaeeiiiuo aeoao, a oaeaea a iaeioi?uo niaoeeaeueiuo ii] oeaiuo aeoao, ?ann/eoaiiuo ia ioiioaiey n eiino?ai] yeaiaioii, iioea Eeoaeneay Ia?iaeiay ?anioaeeea, aaea oci iay /anoue eieeeceiiiuo ii?i nin?aaeioi/aia a Iniiaiuo eiaeaieyo a?aaeaeaineiai i?aaa, i?eiyouo a 1986 aiaeo (I] EI?), e a a?aaeaeainei-i?ioeannoaeueiii eiaeaena 1982 aiae( A ?innee iao caeiia i I*I, e ?ieue aaaeouaai caeii oaeueiiai aeoa a yoie iaeanoe auiieiytho Iniiau a?aae, neiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa Nithca NN? e ?anioaeee 1991 aiaea, aeae VII eioi?uo («I?aainiiniaiinoue eiino?aiiuo a?a: e th?eaee/aneeo eeoe. I?eiaiaiea a?aaeaeaineeo caeiiia e! no?aiiuo ainoaea?noa e iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo aeiaiai?ia») i?iae aeaao aeaenoaiaaoue ia oa??eoi?ee ?O.
Ii?yaeie onoaiiaeaiey niaea?aeaiey eiino?aiiiai i?aaa aoee?oaony Iniiaaie a?aaeaeaineiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa (no. 15 Naiaeiui eiaeaenii ?O (no. 166), A?aeo?aaeiui i?ioeannoa] iui eiaeaenii ?O (no. 12), iaiai?ea i ioaee/iii ii?yaeea Eiaeaenii oi?aiaiai ii?aieaaaiey Nithca NN? 1968 a. (no. 1 Iniiaaie a?aaeaeaineiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa (no. 158), Naiaei^ eiaeaenii ?O (no. 167), eniieiaiea ii?o/aiee eiino?aii noaeia — A?aaeaeaineei i?ioeannoaeueiui eiaeaenii ?NO (no. 436), A?aeo?aaeiui i?ioeannoaeueiui eiaeaenii ?O (no. 2 *oi eanaaony Oe?aeiu, oi iia, oae aea eae e Aieaa?ey, iineony e a?oiia no?ai, ia eiathueo ioaeaeueiiai cae i I*I. Iiyoiio oe?aeineea eieeeceiiiua ii?iu ?annay ii ioaeaeueiui ii?iaoeaiui aeoai: AE 1963 a. (?acaeae VI AIE 1963 a. (?acaeae VI), EiAN 1969 a. (?acaeae VI), Eiaea oi?aiaiai ii?aieaaaiey 1995 a., Caeii «I aiaoiayeiiiie/! eie aeayoaeueiinoe» 1991 a. e ae?.
Iuia a?aaeaeaineea i?aaiioiioaiey n eiino?aiiui y iaioii i?aaeeaaaaony o?aaoee?iaaoue a i?iaeoa AE Oe?a: (eieaa ainueiay «Iaaeaeoia?iaeiia /anoiia i?aai»).
*oi eanaaony niaoeeaeueiiai iaoa?eaeueii-i?aaiaiai ?aao. ?iaaiey ioiioaiee n eiino?aiiui yeaiaioii, oi iii a caei aeaoaeuenoaa ainoi/ii-aa?iiaeneeo no?ai e a Eeoaa ii?aaeaea o?aaiaioa?ii. Yoi iaoneiaeaii i?aaeaea anaai oai, a aieueoeinoaa yoeo no?ai e a?a/ii-naiaeiui, ianeaaenoaaiiue iaycaoaeuenoaaiiui ioiioaieyi, ia iinyuei oa?aeoa?a yei: ie/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe, i?eiaiythony iauea ii?iu a?aaeaeaia ai (a oe?ieii niunea neiaa) caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa e iao iaiaoi, iinoe a niaoeeaeueiii eo iaoa?eaeueii-i?aaiaii ?aaoe e?iaa
/ieee iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai /anoiiai i?aaa
31
•i no?aiao Caiaaea niaoeeaeueiua ii?iaoeaiua aeou, niaea?-ya iaoa?eaeueii-i?aaiaia ?aaoee?iaaiea ioiioaiee n eii-0IUe1I yeaiaioii, — yaeaiea oaeaea ia/anoia. A ea/anoaa ia?a iiaeii i?eaanoe caeiiu Aaeeeia?eoaiee, i eioi?uo ,?eeinue auoa, a oaeaea caeii O?A ia eiino?aioeao 1965 aiaea ineaaeothueie eciaiaieyie. Iaeiaei a yoeo no?aiao noua-oao ?yae aeoia, eiathueo iaiaeiaaaeiia cia/aiea aeey ?aao-)iaaiey ioiioaiee, aicieeathueo a noa?a aiaoiayeiiiie-eie aeayoaeueiinoe. Oaeea aeou ia niaea?aeao i?yiuo i?aae-^aiee ioiineoaeueii oneiaee oiai eee eiiai aeaea aeiaiai?ia, iie, aaconeiaii, aeeytho ia niaea?aeaiea yoeo aeiaiai?ia. Yoi ?aaoee?othuea eiaanoeoeee, yenii?oioth aeayoaeueiinoue „i?eia?, aiaeeeneee caeii ia yenii?oiuo aa?aioeyo e aiao-oi?aiauo eiaanoeoeeyo, caeii NOA i oi?aiaea 1984 aiaea i ?aaoee?iaaiee yenii?oa 1988 aiaea, caeii O?A i aiaoiae ^iiiieea 1961 aiaea). Iaiaoiaeeii oaeaea oeacaoue ia noua-(‘aothuea a ?yaea no?ai caeiiu ia eiioieoaoa (iai?eia?, ca-NOA ia eiioieoaoao eiino?aiiuo ainoaea?noa 1976 a.).
. Noaeaaiay e a?aeo?aaeiay i?aeoeea
Iaii?aaeaeaiiia eeai iaiieiia cae?aieaiea eieeeceii-o ii?i a iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo aeiaiai?ao e caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa eaiaeeo e oiio, /oi noaeuee /anoi noaeeeaathony n i?iaaeaie :ai auioaeaeaiu, iiaeuneeaay oieeiaaiea eieeeceiiiie ii?-•I, i?eaaaaoue e noaeaaiie eeai a?aeo?aaeiie i?aeoeea, i?aao u/aaa, eeai aeieo?eia.
Iniaia aieiaiea a eco/aiee noaeaaiie e a?aeo?aaeiie i?aeoe-neaaeoao oaeaeeoue no?aiai n aiaeinaeniineie nenoaiie i?aaa. Iniiaiui enoi/ieeii i?aaa caeanue yaeyaony noaeaaiue ‘Oeaaeaio*, o.a. i?aaiaia ia/aei, au?aaeaiiia oioy au a iaeiii ‘eueei noaeaaiii ?aoaiee e neoaeauaa iniiaaieai yoiai ?a-aiey (a ia yaeythuaany eeoue «iiiooii auneacaiiui»). Oa-a i?aaiaia ia/aei n/eoaaony iaycaoaeueiui aeey noaeia iec-eo einoaioeee (ii iiaieth iaeioi?uo — e aeey noaeia ?aaiie noaioeee) ii anai aeaeai ni noiaeiui oaeoe/aneei ninoaaii. Iiae a?aeo?aaeiie i?aeoeeie a iaeanoe I*I iiieiathony a i?aeoeea ainoaea?noaaiiuo a?aeo?aaeiuo noaeaaiuo i?aa-°a. a i?aeoeea o?aoaeneeo noaeia, i?aeoeea oae iacuaaaiiai 1aAEaeoia?iaeiiai eiiia?/aneiai a?aeo?aaea (ni. oaio 16).
* A Aiaeee iao a?aaeaeaineiai eiaeaena. Eiaaea aiai?yo ia aiaeeeneii a?aae-caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa, iiae?acoiaaatho oae iacuaaaiia i?aoeaaeaioiia i?a-
– niaieoiiinoue noaeaaiuo ?aoaiee, auianaiiuo aei noaeaaiie ?aoi?iu ‘aiaea noaeaie iauaai i?aaa e noaeaie ni?aaaaeeeainoe, a oaeaea ?aoaiey OAeia, o/?aaeaeaiiuo Caeiiii i noaeiono?ienoaa 1873 aiaea.
32
Iaaeaeoia?iaeiia /anoiia
6. Iau/ae
E a i?aaa iau/aaa, e a noaeaaiie eeai a?aeo?aaeiie oeea, e a aeieo?eia nouanoaotho iiaiey, aeaaea i?eioeeiu, ciaaaaiua noaeaie anao ainoaea?noa ie?a, ii e?aeiae cia/eoaeueiie eo /anoueth. Ii?aaeaeaiiua iau/ae, eaeay-, i?aeoeea eeai aeieo?eia oei?aieeenue n aeaaieo a?aiai a o aeaieyo niiauanoaa e yaeythony i?aaii iau/aaa. Noieo /eneeoue i?eioeeiu, eioi?ua i?iaea?aeaeenue ni a?aiai aeinnaoi?ia XIV aaea. E iei ioiineony i?eioeei locus . actum, ninoiyuee a oii, /oi oi?ia niaa?oaiey naeaeee i aeaeyaony caeiiii ianoa aa niaa?oaiey.
Ai anai ie?a iaycaoaeueiui a iaeanoe i?aa ia iaaea iinoue yaeyaony lex rei sitae, a niioaaonoaee n eioi?ui i nianoaaiiinoe ia aauue ii?aaeaeyaony ii caeiio no?aiu, aaea aauue iaoiaeeony. Ii/oe iianaianoii i?eciaaony oaeaea noa i?eioeei aaoiiiiee aiee eee auai?a i?aaa. Aeaenoaoao i e?aeiae ia?a n XVI aaea e i?eciaaony aac iaiai?ie ai aiai, oi?aiaea. Ieaaea ia iiaeaa?aaaony niiiaieth i?eioeei i?ei iey a i?ioeaaeo?iuo aii?inao i?aaa ainoaea?noaa noaea (lex fo
Oaeei ia?acii, i?aai iau/aaa, i eioi?ii eaeao ?a/ue, ia aeaao iaaeaeoia?iaeiui oa?aeoa?ii. ,
Iau/ae ecaeaaia ea?aao nouanoaaiioth ?ieue a iaaeaeoia?] iie oi?aiaea. Noieo aniiiieoue /anoiua eiaeeoeeaoeee oa» iau/aaa, iai?eia?, Ei?e-Aioaa?iaineea i?aaeea ia iauae a ?ee, i?eiyoua Iaaeaeoia?iaeiui ii?neei eiieoaoii a Aino, aeaia a naioya?a 1949 aiaea e i?eiaiyaiua iau/ii a ?aaeaeOe 1974 a. a caaeneiinoe io ionueee e iei a aeiaiai?a ia?aa ee eee no?aoiaii iieena.
Ae?oaei i?eia?ii iau/aaa iiaoo neoaeeoue I?aaeea «I eioa?in». N 1936 aiaea Iaaeaeoia?iaeiay oi?aiaay iaeaoa i eeeoao nai?iee n iiyniaieyie eiiia?/aneeo oa?ieiia ( eaaeiyy ?aaeaeoeey 1990 a.).
I?aai iau/aaa, eiathuaa iaaeaeoia?iaeiue oa?aeoa?, i,, oiaeeii ioee/aoue io aioo?aiiaai i?aaa iau/aaa, eioi| a I*I oaeaea oe?iei eniieuecoaony.
Io iau/aaa, ioia/aao ?inneeneee o/aiue I.I.Aiaone, neee, neaaeoao ioee/aoue iaueiiaaiey, neeaaeuaathueany a i?« oeea oi?aiauo naeaeie e ii?aaeaeythuea aeaoaee yoeo naeae« N oi?aiauie iaueiiaaieyie i?eoiaeeony noaeeeaaoueny a ia. noe ii?neeo ia?aaicie. Iie neeaaeuaathony, iai?eia?, a ii?i Iaueiiaaiey iiaoo ?aaoee?iaaoue acaeiiioiioaiey noi oieueei a oao neo/ayo, eiaaea noi?iiu a oie eee eiie oi^ i?eciaee iaiaoiaeeiui i?eiaiaiea iaueiiaaiee eaei eeai ii?neiai ii?oa.
Oaia 3
1AUEA IIIssOEss IAAEAeOIA?IAeIIAI ‘ OOIIAI I?AAA
IEAI:
I 1
iefl
1. Iaoa?eaeueii-i?aaiaua ii?iu a I*I. Aeaeu iaoa?eaeueii-i?aaiauo ii?i.
2. Oieoeoee?iaaiiua ii?iu a I*I. Aeaeu oieoeoee?iaaiiuo ii?i.
3. Iiiyoea eieeeceiiiie ii?iu a I*I.
4. Oeiu eieeeceiiiuo i?eaycie.
5. Aeaeu eieeeceiiiuo ii?i.
6. Aiaeec i?eiaiaiey eieeeceiiiie ii?iu. Ii?aaeaeaiea iaee/ey eieeeceiiiie ii?iu. Acaeiiinoue. Eaaeeoeeaoeey. Iaoiae caeiia. Ia?aoiay ionueea. Ionueea e i?aao o?aoueae no?aiu.
7. Iaiai?ea i ioaee/iii ii?yaeea.
Iaoa?eaeueii-i?aaiaua ii?iu a I*I. Aeaeu iaoa?eaeueii-i?aaiauo ii?i
A I*I nouanoaotho o?e aeaea ii?i:
1) iaoa?eaeueii-i?aaiaua;
2) eieeeceiiiua;
3) i?ioeannoaeueiua.
Iaoa?eaeueii-i?aaiaua ii?iu, a naith i/a?aaeue, iiaeii ?ac-[aeeoue ia neaaeothuea o?e a?oiiu:
1) aioo?aiiea iaoa?eaeueii-i?aaiaua ii?iu iauaai oa?aeoa?a, i?eiaieiua e i?aaiioiioaieyi eae n eiino?aiiui yeaiaioii, oae e aac iaai;
aiuo cFjj-nonaeo eeee, ***** -•» ~—— ——o
2) aioo?aiiea iaoa?eaeueii-i?aaiaua ii?iu, ?aaoee?othuea ioiioaiey n eiino?aiiui yeaiaioii. Yoe ii?iu i?aaeiacia/aiu niaoeeaeueii aeey ?aaoee?iaaiey ioiioaiee * iaaeaeo ia?iaeiiai oaeoe/aneiai ninoaaa», eiaaea iai?eaiaeiu
34 Iaaeaeoia?iaeiia /anoiia
ii?iu iauaai oa?aeoa?a. Enoi/ieeaie oaeeo ii?i y! thony, iai?eia?, caeiiu ia eiino?aiiuo eiaanoeoe|
3) iaoa?eaeueii-i?aaiaua ii?iu, ?aaoee?othuea i oaiey n eiino?aiiui yeaiaioii e niaea?aeaueany a »| aeoia?iaeiuo aeiaiai?ao (aeaonoi?iiieo eee iiiainoi] ieo) — oieoeoee?iaaiiua iaoa?eaeueii-i?aaiaua HOI
2. Oieoeoee?iaaiiua ii?iu a I*I. Aeaeu oieoeoee?iaaiiuo ii?i
Niaea?aeaueany a iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo aeiaiai?ao ii?iu ia /eee iaeiaiiaaiea oieoeoee?iaaiiuo (io eao. uni «iaeei + fanaaa «aeaeaoue» — o.a. aaeeiiia?aciuo) ii?i.
Ainoaea?noaa caeeth/atho oaeea aeiaiai?u ia oieueei ii aiaeo iaoa?eaeueii-i?aaiauo ii?i.
Oieoeoee?iaaiiua ii?iu a I*I, enoiaey ec eo i?aaeia aeieaeiu auoue ?acaeaeaiu ia o?e aieueoea a?oiiu:
1) oieoeoee?iaaiiua iaoa?eaeueiua ii?iu;
2) oieoeoee?iaaiiua i?ioeannoaeueiua ii?iu;
3) oieoeoee?iaaiiua Eieeeceiiiua ii?iu.
Ia?aua aaeeiiia?acii ii?aaeaeytho i?aaa e iaycaiii o/anoieeia a?aaeaeaineeo, naiaeiuo e o?oaeiauo ioiioa! n eiino?aiiui yeaiaioii.
Aoi?ua onoaiaaeeaatho aaeeiua i?aaeea aeey ?acae?aoa, noaa a?aaeaeainei-i?aaiauo nii?ia n eiino?aiiui yeaiaio a i?aaiao noaea e aiaoiaoi?aiaiai a?aeo?aaea.
O?aouee iaeeiaeiai aeey anao o/anoieeia ii?aaeaeytho, i? eaeiai ainoaea?noaa aeieaeii auoue i?eiaiaii e niioaaonoa uaio i?aaiioiioaieth.
Ii naiei caaea/ai i?ioeann nicaeaiey oieoeoee?iaaii ii?i — oieoeeaoeey — iiaeao auoue oieaa?naeueiui, i?aaeiacia/aoueny aeey anao no?ai ie?a, eee aea iineoue aieaa eee, ?aaeiiaeueiue, oa?aeoa?, o.a. eiaoue a aeaeo acaeiiio oaiey a?aaeaeai e th?eaee/aneeo eeoe ii?aaeaeaiiie o?oi no?ai, iai?eia?, Eaoeineie Aia?eee.
Nouanoaotho ?acee/iua oi?iu oieoeeaoeee I*I.
1. Iniiaiie i?aaiaie oi?iie oieoeeaoeee I*I ya. aony caeeth/aiea oiiiyioouo iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo aeiaiai? Oae, Aeiaiai? AYN 1957 a. niaea?aeeo oieoeoee?iaai ii?iu, cai?auathuea iaaeia?iniaanoioth eiieo?ai a niiauanoaao (no.no. 85, 86).
35
iiiyoey iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai /anoiiai i?i ai________
2. Aiciiaeia e ae?oaay i?aaiaay oi?ia oieoeeaoeee: yiyoea ?yaeii ainoaea?noa oae iacuaaaiuo i?eia?iuo I eee eiuo ?aeiiaiaeaoeee, au?aaioaiiuo niaoeeaeue-
i nicaeaiiuie aeey yoiai i?aaiaie eee aea a ii?yaeea caeeth/aiey iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai aeiaiai?a. Oaeie iooue eniieuecoaony, iai?eia?, neaiaeeiaaneeie no?aiaie, aoiaeyueie a Naaa?iue Niaao, eioi?ue aeaao ?aeiiaiaeaoeee ii aii?inai nio?oaeie/anoaa aeaiiuo no?ai, a oii /enea a iaeanoe i?aaiaie oieoeeaoeee. A aeaeueiaeoai ?aeiiaiaeaoeee aini?eieiathony aeoaie aioo?aiiaai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa.
3. Oieoeeaoeey ii?i I*I iiaeao aeinoeaaoueny oaeaea iin?aaenoaii i?eiaiaiey iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo oi?aiauo iau/aaa, eioi?ua a ioaeaeueiuo noa?ao iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai iauaiey iieo/eee oe?ieia i?eciaiea e eniieueciaaiea. Iu oaea oiiieiaee Ei?e-Aioaa?iaineea i?aaeea ia iaae aaa?ee 1949 aiaea e I?aaeea «Eieioa?in» a iineaaeiae ?a-eoeee 1990 aiaea.
Aio aua iaeei i?eia? iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo oi?aiauo iau/aaa. A nayce n aieueoei ?aciiia?aceai iau/aaa, ?aaoee?oth-eo a ?aciuo no?aiao aee?aaeeoeaioth oi?io ?an/aoia, aaeaeoia?iaeiay oi?aiaay iaeaoa a 1974 aiaeo iioaeeeiaaea Oieoeoee?iaaiiua i?aaeea e iau/ae aeey aeieoiaioa?iuo ne?aaeeoeaia», eioi?ua auee i?eiyou aaieaie iiiaeo ?ai, a oii /enea NNN?. (Iuia iie i?eciaiu Oe?aeiie). Oieoeoee?iaaiiua i?aaeea ?ani?ino?aiythony ia ana aei-uaioa?iua aee?aaeeoeau e yaeythony iaycaoaeueiuie aeey ao noi?ii, anee iao i?yii au?aaeaiiiai oiiieiaiey ia ia-oiii.
4. Iaeiiaoe, nicaeaieth aaeeiiai i?aaiaiai ?aaeeia niinianoaotho ?aeiiaiaeoaiua iaaeaeoia?iaeiuie i?aaiecaoeeyie, iaoeeiiaeueiuie oi?aiauie iaeaoaie, i?iiuoeaiiuie e oi?aiauie annioeeaoeeyie i?eia?iua aeiaiai?u e iauea oneiaey, eioi?ua io?aaeatho ii?aaaeaaooth naay aiaoiaoi?aiaoth i?aeoeeo.
Oi?iu oieoeeaoeee oanii naycaiu n i?aaiaie i?e?iaeie eoeoee?iaaiiuo ii?i.
Ii th?eaeeei-oaoie/aneei i?eciaeai oieoeoee?iaaiiua °?iu iaeii?iaeiu n niioaaonoaothueie ii?iaie iaoa?eaeue-ia« e i?ioeannoaeueiiai iaoeeiiaeueiiai i?aaa e eniieuecotho «aeiae/iua i?aaiaua iiiyoey e th?eaee/aneea eiino?oeoeee. Iaeiaei oieoeoee?iaaiiua ii?iu iinea o?ainoi?iaoeee aeeth/aiey a ninoaa aioo?aiiaai i?aaa nio?aiytho a iai i?aaeaeaiioth iainiaeaiiinoue e aaoiiiieth: eo oieeiaaiea
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Iaaeaeoia?iaeiia /anoiia
iao.
e i?eiaiaiea ia iiaeao inouanoaeyoueny iin?aaenoaii ia iey e i?aaiaui eiioeaioeeyi oie nenoaiu i?aaa, a pi, EIOA.IA.E r,^r, aeaenoaotho, iineieueeo yoi i?eaaei au e pai A1a«”/ oieoeoee?iaaiiuo ii?i a ioaeaeueiuo oua ii?iu iiaeeaaeao oieeiaaieth noaei n aeiaiai?aiiinoueth eo nicaea aieiaiea a iaeioi?uo iaaeaeoia?i, niaeaoaieyo. Oae, a Eiiaaioeee III i aeiaiai?ao iaaeaeoi iie eoiee-i?iaeaaee oiaa?ia 1980 a. oeacuaaaony, /oi oieeiaaiee ianoiyuae Eiiaaioeee iaaeeaaeeo o/eouaa1 iaaeaeoia?iaeiue oa?aeoa? e iaiaoiaeeiinoue niaeaenoaiaao noeaeaieth aaeeiiia?acey a aa i?eiaiaiee…» (i.1 no.7). E?iia yoiai, a i?ioeanna iaaeaeoia?iaeii-i?aaiaie oieo| oeee iiaoo nicaeaaaoueny iiaua ii?iu e aeaaea iiaua
einoeooou, iaecaanoiua iaoeeiiaeueiiio i?aao. Iai?e eniieuecoaiua ai aiaoiae oi?aiaea niaeaoaiey i niaoee caoeee e eiiia?e?iaaiee ai aioo?aiiai i?aaa no?ai NI i
i?eiaiythony.
Ii i?aaiaie neea oieoeoee?iaaiiua iaoa?eaeueiua ii? eae e ii?iu aioo?aiiaai i?aaa, iiaoo auoue iaycaoaeueiu e
Ii?i O?ainii?oiuo EIIAaI!
o?a^»/ i —~a”-™ *1«/e-euo1eu.o, eiiaaii
Iai?eia?, Aa?oaaneay eiiaaioeey 1929 aiaea (n iineaaeo!– ~ -a___~-__- -a- -a———-
ie eciaiaieyie) aeey oieoeeaoeee iaeioi?uo i?aaee, eaAEoe yeaiaioaie eioi?uo yaeythony:
“W«*. iiae/eiyao ,
oeee e
t ioiioaiee th?en^ e i?aaeoniao?eaaao iaaeaenoaeooe, iai?eia?, oioeaiaeneee aeiieoeeeee, aeaaea anee aeaiiia
jo ?iaeeeinue a Aa?eeia, aaea aai ioaoe aue a oi a?aiy aaieia-
[I neoaeauei.
Aeiieoeeeee ii i?ienoiaeaeaieth iiaeao a aeaeueiaeoai on-[eoue ianoi aeiieoeeeeth ii auai?o, ii /aeiaae ieeiaaea ia »yao naiaai ia?aiai aeiieoeeeey ieii/aoaeueii, eai, anee ii o/eaaao naie aeiieoeeeee ii auai?o, oi niiaa i?eia?aoaao ,e aeiieoeeeee ii i?ienoiaeaeaieth. Iao /aeiaaea aac oaie iem aiaee/aieia aac aeiieoeeeey! — aeaneo aiaeeeneay
;eiaeoea.
Eeoe, ia eiathueo ie iau/iiai ianoa iinoiyiiiai i?aau-iey, ie iinoiyiiiai aeeeuey, caeii iaaeaeyao oeeoeaiui !noii?aauaaieai, eioi?ia, oaeei ia?acii, noaiiaeony eo
eaee/aneei aeiieoeeeeai, ii?aaeaeythuei a?aaeaeaineia ni-
>yiea yoeo eeoe.
Iaeioi?ua iniaaiiinoe eiaao aeiieoeeeee a Oe?aeia. Oae, ciioaaonoaee n /. 1 no. 17 AE Oe?aeiu, «ianoii aeeoaeuenoaa
•eciaaony oi ianoi, aaea eeoei iinoiyiii eeai i?aeiouanoaai-i?iaeeaaao* (auaeaeaii iiie.— AE.). A oi aea a?aiy a niaoeeaeueiie ii?ia, ii?aaeaeythuae iinoi-iia ianoiaeeoaeuenoai ii Caeiio Oe?aeiu «I aiaoiayeiii-aaaneie aeayoaeueiinoe», neacaii, /oi yoi — «ianoiaeeoaeuenoai oa??eoi?ee eaeiai-eeai ainoaea?noaa ia iaiaa iaeiiai aiaea ace/aneiai eeoea, ia eiathuaai iinoiyiiiai ianoa aeeoaeue-(aa ia oa??eoi?ee ae?oaeo ainoaea?noa e iaia?aaathuaainy ‘AEeaaoue ia oa??eoi?ee yoiai ainoaea?noaa a oa/aiea iaia?a-1aiiiai n?iea, ia ia?aie/eaay oaeia i?iaeeaaiea ii?aaeaeai-‘e oeaeueth, e i?e oneiaee, /oi oaeia i?iaeeaaiea ia yaeyaony ^aenoaeai eniieiaiey yoei eeoeii neoaeaaiuo iaycaiiin-eee iaycaoaeuenoa ii aeiaiai?o (eiio?aeoo)» (aac. 30 no. 1). Ee/iue caeii oe?iei ?ani?ino?aiai a I*I e eniieueco-:y, iai?eia?, aeey auai?a i?aaa oiai eee eiiai ainoaea?noaa
[oaeeo neo/ayo.
Lex personalis: /.1 no. 566 AE Oe?aeiu (noiaeiua ii?iu ‘ue a AE ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee e ae?oaeo ainoaea?noa auaoa-^NN?); «A?aaeaeaineay aeaaniiniaiinoue eiino?aiiiai a?aae-[Ieia ii?aaeaeyaony ii caeiio no?aiu, a?aaeaeaieiii eioi-“* ii yaeyaony».
40
Iaaeaeoia?iaeiia /anoiia!
ee*
iiiyoey iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai /anoiiai i?aaa
41
ui aii?inai, neaaeiaaoaeueii, nouanoaoao oieoeoee?iaai-UeI?ac?aoaiea aicieeathueo eieeecee.
Caeii «iaoeeiiaeueiinoe» th?eaee/aneiai ,aa (lex soc/etatls)
Caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai, ii eioi?iio onoaiaaeeaaaony a?aaeaeai -i?aainoauaeoiinoue i?aaiecaoeee, ?acee/ii:
a) ai O?aioeee, Aa?iaiee, Oaaeoea?ee iii ii?aaeaeyaony ii caeiio ianoa iaoiaeaeaiey aa aaeieieno?aoeaiiai oeaio?a (i?aaeaiey);
a) a no?aiao«iauaai i?aaa» (Aiaeee, NOA e ae?.) — ii caeiio ianoa o/?aaeaeaiey (?aaeno?aoeee onoaaa) aeaiiie –, – ___.———…„„„ „^. _ i?aaiecaoeee;
(Eoaeey «lex patriae» — NOA «lex domicilii»), a) niaeanii /. 2 no. 567 AE Oe?aeiu «a?aaeaeaineay (Eiaeey «lex patriae» — Aaeeeia?eoaiey «lex domici i?aainiiniaiinoue eiino?aiiuo i?aaei?eyoee e i?aaieca-Caeii aeiieoeeeey e caeii a?aaeaeainoaa eiatho naie oeee i?e niaa?oaiee naeaeie ii aiaoiae oi?aiaea e ii nay-eiouanoaa e iaaeinoaoee. Caeii aeiieoeeeey ?ac?aoaao an caiiui n iae ?an/aoiui, no?aoiaui e eiui iia?aoeeyi io eeoeo eciaieoue caeii, ?aaoee?othuee aai ee/iia iie ii?aaeaeyaony ii caeiio no?aiu, aaea o/?aaeaeaiu i?aaei?ey-iea, ee/iui aeaenoaeai, o.a. iooai ia?aiaiu naiaai aeii oea eee i?aaiecaoeey» (aieaa iiae?iaii ni. oaio 5).
Caeii ianoiiaoiaeaeaiey aaue (lex rel sltae)
Yoi iaeei ec iauai?eciaiiuo eieeeceiiiuo i?eioeeiia. 1.1 no.5693 AE Oe?aeiu aiai?eony: «I?aai nianoaaiiinoe ia
Lex domicilii: /.2 yoie aea noaouee: «A?aaeaeaineay * niaiinoue eeoea aac a?aaeaeainoaa ii?aaeaeyaony ii caeiio iu, a eioi?ie iii eiaao iinoiyiiia ianoi aeeoaeuenoaa»
Caeii a?aaeaeainoaa oe?iei ?ani?ino?aiai a no?aia oeiaioaeueiie Aa?iiu e Aeaeueiaai Ainoiea, a ionoeuei no?aiao.
Caeii aeiieoeeeey aieaa oa?aeoa?ai aeey aiaeinaenia neaiaeeiaaneeo e eaoeiiaia?eeaineeo no?ai.
A cia/eoaeueiie noaiaie auai? caeiia a?aaeaeainoaa e eiia aeiieoeeeey iauyniyaony yiea?aoeeae e eiiea? a niioaaonoaothueo no?aiao. Yoe no?aiu eae au ai?th1 aeanoue iaae oece/aneeie eeoeaie, niioaaonoaaiii auao; ie n eo oa??eoi?ee eee auaoaaoeie ia iaa:
/Oss—~ ——— -1- – J ,-.«— .
iea, ee/iui aeaenoaeai, o.a. iooai ia?aiaiu naiaai aeii eey. Oaeie iaoiae caeiia iaaiciiaeai a neo/aa i?eiai caeiia a?aaeaeainoaa. A iineaaeiai neo/aa nio?aiyaony iiaeiinoue inouanoaeyoue ecaanoiue eiio?ieue a i?aaeaeao ?u aeanoaiaaiey eiino?aiiuo ainoaea?noa.
N ae?oaie noi?iiu, ana ainoaea?noaa, i?eiaiythuea ciue I. Ennaae, iiiyoea iieeeey « *ssayeO
Ii?ia locus regit actum iai?eiaieia oai, aaea ia noua-
aoao ieeaeie ianoiie oi?iu, iai?eia?, ia iacaiyoie
coe caiiiai oa?a (yeniaaeeoeey ia Naaa?iue iiethn).
Caeii ianoa niaa?oaiey aeoia a?aaeaeaineiai ninoi-
?ey iineaaeiaaoaeueii i?eiaiyaony e oi?ia niaa?oaiey yoeo
‘IA.
Caeii ianoa eniieiaiey iaycaoaeuenoaa (lex loci so-ionis) nio?aiee iaeioi?ia cia/aiea eeoue a Aa?iaiee. 1ac. 1 § 269 Aa?iaineiai a?aaeaeaineiai oeiaeaiey aiai?eo-:«Anee ianoi eniieiaiey ia ii?aaeaeaii e ia iiaeao auoue ‘aiiaeaii ec ianoiyoaeuenoa aeaea, a /anoiinoe ec i?e?iaeu 13aoaeuenoaaiiiai ioiioaiey, eniieiaiea aeieaeii iineaaei-[oue a oii ianoa> aaea iaoiaeeeinue ianoiaeeoaeuenoai aeieaeieea a?aiy aicieeiiaaiey iaycaoaeuenoaaiiiai ioiioaiey». ‘Eoa?ee ianoa eniieiaiey iaycaoaeuenoaa aue auaeaeioo aua ‘Eiuee. Iaoaeianoai aai i?eiaiaiey caeeth/aaony a oii, /oi nicaeaao oae iacuaaaiia ?anuaieaiea eieeeceiiiie aaycee a aeaonoi?iiieo iaycaoaeuenoaao (ii eoiea-i?iaeaaea i-). Iaycaoaeuenoaa eaaeaeie ec noi?ii iiaeeaaeao, oaeei
44
Iaaeaeoia?iaeiia
yaeiyoey iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai /anoiiai i?aea
45
ia?acii, iiae/eiaieth ?acee/iui caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaai, ia?: iaycaiiinoe i?iaeaaoea — caeiio iaeiie no?aiu, iinoe iieoiaoaey — caeiio ae?oaie no?aiu.
6. Caeii no?aiu i?iaeaaoea (lex venditorls)
Aeey aiaoiaoi?aiaie eoiee-i?iaeaaee oiaa?ia yoa KOJ iiiay i?eaycea iieo/eea iaeaieueoaa /enei noi?ii a oai?ee e i?aeoeea I*I. (A Oe?aeia — a oaea oiiieo ny /. 10 no. 6 Caeiia «I aiaoiayeiiiie/aneie aeayoaeueii
A niioaaonoaee aea n i. a) no. 10 Aaineie KOHBI III i aeiaiai?ao iaaeaeoia?iaeiie eoiee-i?iaeaaee on 1980 aiaea, «anee noi?iia eiaao aieaa iaeiiai eiiia?/a i?aaei?eyoey, aa eiiia?/aneei i?aaei?eyoeai n/eoaao^ eioi?ia n o/aoii ianoiyoaeuenoa, ecaanoiuo noi?iia:, i?aaeiieaaaaoeony eie a ethaia a?aiy aei eee a iiia! eeth/aiey aeiaiai?a, eiaao iaeaieaa oanioth naycue n aeiai] e aai eniieiaieai».
7. Caeii ianoa niaa?oaiey i?aaiia?ooaiey ‘ (lex loci delicti commissl)
A niioaaonoaee n /. 1 no. 5694 AE Oe?aeiu «i?aaa e ^~ iinoe noi?ii ii iaycaoaeuenoaai, aicieeathuei aneaaenoaea /eiaiey a?aaea, ii?aaeaeythony ii caeiio no?aiu, aaea eiaei . aeaenoaea eee eiia ianoiyoaeuenoai, iineoaeeaoaa iniiaaiea] o?aaiaaiey i aiciauaiee a?aaea» (aieaa iiae?iaii ni. oae
8. Caeii, n eioi?ui aeaiiia ioiioaiea iaeaieaa oanii naycaii (lex causae)
A aeieo?eia e i?aeoeea aiaei-aia?eeaineiai i?aaa iaieoaeueii e aeiaiai?iui iaycaoaeuenoaai yoo i?eayceo iyoi iaicia/aoue oi?ioeie «proper law of the contract» uay oi?ioea i i?eiaiaiee i?aaa, n eioi?ui ioiio eiaao iaeaieaa oanioth naycue, niaea?aeeony a no. 4 Eiiaa! i i?aaa, iiaeeaaeauai i?eiaiaieth e aeiaiai?iui iayca] noaai, iiaeienaiiie a 1980 aiaeo no?aiaie «Iauaai ?uei
A iineaaeiaa a?aiy i?ienoiaeeo ii?aaeaeaiiia naeth oaiaeaioeee ?acaeoey I*I a NOA e no?aiao Caiaaeiie , iu. I?ae?aniui i?eia?ii yoiai i?ioeanna iiaeao neo-no. 15 oaaeoea?neiai caeiia i I*I 1987 aiaea. Caeanue aian ny, /oi i?aai, oeacaiiia ianoiyuei caeiiii, eae eneeth/e ia i?eiaiyaony, anee aeaei ni anae i/aaeaeiinoueth eeoue i(
ii naycaii n oeacaiiui i?aaii, a ai?acaei aieaa oanii 1ayi n ae?oaei i?aaii.
Eeoaeneia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai oaeaea enoiaeeo ec i?eioeeia e/ey nayce iaaeaeo aeiaiai?ii e i?eiaieiui i?aaii, en-uecoy i?e yoii oae iacuaaaioth ioe?uooth ii?io. Iii on-aaeeaaao, /oi, anee o/anoieee aeiaiai?a n eiino?aiiui yea-oii ia naeaeaee auai?a, i?eiaiyaony i?aai ainoaea?noaa, ioi?ui aeiaiai? eiaao iaeaieaa oanioth naycue (§ 145 AI)- Oaeei ia?acii, i?eiaieoaeueii e aeiaiai?iui ioii-
(eyi eeoaeneee caeii aini?eiye aia?eeaineee iiaeoiae oaieth eieeeceiiiuo aii?inia. 3 /. 14 no. 6 Caeiia Oe?aeiu «I aiaoiayeiiiie/aneie
•aeueiinoe» oeacuaaaony, /oi e i?aaai e iaycaiiinoyi ii aiayeiiiie/aneei aeiaiai?ai (eiio?aeoai), ia oeacaiiui yiie noaouea, i?eiaiyaony i?aai no?aiu, aaea o/?aaeaeaia eeai
N o ianoiaeeoaeuenoai eeai iniiaiia ianoi aeayoaeueiinoe noi-, eioi?ay inouanoaeyao eniieiaiea oaeiai aeiaiai?a (eii-eoa), /oi eiaao ?aoathuaa cia/aiea aeey aai niaea?aeaiey.
Caeii oeaaa (lex flag/}
I Oeaa oaeoe/anee yaeyaony ?aoathuei ai anao th?eaee/a-?o ioiioaieyo, a eioi?ua anooiatho noaeii e aai eaieoai [ nianoaaiiee eae oaeiaie. Oeaa oeao?e?oao oaeaea e a aei-i?iuo ioiioaieyo, a /anoiinoe a aeiaiai?ao i cao?aooiaa-ae, anee oieueei noi?iiu ia au?aceee iaia?aiey eneeth/eoue aiaiaiea i?aaa oeaaa. Anee noaeii ia eiaao i?aaa ieaaaoue
oeaaii ii?aaeaeaiiie no?aiu eee anee iii iiaeieiaao .IT ainoaea?noaa, ninoiyuaai ec ianeieueeeo no?ai, ?aoathuei aeaaony caeii no?aiu, a eioi?ie noaeii ca?aaeno?e?iaaii. I Eiaaea noaeii ooiaeeo a ii?a, i?aai oeaaa caiaiyao lex rei
a. Oai naiui eae au i?ienoiaeeo niaia oeia eieaeece-
*ie i?eaycee.
«oi, iaeiaei, ia eneeth/aao i?aaa nianoaaiieea eee aai e?a-ai?ia ?anniao?eaaoue noaeii, caoaaeoaa a eiino?aiiua oa??e-yeaeueiua aiaeu eee eiino?aiiue ii?o, a niioaaonoaee n i?a-ai ianoiiaoiaeaeaiey a aeaiiue iiiaio.
noaea (lex forl)
ioio i?eioeei eiaao aaaeiia cia/aiea aeey a?aaeaeaineiai
>°Oeanna, aeeth/ay a?aeo?aaeiue noae. Niaeanii aeaiiiio i?ei-IO NOAe, ianiio?y ia eiino?aiiue yeaiaio a ioiioaiee, ia
46
Iaaeaeoia?iaeiia /anoiia
iiiyoey iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai /anoiiai i?aaa
47
i?eiaiyao eiino?aiiiai i?aaa aeey ?ac?aoaiey a?aae/ i?ioeannoaeueiuo aii?inia ii aeaeo.
I?eiaiaiea a oaeiai ?iaea aii?inao caeiiiaeaoae no?aiu noaea — iauai?eciaiiia ia/aei.
Iieiaeeoaeueiue ioaao ia aii?in i iaaeaeoia?iaeiie e e° Oe?aeineii i?aaa i?eia?ii iaeiinoi?iiiae eieeeceii-e ii?iu iiaeao neoaeeoue /. 3 no. 570 AE Oe?aeiu, aaea aiai-ny: «I?aaii?aainoai no?iaiee, eioi?ua iaoiaeyony a NNN?
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Iaaeaeoia?iaeiia /anoe n
„iyoey iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai /anoiiai i?aaa
49
(/eoae: a Oe?aeia — A.I.), ai anao neo/ayo ii?aaeaey» niaaoneiio (/eoae: oe?aeineiio —AE.) caeiio…».
Aeaonoi?iiiyy eieeeceiiiay ii?ia, a i?ioeaiiiei: yoiio, aiai?eo ia oieueei ioiineoaeueii i?eiaiaiey noaaiiiai i?aaa, ii e i i?eiaiaiee anao ae?oaeo i?aaa eia a ii?aaeaeaiiii aii?ina.
Aeaiiay ii?ia ia eiaao i?iaaeia e aeaao noaeuea thuee, caeii/aiiue ioaao ai anao neo/ayo, eiaaea aicie i?in i oii eee eiii i?aaiii?yaeea. Oaeiai ?iaea eiee| iua ii?iu iiaeii iiyoiio iacaaoue oaeaea iiiainoi?i! eee caeii/aiiuie.
Aeaonoi?iiiae (iiiainoi?iiiae) eieeeceiiiie j yaeyaony, iai?eia?, no. 7 aieeaiaeneiai caeiia io j 1929 aiaea, ii eioi?ie «caiaeueiua o/anoee iiae/eiytho^ iai no?aiu, aaea iie iaoiaeyony».
3. Iauea e niaoeeaeueiua eieeeceiiiua ii?
\ N?aaee eieeeceiiiuo ii?i, oae aea eae e n?aaee iaoa|
iuo ii?i, iiaeii ?acee/aoue ii?iu, niioaaonoaothuea eo, e ii?iu, i?ioeai?a/auea (ecuyoey).
Iauea eieeeceiiiua ii?iu oeacuaatho i?aai, i?o iia e nouanoao aeaiiiai ioiioaiey (ii?aaeaeytho aai no| a niaoeeaeueiua oeene?otho i?aaiii?yaeie, i?eiaieiue oaiey aeiiieieoaeueiuo aii?inia, aicieeathueo a i?ioea aeecaoeee aeaiiiai ioiioaiey (aeaaniiniaiinoue noi?ii, q naeaeee, niiniau iaania/aiey eniieiaiey, ii?yaeie nps eniieiaiey)1.
Oae, oi?ia, i?aaa e iaycaiiinoe noi?ii aiaoiayei] /aneiai aeiaiai?a ii?aaeaeythony i?aaii ianoa aai caeeth1 (/./. 6,8 no. 6 Caeiia Oe?aeiu «I aiaoiayeiiiie/ane( yoaeueiinoe»). Iaeiaei a?aaeaeaineay i?aainiiniaiinoue e ?aaiiai th?eaee/aneiai eeoea ii?aaeaeyaony ii caeiio no aaea o/?aaeaeaiu i?aaei?eyoea eee i?aaiecaoeey (/. 2 no. 5 Oe?aeiu).
A caaeneiinoe io niaea?aeaiey i?aaiauo ii?i, e eio ionueaao eieeeceiiiay ii?ia, aiai?yo ia iaycaoaeuenoaa aeaeeeaiii, a?aei?acaiaeiii noaoooao, i noaoooa onuii! ocaeiiaiey, ianeaaeiaaiey e o.ae. Yoei, neaaeiaaoaeueii, e. /aaony niaea?aeaiea i?eaea/aiiuo eieeeceiiiie ii?ia oa?eaeueiuo ii?i. Iineieueeo noaooo (iai?eia?, noao
1 Iaaeaeoia?iaeiia /anoiia i?aai: nia?aiaiiua i?iaeaiu.— I.: 1994.— N.161-162.
1 iiaeao neaaaoueny ec aeaoo eee aieaa i?aaiii?yaeeia, a oa-e ia i?aeoeea aicieeaao i?iaeaia iieiiai eee /anae/-ni/aoaiey yoeo i?aaiii?yaeeia.
“”i/aoaiea ae?oa n ae?oaii ?aciuo i?aaiii?yaeeia a aeaonoi-g eieeeceiiiie ii?ia, eae ioia/aao E. ?aaia, iiaeao i?iecaaaeaii ?acee/iui iooai. Eeai iaa i?aaiii?yaeea
iaa, niioaaonoaothuea a?oiiu eo ii?i) ni/aoathony ae?oa
ooii iieiinoueth, eeai ni/aoathony oieueei eo /anoe. Ini-
I aeaeii neiaoey?iuo eieeeceiiiuo ii?i yaeythony ii?-niaea?aeauea iaiai?ee1.
aiciiaeii oaeaea i?eiaiaiea eoioeyoeaiuo eieeeceii-ii?i. I?eia?ii iiaeao neoaeeoue /. 6 no. 6 Caeiia Oe?a-«I aiaoiayeiiiie/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe»: «Oi?ia aiao-
aaeiiie/aneie naeaeee ii?aaeaeyaony i?aaii ianoa aa cae-yaiey. Naeaeea, caeeth/aiiay ca a?aieoeae, ia iiaeao auoue |ciaia iaaeaenoaeoaeueiie aneaaenoaea ianiaethaeaiey oi?iu, niaethaeaiu o?aaiaaiey caeiiia Oe?aeiu».
Iaaeaeoia?iaeiua e iaaeiaeanoiua /eeceiiiua ii?iu
A aeaiiii neo/aa ?a/ue eaeao i aeaenoaee eieeeceiiiuo i a i?ino?ainoaa.
Iaaeaeoia?iaeiua eieeeceiiiua ii?iu. A ianoiyuaa a?a-nouanoaoao iiiai ii?i, eanathueony eieeecee caeiiia, iinoui eee a eaeie-oi ia?a iaueo aeey ianeieueeeo no?ai. Eaeaioe/iua ii?iu yoiai ?iaea aicieeatho o?aiy ?acee/ee iooyie:
a) iaeioi?ua ii?iu, ninoaaeyaoea naa?oiaoeeiiaeueiia i?aai n?aaeiaaaeiauo aeieo?ei eoaeueyineeo th?enoia, nio?aieee naith neeo iianthaeo, iai?eia?, i?aaeei locus regit ac-tum (oi?ia naeaeee ii?aaeaeyaony ianoii aa caeeth/aiey);
6) iaeioi?ua i?aaeea noaee iaueie i?aaiauie ii?iaie aeey iiiaeo no?ai iooai naiinoiyoaeueiiai i?eiyoey eo eaaeaeie no?aiie a ioaeaeueiinoe (iai?eia?, iieiaeaiey no. 3 o?aioeocneiai a?aaeaeaineiai eiaeaena auee neiie?iaaiu iiiaeie ae?oaeie eiaeaenaie);
a) iaeiiaoe, iaeioi?ua ii?iu I*I noaee iaueie aeey iiiaeo no?ai a ?acoeueoaoa iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo eiiaaioeee.
iineaaeiai neo/aa i?eiyoi aiai?eoue ia oieoeoey?iaai-[o eieeeceiiiuo ii?iao. Oieoeeaoeey eieeeceiiiuo l
I ‘ ?aaaea E— N. 38, 39.
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Iaaeaeoia?iaeii» /aenoii^Ae iiyoey iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai /anoiiai i?ioa
51
ii?i — iaeei ec iaoiaeia, n iiiiuueth eioi?uo ainoaea?ni uanoaeytho ?aaoee?iaaiea eae eiouanoaaiiuo, oae e e iaeiouanoaaiiuo ioiioaiee, ineiaeiaiiuo eiino?] yeaiaioii. Iia naiaeeony e i?ioeanno nicaeaiey aaeeiiiaae ii?i, oeacuaathueo aeey eaaeaeiai eiie?aoiiai neo/ay eaeiai ainoaea?noaa i?eiaieii e ioiioaieyi n eiino?! yeaiaioii. Oae, eieeeceiiiay ii?ia lex loci contractj eii ianoa niaa?oaiey naeaeee) niaea?aeeony a ?yaea aeiaiai?ia, caeeth/aiiuo ainoaea?noaaie.
Iaaeiaeanoiua eieeeceiiiua ii?iu. A neo/aa iae noiuo (eee eioa?eieaeueiuo) eieeeceiiiuo ii?i u aiai?eoue i eieeeceiiiuo ii?iao ninoaaiuo /anoae aa noaa. N i?aeoe/aneie oi/ee c?aiey eieeeceiiiay ii?] ?aaeaeythuay iauaeo i?aaiioiioaiey e i?aaiii?yaeie, aeauee i?eiaiaieth aeey ?aaoee?iaaiey yoiai ioiio iiaeao auoue aaeeiie eae aeey «iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo», oae] «iaaeiaeanoiuo» eieeecee.
5, Eioa?ia?niiaeueiua eieeeceiiiua ii?iu
A aieueoeinoaa nia?aiaiiuo ?acaeaathueony no?ai Ao?eee e Eaoeineie Aia?eee nouanoaoao eiaeeoeaeu iia a?aaeaeaineia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai. Aianoa n oai ai i ec ieo aeaenoaotho nenoaiu iau/iiai ieaiaiiiai e aeiciiai i?aaa (iaeia eee ianeieueei), ii?iu eioi?ue aieueii /anoi eieeeaee?otho eae n ii?iaie iauaa?aaeae ai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa, oae e iaaeaeo niaie. Eiaiii ii{ a aieueoeinoaa ?acaeaathueony no?ai iniiaiuie eieee i?iaeieaeatho inoaaaoueny eioa?ia?niiaeueiua, aicieeay i?aaeaea anaai a iaeanoe a?a/ii-naiaeiiai e ianeaaenoaa! i?aaa, o.a. a oao noa?ao, aaea neeueiu o?aaeeoeee e iau/ae.) aaea anoue aaeeiua iauaainoaea?noaaiiua i?aaiaua nenoai! oa?ia?niiaeueiua eieeecee ia nouanoaotho.
Nouanoaaiiay /a?oa eioa?ia?niiaeueiiai i?aaa — or noaea nayce n eaeeie-eeai ii?aaeaeaiiuie oa??eoi?ee ie a?aieoeaie.
?anniao?eaay i?iaeaiu, naycaiiua n i?eiaiaieai . aeiciiai i?aaa, neaaeoao ioiaoeoue, /oi a no?aiao Ainoie^ noaotho i?aeiouanoaaiii o?e o?aaeeoeeiiiua nenoaiu] aeiciiai i?aaa: ionoeueiaineay, eiaeoenoneay e eoaeaeno, (?acee/iua nenoaiu o?enoeaineiai oea?eiaiiai i?aaa a yoeo no?aiao n?aaieoaeueii iaiueoaa cia/aiea.)
Ii?iu oiiiyioouo nenoai i?eiaiythony e ioiioa iaaeaeo i?aaenoaaeoaeyie niioaaonoaothueo ?aeeaeiciuo
I caeaathueany no?aiu, a eioi?uo i?eiaiyaony ionoeue-eia i?aa°> iiaoo auoue ?acaeaeaiu ia aeaa a?oiiu, ia?aie ioiinyony no?aiu, aaea ionoeueiaineia i?aai eia-
. aaaInoaothuaa cia/aiea (ii e?aeiae ia?a oai?aoe/anee).
•ue ioeoeeaeueii i?eciaii aa?oiaainoai yoiai i?aaa, iaeia-Ueaeoe/anee iooiae io i?eioeeiia eeanne/aneiai ionoeueiai-1ai i?aaa aeiionoei ai iiiaeo neo/ayo. Oaeia iieiaeaiea aanoaoao, iai?eia?, a Aoaaienoaia, Eaiaia, Niiaee, Naoaeia-e A?aaee, Iauaaeeiaiiuo A?aaneeo Yie?aoao, Aao?aeia,
•a?a, Eoaaeoa.
Aoi?oth a?oiio ninoaaeytho no?aiu, aaea ionoeueiaineia aei ?aaoee?oao oieueei ee/iue noaooo (a oe?ieii iiie-1EE yoiai oa?ieia), ii e a yoie iaeanoe ia?yaeo n ae?oaeie |oaiaie i?aaa. Oae, a Aaiaeaaeao, Iaeaecee, Ieaa?ee, Ia-oaia, Noaeaia ia?yaeo n ionoeueiaineei aeaenoaoao o?ainoi?-?iaaiiia aiaeeeneia «iauaa i?aai», a Eiaeiiacee — aie-oeneia, a Aionaaia, Eanioi, O?e-Eaiea — ?iiaii-aieeaiaen-i?aai, a ?yaea a?aaneeo no?ai, i?aaeieo o?aioeocneeo Ueiieyo,— o?aioeocneee a?aaeaeaineee eiaeaen. IA ioaeaeueiuo ?acaeaathueony no?aiao auea i?iaaaeaia ei-[oeaoeey ii?i ionoeueiaineiai i?aaa, ?aaoee?othueo aii-^u ee/iiai noaoooa (a /anoiinoe, a Ei?aeaiee, E?aea, Ia?ie -Iaeenoaia, Ne?ee, Ooiena); ai iiiaeo ec ieo ii?iu anne/aneiai ionoeueiaineiai i?aaa i?aoa?iaaatho noua-Oeaiiua eciaiaiey (oae, iieeaaiey ioiaiaia a Eio-ae’Eaoa-| Ooiena, Oo?oeee, cia/eoaeueii ia?aie/aia a E?aea, Ia?ie-i Iaeenoaia, Ne?ee).
A ea/anoaa enoi/ieeia ionoeueiaineiai i?aaa aunooiatho yai, Noiia e oaaeenu (o?aaeeoeee e i?aeoeea I?i?iea, nayciia i?aaeaiea e eaiiiu), eaeaeia (iauaa iiaiea iaeaieaa y?eoaoiuo e eiiiaoaioiuo oaieiaia ?aeeaee e i?aaa), ee-(eiae/aneea caeeth/aiey ii eaeei-eeai aii?inai ia in-aa aiaeiaee a Ei?aia eee oaaeenao), a oaeaea iau/ae. Eeanne/aneia eiaeoenoneia i?aai, iniiaiui enoi/ieeii ai?iai yaeyaony «aeoa?ia» — aeia?ia niciaiea, ?aaoee?oao , Eaiee, Iaeaecee, Eaiaia, Iaeenoaia, Neiaaio?a e ?yaea |AAEO no?ai ioiioaiey a noa?a ee/iiai noaoooa i?iaeeaath-ao Oa1y eiaeoenoia. A naiie Eiaeee iinea caaiaaaiey iaca-eiinoe eiaeoenoneia i?aai i?aoa?iaei cia/eoaeueiua ecia-Ey Aeaaea a iaeanoe a?a/ii-naiaeiuo e ianeaaenoaaiiuo iioaiee. A?a/iue aeiaiai? ?aaoee?oaony iuia a?aaeaeaiai i?aaii; a caeiiiaeaoaeueiii ii?yaeea onoaiiaeaiu aic-a i?aaeaeu aeey anooiathueo a a?ae, nie?auaii /enei
52
Iaaeaeoia?iaeiia /anoiay
yiyoey
53
i?aiyonoaee aeey anooieaiey a iaai. Ecaeaiu caeiiu, ? ?othuea ioiioaiey ii onuiiaeaieth, iiaea, ianeaaeiaai *oi eanaaony eoaeaenoneiai i?aaa, oi iii i?eia e aeaeai, naycaiiui n iiaeie e iiia/eoaeuenoaii, a e a?a/ii-naiaeiui e ianeaaenoaaiiui ioiioaieyi i?iaeeaathueo a a?aaneeo no?aiao e ia Aeeaeiai A a Naaa?iie Ao?eea e ia A?aaeeneii iieoino?iaa. En eaie eoaeaenoneiai i?aaa yaeythony: Ieoia (eiiia Aeaeee) e Aaia?a (nia?aiea i?aaiauo e oieueeei?iuo aaiee aeaeaeneeo oaenoia).
A oao ?acaeaathueony no?aiao, aaea ?aaoee?iaaiea nia ee/iiai noaoooa, a oaeaea a?a/ii-naiaeiuo e ianeaae iuo ioiioaiee a i?eioeeia aiciiaeii ia iniiaa ?aeeae’ i?aaa, aeiioneaaony aiciiaeiinoue i?eiaiaiey ii?i o?ea?iiiia cia/aiea. A inoaeueiuo no?aiao Ao?eee a noa?a oiai noaoooa (a oe?ieii niunea), e?iia ii?i ?aeeaeic-o i?aaiauo nenoai (i?aeiouanoaaiii ionoeueiaineie [iaeoenoneie), aeaenoaotho ?acee/iua ieaiaiiua iau/ae, Iniao?eaaaiua a ea/anoaa enoi/ieeia i?aaa. Iniaaiii •i?ino?aiaiu eioa?ia?niiaeueiua eieeecee a no?aiao caoi?eaeueiie Ao?eee. Aanueia /anoi yoe eieeecee aicie-io a oaeeo no?aiao, eae Eio-ae’Eaoa?, Ao?eeia-Oani, Aaaii, [aey, Aaia, Aaeiay, Aaiei, Aeaiie?aoe/aneay ?anioaeeea ITO, Cae?, Eaia?oi, Eaiey, Eanioi, Iaa?eoaiey, Iaeaae, o, Ieaa?, Ieaa?ey, Naiaaae, Niiaee, Nuea??a-Eaiia, Noaeai, [caiey, Oiai, Oaaiaea, *aae, Yoeiiey. Oieueei a Eaiee, Noaea-Oaicaiee e Oaaiaea aeaenoaoao aieaa aeaoonio nenoai iea-
[iiai iau/iiai i?aaa.
A caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa ioaeaeueiuo no?ai Ao?eee niaea?aeao-eieeeceiiiua ii?iu, iai?aaeaiiua ia ?ac?aoaiea eie-|cee iaaeaeo ieaiaiiui iau/iui i?aaii e noa?ui i?a-e iao?iiieee, aua nio?aiythuei naia aeaenoaea (iai?eia?, ‘aia, Oaicaiee). A ae?oaeo no?aiao aeaeathony ii?aaeaeaiiua ae e eiaeeoeeaoeee ioaeaeueiuo nenoai iau/iiai ieaiai-|ai i?aaa (iai?eia?, a Aionaaia, Caiaee, Eaiee, Iaeaae) ai i?iaiaeyony ia?ii?eyoey ii oieoeeaoeee ii?i yoiai °ya (iai?eia?, a Aaia, Oaaiaea — a iaeanoe a?a/ii-naiae-
o ioiioaiee).
Caeiiiaeaoaeuenoao ?yaea ainoaea?noa Eaoeineie Aia?eee ‘oa?oea?niiaeueiua eieeecee iaecaanoiu (Aaaoaiaea, Aaiano-*)• A oao aea no?aiao, aaea a nayce n nouanoaiaaieai iau/ii-i?aaa eiaeaeneeo ieaiai oaeea eieeecee aicieeatho, noaeu ‘niiaiii ?ac?aoatho eo ii aiaeiaee n ii?yaeeii, onoa-ceaiiui a I*I, iineieueeo a caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa yoeo no?ai ^i?eia?, a A?aceeee) iao eieeeceiiiuo ii?i, i?aaeiacia-LHbIX ^ey ?ac?aoaiey eioa?ia?niiaeueiuo eieeecee. Ini-iieiaeaiea neiaeeeinue a yoii ioiioaiee a Ia?o, aaea i?a-06 i°eiaeaiea eiaeaeneiai ianaeaiey aeaoaeueii o?aaoee?i-0 a ainoaea?noaaiiii caeiia.
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I.aeaeoia?iaeiia /anoiiE iiiyoey iaaeaeoia?iyiiai /anoiiai i?aoa^
55
e. Eioa?oaiii?aeueiua eieeeceiiiua ii?iu \
Iu ?anniio?aee oaeea iniaiai ?iaea eieeecee, eae eanoiua, eioi?ua, eae e I*I a oeaeii (i?aaeiaoii ei( i?aaeaea anaai yaeyaony ?ac?aoaiea iaaeainoaea?noaaiiu; eecee), i?ecaaiu ii?aaeaeyoue i?ino?ainoaaiiia aeaenoae) aiauo ii?i, a oaeaea eioa?ia?niiaeueiua eieeecee, enoi; ia ec ainoaea?noaaiiuo e oa??eoi?eaeueiuo ?acee/ee aiauo nenoaiao, ii ec ?acee/ee, eanathueony ee/iinoe, iaaeeaaeiinoe eeoea e oie eee eiie ?aeeaee, iaoeeiiaeu ?ana e o.ae.
Caaea/a eioa?oaiii?aeueiiai i?aaa* niaa?oaiii eiay, eaeao i ?ac?aoaiee eieeecee, aicieeathueo ec iaee/ey i?eiyouo ii iaeiiio e oiio aea aii?ino a niioaaonoao: no?aia a ?aciia a?aiy. Aii?in i aeaenoaee caeiia ai ie — iaeei ec aii?inia iauae oai?ee i?aaa, iaeiaei ia. ii?aaeaeaiiie niaoeeoeeie i?eiaieoaeueii e oai?ee I
N iiceoeee I*I i?aaenoaaeyaony aiciiaeiui ?anniai?io, i?e?iaea i?aaiioiioaiey o?aaoao eciaiaiey i?eayc-Anee, iai?eia?, noi?oae-o?aioeocu i?eia?aoatho oaaeoea?-,a a?aaeaeainoai, oi ee/ii-i?aaiaua iineaaenoaey eo a?aea yaaeaeythony oaea ia o?aioeocneei, a oaaeoea?neei i?aaii. [Aii?in i nio?aiaiee aeaenoaey noa?iai i?aaa aiciee e a )0 aiaeo, i?e caeeth/aiee aeiaiai?a iaaeaeo O?A e AAe? i ain-iiaeaiee aaeeinoaa Aa?iaiee (aeiaiai?a ia iauaaeeiaiee). no. 8 yoiai aeiaiai?a ia oa??eoi?ee O?A anooiaao a neeo 1ai O?A a oie aai /anoe, aeaenoaea eioi?ie ia ia?aie/aii ?aaeaeaiiuie caieyie eee oa??eoi?eyie O?A, e i?e onei-I, /oi caeeth/aiiui aeiaiai?ii, niaeanii niaoeeaeueiiio iiae-aeaiio i?eeiaeaieth, ia onoaiiaeaii eiia. A niioaaonoaee ni 9 yoiai aeiaiai?a i?aai AAe?, aeaenoaothuaa a iiiaio iiae-aaiey aeiaiai?a (31 aaaonoa 1990 aiaea) e ?anniao?eaaaiia Iniiaiiio caeiio O?A eae i?aai caiaeue, nio?aiyao naith iy i?e iaee/ee ii?aaeaeaiiuo oneiaee. I?aaeoniio?aiu eaea oneiaey nio?aiaiey a neea ae?oaeo /anoae i?aaa AAe? aneiaey aeaenoaey ia oa??eoi?ee auaoae AAe? i?aaa Aa?i-1neiai niiauanoaa.
Ioaa/ay ia aoi?ie aii?in, eanathueeny a?aiaie anooiea-i a neeo iiauo eieeeceiiiuo ii?i, ioiaoei, /oi ii noae yaeiaoii aeaoaeueiiai ?aaoee?iaaiey i?e i?eiyoee a iinea-o aiaeu a ?yaea no?ai eiaeeoeeaoeeiiiuo aeoia a iaeanoe O. Oae, a O?A i?e aaaaeaiee a 1986 aiaeo iiaiai ?aaoee?i-oy a yoie iaeanoe auea i?eiyoa no. 220 BGB, niaeanii •i?ie e aicieeoei aei 1 naioya?y 1986 aiaea ioiioaieyi |aeeaaeao i?eiaiaieth ?aiaa aeaenoaothuea eieeeceiiiua |?iu, ii a oi aea a?aiy aeey ?yaea naiaeii-i?aaiauo ioiioa-Aeieaeii i?eiaiyoueny iiaia eieeeceiiiia i?aai, oaaeoea?neii caeiia i I*I 1987 aiaea ?anniao?eaaaiue ?in ?aaoee?oaony neaaeothuei ia?acii: e ioiioaieyi, aic-eoei aei anooieaiey a neeo iiaiai caeiia, a i?eioeeia aeie-° i?eiaiyoueny noa?ia i?aai. I?aaiaua iineaaenoaey eee niioiioaiey, eioi?ua aicieeee aei anooieaiey a neeo yoi-aeiia, ii ?ann/eoaiu ia aeeeoaeueiia aeaenoaea, ii?aaeaeytho-oa?ui i?aaii. Iaeiaei n anooieaieai a neeo iiaiai caeiia iineaaenoaey aoaeoo ii?aaeaeyoueny iiaui caeiiii (no. 196).
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Iaaeaeoia?iaeiia /anoii^
„niyoey iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai /anoiiai i?aai
57
Aeaeu eieeeceiiiuo ii?i
ii niiniao au?aaeaiey aiee caeiiiaeaoaey eiia?aoeaiua aeeaiiceoeaiua aeueoa?iaoeaiua
ii oi?ia eieeeceiiiie i?eaycee
iaeiinoi?iiiea aeaonoi?iiiea
i?eiaieoaeueii e nouanoao ?aaoee?oaiiai ioiioaiey iauea • niaoeeaeueiua V
ii aeaenoaeth a i?ino?ainoaa iaaeaeoia?iaeiua • iaaeiaeanoiua 1
ii ?acee/eyi, eanathueiny ee/iinoe eioa?ia?niiaeueiss
ii aeaenoaeth ai a?aiaie eioa?oaiii?aeueiss
6. Aiaeec i?eiaiaiey eieeeceiiiie ii?iu. Ii?aaeaeaiea iaee/ey eieeeceiiiie ii?iu. Acaeiiinoue. Eaaeeoeeaoeey. Iaoiae caeiia. Ia?aoiay ionueea. Ionueea e i?aao o?aoueae no?aiu
I?ioeann i?eiaiaiey eieeeceiiiuo ii?i ai iiiai! ee/aaony io i?eiaiaiey ii?i iaoeeiiaeueiiai i?aaa. I| eaa neiaeai, eai io?aaeaao acaeiiaeaenoaea ?acee/iuo i| auo nenoai, eiathueo cia/eoaeueiua iniaaiiinoe, e aee! aeaa io/aoeeai iainiaeaiiua e ?aciua ii naiei i?aaeaa iiae?iaiiio aiaeeco aicieeathueo a yoie iaeanoe i?a-;?eiaieoaeueiuo aii?inia.
Ii?aaeaeaiii iaee/ey eieeeceiiiie ii?iu
Aeaonoi?iiiee oa?aeoa? eieeeceiiiiai iaoiaea, eae ioia-
• I. Ennaae, iiaeao iaoneiaeoue aicieeiiaaiea eae iaaaoea-, oae e iiceoeaiuo eieeecee ‘. Aiciiaeii, /oi ie iaeei ec ;iiia, naycaiiuo ni nii?iui i?aaiioiioaieai, ia i?ecia-naay eiiiaoaioiui ?aaoee?iaaoue aai. A yoii neo/aa i?a-‘oiioaiea ?eneoao inoaoueny ia?aaoee?iaaiiui («aiao?e->) — iaaaoeaiay eieeecey. Iai?ioea, iiceoeaiay eieee-noaaeo i?iaeaio iiiaeanoaa eiiiaoaioiuo caeiiia, oae caeii eaaeaeie ec noi?ii ioiineo ?anniio?aiea aii?ina e ‘e eiiiaoaioeee. Ionoonoaea iaeiiia?acey a eieeeceiiiii i?aaa ?aciuo ‘ai ii?iaeaeaao iiiai/eneaiiua «o?iiathuea» ioiioaiey, ioiioaiey, eioi?ua iieo/atho i?aaiaoth caueoo a iaeiie 1aia e eeoaiu aa a ae?oaie.
Oae, iineieueeo a?aaeaeaineia ninoiyiea eeoea a iaeieo no?a-‘ ii?aaeaeyaony ii «iaoeeiiaeueiiio caeiio», a a ae?oaeo — «caeiio aeiieoeeeey» eeoea, iiaeao iieo/eoueny, /oi aeaiiia ee-a e°ie?aoiii neo/aa a iaeiii ainoaea?noaa aoaeao n/eoaoueny ?oei aneaaenoaea aacaanoiiai ionoonoaey, a a ae?oaii —
•aaeyueiny a aeeauo.
.- n. 60.
58
Iaaeaeoia?iaeiia /anoii*
aeea
iiiyoey iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai /anoiiai i?aaa
59
Iiaeiaiay neooaoeey nicaeaao aeaci?aaiecaoeeth iaaeaeo! iiai iai?ioa. I?aiaeieaoue yoo aeaci?aaiecaoeeth iiaeii! a ii?yaeea iaaeaeoia?iaeiie oieoeeaoeee eieeeceiiiuo]
Ia i?aeoeea eiia/iia ?ac?aoaiea /anoi caaeneo oi a eaeie no?aia aoaeao i?aaeuyaeai ene ii aeaiiiio i?aaa oaieth.
2. Acaeiiinoue
I?e iaee/ee eiino?aiiiai yeaiaioa e i?eiaiaia eeceiiiuo ii?i i?aaeaea anaai anoaao aii?in i aeaenoao ?iai th?eaee/aneiai i?aaeea, niaeanii eioi?iio eiino?o aeieaeai iaeaaeaoue aieueoeie i?aaaie, /ai nianoaaiiue aeaiei a aai no?aia. Oaeie iiaeoiae i?ienoaeaao ec ia/! aainoaa a?aaeaeai e th?eaee/aneeo eeoe a i?ioeanna iaaeaeo1 iiai iauaiey e iai?aaeai ia i?aeoe/aneoth ?aaeecaoee! ai ia/aea.
Naia acaeiiinoue iiaeao auoue aeaoo aeaeia: 1) i.aoia.\ iie e 2) oi?iaeueiie.
Ia?aay i?aaeiieaaaao i?aaeinoaaeaiea ?aaiiai eee oi1 noiaeaai iauaia i?aaiii/ee, aoi?ay — i?aaeinoaaeaiea o?aioeai i?aaiii/ee, i?aaeoniio?aiiuo aeey nianoaa] a?aaeaeai e i?aaiecaoeee. Aaeaeo nouanoaaiiuo ?acee/ee! ?aiiaai i?aaa ioaeaeueiuo no?ai iaoa?eaeueiay acaeiiia1 i?aaeei, i?aeoe/anee iaaeinoeaeeia, e ?a/ue iiaeao eaeoe ei i i?aaeinoaaeaiee oi?iaeueiie acaeiiinoe. A noa?a eeiaieiiai i?aaa.
Oi eanaaony ia?ae/iie eaaeeoeeaoeee, oi caeanue iaeeoei ?aciiaeaney.
60
Iaaeaeoia?iaeii* /anoiie
eea
niyoey iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai /anoiiai i?aaa
— — — ————————————————————————————
61
Eaaeeoeeaoeey, icia/athuay a I*I oieeiaaiea ceiiiie ii?iu, noaaeo, iiaeaeoe, iaeaieaa neiaeiua ] au eieeeceiiiiai i?aaa, eioi?ua ai iiiaii inoaei ia ?aoaiiuie. Nouanoai i?iaeaiu ninoieo a oii, i?eiaiaiey eniieuecoaiuo eieeeceiiiie ii?iie i?a iiiyoee ioaeii iau/ii eo oieeiaaiea, a oaeia oie! caaeneo io niaea?aeaiey i?eiaieiiai i?aaa, eioi?n i?aaenoieo ii?aaeaeeoue. I?e yoii neaaeoao eiaoue a au iiiaea iiiyoey («aeiieoeeeee», «eneiaay aeaaiinoue» ia niaiaaeatho ii naiaio niaea?aeaieth a i?aaa ?ace| ainoaea?noa.
E.A. Eoioe i?eaiaeeo eeanne/aneee i?eia? ec ?onnen aiethoeeiiiie i?aeoeee (aeaei i oee?ea *eiecaeee). Yoi niao?eaaeinue iaeiia?aiaiii a ?onneii e eoaeueyineii j i?e/ai eaaeaeue ec ieo iniiauaaeny ia naiai iiieiae! aeeiiai eiouanoaa». ?a/ue oea i ianeaaeiaaiee eiioeanne i?aaa ia yenieoaoaoeeth oee?ea a Iaoa?ao?aa, i?aaeinoaae a naia a?aiy eoaeueyineiio iiaeaeaiiiio *eiecaeee. Ena ?onnei-eoaeueyineiai aeiaiai?a 1875 aiaea, ii eioi?iio iea aeaeaeeiinoe eoaeueyineeo iiaeaeaiiuo iiaeeaaeaei th? oeee eoaeueyineeo noaeia, e ?anniao?eaay i?aai ia yenieo(] oee?ea eae i?aai ia aeaeaeeiia eiouanoai, ?onneee noae naay iaeiiiaoaioiui. Eoaeueyineee aea noae, eaaeeoeoee?| ai ia eiioeanneth eae i?aai ia iaaeaeaeeiinoue, iaoiaey a ?innee a oa/aiea aeeeoaeueiiai a?aiaie, ia iniiaaiee ?onnei-eoaeueyineiai aeiaiai?a ia niaeaoaeny ia ?annii aeaea ii nouanoao.
Si duo faciunt idem, non est idem (anee aeaia aeaeai e oi aea, oi yoi ia iaeii e oi aea). Yoio aoi?eci in iiaeoiaeeo e eieeeceiiiui ii?iai. Eoaeey e O?aioe aycuaatho iaycaoaeuenoai e ianoo aai caeeth/aiey, ii ec ieo ?acee/ii iiieiaao yoi ianoi. O?aioeocneay i?a n/eoaao ei oi ianoi, ioeoaea iieo/aoaeue iooa?ou iinue iiaeoaa?aeaeaiea, a eoaeueyineay — oi ianoi, aaea naeae* iooa?oo iieo/aao aa iiaeoaa?aeaeaiea. Iaa ainoaea?noaa! ii aeaeeiinoe i?iecaiaeyo i?eayceo iaeeiaeiai, a aeaeno! iinoe iie aeaeatho yoi ii-?aciiio. A oaeeo neo/ayo i ne?uoie, eee eaoaioiie, eieeecee caeiiia.
Oeacaiiay i?iaeaia a oai?ee e i?aeoeea I*I ii; iacaaiea «eiioeeeo eaaeeoeeaoeee».
A I*I i?iaeaia eaaeeoeeaoeee ia?ac?uaii n! n eiaiaie iaiaoeeiai th?enoa Eaia e o?aioeocneiai
r-j_____ — —
Iie iaa, n ?ac?uaii a ianeieueei eao, ia?aue
IQ! aiaeo, aoi?ie a 1897-i, «ioe?uee» yoo aaaeioth i?iaea-
„ ae?in, iaeiaei, neiaeai e caiooai. O aaoi?ia iao aaeeiiai
ey e ia au?aaioaii oaeiaeaoai?eoaeueiiai ?aoaiey a iea-
eii?aeeiaoeee i?aaiauo nenoai.
Oae nia?aiaiiay oeiea I*I NOA enoiaeeo i?aaeaea anaai aaoa?eaeueiiai i?aaa, i?eaaaay e ?aoaieth ad hoc ii aeai-eiie?aoiiio neo/ath, a ia e oe?iei noi?ioee?iaaiiui •a?aeoiui eieeeceiiiui ii?iai, i?eau/iui aeey eean-(aneiai I*I a aa?iiaeneeo no?aiao. Iauea aea iiiyoey [eeceiiiiai i?aaa (iai?eia?, «ia?aoiay ionueea», «iaiai?-i ioaee/iii ii?yaeea» e ae?.) iiieiathony eae «oeiaee, aae?aiey» e ?anniao?eaathony eae iaioaeiua. Aeey aieueoae iaaeyaeiinoe ?acee/ee iaaeaeo eeanne/aneie )eie I*I, eiathuae ia?iiiia aeeyiea ai iiiaeo no?aiao, >i /enea a Oe?aeia, e iiaie oeieie NOA i?eaaaeai oaa-1,o, ninoaaeaiioth iaiaoeeei o/aiui A. Eaaaeai. Nouanoao-aoth eeanne/aneoth aeieo?eio ii eiaioao a iae «io/ei aei-», a iiaoth oeieo NOA — «aeiiii niia».
Io/ee aeii
Aeii niia
Iaoa?eaeueiia i?aai ?acaeaeaiea Aaeeinoai
e eieeeceiiiia i?aai
Iniaua eieeeceiiiua Oe?ieea iniaua ‘aoaiey ad hoc
eieeeceiiiua
ii?iu
ii?iu
Iauea eieeeceiiiua Eiathony ssa eiathony
ii?iu
Niaea?aeaiea eieeeceii- Eieeeceiiiua I?ioeannoaeueiua
iuo ii?i aii?inu aii?inu
I*I e iaaeaeoia?iaeiia ?acaeaeaiea Aaeeinoai
ioaee/iia i?aai
Ioiioaiea e nianoaai- Iaeeiaeiaia ?acee/iia
iiio e eiino?aiiiio
iaoa?eaeueiiio i?aao
Ioiioaiea e oi?ioaio Iaeeiaeiaia ?acee/iia
e ieioiio iaoa?eaeue-
iiio i?aao
?acoeueoao i?e i?eiyoee ?aoaiey A aieueoeinoaa neo/aaa i?eiaiaiea nouanoao *anoi ia?aciaaiea (eiino?oe?iaaiea) iiaiai
thuaai iaoa?e- iaoa?eaeueiiai
aeueiiai i?aaa i?aaa
62
Iaaeaeoia?iaeiia /aaoi aiioiioaiea:
1) a niioaaonoaee n caeiiii noaea (lex fori);
2) ia iniiaaiee caeiia, n eioi?ui aeaiiia ioiioai aieaa oanii naycaii (lex causae);
3) ia iniiaaiee i?aaiauo iiiyoee, iaueo aeey ?ace i?aaiauo nenoai (oae iacuaaaiay aaoiiiiiay ea°
eaoeey).
Eaaeeoeeaoeey lex fori. A ?aaioao Eaia e Aa?oai auaeaeiooi i?aaeeiaeaiea: noaeuey aeaao eaaeeoeeaoeeth a n noaee ni naiei i?aaii — i?aaii noaea. A noaeaaiie i ea e aeieo?eia a i?eioeeia i?aaeii/oaiea ioaeaaony KBI eaoeee a niioaaonoaee n caeiiii noaea eae iaeaieaa i? ?aoaieth i?iaeaiu.
Ai iiiaeo no?aiao eaaeeoeeaoeey lex fori iieo/eea iiaeaoaeueiia cae?aieaiea, iai?eia?, a Eiaeaena Aono~ (no. 6), aaeiaoneii a?aaeaeaineii eiaeaena (no. 10), ii?’ neii a?aaeaeaineii eiaeaena (no. 15). Oaeie aea iiaeoiae aeai a ?yaea iiaaeoeo enoi/ieeia I*I: § 3 caeiia i Aaia?ee, § 7 Naiaea caeiiia… NOA (2-a ecae.).
Eeiey aiaeeeneeo noaeia, aeeythueo ia i?aaii?ei! a noaeao iiiaeo ae?oaeo no?ai aiaeeeneiai i?aaa, ii naeae noao aaoi?eoaoiuo eeoa?aoo?iuo enoi/ieeia iaonoi: e aeiioneaao ?acee/iua i?aaiaua ?aoaiey: io lex fori
causae.
Eaaeeoeeaoeey lex causae. Ii eaaeeoeeaoeee lex (I. Aieueo e ae?.) noae eiaao iniiaaiea oieeiaaoue eiee ioth ii?io a niioaaonoaee n i?eioeeiaie e iiiyoey1″ i?aaa, e eioi?iio yoa ii?ia ionueaao.
Aaoiiiiiay eaaeeoeeaoeey. Oai?ey «aaoiiiiiie oeeaoeee» (iaiaoeeee o/aiue Y.?aaaeue) iieaaaao, /oi i eaiiua iiiyoey, i?eiaiyaiua a I*I (eiaiii n oii? yeaiaio iaaeaeoia?iaeiinoe e ia iaaeaeoia?iaeioth oeaeue ii?i), ioee/athony io iiiyoee, i?eiaiyaiuo a i?aaa ai ainoaea?noaaiiii. Yoa aeieo?eia auea ?acaeoa E.A.Eo i?aaeeiaeeaoei eniieueciaaoue a I*I iiiyoey, iauea aee ee/iuo nenoai i?aaa e aaoiiiiiua io eaeie-eeai KOI
iie nenoaiu.
Oaeie iiaeoiae iieo/ee iiaeoaa?aeaeaiea a ?aoaieyo iaoi?aiaie a?aeo?aaeiie eiiennee i?e Oi?aiai-i?iiu iie iaeaoa NNN?, naycaiiuo n i?eiaiaieai eiino?* i?aaa.
iaeyoey iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai /anoiiai i?aaa 63
O e i?e ?anniio?aiee aeaea ii eneo a?eoaineie oe?iu eoci’y, *yiiai yiae E° Eoae» e A/I «Yenii?oean» (1966 a.) Ue o?ayniay eiienney i?eiaieea aiaeeeneee oanoeeaoiee ‘e eneiaie aeaaiinoe, iie?aynue ia iaiauaiiia iiieiaiea 3 iaie aeaaiinoe eae n?iea, enoa/aiea eioi?iai i?aiyonoao-eioaeeoaeueiiio inouanoaeaieth i?aaa. I?e yoii eaaee-eaoeey aeaaiinoe, eae einoeoooa iaoa?eaeueiiai eee i?ioean-eueiiai i?aaa, ia aeaaaeanue, iineieueeo yoi iiaei au iiaee-ia eca?aiea i?eiaieiiai i?aaa.
A Aaeeeia?eoaiee a 1984 a. aue i?eiyo niaoeeaeueiue aeo eiino?aiiuo n?ieao eneiaie aeaaiinoe, a eioi?ii auei aaiiaeaii, /oi i?aaeea ia yoeo n?ieao n/eoathony ioiiny-oeny e iaoa?eaeueiiio i?aao, i?eiaiyaiiio e aeiaiai?o, ie e i?ioeannoaeueiui ii?iai. A NOA oaeaea iinoaiaiii [ienoiaeeo iooiae io oa?aeoa?enoeee yoiai einoeoooa eae
(oeanno aeueiiai.
I neiaeiinoe e ino?ioa i?iaeaiu eaaeeoeeaoeee naeaea-[uenoaoao oi, /oi iiiaea iiaaeoea eiaeeoeeaoeee a iaeanoe O inoaaeytho aa ia?aoaiiie. Oae, caeii i I*I Oaaeoea-e 1987 a., aeaoaeueii ?aaeaiaioe?othuee iiiaea niaoeeaeue-ie aii?inu eieeeceiiiiai i?aaa, ia niaea?aeeo ii?i i eaa-[oeeaoeee. Aiaeiae/ioth iiceoeeth caieiaao caeii i I*I 5no?ee 1978 a.: eiaaoayny a i?iaeoa caeiia noaouey i eaa-1oeeaoeee a ieii/aoaeueiii aai oaenoa iiouaia. Eaaeeoeeaoeey ia iniiaa iaaeaeoia?iaeiie eiiaaioeee. •iau ecaaaeaoue ?acee/ey a eaaeeoeeaoeeyo, iaecaaaeiiai ceo/aa eaaeeoeeaoeee ii caeiio noaea, iaaeaeoia?iaeiua eii->ioeee niaea?aeao oeacaiey ii iniiaiui eaaeeoeeaoeeyi, iiaaea, iai?eia?, noaeu ainoaea?noa-o/anoieeia eiiaaioeee >eaeiu auyaeoue niaianoiia iaia?aiea noi?ii. I?eiaiaiea |O IDri ia aeiioneaaony, /oiau eneeth/eoue oieeiaaiey, eca?a-|aaae1oeea niune e oa?aeoa? eiiaaioeee.
Iaoiae caeiia
I?eiaieiia i?aai iiaeao ii?aaeaeyoueny caeioa?aniaai-‘ Ie no°?iiaie eneonnoaaiii, n oai /oiau nicaeaoue aeaai-yiiue i?aaiaie ?aaeei aeey ?aaeecaoeee niioaaonoaoth-i?eaiiuiioaiee, niaea?aeaueo eiino?aiiue yeaiaio. aeioa?aniaaiiua eeoea /anoi iuoathony iaieoe iaoaeiaioth ,?eaeueioth ii?io, nicaeaaay aeey yoiai eaeei-eeai aii?-t Ue1I °iiniaii oaeie oaeoe/aneee ninoaa aeaea, e eioi?iio ?ia iai?eiaieia. Enoi?ey eaaeaeie no?aiu eciaeeoao
64
Iaaeaeoia?iaeiia /aaoiiU „^iyoeyiaaeaeoia?iyi?ai /anoiiai i?aaa
65
i?eia?aie iaen/a?iaaiie ecia?aoaoaeueiinoe e oeo?n i?aaeaiiie e oiio, /oiau niaa?oeoue oaeie fraus leg (iaoiae caeiia).
A iaeanoe I*I oaeea neo/ae iaoiaea caeiia ano?a/ oaeaea i/aiue /anoi. Noi?iiu, aeaeay nicaeaoue ii?aaeaeaii ?oeiaiaenoaoynue o?aioeocneie eieeeceiiiie ii?iie^ ienuaaaoae i?eiaiaiea a ioiioaiee ianeaaeiaaiey aeaa ai eiouanoaa i?aaa aeiieoeeeey i?ienoiaeaeaiey ianeaaei,a i?eiaiee aaaa?neia i?aai eae i?aai oaeiai aeiieoeeeey oai i?eiye ia?aoioth ionueeo eieeeceiiiiai i?aaeea ( neiai i?aaa, iiae/eiyaoaai ianeaaeiaaiea aeaeaeeiiai eio caeiio oaeoe/aneiai aeiieoeeeey ianeaaeiaeaoaey. A eoi|
1 ?aaia E.— N. 140. (I ioaee/iii ii?yaeea ni. ieaea — A.I.). * A Aiaeee e NOA oiio?aaeyaony oa?iee Remission.
oia ?aoaiea ioaa/aei eioa?anai eaciu, eioi?ie eiouanoai e ei ia?aaeaii niaeanii o?aioeocneiio caeiio ii i?aao ieeoiaoeee eae auii?i/iia.
oiai a?aiaie iao aoeaaeueii ie iaeiiai ainoaea?noaa, a ei-I i?aeoeea e iaoea i?ioee au ieii oeacaiiie i?iaea-Iie ia iiaoo iinooieoue eia/a, eai yoa i?iaeaia aeaenoae-
bHO iaaeaeoia?iaeiay.
Ia?aoiay ionueea icia/aao, /oi eieeeceiiiay ii?ia oea-L ia i?eiaieiue caeii, eioi?ue «ioineae» ia?aoii e caeo noaea eee e eiiio caeiio.
Neaaeoao eiaoue a aeaeo aiciiaeiinoue ia oieueei ia?aoiie io-e aioo?aiiaio iaoa?eaeueiiio a?aaeaeaineiio i?aao, [e aiciiaeioth ia?aoioth ionueeo e eieeeceiiiui ii?iai, 1aeathuei aoi?oth ia?aoioth ionueeo, o.a. aeaieiia renvoi
yio aea eiino?aiiiio i?aao, /oi e ?aiueoa. Yoa ianeieueei Ueaeiay oai?ey auea iacaaia aeieo?eiie «ieia-iiia», eee |aaeaeoia?iaeiui oaiienii»1.
AEaeaiiay aa?iiiey aeinoeaaaony i?eiaiaieai ethaie
?iu renvoi i?e neaaeothueo oneiaeyo:
a) ia?aoiay ionueea oi?ioa, eiaaea oieueei iaeia ec o/anoaothueo a iae i?aaiauo nenoai i?eciaao renvoi, a oi a?aiy eae ae?oaay aa ioaa?aaao;
a) ia?aoiay ionueea oaeaea oi?ioa, eiaaea ec aeaoo o/anoaothueo a iae no?ai iaeia ?ac?aoaao iaeiie?aoioth ia?aoioth ionueeo, a oi a?aiy eae ae?oaay no?aia i?eieiaao aeaieioth ia?aoioth ionueeo.
Ionueea e i?aao o?aoueae no?aiu (transmission)
Yoa ionueea icia/aao neo/ae, eiaaea eieeeceiiiay ii?ia ?aiu A ionueaao e caeiiiaeaoaeuenoao no?aiu A, a eieeece-*ay ii?ia no?aiu A, a naith i/a?aaeue, ionueaao e caeiiiaea-yuenoao no?aiu A.
yoii neo/aa aa?iiiey ?aoaiee iaaeaeo o?aiy no?aiaie f-oeaaaony, anee noaeu i?aaiauo nenoai ainoaea?noa A e A, eioi?uie i?e ionueea e o?aoueaio caeiio aeieaeai auoue 11ai auai?, i?eiaieee au i?e ?ac?aoaiee nii?a iaeii e oi o?aiiaa iaoa?eaeueiia a?aaeaeaineia i?aai. aea ainoi/iiaa?iiaeneea no?aiu i?eiyee ionueeo: ii i I*I Iieueoe — ionueeo iaaeo aeaeia (no. 4), caeii ?EE — ionueeo e naiaio i?aao (niioaaonoaaiii § 3 e § 4). o ‘ a caeiia Aaia?ee 1979 aiaea i?aaeoniao?eaaaony, /oi
.-N. 59.
69
Iaaeaeoia?iaeiia /anoiia
«…anee eiino?aiiue caeii … ionueaao e aaiaa?neii io, oi n o/aoii yoie ii?iu neaaeoao i?eiaiyoue aaiaa caeii» (§ 4). I?eaaaeaiiia i?aaeei aeaeaao iaiaoiaeeiu ieaaoue a eaaeaeii ioaeaeueiii neo/aa eieeeceiiioth ii? aa?neiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa n niioaaonoaothuae eieeec ii?iie eiino?aiiiai i?aaa.
N iaeioi?uie ia?aie/aieyie ia?aoiay ionueea i?: oaeaea a caeiiao i I*I O?A (no. 4, ii ia aeey aeiaiai?ii aa — no. 35), Oaaeoea?ee (no. 14) e Aano?ee (§ 5) e o.ae. Oa?iei «ia?aoiay ionueea» ano?a/aaony e a oaenoa! aeoia?iaeiuo aeiaiai?ia, eieeeceiiiua ii?iu eioi?uo aeiioneatho ionueeo, i?e/ai iaaeo aeaeia. Oae, aeaa AEai eiiaaioeee (1930 e 1931 aa..), eanathueany i?inouo eia iuo aaenaeae e /aeia, aeaenoaothuea e aeey Oe?aeiu, niao?eaatho, /oi oioy niiniaiinoue eeoea i?eiyoue ia naa; caoaeuenoaa ii eaeiio-eeai ec oaeeo aeieoiaioia caaa aai iaoeeiiaeueiiai caeiia, renvoi (ia?aoiay ionue ionueea e o?aoueaio caeiio, a caaeneiinoe io ianoiyo e eaeiio-eeai ae?oaiio caeiio, iai?eia?, e caeiio aeaea aeia aeey iio?aaeaiey aai a ioaee/iii aeiia; aeiaiai? aaeaeo noi?oaaie, iai?aaeaiiue e iaeaa/aieth ?acaiaea, ii aoi?iio ioae inoaaeyao naieo aeaoae ia iiia/aiea aeaiu;
•aiai? i eiienneiiiii aiciaa?aaeaeaiee ca iin?aaeie/anoai a?aea1. I?ioeai?a/eo aiaeeeneiio ioaee/iiio ii?yaeeo Aeiaiai? i aaaeaiee /oaeiai noaeaaiiai aeaea n iieo/aieai /a-e i?aaeiaoa nii?a eee eneiaie noiiu a neo/aa auea?uoa2. Iaeaieaa aeoeaii iaiai?ea i ioaee/iii ii?yaeea eniieue-aaeanue a Aaeeeia?eoaiee e a iniaaiiinoe a NOA a oeaeyo
-i?eciaiey yeno?aoa??eoi?eaeueiiai yooaeoa niaaoneeo aeae-” a i iaoeeiiaeecaoeee nianoaaiiinoe. I?eiaiaiea niaao-0 i?aaa e i?eciaiea i?aa, aicieeoeo iiae aicaeaenoaeai
‘, Aieueo I.-N.202.
,Ii?oI,—N. 179.
70
Iaaeaeoia?iaeiia /anoii^
niyoey iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai /anoiiai i?aaa
71
niaaoneeo caeiiia, eneeth/aeinue aaeaeo oiai, /oi aiaei-! eaineia i?aai ia i?eciaao iaoeeiiaeecaoeee /anoiie nia iinoe aac niioaaonoaothuae iaoa?eaeueiie eiiiainaoe* I?eiaiyeanue iaiai?ea i ioaee/iii ii?yaeea e i?io oenoneeo caeiiia.
Oe?aeineee th?eno A.I. Ei?aoeeee i?eaiaeeo oaeie «Iaeoi Aieueoea?, aa?iaineee a?aaeaeaiei — aa?ae, aue eii yeniaaeeoi?neie oe?iu Schenker & N. A eiioea 1931] oe?ia i?aa?aoeeanue a iiaeeiio?ieueioth aa?iaineie eii( aeaeaciie aei?iaa (Reichsbahn’y) i?aaiecaoeeth. Aieueoea? a| cia/ai aeaaiui oi?aaeythuei yoie i?aaiecaoeee. A 1| aeaaiue aee?aeoi? Reichsbahn’a oaieee Aieueoea?a, nnuea oi, /oi a neeo aa?iaineiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa i iaa?ee^ iaycai oaieeoue Aieueoea?a, eae aa?ay, n caieiaaiie aeiea Aieueoea? aaaeae a Iueth-Ei?e e oai a iueth-ei?eneii noaea aee e Reichsbahn’y ene ia oauoeao, aucaaiiuo iai?aaee! noi?aeaieai aeiaiai?a. A iueth-ei?eneii noaea ii iia i?aaea ene iioiio, /oi a Iueth-Ei?ea ia n/aoao iaeioi?uo aaieia] eenue aeaiueae, i?eiaaeeaaeaaoea Reichsbahn’y. Noaeuey, ?ana» aaaoee yoi aeaei, i?eciae, /oi iineieueeo aeiaiai? iaaeaeo| oea?ii e Reiehsbahn’oM aue caeeth/ai a Aa?iaiee e oa eaaeae inouanoaeaieth, neaaeiaaei au i?eiaiyoue repMaij caeii. Ii ?oeiaiaenoaiaaoueny yoei caeiiii noaeuey ioeac oae eae, ii aai iiaieth, aa?iaineea caeiiu i iaa?eeoeao i| iu aia?eeaineiio ioaee/iiio ii?yaeeo. Ii ienae: «Iaa ?iaeiay aaaeeeainoue ia iaycuaaao ian i?eiaiyoue aa?iainee eii, anee yoi i?eiaiaiea iiaeao iieacaoueny o ian i?ioea iaoaio /oanoao i?aainoaeey, naiaiaeu e ii?aee…»1
A O?A iaiai?ea i ioaee/iii ii?yaeea (Vorbehaltslj usel)* niaea?aeaeanue a no. 30 Aaiaeiiai caeiia e AAO: «Ilpj iaiea eiino?aiiuo caeiiia eneeth/aaony, anee eo i?e! iea i?ioeai?a/eei au aeia?ui i?aaai eee oeaee aa?i) ai caeiia».
Ia?yaeo n iaiai?eie iauaai oa?aeoa?a (no. 30) nou( aaee iniaua iaiai?ee i ioaee/iii ii?yaeea. Iai?: a /. 3 no. 13 yoiai aea caeiia: «Oi?ia a?aea, caeeth/; a Aa?iaiee, ii?aaeaeyaony eneeth/eoaeueii aa?iaine eiiaie».
yiiay ii?ia i?aaenoaaeyea niaie naiinoiyoaeueioth
| **a yiiioth ii?io, a i?ioeaiiieiaeiinoue noaouea 30, eioi-
EE yeanue ianaiinoiyoaeueiie ii?iie e iiaea eniieueci-
L ‘ ssae n oie eieeeceiiiie ii?iie, i?eiaiaiea eioi?ie iia
1 Ei?aoeeee A.I. Eca?aiiua o?oaeu: A 2 ei./AI ONN?. Ei-o aino^ e i?aaa; ?aaeeie.: A.I. Aeaienia (ae. ?aae.) e ae?.— E.: Iaoe, aeoiea, Ei.U— N.257.
* Caeii i I*I O?A io 25 ethey 1S86 a. niaea?aeeo aeey iaicia/aiey I ee i ioaee/iii ii?yaeea oa?iei «offentliche Ordrmng».
[?aua-‘e”‘ A EI? iaiai?ea i ioaee/iii ii?yaeea niaea?aeeony a § 150
aiuo IIEiaeaiee a?aaeaeaineiai i?aaa EI? 1986 aiaea, aaea ue i?eony, /oi i?e i?eiaiaiee eiino?aiiiai i?aaa ia aeiion-aaony ia?ooaiea ioaee/iuo eioa?ania EI?.
Aii?in i ioaee/iii ii?yaeea ?aaoee?oaony oaeaea a caei-. i iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo oicyenoaaiiuo aeiaiai?ao EI?. Iai?e-a?, a no.9 yoiai caeiia aiai?eony: «Aeiaiai?u, ia?ooathuea 1eiiu eee ioaee/iua eioa?anu Eeoaeneie Ia?iaeiie ?an-?aeeee, yaeythony ie/oiaeiuie. A neo/aa, anee a ?acoeueoaoa c?aaiai?ia noi?ii noaouee aeiaiai?a, ia?ooathuea caeiiu eee
yee/iua eioa?anu Eeoaeneie Ia?iaeiie ?anioaeeee, aoaeoo co?aiaiu eee ia?aniio?aiu, oiaaea aeaenoaeoaeueiinoue aeiaiai-
ia aoaeao cao?iiooa».
Noaouey 30 AE Aaaiia 1972 aiaea niaea?aeeo i?aaeienaiea iai-c?ee i ioaee/iii ii?yaeea a neaaeothuae ?aaeaeoeee: «Ana ii-caeaiey eiino?aiiiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa, eioi?ua i?ioeai?a-|ao ioaee/iiio ii?yaeeo, ia i?eiaiythony a Aaaiia».
Iaiai?ea i ioaee/iii ii?yaeea aiieiuaia oaeaea a no. 6 ieueneiai caeiia i I*I 1965 aiaea, § 6 caeiia i I*I Aano-ee 1978 aiaea, a no. 7 caeiia i I*I e i?ioeanna Aaia?ee 979 a., no. 4 caeiia i I*I e i?ioeanna THaineaaee 1982 aiaea,
oaeaea a no.32 AE A?aoeee 1980 aiaea, no. 22 AE Ia?aaaay 985 a., no.80 a?aceeueneiai eiaeaena ii i?eiaiaieth th?eaee/an-•eo ii?i 1980 aiaea.
Iaiai?ea i ioaee/iii ii?yaeea ano?a/aaony e a oaenoao |aeioi?uo iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo aeiaiai?ia. Oae, a no. 16 Eiiaai-|ee i i?aaa, i?eiaieiii e aeiaiai?iui iaycaoaeuenoaai, io I ethiy 1980 aiaea iaiai?ea i ioaee/iii ii?yaeea oeene?o-
°y a naeaaeothuae ?aaeaeoeee: «I?eiaiaiea ii?iu i?aaa, ii-
Aeaeyaiyai ia iniiaaiee ianoiyuae Eiiaaioeee, ia iiaeao en-
(/aoueny, e?iia oiai neo/ay, eiaaea oaeia i?eiaiaiea yaii °aianoeii n ioaee/iui ii?yaeeii no?aiu noaea». Iaaony iaiai?ea i ioaee/iii ii?yaeea e a oe?aeineii
ai°aIIAeaOaEUeNOAa- Niaeanii /- ! no- 203 EiAN Oe?aeiu «i?e-aea eiino?aiiuo caeiiia i a?aea e naiuea eee i?e-Oi a °niiaaiiuo ia yoeo caeiiao aeoia a?aaeaeaineiai ni-y ia iiaeao eiaoue ianoa, anee oaeia i?eiaiaiea eee
72
Iaaeaeoia?iaeiia /anoiia
,6o*1″
iiiyoey iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai /anoiiai i?aaa
73
i?eciaiea i?ioeai?a/eei au iniiaai ainoaea?noaaiiiai o?ienoaa Oe?aeiu».
?anniao?eaay einoeooo iaiai?ee i ioaee/iii ea, neaaeoao eiaoue a aeaeo, /oi anyeee noae i?eiaiyao ip,
Oeneaeueiue iiaeoiae e ii?aaeaeaieth noaoona th?eaee* ai eeoea iaoiaeeo naia io?aaeaiea e a ?yaea aeiaiai?ia ia ( g aeaiee aeaieiiai iaeiaiiaeiaeaiey (ni., iai?eia?, /. Eiiaaioeee ia ecaaaeaiee aeaieiiai iaeiaiiaeiaeaiey ] ( {1 Oe?aeiie e Aeaieae io 05.03.96 a.).
*oi eanaaony oe?aeineiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa, oi, n /. 2. no. 567 AE Oe?aeiu, «a?aaeaeaineay i?aainiini eiino?aiiuo i?aaei?eyoee e i?aaiecaoeee i?e niaa?! naeaeie ii aiaoiae oi?aiaea e ii naycaiiui n iae ?an/a1 \ ^ no?aoiaui e eiui iia?aoeeyi ii?aaeaeyaony ii caeii iu, aaea o/?aaeaeaiu i?aaei?eyoea eee i?aaiecaoeey».
Eaeie au e?eoa?ee — ianoiiaoiaeaeaiea, eiio?ieue e. ei?ii?aoeey — ie eniieueciaaeny, yoi aeaeaaony n oeaeue aeaeeoue i?eiaieiue e th?eaee/aneiio noaoono oiaa?e caeii, eia/a aiai?y, aai iaoeeiiaeueiinoue. Oaeei ia?ac ?aaeaeaiea iaoeeiiaeueiinoe, ioia/aao I. Ennaae, i?ioiaee eieaeecaoeeth 1.
Ec iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo enoi/ieeia ii aeaiiiio i?aaeiaoo ae aeoao iacaaoue Aaaaneoth eiiaaioeeth 1956 aiaea i i?eciath th?eaee/aneie ee/iinoe iauaaeeiaiee, nithcia e o/?aaeaeaiea Neaaeoao iniai ioiaoeoue, /oi a i?aeoeea iaaeaeoia?iaeii oi?aiaee oe?iei i?eciaiu eeoue aeaa e?eoa?ey ii?aaeaeai! iaoeeiiaeueiinoe th?eaee/aneiai eeoea , /oi auei iiaeoaa?aeo ii Iaaeaeoia?iaeiui noaeii III a 1970 aiaeo a ?aoaiee A aeaeo eiiiaiee «Aa?naeiia», a oaeaea a caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa ie aeo no?ai. Yoi e?eoa?ee ?aaeno?aoeee onoaaa, o.a. ia ino» iee o?aaeeoeeiiiiai i?aaeea no?ai «Iauaai ?uiea», eythuaai iaoeeiiaeueiinoue ii i?eioeeio eiei?ii?aoeee, e e? oa?ee «inaaeeinoe», o.a. ianoiiaoiaeaeaiea aaeieieno?aoeaii! oeaio?a th?eaee/aneiai eeoea, i?eiyoue a aieueoeinoaa no?« eiioeiaioaeueiie Aa?iiu.
3. Eiino?aiiua th?eaee/aneea eeoea a Oe?aeia
I?aaiaia iieiaeaiea eiino?aiiuo th?eaee/aneeo eeoe a « ?aeia ii?aaeaeyaony eae ii?iaie oe?aeineiai caeeiiaeaoa* noaa, oae e iieiaeaieyie iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo aeiaiai?ia O iu n ae?oaeie ainoaea?noaaie.
Eae oaea ioia/aeinue, oe?aeineia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai enoi# ec oiai, /oi «a?aaeaeaineay i?aainiiniaiinoue eiino?aee*
I?°”
|0aia iieiaeaiea th?eaee/aneeo eeoe
87
„i?eyoee e i?aaiecaoeee i?e caeeth/aiee aeiaiai?ia ii
oess’
oi?aiaea e ii naycaiiui n iae ?an/aoiui, no?aoiaui
‘Ennaae I.— N. 359.
eiui iia?aoeeyi ii?aaeaeyaony ii caeiio no?aiu, aaea nicaeaiu i?aaei?eyoea eee i?aaiecaoeey (/. 2 no. 567 AE Oe?aeiu).
Niaeanii iiiainoi?iiiae eiiaaioeee i i?aaiaie iiiiue no?ai NIA io 22.01.93 a. i?aainiiniaiinoue th?eaee/aneeo eeoe iI?aaeaeyaony caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii ainoaea?noaa, ii caeiiai eioi?iai iii o/?aaeaeaii.
Eiino?aiiua th?eaee/aneea eeoea iiaeoaa?aeaeatho naie noaoon auieneaie ec oi?aiaiai, aaieianeiai eeai noaeaaiiai ?a- , ano?a e o.i. (aac.2 i. 5 Iieiaeaiey i ainoaea?noaaiiie ?aaeno?aoeee noauaeoia i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie aeayoaeueiinoe, ooaa?aeaeaiiiai iinoaiiaeaieai Eaaeiaoa Ieieno?ia Oe?aeiu io 25.05.98 a. ? 740). I?e yoii oeacaiiua auienee aeieaeiu auoue oaeinoiaa?aiu a niioaaonoaee n caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii eo auaea/e, ia?aaaaeaiu ia oe?aeineee ycue e eaaaeeciaaiu a eiinoeueneii o/?aaeaeaiee Oe?aeiu, anee iaaeaeoia?iaeiuie aeiaiai?aie, a eioi?uo i?eieiaao o/anoea Oe?aeia, ia i?aaeoniio?aii eiia (oai aea). (Iai?eia?, a aeiaiai?ao Oe?aeiu n eiino?aiiuie ainoaea?noaaie ii ieacaieth i?aaiaie iiiiue i?aaeoniio?aii, /oi eaaaeecaoeey yoeo e eiuo aeieoiaioia ia o?aaoaony). Oeacaiiua auienee iiaoo auoue oaeaea oaeinoiaa?aiu a iinieuenoaa niioaaonoaothuaai ainoaea?noaa a Oe?aeia e eaaaeeciaaiu a IEAe (oai aea).
A niioaaonoaee n /. 2 no. 3 Caeiia Oe?aeiu «I ?aaeeia eiino?aiiiai eiaanoe?iaaiey» io 19.03.96 a. eiino?aiiua th?eaee/aneea eeoea iiaoo nicaeaaaoue a Oe?aeia i?aaei?eyoey, eioi?ua iieiinoueth i?eiaaeeaaeao ei, oeeeaeu e ae?oaea iainiaeaiiua iiae?acaeaeaiey, a oaeaea i?eia?aoaoue a nianoaaiiinoue aeaenoaothuea i?aaei?eyoey iieiinoueth.
O/anoea eiino?aiiiai eaieoaea a niaianoiuo i?aaei?eyoeyo, o/?aaeaeaaiuo a Oe?aeia, i?eaiaeeo e nicaeaieth th?eaee/aneeo eeoe i?aaa Oe?aeiu.
A ii?aaeaeaiiuo aii?inao eiino?aiiua th?eaee/aneea eeoea
Oaeoo iiae/eiyoueny caeiiai no?aiu naiae iaoeeiiaeueiinoe.
a/ue eaeao i aii?inao, eioi?ua ii?aaeaeythony ee/iui noaoo-
°i yoiai th?eaee/aneiai eeoea, a /anoiinoe ioiineoaeueii o/-
?ac«Aeaiey e eeeaeaeaoeee.
*> ianoiyuaa a?aiy iniiaiie i?aaiecaoeeiiii-i?aaiaie
?Iie aeciana a ?acaeouo no?aiao yaeyaony aeoeeiia?iia
A*anoai (eiiiaiey n ia?aie/aiiie ioaaonoaaiiinoueth a aia-
NAOaeE°I i?aaa> i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneay ei?ii?aoeey ii i?aao
A)- Aeoeeiia?iia iauanoai ai anao eaieoaeenoe/aneeo
Iaaeaeoia?iaeiia /anoin
aa iieiaeaiea th?eaee/aneeo eeoe
“”
89
no?aiao i?eciaaony naiinoiyoaeueiui noauaeoii i th?eaee/aneei eeoeii.
I?aai ca ?oaaaeii aeaoaeueiaeoei ia?acii ii?a, noaoon aeoeeiia?iuo iauanoa. Iniiaiui enoi/ieeii aa?iiai i?aaa yaeyaony caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai. Aeaaea a AI NOA ?ieue i?aoeaaeaioia a i?aaiaii ?aaoee?iaaiee i? oeee e ooieoeeiie?iaaiee aeoeeiia?iuo eiiiaiee iac; oaeueia ii n?aaiaieth n ?ieueth e cia/aieai caeiia.
A aieueoeinoaa ?acaeouo no?ai aeaenoaotho niaoee aeoeeiia?iua caeiiu. Ai O?aioeee — yoi Caeii i oi oiaa?euanoaao 1966 aiaea, a O?A — Caeii ia aeoeeiia? uanoaao 1965 aiaea, a Aiaeee — Caeii i eiiiaieyo 198i a NOA i?aaiaia iieiaeaiea i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneeo ei| oeee ii?aaeaeyaony caeiiaie ioaeaeueiuo ooaoia. Yoe ae iua caeiiu eiatho noiaeiia niaea?aeaiea. Iiieii iau; eiaeaiee, iie niaea?aeao ae?oaea ii?iu (eaieoae, ?ani?aae i?eauee, ii?yaeie aeayoaeueiinoe e iieiiii/ey nia?a: oeeiia?ia e i?.).
A oi aea a?aiy oeacaiiua ii?iu a eaaeaeie no?aia tho naiae niaoeeoeeie. Oae, a Caeiia ia aeoeeiia?iuo noaao O?A o?aouey eieaa oeaeeeii iinayuaia ?aaoee?i ioiioaiee iaaeaeo oae iacuaaaiuie naycaiiuie i?a oeyie, o.a. th?eaee/anee naiinoiyoaeueiuie i?aaei?ey (i?aaeaea anaai aeoeeiia?iuie iauanoaaie), iaaeaeo eioi; nouanoaotho ioiioaiey yeiiiie/aneie caaeneiinoe. N iua i?aaei?eyoey iaycaiu i?aaenoaaeyoue ?aciiia?acioth /enea aooaaeoa?neoth, io/aoiinoue, io?aaeathuoth eo aea, iinoue a oeaeii. Caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai i?aaeoniao?eaaao ii?a, iua niiniau caueou eioa?ania eiio?aaaioia yoeo i?a, oee, a oaeaea aeoeeiia?ia iaiueoeinoaa a iineaaeieo. A Caeiia O?A 1976 a. — i noaoona i?aaei?eyoey — i?aae; ?aii, /oi a eaaeaeii aeoeeiia?iii iauanoaa n /eneii i ?aaioieeia nauoa aeaoo ouny/ iaeei ec i?aaiia eiiiai aethaeaoaeueiue niaao) eiiieaeooaony ia ia?eoaoiuo i aeoeeiia?aie e ia?niiaeii.
Neaaeoao ia?aoeoue aieiaiea ia oi, /oi aaaeiaeoae iinoueth nia?aiaiiiai caiaaeiiai aeoeeiia?iiai caeiiiae/ noaa yaeyaony ioeac io i?eioeeia niaoeeaeueiie i?aaia^ > * iinoe aeoeeiia?iuo iauanoa*.
* A no?aiao aeeaeiaai ca?oaaaeuey ioeac io yoiai i?eioeeia iie ?aieaiea a ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee. Niaeanii AE ?O eneeth/aiea naeae» oieoa?iuo i?aaei?eyoee e iaeioi?uo ae?oaeo eiiia?/aneeo i?aaiss! a onoaaao eioi?uo aeieaeiu auoue ii?aaeaeaiu i?aaeiao e aeaee aeayoaeu?
Iao iaiaoiaeeiinoe iauyniyoue, ii/aio /anoe eiino?aiiiai ee/aneiai eeoea, ia iaeaaeay naie th?eaee/aneie ee/iinoueth, “””aeoth”11 °Oaeue^a iniiai°e oe?iu. Iiyoiio, anee niioaaonoao-N aa th?eaee/aneia EEOe0 ca a?aieoeae aoaeao eeeaeaee?iaaii, oi 10 oe?aeia iii eee aai ioaeaeaiea oiaea aoaeao n/eoaoueny eeeaeaee?iaaiiui.
Iiieii oeacaiiuo, ii ae?oaei aii?inai aeayoaeueiinoe yino?aiiuo th?eaee/aneeo eeoe ia oa??eoi?ee Oe?aeiu aeaenoaoao oe?aeineia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai.
A caeeth/aiea iaiaoiaeeii ioiaoeoue, /oi oe?aeineee ioaee/iue ii?yaeie iiaeao ia aeiionoeoue i?eiaiaiey eiino?aiiiai caeiia oiaa?euanoaa. A yoii neo/aa lex societatis aeie-ynai auoue caiaiai lege fori (iaoa?eaeueiui i?aaii no?aiu noaea).
O
„aia iieiaeaiea ainoaea?noaa eae o/anoieea A1?a aenei-i?aaiauo ioiioaiee n eiino?aiiui »e«iaioii
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91
I?AAIAIA IIEIAEAIEA AINOAeA?NOAA EAE O*ANOIEEA A?AAEAeAINEI-I?AAI1 IOIIOAIEE N EIINO?AIIUI YEAIA1
IEAI: 1. Ainoaea?noai eae noauaeo eiouanoaaiiuo ioiie
2. Eiioieoao ainoaea?noaa e aai aeaeu.
3. I?aaiaie ?aaeei a?aaeaeainei-i?aaiauo naeaeie.]’ niaa?oaaiuo ainoaea?noaii.
1. Ainoaea?noai eae noauaeo eiouanoaaiiuo ioiioaiee
Ainoaea?noai anooiaao a naiua ?acee/iua eiouanoaaiiue i?aaiioiioaiey n ae?oaeie ainoaea?noaaie, a oaeaea n iaaeAeI ?iaeiuie i?aaiecaoeeyie, th?eaee/aneeie eeoeaie e ioaeaeue» ie a?aaeaeaiaie ae?oaeo ainoaea?noa, eeoeaie aac a?aaeaeaia^
Iau/ii ?acee/atho aeaa aeaea i?aaiioiioaiee, a eioi?ue o/anoaotho ainoaea?noaa.
Ai-ia?auo, i?aaiioiioaiey, aicieeathuea iaaeaeo ainoae*! noaaie, a oaeaea iaaeaeo ainoaea?noaii e iaaeaeoia?iaeiu* i?aaiecaoeeyie (ii yeiiiie/aneiio e iao/ii-oaoie/anei* nio?oaeie/anoao, e?aaeeoiua e o.ae.).
Ai-aoi?uo, i?aaiioiioaiey, a eioi?uo ainoaea?noai aunO iaao a ea/anoaa oieueei iaeiie noi?iiu; ae?oaie noi?iiie aoo auoue eiino?aiiua th?eaee/aneea eeoea, iaaeaeoia?iaeiua* cyenoaaiiua (iaiaaeainoaea?noaaiiua) i?aaiecaoeee, e iua eiino?aiiua a?aaeaeaia e eeoea aac a?aaeaeainoaa.
Ioiioaiey ia?aiai aeaea ?aaoee?othony eneeth/e ii?iaie iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai ioaee/iiai i?aaa e iaie na: ?anniao?eaathony. *oi eanaaony ioiioaiee aoi?iai a yoi iiaoo auoue ioiioaiey ii iinoaaea oiaa?ia, auiie» ?acee/iuo oneoa e eiua. Anee Oe?aeia, iai?eia?, iaan:
aa?aioeth ii eiaanoeoeee, i?aaeinoaaeyaiie eiino?aiiui aaa iI iauanoao n ia?aie/aiiie ioaaonoaaiiinoueth, nicaeaiii-
a Oe?aeia, oi iia noaiiaeony noauaeoii ioiioaiee, ?aao-Aeoaiuo I*I.
Eiuie neiaaie, ainoaea?noai eae oaeiaia iiaeao auoue oauaeoii ia oieueei iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo ioaee/ii-i?aaiauo, ii a?aaeaeainei-i?aaiauo (a oe?ieii niunea neiaa) ioiioaiee, e i?eoii niaea?aeaueo eiino?aiiue yeaiaio.
A iaeanoe eiouanoaaiiuo ioiioaiee ainoaea?noai aunooiaao eae iniaue noauaeo i?aaa, iineieueeo iii ia yaeyaony th?eaee/aneei eeoeii. A caiaaeiie th?eni?oaeaioeee auea auaeaeiooa oai?ey «?anuaieaiey» ainoaea?noaa a oao neo/ayo, eiaaea iii aunooiaao a eiouanoaaiiuo ioiioaieyo, ia aeaa eeoea: anee ainoaea?noai aeaenoaoao a neeo naiaai noaa?aieoaoa, oi yoi — iaeii eeoei, noauaeo aeanoaiaaiey, a anee ainoaea?noai caeeth/aao naeaeeo, oi yoi oaea ae?oaia eeoei, eioi?ia aeieaeii auoue i?e?aaiaii e i?i/ei th?eaee/aneei eeoeai.
2. Eiioieoao ainoaea?noaa e aai aeaeu
Eiioieoao ainoaea?noaa iniiauaaaony ia oii, /oi iii iaeaaeaao noaa?aieoaoii, /oi ana ainoaea?noaa ?aaiu. Yoi ia/aei iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai i?aaa au?aaeaii a neaaeothuai ec?a/aiee: «Par in parem non habet imperium» («?aaiue iaae ?aaiui ia eiaao aeanoe»).
Aeieaia a?aiy ia iaaeaeoia?iaeiie a?aia aeaenoaiaae i?eioeei aaniethoiiai eiioieoaoa, eaeia au ie aue oa?aeoa? e i?e?iaea aeaenoaee ainoaea?noaa. Yoi i?aaeei i?eiaiyeinue i?aeoe/anee iianthaeo a Aa?iia e a Niaaeeiaiiuo Ooaoao.
Eiaaea ainoaea?noai yaeyeinue «aeaiaea?iii» e caieiaeinue oieueei eiio?ieai ca yeiiiie/aneie aeayoaeueiinoueth /anoiuo aeeoe, oaeia i?aaeei auei iauynieii. Ainoaea?noai aunooiaei oieueei a ea/anoaa ioaee/iie aeanoe, aeaenoaiaaaoae a niioaaonoaee n ii?iaie iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai ioaee/iiai i?aaa. Iinea Oia°, eae ainoaea?noai noaei auiieiyoue ooieoeee eiiia?nai-Oa> i?iiuoeaiieea, i?aaei?eieiaoaey, o.a. i?iieeei a iaean-Oa> o?aaeeoeeiiii ?aaoee?oaiua a?aaeaeaineei e oi?aiaui i?aaii, aicieeea iaiaoiaeeiinoue aiaoaoaeuenoaa I*I, caiaia ?eaeeoeeiiiiai i?aaeea aaniethoiiai eiioieoaoa eiioieoa-o°i ioiineoaeueiui *.
«On eeoa?aoo?a ia?yaeo i oa?ieiii «ioiineoaeueiue eiioieoao» eniieueco-oaeaea oa?iei «ooieoeeiiaeueiue (ia?aie/aiiue) eiioieoao».
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Iuia a oai?ee e i?aeoeea ainoaea?noa ?acee/atho ^ ei aeaeia ioiineoaeueiiai eiioieoaoa: 1) noaeaaiue; 2) io oe*! aa?eoaeueiiai iaania/aiey enea; 3) io i?eioaeeoaeueiiai e iaiey ?aoaiey.
Noaeaaiue eiioieoao caeeth/aaony a iaiiaenoaeiinoe ai ainoaea?noaa noaeai ae?oaiai ainoaea?noaa («Par in ?aaai habet jurisdiktionem»— «?aaiue iaae ?aaiui ia eiaao aeeeoeee»). Aac niaeaney ainoaea?noaa iii ia iiaeao auoue aea/aii e noaeo ae?oaiai ainoaea?noaa. I?e/ai ia eiaao c iey, a nayce n /ai eee ii eaeiio aii?ino ainoaea?noai ?aaathony i?eaea/ue e noaeo.
Iaeiaei ec noaeaaiiai eiioieoaoa ainoaea?noaa iiao eneeth/aiey. Iie i?aaeoniao?eaathony a iaaeaeo ia?iaee aeaoaieyo.
A ea/anoaa i?eia?a iiaeii i?eaanoe ie?iua aeiaiai eeth/aiiua iinea ia?aie ie?iaie aieiu. Oae, a noa-Aa?naeueneiai aeiaiai?a onoaiaaeeaaeinue, /oi «anee aa?i i?aaeoaeuenoai aoaeao inouanoaeyoue aiaoithth oi?aiaeth, ia aoaeao eiaoue i?aa, i?eaeeaaee eee eiioieoaoa, i?-aeaueo noaa?aieoaoo». (A ioiioaiee ainoaea?noa-iiaa iiaeiaiiai iinoaiiaeaiey ia eiaeinue.)
I?eia?ii noiaeiiai aeiaiai?iiai ?aaoee?iaaiey neoaeeoue Aa?oaaneay eiiaaioeey aeey oieoeeaoeee iae i?aaee, eanathueony iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo aicaeooiuo ia?a 1929 aiaea. Noaouey 2 yoie eiiaaioeee i?aaeoniao?eaaao, ” i?eiaiyaony e ia?aaiceai, «niaa?oaiiui ainoaea?no ae?oaeie ioaee/ii-i?aaiauie th?eaee/aneeie eeoeaie» aeanii noaouea 28, ene ia ioaaonoaaiiinoe ia?aaic/eea ‘ auoue i?aaeuyaeai ia oa??eoi?ee ethaie no?aiu-o/an eiiaaioeee, i?e/ai ia iaycaoaeueii a no?aia, i?aaei?ey1 oi?ie inouanoaeyei ia?aaiceo. Oaeei ia?acii, caeanue ny ii?aaeaeaiiia aeiaiai?iia ecuyoea ec i?eioeeia noae eiioieoaoa ainoaea?noaa.
Eiioieoao io i?aaeaa?eoaeueiiai iaania/aiey enea eo a neaaeothuai: iaeuecy a ii?yaeea i?aaeaa?eoaeueiiai /aiey enea i?eieiaoue aac niaeaney ainoaea?noaa eaeea-i?eioaeeoaeueiua ia?u a ioiioaiee aai eiouanoaa.
Iiae eiioieoaoii io i?eioaeeoaeueiiai eniieiaiey iey iiieiaaony, /oi aac niaeaney ainoaea?noaa iaeuecy ‘ noaeyoue i?eioaeeoaeueiia eniieiaiea ?aoaiey, auian i?ioea ainoaea?noaa.
A ?aoaiee 1971 aiaea ii aeaeo, aaea iaeiie ec noi?i! Aeaiie?aoe/aneay ?anioaeeea Aueaoiai, o?aioeocne
iaia iieiaeaiea ainoaea?noaa eae o/anoieea I?°* _iaei-i?aaiauo ioiioaiee n eiino?aiiui »e«iaioii 93
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naieiiiue noae i?iaicaeanee: aeaiaaeiua n?aaenoaa ainoaea?noaa ia iiaoo «auoue iauaeoii acuneaiey, aaeaeo i?aaeiieaaaaiuo iaaeaeoia?iaeiie aaaeeeainoueth noaa?aieoaoa e iacaaeneiinoe, eaeia au ie aue iaianaiiue a?aae, aeaaea eiaaea oeaeueth acuneaiey aoaeao iieaoa aeieaia, aicieeoeo a ?acoeueoaoa aeoia oi?aaeaiey, iiaeiaaeathueo iiae aeaenoaea /anoiiai i?aaa»1.
Ia?yaeo n yoeie o?aiy aeaeaie eiioieoaoa aiai?yo aua ia yiioieoaoa nianoaaiiinoe ainoaea?noaa. (Yoi aieaa iauaa iiiyoea, oae eae ia anaaaea aii?in ia eiioieoaoa eiouanoaa ai-noaea?noaa aicieeaao a nayce n ?anniio?aieai eaeiai-eeai enea a noaea.) Nianoaaiiinoue ainoaea?noaa iieuecoaony iai?eeiniiaaiiinoueth. Iai?eeiniiaaiiinoue nianoaaiiinoe ainoaea?noaa ia ia?aie/eaaaony ecuyoeai aa ec-iiae aeaenoaey i?eioaeeoaeueiuo ia? noaeaaiiai oa?aeoa?a. E iae ia iiaoo i?eiaiyoueny e aaeieieno?aoeaiua ia?u, iia ia iiaeao auoue iauaeoii acuneaiey ii anyeiai ?iaea aianoaeaaiui o?aaiaaieyi.
Ana auoaiacaaiiua eiioieoaou naycaiu iaaeaeo niaie, iioiio /oi eo iniiaa iaeia — noaa?aieoao ainoaea?noaa, eioi?ue ia iicaieyao i?eieiaoue a ioiioaiee ainoaea?noaa eaeea-eeai i?eioaeeoaeueiua ia?u.
A 1976 a. a NOA aue i?eiyo caeii ia eiioieoaoao eiino?aiiuo ainoaea?noa. A iai oeacaii, /oi eiioieoao ia aoaeao i?eciaaaoueny, «eiaaea iniiaaieyie aeey enea neoaeao eiiia?/aneay aeayoaeueiinoue, inouanoaeyaiay eiino?aiiui ainoaea?noaii a Niaaeeiaiiuo Ooaoao, eee aeaenoaea, niaa?oaiiia ca i?aaeaeaie Niaaeeiaiiuo Ooaoia a nayce n eiiia?/aneie aeayoaeueiinoueth eiino?aiiiai ainoaea?noaa aia Niaaeeiaiiuo Ooaoia, anee yoi aeaenoaea eiaao i?yiua iineaaenoaey aeey Niaaeeiaiiuo Ooaoia» ( § 1605 (a) 2 ). Ia eiouanoai eiino?aiiiai ainoaea?-noaa, iaoiaeyuaany a NOA e eniieuecoaiia aeey eiiia?/aneie Aeayoaeueiinoe a yoie no?aia, ia ?ani?ino?aiyaony eiioieoao io Ia? ii a?anoo aeey iaania/aiey enea e io ia? ii ia?auaieth acuneaiey ia eiouanoai ia iniiaaiee noaeaaiiai ?aoaiey. A caeiia NOA 1976 aiaea oeacuaaaony oaeaea, e eaeiio e?e-
a?eth aeieaeiu i?eaaaaoue aia?eeaineea noaeu, /oiau ii?aaeaeeoue, eaeea aeaenoaey yaeythony ioaee/ii-i?aaiauie, a ea-
Ea -_ /anoii-i?aaiauie. A ea/anoaa oaeiai e?eoa?ey eca?a-(^1Ia 1*aeue’ a oa?aeoa?, i?e?iaea iia?aoeee eee ioaeaeueiie naeaeee
8 603 (d)). Oai aiai?eony, /oi «eiiia?/aneay aeayoaeueiinoue»
» a/aao eeai ?aaoey?iia inouanoaeaiea eiiia?/aneiai iiaa-Ey> eeai eiie?aoiia eiiia?/aneia aeaenoaea eee aeo.
nnaae I.- n. 250.
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iieiaeaiea ainoaea?noaa eae o/anoieea \-,yaiaei-i?aaiauo ioiioaiee n eiino?aiiui yeaiaioii
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Oeacaiiue aia?eeaineee caeii, iaeiaei, ia?aoiie nuu eiaao. Iiyoiio aia?eeaineee noae a 1988 aiaeo ioeacae a oe~’| aea?aeaoaeyi oea?neeo caeiia e i?aaeoaeuenoao NNN?. ‘
Caeiiu ia eiioieoaoa, enoiaeyuea ec aiaeiae/iuo oeeiia, /oi e caeii NOA, auee i?eiyou a Aaeeeia?eoaae! (1978a.), Neiaaio?a (1979a.), Eaiaaea (1981 a.), Aaa (1981 a.), Iaeenoaia (1981 a.), THA? (1981 a.).
Niaeanii Aa?iiaeneie eiiaaioeee ia eiioieoaoa rocj aea?noa io 16 iay 1972 aiaea, eiioieoao ia i?eciaaony a thueo neo/ayo:
1) eiino?aiiia ainoaea?noai ioeacaeinue io eiioieoa1
2) iii naii i?aaeuyaeei ene;
3) nii? aiciee ii o?oaeiaiio eiio?aeoo; eeai
4) a nayce n iaaeaeaeeiinoueth;
5) a nayce n o?aaiaaieyie i aiciauaiee oua?aa;
6) a nayce n io?aiie i?iiuoeaiiie nianoaaiiinoe;
7) a nayce n aeayoaeueiinoueth de jure gestionis (o.a. a ea1 /anoiiai eeoea), inouanoaeyaiie ath?i eee aaaionoaii aea?noaa a no?aia noaea.
Iinoaiaiii iooiaeeo io i?eioeeia aaniethoiiai eii oa Oe?aeia.
A niioaaonoaee n ?acaeaeii 6 Aa?aioeeiiai no?oeoo?ii^ niaeaoaiey iaaeaeo i?aaeoaeuenoaii Oe?aeiu e Yeneiaaithe] NOA io 10.05.95 a. Oe?aeia aeaea niaeanea, a /anoiinoe ia ?anniio?aiea aiciiaeiuo nii?ia ec aeaiiiai Niaeaoai»] a ethaii oaaea?aeueiii noaea NOA.
Ec i?eaaaeaiiuo i?eia?ia iu aeaeei, /oi nouanoao ?aaeaeaiiua th?eaee/aneea oi?iu cae?aieaiey niaeaney aea?noaa ia ia?aie/aiea naiaai noaa?aieoaoa.
3. I?aaiaie ?aaeei a?aaeaeainei-i?aaiauo naeaeaae I.— N. 164.
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nianoaai ianoe
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2) iniiaiua e aeiiieieoaeueiua aauiua i?aaa ia iaae^ aeeiia eiouanoai (ocoo?oeo, na?aeooou e i?.)’>
3) i?aaiii/ey iaeaaeaoaey aauiuo i?aa;
4) niiniau i?eia?aoaiey e oo?aou aauiuo i?aa. Oae, iiae/eiaiea caeiio ianoiiaoiaeaeaiey aaue ioiiua iee, eiathueo naiei i?aaeiaoii iaaeaeaeeiinoue, i?iyaeyao^ a oii, /oi anyeay naeaeea n iaaeaeaeeiinoueth ii oi?ia aeieae^ niioaaonoaiaaoue o?aaiaaieyi lex rei sitae. A /. 7 no. 6 Caeia5 Oe?aeiu «I aiaoiayeiiiie/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe» neacaii’ «Oi?ia niaeaoaiee ii iiaiaeo no?iaiee e ae?oaiai iaaeaeana. iiai eiouanoaa, ?aniieiaeaiiiai ia oa??eoi?ee Oe?aeiu, ii. ?aaeaeyaony caeiiaie Oe?aeiu».
A ioiioaiee iaaeaeaeeiinoe caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai, noaeaaiay i?aeoeea e aeieo?eia i?eaea?aeeaathony i?eioeeia, niaeanii eioi?iio i?aai nianoaaiiinoe ia iaaeaeaeeiinoue ?aaoee?oao, ny caeiiii ianoa iaoiaeaeaiey iaaeaeaeeiinoe (lex situs fundi), eiathuei oa?aeoa? aeaonoi?iiiae niaoeeaeueiie eieee ceiiiie ii?iu.
A niioaaonoaee n /.6 no.2 Oeaca I?aceaeaioa Oe?aeiu io 16.06.99 a. ? 666/99 «I ainoaea?noaaiiie ?aaeno?aoeee i?aa ia iaaeaeaeeiia eiouanoai», «iaaeaeaeeiia eiouanoai (iaaeae aeeiinoue) — caiaeueiua o/anoee e ana, /oi ?aniieiaeaii ia ieo e oanii naycaii n ieie, oi anoue iauaeou, ia?aiauaiea eioi ?uo aac iai?iii?oeeiiaeueiiai a?aaea aeey eo iacia/aiey ia aiciiaeii, a oii /enea no?iaiey, iiiauaiey e eaa?oe?u, ?aniieiaeaiiua a ieo, a oaeaea nii?oaeaiey, i?aaei?eyoey eeai eo no?oeoo?iua iiae?acaeaeaiey a ea/anoaa oeaeinoiuo eioua noaaiiuo eiiieaenia. E iaaeaeaeeiiio eiouanoao ioiinyony oaeaea aicaeooiua e ii?neea noaea, noaea aioo?aiiaai ieaaaiea einie/aneea iauaeou. Caeiiii e iaaeaeaeeiiio eiouanoao iiaeao auoue ioianaii e ae?oaia eiouanoai».
A ae?oaeo no?aiao iiae iaaeaeaeeiui eiouanoaii iau/ss’ iiieiatho caiaeueiua o/anoee e no?iaiey, iiae aeaeaeeiui ” oeaiiua aoiaae, o?ainii?oiua n?aaenoaa, ee/iua aaue e o.I’ Iieiaeaiea aeaeaeeiiai eiouanoaa a I*I yaeyaony aiE«* neiaeiui a n?aaiaiee n iaaeaeaeeiui. Iai?eia?, i?e ia?* iauaiee aaue ec iaeiiai ainoaea?noaa a ae?oaia niioaaonoaai ii eciaiyaony e niaea?aeaiea i?aa nianoaaiieea. I?e yoii $ eiaao cia/aiey, eaeea i?aaa i?eiaaeeaaeaee nianoaaiiee aaue aei aa ia?aiauaiey a aeaiiia ainoaea?noai. I?aai noaaiiinoe ia aauue, iai?eia?, i?eia?aoaiioth eiino?a ia naiae ?iaeeia, i?eciaaony. (Niaeanii /. 2 no.5693 AE eiu «aicieeiiaaiea e i?ae?auaiea i?aaa nianoaaiiinoe
a]Aeue ii?aaeaeythony ii caeiio no?aiu, aaea yoa aauue iaoiaeeeanue ia iiiaio, eiaaea eiaei ianoi aeaenoaea eee eiia ianoiyoaeuenoai, eioi?ia iineoaeeei iniiaaieai aeey aicieeiiaaiey i?ae?auaiey i?aaa nianoaaiiinoe, anee eiia ia i?aaeon-caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii Oe?aeiu» *.)
Iaeiaei niaea?aeaiea yoiai i?aaa aoaeao ii?aaeaeyoueny ia caeiiii a?aaeaeainoaa eiino?aioea, a caeiiii ianoa iaoiaeaeaiey aaue. Oaeay ii?ia iiaeao nicaeaoue ii?aaeaeaiiua o?oaeiinoe i?e aa i?eiaiaiee, oae eae, anee nouanoaoao iaii?aaeaeaiiinoue a aii?ina i ianoiiaoiaeaeaiee eiouanoaa, aicieeaao i?iaeaia aeieacuaaiey. I?eia?ii iiaeao neoaeeoue niaa?oaiea naeaeee eoiee-i?iaeaaee oiaa?ia, iaoiaeyueony a iooe. O/anoieee naeaeee i?aauaatho a iaeiii ainoaea?noaa, a oiaa?u — a ae?oaii eee a ioe?uoii ii?a, e ianoi eo iaoiaeaeaiey aiineaaenoaee eciaiyaony.
Eiuie neiaaie, ia?acoaony oae iacuaaaiay iiaeeueiay eieeecey. I?e eciaiaiee ii?i aioo?eainoaea?noaaiiiai o?aiceoeaiiai (ia?aoiaeiiai) i?aaa e aoaeouei iineaaenoaeyi i?eiaiyaony iiaue caeii, a oi a?aiy eae oaea ianooieaoea iineaaenoaey inoathony a noa?a aeaenoaey caeiia, ia iniiaaiee eioi?iai aauiia i?aai auei i?eia?aoaii.
Eae neacaii a /. 3 no. 569 AE Oe?aeiu, «i?aai nianoaaiiinoe ia aauue, eioi?ay iaoiaeeony a iooe a niioaaonoaee n aiaoiaoi?aiaie naeaeeie, ii?aaeaeyaony ii caeiio no?aiu, ec eioi?ie yoa aauue ioi?aaeaia, anee eiia ia onoaiiaeaii ii niaeaoaieth noi?ii» (aeeniiceoeaiay aeaonoi?iiiyy eieeeceiiiay ii?ia).
Ii eiouanoai iiaeao iaoiaeeoueny ia oa??eoi?ee, ia eioi-?Oth ia ?ani?ino?aiyaony ainoaea?noaaiiue noaa?aieoao (iai?eia?, noaeii a ioe?uoii ii?a). A oaeii neo/aa aeaeaeeiia eiouanoai o?oaeii eieaeeciaaoue. Anee yoi eiouanoai iaoiaeeony ia ai?oo ii?neiai noaeia, aoaeao i?eiaiai caeii oeaaa yoiai noaeia, iineieueeo ianoii iaoiaeaeaiey noaeia oneiaii ieoaaony ii?o aai i?eienee.
Eneeth/aieai yaeyaony /. 1 no. 570 AE Oe?aeiu, aaea aiai?eony: 4Ioai-~°»Ay ii ianeaaeiaaieth ii?aaeaeythony ii caeiio oie no?aiu, aaea eaneaaeiaea-4 ^ eiae iineaaeiaa iinoiyiiia ianoi aeeoaeuenoaa». (I?e yoii iaaei eiaoue oe, “O /. 3 oie aea noaouee, niaeanii eioi?ie ianeaaeiaaiea no?iaiee, iaoiaey-Ny a Oe?aeia, ai anao neo/ayo ii?aaeaeyaony ii oe?aeineiio caeiio.)
neo/aa iniiaiie eieeeceiiiie ii?iie, ii?aaeaeythuae aiaieeii-uan a e ^ioaaonoaaiii i?ae?auaiea i?aaa nianoaaiiinoe ia ianeaaeoaiia eio-
ykn Ai> iiieii no?iaiee, iaoiaeyueony a Oe?aeia, yaeyaony /. 1 no. 570 AE “Eiu.
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Anee yoi iaaiciiaeii, neaaeoao eniieueciaaoue noaneaeea?ioth eieeeceiiioth ii?io — caeii nianoaaiieea, caeii ianoa aa, cia/aiey eee caeii aeaenoaeoaeueiiai ianoiiaoiaeaeaiey e o.ae
Aua aieueoea neiaeiinoe aicieeatho a nayce n «aanoaean, iui» eiouanoaii, iai?eia?, i?e ?aaeno?aoeee i?iiuoeaiii. ai ia?acoea (?enoiea) eee oi?aiaie ia?ee. A iiaeiaiuo neo/a. yo oaeaea neaaeoao ia?aoeoueny e noaneaeea?iie eieeeceiiiie ii?ia, eioi?ay enoiaeeo ec iieiie eieaeecaoeee.
Oae, aaoi?neia i?aai ia eeoa?aoo?iua e ooaeiaeanoaaiiua i?iecaaaeaiey iiae/eiyaony caeiio no?aiu i?ienoiaeaeaiee i?iecaaaeaiey; i?iiuoeaiiay nianoaaiiinoue — i?aao no?a-iu, auaeaaoae iaoaio, eee no?aiu, inouanoaeaoae ?aaeno?aoeeth.
3. I?aaiaia ?aaoee?iaaiea eiino?aiiuo eiaanoeoeee
I?aaiaie ?aaeei eiino?aiiuo eiaanoeoeee ii?aaeaeyaony i?aaeaea anaai aioo?aiiei caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii oao no?ai, aaea inouanoaeythony yoe eiaanoeoeee. A aeaiiie iaeanoe I*A ii?iu yoiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa iaiin?aaenoaaiii ?aaoee?otho ioiioaiey iaaeaeo eiino?aiiuie eiaanoi?aie e ainoaea?noaii, i?eieiathuei eiaanoeoeee, o.a., eae i?aaeei, i?eiaiyaony ia eieeeceiiiue, a iaoa?eaeueii-i?aaiaie iaoiae ?aaoee?iaaiey.
Iai?eia?, niaeanii /. 1 no. 7 Caeiia Oe?aeiu «I ?aaeeia eiino?aiiiai eiaanoe?iaaiey» aeey eiino?aiiuo eiaanoi?ia ia oa??eoi?ee Oe?aeiu «onoaiaaeeaaaony iaoeeiiaeueiue ?aaeei eiaanoeoeeiiiie e eiie oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe, ca eneeth/aieyie, i?aaeoniio?aiiuie caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii Oe eiu e iaaeaeoia?iaeiuie aeiaiai?aie».
Oae, a niioaaonoaee n i. 2 no. 4 Niaeaoaiey iaaeaeo I?aae oaeuenoaii Oe?aeiu e I?aaeoaeuenoaii ?anioaeeee IieUA8 io 12.01.93 a. i acaeiiii iiiu?aiee e caueoa eiaanoeoeee’ «eaaeaeay ec Aeiaiaa?eaathueony Noi?ii iaania/eo ni?aaaAeE11 aue e ?aaiue ?aaeei ia oa??eoi?ee naiaai ainoaea?noaa 04 aanoeoeee eiaanoi?ia ainoaea?noaa ae?oaie Aeiaiaa?eaathuae0′ Noi?iiu. Yoio ?aaeei aoaeao ia iaiaa aeaaii?eyoiui, iacEa ee oio, eioi?ue i?eiaiyaony eaaeaeie Aeiaiaa?eaathuaeny ?iiie a ioiioaiee eiaanoeoeee, naeaeaiiuo ia oa??eoi?|?? ainoaea?noaa eiaanoi?aie iaeaieaa i?eaeeaae?iaaiiiai. • aea?noaa». !
Niaoeeaeueiue ?aaeei eiaanoeoeeiiiie aeayoaeueiinoe, a oii /enea aeey eiino?aiiuo eiaanoi?ia, onoaiiaeai Oeacii I?aceaeaioa Oe?aeiu ? 650/98 io 18.06.98 a. «I niaoeeaeueiuo yeiiiie/aneeo ciiao e niaoeeaeueiii ?aaeeia eiaanoeoeeiiiie aeayoaeueiinoe a Aeiiaoeeie iaeanoe» e iaeioi?uie ae?oaeie ii?iaoeaiuie aeoaie.
4. I?aaiaia iieiaeaiea nianoaaiiinoe ainoaea?noaa
Nianoaaiiinoue ainoaea?noaa iaoiaeeony a iniaii iieiaeaiee, iia iieuecoaony eiioieoaoii. Eiioieoao nianoaaiiinoe oanii naycai n eiioieoaoii ainoaea?noaa (iiae?iaiaa ni. oaio 6). A oi aea a?aiy nianoaaiiinoue ainoaea?noaa iiaeao ?anniao?eaaoueny eae naiinoiyoaeueiue aeae eiouanoaa. Iiyoiio, iai?eia?, eiouanoao eiino?aiiiai ainoaea?noaa a iaeanoe iaeiaiiaeiaeaiey i?aaeinoaaeyaony iniaue ?aaeei. Yoi cae?aieaii eae ai aioo?aiiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa ainoaea?noa, oae e a ?acee/iuo iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo niaeaoaieyo. Oae, a NOA ia iniiaaiee caeiia ? 846 io 24 aeaeaa?y 1942 aiaea iaoiaeyuayny a ie?oaa Eieoiaey (o.a. a Aaoeiaoiia) nianoaaiiinoue, eioi?ay i?eiaaeeaaeeo eiino?aiiiio i?aaeoaeuenoao e eniieuecoaony aeey ioeoeeaeueiuo oeaeae eee a ea/anoaa ?aceaeaioeee aeaau aeeieiiaoe/aneie iennee, inaiaiaeaeaaony io iauaai e niaoeeaeueiiai iaeiaiiaeiaeaiey.
Ia nianoaaiiinoue eiino?aiiiai ainoaea?noaa ia ?ani?ino?aiyaony aeaenoaea ?anniio?aiiiai auoa i?eioeeia («caeii ianoiiaoiaeaeaiey aaue» lex rei sitae), eee, eiuie neiaaie, a ioiioaiee yoie nianoaaiiinoe aeieaeiu aeaeaoueny ecuyoey ec iauaai ?ani?ino?aiaiey ia nianoaaiiinoue eiino?aiiuo eeoe Aeaenoaey caeiia no?aiu ianoiiaoiaeaeaiey eiouanoaa.
Eiioieoao nianoaaiiinoe eiino?aiiiai ainoaea?noaa iaoiaeeo naia au?aaeaiea e a oii, /oi i?aaiu ae?oaiai ainoaea?noaa ia iiaoo aoiaeeoue a ?anniio?aiea aii?ina i oii, i?eiaaeeaaeeo ea nianoaaiiinoue eiino?aiiiio ainoaea?noao, eiaaea iia iaoi-Aeaony a aai aeaaeaiee, anee eiino?aiiia ainoaea?noai cayaeyao, *oi eiouanoai i?eiaaeeaaeeo aio.
A ecaanoiii aeaea Ethoa?a — Naai?a aiaeeeneee noaeuey niaa?oaiii ?aciiii oeacae, /oi anee E.A. E?anei i?eaac oiaa?u a Aiaeeth e iauyaee, /oi iie i?eiaaeeaaeao Niaaoneiio i?aaeoaeuenoao, oi ie iaeei aiaeeeneee noae ia iiaeao ii?iaa?aiooue oaeia cayaeaiea.
Auoaoeacaiiia iieiaeaiea ecaanoii eae aeieo?eia aeoa AinOaea?noaa.
• iaaeaeoia?iaeiii /anoiii i?aaa
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-fOBOP A IAAEAeOIA?IAeIII *ANOIII
(ai aiaoiayeiiiie/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe
1. Iiiyoea e iniaaiiinoe aiaoiayeiiiie/aneie naeaeee
2. oi?ia aiaoiayeiiiie/aneie naeaeee.
3. I?aaiaia ?aaoee?iaaiea aiaoiayeiiiie/aneie naeaeee,
4. Eieeeceiiiua aii?inu ii aiaoiayeiiiie/aneie naeaeea.
00iyoea e iniaaiiinoe aiaoiayeiiiie/aneie
ei?iu a iaeanoe aiaoiayeiiiie/aneeo ioiioaiee ya-$nss iaeiie ec aaaeiaeoeo ninoaaiuo /anoae I*I. Aiao-^iiiie/aneea iia?aoeee i?e anai ?aciiia?acee eo niaea? ii iauaio i?aaeeo, inouanoaeythony iin?aaenoaii e eniieiaiey a?aaeaeainei-i?aaiauo aeiaiai?e eino?aiiui noauaeoii. Oaeea aeiaiai?u eiaiothony aiaO-^iiiie/aneeie eee iaaeaeoia?iaeiuie naeaeeaie (eia
g niioaaonoaee n /. 8 no. 1 Caeiia Oe?aeiu «I aiaoiayE» ,^/aeie aeayoaeueiinoe» (aeaeaa — Caeii «I AYAe») aiaie16′ e° ^iie/aneee aeiaiai? (eiio?aeo) — «iaoa?eaeueii ioi? y a^yia niaeaoaiea aeaoo eee aieaa noauaeoia aiaoaa ** Ieiie/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe e eo eiino?aiiuo eiio?aaai/ 3 i?aaeaiiia ia onoaiiaeaiea, eciaiaiea eee i?ae?aua u acaeiiuo i?aa e iaycaiiinoae ai aiaoiayeiiiie/a” Oeaeueiinoe».
^ ^?eiyoi aiai?eoue i eiio?aeoao iaaeaeoia?iaeiie eo1Oe iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo ?an/aoiuo naeaeeao e o.i. I?| e oe?aeineiio I*I iaycaoaeueiuie yaeython|
jO i?eciaee aiaoiayeiiiie/aneie naeaeee.
/e
ou»
B I Aei^ai? * iaaeaeoii?iaeiii /anoiii i?aaa
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a) eoi e ca /ae n/ao iaania/eaaao o?ainii?oe?iaeo Oi aa?ia ii oa??eoi?ee no?ai i?iaeaaoea, iieoiaoaey, o?aiceo
iuo no?ai;
a) iieiaeaiea a?oca ii ioiioaieth e o?ainii?oiiio n?aaenoao, ii?aaeaeythuaa iaycaiiinoue i?iaeaaoea ca onoaaia. eaiioth a eiio?aeoa oeaio aeinoaaeoue a?oc a ii?aaeaeaiiia oea. noi, iia?oceoue oiaa? ia o?ainii?oiia n?aaenoai, iiaeaioiaee, aai e iia?ocea eee ia?aaeaoue o?ainii?oiie i?aaiecaoeee-
a) iaycaiiinoe i?iaeaaoeia ii oiaeiaea e ia?ee?iaea oiaa?ia, a oaeaea iaycaiiinoe noi?ii ii no?aoiaaieth a?ocia;
a) iaycaiiinoe noi?ii ii ioi?ieaieth eiiia?/aneie aeieoiaioaoeee a niioaaonoaee n nouanoaothueie a i?aeoeea iaaeaeoia?iaeiie oi?aiaee o?aaiaaieyie;
ae) aaea e eiaaea ia?aoiaeyo io i?iaeaaoea e iieoiaoaeth ana ?enee aeaaee eee iia?aaeaeaiey oiaa?a. Eiaeeoeoee?iaaiiay oi?ia aaceniuo oneiaee iinoaaee niaea?aeeony a I?aaeeao Eieioa?in* a ?aaeaeoeee Iaaeaeoia?iaeiie oi?aiaie iaeaou 1990 a.
Oae, aiai?y e?aoei, oneiaea OIA (FOB) icia/aao, /oi iaycaoaeuenoai i?iaeaaoea ii iinoaaea n/eoaaony auiieiaiiui iinea oiai, eae oiaa? ia?aaeai /a?ac ii?o/ie noaeia a oeacaiiii ii?oo ioa?ocee. N yoiai iiiaioa ana ?anoiaeu e ?enee aeaaee eee iia?aaeaeaiey oiaa?a aeieaeai ianoe iieoiaoaeue. Oneiaea OIA o?aaoao, /oiau i?iaeaaaoe i?iecaae i/enoeo oiaa?a io iioeeiu ia yenii?o, e eniieuecoaony oieueei aeey ii?neiai e ?a/iiai o?ainii?oa.
2. Neaaeothuea oneiaey eiio?aeoa, eioi?ua, eae i?aaeei, ia i?eiaiythony ai aioo?aiieo aeiaiai?ao,— ieaoaae a eiino?aiiie aaethoa (a eiio?aeoa a aeaea eneeth/aiey aeey eiio?aaaioia ec NIA, Eaoaee e Eeoau iiaeao auoue i?aaeoniio?ai ieaoaae a oe?aeineie aaethoa). Iaiaoiaeeii ?acee/aoue:
a) aaethoo oeaiu (aaethoo eiio?aeoa) — aeaiaaeioth aaeeieoeo, a eioi?ie au?aaeaia oeaia oiaa?a. (I?e yoii o/eouaathony oi?aiaua iau/ae, iai?eia?, oeaiu ia iaoaee*1 e oaieue au?aaeathony a ooioao noa?eeiaia, iaooai?iaeoeo11 e iooieio — a aeieea?ao NOA.) Oeacaiiay aaethoa fl/sjf ao aiciiaeiui i?eiaiaiea eieeeceiiiie i?eaycee raonetal (caeii aaethou aeieaa). Yoio i?eioeei icia/aao^ caeeth/aiea eiio?aeoa a ii?aaeaeaiiie aaethoa iiae/e
* Eaeioa?in — aaa?aaeaoo?a io aiae. International Commercial Ter iaaeaeoia?iaeiua oi?aiaua oa?ieiu.
eiio?aeo ii aii?inai aaethou i?aao ainoaea?noaa, eioi?iio iia i?eiaaeeaaeeo;
a) aaethoo ieaoaaea (aaethoo, a eioi?ie i?ienoiaeeo oaeoe/aneay iieaoa oiaa?a eee iiaaoaiea iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai
e?aaeeoa).
Oeaia eiio?aeoa ii?aaeaeyaony n o/aoii aacena iinoaaee.
3. Neaaeothuea iaiau/iua aeey aioo?aiieo aeiaiai?ia oneiaey — caueoiua iaiai?ee.
Caueoiua iaiai?ee i?aaenoaaeytho niaie aeiaiai?iua oneiaey, aeeth/aaiua a eiio?aeou, i?aaeoniao?eaathuea aiciiaeiinoue eo ia?aniio?a a i?ioeanna eniieiaiey a oeaeyo no?aoiaaiey aaethoiuo, e?aaeeoiuo e ae?oaeo ?eneia, o.a. ia?aie/aiea iioa?ue eiio?aaaioia.
A nia?aiaiiuo oneiaeyo i?eiaiythony neaaeothuea caueoiua iaiai?ee (caueoiua i?aaeinoa?aaeaiey): aaethoiua (aaethoii-oeaiiaua); aioeaeaiieiaiaua; oi?n-iaaei?iua e ae?.*
Aaethoiay iaiai?ea — oneiaea a iaaeaeoia?iaeiii oi?aiaii e ae?oaii niaeaoaiee, iaiaa?eaathuaa ia?aniio? noiiu ieaoaaea i?iii?oeeiiaeueii eciaiaieth eo?na aaethou iaiai?ee n oeaeueth no?aoiaaiey yenii?oa?a eee e?aaeeoi?a io ?enea iaanoeaiaiey aaethou ieaoaaea. Iineaaeiyy i?e yoii noaaeony a caaeneiinoue io aieaa onoie/eaie aaethou iaiai?ee. A oneiaeyo ianoaaeeueiinoe ieaaathueo aaethoiuo eo?nia iieo/eee ?ani?ino?aiaiea iiiaiaaethoiua (ioeueoeaaethoiua) iaiai?ee, a niioaaonoaee n eioi?uie noiia aeaiaaeiiai iaycaoaeuenoaa ia?an/eouaaaony a caaeneiinoe io eciaiaiey eo?niaiai niioiioaiey iaaeaeo aaethoie ieaoaaea e a?oiiie aaetho, auae?aaiuo ii niaeaoaieth noi?ii. (Iaeioi?ua iiiaiaaethoiua iaiai?ee iniiaaiu ia iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo n/aoiuo aeaiaaeiuo aAeeieoeao: a AYN — aa?i; no?aiu — /eaiu IAO eniieuecotho NAe? — «niaoeeaeueiua i?aaeea caeinoaiaaiey»).
Ninoaaiuie yeaiaioaie iaoaiecia aeaenoaey aaethoiie
°aiai?ee yaeythony:
ia/aei aa aeaenoaey, eioi?ia caaeneo io onoaiiaeaiiiai a eiio?aeoa i?aaeaea eieaaaiey eo?na (iai?eia?, +/- 2%); aeaoa aaceniie noieiinoe aaethoiie ei?ceiu, eioi?ie yaeyaony aeaiue iiaeienaiey eiio?aeoa eee i?aaeoanoaothuay aio aeaoa;
* Ni., iai?eia?, ii yoiio iiaiaeo: «Oeiiaua oi?iu caueoiuo i?aaeinoa?a-Aee e aiaoiayeiiiie/aneei aeiaiai?ai (eiio?aeoai), i?aaeoniao?eaathuei an/aou a eiino?aiiie aaethoa», ooaa?aeaeaiiua Iinoaiiaeaieai Eaaeiaoa Ie-Eio?ia Oe?aeiu e IAO J* 444 io 21.06.96 a.
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Iaaeaeoia?iaeiia /anoiia
aeaoa (eee ia?eiae) ii?aaeaeaiey oneiaee noieiinoe iie ei?ceiu ia iiiaio ieaoaaea: iau/ii ?aai/ee aeaiue j iin?aaenoaaiii ia?aae aeiai ieaoaaea eee ca ianeieueei aeia^ E iaai;
ia?aie/aiea aeaenoaey aaethoiie iaiai?ee i?e iiaueoeoe6 iee e iiieaeaiee eo?na aaethou ieaoaaea i?ioea iaiai?ee iooai onoaiiaeaiey ieaeiaai e aa?oiaai eia aeaenoaey iaiai?ee (iau/ii a i?ioeaioao e noiia oaaea) e o.ae.
2. Oi?ia aiaoiayeiiiie/aneie naeaeee
Iaycaoaeueiui i?eciaeii aiaoiayeiiiie/aneie naeaeee yaeyaony e oi, /oi iia aeieaeia niaa?oaoueny n niaethaeaieai ii?aaeaeaiiuo i?aaee aa ioi?ieaiey. A niioaaonoaee n /.2 no.6 Caeiia «I AYAe», aiaoiayeiiiie/aneee aeiaiai? (eii-o?aeo) caeeth/aaony noauaeoii aiaoiayeiiiie/aneie aeay oaeueiinoe eeai aai i?aaenoaaeoaeai a i?inoie ienueiaiiie oi?ia, anee eiia ia i?aaeoniio?aii iaaeaeoia?iaeiui aeiaiai?ii “Oe?aeiu eee caeiiii. Iieiiii/ey i?aaenoaaeoaey ia caeeth/aiea eiio?aeoa iiaoo auoaeaoue ec ii?o/aiey, onoaa iuo aeieoiaioia, aeiaiai?ia e eiuo iniiaaiee, ia i?ioeai?a /aueo yoiio Caeiio. Aeaenoaey, eioi?ua inouanoaeythony io eiaie eiino?aiiiai noauaeoa aiaoiayeiiiie/aneie aeayoaeue iinoe noauaeoii aiaoiayeiiiie/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe Oe?a eiu, oiieiiii/aiiui ia yoi iaaeeaaeauei ia?acii*, n/eoathony aeaenoaeyie yoiai eiino?aiiiai noauaeoa aiaoiayeiii ie/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe.
Aieaa aeaoaeueii oi?ia aiaoiayeiiiie/aneiai eiio?aeoa iienaia a Iieiaeaiee «I oi?ia aiaoiayeiiiie/aneeo aeiai ai?ia (eiio?aeoia)», ooaa?aeaeaiiii i?eeacii Ieienoa?noaa aiaoieo yeiiiie/aneeo naycae e oi?aiaee Oe?aeiu ? 75 io 05.10.95 a., n iineaaeothueie eciaiaieyie.
Neaaeoao i?e yoii eiaoue a aeaeo, /oi n oi/ee c?aiey iayca oaeueiinoe oneiaey eiio?aeoa aeaeyony ia iaycaoaeueiua e Ae° iieieoaeueiua.
Oae, Niaeaoaieai «Ia iaueo oneiaeyo iinoaaie oiaa?08 iaaeaeo i?aaiecaoeeyie ainoaea?noa — o/anoieeia NIA», caeE10 /aiiui 20.03.92 a. a Eeaaa e iiaeienaiiui anaie no?aia””
iaaeaeoia?iaeiii /anoiii i?aaa
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* Oae, Onoaa ainoaea?noaaiiiai oieoa?iiai i?aaei?eyoey A/I «Oao iyenii?o» 1997 a. (?O) i?aaeoniao?eaaao, /oi aiaoiaoi?aiaua naeaeee nuaathony aeaoiy eeoeaie (no.61).
) e?iia Aca?aaeaeaeaia e A?ocee (Aca?aaeaeaeai i?enia-ieEny e Niaeaoaieth 26.03.94 a.), onoaiiaeaii, /oi a aeiai–a iaycaoaeueii ii?aaeaeyaony i?aaeiao eiio?aeoa, eiiaiaeaoo?a (anni?oeiaio), eiee/anoai e ea/anoai oiaa?ia, oeaia, auay noiia eiio?aeoa, oneiaey, n?iee iinoaaee, oneiaey oi?iu ?an/aoia, aaethoa ieaoaaeae, ioa?oci/iua e ieaoaae-ua ?aeaeceou, oeiainiaua naaaeaiey e th?eaee/aneea aae?ana o/anoieeia, n?iee iinooieaiey aaethoiie au?o/ee, ia?u, i?aaeoniao?eaathuea oeiainiaoth ioaaonoaaiiinoue ca ia?ooaiey oneiaee aeiaiai?a, ii?yaeie oieaou noi?iiaie ?acee/iuo nai?ia, naycaiiuo n auiieiaieai aiaoiaoi?aiaie iia?aoeee. I?e ionoonoaee yoeo oneiaee aeiaiai? n/eoaaony iacaeeth/aiiui.
3. I?aaiaia ?aaoee?iaaiea aiaoiayeiiiie/aneie naeaeee
Ianoi iaoiaeaeaiey noi?ii aiaoiayeiiiie/aneiai eiio?aeoa, a oaeaea ianoi caeeth/aiey e eniieiaiey yoeo aeiaiai?ia /anoi ia niaiaaeatho, /oi o?aaoao ii?aaeaeaiey i?aaa, iiaeeaaeauaai i?eiaiaieth e oaeiio eiio?aeoo.
Ioiaoei a yoie nayce, /oi eiathony iaeioi?ua iaaeaeoia?iaeiua niaeaoaiey, i?aaeiacia/aiiua aeey oieaa?naeueiiai ?aaoee?iaaiey oneiaee aiaoiayeiiiie/aneeo naeaeie, i?aaeaea anaai eoiee-i?iaeaaee. E eo /eneo ioiinyony:
Eiiaaioeey ia eneiaie aeaaiinoe a iaaeaeoia?iaeiie eoiea-i?iaeaaea oiaa?ia 1974 a., anooieaoay a neeo aeey 13 ainoaea?noa;
Eiiaaioeey III 1980 a. i aeiaiai?ao iaaeaeoia?iaeiie eoiee-i?iaeaaee oiaa?ia e ae?.
Eiiaaioeey 1974 aiaea ia eneiaie aeaaiinoe a iaaeaeoia?iaeiie eoiea-i?iaeaaea oiaa?ia onoaiaaeeaaao aaeeiue n?ie eneiaie aeaaiinoe iacaaeneii io iniiaaiee aeey o?aaiaaiee (i?i-n?i/ea oa?ieiia iinoaaie, ieceia ea/anoai oiaa?ia e o.i.) —
aiaea.
Yoio n?ie aieaa ei?ioeee a n?aaiaiee ni n?ieaie, i?aaeoniio?aiiuie a caeiiao iiiaeo no?ai (ai O?aioeee e Aa?iaiee — 30 eao, a Aiaeee — 12, a Oaaeoea?ee — 10).
Iaiau/iui n oi/ee c?aiey oe?aeineiai i?aaa yaeyaony o°> /oi a niioaaonoaee n yoie Eiiaaioeeae i?aaeuyaeaiea enea, a o&thea ia?a?ua oa/aiey n?iea eneiaie aeaaiinoe ia i?eai-(*yo e aai ainnoaiiaeaieth (n?. no. 79 AE Oe?aeiu).
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Iaaeaeoia?iaeiia /anoiia
Eiiaaioeey III i aeiaiai?ao iaaeaeoia?iaeiie eoiee-i?i, aeaaee oiaa?ia 1980 a. yaeyaony ia?aie oieaa?naeueiie oieo^, eaoeeae ii?i iaoeeiiaeueiuo caeiiiaeaoaeuenoa, ?aaoee?othueo caeeth/aiea aeiaiai?ia iaaeaeoia?iaeiie eoiee-i?iaeaaee oiaa. ?ia. Anooieea iia a neeo 1 yiaa?y 1988 a. Ii aeaiiui aea 25.05.98 a., aa o/anoieeaie yaeythony 51 ainoaea?noai, aeeth. /ay oaeea e?oiiaeoea, eae A?aaioeia, Aano?aeey, Eeoae O?aioeey, Eoaeey, NOA, O?A (ec /enea auaoeo nithciuo ?aae. ioaeee ia?yaeo n ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeeae o/anoieeaie Eia. aaioeee yaeythony Aaei?onney, A?ocey, Eaoaey, Eeoaa, Iieae0. aa, Ocaaeenoai, Ynoiiey). N 1 oaa?aey 1991 a. Eiiaaioeey aeae-noaoao aeey Oe?aeiu.
Eiiaaioeey ninoieo ec IV /anoae, 101 noaouee. *anoue I — «Noa?a i?eiaiaiey e iauea iieiaeaiey». Ia?auaao ia naay aieiaiea oaeo, /oi a iae ia niaea?aeeony iauyniaiey eniieueciaaiiuo oa?ieiia, a /anoiinoe oa?ieia «iaaeaeoia?iaeiay eoiey-i?iaeaaea oiaa?ia». No. 1 ii?aaeaeyao, /oi Eiiaaioeey i?eiaiyaony e aeiaiai?ai eoiee-i?iaeaaee oiaa?ia iaaeaeo noi?iiaie, eiiia?/aneea i?aaei?eyoey eioi?uo iaoiaeyony a ?aciuo ainoaea?noaao (eiaaea yoe ainoaea?noaa — o/anoieee Eiiaaioeee eee eiaaea ii ii?iai iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai /anoiiai i?aaa i?eiaieii i?aai ainoaea?noaa-o/anoieea)*.
A ea/anoaa i?eia?a ia?aiai neo/ay i?eiaiaiey Eiiaaioeee iiaeii nineaoueny ia ?anniio?aiiia IEAN i?e OII ?O aeaei ? 224/1993 (?aoaiea io 6 ai?aey 1994 a.). A eiio?aeoa, ec eioi?iai aiciee nii?, ionoonoaiaaei oeacaiea i i?eiaieiii i?aaa. Enoiaey ec oiai, /oi eiiia?/aneea i?aaei?eyoey enooea e ioaao/eea iaoiaeyony a ainoaea?noaao, yaeyaoeony ia iiiaio caeeth/aiey eiio?aeoa o/anoieeaie Aaineie eiiaaioeee, IEAN i?eciae, /oi ioiioaiey noi?ii ii aeaiiiio eiio?aeoo ?aaoee?othony yoie Eiiaaioeeae, e i?eiaiee i?e ?ac?aoaiee nii?a aa i?aaeienaiey. A ae?oaii ?a’ oaiee, auianaiiii oaeaea a 1994 a. ii eneo oe?aeineiai
* Aoi?ia i?aaeei, iaeiaei, ia aeaenoaoao, anee ainoaea?noai i?yii yoiiaia»’ ?eei i?e ?aoeoeeaoeee (iaeia?aiee) Eiiaaioeee eee i?eniaaeeiaiee e ia»-Oaeoth iaiai?eo naeaeaee i?aaeoaeuenoaa Eeoay, NOA e *aoineiaaeee. I?aa*’ oneuenoai O?A cayaeei, /oi ia aoaeao i?eiaiyoue aoi?ia i?aaeei a ioiioass”* ainoaea?noa, cayaeaoeo i aai iai?eiaieiinoe. I?e i?eiaiaiee Eiiaaass^ iaiaoiaeeii o/eouaaoue, /oi a neeo no.92 ainoaea?noai, noaiiaynue aa o/anoiee”^ iiaeao ii aai oniio?aieth i?eiyoue eeai anth Eiiaaioeeth, eeai ioaa?aioo* aoi?oth /anoue («Caeeth/aiea aeiaiai?a»), eee o?aoueth /anoue («Eoiey-i?iAe oiaa?ia»). Ia 16 iay 1990 a. /aou?a ainoaea?noaa (Aeaiey, Oeieyiaeey, Ii?a e Oaaoeey), ?aoeoeoee?oy Eiiaaioeeth, cayaeee, /oi iie ia n/eoatho naay caiiuie iieiaeaieyie /anoe 2 Eiiaaioeee («Caeeth/aiea aeiaiai?a»).
aeiaiai? • iaaeaeoia?iaeiii /anoiii i?aaa
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I?aaei?eyoey e aa?iaineie oe?ia, noae, enoiaey ec oiai, /oi Iaa noi?iiu iaoiaeyony a ainoaea?noaao — o/anoieeao Aaineie eiiaaioeee, auian ?aoaiea, ?oeiaiaenoaoynue aa iieiaea-eeyie.
I?eia?ii aoi?iai neo/ay i?eiaiaiey Aaineie eiiaaioeey iiaeao neoaeeoue ?aoaiea io 7 naioya?y 1994 a. A iai AeIEAN eiinoaoe?iaae, /oi, eae neaaeoao ec i. 9 aeiaiai?a, noi?iiaie (oe?iaie ?innee e Ei?aeaiee) aeinoeaiooi niaeaoaiea i i?eiaiaiee e i?aaiioiioaieyi, auoaeathuei ec aeiaiai?a, caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa ?innee. Oae eae ?inneeneay Oaaea?aoeey yaeyaony o/anoieoeae Aaineie eiiaaioeee, oi yoa Eiiaaioeey ia iniiaaiee no. 7 AE ?O noaea /anoueth ?inneeneiai i?aaa ea neeo niaeaoaiey noi?ii, a oaeaea i.1) Ue) no.1 Eiiaaioeee iia i?eiaieia e ianoiyuaio nii?o1.
Ec noa?u aeaenoaey Eiiaaioeee eneeth/aiu: i?iaeaaea oiaa?ia, eioi?ua i?eia?aoathony aeey ee/iiai, naiaeiiai eee aeiiaoiaai eniieueciaaiey (ca eneeth/aieai neo/aaa, eiaaea i?iaeaaaoe a ethaia a?aiy aei eee a iiiaio caeeth/aiey aeiaiai?a ia ciae e ia aeieaeai aue ciaoue, /oi oiaa?u i?eia?aoathony aeey oaeiai eniieueciaaiey); i?iaeaaea n aoeoeeiia, a ii?yaeea eniieieoaeueiiai i?iecaiaenoaa eee eiui ia?acii a neeo caeiia; i?iaeaaea oiiaeiauo aoiaa, aeoeee, iaania/eoaeueiuo aoiaa, iai?ioiuo aeieoiaioia e aeaiaa, noaeia aiaeiiai e aicaeooiiai o?ainii?oa, noaeia ia aicaeooiie iiaeooea e yeaeo?iyia?aee (no. 2).
Eiiaaioeey 1980 a. ioa?aie/eaaao iaaeaeoia?iaeioth eoieth-i?iaeaaeo io eiuo aeaeia aeiaiai?ia, e i?aaeaea anaai io aeiaiai?a iiae?yaea: aeiaiai? ia iinoaaeo oiaa?ia, iiaeeaaeaueo ecaioiaeaieth eee i?iecaiaenoao, n/eoaaony aeiaiai?ii eoiee-i?iaeaaee, anee oieueei noi?iia, caeacuaathuay oiaa?u, ia aa?ao ia naay iaycaoaeuenoaa iinoaaeoue nouanoaaiioth /anoue iaoa?eaeia, Iaiaoiaeeiuo aeey ecaioiaeaiey eee i?iecaiaenoaa oaeeo oiaa?ia. Anee iaycaoaeuenoaa noi?iiu, iinoaaeythuae oiaa?u, caeeth/athony ii aeiaiai?o a iniiaiii a auiieiaiee ?aaiou Eee i?aaeinoaaeaiee oneoa, Eiiaaioeey e oaeiio aeiaiai?o ia i?eiaiyaony (no.C).
Enoiaey ec niunea no. 6, ii?iu Eiiaaioeee eiatho aeeniice-EaIue oa?aeoa?, eai noi?iiu iiaoo eneeth/eoue eo i?eiaia-eea> ?aaii eae ionooieoue io iieiaeaiee yoiai aeiaiai?a eee 3Iaieoue eo (ca iaaieueoei eneeth/aieai).
‘Oeeo.
ii: Caaeia A.I.— N.210-211.
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Iaaeaeoia?iaeiia /anoiia i?I(|}
iiaiai? • iaaeaeoia?iaeiii /anoiii i?aaa
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Iaiaoiaeeii eiaoue a aeaeo oaeaea neaaeothuaa. No. 11 Eiiaaoe. oeee aeaneo: «Ia o?aaoaony, /oiau aeiaiai? eoiee-i?iaeaaee caeeth/aeny eee iiaeoaa?aeaeaeny a ienueiaiiie oi?ia eee i0ae. /eiyeny eiiio o?aaiaaieth a ioiioaiee oi?iu. Ii iiciao aeieacuaaoueny ethauie n?aaenoaaie, aeeth/ay naeaeaoaeueneea iieacaiey». Ii, a niioaaonoaee ni no.no. 12 e 96 yoie aea Eii. aaioeee, ethaia ainoaea?noai-o/anoiee, caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai eioi, ?iai o?aaoao, /oiau aeiaiai?u eoiee-i?iaeaaee caeeth/aeenue eee iiaeoaa?aeaeaeenue a ienueiaiiie oi?ia, iiaeao a ethaia a?a. iy naeaeaoue cayaeaiea, /oi iieiaeaiea no. 11 iai?eiaieii. Eiaiii oaeia cayaeaiea naeaeaee A?aaioeia, Aaei?onney, Aaia?ey, Eeoae, ?inneeneay Oaaea?aoeey, Oe?aeia e *eee.
*anoue II ?aaeaiaioe?oao i?aaeea caeeth/aiey aeiaiai?a eoiee-i?iaeaaee. I?aaeoniao?eaaaony aiciiaeiinoue iocuaa ioa?ou, anooieaiea aeoeaioa a neeo i?e aai iieo/aiee ioa?aioii, ioiaiu aeoeaioa e i?. Aeiaiai? n/eoaaony caeeth/aiiui a iiiaio, eiaaea aeoeaio ioa?ou anooiaao a neeo.
*anoue III icaaeaaeaia «Eoiey-i?iaeaaea oiaa?ia», a iae i/aiue iiae?iaii (63 noaouee) ?anniio?aiu aii?inu iaycaoaeuenoa noi?ii, n?aaenoaa i?aaiaie caueou a neo/aa ia?ooaiey aeiaiai?a i?iaeaaoeii e iieoiaoaeai, iineaaenoaey ?anoi?aeaiey
aeiaiai?a e ae?.
A neo/aa ia?ooaiey aeiaiai?a i?iaeaaoeii oeacaiu neaaeothuea n?aaenoaa i?aaiaie caueou:
a) iieoiaoaeue iiaeao iio?aaiaaoue eniieiaiey i?iaeaaoeii
naieo iaycaoaeuenoa;
a) anee oiaa? ia niioaaonoaoao aeiaiai?o, iieoiaoaeue iiaeao iio?aaiaaoue aai caiaiu (oeacuaaaony, a eaeeo neo/ayo) eee ono?aiaiey yoiai ianiioaaonoaey, iiaeao nieceoue oeaio;
a) iieoiaoaeue iiaeao cayaeoue i ?anoi?aeaiee aeiaiai?a. A neo/aa ia?ooaiey aeiaiai?a iieoiaoaeai i?aaeoniio?aiu neaaeothuea i?aaiaua n?aaenoaa caueou:
a) inouanoaeoue oaeea i?aaa, eae o?aaiaaiea ia oieao6 oeaiu, i?eiyoea iinoaaee, onoaiiaeaiea aeiiieieoaeueiiai n?iea eniieiaiey iaycaoaeuenoa, cayaeaiea i ?anoi?aeaiee aei”10′
ai?a e ae?.;
a) iio?aaiaaoue aiciauaiey oauoeia.
Eiiaaioeeae ii?aaeaeyaony iiiaio ia?aoiaea ?enea, ii ss ?aaoee?oaony ia?aoiae i?aaa nianoaaiiinoe (yoi, enoaoe, oa?8* oa?ii e aeey anao i?aaeuaeoueo iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo eiiaaioeee)-
Inaiaiaeaeaiea io ioaaonoaaiiinoe aiciiaeii i?e iaee^ss ianoiyoaeuenoa iai?aiaeieeiie neeu (a Eiiaaioeee neacaa «i?aiyonoaea aia eiio?iey»).
Ii?yaeie ?anniio?aiey nii?ia ia ?aaeaiaioe?oaony. *anoue IV iinayuaia caeeth/eoaeueiui iieiaeaieyi, o. a. ii?aaeaeaiu aeaiiceoa?ee, ii?yaeie cayaeaiee, anooieaiea a neeo e i?.
Eneeth/eoaeueii aaaeiia iieiaeaiea niaea?aeeony a no. 90 Eiiaaioeee, aaea neacaii, /oi iia «ia cao?aaeaaao aeaenoaey ethaiai iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai niaeaoaiey, eioi?ia oaea caeeth/aii eee iiaeao auoue caeeth/aii e eioi?ia niaea?aeeo iieiaeaiey ii aii?inai, yaeythueiny i?aaeiaoii ?aaoee?iaaiey ianoiyuae Eiiaaioeee, i?e oneiaee, /oi noi?iiu eiatho naie eiiia?/aneea i?aaei?eyoey a ainoaea?noaao — o/anoieeao oaeiai niaeaoaiey». Eiuie neiaaie, i?ei?eoao aoaeao ioaeai yoiio iaaeaeoia?iaeiiio niaeaoaieth.
E?iia Aaineie eiiaaioeee aieueoia cia/aiea ai aiaoiayeiiiie/aneeo ioiioaieyo iaaeaeo noauaeoaie auaoeo no?ai NYA nio?aiytho Iauea oneiaey iinoaaie oiaa?ia iaaeaeo i?aaiecaoeeyie no?ai — /eaiia NYA 1968-1975 aa. a ?aaeaeoeee 1991 a. (aeaeaa — IOI).
IOI niaea?aeao 110 ia?aa?aoia. A aeaaa XVII ?anniao?eaathony neaaeothuea aii?inu: caeeth/aiea, eciaiaiea e i?ae?auaiea eiio?aeoa, aacen iinoaaee, n?ie iinoaaee, ea/anoai oiaa?a, eiee/anoai oiaa?a, oiaeiaea e ia?ee?iaea, oaoie/aneay aeieoiaioaoeey, i?iaa?ea ea/anoaa oiaa?a, aa?aioee, ioa?oci/iua eino?oeoeee e ecaauaiey i iinoaaeao, ii?yaeie ieaoaaeae, iaeioi?ua iauea iieiaeaiey ia ioaaonoaaiiinoe, i?aoaicee ii ea/anoao e eiee/anoao, naieoeee, a?aeo?aae, eneiaay aeaaiinoue, i?i/ea iinoaiiaeaiey.
Oae, a IOI auei i?aaeoniio?aii, /oi «…e ioiioaieyi noi-?II ii iinoaaeai oiaa?ia ii aii?inai, eioi?ua ia o?aaoee?iaaiu eee ia iieiinoueth o?aaoee?iaaiu Iaueie oneiaeyie iinoaaie, i?eiaiyaony iaoa?eaeueiia i?aai no?aiu i?iaeaaoea» (§ 122 IOI NYA).
IOI ia aeieaeiu aini?eieiaoueny eae oaa?aeua ?aiee. Anee noi?iiu i?e caeeth/aiee naeaeee onoaiiayo, /oi a neeo niaoeeoeee oiaa?a eee oa?aeoa?a naeaeee, eee iniaaiiinoae o?ainii?oa iaiaoiaeeii ioeeiiaiea io i?aaeoniio?aiiuo IOI i?a-aee, oi iie iiaoo iaiai?eoue niioaaonoaothuea ioeeiiaiey eee aaanoe iiaua i?aaeea1.
Aaaeiia ianoi a ?aaeiiaeueiii i?aaiaii ?aaoee?iaaiee AAaoiayeiiiie/aneeo aeiaiai?ia caieiatho oaeaea iaaeaeoia-?iAeiua aeiaiai?u a ?aieao NIA. A ea/anoaa i?eia?a iiaeii
E Aaeueyieiia A., Naiaiia A. Iiaay eieaa i i?aaiauo i?iaeaiao NYA // a«Oayy oi?aiaey NNN?.— 1976.— ? 2.— N.49—60.
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Iaaeaeoia?iaeii* /anoiia
i?eaanoe Niaeaoaiea «Ia iaueo oneiaeyo iinoaaie oiaa?08 iaaeaeo i?aaiecaoeeyie ainoaea?noa-o/anoieeia Niae?oaeanoa^ Iacaaeneiuo Ainoaea?noa» io 20.02.92 a. e Niaeaoaiea «Qg iaueo oneiaeyo e iaoaiecia iiaeaea?aeee ?acaeoey i?iecaie, noaaiiie eiiia?aoeee i?aaei?eyoee e io?aneae ainoaea? noa-o/a, noieeia Niae?oaeanoaa Iacaaeneiuo Ainoaea?noa» io 23.12.93a. A niioaaonoaee n ia?aui ec iacaaiiuo Niaeaoaiee, ana aioe, ?inu eo acaeiiioiioaiee aeieaeiu ii?aaeaeyoueny a aeiaiai?a ii acaeiiiio niaeaneth iinoaaueea e iio?aaeoaey. I?eiaiaiea a yoii neo/aa ii?i, onoaiiaeaiiuo ii?iaoeaiuie ae-oaie no?aiu eiio?aaaioa aiciiaeii oieueei oiaaea, eiaaea yoi i?aaeoniio?aii aeiaiai?ii ni nnueeie ia eiie?aoiua oneiaey (ioieo, noaoueth) yoeo aeoia.
Ia aeaonoi?iiiai o?iaia ?aaoee?iaaiea aiaoiayeiiiie/aneeo naeaeie inouanoaeyaony a iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo aeiaiai?ao Oe?aeiu (iai?eia?, a Oi?aiaii niaeaoaiee iaaeaeo I?aaeoaeuenoaii Oe?aeiu e I?aaeoaeuenoaii ?anioaeeee Eiaeiiacey io 11.04.96 a., Niaeaoaiee iaaeaeo Oe?aeiie e ?anioaeeeie Aano?ey i niaeaenoaee e acaeiiie caueoa eiaanoeoeee io 08.11.96a.).
Aeey iaeaa/aiey caeeth/aiey aiaoiayeiiiie/aneeo naeaeie oe?iei i?eiaiythony oeiiaua e i?eia?iua eiio?aeou e iauea oneiaey e iei. Iie ia yaeythony enoi/ieeii i?aaa, iaycaoaeueiui aeey caeeth/athueo aiaoiayeiiiie/aneoth naeaeeo noi?ii, a i?aaenoaaeytho niaie ia?acaoe eiio?aeoa, niaea?aeauee aai iniiaiua oneiaey e io?aaeathuee i?eiyooth a aeaiiie iaeanoe i?aeoeeo. E oeiiaui eiio?aeoai e iauei oneiaeyi iiaeao auoue oaeaea naeaeaia ionueea a caeeth/aiiii aeiaiai?a.
Oaeea oeiiaua i?ioi?iu, i?ecaaiiua iaeaa/eoue eiiia?/aneea iia?aoeee, ?ac?aaaouaathony eae naieie o/anoieeaie aeaeiaiai iai?ioa, oae e ?acee/iuie i?aaiecaoeeyie, noaayueie naiae caaea/ae niaeaenoaiaaoue iaaeaeoia?iaeiie oi?aiaea’ Oae, iaaeaeoia?iaeiay eoiey-i?iaeaaea ca?ia inouanoaeyaony i?aeoe/anee anaaaea a niioaaonoaee n oeiiaui eiio?a^’ oii Eiiaeiineie eoeo?ociie annioeeaoeee. A aia?eeainee^ naeaeeao ii iieoiea e i?iaeaaea ca?ia i?eiyoi iieueciaaoue^ oi?iaie aeiaiai?ia (La Plata Grain Contract), auiouaiiui” Eiiaeiineie oeaaiie oi?aiaie annioeeaoeeae. Yoe aeiaiai?*1 iiae/eiytho noi?iiu aiaeeeneiio i?aao (e aiaeeeneiio a?’ aeo?aaeiiio noaeo).
Aieueooth ecaanoiinoue iieo/eee iauea oneiaey e oeE°’ aua eiio?aeou, iiaeaioiaeaiiua AYE III. Ath ?ac?aaioaa”
aeiaiai? • iaaeaeoia?iaeiii /anoiii i?aaa
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ieiei 30 oaeeo aeieoiaioia (ia iinoaaeo e iiioaae iaoei E iai?oaeiaaiey, eoieth-i?iaeaaeo ?yaea ae?oaeo oiaa?ia, a /an-oainoe nu?ueaauo).
Iaeuecy i?ieoe ieii e oeiiauo eiio?aeoia, ?ac?aaaouaaaiuo ?acee/iuie iaaeaeoia?iaeiuie i?ioanneiiaeueiuie annioeeaoeeyie, iai?eia?, Iaaeaeoia?iaeiie oaaea?aoeeae eiaeaia?ia-eiinoeueoaioia (OEAeEE), I?aaiecaoeeae ii eii?aeeiaoeee aa?iiaeneie iaoaeeiia?aaaouaathuae i?iiuoeaiiinoe (I?AAEEI), Annioeeaoeeae ii oi?aiaea ca?iii e ei?iaie (AAOOA) e ae?.
Ii anee aeaiiua ii?iu eca?aiu noi?iiaie aeia?iaieueii, iie ana aea ia yaeythony iaycaoaeueiuie aeey noaeuee. Oeiiaua eiio?aeou e iaueiiaaiey ia iiaoo ana i?aaeoniio?aoue e iiyoiio eiatho iiiai i?iaaeia. Aeey eo caiieiaiey noaeuey eee a?aeo? ia?auaaony e eaeiio-eeai iaoeeiiaeueiiio i?aao eee e iauei i?eioeeiai, anee iie nouanoaotho. Neaaeiaaoaeueii, eniieueciaaiea eieeeceiiiiai iaoiaea iaecaaaeii e caeanue, ionoue aeaaea noaneaeea?ii.
A oi aea a?aiy a iaoeeiiaeueiuo i?aaiauo nenoaiao nouanoaoao ?acee/iay o?aeoiaea iau/aaa e iaueiiaaiee. A iniiaiii iau/ae e iaueiiaaiey i?eiaiythony i?e ionoonoaee eee iaiieiioa ?aaoee?iaaiey eaeeo-oi ioiioaiee a ii?iaoeaiii aeoa eee eiio?aeoa. I?e yoii nnueea ia ieo a aeiaiai?a iaiaycaoaeueia. Ii i?aao ?yaea no?ai iau/ae e iaueiiaaiey i?aaaee?otho iaae aeeaiiceoeaiuie ii?iaie caeiia, ii ia anaaaea. Niaeanii no.161 AE Oe?aeiu, «iaycaoaeuenoaa aeieaeiu eniieiyoueny iaaeeaaeauei ia?acii e a onoaiiaeaiiue n?ie a niioaaonoaee n oeacaieyie caeiia, aeoa ieaie?iaaiey, aeiaiai?a, a i?e ionoonoaee oaeeo oeacaiee — a niioaaonoaee n o?aaiaaieyie, eioi?ua iau/ii noaayony (auaeaeaii iiie. — -AJT.)». Aeaenoaea iau/aaa e iaueiiaaiee, ionooiathueo io eiia?aoeaiuo i?aaeienaiee, eae i?aaeei, ia aeiioneaaony. Ec Eiiaaioeee III i aeiaiai?ao iaaeaeoia?iaeiie eoiee-i?iaeaaee oiaa?ia 1980 a. (no.no.6 e 9) auoaeaao aiciiaeiinoue i?eciaiey th?eaee/aneie neeu iau/iuo i?aaee, ioeeiiythueony io aeen-iiceoeaiuo ii?i yoie Eiiaaioeee. Oaeinoiaa?yao oi?aiaua e ii?oiaua iau/ae, i?eiyoua a Oe?aeia, Oi?aiai-i?iiuoeai-aay iaeaoa Oe?aeiu (aac.C /. 2 no-14 Caeiia Oe?aeiu 4 I Oi?aiai-i?iiuoeaiiuo iaeaoao a “Oe?aeia» io 02.12.97 a.). Ii noa?a i?eiaiaiey iauea oneiaey e oeiiaua aeiaiai?u ?acaeaeeoue ia aeaa iniiaiua a?oiiu: 1) iauea oneiaey iauaai oa?aeoa?a, eioi?ua i?eiaieiu ei anai oiaa?ai e aeaeaeae oi?aiaee;
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2) iauea oneiaey e oeiiaua aeiaiai?u, i?eiaiei^ e ii?aaeaeaiiui oiaa?ai e aeaeai oi?aiaee.
?anniio?ei yoe oneiaey.
1) Oae, a iaeanoe caeeth/aiey iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo aeiaiai?a^ eoiee-i?iaeaaee oe?iei i?eiaiythony iaaeaeoia?iaeiua oi?ai. aua iau/ae: «Oieoeoee?iaaiiua i?aaeea e iau/ae aeey ae0, eoiaioa?iuo aee?aaeeoeaia» a ?aaeaeoeee 1993 aiaea, iioaeeei. aaiiua Iaaeaeoia?iaeiie oi?aiaie iaeaoie iiae ? 500, I?aaa-ea «Eieioa?in» a ?aaeaeoeee Iaaeaeoia?iaeiie oi?aiaie iaeaou 1990 aiaea, a oaeaea «Oieoeoee?iaaiiua i?aaeea ii eieanni» a ?aaeaeoeee 1978 aiaea, ?ac?aaioaiiua e ooaa?aeaeaiiua Iaaeaeoia?iaeiie oi?aiaie iaeaoie.
Ia iniiaa yoeo iau/aaa a Oe?aeia niaianoiui iinoaiiaeaieai Eaaeiaoa Ieieno?ia e Iaoeeiiaeueiiai aaiea ? 444 io 21.06.95 a. ooaa?aeaeaiu oeiiaua ieaoaaeiua oneiaey ai aiaoiayeiiiie/aneeo aeiaiai?ao a caaeneiinoe io yenii?oa eeai eiii?oa oiaa?ia, a oaeaea io oi?iu ?an/aoia: aeieoiaioa?iue aee?aaeeoea eeai aeieoiaioa?iia eieanni *.
Yoei aea iinoaiiaeaieai ?aeiiaiaeiaaiu oeiiaua oi?iu caueoiuo iaiai?ie a eiio?aeoao. A /anoiinoe, ii?aaeaeaii, a eaeeo neo/ayo ianooiatho oi?n-iaaei?iua ianoiyoaeuenoaa, o.a. oaeea, i?e eioi?uo noi?iiu ia iiaoo naiaa?aiaiii eniieieoue iaycaoaeuenoai ii iacaaenyuei io ieo i?e/eiai. Oaeeie ianoiyoaeuenoaaie iiaoo auoue noeoeeiua aaaenoaey (caieao?ynaiea, iaaiaeiaiea e o.i.), aieia, yiaa?ai e aeaaea cai?aoeoaeueiua ia?u i?aaiia aeanoe, /oi aeey oe?aeineeo noauaeoia I*I eiaao ia iineaaeiaa cia/aiea.
A iaaeaeoia?iaeiie i?aeoeea nouanoaoao i?aaeei, a niioaaonoaee n eioi?ui ianoiyoaeuenoaa oi?n-iaaei?a iiaeoaa?aeaeathony oi?aiauie iaeaoaie. Caeiiii Oe?aeiu «I oi?aiai-i?iiuoeaiiuo iaeaoao a Oe?aeia» i?aaeoniio?aii, /oi oi?aiai-i?iiuoeaiiay iaeaoa Oe?aeiu oaeinoiaa?yao ianoiyoaeuenoaa oi?n-iaaei?a a niioaaonoaee n oneiaeyie aiaoiaoi?aiauo naeaeie e iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo aeiaiai?ia Oe?aeiu (aac.C /.C no.14). I?e iaee/ee oaeiai aeieoiaioa n?iee eniieiaiey iaycaoaeuenoa I?i aeeaaathony ia ia?eiae aeaenoaey oi?n-iaaei?iuo ianoiyoaeuenoa •
” iaaeaeoia?iaeiii /anoiii i?aaa
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* I aaaeiinoe ?anniao?eaaaiiai aii?ina naeaeaoaeuenoaoao oi, /oi a ea Iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai eiiia?/aneiai a?aeo?aaeiiai noaea i?e Oi?aiai-i? iai?eia?, i?eeac IAYNoi?aa Oe?aeiu J* 678 io 26.12.97 a., i?aaeon->EAae>i*e^ iaycaoaeueiinoue iaiai?ee i ?ayenii?oa ii iaeioi?ui yenii?o-j eiio?aeoai.
on ni.: Iaaeaeoia?iaeiia oi?aiaia i?aai.— I.: Iaaeaeoia?. ioii-ayy, 1979.— N.173-175.
116
i
aaeaeoia?iaeiia /anoiia i?„ I aiaia°? a iaaeaeoia?iaeiii /anoiii i?a»a
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a) eaniiaoa?eaeu;
a) ca?ii;
ae) oeeo?oniaua e ae?oaea o?oeou;
a) iaeanoue iaaeaeoia?iaeiie eoiee-i?iaeaaee, i?eiaiya iiai caeiia e a?aeo?aaea1. E?iia oiai, iaaeaeoia?iaeiay i?aeoeea ioaaouaaao ?y„ iaueiiaaiee e iau/aaa, i?eaieaiinoue eioi?uo iiaeoaa?aoe^ aony iiuoii.
Ii iiaieth o?aioeocneiai o/aiiai O. Eaia oe?iei niaae». aeathony a i?aeoeea iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai oi?aiaiai iai?ioa e aa yoii iniiaaiee iiaoo auoue ioianaiu e ii?iai lex mercatoria (oi?aiaiai i?aaa) neaaeothuea i?aaeea. Aeiaiai? ia n/eoaaony caeeth/aiiui i?e ionoonoaee anao iaiaoiaeeiuo ?ac?aoaiee e, anee aei eo iieo/aiey ii ana aea iiaeienuaaaony noi?iiaie, oi niaa?oaaony iiae ioeaaaoaeueiui oneiaeai. A ioee/ea io iaoeeiiaeueiiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa ?yaea no?ai, i?eciaaony aeae noaeoaeueiui eiio?aeo aac oeacaiey oeaiu. Aeieoiaiou, eioa-?uie noi?iiu iaiaieaaeenue a i?ioeanna ia?aaiai?ia, ii eioi-?ua ia aioee a ieii/aoaeueiue oaeno niaeaoaiey, oo?a/eaatho th?eaee/aneoth neeo. Ia?oia?u aeieaeiu eioi?ie?iaaoue ae?oa ae?oaa i oii, /oi iiaeao iiaeeyoue ia eniieiaiea aeiaiai?iuo iaycaoaeuenoa. E?aaeeoi? iaycai i?eieiaoue aeinooiiua aio ia?u e oiaiueoaieth oua?aa, i?e/eiaiiiai aio aneaaenoaea ia eniieiaiey eee iaiaaeeaaeauaai eniieiaiey iaycaoaeuenoaa aeieaeieeii.
E neacaiiiio ioaeii aeiaaaeoue, /oi a eaaeaeii ainoaea?noaa nouanoaotho ii?iaoeaiua aeou, ?aaoee?othuea oa eee eiua aii?inu oi?iu, ii?yaeea caeeth/aiey e auiieiaiey aiaoia yeiiiie/aneeo aeiaiai?ia.
Ai iiiaeo no?aiao Ainoi/iie Aa?iiu, a oaeaea a Eeoaa auee i?eiyou caeiiiaeaoaeueiua aeou i aiaoiayeiiiie/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe, eioi?ua yaeythony eiiieaeniuie aeoa*”‘ niaea?aeaueie ii?iu ?acee/iuo io?aneae i?aaa (aaeieayn o?aoeaiiai, a?aaeaeaineiai, o?oaeiaiai, oeiainiaiai e ae?.)-
A?aieoeu iaaeaeo ainoaea?noaaiiui e iaainoaea?noaaiIU* ?aaoee?iaaieai aeiaieueii iiaeaeaeiu. Iiiaea iieiaeaiey iaainoaea?noaaiiiai ?aaoee?iaaiey o?ainoi?ie?othony a aea?noaaiiia (i?aaeienaiey iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo eiiaaioeee iaaeueiuo ii?iaoeaiuo aeoia e o.ae.). Oae, caeiiiaeaoaeue ?yaea no?ai aini?eiyei iieiaeaiey Ei?e-Aioaa?iaineeo aee. Niaeanii no.277 Eiaeaena oi?aiaiai ii?aieaaaiey
1 Iaaeaeoia?iaeiia oi?aiaia i?aai.— I.: Iaceaeoia?. ioiioaiey, 1^’ N.175-176.
i io 23.05.95 a. iauae aaa?eae i?eciathony oauoee, i?e-,«aiiua aneaaenoaea naeaeaiiuo oiuoeaiii e ?acoiii /?ac-Aaeiuo cao?ao eeai iiaea?oaiaaiee n oeaeueth nianaiey noae-8 o?aooa e a?oca, ia?aaiceiuo ia noaeia, io iauae aeey ieo ssniinoe. Iauay aaa?ey ?ani?aaeaeyaony iaaeaeo noaeiii, InaXTOM e a?ocii i?iii?oeeiiaeueii eo noieiinoe (/ A e). O? Ae?oaie i?eia?. A niioaaonoaee n aac.4 /.C no.14 Caeiia o«ooiu «I Oi?aiai-i?iiuoeaiiuo iaeaoao a Oe?aeia» Oi?aiai-i?iiuoeaiiay iaeaoa Oe?aeiu aaaeao iaainoaea?noaaiiue ?aano? oe?aeineeo i?aaei?eieiaoaeae n eo niaea-«e oeiainiaia iieiaeaiea eioi?uo naeaeaoaeuenoaoao ia eo iaaeaaeiinoe a ea/anoaa ia?oia?ia a i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie aeayoaeueiinoe a Oe?aeia e ca aa i?aaeaeaie*.
4. Eieeeceiiiua aii?inu _
ii aiaoiayeiiiie/aneie naeaeea
Iaaeaeoia?iaeiue oa?aeoa? aiaoiayeiiiie/aneie naeaeee eiaao aaaeiua iineaaenoaey: i/aiue /anoi yoe naeaeee ii?iaeaeatho eieeeceth caeiiia. „„„„e Eieeeceiiiua aii?inu ii eiio?aeoai /aua anaai aicieeatho i?e eo eniieiaiee, anee yoe eiio?aeou ia iiaeiaaeatho iiae aeaenoaea iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo niaeaoaiee.
Eieeeceiiiia i?aai aieueoeinoaa no?ai i?eciaao a noa?a iaycaoaeuenoa aaoiiiieth aiee.
Aaoiiiiee aiee eae au ioaeaaony ia?aia ianoi: a neeo aiciiaeiinoe auai?a i?aaa ae?oaea eieeeceiiiua i?eaycee «aeeth/athony», anee yoio auai? ia inouanoaeai.
Aaaeiui niia?aaeaieai a yoii ieaia yaeyaony oi, /oi, auae?ay ii?aaeaeaiioth i?aaiaoth nenoaio, noi?iiu iiae/eiytho naie aeiaiai? anai iinoaiiaeaieyi caeiia, niaea?aeaueiny a yoie nenoaia. Yoe iinoaiiaeaiey, iaeiaei, iiaoo auoue eeii i?eioaeeoaeueiuie (eiia?aoeaiuie eee cai?aoeoaeueiuie Jus cogens), eeai aeeniiceoeaiuie (jus dispositivum), o. a. oaeeie, eioi?ua iiaoo auoue eciaiaiu naieie noi?iiaie.
Iiyoiio e aaoiiiiey noi?ii eiaao naie a?aieoeu. Iaeia ec Yoeo a?aieoe — aia niiiaiee e iianthaeo i?eciaia: i?e auii-?a i?aaa noi?iiu ia ai?aaa eneeth/eoue ii?iu ioaee/iiai eee °niaiai ii?yaeea aeaiiiai noaea.
* Neaaeoao ioiaoeoue, /oi iinieuenoaa iaeioi?uo ainoaea?noa a « “‘”•””V”. U* eaaaeecaoeee aeieoiaioia, eanathueony noauaeoa ««aoiayeiii«e/an*E
***aaeu,i«e. Oaeay eaaaeecaoeey yaeyaony i?aaeaea anaai aa?aioeae caeiiii-
•^ aouanoaiaaiey e ?aaeno?aoeee oe?aeineiai i?aaei?eieiaoaey.
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Iaaeaeoia?iaeiia /anoiia
fT
^> t
eiaiai? • iaaeaeoia?iaeiii /anoiii i?aaa
f* ___———————————————————————————————’————————————————————————————’
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A ae?oaeo neo/ayo aaoiiiieth aiee iiaeii ia?aie/eoue aeothuei ia?acii. Ai iiiaeo no?aiao, ea?athueo aaae ?ieue a iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo ioiioaieyo, i?aai, eca?aiiia noi?0 iaie, aeieaeii eiaoue n aeiaiai?ii nouanoaaiioth naycue. Oaei$ iieiaeaiea i?eiyoi a NOA, O?A, Aiaeee, Oaaeoea?ee e ue0 O?aioeee.
I?e yoii aicieeaao aii?in i i?aaiia?iinoe auai?a.
Eiioeiaioaeueiay aeieo?eia. Niaeanii ainiiaenoaothuae aea eiioeiaioa aeieo?eia e i?aeoeea noi?iiu iiaoo iiae/eie^ naie aeiaiai? oieueei oaeie nenoaia i?aaa, n eioi?ie aeiaiai? aioo?aiia naycai, iai?eia?, i?aao ianoa caeeth/aiey eee ua-noa eniieiaiey aeiaiai?a, eee i?aao aeiieoeeeey eee a?aaeaeai, noaa iaeiie ec noi?ii e o.i.
Iaeia ec iiioey?iuo e iaeaieaa ?ani?ino?aiaiiuo a nia?aiaiiuo oneiaeyo — aeieo?eia «oa?aeoa?iiai eniieia iey» (characteristic performance). Nooue aa caeeth/aaony a oii, /oi aeiaiai?iua ioiioaiey aeieaeiu ?aaoee?iaaoueny ee/iui caeiiii eeoea, ia eioi?ii eaaeeo a?aiy eniieiaiey. Iai?eia?, aeiaiai?u eoiee-i?iaeaaee aeieaeiu ?aaoee?iaaoueny ee/iui caeiiii i?iaeaaoea. Aeaiiay eaeay aiieioeeanue a ianeieueeeo aa?iiaeneeo eiaeeoeeaoeeiiiuo aeoao — aano?eeneii caeiia i iaaeaeoia?iaeiii /anoiii i?aaa 1979 aiaea, oaaeoea?neii caeiia i iaaeaeoia?iaeiii /anoiii i?aaa 1987 aiaea, a oaeaea a Eiiaaioeee AYN 1980 aiaea i i?aaa, i?eiaieiii e aeiaiai?iui iaycaoaeuenoaai.
Yoa eaeay auea aini?eiyoa e oe?aeineei caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii. Oae, niaeanii /. 10 no. 6 Caeiia Oe?aeiu «I AYAe». «i?e ionoonoaee niaeaney iaaeaeo noi?iiaie a ioiioaiee i?aaa, eioi?ia aeieaeii eniieueciaaoueny e aiaoiayeiiiie/aneei aeiaiai?ai (eiio?aeoai), i?eiaiyaony i?aai no?aiu, aaea o/?aaeaeaia, eiaao naia ianoi aeeoaeuenoaa eeai iniiaiia ianoi aeayoaeueiinoe noi?iia, eioi?ay yaeyaony:
i?iaeaaoeii — a aeiaiai?a eoiee-i?iaeaaee;
iaeiiaeaoaeai — a aeiaiai?a eiouanoaaiiiai iaeia—* e o.ae.
A oi aea a?aiy, a oe?aeineii caeiia nouanoaotho eiia?a oeaiua ii?iu, eneeth/athuea aiciiaeiinoue i?eiaiaiey aA?° iiiee aiee noi?ii ii auai?o i?aaa.
Iai?eia?, niaeanii o?aaiaaieyi /. 12 no. 6 Caeiia «^ AYAe», «e aiaoiayeiiiie/aneiio aeiaiai?o (eiio?aeoo) i caeaiee niaianoiiai i?aaei?eyoey i?eiaiyaony i?aai no?a ia oa??eoi?ee eioi?ie niaianoiia i?aaei?eyoea nicaeaaoa^1 ioeoeeaeueii ?aaeno?e?oaony».
Oaeei ia?acii, ?a/ue eaeao i ia?a/ia eiaeeaeaeoaeueiuo aeey -aeaeueiuo aeaeia aeiaiai?ia i?eaycie (ii oaeiio aea i?eioeeio iino?iaiu caeiiu *aoee, Neiaaeee, THaineaaee, Aaia?ee e iaeioi?uo ae?oaeo no?ai).
Aiaeeeneia i?aai. Aiaeeeneia i?aai enoiaeeo ec i?eioeeia iaia?aie/aiiie aaoiiiiee aeiaiaa?eaathueony noi?ii. «Iaia?aiea, au?aaeaiiia a aeiaiai?a … yaeyaony ?aoathuei» (ei?ae Aoeei). «Oi iieiaeaiea, /oi iaia?aiea noi?ii a aeiaiai?a yaeyaony iiaeeeiiui e?eoa?eai, ii?aaeaeythuei, eaeia i?aai aeieaeii ?aaoee?iaaoue aeiaiai?, neeoeii ynii, /oiau aai inia?eaaoue» (ei?ae Eeiaeee).
Ii eeoaeneiio caeiio i aiaoiayeiiiie/aneii aeiaiai?a 1985 aiaea aaoiiiiey aiee ia ?ani?ino?aiyaony ia aeiaiai?u i nicaeaiee niaianoiuo i?aaei?eyoee e eiiia?aoeaia n eiino?aiiui o/anoeai e ia aeiaiai?u ia yenieoaoaoeee i?e?iaeiuo ?ano?nia, eioi?ua anaaaea iiae/eiythony i?aao EI?.
Aianoa n oai a § 4 caeiia oeacuaaaony, /oi i?e caeeth/aiee aeiaiai?ia aeieaeii niaethaeaoueny i?aai EI? e ia iiaoo auoue ia?ooaiu aa iauanoaaiiua eioa?anu. Ec yoiai neaaeoao, /oi iacaaeneii io oiai, eaeei i?aaii aoaeao ?aaoee?iaaoueny aeaiiue aeiaiai?, iaycaoaeueiua i?aaeienaiey eeoaeneiai i?aaa aeieaeiu auoue auiieiaiu. (A /anoiinoe, e /eneo eiia?aoeaiuo ii?i ioiineony ii?ia § 7 caeiia ia iaycaoaeueiinoe ienueiaiiie oi?iu aeiaiai?a.)
Iinea oiai, eae iu enneaaeiaaee, eaeoth eee eaeea i?aaiaua nenoaiu ai?aaa ecae?aoue noi?iiu a aeiaiai?a, inoaaony aua iienaoue niiniau, eioi?uie oaeie auai? i?aaa iiaeao i?iec-
aiaeeoueny.
I?yii au?aaeaiiua oneiaey i iiaeeaaeauai i?eiaiaieth °?aaa ano?a/athony ia i/aiue /anoi. I?yiia au?aaeaiea eiaao Ianoi iniaaiii a oao neo/ayo, eiaaea aeiaiai? ninoaaeyaony n Iiiiuueth th?eaee/aneeo niaaoieeia eee eiaaea noi?iiu i°euecothony oeiiauie oi?iaie aeiaiai?ia, ninoaaeaiiuie
^?Eioaie.
Oae, eeoea, caieiathueany oi?aiaeae ca?iii iaaeaeo Aia?e-e Aa?iiie, iau/ii eniieuecotho i?ioi?io aeiaiai?a, aueoo-Ioth Eiiaeiineie annioeeaoeeae oi?aiaee ca?iii e i?aaeon-^?eaathuoth a?aeo?aae a Aiaeee a niioaaonoaee n aia-**n eei i?aaii1.
o ^2nee i?yii au?aaeaiiia oneiaea ionoonoaoao, oi eiiaaea ec Ino,« aeiaiai?a aiciiaeii naeaeaoue auaiae i iiae?acoiaaaaiii
*aoe? Aeae., Ii?o I.— N. 255.
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niaeaoaiee iaaeaeo noi?iiaie ioiineoaeueii «naienoaaiiaa aeiaiai?o i?aaa». (Aeiaiai?, caeeth/aiiue iaaeaeo aiaee/au. iii e o?aioeocii, niaea?aeeo iaeioi?ua i?aaiaua oi?ioe^ ?iaee, ioiinyueany e aiaeeeneiio i?aao e iaecaanoiua o?aioeocneiio. I auai?a noi?iiaie naienoaaiiiai aeiaiai?* i?aaa iiaoo naeaeaoaeuenoaiaaoue: oi?ia aeieoiaioia, naycai, iuo n aeiaiai?ii; aaethoa ieaoaaea; naycue n i?aaeuaeouae naeae. eie e ae?. ‘.
Niaeanii oe?aeineiio caeiiiaeaoaeuenoao, anee noi?iiu aa eca?aee i?eiaieiia i?aai, i?aaa e iaycaiiinoe o/anoieeia aiaoiayeiiiie/aneie naeaeee ii?aaeaeythony ii caeiaae ianoa aa niaa?oaiey (/. 1 no. 569 AE Oe?aeiu, /. 8 no. 6 Caeiia Oe?aeiu «I AYAe»). Aeaiiay ii?ia iineo iauee oa?aeoa? e, neaaeiaaoaeueii, ioiineony ei anai aeaeai aiaoiayeiiiie/aneeo naeaeie (eiio?aeoia). I?e yoii ianoi niaa?oaiey naeaeee ii?aaeaeyaony caeiiaie Oe?aeiu (/. 8 no. 6 caeiia «I AYAe»).
Oaia 9
IAAEAeOIA?IAeIUA IA?AAICEE A?OCIA E IANNAAEE?IA
IEAI: 1. Iiiyoea iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo ia?aaicie.
2. Iaaeaeoia?iaeiua aeaeaciiaei?iaeiua ia?aaicee.
3. Iaaeaeoia?iaeiua aaoiiiaeeueiua ia?aaicee.
4. Iaaeaeoia?iaeiua aicaeooiua ia?aaicee.
5. Iaaeaeoia?iaeiua ii?neea ia?aaicee.
1. Iiiyoea iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo ia?aaicie
Iiae iaaeaeoia?iaeiie ia?aaiceie iiieiaaony ia?aaicea a?ocia e iannaaee?ia iaaeaeo aeaoiy e aieaa ainoaea?noaaie, auiieiyaiay ia oneiaeyo, eioi?ua onoaiiaeaiu iaaeaeoia?iaeiuie niaeaoaieyie (o?ainii?oiuie eiiaaioeeyie), caeeth/aiiuie yoeie ainoaea?noaaie.
Ia eiatho oa?aeoa?a iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo ia?aaicee iaaeaeo ainoaea?noaaie, inouanoaeyaiua aac niioaaonoaothueo iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo niaeaoaiee. A yoii neo/aa i?ioeann ia?aaeaeaeaiey ?acaeaaaony ia aeaa iainiaeaiiuo yoaia e caeeth/athony aeaa aeiaiai?a ia?aaicee:
1) aeey neaaeiaaiey aei iia?aie/iie noaioeee — ii aioo?aiiei i?aaeeai no?aiu ioi?aaeaiey, a
2) iinea aa ia?aoiaea — ii i?aaeeai aioo?aiiaai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa niioaaonoaothuaai eiino?aiiiai ainoaea?noaa. Eiuie neiaaie, aeaa iacaaiiuo aeiaiai?a no?iyony i?aeio-**anoaaiii n o/aoii iaoa?eaeueii-i?aaiauo ii?i iauaai oa-^oa?a niioaaonoaothueo ainoaea?noa.
Oieoeoee?iaaiiua aea iaoa?eaeueii-i?aaiaua ii?iu o?ain-?oiuo eiiaaioeee niaea?aeao o?aaiaaiey e ia?aaici/iie aei-
1 *aoe? Aeae., Ii?-a I.— N.258-269.
/ , ii?aaeaeytho ii?yaeie i?eaia a?oca e ia?aaicea Ue1Aea/a aai a ioieoa iacia/aiey, oneiaey ioaaonoaaiiinoe
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ia?aaic/eea, i?ioeaaeo?o i?aaeuyaeaiey e ia?aaic/eeo oe?ao cee e eneia. s
Anee oieoeoee?iaaiiua iaoa?eaeueii-i?aaiaua ii?aae^ oai eee eiui aii?inai ionoonoaotho, aicieeaao iio?aaai ° ia?auaiey e oieoeoee?iaaiiui eieeeceiiiui ii?iai yo»! aea eiiaaioeee, ionueathuei e iaoeeiiaeueiiio i?aao.
Ai iiiaeo ainoaea?noaao auee i?eiyou niaoeeaeueiua oe?a aiaua aeou i ia?aaiceao. A Oe?aeia aeaenoaotho: AicaeouAue.. eiaeaen (1993 a.), Caeii «I o?ainii?oa» (1994 a.), Eiaeaen oi?ai aiai ii?aieaaaiey (1995 a.), Caeii «I o?oaii?iaiaeiii o?ain ii?oa» (1996 a.), Onoaa aeaeaciuo aei?ia Oe?aeiu (1998 a.) eae?
Iaeiiaoe, ii iao?aaoee?iaaiiui o?ainii?oiuie eiiaai^ oeeyie aii?inai eee a neo/aa, anee ainoaea?noai oie eee eaie noi?iiu aeiaiai?a ia?aaicee ia o/anoaoao a o?ainii?oiie eii-aaioeee, noi?iiu i?eiaiytho eieeeceiiiua ii?iu iaoeeiiaeueiiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa. Oae, a niioaaonoaee n /. 10 no. 6 Caei ia Oe?aeiu «I AYAe», i?e ionoonoaee niaeaoaiey iaaeaeo noi?iiaie ioiineoaeueii i?aaa, eioi?ia aeieaeii i?eiaiyoueny e aeiaiai?o ia?aaicee, i?eiaiyaony i?aai no?aiu, aaea o/?aae aeaia, eiaao naia ianoiaeeoaeuenoai eee iniiaiia ianoi aeayoaeueiinoe noi?iia, yaeythuayny ia?aaic/eeii.
2. Iaaeaeoia?iaeiua aeaeaciiaei?iaeiua ia?aaicee
Iaaeaeoia?iaeiua aeaeaciiaei?iaeiua ia?aaicee inouanoaeythony iin?aaenoaii caeeth/aiey aeiaiai?ia ia?aaicee n aeaeac iuie aei?iaaie oao eee eiuo no?ai. Aacie yoeo aeiaiai?ia neoaeao niioaaonoaothuea iaaei?aaeoaeuenoaaiiua eee iaynaa aeiinoaaiiua niaeaoaiey i iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo aeaeaciiaei?iaeiuo ia?aaiceao.
Oeacaiiua niaeaoaiey i?aaeoniao?eaatho onoaiiaeaiea ?aciuo aeaeia iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai niiauaiey, eiathueo cia/e oaeueiua i?aaiaua iniaaiiinoe.
Oae, i?e i?yiii iaaeaeoia?iaeiii niiauaiee ia?aaicee ioi?ieythony iaeiei ia?aaici/iui aeieoiaioii e inouanoaeythony ia iniiaaiee aaeeiuo oneiaee, iaiai?aiiuo a niaea oaiee e iiaeeaaeaueo i?eiaiaieth ai anao no?aiao neaaeia*’ iey a?oca (iannaaee?a). A?oc ia?aaeaaony a iooe neeaie coof aaonoaothueo aeaeaciuo aei?ia. Ii iieo/aiiui i?iaiciU*1 ieaoaaeai e oaeiaeaoai?aiiui o?aaiaaieyi eeeaioo?u *a eaciua aei?iae i?iecaiaeyo iaaeaeo niaie niioaaonoaothuea ec” eii?an/aou.
^aeoia?iaeiua ia?aaicee a?ocia e iannaaee?ia
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Iai?yiia, eee eiiaiia, niiauaiea i?aaeoniao?eaaaony ni-eauaieyie, a neeo eioi?uo ia?aaicee inouanoaeythony ia a??eoi?ee eaaeaeie ec no?ai ia iniiaaiee aeieoiaioia e i?a-aeE, aeaenoaothueo a aeaiiie no?aia, n aeiiieiaieyie, io?aaeathueie niaoeeoeeo ia?aaicie iaaeaeo ainoaea?noaaie.
A caaeneiinoe io oiai, caaa?oaaony eee iao ia?aaicea ia oa??eoi?ee eiino?aiiiai ainoaea?noaa-ninaaea, iaaeaeoia?iaeiua aeaeaciiaei?iaeiua ia?aaicee iiae?acaeaeythony ia ninaaeneea e o?aiceoiua. Iineaaeiee aeae niiauaiee yaeyaony aieaa neiaeiui e noaaeo aeiiieieoaeueii ?yae i?aaiauo aii?inia: i i?aaa eiino?aiiiai ainoaea?noaa ia o?aiceo, o?aiceoiuo oa?eoao e ae?.
Iniaui aeaeii o?aiceoiiai niiauaiey yaeyaony iaaeaeoia?iaeiia niiauaiea, i?e eioi?ii ia?aaicee iaaeaeo noaioeeyie iaeiie no?aiu inouanoaeythony o?aiceoii ii oa??eoi?ee iaeiiai eee aeaaea ianeieueeeo ainoaea?noa. Yoi — neaiciia niiauaiea, eiathuaa naie iniaaiiinoe.
A caaeneiinoe io ii?yaeea ia?aaea/e a?ocia ia iia?aie/iuo aeaeaciiaei?iaeiuo noaioeeyo ?acee/athony aania?aa?oci/iua e ia?aa?oci/iua * iaaeaeoia?iaeiua ia?aaicee, /oi iaoneiaeaii iaeeiaeiaie eee ?acee/iie oe?eiie eieae ia aeaeaciuo aei?iaao Oe?aeiu e ninaaeieo ainoaea?noa.
Iaeiiaoe, iniaui aeaeii iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai aeaeaciiaei?iaeiiai niiauaiey yaeythony ia?aaicee a?oca n ia?aioi?aaeie, eiaaea ia noaioeee iacia/aiey, aaea a?oc ia auoiaeeo ec aaaeaiey aeaeaciie aei?iae, caeeth/aaony iiaue aeiaiai? iaaeaeoia?iaeiie ia?aaicee. Yoio aeae niiauaiey i?eiaiyaony iniaaiii /anoi iaaeaeo no?aiaie-noi?iiaie ?acee/iuo iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo o?ainii?oiuo niaeaoaiee.
TH?eaee/aneei i?eciaeii iaaeaeoia?iaeiie aeaeaciiaei?iaeiie ia?aaicee, iicaieythuei ioa?aie/eoue aa io ia?aaicie aioo?aiiaai niiauaiey, yaeyaony iaee/ea iaaeaeoia?iaeiie iaeeaaeiie (Rail Waybill) eee eiiai o?ainii?oiiai aeieoiaioa, i?aaeoniio?aiiiai niaeaoaieai i niioaaonoaothuai iaaeaeoia?iaeiii niiauaiee.
Aei 1991 aiaea no?aiu NYA ?oeiaiaenoaiaaeenue i?e aeaeaciiaei?iaeiuo ia?aaiceao a?ocia ii oa??eoi?ee yoeo no?ai Niaeaoaieai i iaaeaeoia?iaeiii aeaeaciiaei?iaeiii a?ociaii niia-Uaiee (NIAN) 1950 aiaea **. Yoi Niaeaoaiea ?aaeaiaioe?iaaei,
I?e iannaaee?neii niiauaiee aiciiaeiu aania?anaaei/iua e ia?ana-‘ia/ ‘ aa?aaicee- Iaeiaei caeanue yoi ?aca?aie/aiea ia eiaao noieue aaaeiiai
?^Ey> eae i?e a?ociauo ia?aaiceao.
/aAi ^”*eaeeaoe/aneeie no?aiaie Aa?iiu e Acee a I960 aiaeo auei caeeth-OaeAEa Niaeaoaiea i iaaeaeoia?iaeiii aeaeaciiaei?iaeiii iannaaee?neii
1e – niin.
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Iaaeaeoia?iaeiia /anoiia
… –
a /anoiinoe, oi?io aeaeaciiaei?iaeiie iaeeaaeiie — Ae oa, iiaeoaa?aeaeathuaai iaee/ea aeiaiai?a ia?aaicee e aa?ythuaai i?eiyoea a?oca e ia?aaicea. A 1991 aiaeo ec oaiey auoae ?yae aa?iiaeneeo no?ai, ii oi?ia iae i?e ioi?aaea a?ocia n oa??eoi?ee e ia oa??eoi?eth a auaoaai NNN? nio?aieeanue.
Niaeanii Eiiaaioeee i iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo aeaeaciiaei?ienau» ia?aaiceao (EIOEO) 1980 a.* i?aaeoniao?eaaaony ae?oaay o0?. ia aeaeaciiaei?iaeiie iaeeaaeiie. Iiyoiio i?e ioi?ieaiee ia?aaicee ec NIA, eiaaea /anoue iooe aoaeao i?ioiaeeoue /a?ac no?aiu — o/anoieoeu EIOEO, iaeeaaeiay NIAN ioi?ieyaony aei iia?aie/iie noaioeee aeaeaciie aei?iae no?aiu, a?aie/auae n NIA, aaea iaeeaaeiay NIAN aoaeao ia?aioi?ieaia a iaeeaae ioth EIOEO.
Iniaaiiinoueth EIOEO yaeyaony oaeaea oi, /oi yoa Eiiaai oeey iauaaeeiyao ii?iu Aa?ineeo eiiaaioeee e Aeiiieieoaeue iiai niaeaoaiey 1966 aiaea ia ioaaonoaaiiinoe aeaeaciuo aei ?ia i?e ia?aaiceao iannaaee?ia a aaeeiia iniiaiia niaeaoaiea. E yoiio iniiaiiio niaeaoaieth eiathony aeaa i?eeiaeaiey (A e A). I?eeiaeaiea A, ii?aaeaeythuaa oneiaey ia?aaicie ian naaee?ia, iieo/eei iaeiaiiaaiea Aaeeiuo i?aaee IIE. Dpi-eiaeaiea A niaea?aeeo oneiaey ia?aaicie a?ocia e iacaaii Aaeeiua i?aaeea IAE.
Aaeeiua i?aaeea IAE aeaenoaotho oieueei a ioiioaiee y«-?aaicie ii ii?aaeaeaiiui aeaeaciiaei?iaeiui eeieyi, ia?a/aiue eioi?uo onoaiaaeeaatho o/anoieee niaeaoaiey. Noaaee i?iaiciuo ieaoaaeae ii?aaeaeythony iaoeeiiaeueiuie e iaaeaeoia?iaeiuie oa?eoaie. I?aaeoniio?aiu i?aaeaeueiua n?iee Ae«’ noaaee a?ocia. Oae, ii i?aaeeai EIOEO iauea n?iee AeI”‘ oaaee a?ocia ninoaaeytho aeey a?ocia aieueoie nei?inoe 400, a aeey a?ocia iaeie nei?inoe — 300 eeeiiao?ia a nooee. Ae* noa n oai, ca aeaeaciuie aei?iaaie nio?aiaii i?aai onoaaa* eeaaoue aeey ioaeaeueiuo niiauaiee niaoeeaeueiua n?iee aeinoa” ee, a oaeaea onoaiaaeeaaoue aeiiieieoaeueiua n?iee i?e *°3 ieeiiaaiee nouanoaaiiuo cao?oaeiaiee a ia?aaiceao. Oioy NNN? ia yaeyeny o/anoieeii Aa?ineeo eiia e EIOEO, eo iieiaeaiey, neoaeaaiua eino?oeoeee e Ae ii?iaoeaiua aeieoiaiou i?eiaiyeenue e i?iaeieaeatho i?*1*” iyoueny i?e ia?aaiceao oe?aeineeo aiaoiaoi?aiauo a?O3″ a no?aiu Caiaaeiie Aa?iiu e ec yoeo no?ai a Oe?aei”
* A iae o/anoaotho 38 ainoaea?noa (aieueoeinoai no?ai Aa?iiu, a o no?ai Acee e Naaa?iie Aa?iiu).
a?ocia e iannaaee?ia
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*oi eanaaony aeaeaciiaei?iaeiuo ia?aaicie iaaeaeo inoaa-eeny no?aiaie-o/anoieoeaie NIAN e oaie, eioi?ua aoiaee-„ a ninoaa auaoaai NNN?, aeeth/ay Oe?aeio, oi iii eiaao ?acee/ioth i?aaiaoth iniiao.
Oae, i?aaiioiioaiey, eioi?ua aicieeatho iaaeaeo a?ociioi?aaeoaeyie e a?ociiieo/aoaeyie, n iaeiie noi?iiu, e aeaeac-oeoeae aei?iaaie — n ae?oaie, a i?yiii aeaeaciiaei?iaeiii niiauaiee iaaeaeo no?aiaie, aeaeaciua aei?iae eioi?uo yaeythony o/anoieoeaie NIAN, ?aaoee?othony yoei aeieoiaioii, a oaeaea eiuie aeieoiaioaie, i?eiyouie oeaio?aeueiuie i?aaiaie aeaeaciuo aei?ia, o/anoaothueo a NIAN, e aioo?aiieie i?aaeeaie niioaaonoaothuae no?aiu, aeaeaciay aei?iaa eioi?ie yaeyaony o/anoieoeae NIAN — a neo/aa ionoonoaey a NIAN iaiaoiaeeiuo iieiaeaiee. A niioaaonoaee n Iinoaiiaeaieai Eaaieia Oe?aeiu ? 246 io 03.04.93 a. «I niaeaoaieyo ii iaaeaeoia?iaeiiio aeaeaciiaei?iaeiiio a?ociaiio e iannaaee?neiio niiauaieth» a nayce n i?eniaaeeiaieai Ainoaea?noaaiiie aaeieieno?aoeee aeaeaciiaei?iaeiiai o?ainii?oa Oe?aeiu e NIAN aeaeaciua aei?iae, a?ociioi?aaeoaee e a?ociiieo/aoaee Oe?aeiu aeieaeiu iaania/eaaoue eniieiaiea yoiai niaeaoaiey*.
Niaea?aeaiea auoaoeacaiiuo niaeaoaiee a cia/eoaeueiie noaiaie ioee/aaony io iau/iuo o?aaiaaiee iaoeeiiaeueiiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa. Oae, noaouey 29 NIAN i?aaeoniao?eaaao i?aai ioi?aaeoaey eeai iieo/aoaey i?aaeuyaeoue i?aoaicee aeaeaciie aei?iaa e onoaiaaeeaaao 180-aeiaaiue (ni aeiy i?aaeuyaeaiey) n?ie aeey ?anniio?aiey eo aeaeaciie aei?iaie e ioaaoa cayaeoaeth i?aoaicee. A niioaaonoaee ni noaoueae 31 NIAN n?ie eneiaie aeaaiinoe ninoaaeyao aeaayoue ianyoeaa (e?iia i?aoaicee e eneia i i?in?i/ea aeinoaaee a?oca, aeey i?aaeuyaeaiey eioi?uo onoaiiaeai aeaooiany/iue n?ie).
Oeacaiiue aeaayoeiany/iue (aeey iaeioi?uo o?aaiaaiee
Aeaooiany/iue) n?ie yaeyaony iauei aeey i?aaeuyaeaiey eae
i?aoaicee, oae e enea, — a ioee/ea io aioo?aiieo i?aaee
e?aeiu (no. 134, 135 Onoaaa aeaeaciuo aei?ia Oe?aeiu) e ae?o-
aao no?ai, aaea aei neo ii? aeaenoaoao Onoaa aeaeaciuo aei?ia
^N?. Iineaaeiee onoaiaaeeaaao (no. 174, 177) ioaeaeueiua n?i-
Ee Aeey i?aaeuyaeaiey i?aoaicee e eneia. Ene iiaeao auoue
?aAeuyaeai a?ociioi?aaeoaeai e aei?iaa ioi?aaeaiey, a a?o-
i°eo/aoaeai — e aei?iaa iacia/aiey a eiiiaoaioiii noaea
na°ae no?aiu.
“0?*e*1OaIo^A<: ae ia a. yaeyeenue oaeaea aeaeaciua .. . nue aeaaiee aaea aieaa n a e ea-- eu eaoaee eeoau iieaeiau iiiaieee iieueoe eeenoaia oo ocaaeenoaia ynoiiee. oieoeoee ii nian niaea eiee eieeeceiiiuo i ionuea aei ioi neaaeiaaiey rpyaj eciaiythuae aeiaiai caeiio o caaea iacia iae eioi eieeaca iinyo eiia oa aeaeaciie>*’ ^on.y II?ssAeIE i?eaia a?oca e ia?aaicea (anaea’J
Iaaeaeoia?iaeiia /a,Oi. ^^i^ue^a,.^^
——————————^VI *1^^~~
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i^
aON
‘**’ ethony ii?yaeie i?eaia a?oca e ia?aaicea ‘^ii?ino iao ii?i a niaeaoaiee), a oaeaea i?iaiaa”^ *e ia?aaiceo a no?aia ioi?aaeaiey.
: a ioee/ea io NIAN, onoaiaaeeaaao ia oieueei Krioe ii e niaoaiiia aeaeaciiaei?iaeii-ii?neia inia Ia?aaicee a niaoaiiii niiauaiee inouanoaeythony „ i?eiauaiiui e NIIN iniaui i?aaeeai, eioi?^ aeoinoao aii?inia ionueatho e NIAN, a aeey ia?aaicie ‘i?aaeoniao?eaatho iaeioi?ua niaoeeaeueiua oneiaey aoN niaea?aeeo ?yae eieeeceiiiuo ii?i. Iai?eia?, e. i?iae ioi?aaeaiey ?aaeaiaioe?oaony ii?yaeie i?aaei Ae iano a aaaiia (no. 7); caeiiii aei?iae neaaeiaaiey -oinoue iannaaee?ia ca aacaeeaoiue i?iacae e iia?aae [aciiaei?iaeiiai eiaaioa?y (no. 10); caeiiii aei?iae _ eeeaeaeaoeey iaaino?aaiaaiiiai aaaaaea e oiaa-
^^.no. 21, 28). aicee a?ocia a i?yiii aeaeaciiaei?iaeiii niiauaiey
Oe?aeiie e eiuie no?aiaie, aeaeaciua aei?iae eie IV- yaeythony o/anoieoeaie NIAN, iiaoo i?aaieciauaaoue ?>>1O Iniiaa niioaaonoaothueo aeaonoi?iiieo eeai iiiainoi-
& Aa,o niaeaoaiee.
?° 1 ythey 1998 a- anooieei a neeo iiaeienaiiia 1 ieoya?y
a a Aaeo Niaeaoaiea iaaeaeo aeaeaciiaei?iaeiuie aAe-1997 ?aoeeyie ainoaea?noa – o/anoieeia NIA, Eaoaee, Eeoau, $& a ia iniaaiiinoyo i?eiaiaiey ioaeaeueiuo ii?i NIAI-?°**a niaeaneeenue inouanoaeyoue ia?aaicee a?ocia a i?yiii NO°? ya?iaeiii aeaeaciiaei?iaeiii niiauaiee iaaeaeo aeaeac-i*8 “aei?iaaie Noi?ii ia iniiaaiee NIAN n o/aoii iniaass-i161” i?eiaiaiey aai ioaeaeueiuo ii?i, eceiaeaiiuo a i?eei-9°nOaE
a?ocia n i?eiaiaieai eieaeee iaaeaeoia?iaeiie aei?iaeiie oea ?aaicee (Eieaeea IAeI)*. Ia?aaicea n i?eiaiaieai oaeie eieaeee iiaeao inouanoaeyoueny ia iniiaaiee auiieiaia» a no?aia ioi?aaeaiey a?oca oaiiaeaiiuo oi?iaeueiinoae, aa3 oaiiaeaiiiai aeiniio?a a no?aiao neaaeiaaiey a?oca (iaeiaei ia uaa /enei oaiiaeai ianoa ioi?aaeaiey e iacia/aiey ia aeiae aeii i?aauoaoue /aou?ao (aac. n) no. 18). A yoeo eiee/anoaa^ Eiiaaioeey i?aaeoniao?eaaao oaeaea inaiaiaeaeaiea io oieaoe aaiciuo e auaiciuo iioeei. A?ocu ia?aaicyony n niaethaea-ieai i?ioeaaeo?u IAeI a caieiiae?iaaiiuo aei?iaeiuo o?ain-ii?oiuo n?aaenoaao, ninoaaao o?ainii?oiuo n?aaenoa eee a caieiiae?iaaiiuo eiioaeia?ao. Ia aei?iaeiii o?ainii?oiie n?aaenoaa eee ninoaaa o?ainii?oiuo n?aaenoa, inouanoaeythueo iia?aoeeth IAeI, aeieaeiu auoue i?ee?aieaiu oaaee/ee n iaae. ienueth «TIR». Ciae TIR aeaao i?aeiouanoai ia?aii/a?aaeiiai oaiiaeaiiiai ioi?ieaiey.»
E?iia iacaaiiuo, a iaeanoe iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo aaoiiiaeeueiuo ia?aaicie aeaenoaotho neaaeothuea iaaeaeoia?iaeiua niaeaoaiey:
1) Eiiaaioeey i aei?iaeiii aeaeaeaiee 1968 aiaea e I?ioieie i aei?iaeiuo ciaeao e neaiaeao io 19.09.1949 aiaea (a ?aaeaeoeee 1968 aiaea), onoaiiaeaoea I?aaeea aei?iaeiiai aeaeaeaiey;
2) Oaiiaeaiiay eiiaaioeey i iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo ia?aaiceao a?ocia 1959 aiaea (a ?aaeaeoeee 1978 aiaea);
3) Aa?iiaeneia niaeaoaiea i ?aaioa yeeiaaeae o?ainii?oiuo n?aaenoa, auiieiythueo iaaeaeoia?iaeiua aaoiiiaeeueiua ia?aaicee, io 1 ethey 1970 a.;
4) Eiiaaioeey i aeiaiai?a ii iaaeaeoia?iaeiui ia?aaiceai iannaaee?ia e a?ocia io 1 ia?oa 1973 aiaea, a oaeAeI i?ioieie e iae io 5 ethey 1978 a. (ii?aaeaeaiu ?aeaeceou i?eiaiyaiuo a iaaeaeoia?iaeiii aaoiiiaeeueiii niiauaiee iannaaee?neiai aeeaoa e aaaaaeiie eaeoaioeee e Ae?-);
5) Oaiiaeaiiay eiiaaioeey i a?aiaiiii auaica aei?iAE iuo n?aaenoa ia?aaicee, eniieuecoaiuo a eiiia?/aneeo Aea eyo, io 18 iay 1956 a.;
6) Iaaeaeoia?iaeiay eiiaaioeey i niaeaniaaiee oneia”” i?iaaaeaiey eiio?iey a?ocia ia a?aieoea io 21 ieoya?y 1982 a-1
7) Aa?iiaeneia niaeaoaiea i iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo ia?aA”3′ eao iianiuo a?ocia io 30 naioya?y 1975 a.;
8) Eiiaaioeey i iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo aaoiiiaeeueiuo ia?*’ aiceao iannaaee?ia e aaaaaea no?ai NIA io 9 ieoya?y
,,a)Eaeoia?iaeiua ia?aaicee a?ocia e iannaaee?ia
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* Oe?aeia o/anoaoao a yoie Eiiaaioeee.
I?e aaoiiiaeeueiuo ia?aaiceao nouanoaaiiia cia/aiea nicaeaiea aa?aioee i?e i?e/eiaiee a?aaea o?aoueei ee-aaoio?ainii?oiuie n?aaenoaaie — enoi/ieeii iiauoaiiie iianiinoe. Yoi aeinoeaaaony iin?aaenoaii aaaaeaiey 05aecaoaeueiiai no?aoiaaiey a?aaeaeaineie ioaaonoaaiiinoe, /oi i?aaeoniao?eaaaony eae aioo?aiiei caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii, oae 0 ?yaeii iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo niaeaoaiee.
A aieueoeinoaa no?ai Aa?iiu e Naaa?iie Ao?eee a ianoiyuaa a?aiy i?eiaiyaony aaaaeaiiay Niaeaoaieai 1953 aiaea nenoaia iaaeaeoia?iaeiie aaoiiiaeeueiie no?aoiaie ea?oi/ee («caeaiay ea?oa»)*. Iaoeeiiaeueiua no?aoiaua o/?aaeaeaiey auaeatho ia aaoio?ainii?oiua n?aaenoaa naeaeaoaeuenoai onoaiiaeaiiiai ia?acoea («caeaioth ea?oo»), iiaeoaa?aeaeathuaa, /oi a?aaeaeaineay ioaaonoaaiiinoue cano?aoiaaia, e aeaenoaothuaa ia oa??eoi?ee ainoaea?noaa, n eioi?ui eiathony niaeaoaiey i no?aoiaaiee.
I?aauaaiea ia oa??eoi?ee no?ai «caeaiie ea?ou» aac yoiai iieena ?anniao?eaaaony eae na?ueaciia i?aaiia?ooaiea, eioi?ia ea?aaony oo?aoii e aeaaea cai?aoii i?aauaaiey ia oa??eoi?ee yoeo no?ai eee oth?aiiui caeeth/aieai.
A neeo aeaonoi?iiieo niaeaoaiee no?aoiaua o/?aaeaeaiey acaeiii i?eieiatho ia naay a ioiioaiee oeacaiiuo a «caeaiie ea?oa» eiino?aiiuo aaoio?ainii?oiuo n?aaenoa, ieacaaoeony ia oa??eoi?ee eo no?aiu, oo ioaaonoaaiiinoue, eioi?oth iie ianoo a niioaaonoaee n aioo?aiiei caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii. I?e ianooieaiee no?aoiaiai neo/ay o/?aaeaeaiea, auieaoeaoaa iioa?iaaoaio no?aoiaia aiciauaiea, iieo/aao oiea/aiiua noiiu io eiino?aiiiai no?aoiaiai o/?aaeaeaiey, eioi?ia auaeaei «caeaioth ea?oo».
Iiyoiio i?e aei?iaeii-o?ainii?oiii i?ienoanoaee aeaaeaeaoe aaoiiiaeey eiaao i?aai:
a) auynieoue iiia? iieena, iacaaiea e aae?an eiiiaiee, no?aoiaaaoae a?aaeaeaineoth ioaaonoaaiiinoue aeaaeaeueoea aaoiiiaeey-aeiiaieea;
a) iieo/eoue a iieeoeee eiieth i?ioieiea i i?ienoanoaee;
a)ninoaaeoue ?an/ao oauoeia.
Aeey oao neo/aaa, eiaaea o?aaiaaoue aiciauaiey a?iaea au ia
o Eiai (aaoiiiaeeue-aeiiaiee ne?ueny n ianoa i?ienoanoaey
E Ia eiae iieena), iino?aaeaaoee aeaaeaeaoe aaoiiiaeey iiaeao
TO
yiaa?y 1998 a. Oe?aeia yaeyaony aa o/anoieeii ia i?aaao iaiieei-
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Iaaeaeoia?iaeiia /anoiia i?a|
i?aaeoniao?eaaaony acaeiiia i?aaeinoaaeaiea i?aaa ia oaiea iieaoia ia ii?aaeaeaiiuo a niaeaoaiee eeieyo, oae iacuaaaiuo eiiia?/aneeo i?aa i?e yenieoaoaoeee eeiee e ae?oaea aii?inu, naycaiiua n i?aaiecaoeeae aicaeou iuo niiauaiee.
O?aaeeoeeiiiui iaoiaeii aicaeooiuo ia?aaicie yaeyaony aeinoaaea ia?oee a?oca, eioi?ay nii?iaiaeaeaaony eiaeeaeaeoaeue. iie aaeaiaeeaaeiie ia naiieao, auaeaaaaiie ia?aaic/eeo Waybill).
Ca iineaaeiea aiaeu oe?ieia ?acaeoea iieo/eee iaaeaeoia. ?iaeiua ia?aaicee iannaaee?ia e a?ocia naiieaoaie, eioi?ia iaeia aaeaeiiiaiey i?aaeinoaaeyao ae?oaie ia iniiaaiee ini-aiai aeiaiai?a, ii aiaeiaee n ii?neeie ia?aaiceaie, iieo/eaoaai iaeiaiiaaiea aeiaiai?a «/a?oa?a». E?oiiua aaeaeiiiaiee ?ac?aaaouaatho i?ioi?iu oaeeo aeiaiai?ia. Eae a a ii?neii i?aaa, aeiaiai? /a?oa?a ia aicaeooiii o?ainii?oa aucuaaao ?acee/ioth i?aaiaoth eaaeeoeeaoeeth. A caaeneiinoe io oneiaee i?aaeeaaaaony ?anniao?eaaoue aai eee eae aeiaiai? ia?aaicee, eee eae ?aciiaeaeiinoue aeiaiai?a a?aiaeu (iai?eia?, i?e i?aaeinoaaeaiee naiieaoa aac yeeiaaea — oae iacuaaaiue barehull charter). Niaeanii i?aiaeaaeathuaio iiaieth i?e /a?oa?iuo ia?aaiceao acaeiiioiioaiey aaeaeiiiaiee ?aaeaiaioe?othony caeeth/aiiui eie aeiaiai?ii e iiae aeaenoaea Aa?oaaneie eiiaaioeee ia iiaeiaaeatho *.
5. Iaaeaeoia?iaeiua ii?neea ia?aaicee
A iaeanoe ii?neeo ia?aaicie oieoeeaoeey auea inouanoaeaia a ?acoeueoaoa iiaeienaiey A?thnnaeueneie eiiaaioeee 1924 aiaea ia oieoeeaoeee iaeioi?uo i?aaee i eiiinaiaioao, a oaeaea ioiinyuaainy e iae aeiiieieoaeueiiai i?ioieiea 1968 aiaea (Aaaanei-Aenaeeneea i?aaeea). Aeiaieueii iieiay oieoeeaoeey eieeeceiiiuo ii?i ii?neiai i?aaa inouanoaeaia a Eiaeaena Aonoaiaioa 1928 aiaea, Niaeaoaiee Iiioaaeaeai 1940 aiaea. Iiiaea ae?oaea yeaiaiou aeiaiai?a ii?neiai o?aooiaaiey (iaeia noaeia aeey ii?neie ia?aaicee) ?aaoee?O’ thony iaoeeiiaeueiui i?aaii.
Iaeiaei a caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa oieueei iaiiiaeo no?ai eiathony niaoeeaeueiua eieeeceiiiua ii?iu a iaeanoe ii?neeo &a’
„(aeoia?iaeiua ia?aaicee a?ocia e iannaaee?ia
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* Ni. ii yoei aii?inai: Aaaaeaeaoa?neay eiiaaioeey 1961 aiaea ia oa*O eaoeee iaeioi?uo i?aaee, eanathueony iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo aicaeooiuo ia?aa • inouanoaeyaiuo eeoeaie, ia yaeythueieny ia?aaic/eeaie ii aeiaiai?o eia o/anoaoao).
?1
aAIcie. Iiyoiio a iaiaoiaeeiuo neo/ayo i?eiaiythony ia-‘ ea eieeeceiiiua ii?iu oi?aiaiai eee a?aaeaeaineiai i?aaa. Ii Eiaeaeno Oi?aiaiai ii?aieaaaiey Oe?aeiu 1995 a. (/. 2 o 14) ioiioaiey ii aeiaiai?ai ii?neie ia?aaicee a?ocia, o?aooiaaiey noaeia ia n?ie, o?aooiaaiey noaeia aac yeeiaaea, eeceiaa, aoene?iaaiey, ii?neiai no?aoiaaiey ?aaoee?othony caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii ainoaea?noaa ii niaeaoaieth noi?ii.
Ii?neea ia?aaicee a?ocia iiaoo inouanoaeyoueny ia ?acee/iuo oneiaeyo. Aanue ?uiie ii?neeo ia?aaicie iiaeao auoue ?acaeaeai ia neaaeothuea aeaeu: o?aiiiaia noaeioiaenoai e eeiaeiia noaeioiaenoai.
1. O?aiiiauie (io aiaeeeneiai neiaa tramp — a?iaeyaa) iacuaathony noaea, eioi?ua niaa?oatho ia?aaoey?iua ?aenu, aac /aoeiai ?anienaiey, e iai?aaeythony noaeiaeaaeaeueoeaie ooaea, aaea o o?aooiaaoaeae (iaieiaoaeae) anoue ni?in ia oiiiaae.
Aeiaiai? ia ia?aaiceo a?ocia o?aiiiauie noaeaie caeeth/aaony a aeaea /a?oa?a (charter, charter-party). E niaoeeoe/aneei oneiaeyi /a?oa?iiai eiio?aeoa ioiinyony:
oneiaey iieaou aeaia?aaeaea (demurrage) — aeaiaaeiiai aiciauaiey, oiea/eaaaiiai o?aooiaaoaeai (a?ociioi?aaeoaeai) noaeiaeaaeaeueoeo ca i?inoie noaeia iiae iia?oci/iuie iia?aoeeyie naa?o onoaiiaeaiiiai a /a?oa?a n?iea, e aeenia/a (dispatch) — aiciauaiey, auiea/eaaaiiai noaeiaeaaeaeueoeai o?aooiaaoaeth ca aein?i/iia caaa?oaiea a?ociauo ?aaio e inaiaiaeaeaiea noaeia;
n?ie iiaea/e noaeia, aeeth/ay eaioeaeeeia (cancelling) — eiia/iue n?ie iiaea/e noaeia iiae iia?oceo, i?e ianiaethaeaiee eioi?iai o?aooiaaoaeue eiaao i?aai ?anoi?aiooue /a?oa?;
iaiai?ea ia iauae aaa?ee*; eaaeiaay iaiai?ea e ae?.
Eiee/anoai oneiaee, eioi?ua iiaoo auoue aeeth/aiu a aeiaiai? ii?neie ia?aaicee, aeiaieueii aaeeei, iiyoiio aicieeea iaiaoiaeeiinoue a oeiiauo aeiaiai?ao ia?aaicee, eia/a iacu-a^a]O1uo i?ioi?iaie /a?oa?ia. Iau/ii ia i?aeoeea i?eia-aathony i?ioi?iu /a?oa?ia, ?ac?aaioaiiua iaaeaeoia?iaeiuie Ii?neeie i?aaiecaoeeyie, a oaeaea iaoeeiiaeueiuie iauaaeeia-Eeyie noaeiaeaaeaeueoeaa (oaieueiua, iaooyiua, eaniua e o.ae.). ae, oeiiaie aaia?aeueiue /a?oa? «Aeaeaieii» («Gencon») en-i°euecoaony eae oieaa?naeueiue aeey ia?aaicee a?ocia ai anao
A caaeneiinoe io eeoa?u e oeeo?u Ei?e-Aioaa?iaineeo i?aaee 1949 aiaea iauay aaa?ey, ?acia? e ii?yaeie aiciauaiey i?e/eiaiiuo ath
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Iaaeaeoia?iaeii* /anoiia
eniieuecoy ?acee/iua iaoiaeu (a /anoiinoe, iaoiae «aoaeothua. ai noaeia*, eioi?ia ?aniieaaatho ia eeiee a oa/aiea ii?aaeaeai, iiai a?aiaie e eioi?ia aeaaiaea?y oeiaine?iaaieth eiioa?aoe. oeee eiaao eneonnoaaiii caieaeaiioth noieiinoue o?aooa, /oi auoaniyao «aoonaeaea?a» eeai i?aaeinoaaeyao aio iaauaiaeiua eeai iaeiauaiaeiua oneiaey i?aauaaiey a ii?oao, eioi?oea eiio?iee?othony eiioa?aioeeae).
Aeieoiaioii, iiaeoaa?aeaeathuei iaee/ea aeiaiai?a ia?aaicee ia noaeao ?aaoey?iuo eeiee, yaeyaony eiiinaiaio.
Anee oaeay ia?aaicea inouanoaeyaony aac i?aaeinoaaeaiey ii?neei ia?aaic/eeii anaai noaeia eee aai /anoe, oi ioiiua-iey iaaeaeo o/anoieeaie ia?aaicee ioi?ieythony eiiinaiaioii ii auoaoiiiyiooie A?thnnaeueneie eiiaaioeee. (Eiiaaioeey onoaiaaeeaaao oaeaea i?eioeei ioaaonoaaiiinoe ii?neiai ia?aaic/eea ca aeio. Iaeiaei ia?aaic/ee ia ianao ioaaonoaaiiinoe ca oae iacuaaaioth iaaeaaoeeiiioth ioeaeo, o.a. ioeaeo eaieoaia, iao?ina, eioeiaia a noaeiaiaeaeaiee eee oi?aaeaiee noaeiii).
*oi eanaaony iannaaee?neeo ia?aaicie ii?ai, oi iie ?aaoee?othony ?yaeii iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo niaeaoaiee, a /anoiinoe Aoeineie eiiaaioeeae 13 aeaeaa?y 1974 aiaea i ia?aaiceao ii?ai iannaaee?ia e eo aaaaaea, a eioi?ie o/anoaoao e Oe?aeia. (I?aaeae ioaaonoaaiiinoe ia?aaic/eea a neo/aa i?e/eiaiey a?aaea caei?iaueth iannaaee?ia ninoaaeyao 700 ouny/ o?aieia.)
Oaia 10
IAssCAOAEUeNOAA EC I?E*EIAIEss A?AAeA
IEAI: 1. Eieeeceiiiua aii?inu aeaeeeoiuo iaycaoaeuenoa.
2. I?e/eiaiea a?aaea a Oe?aeia.
3. I?e/eiaiea a?aaea ca ?oaaaeii.
1. Eieeeceiiiua aii?inu aeaeeeoiuo iaycaoaeuenoa
Iiae/eiaiea i?aaiia?ooaiey (aeaeeeoa) caeiio ianoa, aaea iii auei niaa?oaii,— iaeia ec noa?aeoeo eieeeceiiiuo ii?i. I?eaycea lex loci delicti commissi cae?aieaia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii i?aeoe/anee anao no?ai. Iia i?eiaiyaony a noa?a aia-aeiaiai?iuo iaycaoaeuenoa, i?aaiia?ooaiee e eaaceaeiaiai?ia. Iaeioi?ua i?aaiaua nenoaiu, i?eciaaay a oeaeii i?eioeei eiiiaoaioiinoe caeiia ianoa niaa?oaiey aeaeeeoa, aianee iaeioi?ua eciaiaiey a iieueco eee caeiia noaea, eee ee/iiai caeiia. Oae, aiaeeeneea noaeu ni/aoatho lex loci delicti commissi e lex fori: i?ioeaii?aaiia aeaenoaea, niaa?oaiiia ca ?oaaaeii, nicaeaao i?aai ia ene a Aiaeee, oieueei anee iii ?anniao?eaaaony eae i?ioeaii?aaiia e ii aiaeeeneiio i?aao. Aiaeiae/iay ii?ia niaea?aeeony e a /. 2 no. 20 aeaee?neiai A?aaeaeaineiai eiaeaena.
Ii?aaeaeaiiay eiaeea a yoii eiaeanue. Iai?eia?, aeaaniiniaiinoue aeaeeeaaioa iau/ii ?aaoee?oaony ee/iui caeiiii. -“Ua aieaa iieacaoaeai i?eia?, eiaaea iaeii eeoei ianao ioaao-oaaiiinoue ca aeaenoaey ae?oaiai. Iaycaiiinoue iaaethaeaoue ca ii-aAeaieai aeaoae, eaaeauay ia iooea eee iaoa?e, iniiaaia ia ?iae-Aaiiie nayce, ?aaoee?oaiie ee/iui caeiiii. Oi aea naiia °%ii neacaoue e i neoaeaaiie nayce ?aaioiaeaoaey e neoaea-c a°- ?aaoee?iaaiea yoie nayce aoiaeeo a eiiiaoaioeeth iay-oee aeuenoaaiiiai noaoona eee, anee anoaao aii?in eaaeeoeea-*1e. caeiia noaea.
138
Iaaeaeoia?iaeii» /anoiia i?a|i
o
(Iaiaoeeay aeieo?eia aua ia?aie iieiaeiu XIX a. iyea aeaeeeou caeiio noaea ii niia?aaeaieyi ioaee/iiai oe0. ?yaeea. Iia iaoea io?aaeaiea a naia a?aiy a no. 12 Aaiaeiiai caeiia e AAO, a oaeaea a aiaeeeneii i?aaa, ii eioi?iio o?a. aoaony, /oiau aiciauaiea oua?aa niioaaonoaiaaei iaeiia?a. iaiii e aiaeeeneiio caeiio).
Oae aea eae e caeii ianoiiaoiaeaeaiey aaue, caeii ianoa niaa?oaiey i?aaiia?ooaiey eiaao neiaeiue ninoaa. Eae aea eaaeeoeoee?iaaoue lex loci delicti commissi?
Ii/oe ana noaeaaiua ?aoaiey, i?eiyoua a NOA ii aeaeai i i?e/eiaiee oua?aa, eaaeeoeoee?iaaee lex loci delicti eae i?aai ianoa aicieeiiaaiey iineaaenoaee. Oaeay aea oi/ea c?aiey io?aaeaia a § 3777 aoi?iai naiaea caeiiia i eiioeeeoa caeiiia, iiae/eiythuai aeaeeeoiia iaycaoaeuenoai i?aao ianoa, «aaea i?iecioei iineaaeiaa niauoea, iaiaoiaeeiia aeey oiai, /oiau n/eoaoue aeaenoaothuaa eeoei ioaaonoaaiiui ca eiaaoaa ianoi a?aaeaeaineia i?aaiioiioaiea». Iaeiaei a noaeaaiie i?aeoeea e a ioaeaeueiuo aeoao NOA ano?a/athony iieiaeaiey, aaea auai? naeaeai & iieueco i?aaa ianoa aeaenoaey. Iai?eia?, a § 1346 «Ue» Oaaea?aeueiiai aeoa ia eneao ec i?e/eiaiey a?aaea aiai?eony, /oi aia?eeaineia ainoaea?noai ianao iaoa?eaeueioth ioaaonoaaiiinoue eae /anoiia eeoei a niioaaonoaee n i?aaii ianoa, a eioi?ii auei niaa?oaii aai aeaenoaea eee eiaei ianoi oiouaiea.
Oaeei ia?acii, nouanoaoao aeinoaoi/ii iiiai aa?eaioia i?e/eiaiey oua?aa, eiaaea i?eaycea lex loci delicti comissi ?aniaaeaaony ia i?aai ianoa aeaenoaey e i?aai ianoa aicieeiiaaiey iineaaenoaee, i?e/ai ?a/ue eaeao ia i aeaoo, a i ianeieueeeo ainoaea?noaao.
Iaeiaei i?eaycea e oa??eoi?eaeueiiio caeiio noaiiaeony eneonnoaaiiie, anee th?eaee/aneee oaeo i?iecioae a /enoi neo/aeiii ianoa.
Aiaeeeneee th?eno Aeae.Ii??en a noaouea «I?aai, naienoaaiiia aeaeeeoai» i?aaeeiaeee i?eiaiyoue a aii?inao a?a#-aeaineie ioaaonoaaiiinoe caeii, eiathuee iaeaieaa oanssO10 naycue ni nii?iui i?aaiioiioaieai. Oai?ey Ii??ena iieo/eea cia/eoaeueiia ?ani?ino?aiaiea a Niaaeeiaiiuo Ooaoa Aia?eee.
Iniaaiii aieueooth ecaanoiinoue iieo/eee ?aoaiey AiaeE^ oeeiiiiai noaea ooaoa Iueth-Ei?e, e a /anoiinoe ?aoaiea ii Babcock v. Jackson, 1962 (2), eiiaaea eiaioaiia iiai?ioiui eoii a enoi?ee eieeeceiiiie i?aeoeee Niaaeeiaiiuo
Iaycaoaeuenoaa ec i?e/eiaiey a?aaea
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Aii?aee iieiaeaieth Naiaea caeiiia i eiioeeeoa caeiiia (Restatement 1, 1934) ia enoiaeiii cia/aiee caeiia ianoa niaa?oaiey i?aaiia?ooaiey noae ioeacae a i?eiaiaiee yoiai caeiia — a aeaiiii neo/aa i?aaa eaiaaeneie i?iaeioeee Iioa?ei, aaea i?iecioei i?aaiia?ooaiea, ioaeaa i?aaeii/oaiea i?aao ooaoa Iueth-Ei?e. Oaaoea aeaea ninoiyea a neaaeothuai: noi?oae Aeaeaenii e Aeae. Ayaeie, i?iaeeaaaoea a a.?i/anoa?a (ooao Iueth-Ei?e), ioi?aaeeenue ia aaoiiiaeea Aeaeaeniia a Eaiaaeo ia ioaeuo a auoiaeiua aeie. A aei?iaa, ia oa??eoi?ee i?iaeioeee Iioa?ei, ii iaa?aaeiinoe, eae n/eoaea Ayaeie, oi?aaeyaoaai aaoiiiaeeai Aeaeaeniia i?iecioea aaa?ey (iaoeia a?acaeanue a eaiaiioth noaio, iaoiaeeaoothny aaeece aei?iae), a ?acoeueoaoa eioi?ie Ayaeie iieo/eea oaa/uey. A ooaoa Iueth-Ei?e ath aue i?aaeuyaeai ene e Aeaeaeniio. TH?eaee/aneay noi?iia aeaea ineiaeiyeanue oai, /oi aeaenoaiaaaoee a iiiaio i?ienoanoaey a Iioa?ei noaooo «ainoy a yeeiaaea» inaiaiaeaeae nianoaaiieea eee aiaeeoaey aaoiiiaeey io ioaaonoaaiiinoe ca oua?a, i?e/eiaiiue caei?iaueth «ainoy», e?iia neo/aaa, naycaiiuo n aeaeiauie iiacaeeaie eee ia?aaiceie iannaaee?ia ca ieaoo.
I?eiaiea e aeaeo i?aai ooaoa Iueth-Ei?e, a ia i?aai ianoa niaa?oaiey i?aaiia?ooaiey, noae iainiiaae naith iiceoeeth ?yaeii aeiaiaeia eiioeaiooaeueiiai oa?aeoa?a, a oii /enea aeiaiaeii i iaeaieaa oaniie nayce ianoiyoaeuenoa aeaea n i?aaii ooaoa Iueth-Ei?e. E oaeei ianoiyoaeuenoaai noae ioian oi, /oi enoaoe e ioaao/ee i?iaeeaaee a oiiiyiooii ooaoa, caeanue iie ia/aee iiacaeeo, nthaea aeieaeiu auee aa?iooueny. Aaoiiiaeeue aue ca?aaeno?e?iaai e cano?aoiaai, a oaeaea iau/ii iaoiaeeeny a aa?aaea a yoii ooaoa. Eiaiii ooao Iueth-Ei?e (ai anyeii neo/aa ia i?iaeioeey Iioa?ei) eiae iaeaieueoee «eioa?an» a aeaiiii aeaea1.
Iiaeaeaiea aeieo?eiu auei oneuoaii: eaeae Ii??ena auee aini?eiyou aoi?ui Naiaeii caeiiia i eiioeeeoa caeiiia (Restatement II, 1971), caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii e noaeaaiie i?aeoeeie iiiaeo ae?oaeo no?ai.
A Restatement 1971 aiaea i?aaeoniao?eaaaony i?eiaiaiea i?aaa ainoaea?noaa, eiathuaai n aeaeeeoii iaeaieaa cia/eoaeueioth acaeiinaycue (most significant relationship).
I?eia?ii oaeaea iiaeao neoaeeoue Aaaaneay eiiaaioeey 1971 a. 0 caeiia, i?eiaieiii ii aeaeai i ian/anoiuo neo/ayo a aei-?°AEiii aeaeaeaiee. A no. 3 eceiaeai i?eioeei, niaeanii eioi-?°Io «i?eiaieiui i?aaii yaeyaony iaoeeiiaeueiia i?aai 0nOaea?noaa, ia oa??eoi?ee eioi?iai i?iecioae ian/anoiue ^O/ae», ii no. 4, o/eouaay /anoi neo/aeiue oa?aeoa? ianoa nioanoaey, oeacuaaao iaeioi?ua eneeth/aiey a iieueco
1 Oeeo. ii: Caaeia A.I.— N.123-124.
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Iaaeaeoia?iaeii* /anoiia
caeiia ainoaea?noaa ?aaeno?aoeee iaoeiu, ainoaea?noaa ianoi, aeeoaeuenoaa iioa?iaaoaai e i?.
Aiaeiae/iua ?aoaiey niaea?aeaony e a ae?oaeo eiiaaioeae. yo, io?aaeathueo o?aaeeoeeiiiue i?eioeei, ii cae?aieythueo eneeth/aiey a iieueco i?eiaiaiey eiuo caeiiia — caeiia ianoiaeeoaeuenoaa a iiiaio aaa?ee eee caeiia ianoa, aaea aiciee oua?a. Oaeiaa, iai?eia?, Aaaaneay eiiaaioeey 1973 aiaea i ca. eiia, i?eiaieiii ii aeaeai ia ioaaonoaaiiinoe ca oua?a, i?e. /eiaiiue i?iaeoeoeeae.
Oaeei ia?acii, caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai, noaeaaiay i?aeoeea e i?a. aiaay aeieo?eia caiaaeiuo ainoaea?noa i?eaea?aeeaathony ?acee/iuo oi/ae c?aiey ioiineoaeueii oiai, eaeiio i?aaiii?yaeeo iiae/eiaiu aeaeeeoiua iaycaoaeuenoaa.
Iaiaeiicia/ii ?aaoee?othony iaycaoaeuenoaa ec i?e/eiaiey a?aaea e a ae?oaeo no?aiao. A EI? a ioiioaiee aeaeeeoiuo iaycaoaeuenoa aeaenoaoao caeii ianoa niaa?oaiey i?ioeaii?aaiiai aeayiey. Anee a?aaeaeainoai i?e/eieoaey a?aaea e iioa?iaaoaai niaiaaeaao eee iie iaoiaeyony a iaeiii e oii aea ainoaea?noaa, oi iiaeao i?eiaiyoueny caeii a?aaeaeainoaa noi?ii eee caeii ianoa i?aauaaiey. Anee aeaenoaea, niaa?oaiiia ca i?aaeaeaie EI?, ia ?anniao?eaaaony caeiiii EI? eae i?ioeaii?aaiia, iii ia neoaeeo iniiaaieai aeey aicieeiiaaiey aeaeeeoiiai iaycaoaeuenoaa (no. 146 Iaueo iieiaeaiee a?aaeaeaineiai i?aaa 1986 aiaea).
A aeiaiai?ao i i?aaiaie iiiiue, caeeth/aiiuo NNN? n ae?oaeie no?aiaie e nio?aiythueo neeo ia oa??eoi?ee Oe?aeiu, eiathony eieeeceiiiua ii?iu i aeaeeeoiie ioaaonoaaiiinoe (no. 33 aeiaiai?a n N?A, no. 38 aeiaiai?a n *NN?). Yoe ii?iu i?aaeoniao?eaatho i?eiaiaiea i?aaa no?aiu, ia oa??eoi?ee eioi?ie eiaei ianoi aeaenoaea eee eiia ianoiyoaeuenoai, iineoaeeaoaa iniiaaieai aeey o?aaiaaiey i aiciauaiee a?aaea. Eneeth/aiey ec yoiai iauaai i?aaeea i?aaeoniio?aiu aeey neo/aaa, eiaaea i?e/eieaoee a?aae e iioa?iaaoee yaeythony a?aaeaeaiaie iaeiiai e oiai aea aeiaiaa?eaathuaainy ainoAe&?’ noaa. A yoeo neo/ayo iiaeeaaeeo i?eiaiaieth caeii no?ai’1′ a?aaeaeainoaa.
Oaeie aea iiaeoiae nio?aiai a aeiaiai?ao Oe?aeiu, caeeth/aiiuo iinea ?aniaaea NNN? (ni. i. 1 no. 35 Aeiaiai?a n ?60 ioaeeeie Iieueoa «I i?aaiaie iiiiue e i?aaiauo oTHoDJf ieyo ii a?aaeaeaineei e oaieiaiui aeaeai» 1994 a., i. 1 no. Aeiaiai?a n ?anioaeeeie Iieaeiaa «I i?aaiaie iiiiue e y? ^ aiauo ioiioaieyo ii a?aaeaeaineei e oaieiaiui aeae» 1995a.).
0ay*aoaeuenoaa ec i?e/eiaiey a?aaea
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Eoae, a aieueoeinoaa no?ai i?aai ianoa niaa?oaiey i?aaiia?ooaiey (lex loci delicti coramissi) ?aaoee?oao oneiaey e iineaaenoaey i?aaiia?ooaiey. Ii yoi i?aai ia yaeyaony aaeeinoaaiiui ?aoathuei i?aaii.
Anee aea ionueea e caeiio ianoa niaa?oaiey i?aaiia?ooaiey ieacuaaaony aiiaua iaaiciiaeiie (i?aaiia?ooaiea a ioe?uoii ii?a), iaiaoiaeeii ia?auaiea e eiui eieeeceiiiui ii?iai.
2. I?e/eiaiea a?aaea a Oe?aeia
A?aaeaeaineee eiaeaen Oe?aeiu onoaiaaeeaaao, /oi «i?aaa e iaycaiiinoe noi?ii ii iaycaoaeuenoaai, aicieeathuei aneaaenoaea i?e/eiaiey a?aaea, ii?aaeaeythony ii caeiio no?aiu, aaea eiaei ianoi aeaenoaea eee eiia ianoiyoaeuenoai, iineoaeeaoaa iniiaaieai aeey o?aaiaaiey i aiciauaiee a?aaea» (/. 1 no. 5694). I?e yoii eiino?aiiue caeii ia i?eiaiyaony, anee aeaenoaea eee eiia ianoiyoaeuenoai, neoaeauaa iniiaaieai aeey o?aaiaaiey i aiciauaiee a?aaea, ii oe?aeineiio caeiiiaeaoaeuenoao ia yaeyaony i?ioeaii?aaiui (/. 3 no. 5694).
Oaeei ia?acii, eiino?aioeu a Oe?aeia a neo/ayo aicieeiiaaiey aeaeeeoiuo iaycaoaeuenoa i?eia?aoatho i?aaa e ianoo iaycaiiinoe, auoaeathuea ec oe?aeineiai caeiia, aeaaea anee oaeea i?aaa e iaycaiiinoe ia i?aaeoniio?aiu ee/iui caeiiii eiino?aioeaa. Aianoa n oai eiino?aioeai ia i?aaeinoaaeythony i?aaa e ia ieo ia aiceaaathony iaycaiiinoe, eioi?ua oioy e i?aaeoniio?aiu eo ee/iui caeiiii, ii iaecaanoiu Oe?aeineiio i?aao.
Eeethno?aoeeae i?e/eiaiey a?aaea eiino?aiiie eiiiaiee a Oe?aeia iiaeao neoaeeoue neaaeothuee neo/ae. A 1995 aiaeo Oa?ueeianeay eiiaeeoa?neay oaa?eea, auioneaaoay oi?ioi ecaanoiua eiioaou «Ea?a-Eoi», ?aoeea i?eaeaoue neanoyi naaaeee aeecaei: iaa?oeo oe?anee aa?aethae, oi/ue a oi/ue eieoe?iaaaoee oiaa?iue ciae «Camel». Iaoaioiay oe?ia «Aaaionoai Eioyea» (Eeaa), i?aaenoaaeythuay a iaeanoe caueou eioaeeaeooaeueiie nianoaaiiinoe eioa?anu eiiiaiee «R.J. Reynolds Tobacco» — nianoaaiieea oiaa?iiai ciaea Camel, iio?aaiaaea o Oa?ueeianeie eiiaeeoa?neie oaa?eee i?ae?aoeoue auoeone yoeo eiioao. I?e yoii i?aaenoaaeoaeue «Reynolds» cai-?inee iiae?iaioth eioi?iaoeeth i iaee/anoaothueo iauaiao *Ea?a-Eoia» e iaa?oee e, nineaaoenue ia niioaaonoaothuea noaouee ?yaea oe?aeineeo caeiiia, a oii /enea Caeii «Ia io?aia
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Iaaeaeoia?iaeii* /anoii» n
i?aa ia ciaee aeey oiaa?ia e oneoa» io 15 aeaeaa?y 1993 aiaea ioeaiee iaoa?eaeueioth eiiiainaoeeth i?e/eiaiiiai noiiie 6600 aeieea?ia1.
3. I?e/eiaiea a?aaea ca ?oaaaeii
A neo/aa ?anniio?aiey oe?aeineei noaeii eee a?aeo?a. aeai eneia ec aeaeeeoia, niaa?oaiiuo ca ?oaaaeae, oe?aeineea noaeu oaeaea aeieaeiu enoiaeeoue ec iauaai iieiaeaiey lex loci delicti iooai i?eiaiaiey caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa no?aiu ianoa i?e/eiaiey a?aaea.
Ii a naia a?aiy niaaoneay aeieo?eia I*I a iniaia iiei-aeaiea noaaeea neo/ae i?e/eiaiey a?aaea ca a?aieoeae niaaoneei a?aaeaeaieiii Niaaoneiio ainoaea?noao, aai i?aaiecaoeeyi e ae?oaei niaaoneei a?aaeaeaiai. Yoi iieiaeaiea iiea nio?aiaii a aeaenoaothuai AE Oe?aeiu, ec niunea /. 2 no. 5694 eioi?iai auoaeaao, /oi i?aaa e iaycaiiinoe noi?ii ii iaycaoaeuenoaai, aicieeathuei aneaaenoaea i?e/eiaiey a?aaea ca a?aieoeae, anee noi?iiaie yaeythony oe?aeineea a?aaeaeaia eeai oe?aeineea i?aaiecaoeee, ii?aaeaeythony ii oe?aeineiio caeiio.
Eiie oa?aeoa? eiaei ?anniio?aiea neo/aaa aiciauaiey a?aaea niaaoneei a?aaeaeaiai, i?e/eiaiiiai ei ca a?aieoeae eiino?aiiui i?aaei?eieiaoaeai. Iaeaieaa ecaanoiui aeaeii oaeiai ?iaea yaeyaony aeaei ?oaeiaaa. I?e ?anniio?aiee Aa?oiaiui noaeii ?NON? a 1960 aiaeo yoiai aeaea aiciee aii?in ia ioaaonoaaiiinoe eiino?aiiiai i?aaei?eyoey ca a?aae, i?e/eiaiiue ei caei?iaueth ?aaioieea ai a?aiy iaoiaeaeaiey aai a caa?aie/iie eiiaiaee?iaea. Noae i?eoae e auaiaeo, /oi i?e ionoonoaee niaoeeaeueiiai niaeaoaiey ia ioaaonoaaiiinoe eiino?aiiuo i?aaei?eyoee ca ian/anoiua neo/ae n niaaoneeie niaoeeaeenoaie ioaaonoaaiiinoue aeieaeia ianoe niaaoneay i?aaiecaoeey.
Oaia 11
NAIAEIIA I?AAI
IEAI:
1 Aeaeiaie Oa?ueeia.— 1997.— 24-80 ethey.— N. 8.
1. Oieoeoee?iaaiiua aii?inu a iaeanoe naiaeiiai i?aaa.
2. Eieeeceiiiua aii?inu a iaeanoe naiaeiiai i?aaa.
3. Caeeth/aiea a?aea.
4. ?anoi?aeaiea a?aea.
5. I?aaiioiioaiey iaaeaeo noi?oaaie.
1. Oieoeoee?iaaiiua aii?inu a iaeanoe naiaeiiai i?aaa
Iaoa?eaeueiua ii?iu naiaeiiai i?aaa ?aciuo no?ai ai iiiaii ia noiaeiu. Ioee/ey nouanoaotho a aii?inao oi?iu a?aea, ?aaoee?iaaiey ee/iuo e eiouanoaaiiuo ioiioaiee a naiuea e a ae?oaeo aii?inao.
A ioiioaieyo iaaeaeo iaeioi?uie no?aiaie a a?a/ii-na-iaeiie iaeanoe iaiaoeeenue oaiaeaioeee aeiaiai?iie oieoeeaoeee, ii ia iaoa?eaeueiiai, a eieeeceiiiiai i?aaa, iooai aeeth/aiey a aeiaiai?u i i?aaiaie iiiiue (n 1949 aiaea) ?yaea ii?i, eanathueony a?aea, ?acaiaea, ioiioaiee iaaeaeo /eaiaie naiuee, °iaee e iiia/eoaeuenoaa. Iaeiaei oaeeo ii?i aua iaaeinoaoi/ii, a aeaenoaothueo aeiaiai?ao i i?aaiaie iiiiue iie ioaaouaatho ia aanue e?oa naiaeiuo ioiioaiee. Aianoa n oai iacaaiiua aeiaiai?u i i?aaiaie iiiiue onoaiaaeeaatho acaeiiia i?eciaiea noaeaaiuo ?aoaiee e ?aca?aie/eaatho th?enaeeeoeeth a naiaeiuo aeaeao.
Ninaaee Oe?aeiu: Aaia?ey, Iieueoa, ?oiuiey e ae?., yaeythony o/anoieeaie Aaaaneeo eiiaaioeee (1902—1905 aa.) 0 a?aea e ?acaiaea, ia iiaea iaae ianiaa?oaiiieaoieie, i ii-^*eoaeuenoaa iaae niaa?oaiiieaoieie. Iaeioi?ua ec «na-Iaeiuo» eiiaaioeee i?aaenoaaeytho cia/eoaeueiue eioa?an ea.e a i?aeoe/aneii, oae e a oai?aoe/aneii ieaia. Iai?eia?,
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Iaaeaeoia?iaeiia /anoiia i
a Aaaaneie eiiaaioeee i caeeth/aiee a?aea, o/anoieeaie ^ oi?ie yaeythony Aa?iaiey, Eoaeey, Ieaea?eaiaeu, Oaaeoea?oe» oi/ii ii?aaeaeaiu a?aieoeu ioaee/iiai ii?yaeea (no.2 e naea’ aeothuea).
A ea/anoaa i?eia?a enoi/ieea oieoeoee?iaaiiuo naiaeiiai i?aaa Oe?aeiu iiaeii iacaaoue Aeiaiai? Oe?aeiie e ?anioaeeeie A?ocey i i?aaiaie iiiiue e oe?a aiauo ioiioaieyo ii a?aaeaeaineei e oaieiaiui aeaeai 09.01.95 a.
2. Eieeeceiiiua aii?inu a iaeanoe naiaeiiai i?aaa
Eieeeceiiiua ii?iu naiaeiiai i?aaa niaea?aeaony a ?acee/iuo enoi/ieeao.
Ai O?aioeee i?e i?iaaaeaiee ?aoi?iu a iaeanoe ?acaiaeia e a?a/ii-naiaeiuo ?aaeeiia a aaaonoa 1985 aiaea i?eiyou aeae?aou «I i?aaao naiae a eo acaeiiioiioaieyo ni neoaeaaie caueou naiuee e aeaonoaa», «I naiaeiii niaaoa aeey aeaoae, iaoiaeyueony ia ainoaea?noaaiiii iiia/aiee», «I ?ac?aoaiee ia onuiiaeaiea eee oaei/a?aiea aeaoae, iaoiaeyueony ia ainoaea?noaaiiii iiia/aiee». Aeae?aou aianee eciaiaiey a A?aaeaeaineee eiaeaen e Eiaeaen naiuee e nioeeaeueiie iiiiue.
A Aiaeee iao aaeeiiai caeiia, ?aaoee?othuaai ioiioaiey, auoaeathuea ec a?aeia aiaee/ai n eiino?aioeaie. Caeanue aieueoia cia/aiea eiaao noaeaaiay i?aeoeea, a oaeaea oaeea caeiiu, eae Caeii i ?anoi?aeaiee a?aeia 1971 aiaea, Caeii i aeiieoeeeee e a?a/ii-naiaeiuo aeaeao 1973 aiaea, Caeii i a?eoaineii a?aaeaeainoaa 1981 aiaea.
A Oe?aeia aii?inu naiaeiiai i?aaa n eiino?aiiui yeaiaioii ?aaoee?othony ?acaeaeii VI EiAN Oe?aeiu.
Eieeeceiiiua ii?iu cao?aaeaatho ?acee/iua aii?inu #• iaeiiai i?aaa n eiino?aiiui yeaiaioii: a?a/ioth i?aainiiniaiinoue, eiouanoaaiiua ioiioaiey noi?oaia e ae?. Ionoonoae6 niioaaonoaothueo eieeeceiiiuo ii?i a oii eee eiii ainoaea?noaa iiaeao i?eaanoe e «o?iiathuei» i?aaiioiioaiey*4
Iai?eia?, a?ae, caeeth/aiiue a iaeiii ainoaea?noaa a niioaaonoaee n caeiiii ianoa aai caeeth/aiey, iiaeao auoue & i?eciai a ae?oaii ainoaea?noaa («o?iiathuee a?ae»).
Aiaeeeneea o/aiua Aeae.*aoe? e I.Ii?o i?eaiaeyo ^^^ i?eia?. Aeiieoeeee?iaaiiue o?aioeoc 19 eao aeaieeny a
«,1*aeiia i?aai
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ia aeiieoeeee?iaaiiie aiaee/aiea, ia iieo/ea niaeaney naiaai aaeeinoaaiiiai inoaaoaainy a aeeauo ?iaeeoaey, eae oiai o?aaiaaea noaouey 148 o?aioeocneiai A?aaeaeaineiai eiaeaena, niaea?aeaaoay i?yiie cai?ao aeey ianiaa?oaiiieaoiaai anooiaoue a a?ae aac ?iaeeoaeueneiai niaeaney. Nionoy iaeioi?ia a?aiy, noi?oa aeiaee-ny aiioee?iaaiey yoiai a?aea ai o?aioeocneii noaea ia iaiiaa-iee ionoonoaey ?iaeeoaeueneiai niaeaney. Aiineaaenoaee aeaia niaa?oeea oea?aiiieth caeeth/aiey a?aea a Aiaeee n aeiieoeeee-?iaaiiui aiaee/aieiii. A ?anniao?eaaaiii aeaea yoio iineaaeiee o?aaiaae aiioee?iaaiey a?aea ia oii iniiaaiee, /oi a iiiaio aai ioi?ieaiey ioaao/eoea ana aua auea caioaeai ca au-oaoiiiyiooui o?aioeocii1.
3. Caeeth/aiea a?aea
A?aee n eiino?aioeaie a Oe?aeia ?ac?aoaeenue ia anaaaea. A Niaaoneii Nithca oaeea a?aee auee cai?auaiu Oeacii 15 aeaeaa?y 1947 a.; Oeac 26 iiya?y 1953 a., iai?ioea, aiiaue aac ia?aie/aiee ?ac?aoee eo.
Iieo/aoue ?ac?aoaiea ainoaea?noaa ia a?aee n eiino?aioeaie aei 1957 aiaea o?aaiaaeinue a ?oiuiee, *aoineiaaeee, Aaia?ee. THaineaaey oaeaea ?aiaa ?ac?aoaea a?aee n eiino?aioeaie n ecaanoiuie ia?aie/aieyie, ii caeiiii 2 yiaa?y 1951 a. ioiaieea iineaaeiea.
*aeiaa/iinoue aea i?aaeienuaaao aeaoue eiino?aioeai aiciiaeiinoue iacaaanoenue naiueae a no?aia, aaea iie aeeaoo *.
Caeeth/aiea a?aea «n eiino?aiiui yeaiaioii» iaaeeaaeauei ia?acii caaeneo io niaethaeaiey aeaoo oneiaee: 1) iaoa?eaeueiuo e 2) oi?iaeueiuo.
Iaoa?eaeueiuie oneiaeyie n/eoathony o?aaiaaiey, io iaee/ey eee ionoonoaey eioi?uo caaeneo aeaenoaeoaeueiinoue a?aea (aeinoeaeaiea a?a/iiai aic?anoa, ionoonoaea iaaeaeo a?a/oth-Ueieny ii?aaeaeaiiie noaiaie ?iaenoaa e o.ae.).
Iai?eia?, ai O?aioeee a?a/iue aic?ano ninoaaeyao aeey ioae/ei 18 eao, a aeey aeaiuei — 15, a Eieoiaee niioaaonoaai-/i 14 e 12 eao.
Oi?iaeueiua oneiaey — yoi o?aaiaaiey e i?ioeaaeo?a ioi?-Ieaiey a?aea (i?aaeaa?eoaeueiay ioaeeeaoeey i a?aea, a?aaeaeai-eee ?aeeaeiciay oea?aiiiey e o.i.).
1 *aoe? Aeae., Ii?o I.— N. 41-42.
* Ca iyoeeaoea n 1947 ii 1951 a. nauoa 7500 nieaeao a?eoaineie ieeoia-a?iee, ii aieueoie /anoe iiaia?aioeaa, anooieee a Aa?iaiee a a?ae
aeaaooeaie.
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Iaaeaeoia?iaeiia /anoiia
Oae, ai O?aioeee ioaeeeaoeeae iacuaathony ia?u, i iaaiua n oeaeueth inaaaeiieaiey iaii?aaeaeaiiiai e?oaa aeue i iaia?aiee aeaieoa e iaaanou anooieoue a a?ae iaaeaeo niaie aeey oiai /oiau eeoea, ciathuea i nouanoaiaaiee eaeiai-ieaoae i?aiyonoaey e yoiio a?aeo, eiaee a?aiy i?aaeoi?aaeeoue aeiaeu iinoiia eeoei, aaaeouaa aeou a?aaeaeaineiai ninoiyiey. Ioaaee iaoeey aeaeaaony iooai iauyaeaiey, eioi?ia ia aeieaeii nai. iaoueny a oa/aiea aeanyoeaeiaaiiai n?iea. A?ae iiaeao auo^ niaa?oai iinea aeanyoiai aeiy1.
Einoeooo i?aaeaa?eoaeueiie ioaeeeaoeee ecaanoai oaeaea Aaeeeia?eoaiee, NOA, neaiaeeiaaneei no?aiai e ae?.
Nouanoaoao ianeieueei nenoai ii?aaeaeaiey iaaeeaaeauae eieeeceiiiie ii?iu i?e caeeth/aiee a?aea.
Ia?aay e noa?aeoay ec ainiiaenoaothueo nenoai — nenoaia lex loci celebrationis, iia iauyaeyao ?aoathuei caeiiii caeii ianoa caeeth/aiey a?aea. «A?ae, aeaenoaeoaeueiue a ianoa aai caeeth/aiey, aeaenoaeoaeai a ethaii ae?oaii ianoa; a?ae, iaaeaenoaeoaeueiue a ianoa aai caeeth/aiey, iaaeaenoaeoaeai anthaeo».
Nenoaia lex loci celebrationis auea i?eiyoa iiiaeie ainoaea?noaaie, a oaeaea onaiaia eiiaaioeeae, caeeth/aiiie a Iiioaaeaeai a 1889 a.
Aoi?ay nenoaia — nenoaia ee/iiai caeiia — iauyaeyao ee/iue caeii noi?ii eiiiaoaioiui ?aaoee?iaaoue oneiaey eo a?aea. Oaeei caeiiii iiaeao auoue caeii aeiieoeeeey, eae, iai?eia?, a Aeaiee, Ii?aaaee e iiiaeo eaoeii-aia?eeaineeo ainoaea?noaao, eee caeii a?aaeaeainoaa, eae a aieueoeinoaa ae?oaeo no?ai. Ana niaoeeaeueiua caeiiu ia I*I iaeeiaeiai ?aaoee?otho aii?in i iaee/ee iaoa?eaeueiuo oneiaee aeey anooieaiey a a?ae. Oaeea oneiaey aeey eaaeaeiai ec anooiathueo a a?ae aeieaeiu auoue ii?aaeaeaiu a niioaaonoaee n aai ee/iui caeiiii (§ 37.1 aaiaa?neiai caeiia, no. 14 iieueneiai caeiia> § 19 caeiia *aoineiaaeee, no. 32 caeiia THaineaaee).
Iaeiiaoe, iaeioi?ua no?aiu i?eiyee niaoaiiua nenoaiu» i?aaenoaaeythuea niaie niaoaiea iniiaiuo aeaeia ia?a/eneai-iuo auoa nenoai: eeai eiiaeiaoeeth caeiia a?aaeaeainoa* e aeiieoeeeey, eeai eiiaeiaoeeth iaeiiai ec yoeo caeiiia n caeiiii ianoa caeeth/aiey a?aea. Oaeay niaoaiiay nenoai^ a /anoiinoe, auea i?eiyoa Aaaaneie eiiaaioeeae i a?aea io 1902 a.
1 Ii?aiaeuea? aea ea AE. A?aaeaeaineia i?aai O?aioeee.— I.: Ecae-ai eiia*!1′ eeo., 1958.— N. 353-364.
Nauaeiia i?aai
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*oi aea eanaaony oi?iu a?aea, oi ii o?aaiaaieyi, niaea?-a caeiiao ioaeaeueiuo ainoaea?noa, ana ainoaea?noaa ?acaeaeeoue ia /aou?a a?oiiu.
A no?aiao ia?aie a?oiiu i?aaiaay nenoaia i?eciaao en-aeeth/eoaeueii a?aaeaeaineoth oi?io a?aea, o. a. aeey aai caeeth/aiey o?aaoaony ?aaeno?aoeey a niaoeeaeueiuo i?aaiao ainoaea?noaa. E yoie a?oiia ioiineony aieueoay /anoue ainoaea?noa ie?a, a oii /enea ana auaoea e iuiaoiea nioeeaeenoe/aneea ainoaea?noaa, Aano?ey, Aaeueaey, Aieeaiaeey, O?aioeey, O?A, Oo?oeey e ae?.
A no?aiao aoi?ie a?oiiu i?aaiaay nenoaia i?eciaao eneeth/eoaeueii oea?eiaioth oi?io a?aea. I?e yoie oi?ia niaa?oaaony ia?yae a oea?eae (einoaea, ia/aoe e i?.); a?ae ?aaeno?e?oaony a oea?eiaiie eieaa, oaeinoiaa?aiea i iai auaeaao neoaeeoaeue. Oaeay oi?ia a?aea i?eciaaony a Eniaiee e Eeooaiooaeia aeey eaoieeeia, a A?aoeee — aeey i?aaineaaiuo, a Ec?aeea — a niioaaonoaee n ?aeeaeiciie i?eiaaeeaaeiinoueth, a oaeaea a E?aea, eaiaaeneie i?iaeioeee Eaaaae e ae?.
I?aaiaay nenoaia no?ai o?aoueae a?oiiu i?eciaao eae a?aaeaeaineea, oae e oea?eiaiua a?aee. E yoie a?oiia ioiinyony oaeea ainoaea?noaa, eae Aaeeeia?eoaiey, NOA, neaiaeeiaaneea ainoaea?noaa, A?aceeey, Ii?ooaaeey, Eoaeey.
Iaeiiaoe, /aoaa?ooth a?oiio oa?aeoa?ecoao i?aaiaay nenoaia, i?eciathuay a?ae, caeeth/aiiue ia iniiaa niaeaoaiey noi?ii aac iin?aaenoaa i?aaenoaaeoaeae ainoaea?noaa eee oea?eae, o.a. oaeoe/aneea a?aee. Oaeiai, iai?eia?, caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai ooaoa Iueth-Ei?e a NOA, iaeioi?uo ao?eeaineeo ainoaea?noa.
Ai iiiaeo no?aiao nouanoaoao einoeooo ia?o/aiey, i?aaenoaaeythuee niaie niaeaoaiea i aoaeouai anooieaiee a a?ae. Ia?ooaiea i?eiyoiai ia naay iaycaoaeuenoaa iau/ii aea/ao iaoa?eaeueiua iineaaenoaey: ia?ooeaoee iaycai aicianoeoue ana ?anoiaeu ii i?eaioiaeaieth e naaaeueaa, a a ?yaea no?ai — e ii?aeueiue oua?a.
‘• Caeeth/aiea a?aeia a Oe?aeia
A Oe?aeia ?aaeno?e?othony a?aee eae iaaeaeo oe?aeineeie a?aaeaeaiaie e eiino?aioeaie, oae e iaaeaeo a?aaeaeaiaie eiino?aiiuo ainoaea?noa- Oe?aeineia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai ia onoaiaaeeaaao cai?aoa aeey anooieaiey oe?aeineeo a?aaeaeai a a?ae n eiino?aioeaie eee iaiaoiaeeiinoe iieo/aiey ?ac?aoaiee ia oaeie a?ae. A no. 51 Eiinoeoooeee Oe?aeiu aiai?eony: «A?ae °niiauaaaony ia naiaiaeiii niaeanee aeaiueiu e ioae/eiu».
148
Iaaeaeoia?iaeiia /anoii» np
161
Aeey ?iiaineie nenoaiu ianeaaenoaaiiiai i?aaa oa?aeoa?. ii, /oi ia?aaeeaoee noi?oa ia aeeth/aaony ie a iaeei ec yoeo eeannia- Aai eioa?anu iau/ii nouanoaaiii ouaieythony. Ai O?aioeee e a Eoaeee ii a aieueoeinoaa neo/aaa iieo/aao aa eiouanoai ia i?aai nianoaaiiinoe, a ocoo?oeo (io eao. usus — iieueciaaoueny 4- fructus — ieiae) — i?aai iiaeeciaiiiai iieueciaaiey- (I?aai nianoaaiiinoe ia yoi eiouanoai iieo/atho aai niianeaaeieee, nai aea noi?oa ia iieo/aao ianeaaenoai eeai (ai O?aioeee) iieo/aao, anee iao ae?oaeo ianeaaeieeia) (/.1 no. 767 AE O?aioeee).
2.
ia?aioaee
Iaeaieaa cia/eoaeueiui i?aaenoaaeoaeai nenoaiu ia?ai-oaee (O?A, Aano?ey, Oaaeoea?ey) yaeyaony ianeaaenoaaiiia i?aai O?A (§§ 1924-1931 AAO).
Ia?aioaeea ioaaouaaao a?oiio e?iaiuo ?iaenoaaiieeia, i?ienoiaeyueo io iauaai i?aaeea, aeeth/ay naiiai yoiai i?aaeea. Eae e i?e eeannao, onoaiaaeeaaaiuo ?iiaineie nenoaiie, iineieueeo eiathony /eaiu i?aaeoanoaothuae «ia?aioaeeu», eeoea, i?eiaaeeaaeauea e neaaeothuae «ia?aioaeea», e ianeaaeiaaieth ya i?ecuaathony.
Ia?aoth ia?aioaeeo ninoaaeytho ienoiaeyuea ianeaaeiaeaoaey.
Aoi?oth ia?aioaeeo — ?iaeeoaee ianeaaeiaeaoaey e eo ien-
oiaeyuea. Aioo?e yoie ia?aioaeeu ?iaeeoaee caieiatho i?e-
aeeaae?iaaiiia iieiaeaiea. Anee iaa ?iaeeoaey aeeau, oi ana
ianeaaenoai ia?aoiaeeo e iei.
O?aoueth ia?aioaeeo ninoaaeytho aeaae e aaaea ianeaaeiaeaoaey e eo ienoiaeyuea. Eaaeaeua aeaae e aaaea iieo/atho 1/4 ianeaaenoaa.
*aoaa?ooth ia?aioaeeo ninoaaeytho i?aaeaae e i?aaaaea ianeaaeiaeaoaey e eo ienoiaeyuea.
A /aoaa?oii e neaaeothueo «ii?yaeeao» ?aaeei ?ani?aaea-
eaiey aieaa i?ino. Ienoiaeyuea ia canooiatho ianoi ooaaeoa-
ai i?aaeea, ia i?eieiaaony ai aieiaiea e ?acieoea a eeieyo.
*enei ia?aioaee caeiiii ia ia?aie/aii, iiyoiio ianea-
aeiaaiea ia ia?aie/eaaaony eaeie-eeai noaiaiueth ?iaenoaa.
Ia?aaeeaoee noi?oa ia aoiaeeo ie a iaeio ec ia?aioaee» iaeiaei iieo/aao i?aai nianoaaiiinoe (n ienoiaeyueie ianeaaeoao — 1/4, n ?iaeeoaeyie e eo ienoiaeyueie — 1/2).
Neaaeoao ioiaoeoue, /oi niaeanii § 1934 Aa?iaineiai a?assN-aeaineiai oeiaeaiey, anee ia?aaeeaoee noi?oa aoiaeeo a /yn’ ei ?iaenoaaiieeia, eioi?ua eiatho i?aai ianeaaeiaaoue, oi i*
iaeiia?aiaiii ianeaaeoao e a ea/anoaa ?iaenoaaiieea. Ianeaaenoaaiiay aeiey, i?e/eoathuayny aio ia iniiaaiee ?iaenoaaiiie nayce n ianeaaeiaeaoaeai, n/eoaaony ioaeaeueiie ianeaaenoaaiiie aeieae.
o. Aiaeinaeniineay nenoaia
Iniaaiiinoueth aiaeinaeniineie nenoaiu ianeaaenoaaiiiai i?aaa yaeyaony oi, /oi n?aaee ianeaaeieeia ii caeiio oi?iaeueii ia ia?aii ianoa noieo ia?aaeeaoee noi?oa. Iaeiaei oaeoe/anee i?aaa ia?aaeeaoaai noi?oaa ai iiiaeo ec niioaaonoaothueo no?ai caaenyo io aaee/eiu ianeaaenoaaiiiai eiouanoaa. Noi?oa caeanue yaeyaony aaeeinoaaiiui ianeaaeieeii eeoue aeey ianeaaenoa, ia aeinoeaathueo ii?aaeaeaiiiai ?acia?a. («I?aai ia ia?aua aeieea?u» ia?aaeeaoaai noi?oaa ninoaaeyao a NOA noiio io 3 aei 10 oun. $; «i?aai ia ia?aua ooiou noa?eeiaia» a Aaeeeia?eoaiee — io 15 aei 40 oun. ooio. no.).
Aiaeinaeniineay nenoaia ioee/aaony oaeaea oai, /oi ienoiaeyuee ianeaaeoao oieueei n iiiaioa niaa?oaiiieaoey (iiyoiio, anee ienoiaeyuee oi?ao ?aiueoa naiaai niaa?oaiiieaoey, oi a oeaeyo ianeaaeiaaiey ii n/eoaaony eae au ianouanoaiaaaoei).
4. Ianeaaeiaaiea ii caaauaieth
Ai iiiaii ioee/ii io oe?aeineiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa aeaeueiaca?oaaaeiia o?aaoee?iaaiea ianeaaeiaaiey ii caaa-aieth. Oae, iaeioi?ua i?aaiaua nenoaiu ?ac?aoatho niaia-iua caaauaiey, iniaaiii anee iie niaa?oathony noi?oaeanee /aoie (aiaeeeneia, thaeiiao?eeaineia, aa?iaineia, aano?eeneia i?aai). A oao neo/ayo, eiaaea aeiioneathony niaianoiua caaauaiey, ?anii?yaeaiey, naeaeaiiua iaieie caaauaoaeyie aiaeiii aeieoiaioa, iiaoo iaoiaeeoueny ai acaeiiie caaeneiinoe ae?oa io ae?oaa eee iiaoo ia caaenaoue iaeii io ae?oaiai. Acaeiiay caaeneiinoue icia/aao, ai-ia?auo, /oi anee iaeei ec aaauaoaeae ioiaiyao naie ?anii?yaeaiey, oi ?anii?yaeaiey aoi?iai caaauaoaey oaeaea noaiiayony iaaeaenoaeoaeueiuie, e, i-aoi?uo, /oi anee iaeei ec caaauaoaeae oie?aao, eiaaea caaa-*aiea aua nio?aiyao naith neeo, ?anii?yaeaiey ia?aaeeaoaai Oaauaoaey noaiiayony aaciocuaiuie, ii e?aeiae ia?a, anee ‘I i?eiye eaeoth-eeai auaiaeo ii caaauaieth.
A aieueoeinoaa no?ai caaauaiea aeieaeii auoue ninoaaeaii •’ Ienueiaiiie oi?ia e oaeinoiaa?aii a ii?aaeaeaiiii ii?yaeea,
164
Iaaeaeoia?iaeiia /anoiia
neaaenoaaiiia i?aai
165
Iaeioi?uo thaeiiaia?eeaineeo ainoaea?noaao i?aaeae0 eueiinoe auei ?ani?ino?aiaii aeaaea ia aeaeaeeiia aio – iooai i?eiaiaiey i?eioeeia lex situs. A /anoiinoe EIA8aEoeey a Iiioaaeaeai a 1979 a. (no. 44, 45) ioeacaeanue 0^ IIAeO1*>eaiey anaai aeaeaeeiiai eiouanoaa iaeiie i?aaiaie nea-OaIa (I?aao aeiieoeeeey eee a?aaeaeainoaa); eaaeaeay ioaeaeueiay AeAEe1N11iinoue eee iaaeaeaeeiinoue ianeaaeoaony a niioaaonoaee NI?E*ii aa ianoa iaoiaeaeaiey.
ueie iooue — eiaaea ei anaio eiouanoao oia?oaai i?eia-aaeeiia i?aai. Oaeiau, iai?eia?, i?aaiaua nenoaiu i, Ieaea?eaiaeia, Eniaiee e Ii?ooaaeee. j eanaaony caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa Oe?aeiu, oi /. 1 no. 570 AE ™acttt; 4Ioiioaiey ii ianeaaeiaaieth ii?aaeaeythony ii caei-no?aiu, aaea ianeaaeiaeaoaeue eiae iineaaeiaa iinoiyiia AEeoaeuenoaa», o.a. a aeaiiii neo/aa i?eiaiyaony caeii 1,eeey. A?aaeaeainoai ianeaaeiaeaoaey, eae e ianoi nia?oe Iai?eia?, nia?oue ianooieea a eiiaiaee?iaea), cia/aiey
NOAa
E?in i oii, i?iaeeaae ee ianeaaeiaeaoaeue iinoiyiii a Oe?a-?aoaaony ii oe?aeineiio caeiio: niaeanii no. 17 AE , «ianoii aeeoaeuenoaa i?eciaaony ianoi, aaea a?aaeaea-IEa iinoiyiii eee i?aeiouanoaaiii i?iaeeaaao. Ianoii aee-oaeUee*aa ianiaa?oaiiieaoieo, ia aeinoeaoeo iyoiaaeoeaoe eao, , iaoiaeyueony iiae iiaeie, i?eciaaony ianoi aeeoaeue-?iaeeoaeae (onuiiaeoaeae) eee iiaeoiia» .
niaoeeaeueiay iaeiinoi?iiiyy eieeeceiiiay ii?ia o Iniao?eaaao, /oi ianeaaeiaaiea no?iaiee, iaoiaeyueony A E&a.eia, ai anao neo/ayo ii?aaeaeyaony ii oe?aeineiio ca-E°a? (/. 2 no. 570 AE Oe?aeiu).
°ai?y i iaaeaeoia?iaeiii nio?oaeie/anoaa a iaeanoe o?a-
A^E111>iaaiey aii?inia ianeaaeiaaiey, iaiaoiaeeii ioiaoeoue nea
^eiainoi?iiiea eiiaaioeee cao?aaeaatho, eae i?aaeei, ioaeaeueiua noi?iiu ianeaaeiaaiey. Iai?eia?, aii?inu *>1 caaauaiey ?aoaiu a Aaaaneie eiiaaioeee io 5 ieoya-?y *.9′(oe a 0 Eieeecee caeiiia a ioiioaiee oi?iu caaaua-‘ Niaeanii eiiaaioeee, caaauaiea iiaeao auoue ninoaaeaii e, i?aaeoniio?aiiie iaeiei ec neaaeothueo caeiiia: _ caeiiii ianoa niaa?oaiey caaauaiey; _ caeiiii ainoaea?noaa aeiieoeeeey eee iau/iiai ia°” OeIneoaeuenoaa caaauaoaey a iiiaio ninoaaeaiey caaaOa’ a**a eee a iiiaio nia?oe;
_ aeey iaaeaeaeeiinoe — caeiiii ianoa aa iaoiaeaeaiey-
Aaeeioth oi?io iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai caaauaiey i?aaeoniao?e-1ao Aaoeiaoiineay eiiaaioeey i oi?ia iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai ca-.uaiey io 26 ieoya?y 1973 aiaea.
A eiaeaena Aonoaiaioa aii?inu ianeaaeiaaiey ?aoathony ia eca i?eiaiaiey ei anaio ianeaaenoao ee/iiai caeiia ianeaaeiaeaoaey.
Neaaeoao ia?aoeoue aieiaiea ia i?eiyooth a ?aieao Aaaaneie eiioa?aioeee eiiaaioeeth 1989 aiaea i i?aaa, i?eiaieiii e ianeaaeiaaieth eiouanoaa oia?oeo. Yoa eiiaaioeey yaeyao-i y?eei i?eia?ii ?aaeecaoeee iiauo iiaeoiaeia a I*I, oaea , ^iieuecoaiuo, iai?eia?, a aeiaiai?iii i?aaa, ii i/aiue iacia-yoaeueii cao?aaeaaaoeo aei neo ii? ianeaaenoaaiiia i?aai, aaouey 5 Eiiaaioeee i?aaeinoaaeyao eeoeo aiciiaeiinoue naii-,,o ii?aaeaeyoue i?aai, eioi?ia aoaeao ?aaoee?iaaoue ianeaaeiaaiea anaai aai eiouanoaa. A yoie noaouea noi?ioee?iaaiu aeaa niaa?oaiii iiauo e i/aiue aaaeiuo aeey ianeaaenoaaiiiai i?aaa iieiaeaiey:
a) aaoiiiiey aiee a ianeaaenoaaiiii i?aaa;
a) ?aaoee?iaaiea anaai ianeaaenoaaiiiai eiouanoaa a oeaeii, aac ?acaeaee aai ia aeaeaeeiia e iaaeaeaeeiia. *oi eanaaony auaoeo nioeeaeenoe/aneeo no?ai, oi iie ?aoaee aii?inu i ianeaaeiaaiee a aeiaiai?ao i i?aaiaie iiiiue. Caeanue eieeeceiiiua aii?inu ?aoaeenue, eae i?aaeei, en-iaey ec a?aaeaeainoaa ianeaaeiaeaoaey, ii?aaeaeyeanue eiiiaoai-,ey o/?aaeaeaiee thnoeoeee, eo iaycaiiinoue i?eieiaoue ia?u io?aia ianeaaenoaa, ii?yaeie ia?aaea/e eiouanoaa ianeaaeie-ai e o.ae.
2. Iieiaeaiea oe?aeineeo a?aaeaeai i?e ianeaaeiaaiee ca a?aieoeae
Oe?aeineay i?aeoeea enoiaeeo ec i?eciaiey a Oe?aeia i?aa ianeaaeiaaiey, aicieeoeo ia iniiaaiee niioaaonoaothueo eiino?aiiuo caeiiia. Iai?eia?, i?iaeeaathuee a Oe?aeia oe?aeineee a?aaeaeaiei, eioi?iai aia?eeaineee noae i?eciaao a niioaaonoaee n caeiiaie NOA ianeaaeieeii, aoaeao e a Oe?aeia ?anniao?eaaoueny eae ianeaaeiee. Oe?aeineea Iioa?eonu ioi?ieytho aeou e oaeinoiaa?ytho aeieoiaiou, iaiaoiaeeiua aeey caueou oaeeo i?aa.
Oe?aeineea noaeu onoaiaaeeaatho ii i?inueaa a?aaeaeai oaeo nouanoaiaaiey ?iaenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee aeey caueou i?aa ianeaaeiaaiey, aicieeoeo a niioaaonoaee n eiino?aiiuie caeiiaie.
166
Iaaeaeoia?iaeiia /anoiia npa,o IAe”|nAenoaai”°« i?aai
167
Noae iiaeao, iai?eia?, onoaiiaeoue ia eiathuee cia/aiey n oi/. ee c?aiey oe?aeineiai i?aaa, ii neoaeauee iniiaaieai aeEae iieo/aiey ianeaaenoaa ca a?aieoeae oaeo iaoiaeaeaiey ianea-aeiaeaoaey e ianeaaeieea a ioiioaieyo aeyaee e ieaiyiieea
Niaeaenoaea oe?aeineei a?aaeaeaiai a caueoa ca a?aieoeae eo ianeaaenoaaiiuo i?aa, aicieeoeo iiae aeaenoaeai eiino?aa-iuo caeiiia, ieacuaatho eiinoeueneea o/?aaeaeaiey Oe?aeiu.
Eo iieiiii/ey cae?aieaiu a niioaaonoaothueo eiinoeueneeo eiiaaioeeyo. Oae, niaeanii no.15 Eiinoeueneie eiiaaioeee, caeeth/aiiie Oe?aeiie n EIAe? 08.06.94 a., a neo/aa nia?oe a?aaeaeaieia aee?aaeeoothuaai ainoaea?noaa a ainoaea?noaa i?aauaaiey eiiiaoaioiua i?aaiu ainoaea?noaa i?aauaaiey aacioeaaaoaeueii eioi?ie?otho ia yoii eiinoeueneia o/?aaeaeaiea. Eiinoeueneia aeieaeiinoiia eeoei eiaao i?aai i?enoonoaiaaoue a neo/aa iaee/ey ianeaaenoaa a ainoaea?noaa i?aauaaiey e i?e ionoonoaee a yoii ainoaea?noaa ianeaaeieeia i?e ninoaaeaiee iiene eiouanoaa e aai iia/aouaaiee eiiiaoaioiuie i?aaiaie ainoaea?noaa i?aauaaiey (oai aea, /.1, 2 no. 16).
Eiinoe i?eieiaao ia?u e io?aia eiouanoaa, inoaaoaainy ca a?aieoeae iinea nia?oe a?aaeaeaieia Oe?aeiu. Anee inoaaoaany eiouanoai iieiinoueth eee /anoe/ii ninoieo ec i?aaeiaoia, eioi?ua iiaoo enii?oeoueny, a oaeaea a neo/aa /?acia?iie aei?iaiaeciu o?aiaiey oaeiai eiouanoaa eiinoe eiaao i?aai i?iaeaoue yoi eiouanoai e ioi?aaeoue au?o/aiiua aeaiueae ii i?eiaaeeaaeiinoe (no.36 Eiinoeueneiai onoaaa Oe?aeiu 1994 a.).
I?eia/aoaeueii, /oi iau/ii «n?ie i?eiyoey ianeaaenoaa, i?aaeoniio?aiiue caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii Aeiaiaa?eaathueony Noi?ii, en/eneyaony ni aeiy oaaaeiieaiey aeeieiiaoe/aneiai eee eiinoeueneiai i?aaenoaaeoaeuenoaa i nia?oe ianeaaeiaeaoaey» (ni., iai?eia?, i.4 no.39 Aeiaiai?a iaaeaeo NNN? e I?A i i?aaiaie iiiiue ii a?aaeaeaineei, naiaeiui e oaieiaiui aeaeai io 19.02.75 a. — aeey Oe?aeiu aeieaeai n/eoaoueny aeaenoaothuei n 19.01.76 a.).
3. Ia?aoiae ianeaaenoaa e ainoaea?noao
I
A I*I nouanoaoao ii?ia, eiathuay oieaa?naeueiue oa?aE-oa?, niaeanii eioi?ie, anee ianeaaeiaeaoaeue oie?aao, ia inoaaea ianeaaeieeia, eiouanoai ia?aoiaeeo e ainoaea?noao. I?iaEa’ ia — a ii?aaeaeaiee, i?e?iaeu yoiai i?aaa. Ia?aoiaeeo eioOa’ noai e ainoaea?noao ia iniiaaiee i?aaa ianeaaeiaaiey eee a°’
noaea?noai i?enaaeaaao eiouanoai, noaaoaa ia aai oa??eoi?ee aanoicyeiui, a neeo naiaai oa??eoi?eaeueiiai noaa?aieoaoa? Anee ainoaea?noai yaeyaony ianeaaeieeii, iii iiaeao i?aoaiaeiaaoue ia eiouanoai ianeaaeiaeaoaey, aaea au iii ie iaoiaeeeinue. Anee aea ainoaea?noai iieo/aao ianeaaenoaaiiia eiouanoai a neeo i?a?iaaoeau noaa?aiiie aeanoe, iii iiaeao ?ani?ino?aieoue noaa?aieoao oieueei ia eiouanoai, iaoiaeyuaany ia aai oa??eoi?ee, iacaaeneii io a?aaeaeainoaa oia?oaai.
Ii noaouea 555 AE Oe?aeiu ianeaaenoaaiiia eiouanoai ii i?aao ianeaaeiaaiey ia?aoiaeeo e ainoaea?noao, anee iao ianeaaeieeia ie ii caeiio, ie ii caaauaieth, eeai ie iaeei ec ianeaaeieeia ia i?eiye ianeaaenoaa, eeai ana ianeaaeieee eeoaiu i?aaa ianeaaeiaaiey (no. 528 e 534 AE Oe?aeiu), eeai ana ianeaaeieee ioeacaeenue io ianeaaenoaa, eeai ianeaaeiaeaoaeue ana eiouanoai eee /anoue aai caaauae ainoaea?noao. Oaeei ia?acii, oe?aeineia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai (a ?aaii ?inneeneia e aaei?onneia), ?anniao?eaaao ainoaea?noai eae ianeaaeieea. I?e yoii ianoi iaoiaeaeaiey eiouanoaa ia eiaao cia/aiey: eaaeeoeeaoeey i?aa oe?aeineiai ainoaea?noaa ia iiaeao auoue eiie, eiaaea ?a/ue eaeao ia eiouanoaa, inoaaoainy ca a?aieoeae iinea nia?oe oe?aeineiai a?aaeaeaieia.
Aiaoia noiaeia neooaoeey ii/oe ai anao aeaeueiaca?oaaaeiuo no?aiao, aaea i?aaeoniio?aii, /oi eiouanoai a iiaeiaiuo neo/ayo iinooiaao a eacio, iaeiaei a iaeioi?uo ec ieo, iai?eia?, ai O?aioeee, Aano?ee, NOA, eiouanoai ia?aoiaeeo ainoaea?noao ia «ii i?aao ianeaaeiaaiey», a «ii i?aao ieeoiaoeee» — eae inoaaoaany aac ianeaaeieeia aanoicyeiia eiouanoai.
A iineaaeiai neo/aa eieeeceiiiay ii?ia i ianeaaeiaaiee iai?eiaieia, oae eae iao ieeaeiai i?aaii?aainoaa (ianeaaeiaaiey). Anee, iai?eia?, aeiieoeeee?iaaiiue aano?eaoe eee oo?ie ia aeaiao, ia eiaao ieeaeeo ?iaenoaaiieeia e oie?aao aac caaauaiey, inoaaea aeaeaeeiia eiouanoai a Aiaeee, i?aai Aeiieoeeeey oia?oaai, o. a. eieeeceiiiay ii?ia i ianeaaeiaaiee, ia i?eiaiyaony, oae eae i?aai ia auii?i/iia eiouanoai ?aaoee?oaony caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii ianoa iaoiaeaeaiey yoiai Eiouanoaa.
Auoai?eaaaeaiiua caia/aiey eiatho i?eioeeieaeueiue oa?aeoa?, oae eae ?a/ue eaeao i eaaeeoeeaoeee i?aaiioiioaiey. Yoi, a naith i/a?aaeue, eiaao i?aeoe/aneia cia/aiea. Iai?eia?, e neo/aa nia?oe ia eiathuaai ianeaaeieeia aano?eeneiai a?aaeaeaieia, iinoiyiii i?iaeeaathuaai a Aano?ee, aai aeaeaee-eiouanoai, iaoiaeyuaany a Oe?aeia, ia?aeaeao oe?aeinei-ainoaea?noao, iineieueeo aano?eeneia i?aai enoiaeeo ec ?a-ieeoiaoeee.
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Iaaeaeoia?iaeii» /anoiia i?*o
Caeeth/aiiua NNN? aeiaiai?u i i?aaiaie iiiiue aeueii ?aaoee?otho ia?aoiae ianeaaenoaa ainoaea?noao. Iau/ii a ieo i?aaeoniao?eaaaony ia?aoiae aeaeaeeiiai ianeaaenoaaiiiai eiouanoaa e aeiaiaa?eaathuaeny noi?iia, a?aaeaeaieiii eioi?ie aue ianeaaeiaeaoaeue a iiiaio nia?oe, a iaaeaeaeeiiai eio, uanoaa — e noi?iia, ia oa??eoi?ee eioi?ie iii iaoiaeeony (ni., iai?eia?, no. 36 Aeiaiai?a iaaeaeo NNN? e N?A i i?aai-aie iiiiue ii a?aaeaeaineei, naiaeiui e oaieiaiui aeaeaoe io 10.12.81 a.— aeey Oe?aeiu aeaenoaoao n 11.10.82 a.).
Oaia 13
O?OAeIAUA IOIIOAIEss
IEAI: 1. Oieoeoee?iaaiiua ii?iu o?oaeiaiai i?aaa.
2. Eieeeceiiiua aii?inu a iaeanoe iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo o?oaeiauo ioiioaiee.
3. O?oaeiaua i?aaa eiino?aioeaa a Oe?aeia.
4. O?oaeiaua i?aaa oe?aeineeo a?aaeaeai ca ?oaaaeii.
5. Nioeeaeueiia iaania/aiea.
1. Oieoeoee?iaaiiua ii?iu o?oaeiaiai i?aaa
Iaaeaeoia?iaeiua ii?iu, iin?aaenoaii eioi?uo inouanoaeyaony oieoeeaoeey i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey o?oaeiauo ioiioaiee a ?acee/iuo ainoaea?noaao, a iiaeaaeythuai naiai aieueoeinoaa nicaeathony a ?aieao oieaa?naeueiuo e ?aaeiiaeueiuo iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo i?aaiecaoeee, oeaeeeii eee /anoe/ii caiyouo i?iaeaiaie iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai ?aaoee?iaaiey o?oaea.
Oeaio?ii iaaeaeoia?iaeiie ii?iaoeaiie aeayoaeueiinoe ii aii?inai o?oaea yaeyaony Iaaeaeoia?iaeiay I?aaiecaoeey O?oaea (IIO) — iaeia ec noa?aeoeo iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo i?aaiecaoeee, nicaeaiiay a 1919 aiaeo e aoiaeyuay a ianoiyuaa a?aiy a /enei niaoeeaeece?iaaiiuo o/?aaeaeaiee III.
Aiaeece?oy eiiaaioeee IIO, neaaeoao eiaoue a aeaeo, /oi ai Iiiaeo ec ieo ainoaea?noaai i?aaeinoaaeyaony naiei ii?aaeaeyoue iauai i?eieiaaiuo iaycaoaeuenoa. A iaiaeie noaiaie yoi iauyniyaony oai, /oi aioo?aiiaa caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai iiaeao auoue aieaa aeaaii?eyoii aeey ?aaioieeia. Niaeanii i. 5 no. 19 Onoaaa IIO i?eiyoea eiiaaioeee ia aeeyao ia ii?aaeaeaiiue caeii, iau/ae, aeiaiai?, eioi?ue iaania/eaaao aieaa aeaaii?eyoiua oneiaey a n?aaiaiee n i?aaeeiaeaiiie eiiaaioeeae.
Cia/eoaeueiia eiee/anoai o?oaeiauo ii?i aeeth/aii a Iaaeaeoia?iaeiue iaeo 1966 aiaea ia yeiiiie/aneeo, nioeeaeueiuo
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Iaaeaeoia?iaeiia /anoiia npQ| O?OAe°au* ioiioaiey
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eieeeceiiiua i?eaycee. Oae, aano?eeneee Caeii i I*I oe?a. aeoniao?eaaao, /oi a neo/aa, eiaaea ?aaioiee iau/ii auiieie^ naith ?aaioo aieaa /ai a iaeiie no?aia eee eiaaea ii ia eiaao iau/iiai ianoa ?aaiou, i?eiaiyaony caeii no?aiu, a eioi?ie iaieiaoaeue eiaao iau/iia ianoi iaoiaeaeaiey eee a eioi?ie i?aeiouanoaaiii inouanoaeyaony aai aeayoaeueiinoue.
Ii caeiio Aeaaiee a yoii neo/aa iiaeao i?eiaiyoueny caeii ianoa ?aaeno?aoeee o?ainii?oiiai n?aaenoaa.
A ?yaea ainoaea?noa anoue niaoeeaeueiia caeiiiaeaoae ITBO, ?a. aoee?othuaa o?oaeiaua ioiioaiey ia niaianoiuo i?aaei?eyoeyo, a oaeaea a naiaiaeiuo yeiiiie/aneeo ciiao. Niioaaonoao. thuea i?aaeea eanathony ia oieueei eiino?aiiiai ia?niiaea i?aaei?eyoee, ii e ianoiuo a?aaeaeai. A ea/anoaa i?eia?a iiaeii i?eaanoe Caeii EI? i niaianoiuo i?aaei?eyoeyo n eeoaeneei e eiino?aiiui eaieoaeii 1979 aiaea e Iieiaeaiea 1983 aiaea i i?eiaiaiee yoiai caeiia, Caeii EI? i i?aaei?eyoeyo n eiino?aiiuie eiaanoeoeeyie 1986 aiaea, Iieiaeaiea i o?oaea ia niaianoiuo i?aaei?eyoeyo n eeoaeneei e eiino?aiiui eaieoaeii 1980 aiaea, Iieiaeaiea ia iniauo yeiiiie/aneeo ciiao i?iaeioeee Aoaiaeoi 1980 aiaea.
Aanueia niaoeeoe/ii ?aaoee?oaony aii?in i acaeiiii o?oaeiono?ienoaa a?aaeaeai Aaea?one a ?innee e a?aaeaeai ?innee a Aaea?one. A niioaaonoaee n i. 1 ?aoaiey Aunoaai Niaaoa Niiauanoaa Aaea?one e ?innee «I ?aaiuo i?aaao a?aaeaeai ia o?oaeiono?ienoai, iieaoo o?oaea e i?aaeinoaaeaiea ae?oaeo nioeeaeueii-o?oaeiauo aa?aioee» (? 4 io 22 ethiy 1996 a.), a ioiioaiee auoaoeacaiiuo a?aaeaeai «ii?yaeie ?aaoee?iaaiey eiino?aiiie ?aai/ae neeu ia i?eiaiyaony».
3. O?oaeiaua i?aaa eiino?aioeaa a Oe?aeia
A nayce n i?eauoeai a Oe?aeio eiino?aioeaa, aaaeaioeaa aicieeaao aii?in ia eo o?oaeiono?ienoaa.
Oneiaey o?oaeiaie aeayoaeueiinoe eiino?aioeaa ia oa??eOI” ?ee Oe?aeiu ?aaoee?othony ?yaeii ii?iaoeaiuo aeoia, iniiaiuie ec eioi?uo yaeythony Caeii Oe?aeiu «I i?aaiaie noaoona eiino?aioeaa» io 04.02.94 a. (aeaeaa — Caeii), Iinoaiiaeaiea Eaaieia Oe?aeiu 01.11.99 a. ? 2028, ooaa?aeea^66 Ii?yaeie ioi?ieaiey eiino?aioeai e eeoeai aac a?aaeaeainO*8 ?ac?aoaiey ia o?oaeiono?ienoai a Oe?aeia (aeaeaa — Ii?yaei”” e A?aiaiiia iieiaeaiea ia oneiaeyo e ii?yaeea ioi?ieai15 eiino?aiiui a?aaeaeaiai ?ac?aoaiey ia o?oaeiono?ieny
-a Oe?aeia, ooaa?aeaeaiiia i?eeacii Ieienoa?noaa o?oaea io 05.05.93 a. N 27 (ca?aa. a Ieithnoa Oe?aeiu 09.07.93 a. ? 85), n iineaaeothueie eciaiaieyie, (aeaeaa — Iieiaeaiea).
Caeii onoaiaaeeaaao, /oi eiiea?aoeey a Oe?aeio aiciiaeia:
1) ia iinoiyiiia ianoiaeeoaeuenoai; iniiaaieai aeey yoiai yaeyaony iaee/ea o eiino?aioea a Oe?aeia caeiiiiai enoi/ieea nouanoaiaaiey; i?aauaaiea a aeeceeo ?iaenoaaiiuo ioiioaieyo (ioaoe, iaoue, aeaoe, a?ao, nano?a, noi?oae, aeaaeooea, aaaooea, aioee) n a?aaeaeaiaie Oe?aeiu; i?aauaaiea ia niaea?aeaiee o eiai-eeai ec a?aaeaeai Oe?aeiu eeai anee eiino?aiaoe nai eiaao ia niaea?aeaiee a?aaeaeaieia Oe?aeiu e o.ae. (no. 3 Caeiia). Ia yoeo iniiaaieyo eiiea?aioo ioi?ieyaony aeca ia auacae a Oe?aeio e auaeaaony aeae ia iinoiyiiia aeeoaeuenoai a iae. A niioaaonoaee n /. 2 no. 8 Caeiia eiino?aioeu, eioi?ua iinoiyiii i?iaeeaatho a Oe?aeia, eiatho i?aai ?aaioaoue ia i?aaei?eyoeyo, a o/?aaeaeaieyo e i?aaiecaoeeyo eee caieiaoueny eiie o?oaeiaie aeayoaeueiinoueth ia iniiaaiee e a ii?yaeea, onoaiiaeaiiii aeey a?aaeaeai Oe?aeiu*;
2) aeey o?oaeiono?ienoaa ia ii?aaeaeaiiue n?ie.
Niaeanii /. 3 no. 8 Caeiia «I i?aaiaii noaoona eiino?aioeaa» eiino?aioeu, eioi?ua eiiea?e?iaaee a Oe?aeio aeey o?oaeiono?ienoaa ia ii?aaeaeaiiue n?ie, iiaoo caieiaoueny o?oaeiaie aeayoaeueiinoueth a niioaaonoaee n iieo/aiiui a onoaiiaeaiiii ii?yaeea ?ac?aoaieai ia o?oaeiono?ienoai.
Ii?yaeie iieo/aiey oaeiai ?ac?aoaiey ii?aaeaeyaony Ii?yaeeii, a niioaaonoaee n eioi?ui i?aaei?eyoey, o/?aaeaeaiey e i?aaiecaoeee, iacaaeneii io oi?i nianoaaiiinoe e oicyenoaiaaiey, e eiino?aiiua noauaeou oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe, eioi?ua aeaenoaotho ia oa??eoi?ee Oe?aeiu (aeaeaa — ?aaioiaeaoaeue), iiaoo eniieueciaaoue o?oae eiino?aiiuo a?aaeaeai oieueei i?e iaee/ee o ieo ?ac?aoaiee ia o?oaeiono?ienoai, anee eiia ia i?aaeoniio?aii iaaeaeoia?iaeiuie aeiaiai?aie Oe?aeiu. I?eieiaoue eiino?aioeaa iiaoo ieaoaeueueee nai?a a ainoaea?noaaiiue oiiae niaeaenoaey caiyoinoe ianaeaiey, ca?aaeno?e?iaaiiua a ianoiuo oeaio?ao caiyoinoe (i.2).
I?e yoii ?ac?aoaiea eiino?aioeo aeaaony i?e oneiaee,
“:ee a no?aia (?aaeiia) ionoonoaotho ?aaioieee, eioi?ua ii-
ooo auiieiyoue yoio aeae ?aaiou, eeai eiathony aeinoaoi/iua
‘^iniiaaiey oeaeaniia?aciinoe eniieueciaaiey o?oaea eiino-
* I?e yoii neaaeoao eiaoue a aeaeo, /oi «eiino?aioeu eiatho ?aaiua n a?aae-eiaie Oe?aeiu i?aaa e iaycaiiinoe a o?oaeiauo ioiioaieyo, anee eiia ia i?aaeoniio?aii caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii Oe?aeiu e iaaeaeoia?iaeiuie aeiaiai?aie . (Oai aea, /.1 no. 8.)
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Iaaeaeoia?iaeiia /anoiia npq> O?OAe°”ua ioiioaiey
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?aiiuo niaoeeaeenoia, anee eiia ia i?aaeoniio?aii iaaeaeoAa ?iaeiuie aeiaiai?aie Oe?aeiu (aac.1 i.1 Ii?yaeea).
?ac?aoaiea ia o?oaeiono?ienoai ioi?ieyaony e auaeaaony Ainoaea?noaaiiui oeaio?ii caiyoinoe Ieienoa?noaa o?oaea Oe?aeiu eeai ii aai ii?o/aieth niioaaonoaothueie oeaio?a. ie caiyoinoe Aaoiiiiiie ?anioaeeee E?ui, iaeanoae, ai?0. aeia Eeaaa e Naaanoiiiey aeey ?aaiou ia i?aaei?eyoee, a o/?aye. aeaiee, i?aaiecaoeee, eioi?ua i?eaeaneee eiino?aioea ia ii?aaeaeaiioth aeieaeiinoue (ii niaoeeaeueiinoe) (oai aea, i.4).
N?aaee eaoaai?ee eiino?aiiuo a?aaeaeai, eioi?ui ia o?aao, aony iieo/aiea ?ac?aoaiey, oeacaiu, a /anoiinoe, eiino?aiiua a?aaeaeaia, eiathuea aeae ia aeeoaeuenoai a Oe?aeia, eiino?aiiua a?aaeaeaia, i?eia?aooea noaoon aaaeaioea a niioaaonoaee n caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii Oe?aeiu*, ?aaioieee ca?oaaaeiuo i?aaiia ianniaie eioi?iaoeee, aee?aaeeoiaaiiua aeey ?aaiou a Oe?aeia e ae?. (i.C Iieiaeaiey).
?ac?aoaiea ia o?oaeiono?ienoai yaeyaony iniiaaieai aeey auaea/e eiino?aiiiio a?aaeaeaieio aecu ia auacae a Oe?aeio. Neaaeoao niaoeeaeueii ioiaoeoue, /oi a niioaaonoaee n i. 9 Iieiaeaiey, eiino?aiiue a?aaeaeaiei, ioi?ieaoeeny ia ?aaioo aac ?ac?aoaiey ia o?oaeiono?ienoai, iiaeeaaeeo iaiaaeeaiiiio aunaeaieth ec Oe?aeiu ca n/ao ?aaioiaeaoaey, eioi?ue iaeaaaeueii eniieueciaae aai o?oae.
O?oaeiaay aeayoaeueiinoue eiino?aioeaa aeiioneaaony a Oe?aeia ia iniiaaiee o?oaeiaiai aeiaiai?a eiino?aioea n oe?aeineei i?aaei?eyoeai eee i?aaiecaoeeae a niioaaonoaee n iieiaeaieyie oe?aeineiai o?oaeiaiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa (eiino?aiaoe iinooiaao ia ?aaioo a o/?aaeaeaiea eee ia i?aaei?eyoea e caeeth/aao o?oaeiaie aeiaiai? ia n?ie ia aieaa 4 eao (oai aea, i. 4)). *. 4 noaouee 8 Caeiia i?aaeoniao?eaaao ioaeaeueiua ecuyoey a ioiioaiee caiyoey eiino?aioeaie ioaeaeueiuo aeieaeiinoae eee caiyoey ii?aaeaeaiiie aeayoaeueiinoueth, eiaaea i?aai ia yoi i?eiaaeeaaeeo oieueei a?aaeaeaiai Oe?aeiu. (Oae, eiino?aiaoe ia iiaeao auoue iioa?eonii a Oe?aeia — ni. /. 1 no. 3 Caeiia ‘ Oe?aeiu «I iioa?eaoa» io 2 naioya?y 1993 a.)
A iaeioi?uo neo/ayo o?oaeiaua ioiioaiey eiino?ayea aicieeatho ca a?aieoeae a niioaaonoaee n aeaenoaothuei
* Niaeanii Caeiio Oe?aeiu «I aaaeaioeao» yoe eeoea eiatho i?aai ia a?a” iaiiia o?oaeiono?ienoai e iao/aiea, a oaeaea iieueciaaiea aeeeueai, i?aaeinoa*’ eyaiui a ioieoa a?aiaiiiai ?aciauaiey aei ?aoaiey aii?ina i i?aaeinoaae6′ iee noaoona aaaeaioea, ia n?ie ia aieaa o?ao ianyoeaa. ?aoaiea yoeo aii?i*°a ‘ioianaii e aaaeaieth i?aaiia iea?aoeeiiiie neoaeau Ieienoa?noaa Oe?aeiu “” aeaeai iaoeeiiaeueiinoae e iea?aoeee a Aaoiiiiiie ?anioaeeea E?ui, oyo, ai?iaeao Eeaaa e Naaanoiiiea.
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii. Iai?eia?, o?oaeiaie aeiaiai? caeeth/aaony ya ?iaeeia eiino?aioea, ii aai o?oaeiaay aeayoaeueiinoue, iaoneiaeaiiay oaeei aeiaiai?ii, i?ioaeaao a oa/aiea eaeiai-oi a?aiaie a Oe?aeia. Yoi ana oa neo/ae, eiaaea eiino?aiaoe i?eacaeaao a Oe?aeio a eiiaiaee?iaeo ia ?acee/iua n?iee (aeey o?oaeiaie aeayoaeueiinoe, i?iecaiaenoaaiiiai iao/aiey, i?iecaiaenoaaiiie i?aeoeee, ?aaiou a ea/anoaa ei??aniiiaeaioa eiino?aiiie aacaou e o.ae.). A yoie neooaoeee aiciiaeii i?eiaiaiea a Oe?aeia e aeaiiiio eeoeo ioaeaeueiuo ii?i o?oaeiaiai i?aaa eiiaiaee?othuaai ainoaea?noaa.
Iniai ?aaoee?oaony o?oaeiono?ienoai eiino?aioeaa a Oe?aeia a niioaaonoaee n iaeioi?uie iaaeaeoia?iaeiuie aeiaiai?aie Oe?aeiu.
Oae, ii?yaeie o?oaeiono?ienoaa ?inneeneeo a?aaeaeai a Oe?aeia i?aaeoniio?ai a Niaeaoaiee iaaeaeo i?aaeoaeuenoaaie Oe?aeiu e ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee i o?oaeiaie aeayoaeueiinoe e nioeeaeueiie caueoa a?aaeaeai Oe?aeiu e ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee, eioi?ua ?aaioatho ca i?aaeaeaie a?aieoe naieo ainoaea?noa io 14.01.93 a. Aeey ieo onoaiiaeaia oi?iuaiiay i?ioeaaeo?a o?oaeiono?ienoaa. A niioaaonoaee n Niaeaoaieai o?oaeiaay aeayoaeueiinoue ?aaioieea ioi?ieyaony o?oaeiaui aeiaiai?ii (eiio?aeoii), caeeth/aiiui n ?aaioiaeaoaeai a niioaaonoaee n caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii no?aiu o?oaeiono?ienoaa. ?aaioiaeaoaeue ?aaeno?e?oao caeeth/aiiua aeiaiai?u (eiio?aeou) a o/?aaeaeaieyo, ii?aaeaeaiiuo Ieienoa?noaii o?oaea Oe?aeiu. Eie yaeythony: Oeaio?u caiyoinoe Aaoiiiiiie ?anioaeeee E?ui, iaeanoiua, a oaeaea ai?iaeia Eeaaa e Naaanoiiiey.
Ii?aaeaeaiiie niaoeeoeeie iaeaaeatho oneiaey o?oaea eiino?aiiuo a?aaeaeai, ?aaioathueo a iaoiaeyueony ia oa??eoi?ee Oe?aeiu iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo i?aaiecaoeeyo. Yoe oneiaey ii?aaeaeythony iaaeaeoia?iaeiuie niaeaoaieyie e aioo?aiieie i?aaeeaie niioaaonoaothueo i?aaiecaoeee. A naith i/a?aaeue, oeacaiiua i?aaeea i?aaeoniao?eaatho a iaeieo neo/ayo i?eiaiaiea caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa ianoa auiieiaiey ?aaiou, o.a. oe?aeineiai, a a ae?oaeo — no?aiu ?aaioieea-eiino?aioea.
4. O?oaeiaua i?aaa oe?aeineeo a?aaeaeai ca ?oaaaeii
Aiaeiae/ii i?aaiaiio ?aaoee?iaaieth o?oaea eiino?aioeaa a Oe?aeia i?aaiaia ?aaoee?iaaiea o?oaea oe?aeineeo a?aaeaeai ca ?oaaaeii aiciiaeii, a caaeneiinoe io neooaoeee, eeai Ia iniiaaiee ii?i oe?aeineiai o?oaeiaiai i?aaa, eeai ia iniiaaiee o?oaeiaiai i?aaa eiino?aiiiai ainoaea?noaa.
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Iaaeaeoia?iaeiia /anoii*
O?OAiau* ioiioaiey
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Iiiaea oe?aeineea a?aaeaeaia nae/an euoo ?aaioo ca o», aaaeii. No. 10 Caeiia Oe?aeiu «I caiyoinoe ianaeaiey» oe?a aeinoaaeyao ei i?aai ia i?ioanneiiaeueioth aeayoaeueiinoue a oea ?eiae a?aiaiiiai i?aauaaiey ca a?aieoeae.
Iaeiaei anoue aua e caeiiu i?eieiathueo ainoaea?noa. Ii/oe ai anao no?aiao aaaaeai ?ac?aoeoaeueiue ii?yaeie aeey o?oaeiono?ienoaa eiino?aiiuo a?aaeaeai. ?ac?aoaiea ia o?oaeiono?ienoai auaeatho niaoeeaeueii oiieiiii/aiiua aeEy yoiai ainoaea?noaii i?aaiu (iai?eia?, Neoaeaa eiiea?aoeee e iaoo?aeecaoeee a NOA, Ieienoa?noai aioo?aiieo aeae a Eniaiee, Ieienoa?noai o?oaea a iaeioi?uo ae?oaeo no?aiao).
A Eiaeaena o?oaea O?aioeee a ?aaeaeoeee 1973 a. eiaaony niaoeeaeueiue ?acaeae, eioi?ue iacuaaaony «Eiino?aiiay ?a-ai/ay neea e caueoa eioa?ania iaoeeiiaeueiie ?aai/ae neeu». Ii?iu yoiai ?acaeaea eanathony aeinooia eiino?aioeaa e ?aaioa ai O?aioeee. Niaeanii no.341-2 aeey auacaea ai O?aioeeth n oeaeueth iinooieaiey ia ?aaioo ii iaeio eiino?aiaoe e?iia aeieoiaioia e aec, o?aaothueony a niioaaonoaee n aeaenoaothueie iaaeaeoia?iaeiuie aeiaiai?aie e i?aaeeaie, aeieaeai i?aaenoaaeoue o?oaeiaie aeiaiai?, caaece?iaaiiue aaeieieno?aoeaiuie aeanoyie, eee ?ac?aoaiea ia ?aaioo e iaaeeoeeineee na?oeoeeao. A ?acaeaea oaeaea i?aaeoniio?aiu: io?aia i?aa eiino?aioea, iaiyoiai a ia?ooaiea onoaiiaeaiiuo i?aaee; ii?yaeie aceiaiey oo?aoa n iaieiaoaey, ia?ooeaoaai onoaiiaeaiiue ii?yaeie i?eaia eiino?aioea e o.ae.
E?iia oiai, oaeanoi/aiu naieoeee aeey ?aaioiaeaoaeae, eioi?ua i?eieiatho ia ?aaioo eiino?aioeaa aac ?ac?aoaiey ia o?oaeiono?ienoai. A niioaaonoaee n aia?eeaineei caeiiii «Ia eiiea?aoeeiiiie ?aoi?ia e eiio?iea» (1986 a.), ?aaioiaeaoaee, ia?ooeaoea yoio caeii, iiaeeaaeao a?aaeaeaineiio (aaeieieno?aoeaiiio) iaeacaieth aieioue aei oth?aiiiai caeeth/aiey.
A Aaeueaee noae iiaeao i?ae?aoeoue a?aiaiii eee iinoiyiii aeayoaeueiinoue eiiiaiee, iaeiaeeoue ia aeaaeaeueoea oo?ao Ae° 500 ouny/ aaeueaeeneeo o?aieia ca eaaeaeiai iacaeiiii i?e’ iyoiai; a Ieaea?eaiaeao ca oa aea i?aa?aoaiey i?aaeoniio?aa^ oth?aiiia caeeth/aiea n?ieii aei 6 ianyoeaa e oo?ao aei 10 ouny/ aoeueaeaiia, a Eniaiee — oo?ao ?acia?ii 100 ouny/ aeieea?ia NOA.
A O?A a 1995 a. i?eiyo caeii i ai?ueaa n /a?iui o?oaea.
Ii caeiio Iieueoe 1997 aiaea eiino?aiaoe iiaeao auoue aeai?ai ec Iieueoe, anee ii iaeaaaeueii ?aaioaao a no?aia-
Oaeei ia?acii, caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai aieueoeinoaa no?ai ia-ae?aaeaii ia caueoo nianoaaiiuo ?uieia o?oaea. Yoi iieiinoueth niioaaonoaoao no.6 Eiiaaioeee IIO ? 143 «I ceioiio?aaeaieyo a iaeanoe iea?aoeee e ia iaania/aiee o?oaeyueiny-iea?aioai ?aaainoaa aiciiaeiinoae e ia?auaiey» io 24 ethiy 1975 a. Iia iaycuaaao o/anoieeia Eiiaaioeee i?aaeoniao?eaaoue a iaoeeiiaeueiii caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa ia?u aeey yooaeoeaiiai auyaeaiey iacaeiiiie caiyoinoe o?oaeyueony-iea?aioia e aeey ii?aaeaeaiey e i?eiaiaiey aaeieieno?aoeaiuo, a?aaeaeaineeo e oaieiaiuo iaeacaiee, aeeth/ay oth?aiiia caeeth/aiea a ioiioaiee iacaeiiiiai eniieueciaaiey o?oaea iea?aioia e i?aaiecaoeee iea?aoeee o?oaeyueony n oeaeueth iieo/aiey ?aaiou.
Oaeei ia?acii, ia?niaeoeau iaeaaaeueiie o?oaeiaie iea?aoeee ca a?aieoeo aeey a?aaeaeai Oe?aeiu yaeythony i?iaeaiaoe/iuie. E e?aeia io?eoeaoaeueiui iineaaenoaeyi i?eaiaeeo oaeaea iaiaaeeaaeauaa ioi?ieaiea o?oaeiauo ioiioaiee, naycaiiia eae n i?aaiaie aaca?aiioiinoueth ?aaioieeia, oae e iaaeia?iniaanoiinoueth ?aaioiaeaoaeae.
Iiaeoaa?aeaeaieai neacaiiiai iiaeao neoaeeoue i?eaaaeaiiue ieaea neo/ae. 16 ieoya?y 1998 a. a Naaa?iii ii?a aicea aa?aaia Aeaiee i?e ooi?iiauo oneiaeyo caoiioe oaieioiae «Anoa?». Ec iaeeiiaaeoeaoe /eaiia yeeiaaea o?ia i?iiaee aac aanoe e o?ia iiaeaee.
A oiaea ?anneaaeiaaiey yoiai niauoey auei onoaiiaeaii neaaeothuaa. Nianoaaiieeii oaieioiaea «Anoa?» eei?neie eiiiaieae «TREX SHIPPING (CYPRUS) LTD» (aee?aeoi? — a?aaeaeaiei auaoaai NNN? *.) 14 ieoya?y 1996 a. noaeii ia oneiaeyo aeiaiai?a aa?aioo-/a?oa?a* auei ia?aaeaii oe?aeineiio III «O?aiceo», ?aniieiaeaiiiio a Iaeanna.
?oeiaiaenoai III «O?aiceo» 25 ieoya?y 1996 a. ca?aaeno?e?iaaei oaieioiae a Ainoaea?noaaiiii noaeiaii ?aano?a Oe?aeiu e i?eia?aei i?aai yenieoaoe?iaaoue aai iiae oeaaii Oe?aeiu.
*a?ac o?e aeiy III «O?aiceo» ii oeacaieth «TREX SHIPPING (CYPRUS) LTD» ia?aaeaei noaeii ia oneiaeyo aeiaiai?a aa?aioo-/a?oa?a e?eaiaeneie eiiiaiee «TREX SHIPPING (IRELAND) LTD», ?oeiaiaeeoaeai eioi?ie yaeyaony oio aea *. Oaeei ia?acii, auea inouanoaeaia ia?aeeaeueiay ?aaeno?aoeey eiino?aiiiai noaeia /a?ac III «O?aiceo», eioi?ia a oa/aiea aeaoo iaaeaeue inouanoaeyei oi?aaeaiea e iia?aoeaiue eiio?ieue ca yoei noaeiii, a iioii aica?aoeei aai oaeoe/aneiio noaeiaeaaeaeueoeo ca a?aieoeo oaea iiae oeaaii Oe?aeiu. (Noieiinoue ?aaeno?aoeee ninoaaeyea 76 a?eaai).
* Oi anoue noaeii auei cao?aooiaaii (a?aiaeiaaii) aac yeeiaaea.
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Iaaeaeoia?iaeiia /anoiia npqBQ
A /ai ninoiye niune oaeie iia?aoeee? (Iaoiae caeiia!). A ni-ioaaonoaee n i.2 Iieiaeaiey i ii?yaeea ainoaea?noaaiiie ?aun. o?aoeee eiino?aiiuo noaeia, eioi?ua yenieoaoe?othony ia oneiaoe. yo aeiaiai?a aa?aioo-/a?oa?a noauaeoaie i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie aeayoaeueiinoe, ia a?aiy aeaenoaey yoiai aeiaiai?a o?aooiaaoaeue i?eia?aoaao i?aai iacia/aoue e oaieueiyoue eaieoaia e yeeiaae noaeia oae, eae anee au ii aue noaeiaeaaeaeueoeai.
Ainiieueciaaaoenue yoei, ?oeiaiaenoai III «O?aiceo», ia eiay eeoeaicee Ieio?oaea Oe?aeiu ia e?theiaiaoth aeayoaeueiinoue, ino. uanoaeei eiiieaeoiaaiea yeeiaaea oaieioiaea «Anoa?» /a?ac ?inneeneia AI «Eoaaineia ?a/iia ia?ioiaenoai» (Aua iaeei iaoiae caeiia!).
N eaaeaeui ii?yeii aue caeeth/ai eiaeeaeaeoaeueiue eiio?aeo, eioi?ue ii i?aaeoniio?aiiui yi oneiaeyi o?oaea e iieaou iineaaeiaai i?ioeai?a/ee o?aaiaaieyi Eiiaaioeee ? 109 «I ca?aaioiie ieaoa, ?aai/ai a?aiaie ia ai?oo noaeia e ninoaaa noaeiaiai yeeiaaea», a oaeaea ?aeiiaiaeaoeee 109 Aaia?aeueiie eiioa?aioeee Iaaeaeoia?iaeiie i?aaiecaoeee o?oaea iiae oaeei aea iacaaieai. Oae, aaeaiany/iay ca?aaioiay ieaoa eaieoaia oaieioiaea «Anoa?» ninoaaeyea 1100 aeieea?ia NOA. I?e/ai a iaa auea iaiainiiaaiii aeeth/aia iieaoa 110 /ania iaa?oaeia (naa?oo?i/iuo ?aaio) e ioionea. ?acia? aaciaie noaaee iao?ina I eeanna ?aaiyeny 300, aioeiaia — 320, iioi?enoa 360, noa?oaai iiiiuieea — 700 aeieea?ia NOA.
Aiaeec aeayoaeueiinoe e?theiaiaeo eiiiaiee (a oieueei a Iaeanna eo ian/eouaaaony aieaa 70), eioi?ua yaeythony iin?aaeieeaie iaaeaeo eiino?aiiuie noaeiaeaaeaeueoeaie e oe?aeineeie ii?yeaie ai a?aiy o?oaeiono?ienoaa iineaaeieo, naeaeaoaeuenoaoao i oii, /oi noaaee, i?aaeeiaeaiiua III «O?aiceo», auee ao?ia iaiueoa, /ai a eiuo eiiiaieyo.
Oaeei ia?acii, aeaaiaea?y yenieoaoaoeee noaeia iiae oeaaii Oe?aeiu noaeiaeaaeaeaoe «TREX SHIPPING (CYPRUS) LTD» «nyeiiiiee» ia oe?aeinei-?inneeneeo ii?yeao cia/eoaeueiua n?aaenoaa1.
A NOA, Aano?ee, Oaaoeee e a ?yaea ae?oaeo no?ai onoaiiaeaiu aaeaaiaeiua eaiou ia auacae eiino?aioeaa, a oii /enea e aeey eeoe, niaoeeaeueii i?eacaeathueo aeey ?aaiou a niioaaonoaothuae no?aia. A yoie nayce aaaeiia cia/aiea i?eia?aoaao caeeth/aiea Oe?aeiie iaaei?aaeoaeuenoaaiiuo niaeaoaiey i i?aaeinoaaeaiee iaoei a?aaeaeaiai ii?aaeaeaiiuo eaio i?” o?oaeiono?ienoaa ca ?oaaaeii e ?ac?aoaiee ae?oaeo aii?inia! naycaiiuo n yoei o?oaeiono?ienoaii. Oaeea niaeaoaiey caeeth/aiu Oe?aeiie n *aoneie ?anioaeeeie (oaea
O?oaeiaua ioiioaiee
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1 I?onn A. Aeaye! i?iaeaie ia?aeaeueini ?aaio?aoee uicaiieo I?aai Oe?a&o.— 1999.— J* 7.— N.126, 134.
aeaaoaany niaeaoaiea io 21.03.96 a.), ni Neiaaoeeie ?anioaeeeie — Niaeaoaiea i acaeiiii o?oaeiono?ienoaa a?aaeaeai io 07.03.97 a.
Iai?eia?, a no. 4 Niaeaoaiey n *aoneie ?anioaeeeie neacaii: «Aeey ?aaeecaoeee yoiai Niaeaoaiey oiieiiii/aiiua i?aaiu iiaeienuaatho i?ioieie, a eioi?ii ii?aaeaeyaony i?aaeaeueiia eiee/anoai a?aaeaeai, eioi?ua o?oaeiono?aeaathony ia niioaaonoaothuee eaeaiaea?iue aiae a caaeneiinoe io neooaoeee ia ?uiea o?oaea, a oaeaea, a neo/aa iaiaoiaeeiinoe, eiua aiciiaeiua aii?inu, naycaiiua ni acaeiiui o?oaeiono?ienoaii» .
Ia iniiaaiee oe?aeinei-/aoneiai, oe?aeinei-neiaaoeeiai niaeaoaiee, a oaeaea Niaeaoaiee i o?oaeiono?ienoaa e nioeeaeueiie caueoa a?aaeaeai n Iieaeiaie (1993 a.), A?iaieae (1995 a.), Aaei?onneae (1995 a.), Aueaoiaiii (1996 a.) oe?aeineea ?aaioieee iiaoo inouanoaeyoue o?oaeiaoth aeayoaeueiinoue ia oa??eoi?ee eiino?aiiiai ainoaea?noaa a aeaoo neo/ayo:
1) ia iniiaa o?oaeiaiai aeiaiai?a (eiio?aeoa), caeeth/aiiiai iaaeaeo ?aaioiaeaoaeai e ?aaioieeii ia ii?aaeaeaiiue n?ie;
2) ia iniiaa aeiaiai?a, caeeth/aiiiai iaaeaeo noauaeoaie oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe iaaeo no?ai, oeaeueth eioi?iai yaeyaony auiieiaiea ii?aaeaeaiiiai iauaia ?aaio eeai oneoa ia oa??eoi?ee no?aiu o?oaeiono?ienoaa.
Iaeaieaa aeanoeea oneiaey noi?ioee?iaaiu a oe?aeinei-aueaoiaineii niaeaoaiee, /.C no.4 eioi?iai i?aaeoniao?eaaao, /oi «ia ?aaioo ia i?aaei?eyoey, a o/?aaeaeaiey, i?aaiecaoeee Noi?iiu o?oaeiono?ienoaa i?eieiathony ?aaioieee a aic?anoa io 18 aei 40 eao (eneeth/aiea iiaoo ninoaaeoue aunieieaaeeoeoee?iaaiiua niaoeeaeenou)». A aac.2 /.2 no.5 aiai?eony, /oi anee o ?aaioieea a oa/aiea /aou?ao ianyoeaa iinea i?eauoey ia oa??eoi?eth Noi?iiu o?oaeiono?ienoaa aoaeao iaia?oaeaii caaieaaaiea, eioi?ia ia ?ac?aoaao inouanoaeyoue o?oaeiaoth Aeayoaeueiinoue eeai i?aaenoaaeyao oa?ico aeey caei?iauey ie?oaeathueo, ii iiaeeaaeeo aica?auaieth ia ?iaeeio ca n/ao i?aaei?eyoey, o/?aaeaeaiey, i?aaiecaoeee Noi?iiu iai?aaeaiey eeai ca naie nianoaaiiue n/ao (i?e eiaeeaeaeoaeueiii Eiio?aeoa)». A oi aea a?aiy «?aaioiee iiaeao i?eaeaneoue ia ia?eiae ?aaiou Ia oa??eoi?ee Noi?iiu o?oaeiono?ienoaa /eaiia naiae naiuee I?e oneiaeyo, /oi ii iiaeao nicaeaoue ii?iaeueiua oneiaey aeey Eo i?iaeeaaiey. A ninoaa /eaiia naiuee aeeth/athony aeaia (ioae), aeaoe aei 18 eao» (oai aea, /.6 no.4).
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Iaaeaeoia?iaeiia /anoiia i?*Oi O?oaeiaua ioiioaiey
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A niioaaonoaee n ae?oaei iaaeaeoia?iaeiui aeiaiai?ii -^ Niaeaoaieai no?ai NIA io 15.04.94 a. «I nio?oaeie/anoaa a iaeanoe o?oaeiaie iea?aoeee e nioeeaeueiie caueou o?oaeae. UEony-iea?aioia» — /eneaiiinoue ?aaioieeia, eioi?uo i?e. ieiatho, ii?aaeaeyaony ia iniiaa aeaonoi?iiieo niaeaoaiee (/.2 no.C). Niaeanii /.1 no.4 yoiai aea Niaeaoaiey «eaaeaeay ec Noi?ii i?eciaao (aac eaaaeecaoeee) aeeieiiu, naeaeaoaeuenoaa °a ia?aciaaiee, niioaaonoaothuea aeieoiaiou i i?aaeinoaaeaiee caaiey, ?ac?yaea, eaaeeoeeaoeee e eiua iaiaoiaeeiua aeaey inouanoaeaiey o?oaeiaie aeayoaeueiinoe aeieoiaiou e caaa?aiiue a onoaiiaeaiiii ia oa??eoi?ee Noi?iiu auacaea ii?yaeea ia?aaiae eo ia ainoaea?noaaiiue ycue Noi?iiu o?oaeiono?ienoaa eeai ia ?onneee ycue.
E niaeaeaieth, Oe?aeia ia yaeyaony o/anoieoeae iiiaeo Ae?Oaeo aeiaiai?ia a iaeanoe o?oaeiono?ienoaa. I?aaa oe?aeineeo a?aaeaeai-iea?aioaa a iaeanoe o?oaeiono?ienoaa auee au eo/oa caueuaiu, anee au Oe?aeia, iai?eia?, ?aoeoeoee?iaaea:
Eiiaaioeeth IIO ? 97 «I o?oaeyueony iea?aioao» (1949 a.);
Eiiaaioeeth IIO ? 118 «I ?aaiii?aaee a?aaeaeai no?aiu, eiino?aioeaa e eeoe aac a?aaeaeainoaa a iaeanoe nioeeaeueiiai iaania/aiey» (1962 a.);
Eiiaaioeeth IIO ? 143 «I ceioiio?aaeaieyo a iaeanoe iea?aoeee e ia iaania/aiee o?oaeyueiny-iea?aioai ?aaainoaa aiciiaeiinoae e ia?auaiey» (1975 a.);
Eiiaaioeeth IIO ? 157 «Ia onoaiiaeaiee iaaeaeoia?iaeiie nenoaiu nio?aiaiey i?aa a iaeanoe nioeeaeueiiai iaania/aiey» (1982 a.) e iiiaea ae?oaea.
“• Nioeeaeueiia iaania/aiea
Nioeeaeueiia iaania/aiea eiino?aioeaa oanii naycaii n yo o?oaeiauie i?aaaie.
Ai iiiaeo no?aiao ioiioaiey ii nioeeaeueiiio iaania/aiee o?oaeyueony-iea?aioia ?aaoee?othony iaaeaeoia?iaeiuie aeiai-a°?aie eae iiiainoi?iiiaai, oae e aeaonoi?iiiaai oa?aeoa?a-
Oae, aii?inu iaineiiiiai iaania/aiey a ioiioaiee Aeai NIA ?aaoee?othony Niaeaoaieai i aa?aioeyo i?aa Aeai ainoaea?noa — o/anoieeia NIA a iaeanoe iaineiiiiai °aania/aiey io 13 ia?oa 1992 aiaea. A no. 1 yoiai Niaeaoaiee neacaii: «Iaineiiiia iaania/aiea a?aaeaeai ainoaea?noa O/anoieeia ianoiyuaai Niaeaoaiey e /eaiia eo naiae
uanoaeyaony ii caeiiiaeaoaeuenoao ainoaea?noaa, ia oa??eoi?ee eioi?iai iie i?iaeeaatho».
15 yiaa?y 1993 aiaea iaaeaeo i?aaeoaeuenoaaie Oe?aeiu e ?innee auei caeeth/aii A?aiaiiia niaeaoaiea i aa?aioeyo i?aa a?aaeaeai, eioi?ua ?aaioaee a ?aeiiao E?aeiaai Naaa?a e a i?e?aaiaiiuo e iei ianoiinoyo, a iaeanoe iaineiiiiai iaania/aiey. A niioaaonoaee n iei i?e iacia/aiee iainee a?aaeaeaiai, eioi?ua i?i?aaioaee ia iaiaa 15 eaeaiaea?iuo eao a ?aeiiao E?aeiaai Naaa?a eeai ia iaiaa 20 eaeaiaea?iuo eao a ianoiinoyo, i?e?aaiaiiuo e ?aeiiai E?aeiaai Naaa?a, e eioi?ua iinoiyiii i?iaeeaatho ia oa??eoi?ee Oe?aeiu, /anoue iainee, eioi?ay ioaa/aao aeeeoaeueiinoe o?oaeiaiai noaaea, io?aaioaiiiai a oeacaiiuo ?aeiiao, en/eneyaony ii ii?iai ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee. Aeaiiia iieiaeaiea ?ani?ino?aiyaony ia auieaoo iainee a oie aa /anoe, eioi?ay niioaaonoaoao aeeeoaeueiinoe o?oaeiaiai noaaea, io?aaioaiiiai a ?aeiiao E?aeiaai Naaa?a eeai a i?e?aaiaiiuo e iei ianoiinoyo, oieueei ia/eiay n 1.01.1991 a. (no. 1).
Niaeanii 4.1 no.6 Aeiaiai?a iaaeaeo Oe?aeiie e Eaoaeeneie ?anioaeeeie i nio?oaeie/anoaa a iaeanoe nioeeaeueiiai iaania/aiey io 26.02.98 a. ia ?aaioathueo ii iaeio eeoe a iaeanoe nioeeaeueiiai iaania/aiey ?ani?ino?aiyaony, ca iaeioi?uie eneeth/aieyie, caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai Noi?iiu, ia oa??eoi?ee eioi?ie iie auiieiytho ?aaioo ii iaeio, iacaaeneii io ianoa eo iinoiyiiiai i?iaeeaaiey.
*oi eanaaony oe?aeineiai aioo?aiiaai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa, oi a niioaaonoaee n /. 2 no.1 Caeiia Oe?aeiu «I iaineiiiii iaania/aiee» io 6 aeaeaa?y 1991 a., «i?iaeeaathuea a Oe?aeia eiino?aiiua a?aaeaeaia e eeoea aac a?aaeaeainoaa eiatho i?aai ia iaineth ia?aaia n a?aaeaeaiaie Oe?aeiu ia oneiaeyo, i?aaeoniio?aiiuo caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii eee iaaeainoaea?noaaiiuie niaeaoaieyie».
‘I
•u
Iaaeaeoia?iaeiua e?aaeeoiua e ?an/aoiua ioiioaiey
183
Oaia
IAAEAeOIA?IAeIUA E?AAeEOIUA E ?AN*AOIUA IOIIOAIEss
IEAI: 1. Iauea iieiaeaiey.
2. Aaethoiia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai Oe?aeiu e iaaeaeoia?iaeiua niaeaoaiey.
3. Aaethoiia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai ca?oaaaeiuo no?ai.
4. Iaaeaeoia?iaeiua ?an/aou e e?aaeeoiaaiea ai acaeiiioiioaieyo oe?aeineeo i?aaiecaoeee n oe?iaie e i?aaiecaoeeyie eiino?aiiuo ainoaea?noa.
5. Iaaeaeoia?iaeiua iaoi?aiaua ?an/aou.
1. Iauea iieiaeaiey
A caiaaeiie iao/iie eeoa?aoo?a ioia/aaony, /oi a oneiaeyo, eiaaea aeooaeueiua i?aaiaua i?iaeaiu aaethoiuo ioiioaiee ?ac?aaaouaathony iaaeinoaoi/ii, a oeiainiaua e?oae e aaieianeay eeeaioo?a no?aiyony ia?aaeeoue aaethoiua naeaeee io iinoi?iiiaai acaeyaea e iaania/eoue aiaae?aiea einoeoooa aaieianeie oaeiu, aeey eeoe, eco/athueo th?eaee/aneea i?iaeaiu, iaeanoue iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo aaethoiuo i?aaiioiioaiee i?aaenoaaeyaony yecioe/aneie e oaeinoaaiiie (exotic and esoteric field). Aeaaea o oao, eoi n/eoaao naay yenia?oii a noa?a iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai yeiiiie/aneiai i?aaa, ciaiea i?aaeiaoa /anoi ia auoiaeeo ca ?aiee i?aaa iaaeaeoia?iaeiie oi?aiaee-Niaoeeaeeno a iaeanoe i?aaa iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo oeiainia AeiE’ aeai auoue y?oaeeoii eee i?aaiaui noia?iaiii1.
Ianiio?y ia ecaanoioth ni?aaaaeeeainoue yoiai ooaa?aeaeaiey’ i?aaenoaaeyaony aiciiaeiui noi?ioee?iaaoue iaeioi?ua iiae*°’ aeu e eco/aieth iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo aaethoiuo i?aaiioiioaiee-
1 Aeueoooea? A.A. Iaaeaeoia?iaeiia aaethoiia i?aai.— I.: Iaaeaeoia?. ioiioaiey, 1984.— N. 52.
I?aaeaea anaai, neaaeoao neacaoue, /oi iaaeaeoia?iaeiua aaethoiua ioiioaiey (?an/aoiua, e?aaeeoiua e ae?.) iieo/atho naia i?iyaeaiea a ?aieao ?acee/iuo oi?i iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai nio?oaeie/anoaa: i?e inouanoaeaiee aiaoiayeiiiie/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe, iieeoe/aneiai, iao/iiai, eoeueoo?iiai nio?oaeie/anoaa e o.i. Ana yoi, a naith i/a?aaeue, ii?aaeaeyao e ?aciiia?acea o/anoieeia aaethoiuo ioiioaiee, niaa?oathueo ?acee/iua aaethoiua iia?aoeee. Caeanue iu ano?a/aainy eae n noauaeoaie iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai ioaee/iiai i?aaa (ainoaea?noaa a eo ioaee/iii ea/anoaa, aaethoii-e?aaeeoiua iaaeaeoia?iaeiua i?aaiecaoeee), oae e n a?aaeaeainei-i?aaiauie noauaeoaie, a oii /enea n «iaaeaeoia?iaeiui yeaiaioii». A oi aea a?aiy «iaaeaeoia?iaeiue yeaiaio» a yoie neooaoeee — yoi ia oieueei, iai?eia?, eiino?aiiue a?aaeaeaiei. «Iaaeaeoia?iaeiue yeaiaio» i?iyaeyao naay e a iauaeoa aaethoiiai i?aaiioiioaiey (eiino?aiiay aaethoa, ieaoaaeiua aeieoiaiou, auienaiiua a eiino?aiiie aaethoa e o.i.), eioi?ue eae au iiaee?aieyao, «oneeeaaao» i?enoonoaea oaeoi?a ?aciiiaoeeiiaeueiinoe noauaeoia.
2. Aaethoiia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai Oe?aeiu e iaaeaeoia?iaeiua niaeaoaiey
A niioaaonoaee n i.1) /.2 no.92 Eiinoeoooeee Oe?aeiu, eneeth/eoaeueii caeiiaie Oe?aeiu onoaiaaeeaathony: «… iniiau nicaeaiey e ooieoeeiie?iaaiey oeiainiaiai, aeaiaaeiiai, e?aaeeoiiai e eiaanoeoeeiiiiai ?uieia; noaoon iaoeeiiaeueiie aaethou, a oaeaea noaoon eiino?aiiuo aaetho ia oa??eoi?ee Oe?aeiu; ii?yaeie ia?aciaaiey e iiaaoaiey ainoaea?noaaiiiai aioo?aiiaai e aiaoiaai aeieaa; ii?yaeie auionea e ia?auaiey ainoaea?noaaiiuo oeaiiuo aoiaa, eo aeaeu e oeiu».
Iniiaiui caeiiiaeaoaeueiui aeoii a iaeanoe aaethoiuo iia?aoeee a Oe?aeia yaeyaony Aeae?ao Eaaeiaoa Ieieno?ia Oe?aeiu «I nenoaia aaethoiiai ?aaoee?iaaiey e aaethoiiai Eiio?iey» io 19.02.93 a.
Ii ii?aaeaeyao iauea i?eioeeiu aaethoiiai ?aaoee?iaaiey, Iieiiii/ey ainoaea?noaaiiuo i?aaiia e ooieoeee aaieia e ae?oaeo e?aaeeoii-oeiainiauo o/?aaeaeaiee Oe?aeiu a ?aaoee?iaaiee aaethoiuo iia?aoeee, i?aaa e iaycaiiinoe noauaeoia aaethoiuo ioiioaiee, ii?yaeie inouanoaeaiey aaethoiiai Eiio?iey, ioaaonoaaiiinoue ca ia?ooaiea aaethoiiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa.
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Iaaeaeoia?iaeiia /anoiia
Iaaeaeoia?iaeiua e?aaeeoiua e ?an/aoiua ioiioaiey
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Iiae aaethoiuie iia?aoeeyie a niioaaonoaee n yoei iiieiathony:
iia?aoeee, naycaiiua n ia?aoiaeii i?aaa nianoaaiiinoe ia aaethoiua oeaiiinoe, ca eneeth/aieai iia?aoeee, inouanoaeyaiuo Iaaeaeo ?aceaeaioaie a aaethoa Oe?aeiu;
iia?aoeee, naycaiiua n eniieueciaaieai aaethoiuo oeaiiinoae a iaaeaeoia?iaeiii ia?auaiee a ea/anoaa n?aaenoaa ieaoaaea, n ia?aaea/ae caaeieaeaiiinoae e ae?oaeo iaycaoaeuenoa, i?aae, iaoii Eioi?uo yaeythony aaethoiua oeaiiinoe;
Iia?aoeaee ? naycaiiua n aaicii, ia?aaiaeii e ia?anueeie ia oa??eoi?eth Oe?aeiu e auaicii, ia?aaiaeii e ia?anueeie ca aa i?aaeaeu aaethoiuo oeaiiinoae (i.2 no.1).
Iniaua iieiiii/ey a noa?a aaethoiiai ?aaoee?iaaiey aiceiaeaiu ia Iaoeeiiaeueiue aaie Oe?aeiu. Ii ecaeaao a i?aaeaeao, Oe?aaeoniio?aiiuo auoaoeacaiiui Aeae?aoii, iaycaoaeueiua aeey eniieiaiey ii?iaoeaiua aeou ii inouanoaeaieth iia?aoeee ia aaethoiii ?uiea Oe?aeiu (aac.6 i.1 no.11 Aeae-?aoa)> yaeyaony aeaaiui i?aaiii aaethoiiai eiio?iey ca auiieiaieai aaethoiuo iia?aoeee n o/anoeai ?aceaeaioia e ia?aceaeaioia (oai aea, i.1 no.12, i.1 no.13).
Niaeanii i. 5 no.1 Aeae?aoa iiae «?aceaeaioaie» iiieiathony:
oece/aneea eeoea (a?aaeaeaia Oe?aeiu, eiino?aiiua a?aaeaeaia, eeoea aac a?aaeaeainoaa), eiathuea iinoiyiiia ianoi aeeoaeuenoaa ia oa??eoi?ee Oe?aeiu, a oii /enea a?aiaiii iaoiaeyueany ca a?aieoeae;
th?eaee/aneea eeoea, noauaeou i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie aeayoaeueiinoe, ia eiathuea noaoona th?eaee/aneiai eeoea (oeeeaeu, i?aaenoaaeoaeuenoaa e o.ae.), n ianoiiaoiaeaeaieai ia oa??eoi?ee Oe?aeiu, inouanoaeythuea naith aeayoaeueiinoue ia iniiaaiee caeiiia Oe?aeiu;
Aeeieiiaoe/aneea, eiinoeueneea, oi?aiaua e ae?oaea ioeoeeaeueiua i?aaenoaaeoaeuenoaa Oe?aeiu ca a?aieoeae, iaeaaeathuea eiioieoaoii e aeeieiiaoe/aneeie i?eaeeaaeyie, a oaeaea oeeeaeu e i?aaenoaaeoaeuenoaa i?aaei?eyoee e i?aaiecaoeee Oe?aeiu ca a?aieoeae, ia inouanoaeythuea i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneoth Aeayoaeueiinoue.
“” ^-i?aceaeaioai niaeanii i.6 yoie aea noaouee ioiinyony’
oece/aneea eeoea (eiino?aiiua a?aaeaeaia, a?aaeaeaia Oe?aeiu, eeoea aac a?aaeaeainoaa), eiathuea iinoiyiiia ianoi AEeoaeuenoaa ca i?aaeaeaie Oe?aeiu, a oii /enea oa, eioi?ua a?a’ iaiii i?aauaatho ia oa??eoi?ee Oe?aeiu;
th?eaee/aneea eeoea, noauaeou i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie ss6*1′ oaeueiinoe, ia eiathuea noaoona th?eaee/aneiai eeoea (oeeeaeu» i?aaenoaaeoaeuenoaa e o.i.), n ianoiiaoiaeaeaieai ca i?aaeaeai11
Oe?aeiu, eioi?ua nicaeaiu e aeaenoaotho a niioaaonoaee n caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii eiino?aiiiai ainoaea?noaa, a oii /enea th?eaee/aneea eeoea e eiua noauaeou i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie aeayoaeueiinoe n o/anoeai th?eaee/aneeo eeoe e eiuo noauaeoia i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie aeayoaeueiinoe Oe?aeiu;
?aniieiaeaiiua ia oa??eoi?ee Oe?aeiu eiino?aiiua aeeieiiaoe/aneea, eiinoeueneea, oi?aiaua e eiua ioeoeeaeueiua i?aaenoaaeoaeuenoaa, iaaeaeoia?iaeiua i?aaiecaoeee e eo oeeeaeu, iaeaaeathuea eiioieoaoii e aeeieiiaoe/aneeie i?eaeeaaeyie, a oaeaea i?aaenoaaeoaeuenoaa eiuo i?aaiecaoeee e oe?i, eioi?ua ia inouanoaeytho i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneoth aeayoaeueiinoue ia iniiaaiee caeiiia Oe?aeiu.
Iao?oaeii caiaoeoue, /oi a noa?a inouanoaeaiey aaethoiuo iia?aoeee aeey ii?aaeaeaiey noaoona oe?aeineee caeii i?eiaiyao i?eioeei aeiieoeeeey (ia ninoaaeytho eneeth/aiey aeeieiiaoe/aneea e eiua i?aaenoaaeoaeuenoaa, iieuecothueany eiioieoaoii: a ioiioaiee eo aeaenoaoao yenoa??eoi?eaeueiue iiaeoiae). Iaaeaeoia?iaeiie i?aeoeeie au?aaioai ?yae i?aaiecaoeeiiiuo nenoai ieaoaaeiuo e e?aaeeoiuo ioiioaiee, a eiaiii: ?an/aou e e?aaeeoiaaiea ii iaaeainoaea?noaaiiui niaeaoaieyi (iai?eia?, ii eee?eiao* eee a naiaiaeii eiiaa?oe?oaiie aaethoa); i?e ionoonoaee iaaeainoaea?noaaiiie aeiaiai?aiiinoe — ?an/aou e e?aaeeoiaaiea ia iniiaaiee aaieianeeo ei??aniiiaeaioneeo niaeaoaiee.
Oae, a niioaaonoaee ni no. 5 Niaeaoaiey iaaeaeo Oe?aeiie e Aano?eeneie ?anioaeeeie i aeaonoi?iiieo oi?aiai-yeiiiie/aneeo naycyo io 31.08.93 a. ?an/aou e ieaoaaee iaaeaeo Oe?aeiie e Aano?eeneie ?anioaeeeie aoaeoo inouanoaeyoueny a naiaiaeii eiiaa?oe?oaiie aaethoa a niioaaonoaee n aeaenoaothuei a eaaeaeii ec ainoaea?noa caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii.
Ae?oaie i?eia?. Eae niiauaaony a oaeaa?aiia IAO io 04.08.99 a. ? 13-120/1363-6638 anooieei a neeo Niaeaoaiea iaaeaeo Iaoeeiiaeueiui aaieii ?anioaeeee Aaea?onue e Iaoeeiiaeueiui aaieii Oe?aeiu ia i?aaiecaoeee ?an/aoia.
Niaeanii aio ?an/aou e ieaoaaee iaaeaeo oicyenoaothueie noauaeoaie (th?eaee/aneeie e oece/aneeie eeoeaie) yoeo no?ai inouanoaeythony a eo iaoeeiiaeueiuo aaethoao, a aaethoao no?ai NIA, Aaeoee, a oaeaea a aaethoao o?aoueeo no?ai a niioaaonoaee n caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii, aeaenoaothuei ia oa??eoi?ee ?anioaeeee Aaea?onue e Oe?aeiu.
” * Eee?eia — yoi nenoaia aaciaee/iuo ?an/aoia ca oiaa?u, oneoae, oeaiiua aoiaae, iniiaaiiay ia acaeiiii ca/aoa ano?a/iuo o?aaiaaiee e iaycaoaeuenoa. Auaaao aioo?aiiee iaaeaaieianeee eee?eia e iaaeaeoia?iaeiue eee?eia. Iau/ii eee?eiaiaua aaethou (?an/aoiue aeieea?, ?an/aoiue ?oaeue, eiaeeeneay ?oiey) ia iaiaieaathony ia niioaaonoaothuoth iaoeeiiaeueioth aaethoo.
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Iaaeaeoia?iaeii» /anoiia i?/>a (Iaaeaeoia?iaeiua e?aaeeoiua e ?an/aoiua ioiioaiey
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?e inOUanoaaeaiee aiaoiayeiiiie/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe ?an/aou (ieaoaaea) inouanoaeythony /a?ac ei??aniiiaeaioneea n/aoa Oiieiiii/aaauo aaieia ?anioaeeee Aaea?onue, eioi?ua iieo/eee aaia?aaeueioth eeoeaiceth Iaoeeiiaeueiiai aaiea ?^ ioieeee Ueaea?onoe e Oe?aeiu, eioi?ua iieo/eee eeoeaiceth iaoeeiiaeueiiai aaaea Oe?aeiu ia i?aai i?iaaaeaiey iiaia oeo.:n aaethoiuie oeaiiinoyie. ? i??aniiiaeaioneea n/aoa oiieiiii/aiiuo aaieia ?anioa-aea?onue e Oe?aeiu, ioe?uoua iaeei o ae?oaiai niaeanii iaaeaaieianeiio Niaeaoaieth io 14.02.95 a., nio?aiythony.
an/aou ii Iaaei?aaeoaeuenoaaiiui niaeaoaieyi inoua-aeythony /a?ac niaoeeaeueii iaoneiaeaiiua a yoeo niaeaoaieyo Oiieiiii/aiiua aaiee.
ioa!aaOeEIA aEUeIUE aaie Oe?aeiu e Iaoeeiiaeueiue aaie ?aa-O aaea?on{, ia ianoo ioaaonoaaiiinoe a ioiioaiee o?a-ao ?iaaiey acaeiiuo iaycaoaeuenoa oiieiiii/aiiuo aaieia aa?aioe?otho naaeaine?iaaiiinoe naeueaei ii ieaoaaeai, iia?aaaeyi eioi?ua inouanoaeaiu /a?ac oiieiiii/aiiua aaiee1 a e
?eia?aie Oieoeeaoeee i?aaiauo ii?i, eanathueony noa-? ae oiuo ioiioaiee, yaeythony oaeaea iaaeaeoia?iaeiua ° Aae°aeyo e /aeao, nicaeaiea a ?aieao aeayoaeueiinoe ia?eaeneie Iaaeaeoia?iaeiie oi?aiaie iaeaou (IOI) oieoeoee?iaaiiuo I?aaee e iau/aaa aeey aeieoiaioa?iuo aee?a-
nOAea?noaaiiuo niaeaoaieyo onoaiaaeeaathony ia-u ‘ i?eioeeiu ?an/aoia, a a naieo eiio?aeoao yoe oneiaey
oi?ioee?othony e
/- if c e^«eny aieaa aeaoaeueii.
°AIa ^aaOee?°aaiea iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo ?an/aoia aee-Enoa1*aoece?iaaiiua oieoeoee?iaaiiua aaieian-u/ae e iaueiiaaiey (ii?iu iaaeaeoia?iaeiie aaieianeie i?aeoeee).
3« AIETHOIAA a .**
** caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai ca?oaaaeiuo no?ai
io?ei E?aoei iaeioi?ua iieiaeaiey aeaenoaothuaai
R AIO^UO No^aiao ?aaoee?iaaiey aaethoiuo ioiioaiee-
a yoiE iaeanoe aaaeiia cia/aiea eiatho iieiaeaiey
? iiai oi?aiaiai eiaeaena. Aai ?ac?aaioea oeiaine-
? a ini°eiii aaieaie: ec aeanyoe ?acaeaeia eiaeaena
aiin?aaenoaaiii naycaiu n eo aeayoaeueiinoueth, e yoio
.—16 aa?an.— N.10.
aeo ia neo/aeii iacuaatho «eiaeaenii aaiee?ia». Ioiioaiey, eanathueany aaieianeeo iia?aoeee, o?aaoee?iaaiu a eiaeaena aanueia aeaoaeueii.
A NOA ecaeai oaeaea ?yae caeiiiaeaoaeueiuo aeoia i aeayoaeueiinoe ia oa??eoi?ee no?aiu eiino?aiiuo aaieia. E iei ioiinyony caeiiu 1978 a. i iaaeaeoia?iaeiie aaieianeie aeayoaeueiinoe e i eiio?iea ca iia?aoeeyie oeiainiauo o/?aaeaeaiee. Yoeie caeiiaie ?aaoee?othony iieo/aiea ?ac?aoaiey eiino?aiiui aaieii ia inouanoaeaiea a NOA aaieianeeo iia?aoeee, ia ioe?uoea ioaeaeaiey (oeeeaea) eee aaaionoaa, aeaeu ?ac?aoaaiuo iia?aoeee, o?aaiaaiey a ioiioaiee o?aiaiey naieo ?aca?aia ia aani?ioeaioiuo n/aoao a aaieao NOA. Aii?in ia yoeo «?aca?aiuo o?aaiaaieyo» iieo/ee aeaoaeueioth ?aaeaiaioaoeeth a oaaea?aeueiii caeiia i eiio?iea ca aeaiaaeiui ia?auaieai, anooieaoei a neeo 13 iiya?y 1980 a.
N?aaee caeiiiaeaoaeueiuo aeoia Aiaeee neaaeoao ia?aoeoue aieiaiea ia Caeii i aaieianeie aeayoaeueiinoe, anooieaoee a neeo 1 ieoya?y 1979 a. Ii ii?aaeaeyao ii?yaeie iieo/aiey (iiaeoaa?aeaeaiey) eeoeaicee ia i?iecaiaenoai aaieianeeo iia?aoeee, aeaeu ?ac?aoaaiuo ii?aaeaeaiiui aaieai naeaeie a ooioao noa?eeiaia e a eiino?aiiie aaethoa, ?acia? eaieoaea o/?aaeaeaaiiai aaiea, ii?yaeie oi?aaeaiey aaieii.
A O?A ioiioaiey aaethoiiai oa?aeoa?a ?aaoee?othony ii?iaie Aa?iaineiai a?aaeaeaineiai oeiaeaiey e Aa?iaineiai oi?aiaiai oeiaeaiey, ae?oaeo ii?iaoeaiuo aeoia.
A ssiiiee ?aaoee?iaaiea naeaeie n aaethoiuie oeaiiinoyie inouanoaeyaony ia iniiaa Caeiia i aaethoiii eiio?iea e eiio?iea ca aiaoiae oi?aiaeae 1949 a. (n iineaaeothueie eciaiaieyie).
4. Iaaeaeoia?iaeiua ?an/aou e e?aaeeoiaaiea
ai acaeiiioiioaieyo oe?aeineeo i?aaiecaoeee n oe?iaie e i?aaiecaoeeyie eiino?aiiuo ainoaea?noa
Iiae iaaeaeoia?iaeiuie ?an/aoaie iiieiatho nenoaio i?aaiecaoeee e ?aaoee?iaaiey ieaoaaeae a noa?a iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo yeiiiie/aneeo ioiioaiee, noauaeoaie eioi?uo yaeythony aaiee, yenii?oa?u e eiii?oa?u1.
Iniiaiuie oi?iaie iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo ?an/aoia yaeythony aee?aaeeoea, eieanni, aaainu e ioe?uoue n/ao, a oaoie/anee
1 THuaiei A.A., Iioeaiei B.I. Aaethoia ?aaoethaaiiy: Iaa/. iin!a. — E.: O-ai «Ciaiey», EII, 1999.— N.204.
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Iaaeaeoia?iaeiia /anoii* i?aai Iaaeaeoia?iaeiu» e?aaeeoiua i ?an/aoiua ioiioaiey
189
iie °aanoea/eaathony aaieianeeie oaeaa?aoiuie e ii/oiaueue ie ia?aaiaeaie, /aeaie e aaenaeyie.
Aee?aaeeoeaii (documentary credit, DC) iacuaatho iaycaoaeuenoai aaiea, auaeaiiia ei ii ii?o/aieth eeeaioa-eiii?. oa?a, inouanoaeoue ieaoaae a iieueco yenii?oa?a (aeoeaioiaaoue aai o?aoou) eeai iaania/eoue ieaoaae (aeoeaio o?aoo) ae?oaei aieii a i?aaeaeao ii?aaeaeaiiuo noii e iaoneiaeaiiiai n?iea i?ioea aeieoiaioia, i?eaaaeaiiuo a aee?aaeeoeaa.
^iieueciaaiea aee?aaeeoeaia aeey iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo ?an/aoia ?aaaeaiaioe?oaony «Oieoeoee?iaaiiuie i?aaeeaie e iau-/ay*™ Aey aeieoiaioa?iuo aee?aaeeoeaia» (Uniform Customs and ?aanoena For Documentary Credit — UCPDC), ?ac?aaioaiiuie Iaaeaeoia?iaeiie oi?aiaie iaeaoie (ioaeeeaoeey ? 500,
?aaeaeoeey 1993 a.), e eioi?ui i?eniaaeeieeenue aieaa 160 no?ai ie?a.
enoiaeyo ec i?eioeeia iacaaeneiinoe aee?aaeeoe-Aa oT-.f 1°^iai iniiaiiai eiio?aeoa eee niaeaoaiey. Niaeanii no- Oieoeoee?iaaiiuo i?aaee aee?aaeeoea ii naiae i?e?iaea i?aaenoaaeyao niaie naeaeeo, iainiaeaiioth io aeiaiai?a eoiee-?iaeayna eee eiiai aeiaiai?a, ia eioi?ii ii iiaeao auoue iniiaai, a aaiee ie a eiae ia?a ia naycaiu e ia aeieaeiu caieiaoueny oaeeie aeiaiai?aie, aeaaea anee eaeay-eeai nnueea ia oaeie Aeiaiai? aeeth/aia a aee?aaeeoea.
o eioeoee?iaaiiua i?aaeea ii?aaeaeytho aeaeu aee?aaeeoe-a» oeiu aee?aaeeoeaia (ana aee?aaeeoeau aeieaeiu ynii oeacuaaoue Ia oi> eae iie eniieiythony: iooai ieaoaaea ii i?aaeuyaeaiee, ieaoaaea n ?ann?i/eie, aeoeaioa eee iaaioeeaoeee), °aacaoaeuenoaa e ioaaonoaaiiinoue, aeeth/ay oneiaey oi?n-iaaei?a, aeieoiaiou, i?aaenoaaeyaiua ii aee?aaeeoeao (eiiinaiaiou, iaeeaaeiua, o?ainii?oiua aeieoiaiou ia niaoaiiua, aaoiaei?iaeioth e aeaeaciiaei?iaeioth ia?aaicee, aaeao?ainii?oiua Aeieoiaiou e ae?.).
° eaceaeue aeieoiaioa?iue aee?aaeeoea iaycaoaeueii aeeth/aaony iaiai?ea, /oi I?aaeea yaeythony iaiouaieaiie ninoaaiie /anoueth oaeiai aee?aaeeoeaa.
e?eiaiaiea aeieoiaioa?iiai aee?aaeeoeaa — aeinoaoi/ii neiaeiae i?ioeann, naycaiiue n eieeeceiiiuie i?iaeaiaie-a^, oe?aeineea eiio?aaaiou /anoi auae?atho a ea/anoaa IIAeOAa?eeaeathuaai aaiea* eiino?aiiue aaie, i?e yoii neaaeO’ ao ioiaoeoue, /oi i?e aicieeiiaaiee eaeeo-eeai nii?iuo neo/aaa ii ieaoaaeo ianoiiaoiaeaeaiea iiaeoaa?aeaeathuaai aaiea
“°Aeoaa?aeaeathuee aaie — aaie, eioi?ue ianao oaa?aeia iaycaoaeuenoai A° oa Aee?aaeeoeaa, aeaaea i?e ionoonoaee n?aaenoa o eiii?oa?a.
aoaeao ianoii noaeii?iecaiaenoaa, aaea i?eiaiyaony ianoiia i?aai. I?e iaiiaeoaa?aeaeaiiii aee?aaeeoeaa ii?aaeaeythuei iiiaioii aeey auai?a ianoa noaeii?iecaiaenoaa yaeyaony ianoiiaoiaeaeaiea aaiea, ioe?uaoaai aee?aaeeoea.
?ani?ino?aiaiiie oi?iie ?an/aoia yaeythony eieanniaua iia?aoeee. Eieanni — yoi ii?o/aiea yenii?oa?a naiaio aaieo iieo/eoue io eiii?oa?a (ieaoaeueueea, aeieaeieea) ii?aaeaeaiioth noiio aeaiaa eeai iiaeoaa?aeaeaiea (aeoeaio) oiai, /oi yoa noiia aoaeao iiea/aia a iaoneiaeaiiua n?iee.
Eniieueciaaiea eieanniaie oi?iu ?an/aoia ?aaoee?oaony Oieoeoee?iaaiiuie i?aaeeaie ii eieanni, ?ac?aaioaiiuie Iaaeaeoia?iaeiie oi?aiaie iaeaoie (?aaeaeoeey 1995 a., ioaeeeaoeey ? 322).
Niaeanii Oieoeoee?iaaiiui i?aaeeai ii eieanni yoa iia?aoeey inouanoaeyaony aaieaie a oi?ia eieanniaiai ii?o/aiey n aeieoiaioaie aeey iieo/aiey ieaoaaea eee aeoeaioa, ia?aaea/e aeieoiaioia i?ioea ieaoaaea eee aeoeaioa eeai ia?aaea/e aeieoiaioia ia ae?oaeo oneiaeyo. Iiae aeieoiaioaie iiieiathony oeiainiaua aeieoiaiou (aaenaey, /aee, eiua iiaeiaiua aeieoiaiou, eniieuecoaiua aeey iieo/aiey ieaoaaea aeaiueaaie e/eee eiiia?/aneea aeieoiaiou (n/aoa-oaeoo?u, o?ainii?oiua, oiaa?i?anii?yaeeoaeueiua e ae?.).
Iaaeinoaoeaie eniieueciaaiey eieanniaie oi?iu ?an/aoia iiaoo auoue aeinoaoi/ii i?iaeieaeeoaeueiue ia?eiae aei iiiaioa iieo/aiey ieaoaaea, a oaeaea iao?aaoee?iaaiiinoue iaeioi?uo aaethoiuo aii?inia a ioaeaeueiuo no?aiao, aneaaenoaea /aai o ieaoaeueueea iiaeao ia auoue ?ac?aoaiey ia ia?aaiae n?aaenoa naiaio caa?aie/iiio ia?oia?o eeai aoaeao ia?aie/ai aeinooi e i?eia?aoaieth iaiaoiaeeiuo noii aaethou (oaeoth neooaoeeth iu iiaee iaaethaeaoue inaiueth 1998 a.). Iaeiaei oaeea aii?inu ca?aiaa auyniythony, e i?eieiaaony niioaaonoaothuaa ?aoaiea aua ia noaaeee iiaeaioiaee e caeeth/aieth niaeaoaiey. Oe?ieia ?ani?ino?aiaiea a iaeanoe e?aaeeoii-?an/aoiuo ioiioaiee iieo/eee oaeea oeaiiua aoiaae, eae aaenaeue e /ae. Ana no?aiu ie?a eiatho naia iaoeeiiaeueiia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai i aaenaeyo e /aeao. Aeaenoaothuea a ianoiyuaa a?aiy aaenaeueiua e /aeiaua caeiiu iiaeii iauaaeeieoue a aeaa iniiaiua a?oiiu:
1) caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai no?ai — o/anoieoe AEaiaaneeo aaenaeueiuo e /aeiauo eiiaaioeee e
2) caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai nenoaiu aiaei-aia?eeaineiai i?aaa. Oeacaiiua aeaa a?oiiu eiatho iaeioi?ia noiaenoai, /oi a oeaeii ii?aaeaeyaony ooieoeeyie aaenaey e /aea eae iai?ioiuo
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/anoiia i
e?aaeeoiua e ?an/aoiua
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a —- —— • ^AeIeEI •ivj.t^./xb^j’ aeoae uw»— -•/
j& Yoi cao?oaeiyao ia?auaiea aaenaey e .^EOI noa?a. ?acee/ey eanathony, iai?eia? ^ eaie> V>PMy yoeo aeieoiaioia,aii?inia, naaea aae °?-Ae?Oae/ ia?aie/eaathueie ioaaonoaaiiino * ai?ie O/anoieeia aaenaeueiiai ia?auaiey, «i “j.
AE^ Ae?”
?aciu*^aaneay eiiaaioeey 1930a.,onoai; ia Aa1^ caeii i ia?aaiaeiii e i?inoii aa ^.^^^ i?aai^aeueiii caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa no?ai ?°I oieoee ? aaena>e nenoaiu. Iia iicaieeea «*OU**”Eiioeiaioa Ii e a iaiiiai i?aaa ia oieueei ia aa?iiaenei . ae
6 Eioi?uo no?aiao Acee, Ao?eee e Eaoea ^ oeeen^iey 1999a. Oe?aeia i?eniaaeeiee^^ oe R EiEAaA/aoii iaiai?ie, iaoneiaeaiiuo i?y«°* 0 ? og aoee?>ee> a oaeaea e AEaiaaneie eiiaaioeee uo ^ naaeyo^aaiee iaeioi?uo eieeecee caeiiia ° ‘ee 1930 a i aa?6« i?inouo aaenaeyo e e AEaiaaneie ei a„ ae i??>
nouo ^>aii nai?a a ioiioaiee ia?aaiaeei*
Ai, aenaeae • no?aiu common law e ^noa n oai NOA, Aaeeeia?eoaiey, eiua a
Ia *>oei eiiaaioeeyi ia e?yniaaeiiyaeynue- ^ iiaoaeaeaou e aia^aye^iiue oa?aeoa? oieoeeaoeee ia MO,, oieoeea
Oeea B»JM Oaaai ii aieaa oe?ieie iaaeAeO” * jgijciITPAJI aue ?^enaeueiiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa. Oneeey ^ ^ I9gg ^ iaeia?>3?aaioai e Aaia?aeueiie Annaiaeaa aiaeiuo aaena^i i?iaeo Eiiaaioeee i ia«AeOia?°^ Aeiaeienaiiay 30 ETH>O « iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo i?inouo aaenae» • R ianoiae uaio^y 1990 a. Niaaoneei Nithcii, yoa&°iaa
o^ ^a?aiaie a neeo ia anooieea. /aEIAiai ia?ao,a-iea ?^Oeeaoeey i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaassE;issaaIoeeyo 1931 a. (OE?a>aeeciaaia a AEaiaaneeo /aeiauo eiiaa oe
Ai\oa Ia o/anoaoao). ?an/aoao ?a-aoee?I1?001’1 i?eiaiaiey /aeia a iaaeaeoaa?°« oe?aeiu Oae> Iinoa^thony a ioaeaeueiuo ii?iaoeaiuo «y’ aeno?e?0aaai aIaae iiaaeaieai ? 174 io 06.04^99 ^gP «A?aaeaoa Oe?aeiu 24.04.99a. ? 25 /^J aeai ec.ca ?Oaayn.*aiiUe1a i?aaeea iieo/aiey aaethou ”
In^a a aa?° e ii /aeai a aa?i». eiii?oiui iia?aoeeyi OOUanoaeaiea ?an/aoia ii yenii?oai-e ino. uanoa ?aaoee?oaony a Oe?aeia Eino?oeoeeae ^^^^^^ ii?oi>eaie:y ?an/aoia a eiino?aiiie aae»™ ieaoaaeae eee ^ ui iia?aoeeyi ia oneiaeyo iono?i/e»
„inoaaie, Ooaa?aeaeaiiie i?eeacii Iaoeeiiaeueiiai aaiea Oe-aeiu 12.06 94 a ? 5 n eciaiaieyie e aeiiieiaieyie ? /e io 22.05.95
22.05.95 a.
Niaeanii aeaenoaothuaio caeiiiaeaoaeuenoao ana iaaeaeoia?iaeiua ?an/aou, naycaiiua n yenii?oii e eiii?oii oiaa?ia, i?aaeinoaaeaieai oneoa e eiuie eiiia?/aneeie naeaeeaie, inouanoaeythony ?aceaeaioaie Oe?aeiu (th?eaee/aneeie e oece/aneeie eeoeaie, ca?aaeno?e?iaaiiuie a ea/anoaa i?aAei?«-ieiaoaeaE) oieueei /a?ac oiieiiii/aiiua aaiee, eiathuea eeoeaiceth Iaoeeiiaeueiiai aaiea Oe?aeiu ia inouanoaeaiea aaethoiuo iia?aoeee. , „a„„0 Auai? eiie?aoiie eiino?aiiie aaethou e oi?iu ?an/aoia ii aiaoiaoi?aiaiio eiio?aeoo ii?aaeaeyaony ii niaeaneth noi?ii e oeene?oaony a oneiaeyo eiio?aeoa. Vwnjw A caaeneiinoe io ninoiyiey ieaoaaeiiai aaeaina Oe?aeiu Iaoeeiiaeueiui aaieii Oe?aeiu iiaoo ei??eae?iaaoueny oi?iu ?an/aoia n ioaeaeueiuie no?aiaie. Oae, n 4 iiyUe?y !»OI i -a nayce n oeiainiaui e?ecenii Iaoeeiiaeueiue aaie Oe?aeiu iinoaiiaeaieai ? 381 io 21 naioya?y 1998 a. onoaii aee, /oi i?aaeuaeouay (aaainiaay) iieaoa ii eiii?oiui aeiaiai?ai (eiio?aeoai) ?aceaeaioia, ca iaeioi?uie eneeth/aiey^ ie, ia aeieaeia i?aauoaoue 20 i?ioeaioia io noieiinoe aeiaiai?a (eiio?aeoa) i?e oneiaee, /oi oeacaiiay noiia ia i?aauoaao 100 oun. Aeieea?IA NOA (eeai yeaeaaeaio yoie noiiu a, aeth oie aaethoa). Anee aaainiaue ieaoaae i?aauoaao w v “> oia io noieiinoe aeiaiai?a (eiio?aeoa) eeai Oeaca™^^UO^ noiio, ia?a/eneaiea n?aaenoa iiaeao auoue inouanoaeaii ii niaeaniaaieth n Iaoeeiiaeueiui aaieii Oe?aeiu.
Ii?yaeie iieo/aiey e?aaeeoia a eiino?aiiie aaethoa io eiino?aiiuo e?aaeeoi?ia
A ioee/ea io aaenaey, /aea, aee?aaeeoeaa e eieanni i?eiaiyaiua a noa?a iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai e?aaeeoa °?*™™?%™?? oi?iu (aaieianeay aeaiiceoiay naeaeea eae oi?ia e?aaeeoiaa iey, i?aaeinoaaeaiea e?aaeeoa a oi?ia «e?aaeeoiie.yeiee» e Ae?.) ia yaeythony iauaeoii th?eaee/aneie ?aaeaiaioaoeee (eae iaaeaeoia?iaeiie, oae e iaoeeiiaeueii-i?aaiaie), ioiioaieyo i?e i?eiaiaiee oaeeo oi?i e?aie-“-?iiaieo/eouaathony neiaeeaoeany «iaienaiua
Uai?eiyoay iaaeaeoia?iaeiay i?aeoeea), ei™?”a ninoaa.
a niioaaonoaothuaa niaeaoaiea (naeaeeo) e noaiiayony ninoaa
iie /anoueth niaeaoaiey.
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i ?ani?ino?aiaiey i?aaee aioo?aiiae oa??eoi
A iiaenoaeiinoe — ii oaeie nenoaia ii?aaeaeyaony iiae.1
iai?eia?, ii aeaeai n eiino?aiiui yeaiaioia
a oO ‘ ,,?eciaeo «i?enoonoaey» ioaao/eea, eioi?ia oieeo •” “\ oe?iei, iiaenoaeiinoue ii?aaeaeyaony, iai?eia?, a R
aaa*1
iaei ?iee, eae e aii?in, i?iaeeaaao ee eiino?ai-caeanue iinoiyiii eee iaoiaeeony eeoue ianeieue-
*
.0ia ?aaoee?iaaiea iaaeaeoia?iaeiie eiiiaoaioeee 3 tfix ooaoao NOA oaeaea enoiaeeo ec iiaeiaiuo i?aae-
OU?
a oii
n*iai
**
oiiiaeaoaeuenoao auaoeo nithciuo ?anioaeee, Oe?aeiu, iauei i?aaeeii ii?aaeaeaiey iiaenoaeiinoe e i?aaeuyaeaiea enea a noaea ii ianoo aeeoaeuenoaa io-[%*. Ii nii?ai iaaeaeo oece/aneeie eeoeaie, i?iaeeaa-“aa ?acee/iuo no?aiao NIA, enee, eae iauaa i?aaeei, E e#thony a no?aia, aaea ioaao/ee eiaao ianoi aeeoaeuenoaa, 1A th?eaee/aneei eeoeai i?aaeuyaeythony a noaeu no?aiu, ^i?ee eioi?ie iaoiaeeony i?aai oi?aaeaiey th?eaee-? ^yoea, aai i?aaenoaaeoaeuenoai eeai oeeeae (i.1 no.20 a{1e «I i?aaiaie iiiiue e i?aaiauo ioiioaieyo ii , naiaeiui e oaieiaiui aeaeai» io 22 yiaa?y . A niioaaonoaee n caeeth/aiiui no?aiaie NIA 1993 a. Niaeaoaieai i ii?yaeea ?ac?aoaiey nii?ia, o n inouanoaeaieai oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe, ii
?oiai i?aaeea nouanoaotho eneeth/aiey. Ni., iai?eia?: *aoe? Aeae-> _’ N-23.
ttoffi rtiecTBjioT oaeaea niaoeeaeueiua i?aaeea i iiaenoaeiinoe, aiciiaeiinoue ** No^aa?EAaaony no.424(1) AIE Oe?aeiu («Iiaenoaeiinoue noaeai Oe?ay-o”?*1O °aeaeeo Eae ii nii?ai, a eioi?uo i?eieiatho o/anoea eiino?aiiu6 e (.?»aeae aeeoea aac a?aaeaeainoaa, eiino?aiiua i?aaei?eyoey e i?aaiecaoeey, i oaia, aeii?ai, a eioi?uo oioy au iaeia ec noi?ii i?iaeeaaao ca a?aieoeae* i°(;y caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii Oe?aeiu»). Oae, niaeanii /.a no.197 EiAN ‘
* Niaeaoaiey noi?ii ia o?aaoaony, anee a?aeo?aae i?eieiaao e ?anniio?aieth aeaei a neeo iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai aeiaiai?a. Iai?eia?, niaeanii i.Ue) /.2 no.9 Aeiaiai?a iaaeaeo Oe?aeiie e ?anioaeeeie Aano?ey i niaeaenoaee e acaeiiie caueoa eiaanoeoeee ?anniio?aiea ethaiai nii?a iaaeaeo iaeiie Aeiaiaa?eaathuaeny Noi?iiie e eiaanoi?ii ae?oaie Aeiaiaa?eaathuaeny Noi?iiu aiciiaeii a A?aeo?aaeiii O?eaoiaea, ninoiyuai ec o?ao a?aeo?ia, niaeanii i?aaeeai UNCITRAL aeaaea aac iaee/ey a?aeo?aaeiiai niaeaoaiey iaaeaeo Aeiaiaa?eaathuaeny Noi?iiie e eiaanoi?ii.
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?anniio?aiea nii?ia a ii?yaeea a?aeo?aaea
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Ianoi i?iaaaeaiey canaaeaiee noaea (ai?iae). sscue (ycuee) a?aeo?aaeiiai ?acae?aoaeuenoaa (oe?aei. neee, ?onneee, eiie)». Iniaaiiinoueth caeeth/aiiiai a?aeo?aaeiiai niaeaoaiey yaeyaony oi, /oi iii iaycaoaeueii aeey noi?ii e oeeiieoueny io ia?aaea/e nii?a a?aeo?aaeo iie ia iiaoo. Noae, eae i?aaeei, i« ai?aaa ie ioiaieoue a?aeo?aaeiia niaeaoaiea, ie ia?aniio?ao$ ii nouanoao ?aoaiea a?aeo?aaea. Yoi i?aaeei iieo/eei cae ?aieaiea a caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa e noaeaaiie i?aeoeea ?acee/iuo ainoaea?noa.
A i?eioeeia ana a?aeo?aaee ?aoatho i?aaiaua nii?u a nayce n iaaeaeoia?iaeiui yeiiiie/aneei iauaieai ia i?aaiaie iniiaa, e yoi aeaeaaony aeaaea oiaaea, eiaaea ?a/ue a aeiaiai?a eaeao i niia?aaeaieyo ni?aaaaeeeainoe, eee iiethaiaiie naeaeea, eee iaiai?ea i aeaeaioeueiaineii iiaeoiaea.
Iiyoiio a?aeo?aaeiie iaiai?eie iaeuecy i?aiaa?a/ue ecaanoiuie i?eioaeeoaeueiuie i?aaeeaie i?aaiii?yaeea, eioi?ue nai ii naaa neoaeeo ?aoathuei. Yoi, iai?eia?, i?aaeea, eioi?ua a iaeioi?uo neo/ayo cai?auatho iiae/eiyoueny eiino?aiiiio a?aeo?aaeiiio noaeo.
I?e oi?ioee?iaaiee a?aeo?aaeiie iaiai?ee neaaeoao o/anoue, /oi iinoiyiiua a?aeo?aaee eiatho oaa?aeua i?aaeea i?iaaaeaiey i?ioeannia (i?ioeannoaeueiua ii?iu ainoaea?noaa i?aauaaiey yoeo a?aeo?aaeae), oaaeeoeu ecaea?aeae, a oaeaea ai iiiaeo neo/ayo nienie a?aeo?ia, a eioi?ue aianaiu eeoea, ii naiae eaaeeoeeaoeee e ee/iui aeaiiui iiaeoiaeyuea aeey ?iee a?aeo?ia. Eniieueciaaiea aea niaoeeaeueiuo a?aeo?aaeae ianeieueei o?oaeiaa. A niaeaoaiee ia yoii oeia a?aeo?aaea neaaeoao o/anoue ?yae aii?inia (oei e iaoiae ia?aciaaiey a?aeo?aaea niioaaonoaothuaai e?oaa aeaenoaey, ianoi ?anniio?aiey aeae, ycue e o.i.), o.a. oi, /oi ca?aiaa ecaanoii a neo/aa eniieueciaaiey iinoiyiiiai a?aeo?aaea.
Aeey iaeaa/aiey nicaeaiey niaoeeaeueiiai a?aeo?aaea iaeioi?ua iaaeaeoia?iaeiua i?aaiecaoeee ?ac?aaioaee e iioaeeeiaaee ia?acoeiaua a?aeo?aaeiua i?aaeea. Nnueea ia yoe i?aaeea a a?aeo?aaeiii niaeaoaiee ono?aiyao iaiaoiaeeiinoue ?ac?aaioee iiiaeo aeaoaeae — i?aeoe/anee inoaaony eeoue ii?aaeaeeoue ianoi ?anniio?aiey aeaea e auianaiey ?aoaiey-E?iia yoiai, neaaeoao o/eouaaoue, /oi a eiiiaoaioeee ainoaea?noaaiiiai a?aeo?aaeiiai noaea a Oe?aeia iaoiaeeony ?anniio?aiea eneia:
1) eiaaea i?e iaee/ee a?aeo?aaeiie iaiai?ee ioaao/ee i?aauaaao ia oa??eoi?ee Oe?aeiu, ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee»
Aaea?one, A?iaiee, Ocaaeenoaia, Eacaonoaia, Ee?aecnoaia (oae eae aeey yoeo ainoaea?noa anooieei a neeo Niaeaoaiea i ii?yaeea ?ac?aoaiey nii?ia, naycaiiuo n inouanoaeaieai oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe io 20 ia?oa 1992 a.) (i.2 no.4 niaeaoaiey). Eae ?acuyniyao Aunoee a?aeo?aaeiue noae Oe?aeiu, a niioaaonoaee n yoei ioieoii noauaeou aiaoiayeiiiie/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe ainoaea?noa-o/anoieeia NIA i?e caeeth/aiee eiio?aeoia iiaoo aeiaiai?eoueny* i ia?aaea/a nii?a ia ?ac?aoaiea eiiiaoaioiiai noaea ethaiai ainoaea?noaa, iiaeienaaoaai niaeaoaiea: a?aeo?aaeiiai, o?aoaeneiai, IEAN i?e OII Oe?aeiu e o.i. I?e ionoonoaee a eiio?aeoa oaeie iaiai?ee nii? iiaeeaaeeo ?ac?aoaieth a?aeo?aaeiui noaeii**.
2) e iinoaaueeo, iaoiaeyuaiony a Oe?aeia. (Iniiaaieai aeey caeeth/aiey aeiaiai?a iinoaaee yaeyaony ecaauaiea i i?ee?aieaiee iieoiaoaey e iinoaaueeo, auaeaaaaiia i?aaiii, eioi?ue ?aaoee?oao iinoaaee aeey ainoaea?noaaiiuo ioaeae (i. i. 10—14 Niaeaoaiey «Ia iaueo oneiaeyo iinoaaee oiaa?ia iaaeaeo i?aaiecaoeeyie no?ai — o/anoieoe Niae?oaeanoaa Iacaaeneiuo Ainoaea?noa io 20.03.92 a.);
3) eneia e oe?aeineei ioaao/eeai e a iaeioi?uo ae?oaeo neo/ayo***, IEAN aea i?eieiaao e ?anniio?aieth aiaoiayeiiiie/aneea nii?u, ioaao/eeaie a eioi?uo aunooiatho ia?oia?u e ec no?ai aeaeueiaai ca?oaaaeuey, iacaaeneii io oiai, yaeythony ee iie th?eaee/aneeie eee oece/aneeie eeoeaie****.
A niioaaonoaee ni no. 1 Caeiia Oe?aeiu «I iaaeaeoia?iaeiii eiiia?/aneii a?aeo?aaea» a yoio a?aeo?aae iiaoo ii niaeaoaieth noi?ii ia?aaeaaaoueny:
1) nii?u ec aeiaiai?iuo e ae?oaeo a?aaeaeainei-i?aaiauo ioiioaiee, aicieeathuea i?e inouanoaeaiee aiaoiaoi?aiauo e eiuo aeaeia iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo yeiiiie/aneeo naycae, anee eiiia?/aneia i?aaei?eyoea oioy au iaeiie ec noi?ii iaoiaeeony ca a?aieoeae;
2) nii?u i?aaei?eyoee n eiino?aiiuie eiaanoeoeeyie e iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo iauaaeeiaiee e i?aaiecaoeee, nicaeaiiuo
* E?iia neo/aaa eneeth/eoaeueiie eiiiaoaioeee, i?aaeoniio?aiiuo a i.C, 4 yoie aea noaouee.
** ?acuyniaiea ? 01-6/1025 io 21.09.93 a. «I iaeioi?uo aii?inao iiaeaaaeiinoaaiiinoe e iiaenoaeiinoe aeae ii nii?ai n o/anoeai eiino?aiiuo noauaeoia oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe».
*** Iiae?iaiaa ni. no.4 oeacaiiiai Niaeaoaiey.
**** IEAN eiaao e ae?oaea iniaaiiinoe. Oae, a ioee/ea io A?aeo?aaeiiai i?ioeannoaeueiiai eiaeaena Oe?aeiu ie Caeii «I IEAN», ie ?aaeaiaio IEAN ia i?aaeoniao?eaatho i?aaa i?ieo?i?ia ia?auaoueny a IEAN n eneiauie cayaeaieyie.
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ia oa??eoi?ee Oe?aeiu, iaaeaeo niaie, nii?u iaaeaeo eo o/anoieeaie, a ?aaii eo nii?u n ae?oaeie noauaeoaie i?aaa Oe?aeiu;
3) nii?u, ioianaiiua e th?enaeeeoeee auoaoeacaiiiai a?aeo?aaea a neeo iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo aeiaiai?ia Oe?aeiu.
A oi aea a?aiy oeacaiiue Caeii ia niaea?aeeo eaeeo-eeai ia?aie/aiee a ioiioaiee ianoa oaeiai a?aeo?aaea (ni., iai?eia?, ii?aaeaeaiea oa?ieia «a?aeo?aae» a /. 1 no. 2 Caeiia). Yoi icia/aao, /oi oe?aeineia i?aaei?eyoea ii niaeaoaieth ia a?aeo?aaea n eiino?aiiui ia?oia?ii iiaeao ia?aaeaoue nii? eae ia ?anniio?aiea iinoiyiii aeaenoaothueo a Oe?aeia a?aeo?aaeae, oae e ia ?anniio?aiea ethaiai eiiai iinoiyiiiai a?aeo?aaea eee a?aeo?aaea ad hoc.
Eaaeaeia a?aeo?aaeiia niaeaoaiea ia i?aaiecaoeee a?aeo?aaeiiai noaea ii aeaeo, ioiinyuaiony e I*I, aeieaeii oeacuaaoue ainoaea?noai, ii iaoa?eaeueiui, eieeeceiiiui, a oaeaea, ii aiciiaeiinoe, i?ioeannoaeueiui ii?iai eioi?iai a?aeo?aaeiue noae aeieaeai ?aoaoue aeaei.
Anee, iaeiaei, a?aeo?aaeiia niaeaoaiea, eae yoi ii/oe anaaaea auaaao, ie/aai ia aiai?eo i i?aaa, iiaeeaaeauai i?eiaiaieth, oi, neaaeiaaoaeueii, a?aeo?aaeiue noae nai aeieaeai ?aoeoa aeaiiue aii?in. Aicieeaao ie n /ai ia n?aaieiay aeiaieueii naiaia?aciay neooaoeey. Caaea/ae eaaeaeiai a?aeo?aaeiiai noaea yaeyaony a yoii neo/aa i?eaycea ia e iaoa?eaeueiui, a e eieeeceiiiui ii?iai1.
Anee a?aeo?aaeiay iaiai?ea ii eaeie-eeai i?e/eia ia naeaeaia, eiiiaoaioeey a?aeo?aaea e i?eiaieiia iaoa?eaeueiia i?aai iiaoo auoaeaoue ec iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai niaeaoaiey.
I?eia?ii iiaeiaiiai ?iaea iiaeao neoaeeoue i. 16.1.1. §1 IOI NYA — Oeieyiaeey, a eioi?ii aiai?eony: «Nii?u, aicieeathuea ec eiio?aeoa eee a nayce n iei, ia iiaeeaaeao iiaenoaeiinoe iaueo noaeia, a aeieaeiu auoue ?ac?aoaiu a a?aeo?aaeiii ii?yaeea». E aeaeaa: «E ioiioaieyi noi?ii ii oai aii?inai, eioi?ua ia o?aaoee?iaaiu eiio?aeoii eee ianoiyueie Iaueie oneiaeyie iinoaaie, i?eiaiyaony iaoa?eaeueiia i?aai no?aiu i?iaeaaoea» (oai^aea, i. 16.2.1.).
Aini?iecaiaey i. 3 no. II Iueth-Ei?eneie eiiaaioeee, Caeii Oe?aeiu «I iaaeaeoia?iaeiii eiiia?/aneii a?aeo?aaeiii noaea» i?aaeoniao?eaaao, /oi a neo/aa noaeaaiiai enea ii nooe o?aaiaaiee, eioi?ua ioaaouaathony a?aeo?aaeiui niaeaoaieai, noae ii i?inueaa iaeiie ec noi?ii aeieaeai iai?aaeoue noi?iiu
a a?aeo?aae, anee oieueei «ia i?eciaao, /oi yoi a?aeo?aaeiia niaeaoaiea yaeyaony iaaeaenoaeoaeueiui, oo?aoeei neeo eeai ia iiaeao auoue eniieiaii» (i. 1 no. 8 Caeiia).
Oae, Aunoee a?aeo?aaeiue noae Oe?aeiu (aeaeaa — AAN) ?anniio?ae aeaei ii eneo ec?aeeueneie oe?iu «K.P.I» e iauaaeeiaieth «Oe?oa?iaoeey» i acuneaiee 278 584 aeieea?ia NOA — noieiinoe iaaeeeaiaioia, iinoaaeyaiuo ii eiio?aeoo. AAN aicaoaeee i?iecaiaenoai ii aeaeo, i?ioea /aai ioaao/ee eaoaai?e/anee aic?aaeae, iioeae?oy naith iiceoeeth oai, /oi aiaoiayeiiiie/aneee eiio?aeo niaea?aeae a?aeo?aaeioth iaiai?eo, a niioaaonoaee n eioi?ie «iaa noi?iiu cayaeytho i naiai iaia?aiee ?aoaoue ana nii?u ia iniiaa iaithaeiiai niaeaney. A neo/aa, anee niaeaney ia oaeaeinue aeinoe/ue, ieii/aoaeueiia ?aoaiea i?eieiaao Iaaeaeoia?iaeiue eiiia?/aneee noae i?e OII Oe?aeiu». Enoiaey ec oeacaiiiai e a niioaaonoaee n i. 1 no. 8 Caeiia Oe?aeiu «I iaaeaeoia?iaeiii eiiia?/aneii a?aeo?aaea» e i. 1 no. 80 AIE Oe?aeiu, AAN ii?aaeaeaieai io 10 aeaeaa-j ?y 1996 a. i?ae?aoee i?iecaiaenoai ii aeaeo e iai?aaee noi?iiu a Iaaeaeoia?iaeiue eiiia?/aneee a?aeo?aaeiue noae.
4. I?eciaiea e eniieiaiea a?aeo?aaeiuo ?aoaiee
Iaeniieiaiiua eiino?aiiua noaeaaiua ?aoaiey ii?iaeaeatho neiaeiua aii?inu I*I.
N i?eiyoeai noaeaaiiai ?aoaiey nii?iia aeaei noaiiaeony res indicata, o.a. ii oie aea naiie i?aoaicee iaeuecy aiiaue ie neooaoue aeaei, ie i?eieiaoue iiaia ?aoaiea. A?aeo?aaeiue i?ioeann ninoieo i?eioeeieaeueii ec iaeiie einoaioeee. Ia nouanoaoao ia?aniio?ia aeae ie a i?ioeanna n i?eiaiaieai noaeaaiuo i?aaiauo n?aaenoa, ie a eannaoeeiiiii i?ioeanna. A?aeo?aaeiia ?aoaiea eiaao iineaaenoaey i?aaiaiai noaeaaiiai ?aoaiey.
I auianaiiii ?aoaiee a?aeo?aae niiauaao noi?iiai a ienueiaiiii aeaea. ?aoaiea a?aeo?aaea ieii/aoaeueii e ia iiaeao inia?eaaoueny ii nouanoao, noi?iiu iaycaiu iiae/eieoueny aio. Anee ?aoaiea a?aeo?aaea ia eniieiyaony aeia?iaieueii, iii iiaeao auoue i?eaaaeaii a eniieiaiea a i?eioaeeoaeueiii ii?yaeea.
Ainoaea?noaa, iiaeienaaoea Iueth-Ei?eneoth eiiaaioeeth, iaycaiu i?eaiaeeoue a eniieiaiea eiino?aiiua a?aeo?aaeiua ?aoaiey a niioaaonoaee n ii?iaie oie no?aiu, aaea aeieaeii auoue eniieiaii ?aoaiea a?aeo?aaea.
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Iaaeaeoia?iaeiia /anoiia npaiqJ
?anniio?aiea nii?ia • ii?yaeea a?aeo?aaea
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Ai O? aioeee aeey i?eioaeeoaeueiiai eniieiaiey eiino?aiiiai a?ae o?aaeiiai ?aoaiey o?aaoaony ?anii?yaeaiea i?aaenaaeaoaey a? -^aeaeaineiai noaea ii ianoo aai eniieiaiey, eioi?ue ?anniao?eaaao eeoue oi?iaeueioth i?aaeeueiinoue ?aoaiey e aeiionoeiinoue eniieiaiey n oi/ee c?aiey o?aioeocneiai «iaae-aeoia?iaei*yai ioaee/iiai ii?yaeea» (no. 1498 AE).
A Aae aeeia?eoaiee ii Aeoo ia a?aeo?aaea 1950 aiaea eiino?aiiia a?aeo?aaeiia ?aoaiea iiaeeaaeeo i?eioaeeoaeueiiio eniieiai: eth a Aaeeeia?eoaiee, anee iii ninoiyeinue ia iniiaa aeaenoa eoaeueiiai a?aeo?aaeiiai niaeaoaiey. E?iia yoiai, caeiiiaeaoaeueiua iinoaiiaeaiey i i?eioaeeoaeueiii eniieiaiee eiino?aiiuo a?aeo?aaeiuo ?aoaiee niaea?aeaony a Caeiia ia a?aeo?aaea 1975 aiaea, a Caeiia ia ioi?aaeaiee i?aainoaeey 1920 aiaea, a Caeiia i acaeiiii eniieiaiee noaeaaiuo ?aoaiee 1©33 aiaea, a Caeiia ia a?aeo?aaea (iaaeaeoia?iaeiua eiaanoei.eiiiua nii?u) 1966 aiaea.
A NO-A i?eioeei i?eciaiey th?eaee/aneie neeu a?aeo?aaeiuo niaeaoaiee eeoue n o?oaeii i?iaeaaao naaa iooue.
Eaoea^iaia?eeaineea no?aiu oaeaea n aieueoei o?oaeii eaeoo ia i?eciaiea eiino?aiiuo a?aeo?aaeiuo niaeaoaiee, a oaeaea ana?eciaiea e eniieiaiea ?aoaiee eiino?aiiuo a?-aeo?aaea*e- Iie?aynue ia iieiaeaiey naieo eiinoeoooeee, iie aeaeyo a eiino?aiiii a?aeo?aaeiii i?ioeanna aeaenoaea, ia-i?aaeai?*°a ia io?ua nianoaaiiiai a?aaeaeaieia, ianoiie oi?iu io EO- noaeuee, iacia/aiiiai ii Eiinoeoooeee.
A niioaaonoaee n iii?aaeaie e noaoueyi 348 e 349 AIE Oe?aeiu, aa?eiyoueoe Caeiiii io 15.02.95 a., ?aoaiey IEAN e IAE I1>e OII Oe?aeiu eiatho neeo ?aoaiee ainoaea?noaaiiuo noaeia. Neaaeoao iiae/a?eiooue, /oi eiaiii ?aoaiea yaeyaony eniieieoaeueiui aeieoiaioii, a iiyoiio o?aaiaaiea ainoaea?noaaiiuo noaeia ia?aie einoaioeee ia ecaeaiee i?eeaca a ioiioaiee aai eniieiaiey, eioi?ia eiiaaea eiaao ianoi, yaeyaoa.** iai?aaiia?iui. Ie IEAN, ie IAE i?e OII Oe?aeiue»! ia ecaeaao e ia iiaeao ecaeaaaoue oaeiai i?eeaca. Acuneaiea inouanoaeyaony ia iniiaaiee naiiai ?aoaiey-Anee aeieaeiee i?aauaaao ca i?aaeaeaie Oe?aeiu, cayaeoaeue ion^ueaao ienueiaiiia oiaeaoaenoai eiiiaoaioiiio noaeo a no?aia i?aauaaiey aeieaeieea e, niaeanii no. III Iueth-Ei?eneie eiiaaioeee 1958 aiaea eee eiiio iaaeainoaea?noaaiiiio aeiaiai?o» ainoaea?noaaiiue noae aeiaiaa?eaathuaeny no?aiu i?eciaa-o e i?eaiaeeo a eniieiaiea ?aoaiea IEAN a niioaaonoaee n i?ioeannoaeueiui caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii no?aiu, aaea inouanoaeyaony i?eciaiea e aaea aoaeoo auiieiyoueny yoe ?aoaiiay-
N?ie i?aaeuyaeaiey ?aoaiey e i?eioaeeoaeueiiio eniieiaieth a naiie Iueth-Ei?eneie eiiaaioeee ia ii?aaeaeai. Ii ii?aaeaeyaony, ii iauaio i?aaeeo, a niioaaonoaee n caeiiii ianoa eniieiaiey ?aoaiey. A Oe?aeia, eae e a aieueoeinoaa no?ai auaoaai NNN?,— yoi o?e aiaea n iiiaioa anooieaiey ?aoaiey a neeo, a NOA — o?e aiaea iinea iauyaeaiey ?aoaiey, a Aaeeeia?eoaiee — oanoue eao io aeaou, eiaaea noi?iia, ociaaoay i iaiaoiaeeiinoe aeia?iaieueiiai eniieiaiey ?aoaiey, ia eniieieea aai.
Iniiaaiey aeey ioeaca a eniieiaiee ?aoaiee IEAN i?e OII, eae e ?aoaiee iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai eiiia?/aneiai a?aeo?aaea eiuo no?ai, eiino?aiiuie ainoaea?noaaiiuie noaeaie en/a?iuaathua ii?aaeaeaiu a no. V auoaoiiiyiooie Iueth-Ei?eneie eiiaaioeee.
E iei ioiinyony, a /anoiinoe, anee eiiiaoaioiua i?aaiu ianoa eniieiaiey iaeaeoo, /oi i?aaeiao nii?a ia iiaeao auoue ?anniio?ai a a?aeo?aaea (iiaeeaaeeo ?anniio?aieth a ainoaea?noaaiiii noaea), eea i?eciaiea e i?eaaaeaiea ?aoaiey a eniieiaiea i?ioeai?a/ao ioaee/iiio ii?yaeeo aeaiiie no?aiu. A eniieiaiee a?aeo?aaeiiai ?aoaiey iiaeao auoue ioeacaii a neo/aa, anee noi?iia, i?ioea eioi?ie i?eiyoi ?aoaiea, aeieaaeao, /oi ?anniio?aiea a a?aeo?aaea i?ioiaeeei n ia?ooaieai i?ioeaaeo?u (iaiaaeeaaeauaa oaaaeiieaiea noi?ii e ae?.) eee /oi a?aeo?aaeiia niaeaoaiea iaaeaenoaeoaeueii eee ionoonoaiaaei aiiaua. E?iia oiai, nouanoaotho no?aiu, caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai eioi?uo na?ueacii ineiaeiyao niaethaeaiea iieiaeaiee Iueth-Ei?eneie eiiaaioeee, oioy iie yaeythony o/anoieoeaie iineaaeiae. Yoi, a /anoiinoe, Eieoiaey, Ne?ey, Eiaeey, Eiaeiiacey, Iaeenoai, Oaicaiey, Oaeeaiae, Oo?oeey e ?yae ae?oaeo.
?aoaiea IEAN i?e OII yaeyaony ieii/aoaeueiui. Aai iiaeii inii?eoue oieueei iooai i?aaenoaaeaiey noi?iiie aei ieii/aiey o?ao ianyoeaa ni aeiy aai iieo/aiey oiaeaoaenoaa i aai ioiaia a Eeaaneee ai?iaeneie noae (i. 9.1.-9.3. ?aaeaiaioa IEAN).
*oi eanaaony Ii?neie a?aeo?aaeiie eiiennee i?e OII, oi ec-ca ionoonoaey i?aeoeee aiaeec aa aeayoaeueiinoe iiea /oi iaaiciiaeai1.
E?iia iiiainoi?iiieo eiiaaioeee, eniieiaiea ?aoaiee a?aeo?aaea ?aaoee?oaony aeaonoi?iiieie aeiaiai?aie, eioi?ua oiaea iiaoo i?aaeoniao?eaaoue iniiaaiey aeey ioeaca a eniieiaiee a?aeo?aaeiuo ?aoaiee. Anee no?aiu, eiio?aaaiou ec
1 Iia1?/aaei I.— N. 60.
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eioi?uo auioaeaeaiu auee ia?aoeoueny a a?aeo?aae, eiatho aeaonoi?iiiee aeiaiai?, i?aaeoniao?eaathuee aieueoaa /enei iniiaaiee aeey ioeaca a eniieiaiee ?aoaiee a?aeo?aaea, /ai, iai?eia?, Iueth-Ei?eneay eiiaaioeey, oi noi?iia, i?ioea eioi?ie i?eiyoi a?aeo?aaeiia ?aoaiea, aoaeao aeiaeaaoueny iieo/aiey yecaeaaoo?u a niioaaonoaee n aeaonoi?iiiei aeiaiai?ii, aeathuae ae aieueoa eueaio.
No?aiu, ia o/anoaothuea a Iueth-Ei?eneie eiiaaioeee, iieo/atho yecaeaaoo?o a niioaaonoaee n aeaonoi?iiieie aeiaiai?aie, a i?e ionoonoaee oaeiauo a niioaaonoaee n iaoeeiiaeueiui caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii.
Iaiau/aeii auno?ia ?acaeoea iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai oi?aiaiai a?aeo?aaea i?eaaei e oiio, /oi iienaiey iaoeeiiaeueiuo i?aaiauo nenoai a yoie noa?a nei?i onoa?aaatho, eae, iai?eia?, ecaeaiiue iinea 1956 aiaea iiae iie?iaeoaeuenoaii Iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai nithca aaeaieaoia o?aooiiiee «Iaaeaeoia?iaeiue eiiia?/aneee a?aeo?aae». Nia?aiaiiue o?iaaiue caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa, noaeii?iecaiaenoaa e i?aeoeee a?aeo?aaea oeene?oaony a io/aoao ii no?aiai, ioaeeeoaiui a aaeaaiaeieeao Iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai niaaoa oi?aiaiai a?aeo?aaea (EEEA). A yoeo aaeaaiaeieeao niaea?aeaony oaeaea a?aeo?aaeiua ?aoaiey, a?aeo?aaeiua i?aaeea, iaoeeiiaeueiua caeiiu ia a?aeo?aaea, noaeaaiua ?aoaiey ii Iueth-Ei?eneie eiiaaioeee i i?eciaiee e eniieiaiee ?aoaiee eiino?aiiuo a?aeo?aaeae e nienie ioaeeeaoeee ii aii?inai a?aeo?aaea.
I?AEOE*ANEEA NIAAOU II I?EIAIAIETH I*I
1. Aeiaiai?iua oneiaey i?eiaiaiey I*I niaea?aeaony a neaaeothueo aeiaiai?ao (i?eaiaeyony a ea/anoaa i?eia?a)
* i?aainiiniaiinoue e aeaaniiniaiinoue a?aaeaeai — a aeiaiai?ao i i?aaiaie iiiiue;
» i?aaiaia iieiaeaiea eiino?aioeaa — a oi?aiauo aeiaiai?ao, eiinoeueneeo eiiaaioeeyo, aeiaiai?ao i i?aaiaie iiiiue, ii aii?inai iaeiaiiaeiaeaiey;
« i?eciaiea th?eaee/aneeo eeoe ae?oaeo no?ai, ii?aaeaeaiea eo iaoeeiiaeueiinoe — a oi?aiauo aeiaiai?ao;
» i?aaiaie ?aaeei niaianoiuo i?aaei?eyoee — a niaeaoaieyo i ?acaeoee iiauo oi?i yeiiiie/aneiai nio?oaeie/anoaa, a niaeaoaieyo i ii?yaeea nicaeaiey e iniiaiuo i?eioeeiao aeayoaeueiinoe niaianoiuo i?aaei?eyoee, iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo iauaaeeiaiee e i?aaiecaoeee;
* i?aai nianoaaiiinoe — a oi?aiauo aeiaiai?ao, eiinoeueneeo eiiaaioeeyo, niaeaoaieyo i iaeiaiiaeiaeaiee; a niaeaoaieyo ia o?aaoee?iaaiee acaeiiuo oeiainiauo e eiouanoaaiiuo i?aoaicee; a niaeaoaieyo i caueoa e iiiu?aiee eiaanoeoeee;
» aiaoiaoi?aiaua naeaeee — a iaueo oneiaeyo iinoaaee;
» aaoi?neia i?aai —aniaeaoaieyoi acaeiiieio?aia aaoi?neeo i?aa;
» io?aia ecia?aoaiee — a niaeaoaieyo i i?iiuoeaiiie nianoaaiiinoe;
» aeaeeeoiay ioaaonoaaiiinoue— a aeiaiai?ao i i?aaiaie iiiiue;
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» iaiai eioi?iaoeeae ii i?aaiaui aii?inai — a aeiaiai?a n E?aeii;
» caeeth/aiea a?aea — a aeiaiai?ao i i?aaiaie iiiiue n Aueaoiaiii, *aoineiaaeeae;
» eiinoeueneea a?aee — a eiinoeueneeo eiiaaioeeyo;
» iioa?eaeueiua aeaenoaey — a aeiaiai?ao i i?aaiaie iiiiue;
» ?anoi?aeaiea a?aea — a aeiaiai?ao i i?aaiaie iiiiue, eiinoeueneeo eiiaaioeeyo;
» ioiioaiey iaaeaeo noi?oaaie — a aeiaiai?ao i i?aaiaie iiiiue n Aaia?eae, Aieaa?eae e Iieueoae;
» onoaiiaeaiea iooeianoaa — a aeiaiai?ao i i?aaiaie iiiiue;
« i?aaiioiioaiey iaaeaeo ?iaeeoaeyie e aeaoueie — a aeiaiai?ao i i?aaiaie iiiiue n Aieaa?eae, Aaia?eae, EIAe?, ?oiuieae e Iieueoae;
• onuiiaeaiea — a eiinoeueneeo eiiaaioeeyo, a aeiaiai?ao i i?aaiaie iiiiue;
» auii?i/iia eiouanoai — a aeiaiai?ao i i?aaiaie iiiiue;
« iiaea e iiia/eoaeuenoai — a eiinoeueneeo eiiaaioeeyo, a aeiaiai?ao i i?aaiaie iiiiue;
» i?eiaiaiea i?aaa i?e ianeaaeiaaiee — a eiinoeueneeo eiiaaioeeyo, aeiaiai?ao i i?aaiaie iiiiue;
» o?oaeiaua i?aaa — a niaeaoaieyo i nioeeaeueiii iaania/aiee, a niaeaoaieyo ia iniiaiuo i?eioeeiao nicaeaiey e aeayoaeueiinoe niaianoiuo i?aaei?eyoee;
« iainee — a niaeaoaieyo i nioeeaeueiii iaania/aiee;
» inaiaiaeaeaiea io eaaaeecaoeee — a aeiaiai?ao i i?aaiaie iiiiue; a niaeaoaieyo ii aii?inai i?iiuoeaiiie nianoaaiiinoe;
• ii?aaeaeaiea iiaenoaeiinoe — a aeiaiai?ao i i?aaiaie iiiiue;
• i?ioeannoaeueiua i?aaa eiino?aioeaa — a aeiaiai?ao i i?aaiaie iiiiue, a eiinoeueneeo eiiaaioeeyo;
• noaeaaiua ii?o/aiey — a niaeaoaieyo ia eniieiaiee noaeaaiuo ii?o/aiee, aeiaiai?ao i i?aaiaie iiiiue;
* i?eciaiea e eniieiaiea ?aoaiee eiino?aiiuo noaeia — a aeiaiai?ao i i?aaiaie iiiiue;
» i?eciaiea a?aeo?aaeiuo niaeaoaiee — a oi?aiauo aeiaiai?ao, a aeiaiai?ao i i?aaiaie iiiiue;
» i?eciaiea e eniieiaiea eiino?aiiuo a?aeo?aaeiuo ?aoaiee — a aeiaiai?a i oi?aiaea e ii?aieaaaiee n EI?, a ae?oaeo oi?aiauo aeiaiai?ao.
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2. I?ioeann i?eiaiaiey eieeeceiiiuo ii?i
I?ioeann i?eiaiaiey eieeeceiiiuo ii?i ai iiiaii ioee/aaony io i?eiaiaiey ii?i iaoeeiiaeueiiai i?aaa. Ii aieaa neiaeai, eai io?aaeaao acaeiiaeaenoaea ?acee/iuo i?aaiauo nenoai, eiathueo cia/eoaeueiua iniaaiiinoe, e aeeth/aao a naay aeaa io/aoeeai iainiaeaiiua e ?acee/iua ii naiei i?aaiaui eiiiiiaioai noaaeee.
Ia ia?aie noaaeee iaiaoiaeeii auynieoue, i?eiaiyaony ee eieeeceiiiay ii?ia aiiaua, eaeay eiaiii e e i?aao eaeie no?aiu iia ionueaao. Caeanue aicieeatho neaaeothuea i?aaiaua aii?inu: ii?aaeaeaiea iaee/ey eieeeceiiiie ii?iu, acaeiiinoue, eaaeeoeeaoeey, iaoiae caeiia, ia?aoiay ionueea e ionueea e i?aao o?aoueae no?aiu.
Ii yoei aeaei ia en/a?iuaaaony, e i?aaii?eiaieoaeueiue i?ioeann i?iaeieaeaaony. Iinea oiai, eae ia?a/eneaiiua aii?inu auyniaiu e ?aoaiu, ianooiaao aoi?ay noaaeey — i?eiaiaiea i?aaa, e eioi?iio ionueaao eieeeceiiiay ii?ia. Oi/iaa, yoa noaaeey yaeyaony oaea i?eiaiaieai ia naiie eieeeceiiiie ii?iu, a ii?i iaoa?eaeueiiai i?aaa — iaoeeiiaeueiiai eee eiino?aiiiai. I?e yoii aicieeatho oaea eiua i?aaiaua aii?inu: iaiai?ea i ioaee/iii ii?yaeea e onoaiiaeaiea niaea?aeaiey eiino?aiiiai i?aaa.
Nienie eniieueciaaiiie eeoa?aoo?u
237
NIENIE ENIIEUeCIAAIIIE EEOA?AOO?U
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7. A1aoi A. Oeea1eueia i?ioeanoaeueia i?aaicaeaoonoue oa oee-eeueia i?ioeanoaeueia aeAeacaeaoi1noue oicaiieo in!a // I?aai Oe?aoe.— 1999.— ? 10.— N.86-89.
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26. Ei?aoeeee A.I. Eca?aiiua o?oaeu: A 2 ei./AI ONN?. Ei-o ainoaea?noaa e i?aaa; ?aaeeie.: A.I. Aeaienia (ae. ?aae.) e ae?.— E.: Iaoe, aeoiea, 1989.— Ei.2.— 1989.— 416 n.
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238
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239
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32. Iaaeaeoia?iaeiay caueoa i?aa e naiaiae /aeiaaea: Na. aeieoiaioia.— I.: TH?eae. eeo., 1990.— 672n.
33. Iaaeaeoia?iaeiia ii?neia i?aai.— I.: Ecae-ai OAeI, 1988.— 288n.
34. Iaaeaeoia?iaeiia ii?neia i?aai: Ni?aai/iee.— I.: Ai-aiecaeao, 1985.— 430 n.
35. Iaaeaeoia?iaeiia oi?aiaia i?aai: Iaeioi?ua aii?inu oai?ee e i?aeoeee.— I.: Iaaeaeoia?. ioiioaiey, 1979.— 272n.
36. Iaaeaeoia?iaeiia /anoiia i?aai: O/aa. iiniaea / Nino. Ae.A. Caaeuoaeei.— X.: Eiinoi, 1998.— 752 n.
37. Iaaeaeoia?iaeiia /anoiia i?aai / Iiae iau. ?aae. A.E. Iaoaaaaa.— E.: Aeua oeiea, 1985.— 186n.
38. Iaaeaeoia?iaeiia /anoiia i?aai a eca?aiiuo aeieoiaioao / Nino. aeioe. A.A. Aeeeia.— I.: EII, 1961.— 335n.
39. Iaaeaeoia?iaeiia /anoiia i?aai: nia?aiaiiua i?iaeaiu.— I.: OAEN, 1994.— 507 n.
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42. Ii?eoei A.O. I!aeia?iaeia aeiiii!/ia i?aai: Oae?o/-iee.— E.: Eeaaaeue, 1995.— 192n.
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44. Ia?aoa?neee E.N. Nenoaia iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai /anoiiai i?aaa // Nia. ainoaea?noai e i?aai.— 1946.— ? 8-9.— N.17-31.
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57. Oaaeeiye E. Ii?iaoeai! aeoe Oe?aoe oa i iio?aae uiaei ?aaoethaaiiy ieoaiue th?enaeeeoeoiiai eioiaoaoo aea?aea-ae oa e i?aaoa // I?aai Oe?aoe.— 1999.— ? 2.— N.108-109.
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Niaea?aeaiea
241
18
NIAeA?AEAIEA
OAIA 1
Iiiyoea, i?aaeiao e nenoaia iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai /anoiiai i?aaa … 5
1. Iiiyoea iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai /anoiiai i?aaa …………… 5
2. Niaea?aeaiea iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai /anoiiai i?aaa …….. 14
3. Iaoiaeu e caaea/e iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai /anoiiai i?aaa . 15
4. Nenoaia iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai /anoiiai i?aaa …………. 16
OAIA 2
Enoi/ieee iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai /anoiiai i?aaa ……………………
1. Iauea caia/aiey ……………….•….-•–•-•••••••••-••••• 18
2. Aeaeu enoi/ieeia iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai /anoiiai i?aaa 19
3. Iaaeaeoia?iaeiua aeiaiai?u. …………………………… 19
4. Aioo?aiiaa caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai ……………………….. 27
5. Noaeaaiay e a?aeo?aaeiay i?aeoeea ………………… 31
6. Iau/ae ……………………….•••••••..•••••••••••••••••••••• 32
OAIA 3
Iauea iiiyoey iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai /anoiiai i?aaa ………………….33
1. Iaoa?eaeueii-i?aaiaua ii?iu a I*I. Aeaeu
iaoa?eaeueii-i?aaiauo ii?i…………. ……………… 33
2. Oieoeoee?iaaiiua ii?iu a I*I. Aeaeu
oieoeoee?iaaiiuo ii?i ……………………………… 34
3. Iiiyoea eieeeceiiiie ii?iu a I*I …………….. 37
4. Oeiu eieeeceiiiuo i?eaycie ……………………… 38
5. Aeaeu eieeeceiiiuo ii?i …………………………… 46
6. Aiaeec i?eiaiaiey eieeeceiiiie ii?iu. | Ii?aaeaeaiea iaee/ey eieeeceiiiie ii?iu. jj Acaeiiinoue. Eaaeeoeeaoeey. Iaoiae caeiia. Ia?aoiay ionueea. Ionueea e i?aao o?aoueae
…………………56
……………68
no?aiu ……………………..—•-•••
7. Iaiai?ea i ioaee/iii ii?yaeea
OAIA 4
A?aaeaeainei-i?aaiaia iieiaeaiea eiino?aioeaa …………………….74′
1. Iiiyoea e eeanneoeeaoeey eiino?aioeaa …………… 74
2. Aeaeu i?aaiauo ?aaeeiia, i?aaeinoaaeyaiuo
eiino?aioeai …………………………………………… 75
3. A?aaeaeaineay aeaaniiniaiinoue eiino?aioeaa ………… 80
OAIA 5
I?aaiaia iieiaeaiea th?eaee/aneeo eeoe ……………………………….82
1. O/anoea th?eaee/aneeo eeoe a iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo
yeiiiie/aneeo ioiioaieyo …………………………. 82
2. Ii?aaeaeaiea ainoaea?noaaiiie i?eiaaeeaaeiinoe
th?eaee/aneeo eeoe ……………………………………… 83
3. Eiino?aiiua th?eaee/aneea eeoea a Oe?aeia………. 86
OAIA 6
I?aaiaia iieiaeaiea ainoaea?noaa eae o/anoieea a?aaeaeainei-i?aaiauo ioiioaiee n eiino?aiiui yeaiaioii ………………90
1. Ainoaea?noai eae noauaeo eiouanoaaiiuo
ioiioaiee………………………………………………. 90
2. Eiioieoao ainoaea?noaa e aai aeaeu ………………… 91
3. I?aaiaie ?aaeei a?aaeaeainei-i?aaiauo naeaeie,
niaa?oaaiuo ainoaea?noaii ………………………….. 94
OAIA 7
I?aai nianoaaiiinoe …………………………………….._…………………96
1. Aii?inu nianoaaiiinoe a iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo
ioiioaieyo …………………………………………….. 96
2. Eieeeceiiiua aii?inu i?aaa nianoaaiiinoe …….. 96
3. I?aaiaia ?aaoee?iaaiea eiino?aiiuo
eiaanoeoeee……………………………………………. 100
4. I?aaiaia iieiaeaiea nianoaaiiinoe ainoaea?noaa .. 101 OAIA 8 Aeiaiai? a iaaeaeoia?iaeiii /anoiii i?aaa
(ai aiaoiayeiiiie/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe)……………………….. 102
1. Iiiyoea e iniaaiiinoe aiaoiayeiiiie/aneie
naeaeee ………………………………………………… 102
2. Oi?ia aiaoiayeiiiie/aneie naeaeee…………….. 106
3. I?aaiaia ?aaoee?iaaiea aiaoiayeiiiie/aneie
naeaeee …………………………………………………. 107
4. Eieeeceiiiua aii?inu ii aiaoiayeiiiie/aneie naeaeea………………………………………………….. 117
242
Iaaeaeoia?iaeiia /anoiia i?aai
Niaea?aeaiea
243
OAIA 9
Iaaeaeoia?iaeiua ia?aaicee a?ocia e iannaaee?ia……………….. 121
1. Iiiyoea iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo ia?aaicie ……………… 121
2. Iaaeaeoia?iaeiua aeaeaciiaei?iaeiua ia?aaicee …. 122
3. Iaaeaeoia?iaeiua aaoiiiaeeueiua ia?aaicee……… 127
4. Iaaeaeoia?iaeiua aicaeooiua ia?aaicee ………….. 130
5. Iaaeaeoia?iaeiua ii?neea ia?aaicee ……………… 132
OAIA 10
Iaycaoaeuenoaa ec i?e/eiaiey a?aaea ………………………………….. 137
1. Eieeeceiiiua aii?inu aeaeeeoiuo iaycaoaeuenoa. 137
2. I?e/eiaiea a?aaea a Oe?aeia ……………………… 141
3. I?e/eiaiea a?aaea ca ?oaaaeii …………………….. 142
OAIA 11
Naiaeiia i?aai……………………………………………………………….. 143
1. Oieoeoee?iaaiiua aii?inu a iaeanoe naiaeiiai
i?aaa …………………………………………………… 143
2. Eieeeceiiiua aii?inu a iaeanoe naiaeiiai i?aaa 144
3. Caeeth/aiea a?aea …………………………………… 145
4. ?anoi?aeaiea a?aea ………………………………….. 152
5. I?aaiioiioaiey iaaeaeo noi?oaaie ………………. 154
OAIA 12
Ianeaaenoaaiiia i?aai ……………………………………………………… 158
1. Eieeecee caeiiia a iaeanoe ianeaaeiaaiey ……… 158
2. Iieiaeaiea oe?aeineeo a?aaeaeai i?e ianeaaeiaaiee ca a?aieoeae ……………………………………… 165
3. Ia?aoiae ianeaaenoaa e ainoaea?noao ………………… 166
OAIA 13
O?oaeiaua ioiioaiey………………………………………………………… 169
1. Oieoeoee?iaaiiua ii?iu o?oaeiaiai i?aaa……… 169
2. Eieeeceiiiua aii?inu a iaeanoe iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo o?oaeiauo ioiioaiee ………………………….. 170
3. O?oaeiaua i?aaa eiino?aioeaa a Oe?aeia ………… 172
4. O?oaeiaua i?aaa oe?aeineeo a?aaeaeai ca ?oaaaeii .. 175
5. Nioeeaeueiia iaania/aiea ……………………………. 180
OAIA U
Iaaeaeoia?iaeiua e?aaeeoiua e ?an/aoiua ioiioaiey…………. 182
1. Iauea iieiaeaiey …………………………………… 182
2. Aaethoiia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai Oe?aeiu e iaaeaeoia?iaeiua niaeaoaiey………………………………….. 183
3. Aaethoiia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai ca?oaaaeiuo no?ai … 186
4. Iaaeaeoia?iaeiua ?an/aou e e?aaeeoiaaiea ai acaeiiioiioaieyo oe?aeineeo i?aaiecaoeee n oe?iaie e i?aaiecaoeeyie eiino?aiiuo ainoaea?noa….. 187
5. Iaaeaeoia?iaeiua iaoi?aiaua ?an/aou …………….. 193
OAIA 15
?anniio?aiea nii?ia a noaeaaiii ii?yaeea. Iioa?eaeueiua
aeaenoaey……………………………………………………………………… 195
1. Iiiyoea iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai a?aaeaeaineiai i?ioeanna .. 195
2. Ii?aaeaeaiea iiaenoaeiinoe…………………………… 196
3. I?aai ia noaeaaioth caueoo e a?aaeaeaineea
i?ioeannoaeueiua i?aaa eiino?aioeaa a Oe?aeia…. 201
4. I?ioeannoaeueiia iieiaeaiea eiino?aiiiai
ainoaea?noaa……………………………………………. 202
5. Onoaiiaeaiea niaea?aeaiey eiino?aiiiai i?aaa … 205
6. Eniieiaiea noaeaaiuo ii?o/aiee …………………. 206
7. I?eciaiea e eniieiaiea ?aoaiee eiino?aiiuo
noaeia …………………………………………………… 210
8. Iioa?eaeueiua aeaenoaey…………………………….. 215
OAIA 16
?anniio?aiea nii?ia a ii?yaeea a?aeo?aaea ………………………..217
1. Iiiyoea a?aeo?aaea e aeaeu o?aoaeneeo
(a?aeo?aaeiuo) noaeia………………………………… 217
2. Enoi/ieee i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey a?aeo?aaeiiai ?anniio?aiey nii?ia…………………………….. 221
3. A?aeo?aaeiia ?anniio?aiea nii?ia a i?aeoeea…. 225
4. I?eciaiea e eniieiaiea a?aeo?aaeiuo ?aoaiee.. 229 I?aeoe/aneea niaaou ii i?eiaiaieth I*I …………………………233
1. Aeiaiai?iua oneiaey i?eiaiaiey I*I ………….. 233
2. I?ioeann i?eiaiaiey eieeeceiiiuo ii?i ………. 235
Nienie eniieueciaaiiie eeoa?aoo?u …………………………………..236
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Oaei. aei ae?oeo a i?ea.-iaeaoa 20.01.2000.
Oi?iao 60×90/16. Iao? ionao. Aa?ooo?a Oeieueia.
Oi. ae?oe. a?e. 14,8- Iae.-aeae. a?e. 15,62.
Oe?aae 1 000 i?.
OIA «Ea?aaaea».
61067 Oa?oa-57, aoe. Noiiueea, 28. Eiioaeoia oaeaoiia: oae. (0572) 43-06-22 oaen (0572) 4S-61-63
Iaa/aeuia aeaeaiiy IIIIA Aiaoieo Aeae?oiae/ I1AEIA?IAeIA I?EAAOIA I?AAI
Iaa/aeueiee iinaaiee ?inaenueith iiaith
?aaeaeoi? N. A. Ia?eoeiaa Iaeeaaeeiea A. TH. Eoieaaaoeueiai
Ei?aeoi? /. I.Ae?ocyea Eiiiuethoa?ia aa?noea A. TH. Eoieaaaoeueiai
Oaei. aei ae?oeo c i?ea.-iaeaoa 20.01.2000.
Oi?iao 60×90/16. Iao? ionao. Aa?ieoo?a Otheueia.
Oi. ae?oe. a?e. 14,8. Iae.-aeae. a?e. 16,52.
Oe?aae 1 000 i?.
OI A «Ea?aaaea».
61067 Oa?e1a-57, aoe. Noiiueea, 28. Eiioaeoo oaeaoiie: oae. (0572) 43-06-22 oaen (0572) 43-61-63
Iaa/aeuia aeaeaiiy IIIIA Aiaoieo Aiae?oiae/ I1AEIA?IAeIA I?EAAOIA I?AAI
Iaa/aeuiee iinaaiee ?inOnueith iiaith
?aaeaeoi? N.A.Ia?eoeiaa Iaeeaaeeaea A. TH. Eoieaaaoeueiai
Ei?neoi? /. I.Ae?ocyea Eiiiuethoa?ia aa?noea A. TH. Eoieaaaoeueiai
I|’aei. aei ae?oeo c i?ea.-iaeaoa 20.01.2000.
Oi?iao 60×90/16. Iao? ionao. Aa?ooo?a Oe1eueia
Oi. ae?oe. a?e, 14,8. Iae.-aeae. a?e. 16,52.
Oe?aae 1 000 i?.
OI A «Ea?aaaea».
61057 XapKiB-57, aoe. Noiiueea, 28. Eieoaeoi! oaeaoiie: oae. (0572) 43-06-22 oaen (0672) 43-61-63
Iaa/aeuia aeaeaiiy IIIIA Aiaoieo Aiae?oiae/ I1AEIA?IAeIA I?EAAOIA I?AAI
Iaa/aeueiee iinaaiee ?inIeueith iiaith
?aaeaeoi? N. A. Ia?eoeiaa Iaeeaaeeiea A. TH. Eoieaaaoeueiai
Ei?aeoi? /. I.Oe?ocyea Eiiiuethoa?ia aa?noea A. TH. Eoieaaaoeueiai
Oaei. aei ae?oeo c i?ea.-iaeaoa 20.01.2000.
Oi?iao 60×90/16. Ilanip ionao. Aa?ooo?a Oe1eueia.
Oi. ae?oe. a?e. 14,8. Iae.-aeae. a?e. 16,52.
Oe?aae 1 000 i?.
OI A «Ea?aaaea».
61057 Oa?e!a-57, aoe. Noiiueea, 28. Eiioaeoi! oaeaoiie: oae. (0572) 43-06-22 oaen (0572) 43 61-63
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