Eaioaa A.A. 1969 – I?aaeiao e nenoaia oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa
Iaeaaeaiea
I?aaeeneiaea … 3
Aeaaa 1. I?aaiaua oi?iu e iaoiaeu ?oeiaiaenoaa nioeeaeenoe/aneei
oicyenoaii …5
Aeaaa 2. Oicyenoaaiiua ioiioaiey e eo i?aaiaia ?aaoee?iaaiea … 20
Aeaaa 3. Noauaeou oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa…45
Aeaaa 4. Iaoiaeu i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey oicyenoaaiiuo
ioiioaiee …62
Aeaaa 5. I?eioeeiu oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa …72
Aeaaa 6. Oicyenoaaiiua i?aaiioiioaiey e eo aeaeu …101
Aeaaa 7. Oicyenoaaiiia i?aai eae io?aneue i?aaa e eae iaoea…115
Aeaaa 8. Nenoaia oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa e ioa?aie/aiea aai io niaaeiuo
i?aaiauo io?aneae …141
Aeaaa 9. Oicyenoaaiiia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai …155
I?aaeeneiaea
I?iaeaiu oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa i?eaeaeatho aieia-
iea niaaoneeo th?enoia, yeiiiienoia e oicyenoaaiieeia.
A nayce n i?iaaaeaieai yeiiiie/aneie ?aoi?iu iii-
aea neiaeeaoeany i?aaenoaaeaiey i i?aaiaii ?aaoee?iaa-
iee nioeeaeenoe/aneiai oicyenoaa ioaeaeathony a ia?aniio-
?a, iiaii oai?aoe/aneii iniuneeaaiee. Aaaeue ?oeiaiae-
noai oicyenoaii a iaoae no?aia inouanoaeyaony a i?a-
aiauo oi?iao, a ?aieao oicyenoaaiiiai caeiiiaeaoaeue-
noaa. Yeiiiie/aneea caaea/e ia iiaoo auoue ?aoaiu aac
eniieueciaaiey i?aaiauo n?aaenoa, /aoeiai caeiiiaeaoaeue-
iiai ?aaoee?iaaiey ii?yaeea ?oeiaiaenoaa e inouanoaea-
iey oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe.
Yoi i?aaeii?aaeaeyao aieueoia cia/aiea eco/aiey oai-
?aoe/aneeo i?iaeai oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa.
Aii?in i oicyenoaaiiii i?aaa neiaeai e eiaao ?ac-
ee/iua aniaeou. Oicyenoaaiiia i?aai iiaeao, n iaeiie
noi?iiu, ?anniao?eaaoueny eae io?aneue i?aaa, n ae?o-
aie-eae io?aneue caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa, n o?aoueae-eae
iaoea, n /aoaa?oie-eae o/aaiay aeenoeeieeia. I?e yoii,
anee o?aeoiaea oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa eae io?aneue caei-
iiaeaoaeuenoaa (oicyenoaaiiia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai), eae iao-
ee e o/aaiie aeenoeeieeiu i?eciaaony a iniiaiii anaie
eee aieueoeinoaii o/aiuo, oi aii?in i oicyenoaaiiii
i?aaa eae naiinoiyoaeueiie io?anee i?aaa yaeyaony
nii?iui.
Iaeie o/aiua n/eoatho, /oi oicyenoaaiiia i?aai ia
yaeyaony naiinoiyoaeueiie io?aneueth i?aaa, a ioaaouaaao
ii?iu e einoeooou, ioiinyueany e ?aciui i?aaiaui io-
?aneyi, aeaaiui ia?acii e a?aaeaeaineiio e aaeieie-
no?aoeaiiio i?aao. Ae?oaea i?eciatho oicyenoaaiiia i?a-
ai iiaeio?aneueth aaeieieno?aoeaiiai i?aaa e a yoii niun-
ea aiai?yo i oicyenoaaiii-aaeieieno?aoeaiii i?aaa.
O?aouee enoiaeyo ec oiai, /oi oicyenoaaiiia i?aai-na-
iinoiyoaeueiay i?aaiaay io?aneue.
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Iineaaeiyy oi/ea c?aiey i?aaenoaaeyaony iai iaeai-
eaa i?aaeeueiie. A ianoiyuae ?aaioa aeaeaaony iiiuoea
oai?aoe/anee iainiiaaoue oicyenoaaiiia i?aai eae naii-
noiyoaeueioth io?aneue i?aaa. Aianoa n oai a ?aaioa ennea-
aeothony e ae?oaea aniaeou oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa, ?an-
niao?eaaaony ?acaeoea oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa eae iaoee.
Aii?in i oicyenoaaiiii i?aaa eae iaoea i?eia?ae
iniaia cia/aiea a nayce n i?eiyoeai iinoaiiaeaiey OeE
EINN . (*1). Iinoaiiaeaiea i?eciaei aaaeiie caaea/ae th?eaee/a-
neie iaoee enneaaeiaaiea i?iaeai ?oeiaiaenoaa ia?iae-
iui oicyenoaii, i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey oicyenoaai-
iie aeayoaeueiinoe. Aeaiiui iinoaiiaeaieai a o/aaiua
ieaiu th?eaee/aneeo aocia aeeth/aii i?aiiaeaaaiea oicye-
noaaiiiai i?aaa. Oicyenoaaiiia i?aai aaaaeaii e eae
iao/iay niaoeeaeueiinoue, ii eioi?ie ia/aoa iiaeaioiaea
anie?aioia.
?acaeoea oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa, eae e ae?oaeo iiauo
th?eaee/aneeo iaoe,
iaoee o?aaoao auyniaiey nouiinoe oicyenoaaiiiai i?a-
aa. Yoa i?iaeaia iiea aua ia auea i?aaeiaoii niaoeeaeue-
iiai enneaaeiaaiey a iaoae iaoea, a cao?aaeaaeanue ii-
iooii i?e ?anniio?aiee ae?oaeo aii?inia. Iaaeaeo oai io
aa ?aoaiey ai iiiaii caaenyo iooe aeaeueiaeoaai ?acae-
oey oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa, oniaoiinoue eiaeeoeeaoeee e
nenoaiaoecaoeee oicyenoaaiiiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa.
Aoaeo/e ia?aie/aiiui iauaiii eieae, aaoi? ia i?a-
oaiaeoao ia en/a?iuaathuaa ?aoaiea anao aniaeoia ?an-
niao?eaaaiie i?iaeaiu. Oeaeue ?aaiou ninoieo a oii,
/oiau enneaaeiaaoue eeoue iniiaiua aii?inu, naycaiiua
n ?ane?uoeai nouiinoe i?aaeiaoa e nenoaiu oicyenoaai-
iiai i?aaa. ?acoiaaony, aua i?aaenoieo aieueoay ?aaioa
ii aeaeueiaeoaio auyniaieth oai?aoe/aneeo i?iaeai oi-
cyenoaaiiiai i?aaa, ?acaeoeth aai iaoee, i?eia?aoathuae
ana aieaa aaaeiia cia/aiea a nia?aiaiiuo oneiaeyo.
(**1) 4 aaaonoa 1964 a.
(**2) N. N. Aeaenaaa, TH?eaee/aneay iaoea a nia?aiaiiue ia?eiae.
1965 a. ? 1, no?. 16.
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Aeaaa 1
I?aaiaua oi?iu e iaoiaeu ?oeiaiaenoaa
nioeeaeenoe/aneei oicyenoaii
1. A nioeeaeenoe/aneii ainoaea?noaa n?aaenoaa i?iec-
aiaenoaa iaiauanoaeaiu e yaeythony aeinoiyieai anaai
ia?iaea. Iniiao ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa ninoaaeyao nioeea-
eenoe/aneay nianoaaiiinoue ia n?aaenoaa i?iecaiaenoaa. A
yoeo oneiaeyo aeaaiie ooieoeeae nioeeaeenoe/aneiai ai-
noaea?noaa yaeyaony oicyenoaaiii-i?aaiecaoi?neay aeay-
oaeueiinoue.
Nioeeaeenoe/aneia ainoaea?noai ia oieueei inouanoaey-
ao iieeoe/aneoth aeanoue, ii e naii oicyenoaoao.
Nioeeaeenoe/aneia oicyenoaiaaiea eiaao aeaa noi?iiu:
iaiin?aaenoaaiiia inouanoaeaiea oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeue-
iinoe e ?oeiaiaenoai ath. Yoe aeaa noi?iiu ia?ac?uaii
naycaiu, eai oi?aaeaiea i?iecaiaenoaii anoue ooieoeey
naiiai i?iecaiaenoaa. (*1). Nioeeaeenoe/aneia ainoaea?noai
eae nianoaaiiee n?aaenoa i?iecaiaenoaa e iineoaeue iiee-
oe/aneie aeanoe aaaeao oicyenoaaiioth aeayoaeueiinoue e ?o-
eiaiaeeo ath.
Oi ianoiyoaeuenoai, /oi nioeeaeenoe/aneia ainoaea?noai
ni/aoaao inouanoaeaiea oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe e
?oeiaiaenoai ath, eiaao ii?aaeaeythuaa cia/aiea aeey ii-
ieiaiey nouiinoe oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa. Oicyenoaaiiia
i?aai iniiauaaaony eiaiii ia ni/aoaiee i?aaiaiai ?a-
aoee?iaaiey eae ?oeiaiaenoaa, oae e inouanoaeaiey oi-
cyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe, aeey iaai oa?aeoa?ai ananoi-
?iiiee ioaao i?aaiauo i?iaeai nioeeaeenoe/aneiai
oicyenoaiaaiey.
(**1) E. Ia?en, Eaieoae, o. 1, Ainiieeoecaeao, 1951, no?. 337.
-5-
Ae?oaea io?anee i?aaa, naycaiiua n ?aaoee?iaaieai
ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa, iai?eia? a?aaeaeaineia e aaeieie-
no?aoeaiia i?aai, ii?aaeaeytho eeoue ioaeaeueiua noi?iiu
oicyenoaaiiie aeecie. Yoe io?anee enoi?e/anee neiaee-
eenue aua a oio ia?eiae, eiaaea oicyenoaaiiay aeayoaeue-
iinoue e iieeoe/aneay aeanoue /aoei ?aca?aie/eaaeenue.
A oneiaeyo ainiiaenoaa /anoiie nianoaaiiinoe oicyeno-
aaiioth aeayoaeueiinoue aaee /anoiua eeoea, a ainoaea?noai
inouanoaeyei eeoue iieeoe/aneoth aeanoue.
aeoaciie i?aaiaie nenoaiu ia ioaee/iia i?aai, ii-
?aaeaeythuaa inouanoaeaiea iieeoe/aneie aeanoe, e
/anoiia i?aai, ?aaoee?othuaa oicyenoaaiioth aeayoaeue-
iinoue.
Iaeiaei oaeia aeaeaiea ia?anoaei iieiinoueth
niioaaonoaiaaoue oicyenoaaiiie aeecie ao?aeoaciuo aino-
aea?noa a ia?eiae eiia?eaeecia, eiaaea ainoaea?noai
noaei aiaoeaaoueny a yeiiiieeo, eiaaea ia/ae ?acae-
aaoueny ainoaea?noaaiiue iiiiiieenoe/aneee eaieoa-
eeci.
Oai aieaa iii ia niioaaonoaoao oneiaeyi nioeeaee-
noe/aneiai no?iy, aaea ainoaea?noai ia i?inoi aiaoeaaao-
ny a yeiiiieeo, ii e naii oicyenoaoao. Iii aeaeaao yoi
/a?ac naie oicyenoaaiiua, i?aaiu. Iiae/a?eeaay i?eioee-
ieaeueiia ioee/ea nioeeaeenoe/aneiai oicyenoaa io eaie-
oaeenoe/aneiai, A. E. Eaiei oeacuaae:
aa anoue ioaee/ii-i?aaiaia, a ia /anoiia>. (*2).
2. Nioeeaeenoe/aneia oicyenoai ?acaeaaaony ia iniiaa
iauaeoeaiuo yeiiiie/aneeo caeiiia nioeeaeecia. Yoe
iauaeoeaiua caeiiu o/eouaathony a iao/ii iainiiaai-
iie oicyenoaaiiie iieeoeea ia?oee e ainoaea?noaa, eioi-
?ay iaoiaeeo au?aaeaiea e a i?aaiauo ii?iao. I?aaiaia
(**1) E.Ia?en e O.Yiaaeuen, Ni/., o. 1, no?. 440.
(**2) A. E. Eaiei, Iiei. nia?. ni/., o. 44, no?. 398.
-6-
?aaoee?iaaiea oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe eniieuecoaony
aeey ?oeiaiaenoaa nioeeaeenoe/aneei oicyenoaii. (*1).
?oeiaiaenoai nioeeaeenoe/aneei oicyenoaii i?iaiaeeo-
ny a i?aaiauo oi?iao, a ?aieao oicyenoaaiiiai caeiii-
aeaoaeuenoaa. Yoi caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai ii?aaeaeyao ii?yaeie
?oeiaiaenoaa oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoueth e aa inoua-
noaeaiey, i?aaiaia iieiaeaiea i?aaei?eyoee e ae?oaeo
oicyenoaaiiuo i?aaiia, nenoaio ieaie?iaaiey e i?aaie-
caoeee oicyenoaaiiuo naycae, i?aaiaua oi?iu oicyeno-
aaiiiai ?an/aoa, nicaeaiey e aiaae?aiey a i?iecaiaenoai
iiaie oaoieee, ii?yaeie ?ac?aoaiey oicyenoaaiiuo nii-
?ia, ioaaonoaaiiinoue ca ?acoeueoaou oicyenoaaiiie aeay-
oaeueiinoe, a oaeaea ?aoaao iiiaea ae?oaea aii?inu ni-
oeeaeenoe/aneiai oicyenoaiaaiey.
I?aaiaua oi?iu ?oeiaiaenoaa oicyenoaii iiaoo
iiieiaoueny ii-?aciiio. Oae, i?aaiauie oi?iaie ?oei-
aiaenoaa iiaeii n/eoaoue ii?aaeaeaiiua i?aaiecaoeeiiii-
no?oeoo?iua oi?iu. Eiiaaea iiae ieie iiieiatho i?aai-
aua aeou, a eioi?uo yoi ?oeiaiaenoai au?aaeaaony,-
ii?iaoeaiue aeo, ieai, aeiaiai?. (*2).
Iu enoiaeei ec ae?oaiai iiieiaiey i?aaiauo oi?i
ainoaea?noaaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa oicyenoaii e ?anniao?e-
aaai a eo ea/anoaa ii?aaeaeaiiua aeaeu ainoaea?noaaiiie
aeayoaeueiinoe, inouanoaeyaiie a i?aaiauo ?aieao. (*3). ?a-
(**1) ?anniao?eaay ?ieue i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey a ?oeiaiaenoaa
oicyenoaii, A. I. *oeeaaaeca ioia/aao:
?ee, cae?aieaiu a aeaea i?aaiauo ii?i. Ei?i/a aiai?y, iai, i?aai-
aaaeai, iaiaoiaeeii na?ueacii caiyoueny ?ac?aaioeie i?iaeai oicyeno-
aaiiiai i?aaa> (A. I. *oeeaaaeca, I?aaiaay iaoea nioeeaeecia,
10 yiaa?y 1968 a.).
(**2) A. ?. Eaaei, TH?eaee/aneea oi?iu ainoaea?noaaiiiai ?oei-
aiaenoaa nioeeaeenoe/aneei i?iecaiaenoaii, 1961 a.
? 1, no?. 135. I?eiaieoaeueii e i?aaiaui oi?iai aaeieieno?aoea-
iie aeayoaeueiinoe aiaeiae/ioth oi/eo c?aiey ?acaeaaao iieueneee
o/aiue A. Noa?inueoeye (, Ainth?ecaeao, 1959). O. A. Oiea? (AAe?) i?aaiauie oi?-
iaie ?oeiaiaenoaa nioeeaeenoe/aneei oicyenoaii n/eoaao ieaiiaue
aeo, i?aaiaoth ii?io, iia?aoeaiia oeacaiea, eii?aeeiaoeeiiiia niaea-
oaiea, aeiaiai? (U. J.Heuer, Demokratie und Recht im neuen oko-
nomischen System der Planung und Leitung der Volkswirtschaft,
Staatsverlag der DDR, Berlin, 1965, S. 233).
(**3) A niaaoneie i?aaiaie oai?ee aiaeiae/iua iiaiey auneacu-
aathony iaeioi?uie o/aiuie ioiineoaeueii i?aaiauo oi?i inoua-
noaeaiey ooieoeee Niaaoneiai ainoaea?noaa. Oae, E. N. Naiiuaiei
i?aaiauie oi?iaie inouanoaeaiey yoeo ooieoeee n/eoaao ii?aaea-
eaiiua aeaeu ainoaea?noaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe (E. N. Naiiuaiei,
I i?aaiauo oi?iao inouanoaeaiey ooieoeee Niaaoneiai ainoaea?noaa,
-7-
coiaaony, oaeia iiieiaiea i?aaiauo oi?i ?oeiaiaenoaa
oicyenoaii ia eneeth/aao aiaeeca eiiiaoaioeee i?aaiia
oicyenoaaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa, ?anniio?aiey ii?iaoeaiuo
aeoia, ieaia e aeiaiai?a, o. a. oao th?eaee/aneeo aeoia, a
eioi?uo au?aaeaaony ainoaea?noaaiiia ?oeiaiaenoai oi-
cyenoaii. Iai?ioea, oaeie aiaeec iaiaoiaeei.
Iaeiaei iniiaiia aeaeaiea i?aaiauo oi?i ainoaea?no-
aaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa oicyenoaii aeieaeii, eae iu iiea-
aaai, i?iaiaeeoueny eiaiii ii aeaeai ainoaea?noaaiiie
aeayoaeueiinoe. Oaeie iiaeoiae aeaao aiciiaeiinoue iaeaieaa
iieii e ananoi?iiia enneaaeiaaoue ana i?aaiaua oi?iu
?oeiaiaenoaa oicyenoaii a niioaaonoaee n oai cia/aie-
ai, eioi?ia iie eiatho a ?aaeueiie aeecie.
Enoiaey ec oaeiai iiieiaiey, neaaeoao i?eciaoue, /oi
i?aaiauie oi?iaie ?oeiaiaenoaa oicyenoaii yaeythony:
oi?aaeaiea, ieaie?iaaiea, eiio?ieue, ii?iaoeaiia ?aao-
ee?iaaiea oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe. Ana yoe oi?iu
eniieuecothony a ni/aoaiee, ii eaaeaeay ec ieo eiaao ii?a-
aeaeaiiia iacia/aiea a iauai eiiieaena ia?ii?eyoee
ii ?oeiaiaenoao oicyenoaii. Oicyenoaii oi?aaeytho i?-
aaiu oicyenoaaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa, eioi?ui iiae/eiaiu
i?aaei?eyoey e eiua oici?aaiu. Oi?aaeaiea inouano-
aeyaony iianaaeiaaii e iai?aaeaii ia oi, /oiau iiii-
aaoue i?aaei?eyoeyi auiieiyoue ieaiiaua caaeaiey, ono?a-
iyoue auyaeythueany ioeaee e ia?ooaiey, iaania/eaaoue
i?aaeeueioth i?aaiecaoeeth oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe
i?aaei?eyoee. (*1).
(**1) A iaoea aaeieieno?aoeaiiai i?aaa nouanoaotho ?aciua oi/ee
c?aiey ioiineoaeueii iiiyoey ainoaea?noaaiiiai oi?aaeaiey. Iau/ii
iii ?ane?uaaaony /a?ac eniieieoaeueioth e ?anii?yaeeoaeueioth aeay-
oaeueiinoue anao i?aaiia ainoaea?noaa (A. A. Aeania, N. N. Noo-
aeaieeei, Niaaoneia aaeieieno?aoeaiia i?aai, Ainth?ecaeao, 1959,
no?. 3; A. A. Aeania, Iniiau niaaoneiai ainoaea?noaaiiiai oi-
?aaeaiey, ecae-ai AIO e AII i?e OeE EINN, 1960, no?. 3) eee oieue-
ei i?aaiia ainoaea?noaaiiiai oi?aaeaiey (
aiiaua aic?aaeatho i?ioea ioiaeaeanoaeaiey ainoaea?noaaiiiai oi?aa-
eaiey n eneieieoaeueii-?anii?yaeeoaeueiie aeayoaeueiinoueth (Oe. A. ssi-
iieueneay. Aeooaeueiua i?iaeaiu iaoee niaaoneiai aaeieieno?a-
oeaiiai i?aaa,
no?. 22; I. E. Aa?uoaa. Iiya?ueneee (1962 a.) Ieaioi OeE
EINN e aeaeueiaeoaa niaa?oainoaiaaiea i?aaiecaoeeiiii-i?aaiauo
oi?i oi?aaeaiey no?ieoaeuenoaii,
1963 a. ? 8, no?. 83-85).
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A i?aaiaie iaoea ia?aaeei aeiioneaaony ia/aoeinoue a
?aca?aie/aiee iiiyoee oi?aaeaiey e ?oeiaiaenoaa. Eii-
aaea yoe iiiyoey ioiaeaeanoaeythony e ?anniao?eaathony
eae ?aaiicia/iua, (*1), a ae?oaeo neo/ayo oi?aaeaiea o?ae-
ooaony eae iiiyoea aieaa oe?ieia, /ai ?oeiaiaenoai.
Oae, E. I. Iaoiiia
a oaeaea iaeioi?ua ae?oaea aeaeu ainoaea?noaaiiie aeay-
oaeueiinoe. I?e yoii iiaeoiaea aieaa oe?ieia iiiyoea
ieacuaaaony aeaeii aieaa oceiai-
Iaaeaeo oai ia ?oeiaiaenoai yaeyaony ooieoeeae oi?aa-
eaiey, a naii oi?aaeaiea anoue iaeia ec oi?i ?oeiaiae-
noaa. A yoii ioiioaiee i?aa N. A. Eaiaieoea?,
n/eoathuee, /oi
Oi?aaeaiea oicyenoaii-oai?/aneee i?aaiecothuee
i?ioeann. (*4). A nia?aiaiiuo oneiaeyo iii i?eia?aoaao ii-
aua /a?ou a nayce n ?anoe?aieai oicyenoaaiiuo i?aa
i?aaei?eyoee. Oi?aaeaiea oicyenoaai ana a aieueoae ia?a
noaiiaeony ii nouanoao ieacaieai iiiiue auoanoiy-
ueie oicyenoaaiiuie i?aaiaie iiae/eiaiiui i?aaei?ey-
oeyi. . (*5).
Ieaie?iaaiea-yoi onoaiiaeaiea ia eaeie-oi ia?e-
iae a?aiaie iieacaoaeae oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe,
(**1) A. A. Eoiaa, Aeaiie?aoeci niaaoneiai ainoaea?noaaiiiai oi-
?aaeaiey,
(**2) E. I. Iaoiiia, I niaea?aeaiee niaaoneiai ainoaea?noaai-
iiai oi?aaeaiey a oneiaeyo iauaia?iaeiiai ainoaea?noaa,
(**3) N. A. Eaiaieoea?, Yeiiiie/aneea iaoiaeu oi?aaeaiey i?i-
iuoeaiiui i?iecaiaenoaii,
(**4) A. A.Eoiaa, Iaeioi?ua oai?aoeei-i?aaiaua aii?inu iaoee
oi?aaeaiey, ,
(**5)
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ii?aaeaeythueo iniiaiia niaea?aeaiea ?aaiou oici?aaiia.
Ieaie?iaaiea yaeyaony ia?niaeoeaiie oi?iie ?oeiaiae-
noaa, iii anaaaea iai?aaeaii a aoaeouaa. Ieai ii?aaeaeyao
?aaioo ia eaeia-oi a?aiy aia?aae, iai?aaeyao aa a eioa-
?anao anaai ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa.
Oe. A. ssiiieueneay ?anniao?eaaao ieaie?iaaiea eae
i?eioeei i?aaiecaoeee e aeayoaeueiinoe anao i?aaiia Ni-
aaoneiai ainoaea?noaa. (*1). Yoio acaeyae i?aaenoaaeyaony i?a-
aeeueiui. Iaeiaei ieaie?iaaiea io-
ee/aaony io ia?iaeiioicyenoaaiiiai ieaie?iaaiey, i
eioi?ii eaeao ?a/ue a ianoiyuae ?aaioa. Iu ?anniao?e-
aaai oieueei ieaie?iaaiea oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe
e ia eanaainy ieaie?iaaiey eae i?eioeeia i?aaiecaoeee
e aeayoaeueiinoe anaai ainoaea?noaaiiiai aiia?aoa.
Eiio?ieue ca oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoueth, i?iaa?ea
eniieiaiey onoaiiaeaiiuo ieaiia e caaeaiee ninoaaeytho
aaaeiue yeaiaio ?aaiou ii ?oeiaiaenoao oicyenoaii. A
nia?aiaiiuo oneiaeyo, eiaaea ?anoe?ythony i?aaa e eie-
oeeaoeaa i?aaei?eyoee, cia/aiea eiio?iey eae oi?iu
?oeiaiaenoaa oicyenoaii aic?anoaao. ?anoe?aiea oicye-
noaaiiuo i?aa i?aaei?eyoee i?ienoiaeeo iooai ia?aaea/e
ei /anoe ooieoeee, auiieiyaoeony ?aiaa i?aaiaie
oicyenoaaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa, eioi?ua oaia?ue i?ecaaiu
eiio?iee?iaaoue ?aoaiea oicyenoaaiiuo aii?inia na-
ieie i?aaei?eyoeyie a ?aieao i?aaeinoaaeaiiuo ei
i?aa.
Iniaie oi?iie ainoaea?noaaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa ia?iae-
iui oicyenoaii yaeyaony ii?iaoeaiia ?aaoee?iaaiea,
o. a. ii?iioai?/aneay aeayoaeueiinoue ainoaea?noaa,
ecaeaiea i?aaiauo ii?i, ii?aaeaeythueo ii?yaeie nioeea-
eenoe/aneiai oicyenoaiaaiey. (*2). Aaaeiay ?ieue niaa?oai-
noaiaaiey i?aaiauo ii?i, ?aaoee?othueo oicyenoaaiii-
(**1) Oe. A. ssiiieueneay, I?aaiu niaaoneiai ainoaea?noaaiiiai
oi?aaeaiey a nia?aiaiiue ia?eiae, ecae-ai AI NNN?, 1954, no?.
122-134.
(**2) Aii?in i ii?iaoeaiii ?aaoee?iaaiee eae oi?ia ainoaea?no-
aaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa ?ac?aaioai i?aaenoaaeoaeyie iaoee eieoiciiai
i?aaa i?eiaieoaeueii e ?oeiaiaenoao naeueneei oicyenoaii (C. N. Aa-
eyaaa, I?aaiaua oi?iu e iaoiaeu ainoaea?noaaiiiai ?oeiaiaeno-
aa naeueneei oicyenoaii, aaoi?aoa?ao eaiae. aeenna?oaoeee, I., 1954,
no?. 6-12; E. A. Iaaeia, Eieoiciia i?aai, Ainth?ecaeao, 1960,
no?. 65; A. I. Oo?oaeia?, Aii?inu oai?ee eieoiciiai i?aaa,
Ainth?ecaeao, 1961, no?. 110-130).
-10-
i?aaiecaoi?neoth ?aaioo, iiae/a?eeaaaony a I?ia?aiia
EINN.
Eiia/ii, th?eaee/aneia cia/aiea eiaao ia oieueei ii?-
iaoeaiia ?aaoee?iaaiea eae iniaay oi?ia ?oeiaiaenoaa
oicyenoaii. I?aaiaia cae?aieaiea iieo/atho e ae?oaea
oi?iu ?oeiaiaenoaa: oi?aaeaiea, ieaie?iaaiea, eiio-
?ieue ca oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoueth, ii?yaeie inouano-
aeaiey eioi?uo oaeaea ii?aaeaeyaony a oicyenoaaiiii
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa.
3. Neaaeoao ?acee/aoue oi?iu ?oeiaiaenoaa oicyenoaii
e iaoiaeu ?oeiaiaenoaa ei. Iiae iaoiaeaie ?oeiaiaenoaa
oicyenoaii iiieiathony niiniau ainoaea?noaaiiiai aic-
aeaenoaey ia yeiiiieeo. Ia?oey oaeaeyao aieueoia aieia-
iea niaa?oainoaiaaieth iaoiaeia ?oeiaiaenoaa oicyeno-
aii. Iiaua iooe ?aoaiey yoie i?iaeaiu auee iaia/aiu
a iinoaiiaeaieyo ia?oianeiai e naioya?ueneiai (1965 a.)
Ieaioiia OeE EINN, iaeia?aiiuo XXIII nuacaeii
ia?oee.
A ?aoaieyo naioya?ueneiai Ieaioia OeE EINN oea-
cuaaaony, /oi iaaeinoaoeii ?oeiaiaenoaa i?iiuoeaiii-
noueth auei i?aiaeaaeaiea aaeieieno?aoeaiuo iaoiaeia
?oeiaiaenoaa a oua?a iaoiaeai yeiiiie/aneei. Nooue
oicyenoaaiiie ?aoi?iu ninoieo a ?acaeoee yeiiiie/a-
neeo iaoiaeia ?oeiaiaenoaa ia?iaeiui oicyenoaii, a ioea-
ca io ath?ie?aoe/aneiai aaeieieno?e?iaaiey a yeiiiieea.
Oaeay iinoaiiaea aii?ina iaycuaaao ian i?aaeaea
anaai ?acia?aoueny a naiii iiiyoee iaoiaeia ?oeiaiaeno-
aa. Aaeieieno?aoeaiua iaoiaeu ?oeiaiaenoaa iniiaaiu ia
i?eeaca, aee?aeoeaa, iaycaoaeueiie aeey i?aaei?eyoee,
iacaaeneii io oiai, auaiaeii eee iaauaiaeii ei eo au-
iieiaiea. Yeiiiie/aneea iaoiaeu au?aaeathony a noeio-
ee?iaaiee oaeie oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe, eioi?ay
iaiaoiaeeia aeey anaai iauanoaa e aianoa n oai aeieaeia
auoue auaiaeiie e inouanoaeythuei yoo aeayoaeueiinoue
i?aaei?eyoeyi. Yeiiiie/aneia noeioee?iaaiea aeinoeaa-
aony, n iaeiie noi?iiu, nicaeaieai iaoa?eaeueiie caeioa-
?aniaaiiinoe i?aaei?eyoee, a n ae?oaie-eo iaoa?eaeue-
iie ioaaonoaaiiinoueth ca ?acoeueoaou oicyenoaaiiie aeay-
oaeueiinoe.
?anniao?eaay niioiioaiea aaeieieno?aoeaiuo e yei-
iiie/aneeo iaoiaeia ?oeiaiaenoaa oicyenoaii, ss. A. E?ii-
?iae ioia/aao, /oi aeey aaeieieno?aoeaiuo iaoiaeia
oa?aeoa?iu aeanoiua ioiioaiey e aiayeiiiie/aneia
-11-
i?eioaeaeaiea. Yeiiiie/aneea aea iaoiaeu i?eaioe?othony
ia nenoaio yeiiiie/aneeo noeioeia. (*1).
Aieaa ?acaa?ioooth oa?aeoa?enoeeo yeiiiie/aneeo
iaoiaeia ?oeiaiaenoaa aeaao E. A. Oai/oe. Ii ?anniao?e-
aaao aeaiiua iaoiaeu eae aicaeaenoaea ia i?iecaiaenoai n
iiiiuueth eiiieaena yeiiiie/aneeo ?u/aaia, iicaieyth-
uaa ?aoeoue aeaa caaea/e: 1) nicaeaoue yeiiiie/aneoth caei-
oa?aniaaiiinoue (iaoa?eaeueiue noeioe) auiieiaiey
i?yiuo i?aaeienaiee, 2) caiaieoue /anoue yoeo i?aaeiena-
iee einaaiiui aicaeaenoaeai ia i?iecaiaenoai, o. a. nic-
aeaoue oneiaey, i?e eioi?uo naii i?aaei?eyoea, ?oeiaiaeno-
aoynue naieie yeiiiie/aneeie eioa?anaie, auae?aao
iaeaieaa iioeiaeueiia iai?aaeaiea oicyenoaaiiie aeay-
oaeueiinoe e aeinoeaaao ?acoeueoaoia, auaiaeiuo aio e
iaiaoiaeeiuo iauanoao a oeaeii. (*2). Oaeei ia?acii,
E. A. Oai/oe a eiia/iii n/aoa oniao?eaaao nouiinoue
yeiiiie/aneeo iaoiaeia ?oeiaiaenoaa a iaoa?eaeueiii
noeioee?iaaiee oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe.
Neaaeoao ioiaoeoue, /oi ia?yaeo n oaeei iiieiaieai
yeiiiie/aneeo iaoiaeia ?oeiaiaenoaa nouanoaoao e aieaa
oe?ieay eo o?aeoiaea eae nenoaiu anao ia?ii?eyoee,
i?ecaaiiuo aicaeaenoaiaaoue ia yeiiiieeo, oicyenoaai-
ioth aeayoaeueiinoue. Iai?eia?, N. A. Eaiaieoea? ioiineo
e yeiiiie/aneei iaoiaeai ?oeiaiaenoaa ieaie?iaaiea,
oicyenoaaiiue ?an/ao, iaoa?eaeueiia noeioee?iaaiea,
oeaiiia?aciaaiea. (*3). Ana yoe n?aaenoaa, ianiiiaiii, aicaeae-
noaotho ia yeiiiieeo, iaeiaei aeaiiia aicaeaenoaea i?iai-
aeeony ?aciuie iooyie, neaaeai, i?e onoaiiaeaiee iay-
caoaeueiiai ieaiiaiai caaeaiey eee i?e ?oeiaiaenoaa n
iiiiuueth iaoa?eaeueiiai noeioee?iaaiey. Iiyoiio iaaei
i?eciaoue aieaa i?aaeeueiui
/aneeo iaoiaeia ?oeiaiaenoaa eae iaoiaeia, iniiaaiiuo ia
iaoa?eaeueiii noeioee?iaaiee, /oi aeaao aiciiaeiinoue
ioa?aie/eoue yeiiiie/aneea iaoiaeu io aaeieieno?aoea-
iuo e iaania/eoue i?aaeeueiia ni/aoaiea oao e ae?oaeo.
(**1)
(**2) E. A. Oai/oe, I?aaiaua oi?iu e iaoiaeu ?oeiaiaenoaa i?i-
iuoeaiiinoueth, , no?. 119-
120.
(**3) N. A. Eaiaieoea?, Yeiiiie/aneea iaoiaeu oi?aaeaiey i?i-
iuoeaiiui i?iecaiaenoaii, no?. 13.
-12-
Yeiiiie/aneea iaoiaeu ?oeiaiaenoaa yaeythony aieaa
aeaeeie e yooaeoeaiuie, eai iie aicaeaenoaotho ia ii-
aaaeaiea ethaeae /a?ac eo eioa?anu, nicaeatho oneiaey, i?e
eioi?uo i?aaei?eyoeyi auaiaeii ?aaioaoue oi?ioi e ia-
auaiaeii ?aaioaoue ieioi. Yoi iaania/eaaaony n iiiiuueth,
yeiiiie/aneeo ?u/aaia-i?eauee, oeaiu, e?aaeeoa, iea-
ou ca oiiaeu, oiiaeia eieeaeoeaiiai iaoa?eaeueiiai
noeioee?iaaiey e ae?. Iaoaieci iaoa?eaeueiie ioaaono-
aaiiinoe oaeaea aicaeaenoaoao ia eioa?anu ethaeae iooai
oiaiueoaiey oie /anoe i?eauee i?aaei?eyoee, eioi?ay
iiaeao auoue iai?aaeaia ia ia?aciaaiea iiiu?eoaeueiuo
oiiaeia, a yoi aeaao aiciiaeiinoue canoaaeoue aanue eieeae-
oea i?aaei?eyoey ii/oanoaiaaoue ieioea ?acoeueoaou naiae
aeayoaeueiinoe.
?acaeoea yeiiiie/aneeo iaoiaeia ?oeiaiaenoaa oanii
naycaii n iaee/eai o . (*1).
Neaaeiaaoaeueii, ii enoiaeeo ec oiai, /oi yeiiiie/aneay
auaiaeiinoue ii?aaeaeyaony noauaeoeaiui iooai, ii on-
iio?aieth auoanoiyueo i?aaiia. Iaeiaei a aeaenoaeoaeue-
iinoe yeiiiie/aneay auaiaeiinoue i?aaenoaaeyao niaie
(**1) TH. I. Eiceia, Iaoiaeu oi?aaeaiey ia?iaeiui oicyenoaii
NNN?,
-13-
iiiyoea iauaeoeaiia. Iai?eia?, aeey ii?aaeaeaiiiai ia-
oaeeo?ae/aneiai caaiaea ii oneiaeyi i?iecaiaenoaa au-
aiaeii ecaioiaeaiea i?ieaoa e?oiiuo i?ioeeae e iaau-
aiaeii ecaioiaeaiea iaeeeo. Onoaiaaeeaay caaiaeo
caaeaiea ia i?iecaiaenoai iaeeeo i?ioeeae i?ieaoa,
auoanoiyuee i?aai ia ?aoaao aii?ina i oii, /oi yoi
auaiaeii i?aaei?eyoeth, a ii?aaeaeyao iaiaoiaeeiinoue ecai-
oiaeaiey oaeie i?iaeoeoeee aeey ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa a
oeaeii. Caeanue eioa?anu ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa a oeaeii e
ioaeaeueiiai i?aaei?eyoey ia niaiaaeatho. Io?eoeaiea iaee-
/ey o i?aaei?eyoey oic?an/aoiuo eioa?ania i?eaiaeeei e
oiio, /oi iiaeiaiua i?ioeai?a/ey ?aoaeenue aaeieieno?a-
oeaiuie iaoiaeaie-ioaea/ae iaycaoaeueiuo i?eeacia, ia
o/eouaathueo eioa?ania i?aaei?eyoee. Iniciaiea aea ia-
ee/ey o i?aaei?eyoey naieo oic?an/aoiuo eioa?ania
i?eaiaeeo ia oieueei e iiauoaieth yeiiiie/aneie iainii-
aaiiinoe aaeieieno?aoeaiuo iaoiaeia, ii e nicaeaao aic-
iiaeiinoue eniieueciaaoue yeiiiie/aneea iaoiaeu ?oeiaiae-
noaa, iicaieythuea aeinoeaiooue oao aea ?acoeueoaoia
aieaa aeaei e yooaeoeaii iooai aicaeaenoaey ia eioa?a-
nu eieeaeoeaia ?aaioieeia i?aaei?eyoee.
I?eiaiaiea yeiiiie/aneeo iaoiaeia ?oeiaiaenoaa ii-
caieyao aianoe a oicyenoaaiioth aeayoaeueiinoue iaeioi?ua
yeaiaiou naii?aaoee?iaaiey, i?aaei?eyoey iiaoaeaeathony
e ?aaioa, niioaaonoaothuae eioa?anai anaai iauanoaa,
iaoaieciii iaoa?eaeueiie caeioa?aniaaiiinoe e ioaao-
noaaiiinoe. Aianoa n oai ainoaea?noai ii?aaeaeyao iniia-
iua ia?iaeiioicyenoaaiiua i?iii?oeee, ?aaoee?oao oeaiu,
ii?aaeaeyao iniiaiua iai?aaeaiey eaieoaeueiuo aeiaea-
iee, ?aoaao ae?oaea aaaeiaeoea aii?inu nioeeaeenoe/a-
neiai oicyenoaiaaiey. ?acaeoea yeiiiie/aneeo iaoiaeia
?oeiaiaenoaa i?eaiaeeo e oiio, /oi ainoaea?noai eiioeaio-
?e?oao aieiaiea ia iniiaiuo aii?inao oicyenoaaiiie
aeayoaeueiinoe, ia eiio?iea ca oai, eae nioeeaeenoe/aneea
i?aaei?eyoey inouanoaeytho aeayoaeueiinoue a ?aieao i?a-
aeinoaaeaiiuo ei oicyenoaaiiuo i?aa.
Yoa ?oeiaiaeyuay aeayoaeueiinoue ainoaea?noaa i?aaeii-
eaaaao eniieueciaaiea i?aaeaea anaai yeiiiie/aneeo iaoi-
aeia ?oeiaiaenoaa. Iaeiaei auei au ioeaeie n/eoaoue, /oi
aaeieieno?aoeaiua iaoiaeu aiiaua aieueoa ia aeieaeiu
i?eiaiyoueny. Oicyenoaaiiay ?aoi?ia i?aaeiieaaaao
ioeac eeoue io aaeieieno?e?iaaiey, o. a. io ath?ie?aoe/a-
neeo eca?auaiee aaeieieno?aoeaiuo iaoiaeia ?oeiaiaeno-
-14-
aa, aieaaiai eiiaiaeiaaiey i?aaei?eyoeyie, io noauaeoe-
aecia a ?oeiaiaeyuae aeayoaeueiinoe. Aaeieieno?aoeaiua
iaoiaeu nio?aiythony e a iiauo oneiaeyo oicyenoaiaa-
iey, ii noa?a eo i?eiaiaiey nie?auaaony, iie aeieaeiu
oaia?ue eniieueciaaoueny a i?aaie/aneii aaeeinoaa, n iaoi-
aeaie yeiiiie/aneeie.
4. Eae yeiiiie/aneea, oae e aaeieieno?aoeaiua iaoi-
aeu ?oeiaiaenoaa inouanoaeythony a i?aaiauo ?aieao. Ia-
i?aaeeueia ano?a/athuayny eiiaaea o?aeoiaea niioiioa-
iey yoeo iaoiaeia ?oeiaiaenoaa eae iaoiaeia yeiiiie/a-
neeo e aaeieieno?aoeaiii?aaiauo. I?e oaeii iiaeoiaea
iieo/aaony, /oi yeiiiie/aneea iaoiaeu yaeythony iai?a-
aiauie, a ana i?aaiaua iaoiaeu naiaeyony oieueei e aaeie-
ieno?aoeaiii?aaiaui.
I?iaaaeaiea yeiiiie/aneie ?aoi?iu iiauoaao cia-
/aiea ii?iaoeaiiai ?aaoee?iaaiey eae oi?iu
?oeiaiaenoaa. A iiauo oneiaeyo iniaaiii aaaeii /aoei
ii?aaeaeeoue a i?aaiauo ii?iao ii?yaeie oi?aaeaiey e
ieaie?iaaiey, oi?iu iaoa?eaeueiiai iiiu?aiey e io-
aaonoaaiiinoe ca ?acoeueoaou oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueii-
noe, onoaiiaeoue i?aaiaua aa?aioee yeiiiie/aneie naii-
noiyoaeueiinoe i?aaei?eyoey e ae?oaeo oicyenoaaiiuo i?-
aaiia. Cia/eo, i?aaiaia cae?aieaiea aeieaeiu iieo/eoue
ia oieueei aaeieieno?aoeaiua, ii e yeiiiie/aneea iaoi-
aeu ?oeiaiaenoaa. Aieaa oiai, aac i?aaiaiai cae?aieaiey
yeiiiie/aneea iaoiaeu ?oeiaiaenoaa aiiaua ia iiaoo
auoue inouanoaeaiu.
A eaeeo aea i?aaiauo oi?iao aiieiuathony yeiiiie-
/aneea e aaeieieno?aoeaiua iaoiaeu ?oeiaiaenoaa? Iaei-
oi?ua o/aiua ioiaeaeanoaeytho aaeieieno?aoeaiua iaoiaeu
n aaeieieno?aoeaiii?aaiauie, a yeiiiie/aneea-n
a?aaeaeaineii?aaiauie. Oae, A. A. Oeaeoeoe ienaea:
-15-
?oaiuo niaaoneei aaeieieno?aoeaiui i?aaii. Yeiiiie-
/aneea iaoiaeu iieo/atho au?aaeaiea a ?aaeaiaioe?oa-
iuo a?aaeaeaineei i?aaii ioiioaieyo, iniiaaiiuo ia
?aaainoaa eo o/anoieeia>. (*1).
Oaeea aicc?aiey auee iiaeaa?aioou e?eoeea. (*2). Ia-
i?aaeeueiinoue
ie/aneeo iaoiaeia ninoieo a oii, /oi oaeie iiaeoiae ene-
eth/aao aiciiaeiinoue inouanoaeoue aaaeiia o?aaiaaiea
oicyenoaaiiie ?aoi?iu-i?eiaieoue yeiiiie/aneea ia-
oiaeu a oi?aaeaiee oicyenoaii, iineieueeo a?aaeaeaineia
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai ia oi?aaeai/aneea ioiioaiey ia ?an-
i?ino?aiyaony.
Iiiuoea ioiaeaeanoaeoue yeiiiie/aneea iaoiaeu ?oei-
aiaenoaa n a?aaeaeaineii?aaiauie, a aaeieieno?aoeaiua.
iaoiaeu n aaeieieno?aoeaiii?aaiauie iai?aaeeueia e n
iaoiaeieiae/aneie oi/ee c?aiey. Aeaei a oii, /oi aeaeaiea
iaoiaeia ?oeiaiaenoaa oicyenoaii e iaoiaeia i?aaiaiai ?a-
aoee?iaaiey oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee iaoiaeeony a ?ac-
iuo ieineinoyo. Iaoiaeu i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey nay-
caiu n ii?aaeaeaiiuie io?aneyie i?aaa, a iaoiaeu ?oei-
aiaenoaa, oioy e iieo/atho i?aaiaia cae?aieaiea, ia nay-
caiu iaycaoaeueii n ii?aaeaeaiiie io?aneueth i?aaa.
Oaeei ia?acii, iaiaoiaeeii ?acee/aoue iaoiaeu ?oei-
aiaenoaa oicyenoaii e iaoiaeu i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey
oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee. (*3).
Oioy iiaay nenoaia oicyenoaiaaiey o?aaoao ?acaeoey
yeiiiie/aneeo iaoiaeia e ia?aie/aiey i?eiaiaiey iaoi-
aeia aaeieieno?aoeaiuo, iaeioi?ua o/aiua aua e nae/an
ia?aioeaieaatho cia/aiea aaeieieno?aoeaiuo iaoiaeia a
?oeiaiaenoaa oicyenoaii. Oae, TH. I. Eiceia n/eoaao, /oi
. (*4). Iaeia-
(**1) A. A. Oeaeoeoe, Ia aaeieieno?aoeaiuo e yeiiiie/aneeo
iaoiaeao ?oeiaiaenoaa ia?iaeiui oicyenoaii, , no?. 126.
(**2)
(**3) I iaoiaeao i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioa-
iee ni. ae. 4.
(**4) TH. I. Eiceia, Oi?aaeaiea ia?iaeiui oicyenoaii e niaao-
neia aaeieieno?aoeaiia i?aai. Oacenu aeieeaaeia e iao/iuo niiaua-
iee ia iaaeaocianeie oai?aoe/aneie eiioa?aioeee , ecae-ai IAO, 1966, no?. 37.
-16-
ei caaea/a ninoieo eae ?ac a oii, /oiau ia?aie/eaaoue
i?eiaiaiea aaeieieno?aoeaiuo iaoiaeia a oi?aaeaiee
i?iecaiaenoaii, ?acaeaaoue yeiiiie/aneea iaoiaeu ?oei-
aiaenoaa.
Nouanoaoao e oaeay o?aeoiaea aii?ina, niaeanii ei-
oi?ie yeiiiie/aneea iaoiaeu oi?aaeaiey
nouanoao iiieiathony i?aaiaua aeou. Aeaenoaeoaeueii,
yeiiiie/aneia aicaeaenoaea ia eioa?anu ethaeae e eo eie-
eaeoeaia inouanoaeyaony n iiiiuueth ecaeaiey i?aaiaiai
aeoa, cae?aieythuaai nenoaio iiiu?aiey e oi?iu ioaao-
noaaiiinoe ca ?acoeueoaou oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe.
Iaeiaei i?e ?aca?aie/aiee yeiiiie/aneeo e aaeieieno-
?aoeaiuo iaoiaeia ?a/ue eaeao nianai i ae?oaii: i aicaeae-
noaee ia ethaeae iin?aaenoaii iaycaoaeueiie aee?aeoeau
eee iooai yeiiiie/aneiai noeioee?iaaiey. Iaa yoe
iaoiaea aicaeaenoaey i?aoai?ythony a aeeciue a i?aaiaie
oi?ia. Iiyoiio iaeuecy i?eciaoue i?aaeeueiui i?eiaia-
iea oa?ieia aeo aianoi
oa?ieia aeo. Oaeay oa?ieiieiaey aiineo
iayniinoue, eeoaao aiciiaeiinoe /aoei ?aca?aie/eoue aae-
ieieno?aoeaiua e yeiiiie/aneea iaoiaeu ?oeiaiaenoaa.
O/eouaay neiaeeaoaany neiaioiio?aaeaiea, i?e ei-
oi?ii iiae oi?iie ?oeiaiae-
noaa iiieiaaony aicaeaenoaea ia oicyenoaaiiua ioiioa-
iey n iiiiuueth iaycaoaeueiuo aee?aeoea, neaaeoao aiai?eoue
ia ia , a i i?aaiaie oi?ia
cae?aieaiey yeiiiie/aneeo e aaeieieno?aoeaiuo iaoi-
aeia ?oeiaiaenoaa. I?aaiaay oi?ia ia iaycaoaeueii nay-
caia n i?eiaiaieai iaoiaeia aeanoe e iiae/eiaiey, iia
iiaeao cae?aieyoue e ioiioaiey, iniiaaiiua ia ?aaaino-
aa noi?ii, ioaaouaaao e oaeea einoeooou ?oeiaiaenoaa
yeiiiieeie, eae oicyenoaaiiue aeiaiai?.
?anniao?eaaaiay o?aeoiaea yeiiiie/aneeo iaoiaeia
?oeiaiaenoaa ii nouanoao ia ioee/aaony io oaeiai eo ii-
ieiaiey, niaeanii eioi?iio yeiiiie/aneea iaoiaeu
i?aaenoaaeytho niaie yeiiiie/anee iainiiaaiiua aaeie-
ieno?aoeaiua iaoiaeu. Noi?iiieee iiaeiaiuo acaeyaeia
iieaaatho, /oi anee iaycaoaeueiay aeey i?aaei?eyoee aee-
(**1) N. I. A?aoonue, ?aoi?ia e i?aai,
1967 a. ? 4, no?. 15.
-17-
?aeoeaa auoanoiyuaai i?aaia yeiiiie/anee iainiiaaia,
anee iia o/eouaaao oic?an/aoiua eioa?anu i?aaei?eyoey,
oi yoi e anoue yeiiiie/aneee iaoiae ?oeiaiaenoaa. Iaeiaei
iineieueeo i?e oaeii iiaeoiaea yeiiiie/aneea iaoiaeu
iieiinoueth ?anoai?ythony a aaeieieno?aoeaiuo, oi aiai-
?yo ia ia yeiiiie/aneeo iaoiaeao, a ia yeiiiie/aneeo
?u/aaao, eniieuecoaiuo a aaeieieno?aoeaiii oi?aa-
eaiee.
Iiaeiaiay eiioeaioeey auneacuaaaony, iai?eia?, a
?a’aioao TH. I. Eiceiaa.
Oaeei ia?acii, caeanue i?yii io?eoeaaony naiinoiy-
oaeueiia nouanoaiaaiea yeiiiie/aneeo iaoiaeia, eioi?ua
iiaeiuathony iaoiaeaie aaeieieno?aoeaiuie. Iaaeaeo oai
ioiaeaeanoaeaiea yeiiiie/aneeo e aaeieieno?aoeaiuo ia-
oiaeia oai?aoe/anee iai?aaeeueii, eai eaaeaeue ec ieo
aiieia naiinoiyoaeai. Iiaeiaiue iiaeoiae ia iicaieyao
?aoeoue e i?aeoe/aneoth caaea/o-eeeaeaee?iaaoue i?aia-
eaaeaiea aaeieieno?aoeaiuo iaoiaeia “iaae iaoiaeaie yei-
iiie/aneeie, iaania/eoue ?acaeoea yeiiiie/aneeo iaoi-
aeia ?oeiaiaenoaa oicyenoaii.
Aica?auaynue e iiceoeee N. I. A?aoony, neaaeoao
ioiaoeoue, /oi ii auneacuaae e eiie acaeyae, niaeanii
eioi?iio yeiiiie/aneea iaoiaeu ?oeiaiaenoaa inouano-
aeythony a iniiaiii n?aaenoaaie a?aaeaeaineiai e o?oaei-
aiai i?aaa, e i?eoiaeee e auaiaeo i i?eiaieiinoe a?aae-
aeaineiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa e ioiioaieyi iaaeaeo i?aae-
(**1) TH. I. Eiceia, Oi?aaeaiea ia?iaeiui oicyenoaii e niaao-
neia aaeieieno?aoeaiia i?aai, no?. 37, 38. A ae?oaie ?aaioa TH. I. Eic-
eia nia/aea i?eciaao nouanoaiaaiea yeiiiie/aneeo iaoiaeia, caoai ai-
ai?eo ia
/oi yeiiiie/aneea iaoiaeu i?aaenoaaeytho niaie yeiiiie/anee iainii-
aaiiua aaeieieno?aoeaiua iaoiaeu e /oi aiiaua
eia, Iaoiaeu oi?aaeaiey ia?iaeiui oicyenoaii NNN?, no?. 71-76).
-18-
i?eyoeyie e ainoaea?noaii. (*1). Iaeiaei yoio auaiae
i?ioeai?a/eo no. 2 Iniia a?aaeaeaineiai caeiiiaeaoaeueno-
aa, eneeth/athuae aiciiaeiinoue i?eiaiaiey a?aaeaeainei-
ai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa e ioiioaieyi iiae/eiaiey. A ioii-
oaieyo n i?aaei?eyoeyie ainoaea?noai aunooiaao a eeoea
naieo i?aaiia, eioi?ui i?aaei?eyoea iiae/eiaii. Cia/eo,
e yoei ioiioaieyi iaeuecy i?eiaiyoue a?aaeaeaineia
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai, ?aaoee?othuaa oieueei ioiioaiey, in-
iiaaiiua ia ?aaainoaa noi?ii, /oi iaiaeiie?aoii iiae/a?-
eeaae nai aea N. I. A?aoonue. (*2). I?ioeai?a/eainoue yoie
eiioeaioeee auea iiaeaa?aiooa oaaaeeoaeueiie e?eoeea
A. A. Ianeaiei. (*3).
Aeaa ?anniio?aiiua eiioeaioeee N. I. A?aoony ii ai-
i?ino i niioiioaiee yeiiiie/aneeo e aaeieieno?aoea-
iuo iaoiaeia, ii-aeaeeiiio, au?aaeatho aai no?aieaiea
eae-oi oaycaoue naie oai?aoe/aneea iiceoeee n i?ienoiaey-
ueie i?ioeannaie eciaiaiey oi?i e iaoiaeia ?oeiaiaeno-
aa yeiiiieeie. Yoe iiceoeee ninoiyo a ?acaeaeaiee i?a-
aiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee iaaeaeo
aaeieieno?aoeaiui e a?aaeaeaineei i?aaii. (*4). I?e oaeii
iiaeoiaea ?acaeoea oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee ii aa?oeea-
ee, iiyaeaiea a ieo ia?yaeo n ieaiiai-i?aaiecaoeeiiiuie
e eiouanoaaiiuo, oic?an/aoiuo yeaiaioia (*5) iauyniyao-
ny n iiiiuueth ?anuaieaiey aeaiiuo ioiioaiee ia aeaa
?aciua a?oiiu: eiouanoaaiiua e ieaiiai-i?aaiecaoee-
iiiua. Ia?aua ?aaoee?othony a?aaeaeaineei i?aaii, a
aoi?ua- aaeieieno?aoeaiui.
Iaeiaei yoi i?ioeai?a/eo oiio, /oi eiouanoaaiiua,
oic?an/aoiua yeaiaiou ?acaeaathony eiaiii a ioiioa-
ieyo ii ?oeiaiaenoao oicyenoaii. A oaeeo ioiioaieyo
ia oo?a/eaathony ieaiiai-i?aaiecaoeeiiiua yeaiaiou, ii
iie ni/aoathony n yeaiaioaie eiouanoaaiiuie. Yoe oi-
cyenoaaiiua ioiioaiey aaeeiu e eo iaeuecy ?acaeaeeoue ia
(**1) N. I. A?aoonue, I?aaiaia ?aaoee?iaaiea nioeeaeenoe/anei-
ai i?iecaiaenoaa,
(**2) N. I. A?aoonue, I?aaeiao e nenoaia niaaoneiai a?aaeaeainei-
ai i?aaa, Ainth?ecaeao, 1963, no?. 6, 52.
(**3) A. A. Ianeaiei. Yeiiiie/aneea iaoiaeu oi?aaeaiey e oi-
cyenoaaiiua nayce a i?iiuoeaiiinoe, , no?. 132-135.
(**4) N. I. A?aoonue, I?aaeiaou nenoaia niaaoneiai a?aaeaeainei-
ai i?aaa, no?. 144-159.
(**5) Iiae?iaiaa ni. ae. 2.
-19-
/anoe, ?aaoee?oaiua ii?iaie a?aaeaea.ineiai e aaeieie-
no?aoeaiiai i?aaa. (*1).
A?naiae o?aaeeoeeiiiuo th?eaee/aneeo iiiyoee noaii-
aeony a oaeeo oneiaeyo iaaeinoaoi/iui aeey iauyniaiey
iiauo yaeaiee oicyenoaaiiie aeecie. I?eau/iia ?acaea-
eaiea oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee ia aaeieieno?aoeaiua
e a?aaeaeaineea, neiaeeaoaany aei yeiiiie/aneie ?aoi?-
iu, ia niioaaonoaoao iiaui oneiaeyi oicyenoaiaaiey,
eiaaea ?oeiaiaenoai no?ieony ia iniiaa oic?an/aoa, a aae-
ieieno?aoeaiua iaoiaeu ?oeiaiaenoaa ni/aoathony n yei-
iiie/aneeie.
Nia?aiaiiua i?iaeaiu nioeeaeenoe/aneiai oicyeno-
aiaaiey iiaoo auoue ?aoaiu oieueei i?e oicyenoaaiii-
i?aaiaii iiaeoiaea. I?aaeeueii ioia/atho O. A. Oiea? e
A. Ioeeea (AAe?):
?anniio?aiea aii?ina i i?aaiauo oi?iao e iaoiaeao
?oeiaiaenoaa oicyenoaii iieacuaaao, /oi ?aoaiea th?e-
aee/aneeo i?iaeai yeiiiie/aneie ?aoi?iu ia iiaeao
auoue iaania/aii eniieueciaaieai o?aaeeoeeiiiuo th?eaee-
/aneeo eiino?oeoeee. Iii iiaeao auoue aeinoeaiooi eeoue
i?e oicyenoaaiiii?aaiaii iiaeoiaea e ?aaoee?iaaieth
nioeeaeenoe/aneie yeiiiieee.
(**1) Iiae?iaiaa ni. ae. 2.
(**2) U.J. Heuer, G. Pflicke, Aufgaben des Wirtschaftsrechts
und der Wirtschaftsrechtswissenschaft bei der weiteren Gestaltung
des neuenokonomischen Systems,
-20-
Aeaaa 2
Oicyenoaaiiua ioiioaiey
e eo i?aaiaia ?aaoee?iaaiea
1. Anyeay io?aneue i?aaa i?aaenoaaeyao niaie a ecaa-
noiii niunea iauaeoeaioth ?aaeueiinoue. I?aaiaay nenoa-
ia neeaaeuaaaony ec niaieoiiinoe iiiai/eneaiiuo i?a-
-20-
aiauo ii?i e einoeoooia, ia?acothueo naycaiiua iaaeaeo
niaie io?anee i?aaa, ii?iu eioi?uo ?aaoee?otho ii?a-
aeaeaiiua a?oiiu iauanoaaiiuo ioiioaiee. Yoe iaua-
noaaiiua ioiioaiey iaeaaeatho niaoeeoe/aneeie iniaai-
iinoyie, eioi?ua e iaoneiaeeaatho naiaia?acea niioaao-
noaothueo i?aaiauo ii?i.
Io?aneue i?aaa ioaaouaaao iauanoaaiiua ioiioaiey,
ioee/athueany ii?aaeaeaiiui aaeeinoaii. Iaeiaei auei
au iaaa?ii aeoiaoue, /oi ioiioaiey yoe iieiinoueth iaeii-
?iaeiu. Iauanoaaiiua ioiioaiey, ?aaoee?oaiua ii?ia-
ie ii?aaeaeaiiie io?anee i?aaa, eae i?aaeei, ia yaey-
thony iieiinoueth iaeii?iaeiuie. Iai?eia?, a?aaeaeaineia
i?aai ?aaoee?oao, n iaeiie noi?iiu, eiouanoaaiiua io-
iioaiey, a n ae?oaie-ee/iua iaeiouanoaaiiua ioii-
oaiey. Yoe ioiioaiey iaiaeii?iaeiu, ii iie naycaiu
iaaeaeo niaie e iiyoiio noaaouaathony iaeiie io?aneueth
i?aaa. (*1).
?aaoee?iaaiea ii?iaie iaeiie io?anee i?aaa iaiae-
ii?iaeiuo eee iaiieiinoueth iaeii?iaeiuo ioiioaiee
iauyniyaony neiaeiinoueth naieo iauanoaaiiuo ioiioa-
iee, eo oaniie, a ii?ie e ia?ac?uaiie naycueth. Iiyoiio,
?anniao?eaay oa?aeoa? iauanoaaiiuo ioiioaiee, ?aao-
ee?oaiuo ii?iaie ii?aaeaeaiiie io?anee i?aaa, anaaaea
iaaei auyniyoue ia oieueei aaeeinoai yoeo ioiioaiee, ii e
eo aeeooa?aioeeaoeeth, auyaeyoue oa eee eiua aeaeu eee
a?oiiu ioiioaiee a i?aaeaeao nouanoaothuaai o ieo
aaeeinoaa a iniiaiii e aeaaiii.
Iino?iaiea io?aneae i?aaa ii oa?aeoa?o ?aaoee?oa-
iuo eo ii?iaie iauanoaaiiuo ioiioaiee aieaa eee
iaiaa aannii?ii a niaaoneie i?aaiaie iaoea. Oa?aeoa?
iauanoaaiiuo ioiioaiee-iauaeoeaiue e?eoa?ee io-
?anee i?aaa, e?eoa?ee aaceniiai ii?yaeea.
Aianoa n oai iiiaea o/aiua i?aaeeaaatho o/eouaaoue e
noauaeoeaiue oaeoi?-i?eciaiea ainoaea?noaii iaua-
noaaiiie cia/eiinoe niioaaonoaothueo ioiioaiee e nic-
(**1) Iaiaoeeee o/aiue I. Iio ioia/aao, /oi n oi/ee c?aiey i?e-
iyoiai a AAe? iiieiaiey i?aaeiaoa a?aaeaeaineiai i?aaa ee/iui i?a-
aai iao ianoa a a?aaeaeaineii i?aaa, ii iie aeeth/athony a iaai,
iineieueeo yaeythony o?aaeeoeeiiiui aeiiieiaieai e ?aaoee?iaaieth
eiouanoaaiiuo ioiioaiee (I. Iio, Iiaeaioiaea iiaiai A?aaeaeai-
neiai eiaeaena a Aa?iaineie Aeaiie?aoe/aneie ?anioaeeea,
-21-
aeaiea a nayce n yoei aieaa eee iaiaa iaoe?iiai ii?ia-
oeaiiai iaoa?eaea ii eo ?aaoee?iaaieth.
Oae, A. E. ?aeoa? iaycaoaeueiuie oneiaeyie i?ecia-
iey io?anee i?aaa n/eoaao iaee/ea naiinoiyoaeueiiai
i?aaeiaoa ?aaoee?iaaiey, e?oiioth iauanoaaiioth cia/e-
iinoue iauanoaaiiuo ioiioaiee e aeinoaoi/ii iaoe?iue
iauai niioaaonoaothuaai ii?iaoeaiiai iaoa?eaea. (*1).
E. E. Aeaiai ioia/ae, /oi i?aaeiinueeaie ioaeaeueiie
io?anee i?aaa yaeythony: a) iaee/ea niioaaonoaothuae
iaeanoe iauanoaaiiuo ioiioaiee; a) ii?aaeaeaiiia
aaeeinoai aeaiiiai eiiieaena iauanoaaiiuo ioiioaiee;
a) nouanoaiaaiea o ainiiaenoaothuaai eeanna iauaeoeaii
iaoneiaeaiiiai eioa?ana a naiinoiyoaeueiii ?aaoee?i-
aaiee aeaiiiai eiiieaena ioiioaiee. (*2).
E. A. Iaaeia enoiaeeo ec oiai, /oi a io?aneue i?aaa
iiaoo auaeaeyoueny iauanoaaiiua ioiioaiey, yaeythuea-
ny iaeii?iaeiuie, eiathuea i?eioeeiu ?aaoee?iaaiey e
iaoiaeu i?aaiaiai aicaeaenoaey, anee auaeaeaiea yoeo
ioiioaiee a naiinoiyoaeueioth noa?o i?aaiaiai ?aaoee-
?iaaiey aeeeooaony .eioa?anaie ainiiaenoaothuaai eeanna. (*3).
Ia iaiaoiaeeiinoue o/aoa aiee caeiiiaeaoaey a oi?ie-
?iaaiee io?aneae i?aaa ia?auaao aieiaiea e N. I. Ei?-
iaaa. Ii iiae/a?eeaaao, /oi eae naii i?aai, oae e aai
nenoaia nicaeathony aieae ethaeae, yaeythony i?iaeoeoii
niciaoaeueiiai oai?/anoaa. Yeiiiie/aneea oneiaey ia
naie nicaeatho oa eee eiua i?aaiaua einoeooou e io?an-
ee i?aaa. Nicaeaaaoue nenoaio i?aaa iaaei ii oa?aeoa?o
e niaea?aeaieth i?aaiauo ii?i, ?aaoee?othueo iaeii?iae-
iua iauanoaaiiua ioiioaiey. (*4).
Noauaeoeaiue oaeoi? a oi?ie?iaaiee io?aneae
i?aaa, o/ao cia/eiinoe ?aaoee?oaiuo i?aaii iauano-
aaiiuo ioiioaiee, au?aaeathueeny a oi?ie?iaaiee
aeinoaoi/ii iaoe?iiai ii?iaoeaiiai iaoa?eaea ii eo
?aaoee?iaaieth, i?eciathony e o/aiuie ca?oaaaeiuo ni-
oeeaeenoe/aneeo no?ai.
(**1) A. E. ?aeoa?, Iauanoaaiii-enoi?e/aneea oeiu no?aoiaaiey,
ecae-ai AI NNN?, 1947, no?. 189-190.
(**2) E. E. Aeaiai, I i?eioeeiao iino?iaiey nenoaiu i?aaa,
(**3) E. A. Iaaeia, I nenoaia niaaoneiai nioeeaeenoe/aneiai
i?aaa,
(**4) N. I. Ei?iaaa, Aii?inu iino?iaiey nenoaiu niaaoneiai
i?aaa, 1963 a. ? 1, no?. 14- 25.
-22-
Oae, ss. Oiieineee (Iieueoa) oeacuaaao, /oi iaeiei
ec aaaeiaeoeo iniiaaiee aeey i?eciaiey oicyenoaaiiiai
i?aaa naiinoiyoaeueiie io?aneueth i?aaa yaeyaony noua-
noaiaaiea iaoe?iiai oicyenoaaiiiai caeiiiaeaoaeue-
noaa. (*1).
I. Iio (AAe?) iiae/a?eeaaao, /oi ?acaeoea oicyeno-
aaiiiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa i?ienoiaeeo a niioaaonoaee n
i?aeoe/aneeie iio?aaiinoyie e n iieeoeei-i?aaiauie
niia?aaeaieyie. Yoi icia/aao, /oi oicyenoaaiiia i?aai
?acaeaaaony a niioaaonoaee n yeiiiie/aneeie iio?aaii-
noyie. (*2).
Iiaiea i iaiaoiaeeiinoe o/aoa noauaeoeaiiai aaeoi-
?a a oi?ie?iaaiee io?aneae i?aaa caneoaeeaaao iiae-
aea?aeai. Aeaenoaeoaeueii, i?aai au?aaeaaony a nenoaia
ii?i, nicaeaaaaiuo ainoaea?noaii, e iaee/ea aieueoie
a?oiiu ii?i ii ?aaoee?iaaieth ii?aaeaeaiiuo iauano-
aaiiuo ioiioaiee au?aaeaao ainoaea?noaaiiia i?eciaiea
aaaeiiai cia/aiey yoeo ioiioaiee.
Iaeiaei oaeia i?eciaiea ia ia?ae/ii, a aoi?e/ii, eai
iii i?aaeii?aaeaeyaony i?aaeiaoii ?aaoee?iaaiey. ?acae-
oea oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee aucuaaao iaiaoiaeeiinoue
eo i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey, iiyaeyaony oicyenoaaiiia
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai. Ecaeaaay oicyenoaaiiia caeiiiaeaoaeue-
noai, ainoaea?noai i?iyaeyao naith aieth, ii iia ii?aaea-
eyaony iio?aaiinoyie yeiiiie/aneiai ?acaeoey.
Iiyoiio ioithaeue ia io?eoeay ?iee noauaeoeaiiai
oaeoi?a, ana aea i?e auaeaeaiee io?anee i?aaa iaaei en-
oiaeeoue ec ii?aaeaeythuaai cia/aiey oaeoi?a iauaeoea-
iiai, i?aaeiaoa ?aaoee?iaaiey, oa?aeoa?a ?aaoee?oaiuo
iauanoaaiiuo ioiioaiee. Yoio iauaeoeaiue oaeoi? iu
e ?anniio?ei nae/an i?eiaieoaeueii e oicyenoaaiiiio
i?aao.
2. Oicyenoaaiiia i?aai ?aaoee?oao oicyenoaaiiua io-
iioaiey. Aeaiiua ioiioaiey neeaaeuaathony a i?ioeanna
nioeeaeenoe/aneiai oicyenoaiaaiey. Iii ioaaouaaao oe-
?ieee e?oa ?acee/iuo aeaeia aeayoaeueiinoe a iaeanoe
i?iecaiaenoaa, iaiaia e ?ani?aaeaeaiey iaoa?eaeueiuo
aeaa. Oaeei ia?acii, nioeeaeenoe/aneia oicyenoaiaaiea
(**1) ss. Oiieineee, I?iaeaia oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa,
(**2)
-23-
i?aaenoaaeyao niaie i?ioeann ?anoe?aiiiai nioeeaeenoe-
/aneiai aini?iecaiaenoaa. (*1).
A oiaea nioeeaeenoe/aneiai oicyenoaiaaiey neeaaeuaa-
thony ?aciiia?aciua ioiioaiey ii ?oeiaiaenoao e inoua-
noaeaieth oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe, oaeiaeaoai?aieth
iaoa?eaeueiuo iio?aaiinoae ethaeae eae o/anoieeia i?i-
oeanna aini?iecaiaenoaa, ii eniieueciaaieth o?oaea a aeai-
iii i?ioeanna. Iaeiaei ia ana yoe ioiioaiey ioaaouaa-
thony oicyenoaaiiui i?aaii. Oae, ioiioaiey ii
oaeiaeaoai?aieth iaoa?eaeueiuo iio?aaiinoae ethaeae
?aaoee?othony a?aaeaeaineei i?aaii, a ioiioaiey ii en-
iieueciaaieth o?oaea a i?ioeanna iauanoaaiiiai aini?iec-
aiaenoaa – i?aaii o?oaeiaui.
Eeoue iaeia eaoaai?ey ioiioaiee a noa?a nioeeaeenoe-
/aneiai oicyenoaiaaiey ?aaoee?oaony oicyenoaaiiui
i?aaii-ioiioaiey ii ?oeiaiaenoao e inouanoaeaieth
oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe, eioi?ua e ninoaaeytho oi-
cyenoaaiiua ioiioaiey. Eiaiii a yoii niunea iu e
eniieuecoai iiiyoea oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee.
Nioeeaeenoe/aneia oicyenoaiaaiea, eae iu oaea neaca-
ee, ioaaouaaao eae iaiin?aaenoaaiiia aaaeaiea oicyeno-
aaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe, oae e ?oeiaiaenoai ath. Iaa yoe noi-
?iiu nioeeaeenoe/aneiai oicyenoaiaaiey ia?ac?uaii
naycaiu iaaeaeo niaie. Iineieueeo nioeeaeenoe/aneia ai-
noaea?noai yaeyaony nianoaaiieeii iniiaiie iannu
n?aaenoa i?iecaiaenoaa, iii ia oieueei ?oeiaiaeeo oicyeno-
aii, ii e naii oicyenoaoao, aeaenoaoy a eeoea -naieo oicye-
noaaiiuo i?aaiia. Oaeei ia?acii, ii?iaie oicyenoaai-
iiai i?aaa ?aaoee?othony e ioiioaiey ii ?oeiaiaenoao
oicyenoaii e ioiioaiey, aicieeathuea i?e inouanoaea-
iee oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe.
Nouanoaoao iiaiea, /oi iaa aeaea yoeo ioiioaiee
i?aaenoaaeytho niaie ?aciua oeiu ioiioaiee, eioi?ua
aeieaeiu ?aaoee?iaaoueny ii?iaie ?acee/iuo io?aneae
i?aaa. I?e yoii ioiioaiey ii ?oeiaiaenoao oicyenoaii
o?aeoothony eae , a ioiioaiey a i?i-
oeanna oicyenoaiaaiey-eae
Oae, N. I. A?aoonue ienae, /oi
?anniao?eaay yoi auneacuaaiea, I. Eieaaiia ioia-
/ae iai?aaeeueiinoue iiaeiaiiai i?ioeaiiinoaaeaiey
ioiioaiee a nioeeaeenoe/aneii oicyenoaa. Ii oeacuaae,
/oi
Yoi icia/aao, /oi i?aaiecaoeeiiiua e eiouanoaaiiua
ioiioaiey a nioeeaeenoe/aneii oicyenoaa ninoaaeytho
aaeeioth noa?o nioeeaeenoe/aneiai oicyenoaiaaiey. Aeai-
iua ioiioaiey ia?ac?uaii naycaiu iaaeaeo niaie, yaey-
ynue iaeiia?aiaiii e i?aaiecaoeeiiiuie e eiouanoaaiiu-
ie, iie ia iiaoo auoue ioaeaeaiu ae?oa io ae?oaa. Oae,
oeacaiea i?aaia oicyenoaaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa i ia?a?an-
i?aaeaeaiee iai?ioiuo n?aaenoa iiae/eiaiiuo i?aaei?ey-
oee eee oicyenoaaiiue aeiaiai? iaaeaeo aeaoiy i?aaei?ey-
oeyie eiatho e i?aaiecaoeeiiiia e eiouanoaaiiia
cia/aiea. Aiaeiae/iia iieiaeaiea ano?a/aaony ia oieueei
a iaeanoe oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa, ii e a ae?oaeo i?aaiauo
io?aneyo, iai?eia? a o?oaeiaii (*3) e eieoiciii (*4) i?aaa, aaea
(**1) N. A?aoonue, Eiouanoaaiiua ioiioaiey, ?aaoee?oaiua ni-
aaoneei a?aaeaeaineei i?aaii,
no?. 75,
(**2) I. Eieaaiia. Eiouanoaaiiua ioiioaiey e Iniiau a?aae-
aeaineiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa,
no?. 76.
(**3) E. ss. Aeioeao?a, e?eoeeoy N. I. A?aoony, ia?aoee aieiaiea
ia ni/aoaiea eiouanoaaiiuo e i?aaiecaoeeiiiuo ioiioaiee a o?oaei-
aii i?aaa e ia yoii i?eia?a iieacae iaoaaaeeoaeueiinoue aic?aaeaiee
i?ioea oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa, iniiaaiiuo ia ooaa?aeaeaiee i iaaic-
iiaeiinoe ni/aoaiey aeaiiuo ioiioaiee a iaeiie io?anee (
(**4) A. Ae. Aenaiaiie, iainiiauaay iaiaoiaeeiinoue i?eciaiey oicye-
noaaiiiai i?aaa eae naiinoiyoaeueiie io?anee, nnueaaony ia noua-
noaiaaiea oaeie io?anee, eae eieoiciia i?aai, eioi?ia ni/aoaao ?a-
aoee?iaaiea aii?inia i?iecaiaenoaa, ieaie?iaaiey e oi?aaeaiey a
eieoicao, /oi aeaao iieiaeeoaeueiua ?acoeueoaou (
-25-
oaeaea ni/aoathony eiouanoaaiiua e i?aaiecaoeeiiiua
ioiioaiey. (*1).
E?eoeeoy eiioeaioeeth, i?ioeaiiinoaaeythuoth i?aaie-
caoeeiiiua e eiouanoaaiiua ioiioaiey eae ?aciua noa-
?u i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey, A. I. Oe?aaeia i?aaeeueii
oeacuaaao:
3. Aaeeinoai ioiioaiee ii ?oeiaiaenoao e inouanoaea-
ieth oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe iniaaiii y?ei i?iya-
eyaony a i?ioeanna i?iaaaeaiey yeiiiie/aneie ?aoi?iu.
?aoi?ia iaiyao oa?aeoa? ioiioaiee iaaeaeo i?aaei?ey-
oeyie e auoanoiyueie oicyenoaaiiuie i?aaiaie. Ia
naioya?ueneii (1965 a.) Ieaioia OeE EINN oeacuaaeinue,
/oi a iiauo oneiaeyo onoa?aei i?eau/iia i?aaenoaaeaiea
ia yoeo ioiioaieyo eae i oaeeo, aaea auoanoiyuea i?aa-
iu eiatho oieueei i?aaa, a i?aaei?eyoey oieueei iaycaiii-
noe. Oaia?ue a aeaiiuo ioiioaieyo iiyaeythony acaeiiua
i?aaa e iaycaiiinoe eo o/anoieeia.
?acaeoea acaeiiuo i?aa e iaycaiiinoae a ioiioaie-
yo iaaeaeo i?aaei?eyoeyie e auoanoiyueie oicyenoaai-
(**1) E. N. Ao?aae/ ioia/aao yoi yaeaiea a ioiioaieyo ii e?aaee-
oiaaieth e ?an/aoai.
aaieianeia i?aai e yeiiiie/aneay ?aoi?ia,
(**2) A. I. Oe?aaeia, Yeiiiieea e i?aai,
no?. 90.
-26-
iuie i?aaiaie oa?aeoa?ii aeey oicyenoaaiiiai caeiii-
aeaoaeuenoaa, ecaeaiiiai a oiaea inouanoaeaiey ?aoi?iu.
Oae, a Iieiaeaiee i nioeeaeenoe/aneii ainoaea?noaaiiii
i?iecaiaenoaaiiii i?aaei?eyoee (*1) i?aaeoniao?eaaaony, /oi
auoanoiyuee oicyenoaaiiue i?aai iaycai onoaiiaeoue
i?aaei?eyoeth ieai, niaeaniaaiiue ii anai iieacaoaeyi.
Eciaiyy ieai, auoanoiyuee i?aai aeieaeai i?aaeaa?e-
oaeueii ianoaeeoue yoi n aaeieieno?aoeeae i?aaei?eyoey; i?e
eciaiaiee iaeiiai iieacaoaey ieaia ii iaycai aianoe
eciaiaiey e a ae?oaea acaeiinaycaiiua iieacaoaee. A
iinoaiiaeaiee. OeE EINN e Niaaoa Ieieno?ia NNN?
io 4 ieoya?y 1965 a. (*2) ii?aaeaeai ia?a/aiue iieacaoa-
eae ieaia, eioi?ua ooaa?aeaeathony auoanoiyueie i?aa-
iaie .i?aaei?eyoeyi, ia?aaaaeaiiui ia iiaoth nenoaio
oicyenoaiaaiey. Auoanoiyuee i?aai iaycai ooaa?aeaeaoue
i?aaei?eyoeyi eiaiii yoe e oieueei yoe iieacaoaee, ii
ia eiaao i?aaa naiiaieueii auaiaeeoue ieeaeea ae?oaea iea-
iiaua iieacaoaee. Oaeei ia?acii, io/aoeeai aunooiatho
ia oieueei i?aaa, ii e iaycaiiinoe auoanoiyueo oicye-
noaaiiuo i?aaiia ia?aae i?aaei?eyoeyie a aeaiiuo ioii-
oaieyo.
Oa?aeoa?ii e oi, /oi a ioiioaieyo iaaeaeo i?aaei?ey-
oeyie e auoanoiyueie oicyenoaaiiuie i?aaiaie
iiyaeythony eiouanoaaiiua yeaiaiou.
Iai?eia?, i?e ia?aaiaea ia iiaoth nenoaio oicyeno-
aiaaiey i?iecaiaenoaaiiua iauaaeeiaiey e oi?aaeaiey
iiaoo oeaio?aeeciaaoue ii?aaeaeaiioth /anoue oiiaea iaoa-
?eaeueiiai iiiu?aiey e oiiaea ?acaeoey i?iecaiaenoaa
iiae/eiaiiuo ei i?aaei?eyoee. Iaeiaei oeaio?aeecaoeey
(**1) NI NNN? 1965 a. ? 19-20, no. 155.
(**2) NI NNN? 1965 a. ? 19-20, no. 153.
(**3) A. E. Iaiooia, ?aaoee?iaaiea ioiioaiee i?aaei?eyoee n
auoanoiyueie oicyenoaaiiuie i?aaiaie, , no?. 151.
-27-
aeiioneaaony oieueei n niaeaney i?aaei?eyoee. (*1). Neaaeiaa-
oaeueii, a neo/aa ecuyoey niioaaonoaothueo n?aaenoa aac
oaeiai niaeaney i?aaei?eyoea eiaao i?aai iio?aaiaaoue
io auoanoiyuaai i?aaia eo aica?aoa. I?aaaea, iiea ia
?aoai aii?in i oii, eaeie i?aai aeieaeai ?anniao?eaaoue
iiaeiaiua nii?u iaaeaeo i?aaei?eyoeyie e auoanoiyueie
oicyenoaaiiuie i?aaiaie. Ii n iaoa?eaeueiii?aaiaie
noi?iiu nouanoaoao i?aai i?aaei?eyoey ia?aaeaoue eee ia
ia?aaeaoue /anoue naieo noeioee?othueo oiiaeia auoanoiy-
uaio i?aaio e iaycaiiinoue auoanoiyuaai i?aaia aa?-
iooue i?aaei?eyoeth oaeea n?aaenoaa, anee iie oeaio?aeeci-
aaiu aac niaeaney i?aaei?eyoey.
Auoa oaea ioia/aeinue, /oi yeiiiie/aneia noeioee?i-
aaiea yaeyaony iaoiaeii ?oeiaiaenoaa oicyenoaii.
Cia/eo, ioiioaiey iaaeaeo auoanoiyuei i?aaiii e
i?aaei?eyoeai, naycaiiua n eniieueciaaieai oiiaeia yei-
iiie/aneiai noeioee?iaaiey, i?aaenoaaeytho niaie ioii-
oaiey ii ?oeiaiaenoao oicyenoaii. A ieo e i?iyaeythony
eiouanoaaiiua yeaiaiou ia?yaeo n yeaiaioaie ieaiiai-
i?aaiecaoeeiiiuie. Caeanue iaeuecy auei au ?annoaeaeaoue
oae, /oi neeaaeuaathony aeaa ?yaea ?aciuo ioiioaiee
iaaeaeo i?aaiii oicyenoaaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa e i?aaei?ey-
oeai: iaeii ioiioaiea – eiouanoaaiiia, a ae?oaia –
ieaiiai-i?aaiecaoeeiiiia. E eiouanoaaiiue e ieaiiai-
i?aaiecaoeeiiiue yeaiaiou yaeythony ia?acaeaeueiuie
ninoaaiuie /anoyie aaeeiiai oicyenoaaiiiai ioiioaiey,
neeaaeuaathuaainy iaaeaeo i?aaei?eyoeai e auoanoiyuei
oicyenoaaiiui i?aaiii ii iiaiaeo eniieueciaaiey oii-
aeia yeiiiie/aneiai noeioee?iaaiey,
Aanueia io/aoeeai eiouanoaaiiua yeaiaiou a ioii-
oaieyo iaaeaeo auoanoiyueie i?aaiaie e i?aaei?eyoey-
ie i?iyaeythony i?e auaea/a ieienoa?noaii i?aaei?ey-
oeth n?aaenoa ec ?aca?aa aeey ieacaiey oeiainiaie
iiiiue. (*2). Oae, n?aaenoaa yoiai ?aca?aa i?aaeinoaaeythony
ieienoa?noaii (a a iaeioi?uo neo/ayo aai aeaaiui oi-
?aaeaieai) i?aaei?eyoeyi ia aiciauaiea iioa?ue, aicie-
eathueo a ?acoeueoaoa eciaiaiey ieaiia i?aaei?eyoee.
(**1)
(**2) Iinoaiiaeaiea Niaaoa Ieieno?ia NNN? io 3 yiaa?y 1967 a.
(NI NNN?
1967 a. ? 2-3, no. 9).
-28-
Iiaeiaiua eciaiaiey ieaiia aiciiaeiu a onoaiiaeaiiii
ii?yaeea, ii, aiiny eciaiaiea, ieienoa?noai (aeaaiia
oi?aaeaiea) aianoa n oai i?aaeinoaaeytho i?aaei?eyoeth e
ii?aaeaeaiiua oeiainiaua n?aaenoaa, iaiaoiaeeiua aeey
aiciauaiey iioa?ue e iaania/aiey ii?iaeueiie aeayoaeue-
iinoe i?aaei?eyoey. Cia/eo, e a yoii neo/aa iaaeaeo
i?aaei?eyoeai e auoanoiyuei i?aaiii neeaaeuaaaony
aaeeiia ioiioaiea, ni/aoathuaa ieaiiai-i?aaiecaoeeii-
iua e eiouanoaaiiua yeaiaiou.
Oaeei ia?acii, ioiioaiey ii aa?oeeaee ia?anoatho
auoue /enoi oi?aaeai/aneeie, a noaiiayony oicyenoaai-
iuie ioiioaieyie, a eioi?uo iaeeoei ia oieueei ieaii-
ai-i?aaiecaoeeiiiua, ii e eiouanoaaiiua yeaiaiou,
ni/aoathueany a ia?ac?uaiii aaeeinoaa. Yoi naycaii n
i?eiaiaieai yeiiiie/aneeo iaoiaeia ?oeiaiaenoaa, ?ac-
aeoeai oicyenoaaiiiai ?an/aoa a aeayoaeueiinoe ia oieueei
i?aaei?eyoee, ii e auoanoiyueo oicyenoaaiiuo i?aa-
iia. (*1).
A iiauo oneiaeyo eciaiyaony e oa?aeoa? ioiioaiee
iaaeaeo i?aaei?eyoeyie. Iie ia?anoatho auoue /enoi eio-
uanoaaiiuie ioiioaieyie; ia?yaeo n eiouanoaaiiuie
yeaiaioaie a ieo iiyaeythony yeaiaiou ieaiiai-i?aa-
iecaoeeiiiua. Yoi naycaii n ?anoe?aieai oicyenoaaiiuo
i?aa i?aaei?eyoee iooai ia?aaea/e ei iaeioi?uo ooie-
oeee a iaeanoe ieaie?iaaiey oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueii-
noe. Caeeth/ay oicyenoaaiiue aeiaiai?, i?aaei?eyoey
anooiatho a oicyenoaaiiia ioiioaiea, eioi?ia eiaao
ia oieueei eiouanoaaiiua yeaiaiou, naycaiiua n ia?aaea-
/ae iaoa?eaeueiuo iauaeoia eee ieacaieai oicyenoaai-
iuo oneoa, ii e yeaiaiou ieaiiai-i?aaiecaoeeiiiua, eai
i?aaei?eyoey aeieaeiu i?aaeoniio?aoue a naieo oaoi?ii-
oeiieaiao e eiuo ieaiiauo aeieoiaioao i?iecaiaenoai
eiaiii oie i?iaeoeoeee eee ieacaiea eiaiii oao oneoa,
(**1) ?anniao?eaay eciaiaiea ioiioaiee ii aa?oeeaee, I. A.Aeae-
naiae?ia ioia/aao, /oi anoue ianiiiaiii ?aoeeiiaeueiia
eiaiii e acaeyaeai ia th?eaee/aneoth i?e?iaeo ioiioaiee iaaeaeo
i?aaei?eyoeyie e auoanoiyueie oicyenoaaiiuie i?aaiaie, ii-
neieueeo yoe ioiioaiey aoaeoo ?acaeaaoueny ia aaca ?anoe?aiey noa-
?u i?eiaiaiey yeiiiie/aneeo iaoiaeia> (I. A. Aeaenaiae?ia,
I ?iee i?aaa a inouanoaeaiee yeiiiie/aneeo iaoiaeia ?oeiaiaenoaa
i?iiuoeaiiinoueth,
no?. 75).
-29-
eioi?ua i?aaeoniio?aiu a oicyenoaaiiii aeiaiai?a. Nea-
aeiaaoaeueii, eae e a oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaieyo ii aa?-
oeeaee, caeanue aicieeaao ia?ac?uaiia aaeeinoai ieaiiai-
i?aaiecaoeeiiiuo e eiouanoaaiiuo yeaiaioia; yoe yea-
iaiou yaeythony i?aaie/aneeie cocoaaiuie /anoyie
aaeeiiai oicyenoaaiiiai ioiioaiey. (*1).
Ioiioaiey ii ?oeiaiaenoaoy inouanoaeaieth oicye-
noaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe, ioiioaiey i?aaei?eyoee n auoa-
noiyueie oicyenoaaiiuie i?aaiaie e ioiioaiey iaaeaeo
naieie i?aaei?eyoeyie noaiiayony i?eioeeieaeueii iaeii-
?iaeiuie oicyenoaaiiuie ioiioaieyie. ?acoiaaony, ec-
aanoiua ?acee/ey iaaeaeo ieie eiathony e nae/an, ii
yoi-?acee/ey aeaeiaua, nouanoaothuea a i?aaeaeao aaee-
iiai ?iaeiaiai iiiyoey oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee.
Aaeeinoai oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee ii ai?eciioaee
e ii aa?oeeaee i?eciaaony iiiaeie o/aiuie-th?enoaie
e a ca?oaaaeiuo nioeeaeenoe/aneeo no?aiao.
nouanoaiaaaoaai ?aiaa iaeiinoi?iiiaai aicaeaenoaey
ioiioaiee oicyenoaaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa ia ioiioaiey
iaaeaeo i?aaei?eyoeyie nae/an aicieeaao e ia?aoiia
acaeiiaeaenoaea iaaeaeo yoeie aeaeaie oicyenoaaiiuo
ioiioaiee-aicaeaenoaea, eaeouaa oaea ia oieueei naa?oo
aiec, ii oaeaea e nieco aaa?o.
(**1) Aaeeinoai ieaiiai-i?aaiecaoeeiiiuo e eiouanoaaiiuo yeaiai-
oia y?ei i?iyaeyaony a ioiioaieyo Ainaaiea n oici?aaiaie ii
e?aaeeoiaaieth e ?an/aoai. A eeoa?aoo?a auei auneacaii iiaiea,
niaeanii eioi?iio Ainaaie a iaeieo ioiioaieyo aunooiaao eae i?-
aai oicyenoaaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa, a a ae?oaeo-eae th?eaee/aneia ee-
oei, aeaenoaothuaa ia iniiaa oic?an/aoa. Iaeiaei oaeay o?aeoiaea
i?aaiaiai iieiaeaiey Ainaaiea iaoi/ia, iineieueeo a neeaaeuaath-
ueony i?e e?aaeeoiaaiee e ?an/aoao ioiioaieyo ii iaeiia?aiaiii
aunooiaao e eae i?aai oicyenoaaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa e eae th?eaee/a-
neia eeoei, aeaenoaothuaa ia ia/aeao oic?an/aoa. Iiyoiio aeaiiua
ioiioaiey yaeythony aaeeiuie oicyenoaaiiuie ioiioaieyie, ni/a-
oathueie eiouanoaaiiua e ieaiiai-i?aaiecaoeeiiiua yeaiaiou
(I. E. Eiaai, E?aaeeoiaaiea Ainaaieii eieoicia a iiauo onei-
aeyo,
(**2) E. *aiae, I?aaiaua aniaeou iiaie nenoaiu oi?aaeaiey ia-
?iaeiui oicyenoaii a *NN?,
1966 a. ? 6, no?. 111.
-30-
N. I. A?aoonue io?eoeaao ?acaeoea ieaiiai-i?aaieca-
oeeiiiuo yeaiaioia a ioiioaieyo iaaeaeo i?aaei?eyoey-
ie, iineieueeo iie
i?aa i?aaei?eyoee icia/aao i?aaeaea anaai ia?aaea/o ei
eiaiii ieaiiauo ooieoeee, eioi?ua inouanoaeyeenue ?a-
iaa auoanoiyueie i?aaiaie oicyenoaaiiiai ?oeiaiae-
noaa. A ?acoeueoaoa ia?aaea/e ei aeaiiuo ooieoeee i?aae-
i?eyoey noaiiayony ia oieueei iauaeoaie, ii e
noauaeoaie ieaie?iaaiey, iie naie ieaie?otho naith
aeayoaeueiinoue, aeaeay yoi a i?aaeaeao ooaa?aeaeaiiiai iea-
ia e ii niaeaniaaieth n iio?aaeoaeyie i?iaeoeoeee
iooai caeeth/aiey n ieie oicyenoaaiiuo aeiaiai?ia,
eniieuecoaiuo eae eino?oiaio ieaie?iaaiey.
A ae?oaeo naieo ?aaioao N. I. A?aoonue i?eciaaae
oicyenoaaiiue aeiaiai? eino?oiaioii ieaie?iaaiey.
Oae, ii ienae:
eino?oiaioii ieaie?iaaiey, eae aea iiaeii io?eoeaoue
iaee/ea ieaiiauo ooieoeee o caeeth/athueo oaeea aeiai-
ai?u i?aaei?eyoee? Ia eoi eiie, eae N. I. A?aoonue ie-
nae, /oi oicyenoaaiiue aeiaiai? aeieaeai noaoue eino?o-
iaioii
caeeth/aiea oicyenoaaiiuo aeiaiai?ia e anoue i?ioeann
ieaie?iaaiey, inouanoaeyaiue naieie i?aaei?eyoeyie. (*4).
Io?eoeaiea aiciiaeiinoe ia?aaea/e i?aaei?eyoeyi
ieaiiauo ooieoeee e naaaeaiea ioiioaiee iaaeaeo ieie
oieueei e eiouanoaaiiui yeaiaioai nicaeaaaee iieiaea-
(**1) N. I. A?aoonue, ?aoi?ia e i?aai, no?. 15.
(**2) N. I. A?aoonue, Eiouanoaaiiua ioiioaiey, ?aaoee?oaiua
niaaoneei a?aaeaeaineei i?aaii, no?. 78.
(**3) N. I. A?aoonue, I?aaiaia ?aaoee?iaaiea nioeeaeenoe/aneiai
i?iecaiaenoaa, no?. 4.
(**4) ?anniao?eaay aaeeinoai ieaia e aeiaiai?a a iiauo oneiaeyo
oicyenoaiaaiey a AAe?, I. Oieooeia? ioia/aao, /oi oaeiio aaeeinoao
ia niioaaonoaoao i?eau/iay ?aiaa oi?ioee?iaea
aiio, a i
?aioeee, I?aaa, 1967, no?. 143).
-31-
iea, i?e eioi?ii ana ieaiiaua ooieoeee i?eioeeieaeueii
i?eciaaaeenue i?eiaaeeaaeaueie auoanoiyuei i?aaiai,
a ?acoeueoaoa /aai nouanoaaiii nie?auaeenue oicyenoaai-
iua i?aaa e naiinoiyoaeueiinoue i?aaei?eyoee. Yeiiiie-
/aneay ?aoi?ia iai?aaeaia ia oi, /oiau i?aiaeieaoue
yoio iaaeinoaoie, iiauneoue eieoeeaoeao e naiinoiyoaeue-
iinoue i?aaei?eyoee, ?anoe?eoue eo i?aaa ai anao iaea-
noyo i?iecaiaenoaaiii-oicyenoaaieie aeayoaeueiinoe, a oii
/enea e a iaeanoe ieaie?iaaiey. I?aaai i?aaei?eyoey a
iaeanoe ieaie?iaaiey iinayuai niaoeeaeueiue ?acaeae
Iieiaeaiey i nioeeaeenoe/aneii ainoaea?noaaiiii i?iec-
aiaenoaaiiii i?aaei?eyoee.
4. Nouanoaoao iiaiea, /oi i?eciaiea naiinoiyoaeue-
iinoe oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa ?ac?uaaao aaeeiua eiouano-
aaiiua ioiioaiey nioeeaeenoe/aneiai iauanoaa. (*1). Yoa
oi/ea c?aiey iniiauaaaony ia i?aaenoaaeaiee i oii, /oi
ana eiouanoaaiiua ioiioaiey aeieaeiu ?aaoee?iaaoueny
ii?iaie iaeiie io?anee i?aaa-a?aaeaeaineiai i?aaa.
Iaaeaeo oai iacaaeneii io i?eciaiey oicyenoaaiiiai
i?aaa naiinoiyoaeueiie io?aneueth eiouanoaaiiua ioii-
oaiey ?aaoee?othony o ian ii?iaie ia oieueei a?aaeaeai-
neiai i?aaa, ii e ?yaea ae?oaeo anaie i?eciaaaaiuo i?a-
aiauo io?aneae: eieoiciiai, caiaeueiiai, oeiainiaiai,
o?oaeiaiai, naiaeiiai i?aaa. Oaeei ia?acii, anee niaea-
neoueny n oacenii, /oi ?aaoee?iaaiea eiouanoaaiiuo
ioiioaiee ii?iaie ?aciuo io?aneae i?aaa ?ac?uaaao
yoe ioiioaiey, oi iaaei aoaeao i?eeoe e auaiaeo, /oi aeai-
iua ioiioaiey oaea aeaaii iacaaeneii io
i?eciaiey eee iai?eciaiey oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa.
Neaaeoao, iaeiaei, caiaoeoue, /oi oaeay o?aeoiaea niio-
iioaiey io?aneae i?aaa e ?aaoee?oaiuo eo ii?iaie
iauanoaaiiuo ioiioaiee naia ii naaa ioeai/ia. Aeaeno-
aeoaeueii, iiaeii ee neacaoue, /oi ?aaoee?iaaiea iauano-
aaiiuo ioiioaiee ii?iaie ?aciuo io?aneae i?aaa
?ac?uaaao yoe ioiioaiey. Aaaeue ana niaaoneia i?aai
aaeeii a neeo aaeeinoaa yeiiiie/aneiai aacena, iieeoe-
/aneie iaaeno?ieee e nouiinoe anao aai ii?i. (*2). Iiyoiio
?aaoee?iaaiea eiouanoaaiiuo ioiioaiee ii?iaie ?ac-
iuo i?aaiauo io?aneae aiana .ia ?ac?uaaao yoe ioiioa-
(**1) A. Aioeiiiia, N. A?aoonue, Ae. Aaieei, I. Eiooa,
I. I?eianeee, A. *a?aiaoei, I i?aaiaii ?aaoee?iaaiee
eiouanoaaiiuo ioiioaiee,
(**2)
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iey. Eiouanoaaiiua ioiioaiey a iaoae no?aia ia-
noieueei ?aciiia?aciu, /oi iie ia iiaoo ?aaoee?iaaoueny
e ia ?aaoee?othony ii?iaie iaeiie io?anee i?aaa. Iie
?aaoee?othony ii?iaie ?acee/iuo i?aaiauo io?aneae,
ioaaouaathueo ii?aaeaeaiiua a?oiiu eiouanoaaiiuo
ioiioaiee, eiathueo niaoeeoe/aneea iniaaiiinoe. (*1).
Iaeioi?ua o/aiua i?iaiaeyo aeeooa?aioeeaoeeth eio-
uanoaaiiuo ioiioaiee a ?aieao a?aaeaeaineiai i?aaa.
Oae, I. I. Aaa?eia aeaeee niaoeeaeueioth /anoue a?aaeaeai-
neiai i?aaa ia neaaeothuea ?acaeaeu: a) a?aaeaeaineia
i?aai nioeeaeenoe/aneiai oicyenoaa, a) a?aaeaeaineia
i?aai o?oaeiauo ioiioaiee, a) a?aaeaeaineia i?aai io-
aeaeueiiai a?aaeaeaieia, a) a?aaeaeaineia i?aai aiaoiae
oi?aiaee. (*2). N. N. Aeaenaaa i?aaeeiaeee neaaeothuoth aeeo-
oa?aioeeaoeeth a?aaeaeaineii?aaiauo eenoeoooia: a) a?aae-
aeaineia i?aai nioeeaeenoe/aneiai oicyenoaa, a) a?aae-
aeaineia i?aai eieoicia, a) a?aaeaeaineia i?aai
oece/aneeo eeoe, a) a?aaeaeaineia i?aai aiaoiae oi?-
aiaee. (*3).
Iaeiaei oaeia aeaeaiea eiouanoaaiiuo ioiioaiee ia
aeaao aiciiaeiinoe ipaaeeueio ?ane?uoue i?e?iaeo oicyeno-
aaiiuo ioiioaiee nioeeaeenoe/aneeo i?aaiecaoeee. Aaaeue
yoe ioiioaiey eiatho ia oieueei eiouanoaaiiua, ii e
ieaiiai-i?aaiecaoeeiiiua yeaiaiou, a a?aaeaeaineia ca-
eiiiaeaoaeuenoai ia ieaiiai-i?aaiecaoeeiiioth noi?iio
oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee ia ?ani?ino?aiyaony. Oaeei
ia?acii, oicyenoaaiiua ioiioaiey ia iiaoo iieiinoueth
aieoe a a?oiio ioiioaiee oieueei eiouanoaaiiuo, ia
eiathueo ieaiiai-i?aaiecaoeeiiiuo yeaiaioia.
Iniaaiii iai?aaeeueiie auea au oaeay a?oiie?iaea
anao eiouanoaaiiuo ioiioaiee nae/an, eiaaea inouano-
aeyaony yeiiiie/aneay ?aoi?ia. I?iaiaeeiia iuia ?an-
oe?aiea oicyenoaaiiuo i?aa i?aaei?eyoee iaeuecy o?ae-
(**1) Iiiaiia?acea e iaiaeii?iaeiinoue eiouanoaaiiuo ioiioaiee
eieoicia ioia/aao I. E. Eicu?ue (I. E. Eicu?ue, Eiouanoaaiiua
i?aaiioiioaiey eieoicia a NNN?, aaoi?aoa?ao aeieo. aeenna?oaoeee,
I., 1965, no?. 6, 20. 21).
(**2)I. I. Aaa?eia, I?aaeiao e nenoaia niaaoneiai a?aaeaeai-
neiai i?aaa,
no?. 70.
(**3) N. N. Aeaenaaa. Aeeooa?aioeeaoeey a?aaeaeaineii?aaiaiai
?aaoee?iaaiey a nioeeaeenoe/aneii iauanoaa,
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ooaaoue eae naycaiiia oieueei n iaeanoueth eiouanoaaiiuo
ioiioaiee, eae ?anoe?aiea a?aaeaeaineii?aaiaiai e
nie?auaiea aaeieiecopaoeaioipaaoaoao ?aaoee?iaaiey. (*1).
Oaeie iiaeoiae ic.ia/aaa eaii?e?iaaiea oiai, /oi ?anoe-
?aiea i?aa i?aaei?eyoee i?ienoiaeeo ca n/ao ia?aaea/e ei
/anoe ieaiiauo ooieoeee auoanoiyueo i?aaiia oicyeno-
aaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa. Oai?aoe/anee yoi i?eaaei au e
o?aeoiaea ?aoi?iu eae /anoe/iiai ioeaca io ieaie?i-
aaiey, oiaaea eae ia aeaea i?ienoiaeeo eeoue eciaiaiea
aai oi?i e iaoiaeia.
?acaeoea yeiiiie/aneeo iaoiaeia ?oeiaiaenoaa ia ic-
ia/aao iieiiai ioeaca io aaeieieno?aoeaiuo iaoiaeia,
iaa yoe iaoiaea i?eiaiythony a aaeeinoaa. Aiaae?aiea oic-
?an/aoa a oi?aaeaiea yeiiiieeie i?eaiaeeo e ia?ac?ua-
iiio ni/aoaieth a oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaieyo ieaiiai-
i?aaiecaoeeiiiuo e eiouanoaaiiuo yeaiaioia. Iiyoiio
e ia iiaoo auoue aeeth/aiu oicyenoaaiiua ioiioaiey a
iauaa iiiyoea eiouanoaaiiuo ioiioaiee, eeoaiiuo
ieaiiai-i?aaiecaoeeiiiuo yeaiaioia. Yoi eiaiii oicye-
noaaiiua, a ia i?inoi eiouanoaaiiua ioiioaiey, iie ia
iiaoo auoue iieiinoueth ioaa/aiu a?aaeaeaineei caeiii-
aeaoaeuenoaii.
5. Iaeioi?ua o/aiua no?aiyony iainiiaaoue ?acae?ia-
eaiea oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee ia eiouanoaaiiua e
i?aaiecaoeeiiiua iooai i?yiie i?eaycee ia?auo e caei-
io noieiinoe. I?e oaeii iiaeoiaea eiouanoaaiiua ioii-
oaiey ?anniao?eaathony eae iniiaaiiua ia caeiia
noieiinoe ioiioaiey oiaa?ii-aeaiaaeiiai oa?aeoa?a, a
i?aaiecaoeeiiiua ioiioaiey – eae ioiioaiey oi?aaeai-
/aneea, ia naycaiiua n caeiiii noieiinoe. ?aaoee?iaa-
iea yoeo ioiioaiee aeieaeii auoue iiyoiio ioianaii e
?aciui io?aneyi i?aaa: ia?auo – e a?aaeaeaineiio,
aoi?uo-e aaeieieno?aoeaiiio. (*2).
Ii nouanoao i?e oaeii iiaeoiaea a?aaeaeaineia i?aai
ii?aaeaeyaony /a?ac caeii noieiinoe. Ii iaeuecy ?aca?a-
ie/eaaoue io?anee i?aaa ii iauaeoeaiui yeiiiie/aneei
caeiiai. E?iia oiai, iaiaoiaeeii o/eouaaoue, /oi caeii
noieiinoe ii-?aciiio aeaenoaoao a nioeeaeenoe/aneii oi-
(**1) I. I. Naaeeeia, A?aaeaeaineia i?aai a iiauo oneiaeyo,
(**2) I. N. Eiooa, I?aaiaia ?aaoee?iaaiea oicyenoaaiiie aeay-
oaeueiinoe a NNN?, ecae-ai EAO, 1959, no?. 4.
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cyenoaa e a eiouanoaaiiuo ioiioaieyo n o/anoeai
a?aaeaeai. (*1).
Aeaei a oii, /oi
aa?iua ioiioaiey nioeeaeenoe/aneiai oicyenoaa-yoi
ieaiiaua oiaa?iua ioiioaiey. Neaaeiaaoaeueii, iie no-
uanoaaiii ioee/athony io oiaa?iuo ioiioaiee n o/anoe-
ai a?aaeaeai. A ionthaea neaaeoao, /oi iaeuecy aeeth/aoue
oicyenoaaiiua ioiioaiey iaaeaeo nioeeaeenoe/aneeie i?-
aaiecaoeeyie a iaeio a?oiio n eiouanoaaiiuie ioiioa-
ieyie a?aaeaeai ia oii iniiaaiee, /oi ana yoi-oiaa?-
iue iai?io. (*3).
Iiaeiaiua i?aaenoaaeaiey iniiaaiu ii nouanoao ia
i?ioeaiiinoaaeaiee ieaiiauo e oiaa?iuo ioiioaiee,
ia o?aeoiaea eo eae niaa?oaiii ?acee/iuo noa? iaua-
noaaiiuo ioiioaiee, ioi?aaiiuo ae?oa io ae?oaa. Iaaeaeo
oai a oneiaeyo nioeeaeenoe/aneiai oicyenoaa ieaiiaua e
oiaa?iua ioiioaiey ninoaaeytho aaeeinoai.
I?ioeaiiinoaaeaiea ieaiiaiai ?oeiaiaenoaa e oiaa?-
iuo ioiioaiee e ?aiueoa auei iai?aaeeueii, ii iniaaiii
yniie noaea iaaa?iinoue oaeie o?aeoiaee a oneiaeyo i?i-
aaaeaiey yeiiiie/aneie ?aoi?iu, iniiaaiiie ia aaeeino-
aa ieaia e oic?an/aoa, ?oeiaiaenoaa e inouanoaeaiey
oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe.
?iaeo nioeeaeecia, ieaiiaue iaoaieci, auiieiythuee.
iniiaiua ia?iaeiioicyenoaaiiua ooieoeee; caoai ia
eaeie-oi noaaeee anooiaao a aeaenoaea ae?oaie, ia naycai-
(**1) Iaiaoiaeeiinoue aeeooa?aioee?iaaiiiai iiaeoiaea e o/aoo aeaeno-
aey caeiia noieiinoe a ?aciuo noa?ao eiouanoaaiiuo ioiioaiee
iiae/a?eeaaao E. A. Iaaeia (E. A. Iaaeia, E aii?ino i eiaeeoe-
eaoeee niaaoneiai a?aaeaeaineiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa,
(**2)
no?. 509.
(**3) A. E. Aeaienia, I. E. Aa?iooaei, Iniiau a?aaeaeai-
neiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa e oicyenoaaiiia i?aai,
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iue n i?e?iaeie nioeeaeecia oiaa?ii-noieiinoiue iaoa-
ieci, auiieiythuee iaeoth aeiiieieoaeueioth, aniiiiaa-
oaeueioth, iiaeniaioth ?ieue>. (*1).
Auaeaeaiea a?aaeaeaineiai i?aaa eae io?anee, ?aaoee-
?othuae eiouanoaaiiua ioiioaiey oiaa?iiai oa?aeoa-
?a, a iineaaeiaa a?aiy noaei aucuaaoue aic?aaeaiey e
n?aaee i?ioeaieeia oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa. Iai?eia?,
aaiaa?neee o/aiue Ae. Y?oe ioaa?aaao yoio e?eoa?ee,
iineieueeo iiiaea ioiioaiey, ?aaoee?oaiua a?aaeaeai-
neii i?aaii a o?aaeeoeeiiiii niunea, ia yaeythony oi-
aa?iuie. Oaeiau ioiioaiey, naycaiiua n io?aiie ee/-
iuo i?aa, ianeaaeiaaieai eiouanoaa, iiiaea aacaic-
iacaeiua ioiioaiey.
Ioaa?aioa oiaa?iue oa?aeoa? eiouanoaaiiuo ioii-
oaiee eae e?eoa?ee a?aaeaeaineiai i?aaa, Ae. Y?oe
i?aaeeaaaao no?ieoue nenoaio i?aaa a caaeneiinoe iooiai
eieeaeoeaa eee
i?aaiaua ii?iu. Ii auaeaeyao o?e oaeeo eieeaeoeaa eee
no?oeoo?u. Ai-ia?auo, a?aaeaeaiei aunooiaao a ea/anoaa
/eaia aieueoiai eieeaeoeaa-ainoaea?noaa. Yoie no?oe-
oo?a niioaaonoaotho ainoaea?noaaiiia e aaeieieno?aoeaiia
i?aai. Ai-aoi?uo, ii aeaenoaoao eae /eai iaeuo eieeae-
oeaia-i?aaei?eyoey, eiiia?aoeaa, naiuee. Aeaiiie
no?oeoo?a niioaaonoaotho o?oaeiaia, eieoiciia e naiaeiia
i?aai. A-o?aoueeo, a?aaeaeaiei eee eieeaeoea aunooiaao
o/anoieeii aaoiiiiiuo no?oeoo?. Caeanue aeaenoaoao
a?aaeaeaineia i?aai. Aaoiiiiiay no?oeoo?a e yaeyaony
ioee/eoaeueiui i?eciaeii a?aaeaeaineiai i?aaa. (*2).
Oaeei ia?acii, aeaeaaony iiiuoea iino?ieoue nenoaio
i?aaa ia ii i?aaeiaoo ?aaoee?iaaiey, a ii a?oiie?iaea
aieueoeo eee iaeuo eieeaeoeaia e no?oeoo?. Iaeiaei
iiaeiaiue i?eciae ia iiaeao auoue i?eciai ia?ae/iui,
eai naia oaeay a?oiie?iaea i?aaeii?aaeaeyaony oa?aeoa-
?ii iauanoaaiiuo ioiioaiee. E oiio aea iiiyoea aaoi-
iiiiie no?oeoo?u e?aeia iaii?aaeaeaiii, iineieueeo
noauaeo ethaie io?anee i?aaa a eaeie-oi ia?a aaoiii-
iai. Neaaeiaaoaeueii, ii oaeiio i?eciaeo iaeuecy ?aca?a-
ie/eoue io?aneue i?aaa.
(**1) E. I. Aaoianeee, Aaeeinoai ieaia e oicyenoaaiiiai ?an-
/aoa,
(**2) Ae. Y?oe, No?oeoo?a nioeeaeenoe/aneiai a?aaeaeaineiai i?aaa
e iaoiaeu aai enneaaeiaaiey (
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Eiioeaioeey Ae. Y?oe i?aaenoaaeyao eioa?an iioiio,
/oi ii, aoaeo/e i?ioeaieeii oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa, nic-
iaao iai?eaiaeiinoue o?aaeeoeeiiiiai iiieiaiey a?aaeaeai-
neiai i?aaa e oaaaeeoaeueii iieacuaaao iai?aaeeueiinoue
i?eiyoey oiaa?iiai oa?aeoa?a eiouanoaaiiuo ioiioa-
iee ca e?eoa?ee ii?aaeaeaiey aeaiiie io?anee. Iaeiaei,
iieacaa yoi, ii ia niia i?aaeeiaeeoue iiaiai i?eioeeia,
eioi?ue oeaiaioe?iaae au ?acii?iaeiua ioiioaiey,
iau/ii aeeth/aaiua a a?aaeaeaineia i?aai. Oai naiui ii
iaaieueii i?iaeaiiino?e?iaae e?ecen o?aaeeoeeiiiie eii-
oeaioeee a?aaeaeaineiai i?aaa e iaiaoiaeeiinoue ioeaca io
iaa. (*1).
Caeanue neaaeoao ia?aoeoue aieiaiea e aua ia iaeii no-
uanoaaiiia ianoiyoaeuenoai. Noi?iiieee o?aaeeoeeiiiie
o?aeoiaee a?aaeaeaineiai i?aaa iau/ii ioiaeaeanoaeytho
oiaa?ii-aeaiaaeiua e noieiinoiua ioiioaiey. Iaaeaeo
oai oiaa?ii-aeaiaaeiua e noieiinoiua ioiioaiey-yoi
ia iaeii e oi aea, a aeaa ?aciuo, oioy e naycaiiuo iaaeaeo
niaie, aeaea yeiiiie/aneeo ioiioaiee nioeeaeenoeanei-
ai iauanoaa. Iai?eia?, ioiioaiey iaaeaeo i?aaei?ey-
oeyie ii oicyenoaaiiui aeiaiai?ai iinyo oiaa?ii-aea-
iaaeiue oa?aeoa?, a ioiioaiey iaaeaeo oic?an/aoiuie
oeaoaie i?aaei?eyoey-noieiinoiue oa?aeoa?. Aioo?e-
oicyenoaaiiua ioiioaiey neeaaeuaathony iaiin?aaenoaai-
ii a noa?a i?iecaiaenoaa, iie ia yaeythony oiaa?ii-
aeaiaaeiuie, ii eiatho ii?aaeaeaiioth noieiinoioth
oa?aeoa?enoeeo, ninoaaeytho noieiinoiua ioiioaiey. Oi
aea iiaeii ieacaoue e i iaeioi?uo ioiioaieyo iaaeaeo
i?aaei?eyoeyie e auoanoiyueie oicyenoaaiiuie i?aa-
iaie. ?acaeoea oic?an/aoa a oi?aaeaiee yeiiiieeie
i?eaiaeeo e iiyaeaieth a yoeo ioiioaieyo noieiinoiuo
yeaiaioia.
?acee/ea noieiinoiuo e oiaa?ii-aeaiaaeiuo ioiioa-
iee eae aeaoo aeaeia yeiiiie/aneeo naycae i?iaiaeeo
(**1) A nayce n iiyaeaieai a iineaaeiaa a?aiy niiiaiee ioiine-
oaeueii. e?eoa?eaa iino?iaiey nenoaiu i?aaa e iniaaiii ec-ca ionoo-
noaey aiciiaeiinoe /aoei ioa?aie/eoue o?aaeeoeeiiii iiieiaaiia
a?aaeaeaineia i?aai io ae?oaeo io?aneae auneacuaathony niia?aaea-
iey, niaeanii eioi?ui a yoii aii?ina neaaeoao o/eouaaoue i?aaeaea
anaai iio?aaiinoe i?aeoeee. I. Iio ioia/aao, /oi
-37-
ss. A. E?ii?iae. Ii oeacuaaao, /oi ioiioaiea i?aaei?ey-
oey n ainoaea?noaii yaeyaony i?yiie yeiiiie/aneie
naycueth, eioi?ay eiaao noieiinoiue oa?aeoa?. Iiyoiio
ioiioaiey i?yiie nayce oaeaea yaeythony yeiiiie/aneei
iai?ioii. ?anniao?eaay niioiioaiea nouanoaothueo a
nioeeaeenoe/aneii iauanoaa aeaoo oi?i yeiiiie/aneie
nayce, o. a. oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee ii ai?eciioaee e
aa?oeeaee, aaoi? iiae/a?eeaaao eo ia?ac?uaiia aaeeino-
ai.
6. A neeo aaeeinoaa niaea?aeaiey e oaniie nayce ?ac-
iuo aeaeia oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee a nioeeaeenoe/aneii
iauanoaa iaeuecy e oicyeno-
aaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa, auneacaiiua ei ia Ia?aii nuac-
aea niaaoia ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa. Oeacuaay ia ?acee/ey
(**1) ss. A. E?ii?iae, I acaeiiaeaenoaee yeiiiie/aneeo caeiiia
nioeeaeecia, 6 ia?oa 1967 a.
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iaaeaeo aiia?aoii aaeieieno?aoeaiiai oi?aaeaiey,
iiai ?oeiaiaenoaa,
ia?aiio noaeaeaii aoaeao oia?aoue, a aoi?iio . (*1).
Iaaei neacaoue, /oi iaoe o/aiua-aaeieieno?aoeaenou
aei iineaaeiaai a?aiaie ia?aaeei neeiiiu auee caauaaoue
i ?acee/ee aaeieieno?aoeaiiai oi?aaeaiey e oicyeno-
aaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa, aeiaieuenoaoynue ioaaoii oiai e ae?o-
aiai aaeeiui iiiyoeai ainoaea?noaaiiiai oi?aaeaiey.
Iaeiaei a iineaaeiaa a?aiy iiae aeeyieai i?iaiaeeiuo
ia?ii?eyoee ii niaa?oainoaiaaieth ?oeiaiaenoaa oicye-
noaii iaeioi?ua aaeieieno?aoeaenou ia/eiatho ?acee-
/aoue ioiioaiey a iaeanoe oi?aaeaiey aiiaua e a iaea-
noe ?oeiaiaenoaa oicyenoaii.
Oae, A. I. Iaiioei i?aaeeaaaao ?acee/aoue ioiioaiey
e ,
aicieeathuea ii iiaiaeo eniieueciaaiey eiouanoaa. (*2). Oai
naiui ii auaeaeyao ioiioaiey ii ?oeiaiaenoao oicyeno-
aii a iniaoth a?oiio ioiioaiee, ni/aoathueo ieaiiai-
i?aaiecaoeeiiiua e eiouanoaaiiua yeaiaiou. I?aaaea,
aaoi?, ia o/eouaay oiai, /oi e oicyenoaaiiua ioiioaiey
iaaeaeo i?aaei?eyoeyie oa?aeoa?ecothony nae/an ni/aoa-
ieai oeacaiiuo yeaiaioia, ?anniao?eaaao i?aaiecaoee-
iiii-oicyenoaaiiua ioiioaiey eae aoiaeyuea a noa?o
?aaoee?iaaiey aaeieieno?aoeaiiai i?aaa. Iaeiaei, ia-
niio?y ia oaeoth iaiineaaeiaaoaeueiinoue, ana aea caeanue
ia?auaao ia naay aieiaiea no?aieaiea auynieoue naia-
ia?acea ioiioaiee a iaeanoe oicyenoaaiiiai ?oeiaiaeno-
aa ii n?aaiaieth n ioiioaieyie oi?aaeaiey a ae?oaeo
iaeanoyo iauanoaaiiie aeecie.
7. ?acee/ea ?oeiaiaenoaa oicyenoaii e nioeeaeueii-
eoeueoo?iui no?ieoaeuenoaii naycaii e n oai, /oi oicye-
noaaiii-i?aaiecaoi?neay e eoeueoo?ii-ainieoaoaeueiay
aeayoaeueiinoue i?aaenoaaeytho niaie aeaa naiinoiyoaeueiua
(**1) A. E. Eaiei, Iiei. nia?. ni/., o. 36, no?. 377-378.
(**2) A. I.Iaiioei, Ia iniaaiiinoyo aaeieieno?aoeaiiai ?aao-
ee?iaaiey oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee ia nia?aiaiiii yoaia. Oacenu
aeieeaaeia e iao/iuo niiauaiee ia iaaeaocianeie oai?aoe/aneie
eiioa?aioeee , ecae-ai IAO, 1966, no?. 38-39.
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ooieoeee-aaoaai ainoaea?noaa. (*1). ?acaeoea oicyenoaaiii-
i?aaiecaoi?neie ooieoeee Niaaoneiai ainoaea?noaa, one-
eaiea aai ?iee a ?oeiaiaenoaa yeiiiieeie iiauoatho
cia/aiea i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey nioeeaeenoe/aneie
yeiiiieee.
Niaa?oainoaiaaiea i?aaiecaoeee i?iecaiaenoaa, iiya-
eaiea iiauo oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee aeaeoo ?acaeoea
oi?i i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey yeiiiieee, aicieeiiaa-
iea iiauo i?aaiauo einoeoooia e oeaeuo io?aneae i?aaa.
Iaeiie ec ieo e yaeyaony oicyenoaaiiia i?aai, ?aaoee-
?othuaa neiaeioth e iiiaiia?acioth oicyenoaaiioth aeay-
oaeueiinoue nioeeaeenoe/aneeo i?aaiecaoeee. Eiia/ii, i?a-
aiaia ?aaoee?iaaiea ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa i?iaiaeeony a
aeeciue ia oieueei ii?iaie oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa, ii e n
iiiiuueth ae?oaeo io?aneae i?aaa. Iaeiaei a iniiaiii
i?aaiaia ?aaoee?iaaiea ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa inouano-
aeyaony ii?iaie oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa.
Iaeioi?ua o/aiua oi?aeatho i?aaenoaaeoaeae iaoee
oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa a
i?aaiecaoi?neie aeayoaeueiinoe Niaaoneiai ainoaea?noaa n
?aaoee?iaaieai aeayoaeueiinoe oicyenoaaiiuo i?aaieca-
oeee. (*2).
Oaeie oi?ae iainiiaaoaeai. Eae auei ioia/aii auoa,
ii?iaoeaiia ?aaoee?iaaiea yaeyaony eeoue iaeiie ec
oi?i ?oeiaiaenoaa ia?iaeiui oicyenoaii, eniieuecoaiie
ia?yaeo n ae?oaeie oi?iaie oaeiai ?oeiaiaenoaa-iea-
ie?iaaieai, oi?aaeaieai, eiio?ieai oicyenoaaiiie
aeayoaeueiinoe. I?e yoii oicyenoaaiiia i?aai aiana ia
?anniao?eaaaony eae aaeeinoaaiiay i?aaiaay io?aneue,
neoaeauay inouanoaeaieth oicyenoaaiii-i?aaiecaoi?-
neie ooieoeee ainoaea?noaa, a o?aeooaony eae oaeay io-
?aneue i?aaa, ii?iu eioi?ie aeaaiui ia?acii ?aaoee-
?otho nioeeaeenoe/aneia ia?iaeiia oicyenoai.
Aianoa n oai, iineieueeo ainoaea?noai e i?aai neoaeao
iaeiei oeaeyi, ?acaeoea ooieoeee ainoaea?noaa oanei nay-
caii n ?acaeoeai i?aaiaie nenoaiu, eai aeayoaeueiinoue
ainoaea?noaa inouanoaeyaony e iooai ecaeaiey i?aaiauo
(**1) Iiae?iaiaa i ooieoeeyo nioeeaeenoe/aneiai ainoaea?noaa ni.
I. N. ?iiaoeei, ?acaeoea ooieoeee Niaaoneiai ainoaea?noaa a
i?ioeanna iino?iaiey eiiioiecia,
1958 a. ? 10, no?. 8.
(**2) E. A. Eoioe, A. A. Oeaeoeoe, Aua ?ac i i?aaeiaoa oicye-
noaaiiiai i?aaa, 1960 a. ? 4, no?. 51.
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ii?i. Yeiiiie/aneea ioiioaiey ninoaaeytho iniiao ?ac-
aeoey e oicyenoaaiii-i?aaiecaoi?neie ooieoeee ainoaea?-
noaa e i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa.
Ainoaea?noaaiiay e i?aaiaay iaaeno?ieea ieacuaatho ni-
aeaniaaiiia ia?aoiia aicaeaenoaea ia yeiiiie/aneea
ioiioaiey, e a yoii oaeaea ninoieo naycue oicyenoaaiii-
i?aaiecaoi?neie aeayoaeueiinoe ainoaea?noaa, oicyenoaai-
iiai i?aaa e ae?oaeo i?aaiauo n?aaenoa i?aaiecaoeee ia-
?iaeiiai oicyenoaa.
8. Ethaia oicyenoaaiiia ioiioaiea a nioeeaeenoe/a-
neie yeiiiieea ni/aoaao a naaa ieaiiai-i?aaiecaoeeii-
iua e eiouanoaaiiua yeaiaiou. Ii a ?acee/iuo oicye-
noaaiiuo ioiioaieyo yoe yeaiaiou au?aaeaiu iaiaeeia-
eiai e ia anaaaea aeinoaoi/ii /aoei. Iai?eia?, anee
n?aaieoue oicyenoaaiiua ioiioaiey iaaeaeo i?aaiaie oi-
cyenoaaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa e i?aaei?eyoeyie i?e onoaiia-
eaiee ieaia e ia?a?ani?aaeaeaiee eceeoieo iai?ioiuo
n?aaenoa, oi ieaiiai-i?aaiecaoeeiiiue yeaiaio iaeaieaa
y?ei au?aaeai a oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaieyo, aicieeath-
ueo i?e onoaiiaeaiee ieaia. A oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioa-
ieyo, neeaaeuaathueony i?e ia?a?ani?aaeaeaiee eceeo-
ieo iai?ioiuo n?aaenoa, ieaiiai-i?aaiecaoeeiiiue yea-
iaio ia noieue /aoei au?aaeai. Iaeiaei ii noaiiaeony i/a-
aeaeiui, anee o/anoue, /oi ii aeaenoaothuaio caeiiiaeaoaeue-
noao iai?ioiua n?aaenoaa i?aaei?eyoee ia?a?ani?aaeaey-
thony oieueei a neo/aa, eiaaea iie i?aauoatho onoaiia-
eaiiua ii?iaoeau eee i?e eciaiaiee ii?iaoeaa iai?io-
iuo n?aaenoa a nayce n eciaiaieai i?iecaiaenoaaiiiai
ieaia i?aaei?eyoey.
?anniao?eaay oa aea oicyenoaaiiua ioiioaiey n oi/-
ee c?aiey iaee/ey a ieo eiouanoaaiiiai yeaiaioa, iaaei
aoaeao eiinoaoe?iaaoue, /oi iaeaieaa y?ei ii au?aaeai
ai aoi?ii neo/aa, iineieueeo caeanue eiaaony ia?aiaua-
iea ii?aaeaeaiiuo eiouanoaaiiuo n?aaenoa iaaeaeo i?aa-
iii oicyenoaaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa e i?aaei?eyoeai. A oi-
cyenoaaiiii ioiioaiee ii onoaiiaeaieth ieaia eioua-
noaaiiue yeaiaio ninoieo ia a ia?aaea/a n?aaenoa, a a
eiouanoaaiiii niaea?aeaiee ieaiiaiai caaeaiey. Caaeaiea
niaea?aeeo ?yae iieacaoaeae, ii?aaeaeyaiuo a iaoo?aeue-
iuo aaee/eiao, a aeaiaaeiii eee a eaeii-eeai eiii
noieiinoiii au?aaeaiee. Eiouanoaaiiia niaea?aea-
iea ieaia ninoieo a oii, /oi ieai ii?aaeaeyao iieacaoa-
ee oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe, a yoa aeayoaeueiinoue i?aae-
-41-
noaaeyao niaie eniieueciaaiea a oicyenoaaiiuo oeaeyo
ii?aaeaeaiiiai eiouanoaa.
Ni/aoaeea ieaiiai-i?aaiecaoeeiiiuo e eiouanoaai-
iuo yeaiaioia eiaaony e a oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaieyo,
neeaaeuaathueony iaaeaeo i?aaei?eyoeyie ia iniiaa oicye-
noaaiiuo aeiaiai?ia. A ianoiyuaa a?aiy iiiaea niaao-
neea o/aiua i?eciatho, /oi oicyenoaaiiue aeiaiai? eiaao
eiouanoaaiiia niaea?aeaiea e yaeyaony eino?oiaioii eee
caaiii ieaie?iaaiey. Ieaiiai-i?aaiecaoeeiiiua e eio-
uanoaaiiua yeaiaiou ia?ac?uaii ni/aoathony a oicyeno-
aaiiuo ioiioaieyo, aicieeathueo iaaeaeo i?aaei?eyoeyie
ia iniiaa oicyenoaaiiuo aeiaiai?ia. Auoa oaea ioia/a-
einue, /oi ?anoe?aiea oicyenoaaiiuo i?aa i?aaei?eyoee
i?iaiaeeony iooai ia?aaea/e ei iaeioi?uo ieaiiauo
ooieoeee, eioi?ua ?aiaa inouanoaeyeenue auoanoiyueie
i?aaiaie. Aeaiiua ooieoeee i?aaei?eyoey inouanoaeytho
ai iiiaeo neo/ayo ia iaeiinoi?iiia, a ii niaeaniaaieth
n iio?aaeoaeyie i?iaeoeoeee iooai caeeth/aiey n ieie oi-
cyenoaaiiuo aeiaiai?ia. A ?acoeueoaoa yoiai a ioiioaie-
yo, neeaaeuaathueony ia iniiaa oicyenoaaiiuo aeiaiai-
?ia, e eiouanoaaiiui yeaiaioai i?eaaaeythony yeaiai-
ou ieaiiai-i?aaiecaoeeiiiua.
9. Ianeieueei neia neaaeoao ieacaoue i aiaoiaoi?aiauo
ioiioaieyo niaaoneeo ainoaea?noaaiiuo i?aaiecaoeee n
eiino?aiiuie oe?iaie. Iaeioi?ua o/aiua auneacuaaee
iiaiea, /oi i?eciaiea oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa naiinoiy-
oaeueiie i?aaiaie io?aneueth iiaeao cao?oaeieoue aiaoithth
oi?aiaeth NNN? n ao?aeoaciuie no?aiaie, iineieueeo e
ioiioaieyi niaaoneeo aiaoiaoi?aiauo i?aaiecaoeee n
eiino?aiiuie oe?iaie oiaaea iaeuecy aoaeao i?eiaieoue
ie a?aaeaeaineia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai, ?ann/eoaiiia ia io-
iioaiey n o/anoeai a?aaeaeai, ie oicyenoaaiiia caeiii-
aeaoaeuenoai, i?aaeiacia/aiiia aeey ?aaoee?iaaiey oicye-
noaaiiuo ioiioaiee iaaeaeo nioeeaeenoe/aneeie i?aaie-
caoeeyie. Ecaeaiea aea iniaiai caeiia aeey ?aaoee?iaaiey
aiaoiaoi?aiauo ioiioaiee yaeeinue au, ii iiaieth yoeo
o/aiuo, aeene?eieiaoeeae, iiaouae iiaea/ue ioaaoiua ia-
?u ni noi?iiu eiino?aiiuo ainoaea?noa a ioiioaiee ni-
aaoneeo aiaoiaoi?aiauo iauaaeeiaiee. (*1).
(**1) ,
oaiey, ?aaoee?oaiua niaaoneei a?aaeaeaineei i?aaii, no?. 79-80;
E. A. Eoioe, A. A. Oeaeoeoe, Aua ?ac i i?aaeiaoa oicyenoaai-
iiai i?aaa, no?. 50-51.
-42-
Aii?in i i?aaiaii ?aaoee?iaaiee aiaoiaoi?aiauo
ioiioaiee niaaoneeo i?aaiecaoeee n eaieoaeenoe/aneeie
oe?iaie aeaenoaeoaeueii-neiaeai. Iaeiaei aai neiaeiinoue
naycaia ia n i?iaeaiie naiinoiyoaeueiinoe oicyenoaai-
iiai i?aaa, a n oai, /oi aioo?e no?aiu nae/an oaea iao
aieueoa ioiioaiee, aiaeiae/iuo aiaoiaoi?aiaui ioii-
oaieyi n eaieoaeenoe/aneeie oe?iaie. (*1). Neaaeiaaoaeueii,
aeaei caeanue ia a oii, n/eoaoue ee iinoaaeo oicyenoaaiii-
i?aaiaui eee a?aaeaeaineii?aaiaui einoeoooii. Ii?iu
i iinoaaea i?e ethaii iiaeoiaea iai?eiaieiu e aiaoia-
oi?aiaui ioiioaieyi n eaieoaeenoe/aneeie oe?ia-
ie, eai yoe ii?iu ?ann/eoaiu ia ieaiiaua aeiaiai?u
iaaeaeo nioeeaeenoe/aneeie i?aaei?eyoeyie e i?aaieca-
oeeyie.
Aii?in i i?eiaiaiee aioo?aiiaai i?aaa aicieeaao
i?e nii?ao ii aiaoiaoi?aiaui naeaeeai n oe?iaie ea-
ieoaeenoe/aneeo no?ai. *oi aea eanaaony ioiioaiee ni-
aaoneeo aiaoiaoi?aiauo iauaaeeiaiee n i?aaiecaoeeyie
ca?oaaaeiuo nioeeaeenoe/aneeo no?ai, oi iie ?aaoee?otho-
ny Iaueie oneiaeyie iinoaaee Niaaoa Yeiiiie/an.eie
Acaeiiiiiiue. Aii?in i i?eiaiaiee aioo?aiiaai i?a-
aa e yoei ioiioaieyi aicieeaao eeoue-a i/aiue ?aaeeeo
neo/ayo, o?e ionoonoaee niioaaonoaothueo iieiaeaiee a
oeacaiiuo Iaueo oneiaeyo, i?e/ai oaiaeaioeey ?acaeoey
ninoieo a iinoaiaiiii eneeth/aiee i?eiaiaiey e iei
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa ioaeaeueiuo no?ai. (*2).
Iaeuecy niaeaneoueny n oai, /oi ecaeaiea niaoeeaeueiiai
caeiia i aiaoiae oi?aiaea yaeeinue au eaeie-oi aeene?e-
ieiaoeeiiiie ia?ie a ioiioaiee eiino?aiiuo oe?i.
Aaaeue oaeie caeii onoaiaaeeaae au iaeeiaeiaue i?aaiaie
?aaeei aeey anao eiino?aiiuo oe?i e i?aaiecaoeee, ii-
(**1) I. Eieaaiia i?aaeeueii ioia/ae, /oi (I. Eieaaiia, Eiouanoaaiiua
ioiioaiey e Iniiau a?aaeaeaineiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa, no?. 84).
(**2) A nayce n yoei a AAe? auneacuaathony iiaiey i oii, /oi (I. Kemper, W. Seiffert, Die Grope
Sozialistische Oktoberrevollition und die Entwicklung des Inter-
nationalen Wirtschaftsrechts,
-43-
yoiio ieeaeie aeene?eieiaoeee caeanue ia auei au. Yoi
iiaeoaa?aeaeaaony i?aeoeeie *aoineiaaeee, ecaeaaoae
ia?yaeo n Oicyenoaaiiui eiaeaenii e niaoeeaeueiue ca-
eii i i?aaiioiioaieyo a iaaeaeoia?iaeiie oi?aiaea
(Eiaeaen iaaeaeoia?iaeiie oi?aiaee) io 4 aeaeaa?y
1963 a. (*1).
A ianoiyuaa a?aiy i?aaeiieaaaaony ecaeaiea niaoeeaeue-
iiai caeiia i aiaoiae oi?aiaea e a AAe?, aaea a i?ioeanna
iiaeaioiaee i?iaeoa A?aaeaeaineiai eiaeaena auynieeanue
iaaiciiaeiinoue ?aaoee?iaaiey aai ii?iaie aiaoiaoi?-
aiauo ioiioaiee.
A no. 3 Iniia a?aaeaeaineiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa oeacu-
aaaony, /oi ioiioaiey ii aiaoiae oi?aiaea ii?aaeaeytho-
ny
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii. Iieacaoaeueii, /oi a yoii iieiaeaiee
ia ia?aia ianoi noaaeony niaoeeaeueiia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai
i aiaoiae oi?aiaea, a eioi?ii iiaeii i?aaeoniio?aoue
i?aaeea ia iioiaie eoiea-i?iaeaaea aeey ioiioaiee n o/a-
noeai eiino?aiiuo oe?i.
?anniio?aiea aii?ina i i?aaiaii ?aaoee?iaaiee
aiaoiaoi?aiauo ioiioaiee iieacuaaao, /oi o?oaeiinoue
aai ?aoaiey ninoieo ia a ?aca?aie/aiee a?aaeaeaineiai e
oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa, a a ionoonoaee a nioeeaeenoe/aneii
ainoaea?noaa i?aaiauo ii?i, ?ann/eoaiiuo ia ?aaoee?i-
aaiea iioiaie eoiee-i?iaeaaee n o/anoeai /anoiuo oe?i.
Yoio aii?in aeieaeai auoue ?aoai iooai ecaeaiey niaoee-
aeueiiai caeiia i aiaoiae oi?aiaea, eioi?ue aoaeao ni-
aea?aeaoue oaeea ii?iu.
(**1) I. Eaeaineee, E. Eiia/, Ianeieueei caia/aiee i iiaii
/aoineiaaoeeii eiaeaena i iaaeaeoia?iaeiie oi?aiaea (
(**2) I. Iio, Iiaeaioiaea iiaiai A?aaeaeaineiai eiaeaena a Aa?-
iaineie Aeaiie?aoe/aneie ?anioaeeea (
-44-
Aeaaa 3
Noauaeou oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa
1. Aaaeiia cia/aiea aeey oa?aeoa?enoeee oicyenoaai-
iiai i?aaa eae i?aaiaie io?anee eiaao aii?in i aai
noauaeoao.
I?e nioeeaeecia ionoonoaoao /anoiia i?aaei?eieia-
oaeuenoai, a yeiiiieea aac?acaeaeueii ainiiaenoaoao nioeea-
eenoe/aneay ieaiiaay nenoaia oicyenoaa. Nioeeaeenoe/a-
neia oicyenoaiaaiea inouanoaeytho ia ioaeaeueiua eciee-
?iaaiiua a?aaeaeaia, a nioeeaeenoe/aceea i?aaei?eyoey e
ae?oaea oicyenoaaiiua i?aaiu.
Oa?aeoa? nioeeaeenoe/aneiai oicyenoaiaaiey i?aaeii-
?aaeaeyao e?oa oicyenoaothueo noauaeoia, a cia/eo-e
e?oa noauaeoia oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa: eie iiaoo auoue
oieueei nioeeaeenoe/aneea i?aaiecaoeee, ii ia ioaeaeueiua
a?aaeaeaia.
Iniaue noauaeoiue ninoaa, o/anoea a oicyenoaaiiuo
ioiioaieyo oieueei nioeeaeenoe/aneeo i?aaiecaoeee-oa-
?aeoa?iue i?eciae oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa. Yoi ia icia-
/aao, eiia/ii, /oi oicyenoaaiiia i?aai no?ieony ii noau-
aeoai. Oicyenoaaiiia i?aai no?ieony ii oa?aeoa?o ?aao-
ee?oaiuo ioiioaiee, a oa?aeoa? eo oaeia, /oi noauae-
oaie yoeo ioiioaiee iiaoo auoue oieueei nioeeaeenoe/a-
neea i?aaiecaoeee. (*1).
2. A iaoai ainoaea?noaa nouanoaoao oeaeay nenoaia ai-
noaea?noaaiiuo i?aaiia, (?oeiaiaeyueo yeiiiieeie e aa-
aeoueo oicyenoaaiioth aeayoaeueiinoue. Ainoaea?noaaiiua
i?aaiu, ?oeiaiaeyuea oicyenoaii, iiae?acaeaeythony ia i?-
aaiu iauae eiiiaoaioeee e i?aaiu niaoeeaeueiie eiiia-
oaioeee.
I?aaiu iauae eiiiaoaioeee ?oeiaiaeyo ia oieueei oi-
cyenoaii, ii e ae?oaeie iaeanoyie iauanoaaiiie aeecie.
Oaeeie i?aaiaie yaeythony, iai?eia?, Aa?oiaiue Niaao
e Niaao Ieieno?ia NNN?, Aa?oiaiua Niaaou e Niaaou
(**1) N. N. Aeaenaaa ?anniao?eaaao noauaeoia iauanoaaiiuo ioii-
oaiee a /enea aeaaiuo yeaiaioia naieo yoeo ioiioaiee
(N. N. Aeaenaaa, Iauea oai?aoe/aneea i?iaeaiu nenoaiu niaao-
neiai i?aaa, Ainth?ecaeao, 1961, no?. 39).
-45-
Ieieno?ia nithciuo e aaoiiiiiuo ?anioaeee, ianoiua
Niaaou e eo eniieieoaeueiua eiieoaou. ?ieue yoeo i?aa-
iia a ?oeiaiaenoaa oicyenoaii i/aiue aaeeea. Oae, Aa?-
oiaiue Niaao NNN? ooaa?aeaeaao ainoaea?noaaiiue ieai
?acaeoey ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa e ainoaea?noaaiiue athae-
aeao, i?eieiaao caeiiiaeaoaeueiua aeou ii ?aaoee?iaaieth
oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe. Niaao Ieieno?ia NNN? ?o-
eiaiaeeo ia?iaeiui oicyenoaii no?aiu, ecaeaao iinoaiia-
eaiey e eiua ii?iaoeaiua aeou ii oicyenoaaiiui ai-
i?inai. Cia/eoaeueioth ?ieue a ?oeiaiaenoaa oicyenoaii
ea?atho ?anioaeeeaineea e ianoiua i?aaiu iauae eii-
iaoaioeee.
I?aaiu niaoeeaeueiie oicyenoaaiiie eiiiaoaioeee nic-
aeaiu oieueei aeey ?oeiaiaenoaa yeiiiieeie e aaaeaiey oi-
cyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe. E iei ioiinyony oicyenoaai-
iua ieienoa?noaa, iauaaeeiaiey, i?aaei?eyoey e ae?oaea
oicyenoaaiiua i?aaiu. I?aaiu niaoeeaeueiie oicyenoaai-
iie eiiiaoaioeee auaatho ainoaea?noaaiiua e eiiia?aoea-
iua (iauanoaaiiua). A ioee/ea io i?aaiia iauae eii-
iaoaioeee i?aaiu niaoeeaeueiie oicyenoaaiiie eiiiaoai-
oeee iiaoo auoue iacaaiu oicyenoaaiiuie. Cia/eo, iiae
oicyenoaaiiuie i?aaiaie neaaeoao iiieiaoue ia ana i?-
aaiu, ?oeiaiaeyuea yeiiiieeie eee aaaeouea oicyenoaai-
ioth aeayoaeueiinoue, a oieueei niaoeeaeueiua oicyenoaaiiua
i?aaiu.
Oicyenoaaiiua i?aaiu yaeythony iaeaieaa oeie/iuie
noauaeoaie oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa. I?aaeaea anaai eiaiii
iie anooiatho a oicyenoaaiiua i?aaiioiioaiey. Ii
o/anoieeaie oaeeo ioiioaiee iiaoo auoue e ae?oaea ni-
oeeaeenoe/aneea i?aaiecaoeee, iai?eia? i?aaiu iauae
eiiiaoaioeee, nioeeaeueii-eoeueoo?iua o/?aaeaeaeey e o. ae.
Anooiay a oicyenoaaiiua i?aaiioiioaiey, iie oaeaea
aeaenoaotho eae noauaeou oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa. Oaeei ia-
?acii, noauaeoii oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa iiaeao auoue eth-
aay nioeeaeenoe/aneay i?aaiecaoeey, ?oeiaiaeyuay oicye-
noaii, aaaeouay oicyenoaaiioth aeayoaeueiinoue e anooiath-
uay a oicyenoaaiiua i?aaiioiioaiey.
Aianoa n oai, iineieueeo iaeaieaa oeie/iuie noauae-
oaie oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa yaeythony oicyenoaaiiua
i?aaiu, i?aaiaia iieiaeaiea aeaiiuo noauaeoia ?anniao-
?eaaaony a aeaeueiaeoai ia i?eia?a oicyenoaaiiuo i?aa-
iia. I?e yoii iu enoiaeei ec ecaanoiuo oeacaiee
A. E. Eaieia i iaiaoiaeeiinoe ?acee/aoue aiia?ao aaeie-
-46-
ieno?aoeaiiai oi?aaeaiey e i?aaiu oicyenoaaiiiai ?o-
eiaiaenoaa. Eiaiii iineaaeiea aoaeoo ?anoe, ?acaeaaoueny,
e?aiiooue, nio?aiyoue ca niaie i?i/iia ianoi,
3. Noauaeo oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa iaeaaeaao i?aaaie e
iaycaiiinoyie, niaieoiiinoue eioi?uo ninoaaeyao aai
eiiiaoaioeeth.
Iiiyoea eiiiaoaioeee eniieuecoaony iiiaeie niaao-
neeie o/aiuie aeey oa?aeoa?enoeee i?aainoauaeoiinoe
oici?aaiia. Oae, A. N. I?eaeoaea aiai?eo i eiiiaoaioeee
i?aaiia oicyenoaaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa, (*2), ?. I. Oaeoeia e
N. I. A?aoonue-i eiiiaoaioeee i?aaei?eyoey. (*3). I. Eeiaoe-
ea? e C. Oeoiaeei ioia/aee:
ao, /oi
Eiiiaoaioeey oicyenoaaiiuo i?aaiia ii?aaeaeyaony
iau/ii a eo iieiaeaieyo e onoaaao, ooaa?aeaeaaiuo au-
oanoiyueie i?aaiaie. A iaeioi?uo neo/ayo oaeea
iieiaeaiey eee onoaau ooaa?aeaeathony aeey iaeiiai eii-
e?aoiiai oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaia. Iai?eia?, i?aaeoaeueno-
aii ooaa?aeaeaiu iieiaeaiey i ?acee/iuo i?aaiao oicye-
noaaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa, onoaau Ainaaiea e No?ieaaiea
NNN?. Eiiaaea aea ecaeathony iauea iieiaeaiey aeey a?oi-
iu iaeii?iaeiuo oicyenoaaiiuo i?aaiia, eioi?ua caoai
(**1) A. E. Eaiei, Iiee. nia?. ni/., o. 36, no?. 377.
(**2) A. N. I?eaeoaea, Eiiiaoaioeey niaaoa ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa
e aai io?aneaauo oi?aaeaiee, Ainth?ecaeao, 1960.
(**3) ?. I. Oaeoeia, Ainoaea?noaaiiia i?aaei?eyoea a iiauo on-
eiaeyo oi?aaeaiey i?iiuoeaiiinoueth,
1959 a. ? 5, no?. 70; N. I. A?aoonue, I i?aaiaii iieiaeaiee ai-
noaea?noaaiiiai i?iiuoeaiiiai i?aaei?eyoey, , Naa?aeeiane, 1960, no?. 52.
(**4) I. Eeiaoeea?, C. Oeoiaeei, Iaeioi?ua aii?inu a?aae-
aeaineiai i?aaa a naaoa ?aoaiee XVIII ia?oeiioa?aioeee,
(**5) I. N. Eiooa, Niaaoneia a?aaeaeaineia i?aai,
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aeaoaeece?othony i?eiaieoaeueii e eaaeaeiio oici?aaio.
Oae, Niaaoii Ieieno?ia NNN? ecaeaii aaeeiia Iieiaea-
iea aeey anao ainoaea?noaaiiuo i?iecaiaenoaaiyuo i?aae-
i?eyoee, ia iniiaa eioi?iai ooaa?aeaeathony eiie?aoiua
onoaau aeey eaaeaeiai i?aaei?eyoey eee iauea iieiaeaiey
i i?aaei?eyoeyo ii?aaeaeaiiiai aeaea. Iinoaiiaeaieai Ni-
aaoa Ieieno?ia NNN? io 10 ethey 1967 a. ooaa?aeaeaii
Iauaa iieiaeaiea i ieienoa?noaao NNN?, (*1), ia iniiaa ei-
oi?iai ?ac?aaaouaathony eiie?aoiua iieiaeaiey ia io-
aeaeueiuo ieienoa?noaao n o/aoii iniaaiiinoae eo aeay-
oaeueiinoe.
Eiiiaoaioeey oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaia ii?aaeaeyaony a
niioaaonoaee n oeaeyie aai aeayoaeueiinoe. Iia yaeyaony ia
iauae, a niaoeeaeueiie, iicaieythuae oici?aaio inouano-
aeyoue oieueei oaeoth aeayoaeueiinoue, eioi?ay niioaaonoaoao
aai caaea/ai. Niaoeeaeueiue oa?aeoa? eiiiaoaioeee oicye-
noaaiiuo i?aaiia i?yii auoaeaao ec nioeeaeenoe/aneie
i?e?iaeu iaoaai oicyenoaa, a eioi?ii eaaeaeue oici?aai
eiaao ii?aaeaeaiiua ooieoeee ii auiieiaieth caaeaiee
ainoaea?noaaiiiai ieaia. Niaoeeaeueiay eiiiaoaioeey noa-
aeo aeayoaeueiinoue oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaia a ii?aaeaeaiiua
?aiee, iai?aaeyao aa ia inouanoaeaiea ii?aaeaeaiiuo
caaea/ oicyenoaaiiiai no?ieoaeuenoaa.
A. E. Iaiooia iieaaaao, /oi i?aaeeueiaa aiai?eoue ia
i niaoeeaeueiie, a ia
ainoaea?noaaiiuo oicyenoaaiiuo i?aaiia, iineieueeo eii-
iaoaioeey a i?eioeeia iaeeiaeiaa aeey eaaeaeie a?oiiu
ainoaea?noaaiiuo oicyenoaaiiuo i?aaiia, iai?eia? aeey
anao ainoaea?noaaiiuo i?aaei?eyoee. (*2). Iaeiaei oaeay o?ae-
oiaea i?aaenoaaeyaony iaoaaaeeoaeueiie, eai iaeuecy ii-
ieiaoue niaoeeaeueioth eiiiaoaioeeth eae eiaeeaeaeoaeue-
ioth aeey eaaeaeiai ioaeaeueiiai oici?aaia.
Eiiiaoaioeey niaoeeaeueia eiiaaea aeey a?oiiu aiaei-
ae/iuo oici?aaiia, a eiiaaea e aeey ioaeaeueiiai oici?aaia,
iai?eia? aeey Ainaaiea. E?iia oiai, a neo/aa onoaiiaea-
iey eiiiaoaioeee aeey a?oiiu oici?aaiia i?aaa ana ?aaii
aeieaeiu inouanoaeyoueny a niioaaonoaee n oeaeyie aeay-
oaeueiinoe eaaeaeiai ioaeaeueiiai oici?aaia. Iai?eia?, i?a-
(**1) NI NNN? 1967 a. ? 17, no. 116.
(**2) A. E. Iaiooia, I niioiioaiee iiiyoee eiiiaoaioeee e
i?aainiiniaiinoe ainoaea?noaaiiuo oicyenoaaiiuo i?aaiia, 1965 a. ? 4, no?. 61-62.
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aa anao i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo i?aaei?eyoee aaeeiu, ii inoua-
noaeyao eo eaaeaeia i?aaei?eyoea a niioaaonoaee n i?aaeia-
oii (oeaeueth) aeayoaeueiinoe, oeacaiiui a onoaaa aeaiiiai
i?aaei?eyoey.
Eiiiaoaioeey ioaaouaaao eae i?aaa e iaycaiiinoe,
i?eiaaeeaaeauea aeaiiiio noauaeoo, oae e aiciiaeiinoue
i?eia?aoaiey i?aa e iaycaiiinoae i?e ii?aaeaeaiiuo
th?eaee/aneeo oaeoao (iai?eia?, i?e caeeth/aiee oicye-
noaaiiiai aeiaiai?a). Oaeei ia?acii, eiiiaoaioeey yaey-
aony aieaa oe?ieei iiiyoeai, /ai i?aainiiniaiinoue,
iiae eioi?ie iiieiaaony oieueei niiniaiinoue eiaoue i?a-
aa e iaycaiiinoe, ii ia ?aaeueiua noauaeoeaiua i?a-
aa e iaycaiiinoe, i?eiaaeeaaeauea aeaiiiio noauaeoo
i?aaa.
Neaaeiaaoaeueii, eiiiaoaioeey noauaeoa oicyenoaaiiiai
i?aaa ioaaouaaao, n iaeiie noi?iiu, ii?aaeaeaiiua ?aaeue-
iua noauaeoeaiua i?aaa e iaycaiiinoe, a n ae?oaie-
aiciiaeiinoue eiaoue noauaeoeaiua i?aaa e iaycaiiinoe.
Iia aeeth/aao eae iaeaaeaiea noauaeoeaiuie i?aaaie e
iaycaiiinoyie, oae e aiciiaeiinoue iaeaaeaoue eie, o. a.
i?aainiiniaiinoue.
4. Iaeioi?ua oicyenoaaiiua i?aaiu iieuecothony i?a-
aaie th?eaee/aneiai eeoea, o. a. iiaoo naiinoiyoaeueii au-
nooiaoue a eiouanoaaiiuo ioiioaieyo, ?aaoee?oaiuo
a?aaeaeaineei caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii. A oaeeo neo/ayo i?a-
aa th?eaee/aneiai eeoea aoiaeyo ninoaaiui yeaiaioii a
eiiiaoaioeeth oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaia. I?e yoii niioii-
oaiea iaaeaeo eiiiaoaioeeae oici?aaia e aai i?aainii-
niaiinoueth eae th?eaee/aneiai eeoea oaeiai aea, eae iaaeaeo
oeaeui e /anoueth.
I?aaaie th?eaee/aneiai eeoea iieuecothony ia ana oicye-
noaaiiua i?aaiu, a oieueei oa ec ieo, eioi?ua iaeaaeatho
ii?aaeaeaiiuie i?eciaeaie, oeacaiiuie a no. 11 Iniia
a?aaeaeaineiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa. Oae, th?eaee/aneeie ee-
oeaie i?eciathony ainoaea?noaaiiua i?aaei?eyoey e eiua
ainoaea?noaaiiua i?aaiecaoeee, ninoiyuea ia oicyenoaai-
iii ?an/aoa, eiathuea cae?aieaiiua ca ieie iniiaiua
e iai?ioiua n?aaenoaa e naiinoiyoaeueiue aaeain.
Niaeanii i. 2 Iieiaeaiey i nioeeaeenoe/aneii ai-
noaea?noaaiiii i?iecaiaenoaaiiii i?aaei?eyoee eaaeaeia
oaeia i?aaei?eyoea iieuecoaony i?aaaie th?eaee/aneiai ee-
oea. Aianoa n oai iiae/a?eeaaaony, /oi i?aaei?eyoea au-
iieiyao iaycaiiinoe e iieuecoaony o?aaaie, naycaiiuie
-49-
n aai i?iecaiaenoaaiii-oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoueth. Yoi
icia/aao, /oi i?aaei?eyoea ?anniao?eaaaony a Iieiaeaiee
ia oieueei eae th?eaee/aneia eeoei, ii i?aaeaea anaai eae
aaeeiue oicyenoaaiiue i?aai, eiathuee ii?aaeaeaiioth
eiiiaoaioeeth a ?acee/iuo iaeanoyo i?iecaiaenoaaiii-oi-
cyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe.
Iieiaeaiea i nioeeaeenoe/aneii ainoaea?noaaiiii i?i-
ecaiaenoaaiiii i?aaei?eyoee cae?aieyao aaeeioth i?aai-
noauaeoiinoue i?aaei?eyoey e aianoa n oai oeacuaaao ia
iaee/ea o iaai i?aa th?eaee/aneiai eeoea. Oai naiui Ii-
eiaeaiea aeaao oicyenoaaiiii?aaiaoth o?aeoiaeo i?aai-
noauaeoiinoe i?aaei?eyoey, niioaaonoaothuoth i?e?iaea
i?aaei?eyoey eae ainoaea?noaaiiiai oicyenoaaiiiai i?aa-
ia. *oi eanaaony i?aa th?eaee/aneiai eeoea, oi iie ?an-
niao?eaathony eeoue eae iaeei ec yeaiaioia i?aainoau-
aeoiinoe i?aaei?eyoey.
Ano?a/athuaany eiiaaea a iaoae i?aaiaie iaoea ocei-
oeeaeeenoe/aneia iiieiaiea i?aainoauaeoiinoe i?aaei?ey-
oey, naaaeaiea aa oieueei e i?aaai th?eaee/aneiai eeoea ia
niioaaonoaoao i?e?iaea ainoaea?noaaiiiai nioeeaeenoe/a-
neiai i?aaei?eyoey, au?uaaao aai ec iauae nenoaiu ni-
oeeaeenoe/aneiai ieaiiaiai oicyenoaa, ?anniao?eaaao
i?aaei?eyoea oieueei eae aaoiiiiioth, eiouanoaaiii iai-
niaeaiioth aaeeieoeo. (*1).
Ia iai?aaeeueiinoue iaeiinoi?iiiae oeeaeeenoe/aneie
o?aeoiaee i?aainoauaeoiinoe nioeeaeenoe/aneiai i?aae-
i?eyoey ia?auaaony aieiaiea e a ca?oaaaeiuo nioeeaee-
noe/aneeo no?aiao. ss. Oiieineee (Iieueoa) iiae/a?eeaaao,
/oi oeeaeeenoe/aneay
i?aaei?eyoee i?eieaeaao ?ieue ieaiiaiai ?oeiaiaenoaa ni-
oeeaeenoe/aneei oicyenoaii. (*2).
Iaeioi?ua o/aiua n/eoatho, /oi eiiiaoaioeey aeeth-
/aao oieueei i?aaa aeanoiiai oa?aeoa?a, a i?aainiinia-
iinoue icia/aao aiciiaeiinoue iaeaaeaoue i?aaaie eiouano-
(**1) A. A. Oeaeoeoe iieaaaea, /oi oicyenoaaiiay aeayoaeueiinoue
i?aaei?eyoey inouanoaeyaony
iuo e yeiiiie/aneeo iaoiaeao ?oeiaiaenoaa ia?iaeiui oicyenoaii,
, no?. 130).
(**2) J. Topinski, Trzeba zbudowac prawo gospodarcze,
Teil II, Berlin, 1961, S. 31-35.
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aaiiiai oa?aeoa?a. Eiuie neiaaie, eiiiaoaioeey oa?ae-
oa?ecoao oicyenoaaiiue i?aai eae noauaeo aaeieieno?a-
oeaiiai i?aaa, a i?aainiiniaiinoue-eae noauaeo a?aae-
aeaineiai e io/anoe o?oaeiaiai i?aaa. (*1).
I?e oaeii iiaeoiaea ?anuaieyaony aaeeiay i?aainoau-
aeoiinoue oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaia. Auoiaeeo, /oi eiiiaoai-
oeey e i?aainiiniaiinoue oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaia-iiiy-
oey ianiaianoeiua. Iaeioi?ua noi?iiieee iiaeiaiuo
aicc?aiee ioeacuaathony aeaaea i?eciaoue noauaeoeaiuie
i?aaaie aoiaeyuea a eiiiaoaioeeth i?aaa oici?aaia,
n/eoay oaeiauie oieueei i?aaa, aicieeathuea a ?acoeue-
oaoa ?aaeecaoeee i?aainiiniaiinoe. (*2).
Yoa eiioeaioeey au?aaeaao ii?aaeaeaiioth o?aaeeoeeth,
niaeanii eioi?ie oieueei a?aaeaeaineia i?aai nicaeaao aeae-
noaeoaeueioth onoie/eainoue ioiioaiee, a iaeanoe aea oi-
?aaeaiey aeaenoaoao i?eioeei aeanoe e iiae/eiaiey, a cia-
/eo, caeanue e ia iiaeao auoue ?aaeueiuo noauaeoeaiuo
i?aa. Iiaeiaiua acaeyaeu a eaeie-oi ia?a niioaaonoaaaa-
ee nenoaia oi?aaeaiey, iniiaaiiie ia eniieueciaaiee
oieueei aaeieieno?aoeaiuo iaoiaeia ?oeiaiaenoaa e eeoue
a iaaieueoie noaiaie ioaeaeaaoaeny a i?aaiaii ?aaoee-
?iaaiee. (*3). I?e oaeie nenoaia oi?aaeaiey i?aaiaie oa-
?aeoa? ioiioaiee ii aa?oeeaee iiiaeie oicyenoaaiie-
eaie aiiaua ia iniciaaaeny, eai ana i?aaa auee o
auoanoiyueo i?aaiia, a ana iaycaiiinoe o i?aae-
i?eyoee.
I?iaaaeaiea yeiiiie/aneie ?aoi?iu, eciaiaiea oa-
?aeoa?a ioiioaiee ii aa?oeeaee, ?acaeoea a yoeo ioii-
oaieyo acaeiiuo i?aa e iaycaiiinoae eo o/anoieeia
o?aaotho iiaiai iiaeoiaea e ?anniao?eaaaiie i?iaeaia.
A naiii aeaea, ?acaeaeaiea i?aainoauaeoiinoe oici?aaiia
(**1) A. A. Oeaeoeoe, Niioiioaiea i?aainiiniaiinoe e noauae-
oeaiuo i?aa,
aeao, 1960, no?. 258; I. A. Aeaenaiae?ia, I?aai e caeiiiinoue a
ia?eiae ?acaa?iooiai no?ieoaeuenoaa eiiioiecia, Ainth?ecaeao, 1961,
no?. 240; A. A. Ieoeeaae/, Noauaeou niaaoneiai i?aaa, Ainth?ec-
aeao, 1902, no?. 38.
(**2) A. A. Iooeei, Eiiiaoaioeey ainoaea?noaaiiuo oicyenoaai-
iuo i?aaiia eae iniaay oi?ia i?iyaeaiey eo aaeieieno?aoeaii-
oicyenoaaiiie i?aainoauaeoiinoe, 1965 a. ? 3,
no?. 39-40.
(**3) Ia yoi i?aaeeueii ia?aoee aieiaiea O. A. Oiea? (AAe?)
(U.J. Heuer. Zum Verhaltnis von Okonomie, Recht und Admini-
stration,
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ea eiiiaoaioeeth, ioaaouaathuoth i?aca aeanoiiai oa?ae-
oa?a, e i?aainiiniaiinoue, ioiinyuothny oieueei e eioua-
noaaiiui i?aaai, iaecaaaeii i?eaiaeeo e ouaieaieth oi-
cyenoaaiiuo i?aa i?aaei?eyoee.
Noiyuee ia oaeie iiceoeee TH. A. Aanei ieoao:
enoiaeeo ec oiai, /oi anyeia aeaenoaea i?aaei?eyoey
aeieaeii auoue i?aae?aoaii eaeei-oi aeanoiui aeoii
nauoa. Iaeiaei yoi ia niioaaonoaoao iiaui oneiaeyi
oicyenoaiaaiey, eioi?ua i?aaeiieaaatho ?anoe?aiea
i?aa i?aaei?eyoee ii naiinoiyoaeueiiio ?aoaieth ai-
i?inia naiae aeayoaeueiinoe, ioeac io iiaee iaae ieie
e i?aae?aoaiey anao aii?inia auoanoiyueie i?aa-
iaie.
?acaeoea acaeiiuo i?aa e iaycaiiinoae ai acaeii-
ioiioaieyo iaaeaeo i?aaei?eyoeyie e auoanoiyueie oi-
cyenoaaiiuie i?aaiaie i?aaeiieaaaao aaeeiue iiaeoiae e
i?aaai oici?aaiia a iaeanoe ?oeiaiaenoaa oicyenoaii e
inouanoaeaiey oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe. Iaa yoe noi-
?iiu nioeeaeenoe/aneiai oicyenoaiaaiey au?aaeathony a
oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaieyo, noauaeoaie eioi?uo aunoo-
iatho e i?aaiu oicyenoaaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa e i?aaei?ey-
oey. A oaeeo ioiioaieyo e oa e ae?oaea eiatho aiie,ia
?aaeueiua noauaeoeaiua i?aaa. (*2).
I?eioeeieaeueiia aaeeinoai yoeo i?aa iiaeao auoue iau-
yniaii oieueei n iiceoeee oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa eae naii-
noiyoaeueiie io?anee i?aaa. Io?eoeaiea aea naiinoiyoaeue-
iinoe oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa i?eaiaeeo e ?anuaieaieth
aaeeiie i?aainoauaeoiinoe oici?aaiia ia aeaa acaeiien-
(**1) TH. A. Aanei, I?aaiaua oi?iu ?aaeecaoeee iia?aoeaii-oi-
cyenoaaiiie naiinoiyoaeueiinoe nioeeaeenoe/aneeo i?aaei?eyoee,
1967 a. ? 6, no?. 46.
(**2) TH. X. Eaeiueia i?aaeeueii ioia/aao:
iueia, Aii?inu i?aaiaiai iieiaeaiey ainoaea?noaaiiiai i?iecaiae-
noaaiiiai i?aaei?eyoey. I?eaieaeneia eieaeiia ecaeaoaeuenoai, Na?a-
oia, 1967, no?. 66).
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eeth/athuea noa?u, a oai naiui e e ?acae?iaeaieth i?a-
aiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee nioeea-
eenoe/aneiai iauanoaa.
Naaaeaiea eiiiaoaioeee oieueei e aeanoiui iieiiii-
/eyi, a i?aainiiniaiinoe e eiouanoaaiiui i?aaai ia
aeaao aiciiaeiinoe iainiiaaoue ?anoe?aiea i?aa i?aae-
i?eyoee iooai ia?aaea/e ei iaeioi?uo o?aa auoanoiy-
ueo i?aaiia, iineieueeo i?e oaeie iiceoeee i?aaei?eyoeyi
ia iiaoo ia?aaeaaaoueny aeanoiua iieiiii/ey, inouano-
aeyaiua eeoue i?aaiaie oi?aaeaiey. Iaeiaei oaeie ia-
oiae ?anoe?aiey i?aa i?aaei?eyoee i?eia?aoaao aaaeiia
cia/aiea a nia?aiaiiuo oneiaeyo.
A niioaaonoaee n Iauei iieiaeaieai i ieienoa?no-
aao NNN? (i. 8) ieienoa?noai iiaeao ii?o/aoue ?aoaiea
ioaeaeueiuo aii?inia, aoiaeyueo a aai eiiiaoaioeeth, iiae-
/eiaiiui i?aaei?eyoeyi e i?aaiecaoeeyi. Oai naiui aei-
ioneaaony ia?aaea/a i?aa ieienoa?noaa i?aaei?eyoeyi,
i?aaa eioi?uo iiaoo auoue oaeei iooai ?anoe?aiu.
A yoii aii?ina Iauaa iieiaeaiea i ieienoa?noaao ii-
oei aeaeueoa Iieiaeaiey i i?aaei?eyoee, eioi?ia oioy e
i?aaeoniao?eaaei aiciiaeiinoue ia?aaea/e ioaeaeueiui aaae-
iaeoei i?aaei?eyoeyi i?aa auoanoiyueo i?aaiia oi-
cyenoaaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa, ii aeiioneaei iiaeiaioth ia?a-
aea/o eeoue a iniaii ii?yaeea, ii?aaeaeyaiii Niaaoii Ie-
ieno?ia NNN? (i. 42 Iieiaeaiey i i?aaei?eyoee). Ii-
neieueeo, iaeiaei, oaeie ii?yaeie ia aue onoaiiaeai, yoi
i?aaeei i?aeoe/anee ia i?eiaiyeinue. Oaia?ue aea ieie-
noa?noaa iieo/eee aiciiaeiinoue ia?aaeaaaoue naie i?aaa
iiae/eiaiiui i?aaei?eyoeyi aac ii?aaeaeaiey eaeiai-ee-
ai iniaiai ii?yaeea ia?aaea/e i?aa.
A oai?aoe/aneii ioiioaiee aiciiaeiinoue ia?aaea/e
i?aaei?eyoeyi i?aa i?aaiia oicyenoaaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa
i?aaenoaaeyao aieueoie eioa?an a oii niunea, /oi iia in-
iiauaaaony ia i?eioeeieaeueiie iaeii?iaeiinoe i?aa aeai-
iuo oicyenoaaiiuo i?aaiia. Oaeay ia?aaea/a i?aa iiaeao
auoue iauyniaia n iiceoeee oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa, ii aa
iaeuecy iauynieoue enoiaey ec acaeyaeia oao o/aiuo, eioi-
?ua ?acaeaeytho ieienoa?noaa e i?aaei?eyoey eae i?aaiu,
inouanoaeythuea i?eioeeieaeueii ?acee/iua i?aaa: a ia?-
aii neo/aa-aaeieieno?aoeaiua, ai aoi?ii-a?aaeaeai-
neea.
Ana eceiaeaiiia iieacuaaao, /oi eiiiaoaioeey aeeth-
/aao e i?aainiiniaiinoue, au?aaeay aaeeinoai i?aainoau-
-53-
aeoiinoe oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaia. (*1). I?e ethaii iiieiaiee
eiiiaoaioeee e i?aainiiniaiinoe iaaeiionoeii eo i?ioe-
aiiinoaaeaiea eae yaeaiee, eaaeaueo e ?aciuo ieinei-
noyo e iieiinoueth ianiaianoeiuo. Iai?ioea, neaaeoao
enoiaeeoue ec ia?ac?uaiie nayce eiiiaoaioeee ei?aainoi-
niaiinoe oici?aaeia, (*2), ec i?eciaiey oiai, /oi , ana aea iieaaaao, /oi i?aainii-
niaiinoue ia yaeyaony yeaiaioii eiiiaoaioeee, e aeeth/aao a eiiia-
oaioeeth oieueei eiie?aoiua i?aaa. Iaeiaei, ianiio?y ia oaeoth iaaa?-
ioth, ia iao acaeyae, o?aeoiaeo niioiioaiey iiiyoee eiiiaoaioeee
e i?aainiiniaiinoe, ii ia naycuaaao aa n aeaeaieai anao i?aa oic-
i?aaiia ia aaeieieno?aoeaiua e a?aaeaeaineea, a, iai?ioea, enoiaeeo
ec aaeeinoaa oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa eae i?aaiaie io?anee (A. E. Ia-
iooia, I niioiioaiee iiiyoee eiiiaoaioeee e i?aainiiniaiinoe
ainoaea?noaaiiuo oicyenoaaiiuo i?aaiia, no?. 56-63).
(**2) A. A. Aaiaaeeeoia, Ainoaea?noaaiiay nioeeaeenoe/aneay nia-
noaaiiinoue, ecae-ai AI NNN?, 1948, no?. 635-640; N.O. Ea/aeueyi,
I?aaiioiioaiey a nioeeaeenoe/aneii iauanoaa, ecae-ai AI NNN?,
1958, no?. 119-126;
(**3) TH.E.Oienoie, E oai?ee i?aaiioiioaiey, ecae-ai EAO,
1959, no?. 68-73; A. A. Ieoeeaae/, Iaeioi?ua aii?inu o/aiey i
noauaeoeaiuo i?aaao, 1958 a. ? 1, no?. 35-36.
-54-
yoiai acaeyaea i?eaaaatho e eiino?oe?iaaieth
ie noauaeoaie i?aaa, iaycaiiuie ia ia?ooaoue i?aai
nianoaaiieea aeaaeaoue e iieueciaaoueny naiei eiouano-
aii.
Aeaiiia iieiaeaiea auei iiaeaa?aiooi a eeoa?aoo?a
iainiiaaiiie e?eoeea. Ae. I. Aaieei o?aaeeueii ioiaoee,
/oi ia iiaeao auoue i?aaiioiioaiee n iaii?aaeaeaiiui
e?oaii eeoe, /oi i?aaiii/ey nianoaaiieea, aai noauae-
oeaiua i?aaa iniiauaathony ia naiii caeiia, a aiana
ia aicieeatho eae yeaiaio i?aaiioiioaiey. (*1).
Inouanoaeaiea ii?i i?aaa aac aicieeiiaaiey i?aai-
ioiioaiee eiaao iniaaiii aaaeiia cia/aiea a oicyeno-
aaiiii i?aaa. A aeaiiie io?anee ii?iu i?aaa ia?aaeei
?aaeecothony aac aicieeiiaaiey i?aaiioiioaiee. Yoi
i?yii auoaeaao ec naiie nouiinoe oicyenoaaiiiai i?a-
aa, neoaeauaai iaeiei ec n?aaenoa i?aaiecaoeee nioeeaee-
noe/aneiai oicyenoaa, ii?aaeaeythuaai ii?yaeie ?oeiaiaeno-
aa e inouanoaeaiey oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe.
?aaeecoy a i?aaeaeao eiiiaoaioeee i?aaa e iaycaiii-
noe ii i?aaiecaoeee i?iecaiaenoaaiii-oicyenoaaiiiai i?i-
oeanna, i?iecaiaenoaaiiiio eniieueciaaieth nu?uey, iaoa-
?eaeia e iai?oaeiaaiey, ?acaeoeth e aiaae?aieth iiaie
oaoieee, i?aaei?eyoey e eiua oici?aaiu ia anaaaea anoo-
iatho a i?aaiioiioaiey. A iaeioi?uo neo/ayo i?aaiio-
iioaiey aicieeatho iaaeaeo no?oeoo?iuie caaiueyie oic-
i?aaia, ei yoi ia iaycaoaeueii.
Iai?eia?, i?aaei?eyoea inouanoaeytho i?iecaiaeno-
aaiioth aeayoaeueiinoue a niioaaonoaee n onoaiiaeaiiuie a
i?aaiauo ii?iao oaoiieiae/aneeie i?ioeannaie. I?aae-
i?eyoea ai?aaa e iaycaii aanoe i?iecaiaenoaaiioth aeay-
oaeueiinoue a niioaaonoaee n o?aaiaaieyie yoeo i?aaiauo
ii?i, ii aeey inouanoaeaiey naieo i?aa e iaycaiiinoae
a iaeanoe oaoiieiaee i?iecaiaenoaa i?aaei?eyoea ia anoo-
(**1) Ae. I. Aaieei ienae:
(Ae. I. Aaieei, I?aai nianoaaiiinoe eae aaniethoiia noauaeoea-
iia i?aai,
-55-
iaao a i?aaiioiioaiey n ae?oaeie i?aaei?eyoeyie e i?-
aaiecaoeeyie.
Aioo?e i?aaei?eyoey aai oeao (o/anoie), inouanoaeyy
ii?aaeaeaiiue caieiooue oaoiieiae/aneee i?ioeann ii
ecaioiaeaieth oie eee eiie aeaoaee, aeaenoaoao a i?aai-
auo ?aieao, ii ia anooiaao a i?aaiioiioaiey. Oieueei
i?e ia?aaea/a ecaioiaeaiiie aeaoaee a ae?oaie oeao (o/a-
noie) aeey aeaeueiaeoae ia?aaioee eee iiioaaea aicieea-
tho aioo?eoicyenoaaiiua i?aaiioiioaiey iaaeaeo oeaoaie
e ae?oaeie no?oeoo?iuie caaiueyie i?aaei?eyoey. (*1).
Iaee/ea o noauaeoia oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa oaeeo i?aa
e iaycaiiinoae, eioi?ua ia o?aaotho aeey ?aaeecaoeee iay-
caoaeueiiai anooieaiey a i?aaiioiioaiey, yaeyaony oa-
?aeoa?iie oa?oie oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa. Oicyenoaaiiay
aeayoaeueiinoue inouanoaeyaony a ?aieao ii?aaeaeaiiuo
i?aaee, onoaiiaeaiiuo ii?iaie oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa
eae aeey oao neo/aaa, eiaaea a i?ioeanna yoie aeayoaeueiinoe
(**1) I. N. Eiooa aic?aaeaao i?ioea aeeth/aiey a eiiiaoaioeeth oa- Iaeiaei iaeuecy niaeaneoueny n oai, /oi th?eaee/anee iai?aaeoue Ii?iu i?aaa iai?aaeytho aeayoaeueiinoue oici?aaiia ia auiie- -56- aicieeatho i?aaiioiioaiey, oae e aeey oao, eiaaea i?aai- 6. Iineieueeo noauaeou oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa -nioeea- Eiia/ii, ia anaaaea i?aaa e iaycaiiinoe noauaeoia oi- Oaeei ia?acii, i niaiaaeaiee i?aa e iaycaiiinoae (**1) N. O. Ea/aeueyi ?anniao?eaae noauaeoeaiua i?aaa e iaycai- (**2) Iaeioi?ua o/aiua aic?aaeatho i?ioea i?eciaiey i?aaei?eyoee -57- cyenoaaiiuo i?aa. A i?ioeanna i?iaaaeaiey oicyenoaaiiie 7. Eiiiaoaioeey oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaia inouanoaeyao- I?eiaieoaeueii e ainoaea?noaaiiui i?aaei?eyoeyi Iauaa Aeaenoaeoaeueii, anee a oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaieyo ie- (**1) -58- nicaeaieth iaoa?eaeueiuo e oeiainiauo oiiaeia e ?aca?- 8. A iaoae no?aia nouanoaotho ?ac.iiia?aciua oicye- Aeey i?aaiia oicyenoaaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa oa?aeoa?ii I?aaei?eyoea iaiin?aaenoaaiii inouanoaeyao neeaie Oicyenoaaiiua iauaaeeiaiey caieiatho i?iiaaeooi/- (**1) E. A. Eieeaaa i?aaeeueii ioia/aao, /oi (E. A. Eieeaaa, I i?aaiaii iieiaeaiee ieienoa?noa NNN?, -59- Auaeaeyy ni/aoaiea ieaiiai-i?aaiecaoeeiiiuo e iia- Ana oicyenoaaiiua i?aaiu ii oa?aeoa?o auiieiyaiuo 9. Oicyenoaaiiua i?aaiu anao aeaeia ninoiyo ec aioo- Noaiaiue naiinoiyoaeueiinoe aioo?aiieo caaiueaa oi- -60- aa iaiaeeiaeiaa. A i?eioeeia eo eiiiaoaioeey anaaaea ai- Aieaa oe?iea eiiiaoaioeey iiae?acaeaeaiee oicyeno- 10. Ana i?aaei?eyoey e eiua oici?aaiu, iiae/eiaiiua (**1) (**3) Oaeea acaeyaeu ?acaeaaeenue i?eiaieoaeueii e io?aneaaui oi- -61- iauaaeeiaiea. Oaeei ia?acii, iaeia oicyenoaaiiay nenoa- Iiiyoea oicyenoaaiiie nenoaiu eiaao aaaeiia oicye- Aaeeinoai oicyenoaaiiie nenoaiu ia ouaieyao eiiia- -62- Aeaaa 4 Iaoiaeu i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey 1. Io?aneue i?aaa oa?aeoa?ecoaony ia oieueei i?e?i- -62- Iaeioi?ua o/aiua n/eoatho, /oi eaaeaeay io?aneue i?a- Ii iiaieth iaeioi?uo o/aiuo, i?aaeiao i?aaiaiai ?a- ?acaeaay eaeath i aaeeiii iaoiaea ?aaoee?iaaiey i?e- ?aca?aie/aiea a?aaeaeaineiai e aaeieieno?aoeaiiai (**1) I. Ae. Oa?ai?iaeneee, I, N. Eiooa, I nenoaia niaao- (**2) A. E. ?aeoa?, Iauanoaaiii-enoi?e/aneea, oeiu no?aoiaa- (**3) Aeaenaaa; Iauea oai?aoe/aneea i?iaeaiu nenoaiu (**4) I. N. Eiooa, I?aaiaia ?aaoee?iaaiea oicyenoaaiiie aeay- -63- iey ia?auaee aieiaiea iiiaea niaaoneea o/aiua. Iaoiae A ?anniao?eaaaiie i?iaeaia anoue e aua iaeei aniaeo. Aiaeiae/iia iiaiea auneacae I. Iio (AAe?) i?eia- (**1) A. A. Aeici?oeaa, I i?aaeiaoa niaaoneiai a?aaeaeaineiai i?a- (**2) O. Eoau, A?aaeaeaineia e oicyenoaaiiia i?aai a nenoaia (**3) E. A. I?aaeeoaeee, I?aaeiao e nenoaia niaaoneiai ni- (**4) I. Iio, Iiaeaioiaea iiaiai A?aaeaeaineiai eiaeaena a Aa?iai- -64- 2. A nayce n ?anniio?aieai aii?ina i iaoiaeao i?aai- Niaeanii yoiio acaeyaeo oicyenoaaiiia i?aai ia no- Aeaeaiea io?aneae i?aaa ia iniiaiua e eiiieaeniua (**1) TH. E. Oienoie, I oai?aoe/aneeo iniiaao eiaeeoeeaoeee Eiioeaioeey, niaeanii eioi?ie io?anee i?aaa aeaeyony ia iniia- -65- eanue au iieiinoueth oo?a/aiiie, a eo ianeeuenoaaiii I?aaaea, oicyenoaaiiia i?aai enoi?e/anee aicieeei Iu iieaaaai, /oi e ae?oaea io?anee i?aaa no?iyony A?yae ee aiiaua nouanoaotho io?anee i?aaa, ioaaou- 3. Iaoaaaeeoaeueia e o?aeoiaea iaoiaea i?aaiaiai ?a- (**1) Aia?aua oaeay o?aeoiaea iaoiaea i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey au- -66- iooue ia aeaao aiciiaeiinoe ii?aaeaeeoue i?aaeiao ?aaoee?i- Io?anee i?aaa, eae i?aaeei, ia eiatho aaeeiiai Iieueneee o/aiue A. Noa?inueoeye i?eciaao, /oi a i?i- Oaeei ia?acii, ia aoaeo/e noi?iiieeii oicyenoaai- (**1) A. I. Iaiioei, Ia iniaaiiinoyo aaeieieno?aoeaiiai ?aao- (**2) J. Starosciak, Studia z teorii prawa administrativnego, -67- au?aaeaiea e a aiciiaeiinoe eniieueciaaiey iaeeiaeiauo Aianoa n oai nouanoaoao e oaeia yaeaiea, eae en- E. A. Iaaeia i?aaeeueii ioia/ae, /oi iaeuecy aiai- 4. E oaeei io?aneyi ioiineony e oicyenoaaiiia i?a- Iaoiaeu i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey caaenyo io oa?ae- (**1) E. A. Iaaeia, I nenoaia niaaoneiai nioeeaeenoe/aneiai i?a- -68- yeiiiie/aneia niaea?aeaiea ioiioaiee ia i?aaeii?aaeaey- I?eiaiaiea ?aciuo iaoiaeia aeey i?aaiaiai ?aaoee- Cia/eo, i?aaeii?aaeaeaiiinoue iaoiaeia ?aaoee?iaaiey Iaoiae niaeaniaaiey eniieuecoaony aeey ?aaoee?iaaiey Yeiiiie/aneea eaoaai?ee ia ia?aiinyony a i?aai -69- 5. I?eiaiaiea a oicyenoaaiiii i?aaa ?aciuo Naeaaeeaaiea ?aceeo ?acee/ee iaaeaeo ?aciuie iaoi- Oae, N. N. Aeaenaaa ieoao ia ioiioaieyo, eioi?ua, Ia?aieaoaiea ?acee/iuo iaoiaeia i?aaiaiai ?aaoee- (**1) N. N. Aeaenaaa, I caeiiiia?iinoyo ?acaeoey niaaoneiai -70- aaanoe iniaue ?aaeei e?aaeeoiaaiey. Cia/eo, a iaeiii 6. *oi eanaaony iaoiaea ?aeiiaiaeaoeee, oi ii iaeaieaa Iaeiaei a iineaaeiaa a?aiy iaoiae ?aeiiaiaeaoeee ia- E. A. Oai/oe o?aaeeueii ioia/aao: Yoei e i?aaeii?aaeaeyaony cia/aiea iaoiaea ?aeiiai- (**1) E. A. Iaaeia, E aii?ino i eiaeeoeeaoeee niaaoneiai a?aae- (**2) E. A. Oai/oe. I?aaiaua oi?iu e iaoiaeu ?oeiaiaenoaa -71- Aeaaa 5 I?eioeeiu oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa 1. Iiae i?eioeeiaie oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa iiee- Iao?oaeii caiaoeoue, /oi yoe i?eioeeiu naienoaaiiu ia I?eioeeiu oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa yaeythony i?aaiau- Neaaeoao o/eouaaoue, /oi i?eioeeiu oicyenoaaiiiai (**1) Oe. A. ssiiieueneay, I ianoa aaeieieno?aoeaiiai i?aaa a (**2) A. N. Oaaeaainyi, Ia iniiaiuo i?eioeeiao nioeeaeenoe/a- -72- aii. Iie aeeth/atho oieueei oaeea ?oeiaiaeyuea ia/aea, Yoi ioiineony i?aaeaea anaai e aaeeiiia/aeeth e o/a- ?anniao?eaay i?eioeeiu oi?aaeaiey oicyenoaii, (**1) I?eioeeiu ainoaea?noaaiiiai oi?aaeaiey ?anniao?eaathony a (**2) A. N. Oaaeaainyi i?aaeeueii ioia/aao, /oi (**3) E. Eaneoeeee, Iaeioi?ua aii?inu eco/aiey yeiiiieee ni- (**4) I. Aa?ineei, N. Eaiaieoea?, Eaieineea i?eioeeiu oi- -73- Iineieueeo iiiaea ec ia?a/eneaiiuo auoa i?eioeeiia 2. Aaeeinoai iieeoe/aneiai e oicyeno- Oaeia iieiaeaiea iauyniyaony oai, /oi iniiao Iiyoiio oicyenoaaiiia ?oeiaiaenoai .ia?ac?uaii nay- Ia?yaeo n yoei aaeeinoai iieeoe/aneiai e oicyenoaai- 3. Nioeeaeenoe/aneay nianoaaiiinoue eae (**1) A. E. Eaiei, Iiei. nia?. ni/., o. 43, no?. 330. -74- noe/aneiai oicyenoaiaaiey. Eiouanoaaiiia niaea?aeaiea Yoi i?aaeii?aaeaeyao i?eioeeieaeueiia aaeeinoai eioa- Iineieueeo ainoaea?noaaiiua oici?aaiu ia yaeythony Nioeeaeenoe/aneea eiiia?aoeaiua i?aaei?eyoey e i?- Nioeeaeenoe/aneay nianoaaiiinoue eae iniiaa 4. Aeaiie?aoe/aneee-oeaio?aeeci ninoieo a (**1) N. Aa?oaa?a, Aeaiie?aoe/aneee oeaio?aeeci a oicyenoaai- -75- Eae oeacuaae A. E. Eaiei, A aeaiie?aoe/aneii oeaio?aeecia ni/aoathony aeaa ia- I?eioeei aeaiie?aoe/aneiai oeaio?aeecia oa?aeoa?ai N. I. A?aoonue i?eciaao aeaiie?aoe/aneee oeaio?aeeci (**1) A. E. Eaiei, Iiei. nia?. ni/., o. 36, no?. 152. -76- oeeiu, ioiinyueany oieueei e nioeeaeenoe/aneei i?aaie- A nayce n yoei aicieeaao aii?in, iiaoo ee a io?anee Ii anee yoi oae, oi noaeaeaiea i iai?eiaieiinoe I?eioeeiu io?anee i?aaa-e?eoa?ee i?aaeeueiinoe I?eioeei aeaiie?aoe/aneiai oeaio?aeecia eiaao aaae- -77- ai oeaio?aeecia. N iaeiie noi?iiu, ?acaeoea nia?aiaiiie Ei?aiiay i?iaeaia nioeeaeenoe/aneiai oicyenoaiaa- A niioaaonoaee n i?eioeeiii aeaiie?aoe/aneiai oeaio- 5. Ieaiiainoue-iaeei ec iniiaiuo i?eioeeiia (**1) I. E. Ieneioei, Iniiaiua iooe niaa?oainoaiaaiey aiia- -78- Ieaiiainoue i?enoua nioeeaeenoe/aneie yeiiiieea. Ieaie?iaaiea i?iaiaeeony a i?aaiauo ?aieao, a ni- Ieaiiaua aeou iaiaeeiaeiau ii i?aaiaie i?e?iaea. Aaaeiia cia/aiea eiaao i?aaiaia cae?aieaiea ieaii- Iieacaoaee ieaiiauo caaeaiee, ooaa?aeaeaaiuo auoa- Cae?aieaiea a caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa ia?a/iy ieaiiauo (**1) NI NNN? 1965 a. ? 19-20. no. 153. -79- i?aaei?eyoee e auoanoiyueo oicyenoaaiiuo i?aaiia a I?aaiaia cae?aieaiea ieaiiauo iieacaoaeae eiaao I?iaeou ieaiia ?ac?aaaouaathony iaiin?aaenoaaiii Oaeie ii?yaeie ooaa?aeaeaiey ieaiia onoaiiaeai a -80- uee i?aai ooaa?aeaeaao ieai ia iniiaa i?aaeeiaeaiee Caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai onoaiaaeeaaao ii?yaeie ia oieueei A niioaaonoaee n onoaiiaeaiiuie iieacaoaeyie iea- Aaaeiia cia/aiea a i?aaiecaoeee ieaie?iaaiey e oi- -81- aiai?ia. Oai naiui oicyenoaaiiue aeiaiai? eniieuecoao- Cia/aiea oicyenoaaiiiai aeiaiai?a eae eino?oiaioa Iaeiaei ?ieue aeiaiai?a eae eino?oiaioa ieaie?iaaiey (**1) O. E. ?aaeiiae/, Oicyenoaaiiue aeiaiai?-eino?oiaio (**2) Iinoaiiaeaiea Niaaoa Ieieno?ia NNN? io 30 ethiy 1962 a. (**3) Iiae?iaiaa ni. E. I. Oi?, Niaa?oainoaiaaoue aeiaiai?ii- -82- Iiauoaieth ?iee oicyenoaaiiiai aeiaiai?a aoaeoo niinia- Oicyenoaaiiue aeiaiai? eae eino?oiaio ieaie?iaa- Aieueoie eioa?an i?aaenoaaeyao iiyaeaoayny a AAe? Eii?aeeiaoeeiiiua niaeaoaiey iniiaaiu ia ni/aoa- A nayce n aic?anoaieai ?iee oicyenoaaiiuo aeiaiai- (**1) I. Spitzner, Wirtschaftsvertrage – sozialistische Wirtscha- -83- iaeioi?ua ae?oaea ooieoeee ii ?aaoee?iaaieth oicyeno- Niaeanii Iieiaeaieth i Ainoaea?noaaiiii a?aeo?aaea Aaaeiia cia/aiea i?eia?aoaao nae/an ooieoeey A nayce n yoei aicieeaao caaea/a oeo/oaiey ?aaiou 6. Oicyenoaaiiue ?an/ao i?aaenoaaeyao niaie -84- auaeaeaiu a naiinoiyoaeueioth io?aneue i?aaa-oicyeno- Oicyenoaaiiue ?an/ao icia/aao iaoiae aaaeaiey oicye- Oicyenoaaiiue ?an/ao iniiauaaaony ia niciaoaeueiii I?iaaaeaiea yeiiiie/aneie ?aoi?iu naycaii n Nae/an neeaaeuaathony o?e aeaea oic?an/aoiuo ioii- (**1) A. I. Aoeii/eei, E aii?ino i i?eioeeiao iino?iaiey (**2) A niaaoneie i?aaiaie iaoea aii?inai oicyenoaaiiiai ?an/aoa (**3) I. Aaeaaeia, Aiaae?aiea oicyenoaaiiie ?aoi?iu-aaae- -85- i?aaei?eyoeyie, aioo?e i?aaei?eyoee. (*1). Niioaaonoaaiii Ana aeaeu oicyenoaaiiiai ?an/aoa aaeeiu ii yeiiiie- Iaeaieaa i?eau/iie e aianoa n oai iaeaieaa aaaeiie Oic?an/ao i?aaei?eyoey oanii naycai n oic?an/aoii Oaeei ia?acii, nouanoaoao aaeeinoai oic?an/aoa (**1) A. I. Nooa?aaneee, Yeiiiie/aneia noeioee?iaaiea e oi- (**2) Ia iauai iiiyoee oicyenoaaiiiai ?an/aoa ni. E. A. Oai- (**3) E. ss. Aeioeao?a aua a 30-a aiaeu ienae: (**4) Y. Iieiineee, E. A?aneaaneee, I?aaiaua i?iaeaiu -86- ca aaeeinoaaiii aiciiaeioth oi?io oic?an/aoa e ia yoie N yoei auaiaeii iaeuecy niaeaneoueny. Oioy ana aeaeu A /ai aea ninoieo oic?an/ao i?aaia oicyenoaaiiiai eyaiie yoei i?aaiii oicyenoaaiiie nenoaiu, ioaaono- Ianeieueei neia i oeiaine?iaaiee oic?an/aoiiai i?- (**1) N. I. A?aoonue, ?aoi?ia e i?aai, no?. 15. TH. A. Aanei n/e- (**2) I. N. Eiooa, I a?aaeaeaineii?aaiaii e aaeieieno?aoeaii- -87- N. I. A?aoonue n/eoaao, /oi Iaeiaei ia?aie/aiea aeaiiiai iieiaeaiey ?aieaie Aaeeinoai ooieoeee i?aaei?eyoee e auoanoiyueo oi- (**1) N. I. A?aoonue, Niioiioaiea yeiiiie/aneeo e aaeieieno?a- -88- noaeyoueny oieueei i?aaiaie oi?aaeaiey, a aoi?ua- ?acoiaaony, a nia?aiaiiuo oneiaeyo ionoaeaaoue Oai ia iaiaa iaeioi?ua o/aiua e nae/an io?eoeatho Iaeiaei nouiinoue nioeeaeenoe/aneiai oicyenoaa ni- I?aa aue A. A. Aaiaaeeeoia, eioi?ue oeacuaae ia (**1) A. A. Oeaeoee, Ia aaeieieno?aoeaiuo e yeiiiie/aneeo -89- ?ieii niunea, aeeth/ay e i?iecaiaenoaaiii-oicyenoaai- Iiieiaieth oic?an/aoa i?aaiia oicyenoaaiiiai ?o- ?acaeoea nia?aiaiiiai i?iecaiaenoaa i?eaiaeeo e aai Iaeioi?ua o/aiua aic?aaeatho i?ioea oaeiai ni/aoa- (**1) A. A. Aaiaaeeeoia, Ainoaea?noaaiiay nioeeaeenoe/aneay nia- (**2) -90- TH. N. Oeeia?iai i?aaeeueii ioia/aao: E /eneo oeaio?aeecoaiuo iia?aoeaii-oicyenoaaiiuo Oic?an/ao aeaaiiai oi?aaeaiey i?iiuoeaiiiai ieie- Eae oeacuaaao TH. A. Noaioeeee, -91- oee e oeaio?aeeciaaiiiio inouanoaeaieth A niioaaonoaee n yoei aeieaeii no?ieoueny e yeiiiie- A. A. Eoiaa aic?aaeaao i?ioea oic?an/aoa i?aaiia oi- Iaeiaei ioaaonoaaiiinoue i?aaia oi?aaeaiey i?e ia?a- (**1) TH. A. Noaioeeee, I ?acaeoee oic?an/aoiie i?aaiecaoeee (**2) A. A. Eoiaa, I?aaiaua i?iaeaiu iaoee oi?aaeaiey, -92- *oi aea eanaaony iianiinoe oaaee/aiey aiia?aoa oi- Eceiaeaiiua iieiaeaiey i oic?an/aoa i?aaiia oicye- Ia?aaiae ia oicyenoaaiiue ?an/ao anaai i?iiuoeai- (**1) Oaaee/aiea aiia?aoa oi?aaeaiey i?iecaiaenoaii iaaethaeaaony (**2) A. I. ?oiyioeaa, Yeiiiie/aneay iaoea e oi?aaeaiea ia- (**4) A nayce n ia?aaiaeii ia oicyenoaaiiue ?an/ao Ieienoa?noaa -93- Aaaeiia cia/aiea eiaao ?acaeoea oic?an/aoa oicye- Nia?aiaiiue yoai yeiiiie/aneie ?aoi?iu a iaoae Aieueoia ?acaeoea a oneiaeyo i?iaaaeaiey yeiiiie/a- (**1) Ae. Aeeieo?ia, I?aaie i?iaeaie ia iiaaoa nenoaia ca (**2) I. E.Aaeaaeia, Caaea/e niaa?oainoaiaaiey ieaie?iaaiey -94- oaeuenoaa cae?aieaii o?aaiaaiea aiaae?aiey aioo?ecaaiae- Aioo?ecaaiaeneie oicyenoaaiiue ?an/ao eiaao iaeeia- Ioeai/ii ooaa?aeaeaiea i oii, /oi oic?an/ao e yeiii- Oceioeeaeeenoe/aneay o?aeoiaea oicyenoaaiiiai ?an- Oieueei oicyenoaaiiii?aaiaie iiaeoiae iicaieyao ioaa- (**1) Iiae?iaiaa i i?aaiauo aii?inao aioo?ecaaiaeneiai oic?an/aoa (**2) N. I. A?aoonue, Niioiioaiea aaeieieno?aoeaiuo i yeiii- -95- iinoe oai?aoe/aneie eiioeaioeee i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey Aianoa n oai iaiaoiaeeii o/eouaaoue, /oi oic?an/ao 7. Nioeeaeenoe/aneay caeiiiinoue – ia- (**1) ?anniao?eaay yoo noi?iio nioeeaeenoe/aneie caeiiiinoe, -96- Niaethaeaiea caeiiiinoe iaania/eaaao iaiaoiaeeiue Iaeiaei n?aaee iaeioi?ie /anoe oicyenoaaiieeia noua- Niaeanii Iieiaeaieth i i?aaei?eyoee onoaiaaeeaaa- eui aacii, aeey /aai iaiaoiaeeiu 176 o noaeueiie i?iai- -97- thony a ioiioaieyo ii aa?oeeaee, i?e/ai i?aaa i?aae- ?ani?ino?aiaiiia a i?aaiaie iaoea i?ioeaiiinoaa- I?aaenoaaeoaee iaoee a?aaeaeaineiai i?aaa oniao?eaa- Iaeiaei a aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe yoi ia oae, eai ia?ooa- Oieueei i?e oicyenoaaiiii?a.aiaii iiaeoiaea ioiioaiey (**1) N. I. A?aoonue, I?aaeiao e nenoaia niaaoneiai a?aaeaeaineiai -98- noe e a oao e a ae?oaeo ioiioaieyo. Aeey ono?aiaiey eiathueony ia?ooaiee oicyenoaai- Ia?oey e ainoaea?noai iinoiyiii ai?ieenue ca oe?ai- (**1) A. E. Iaiooia, I?aeoeea th?eaee/aneie ?aaiou a i?iiuo- (**4) O. A. Aaiaa, Ca oneeaiea ?iee a?aeo?aaea a iiauo oneiaeyo -99- eaoaai?ee, iaeeo ia?aaeeoeia eaieoaeecia, ?ieue eioi?uo Ana iineaaeothuaa ?acaeoea iaoaai ainoaea?noaa ii- Eiathuayny aua iaaeiioeaiea caeiiiinoe a oicyeno- Nouanoaaiioth ?ieue a oe?aieaiee caeiiiinoe a oi- A oeaeyo oeo/oaiey i?aaiaie ?aaiou a i?iiuoeai- (**1) Iiae?iaiaa ni. A. I. Eo?eoeui, Oicyenoaaiiay ?aoi?ia (**2) A. I. *oeeaaaeca, I.I. Oa?aa?ia, A. E. Eaiei i ni- (**3) E. I. Oi?, TH?eaee/aneay neoaeaa a i?iiuoeaiiinoe, aa (**4) Iiae?iaiaa ni. A. A. Eaioaa, Iaeioi?ua i?aaiaua i?iaea- -100- Aeaaa 6 Oicyenoaaiiua i?aaiioiioaiey 1. Iiae i?aaiioiioaieai iau/ii iiieiaaony iniaay Iaeii a?aiy a niaaoneie i?aaiaie oai?ee n/eoaeinue A aeaeueiaeoai a th?eaee/aneie iaoea noae i?aiaea- A o/aiee i i?aaiioiioaiee aei neo ii? eiathony nii?- (**1) Iiae?iaiaa ni. TH. E. Oienoie, E oai?ee i?aaiioiioaiee, (**2) E. Ia?en, Eaieoae, o. 1, Ainiieeoecaeao, 1955, no?. 91. -101- oii, /oi neaaeoao n/eoaoue yeaiaioaie i?aaiioiioaiey. Ia noaay ia?aae niaie caaea/e aeaoue ?aoaiea yoeo nii?- 2. Oicyenoaaiiua i?aaiioiioaiey – o?aaoee?iaai- Noauaeoaie oicyenoaaiiuo i?aaiioiioaiee yaeytho- Noauaeoaie oicyenoaaiiuo i?aaiioiioaiee ii aa?- oea, eeai oicyenoaaiiia iauaaeeiaiea, eioi?ia a naith Ii aii?inai, aoiaeyuei a aai eiiiaoaioeeth, i?aai (**1) Iiaiey ?acee/iuo aaoi?ia ii nii?iui aii?inai i?aaiioii- -102- caiey aeathony ii eiie?aoiui oicyenoaaiiui aii?inai, Eia/a ianoieo aeaei, eiaaea oeacaiey iinyo iauee oa- 3. Oicyenoaaiiua i?aaiioiioaiey eiatho iaeioi?ua Iaeioi?ua ec oaeeo iniaaiiinoae auee ioia/aiu a) i?ioeaiiinoaaeaiea i?aa e iaycaiiinoae a i?aai- a) i?aaiioiioaiey a oeacaiiie iaeanoe, eae i?aae- a) ii/oe ie iaeii oaeia i?aaiioiioaiea iaeuecy ?an- a) i?aaiioiioaiey yoiai ?iaea, eae i?aaeei, ia en- (**1) N. A. A ieoineee, I oai?/aneie ?aaiethoeeiiiie ?iee nioeea- -103- a iaeanoe oicyenoaaiiiai no?ieoaeuenoaa i?aaenoaaeyaony 4. Aeaenoaeoaeueii, ia iiaoo ?acei i?ioeaiiinoaaeyoueny Neaaeai, a i?aaiioiioaiee iaaeaeo i?aaiii oicyeno- Iu aiai?ei ia ionoonoaee ?aceiai i?ioeai?a/ey ei- 5. Aaaeiie oa?aeoa?iie /a?oie oicyenoaaiiuo i?aai- Yoi i?aaeii?aaeaeyaony neiaeiinoueth ioiioaiee, neea- -104- A neiaeiii iaoaiecia nioeeaeenoe/aneiai oicyenoaa Anee ?anniio?aoue oicyenoaaiiua i?aaiioiioaiey ii Noaiaiue i?aaeii?aaeaeaiiinoe niaea?aeaiey oicyenoaai- Ioaeii caiaoeoue, /oi ?acaeoea oicyenoaaiiie naii- Iiyoiio a iiauo oneiaeyo oicyenoaaiiue aeiaiai? e -105- iaaony, i?aaei?eyoea ieaie?oao naith aeayoaeueiinoue ia in- A oi aea a?aiy iaeuecy i?aaenoaaeyoue naaa naycue iaae- 6. Aei neo ii? iu ?anniao?eaaee naycue iaaeaeo ?ac- (**1) N. N. Aeaenaaa neaaeothuei ia?acii oa?aeoa?ecoao niioiioa- -106- iaeanoe nioeeaeenoe/aneiai oicyenoaa i?eaiaeeo e aic- A oaeie oeaii/ea ia ?anoai?ythony aoiaeyuea a iaa Iaeiaei naycue iaaeaeo i?aaiioiioaieyie, aoiaeyueie Cia/aiea neiaeiiai iiiainoi?iiiaai i?aaiioiioaiey Iniiaaieai aeey o?aeoiaee oeaii/ee i?aaiioiioaiee (**1) Iiae?iaiaa ni. C. I. Caiaiaio, Eciaiaiea e ?anoi?aeaiea -107- iiai ?acoeueoaoa. A i?eaaaeaiiii auoa i?eia?a, naycai- Iaeiaei oieueei aaeeiie oeaeaaie iai?aaeaiiinoe aua A naiii aeaea, a i?eaaaeaiiuo auoa i?eia?ao eaaeaeia I?aeoe/aneia cia/aiea eiino?oeoeee neiaeiiai i?aai- ?anniio?ei yoi iieiaeaiea ia i?eia?a ii?yaeea ecia- (**1) NI NNN? 1967 a. ? 17, no. 117. -108- ioaaonoaee n i. 3 yoiai iinoaiiaeaiey ieienoa?noai a A aeaiiii neo/aa iaaeaeo ieienoa?noaii e iiae/eiai- Eiiaaea iieiaeaiea ineiaeiyaony iaiaoiaeeiinoueth ni- -109- Eiino?oeoeey neiaeiiai i?aaiioiioaiey ia oieueei Iniaaiii aaaeia eiino?oeoeey neiaeiiai i?aaiioii- Oaeei ia?acii, i?eciaiea oeaii/ee i?aaiioiioaiee (**1) I. N. Iaeaei, Ia ioaaonoaaiiinoe ca iaeniieiaiea oicye- -110- oeeaeenoe/aneeie oicyenoaaiiuie i?aaiaie, ia?niae- Cae?aieyaiua oicyenoaaiiui i?aaii i?iecaiaenoaai- oea ninoieo a aaaeaiee aeaiiiai ieienoa?noaa. Oaeiai ?iaea iinoiyiiua nayce a niaaoneii oicyenoaa Oicyenoaaiiua i?aaiioiioaiey, ia i?aaeii?aaeaeya- Aic?anoaiea ?iee oaeeo oicyenoaaiiuo naycae i?aae- -111- I?iecaiaenoaaiii-oicyenoaaiiua nayce aieiaiiai i?aae- 8. Ana oicyenoaaiiua i?aaiioiioaiey iaeaaeatho ii- N oi/ee c?aiey ni/aoaiey ieaiiai-i?aaiecaoeeiiiuo oaieyo. Ieaiiai-i?aaiecaoeeiiiue yeaiaio au?aaeai Oicyenoaaiiua i?aaiioiioaiey ia?aiai aeaea aicie- Oicyenoaaiiua i?aaiioiioaiey aoi?iai aeaea oa?ae- iiai i?aaia e ae?oaiio. Eiouanoaaiiue yeaiaio yoeo Oicyenoaaiiua i?aaiioiioaiey iiaoo ?acee/aoueny e Oicyenoaaiiua i?aaiioiioaiey iaaeaeo i?aaiaie oi- Oicyenoaaiiua i?aaiioiioaiey iaaeaeo i?aaiaie oi- Oicyenoaaiiua i?aaiioiioaiey iaaeaeo i?aaei?eyoey- Aioo?eoicyenoaaiiua i?aaiioiioaiey neeaaeuaathony -113- /ai naiinoiyoaeueiinoue i?aaei?eyoee a oeaeii, a i?aaa A oeacaiiuo ?acee/iuo aeaeao oicyenoaaiiuo i?aai- Neacaiiia i aeaeaiee oicyenoaaiiuo i?aaiioiioaiee Oicyenoaaiiua i?aaiioiioaiey iiaeii ?acee/aoue e Eiiaaea a iaeiii e oii aea i?aaiioiioaiee a caaene- (**1) Iiae?iaiaa i aioo?eoicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaieyo ni. A. A. Eai- -114- n oici?aaiaie ii e?aaeeoiaaieth e ?an/aoai ?aaoee?otho- Eeanneoeeaoeey oicyenoaaiiuo i?aaiioiioaiee ii -115- Aeaaa 7 Oicyenoaaiiia i?aai 1. A ?acoeueoaoa i?iaaaeaiiiai a i?aaeoanoaothueo aea- Oicyenoaaiiia i?aai eae i?aaiaay io?aneue i?aaenoaa- -115- ii?yaeie ?oeiaiaenoaa e inouanoaeaiey oicyenoaaiiie 2. Oaeia iiieiaiea oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa eae io?an- Oae, E. A. Iaaeia ii?aaeaeyao oicyenoaaiiia i?aai Neaaeiaaoaeueii, E. A. Iaaeia ioaaouaaao yoei ii?a- E. I. Oi? aeaao oaeia ii?aaeaeaiea oicyenoaaiiiai Aeaiiia ii?aaeaeaiea ia ?ane?uaaao iieiinoueth anaai N oaeeo aea iiceoeee oicyenoaaiiia i?aai ?anniao?e- Oicyenoaaiiia i?aai,-oeacuaaao aeaeaa N. Nooia,- aaiiue a?aeo?aae, oaoie/aneay ii?iaeecaoeey. (*2). A. Ioeeea (AAe?) n/eoaao, /oi oicyenoaaiiia i?aai (**2) E. I. Oi?, Iaeioi?ua oicyenoaaiiii?aaiaua i?iaeaiu oi- -117- noaii no?oeoo?iuie aaeeieoeaie nioeeaeenoe/aneie yei- Neaaeoao ioiaoeoue, /oi A. Ioeeea iniai iiae/a?eeaa- Iaeioi?ia ?aii?ino?aiaiea a AAe? iieo/eea o?ae- (**1) G. ?flicke. Die wirtschaftsrechtliche Oricntierung ist fur die (**2) U. J. Heuer, G. Pflicke, Aufgaben des Wirfschaftsrechts (**3) G. Pflicke. Die wirtschaftsrechtliche Orientierung ist fur -118- ioiineony ?aaoee?iaaiea e iaeioi?uo ae?oaeo ioiioa- Aeaei a oii, /oi X. Coo iiieiaao nioeeaeenoe/aneoth Eiiia?aoeey nioeeaeenoe/aneeo i?aaei?eyoee, ii iia- Oioy a eiia/iii n/aoa X. Coo e i?eoiaeeo i?aeoe/a- (**1) I. Such, Die Bedeutung des Vertragsgesetzes fur die Heraus- (**2) H. Such, Zu einigen Fragen der Eii?eration der sozialisli- -119- iyoueny e iiieiaieth oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa eae ?aaoee- A Iieueoa eiioeaioeey oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa iieo/eea . (*2). Enoiaey ec oaeiai iiieiaiey o?aaa iaiauanoaeaiiiai 3. A 30-a aiaeu a iaoae no?aia ainiiaenoaiaaei i?aae- (**1) Ae?oaie o/aiue AAe? X. Iaa?eaiaea? enoiaeeo ec aiaeiae/iie (**2) J. Topinski. Rrawo gospodarki uspolecznionej w zarysie, -120- eioi?ay ioaaouaaao ?aaoee?iaaiea ioiioaiee ia oieueei A aeaiiii eo?na aaoi?u ?anniao?eaaee oicyenoaaiiia Yoa eiioeaioeey aicieeea a ai?ueaa n ?acee/iuie ai- Iaeiaei ia?yaeo n iieiaeeoaeueiuie noi?iiaie yoa Aeaiiay eiioeaioeey auea iiaeaa?aiooa e?eoeea (**1) (**2) Ia yoii i?aaeeueii ienae E. ss. Aeioeao?a a noaouea (**3) E. ss. Aeioeao?a, I Oicyenoaaiiii eiaeaena NNN?, ecae-ai -121- Aic?aaeay i?ioea iauaaeeiaiey a oicyenoaaiiii i?a- 4. Naiaia?aciie ?aaeoeeae ia yoi yaeeinue iiyaeaiea Aia?aua n oaeie eiioeaioeeae aunooiee a 1956 aiaeo (**1) A. A. Ieiioeianeee, I iaeioi?uo aii?inao niaaoneie (**2) J. Topinski, Prawo blizej zycia, Ksiazka i Wiedza, 1964, (**3) Ia yoi i?aaeeueii ia?aoee aieiaiea A. E. Oeoia ia aeeneon- -122- tho ainoaea?noaaiiia i?aai. Aoi?ay a?oiia ii?i iai?aa- A i?aaeaeao eaaeaeie ec yoeo o?ao iniiaiuo io?aneae Aiaeiae/ioth a iniiaiii eiioeaioeeth ?acaeaaao a I. Iio i?eaeaao iniaia cia/aiea oiio oaeianoao, (**1) A. N. Oaaeaainyi, Iaeioi?ua aii?inu nenoaiu niaaoneiai (**2) I. Posch, Zum Widerspruch zwischen Form und Inhalt des (**3) Ii nouanoao ec aae?anaoa i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey enoiaeyo e -123- anao ii?i, ioiinyueony e oicyenoao eee e a?aaeaeaieio. ?anniao?eaaaiay eiioeaioeey yaeeanue ecaanoiui oa- Neaaeoao caiaoeoue, /oi aaoi? yoie eiioeaioeee ny io iaa e a aieaa iicaeieo ?aaioao enoiaeeo ec oceiai 5. Iaeioi?ia ?ani?ino?aiaiea a niaaoneie i?aaiaie (**1) I. Iio, Iiaeaioiaea iiaiai a?aaeaeaineiai eiaeaena a Aa?iai- (**2) A. N. Oaaeaainyi. Nouiinoue niaaoneiai oicyenoaaiiiai -124- ia?a ?acaeoey i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey oicyenoaaiiie Ia?aiia/aeueii iia aicieeea a eiioea 20-o aiaeia e Ioeai/iinoue yoie eiioeaioeee ninoiyea a i?ioeaiii- O?aeoiaea a?aaeaeaineiai i?aaa eae eeanniaiai i?aaa (**2) N oaeeo iiceoeee eiioeaioeey oicyenoaaiii-aaeieieno?aoeaiiai -125- ioiioaiey i?aainoauaeoiu. Ioie?aiea i?aainoauaeo- Neaaeiaaoaeueii, a oio ia?eiae N. I. A?aoonue enoiaeee A 1963 aiaeo N. I. A?aoonue e N. N. Aeaenaaa auaeaeio- -126- ii?i a ninoaaa e?oiiuo io?aneae nioeeaeenoe/aneiai Oaeei ia?acii, yoa eiioeaioeey, ?acaeaeyaiay e iaei- Iaeiaei iiaay eiioeaioeey oicyenoaaiii-aaeieieno?a- Iiieiaaiia oaeei ia?acii oicyenoaaiiia i?aai io- (**1) N. I. A?aoonue, N. N. Aeaenaaa, I ?ac?aaioea i?aaiauo (**2) A. A. Oaiaaeueaeuaa, I eiaeeoeeaoeee niaaoneiai ainoaea?- -127- oi?aaeaieai, a oicyenoaaiiua ioiioaiey iaaeaeo i?aae- Yoa eiioeaioeey io?aaeaao nouanoaiaaaoaa aei iineaae- 6. Anee eiioeaioeey oicyenoaaiii-aaeieieno?aoeaiiai Yoo eiioeaioeeth iiae iacaaieai ?acaeaaao iieueneee o/aiue N. Aeiaeeea. Iiae I?aai oicyenoaaiiiai iai?ioa, ii iiaieth N. Aeiaee- (**1) S. Wlodyka, Problem prawa gospodarczego, Studia cywili- -128- oaoa iinoiyiiie oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe, iai?aaeai- Iaaeinoaoie yoie eiioeaioeee ninoieo a oii, /oi ioii- Eiioeaioeey i?aaa oicyenoaaiiiai iai?ioa aeaao iaeii- 7. Nouanoaoao e oaeay eiioeaioeey oicyenoaaiiiai i?a- -129- aeaineiai i?aaa. Oaeay eiioeaioeey auea auneacaia I?e oaeii iiieiaiee oicyenoaaiiia i?aai ia ia?a- Iaeiaei yoi ia niioaaonoaoao nouanoaothuaio a aeecie 8. A iineaaeiaa a?aiy I. A. Aeaenaiae?ia i?aaeeiaeee (**1) Ni. ae. 4. (**2) Iiyoiio e?eoeea aeaiiie eiioeaioeee auea aeaia auoa i?e ?an- (**3) Neaaeoao caiaoeoue, /oi iaeioi?ua noi?iiieee aeaeaiey io?an- -130- niunea. I?aai yeiiiie/aneiai oi?aaeaiey (oicyenoaai- Eiioeaioeey oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa a oe?ieii niunea Oicyenoaaiiia i?aai ?aaoee?oao e ?oeiaiaenoai e 9. Iiieiaiea oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa eae io?anee i?a- Aeaiiia ianoiyoaeuenoai ia anaaaea o/eouaaaony. Eii- -131- niaaoneee caeiiiaeaoaeue a oiaea eiaeeoeeaoeee niaaoneiai Aaoi?u yoiai auneacuaaiey, ii-aeaeeiiio, enoiaeyo Eae i?aaeeueii ioiaoee N. E. Aeeueiyineee, iaeuecy A ?yaea neo/aaa a iaeiii caeiia ii i?aeoe/aneei ni- Neaaeoao niaeaneoueny n TH. E. Oienoui, n/eoathuei, A nayce n i?eiyoeai Iniia a?aaeaeaineiai caeiiiaea- (**1) (**2) Aaeieieno?aoeaiue eiaeaen eiaaony oieueei a ONN?. (**4) I. N. Eiooa, I?aaiaia ?aaoee?iaaiea oicyenoaaiiie aeay- (**5) TH.E.Oienoie, I oai?aoe/aneeo iniiaao eiaeeoeeaoeey -132- ii?i oicyenoaaiiii?aaiaiai oa?aeoa?a icia/aao io?e- A i?eaaaeaiiii auneacuaaiee niaoeaathony aii?inu A yoii ioiioaiee i?aa iieueneee o/aiue N. Aeiaeeea, ?acoiaaony, iaeuecy io?eoeaoue cia/aiey aiee caeiii- Iaeiaei aiey caeiiiaeaoaey i?aaeii?aaeaeyaony iauae- Oio oaeo, /oi ii?iu oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa ?ann?aaei- (**1) A. E Iaoaaaa, I eiioeaioeee oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa, 1961 a. ? 1, no?. 73. (**2) S. Wlodyka, Problem prawa gospodarczego, Studia cywili- -133- noaoao aaeeiue iaiauathuee caeii a yoie io?anee i?aaa, 10. Oicyenoaaiiia i?aai Aiaeiae/iui i.a?acii iiieiathony caaea/e iaoee (**1) Iiae?iaiaa i oicyenoaaiiii caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa ni. ae. 9. (**3) N. N. Aeaenaaa, TH?eaee/aneay iaoea a nia?aiaiiue ia?eiae, -134- noaey iaieo iaoaieciia; a au?aaioea caeiiiaeaoaeueiuo Oicyenoaaiiia i?aai yaeyaony Yoi aeaao aiciiaeiinoue enneaaeiaaoue i?aaiaua yaeaiey Iaoea oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa, enneaaeoy oicyenoaai- (**1) Oipinski, Czego ocsekujemy od nauki prawa gospodarczego, (**2) A.I.Caiueeia, E.A. E?anueei, A. E. E?aa/aiei, (**3) A. E. Iaiooia, I?aeoeea th?eaee/aneie ?aaiou a i?iiuo- -135- I?aaeiaoii iaoee oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa yaeythony eioi?ua ?aiaa a eiiieaena ia enneaaeiaaeenue, a ?anniao- Iaoea oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa ia aeiaieuenoaoaony en- Oaeiau, iai?eia?, iiiyoey oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaia, (**1) I iiiyoee oicyenoaaiiiai iaycaoaeuenoaa ni. (**2) I. N. Eiooa, I?aaiaia ?aaoee?iaaiea oicyenoaaiiie aeay- (**3) Iiaiea I. N. Eiooa i iaaiciiaeiinoe ?ac?aaioee iaueo (**4) -136- Aicieeiiaaiea iiauo iaoe ia nouea nouanoaoth- Iaoea oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa aicieeea aneaaenoaea Iaoiaeynue ia a?aie i?aaa e yeiiiieee, iaoea oicye- Iaeiaei aiciiaeiinoe iaoee oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa (**1) I. A. Eaeaeuo, Anoanoaaiiua iaoee e eo cia/aiea aeey ?ac- (**2) J. Spisiak, Hospodarske pravo v systeme socialistickcho pra- (**3) J. Topinski, Prawo gospodarki uspolecznionej w zarysie, -137- i?aaa eae naiinoiyoaeueiie io?anee i?aaa, anoue e oaeea, Iiuiui eiioeuenii aeey ?acaeoey iaoee oicyenoaai- 11. Cia/eoaeueiuo oniaoia aeiaeeanue iaoea oicyeno- A *aoineiaaeee iaoea oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa noaea (**1) Oaeiai acaeyaea i?eaea?aeeaaeny A. A. Aaiaaeeeoia ( -138- ai i?aaa a ea/anoaa naiinoiyoaeueiie iaoee e o/aaiie Ia?aiia/aeueii iao/iua enneaaeiaaiey ii oicyenoaai- I?aiiaeaaaiea oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa i?iaiaeeony ia A AAe? aaaaeaiea iiaie yeiiiie/aneie nenoaiu ?oei- A ianoiyuaa a?aiy a AAe? yaeyaony iauai?eciaiiie (**1) N. Nooia. Oicyenoaaiiue eiaeaen e oicyenoaaiiia i?aai -139- i?aaa. Ioia/ay iiauoaiea ?iee oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa O/aiua AAe? i?eciaee ioeai/iui ?ani?ino?aiai- A AAe? ?acaeaaaony e iaoea iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai oicye- Enneaaeiaaiey ii i?iaeaiai oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa A i?aiiaeaaaiee i?iaiaeeony /aoeay niaoeeaeecaoeey ii (**1) W. Ulbricht, Die gesellschaftliche Entwicklung in der -140- Aeaaa 8 Nenoaia oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa 1. Oicyenoaaiiia i?aai ?aaoee?oao ?aciiia?aciua Anyeay nenoaia aeieaeia eiaoue ii?aaeaeaiiua iniiaa- 2. I. A. Aeaenaiae?ia auneacae iiaiea i oii, /oi (**1) I. A. Aeaenaiae?ia, I ianoa o?oaeiaiai e eieoiciiai i?a- (**2) Ia yoi i?aaeeueii ia?aoee aieiaiea E. N. Ao?aae/ a eieaa -141- Caeanue nouanoaoao ecaanoiay aiaeiaey n i?eioeeiaie 3. Oicyenoaaiiia i?aai oa?aeoa?ecoaony cia/eoaeue- E iniaaiiie /anoe oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa ioiineony Noaiaoe/anee nenoaia oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa eae io- Nenoaia oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa eae io?anee i?aaa 1. Iauay /anoue 1. I?aaiaua oi?iu e iaoiaeu ?oeiaiaenoaa oicyenoaii 2. I?aaiaia iieiaeaiea oicyenoaaiiuo i?aaiia 3. I?aaiaie ?aaeei eiouanoaa oicyenoaaiiuo i?aaiia 4. I?aaiaua oi?iu ieaie?iaaiey oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe 5. I?aaiaua oi?iu oicyenoaaiiiai ?an/aoa 6. Oicyenoaaiiua iaycaoaeuenoaa 7. I?aaiaua oi?iu nicaeaiey e aiaae?aiey iiaie oaoieee 8. I?aaiaia ?aaoee?iaaiea e?aaeeoiaaiey e ?an/aoia a ia?iaeiii -142- 9. Ioaaonoaaiiinoue ca ?acoeueoaou oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe 10. ?ac?aoaiea oicyenoaaiiuo nii?ia. II. Iniaaiiay /anoue 11. I?aaiaia ?aaoee?iaaiea i?iiuoeaiiinoe 13. I?aaiaia ?aaoee?iaaiea oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee a naeueneii 14. I?aaiaia ?aaoee?iaaiea o?ainii?oa 15. I?aaiaia ?aaoee?iaaiea nayce 16. I?aaiaia ?aaoee?iaaiea iaoa?eaeueii-oaoie/aneiai niaaaeaiey 17. I?aaiaia ?aaoee?iaaiea niaaoneie oi?aiaee 18. I?aaiaia ?aaoee?iaaiea eiiioiaeueii-aeeeeuiiai oicyenoaa 19. I?aaiaia ?aaoee?iaaiea oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe nioeeaeueii- Eo/oaio iiieiaieth nenoaiu oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa Oe?ieee e?oa aii?inia, aoiaeyueo a iauoth /anoue Oicyenoaaiiia i?aai ii?aaeaeyao i?aaiaia iieiaeaiea Aeaeaa, oicyenoaaiiia i?aai ii?aaeaeyao i?aaiaie -143- aaiiinoue eae. iniiaa oicyenoaiaaiey. Ii oicyenoaaiiia Oicyenoaaiiay aeayoaeueiinoue nioeeaeenoe/aneeo i?aae- Neaaeothuee aieueoie eiiieaen aii?inia a nenoaia Caoai neaaeotho i?aaiaua oi?iu oic?an/aoa. Oicye- Aaaeiia ianoi a nenoaia oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa caie- Ia iaiaa aaaeiia cia/aiea eiatho i?aaiaua oi?iu -144- aaiea oicyenoaaiiuo i?aaiia ca oaeia aiaae?aiea, aii?i- Aaaeiia ianoi a nenoaia oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa caie- oaeueiinoueth, ioaaonoaaiiinoue aioo?aiieo caaiueaa oici?- Oicyenoaaiiia i?aai ii?aaeaeyao e ii?yaeie ?ac?aoa- Ia?a/eneaiiua aii?inu eiatho iauaa cia/aiea aeey I?aaiaia ?aaoee?iaaiea ioaeaeueiuo io?aneae yeiii- Oaeia yaeaiea aiieia caeiiiia?ii e i?yii auoaeaao 6. Ainoaea?noaai.iia i?aai, ii?aaeaeythuaa iniiaiua (**1) Ii oaeie nenoaia ninoaaeaia a iniiaiii o/aaiay i?ia?aiia (**2) Ia ?acioth noieoue nayce iaaeaeo io?aneyie i?aaa ni?aaaaeee- -147- iiio. Iii i?aaenoaaeyao niaie aaaeouoth io?aneue i?aaa, Oaeia ?aoaiea aii?ina i niioiioaiee ainoaea?noaai- Yoi, eiia/ii, ia icia/aao, /oi ainoaea?noaaiiia i?aai 7. Aaeieieno?aoeaiia i?aai ii?aaeaeyao ii?yaeie (**1) A. O. E ioi e, I i?aaeiaoa niaaoneiai ainoaea?noaaiiiai i?a- (**2) O?aeoiaea niioiioaiey ainoaea?noaaiiiai e oicyenoaaiiiai (**3) M. Ae. Oa?ai?iaeneee e I. N. Eiooa iiae?acaeaeytho aaeieie- Iaeioi?ua niaoeeaeenou ii aaeieieno?aoeaiiio i?aao eae naiinoiyoaeueiie io?anee, ooaa?aeaeay, /oi yoi ?aci- A naiii aeaea, iino?iaiea oi?aaeaiey i?iiuoeaiii- aauaie>) (I. Ae. Oa?ai?iaeneie, I. N. Eiooa, I nenoaia (**1) Oe. Ae. ssiiieueneay, I ianoa aaeieieno?aoeaiiai i?aaa a -149- yoi aiai?eo i oii, /oi aeaiiua ioiioaiey i?aaenoaaeytho Icia/aao ee yoi, /oi aaeieieno?aoeaiia i?aai aiana ?aca?aie/aiea aaeieieno?aoeaiiai e oicyenoaaiiiai A iaeanoe ?oeiaiaenoaa oicyenoaii e aaeieieno?aoea- Iiieii ?acee/ey ii oa?aeoa?o . 10. Ia aucuaaao aieueoeo cao?oaeiaiee ?aca?aie/aiea (**1) Eae ioia/aao E. A. Iaaeia, eieoiciia i?aai ?aaoee?oao aeaoaeuenoaa, no?. 42). (**2) ?acee/iua iiaiey ii yoiio aii?ino ni. I. E. Eicu?ue, (**3) A. I. *oeeaaaeca, I?iaeaiu niaaoneie th?eaee/aneie iao- -153- ?aaoee?oao caiaeueiua ioiioaiey, neeaaeuaathueany ia 11. O?oaeiaia i?aai ?aaoee?oao o?oaeiaua ioiioaiey ?acee/athony iie e ii noauaeoai, eai iaeiei ec o/a- 12. Oeiainiaay aeayoaeueiinoue Niaaoneiai ainoaea?noaa Oaeei ia?acii, oa?aeoa? oeiainiauo ioiioaiee ii- (**4) I. A. Ao?ae/, Niaaoneia oeiainiaia i?aai, Ainth?ecaeao, (**5) A. A. ?iaeineee, Iniiaiua aii?inu oai?ee niaaoneiai -154- inouanoaeaiey oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe. E oeiaini- ?acee/ea iaaeaeo oicyenoaaiiui e oeiainiaui, i?a- (**1) -155- Aeaaa 9. Oicyenoaaiiia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai 1. Ii?iu oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa niaea?aeaony a caei- -155- oicyenoaaiiui aii?inai. Ana yoe ii?iaoeaiua aeou N?aaee caeiiia aaaeiia cia/aiea aeey i?aaiaiai ?aao- Ii aaaeiaeoei aii?inai ?oeiaiaenoaa e inouanoaea- (**2) -156- ee?iaaiey i?iiuoeaiiiai i?iecaiaenoaa> (*1) e ?yae ae?oaeo 2. Iniiaioth ianno aeoia oicyenoaaiiiai caeiiiaea- Aieueoia cia/aiea eiatho oaeea ii?iaoeaiua aeou 3. Iiiai/eneaiiua ii?iu ii i?aaiaiio ?aaoee?iaa- (**1) NI NNN? 1965 a. ? 19-20. no. 153. -157- a?aeo?aae ooaa?aeaeaao iniaua oneiaey iinoaaee ioaeaeue- Ecaeaiea i?aaiaie oicyenoaaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa ii?- Auei au, iaeiaei, ioeaeie n/eoaoue, /oi i?aaiu oi- 4. I?aiaeaaeaiea n?aaee enoi/ieeia oicyenoaaiiiai Ecaeaiea i?aaeoaeuenoaii e i?aaiaie oicyenoaaiiiai -158- iue iaoa?eae niaea?aeeony a eiaeaenao e caeiiao a niano- Eiia/ii, ii?iioai?/aneay aeayoaeueiinoue i?aaeoaeueno- Iaeioi?ua th?enou iieaaatho, /oi eiinoeoooeeiiiie (**1) A. I.Naa?aeeia, E enoi?ee .a?aaeaeaineiai e oicyenoaaiii- (**2) A. Nooiae?aa, E ?ac?aaioea Iniiaiuo ia/ae a?aaeaeainei- -159- I?aaenoaaeyaony iaiaoiaeeiui a iiaie Eiinoeoooeee 5. Aieueoay /anoue ii?i oicyenoaaiiiai caeiiiaeaoaeue- A oneiaeyo oi?aaeaiey i?iiuoeaiiinoueth ii io?an- Iineaaeiaaoaeueiia inouanoaeaiea i?eioeeia aeaiie?a- Niaeanii no. 3 Iniia a?aaeaeaineiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa (**1) Onoaiiaeaiea iniia e iauaai ieaia anaai ia?iaeiiai oicyeno- -160- aii. Ii oaeei ioiioaieyi caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii nithciuo Yoi icia/aao, /oi a?aaeaeaineea eiaeaenu nithciuo ?anioaeeeaineea aeou oicyenoaaiiiai caeiiiaeaoaeue- 6. ssaeyynue oi?iie ?oeiaiaenoaa yeiiiieeie, oicye- (**1) A. A. Aeici?oeaa i?aaeeueii ioia/ae, /oi nithciua ?anioaeeee, (**2) ( -161- Oicyenoaaiiii?aaiaua ii?iu eiatho iniaaiiinoe, Ii?iu-iauea i?aaeea ia o?aaotho eaeeo-eeai Ii?iu-caaeaiey ioee/athony io ii?i-iaueo i?aaee (**1) Ia iaiaoiaeeiinoue o/aoa oa?aeoa?a e niaea?aeaiey i?aaiauo (**2) Naiaia?acea i?aaiauo ii?i a iaeanoe oicyenoaaiiiai no?ie- Yoio aii?in cao?aaeaaaony e a ?aaioao ?yaea ae?oaeo aaoi?ia, -162- uanoaeaiey yoeo caaea/. Iai?eia?, ainoaea?noaaiiua ?acaeoea ii?i-caaeaiee a oicyenoaaiiii i?aaa nay- Ae?oaoth a?oiio ii?i, oa?aeoa?iuo aeey oicyenoaai- Ii?iu i eiiiaoaioeee ?ann/eoaiu, eae i?aaeei, ia -164- niao?eaathony iau/ii a ianeieueeeo i?aaiauo aeenoeeiee- 8. Iineieueeo ii?iaoeaiia ?aaoee?iaaiea oicyeno- A cayaeaiee Niaaoneiai i?aaeoaeuenoaa ia ia?aie A yoii i?ia?aiiiii cayaeaiee i?aaeoaeuenoaa ia?a- Iiyoiio iaeuecy niaeaneoueny n iiaieai I. A. Naee- Iaaeaeo oai eiaiii oicyenoaaiiii?aaiaie iiaeoiae (**1) (**2) -165- iaiiia oeo/oaiea aaeieiecopaoeaioao e a?aaeaeaineiai Iaiaoiaeeiinoue oicyenoaaiiii?aaiaie i?eaioaoeee Yeiiiie/aneay ?aoi?ia naycaia n ?acaeoeai oicye- Iieiaeaiea ineiaeiyaony aua e oai, /oi Iniiau (**1) ?anniao?eaay aii?inu oeo/oaiey oicyenoaaiiiai caeiiiaea- (**2) G. Pflicke, Die wirtschaftsrechtliche Orientierung ist fur die -166- iu e a a?aaeaeaineeo eiaeaenao nithciuo ?anioaeee, a nay- 9 Oicyenoaaiiia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai ?acaeaaaony ao?- Iaeiaei ecaeaiea iiiai/eneaiiuo ii?iaoeaiuo aeoia A neiaeeaoeony oneiaeyo iaaanoe ii?yaeie a oicyeno- -167- ii?aaeaeaiiiai noa?aeiy, aie?oa eioi?iai iiaee au auoue Aei neo ii? ia ?ac?aaioai, iai?eia?, ia?a/aiue ii?- Oii?yaei/aiea caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa i?iaiaeeony iooai Iaeie aaoi?u i?aaeeaaatho i?iaiaeeoue oii?yaei/aiea oi- (**1) A. N. sseooaa, I?aaa ainoaea?noaaiiuo i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo (**2) A. N. Niieineee, Iiiyoea e oi?iu nenoaiaoecaoeee ni- -168- oicyenoaa e aeaeai oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe. I?aaeea- Ae?oaea aaoi?u i?aaeeaaatho ecaeaoue Oicyenoaaiiue ei- ?acoiaaony, ananoi?iiiyy iiaeeoeeaoeey oicyenoaai- Oicyenoaaiiue eiaeaen th?eaee/anee cae?aieo yeiiiie- (**1) I. ss. *a?iye, I aeaeueiaeoai niaa?oainoaiaaiee i?aaiaiai (**2) E. N. Ao?aae/, Niaaoneia aaieianeia i?aai e yeiiiie/a- (**3) A. AEoeia, A. Iaiooia, A. ssi/oe, I?aaei?eyoea e aai -169- Iauaaeeiaiea iniiaiuo i?aaee nioeeaeenoe/aneiai oicye- Iiiaea o/aiua e i?aeoe/aneea ?aaioieee ia?iaeiiai 10. Oicyenoaaiiia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai neiaeeeinue ia (**1) ia?ooaiea oicyenoaaiiuo iaycaoaeuenoa, ii ieaoaaeiui e I?eiyoea Oicyenoaaiiiai eiaeaena iainiiauaaeinue Iaeiia?aiaiii n Oicyenoaaiiui eiaeaenii aue i?e- Iineieueeo Oicyenoaaiiue e A?aaeaeaineee eiaeaenu 11. Cia/eoaeueiua oniaoe a ?acaeoee oicyenoaaiiiai (**1) N. Nooia, Oicyenoaaiiue eiaeaen e oicyenoaaiiia i?aai *a- -171- noaa e inouanoaeaiey oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe. Yoe ?anniao?eaay i?ienoiaeyuaa a AAe? ?acaeoea oicye- . (*5). (**1) (**5) -172- Aieueoia aieiaiea ?acaeoeth oicyenoaaiiiai caeiii- A Eiinoeoooeee AAe?, i?eiyoie 6 ai?aey 1968 a., ini- 12. A iaeioi?uo ca?oaaaeiuo nioeeaeenoe/aneeo no?a- Iaeiaei A?aaeaeaineee eiaeaen Iieueoe, i?eiyoue 23 ai- (**1) 18 ai?aey 1967 a. (**2) ss. Aaneeueeianeee, Anooieoaeueiay noaouey e ?onneiio ia- -173- ?o/aieth ae?oaie oeaio?aeueiue i?aai ainoaea?noaaiiiai Aeeth/aiea a A?aaeaeaineee eiaeaen yoiai iieiaeaiey Aeaiiia ianoiyoaeuenoai ioia/atho iieueneea o/aiua, A nayce n yoei A?aaeaeaineee eiaeaen Iieueoe anooiee Oaeei ia?acii, ianiio?y ia o?aaeeoeeiiiue oa?aeoa? (**1) A. Aieueoa?, Aeiaiai?u a iaiauanoaeaiiii oicyenoaa, -174- ?anniao?eaay i?ioeann ?acaeoey oicyenoaai.iiai caei- Niaa?oainoaiaaiea nioeeaeenoe/aneiai oicyenoaiaa- (**1) J. Girski, Prawo gospodarcze w systemach prawnych niek- -175-
eeo i?aa, eioi?ua aicieeatho aac anooieaiey a i?aaiioiioaiey.
aeaineia i?aai, , 1967, no?. 162).
iiaaaeaiea ethaeae iiaeii oieueei iooai onoaiiaeaiey i?aaiioiioa-
iee. I?aaiecothuaa aicaeaenoaea ieacuaatho e i?aaiaua ii?iu, ini-
aaiii eiie?aoiua ii?iu, oa?aeoa?iua aeey oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa.
iaiea ii?aaeaeaiiuo caaea/ e oai naiui i?aaiecotho yoo aeayoaeue-
iinoue. *oi eanaaony aoi?iai aeiaiaea I. N. Eiooa, oi ii iniiaai ia
iaaei?acoiaiee, iineieueeo a iiae eieaa, ia eioi?oth ii nnueaaony,
i?aai nianoaaiiinoe aiana ia ?anniao?eaaaony eae eiiiaoaioeey.
Aiai?eony eeoue i oii, /oi ia oieueei a iaeanoe ?aaoee?iaaiey i?i-
ecaiaenoaaiii-oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe i?aaei?eyoee, ii e a ae?o-
aeo iaeanoyo i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey nouanoaotho noauaeoeaiua
i?aaa, ?aaeecoaiua aia i?aaiioiioaiee, i?eia?ii /aai yaeyaony
inouanoaeaiea i?aaiii/ee nianoaaiieea ii aeaaeaieth e iieueciaaieth
naiei eiouanoaii (A. A. Eaioaa, I?aaiaia iieiaeaiea ainoaea?-
noaaiiuo i?iiuoeaiiuo i?aaei?eyoee a NNN?, ecae-ai AI NNN?,
1963, no?. 40-41).
ioiioaiey ia aicieeatho.
eenoe/aneea, aeaaiui ia?acii ainoaea?noaaiiua, oicye-
noaaiiua i?aaiu, eo noauaeoeaiua i?aaa yaeythony a
i?eioeeia iaeiia?aiaiii e eo iaycaiiinoyie. (*1). Oae, i?aai
i?aaia oicyenoaaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa ooaa?aeeoue ieai iiae-
/eiaiiui i?aaei?eyoeyi-iaeiia?aiaiii e aai iaycai-
iinoue, i?aai i?aaei?eyoey acuneaoue naieoeee i?e iinoaa-
ea ecaeaeee iaiaaeeaaeauaai ea/anoaa oaeaea ninoaaeyao
iaeiia?aiaiii e aai iaycaiiinoue e o. ae.
cyenoaaiiiai i?aaa ei??aniiiaee?otho ae?oa ae?oao. Ia?aae-
ei i?aaa oici?aaia nouanoaotho ii ioiioaieth e ae?oaiio
oici?aaio, a iaycaiiinoe – ii ioiioaieth e ainoaea?noao.
Iiaeiaiay neooaoeey aicieeaao a i?eaaaeaiiii auoa i?e-
ia?a acuneaiey naieoeee ca iinoaaeo ecaeaeee iaiaaeea-
aeauaai ea/anoaa, aaea i?aai acuneaiey nouanoaoao ii
ioiioaieth e iinoaaueeo, a iaycaiiinoue-ii ioiioa-
ieth e ainoaea?noao. Eiathony e oaeea oicyenoaaiiua i?a-
aa, eioi?ua ?aaeecothony iieiinoueth ii oniio?aieth oic-
i?aaiia.
oici?aaiia iiaeii aiai?eoue eeoue eae i i?eioeeia, auoa-
eathuai ec i?e?iaeu noauaeoia oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa,
eioi?ua yaeythony oicyenoaaiiuie i?aaiaie ainoaea?no-
aa, inouanoaeythueie aai ooieoeee ia ii?aaeaeaiiii
o/anoea oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoeth (*2). Iineieueeo aea ca-
aea/e oicyenoaaiiuo i?aaiia onoaiaaeeaathony a Iiei-
aeaieyo i ieo e a ieaiiauo caaeaieyo a aieaa eee iaiaa
iauae oi?ia, aac iaycaoaeueiiai ii?aaeaeaiey anao aeaoa-
eae oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe, ai iiiaeo neo/ayo oic-
i?aaiu naie ?aoatho aii?in ia inouanoaeaiee naieo oi-
iinoe ainoaea?noaaiiuo i?aaiia, nouanoaothuea iacaaeneii io i?a-
aiioiioaiee, aeaaiui ia?acii a aniaeoa iaycaiiinoae (N. O. Ea-
/aeueyi, I?aaiioiioaiey a nioeeaeenoe/aneii iauanoaa, no?. 19,
33-34, 62-67, 169-170).
ainoaea?noaaiiuie i?aaiaie. E?eoeeo yoeo acaeyaeia ni. A. A.Eai-
oaa, Aioo?eoicyenoaaiiua ioiioaiey ia i?iiuoeaiiii i?aaei?ey-
oee (i?aaiaay i?aaiecaoeey), , 1965,
no?. 32-39.
?aoi?iu oaaee/eaaaony /enei neo/aaa, eiaaea ii?aaeaeai-
iua aii?inu oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe iieiinoueth ?a-
oathony ii oniio?aieth i?aaei?eyoee, naiinoiyoaeueii
inouanoaeythueo naith eiiiaoaioeeth.
ny aai aeieaeiinoiuie eeoeaie. Iineaaeiea aeaenoaotho a ea-
/anoaa i?aaiia niioaaonoaothuaai oici?aaia, a ia eae
naiinoiyoaeueiua noauaeou oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa. Iaaei
caiaoeoue, /oi yoi ia anaaaea /aoei au?aaeaii a caeiiiaea-
oaeuenoaa.
aeaiiue aii?in aiieia ii?aaeaeaiii ?aoai Iieiaeaieai
i nioeeaeenoe/aneii ainoaea?noaaiiii i?iecaiaenoaaiiii
i?aaei?eyoee, i?aaeinoaaeaoei oicyenoaaiiua i?aaa
i?aaei?eyoeth eae oaeiaiio e ?anniao?eaathuei aee?ae-
oi?a a ea/anoaa i?aaia i?aaei?eyoey, inouanoaeythuaai
i?aaa iineaaeiaai (i. 41 Iieiaeaiey). (*1)
oaeuenoai ?acee/aao i?aaa ieienoa?noaa eae oaeiaiai e
i?aaa ieieno?a.
ienoa?noai o/anoaoao eae oicyenoaaiiue i?aai, noauaeo
oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa, oi a ioiioaieyo aaeieieno?aoea-
iuo noauaeoii i?aaa aunooiaao ieieno? eae aeieaeiino-
iia eeoei. Neaaeoao, iaeiaei, ioiaoeoue, /oi a oeacaiiii
auoa iinoaiiaeaiee e i?aaai Ieieno?ia ioianaiu e ia-
eioi?ua i?aaiii/ey, eioi?ua ieieno? inouanoaeyao a
ea/anoaa i?aaia ieienoa?noaa, .iai?eia? i?aaiii/ey ii
oeeaeenoe/aneii ainoaea?noaaiiii i?iecaiaenoaaiiii i?aaei?eyoee,
aai cia/aiea e iniaaiiinoe,
(**2) NI NNN? 1967 a. ? 17, no. 117.
aia, iicaieythueo ieienoa?noao eniieueciaaoue yeiiiie-
/aneea iaoiaeu a ?oeiaiaenoaa i?aaei?eyoeyie. Oaeea i?a-
aiii/ey auei au aieaa i?aaeeueii i?aaeoniio?aoue a Ia-
uai iieiaeaiee i ieienoa?noaao eae i?aaa naiiai ie-
ienoa?noaa, inouanoaeyaiua ieieno?ii. (*1).
noaaiiua i?aaiu. A i?aaeaeao aaeeiiai iiiyoey oicyeno-
aaiiiai i?aaia neaaeoao ?acee/aoue ioaeaeueiua aeaeu yoeo
i?aaiia. Eiathony o?e aeaea oicyenoaaiiuo i?aaiia: i?-
aaiu oicyenoaaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa, i?aaei?eyoey, oicyeno-
aaiiua iauaaeeiaiey.
oi, /oi iie ?oeiaiaeyo yeiiiieeie. Ei iiae/eiaiu i?aae-
i?eyoey e eiua oicyenoaaiiua i?aaiu. I?aaiu oicyeno-
aaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa oi?aaeytho i?aaei?eyoeyie, ieaie-
?otho e eiio?iee?otho eo ?aaioo, ecaeatho ii?iaoeaiua
aeou ii ?aaoee?iaaieth oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe a
naiae nenoaia. Eiuie neiaaie, iie i?eiaiytho ana oi?-
iu oicyenoaaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa.
naiaai eieeaeoeaa i?iecaiaenoaaiioth e eioth oicyenoaai-
ioth aeayoaeueiinoue ia iniiaa ieaia, a niioaaonoaee n i?ei-
oeeiii oic?an/aoa e iiae ?oeiaiaenoaii auoanoiyuaai i?-
aaia. I?aaei?eyoea eiaao cae?aieaiiia ca iei eiouano-
ai, ninoaaeythuaa yeiiiie/aneoth aaco aai aeayoaeueiinoe,
iii iaeaaeaao eiiiaoaioeeae a ?acee/iuo iaeanoyo oi-
cyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe e iieuecoaony i?aaaie th?eaee-
/aneiai eeoea.
iia ianoi iaaeaeo i?aaiaie oicyenoaaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa
e i?aaei?eyoeyie. Iie ni/aoatho ooieoeee ia?auo e aoi-
?uo, inouanoaeytho eae ?oeiaiaeyuoth, oae e iia?aoeaii-
oicyenoaaiioth aeayoaeueiinoue. Eae i?aaeei, oicyenoaai-
iua iauaaeeiaiey aeaenoaotho ia iniiaa oic?an/aoa, /oi
aeaao ei aiciiaeiinoue oe?iei i?eiaiyoue yeiiiie/aneea
iaoiaeu ?oeiaiaenoaa i?aaei?eyoeyie e ae?oaeie aoiaeyue-
ie a eo ninoaa i?iecaiaenoaaiiuie aaeeieoeaie.
?aoeaii-oicyenoaaiiuo ooieoeee eae oa?aeoa?iue i?e-
ciae iauaaeeiaiee, neaaeoao o/eouaaoue, /oi oaeia ni/aoa-
iea a oie eee eiie ia?a i?enoua e ae?oaei oicyenoaai-
iui i?aaiai. Iaeiaei a aeayoaeueiinoe i?aaiia oicyeno-
aaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa cia/eoaeueii i?aiaeaaeatho ieaiiai-
i?aaiecaoeeiiiua ooieoeee, a ooieoeee iia?aoeaii-oicye-
noaaiiua caieiatho iiae/eiaiiia ianoi. Iai?ioea, a aeay-
oaeueiinoe i?aaei?eyoee i?aaaee?otho iia?aoeaii-oicye-
noaaiiua ooieoeee, a ieaiiai-i?aaiecaoeeiiiua ooieoeee
ea?atho iaiueooth ?ieue. Iauaaeeiaiey aea ni/aoatho e oa e
ae?oaea ooieoeee ia ia/aeao, /oi e ni-
noaaeyao eo oa?aeoa?iue i?eciae.
eie ooieoeee iiaoo auoue ioianaiu e iaeiiio ec oeacai-
iuo o?ao aeaeia yoeo i?aaiia. Ioaeii, iaeiaei, eiaoue a
aeaeo, /oi iacuaaoueny iie iiaoo ?acee/ii a caaeneiinoe
io io?anee yeiiiieee. Oieueei a i?iiuoeaiiinoe oe?iei
?ani?ino?aiaiu iaeiaiiaaiey
iu /anoi iacuaathony eia/a. Oae, a aeaeaciiaei?iaeiii
o?ainii?oa iauaaeeiaieai yaeyaony aeaeaciay aei?iaa, a
i?aaei?eyoeai-ioaeaeaiea e noaioeey aeaeaciie aei?iae.
Iaeaieaa oeie/iua i?aaei?eyoey a no?ieoaeuenoaa iacu-
aathony no?ieoaeueii-iiioaaeiuie oi?aaeaieyie e o. ae.
Cia/eo, caeanue aeaei ia a iaeiaiiaaiee, a a oa?aeoa?a
ooieoeee, auiieiyaiuo niioaaonoaothuei oicyenoaaiiui
i?aaiii.
?aiieo caaiueaa e iiae?acaeaeaiee, eioi?ua eiatho ii?aaea-
eaiioth eiiiaoaioeeth a ?aoaiee oicyenoaaiiuo aii?i-
nia. A oicyenoaaiiuo iauaaeeiaieyo oaeeie iiae?acaeaea-
ieyie yaeythony aoiaeyuea a eo ninoaa i?iecaiaenoaaiiua
aaeeieoeu, ia i?aaei?eyoeyo – oeaoe, o/anoee, ioaeaeu, i?i-
ecaiaenoaa, oicyenoaa e ae?oaea iiae?acaeaeaiey. Eiiia-
oaioeey oaeeo iiae?acaeaeaiee yaeyaony /anoueth eiiiaoai-
oeee oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaia, ii iia cae?aieyaony a iiei-
aeaieyo i niioaaonoaothueo iiae?acaeaeaieyo e i?eia?a-
oaao a neeo yoiai a ecaanoiie noaiaie naiinoiyoaeueiue
oa?aeoa?, /oi iainiiauaaao i?eciaiea aeaiiuo iiae?acaea-
eaiee noauaeoaie oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa.
cyenoaaiiuo i?aaiia eae noauaeoia oicyenoaaiiiai i?a-
eaa ocea, /ai eiiiaoaioeey naieo yoeo i?aaiia. Oae, aioo-
?aiiea caaiuey i?aaei?eyoey o/anoaotho eae noauaeou
oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa oieueei ai aioo?eoicyenoaaiiuo
i?aaiioiioaieyo, neeaaeuaathueony a i?aaeaeao i?aae-
i?eyoey, iaaeaeo aai iiae?acaeaeaieyie, a oaeaea iaaeaeo yoe-
ie iiae?acaeaeaieyie e i?aaei?eyoeai a oeaeii. Ii iia-
ieth A. A. Aiaeana e Y. A. Iieiineiai, aioo?aiiea oic-
?an/aoiua iiae?acaeaeaiey i?aaei?eyoey, iiaeii n/eoaoue
noauaeoaie i?aaa n ia?aie/aiiie i?aainiiniaiinoueth. (*1).
A ioee/ea io i?aaei?eyoey a oeaeii iie ia iieuecothony
i?aaaie th?eaee/aneiai eeoea. (*2).
aaiiuo ieienoa?noa, iniaaiii eo i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo aeaa-
iuo oi?aaeaiee. Aeaiiua iiae?acaeaeaiey iaeaaeatho
oe?ieeie i?aaaie ii ?oeiaiaenoao iiae/eiaiiuie i?aae-
i?eyoeyie e aunooiatho a ea/anoaa auoanoiyueo i?aa-
iia ii ioiioaieth e iei. A nayce n yoei iaeioi?ua o/a-
iua i?eciatho i?iecaiaenoaaiiua aeaaee ieienoa?noa na-
iinoiyoaeueiuie caaiueyie oi?aaeaiey. (*3). Oaeay oa?aeoa-
?enoeea ia aiieia oi/ia. Iiaeii aiai?eoue eeoue i naii-
noiyoaeueiinoe eiiiaoaioeee aeaaea, ii a i?aaiecaoeeiiii-
no?oeoo?iii ioiioaiee ii ana aea inoaaony iiae?acaeaea-
ieai ieienoa?noaa.
iaeiiio i?aaio oicyenoaaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa, ninoaaeytho
aianoa n iei oicyenoaaiioth nenoaio. Oicyenoaaiiay ne-
noaia i?aaenoaaeyao niaie i?aaiecaoeeiiioth naycue nio?a-
iythueo naiinoiyoaeueiinoue oici?aaiia, ec eioi?uo iaeei
yaeyaony ?oeiaiaeyuei ii ioiioaieth e ae?oaei e iacu-
aaaony oeaio?ii oicyenoaaiiie nenoaiu. Oicyenoaaiioth
nenoaio ia?acotho ana i?aaei?eyoey e ae?oaea oici?aaiu,
aoiaeyuea a iaeii ieienoa?noai, aeaaiia oi?aaeaiea eee
(**2) Aiaeiae/iui ia?acii aioo?aiiea iiae?acaeaeaiey eieoicia
yaeythony noauaeoaie i?aaa, ia iieuecothueieny i?aaaie th?eaee/a-
neiai eeoea (I. E. Eicu?ue, Eiouanoaaiiua i?aaiioiioaiey eie-
oicia a NNN?,
?aaeaieyi niaia?oicia, eiiiaoaioeey eioi?uo i?e?aaieaaeanue e
eiiiaoaioeee i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo aeaaiuo oi?aaeaiee ieienoa?noa
(E. I. Oi?, Aii?inu i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey aeayoaeueiinoe io-
?aneaauo e ooieoeeiiaeueiuo i?aaiia niaia?oica,
ia iiaeao aeeth/aoue a naie ninoaa ae?oaea nenoaiu. I?e-
ia?ii eiiia?aoeaiie nenoaiu iiaeao neoaeeoue iio?aae-
oaeueneay eiiia?aoeey ai aeaaa n Oeaio?inithcii.
noaaiiii?aaiaia cia/aiea. Oicyenoaaiiay nenoaia ya-
eyaony aae?anaoii ieaiiauo caaeaiee, ae auaeaeythony oii-
aeu ia iaoa?eaeueii-oaoie/aneia niaaaeaiea, e?aaeeoiua
eeieou, anneaiiaaiey ec ainoaea?noaaiiiai athaeaeaoa ia
eaieoaeueiia no?ieoaeuenoai, a i?aaeaeao oicyenoaaiiie
nenoaiu i?e ii?aaeaeaiiuo oneiaeyo ia?a?ani?aaeaeythony
eiouanoai e ieaiiaua caaeaiey.
oaioeeth aoiaeyueo a iaa oici?aaiia. Oeaio? oicyenoaaiiie
nenoaiu aeaenoaoao io eiaie e a eioa?anao nenoaiu, ?an-
iieaaay iaiaoiaeeiuie eiouanoaaiiuie oiiaeaie. Aia-
noa n oai ii yaeyaony naiinoiyoaeueiui i?aaiii oicye-
noaaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa, aeaenoaothuei a ?yaea neo/aaa ia
iniiaa oic?an/aoa (aeaaiua oi?aaeaiey ieienoa?noa,
oicyenoaaiiua iauaaeeiaiey). Niioiioaiea oicyenoaai-
iie nenoaiu e aa ioaeaeueiuo caaiueaa iiea aua iaaeeaaea-
uei ia?acii ia ?ac?aaioaii, oioy yoio aii?in eiaao
aaaeiia cia/aiea a nayce n i?iaaaeaieai yeiiiie/aneie
?aoi?iu.
oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee
aeie ?aaoee?oaiuo iauanoaaiiuo ioiioaiee, ii e en-
iieuecoaiuie a iae iaoiaeaie i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey.
Yoe iaoiaeu i?aaeii?aaeaeythony oa?aeoa?ii ?aaoee?oaiuo
iauanoaaiiuo ioiioaiee. Iie ninoiyo a th?eaee/aneeo
i?eaiao i?aaiecaoeee acaeiinayce iaaeaeo o/anoieeaie
i?aaiioiioaiey.
aa eiaao oieueei iaeei niaoeeoe/aneee iaoiae i?aaiaiai
?aaoee?iaaiey. (*1). Iaeiaei yoi in oae, eai a iaeiie io?anee
i?aaa iiaoo i?eiaiyoueny e ia?aaeei i?eiaiythony ?aciua
iaoiaeu i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey. I?aaeeueii ioiaoee
A. E. ?aeoa?:
aoee?iaaiey ninoaaeyao iniiao aeey iino?iaiey nenoaiu
i?aaa, aeey auaeaeaiey i?aaiauo io?aneae, a iaoiae ?aao-
ee?iaaiey yaeyaony
iui iniiaaieai. Auneacuaay yoo iuneue, N. N. Aeaenaaa
ia?ac?uaii naycuaaao i?aaeiao i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey
n iaoiaeii ii oi?ioea:
iaieoaeueii e aaeieieno?aoeaiiio e a?aaeaeaineiio i?a-
ao, I. N. Eiooa ooaa?aeaeaao, /oi iaoiae ?aaoee?iaaiey
aeieaeai auoue aniiiiaaoaeueiui e?eoa?eai aeey ?aca?aie-
/aiey iacaaiiuo i?aaiauo io?aneae. (*4).
i?aaa ii iaoiaeo ?aaoee?iaaiey iaeuecy i?eciaoue i?a-
aeeueeui. Iii i?eaiaeeo e auaiaeo i oii, /oi a a?aaeaeai-
neii o?aaa ainiiaenoaoao aeaiie?aoe/aneia ia/aei ?aaai-
noaa, a a aaeieieno?aoeaiii-ath?ie?aoe/aneia ia/aei
iiae/eiaiey. Ia iai?aaeeueiinoue ?aca?aie/aiey a?aaeaeai-
neiai e aaeieieno?aoeaiiai i?aaa ii iaoiaeo ?aaoee?iaa-
neiai i?aaa,
iey, no?. 189.
niaaoneiai i?aaa, no?. 10-11, 46.
oaeueiinoe a NNN?, ecae-ai EAO, 1959, no?. 4, 16. Neaaeoao ioiaoeoue,
iaeiaei, /oi a aieaa ?aiiae naiae ?aaioa I. N. Eiooa aeiioneae i?e-
iaiaiea ?aciuo iaoiaeia aeey ?aaoee?iaaiey iaeieo e oao aea ioii-
oaiee.
(I. N. Eiooa, I?aaiioiioaiea ii niaaoneiio a?aaeaeaineiio i?a-
ao, ecae-ai EAO, 1949, no?. 37).
aeiaiai?a, ?aaainoaa noi?ii i?aaiioiioaiey i?eiaiyao-
ny e a aaeieieno?aoeaiii i?aaa, eioi?ia aiana ia ?aao-
ee?oao ana ioiioaiey oieueei ii iaoiaeo iiae/eiaiey. (*1).
Eae oeacuaae /aoineiaaoeeee o/aiue O. Eoau, i?eiaia-
iea iaoiaea i?aaiaaai ?aaoee?iaaiey a ea/anoaa e?eoa-
?ey aeey ?aca?aie/aiey aaeieieno?aoeaiiai e a?aaeaeai-
neiai i?aaa aaaeao e aic?iaeaeaieth aeaeaiey i?aaa ia ioa-
ee/iia e /anoiia. I?e yoii ii iiae/a?eeaae iai?aaeeue-
iinoue eniieueciaaiey iaaeno?ia/iuo eaoaai?ee a ea/anoaa
e?eoa?ey aeey ?aca?aie/aiey i?aaiauo io?aneae. (*2). A ni-
aaoneie eeoa?aoo?a E. A. I?aaeeoaeee aua a 1954 aiaeo
ioia/ae, /oi i?eiaiaiea e?eoa?ey ?aaainoaa noi?ii
i?aaiioiioaiey aeey ?aca?aie/aiey a?aaeaeaineiai e
aaeieieno?aoeaiiai i?aaa icia/aao
ieoaeueii e iiieiaieth oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa eae naii-
noiyoaeueiie io?anee i?aaa. Ii ioiaoee, /oi i?eciaieai
naiinoiyoaeueiinoe oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa eae i?aaiaie
io?anee
o?aiaiea o?aaeeoeee aeaeaiey i?aaa ia ioaee/iia e /ano-
iia I. Iio naycuaaao n io?eoeaieai oicyenoaaiiiai i?a-
aa eae naiinoiyoaeueiie io?anee, a eioi?ie i?eiaiythony
?aciua iaoiaeu i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey.
aa e nenoaia A?aaeaeaineiai eiaeaena NNN?,
i nenoaia niaaoneiai i?aaa,
? 1, no?. 105; A. E. Iao?ia, Nouiinoue niaaoneiai aaeieieno?a-
oeaiiai i?aaa, ecae-ai EAO, 1959, no?. 96, 102-104.
nioeeaeenoe/aneiai i?aaa,
oeeaeenoe/aneiai a?aaeaeaineiai i?aaa,
neie Aeaiie?aoe/aneie ?anioaeeea,
aiai ?aaoee?iaaiey neaaeoao neacaoue ianeieueei neia i
eiioeaioeee, ?acee/athuae iniiaiua e eiiieaeniua io-
?anee i?aaa. TH. E. Oienoie i?eciaao oicyenoaaiiia i?a-
ai eiiieaeniie io?aneueth i?aaa, ninoiyuae ec ii?i
iniiaiuo io?aneae i?aaa. I?e yoii ii o?aeooao ioiioa-
iey nioeeaeenoe/aneiai oicyenoaiaaiey eae ?acii?iae-
iua-oi?aaeai/aneea e eiouanoaaiiua.
uanoaoao iauaeoeaii a nenoaia i?aaa, a eeoue auaeaeyao-
ny i?e nenoaiaoeea i?aaa a iao/iuo, iaaeaaiae/aneeo e
i?aeoe/aneeo oeaeyo. A nenoaia aea i?aaa iauaeoeaii
nouanoaotho eeoue
aaiiia, aaeieieno?aoea.iia, a?aaeaeaineia, oaieiaiia, i?i-
oeannoaeueiia). Ana inoaeueiua io?anee i?aaa (eieoiciia,
caiaeueiia, o?oaeiaia, oicyenoaaiiia e ae?.) ?anniao?eaa-
thony eae eiiieaeniua io?anee, ninoiyuea ec ii?i in-
iiaiuo io?aneae.
io?anee i?aaa i?eciaaony niaoeeoe/aneee iaoiae i?aai-
aiai ?aaoee?iaaiey (?aaainoai a a?aaeaeaineii i?aaa,
iiae/eiaiea a aaeieieno?aoeaiii i?aaa e ae?.). A eiii-
eaeniuo aea io?aneyo aeiioneaaony i?eiaiaiea ?aciuo
iaoiaeia ?aaoee?iaaiey. (*1).
ia iiaeao auoue i?eciaii i?aaeeueiui. I?eiaieoaeueii
e oicyenoaaiiiio i?aao iii iaaa?ii iioiio, /oi oicye-
noaaiiua ioiioaiey yaeythony aaeeiuie ioiioaieyie, a
eioi?uo eiouanoaaiiua e ieaiiai-i?aaiecaoeeiiiua
yeaiaiou ni/aoathony ia?ac?uaii (ae. 2). Anee aea ?an-
niao?eaaoue oicyenoaaiiia i?aai eae eiiieaenioth io-
?aneue i?aaa, oi i?eoeinue au eneonnoaaiii ?ac?uaaoue
yoe aaeeiua ioiioaiey, ioiiny eo /anoe e aaeieieno?a-
oeaiiio eeai e a?aaeaeaineiio i?aao. A ?acoeueoaoa oaeie
iia?aoeee niaoeeoeea oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee ieaca-
a?aaeaeaineiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa, 1957 a. ? 1,
no?. 42-51; aai aea, I i?iaeoa Iniia a?aaeaeaineiai caeiiiaeaoaeue-
noaa Nithca NN? i nithciuo ?anioaeee, 1960 a.
? 4, no?. 36.
iua e eiiieaeniua, iiaeaea?aeeaaaony e iaeioi?uie ae?oaeie o/a-
iuie (A. E. ?aeoa?, Iauanoaaiii-enoi?e/aneea oeiu no?aoiaa-
iey, no?. 289; E. N. A o ?aae /, I/a?ee niaaoneiai aaieianeiai i?a-
aa, ecae-ai EAO, 1959, no?. 5-10).
ioi?aaiiua /anoe noaaeeenue au a iaeei ?yae n aaeieieno-
?aoeaiuie e a?aaeaeaineeie ioiioaieyie, i?eioeeiu
eioi?uo ?ani?ino?aiyeenue au e ia ioiioaiey oicyeno-
aaiiua.
ia nouea iaaeaeo i?aaii a?aaeaeaineei e aaeieieno?a-
oeaiui. A yoii e oieueei a yoii niunea iiaeii aiai?eoue
i aai eiiieaeniinoe. Ii, aicieeioa oaeei iooai, oicye-
noaaiiia i?aai aiana ia naiaeeony e eiiaeiia?aoo ?acii-
?iaeiuo ioiioaiee, a i?aaenoaaeyao niaie iiaia ea/ano-
ai. Oicyenoaaiiua ioiioaiey iaeuecy ?aci?aaoue ia
eaeea-oi /anoe, iie yaeythony aaeeiui nieaaii, eiatho
naie i?eioeeiu e oa?aeoa?iua iniaaiiinoe.
ii oa?aeoa?o ?aaoee?oaiuo ioiioaiee, a ia neaaathony
ec yeaiaioia iniiaiuo io?aneae. Eaaeaeay io?aneue ?aao-
ee?oao ii?aaeaeaiiua iauanoaaiiua ioiioaiey, iaeii-
?iaeiua eee oanii naycaiiua iaaeaeo niaie. I?e yoii
iaeuecy o?aaiaaoue ai anao neo/ayo eo aaniethoiie iaeii-
?iaeiinoe e a neeo aa ionoonoaey io?eoeaoue aaeeinoai,
neaaeai, eieoiciuo, o?oaeiauo eee naiaeiuo ioiioaiee.
Ana yoe ioiioaiey iaeaaeatho ii?aaeaeaiiui i?aaeiaoiui
aaeeinoaii a aeaaiii. Yoi aaeeinoai yaeyaony iaiaoiaee-
iui e aeinoaoi/iui aeey oiai, /oiau i?eciaoue iacaaiiua
aeaeu iauanoaaiiuo ioiioaiee naiinoiyoaeueiui i?aae-
iaoii ?aaoee?iaaiey.
aathuea iieiinoueth iaeii?iaeiua ioiioaiey. Oae, a?aae-
aeaineia i?aai a o?aaeeoeeiiiii aai iiieiaiee ?aaoee?o-
ao ia oieueei eiouanoaaiiua ioiioaiey, ii e iaeioi?ua
iaeiouanoaaiiua ioiioaiey. E aiciauaiea iaoa?eaeue-
iiai oua?aa e ee/iua iaeiounnoaaiiua i?aaa ii?aaea-
eythony a?aaeaeaineei i?aaii, ii neeaaeuaathueany a
yoeo aeaoo neo/ayo ioiioaiey iaeuecy iacaaoue iaeii?iae-
iuie, eai a iaeiii ec ieo ?a/ue eaeao ia eiouanoaaiiuo,
a a ae?oaii-i iaeiouanoaaiiuo ioiioaieyo.
aoee?iaaiey a ea/anoaa i?aaeiaoiiai e?eoa?ey. (*1). Yoio
ea i?aaeeiaeaia a ?aaeaeoeeiiiie noaouea i i?aaeiaoa niaaoneiai a?aae-
aeaineiai i?aaa,
aaiey, iai?eia?, a?aaeaeaineiai i?aaa, eai eiouanoaai-
iua e iaeiouanoaaiiua ioiioaiey, iniiaaiiua ia ?a-
aainoaa noi?ii, ?aaoee?othony ia oieueei a?aaeaeaineei,
ii e eieoiciui, caiaeueiui, o?oaeiaui, oicyenoaaiiui
e ae?oaeie io?aneyie i?aaa. Iaeuecy ii?aaeaeeoue oaeei
iooai e i?aaeiao aaeieieno?aoeaiiai i?aaa eae oi?aa-
eai/aneea ioii.oaeey, iniiaaiiua ia iiae/eiaiee iaeiie
noi?iiu ae?oaie, oae eae iii ?aaoee?oao iaeioi?ua io-
iioaiey e iaoiaeii ?aaainoaa, a oaeaea ae?oaeie iaoi-
aeaie. (*1).
niaoeeoe/aneiai iaoiaea i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey, eioi-
?ue iia au auoue i?eciai i?aaeiaoiui,
i?eciaeii io?anee i?aaa. Iaoiae ?aaoee?iaaiey inoaao-
ny eiaiii iaoiaeii, aeaaea anee ii niaoeeoe/ai. No?aiea-
iea iaeioi?uo o/aiuo iaeoe e?eoa?ee ?aca?aie/aiey
io?aneae i?aaa a iaoiaea ?aaoee?iaaiey yaeythony ii
nouanoao io?eoeaieai i?aaeiaoa ?aaoee?iaaiey eae
eeanneoeeaoeeiiiiai i?eciaea.
oeanna oi?aaeaiey eniieuecothony e iaoiaeu a?aaeaeaineiai
i?aaa.
nueoeye aiai?eo ia eniieueciaaiee a?aaeaeaineii?aaiauo
eiino?oeoeee a i?ioeanna oi?aaeaiey e iieaciinoe oaei-
ai eniieueciaaiey aeey i?aeoeee.
iiai i?aaa, iacaaiiue aaoi? ii nouanoao i?eaiaeeo
oeaiiua a?aoiaiou a iieueco i?eciaiey aaeeinoaa oicye-
noaaiiuo ioiioaiee ii ai?eciioaee e ii aa?oeeaee, a
eioi?uo iiaoo eniieueciaaoueny iaeeiaeiaua iaoiaeu ?aao-
ee?iaaiey. Iiaeiaiia aaeeinoai, ninoaaeythuaa iniiao
oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa eae i?aaiaie io?anee, iaoiaeeo
ee?iaaiey oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee ia nia?aiaiiii yoaia, no?. 39.
Wroclaw – Warszawa-Krakow, 1967, str. 172.
iaoiaeia a oao e ae?oaeo oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaieyo.
iieueciaaiea ?aciuo iaoiaeia aeey ?aaoee?iaaiey iaeeia-
eiauo oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee. Iai?eia?, i?iaeoe?i-
aaiea inouanoaeyaony eeai ii aeiaiai?ai iaaeaeo
i?iaeoiuie e eiuie i?aaiecaoeeyie, eeai ii ia?yaeai
auoanoiyueo i?aaiia oicyenoaaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa. A
ia?aii neo/aa ioiioaiey ii i?iaeoe?iaaieth ?aaoee?o-
thony iaoiaeii niaeaniaaiey, a ai aoi?ii-iaoiaeii
iiae/eiaiey. Yoio i?eia? iaaeyaeii iieacuaaao iai?a-
aeeueiinoue iiaiey oao o/aiuo, eioi?ua n/eoatho, /oi
iaeii?iaeiua ioiioaiey anaaaea ?aaoee?othony iaeiei e
oai aea iaoiaeii.
?eoue i eaeii-oi iaeiii, oieaa?naeueiii iaoiaea, oa?ae-
oa?iii yeiau aeey oie eee eiie io?anee i?aaa. . (*1). I?aaaea, aeaeueoa E. A. Iaaeia ooaa?ae-
aeaao, /oi iaeei ec yoeo iaoiaeia iaycaoaeueii caieiaao
ii?aaeaeythuaa iieiaeaiea a oie eee eiie io?anee i?a-
aa. Iaeiaei aeaiiia iieiaeaiea nianai ia iaycaoaeueii,
eai nouanoaotho io?anee i?aaa, aaea ?aciua iaoiaeu ?aao-
ee?iaaiey i?eiaiythony ia ia/aeao , aac
ioaea/e i?aaeii/oaiey eaeiio-eeai ec eeo.
ai. A iai, eae e ai iiiaeo ae?oaeo io?aneyo i?aaa, en-
iieuecothony ?acee/iua iaoiaeu ?aaoee?iaaiey. A oicye-
noaaiiii i?aaa i?eiaiythony: iaoiae iiae/eiaiey, iaoiae
niaeaniaaiey e iaoiae ?aeiiaiaeaoeee. I?e eniieueciaaiee
ia?aiai ec ieo iaeia noi?iia i?aaiioiioaiey aeaao ae?o-
aie noi?iia iaycaoaeueiua aeey iaa oeacaiey, iniiaaiiua
ia caeiia. I?e aoi?ii iaoiaea ii?aaeaeaiiua aii?inu
?aoathony ii acaeiiiio niaeaniaaieth noi?ii i?aaiio-
iioaiey. I?e o?aoueai iaoiaea iaeia noi?iia aicaeaenoao-
ao ia ae?oaoth iooai ?aeiiaiaeaoeee, i?eiyoea eioi?uo
aeey iineaaeiae ia iaycaoaeueii.
oa?a ?aaoee?oaiuo iauanoaaiiuo ioiioaiee. Iaeiaei
aa,
ao i?yii iaoiaea i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey, a eeoue ni-
noaaeyao iniiao aeey niciaoaeueiiai auai?a oaeeo iaoi-
aeia, eioi?ua iicaieytho iaeaieaa yooaeoeaii eniieueci-
aaoue ana aiciiaeiinoe i?aaiaiai aicaeaenoaey ia
iauanoaaiiua ioiioaiey a eioa?anao iaeaieaa ?aoeei-
iaeueiiai ?aoaiey oicyenoaaiiuo e iieeoe/aneeo
caaea/.
?iaaiey oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee i?aaenoaaeyao niaie
i?iyaeaiea aeoeaiie ?iee i?aaiaie iaaeno?ieee a ia-
oai iauanoaa. Niaaoneia ainoaea?noai, ?oeiaiaey oicye-
noaii, ecae?aao iaeaieaa oeaeaniia?aciua, iao/ii iai-
niiaaiiua oi?iu e iaoiaeu i?aaiaiai aicaeaenoaey ia
yeiiiieeo.
oa?aeoa?ii iauanoaaiiuo ioiioaiee ia icia/aao, /oi
yoei eneeth/aaony aiciiaeiinoue auai?a oiai eee eiiai
iaoiaea. Iaeuecy, iai?eia?, n/eoaoue, /oi ana oiaa?iua
ioiioaiey iaycaoaeueii aeieaeiu no?ieoueny ii iaoiaeo
niaeaniaaiey, a iaoiaa?iua-ii iaoiaeo iiae/eiaiey. E
oa e ae?oaea ioiioaiey iiaoo ?aaoee?iaaoueny n iiiiuueth
?aciuo iaoiaeia, i?eiaiyaiuo n o/aoii iiciaiiuo
iauaeoeaiuo yeiiiie/aneeo caeiiia e o?aaiaaiee oi-
cyenoaaiiie i?aeoeee.
e oiaa?iuo ioiioaiee (eoiey-i?iaeaaea, iinoaaea) e ia-
oiaa?iuo ioiioaiee (o?oaeiaua aeiaiai?u, niaeaoaiey
iaaeaeo aaaeiinoaaie i aacaiciacaeiie ia?aaea/a i?aaei?ey-
oee). ?aaiui ia?acii iaoiae iiae/eiaiey i?eiaiyaony
aeey ?aaoee?iaaiey eae iaoiaa?iuo ioiioaiee, neaaeai,
ioiioaiee ii ieaie?iaaieth, oae e oiaa?iuo ioiioa-
iee, iai?eia? i?e iinoaaea oiaa?ia ia yenii?o (a io-
iioaieyo iaaeaeo niaaoneeie i?aaei?eyoeyie e i?aaieca-
oeeyie).
iaiin?aaenoaaiii, ia i?aaeii?aaeaeytho i?yii iaoiaeu
i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey, a ninoaaeytho eeoue iniiao
aeey eo niciaoaeueiiai auai?a. Iiyoiio e iaeuecy no?ieoue
io?anee i?aaa ii iauaeoeaiui yeiiiie/aneei caeiiai,
iaeuecy n/eoaoue, /oi ana oiaa?iua ioiioaiey iiin?aaeno-
aothony a?aaeaeaineei i?aaii, a iaoiaa?iua-aaeieieno-
?aoeaiui.
iaoiaeia i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey nii?iaiaeaeaaony e
oaeei yaeaieai, eae oaniia ia?aieaoaiea ?acee/-
iuo iaoiaeia a ?aaoee?iaaiee oicyenoaaiiuo ioii-
oaiee.
aeaie i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey ioia/atho e oa o/aiua,
eioi?ua n/eoatho iaoiae i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey oa?ae-
oa?iui i?eciaeii naiie nouiinoe io?anee i?aaa e
?acee/atho ia yoii iniiaaiee a?aaeaeaineii?aaiaia e
aaeieieno?aoeaiii?aaiaia ?aaoee?iaaiea ioiioaiee a
nioeeaeenoe/aneii oicyenoaa.
n aai oi/ee c?aiey, ?aaoee?othony aaeieieno?aoeaiui
i?aaii:
no?iy iie, oae aea eae e ioiioaiey, ?aaoee?oaiua a?aae-
aeaineei i?aaii, ia/eiatho a ii?aaeaeaiiie noaiaie au?a-
aeaoue naiiaeayoaeueiinoue e eieoeeaoeao o/anoieeia ioii-
oaiee. A /anoiinoe, a i?aeoeea nioeeaeenoe/aneiai
no?ieoaeuenoaa (iai?eia?, a iaeanoe iaoa?eaeueii-oaoie-
/aneiai niaaaeaiey, a?ociauo ia?aaicie ia o?ainii?oa
e ae?.) au?aaioaiu oaeea oi?iu ieaie?iaaiey, eioi?ua
a i?aaeaeao aaeieieno?aoeaiii?aaiauo ioiioaiee iaania-
/eaatho ananoi?iiiee o/ao aiee e eieoeeaoeau eniieie-
oaeae ieaiiauo caaeaiee>. (*1).
?iaaiey iniaaiii oa?aeoa?ii aeey oicyenoaaiiii?aaiauo
ioiioaiee, a eioi?ua anooiatho o/?aaeaeaiey aaiea. Eo
ioiioaiey n i?aaei?eyoeyie i?e inouanoaeaiee e?aaee-
oiaaiey e ?an/aoia no?iyony a iniiaiii ii iaoiaeo
niaeaniaaiey, ii eiiaaea a ieo eniieuecoaony e iaoiae
iiae/eiaiey. Oae, i?e ii?aaeaeaiiuo oneiaeyo o/?aaeaea-
iea aaiea, inouanoaeyy ooieoeee aaieianeiai eiio?iey,
iiaeao iaeiinoi?iiia i?eiaieoue aaieianeea naieoeee,
i?aaa a ia?eiae ?acaa?iooiai no?ieoaeuenoaa eiiioiecia,
oicyenoaaiiii i?aaiioiioaiee a caaeneiinoe io ianoiy-
oaeuenoa i?eiaiythony ?aciua iaoiaeu i?aaiaiai ?aaoee-
?iaaiey.
?ani?ino?aiai a ioiioaieyo i?aaiia oicyenoaaiiiai
?oeiaiaenoaa n eieoicaie e ae?oaeie eiiia?aoeaiuie
i?aaiecaoeeyie. Yoi naycaii n eiiia?aoeaiui oa?aeoa-
?ii nianoaaiiinoe aeaiiuo i?aaiecaoeee, o?aaothuei
eiuo oi?i ?oeiaiaenoaa, /ai oa, eioi?ua eniieuecothony
a ainoaea?noaaiiii oicyenoaa. (*1).
/eiaao eniieueciaaoueny e a ?oeiaiaenoaa ainoaea?noaaiiu-
ie i?aaei?eyoeyie. Yoi yaeyaony au?aaeaieai aeaiie?a-
oecaoeee oicyenoaaiiie aeecie a iaoae no?aia e ni-
ioaaonoaoao caaea/ai ?acaeoey eieoeeaoeau e naii-
noiyoaeueiinoe i?aaei?eyoee a iiauo oneiaeyo oicyeno-
aiaaiey.
aeaoeee a nia?aiaiiuo oneiaeyo. N iaeiie noi?iiu, aeai-
iue iaoiae iiiiaaao i?aaei?eyoeyi a auai?a iaeaieaa
?aoeeiiaeueiiai aa?eaioa oicyenoaiaaiey, a n ae?oaie-
iicaieyao auoanoiyuei i?aaiai aicaeaenoaiaaoue ia oi-
cyenoaaiioth aeayoaeueiinoue i?aaei?eyoee ia iooai i?eea-
ca, a iin?aaenoaii iao/ii iainiiaaiiie ?aeiiaiaeaoeee
ia i?aaiecaoeee oicyenoaaiiie ?aaiou.
aeaineiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa, no?. 41.
i?iiuoeaiiinoueth, ,
no?. 123.
iathony ?oeiaiaeyuea ia/aea, ii?aaeaeythuea oa?aeoa?
i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey nioeeaeenoe/aneiai oicyenoai-
aaiey. I?eioeeiaie oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa yaeythony:
aaeeinoai iieeoe/aneiai e oicyenoaaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa,
nioeeaeenoe/aneay nianoaaiiinoue eae iniiaa oicyenoai-
aaiey, aeaiie?aoe/aneee oeaio?aeeci, ieaiiainoue, oicye-
noaaiiue ?an/ao, caeiiiinoue a oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeue-
iinoe.
oieueei oicyenoaaiiiio i?aao, ii i?eiaiythony e a ae?o-
aeo iaeanoyo i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey. A th?eaee/aneie
iaoea neiaeeeinue iiaiea, /oi iniiaiua i?eioeeiu aaeeiu
aeey anae i?aaiaie nenoaiu, eae aaeeia naia i?aaiaay
nenoaia. Ii ia ?aciuo aa o/anoeao yoe aaeeiua i?eioee-
iu i?iyaeythony ii-?aciiio. (*1).
ie a neeo th?eaee/aneiai cae?aieaiey niioaaonoaothueo
?oeiaiaeyueo ia/ae. Iaeiaei naie ii naaa yoe ?oeiaiaey-
uea ia/aea eiatho yeiiiie/aneia niaea?aeaiea e yaeytho-
ny i?eioeeiaie nioeeaeenoe/aneiai oicyenoaiaaiey. Oa-
eei ia?acii, yeiiiie/aneia niaea?aeaiea yoeo i?eioeeiia
iieo/aao i?aaiaia cae?aieaiea, a neeo /aai iie noaii-
ayony i?aaiauie i?eioeeiaie. A nayce n yoei A. N. Oa-
aeaainyi i?aaeeueii ioia/aao aaeeinoai yeiiiie/aneiai
niaea?aeaiey e i?aaiaie oi?iu i?eioeeiia nioeeaeenoe-
/aneiai oicyenoaiaaiey. (*2).
i?aaa ia oiaeaeanoaaiiu i?eioeeiai ?oeiaiaenoaa oicyeno-
nenoaia niaaoneiai nioeeaeenoe/aneiai i?aaa,
noaia niaaoneiai a?aaeaeaineiai i?aaa, no?. 136.
neiai oicyenoaiaaiey,
no?. 89-92.
eioi?ua ioiinyony e ?aaoee?iaaieth oicyenoaaiiuo
ioiioaiee. Iineieueeo aea ?oeiaiaenoai oicyenoaii ino-
uanoaeyaony n iiiiuueth ia oieueei oicyenoaaiiiai i?a-
aa, ii e ae?oaeo io?aneae, iai?eia? aaeieieno?aoeaiiai
i?aaa, nouanoaotho e oaeea i?eioeeiu ?oeiaiaenoaa, eioi-
?ua ia yaeythony i?eioeeiaie oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa. (*1).
noeth o?oaeyueony a oi?aaeaiee i?iecaiaenoaii. Aeaiiua
i?eioeeiu ea?atho aaaeioth ?ieue a i?aaiecaoeee oi?aaea-
iey oicyenoaii, ii iie-i?eioeeiu aaeieieno?aoeaiiai,
a ia oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa, iineieueeo ioiinyony e oi-
?aaeaieth aiiaua, a ia niaoeeaeueii e oicyenoaaiiiio
?oeiaiaenoao. (*2). Iaaei caiaoeoue, /oi a iauae oi?ia iaa
yoe i?eioeeia ioaaouaathony i?eioeeiii aeaiie?aoe/anei-
ai oeaio?aeecia, oioy e ia niaiaaeatho n iei iieiinoueth. (*3).
I. Aa?ineei e N. Eaiaieoea? ioia/atho, /oi
ii iiae/a?eeaaaony i?aaie/aneay naycue yoeo i?eioeeiia
e eo iinoiyiiia ?acaeoea ii ia?a ?inoa e oneiaeiaiey
iauanoaaiiiai i?iecaiaenoaa. Yoi iieiinoueth ioiineony
e e i?eioeeiai oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa, eioi?ua oaeaea
iiaoo auoue i?aaeeueii iiiyou oieueei i?e o/aoa eo aaeei-
noaa e iinoiyiiiai ?acaeoey.
iaoea aaeieieno?aoeaiiai i?aaa. I eeanneoeeaoeee yoeo i?eioeeiia
ni. Oe. A. ssiiieueneay, I i?eioeeiao ainoaea?noaaiiiai oi?aaea-
iey a NNN? (iaeioi?ua iaoiaeieiae/aneea aniaeou),
nyi, Ia iniiaiuo i?eioeeiao nioeeaeenoe/aneiai oicyenoaiaaiey,
no?. 94).
oeeaeenoe/aneeo i?iiuoeaiiuo i?aaei?eyoee,
? 3, no?. 119-120; A. N. Oaaeaainyi, I?aaiaia cae?aieaiea
i?eioeeiia ?oeiaiaenoaa i?iiuoeaiiinoueth, , no?. 100.
?aaeaiey a aeaenoaee,
inaauaiu a i?aaiaie e yeiiiie/aneie eeoa?aoo?a, iao
iaiaoiaeeiinoe iiae?iaii ?anniao?eaaoue eo. Iiyoiio a
aeaeueiaeoai eceiaeaiee iu ia?aie/einy a iniia.iii
eeoue e?aoeie oa?aeoa?enoeeie yoeo i?eioeeiia, e?iia
iaeioi?uo iiiaioia, eiathueo iniaaiii aaaeiia cia/a-
iea aeey ?ane?uoey nouiinoe oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa.
aaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa oa?aeoa?ii aeey nioeeaee-
noe/aneiai no?iy. A. E. Eaiei oeacuaae, /oi
nioeeaeenoe/aneiai oicyenoaa ninoaaeyao nioeeaeenoe/a-
neay nianoaaiiinoue ia n?aaenoaa i?iecaiaenoaa, a aa aaaeo-
uae oi?iie yaeyaony ainoaea?noaaiiay nianoaaiiinoue.
Nioeeaeenoe/aneia ainoaea?noai iaeiia?aiaiii aunooiaao
e eae iineoaeue iieeoe/aneie aeanoe e eae nianoaaiiee
aaaeiaeoeo n?aaenoa i?iecaiaenoaa.
caii n ?oeiaiaenoaii iieeoe/aneei. Oicyenoaaiiua ai-
i?inu ?aoathony n o/aoii iieeoe/aneeo caaea/, ia iniiaa
yeiiiie/aneie iieeoeee ia?oee e ainoaea?noaa. Cia/eo,
nouanoaoao aaeeinoai oeaeae e caaea/ a iieeoe/aneii e
oicyenoaaiiii ?oeiaiaenoaa.
iiai ?oeiaiaenoaa au?aaeaaony e a i?eiaiaiee iaoiaeia
iieeoe/aneiai ?oeiaiaenoaa, ainieoaiey e iiaeeecaoeee
iann aeey ?aoaiey oicyenoaaiiuo caaea/.
iniiaa oicyenoaiaaiey ninoaaeyao aaaeiue
i?eioeei oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa. Ana aaaeiaeoea n?aaeno-
aa i?iecaiaenoaa, i?e?iaeiua aiaaonoaa e iaoa?eaeueiua
?ano?nu i?eiaaeeaaeao o ian ia?iaeo a eeoea ainoaea?noaa,
eioi?ia ?oeiaiaeeo oicyenoaii e naii oicyenoaoao. Aeey
inouanoaeaiey oicyenoaaiii-i?aaiecaoi?neie ooieoeee
ainoaea?noaa nicaeaia oeaeay nenoaia ainoaea?noaaiiuo oi-
cyenoaaiiuo i?aaiia, ?oeiaiaeyueo yeiiiieeie e aaaeo-
ueo oicyenoaaiioth aeayoaeueiinoue.
I?eiaaeeaaeiinoue ainoaea?noao aaaeiaeoeo n?aaenoa
i?iecaiaenoaa i?aaeii?aaeaeyao iniiaiua /a?ou nioeeaee-
oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee ninoaaeyao aeaeaeaiea iauae-
oia nioeeaeenoe/aneie, aeaaiui ia?acii ainoaea?noaai-
iie, nianoaaiiinoe. I?e ia?aaea/a oaeeo iauaeoia iaaeaeo
ainoaea?noaaiiuie oicyenoaaiiuie i?aaiaie iao ia?a-
oiaea i?aaa nianoaaiiinoe, eai aaeeiui nianoaaiieeii
inoaaony ai anao neo/ayo nioeeaeenoe/aneia ainoaea?noai.
?ania noauaeoia oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa, oeaeue aeayoaeueii-
noe eioi?uo ninoieo a oaeiaeaoai?aiee iio?aaiinoae
ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa e ianaeaiey, auiieiaiee caaeaiee
ainoaea?noaaiiiai ia?iaeiioicyenoaaiiiai ieaia.
nianoaaiieeaie cae?aieaiiiai ca ieie eiouanoaa, a
i?aaeaeao aaeeiiai nioeeaeenoe/aneiai oicyenoaa anaaaea
aiciiaeii, a ?aieao caeiia, ia?a?ani?aaeaeaiea eioua-
noaaiiuo oiiaeia ainoaea?noaaiiuo oici?aaiia a oeaeyo
?aoaiey oicyenoaaiiuo e iieeoe/aneeo caaea/.
aaiecaoeee-nianoaaiieee i?eiaaeeaaeauaai ei eioua-
noaa. Eiiia?aoeaii-eieoiciay nianoaaiiinoue, eae e nia-
noaaiiinoue i?ionithcia e eiuo iauanoaaiiuo i?aaieca-
oeee, oaeaea yaeyaony nioeeaeenoe/aneie nianoaaiiinoueth.
Eiiia?aoeaiia oicyenoai aaaeaony ia iniiaa ainoaea?no-
aaiiiai ieaia e ia?acoao aianoa n ainoaea?noaaiiui oi-
cyenoaii aaeeiia oeaeia. I?e yoii ainoaea?noaaiiay nia-
noaaiiinoue-iniiaiay e aaaeouay oi?ia nioeeaeenoe/a-
neie nianoaaiiinoe.
oicyenoaiaaiey i?aaeii?aaeaeyao oa?aeoa? iaoae yeiii-
ieee, oi?iu e iaoiaeu i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey oicye-
noaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe.
ni/aoaiee oeaio?aeeciaaiiiai ieaiiaiai ?oeiaiaenoaa ii
iniiaiui aii?inai n eieoeeaoeaie e naiinoiyoaeueii-
noueth ianoiuo i?aaiia e i?aaei?eyoee a oicyenoaaiiie
aeayoaeueiinoe. (*1).
iii no?ieoaeuenoaa, Ainiieeoecaeao, 1957; A. N. Oaaeinaaa, Aeaii-
e?aoe/aneee oeaio?aeeci – eaieineee i?eioeei i?aaiecaoeee niaao-
neiai ainoaea?noaaiiiai aiia?aoa (enoi?e/aneee i/a?e), Ainiieeoec-
aeao, 1962.
/aea. N iaeiie noi?iiu, aeey iaai oa?aeoa?ii oeaio?aeeci-
aaiiia ieaiiaia ?oeiaiaenoai ii iniiaiui aii?inai
oicyenoaiaaiey. N ae?oaie noi?iiu, aio i?enoua aeaii-
e?aoe/aneia ia/aei-i?aaeinoaaeaiea ianoiui i?aaiai.
e-i?aaei?eyoeyi aiciiaeiinoe naiei ?aoaoue iia?aoea-
iuo aii?inu oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe. I?eioeei aea-
iie?aoe/aneiai oeaio?aeecia anaaaea i?eiaiyeny a ?oei-
aiaenoaa Nioeeaeenoe/aneei oicyenoaii, oioy ia ?aciuo
yoaiao ?acaeoey iaoae yeiiiieee acaeiiaeaenoaea aeaoo
aai ia/ae auei iaiaeeiaeiaui.
aeey oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa eiaiii a neeo ni/aoaiey a
iai aeaoo ia/ae-oeaio?aeeciaaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa e iia-
?aoeaiie naiinoiyoaeueiinoe oici?aaiia. Aaaeue oicyeno-
aaiiia i?aai eae i?aaiaay io?aneue iniiauaaaony eiai-
ii ia ni/aoaiee i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey ?oeiaiaenoaa e
inouanoaeaiey oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe, ?aciuo ia-
oiaeia i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioa-
iee.
i?eioeeiii a?aaeaeaineiai i?aaa. Iaeiaei, iiieiay, /oi
oeaio?aeeciaaiiia ?oeiaiaenoai aeayoaeueiinoueth oici?aa-
iia, oa?aeoa?iia aeey aeaiie?aoe/aneiai oeaio?aeecia,
iaeuecy ?ani?ino?aiyoue ia a?aaeaeai, ii aeaeaao iaiai?eo
i oii, /oi i?eioeei aeaiie?aoe/aneiai oeaio?aeecia ?an-
i?ino?aiyaony ia ia ana a?aaeaeaineea ioiioaiey, a
oieueei ia iaeioi?ua ec ieo. Aeaiiue i?eioeei
ia?acii, N. I. A?aoonue i?eciaao, /oi a a?aaeaeaineii
i?aaa a o?aaeeoeeiiiii aai iiieiaiee nouanoaotho i?ei-
(**2) N. I. A?aoonue, I?aaeiao e nenoaia niaaoneiai a?aaeaeai-
neiai i?aaa, no?. 140.
caoeeyi eee oieueei e a?aaeaeaiai.
i?aaa nouanoaiaaoue i?eioeeiu, eioi?ua ?ani?ino?aiy-
thony oieueei ia ioiioaiey ii?aaeaeaiiuo noauaeoia aeai-
iie io?anee i?aaa, a ia ioiioaiey ae?oaeo aa noauaeoia
ia ?ani?ino?aiythony. Ia yoio aii?in neaaeoao ioaaoeoue
io?eoeaoaeueii, eai i?eioeei io?anee i?aaa anaaaea aeieaeai
auoue aaeeiui aeey anao ioiioaiee e anao noauaeoia niio-
aaonoaothuae io?anee. Eia/a ii ia?anoaao auoue i?eioee-
iii, oa?yao cia/aiea ?oeiaiaeyuaai ia/aea aeaiiie io-
?anee i?aaa.
i?eioeeia aeaiie?aoe/aneiai oeaio?aeecia e ioiioaieyi
a?aaeaeai e i i?eiaieiinoe aai oieueei e ioiioaieyi ni-
oeeaeenoe/aneeo oici?aaiia icia/aao i?eciaiea oiai, /oi
o?aaeeoeeiiii iiieiaaiia a?aaeaeaineia i?aai ?aaoee?oao
aeaa ?aciua a?oiiu ioiioaiee: ai-ia?auo, ioiioaiey
iaaeaeo oici?aaiaie, aaea aeaenoaoao i?eioeei aeaiie?aoe-
/aneiai oeaio?aeecia, ai-aoi?uo, ioiioaiey a?aaeaeai, .
aaea ii ia aeaenoaoao. Oai naiui iaia?oaeeaaaony ionoo-
noaea aaeeinoaa a?aaeaeaineiai i?aaa a aai o?aaeeoeeiiiii
iiieiaiee, iaaeyaeii aunooiaao ?acee/iay i?e?iaea oi-
cyenoaaiiuo e a?aaeaeaineeo ioiioaiee, auyaeyaony ia-
iaoiaeeiinoue ioianaiey ia?auo e oicyenoaaiiiio, a aoi-
?uo e a?aaeaeaineiio i?aao.
auaeaeaiey io?anee a naiinoiyoaeueioth iaeanoue (i?aaiai-
ai ?aaoee?iaaiey. N iaoiieeiie iauaeoeaiinoueth ?ac?o-
oatho iie oa eiino?oeoeee, eioi?ua iniiauaathony ia
iauaaeeiaiee a iaeiie io?anee ioiioaiee, ia iaeaaeath-
ueo i?aaeiaoiui aaeeinoaii. Oae iieo/eeinue e n o?aaee-
oeeiiiie eiino?oeoeeae a?aaeaeaineiai i?aaa i?e i?eia-
iaiee e iae i?eioeeia aeaiie?aoe/aneiai oeaio?aeecia.
Yoa eiino?oeoeey ia auaea?aeaea eniuoaiey aeaiiui
i?eioeeiii, eae ia auaea?aeeaaao iia i?iaa?ee e ai iii-
aeo ae?oaeo ioiioaieyo.
iia nioeeaeueii-iieeoe/aneia cia/aiea. Ii ii i?aoai-
?yaony a aeeciue n o/aoii e i?aaiecaoeeiiii-oaoie/aneie
noi?iiu ?oeiaiaenoaa oicyenoaii. I. E. Ieneioei i?a-
aeeueii ioia/aao nouanoaiaaiea aeaoo a?oii oaeoi?ia,
aeeythueo ia inouanoaeaiea i?eioeeia aeaiie?aoe/anei-
yeaeo?iiii-au/eneeoaeueiie oaoieee nicaeano aiciiae-
iinoue oeaio?aeeciaaiiiai auiieiaiey iaeioi?uo oi?aa-
eai/aneeo ooieoeee, iai?eia?, a iaeanoe ieaie?iaaiey,
nai?a e ia?aaea/e eioi?iaoeee. N ae?oaie aea noi?iiu,
oaaee/aiea ianooaaia ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa aeaeaao ia-
aiciiaeiui iia?aoeaiia oi?aaeaiea ei ec aaeeiiai oeai-
o?a. Yoi ia oaycuaaaony oaeaea n iaiaoiaeeiinoueth ?acae-
oey eieoeeaoeau e naiinoiyoaeueiinoe i?aaei?eyoee,
iiauoaiey eo caeioa?aniaaiiinoe a ?acoeueoaoao oicye-
noaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe. (*1).
iey – niioiioaiea oeaio?a e i?aaei?eyoee. Eiaiii
iiyoiio i?eioeei aeaiie?aoe/aneiai oeaio?aeecia iieo-
/aao /aoeia caeiiiaeaoaeueiia cae?aieaiea i?eiaieoaeue-
ii e i?aaiecaoeee aeayoaeueiinoe i?aaei?eyoee. A ia?aii
aea ioieoa Iieiaeaiey i nioeeaeenoe/aneii ainoaea?noaai-
iii i?iecaiaenoaaiiii i?aaei?eyoee iiae/a?eeaaaony,/oi
aeayoaeueiinoue i?aaei?eyoey
?aeecia i?aaei?eyoea ia oieueei auiieiyao iaycaoaeueiua
caaeaiey auoanoiyueo i?aaiia oicyenoaaiiiai ?oeiaiae-
noaa, iaoieueei iiae/eiaii yoei i?aaiai, ii e naii eia-
ao ii?aaeaeaiiua i?aaa a inouanoaeaiee oicyenoaaiiie
aeayoaeueiinoe. Iiaua iooe ?aoaiey i?iaeaiu niioiioa-
iey oeaio?a e i?aaei?eyoee iaia/aiu iinoaiiaeaieyie
ia?oianeiai e naioya?ueneiai (1965 a.) Ieaioiia OeE
EINN, iaeia?aiiuie XXIII nuacaeii ia?oee. I?iaaaeaiea
yeiiiie/aneie ?aoi?iu naycaei n nouanoaaiiui iiau-
oaieai eieoeeaoeau e naiinoiyoaeueiinoe i?aaei?eyoee.
oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa. Any oicyenoaaiiay aeeciue iaoae
no?aiu ii?aaeaeyaony e iai?aaeyaony ainoaea?noaaiiui
ia?iaeiioicyenoaaiiui ieaiii (no. 11 Eiinoeoooeee
NNN?). Ieaie?iaaiea yeiiiieee yaeyaony iauaeoeaii
iaiaoiaeeiui e aiciiaeiui a ?acoeueoaoa nioeeaeenoe/a-
neiai iaiauanoaeaiey n?aaenoa i?iecaiaenoaa.
?aoa ainoaea?noaaiiiai oi?aaeaiey e oeo/oaiey aai ?aaiou, , no?. 18.
Iaeiie ec oi?i ?oeiaiaenoaa nioeeaeenoe/aneei oicyeno-
aii yaeyaony ieaie?iaaiea (ni. ae. 1). Ieaie?iaaiea
iniiauaaaony ia iauaeoeaiuo yeiiiie/aneeo caeiiao
nioeeaeecia. Iii aeieaeii auoue iao/ii iainiiaaiiui.
ioaaonoaee n aeaenoaothuei oicyenoaaiiui caeiiiaeaoaeue-
noaii. I?aaiaua ii?iu ii?aaeaeytho i?eioeeiu ieaie-
?iaaiey, eiiiaoaioeeth ieaiiauo i?aaiia, ii?yaeie iea-
ie?iaaiey.
Iaeioi?ua ec ieo i?eieiathony a oi?ia caeiia e yaey-
thony th?eaee/aneeie ii?iaoeaiuie aeoaie. Oaeiau, ia-
i?eia?, ieaiu ?acaeoey ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa NNN?,
ooaa?aeaeaaiua caeiiii Aa?oiaiiai Niaaoa NNN?, aia-
eiae/iua ieaiu nithciuo ?anioaeee, ooaa?aeaeaaiua ca-
eiiaie Aa?oiaiuo Niaaoia nithciuo ?anioaeee. Ii
nouanoaotho e ieaiiaua aeou, eioi?ua iinyo eiaeeaeaeo-
aeueiue oa?aeoa?. E iei ioiinyony, iai?eia?, eiie?ao-
iua ieaiiaua caaeaiey, aeaaaaiua i?aaei?eyoeyi auoa-
noiyueie i?aaiaie oicyenoaaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa.
auo iieacaoaeae. Iie auaatho aeaoo aeaeia: aee?aeoeaiua
e ?an/aoiua. Aee?aeoeaiua iieacaoaee iaycaoaeueiu aeey
eniieiaiey, a ?an/aoiua eeoue neoaeao aacie i?e ninoaa-
eaiee ieaia e ia iiaeeaaeao ooaa?aeaeaieth auoanoiyueie
i?aaiaie. A ianoiyuaa a?aiy oa?aeoa?ii nie?auaiea
/enea aee?aeoeaiuo iieacaoaeae, ooaa?aeaeaaiuo i?aae-
i?eyoeyi, /oi niinianoaoao iiauoaieth eieoeeaoeau e
?anoe?aieth i?aa i?aaei?eyoee a iaeanoe ieaie?iaaiey.
noiyueie i?aaiaie i?aaei?eyoeyi, ?aaioathuei ii ii-
aie nenoaia oicyenoaiaaiey, ii?aaeaeaiu a iinoaiiaea-
iee OeE EINN e Niaaoa Ieieno?ia NNN? io 4 ieoya?y
1965 a. . (*1).
iieacaoaeae, ooaa?aeaeaaiuo i?aaei?eyoeth auoanoiyuei
i?aaiii, eiaao aaaeiia oicyenoaaiiii?aaiaia cia/aiea.
Yoei ii?aaeaeythony acaeiiua i?aaa e iaycaiiinoe
iaeanoe ieaie?iaaiey. Auoanoiyuee i?aai ai?aaa e
iaycai onoaiiaeoue i?aaei?eyoeth oieueei oa ieaiiaua ii-
eacaoaee, eioi?ua ii?aaeaeaiu a caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa.
I?aaei?eyoea iaycaii auiieieoue ieaiiaia caaeaiea, ei-
oi?ia ooaa?aeaeaii ii onoaiiaeaiiui iieacaoaeyi. Nea-
aeoao i?eciaoue, /oi iii eiaao i?aai ioeacaoueny io au-
iieiaiey ia i?aaeoniio?aiiuo a caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa
ieaiiauo iieacaoaeae. Yoi i?aai nouanoaoao o i?aae-
i?eyoey ii ioiioaieth e auoanoiyuaio i?aaio oicye-
noaaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa.
cia/aiea ia oieueei aeey onoaiiaeaiey i?aa i?aaei?eyoee
e auoanoiyueo oici?aaiia a iaeanoe ieaie?iaaiey, ii
e aeey nicaeaiey aaeeiiia?acey ieaiia anao oicyenoaai-
iuo i?aaiia, /ai iaania/eaaaony eo naiaeeiinoue a aaeeiii
ia?iaeiioicyenoaaiiii ieaia no?aiu. Yoiio aea neoaeeo
e i?aaiaia cae?aieaiea ieaiiauo ii?iaoeaia, eioi?ua
aeieaeiu eniieueciaaoueny i?e ninoaaeaiee ieaiia anaie
ieaiiauie e oicyenoaaiiuie i?aaiaie. Oaeea ii?iaoe-
au yaeythony iauaeoeaiie iniiaie aeey ?an/aoia i?iec-
aiaenoaaiiuo iiuiinoae, iio?aaiinoe a nu?uea, iaoa?ea-
eao, ?aai/ae neea e o. ae.
ia i?aaei?eyoeyo i?e oe?ieii o/anoee anaai eieeaeoeaa
eo ?aaioieeia. I?e yoii i?aaei?eyoey oi?ie?otho ii?o-
oaeue caeacia e ia iniiaaiee auyaeaiiuo oaeei ia?acii
iio?aaiinoae caeac/eeia ninoaaeytho i?iaeo ieaia. Au-
oanoiyuee i?aai ?anniao?eaaao i?iaeo ieaia n i?e-
aea/aieai i?aaei?eyoey, ooaa?aeaeaao aai ii onoaiiaeai-
iui aee?aeoeaiui iieacaoaeyi e aeiaiaeeo aei i?aaei?ey-
oey ia iicaeiaa /ai ca aeaa ianyoea aei ia/aea
ieaie?oaiiai aiaea. Ana ieaiiaua caaeaiey aeiaiaeyony aei
i?aaei?eyoey auoanoiyuei i?aaiii.
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa e eiaao nouanoaaiiia cia/aiea aeey
i?aaiaie i?aaiecaoeee ioiioaiee ii ieaie?iaaieth
iaaeaeo i?aaei?eyoeyie e auoanoiyueie i?aaiaie. Ii-
neieueeo ana ieaiiaua caaeaiey aeieaeiu ooaa?aeaeaoueny
i?aaei?eyoeth oieueei aai auoanoiyuei i?aaiii, neaaeoao
i?eeoe e auaiaeo, /oi i?aaei?eyoea iiaeao ioeacaoueny
i?eiyoue ieaiiaia caaeaiea, enoiaeyuaa io eaeiai-eeai
ae?oaiai i?aaia oicyenoaaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa. Auoanoiy-
i?aaei?eyoey, ii iaycai naeaeaoue yoi n i?eaea/aieai
i?aaei?eyoey, naiaa?aiaiii aeiaanoe ieai aei i?aaei?ey-
oey. Ana yoe iaycaiiinoe nouanoaotho o auoanoiyuaai
i?aaia ia?aae i?aaei?eyoeai.
ooaa?aeaeaiey, ii e eciaiaiey ieaiia i?aaei?eyoee.
Oaeea eciaiaiey aeiioneathony eeoue, a eneeth/eoaeueiuo
neo/ayo n oai, /oiau auea iaania/aia noaaeeueiinoue
ieaia. Ieai iiaeao eciaiyoueny auoanoiyuei i?aaiii
i?e iaycaoaeueiii i?aaeaa?eoaeueiii ianoaeaeaiee yoeo
aii?inia n i?aaei?eyoeai. I?e eciaiaiee ii?aaeaeaiiiai
iieacaoaey ieaia aeieaeiu aiineoueny eciaiaiey e ai ana
ae?oaea acaeiinaycaiiua iieacaoaee. Aeaiiia i?aaeei
iai?aaeaii ia oi, /oiau iaania/eoue niaeaniaaiiinoue
anao iieacaoaeae ieaia i?aaei?eyoey iinea aai eciaia-
iey. Iii yaeyaony oaeaea i?iyaeaieai ioia/aiiie oai-
aeaioeee ?acaeoey acaeiiioiioaiee iaaeaeo i?aaei?eyoey-
ie e auoanoiyueie oicyenoaaiiuie i?aaiaie, iiyaea-
iey a oaeeo ioiioaieyo acaeiiuo i?aa e iaycaiiinoae
eo o/anoieeia.
ia e caeeth/aiiuie oicyenoaaiiuie aeiaiai?aie i?aae-
i?eyoea ?ac?aaaouaaao ?acaa?iooue aiaeiaie oaoi?ii-
oeiieai, eaa?oaeueiua e iany/iua ieaiu i?iecaiaenoaai-
ii-oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe, eioi?ua ooaa?aeaeathony
aee?aeoi?ii i?aaei?eyoey. A oaoi?iioeiieaia ii?aaeaey-
thony ana iieacaoaee aeayoaeueiinoe i?aaei?eyoey, a oii
/enea e ia onoaiiaeaiiua a ooaa?aeaeaiiii ieaiiaii
caaeaiee. Ieienoa?noaa ?ac?aaaouaatho oeiiaua oi?iu
oaoi?iioeiieaia n oai, /oiau auea iaania/aia naiaee-
iinoue oaoi?iioeiieaiia i?aaei?eyoee a i?aaeaeao
io?anee.
cyenoaaiiuo naycae iaaeaeo i?aaei?eyoeyie eiatho oicye-
noaaiiua aeiaiai?u. I?aaei?eyoeyi, ia?aaaaeaiiui ia
iiaoth nenoaio oicyenoaiaaiey, auoanoiyuee i?aai a
ea/anoaa iieacaoaey ii i?iecaiaenoao ooaa?aeaeaao iauee
iauai ?aaeecoaiie i?iaeoeoeee a aeaenoaothueo iioiauo
oeaiao, a oi/iue anni?oeiaio auioneaaiuo ecaeaeee,
e?iia aaaeiaeoeo aeaeia i?iaeoeoeee, ii?aaeaeyaony naie-
ie i?aaei?eyoeyie ii niaeaniaaieth n iio?aaeoaeyie
i?iaeoeoeee iooai caeeth/aiey n ieie oicyenoaaiiuo aei-
ny a ea/anoaa eino?oiaioa ieaie?iaaiey i?iecaiaenoaai-
ii-oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe i?aaei?eyoee. (*1).
ieaie?iaaiey caeeth/aaony ia oieueei a oii, /oi aeiaiai?
eiie?aoii ii?aaeaeyao iieacaoaee oicyenoaaiiie aeay-
oaeueiinoe, onoaiiaeaiiua a ieaia a iauae oi?ia. A ia-
eioi?uo neo/ayo oicyenoaaiiue aeiaiai? iiaeao e ionoo-
iaoue io ieaiiaiai aeoa. Iinoaiiaeaieai Niaaoa
Ieieno?ia NNN? io 30 ethiy 1962 a. (*2) i?aaei?eyoeyi-
iio?aaeoaeyi auei i?aaeinoaaeaii i?aai ioeacuaaoueny
io caeeth/aiey aeiaiai?ia ia iinoaaeo ia ioaeiie ei
i?iaeoeoeee, auaeaeaiiie a niioaaonoaee n ieaiiaui
aeoii ?ani?aaeaeaiey. Oaeei ia?acii, aeaiiue ieaiiaue
aeo iaycaoaeai eeoue aeey i?aaei?eyoey-iinoaaueea, ii
ia aeey i?aaei?eyoey-iio?aaeoaey, eiathuaai i?aai ca-
eeth/eoue aeiaiai?, ionooiathuee io ieaiiaiai aeoa. Aua
aeaeueoa iioei Iieiaeaiea i i?aaei?eyoee, eioi?ia i?a-
aeinoaaeei i?aaei?eyoeth-iio?aaeoaeth i?aai ioeacaoueny
io i?iaeoeoeee e iinea caeeth/aiey aeiaiai?a, i?e eciaia-
iee iio?aaiinoe e ii niaeaniaaieth n i?aaei?eyoeai-ii-
noaaueeii (i. 62 Iieiaeaiey). Ana yoi iieacuaaao, /oi
ieaiiaue oa?aeoa? oicyenoaaiiiai aeiaiai?a icia/aao
ia oieueei niioaaonoaea aeiaiai?a ieaio, ii e oi?ie?i-
aaiea ieaia ia iniiaa aeiaiai?a. (*3).
nieaeaaony ec-ca ?ani?aaeaeaiey cia/eoaeueiie iiiaieea-
oo?u i?iaeoeoeee e aneaaenoaea iaaeiioeaiee i?yiuo nay-
cae iaaeaeo i?aaei?eyoeyie-ecaioiaeoaeyie e i?aaei?ey-
oeyie-iio?aaeoaeyie. Iiaeii ee, iai?eia?, n/eoaoue
i?aaeeueiui, /oi A?aaaineay iaoaiay oe?ia
ninoaa eioi?ie aoiaeyo iniiaiua i?aaei?eyoey iaoaiie
i?iiuoeaiiinoe A?iaiee, auioaeaeaia caeeth/aoue ia ii-
oiauo y?ia?eao aeiaiai?u i iinoaaea iaoae ia iaiin?aae-
noaaiii, a /a?ac iioiaoth i?aaiecaoeeth .
nioeeaeenoe/aneiai ieaie?iaaiey,
(NI NNN? 1962 a. ? 12, no. 94).
i?aaiaua ioiioaiey,
? 6, no?. 47-48.
noaiaaoue i?iaiaeeiua nae/an ia?ii?eyoey ii aeeeoaeueii-
io i?ee?aieaieth i?aaei?eyoee-iinoaaueeia e i?aaei?ey-
oeyi-iio?aaeoaeyi e ?acaeoeth iioiaie oi?aiaee
n?aaenoaaie i?iecaiaenoaa.
iey oe?iei eniieuecoaony e a ca?oaaaeiuo nioeeaeenoe/a-
neeo no?aiao. Inouanoaeaiea iiaie nenoaiu oicyenoai-
aaiey a ca?oaaaeiuo nioeeaeenoe/aneeo no?aiao aucaaei
e aeecie cia/eoaeueiia iiauoaiea ?iee oicyenoaaiiuo
aeiaiai?ia, ?acaeoea eo iiauo oi?i e aeaeia.
iiaay oi?ia oicyenoaaiiii?aaiaiai aeiaiai?a-eii?aee-
iaoeeiiiia niaeaoaiea. Oaeea niaeaoaiey caeeth/athony
iaaeaeo iauaaeeiaieyie ia?iaeiuo i?aaei?eyoee a oeaeyo
ii?aaeaeaiey iai?aaeaiee ?acaeoey niioaaonoaothueo
io?aneae i?iiuoeaiiinoe. Cia/eo, iiaeiaiua niaeaoa-
iey a iniiaiii eniieuecothony eiaiii aeey oeaeae ieaie-
?iaaiey, eii?aeeie?iaaiii inouanoaeyaiiai aeaoiy
iauaaeeiaieyie ia?iaeiuo i?aaei?eyoee, /oi iicaieyao
niaeaniauaaoue ieaiu ?acaeoey io?aneae i?iiuoeaiii-
noe. I?e ia?ooaiee oneiaee eii?aeeiaoeeiiiuo niaea-
oaiee ianooiaao eiouanoaaiiay ooaeocoaeiiocoue a aeaea
naieoeee eee aiciauaiey oua?aa. Nii?u ii oaeei ni-
aeaoaieyi ?anniao?eaaao a?aeo?aae.
iee a oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaieyo ieaiiai-i?aaiecaoeeii-
iuo e eiouanoaaiiuo yeaiaioia, /oi oa?aeoa?ii e aeey
anyeiai oicyenoaaiiiai aeiaiai?a. Iaeiaei eo neaaeoao
ioee/aoue io iau/iuo oicyenoaaiiuo aeiaiai?ia ia ii-
noaaeo i?iaeoeoeee eee auiieiaiea ?aaio, eioi?ua ca-
eeth/athony ia iniiaa e a ?acaeoea eii?aeeiaoeeiiiuo
niaeaoaiee. (*1).
?ia iiauoaaony e cia/aiea ainoaea?noaaiiiai a?aeo?aaea,
?anniao?eaathuaai i?aaeaeiaiai?iua e eiouanoaaiiua
nii?u iaaeaeo oici?aaiaie. Eiia/ii, ainoaea?noaaiiue
a?aeo?aae ia oieueei ?anniao?eaaao nii?u, ii e eiaao
ftsleitung. Rolle und Bedeutung der Wirtschafsvertrage im neuen
okonoinischen System der Planung und Leitung der Volkswirtschaft,
Berlin, 1965, S. 311-323.
aaiiuo ioiioaiee. Ii yaeyaony ia oicyenoaaiiui no-
aeii, a iniaui i?aaiii oicyenoaaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa.
i?e Niaaoa Ieieno?ia NNN? io 17 aaaonoa 1960 a. (*1) yoio
a?aeo?aae ooaa?aeaeaao iniaua oneiaey iinoaaee ioaeaeue-
iuo aeaeia i?iaeoeoeee i?iecaiaenoaaiii-oaoie/aneiai
iacia/aiey e oiaa?ia ia?iaeiiai iio?aaeaiey, eino?oe-
oeee i ii?yaeea i?eaiee i?iaeoeoeee e oiaa?ia ii eiee/a-
noao e ea/anoao, ecaeaao ii niaeaniaaieth n Niaaoaie
Ieieno?ia nithciuo ?anioaeee i?aaeea ?anniio?aiey
oicyenoaaiiuo nii?ia. Oaeei ia?acii, Ainoaea?noaaiiue
a?aeo?aae i?e Niaaoa Ieieno?ia NNN? ecaeaao ii?ia-
oeaiua aeou ii ?aaoee?iaaieth oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioa-
iee.
a?aeo?aaea ii ?anniio?aieth i?aaeaeiaiai?iuo nii?ia,
o. a. nii?ia, aicieeathueo i?e caeeth/aiee oicyenoaai-
iuo aeiaiai?ia. A oneiaeyo, eiaaea oicyenoaaiiue aeiai-
ai? noaiiaeony eino?oiaioii ieaie?iaaiey, i?aaeaeiai-
ai?iue a?aeo?aae icia/aao ii nouanoao ?anniio?aiea
nii?ia i ieaia. ?anoe?aiea oicyenoaaiiuo i?aa i?aae-
i?eyoee a iaeanoe ieaie?iaaiey iiauoaao ?ieue a?aeo-
?aaea a ?anniio?aiee oaeeo nii?ia.
ainoaea?noaaiiiai a?aeo?aaea, auaeaeaathony i?aaeeiaeaiey
i i?aia?aciaaiee aai a aaeeioth nithcii-?anioaeeeaineoth
nenoaio n oai, /oiau a?aeo?aaee a nithciuo ?anioaeeeao
iiae/eiyeenue eae oeaio?aeueiiio ainoaea?noaaiiiio a?-
aeo?aaeo, oae e i?aaeoaeuenoao naiae ?anioaeeee. (*2).
aaaeiue i?eioeei oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa. Iaeioi?ua
th?enou ii?aaeaeytho yoo io?aneue i?aaa a iniiaiii ii
i?eciaeo oic?an/aoa. Oae, A. I. Aoeii/eei ioia/aao:
, no?. 86.
aaiiia i?aai>. (*1).
noaa e ?oeiaiaenoaa oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoueth, inii-
aaiiie ia niecia?aiee ecaea?aeae e ?acoeueoaoia yoie
aeayoaeueiinoe, iie?uoee ?anoiaeia aeioiaeaie io iaa, ia-
oa?eaeueiie caeioa?aniaaiiinoe e ioaaonoaaiiinoe ca ?a-
coeueoaou oicyenoaaiiie ?aaiou. (*2).
eniieueciaaiee aeaenoaey caeiia noieiinoe e ae?oaeo iau-
aeoeaiuo yeiiiie/aneeo caeiiia nioeeaeecia. Iaeaieue-
oaa ?acaeoea oic?an/ao iieo/ee a aeayoaeueiinoe i?aae-
i?eyoee. Ii i?eiaiyaony aeey i?aaiecaoeee ?aaiou ia
oieueei i?aaei?eyoey a oeaeii, ii e oeaoia, o/anoeia, i?i-
ecaiaenoa, oicyenoa e ae?oaeo iiae?acaeaeaiee i?aaei?ey-
oey.
?anoe?aieai noa?u oic?an/aoiuo ioiioaiee. Nae/an
oic?an/ao ?acaeaaaony e a aeayoaeueiinoe i?aaiia oicye-
noaaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa-aeaaiuo oi?aaeaiee i?iiuo-
eaiiuo ieienoa?noa, a oaeaea oicyenoaaiiuo iauaaeeia-
iee. Ia naioya?ueneii (1965 a.) Ieaioia OeE EINN
oeacuaaeinue, /oi ?oeiaiaenoai i?aaei?eyoeyie ana a
aieueoae noaiaie aoaeao no?ieoueny ia oic?an/aoiuo ia/a-
eao. ?acaeoea oic?an/aoa a oi?aaeaiee yeiiiieeie-
aaaeiaeoee yeaiaio ia?ii?eyoee ii niaa?oainoaiaaieth
?oeiaiaenoaa oicyenoaii. (*3).
oaiee: iaaeaeo i?aaei?eyoeyie e ainoaea?noaii, iaaeaeo
nenoaiu i?aaa,
oaeaeyeinue aieueoia aieiaiea. Cia/eoaeueiia ianoi aii?inu oic?an-
/aoa caiyee a ecaeaiiii a 1935 aiaeo
nio?aieaoea a iniiaiii cia/aiea aei ianoiyuaai a?aiaie (
eenue i?aaeiaoii e niaoeeaeueiuo enneaaeiaaiee (E. ss. Aeioeao?a,
I oic?an/aoa, ecae-ai
aeoeeee, ?ieue niaaoneiai a?aaeaeaineiai i?aaa a inouanoaeaiee
oic?an/aoa e ?aaeeia yeiiiiee, Ainth?ecaeao, 1955).
iaeoay caaea/a, 4 iiya?y 1966 a.
?acee/athony e o?e aeaea oic?an/aoa: oic?an/ao i?aaia
oicyenoaaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa, oic?an/ao i?aaei?eyoey,
oic?an/ao aioo?aiieo caaiueaa i?aaei?eyoey (aioo?eca-
aiaeneie oic?an/ao).
/aneie nouiinoe. (*2). Iaeiaei eaaeaeue ec ieo eiaao naie
iniaaiiinoe, i?aaeii?aaeaeyaiua oai, /oi a ia?aii neo-
/aa yoi oic?an/ao a noa?a oi?aaeaiey, ai aoi?ii – a
noa?a oiaa?iiai iai?ioa e i?iecaiaenoaa, a o?aoueai-
oieueei i?iecaiaenoaa.
oi?iie oic?an/aoa yaeyaony oic?an/ao i?aaei?eyoey,
iacuaaaiue iau/ii iieiui oic?an/aoii. (*3). A inouano-
aeaiee aai aei neo ii? auei iiiai iaaeinoaoeia, oic?an-
/ao i?aaei?eyoee aue a cia/eoaeueiie ia?a oi?iaeueiui.
I?iaaaeaiea yeiiiie/aneie ?aoi?iu icia/aao anaia?iia
?acaeoea iieiiai oic?an/aoa i?aaei?eyoee.
i?aaiia oicyenoaaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa. iiaeao auoue aeaenoaaiiui,
iieiui oieueei a oii neo/aa, anee aoaeoo onoaiiaeaiu
oic?an/aoiua ioiioaiey e
i?aaei?eyoey e oic?an/aoa i?aaia oicyenoaaiiiai ?oei-
aiaenoaa, oaniay naycue e acaeiiaeaenoaea iaaeaeo ieie, ii
ana aea yoe aeaa aeaea oic?an/aoa iaiaoiaeeii ?acee/aoue.
Iaeiaei oaeia ?acee/ea i?iaiaeeony ia anaie o/aiu-
ie, eiiaaea iieiue oic?an/ao i?aaei?eyoey i?eieiaaony
cyenoaaiiue ?an/ao,
/oe, I?aaiaua i?iaeaiu oicyenoaaiiiai ?an/aoa e oneiaeyo yei-
iiie/aneie ?aoi?iu,
no?. 29-40.
oeeaeenoe/aneie ?aeiino?oeoeee,
oic?an/aoa,
iniiaa io?eoeaaony aiciiaeiinoue inouanoaeaiey oic?an-
/aoa a aeayoaeueiinoe i?aaiia oicyenoaaiiiai ?oeiaiaeno-
aa. Oae, N. I. A?aoonue, i?eiaiea oic?an/ao i?aaei?eyoey
e i?aaiai oicyenoaaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa, i?eoae e auai-
aeo, /oi oic?an/ao a aeayoaeueiinoe aeaiiuo i?aaiia inoua-
noaeoue iaaiciiaeii, a iiaoo auoue eniieueciaaiu oieueei
aai
oicyenoaaiiiai ?an/aoa aaeeiu ii yeiiiie/aneie nou-
iinoe, eaaeaeue ec ieo eiaao naie iniaaiiinoe e aeieaeai
auoue iiaeaa?aioo eiie?aoiiio yeiiiie/aneiio e i?aai-
aiio aiaeeco.
?oeiaiaenoaa? E aai oa?aeoa?iui i?eciaeai ioiinyony:
iaaeaeaiea oic?an/aoiiai i?aaia oicyenoaaiiiai ?oei-
aiaenoaa iaiaoiaeeiuie iaoa?eaeueiuie e oeiainiauie
?ano?naie, oeiaine?iaaiea aai ca n/ao io/eneaiee
iiae/eiaiiuo i?aaei?eyoee, ni/aoaiea a aeayoaeueiinoe oa-
eiai i?aaia oi?aaeai/aneeo (ieaiiai-i?aaiecaoeeiiiuo)
e iia?aoeaii-oicyenoaaiiuo ooieoeee, iaoa?eaeueiia
iiiu?aiea ii ?acoeueoaoai aeayoaeueiinoe anae aicaeaa-
aaiiinoue ca ?acoeueoaou oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe
aeaiiie nenoaiu. Ia noaay naaa caaea/e iiae?iaii ?an-
niao?eaaoue ana yoe i?eciaee, inoaiiaeiny eeoue ia oao
ec ieo, eioi?ua aucuaatho e?eoe/aneea caia/aiey eee
aic?aaeaiey ni noi?iiu iaeioi?uo o/aiuo.
aaia oicyenoaaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa ca n/ao io/eneaiee
iiae/eiaiiuo aio i?aaei?eyoee. Oaeay nenoaia oeiaine-
?iaaiey i?aaenoaaeyao niaie ia i?inoi oaoie/aneee i?e-
ai. Aa iaeuecy iaaeiioeaieaaoue, eai iia eiaao i?eioeeie-
aeueiia cia/aiea e naycaia n oai, /oi oi?aaeaiea i?i-
iuoeaiiinoueth yaeyaony ooieoeeae (eee yeaiaioii naiie
i?iecaiaenoaaiii-oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe. (*2).
oaao i?eiaiaiea oa?ieia
noaaiiiai oi?aaeaiey oneiaiui> (E). A. Aanei, Oicyeno-
aaiiue ?an/ao e aai i?aaiaua oi?iu,
i?aaiaii iaoiaeao ?aaoee?iaaiey oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe.
1959 a. ? 3, no?. 60; E. I. Oi?, I iaeioi?uo
aii?inao i?aaiaiai iieiaeaiey niaia?oicia a iiauo oneiaeyo,
i?aaei?eyoey ie ia /ai ia iniiaaii, iineieueeo iii oa-
?aeoa?ii e aeey ethaie oicyenoaaiiie nenoaiu, iai?e-
ia?, iauaaeeiyaiie aeaaiui oi?aaeaieai i?iiuoeai-
iiai ieienoa?noaa eee oicyenoaaiiui iauaaeeiaieai.
A oneiaeyo ao?aeoaciiai no?iy aeaenoaeoaeueii ooieoeee
/anoiieaieoaeenoe/aneiai i?aaei?eyoey i?eioeeieaeueii
ioee/athony io ooieoeee i?aaiia ainoaea?noaaiiiai oi?aa-
eaiey. Oai i?aaei?eyoea oicyenoaoao, a ainoaea?noai
oieueei eiio?iee?oao oicyenoaaiioth aeayoaeueiinoue. A
nioeeaeenoe/aneii aea oicyenoaa ainoaea?noai ia oieueei
?oeiaiaeeo, ii e naii oicyenoaoao, aio i?eiaaeeaaeao in-
iiaiua n?aaenoaa iauanoaaiiiai i?iecaiaenoaa. Iiyoiio
caaea/e i?aaei?eyoee e auoanoiyueo oicyenoaaiiuo i?-
aaiia i?e nioeeaeecia i?eioeeieaeueii aaeeiu: e oa e ae?o-
aea yaeythony i?aaiaie ainoaea?noaa, inouanoaeythueie
aai ooieoeee.
cyenoaaiiuo i?aaiia io?eoeaaony oaie o/aiuie, eioi?ua
ia i?eciatho naiinoiyoaeueiinoe oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa e
aeaeyo i?aaiaua ii?iu, ?aaoee?othuea oicyenoaaiiua
ioiioaiey, ia aaeieieno?aoeaiua e a?aaeaeaineea. I?e
iiaeiaiii iiaeoiaea i?aaei?eyoea ?anniao?eaaaony eeoue
eae eiouanoaaiii iainiaeaiiay aaeeieoea, aeeth/aaiay
a iaeio a?oiio n a?aaeaeaieiii, a auoanoiyuea oicyeno-
aaiiua i?aaiu ioiinyony e i?aaiai oi?aaeaiey aiiaua,
o. a. o?aeoothony aiaeiae/ii i?aaiai aaeieieno?aoeaiiai
oi?aaeaiey. Oaeea enoiaeiua oai?aoe/aneea iiceoeee e
i?eaiaeyo i?aaenoaaeoaeae yoie oi/ee c?aiey e iunee i
iaaiciiaeiinoe ni/aoaiey a iaeiii i?aaia oi?aaeai/a-
neeo e oicyenoaaiiuo ooieoeee. Ia?aua aeieaeiu inoua-
oeaiii?aaiauo iaoiaeia oi?aaeaiey nioeeaeenoe/aneei i?iecaiaeno-
aii, ecae-ai IAO, 1965, no?. 5.
oieueei i?aaei?eyoeyie.
oaeoth iiceoeeth aeiaieueii o?oaeii, eai iniiaiia iai?aa-
eaiea yeiiiie/aneie ?aoi?iu eae ?ac e ninoieo a i?a-
iaeieaiee ?ac?uaa iaaeaeo ?oeiaiaenoaii e inouanoaeaie-
ai oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe, ia?aaiaea i?aaiia
oi?aaeaiey yeiiiieeie ia oic?an/ao, nicaeaiee oicyeno-
aaiiuo iauaaeeiaiee, ni/aoathueo ieaiiai-i?aaiecaoee-
iiiua e iia?aoeaii-oicyenoaaiiua ooieoeee, a ia?aaea/a
naiei i?aaei?eyoeyi /anoe ieaiiauo ooieoeee, inouano-
aeyaoeony ?aiaa auoanoiyueie i?aaiaie.
oic?an/ao i?aaiia oicyenoaaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa, i?ioe-
aiiinoaaeytho ieaiiai-i?aaiecaoeeiiiua e iia?aoeaii-
oicyenoaaiiua ooieoeee, o. a. ionoaeaatho oa oi?iu e
iaoiaeu ?oeiaiaenoaa, eioi?ua inouanoaeyeenue aei yeiii-
ie/aneie ?aoi?iu. A. A. Oeaeoeoe n/eoaea, iai?eia?,
/oi nioeeaeenoe/aneea i?aaei?eyoey ia inouanoaeytho
ooieoeee ainoaea?noaa, ia aaaeoo oicyenoaaiii-i?aaieca-
oi?neie aeayoaeueiinoe, a oieueei oicyenoaotho, i?aaiu
aea oicyenoaaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa oieueei ?oeiaiaeyo.
I?aaaea, iia i?eciaaaea, /oi i?aaei?eyoea
auiieiyao i?aaiecaoi?neea ooieoeee>. (*1).
noieo eiaiii a oii, /oi ainoaea?noai ?oeiaiaeeo aeayoaeue-
iinoueth i?aaei?eyoee ia eae /oaeie, a eae naiae aeayoaeue-
iinoueth, eai ainoaea?noaaiiua i?aaei?eyoey-yoi oicye-
noaaiiua i?aaiu naiiai ainoaea?noaa. Iaeuecy oioneaoue
ec aeaeo e oi, /oi i?aaei?eyoey nae/an naie ai ana aieue-
oae noaiaie ieaie?otho i?iecaiaenoaaiii-oicyenoaaiioth
aeayoaeueiinoue, iie oi?aaeytho naieie oeaoaie e iiae?acaea-
eaieyie, i?aaiecotho eo ?aaioo.
iaiaoiaeeiinoue ?anniao?eaaoue oicyenoaaiii-i?aaieca-
oi?neoth ooieoeeth nioeeaeenoe/aneiai ainoaea?noaa a oe-
iaoiaeao ?oeiaiaenoaa ia?iaeiui oicyenoaii, , no?. 128-129.
ioth ?aaioo ainoaea?noaaiiuo i?aaei?eyoee. *oi aea
eanaaony ieaiiai-?aaoee?othuae aeayoaeueiinoe i?aaiia
oicyenoaaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa, oi iia ninoaaeyao oicyeno-
aaiii-i?aaiecaoi?neoth ooieoeeth a oaniii niunea. (*1).
eiaiaenoaa iiiiaaao oe?ieay o?aeoiaea i?iecaiaenoaai-
ii-oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe, aeeth/athuay eae iaia-
oiaeeiue yeaiaio e oi?aaeaiea i?iecaiaenoaii. Yoi
i?aaeeueii ioia/aee E. N. Iocooaaeoa e A. A. Ianeaiei,
iiae/a?eioaoea, /oi nicaeaiea i?iaeoeoa – neaaenoaea e
oi?aaeai/aneiai o?oaea. Cia/eo, oeiaine?iaaiea oi?aa-
eai/aneiai caaia iooai io/eneaiee ni noi?iiu iiae/e-
iaiiuo i?aaei?eyoee anoue iieaoa ca aai aeeaae a aioiaue
i?iaeoeo. (*2).
eiioeaio?aoeee. Yoi au?aaeaaony ia oieueei a nicaeaiee
oe?oiiaiiuo i?aaei?eyoee eee oicyenoaaiiuo iauaaeeia-
iee, ii e a oeaio?aeecaoeee iaeioi?uo iia?aoeaii-oicye-
noaaiiuo ooieoeee a oeaio?ao oicyenoaaiiuo nenoai. A
?acoeueoaoa a aeayoaeueiinoe i?aaiia oicyenoaaiiiai ?o-
eiaiaenoaa ni/aoathony ieaiiai-i?aaiecaoeeiiiua e iia-
?aoeaii-oicyenoaaiiua ooieoeee.
iey, nnueaynue ia oi, /oi a i?ioeii iii naay ia
ii?aaaeaei, e io iaai ioeacaeenue. (*3). Iaeiaei iiaeiaiue aei-
aiae iaeuecy i?eciaoue oaaaeeoaeueiui, iineieueeo aei yeiii-
ie/aneie ?aoi?iu nouanoaiaaee eiua oneiaey oicyeno-
aiaaiey. Oi, /oi ia niioaaonoaiaaei i?aaeiei oneiaeyi,
nae/an ieacuaaaony aanueia yooaeoeaiui. E oiio aea
inouanoaeaiiia a 30-a aiaeu ?acaeaeaiea oi?aaeai/aneeo
e oicyenoaaiiuo ooieoeee i?eaaei e oiio, /oi i?aaiu
oi?aaeaiey i?iiuoeaiiinoueth noaee eniieueciaaoue a
naiae aeayoaeueiinoe oieueei aaeieieno?aoeaiua iaoiaeu
?oeiaiaenoaa a oua?a iaoiaeai yeiiiie/aneei, o. a. nic-
aeaei ii/ao aeey aaeieieno?e?iaaiey, inoaeaeaiiiai nai-
oya?ueneei (1965 a.) Ieaioiii OeE EINN.
noaaiiinoue, no?. 326.
(**3) N. I. A?aoonue. Niioiioaiea aaeieieno?aoeaiuo e yeiiiie-
/aneeo iaoiaeia a ?aaoee?iaaiee oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee,
iie?aoeci niaaoneiai ainoaea?noaaiiiai oi?aaeaiey, no?. 127.
ooieoeee, inouanoaeyaiuo i?aaiaie oicyenoaaiiiai ?o-
eiaiaenoaa, ioiinyony, iai?eia?, oaoie/aneia ?oeiaiaeno-
ai, i?iaaaeaiea iao/ii-enneaaeiaaoaeueneeo e i?iaeoii-
eiino?oeoi?neeo ?aaio, iaoa?eaeueii-oaoie/aneia niaa-
aeaiea e nauo i?iaeoeoeee, ?aeeaia, oeaio?aeeciaaiiua
?an/aou ii iaeioi?ui oicyenoaaiiui iia?aoeeyi. Iaia-
oiaeeiinoue oeaio?aeecaoeee oaeeo iia?aoeaii-oicyenoaai-
iuo ooieoeee aeeeooaony ?acaeoeai oaoieee e yeiiiieee.
Oae, oeaio?aeecaoeey ?an/aoia iicaieyao eniieueciaaoue
aeinoeaeaiey nia?aiaiiie au/eneeoaeueiie oaoieee, /aai
iaeuecy naeaeaoue a ianooaaao eaaeaeiai ioaeaeueiiai i?aae-
i?eyoey.
noa?noaa enoiaeeo ec oiai, /oi aeaae aianoa n iiae/eiai-
iuie aio i?aaei?eyoeyie ninoaaeyao aaeeioth oicyeno-
aaiioth nenoaio. Any yoa nenoaia, a ia oieueei ioaeaeueiua
aoiaeyuea a iaa i?aaei?eyoey, aeieaeia ?aaioaoue ?aioa-
aaeueii. Iiyoiio aioo?e aeaiiie nenoaiu aicieeatho
naiaia?aciua oic?an/aoiua acaeiiioiioaiey iaaeaeo
?acee/iuie aa caaiueyie. Aeaae, eae ?oeiaiaeyuee i?aai
oicyenoaaiiie nenoaiu, iaycai iaania/eoue oi?iooth ?a-
aioo anae nenoaiu a oeaeii.
eiuo oicyenoaaiiuo ooieoeee ca n/ao io-
/eneaiee i?aaei?eyoee>. (*1).
/aneia noeioee?iaaiea. Iaoa?eaeueiia iiiu?aiea ?aaio-
ieeia aeaaea iaiaoiaeeii iinoaaeoue a i?yioth caaene-
iinoue io ?acoeueoaoia aeayoaeueiinoe anae oicyenoaaiiie
nenoaiu. Aeaiiua ?acoeueoaou iaeaieaa iieii au?aaeatho
yooaeoeaiinoue ?aaiou ia oieueei i?aaei?eyoee, ii e ?o-
eiaiaeyuaai eie aeaaea, aeaenoaaiiinoue auiieiyaiie
aeaaeii iauaeoeaii iaiaoiaeeiie ooieoeee oi?aaeaiey
i?iecaiaenoaii. Ia?yaeo n iiiu?aieai iaaei eniieueciaaoue
e iaoaieci iaoa?eaeueiie ioaaonoaaiiinoe eae iaiouai-
eaiue yeaiaio oic?an/aoiiai iino?iaiey aeayoaeueiinoe
i?aaiia oicyenoaaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa. I?e yoii ?a/ue
aeieaeia eaeoe ia oieueei ia ioaaonoaaiiinoe aeaaea ia?aae
i?aaei?eyoeyie, ii e ia ioaaonoaaiiinoe aai ca ?acoeue-
oaou aeayoaeueiinoe anae nenoaiu. A neo/aa iaauiieiaiey
ieaia nenoaiie a oeaeii aeieaeii nieaeaoueny iaoa?eaeue-
iia iiiu?aiea ?aaioieeia aeaaea.
cyenoaaiiiai (?oeiaiaenoaa, iieaaay, /oi ii i?eaaaeao e
nieaeaieth ioaaonoaaiiinoe i?aaiia oi?aaeaiey ca ii?o-
/aiiia aeaei e oaaee/aieth aiia?aoa oi?aaeaiey. (*2).
aiaea ia oic?an/ao, iaiai?io, aic?anoaao, iineieueeo o ia-
ai iiyaeythony niioaaonoaothuea iaoa?eaeueiua e oeiai-
niaua ?ano?nu, ninoaaeythuea iniiao eiouanoaaiiie
ioaaonoaaiiinoe aeaiiiai i?aaia, a oii /enea e ia?aae
iiae/eiaiiuie aio i?aaei?eyoeyie. Oaeei ia?acii, ia?a-
aiae ia oic?an/ao i?aaiia oicyenoaaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa
oe?aieyao iieiaeaiea i?aaei?eyoee a eo acaeiiioiioa-
ieyo n auoanoiyueie i?aaiaie. Iiauoaaony e ioaaono-
aaiiinoue i?aaia oicyenoaaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa ca ?acoeue-
oaou aeayoaeueiinoe aicaeaaeyaiie ei oicyenoaaiiie ne-
noaiu, eai yoio i?aai yeiiiie/anee i?eaycuaaaony e
iiae/eiaiiui i?aaei?eyoeyi, iiiu?aiea aai ?aaioieeia
i?yii caaeneo io oniaoiie aeayoaeueiinoe anae nenoaiu.
oi?aaeaiey i?iiuoeaiiinoueth, , no?. 164-165.
?aaeaiey, oi iia ia aieaa aaeeea, /ai i?e athaeaeaoiii
oeiaine?iaaiee oici?aaiia, iineieueeo a ethaii neo/aa
/eneaiiinoue ?aaioieeia i?aaiia oicyenoaaiiiai ?oei-
aiaenoaa iiaeao auoue ia?aie/aia eeieoii, ii?aaeaeya-
iui auoanoiyuei i?aaiii. I?aaaea, iaeuecy ia o/eou-
aaoue e oiai ianoiyoaeuenoaa, /oi ?acaeoea e oneiaeiaiea
oicyenoaa a ?yaea neo/aaa iaecaaaeii i?eaiaeyo e iaiaoi-
aeeiinoe iaeioi?iai oaaee/aiey aiia?aoa oi?aaeaiey,
eioi?ia ieoiaaony iieo/aaiui io yoiai yeiiiie/aneei
yooaeoii. (*1).
noaaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa a iniiaiii i?eiaieiu ia oieueei
e aeaaeo, ii e e i?iiuoeaiiiio ieienoa?noao a oeaeii,
eioi?ia yaeyaony oeaio?ii oicyenoaaiiie nenoaiu ii?a-
aeaeaiiie io?anee i?iiuoeaiiinoe. Iiyoiio iaeioi?u-
ie o/aiuie e auaeaeaathony i?aaeeueiua, ia iao acaeyae,
i?aaeeiaeaiey i ia?aaiaea a aeaeueiaeoai ia oic?an/ao ia
oieueei aeaaeia, ii e naieo i?iiuoeaiiuo ieienoa?noa.
Oiaaea oic?an/ao a i?iiuoeaiiinoe iieo/eo iaeaieaa ii-
neaaeiaaoaeueiia inouanoaeaiea. (*2).
iiai ieienoa?noaa inouanoaeai a aeaea iiuoa a Ieie-
noa?noaa i?eai?ino?iaiey, n?aaenoa aaoiiaoecaoeee e ne-
noai oi?aaeaiey NNN?. Niaeanii iinoaiiaeaieth Niaa-
oa Ieieno?ia NNN? io 24 iiya?y 1967 a. (*3) ana i?iecaiae-
noaaiiua aeaaiua oi?aaeaiey yoiai ieienoa?noaa ia?a-
aaaeaiu ia iiaoth nenoaio ieaie?iaaiey e yeiiiie/a-
neiai noeioee?iaaiey. Ia iniiaa iaiauaiey iiuoa ?a-
aiou aeaaiuo oi?aaeaiee yoiai ieienoa?noaa aeieaeiu
auoue iiaeaioiaeaiu i?aaeeiaeaiey ia oneiaeyo ia?aaiaea
ia iiaoth nenoaio i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo oi?aaeaiee ae?oaeo
ieienoa?noa e aaaeiinoa. (*4).
e a eaieoaeenoe/aneeo no?aiao. Iiae?iaiaa ia yoii ni. A. E.Oa?a-
uaiei, I?aaiecaoeey e oi?aaeaiea (iiuo NOA),
1965, no?. 17.
?iaeiui oicyenoaii,
(**3) NI NNN? 1967 a. ? 29, no. 205.
i?eai?ino?iaiey, n?aaenoa aaoiiaoecaoeee e nenoai oi?aaeaiey NNN?
?oeiaiaeeoaeue yoiai ieienoa?noaa E. ?oaeiaa ienae:
1967 a.).
noaaiiuo iauaaeeiaiee, a aeayoaeueiinoe eioi?uo iaeai-
eaa iieii ni/aoathony ieaiiai-i?aaiecaoeeiiiua e iia?a-
oeaii-oicyenoaaiiua ooieoeee. Aieueoia ?ani?ino?aiaiea
oic?an/aoiua iauaaeeiaiey iieo/eee a AAe?, *aoineiaa-
eee, Iieueoa, Aieaa?ee. (*1).
no?aia oa?aeoa?ecoaony oai, /oi ia iiaoth nenoaio oi-
cyenoaiaaiey ia?aaiaeyony ia ioaeaeueiua i?aaei?eyoey, a
iauaaeeiaiey e oeaeua io?anee i?iiuoeaiiinoe. Iaaeaeo
oai ionoonoaoao ii?iaoeaiue aeo, ii?aaeaeythuee i?aai-
aia iieiaeaiea oicyenoaaiiuo iauaaeeiaiee e oic?an/ao-
iuo aeaaeia. A /. 2 i. 10 Iieiaeaiey i i?aaei?eyoee io-
iineoaeueii iauaaeeiaiee, a ninoaa eioi?uo aoiaeyo naii-
noiyoaeueiua i?aaei?eyoey, aiai?eony eeoue, /oi oaeia
iauaaeeiaiea aeaenoaoao ii ioiioaieth e i?aaei?eyoeyi
eae i?aai oicyenoaaiiiai oi?aaeaiey. Iaaeaeo oai a ii-
auo oneiaeyo iauaaeeiaiey aeieaeiu ni/aoaoue oi?aaeai-
/aneea e oicyenoaaiiua ooieoeee, no?ieoue naith aeayoaeue-
iinoue ia ia/aeao oic?an/aoa. Iac?aea iaiaoiaeeiinoue
ii?aaeaeeoue a ii?iaoeaiii ii?yaeea ooieoeee, i?aaa e
iaycaiiinoe iauaaeeiaiee e oic?an/aoiuo aeaaeia a ni-
ioaaonoaee n o?aaiaaieyie yeiiiie/aneie ?aoi?iu, ec-
aeaoue iieiaeaiey i oicyenoaaiiii iauaaeeiaiee e oic?an-
/aoiii aeaaea. (*2).
neie ?aoi?iu iieo/aao aioo?ecaaiaeneie oic?an/ao. Ni-
aeanii i. 23 Iieiaeaiey i i?aaei?eyoee i?iecaiaenoaaiii-
oicyenoaaiiay aeayoaeueiinoue oeaoia e ae?oaeo aioo?aiieo
caaiueaa i?aaei?eyoey aeieaeia iniiauaaoueny, eae i?aaeei,
ia aioo?aiiai oic?an/aoa. Oaeei ia?acii, a caeiiiaea-
?ueiaiaenoai ia ia?iaeiiai noiiaenoai a HP Aieaa?ee, Nioey, 1967,
no?. 110.
e oeo/oaiey yeiiiie/aneie ?aaiou a ia?iaeiii oicyenoaa,
neiai oic?an/aoa eae iaycaoaeueiie, ii iauaio i?aaeeo,
oi?iu i?aaiecaoeee aeayoaeueiinoe oeaoia e ae?oaeo aioo-
?aiieo caaiueaa i?aaei?eyoey.
eiaoth yeiiiie/aneoth nouiinoue ni anaie ae?oaeie aeaea-
ie oic?an/aoa, ii ioee/aaony io ieo oai, /oi inouano-
aeyaony iaiin?aaenoaaiii a noa?a i?iecaiaenoaa. Aaeeino-
ai i?iecaiaenoaaiiiai i?ioeanna aioo?e i?aaei?eyoey ia-
eaaaao ii?aaeaeaiiue ioia/aoie ia aioo?ecaaiaeneie oic-
?an/ao, eneeth/aao aiciiaeiinoue oaeiai aea /aoeiai iai-
niaeaiey i?iecaiaenoaaiii-oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe
aioo?aiieo caaiueaa, eaeia eiaao ianoi a ioii-
oaiee i?aaei?eyoey a oeaeii. Oai ia iaiaa oeao eee ae?o-
aia oic?an/aoiia caaii i?aaei?eyoey eiaao ii?aaeaeaiioth
iia?aoeaioth e eiouanoaaiioth naiinoiyoaeueiinoue, eioi-
?ay iieo/aao niioaaonoaothuaa i?aaiaia cae?aieaiea. (*1).
ie/aneay naiinoiyoaeueiinoue i?aaei?eyoee iieiinoueth
iaania/eaathony a?aaeaeaineei caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii. (*2). Aeaei
a oii, /oi oic?an/ao i?aaei?eyoee ia?aaeei ia?ooaaony
auoanoiyueie i?aaiaie, a ioiioaiey yoeo i?aaiia n
i?aaei?eyoeyie a?aaeaeaineei caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii ia ?a-
aoee?othony. Iiyoiio o?aeoiaea oic?an/aoa eae /enoi
oeeaeeenoe/aneie eaoaai?ee ia oe?aieyao, a iiae?uaaao
yeiiiie/aneoth naiinoiyoaeueiinoue i?aaei?eyoee a ioii-
oaieyo ii aa?oeeaee.
/aoa iieiinoueth iai?eaiaeia a i?eiaiaiee e aioo?ecaaiae-
neiio oic?an/aoo, iineieueeo o/anoieee aioo?ecaaiaeneeo
oic?an/aoiuo ioiioaiee -aioo?aiiea iiae?acaeaeaiey
i?aaei?eyoey ia yaeythony th?eaee/aneeie eeoeaie, ia ieo
ia ?ani?ino?aiyaony a?aaeaeaineia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai.
oeoue aaeeiui i?aaiaui ?aaoee?iaaieai ana o?e aeaea
oic?an/aoa e niioaaonoaothuea ei oic?an/aoiua ioiioa-
iey. Oicyenoaaiiue ?an/ao-i?iaiue eaiaiue i?aaeeue-
ni. A. A. Eaioaa, Aioo?eoicyenoaaiiua ioiioaiey ia i?iiuo-
eaiiii i?aaei?eyoee (i?aaiaay i?aaiecaoeey), no?. 118-149.
ie/aneeo iaoiaeia a ?aaoee?iaaiee oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee,
no?. 31-34.
oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee. Oicyenoaaiiii?aaiaay eii-
oeaioeey iieiinoueth niioaaonoaoao caaea/ai oe?aieaiey
anao aeaeia oic?an/aoa, oeeaeeenoe/aneay eiioeaioeey ia
iicaieyao ?aoeoue yoe caaea/e.
eae i?eioeei i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey oicyenoaaiiuo io-
iioaiee-iiiyoea aieaa oe?ieia, /ai i?aaiecaoeey
aeayoaeueiinoe ii?aaeaeaiiuo oici?aaiia ia ia/aeao oic-
?an/aoa. Eae i?eioeei i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey, oic?an-
/ao i?enou e oai oicyenoaaiiui ioiioaieyi, o/anoie-
eaie eioi?uo yaeythony ainathaeaeaoiua i?aaiecaoeee.
A oaeeo neo/ayo eiaaony io?aaeaiiia aeaenoaea oic?an/a-
oa, ninoiyuaa a oii, /oi a aeaiiuo oicyenoaaiiuo ioii-
oaieyo o/eouaathony o?aaiaaiey oic?an/aoa, iaiaoiaee-
iinoue aai oe?aieaiey e ?acaeoey a aeayoaeueiinoe i?aae-
i?eyoee, iauaaeeiaiee, ae?oaeo oici?aaiia e eo aioo?ai-
ieo caaiueaa. Io?aaeaiiia aeaenoaea oic?an/aoa eiaao aaae-
iia cia/aiea a ioiioaieyo ii ieaie?iaaieth, eioi?ia a
nia?aiaiiuo oneiaeyo aeieaeii o/eouaaoue iaiaoiaee-
iinoue oe?aieaiey e ?acaeoey oic?an/aoa i?aaei?eyoee e
ae?oaeo oicyenoaaiiuo i?aaiia a neeo o?aaiaaiee yeiii-
ie/aneie iieeoeee e iauaeoeaii nouanoaothuaai aaeei-
noaa ieaia e oic?an/aoa ia nia?aiaiiii yoaia ?acaeoey
iaoae yeiiiieee.
uee i?eioeei anaai iaoaai i?aaa. Caeiiiinoue a nioeeaee-
noe/aneii oicyenoaa icia/aao no?iaia niaethaeaiea ii?i
oicyenoaaiiiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa, ii?aaeaeythuaai ii?y-
aeie ?oeiaiaenoaa e inouanoaeaiey oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeue-
iinoe. Iaeiaei iiiyoea caeiiiinoe yoei ia en/a?iuaaao-
ny. Caeiiiinoue icia/aao ia oieueei niaethaeaiea ecaeaiiuo
ii?i i?aaa, ii e iaania/aiea onoaiiaeaiiiai ii?yaeea eo
ecaeaiey. Eiuie neiaaie, i?eioeei caeiiiinoe o?aaoao
iieiiai niioaaonoaey ii?iaoeaiuo aeoia iecoaai ?aiaa
ii?iaoeaiui aeoai aieaa aunieiai ?aiaa. Oae, ii?ia-
oeaiue aeo ieienoa?noaa aeieaeai niioaaonoaiaaoue iinoa-
iiaeaieth i?aaeoaeuenoaa, iinoaiiaeaiea i?aaeoaeuenoaa-
caeiio Aa?oiaiiai Niaaoa e o. ae. (*1).
A. I. *oeeaaaeca ioia/aao:
oey, caeiiiinoue. Eaieineea eaeae e nia?aiaiiinoue, , 1967, no?. 385).
ii?yaeie a oicyenoaa. Cia/aiea caeiiiinoe iniaaiii aic-
?anoaao a oneiaeyo i?iaaaeaiey yeiiiie/aneie ?aoi?iu.
Nae/an i/aiue aaaeii /aoeia caeiiiaeaoaeueiia cae?aieaiea
i?aaiauo aa?aioee ?acaeoey yeiiiie/aneeo iaoiaeia ?o-
eiaiaenoaa, ?aaeueiia inouanoaeaiea oicyenoaaiiuo i?aa
i?aaei?eyoee. A Iieiaeaiee i nioeeaeenoe/aneii aino-
aea?noaaiiii i?iecaiaenoaaiiii i?aaei?eyoee iiae/a?ee-
aaaony, /oi i?aaiu oicyenoaaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa aeieaeiu
ia oieueei eiio?iee?iaaoue auiieiaiea i?aaei?eyoeyie
iaycaiiinoae, ii e iaania/eaaoue no?iaia niaethaeaiea i?aa
i?aaei?eyoee.
noaoao i?aaiaie ieaeeeci, ano?a/athony ia?ooaiey ca-
eaiiinoe a oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe. Oioy iieacaoaee
ieaiiauo caaeaiee, ooaa?aeaeaaiuo i?aaei?eyoeyi, ia?a-
aaaeaiiui ia iiaoth nenoaio oicyenoaiaaiey, cae?aieaiu
a caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa, iaeioi?ua i?aaiu oicyenoaaiiiai
?oeiaiaenoaa onoaiaaeeaatho i?aaei?eyoeyi e ae?oaea ii-
eacaoaee. Iai?eia?, Ieienoa?noai oeie/aneie i?iiuo-
eaiiinoe ooaa?aeeei Aine?anaineiio oeie/aneiio eii-
aeiaoo ia 1967 aiae ia oieueei iiaua, ii e noa?ua ii-
eacaoaee, a oii /enea e eanathueany i?iecaiaenoaa
iaoa?eaeia, iieiinoueth iio?aaeyaiuo aeey aioo?aiieo
ioaeae naiiai i?aaei?eyoey.
iua i?aaei?eyoeth ieaiiaua caaeaiey aeieaeiu auoue aca-
eiii oaycaiu, auoanoiyuee i?aai iaycai iaania/eoue
i?aaei?eyoea niioaaonoaothueie iaoa?eaeueii-oaoie/anee-
ie ?ano?naie, iaiaoiaeeiuie aeey auiieiaiey ieaiiaiai
caaeaiey. Ianiio?y ia yoi, Ieienoa?noai oyaeaeiai, yia?-
aaoe/aneiai e o?ainii?oiiai iaoeiino?iaiey ooaa?aeeei
Ethaeeiiaieiio oaieiaicino?ieoaeueiiio caaiaeo caaeaiea
ii aiaae?aieth iieoaaoiiaoe/aneie naa?ee iiae oaeaeen-
eiee, auaeaeea i?aaei?eyoeth oiiae oieueei ia 25 o. Oai
naiui ieienoa?noai ia?ooeei o?aaiaaiea caeiiiaeaoaeue-
noaa ia iaycaoaeueiie oaycea iieacaoaeae ieaiiauo ca-
aeaiee, onoaiaaeeaaaiuo i?aaei?eyoeyi.
Ia?ooaiey caeiiiinoe a oicyenoaa ia?aaeei ano?a/a-
i?eyoee /aua anaai ia?ooathony eo aea auoanoiyueie
i?aaiaie. Oaeia iieiaeaiea iauyniyaony iiiaieaoieie
i?eau/eaie, neiaeeaoeieny o oicyenoaaiieeia a ia?eiae,
eiaaea a yeiiiieea i?aiaeaaeaee aaeieieno?aoeaiua ia-
oiaeu ?oeiaiaenoaa.
eaiea ioiioaiee ii ai?eciioaee e ii aa?oeeaee niinia-
noaiaaei i?aoaaee/aieth ?iee aeanoiuo i?aaiii/ee au-
oanoiyueo i?aaiia ii ioiioaieth e iiae/eiaiiui i?aae-
i?eyoeyi, eioi?ua aeieaeiu auee oieueei iiae/eiyoueny, a
auoanoiyuea i?aaiu oieueei aeanoaiaaoue. A oaeeo onei-
aeyo ia?aaeei ia?ooaeanue caeiiiinoue a ioiioaieyo ii
aa?oeeaee: caeiiiinoue a oicyenoaa inouanoaeyeanue aeaa-
iui ia?acii eeoue a ioiioaieyo iaaeaeo i?aaei?eyoeyie
e annioeee?iaaeanue a iniiaiii n eo aeiaiai?iuie ioii-
oaieyie.
ee aa?aioeth caeiiiinoe a oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaieyo ii
ai?eciioaee a eo /aoeii ioa?aie/aiee io ioiioaiee ii
aa?oeeaee.
oic?an/aoiuo ioiioaiee (ioiioaiee
iey caeiiiinoe a eo ?aaoee?iaaiee>. (*1).
iea i?aa i?aaei?eyoey auoanoiyuei i?aaiii iaecaaaeii
neacuaaaony e ia ioiioaieyo aeaiiiai i?aaei?eyoey n ae?o-
aeie i?aaei?eyoeyie. Oaeei ia?acii, a neeo oaniie nay-
ce ioiioaiee ii ai?eciioaee e aa?oeeaee caeiiiinoue
aeieaeia oe?aieyoueny e a oao e a ae?oaeo ioiioaieyo. Ia-
ei i?ieo io oiai, /oi caeiiiinoue aoaeao niaethaeaoueny a
ioiioaieyo iaaeaeo i?aaei?eyoeyie, i?aaa eioi?uo a eth-
aie iiiaio iiaoo auoue ia?ooaiu auoanoiyueie i?aa-
iaie. Caaea/a ninoieo a oe?aieaiee caeiiiinoe ia a iae-
iie eeoue a?oiia oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee, a ai anao
oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaieyo ia aaca aaeeiiai iiaeoiaea e
iei.
ii ai?eciioaee e ii aa?oeeaee ?anniao?eaathony a aaee-
iii ieaia, /oi nicaeaao iniiao aeey oe?aieaiey caeiiii-
i?aaa, no?. 156.
aaao, /oi auaeaeaiea oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa a naiinoiy-
oaeueioth io?aneue eiaao aaaeiia cia/aiea aeey oe?aieaiey
caeiiiinoe a oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe. (*2). N. A. Aa?a-
cianeay oaeaea iiae/a?eeaaao, /oi io?eoeaiea oicyenoaai-
iiai i?aaa eae naiinoiyoaeueiie io?anee i?aiyonoaoao
yooaeoeaiie ai?ueaa n ia?ooaieyie nioeeaeenoe/aneie
caeiiiinoe a iaeanoe oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee. (*3).
iiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa aeieaeiu auoue au?aaioaiu i?i/-
iua aa?aioee caeiiiinoe a oicyenoaa e i?aaeaea anaai aa-
?aioee i?aa i?aaei?eyoee. A yoeo oeaeyo i?aaenoaaeyaony
iaiaoiaeeiui aiceiaeeoue ia ainoaea?noaaiiue a?aeo?aae
eee eiie ainoaea?noaaiiue i?aai eiio?ieue ca caeiiii-
noueth aeoia oicyenoaaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa e ?anniio?aiea
nii?ia iaaeaeo i?aaei?eyoeyie e auoanoiyueie oicyeno-
aaiiuie i?aaiaie a neo/ayo, eiaaea iineaaeiea ia?ooatho
i?aaa i?aaei?eyoee, onoaiiaeaiiua caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii.
?acoiaaony, iiaoo auoue e eiua niiniau iaania/aiey ni-
aethaeaiey i?aa i?aaei?eyoee, eioi?ua neaaeoao i?aaeoniio-
?aoue a oicyenoaaiiii caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa. (*4).
eaiea caeiiiinoe a nioeeaeenoe/aneii oicyenoaa. Yoa
ai?ueaa iieo/eea aieueoia ?acaeoea a 20-a aiaeu i?e ia-
?aoiaea e iiaie yeiiiie/aneie iieeoeea. A oao oneiaeyo
‘noaei iaiaoiaeeiui aeaoue ioii? ?ani?ino?aiaiiiio n?a-
aee i?aeoeeia i?ioeaiiinoaaeaieth caeiiiinoe e oicye-
noaaiiie oeaeaniia?aciinoe, /oi oai?aoe/anee iainiiau-
aaeinue o?aeoiaeie i?aaa e caeiiiinoe eae ao?aeoaciuo
eaiiinoe e oicyenoaaiiia i?aai (
(**2)
(**3) Oai aea, 137-138.
oi?aaeaiey ia?iaeiui oicyenoaii,
1967 a. ? 2, no?. 39; I. E. Eeaei, A?aeo?aae i oe?aieaiea caeii-
iinoue a ia?iaeiii oicyenoaa,
1967 a. ? 8, no?. 51; C. I. Caiaiaio, I?aaiaua aa?aioee eio-
uanoaaiiuo i?aa i?aaei?eyoee,
no?. 4.
aeieaeia ana aieueoa e aieueoa oiaiueoaoueny. (*1).
eacaei iieioth iaiainiiaaiiinoue oaeeo acaeyaeia e ia-
iaoiaeeiinoue i?aaa e caeiiiinoe a oneiaeyo nioeeaeecia. (*2).
Yoi iauaa iieiaeaiea ioiineony e e i?aaiaiio ?aaoee-
?iaaieth oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe, eniieuecoaiiio eae
oi?ia ?oeiaiaenoaa nioeeaeenoe/aneei oicyenoaii aea in-
iiaa no?iaiai niaethaeaiey i?eioeeia caeiiiinoe.
aaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe iaoaao inouanoaeaieth iiaie ne-
noaiu oicyenoaiaaiey. Caeiiiinoue a oicyenoaaiiie aeay-
oaeueiinoe – aaaeiia n?aaenoai ?aoaiey yeiiiie/aneeo ca-
aea/, i?aoai?aiey a aeeciue iiauo oi?i e iaoiaeia ?oei-
aiaenoaa oicyenoaii.
cyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe ea?atho th?eaee/aneea neoaeau
oicyenoaaiiuo i?aaiia. (*3). Iaania/aiea caeiiiinoe – aaae-
iaeoay ooieoeey th?eaee/aneie neoaeau. Cia/eo, a iiauo
oneiaeyo ?ieue i?aaiaie ?aaiou a i?iiuoeaiiinoe aeie-
aeia aic?anoaoue. Ia aeaea, iaeiaei, yoi eiaao ianoi aeaea-
ei ia ai anao neo/ayo. Iaeioi?ua oicyenoaaiiua ieie-
noa?noaa ia oaeaeytho i?aaiaie ?aaioa aeieaeiiai aieia-
iey e aeaaea ia eiatho ooieoeeiiaeueiuo th?eaee/aneeo io-
aeaeia.
iinoe auaeaeaathony i?aaeeiaeaiey ia ecaeaiee iauanithc-
iiai Iieiaeaiey i th?eaee/aneie neoaeaa, eioi?ia /aoei
ii?aaeaeeo caaea/e i?aaiaie ?aaiou a iiauo oneiaeyo oi-
cyenoaiaaiey. (*4). Oe?aieaiea caeiiiinoe a oicyenoaaiiie
aeayoaeueiinoe-aaaeiia oneiaea oniaoiiai inouanoaea-
iey yeiiiie/aneie ?aoi?iu.
1921-1923 aa. e ?aaiethoeeiiiay caeiiiinoue,
oeeaeenoe/aneii ainoaea?noaa,
aeeyiea ia yeiiiieeo e oe?aieaiea caeiiiinoe, aaoi?aoa?ao eaiae.
aeenna?oaoeee, I., 1965.
iu ?oeiaiaenoaa i?iiuoeaiiinoueth (
no?. 32).
e eo aeaeu
i?aaiaay naycue iaaeaeo ethaeueie eee eo eieeaeoeaaie, i?e
eioi?ie i?aaai iaeiiai noauaeoa i?aaiioiioaiey niio-
aaonoaotho iaycaiiinoe ae?oaiai. (*1). Oicyenoaaiiia i?aaiio-
iioaiea-o?aaoee?iaaiiia i?aaii oicyenoaaiiia ioii-
oaiea. N iaeiie noi?iiu, iii iaeaaeaao iaueie i?ecia-
eaie, i?enoueie i?aaiioiioaieyi anao io?aneae i?aaa,
a n ae?oaie-?yaeii niaoeeoe/aneeo /a?o, naienoaaiiuo
oieueei oicyenoaaiiui i?aaiioiioaieyi.
ii/oe aannii?iui, /oi ai anyeii i?aaiioiioaiee au-
?aaeaaony eiaeeaeaeoaeueiay aiey aai o/anoieeia. A iain-
iiaaiea yoie iiceoeee i?eaiaeeeinue ecaanoiia auneacuaa-
iea E. Ia?ena i aieaaii oa?aeoa?a oaeeo i?aaiioiioa-
iee, oi?iie eioi?uo yaeyaony aeiaiai?. (*2). Iaeiaei yoi
iieiaeaiea, ioiinyuaany eiaiii e aeiaiai?iui i?aaiio-
iioaieyi, iaeuecy ?ani?ino?aiyoue ia ana aiiaua i?aai-
ioiioaiey.
aeaoue ae?oaie acaeyae ia i?aaiioiioaiey, niaeanii eioi-
?iio iie yaeythony aieaauie oieueei a niunea eeanniaie
eee ainoaea?noaaiiie aiee, au?aaeaiiie a i?aaiauo ii?-
iao, ii ia iaycaoaeueii a niunea eiaeeaeaeoaeueiie aiee
o/anoieeia i?aaiioiioaiey. (*3).
iua aii?inu, ii eioi?ui ionoonoaoao aaeeinoai n?aaee ni-
aaoneeo o/aiuo th?enoia. Oae, aucuaaao nii?u aii?in i
no?. 18 e neaae.
(**3) I. A. Aeaenaiae?ia, Caeiiiinoue e i?aaiioiioaiey a ni-
aaoneii iauanoaa, Ainth?ecaeao, 1955, no?. 96; N. O. Ea/aeueyi,
I?aaiioiioaiey a nioeeaeenoe/aneii iauanoaa, no?. 40-43.
Iaeioi?ua o/aiua iieaaatho, /oi eie yaeythony noauae-
ou, i?aaa e iaycaiiinoe, iauaeo i?aaiioiioaiey. Ae?o-
aea aea i?eciatho yeaiaioaie i?aaiioiioaiey oieueei
i?aaa e iaycaiiinoe aai o/anoieeia. Aucuaaao nii?u e
aii?in i iiiyoee iauaeoa i?aaiioiioaiey. Iaeie o/aiua
n/eoatho ei iiaaaeaiea iaycaiiiai eeoea, a ae?oaea oaeaea
iaoa?eaeueiua i?aaeiaou, i?iaeoeou aeooiaiiai oai?/ano-
aa, ee/iua aeaaa e o. i. (*1).
iuo aii?inia iauae oai?ee i?aaiioiioaiey, iu inoaii-
aeiny a aeaeueiaeoai ia ?anniio?aiee eeoue niaoeeoe/a-
neeo iniaaiiinoae oicyenoaaiiuo i?aaiioiioaiee.
iua i?aaii oicyenoaaiiua ioiioaiey, neeaaeuaathueany
a i?ioeanna ?oeiaiaenoaa e inouanoaeaiey oicyenoaaiiie
aeayoaeueiinoe iaaeaeo nioeeaeenoe/aneeie i?aaiecaoeeyie,
a oaeaea iaaeaeo eo no?oeoo?iuie caaiueyie.
ny noauaeou oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa, eiaaea iie anooiatho
a oicyenoaaiiua i?aaiioiioaiey n ae?oaeie noauaeoaie
oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa. Auoa iu oaea onoaiiaeee, /oi
noauaeoaie oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa aunooiatho oieueei ni-
oeeaeenoe/aneea i?aaiecaoeee eee eo no?oeoo?iua caaiuey,
ii ia ioaeaeueiua a?aaeaeaia. Neaaeiaaoaeueii, a?aaeaeaia
ia iiaoo auoue noauaeoaie oicyenoaaiiuo i?aaiioii-
oaiee.
oeeaee yaeythony iau/ii, n iaeiie noi?iiu, i?aai oicye-
noaaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa, a n ae?oaie – iiae/eiaiiue aio
oici?aai. Oaeei oici?aaiii iiaeao auoue eeai i?aaei?ey-
i/a?aaeue anooiaao a ioiioaiey n i?aaei?eyoeyie, aoiaey-
ueie a aai ninoaa. Aeey oi?iuaiey iu aoaeai a aeaeueiae-
oai aiai?eoue i oicyenoaaiiii i?aaiioiioaiee iaaeaeo
i?aaiii oicyenoaaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa e i?aaei?eyoeai.
oicyenoaaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa iiaeao aeaaaoue i?aaei?eyoeth
iaycaoaeueiua oeacaiey. A neo/ayo, eiaaea iiaeiaiua oea-
oaiey ni. TH. E.Oienoie, E oai?ee i?aaiioiioaiey.
aicieeaao oicyenoaaiiia i?aaiioiioaiea iaaeaeo i?aa-
iii, aeaaoei oeacaiea, e i?aaei?eyoeai, eioi?iio iii
aae?aniaaii.
?aeoa? e aeathony a oi?ia eino?oeoeee eee eiuo ii?ia-
oeaiuo aeoia. Oiaaea i?aaiioiioaiea ia aicieeiao, a
ii?iaoeaiue aeo, a eioi?ue iaea/aii oaeia oeacaiea,
neoaeeo iniiaie aeey aicieeiiaaiey a iineaaeothuai oi-
cyenoaaiiuo i?aaiioiioaiee i?e ianooieaiee ii?aaea-
eaiiuo th?eaee/aneeo oaeoia-onoaiiaeaiee ieaiiaiai
caaeaiey, caeeth/aiee oicyenoaaiiiai aeiaiai?a e o. ae.
oa?aeoa?iua i?eciaee, ia anaaaea oeeaaeuaathueany a
?aiee i?eau/iuo i?aaenoaaeaiee i i?aaiioiioaieyo.
N. A. Aieoineei i?eiaieoaeueii e i?aaiioiioaieyi a
iaeanoe oicyenoaaiiiai no?ieoaeuenoaa. N. A. Aieoineee
oeacuaae ia neaaeothuea iniaaiiinoe i?aaiioiioaiee a
yoie iaeanoe:
ioiioaieyo a cia/eoaeueiie ia?a naeaaeeaaaony;
ei, ia aeaonoi?iiiea, a iiiainoi?iiiea. Iniaia ianoi ca-
ieiaao caeioa?aniaaiiinoue a i?aaeeueiie ?aaeecaoeee
i?aaiioiioaiey niioaaonoaothueo eieeaeoeaia o?oaey-
ueony, ia yaeythueony a oi?iaeueiii niunea noi?iiie
a i?aaiioiioaiee;
niao?eaaoue eciee?iaaiii, iie naycaiu, nieaoaiu iaaeaeo
niaie a neiaeioth nenoaio i?aaiioiioaiee. I?aaiioii-
oaiey ii ai?eciioaee oanii ia?aieaoathony n i?aaiio-
iioaieyie ii aa?oeeaee;
/a?iuaathony eaeei-eeai aaeeie/iui aeoii (a?iaea oiea-
ou aeieaa), a i?iyaeythony a aeeeoaeueiie, eiiaaea i/aiue
neiaeiie aeayoaeueiinoe noi?ii e aeieaeiu iiyoiio ?an-
niao?eaaoueny a aeeiaieea. (*1).
Oaeay oa?aeoa?enoeea iniaaiiinoae i?aaiioiioaiee
eenoe/aneiai i?aaa a ia?eiae ?acaa?iooiai no?ieoaeuenoaa eiiioiec-
ia,
a iniiaiii i?aaeeueiie e i?eiaieiie e oicyenoaaiiui
i?aaiioiioaieyi.
i?aaa iaeiiai noauaeoa oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaiioiioaiey e
iaycaiiinoe ae?oaiai. Yoi naycaii n oai, /oi i?aaa
o/anoieeia i?aaiioiioaiee au?aaeatho e cae?aieytho eo
eioa?anu, a eioa?anu nioeeaeenoe/aneeo oicyenoaaiiuo
i?aaiia aaeeiu a aeaaiii.
aaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa e iiae/eiaiiui aio i?aaei?eyoeai
ii iiaiaeo ecuyoey iai?ioiuo n?aaenoa iineaaeiaai a ii-
?yaeea ia?a?ani?aaeaeaiey aiciiaeai neo/ae, eiaaea yoi
iinoaaeo i?aaei?eyoea a cao?oaeieoaeueiia oeiainiaia
iieiaeaiea, a nayce n /ai i?aai oicyenoaaiiiai ?oeiaiae-
noaa ia oieueei ia aoaeao ianoaeaaoue ia inouanoaeaiee
naiaai i?aaa, ii, iaiai?io, iinoa?aaony iiii/ue i?aae-
i?eyoeth. Oaeei ia?acii, iao ?aceiai i?ioeaiiinoaaea-
iey eioa?ania noauaeoia oicyenoaaiiuo i?aaiioiioaiee.
oa?ania a oicyenoaaiiuo i?aaiioiioaieyo, ii yoi ia
icia/aao, /oi i?ioeai?a/ey eioa?ania aiiaua ionoono-
aotho. Iie eiathony a neeo oiai, /oi o i?aaei?eyoee e
eiuo oici?aaiia, iiieii aaeeiuo iaueo eioa?ania, i?aae-
ii?aaeaeyaiuo nioeeaeenoe/aneie i?e?iaeie iaoae yeiii-
ieee, eiathony e naie, ia niaiaaeathuea oic?an/aoiua
eioa?anu. A niioaaonoaee n Iieiaeaieai i i?aaei?eyoee
i?aaeinoaaeaiiua i?aaei?eyoeth i?aaa aeieaeiu eniieueci-
aaoueny a eioa?anao anaai ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa e eie-
eaeoeaa ?aaioieeia i?aaei?eyoey (i. 5 Iieiaeaiey).
ioiioaiee yaeyaony oaniay naycue iaaeaeo ieie, eo ia?ac-
?uaiia ia?aieaoaiea. Eiia/ii, naycue ?acee/iuo i?aai-
ioiioaiee nouanoaoao e a ae?oaeo io?aneyo i?aaa, ii a
iaeanoe oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa iia i?iyaeyaony iniaai-
ii io/aoeeai.
aeuaathueony a nioeeaeenoe/aneii oicyenoaa, ana aieaa
?anoe?ythueieny oicyenoaaiiuie naycyie a i?ioeanna
niaoeeaeecaoeee e eiiia?e?iaaiey i?iecaiaenoaa, ni/aoa-
ieai ieaia e oic?an/aoa, oeaio?aeeciaaiiiai ?oeiaiaeno-
aa e oicyenoaaiiie naiinoiyoaeueiinoe i?aaei?eyoee.
?acee/iua oicyenoaaiiua ioiioaiey iaaeaeo i?aaiaie
oicyenoaaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa, iauaaeeiaieyie, i?aaei?ey-
oeyie e eo no?oeoo?iuie caaiueyie oanii naycaiu iaae-
aeo niaie, /oi iaania/eaaao aania?aaieiia ooieoeeiie?i-
aaiea aeaiiiai iaoaiecia. A yoi icia/aao e naycue oicye-
noaaiiuo i?aaiioiioaiee, aicieeathueo a ?acoeueoaoa
i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey ioiioaiee nioeeaeenoe/aneiai
oicyenoaa.
ai?eciioaee e ii aa?oeeaee, oi n i/aaeaeiinoueth i?iya-
eyaony eo ia?ac?uaiay naycue. Aeaenoaeoaeueii, i?aaiio-
iioaiea iaaeaeo i?aaiii oicyenoaaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa,
aeathuei ieaiiaia caaeaiea i i?iecaiaenoaa ii?aaeaeai-
iie i?iaeoeoeee, e i?aaei?eyoeai, eioi?iio caaeaiea aae?a-
niaaii, i?aaeii?aaeaeyao niaea?aeaiea ae?oaiai i?aaiioii-
oaiey: iaaeaeo i?aaei?eyoeai, iieo/eaoei caaeaiea, e
ae?oaei i?aaei?eyoeai, eioi?iio i?iaeoeoeey i?aaeiacia/a-
ia. Aoi?ia i?aaiioiioaiea aicieeaao iau/ii ia iniiaa
oicyenoaaiiiai aeiaiai?a, ii aeaiiue aeiaiai? caeeth/aao-
ny ai eniieiaiea ieaiiaiai caaeaiey, niaea?aeaiea aai
i?aaeii?aaeaeyaony yoei caaeaieai.
iiai aeiaiai?a ieaiiaui caaeaieyi ?acee/ia. A iaeieo
neo/ayo aeiaiai? nouanoaaiii ooi/iyao niaea?aeaueany a
ieaiiaii caaeaiee iieacaoaee, a ae?oaeo-ii nouanoao
eeoue aini?iecaiaeeo iieiaeaiey ieaiiaiai caaeaiey n ia-
aieueoeie ooi/iaieyie, a o?aoueeo-niaea?aeaiea aeiaiai-
?a aiiaua i?yii ia i?aaeoniio?aii ieaiii. Ii aeaaea e
oaeea
eae iie a eiia/iii n/aoa i?aaeii?aaeaeythony oaoi?ii-
oeiieaiii caeeth/athueo eo i?aaei?eyoee, neoaeao au-
iieiaieth ieaiia yoeo i?aaei?eyoee.
noiyoaeueiinoe i?aaei?eyoee i?eaiaeeo e oaaee/aieth /en-
ea aeiaiai?ia, niaea?aeaiea eioi?uo i?aaeii?aaeaeaii iea-
iii eeoue a iaueo /a?oao. Caeeth/ay oaeie aeiaiai?,
i?aaei?eyoea i?iaeieaeaao ?aaioo ii ieaie?iaaieth, iea-
iiaia caaeaiea, ninoaaeaiiia ii oe?oiiaiiui iieacaoa-
eyi, eiie?aoece?oaony a oicyenoaaiiii aeiaiai?a ii ni-
aeaniaaieth n i?aaei?eyoeai-iio?aaeoaeai i?iaeoeoeee,
yaeyaony eino?oiaioii, caaiii ieaie?iaaiey. ?aco-
iiaa e a ?aieao onoaiiaeaiiiai aio ieaiiaiai caaeaiey.
Anyeee oicyenoaaiiue aeiaiai? i?yii eee einaaiii neo-
aeeo auiieiaieth ieaia, auoaeaao ec iaai, eiie?aoece-
?oao ieaiiaia caaeaiea. Anyeia i?aaiioiioaiea iaaeaeo
i?aaei?eyoeyie ii oicyenoaaiiiio aeiaiai?o oanii nayca-
ii n i?aaiioiioaieyie iaaeaeo yoeie i?aaei?eyoeyie e
i?aaiaie oicyenoaaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa, onoaiiaeaoeie
ieai, iineoaeeaoee oioy au a eiia/iii n/aoa iniiaie
aeey aeiaiai?a.
aeo ieaiii e aeiaiai?ii oi?iuaiii, oieueei eae i?aaeii?a-
aeaeaiiinoue aeiaiai?a ieaiii. (*1). Caeanue nouanoaoao e ia?ao-
iay caaeneiinoue: aicaeaenoaea aeiaiai?a ia ieai. Eiaiii
a yoii niunea neaaeoao iiieiaoue oeacaiea i iaiaoiaeeii-
noe ninoaaeaiey ieaiia i?aaei?eyoee ia iniiaa ii?ooa-
ey eo caeacia, niaea?aeauaany a iinoaiiaeaiee OeE EINN
e Niaaoa Ieieno?ia NNN? io 4 ieoya?y 1965 a. . (*2).
I?aaaea, yoi oeacaiea iiea aua i?aeoe/anee ia ?aaeeci-
aaii, ii iii eiaao aaaeiia cia/aiea aeey ii?aaeaeaiey
ia?niaeoeau ?acaeoey oicyenoaaiiuo aeiaiai?ia e iiau-
oaiey eo ?iee a ieaie?iaaiee i?iecaiaenoaaiii-oicye-
noaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe i?aaei?eyoee.
ee/iuie oicyenoaaiiuie i?aaiioiioaieyie aeaaiui
ia?acii ia i?eia?a nayce aeaoo i?aaiioiioaiee-ii ai-
?eciioaee e ii aa?oeeaee. Iaeiaei a ?aaeueiie aeecie
acaeiinaycue oicyenoaaiiuo .i?aaiioiioaiee cia/eoaeue-
ii neiaeiaa. Oaniia acaeiiaeaenoaea i?aaiioiioaiee a
iea iaaeaeo ieaiii e oicyenoaaiiui aeiaiai?ii:
eeai aeiaiai?. Ii iiaeiaiia oi?iuaiea, i?eaiaeyuaa enneaaeiaaoaey
e iaiaoiaeeiinoe auai?a iaeiiai ec aeaoo acaeiinaycaiiuo iniiaa-
iee, iaecaaaeii aeaao iaeiinoi?iiiaa ?aoaiea i?iaeaiu a oeaeii>
(N. N. Aeaenaaa, I acaeiiaeaenoaee aaeieieno?aoeaiii?aaiaiai
e a?aaeaeaineii?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey a nioeeaeenoe/aneii iaua-
noaa, 1959 a. ? 3, no?. 46).
(**2) NI NNN? 1965 a. ? 19-20, no. 153.
ieeiiaaieth
i?aaiioiioaiey, eaaeaeia ec eioi?uo neeaaeuaaaony ia-
aeaeo aeaoiy noauaeoaie oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa. A yoii
niunea o?aaeeoeeiiiia iiiyoea i?aaiioiioaiey, eae neea-
aeuaathuaainy iaaeaeo aeaoiy noauaeoaie, nio?aiyao cia-
/aiea e aeey oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa.
a oeaii/eo, ianoieueei oania e i?aaie/ia, /oi anoue inii-
aaiey ?anniao?eaaoue oaeoth oeaii/eo eae neiaeiia iiiai-
noi?iiiaa i?aaiioiioaiea. Eiia/ii, a yoii neiaeiii
i?aaiioiioaiee ia ?anoai?ythony ioaeaeueiua ninoaaeyth-
uea aai aeaonoi?iiiea i?aaiioiioaiey. Aeaiiua i?aai-
ioii.oniey ii?aaeaeytho i?aaa e iaycaiiinoe yaeythueo-
ny eo noi?iiaie noauaeoia oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa. Ii
iie iiaoo auoue i?aaeeueii iiiyou e ?aaeeciaaiu oieueei
a oaniie nayce n ae?oaeie aeaonoi?iiieie i?aaiioiioa-
ieyie, ninoaaeythueie aianoa neiaeiia iiiainoi?iiiaa
i?aaiioiioaiea.
y?ei i?iyaeyaony i?e iinoaaea i?iaeoeoeee, ?ani?aaeaeya-
iie a ieaiiaii ii?yaeea. Caeanue i?aaiioiioaiea ii ai-
?eciioaee iieiinoueth i?aaeii?aaeaeyaony i?aaiioiioa-
ieai ii aa?oeeaee, eciaiaiea ieaiiaiai caaeaiey iaii-
n?aaenoaaiii iaiyao niaea?aeaiea niioaaonoaothuaai oicye-
noaaiiiai aeiaiai?a. (*1). Cia/eo, i?aaiioiioaiea ii ieaie-
?iaaieth i?aaie/anee naycaii n i?aaiioiioaieai ii aei-
aiai?o iinoaaee, th?eaee/aneia aeaenoaea ieaie?othuaai
i?aaia-noauaeoa ia?aiai i?aaiioiioaiey iaiin?aaeno-
aaiii neacuaaaony ia niaea?aeaiee aoi?iai i?aaiioiioa-
iey, noi?iiie eioi?iai aeaiiue i?aai ia yaeyaony. Yoi
aiciiaeii iioiio, /oi ieaie?othuee i?aai iaeiia?aiai-
ii ninoieo o/anoieeii iiiainoi?iiiaai i?aaiioiioaiey,
a ninoaa eioi?iai aoiaeyo i?aaiioiioaiea ii ieaie?iaa-
ieth e i?aaiioiioaiea ii aeiaiai?o iinoaaee.
a ea/anoaa neiaeiiai iiiainoi?iiiaai i?aaiioiioaiey
yaeyaony iai?aaeaiiinoue aeaenoaee anao o/anoieeia oaei-
ai i?aaiioiioaiey ia aeinoeaeaiea aaeeiiai oicyenoaai-
oicyenoaaiiuo aeiaiai?ia, , 1967, no?. 48.
iii n iinoaaeie ?ani?aaeaeyaiie i?iaeoeoeee, aeaenoaey
o/anoieeia i?aaiioiioaiee ii ai?eciioaee e ii aa?oe-
eaee iai?aaeaiu ia iaania/aiea iinoaaee i?iaeoeoeee a
niioaaonoaee n ioaeaeaie ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa. Aiaeiae/-
iui ia?acii aaeeioth iai?aaeaiiinoue eiatho i?aaiioii-
oaiey, naycaiiua n ia?aaiceie a?ocia (a?ociioi?aae-
oaeue – ia?aaic/ee – a?ociiieo/aoaeue), eaieoaeueiui
no?ieoaeuenoaii (caeac/ee – aaia?aeueiue iiae?yae/ee –
noaiiae?yae/ee) e o. ae.
iaaeinoaoi/ii aeey i?ey.iaiey oeaii/ee i?aaiioiioaiee
neiaeiui iiiainoi?iiiei i?aaiioiioaieai. I?e neiae-
iuo oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaieyo oeaii/ea iiaeao ieacaoue-
ny ianoieueei aeeeiiie, /oi onoaiiaeaiea nayce iaaeaeo aa
ia/aeueiui e eiia/iui caaiii auei au aanueia cao?oae-
ieoaeueii, a a ?yaea neo/aaa i?aeoe/anee iaaiciiaeii. Ii-
yoiio aeey i?eciaiey oeaii/ee neiaeiui iiiainoi?iiiei
i?aaiioiioaieai iiieii aaeeinoaa oeaeaaie iai?aaeai-
iinoe iaiaoiaeeii e aaeeinoai noauaeoiiai ninoaaa.
neiaeiia i?aaiioiioaiea ninoieo ec aeaoo aeaonoi?iiieo,
i?e/ai a iaieo ec ieo o/anoaoao iaeei e oio aea noauaeo
oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa. Oae, i?e inouanoaeaiee eaieoaeue-
iiai no?ieoaeuenoaa neiaeiia i?aaiioiioaiea aeeth/aao
i?aaiioiioaiey: 1) caeac/ee-aaia?aeueiue iiae?yae/ee,
2) aaia?aeueiue iiae?yae/ee-noaiiae?yae/ee. Cia/eo,
naycue aeaonoi?iiieo i?aaiioiioaiee eaeao caeanue /a?ac
aaia?aeueiiai iiae?yae/eea, yaeythuaainy noauaeoii eae
ia?aiai, oae e aoi?iai i?aaiioiioaiey.
ioiioaiey ninoieo a oii, /oi iia iicaieyao onoaiaaee-
aaoue iaiii?aaenoaaiioth naycue iaaeaeo ia/aeueiui e eiia/-
iui yaaiii oeaii/ee i?aaiioii,oaiee. Iiyoiio oae aaae-
ii /aoeia ii?aaeaeaiea noauaeoia neiaeiiai i?aaiioiioa-
iey.
iaiey ieaia i?iecaiaenoaa, onoaiiaeaiiiai iinoaiiaea-
ieai Niaaoa Ieieno?ia NNN? io 10 ethey 1967 a. . (*1). A ni-
eeoea ieieno?a iiaeao aiineoue eciaiaiey a eaa?oaeueiua
ieaiu i?iecaiaenoaa i?iaeoeoeee ii niaeaniaaieth n caeac-
/eeii eee oiiaeiaea?aeaoaeai.
iui aio i?aaei?eyoeai-iinoaaueeii nouanoaoao i?aai-
aia ioiioaiea, aicieeoaa ?aiaa a ?acoeueoaoa ooaa?aeaea-
iey ieaia i?iecaiaenoaa. A niioaaonoaee n yoei i?aaei?ey-
oea-iinoaauee anooieei a ae?oaia i?aaiioiioaiea n i?aae-
i?eyoeai-caeac/eeii, aeey eioi?iai i?aaeiacia/aia
i?iaeoeoeey. Eciaiaiea eaa?oaeueiiai ieaia iaiyao niaea?-
aeaiea i?aaiioiioaiey ieienoa?noaa n i?aaei?eyoeai-ii-
noaaueeii. Ii iineieueeo yoi iaecaaaeii i?eaaaeao e e
eciaiaieth i?aaiioiioaiey iaaeaeo i?aaei?eyoeai-ii-
noaaueeii e i?aaei?eyoeai-caeac/eeii, ieienoa?noai ia
eiaao i?aaa eciaiyoue ieai aac niaeaniaaiey n i?aae-
i?eyoeai-caeac/eeii. Oaeei ia?acii, ieienoa?noai, oi-
oy iii e ia ninoieo a aeaonoi?iiiai i?aaiioiioaiee n
i?aaei?eyoeai-caeac/eeii, anooiaao n iei a i?yioth ia-
iin?aaenoaaiioth naycue aeey niaeaniaaiey aeaiiiai aii?i-
na. Yoa naycue iainiiauaaaony oai, /oi ieienoa?noai ya-
eyaony noauaeoii ia oieueei aeaonoi?iiiaai i?aaiioiioa-
iey n i?aaei?eyoeai-iinoaaueeii, ii e neiaeiiai i?aai-
ioiioaiey: ieienoa?noai-iinoaauee-caeac/ee.
aeaniaaoue eciaiaiea ieaia ia oieueei n caeac/eeii, ii e
n oiiaeiaea?aeaoaeai, eaeei iau/ii yaeyaony ieienoa?no-
ai caeac/eea. A oaeeo neo/ayo neiaeiia i?aaiioiioaiea
aeeth/aao ia aeaa, a o?e aeaonoi?iiieo i?aaiioiioaiey:
1) iaaeaeo ieienoa?noaii iinoaaueea e i?aaei?eyoeai-
iinoaaueeii, 2) iaaeaeo i?aaei?eyoeai-iinoaaueeii e
i?aaei?eyoeai-caeac/eeii, 3) iaaeaeo i?aaei?eyoeai-ca-
eac/eeii e aai ieienoa?noaii. Noauaeoiia aaeeinoai
anao o?ao i?aaiioiioaiee auyaeyaony n iiiiuueth iiiy-
oey oicyenoaaiiie nenoaiu (ni. ae. 3). I?aaei?eyoea-ii-
noaauee e i?aaei?eyoea-caeac/ee aoiaeyo a nenoaiu ?ac-
iuo ieienoa?noa. Iaaeaeo yoeie i?aaei?eyoeyie nouano-
aoao aeaonoi?iiiaa i?aaiioiioaiea, cia/eo, nouanoaoao e
neiaeiia i?aaiioiioaiea iaaeaeo ieienoa?noaaie, a ne-
noaiu eioi?uo aoiaeyo aeaiiua i?aaei?eyoey. A neeo yoi-
ai ieienoa?noaa e anooiatho iaaeaeo niaie a iaiin?aaeno-
aaiiua ioiioaiey i?e niaeaniaaiee eciaiaiey ieaia
i?iecaiaenoaa i?aaei?eyoey-iinoaaueea.
iicaieyao i?aaeeueii iauynieoue ?aaeueiua i?ioeannu oi-
cyenoaaiiie aeecie, ii e aeaao aiciiaeiinoue iaeaieaa
?aoeeiiaeueii ?aoeoue aii?inu ioaaonoaaiiinoe a oicye-
noaaiiuo i?aaiioiioaieyo. Oae, enoiaey ec yoie eiino-
?oeoeee, caeac/ee iiaeao ia?aoeoue o?aaiaaiea, naycaiiia
n iaauiieiaieai iaycaoaeuenoa, ia e aaia?aeueiiio iiae-
?yae/eeo, a iaiin?aaenoaaiii e aeiiaiiio noaiiae?yae/eeo.
Iiaeiaiay i?yiay ioaaonoaaiiinoue aieaa yooaeoeaia, /ai
ioaaonoaaiiinoue a ii?yaeea ?aa?anna, eai iaaeaaii?eyo-
iua eiouanoaaiiua iineaaenoaey n?aco aiceaaathony ia
iaiin?aaenoaaiiiai aeiiaieea. (*1).
oaiey aeey ?aoaiey aii?inia ioaaonoaaiiinoe auoanoiy-
ueo oicyenoaaiiuo i?aaiia. Iai?eia?, anee iinoaauee
ia auiieiyao iaycaoaeuenoa ia?aae caeac/eeii a neeo oi-
ai, /oi aai auoanoiyuee i?aai iaeiinoi?iiia eciaiee
eee ioiaiee ieaiiaia caaeaiea i i?iecaiaenoaa niioaao-
noaothuae i?iaeoeoeee, oi i?e ionoonoaee aeiu (iinoaaue-
ea ioaaonoaaiiinoue ia iaai ia iiaeao auoue aiceiaeaia.
A yoii neo/aa, enoiaey ec iiiyoey neiaeiiai iiiainoi?ii-
iaai i?aaiioiioaiey, caeac/ee iiaeao ia?aoeoue naia
o?aaiaaiea iaiin?aaenoaaiii e auoanoiyuaio i?aaio ii-
noaaueea.
neiaeiui iiiainoi?iiiei i?aaiioiioaieai iicaieyao
onoaiiaeoue iaiin?aaenoaaiiua nayce iaaeaeo eiia/iuie
caaiueyie oeaii/ee. ?acoiaaony, yoi aiciiaeii oieueei i?e
oicyenoaaiiii?aaiaii iiaeoiaea, eai a neo/aa io?eoeaiey
oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa eae io?anee i?aaa iaaei auei au
i?eciaoue ioiioaiea ii ai?eciioaee a?aaeaeaineii?aai-
aui, a ioiioaiea ii aa?oeeaee-aaeieieno?aoeaiii?a-
aiaui, iauaaeeiaiea aea a neiaeiii i?aaiioiioaiee io-
iioaiee ?aciuo io?aneae i?aaa iaaiciiaeii.
7. Cae?aieyy neiaeiua acaeiiioiioaiey iaaeaeo oic-
i?aaiaie, oicyenoaaiiua i?aaiioiioaiey, eae i?aaeei,
ioee/athony aeeeoaeueiinoueth. Aeeeoaeueiua i?aaiioiioaiey
ano?a/athony e a ae?oaeo i?aaiauo io?aneyo, ii aeey oi-
cyenoaaiiiai i?aaa iie iniaaiii oa?aeoa?iu. Yoi i?aae-
ii?aaeaeyaony onoie/eaui oa?aeoa?ii naycae iaaeaeo ni-
noaaiiuo iaycaoaeuenoa,
? 7, no?. 104-105.
oeaiinoueth ia?iaeiioicyenoaaiiiai ieaie?iaaiey a iaoae
no?aia.
iua nayce iaaeaeo oeaoaie iaeiiai i?aaei?eyoey iinyo ia
oieueei aeeeoaeueiue, ii aeaaea e iinoiyiiue oa?aeoa?.
Iie ia?ooathony oieueei a neo/aa ?ai?aaiecaoeee eee eee-
aeaeaoeee i?aaei?eyoey, eiaaea aai oeaoe ?anoi?ie?iauaa-
thony eeai ia?aaeathony ae?oaei i?aaei?eyoeyi. Onoie/e-
au e nayce iaaeaeo ieienoa?noaii e iiae/eiaiiuie aio
i?aaei?eyoeyie. Iie oaeaea a ecaanoiii niunea iinoiyi-
iu e nouanoaotho aei oao ii?, iiea oi eee eiia i?aaei?ey-
iiin?aaenoaothony aeeyueieny i?aaiioiioaieyie, aicie-
eathueie a ?acoeueoaoa onoaiiaeaiey ii?aaeaeaiiie no?oe-
oo?u e iiae/eiaiiinoe oici?aaiia. A ?aieao yoiai naia-
ia?aciiai i?aaiioiioaiey i?e onoaiiaeaiee ieaiiauo
caaeaiee, niaeaniaaiee ii?aaeaeaiiuo aii?inia aicieea-
tho aieaa eiie?aoiua ii niaea?aeaieth i?aaiioiioaiey, i
eioi?uo a iniiaiii e eaeao ?a/ue o?e ?anniio?aiee ini-
aaiiinoae oicyenoaaiiuo i?aaiioiioaiee. Ii e yoe i?a-
aiioiioaiey /anoi oaeaea iinyo aeeeoaeueiue oa?aeoa?.
Iai?eia?, i?aaiioiioaiea ii auiieiaieth ieaiiaiai
caaeaiey ia ecaioiaeaiee eaeiai-eeai neiaeiiai aa?aaaoa
i?iaeieaeaaony aei oao ii?, iiea aa?aaao ia aoaeao ecaioia-
eai.
iua i?yii no?oeoo?ie e iiae/eiaiiinoueth oici?aaiia,
iiaoo iineoue eae aeeeoaeueiue, oae e nii?aaee/aneee oa-
?aeoa?. Iai?eia?, ia?yaeo n oicyenoaaiiuie aeiaiai?a-
ie, caeeth/aaiuie ia aiaeeee ia aieaa i?iaeieaeeoaeueiua
n?iee, nouanoaotho e oae iacuaaaiua naeaeee,
eioi?ua iiiieiythony iooai niaa?oaiey iaeiie?aoiiai
aeaenoaey e oai en/a?iuaatho naia niaea?aeaiea. Oe?aiea-
iea ca iineaaeiea aiaeu ia?niaeoeaiiai ieaie?iaaiey ia-
?iaeiiai oicyenoaa iiauoaao cia/aiea aeeeoaeueiuo e
iinoiyiiuo oicyenoaaiiuo naycae iaaeaeo i?aaei?eyoey-
ie ia iniiaa i?yiuo oicyenoaaiiuo aeiaiai?ia.
ii?aaeaeyaony e i?ioeannii ana aieueoae niaoeeaeecaoeee
i?aaei?eyoee, nii?yaeaiiui n ?acaeoeai eo i?iecaiaeno-
aaiiiai eiiia?e?iaaiey n i?aaei?eyoeyie-niaaeieeaie.
i?eyoey n i?aaei?eyoeyie-noaiinoaaueeaie iau/ii ii-
nyo aeeeoaeueiue oa?aeoa?. I?aaei?eyoey-niaaeieee o/ano-
aotho aianoa n i?aaei?eyoeai-aieiaiui iinoaaueeii a
aaeeiii i?iecaiaenoaaiiii i?ioeanna, yoe i?aaei?eyoey
iauaaeeiytho naith i?iecaiaenoaaiioth aeayoaeueiinoue, eiiia-
?e?otho i?iecaiaenoaaiiua oneeey. Aiaeiae/iay neooaoeey
aicieeaao i?e i?iaaaeaiee eaieoaeueiiai no?ieoaeuenoaa
iiae?yaeiui niiniaii, eiaaea aaia?aeueiue iiae?yae/ee aia-
noa n noaiiae?yae/eeaie inouanoaeyao niaianoioth i?iec-
aiaenoaaiioth aeayoaeueiinoue ii nii?oaeaieth ii?aaeaeaiiiai
iauaeoa. I?iecaiaenoaaiiay eiiia?aoeey nioeeaeenoe/a-
neeo i?aaei?eyoee iiin?aaenoaoaony oeaeie nenoaiie nay-
caiiuo iaaeaeo niaie oicyenoaaiiuo i?aaiioiioaiee.
?aaeaeaiiui aaeeinoaii. Ii a aai i?aaeaeao neaaeoao ?ac-
ee/aoue ioaeaeueiua aeaeu oicyenoaaiiuo i?aaiioiioaiee a
caaeneiinoe io ni/aoaiey a ieo ieaiiai-i?aaiecaoeeii-
iuo e eiouanoaaiiuo yeaiaioia, noauaeoia i?aaiioii-
oaiee e i?eiaiyaiuo a ieo iaoiaeia ?aaoee?iaaiey.
?acee/aoue ioaeaeueiua aeaeu oicyenoaaiiuo i?aaiioii-
oaiee iaiaoiaeeii iioiio, /oi ia?yaeo n i?enoueie
anai ei iaueie /a?oai.e nouanoaotho e iniaaiiinoe,
naienoaaiiua oieueei ii?aaeaeaiiui aeaeai aeaiiuo ioii-
oaiee.
e eiouanoaaiiuo yeaiaioia oicyenoaaiiua i?aaiioii-
oaiey ?acee/athony, iineieueeo yoe yeaiaiou iaiaeeia-
eiai i?iyaeythony a ?aciuo oicyenoaaiiuo i?aaiioii-
iau/ii aeiaieueii ynii, oioy e a ?aciie noaiaie. Eioua-
noaaiiue aea yeaiaio a iaeieo neo/ayo ninoieo a ia?aaea-
/a eiouanoaa, a a ae?oaeo – a eiouanoaaiiii niaea?aea-
iey ieaiiaiai caaeaiey. A yoii niunea iiaeii aiai?eoue i
aeaoo aeaeao oicyenoaaiiuo i?aaiioiioaiee.
eatho i?e caeeth/aiee oicyenoaaiiiai aeiaiai?a, ia?a?an-
i?aaeaeaiee eiouanoaa, inouanoaeaiee aioo?ecaaiaeneiai
oic?an/aoa e a ae?oaeo neo/ayo, eiaaea i?ienoiaeyo ia?aaea-
/a eee aeaeaeaiea eiouanoaa.
oa?ecothony oai, /oi caeanue iao ia?aaea/e eiouanoaaiiuo
n?aaenoa, iao aeaeaeaiey eiouanoaa io iaeiiai oicyenoaai-
-112-
i?aaiioiioaiee ninoieo a eiouanoaaiiii niaea?aeaiee
ieaiiaiai caaeaiey. Oaeea i?aaiioiioaiey aicieeatho
i?e ieaie?iaaiee oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe, iineieue-
eo oicyenoaiaaiea ninoieo a eniieueciaaiee ii?aaeaeai-
iiai eiouanoaa a oicyenoaaiiuo oeaeyo.
a caaeneiinoe io ninoaaa eo o/anoieeia. Ii noauaeoo
?acee/athony oicyenoaaiiua i?aaiioiioaiey iaaeaeo i?-
aaiaie oicyenoaaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa e i?aaei?eyoeyie,
iaaeaeo i?aaiaie oicyenoaaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa, iaaeaeo
i?aaei?eyoeyie, iaaeaeo eiuie nioeeaeenoe/aneeie i?aa-
iecaoeeyie, aioo?eoicyenoaaiiua i?aaiioiioaiey.
cyenoaaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa e i?aaei?eyoeyie oa?aeoa?e-
cothony oai, /oi iau/ii iaeei ec eo o/anoieeia iiae/eiai
ae?oaiio. Iaeiaei iu oaea ioia/aee, /oi auei au iai?a-
aeeueii o?aeoiaaoue eo oieueei eae ioiioaiey aeanoe e
iiae/eiaiey, iineieueeo a ieo ?acaeaathony acaeiiua i?a-
aa e iaycaiiinoe. Neaaeoao oaeaea o/eouaaoue, /oi i?aai-
ioiioaiey aeaiiiai aeaea a iaeioi?uo neo/ayo neeaaeu-
aathony e iaaeaeo eaniiiae/eiaiiuie oicyenoaaiiuie i?-
aaiaie, iaeei ec eioi?uo aeaenoaoao eae i?aai oicyeno-
aaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa, a ae?oaie-eae i?aaei?eyoea.
cyenoaaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa eniieuecothony aeey eii?aeeia-
oeee aeayoaeueiinoe oicyenoaaiiuo nenoai. Yoe ioiioaiey
neeaaeuaathony, iai?eia?, iaaeaeo oicyenoaaiiuie ieie-
noa?noaaie, iaaeaeo oeaio?aie oicyenoaaiiuo nenoai e i?-
aaiaie iaoa?eaeueii-oaoie/aneiai niaaaeaiey.
ie ioee/athony oai, /oi a ieo oicyenoaaiiua i?aaiu au-
nooiatho eae th?eaee/aneea eeoea.
iaaeaeo aioo?aiieie caaiueyie i?aaei?eyoey, a oaeaea ia-
aeaeo yoeie caaiueyie e i?aaei?eyoeai a oeaeii. Aeaiiua
ioiioaiey oanii naycaiu n aiaoieie i?aaiioiioaieyie
i?aaei?eyoey, i?aaeii?aaeaeythueie eo niaea?aeaiea. Ai
acaeiinaycue aiaoieo oicyenoaaiiuo i?aaiioiioaiee
i?aaei?eyoey e aioo?eoicyenoaaiiuo i?aaiioiioaiee,
neeaaeuaathueony ia iai, i?aeiouanoai ai anao neo/ayo
i?eiaaeeaaeeo ia?aui. Naiinoiyoaeueiinoue o/anoieeia
aioo?eoicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee yaeyaony aieaa oceie,
noauaeoia oaeeo ioiioaiee-aioo?aiieo caaiueaa iaiue-
oeie, /ai i?aaa i?aaei?eyoey. A /anoiinoe, aioo?aiiea
caaiuey i?aaei?eyoey ia iaeaaeatho i?aaaie th?eaee/aneiai
eeoea. (*1).
ioiioaiee iiaoo o/anoaiaaoue e oicyenoaaiiua iauaaee-
iaiey. Ni/aoay ieaiiai-i?aaiecaoeeiiiua e iia?aoeaii-
oicyenoaaiiua ooieoeee, iauaaeeiaiey aeaenoaotho e eae
i?aaiu oicyenoaaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa e eae i?aaei?eyoey.
ii noauaeoo ioiineony e oai neo/ayi, eiaaea eo o/anoie-
eaie yaeythony iaeaieaa oeie/iua noauaeou oicyenoaai-
iiai i?aaa-oicyenoaaiiua i?aaiu. Iaeiaei iu oaea io-
ia/aee, /oi noauaeoii oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa iiaeao auoue
e ethaay eiay nioeeaeenoe/aneay i?aaiecaoeey, eiaaea iia
?oeiaiaeeo oicyenoaii, aaaeao oicyenoaaiioth aeayoaeue-
iinoue, anooiaao a oicyenoaaiiua i?aaiioiioaiey (ni.
ae. 3). Iiyoiio a?oiie?iaeo oicyenoaaiiuo i?aaiioii-
oaiee ii noauaeoo, iino?iaiioth i?eiaieoaeueii e oicye-
noaaiiui i?aaiai, neaaeoao aeiiieieoue aua iaeiie eaoaai-
?eae oaeeo ioiioaiee-oicyenoaaiiuie i?aaiioiioa-
ieyie n o/anoeai eiuo nioeeaeenoe/aneeo i?aaiecaoeee.
A oaeea ioiioaiey anooiatho, iai?eia?, iaoicyenoaai-
iua ieienoa?noaa i?e ?oeiaiaenoaa oicyenoaaiiie aeay-
oaeueiinoueth iiae/eiaiiuo ei i?aaei?eyoee, nioeeaeueii-
eoeueoo?iua o/?aaeaeaiey i?e caeeth/aiee oicyenoaaiiuo
aeiaiai?ia e o. ae.
ii eniieuecoaiui a ieo iaoiaeai ?aaoee?iaaiey. N yoie
oi/ee c?aiey iiaeii aiai?eoue ia ioiioaieyo, ?aaoee?oa-
iuo iaoiaeii iiae/eiaiey, iaoiaeii niaeaniaaiey e ia-
oiaeii ?aeiiaiaeaoeee. Iaeiaei neaaeoao o/eouaaoue, /oi aeai-
iue e?eoa?ee a?oiie?iaee oicyenoaaiiuo i?aaiioiioa-
iee ia onoie/ea, iineieueeo iaeie e oa aea ioiioaiey ii-
aoo ?aaoee?iaaoueny ?aciuie iaoiaeaie.
iinoe io oneiaee i?eiaiythony ?aciua iaoiaeu i?aaiaiai
?aaoee?iaaiey. Oae, ioiioaiey aaieianeeo o/?aaeaeaiee
oa a, Aioo?eoicyinoaaiiua ioiioaiey ia i?iiuoeaiiii i?aaei?ey-
oee (i?aaiaay i?aaiecaoeey).
ny iaoiaeii niaeaniaaiey, ii i?e ii?aaeaeaiiuo oneiaeyo
aaie iiaeao iaeiinoi?iiia i?eiaieoue e naiaio eiio?aaai-
oo aaieianeea naieoeee, aaanoe iniaue ?aaeei e?aaeeoiaa-
iey. Oaeei ia?acii, aianoi iaoiaea niaeaniaaiey a oii
aea ioiioaiee i?eiaiyaony iaoiae iiae/eiaiey.
?acee/iui i?eciaeai iicaieyao eo/oa auynieoue iniaai-
iinoe niioaaonoaothueo aeaeia i?aaiioiioaiee. O/ao
aaeeinoaa e aeeooa?aioeeaoeee oicyenoaaiiuo i?aaiioii-
oaiee ninoaaeyao oai?aoe/aneoth iniiao eo enneaaeiaaiey.
Oieueei ia yoie iniiaa iiaeao auoue auyaeaia nouiinoue
oicyenoaaiiuo i?aaiioiioaiee, eo aiaaonoai e ?acii-
ia?acea, niioaaonoaothuaa ?aaeueiui yaeaieyi oicyeno-
aaiiie aeecie.
eae io?aneue i?aaa e eae iaoea
aao aiaeeca ?acee/iuo aniaeoia aii?ina i oicyenoaai-
iii i?aaa eae naiinoiyoaeueiie io?anee neaaeoao i?e-
ciaoue, /oi oicyenoaaiiia i?aai eae io?aneue i?aaa eiaao
o?e oa?aeoa?iuo i?eciaea: 1) naiaia?acea nioeeaeenoe-
/aneeo oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee, ia?ac?uaii ni/aoath-
ueo a naaa ieaiiai-i?aaiecaoeeiiiua e eiouanoaaiiua
yeaiaiou (i?aaeiao ?aaoee?iaaiey), 2) o/anoea a oicye-
noaaiiuo ioiioaieyo oieueei nioeeaeenoe/aneeo i?aaie-
caoeee, a oaeaea eo no?oeoo?iuo caaiueaa, ii ia ioaeaeueiuo
a?aaeaeai (noauaeoiue ninoaa), 3) ni/aoaiea ?acee/iuo
niiniaia i?aaiaiai aicaeaenoaey ia oicyenoaaiiua ioii-
oaiey, i?eiaiyaiuo aeey eo/oaai ?aoaiey yeiiiie/a-
neeo e iieeoe/aneeo caaea/ (iaoiaeu ?aaoee?iaaiey).
eyao niaie niaieoiiinoue i?aaiauo ii?i, ii?aaeaeythueo
aeayoaeueiinoe e ?aaoee?othueo oicyenoaaiiua ioiioaiey
iaaeaeo nioeeaeenoe/aneeie i?aaiecaoeeyie, a oaeaea eo
no?oeoo?iuie caaiueyie, n eniieueciaaieai iaeaieaa ?a-
oeeiiaeueiuo iaoiaeia i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey.
ee i?aaa ?acaeaeyaony a iniiaiii iiiaeie o/aiuie, noiy-
ueie ia iiceoeeyo oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa. I?e yoii ia-
?aaeei i?eiaiythony ?aciua aa?eaiou ii?aaeaeaiee, ?ac-
iua neiaaniua au?aaeaiey eee oa?ieiu aeey iaicia/aiey
ii nouanoao iaeeiaeiaiai eee ii/oe iaeeiaeiaiai iiieia-
iey oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa.
neaaeothuei ia?acii:
aeaeaieai neeaaeuaathueany a nioeeaeenoe/aneii oicyeno-
aa ioiioaiey e ii ai?eciioaee e ii aa?oeeaee, oioy ii
e aiai?eo ia i ?oeiaiaenoaa, a ia i?aaiecaoeee oicyeno-
aaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe. ?oeiaiaenoai nioeeaeenoe/aneei oi-
cyenoaii e anoue aai i?aaiecaoeey, iaeiaei oa?iei i?aaenoaaeyaony iai aieaa oi/iui, iineieueeo
oa?iei i?eiaiyaony ia oieueei a niunea
i?aaiecaoi?neie aeayoaeueiinoe, ii e a aieaa oceii niun-
ea aeey iaicia/aiey nicaeaiey oici?aaiia, ii?aaeaeaiey
eo no?oeoo?u e aeey iaeiaiiaaiey naieo oici?aaiia.
i?aaa: . (*1).
niaea?aeaiey oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa, iai?eia? ia auya-
eyao ioiioaiey aaoi?a e aeeth/aieth a oicyenoaaiiia
i?aai ioiioaiee eiiia?aoeaiie nianoaaiiinoe. Ii yoi
iauyniyaony oai, /oi iii aeaii a nayce n ?anniio?aieai
i?aaiaiai iieiaeaiey ainoaea?noaaiiuo i?iiuoeaiiuo
i?aaei?eyoee, eiaaea aii?in ia ioiioaieyo eiiia?aoea-
iie nianoaaiiinoe ia cao?aaeaaeny. A oeaeii aea i?eaaaeai-
iia ii?aaeaeaiea enoiaeeo ec oao aea i?eioeeieaeueiuo ii-
eiaeaiee, eioi?ua ?acaeaathony a aeaiiii enneaaeiaaiee.
aaaony e iaeioi?uie o/aiuie ca?oaaaeiuo nioeeaeenoe-
/aneeo no?ai. N. Nooia (*aoineiaa:eey) ioia/aao, /oi oi-
cyenoaaiiia i?aai ?aaoee?oao ioiioaiey, aicieeathuea
i?e ?oeiaiaenoaa e inouanoaeaiee oicyenoaaiiie aeay-
oaeueiinoe nioeeaeenoe/aneeo i?aaiecaoeee. Yoa io?aneue
i?aaa aicieeea eae neioac i?aaiaie i?iaeaiaoeee, io-
iineaoaeny ?aiaa e a?aaeaeaineiio e aaeieieno?aoeaiiio
i?aao. Iia ii?aaeaeyao ia ana, a eeoue aaaeiaeoea ioii-
oaiey nioeeaeenoe/aneiai oicyenoaa, aeey ?aaoee?iaaiey
yeiiiieee eniieuecothony e ae?oaea io?anee i?aaa.
?aaoee?oao o?e a?oiiu ioiioaiee: ai-ia?auo, ioiioa-
iey ieaiiaiai ?oeiaiaenoaa oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoueth,
ai-aoi?uo, ioiioaiey iaaeaeo nioeeaeenoe/aneeie i?aaie-
caoeeyie a i?ioeanna oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe, a-o?aoue-
eo, ioiioaiey, oanii naycaiiua n ia?auie aeaoiy
a?oiiaie (oaoie/aneay ii?iaeecaoeey). A nenoaio oicye-
noaaiiiai i?aaa aoiaeyo: iauay /anoue, i?aaiaia ?aaoee-
?iaaiea oicyenoaaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa, i?aaiaia ?aaoee?i-
aaiea oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe ainoaea?noaaiiuo, ei-
iia?aoeaiuo e iauanoaaiiuo i?aaiecaoeee, oicyenoaaiiua
iaycaoaeuenoaa, e?aaeeoii-?an/aoiua ioiioaiey, oicyeno-
?aaoee?oao ioiioaiey, neeaaeuaathueany iaaeaeo aaaeoue-
ie oicyenoaaiioth aeayoaeueiinoue e ?oeiaiaeyueie oicye-
?aaeaiey i?iiuoeaiiuie i?aaei?eyoeyie,
(**2)
iiieee, iniiaaiiua ia nioeeaeenoe/aneii oiaa?iii i?i-
ecaiaenoaa e nioeeaeenoe/aneeo i?eioeeiao oicyenoaaiiiai
?oeiaiaenoaa, a eioi?uo yoe aaeeieoeu aeaenoaotho a onei-
aeyo ioiineoaeueiiai naii?aaoee?iaaiey ia aaca ieaia.
Noauaeoaie oicyenoaaiiii?aaiauo ioiioaiee aunooiatho
i?aaei?eyoey e iauaaeeiaiey. Ia?aiia/aeueii A. Ioee-
ea ia aeeth/ae a noa?o oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa i?aaiaia
iieiaeaiea oeaio?aeueiuo i?aaiia ?oeiaiaenoaa oicyeno-
aii e i?aaiaua oi?iu eo aeayoaeueiinoe. (*1). Iaeiaei a aeaeue-
iaeoai a noaouea, iaienaiiie niaianoii n O. A. Oiea?ii,
ii i?eciae, /oi oicyenoaaiiia i?aai ?aaoee?oao ioiioa-
iey i?aaei?eyoee n oeaio?aeueiuie i?aaiaie ainoaea?no-
aaiiiai e oicyenoaaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa, n ianoiuie i?aa-
iaie e ae?oaeie i?aaei?eyoeyie. (*2).
ao ia?ac?uaiia aaeeinoai iaiin?aaenoaaiiiai inouanoaea-
iey oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe e ?oeiaiaenoaa ath.
Oaeei ia?acii, anee ia n/eoaoue ia nianai yniie iiceoeee
A. Ioeeea ioiineoaeueii aeeth/aiey a noa?o oicyenoaai-
iiai i?aaa ?aaoee?iaaiey aioo?eoicyenoaaiiuo ioiioa-
iee, (*3), oi ioaeii eiinoaoe?iaaoue, /oi i?aaeeaaaaiia ei
iiieiaiea oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa, oioy aiaoia e au?a-
aeaii eia/a, ii ii iauaio a iniiaiii niaiaaeaao n i?aae-
eaaaaiui iaie ii?aaeaeaieai yoie i?aaiaie io?anee.
oiaea oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa eae i?aaa
yaeyaony X. Coo, oicyenoaaiiia i?aai ?aaoee?oao ioii-
oaiey i?iecaiaenoaaiiie eiiia?aoeee iaaeaeo nioeeaeenoe-
/aneeie i?aaiecaoeeyie. I?e oaeii iiaeoiaea oicyenoaai-
iia i?aai ioaaouaaao i?aaeaea anaai nenoaio oicyenoaai-
iuo aeiaiai?ia e ieaiiauo aeoia, ii?aaeaeythueo
oicyenoaaiiua nayce iaaeaeo nioeeaeenoe/aneeie i?aaie-
caoeeyie. Iaeiaei ia?yaeo n yoei e oicyenoaaiiiio i?aao
Losung der kunftigen Aufgaben notwendig,
? 4, S. 227-230.
und der Wirtschaftsrechtswissenchaft bei der weiteren Gestaltung
des neuen okonomischen Systems,
die Losung der kunftigen Aufgaben notwendig,
1966, ? 3, S. 164.
iee nioeeaeenoe/aneiai oicyenoaa.
eiiia?aoeeth i/aiue oe?iei. Ii oeacuaaao, /oi ?a/ue eaeao
i eiiia?aoeee iaaeaeo i?aaei?eyoeyie, iaaeaeo io?aneyie
oicyenoaa, o. e. iaaeaeo ?oeiaiaeyueie eie iauaaeeiaiey-
ie ia?iaeiuo i?aaei?eyoee, iaaeaeo iiae?acaeaeaieyie
e?oiiuo i?aaei?eyoee. I?e yoii iiae/a?eeaaaony, /oi
eiiaiaioiie noi?iiie nioeeaeenoe/aneie eiiia?aoeee
yaeythony ioiioaiey ?oeiaiaenoaa. (*1).
ieth X. Cooa, i?aaenoaaeyao niaie aaeeinoai ioiioaiee
?oeiaiaenoaa, i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee, a eioi?uo
o/anoaotho i?aaei?eyoey, e i?iecaiaeeoaeueiuo nee, oaeaea
aiieiuaaiuo a i?aaei?eyoeyo. (*2). A niioaaonoaee n oaeei
iiieiaieai a ea/anoaa nioeeaeenoe/aneie eiiia?aoeee
?anniao?eaaaony e iauaaeeiaiea i?aaei?eyoee n nicaeaie-
ai eee aac nicaeaiey naiinoiyoaeueiiai, ioee/iiai io na-
ieo i?aaei?eyoee, noauaeoa oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa. A
?acoeueoaoa oicyenoaaiiia i?aai ioaaouaaao e i?aaiaia
iieiaeaiea i?aaei?eyoee, iauaaeeiaiee, i?aaiia oicyeno-
aaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa. Iaeiaei ana yoi aeaeaaony a aniaeoa
o/anoey oicyenoaaiiuo i?aaiia a i?iecaiaenoaaiiii eii-
ia?e?iaaiee.
nee e oai aea auaiaeai ioiineoaeueii niaea?aeaiey oicye-
noaaiiiai i?aaa, /oi e noi?iiieee o?aeoiaee aai eae
i?aaa, ?aaoee?othuaai ii?yaeie ?oeiaiaenoaa e inouano-
aeaiey oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe, ana aea i?eiyoea
nioeeaeenoe/aneie eiiia?aoeee ca iniiao aeey auaeaeaiey
oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa iaaieueii i?aoaaee/eaaao cia/aiea
oao aniaeoia oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa, eioi?ua naycaiu n
oicyenoaaiiui iai?ioii, e i?eaiaeeo e iiae/eiaiiiio
iieiaeaieth ?oeiaiaenoaa oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoueth.
Oae, a neeo oaeie eiioeaioeee ieaie?iaaiea ieacuaaaony
eeoue a ?iee i?aaeiinueee ioiioaiee eiiia?aoeee nioeea-
eenoe/aneeo i?aaei?eyoee. Iiyoiio e nai aaoi? yoie
eiioeaioeee a iineaaeiaa a?aiy ana aieaa ia/eiaao neei-
bildung des sozialistischcn Wirtschaftsrechtes,
1965, ? 7, S. 244, 246.
schen Betriebe,
?othuaai ii?yaeie ?oeiaiaenoaa e inouanoaeaiey oicyeno-
aaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe, iiae/a?eeaay, /oi aai eiioeaioeey
ii nouanoao i?eaiaeeo e oai aea auaiaeai ioiineoaeueii
iiieiaiey iiceoeaiiai niaea?aeaiey oicyenoaaiiiai
i?aaa. (*1).
?acaeoea a o?oaeao ss. Oiieineiai. Ii iacuaaao yoo i?a-
aiaoth io?aneue ,
eioi?ia neiaeeeinue ia nouea o?aaeeoeeiiiuo io?aneae e
noaei naiinoiyoaeueiui a ?acoeueoaoa acaeiiaeaenoaey eo
a oneiaeyo nioeeaeenoe/aneiai oicyenoaa. Aieueooth ?ieue
a auyaeaiee e oi?ie?iaaiee i?eioeeiia yoie iiaie io-
?anee i?aaa, ooaa?aeaeaao ss. Oiieineee, ea?aao ainoaea?-
noaaiiue a?aeo?aae.
oicyenoaa, ss. Oiieineee ?ane?uaaao nenoaio yoie io?an-
ee i?aaa. A aa iniiaa eaaeeo niaieoiiinoue ii?i ia
iauanoaaiiie nianoaaiiinoe ia n?aaenoaa i?iecaiaenoaa.
Neaaeothueie caaiueyie nenoaiu aeaiiie io?anee i?aaa
yaeythony i?aaiaua i?eioeeiu ieaie?iaaiey ia?iaeiiai
oicyenoaa, ?ani?aaeaeaiey i?iaeoeoeee, i?aaiecaoeee ino-
uanoaeaiey ieaiia i?iecaiaenoaa, eaieoaeueiiai no?ie-
oaeuenoaa, ieacaiey oicyenoaaiiuo oneoa e o. ae.
noaaeaiea i oicyenoaaiiii i?aaa eae i oaeie io?anee,
eiioeaioeee, ii ioiineo e oicyenoaaiiiio i?aao oieueei ioiioaiey
eiiia?aoeee iaaeaeo i?aaei?eyoeyie e ?oeiaiaenoai eie (I. Ober-
lander, Die Abgrenzung des Wirtschaftsrechts,
1966, ? 11, S. 693).
Warszawa, 1966, S. 307-308.
nioeeaeenoe/aneeo i?aaiecaoeee, ii e a?aaeaeai. Yoa eii-
oeaioeey auea iaeaieaa y?ei au?aaeaia n eo?na oicyeno-
aaiiiai i?aaa, ecaeaiiii iiae ?aaeaeoeeae E. ss. Aeioeao?aa
e A. A. Iaooeaiena a 1935 aiaeo.
i?aai eae
ee, /oi oicyenoaaiiia i?aai ioaaouaaao i?aaiecaoeeth
nioeeaeenoe/aneiai i?iecaiaenoaa e oi?aiaee, neoaeeo
inouanoaeaieth ia/ae ?aaiethoeeiiiie caeiiiinoe a yoie
iaeanoe.
oe ia?enenoneeie i?aaiauie oai?eyie. Iia caeiaeeea
iniiau oai?aoe/aneie ?ac?aaioee i?aaiauo aii?inia
ieaie?iaaiey, oic?an/aoa, oicyenoaaiiiai aeiaiai?a, ei-
oi?ua nio?aieee ai iiiaii cia/aiea e aei ianoiyuaai
a?aiaie. (*2). N iiceoeee yoie eiioeaioeee auea naeaeaia ii-
iuoea eiaeeoeeaoeee oicyenoaaiiiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa
iooai ?ac?aaioee i?iaeoa Oicyenoaaiiiai eiaeaena
NNN?. (*3).
eiioeaioeey oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa eiaea e iaaeinoaoee.
Iniiaiui ec ieo auei aeeth/aiea a aaeeiia oicyenoaai-
iia i?aai ioiioaiee ia oieueei nioeeaeenoe/aneeo i?aa-
iecaoeee, ii e ioaeaeueiuo a?aaeaeai. A ?acoeueoaoa oaeiai
iauaaeeiaiey a?aaeaeaiei ieacuaaeny a ?iee i?eaeaoea
nioeeaeenoe/aneiai oicyenoaa, caieiae iiae/eiaiiia
iieiaeaiea a oicyenoaaiiii i?aaa. Yoi, ianiiiaiii,
nieaeaei oeaiiinoue oicyenoaaiiii?aaiaie eiioeaioeee 30-o
aiaeia.
A. ss. Auoeineei, eioi?ue, iaeiaei, ia?yaeo n iaeioi?u-
ie aa?iuie caia/aieyie eca?aoee niune yoie i?ia?an-
neaiie a iniiaa oai?ee e aeaaea iaaeiee i?aaenoaaeoaeae
? 10, no?. 84).
aa ?aaoee?iaaiey ioiioaiee a?aaeaeai e nioeeaeenoe/a-
neeo i?aaiecaoeee, A. ss. Auoeineee i?aaeeaaae nio?a-
ieoue oaeia iauaaeeiaiea a ?aieao a?aaeaeaineiai i?aaa.
Yoi i?eaaei e oiio, /oi a?aaeaeaiei ieacaeny i?eieaeai-
iui oaia?ue oaea a ?aieao a?aaeaeaineiai i?aaa, iineieueeo
iauaaeeiaiea a iaeiie io?anee a?aaeaeaineeo e oicyenoaai-
iuo ioiioaiee iaecaaaeii auaeaeaaao ia ia?aia ianoi
ioiioaiey nioeeaeenoe/aneiai oicyenoaa. (*3). Neaaeiaaoaeue-
ii, io?eoeaiea oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa ia oieueei i?ioeai-
?a/eo oiio, /oi oicyenoaaiiua e a?aaeaeaineea ioiioa-
iey yaeythony ii nouanoao ?acii?iaeiuie, ii e i?eieaea-
ao i?aaiaie noaoon niaaoneiai /aeiaaea, ioaiaey aio
aoi?inoaiaiiia ianoi a a?aaeaeaineii i?aaa.
a 50-a aiaeu oai?ee
ii?iu, ?aaoee?othuea nioeeaeenoe/aneia oicyenoai,
aeieaeiu auoue ioianaiu e oicyenoaaiiiio i?aao, a ana
ii?iu, ii?aaeaeythuea i?aaiaie noaoon a?aaeaeaieia,-
e i?aao a?aaeaeaineiio.
A. N. Oaaeaainyi, eioi?ue i?aaeeiaeee no?ieoue nenoaio
i?aaa ii oeaeaaie iai?aaeaiiinoe i?aaiauo ii?i. Ia?-
aay a?oiia ii?i iai?aaeaia ia io?aio e oe?aieaiea
niaaoneiai ainoaea?noaaiiiai no?iy. Yoe ii?iu ninoaaey-
i?aaiaie iaoee,
S. 69.
nee ii i?iaeaiai oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa (
eaia ia io?aio e oe?aieaiea nioeeaeenoe/aneie nenoaiu
oicyenoaa e nioeeaeenoe/aneie nianoaaiiinoe. Aeaiiua
ii?iu ninoaaeytho oicyenoaaiiia i?aai. O?aouey a?oiia
ii?i iai?aaeaia ia io?aio i?aa a?aaeaeai e ninoaaeyao
a?aaeaeaineia i?aai.
i?aaa nouanoaotho iiaeio?anee. Oicyenoaaiiia i?aai
aeeth/aao neaaeothuea iiaeio?anee: i?iiuoeaiiia, o?ai-
nii?oiia, naeueneioicyenoaaiiia, eiiia?aoeaiia, oi?ai-
aia, eiiioiaeueii-aeeeeuiia, aaieianei-e?aaeeoiia i?a-
ai. Iiaeio?aneyie a?aaeaeaineiai i?aaa yaeythony: naiae-
iia, o?oaeiaia, iaineiiiia, i?aai ee/iie nianoaaiiinoe,
ianeaaenoaaiiia, aaoi?neia, ecia?aoaoaeueneia, aeeeeuiia,
iaycaoaeuenoaaiiia i?aai, ecae?aoaeueiia i?aai e ae?oaea
iieeoe/aneea i?aaa. (*1).
AAe? I. Iio, eioi?ue e aeae ae iacaaiea oai?ee
ie?iaea i?aaiauo ii?i no?ieony ii eo i?aaiaie ia-
i?aaeaiiinoe ia ?aaoee?iaaiea ii?aaeaeaiiuo e?oiiuo
eiiieaenia iauanoaaiiuo ioiioaiee, o. a. i?iaiaeeony
ii
eueth i?aaa ioaaouaathony aeiaieueii ?acee/iua ioiioa-
iey enoiaey eiaiii ec
aaiey. (*3).
eioi?ia auoaeaao ec nin?aaeioi/aiey a aaeeiii caeiia
i?aaa,
Rechts
aaiaa?neee o/aiue I. Oaio, eioi?ue, iaeiaei, iiieiaao oicyenoaai-
iia i?aai aieaa ocei e ?anniao?eaaao aai eae io?aneue i?aaa, ioaa-
ouaathuoth . A nayce n oaeei iiieiaieai oicyenoaaiiiai i?a-
aa ii i?aaeeaaaao e iacuaaoue yoo io?aneue
(I. Sarnu, A. szocialista jogrendszer tagozodasanak alapja, Buda-
pest, 1964, 1. 258). A. Iaioea? e E. Iaiea (AAe?) oaeaea n/eoatho
iaiaoiaeeiui i?e iino?iaiee nenoaiu oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa ca in-
iiao e enoiaeiue ioieo i?eiyoue nioeeaeenoe/aneia i?aaei?eyoea
(W. Panzer, L. ?anig, Vertragsgesetz und Wirtschaftsrecht,
aii aia?aae a ?acaeoee oai?ee oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa, ii
ana aea i?eiyoea ca iniiao i?e ii?aaeaeaiee aeaiiie io-
?anee aae?anaoa i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey ia aeaao aic-
iiaeiinoe ioa?aie/eoue oicyenoaaiiia i?aai io niaaeiuo
io?aneae e aeaaea enoiaeyo ec oiai, /oi ana aii?inu ni-
oeeaeenoe/aneiai oicyenoaa ?aaoee?othony oieueei oicye-
noaaiiui i?aaii, /oi iaeuecy n/eoaoue i?aaeeueiui. A?yae
ee oaeaea iiaeii niaeaneoueny n oai, /oi a?aaeaeaineia
i?aai iieiinoueth ?aaoee?oao aanue i?aaiaie noaoon a?aae-
aeaieia, aeeth/ay aai o?oaeiaua, naiaeiua e iieeoe/aneea
i?aaa.
A. N.Oaaeaainyi a iineaaeiaa a?aiy ii nouanoao ioeacae-
iiieiaiey oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa, niaiaaeathuaai a iniia-
iii n oie eiioeaioeeae, eioi?ay eceaaaaony a aeaiiie
?aaioa. Oae, a noaouea, iioaeeeiaaiiie a 1959 aiaeo, ii
aiai?eo i oicyenoaaiiii i?aaa oaea ia eae ia iniiaiie
io?anee, a ninoaa eioi?ie aoiaeyo iiaeio?anee, a eae i
aaeeiie io?anee, eiathuae iauoth e iniaaiioth /anoe,
iiieiay iiae oicyenoaaiiui i?aaii niaieoiiinoue ii?i
ii ?oeiaiaenoao e inouanoaeaieth oicyenoaaiiie aeay-
oaeueiinoe. (*2).
iaoea eiaao iiieiaiea oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa eae i?aaa
oicyenoaaiii-aaeieieno?aoeaiiai. Oai?ey oicyenoaaiii-
aaeieieno?aoeaiiai i?aaa iiyaeeanue a iaoae no?aia
aeaaii e a cia/eoaeueiie ia?a o?ainoi?ie?iaaeanue ii
neie Aeaiie?aoe/aneie ?anioaeeea,
i?aaa e i?aaenoiyuay eiaeeoeeaoeey a?aaeaeaineiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa
NNN?,
aeayoaeueiinoe.
?acaeaaeanue aeaaiui ia?acii I.E. Noo/eie. Niaeanii
aai eiioeaioeey ?acee/aeenue a?aaeaeaineia e oicyenoaaiii-
aaeieieno?aoeaiia i?aai eae io?anee, ?aaoee?othuea
?aciua naeoi?u yeiiiieee. A?aaeaeaineia i?aai ?aaoee-
?oao ioiioaiey /anoiiai naeoi?a e iaaenaeoi?iua ioii-
oaiey. Oicyenoaaiii-aaeieieno?aoeaiia i?aai ?aaoee-
?oao ioiioaiey nioeeaeenoe/aneiai naeoi?a oicyenoaa,
neeaaeuaathueany iaaeaeo nioeeaeenoe/aneeie i?aaieca-
oeeyie e ioee/athueany ieaiiainoueth e iiae/eiaieai.
Iaaeaeo yoeie iaeanoyie niaaoneiai i?aaa eaeao iai?e-
ie?eiay ai?ueaa, io?aaeathuay ai?ueao iaaeaeo nioeeaeec-
iii e eaieoaeeciii. (*1).
noaaeaiee a?aaeaeaineiai e oicyenoaaiii-aaeieieno?aoea-
iiai i?aaa eae io?aneae n aioaaiienoe/aneeie eeanni-
auie eioa?anaie. Iaaeaeo oai niaaoneay nenoaia i?aaa
anaaaea auea aaeeiie e a oeaeii iai?aaeaia ia iino?iaiea
nioeeaeecia. E?iia oiai, iaaa?ii auei naiaeeoue ana ioii-
oaiey nioeeaeenoe/aneiai oicyenoaa e ioiioaieyi iiae-
/eiaiey, iineieueeo oaea a oi a?aiy ?acaeaaeny oic?an-
/ao, ana aieueoaa cia/aiea i?eia?aoaee aeiaiai?iua ioii-
oaiey a nioeeaeenoe/aneie yeiiiieea. (*2).
ao?aeoacee i?eieaeaea ?ieue aeaiiie io?anee e i?eaioe-
?iaaea ia ioie?aiea a?aaeaeaineiai i?aaa. Ia yoii i?y-
ii ienaee a oi a?aiy iaeioi?ua i?aaenoaaeoaee ?anniao-
?eaaaiiai iai?aaeaiey. Oae, N. I. A?aoonue oeacuaae:
i?aaa auea iiaeaa?aiooa e?eoeea E. ss. Aeioeao?aii (
iinoe e, neaaeiaaoaeueii, iaeiinoi?iiiinoe a noa?a a?aae-
aeaineiai iai?ioa i?ioaeaao ia?aeeaeueii n ioie?aieai
/anoiie nianoaaiiinoe e /anoiinianoaaiie/aneeo ioii-
oaiee; a i?ioeanna yoiai ioie?aiey ioiaiyaony a?aaeaeai-
neee iai?io e caiaiyaony ieaiiaui ?ani?aaeaeaieai
i?iaeoeoia ii i?eioeeio oaea ia aeiaiai?iiai, a i?inoi
o?oaeiaiai yeaeaaeaioa. Ioiioaiey aea aioo?e nioeeaee-
noe/aneiai naeoi?a caaycuaathony a ii?yaeea ieaiiai-
noe-iiae/eiaiey e a iniiaiii ia yaeythony ioiioaiey-
ie i?aainoauaeoiuie. Eaoaai?ey noauaeoa i?aaa eae
aaoiiiiiiai iineoaey anaaiciiaeiuo i?aa e iaycaiii-
noae nei?aa anaai ioie?aao a noa?a iaiauanoaeaiiiai
oicyenoaa. Ioiioaiey aioo?e nioenaeoi?a ia yaeythony
eeanniauie, iineieueeo iu eiaai aeaei n iaeii?iaeiie
n?aaeie, a eioi?ie n?aaenoaa i?iecaiaenoaa iaiauanoaea-
iu, a aanue i?ioeann i?iecaiaenoaa e ia?aaeaeaeaiey oiaa?a-
i?iaeoeoa i?iiecai ieaiii. ?anoe?aiea iaiauanoaeai-
iiai naeoi?a aea/ao ca niaie ?anoe?aiea noa?u i?eia-
iaiey oicyenoaaiii-aaeieieno?aoeaiiai i?aaa. Noa?a aea
i?eiaiaiey A?aaeaeaineiai eiaeaena noaeaaony. Ii a aeae-
noaeoaeueiinoe yoi ?anoe?aiea noa?u oicyenoaaiii-
aaeieieno?aoeaiiai i?aaa icia/aao ana aieueoaa i?aa?a-
uaiea aai a iai?aai, a iaoeo ia i?aaiecaoeeiiiie no?oe-
oo?a nioeeaeenoe/aneiai oicyenoaa>. (*1).
ec iaiaoiaeeiinoe iinoaiaiiiai ioie?aiey a?aaeaeainei-
ai i?aaa, caiaiu aai oicyenoaaiii-aaeieieno?aoeaiui
i?aaii, iino?iaiiui ii i?eioeeio iiae/eiaiey, i?aa?a-
uaiey iineaaeiaai a iai?aaiaoth iaoeo ia i?aaiecaoeee
nioeeaeenoe/aneiai oicyenoaa. A aeaeueiaeoai, iaeiaei, ii
eciaiee naie acaeyae ii yoei aii?inai, noae iiae/a?ee-
aaoue aaaeiinoue ?acaeoey a?aaeaeaneiai i?aaa, o?aeooy
aai eae ioaaouaathuaa e ioiioaiey iaaeaeo nioeeaeenoe-
/aneeie i?aaiecaoeeyie, ooi/iee o?aeoiaeo oicyenoaai-
ii-aaeieieno?aoeaiiai i?aaa.
ee iiaia iiieiaiea oicyenoaaiii-aaeieieno?aoeaiiai
i?aaa:
1930 a. ? 11-12, no?. 154-155.
i?aaa iiaoo iainiaeyoueny a iiaeio?anee. Oaeie iiaeio-
?aneueth aioo?e aaeeiiai niaaoneiai aaeieieno?aoeaiiai
i?aaa e yaeyaony oicyenoaaiii-aaeieieno?aoeaiia i?aai.
Nouanoaiaaiea aeaiiie iiaeio?anee aucaaii ia oieueei
iaoe?iinoueth e neiaeiinoueth ii?i aaeieieno?aoeaiiai
i?aaa, ?aaoee?othueo oicyenoaaiiua ioiioaiey, ii e
aeaaiui ia?acii eo naiaia?aceai>. (*1).
oi?uie ae?oaeie aaoi?aie, (*2), i?aiaeieaaaao ii?aaeaeaiiua
ioeaee, eioi?ua auee naienoaaiiu i?aaeiaio iiieia-
ieth oicyenoaaiii-aaeieieno?aoeaiiai i?aaa, o. a. o?ae-
oiaeo oicyenoaaiii-aaeieieno?aoeaiiai e a?aaeaeaineiai
i?aaa eae i?ioeaiiieiaeiuo ii eeanniaie nouiinoe
io?aneae e naycaiiua n yoei i?eieaeaiea ?iee e i?eai-
oe?iaeo ia oi?acaeiaiea a?aaeaeaineiai i?aaa.
oeaiiai i?aaa enoiaeeo ec oiai, /oi ?oeiaiaenoai oicye-
noaii aeieaeii i?iaiaeeoueny oieueei a ?aieao aaeieieno?a-
oeaiiai i?aaa. Oai naiui nio?aiyaony iaaeinoaoie, eioi-
?ue iiaeaa?aaeny e?eoeea aua a 30-a aiaeu,-naaaeaiea
anao ioiioaiee oicyenoaaiii-aaeieieno?aoeaiiai i?aaa
oieueei e ioiioaieyi iiae/eiaiey. O?aeoiaea aea oicye-
noaaiii-aaeieieno?aoeaiiai i?aaa a ea/anoaa iiaeio?anee
aaeieieno?aoeaiiai i?aaa yaeyaony aeaaea oaaii iacaae,
ia iicaieythuei auyaeoue iiaeeeiioth niaoeeoeeo oicye-
noaaiiuo ioiioaiee, eai iie aeeth/athony a oceea ?aiee
aaeieieno?aoeaiiai i?aaa e, neaaeiaaoaeueii, oieueei a
yoeo ?aieao iiaoo ?acaeaaoueny e enneaaeiaaoueny.
?uaaao ?aaoee?iaaiea oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee ii aa?-
oeeaee io ?aaoee?iaaiey oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee ii
ai?eciioaee, ?acaeaeyao ieai e oicyenoaaiiue aeiaiai?
ii ?acee/iui noa?ai i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey, iauaaee-
iyao ?oeiaiaenoai oicyenoaii n /enoi aaeieieno?aoeaiui
aii?inia oi?aaeaiey ia?iaeiui oicyenoaii, 1963 a.
? 4, no?. 46–47.
noaaiiiai e aaeieieno?aoeaiiai i?aaa (Aii?inu i?aaeiaoa niaaonei-
ai ainoaea?noaaiiiai e aaeieieno?aoeaiiai i?aaa a nayce n eo nenoa-
iaoecaoeeae),
i?eyoeyie-n auoiauie ioiioaieyie a?aaeaeai. Eiuie
neiaaie, ?anniao?eaaaiay eiioeaioeey ?acaeaeyao aaeeiua
oicyenoaaiiua ioiioaiey e niaaeeiyao eo /anoe n aaeie-
ieno?aoeaiui eeai a?aaeaeaineei i?aaii, ia?aioeaieaay
?ieue aaeieieno?aoeaiiai ?aaoee?iaaiey ia?iaeiiai oi-
cyenoaa.
iaai a?aiaie i?aiaeaaeaiea aaeieieno?aoeaiuo iaoiaeia
a ?oeiaiaenoaa oicyenoaii, eioi?ia auei inoaeaeaii e io-
aa?aiooi naioya?ueneei (1965 a.) Ieaioiii OeE EINN.
I?iaaaeaiea yeiiiie/aneie ?aoi?iu, i?aiaeieaiea aae-
ieieno?e?iaaiey a yeiiiieea, ?anoe?aiea oicyenoaai-
iuo i?aa i?aaei?eyoee, iiauoaiea ?iee oicyenoaaiiiai
aeiaiai?a a ieaie?iaaiee-ana yoi iieacuaaao iaiain-
iiaaiiinoue ?anniao?eaaaiie eiioeaioeee. A oneiaeyo
i?iaaaeaiey yeiiiie/aneie ?aoi?iu ia iiaeao auoue
?aci?aaii i?aaiaia ?aaoee?iaaiea oicyenoaaiiuo ioii-
oaiee ii ai?eciioaee e ii aa?oeeaee, eai ?aoi?ia in-
iiaaia ia aaeeinoaa yoeo ioiioaiee, ia aaeeinoaa i?aai-
aiai ?aaoee?iaaiey ?oeiaiaenoaa e inouanoaeaiey oicye-
noaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe.
i?aaa aeeth/aao a noa?o oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa oieueei
ioiioaiey ii aa?oeeaee, oi nouanoaoao e i?yii i?ioe-
aieieiaeiia iiieiaiea oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa eae io?an-
ee i?aaa, ?aaoee?othuae oieueei ioiioaiey ii ai?ecii-
oaee.
i?aaii oicyenoaaiiiai iai?ioa ii iiieiaao . (*1).
ee, ioaaouaaao: 1) i?aaiaoth no?oeoo?o nioeeaeenoe/a-
neeo i?aaei?eyoee, 2) ioiioaiey, aicieeathuea a ?acoeue-
styczne, tom V, Krakow, 1964, str. 171.
iie ia oaeiaeaoai?aiea /oaeeo iio?aaiinoae. *oi eanaaony
oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe aeey oaeiaeaoai?aiey naieo
iio?aaiinoae, oi iia ?aaoee?oaony a?aaeaeaineei i?aaii,
eioi?ia iiaeao noaneaeea?ii i?eiaiyoueny e ioiioaieyi
i?aaa oicyenoaaiiiai iai?ioa. Ia ioiioaiey aeanoiiai
oa?aeoa?a i?aai oicyenoaaiiiai iai?ioa ia ?ani?ino?a-
iyaony. Oaeei ia?acii, i?aai oicyenoaaiiiai iai?ioa
yaeyaony eae au
?aaoee?othuei ioiioaiey iaaeaeo nioeeaeenoe/aneeie
i?aaei?eyoeyie.
oaiey oicyenoaaiiiai iai?ioa io?uaathony io ioiioaiee
ieaiiaiai ?oeiaiaenoaa oicyenoaii e ?anniao?eaathony
eciee?iaaiii io ieo. A ?acoeueoaoa iieo/aaony, /oi oi-
cyenoaaiiue aeiaiai?-ia eino?oiaio ieaie?iaaiey, a
niaeaoaiea /enoi eiouanoaaiiiai oa?aeoa?a, au?aaeath-
uaa oieueei aaoiiiieth nioeeaeenoe/aneeo i?aaei?eyoee.
Ii yoa aaoiiiiey ioiineoaeueia, iineieueeo naii i?aae-
i?eyoea yaeyaony caaiii nioeeaeenoe/aneiai oicyenoaai-
iiai iaoaiecia. Cia/eo, aai oicyenoaaiiua ioiioaiey n
ae?oaeie i?aaei?eyoeyie ia iiaoo ?aaoee?iaaoueny a io-
?uaa io ioiioaiee n i?aaiaie oicyenoaaiiiai ?oeiaiae-
noaa. Ioiioaiey ii ai?eciioaee e ii aa?oeeaee a aeay-
oaeueiinoe nioeeaeenoe/aneeo i?aaei?eyoee ia?ac?uaii
ni/aoathony, /oi e ii?aaeaeyao iiieiaiea oicyenoaaiiiai
i?aaa.
noi?iiiaa i?aaenoaaeaiea i oicyenoaaiiii i?aaa, iaaei-
ioeaieaaao ?ieue ieaiiaiai ?oeiaiaenoaa nioeeaeenoe/a-
neei oicyenoaii. A yoii ioiioaiee iaaeinoaoee aeaiiie
eiioeaioeee i?ioeaiiieiaeiu iaaeinoaoeai oai?ee oicye-
noaaiii-aaeieieno?aoeaiiai i?aaa, ia?aioeaieaathuae
aaeieieno?aoeaiua iaoiaeu ?oeiaiaenoaa oicyenoaii e
eneeth/athuae ec noa?u oicyenoaaiiii?aaiaiai ?aaoee-
?iaaiey ioiioaiey ii oicyenoaaiiui aeiaiai?ai.
aa, eioi?ay aeeth/aao a aeaiioth io?aneue ?aaoee?iaaiea
eae
cyenoaaiiia i?aai ?anniao?eaaaony ia eae iniiaiay, a
eae eiiieaeniay io?aneue, ii?iu eioi?ie aoiaeyo a ni-
noaa iniiaiuo io?aneae-aaeieieno?aoeaiiai e a?aae-
TH. E. Oienoui. (*1).
coao naiinoiyoaeueiie io?anee a nenoaia i?aaa, iineieue-
eo niioaaonoaothuea i?aaiaua ii?iu inoathony ii?iaie
iniiaiuo io?aneae. A ?acoeueoaoa iieo/aaony, /oi a oi-
cyenoaaiiia i?aai aoiaeyo aeaa a?oiiu ioiioaiee, ioee-
/athueany ae?oa io ae?oaa e ii i?aaeiaoo e ii iaoiaeo
?aaoee?iaaiey. I?aaie/aneee neioac yoeo ioiioaiee
iaaiciiaeai, eai iie eiatho ?aciua i?eioeeiu, iauaaee-
iythuea eo ia ae?oa n ae?oaii, a niioaaonoaaiii n a?aae-
aeaineii?aaiauie e aaeieieno?aoeaiii?aaiauie ioiioa-
ieyie.
?aaeueiiio aaeeinoao oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee, eneonno-
aaiii ?acae?iaeyao oaeia aaeeinoai e ?acaeaeyao oicyeno-
aaiiua ioiioaiey iaaeaeo iniiaiuie io?aneyie a eiia/-
iii n/aoa ii iaoiaeo ?aaoee?iaaiey. (*2). Aianoa n oai aeai-
iay eiioeaioeey, ianiio?y ia aa iai?eaieaiinoue a oeaeii,
eiaao ecaanoiua i?aeiouanoaa ii n?aaiaieth n oai?eyie
oicyenoaaiii-aaeieieno?aoeaiiai i?aaa e i?aaa oicye-
noaaiiiai iai?ioa, iineieueeo iia i?eaioe?oao ia eiii-
eaeniia eco/aiea oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa e ia ?acaeoea
eiiieaeniiai oicyenoaaiiiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa. (*3).
aua iaeii iiieiaiea oicyenoaai.iiai i?aaa. Ii ?acee/a-
ao oicyenoaaiiia i?aai a oe?ieii e oceii niunea. Oi-
cyenoaaiiia i?aai a oe?ieii niunea aeeth/aao ana
io?anee i?aaa, ?aaoee?othuea ?acee/iua iauanoaaiiua
ioiioaiey a oicyenoaaiiie aeecie. Oae, a aai ninoaa
aoiaeyo oicyenoaaiii-o?oaeiaia i?aai e i?aai yeiiiie/a-
neiai oi?aaeaiey eee oicyenoaaiiia i?aai a oceii
niio?aiee aii?ina i iaoiaeao i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey oicyenoaai-
iuo ioiioaiee (no?. 66-67).
eae i?aaa ia iniiaiua e eiiieaeniua n/eoatho, /oi eiiieaeniua io-
?anee ia yaeythony i?inoui eiiaeiia?aoii /anoae iniiaiuo io?an-
eae, a caieiatho naiinoiyoaeueiia ianoi a nenoaia i?aaa, ?anniao?e-
aaaiie a ii?aaeaeaiiii eeanneoeeaoeeiiiii aniaeoa (A. E. ?aeoa?,
Iauanoaaiii-enoi?e/aneea oeiu no?aoiaaiey, no?. 190, E. N. Ao-
?aae/, I/a?ee niaaoneiai aaieianeiai i?aaa, ecae-ai EAO. 1959.
no?. 8).
iia i?aai a oceii niunea) ?aaoee?oao ioiioaiey iaae-
aeo i?aaiaie oi?aaeaiey oicyenoaii e i?aaei?eyoeyie. (*1).
i?aaenoaaeyaony iaeiieiaeioai?iie, eai iia iauaaeeiyao
a oicyenoaaiiii i?aaa ?acii?iaeiua ioiioaiey oieueei
ii oiio i?eciaeo, /oi ana iie neeaaeuaathony a nioeeaee-
noe/aneii oicyenoaa. I?aai aea yeiiiie/aneiai oi?aa-
eaiey, oioy e i?aaeeueii auaeaeyaony aaoi?ai ec aaeieie-
no?aoeaiiai i?aaa, ii ana aea o?aeooaony /?acia?ii
ocei. A nia?aiaiiuo oneiaeyo yeiiiie/aneia oi?aaea-
iea iaiuneeii aac oicyenoaaiiuo aeiaiai?ia, iaeiaei
niaeanii ?anniao?eaaaiie eiioeaioeee yoe aeiaiai?u
inoathony a a?aaeaeaineii i?aaa. Oai naiui ?ac?uaaaony
aaeeinoai oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee ii ai?eciioaee e ii
aa?oeeaee, eioi?ia ninoaaeyao nooue oicyenoaaiiiai
i?aaa.
inouanoaeaiea oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe. Iii ioaaou-
aaao oicyenoaaiiua ioiioaiey e ii ai?eciioaee e ai
aa?oeeaee. Oieueei oaeia iiieiaiea oicyenoaaiiiai
i?aaa iauaeoeaii io?aaeaao i?e?iaeo oicyenoaaiiuo io-
iioaiee e niinianoaoao eo ?acaeoeth a nia?aiaiiuo
oneiaeyo oicyenoaiaaiey.
aa yaeyaony ii?aaeaeythuei aeey onoaiiaeaiey aai niaea?-
aeaiey eae io?anee caei.iiaeaoaeuenoaa, eae iaoee e o/aa-
iie aeenoeeieeiu. Ana yoe aniaeou oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa
oanii naycaiu iaaeaeo niaie, ii iieiinoueth ia niaiaaeatho.
aaea niaoeaathony ?acee/iua aniaeou oicyenoaaiiiai
i?aaa. Iniaaiii /anoi niaoeaathony aii?inu i oicyeno-
aaiiii ipaaa eae io?anee i?aaa e eae io?anee caeiii-
aeaoaeuenoaa. Oae, aiai?eony neaaeothuaa:
1966. no?. 8-9.
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa>. (*1).
ec oiai, /oi eaaeaeay io?aneue i?aaa aeieaeia eiaoue naie
eiaeaen, iniiau eee eiie iaiauathuee caeii. Iaaeaeo oai
ia anaaaea yoi oae, eiathony io?anee i?aaa aac oaeeo aaee-
iuo eiaeaenia eee caeiiia. I?eia?ii iiaoo neoaeeoue
aaeieieno?aoeaiia e oeiainiaia i?aai. (*2).
n/eoaoue iaycaoaeueiui, /oiau eaaeaeie io?anee i?aaa
niioaaonoaiaae naie e i?eoii iaeei eiaeaen. (*3). Oaeiai aea
acaeyaea i?eaea?aeeaaaony e I. N. Eiooa.
ia?aaeaieyi iauaaeeiythony ii?iu ?aciuo io?aneae
i?aaa. Oa?aeoa? yoeo ii?i ia iaiyaony io oiai, /oi iie
aeeth/aiu a oio eee eiie caeii, eai caeiiiaeaoaeue ?aoa-
ao oieueei caaea/e eiaeeoeeaoeee, a ia i?iaeaiu nenoaiu
i?aaa.
/oi io?anee i?aaa e ia i?eia?aoatho ea/anoaa
a?aaeaeaineii?aaiauo ii?i>. (*5).
oaeuenoaa auei auneacaii iaiaei ioeai/iuo noaeaeaiee,
iniiaaiiuo ia niaoaiee oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa eae io-
?anee i?aaa e eae io?anee caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa. Iaeioi?ua
th?enou iieaaaee, /oi aeeth/aiea a yoio caeii ioaeaeueiuo
no?. 387.
(**3) N. E. Aeeueiyineee, E aii?ino i nenoaia niaaoneiai i?a-
aa,
oaeueiinoe a NNN?, no?. 12.
a?aaeaeaineiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa, no?. 50.
oeaoaeueiia ?aoaiea i?iaeaiu oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa eae
io?anee i?aaa. Oae, A. E. Iaoaaaa aua a ia?eiae iiaeai-
oiaee i?iaeoa Iniia ienae, /oi aeaiiue caeii
i oicyenoaaiiii i?aaa eae io?anee i?aaa e i oi?iao
eiaeeoeeaoeee oicyenoaaiiiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa. ssnii,
/oi oeacaiiue caeii ia iiaeao
oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa eae i?aaiaie io?anee, eai ii?iu
oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa ia noaioo a?aaeaeaineii?aaiauie
io oiai, /oi iie aeeth/aiu a a?aaeaeaineee caeii.
eioi?ue ieoao, /oi
aeaoaey a niinianoaiaaiee oi?ie?iaaieth io?anee i?aaa.
Aiaoiei i?iyaeaieai io?anee i?aaa anaaaea yaeyaony
iaee/ea ii?aaeaeaiiiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa, ?aaoee?othua-
ai oio eee eiie eiiieaen iauanoaaiiuo ioiioaiee,
i?eciaaaaiuo oai naiui o?aaothueie i?aaiaiai ?aao-
ee?iaaiey a neeo iauanoaaiiie cia/eiinoe.
oeaiuie yeiiiie/aneeie oneiaeyie aeecie iauanoaa.
Oae, ii?iu oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa niaea?aeaony a iaoe?-
iii oicyenoaaiiii caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa, eioi?ia noaei iau-
aeoeaii iaiaoiaeeiui a neeo nioeeaeenoe/aneiai iaiaua-
noaeaiey n?aaenoa i?iecaiaenoaa, o?aaothuaai /aoeiai
i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe
aeey iaania/aiey ?aoeeiiaeueiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa yeiiiie-
eie.
oi/aiu ii ?aciui caeiiai e iinoaiiaeaieyi, /oi ionoo-
styczne, tom V, Krakow, 1964, str. 165.
naeaeaoaeuenoaoao i iaoii?yaei/aiiinoe oicyenoaaiiiai
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa e iaiaoiaeeiinoe aai niaa?oainoaiaa-
iey, ii ia eiaao ioiioaiey e ?aoaieth aii?ina i oicye-
noaaiiii i?aaa eae ia io?anee i?aaa. Niaa?oainoaiaa-
iea ?oeiaiaenoaa yeiiiieeie auaeaeaaao caaea/o oeo/oa-
iey oicyenoaaiiiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa, eioi?ay ioianaia
Niaaoneei i?aaeoaeuenoaii e /eneo iniiaiuo caaea/ ii-
eeoeee iaoaai ainoaea?noaa. (*1).
eco/athuae i?aaiaua aii?inu oicyenoaaiiie aeecie a
oaniie nayce n aii?inaie yeiiiie/aneeie. N. N. Aeae-
naaa i?aaeeueii ioia/aao, /oi iaoea oicyenoaaiiiai i?a-
aa ni/aoaao eco/aiea i?aaa n ii?aaeaeaiiie iaeanoueth
iath?eaee/aneeo ciaiee. Iaoea oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa
oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa e a ca?oaaaeiuo nioeeaeenoe/aneeo
no?aiao. ss. Oiieineee (II?) ioia/aao, /oi caaea/a
iaoee oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa ninoieo: a eco/aiee acaeii-
aeaenoaey aeaoo iaoaieciia-iaoaiecia ia?iaeiiai oi-
cyenoaa e iaoaiecia i?aaa; a onoaiiaeaiee a iaoaiecia
i?aaa caaiueaa, eioi?ua ia auiieiytho naieo ooieoeee; a
auyaeaiee oao iano, aaea eiathony ia?ooaiey acaeiiaeae-
(**2) A. A?aiei, Eeanneoeeaoeey eiie?aoiuo yeiiiie/aneeo
iaoe,
no?. 17.
niiniaia ono?aiaiey oaeeo o?oaeiinoae. (*1). Oaeei ia?acii,
e yoa oa?aeoa?enoeea iaoee oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa enoi-
aeeo ec oiai, /oi iia iaoiaeeony ia nouea i?aaiaie e yei-
iiie/aneie iaoee.
a ae?oaii niunea-eae iaoea, aicieeoay ia ?oaaaea io-
?aneaauo th?eaee/aneeo aeenoeeieei, aeaaiui ia?acii
a?aaeaeaineiai e aaeieieno?aoeaiiai i?aaa. Aia?aa a
naay iaeioi?ua yeaiaiou yoeo io?aneaauo th?eaee/aneeo
iaoe, oicyenoaaiiia i?aai ia yaeyaony eo iaoaie/aneei
niaaeeiaieai. Oicyenoaaiiia i?aai i?aaenoaaeyao niaie
ea/anoaaiii iiaoth iaoeo, eioi?ay i?aaie/anee neioace-
?oao ana eo/oaa, /o? aeinoeaiooi io?aneaauie th?eaee/a-
neeie aeenoeeieeiaie, e aianoa n oai i?aiaeieaaaao eo
oceiio?aneaaie iiaeoiae e eco/aieth i?aaiauo yaeaiee.
oicyenoaaiiie aeecie ananoi?iiia e eiaiii a oii aniae-
oa, eioi?ue iaeaieaa oa?aeoa?ai aeey ieo. Io?uai/iia
aea eco/aiea ioaeaeueiuo oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee a ?ac-
iuo iao/iuo aeenoeeieeiao i?eaiaeeo e auoaaouaaieth
oicyenoaaiiii?aaiauo einoeoooia ec eo anoanoaaiiie
n?aaeu, e ?anniio?aieth oaeeo einoeoooia a ieaia oaycee
eo n yaeaieyie, ia eiathueie ioiioaiey e oicyenoaai-
iie aeecie. . (*2).
iua ioiioaiey e ii ai?eciioaee e oi aa?oeeaee, iicai-
eyao eeeaeaee?iaaoue eiaaoeany ?aiaa
iaaeaeo a?aaeaeaineei e aaeieieno?aoeaiui i?aaii, ain-
iieieoue i?iaaeu a eco/aiee eiiieaeniuo yaeaiee, ia
oeeaaeuaaaoeony a ?aiee a?aaeaeaineiai eee aaeieieno-
?aoeaiiai i?aaa. (*3).
E. I. Ia/o?eei, TH. N. Oeeia?iai, Iaoeo i?aaa-ia neoae-
ao oicyenoaaiiiio no?ieoaeuenoao,
1959 a. ? 9, no?. 126.
eaiiinoe e oicyenoaaiiia i?aai, no?. 14.
aai ii?iu e einoeooou, oicyenoaaiiii?aaiaua ioiioa-
iey. Iaeiaei iaoea oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa ?anniao?eaaao
ia oieueei aii?inu oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa eae io?anee
i?aaa, ii oaeaea e iaeioi?ua iia?aie/iua aii?inu, io-
iinyueany e niaaeiui io?aneyi. A yoii ninoiyo aaaeiia
cia/aiea iaoee oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa, eco/athuae ana
aaaeiaeoea i?aaiaua i?iaeaiu ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa,
?eaaeenue io?uai/ii n iiceoeee ioaeaeueiuo io?aneaauo
th?eaee/aneeo aeenoeeieei.
iieueciaaieai aeinoeaeaiee io?aneaauo aeenoeeieei, a oi?-
ioee?oao naie iiaua iiiyoey, einoeooou e eaoa-
ai?ee.
oicyenoaaiiiai iaycaoaeuenoaa (*1) e ae?. ?acaeoea iaoee oi-
cyenoaaiiiai i?aaa iieacuaaao ioeai/iinoue noaeaeaiee
oao o/aiuo, eioi?ua ia aieaa ?aiiae noaaeee ?acaeoey
iiaie iaoee iieaaaee, /oi oicyenoaaiiia i?aai ia nii-
aeao au?aaioaoue nianoaaiiuo iaueo iiiyoee e aeieaeii
aoaeao aeiaieuenoaiaaoueny iaueie iiiyoeyie a?aaeaeainei-
ai e aaeieieno?aoeaiiai i?aaa. (*2). Iiaeiaiua acaeyaeu inii-
auaaeenue ia ?acae?iaeaiee aaeeiuo oicyenoaaiiuo ioii-
oaiee, a oaeaea ia oii, /oi ii?aaeaeaiiua iauea
iiiyoey, naienoaaiiua anae iaoae i?aaiaie nenoaia,
i?eieiaeenue ca iiiyoey iaeiie io?anee, i?aaa, iineieue-
eo iaeaieueoaa ?acaeoea iie iieo/eee eiaiii a yoie
io?anee. (*3). E oaeei iiiyoeyi ioiinyony, iai?eia?, aeiai-
ai? eee aeia, eioi?ua iieo/eee ?acaeoea a a?aaeaeaineii
i?aaa, ii ia naiii aeaea yaeythony iaueie aeey iiiaeo
io?aneae niaaoneiai i?aaa. (*4)., 1967, no?. 129-134.
oaeueiinoe a NNN?, no?. 30-31.
iiiyoee e Iauae /anoe Oicyenoaaiiiai eiaeaena iiaeaa?a e?eoeea
E. N. Ao?aae/ (E. N. Ao?aae/, Niaaoneia aaieianeia i?aai e
yeiiiie/aneay ?aoi?ia,
? 12, no?. 4>).
ueo-i?ia?anneaiia yaeaiea iaoaai a?aiaie, naieno-
aaiiia anai io?aneyi ciaiey. A iaeanoe anoanoaaiiuo
iaoe iiaua
ianoi a nenoaia iao/iuo ciaiee e aeiaeeenue cia/eoaeue-
iuo oniaoia. Eiaiii oaeea iaoee iicaieytho aeinoe/ue
iaeaieaa cia/eoaeueiuo oniaoia a ?aoaiee oai?aoe/aneeo
e i?aeoe/aneeo i?iaeai. Eae ioia/aao I. A. Eaeaeuo,
a nayce n yoei eeanne/aneia ?acaeaeaiea iaoe noaiiaeo-
ny a cia/eoaeueiie ia?a oneiaiui, io?anee iaoee ana
aieueoa e aieueoa ia?aieaoathony iaaeaeo niaie. (*1).
oaeiai i?ioeanna ?acaeoey nioeeaeenoe/aneie i?aaiaie
iaoee, eioi?ue naienoaai iaoea aiiaua. Yoio i?ioeann
ninoieo, n iaeiie noi?iiu, a aeeooa?aioeeaoeee iaoe, ii-
yaeaiee iiauo niaoeeaeueiuo io?aneae iao/iuo ciaiee,
a n ae?oaie noi?iiu, a eioaa?aoeee iaoe, /oi a iaeanoe
i?aaa au?aaeaaony a ?acaeoee
io?aneae e iiyaeaiee ia noueao iaaeaeo ieie iiauo io-
?aneae i?aaa e i?aaiaie iaoee. (*2).
noaaiiiai i?aaa niiniaia auyniyoue aeoaeiiua i?ioeannu
nioeeaeenoe/aneiai oicyenoaiaaiey e au?aaaouaaoue oa-
eea ?aeiiaiaeaoeee ii niaa?oainoaiaaieth i?aaiaiai
?aaoee?iaaiey oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe, eioi?ua
iaaiciiaeii noi?ioee?iaaoue ia iniiaa oceiio?aneaauo
enneaaeiaaiee. Iiae/a?eeaay ia?iiiua aiciiaeiinoe iao-
ee oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa, ss. Oiieineee oeacuaaao, /oi
iiaeiaii iieeoe/aneie yeiiiiee eee nioeeieiaee iaoea
oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa aeieaeia noaoue eino?oiaioii ieaii-
aiai oi?ie?iaaiey yeiiiie/aneiai aacena. (*3).
iiea aua eniieuecothony iaaeinoaoi/ii. Yoa iaoea iaoi-
aeeony a ia/aeueiie noaaeee ?acaeoey, aie?oa iaa aei neo
ii? aaaeoony nii?u n?aaee o/aiuo. Neaaeoao ioiaoeoue, /oi
iiieii o/aiuo, noiyueo ia iiceoeeyo oicyenoaaiiiai
aeoey ie?iaicc?aiey e oaoie/aneiai i?ia?anna,
? 17, no?. 30.
va, Bratislava, 1963, str. 235.
Warszawa, 1966, s. 321.
eioi?ua, io?eoeay oicyenoaaiiia i?aai eae io?aneue i?a-
aa, i?eciatho aai a ea/anoaa iao/iie e o/aaiie aeenoeei-
eeiu. I?e oaeii iiaeoiaea oicyenoaaiiia i?aai o?ae-
ooaony eae eiiieaeniay io?aneue i?aaiaie iaoee,
ioaaouaathuay yeaiaiou ?acee/iuo io?aneae i?aaa,
aeaaiui ia?acii a?aaeaeaineiai e aaeieieno?aoeaiiai. (*1).
iiai i?aaa yaeeinue i?eiyoia a 1964 aiaeo iinoaiiaeaiea
OeE EINN , eioi?ia ioianei e /eneo aaaeiuo caaea/ i?aai-
aie iaoee enneaaeiaaiea i?iaeai ?oeiaiaenoaa ia?iaeiui
oicyenoaii, i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey oicyenoaaiiie
aeayoaeueiinoe. A niioaaonoaee n yoei iinoaiiaeaieai
aaaaeaii i?aiiaeaaaiea oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa a th?eaee/a-
neeo aocao, i?aaieciaaia anie?aioo?a ii oicyenoaaiii-
io i?aao, iaeeaeeenue oicyenoaaiiii?aaiaua enneaaeiaa-
iey. Iaeiaei ?acaeoea iiaie iaoee iiea aua iaaeinoaoi/-
ii, aei neo ii? iao niaoeeaeueiiai iao/iiai oeaio?a ii
oicyenoaaiiiio i?aao, eioi?ue iaania/ee au iaaeeaaea-
uaa ?acaeoea oicyenoaaiiii?aaiauo enneaaeiaaiee.
aaiiiai i?aaa a iaeioi?uo ca?oaaaeiuo nioeeaeenoe/a-
neeo no?aiao. Iaeaieueoaa ?acaeoea oicyenoaaiiia i?aai
a yoeo no?aiao iieo/eei a iineaaeiea aiaeu a nayce n
aaaaeaieai iiaie nenoaiu oicyenoaiaaiey.
auno?i ?acaeaaoueny a 60-a aiaeu a ia?eiae iiaeaioiaee e
i?iaaaeaiey eiaeeoeeaoeeiiiuo ?aaio a iaeanoe oicyeno-
aaiiiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa. ?ac?aaioea e i?eiyoea Oicye-
noaaiiiai eiaeaena iio?aaiaaee ianoaeaeaiey ?yaea oai?a-
oe/aneeo i?iaeai, au?aaioee i?eioeeieaeueiie eiioeai-
oeee eiaeeoeeaoeee oicyenoaaiiiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa. A
?acoeueoaoa i?iaaaeaiiuo aeeneonnee /aoineiaaoeeea o/a-
iua e i?aeoe/aneea ?aaioieee ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa i?e-
oee e auaiaeo i iaiaoiaeeiinoe i?eciaiey oicyenoaaiii-
naaa, Aeeooa?aioeeaoeey a?aaeaeaineii?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey a ni-
oeeaeenoe/aneii iauanoaa, no?. 82.
aeenoeeieeiu. (*1).
iiio i?aao i?iaiaeeeenue a *aoineiaaeee a ?aieao noua-
noaiaaaoeo iao/iuo o/?aaeaeaiee e aunoeo o/aaiuo ca-
aaaeaiee. Iaeiaei a aeaeueiaeoai auyaeeanue iaiaoiaeeiinoue
nicaeaiey niaoeeaeueiiai iao/iiai oeaio?a a iaeanoe oicye-
noaaiiii?aaiauo enneaaeiaaiee. Oaeei oeaio?ii yaeeny
Einoeooo oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa a I?aaa, nicaeaiiue a
1966 aiaeo. (*2). Iicaeiaa aue nicaeai oaeaea Einoeooo oicye-
noaaiiiai i?aaa a A?aoeneaaa.
th?eaee/aneeo oaeoeueoaoao I?aaeneiai e A?aoeneaaneiai
oieaa?neoaoia, a Aunoeo oeieao yeiiiieee a I?aaa e
A?aoeneaaa, a ae?oaeo yeiiiie/aneeo einoeoooao. Oicye-
noaaiiia i?aai i?aiiaeaaony eae iniiaiie eo?n, iayca-
oaeueiue aeey anao nooaeaioia th?eaee/aneeo e yeiiiie/a-
neeo aunoeo o/aaiuo caaaaeaiee. Anie?aioo?a ii oicye-
noaaiiiio i?aao aioiaeo iao/iua eaae?u. Ana yoi
iieacuaaao ?aciao oicyenoaaiiii?aaiauo enneaaeiaaiee
e eco/aiey oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa, aucaaiiue iio?aaii-
noyie yeiiiie/aneie aeecie.
aiaenoaa e ieaie?iaaiey ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa oaeaea i?e-
aaei e nouanoaaiiiio eciaiaieth ioiioaiey o/aiuo e
i?aeoeeia e oicyenoaaiiiio i?aao. Anee ianeieueei eao
oiio iacaae iaeioi?uie o/aiuie aeaeaeenue iiiuoee io-
?eoeaoue naiinoiyoaeueiia nouanoaiaaiea oicyenoaaiiiai
i?aaa e ioiaeaeanoaeyoue aai n i?aaii a?aaeaeaineei, oi
nae/an oaeea aicc?aiey ioaa?aioou e aieaa ia auneacu-
aathony.
iaiaoiaeeiinoue oicyenoaaiiii?aaiaie i?eaioaoeee aeey
oniaoiiai i?iaaaeaiey a aeeciue iiaie nenoaiu oicyeno-
aiaaiey. Oaeia eciaiaiea acaeyaeia iauyniyaony oai, /oi
i?e inouanoaeaiee oicyenoaaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa ia ia-
/aeao oic?an/aoa ieacuaaaony iaaiciiaeiui aeaeeoue oi-
cyenoaaiiua ioiioaiey ia eiouanoaaiiua e oi?aaeai-
/aneea, ioiineoue eo ?aaoee?iaaiea e ?aciui io?aneyi
*aoineiaaeee,
(**2)
a nayce n aaaaeaieai iiaie nenoaiu oicyenoaiaaiey a
AAe?, A. Oeuea?eoo oeacuaae:
iue ?aiaa oeeaeeenoe/aneee iiaeoiae e i?aaiaui i?iaea-
iai ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa. Aieueoeinoai o/aiuo iiieiatho
oicyenoaaiiia i?aai a oe?ieii niunea-eae i?aai,
?aaoee?othuaa ii?yaeie ?oeiaiaenoaa e inouanoaeaiey
oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe. Ioaeaeueiua o/aiua, iaeiaei,
o?aeootho oicyenoaaiiia i?aai aieaa ocei-eae ii?aaea-
eythuaa ioiioaiey i?iecaiaenoaaiiie eiiia?aoeee a ni-
oeeaeenoe/aneii oicyenoaa.
noaaiiiai i?aaa, eco/athuay i?aaiaua i?iaeaiu
oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee no?ai-/eaiia NYA. Yoe io-
iioaiey ?anniao?eaathony eae i?iaeieaeaiea aioo?aiieo
oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee, eioi?ua ia oeeaaeuaathony a
?aiee iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai /anoiiai i?aaa. Oai?aoe/aneea
eiioeaioeee iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa iaoi-
aeyo au?aaeaiea e a ?acaeoee niaoeeaeueiiai caeiiiaeaoaeue-
noaa ii aiaoiae oi?aiaea.
aaaeoony ai iiiaeo iao/iuo o/?aaeaeaieyo e oieaa?neoa-
oao no?aiu. I?e Aunoae oeiea yeiiiieee a Aa?eeia
nicaeai Einoeooo oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa, eioi?ue yaey-
aony aieiaiui einoeoooii, eii?aeeie?othuei ana iao/-
iua enneaaeiaaiey a iaeanoe oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa.
I?iaeaiu oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa ?ac?aaaouaathony a oan-
iie nayce n yeiiiie/aneie iaoeie e i?aeoeeie oicye-
noaaiiiai no?ieoaeuenoaa.
iiaeaioiaea th?enoia-oicyenoaaiieeia. A AAe? eiaaony
/aou?a oieaa?neoaoa, ec eioi?uo aeaa iieiinoueth nia-
oeeaeece?iaaiu ia iiaeaioiaea th?enoia-oicyenoaaiieeia.
a aeaa ae?oaeo oieaa?neoaoa – ia iiaeaioiaea eaae?ia aeey
i?aaiia thnoeoeee. Oicyenoaaiiia i?aai i?aiiaeaaony oae-
aea a aunoeo yeiiiie/aneeo o/aaiuo caaaaeaieyo.
Deutschen Demokratischen Republik bis zur Vollendung des Sozialis-
mus. Berlin, 1967, S. 131.
e ioa?aie/aiea aai io niaaeiuo
i?aaiauo io?aneae
ioiioaiey ii ?oeiaiaenoao e inouanoaeaieth oicyenoaai-
iie aeayoaeueiinoe. Iiiai/eneaiiua ii?iu e einoeooou
oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa oanii naycaiu iaaeaeo niaie e ia-
?acotho ii?aaeaeaiiia aaeeinoai. A yoii aaeeinoaa eaaeaeay
i?aaiaay ii?ia, eaaeaeue einoeooo caieiaao ii?aaeaeai-
iia ianoi. Eiae/anee iineaaeiaaoaeueiia e aioo?aiia
niaeaniaaiiia ?aniieiaeaiea oicyenoaaiiii?aaiauo
ii?i e einoeoooia ninoaaeyao nenoaio oicyenoaaiiiai
i?aaa.
iey iino?iaiey. Aeey nenoaiu oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa
oaeei iniiaaieai yaeyaony i?aaeaea anaai iauee eee
io?aneaaie oa?aeoa? niioaaonoaothueo i?aaiauo ii?i-e
einoeoooia. Aeaei a oii, /oi iaeioi?ua ii?iu e einoeoo-
ou oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa eiatho iauaa cia/aiea aeey
anaai ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa, ae?oaea aea ioiinyony oieueei
e ioaeaeueiui io?aneyi yeiiiieee e aeaeai oicyenoaai-
iie aeayoaeueiinoe. Ii?iu e einoeooou ia?aiai aeaea ni-
noaaeytho iauoth /anoue oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa, a aoi?iai
aeaea – aai iniaaiioth /anoue.
ioee/eoaeueiui i?eciaeii io?anee i?aaa yaeyaony iaee-
/ea o ninoaaeythuae aa niaieoiiinoe ii?i naieo iaueo
iieiaeaiee, ioee/iuo io iaueo iieiaeaiee ae?oaeo io-
?aneae i?aaa. (*1). Yoi ooaa?aeaeaiea iaeuecy i?eciaoue i?a-
aeeueiui. Aeaei a oii, /oi iaeioi?ua iieiaeaiey iiaoo
auoue iaueie aeey ?aciuo io?aneae i?aaa a neeo aaeeino-
aa anae iaoae i?aaiaie nenoaiu. (*2).
aa a nenoaia niaaoneiai nioeeaeenoe/aneiai i?aaa,
, no?. 20.
io?aneae i?aaa, eioi?ua oaeaea iiaoo auoue iaueie aeey
ianeieueeeo io?aneae, ii iiaoo auoue e niaoeeoe/iuie
aeey iaeiie io?anee. Iauea iieiaeaiey io?anee i?aaa ia
iaycaoaeueii aeieaeiu auoue iieiinoueth ioee/iuie io ia-
ueo iieiaeaiee ae?oaeo io?aneae, ii nouanoaotho e oaeea
iauea iieiaeaiey, eioi?ua aeaenoaeoaeueii niaoeeoe/iu
aeey oie eee eiie io?anee. I?e yoii a ?aciuo io?aneyo
oaeaeueiue aan oaeeo naiaia?aciuo iaueo iieiaeaiee
iaiaeeiaeia.
iui naiaia?aceai naieo iauee iieiaeaiee. E iauae
/anoe oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa ioiinyony: i?aaiaua oi?iu
e iaoiaeu ?oeiaiaenoaa oicyenoaii, i?aaiaia iieiaeaiea
oicyenoaaiiuo i?aaiia, i?aaiaie ?aaeei eo eiouanoaa,
i?aaiaua oi?iu ieaie?iaaiey oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeue-
iinoe, i?aaiaua oi?iu oicyenoaaiiiai ?an/aoa, oicye-
noaaiiua iaycaoaeuenoaa, i?aaiaua oi?iu nicaeaiey e
aiaae?aiey iiaie oaoieee, i?aaiaia ?aaoee?iaaiea e?a-
aeeoiaaiey e ?an/aoia a ia?iaeiii oicyenoaa, ioaaonoaai-
iinoue ca ?acoeueoaou oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe, ?ac-
?aoaiea oicyenoaaiiuo nii?ia.
i?aaiaia ?aaoee?iaaiea: i?iiuoeaiiinoe, eaieoaeueiiai
no?ieoaeuenoaa, oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee a naeueneii oi-
cyenoaa, o?ainii?oa, nayce, niaaaeai/anei-nauoiaie aeay-
oaeueiinoe, niaaoneie oi?aiaee, eiiioiaeueii-aeeeeuiiai
oicyenoaa, oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe nioeeaeueii-eoeue-
oo?iuo o/?aaeaeaiee.
?aneue i?aaa iiaeao auoue, n o/aoii neacaiiiai, au?aaeaia
neaaeothuei ia?acii.
oicyenoaa.
12. I?aaiaia ?aaoee?iaaiea no?ieoaeuenoaa
oicyenoaa
eoeueoo?iuo o/?aaeaeaiee.
aoaeoo niinianoaiaaoue iaeioi?ua e?aoeea iiyniaiey e
iae. Aii?inu iauae /anoe oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa iaiaeii-
e?aoii cao?aaeaaeenue a i?aaeoanoaothuai eceiaeaiee.
Aaaeiia ianoi n?aaee ieo caieiatho i?aaiaua oi?iu e
iaoiaeu ?oeiaiaenoaa oicyenoaii. I?aaiauie oi?iaie
?oeiaiaenoaa oicyenoaii yaeythony: oi?aaeaiea, ieaie-
?iaaiea, eiio?ieue e ii?iaoeaiia ?aaoee?iaaiea oicye-
noaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe. I?aaiaia cae?aieaiea iieo/atho
e iaoiaeu ?oeiaiaenoaa-yeiiiie/aneea e aaeieieno?a-
oeaiua.
oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa, naycai n i?aainoauaeoiinoueth
(eiiiaoaioeeae) oicyenoaaiiuo i?aaiia. A oneiaeyo ni-
oeeaeecia, eiaaea yeiiiieea iieiinoueth iaiauanoaeaia,
ieaiiaoth oicyenoaaiioth aeayoaeueiinoue inouanoaeytho ia
ioaeaeueiua a?aaeaeaia, a nioeeaeenoe/aneea oicyenoaaiiua
i?aaiu. Oieueei nioeeaeenoe/aneea i?aaiecaoeee, a oaeaea
eo no?oeoo?iua caaiuey aunooiatho o/anoieeaie oicye-
noaaiiuo i?aaiioiioaiee, yaeythony noauaeoaie oicye-
noaaiiiai i?aaa.
?aciuo aeaeia oicyenoaaiiuo i?aaiia: i?aaiia oicyeno-
aaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa, oicyenoaaiiuo iauaaeeiaiee, i?aae-
i?eyoee. Iii ?aaoee?oao oaeaea i?aaiaia iieiaeaiea
no?oeoo?iuo iiae?acaeaeaiee oici?aaiia.
?aaeei eiouanoaa oicyenoaaiiuo i?aaiia. I?eioeeiii
oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa yaeyaony nioeeaeenoe/aneay niano-
i?aai ia ioaaouaaao anao aii?inia i?aaa nioeeaeenoe/a-
neie nianoaaiiinoe. I?aai nianoaaiiinoe yaeyaony
i?aaa: ainoaea?noaaiiiai, a?aaeaeaineiai, oicyenoaaiii-
ai e o. ae.
i?eyoee e i?aaiecaoeee n oi/ee c?aiey eiouanoaaiiie
anoue i?iecaiaenoaaiiia eniieueciaaiea nioeeaeenoe/aneie
nianoaaiiinoe. Iiyoiio iia?aoeaiia oi?aaeaiea aa
iauaeoaie, i?aaiaie ?aaeei eiouanoaaiiuo n?aaenoa oi-
cyenoaaiiuo i?aaiia e ioiinyony e oicyenoaaiiiio
i?aao.
oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa ninoaaeyao ieaie?iaaiea oicyeno-
aaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe.
noaaiiia i?aai ?aaoee?oao oic?an/ao eae iauaa yeiii-
ie/aneia yaeaiea e aianoa n oai ii?aaeaeyao ioaeaeueiua
aai aeaeu: iieiue oic?an/ao i?aaei?eyoey, oic?an/ao i?-
aaiia oicyenoaaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa, aioo?ecaaiaeneie
oic?an/ao.
iatho oicyenoaaiiua iaycaoaeuenoaa. Oicyenoaaiiia i?aai
?aaoee?oao oicyenoaaiiua iaycaoaeuenoaa a ioiioaieyo
iaaeaeo i?aaei?eyoeyie, iaaeaeo aioo?aiieie caaiueyie
i?aaei?eyoey, a oaeaea iaaeaeo yoeie caaiueyie e i?aae-
i?eyoeai a oeaeii (aioo?eoicyenoaaiiua iaycaoaeuenoaa),
iaaeaeo i?aaei?eyoeyie e auoanoiyueie oicyenoaaiiuie
i?aaiaie. Iineaaeiee aeae oicyenoaaiiuo iaycaoaeuenoa
?acaeaaaony a oiaea inouanoaeaiey yeiiiie/aneie ?aoi?-
iu, naycaiiie n eciaiaieai oa?aeoa?a ioiioaiee
iaaeaeo i?aaei?eyoeyie e auoanoiyueie oicyenoaaiiu-
ie i?aaiaie, iiyaeaieai a ieo acaeiiuo i?aa e iay-
caiiinoae. Iaeaieueoaa cia/aiea eiatho oicyenoaaiiua
iaycaoaeuenoaa a ioiioaieyo iaaeaeo i?aaei?eyoeyie, aic-
ieeathueo ia iniiaa oicyenoaaiiuo aeiaiai?ia.
nicaeaiey e aiaae?aiey iiaie oaoieee. Yoe aii?inu oicye-
noaaiiia i?aai ?aaoee?oao ia iieiinoueth, a eeoue a oie
ia?a, a eaeie iie au?aaeathony a oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioa-
ieyo. Nthaea ioiinyony ieaie?iaaiea iiaie oaoieee,
aiaae?aiea aa a i?iecaiaenoai, yeiiiie/aneia noeioee?i-
nu oaoiieiaee i?iecaiaenoaa. I?aaa aea ecia?aoaoaeae,
?aoeeiiaeecaoi?ia e aaoi?ia iao/iuo ioe?uoee ii?aaea-
eythony ii?iaie a?aaeaeaineiai i?aaa.
iaao ioaaonoaaiiinoue ca ?acoeueoaou oicyenoaaiiie aeay-
oaeueiinoe e auiieiaiea oicyenoaaiiuo iaycaoaeuenoa.
Oicyenoaaiiia i?aai ii?aaeaeyao ?aciua aeaeu ioaaono-
aaiiinoe: ioaaonoaaiiinoue i?aaei?eyoee ca ia?ooaiea
ieaiia e oicyenoaaiiuo iaycaoaeuenoa, ioaaonoaaiiinoue
i?aaiia oicyenoaaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa ca oua?a, i?e/e-
iaiiue i?aaei?eyoeyi a i?ioeanna ?oeiaiaenoaa eo aeay-
aaiia ca ia?ooaiea aioo?eoicyenoaaiiuo iaycaoaeuenoa.
iey oicyenoaaiiuo nii?ia, aeayoaeueiinoue a?aeo?aaea a
ia?iaeiii oicyenoaa, i?aaiaua oi?iu aai aicaeaenoaey
ia ?aaioo i?aaei?eyoee e eiuo oicyenoaaiiuo i?aaiia.
anao io?aneae ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa. Iiyoiio iie ninoaa-
eytho iauoth /anoue oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa.
ieee e aeaeia oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe ninoaaeyao
iniaaiioth /anoue oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa. Ii eaaeaeie ec
io?aneae yeiiiieee e
eee ianeieueeeo io?aneae i?aaa.
ec aaeeinoaa niaaoneie nioeeaeenoe/aneie nenoaiu i?aaa.
Ia?enenoneay aeeaeaeoeea ioaa?aaao oi?iaeueii-eiae/a-
neee iiaeoiae, niaeanii eioi?iio eaaeaeia yaeaiea aa?aony
eciee?iaaiii io ae?oaeo e ia o/eouaathony acaeiiay
naycue, acaeiiia i?iieeiiaaiea yaeaiee, ia?aoiae iaeiiai
yaeaiey a ae?oaia. (*3).
/a?ou iieeoe/aneie i?aaiecaoeee iauanoaa, ioiineony
ei anai inoaeueiui io?aneyi i?aaa eae iauaa e iniaai-
ii oicyenoaaiiiio i?aao aeey th?eaee/aneeo aocia e iaienaii o/aa-
iia iiniaea ,
1967).
ai ia?aoee aieiaiea ss. O. Ieeieaiei (ss. O. Ieeieaiei, I ne-
noaia eiouanoaaiiuo ioiioaiee e eo i?aaiaii ?aaoee?iaaiee,
(**3) A. E. Eaiei, Iiei. nia?. ni/., o. 29, no?. 59.
eioi?ay onoaiaaeeaaao iauea i?eioeeiu aeey anao io?an-
eae, yaeyaony th?eaee/aneie aacie aeey ?acaeoey anae
i?aaiaie nenoaiu. (*1). Aii?inu ?oeiaiaenoaa ia?iaeiui oi-
cyenoaii a iniiaiuo /a?oao ?aaoee?othony ainoaea?noaai-
iui i?aaii. Eiie?aoiia aea ii?aaeaeaiea ii?yaeea ?oei-
aiaenoaa e inouanoaeaiey oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe
aeaaony a ii?iao oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa.
iiai e oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa iniiauaaaony ia iauiinoe
iniiaiuo i?eioeeiia ainoaea?noaaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa aeey
anao iaeanoae aeayoaeueiinoe Niaaoneiai ainoaea?noaa.
Yoe i?eioeeiu i?iyaeythony a iauae oi?ia a ainoaea?no-
aaiiii i?aaa, a aieaa eiie?aoii a i?eiaiaiee e ?oei-
aiaenoao ia?iaeiui oicyenoaii-a oicyenoaaiiii i?aaa.
Iiyoiio ainoaea?noaaiiia i?aai ioiineony e oicyenoaai-
iiio i?aao eae iauaa e iniaaiiiio. (*2).
ioaaouaaao ana ii?iu oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa e, e?iia
oiai, iaeioi?ua ae?oaea ii?iu. Ninoaaeyy th?eaee/aneoth
aaco aeey ?acaeoey anao i?aaiauo io?aneae, ainoaea?no-
aaiiia i?aai onoaiaaeeaaao a iauae oi?ia eeoue iniia-
iua i?eioeeiu oicyenoaaiiiai no?ieoaeuenoaa, ?acaeaaa-
iua e eiie?aoece?oaiua a oicyenoaaiiii i?aaa.
ainoaea?noaaiiiai oi?aaeaiey. Oicyenoaaiiia i?aai ii-
?aaeaeyao ii?yaeie ?oeiaiaenoaa e inouanoaeaiey oicyeno-
aaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe. ?oeiaiaenoai oicyenoaii aeeth/aao
e oi?aaeaiea yeiiiieeie, iaeiaei oicyenoaaiiia oi?aa-
eaiea nouanoaaiii ioee/aaony io oi?aaeaiey aaeieieno-
?aoeaiiai. (*3).
aa,
1959, no?. 51-83; N. N. Aeaenaaa, Iauea oai?aoe/aneea i?iaeaiu
nenoaiu niaaoneiai i?aaa, no?. 133.
i?aaa eae iauaai e iniaaiiiai ?ani?ino?aiaia a AAe? (G. ?flicka,
Grundfragen des Wirtschaftsrechts, Berlin, 1959, S. 19; G. Dorn-
berger. Die Allfgaben der Abteilung Wirtschiaftsrecht,
der sozialistischen Betriebe,
no?aoeaiia i?aai ia aeaa ninoaaiua /anoe-nianoaaiii aaeieieno?a-
oeaiia i?aai e aaeiiieno?aoeaii-oipyenoaaiiia i?aai (
n?aaiaiea aaeieieno?aoeaiiai i?aaa
oaeueiinoe iaeioi?uo i?aaiia oicyenoaaiiiai poeoaoaeco-
aa (iai?eia?, ainoaea?noaaiiiai a?aeo?aaea) ianoieueei
naiaia?acia, /oi aeieaeia auoue i?eciaia ninoaaiie /a-
noueth nianoaaiii oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa.
auneacuaathony i?ioea i?eciaiey oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa
?aaei au aaeeiue i?ioeann oi?aaeaiey, aaeeiua oi?aaeai-
/aneea ioiioaiey, eioi?ua ?aaoee?othony aaeieieno?a-
oeaiui i?aaii. (*3). Iaeiaei inouanoaeaiea yeiiiie/aneie
?aoi?iu i?eaiaeeo e oaeiio eciaiaieth ioiioaiee a
iaeanoe oicyenoaaiiiai oi?aaeaiey, /oi nnueee ia aaeei-
noai i?ioeanna oi?aaeaiey yeiiiieeie e ae?oaeie iaea-
noyie iauanoaaiiie aeecie aucuaatho aieueoea niiia-
iey.
noueth ia iniiaa oic?an/aoa, ?acaeoea a ioiioaieyo
iaaeaeo i?aaei?eyoeyie e auoanoiyueie oicyenoaaiiuie
i?aaiaie acaeiiuo i?aa e iaycaiiinoae, iiyaeaiea a
oaeeo ioiioaieyo eiouanoaaiiuo yeaiaioia, ni/aoath-
ueony n yeaiaioaie ieaiiai-i?aaiecaoeeiiiuie,-ana
niaaoneiai i?aaa,
no?. 107-108).
nenoaia niaaoneiai nioeeaeenoe/aneiai i?aaa, no?. 100.
(**2)
(**3) TH I Eiceia, I?aaeiao niaaoneiai aaeieieno?aoeaiiai i?a-
aa, ecae-ai IAO, 1967, no?. 6, 7, 25.
niaie ia ?aciiaeaeiinoue oi?aaeai/aneeo ioiioaiee, a
iaeei ec aeaeia ioiioaiee oicyenoaaiiuo. (*1). Ia aeaiiua
ioiioaiey ia iiaoo ?ani?ino?aiyoueny iauea i?eioeeiu
aaeieieno?aoeaiiai i?aaa, eai iie ia niioaaonoaotho
i?e?iaea e oa?aeoa?iui /a?oai oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioa-
iee.
ia ?aaoee?oao i?ioeann ?oeiaiaenoaa nioeeaeenoe/aneei
oicyenoaii? Iao, ia icia/aao. Aeaei a oii, /oi a i?ioean-
na ?oeiaiaenoaa yeiiiieeie neeaaeuaathony ia oieueei
oicyenoaaiiua ioiioaiey, ii e ioiioaiey /enoi oi?aa-
eai/aneea, ia ioee/aaoeany io aiaeiae/iuo ioiioaiee
a ae?oaeo iaeanoyo oi?aaeaiey. Oaeea ioiioaiey ?aaoee-
?othony ii?iaie aaeieieno?aoeaiiai i?aaa.
i?aaa aeieaeii i?iaiaeeoueny ii oa?aeoa?o ?aaoee?oaiuo
eo ii?iaie iauanoaaiiuo ioiioaiee. Aaeieieno?aoea-
iia i?aai ?aaoee?oao oi?aaeai/aneea ioiioaiey, ia
eiathuea eiouanoaaiiiai niaea?aeaiey. Oicyenoaaiiia
i?aai ?aaoee?oao oicyenoaaiiua ioiioaiey, a eioi?uo
ieaiiai-i?aaiecaoeeiiiua, oi?aaeai/aneea yeaiaiou i?-
aaie/anee ni/aoathony n yeaiaioaie eiouanoaaiiuie.
E oicyenoaaiiua e aaeieieno?aoeaiua ioiioaiey neea-
aeuaathony a i?ioeanna ?oeiaiaenoaa oicyenoaii, ii iie
ioee/athony ii i?e?iaea.
iiio o?aao ioiinyony, iai?eia?, i?eioeeiu i?aaiecaoeee
ainoaea?noaaiiiai aiia?aoa, ainoaea?noaaiiay neoaeaa,
aii?inu eieeaaeaeueiinoe e aaeeiiia/aeey, o/anoea o?o-
aeyueony a oi?aaeaiee e ae?. Niioaaonoaothuea ioiioa-
iey a iaeanoe oi?aaeaiey oicyenoaii ia eiatho eioua-
noaaiiuo yeaiaioia, yaeythony oieueei oi?aaeai/aneeie
e ia ioee/athony ii i?e?iaea io ioiioaiee ii oi?aaea-
ieth a noa?a aaeieieno?aoeaii-iieeoe/aneiai e nioeeaeue-
ii-eoeueoo?iiai no?ieoaeuenoaa. Iiyoiio iie e ioiinyony
ia e oicyenoaaiiiio, a e aaeieieno?aoeaiiio i?aao.
oicyenoaaiiiai e caiaeueiiai i?aaa. Caiaeueiia i?aai
eia, E aii?ino i eiaeeoeeaoeee niaaoneiai a?aaeaeaineiai caeiii-
Eiouanoaaiiua i?aaiioiioaiey eieoicia a NNN?,
no?. 141-160.
ee a nia?aiaiiue ia?eiae eiiioienoe/aneiai no?ieoaeuenoaa,
iniiaa iaoeeiiaeecaoeee caiee. (*1). A neeo eneeth/eoaeueii-
noe i?aaa nianoaaiiinoe ainoaea?noaa ia caieth i?aaiaie
?aaeei caiaeue ioee/aaony ?yaeii niaoeeoe/aneeo iniaai-
iinoae, iainiiauaathueo naiinoiyoaeueiinoue caiaeueiiai
i?aaa eae i?aaiaie io?anee, ioee/iie io oicyenoaaiiiai
i?aaa.
niaaoneeo a?aaeaeai.(*2). Niaoeeaeenou ii o?oaeiaiio i?aao
ii?aaeaeytho o?oaeiaua ioiioaiey eae
Cia/eo, o?oaeiaua ioiioaiey neeaaeuaathony a i?ioean-
na o?oaea, oicyenoaaiiua aea ioiioaiey-i?e ?oeiaiaeno-
aa e inouanoaeaiee oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe. Oaeei
ia?acii, o?oaeiaua ioiioaiey /aoei ioa?aie/eaathony ii
oa?aeoa?o io oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee.
noieeia o?oaeiaiai ioiioaiey aunooiaao a?aaeaeaiei,
oiaaea eae noauaeoii oicyenoaaiiiai ioiioaiey, eae oaea
aiai?eeinue, a?aaeaeaiei auoue ia iiaeao.
?aaoee?oaony oeiainiaui i?aaii. Aai i?aaeiaoii yaey-
thony oeiainiaua ioiioaiey ii ieaiiaie aeeoioeyoeee
e ?ani?aaeaeaieth ainoaea?noaii aeaiaaeiuo n?aaenoa. (*4). Ii-
?aaeaeythuee e?eoa?ee oeiainiauo ioiioaiee-eo oa-
?aeoa?
caieyao ioa?aie/eoue oeiainiaia i?aai io i?aaa oicye-
noaaiiiai, i?aaeiaoii eioi?iai yaeythony oicyenoaaiiua
ioiioaiey, neeaaeuaathueany a i?ioeanna , ecae-ai EAO, 1966, no?. 6.
1954, no?. 24.
oeiainiaiai i?aaa, Ainth?ecaeao, 1960, no?. 78.
aiio i?aao ioiinyony, iai?eia?, athaeaeaoiia i?aai, iay-
caoaeueiua ieaoaaee a athaeaeao ainoaea?noaaiiuo i?aae-
i?eyoee e i?aaiecaoeee, iaeiaiaia i?aai e ae?. (*1).
aii onoaiaaeeaaaony e ii noauaeoai niioaaonoaothuea
ioiioaiee. A ioiioaieyo, ?aaoee?oaiuo oeiainiaui
i?aaii, anaaaea a ea/anoaa oioy au iaeiie ec noi?ii o/a-
noaoao oeiainiaue i?aai. (*2). Aeaeaa, o/anoieeaie ioiioa-
iee, ?aaoee?oaiuo oeiainiaui i?aaii, iiaoo auoue
ia oieueei nioeeaeenoe/aneea i?aaiecaoeee, ii y ioaeaeueiua
a?aaeaeaia. Oaeiau, iai?eia?, ioiioaiey iaaeaeo oeiai-
niauie i?aaiaie e a?aaeaeaiaie ii aceiaieth iaeiaia.
Auei au, iaeiaei, ioeaeie n/eoaoue, /oi anyeia ioii-
oaiea, noi?iiie iaeioi?ii aunooiaao oeiainiaue i?aai,
?aaoee?oaony oeiainiaui i?aaii. Iai?eia?, ioiioaiey
aaieianeeo o/?aaeaeaiee n oici?aaiaie ii e?aaeeoiaaieth
e ?an/aoai ?aaoee?othony ia oeiainiaui, a oicyenoaai-
iui i?aaii. Aeaiiua ioiioaiey ii oa?aeoa?o yaeythony
oicyenoaaiiuie, a ieo aaieianeea o/?aaeaeaiey aunoo-
iatho ia eae i?aaiu, ?ani?aaeaeythuea e ia?a?ani?aaea-
eythuea iaoeeiiaeueiue aeioiae, a eae o/anoieee oicyeno-
aaiiuo ioiioaiee, ninoaaeythueo i?aaeiao ?aaoee?iaa-
iey oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa. I?aaeiao ?aaoee?iaaiey, oa-
?aeoa? e?aaeeoii-?an/aoiuo ioiioaiee nioeeaeenoe/aneeo
i?aaiecaoeee eae ioiioaiee oicyenoaaiiuo e yaeyaony
iniiaaieai aeey ioianaiey eo e noa?a oicyenoaaiiiai
i?aaa.
(**2) A. A. ?iaeineee iiae/a?eeaaao, /oi
iao, iinoaiiaeaieyo e ae?oaeo ii?iaoeaiuo aeoao ii
eiaiothony iau/ii oicyenoaaiiui caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii.
Oicyenoaaiiia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai aeeth/aao ia oieueei
caeiiu a nianoaaiiii niunea, o. a. ii?iaoeaiua aeou
Aa?oiaiuo Niaaoia NNN?, nithciuo e aaoiiiiiuo ?an-
ioaeee, ii oaeaea e ii?iaoeaiua aeou i?aaeoaeuenoaa e
i?aaiia, oicyenoaaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa. (*1).
ee?iaaiey ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa eiaao iniiaiie caeii –
Eiinoeoooeey NNN?, onoaiaaeeaathuay i?eioeeieaeueiua
iieiaeaiey ia i?aaiecaoeee oicyenoaaiiiai no?ieoaeueno-
aa. Nouanoaotho caeiiu, niaoeeaeueii ecaeaiiua aeey ?aao-
ee?iaaiey ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa. I?eia?ii iiaeao neo-
aeeoue caeii io 2 ieoya?y 1965 a.
noaaea, eaieoaeueiiio no?ieoaeuenoao, a?ociaui ia?a-
aiceai e iaeioi?uo ae?oaeo oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee
ea?atho Iniiau a?aaeaeaineiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa Nithca
NN? e nithciuo ?anioaeee, ooaa?aeaeaiiua Caeiiii
NNN? io 8 aeaeaa?y 1961 a. (*3).
iey oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe i?eieiathony niaiano-
iua iinoaiiaeaiey OeE EINN e Niaaoa Ieieno?ia
NNN?, eioi?ua yaeythony ia oieueei ii?iaoeaiuie ae-
oaie aunoaai i?aaia ainoaea?noaaiiiai oi?aaeaiey, ii
iaeiia?aiaiii e ia?oeeiuie aee?aeoeaaie. Oaeiau ii-
noaiiaeaiey OeE EINN e Niaaoa Ieieno?ia NNN? io
30 naioya?y 1965 a.
ieiaaony ia a niunea
(**3)
(**4) NI NNN? 1965 a. ? 19-20, no. 152.
iinoaiiaeaiee.
oaeuenoaa ninoaaeytho ii?iaoeaiua aeou i?aaeoaeuenoaa
e i?aaiia oicyenoaaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa. Yoi iauyniyaony
oai, /oi ii?iaoeaiia ?aaoee?iaaiea oicyenoaaiiie aeay-
oaeueiinoe-iaeia ec oi?i ?oeiaiaenoaa yeiiiieeie.
Inouanoaeyy ?oeiaiaenoai, i?aaeoaeuenoai e ae?oaea ?oei-
aiaeyuea i?aaiu ecaeatho e niioaaonoaothuea ii?iaoea-
iua aeou.
i?aaeoaeuenoaa, eae Iieiaeaiea i nioeeaeenoe/aneii ai-
noaea?noaaiiii i?iecaiaenoaaiiii i?aaei?eyoee, ooaa?ae-
aeaiiia iinoaiiaeaieai Niaaoa Ieieno?ia NNN? io 4
ieoya?y 1965 a. (*2), Iieiaeaiea i iinoaaeao i?iaeoeoeee
i?iecaiaenoaaiii-oaoie/aneiai iacia/aiey e Iieiaeaiea
i iinoaaeao oiaa?ia ia?iaeiiai iio?aaeaiey. I?aaeea
i iiae?yaeiuo aeiaiai?ao ii no?ieoaeuenoao, Onoaa aeaeac-
iuo aei?ia NNN?, (*3), iinoaiiaeaiea
aeou, ecaeaiiua i?aaeoaeuenoaii aeey ?aaoee?iaaiey oi-
cyenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee nioeeaeenoe/aneeo i?aaiecaoeee.
ieth oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe ecaeatho i?aaiu oicye-
noaaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa. A ?yaea neo/aaa a iinoaiiaeaieyo
Niaaoa Ieieno?ia NNN? niaea?aeaony niaoeeaeueiua ii-
?o/aiey i?aaiai oicyenoaaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa ia ecaeaiee
oao eee eiuo iieiaeaiee, i?aaee, eino?oeoeee a ?acaeoea
niioaaonoaothuaai iinoaiiaeaiey. Eiiaaea ecaeaiea i?-
aaiaie oicyenoaaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa ii?iaoeaiuo aeoia
ii ?aaoee?iaaieth oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee i?aaeoniao-
?eaaaony iieiaeaieyie i niioaaonoaothueo i?aaiao. Oae,
niaeanii Iieiaeaieth i Ainoaea?noaaiiii a?aeo?aaea i?e
Niaaoa Ieieno?ia NNN?, ooaa?aeaeaiiiio iinoaiiaeaie-
ai Niaaoa Ieieno?ia NNN? io 17 aaaonoa 1960 a. (*5), yoio
(**2) NI NNN? 1965 a. ? 19-20, no. 155.
(**3) NI NNN? 1964 a. ?5, no. 36.
(**4) NI NNN? 1967 a. ? 26, no. 186.
(**5) NI NNN? 1960 a. ? 15, no. 127.
iuo aeaeia i?iaeoeoeee i?iecaiaenoaaiii-oaoie/aneiai
iacia/aiey e oiaa?ia ia?iaeiiai iio?aaeaiey, eino?oe-
oeee i ii?yaeea i?eaiee i?iaeoeoeee e oiaa?ia ii eiee/a-
noao e ea/anoao, ecaeaao ii niaeaniaaieth n Niaaoaie
Ieieno?ia nithciuo ?anioaeee i?aaeea ?anniio?aiey
oicyenoaaiiuo nii?ia.
iaoeaiuo aeoia ii ?aaoee?iaaieth oicyenoaaiiie aeay-
oaeueiinoe eiiaaea icia/aao ?aaeecaoeeth ii?i oicyenoaai-
iiai i?aaa n iiiiuueth ecaeaiey ae?oaeo i?aaiauo ii?i.
Ecaeaaay iinoaiiaeaiea a ?acaeoea caeiia, i?aaeoaeueno-
ai ?aaeecoao ii?iu aeaiiiai caeiia. I?aai oicyenoaai-
iiai ?oeiaiaenoaa ii?iaoeaiui aeoii, ecaeaiiui ia in-
iiaa iinoaiiaeaiey i?aaeoaeuenoaa, ?aaeecoao yoi
iinoaiiaeaiea.
cyenoaaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa ai?aaa ecaeaaaoue ii?iaoeaiua
aeou eeoue i?e niaoeeaeueiii ii?o/aiee. Yoe i?aaiu,
inouanoaeyy ?oeiaiaeyuoth aeayoaeueiinoue, iiaoo ecaeaaaoue
ii?iaoeaiua aeou ii anai aii?inai, aoiaeyuei a eo
eiiiaoaioeeth. Iooai ecaeaiey i?aaiauo ii?i iie ii?a-
aeaeytho ii?yaeie inouanoaeaiey oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeue-
iinoe a i?aaeaeao naiae nenoaiu.
Aiaeiae/iui ia?acii i?aaei?eyoey ooaa?aeaeatho ii-
eiaeaiey i aioo?ecaaiaeneii ieaie?iaaiee e oicyenoaai-
iii ?an/aoa, iieiaeaiey i aioo?aiieo iiae?acaeaeaieyo
e ae?oaea i?aaeea, ii?aaeaeythuea ii?yaeie aaaeaiey i?i-
ecaiaenoaaiii-oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe aioo?e i?aae-
i?eyoey.
i?aaa ii?iaoeaiuo aeoia i?aaeoaeuenoaa (ii aaaeiae-
oei aii?inai-niaianoiuo n OeE EINN) e i?aaiia
oicyenoaaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa aeaao aiciiaeiinoue aeaei e
iia?aoeaii niaa?oainoaiaaoue i?aaiecaoeeth ?oeiaiaenoaa
ia?iaeiui oicyenoaii.
?oeiaiaenoaa ii?iaoeaiuo aeoia ii oicyenoaaiiui ai-
i?inai i?aaenoaaeyao aiieia caeiiiia?iia yaeaiea, eai
ii?iioai?/aneay aeayoaeueiinoue aeaiiuo i?aaiia-iaeia
ec oi?i inouanoaeaiey eie ?oeiaiaenoaa yeiiiieeie. A
yoii – ioee/ea oicyenoaaiiiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa io
a?aaeaeaineiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa, aaea iniiaiie ii?iaoea-
aaiiii niunea neiaa.
aa e i?aaiia oicyenoaaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa eiaao eiinoe-
oooeeiiioth iniiao. Oaeie iniiaie aeey ecaeaiey
iauanithciuo ii?iaoeaiuo aeoia ii oicyenoaaiiui
aii?inai yaeythony ioieou
Eiinoeoooeee NNN?, a eioi?uo ii?aaeaeyaony
no.1 Eiinoeoooeee NNN? 1924 aiaea). A Eiinoeoooeee aea
1936 aiaea oeacaiea ia onoaiiaeaiee iniia ia?iaeiiai
oicyenoaa auei caiaiaii aeeooa?aioee?iaaiiui oeaca-
ieai i i?aaiii/eyo Nithca NN? ii ?oeiaiaenoao ?ac-
ee/iuie io?aneyie ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa. (*1).
iniiaie aeey oicyenoaaiiiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa yaeyaony
i.
a?aaeaeaineiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa. (*2). Yoio acaeyae iaeuecy
i?eciaoue i?aaeeueiui. Neaaeoao ?acee/aoue a?aaeaeaineia
e oicyenoaaiiia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai. Iineaaeiaa ?aaoee?o-
ao oicyenoaaiiua ioiioaiey, a eioi?uo ni/aoathony eio-
uanoaaiiua e ieaiiai-i?aaiecaoeeiiiua yeaiaiou, a ia
ieaiiai-i?aaiecaoeeiiioth noi?iio oicyenoaaiiuo ioii-
oaiee a?aaeaeaineia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai ?ani?ino?aiaii
auoue ia iiaeao.
ai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa,
no?. 42.
ai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa,
NNN?, i?iaeo eioi?ie ?ac?aaaouaaaony, aieaa /aoei
ii?aaeaeeoue ii?yaeie ecaeaiey oicyenoaaiiiai caeiiiaea-
oaeuenoaa.
noaa niaea?aeeony a iauanithciuo aeoao. Yoa oa?aeoa?iay
/a?oa oicyenoaaiiiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa i?aaeii?aaeaeyao-
ny aaeeinoaii ainoaea?noaaiiiai oicyenoaaiiiai ieaia,
aaeeinoaii oicyenoaaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa ii anae no?aia. (*1).
eaaiio i?eioeeio ?aaoee?iaaiea oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioa-
iee ii?iaie iauanithciiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa aeaao aic-
iiaeiinoue iaania/eoue aaeeinoai ?oeiaiaenoaa e inouano-
aeaiey oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe i?aaei?eyoee iaeiie
io?anee i?iiuoeaiiinoe, iaoiaeyueony ia oa??eoi?ee
?aaiuo nithciuo ?anioaeee.
oe/aneiai oeaio?aeecia a ?oeiaiaenoaa oicyenoaii, ?an-
oe?aiea i?aa nithciuo ?anioaeee a yoie iaeanoe, ia?a-
aea/a iia?aoeaiuo ooieoeee i?aaei?eyoeyi e ianoiui
i?aaiai o?aaotho onoaiiaeaiey aaeeiuo i?aaiauo ii?i
ii iniiaiui aii?inai. Nithciui ?anioaeeeai i?aaei-
noaaeaiu oe?ieea i?aaiii/ey a iaeanoe ?aoaiey ai-
i?inia oicyenoaaiiiai no?ieoaeuenoaa. Iaeiaei iniiaiua
i?aaiaua ii?iu, ii?aaeaeythuea ii?yaeie ?oeiaiaenoaa e
inouanoaeaiey oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe, aaeeiu aeey
anae no?aiu, niaea?aeaony a iauanithciii caeiiiaeaoaeue-
noaa, iineieueeo a yoeo aii?inao iao nouanoaaiiuo ?ac-
ee/ee iaaeaeo nithciuie ?anioaeeeaie.
ioiioaiey iaaeaeo nioeeaeenoe/aneeie i?aaiecaoeeyie ii
iinoaaeai i?iaeoeoeee e eaieoaeueiiio no?ieoaeuenoao,
ioiioaiey i?aaiecaoeee aeaeaciiaei?iaeiiai, ii?neiai,
?a/iiai, aicaeooiiai, o?oaii?iaiaeiiai o?ainii?oa, nay-
ce e e?aaeeoiuo o/?aaeaeaiee, eae e iaeioi?ua ae?oaea
ioiioaiey, ?aaoee?othony iauanithciui caeiiiaeaoaeueno-
aa auei ioianaii e aaaeaieth Nithca NN? aua Aeiaiai?ii ia ia?aci-
aaiee Nithca Niaaoneeo Nioeeaeenoe/aneeo ?anioaeee io 30 aeaeaa?y
1922 a. Aiineaaenoaee yoi iieiaeaiea auei aini?iecaaaeaii a no. 1
Eiinoeoooeee NNN? 1924 aiaea (
227).
?anioaeee iiaoo ?ac?aoaoueny oieueei aii?inu, i?yii
ioianaiiua e eo aaaeaieth caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii Nithca NN?.
?anioaeee ia i?eiaiythony e aaaeiaeoei oicyenoaaiiui
ioiioaieyi, ia?a/eneaiiui auoa. A oi aea a?aiy a?aae-
aeaineea eiaeaenu eiatho cia/aiea aeey ?aaoee?iaaiey
oaeeo oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee, eioi?ua ia iacaaiu
a no. 3 Iniia a /enea ioiioaiee, ii?aaeaeyaiuo oieueei
iauanithciui caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii. Nthaea ioiinyony, .ia-
i?eia?, ioiioaiey ii ia?aaiceai a?ocia aaoiiiaeeue-
iui o?ainii?oii, ioiioaiey iaaeaeo oici?aaiaie ii
aeiaiai?ai a?aiaeu, eiienneiiiui aeiaiai?ai e iaeioi-
?ua ae?oaea.
noaa ecaeathony a oao neo/ayo, eiaaea i?eioeeieaeueiua
iieiaeaiey iauanithciiai caei.iiaeaoaeuenoaa aeieaeiu
auoue ?acaeou e eiie?aoece?iaaiu i?eiaieoaeueii e on-
eiaeyi nithciie ?anioaeeee. (*1). Cia/eoaeueiia ianoi n?aaee
yoeo aeoia caieiatho iieiaeaiey i ?anioaeeeaineeo i?-
aaiao oicyenoaaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa, ii?aaeaeythuea
eiiiaoaioeeth aeaiiuo i?aaiia a ?aoaiee oicyenoaaiiuo
aii?inia.
noaaiiia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai eiaao ?yae iniaaiiinoae, io-
ee/athueo aai io ae?oaeo io?aneae caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa.
Aoiaeyuea a iaai ii?iu oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa ia anaaaea
oeeaaeuaathony a o?aaeeoeeiiiia iiiyoea i?aaiaie ii?iu
eae iauaai i?aaeea, ?ann/eoaiiiai ia iaii?aaeaeaiiuo
eeoe e ia iiiaie?aoiia i?eiaiaiea. (*2).
ianiio?y ia ?anoe?aiea eo i?aa, aiana ia aeieaeiu ecaeaaaoue ii?-
iaoeaiua aeou ii anai aii?inai oicyenoaaiiie aeecie. Ii ec yoi-
ai ii aeaeae iaaa?iue auaiae ia ecaeaiee ia ?anioaeeeaineeo, a ia-
uanithciiai a?aaeaeaineiai eiaeaena (
iaiainiiaaiii ia?aie/eei au i?aaa nithciuo ?anioaeee a iaeanoe
?aaoee?iaaiey a?aaeaeaineeo ioiioaiee. Oeaio?aeecaoeey aea caeiii-
aeaoaeueiuo ooieoeee iaiaoiaeeia ia a yoeo aii?inao, a a iaeanoe ec-
aeaiey oicyenoaaiiiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa. ?aca?aie/aiea eiiiaoaioeee
Nithca NN? e nithciuo ?anioaeee a iaeanoe oicyenoaaiiiai e a?aae-
aeaineiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa ia iiaeao auoue iaeeiaeiaui.
1955, no?. 345).
naycaiiua ni niaoeeoeeie oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa eae
io?anee i?aaa. (*1). A oicyenoaaiiii caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa i?e-
iaiythony i?aaiaua ii?iu ?aciuo aeaeia: ii?iu-ia-
uea i?aaeea, ii?iu-caaeaiey, ii?iu, i eiiiaoaioeee,
?aeiiaiaeaoaeueiua ii?iu. (*2).
iiyniaiee, eai iie i?eiaiythony ai anao io?aneyo i?aaa.
Oaeea ii?iu ii?aaeaeytho ii?yaeie ?oeiaiaenoaa e inoua-
noaeaiey oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe iooai onoaiiaea-
iey iaueo i?aaee oicyenoaiaaiey, ?ann/eoaiiuo ia
aeeeoaeueiia a?aiy. Iie niaea?aeaony a Iieiaeaieyo i ii-
noaaeao, iinoaiiaeaieyo i ii?yaeea ieaie?iaaiey, i?a-
aeeao i e?aaeeoiaaiee e ?an/aoao, ai iiiaeo ae?oaeo
ii?iaoeaiuo aeoao.
aae?aniinoueth e eiie?aoiinoueth. Oaeea ii?iu noaayo
eiie?aoiua caaea/e i?aaiai oicyenoaaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa,
i?aaei?eyoeyi e iauaaeeiaieyi, iaia/atho ia?u aeey ino-
ii?i i?e auaeaeaiee io?aneae i?aaa ia?aoee aieiaiea N. I. Ei?-
iaaa (N. I. Ei?iaaa, Aii?inu iino?iaiey nenoaiu niaaoneiai
i?aaa, no?. 23).
oaeuenoaa ni?aaaaeeeai ioiaoee N. A. Aieoineee (N. A. Aieoi-
neee, E aii?ino i iiiyoee i?aaiaie ii?iu a oai?ee nioeeaeenoe-
/aneiai i?aaa,
aeaaiui ia?acii i?eiaieoaeueii e ieaiiaui ii?iai: N. I. Ni-
eiaueaa, I?aaiaay i?e?iaea nioeeaeenoe/aneeo ieaiia,
NNN?, 1952, no?. 65; Oe. A. ssiiieueneay, I i?aaiaie ii?ia e
i?aaiaii ioiioaiee,
no?. 35-36; N. N. Aeaenaaa, I caeiiiia?iinoyo ?acaeoey ni-
aaoneiai i?aaa a ia?eiae ?acaa?iooiai no?ieoaeuenoaa eiiioiecia,
no?. 10; A. E. Oaeaean, E aii?ino i i?aaiaie i?e?iaea ainoaea?no-
aaiiuo ia?iaeiioicyenoaaiiuo ieaiia,
dolezity pravny nastroj kooperacie a specializacie,
sozialistischen Recht.
ia?iaeiioicyenoaaiiua ieaiu niaea?aeao eiie?aoiua
caaeaiey ii?aaeaeaiiui eniieieoaeyo. Aoaeo/e i?eiyou-
ie a oi?ia caeiia, ieaiu iaycaoaeueiu ia oieueei aeey
oeacaiiuo a ieo eniieieoaeae, ii e aeey anao ae?oaeo oi-
cyenoaaiiuo i?aaiia. Ii?iu-caaeaiey neaaeoao ioee/aoue
io eiaeeaeaeoaeueiuo ieaiiauo caaeaiee e oeacaiee, ia
iinyueo ii?iaoeaiiai oa?aeoa?a e nicaeathueo iaycai-
iinoe oieueei aeey ii?aaeaeaiiuo oici?aaiia.
caii n ?ieueth ii?iaoeaiiai ?aaoee?iaaiey oicyenoaai-
iie aeayoaeueiinoe eae iniaie oi?iu ?oeiaiaenoaa oicye-
noaii. Nioeeaeenoe/aneia ainoaea?noai, ?oeiaiaey yeiii-
ieeie, ii?aaeaeyao ia oieueei ii?yaeie, ii e oeaee eniieue-
ciaaiey ainoaea?noaaiiiai eiouanoaa oicyenoaaiiuie
i?aaiaie. A i?aaiauo ii?iao noaayony eiie?aoiua
caaea/e, iaia/athony niiniau eo inouanoaeaiey.
iiai i?aaa, ninoaaeytho ii?iu i eiiiaoaioeee. Yoe ii?-
iu ii?aaeaeytho i?aaa e iaycaiiinoe i?aaiia oicyeno-
aaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa, oicyenoaaiiuo iauaaeeiaiee, i?aae-
i?eyoee, eo aioo?aiieo caaiueaa. Onoaiaaeeaay
eiiiaoaioeeth oicyenoaaiiuo i?aaiia, aeaiiua ii?iu
iiaeeecotho eo ia aeayoaeueiinoue, niioaaonoaothuoth ii-
o?aaiinoyi ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa. Aianoa n oai iie noa-
ayo aa a ii?aaeaeaiiua ?aiee, nicaeaaay i?aaeiinueee aeey
i?iaaaeaiey ?aaeeia caeiiiinoe a oicyenoaaiiie ?aaioa.
aieaa aeeeoaeueiia aeaenoaea, /ai ii?iu-caaeaiey, iiaeea-
aeauea auiieiaieth a ii?aaeaeaiiue n?ie, iau/ii onoa-
iiaeaiiue a naiie ii?ia (iai?eia?, aiaeiaie ia?iaeii-
oicyenoaaiiue ieai-a oa/aiea aiaea). Ii?iu i eiiia-
oaioeee ?ann/eoaiu a i?eioeeia ia ana 1967 a. ?8, no?. 43).
iao, i?e/ai eaaeaeay eco/aao eo a ii?aaeaeaiiii aniaeoa.
aaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe yaeyaony iaeiie ec oi?i ?oeiaiaeno-
aa yeiiiieeie, aai oeo/oaiea eiaao aaaeiia cia/aiea
aeey oniaoiiai inouanoaeaiey yeiiiie/aneie ?aoi?iu.
Iiyoiio niaa?oainoaiaaiea oicyenoaaiiiai caeiiiaea-
oaeuenoaa ioianaii e /eneo iniiaiuo aii?inia aioo?ai-
iae e aiaoiae iieeoeee iaoaai ainoaea?noaa.
nannee Aa?oiaiiai Niaaoa NNN? naaeueiiai nicuaa oea-
cuaaeinue: . (*1).
uaao ia naay aieiaiea oeacaiea ia iaiaoiaeeiinoue
niaa?oainoaiaaiey eiaiii oicyenoaaiiiai caeiiiaea-
oaeuenoaa, a ia a?aaeaeaineiai, aaeieieno?aoeaiiai eee
eaeiai-eeai eiiai. Oicyenoaaiiia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai a
eiiieaena ?aaoee?oao ii?yaeie ?oeiaiaenoaa e inouano-
aeaiey oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe. Oaeay eiiieaen-
iinoue ?aaoee?iaaiey i?yii auoaeaao ec yeiiiie/aneie
?aoi?iu, caaea/e eioi?ie iiaoo auoue ?aoaiu oieueei
i?e oicyenoaaiiii?aaiaie i?eaioaoeee.
uaaie, eioi?ay n/eoaao, /oi ?anniio?aiea ioiioaiee
ii ?oeiaiaenoao e inouanoaeaieth oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeue-
iinoe a ea/anoaa aaeeiiai eiiieaena oicyenoaaiiuo ioii-
oaiee ia niinianoaoao i?aaeeueiiio oyniaieth ?iee i?a-
aiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey oicyenoaaiiie aeecie e
aeaao aiciiaeiinoue oniaoii ?aoeoue yoe caaea/e. ?ac?ic-, 1967,
no?. 15.
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa ia niioaaonoaiaaei au caaea/ai niaa?-
oainoaiaaiey oicyenoaaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa a ia?eiae
i?iaaaeaiey yeiiiie/aneie ?aoi?iu, eioi?ay iniiaaia
ia aaeeinoaa ?oeiaiaenoaa e inouanoaeaiey oicyenoaaiiie
aeayoaeueiinoe, o?aaothuai aaeeiiai i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?i-
aaiey yeiiiieee. (*1).
aeey oniaoiiai inouanoaeaiey yeiiiie/aneeo ?aoi?i
iiae/a?eeaaaony e a ca?oaaaeiuo nioeeaeenoe/aneeo
no?aiao. (*2). A oaeii niunea auneacuaaeinue aieueoeinoai
o/anoieeia eieeieaeoia ii oicyenoaaiiiio i?aao, i?i-
aaaeaiiiai a ieoya?a 1966 aiaea a I?aaa a ?aieao iaae-
aeoia?iaeiie iao/iie eiioa?aioeee i ?iee i?aaa a ?oei-
aiaenoaa oicyenoaii.
noaaiiuo ioiioaiee ii ai?eciioaee e ii aa?oeeaee,
ni/aoathueo a naaa ieaiiai-i?aaiecaoeeiiiua e eioua-
noaaiiua yeaiaiou. Iiyoiio e i?aaiaia ?aaoee?iaaiea.
yoeo ioiioaiee aeieaeii ioaaouaaoue a eiiieaena eae eo
eiouanoaaiioth, oae e ieaiiai-i?aaiecaoeeiiioth noi?i-
io. Aeaenoaothuaa a?aaeaeaineia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai ia ii-
aeao ?aoeoue aii?inu oicyenoaaiiie ?aoi?iu, eai iii
?aaoee?oao oieueei iaeio noi?iio oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioa-
iee, a ia eo ieaiiai-i?aaiecaoeeiiiua yeaiaiou ia
?ani?ino?aiyaony.
a?aaeaeaineiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa, onoaiaaeeaay ?aaoee-
?iaaiea ioiioaiee ii iinoaaea, eaieoaeueiiio no?ie-
oaeuenoao e iaeioi?uo ae?oaeo oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee
iauanithciui caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii, niaea?aeao ii yoei
aii?inai eeoue i/aiue e?aoeea oi?ioee?iaee naiiai
iauaai oa?aeoa?a. Yoe aea oi?ioee?iaee aini?iecaaaea-
oaeuenoaa a nia?aiaiiuo oneiaeyo, A. A. Aieei i?aaeeueii ioia/aao:
(A. A. Aieei, Yeiii-
ie/aneay ?aoi?ia e oicyenoaaiiue aeiaiai?,
? 9, no?. 76-77).
Losung der kunftigen Aufgaben notwendig,
? 4, S. 227.
ce n /ai iaeioi?ua th?enou aeaeatho auaiae i i?eiaieii-
noe a?aaeaeaineeo eiaeaenia e e ioiioaieyi, ?aaoee?oa-
iui iauanithciui caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii. Ia aiai?y i oii,
/oi aeaiiue auaiae ii nouanoao i?ioeai?a/eo no. 3 In-
iia, oaeia iieiaeaiea e?aeia ineiaeiyao ?aaoee?iaaiea
oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee. Iieo/aaony, /oi i?aaei?eyoea,
iinoaaeythuaa i?iaeoeoeeth a ?aciua nithciua ?anioaeeee,
aeieaeii ii iaeiei e oai aea aii?inai ?oeiaiaenoaiaaoueny
iyoiaaeoeaoueth ?aciuie caeiiaie.
iuie oaiiaie. Oa?aeoa?ii oi, /oi iii ?acaeaaaony aeaa-
iui ia?acii iooai ecaeaiey ii?iaoeaiuo aeoia i?aae-
oaeuenoaa ii oceiaui aii?inai oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeue-
iinoe. Ecaeaiea aeoia oicyenoaaiiiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa
a oi?ia iinoaiiaeaiee i?aaeoaeuenoaa ia aeaiiii yoaia
?acaeoey yeiiiieee aiieia iainiiaaiii. Iii naycaii n
oai, /oi yeiiiie/aneay ?aoi?ia i?iaiaeeony iinoaiaiii,
ii ia?a aa inouanoaeaiey iio?aaoaony aianaiea eciaia-
iee a i?eieiaaiua oicyenoaaiiii?aaiaua ii?iu.
ii oicyenoaaiiui aii?inai i?eaiaeeo e aanueia eioai-
neaiiio oaaee/aieth iauaia oicyenoaaiiiai caeiiiaea-
oaeuenoaa. Eiee/anoai ii?iaoeaiuo aeoia ii oicyenoaai-
iui aii?inai en/eneyaony nae/an aeanyoeaie ouny/.
Oieueei ii aii?inai eaieoaeueiiai no?ieoaeuenoaa aeaeno-
aoao aieaa 3000 ii?iaoeaiuo aeoia. Iiieii a?iiicae-
einoe, iaaeinoaoeii oicyenoaaiiiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa
yaeyaony e oi, /oi ?acee/iua ii?iaoeaiua aeou, ecaeai-
iua a ?aciia a?aiy, ieioi niaeaniaaiu iaaeaeo niaie.
Ana yoi i/aiue ineiaeiyao oicyenoaaiioth ?aaioo. Aeaaea
iiuoiiio th?enoo o?oaeii auaaao oi?ie ?acia?aoueny a
oii, eaeie ii?iaoeaiue aeo aeaenoaoao, a eaeie iao.
Iniaaiii cao?oaeiyaony io yoiai ?aaioa i?aaei?eyoee, ia
iaeaaeathueo aiciiaeiinoueth iaeaaeeoue oi/iue o/ao
aeaenoaothueo ii?iaoeaiuo aeoia.
aaiiii caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa aeiaieueii o?oaeii. Aei neo ii? o
ian i?eiaiyaony oaeie iaoiae oii?yaei/aiey oicyenoaai-
iiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa, i?e eioi?ii ecaeaiea iiaiai
iinoaiiaeaiey iau/ii nii?iaiaeaeaaony ii?o/aieai ?ac-
?aaioaoue ia?a/aiue ii?iaoeaiuo aeoia, ioiaiyaiuo e
eciaiyaiuo a nayce n aai ecaeaieai. Iaeiaei ionoonoaea
?aniieiaeaiu aeou oicyenoaaiiiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai,
i?eaiaeeo e oiio, /oi oaeea ia?a/ie ninoaaeythony e?ae-
ia iaaeeaiii.
iaoeaiuo aeoia, ioiaiyaiuo e eciaiyaiuo a nayce n
ecaeaieai Iieiaeaiey i nioeeaeenoe/aneii ainoaea?noaai-
iii i?iecaiaenoaaiiii i?aaei?eyoee, oioy iinea aai ec-
aeaiey i?ioei o?e aiaea. Yoi aea/ao ia?ooaiea oicyeno-
aaiiuo i?aa i?aaei?eyoee, onoaiiaeaiiuo Iieiaeaieai,
iineieueeo ia i?aeoeea i?eiaiythony i?aaeea ?acee/iuo
eino?oeoeee, i?ioeai?a/auea Iieiaeaieth, ii iiea aua
oi?iaeueii ia ioiaiaiiua e ia eciaiaiiua. Oae, a iaei-
oi?uo neo/ayo i?aaa i?aaei?eyoee ia niaethaeathony aai-
eianeeie o/?aaeaeaieyie, eioi?ua ?oeiaiaenoaothony i?a-
aeeaie, ia i?eaaaeaiiuie a niioaaonoaea n Iieiaeaieai
i i?aaei?eyoee. (*1). ?acoiaaony, i?aaa i?aaei?eyoee ia?ooa-
thony ia oieueei ec-ca iaoii?yaei/aiiinoe oicyenoaaiiiai
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa, ii eiiaaea e ii ae?oaei i?e/eiai (iei-
oay iinoaiiaea i?aaiaie ?aaiou, ieceay th?eaee/aneay
eoeueoo?a oicyenoaaiieeia). Ii caiouaiiinoue oicyeno-
aaiiiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa ana aea aeaaiay i?e/eia yoiai
iaaeiionoeiiai yaeaiey.
aai nenoaiaoecaoeee, oi?iaie eioi?ie yaeythony eiaeeoe-
eaoeey, eiei?ii?aoeey e eiinieeaeaoeey. (*2). Ana yoe oi?iu
oii?yaei/aiey caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa iiaoo eniieueciaaoueny e
a oeaeyo niaa?oainoaiaaiey oicyenoaaiiiai caeiiiaea-
oaeuenoaa. Iaeiaei iaeaieaa i?aaeii/oeoaeueiie oi?iie
aai oeo/oaiey yaeyaony eiaeeoeeaoeey, iicaieythuay yo-
oaeoeaii i?iaanoe ?aaeeeaeueiua eciaiaiey i?aaiaiai
?aaoee?iaaiey yeiiiieee, auoaeathuea ec oicyenoaaiiie
?aoi?iu. A yoii ioiioaiee a eeoa?aoo?a auneacuaaeenue
i?aaeeiaeaiey aeaiyeiai ?iaea.
cyenoaaiiiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa ii io?aneyi ia?iaeiiai
i?aaei?eyoee e aa?aioee eo inouanoaeaiey, 1967 a.
? 1. no?. 64.
aaoneiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa,
1961. no?. 12.
aaaony, iai?eia?, ecaeaoue No?ieoaeueiue eiaeaen, (*1), Aaieia-
neee eiaeaen eee Iieiaeaiea i aaieianeeo iia?aoeeyo, (*2),
ae?oaea iaiauathuea caeiiu eee eiaeaenu ii io?aneyi
ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa e aeaeai oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeue-
iinoe.
aeaen NNN?, eioi?ue ioaaouaae au ?aaoee?iaaiea anao
io?aneae ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa e aeaeia oicyenoaaiiie
aeayoaeueiinoe. (*3). Oaeie niinia eiaeeoeeaoeee oicyenoaaiii-
ai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa aieaa i?aaeii/oeoaeai, eai n i?e-
iyoeai Oicyenoaaiiiai eiaeaena NNN? aoaeao nicaeaia in-
iiaa aeey eiaeeoeeaoeee anaai oicyenoaaiiiai caeiiiaea-
oaeuenoaa, a ia oieueei ioaeaeueiuo aai io?aneae. I?e ecaea-
iee aea io?aneaauo oicyenoaaiiuo eiaeaenia aicieeiao
iiiaeanoaaiiinoue iniiaiuo caeiiia e iaiaoiaeeiinoue eo
niaeaniaaiey.
iiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa iiaeao auoue i?iaaaeaia, eiaaea yei-
iiie/aneay ?aoi?ia aoaeao inouanoaeaia. Oiaaea ii?iu
oicyenoaaiiiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa noaooo aieaa noaaeeue-
iuie, iiaoueie auoue cae?aieaiiuie a iaiauathuai
caeiia – Oicyenoaaiiii eiaeaena NNN?. Iaeiaei i?e-
nooieoue e ?aaioa ii iiaeaioiaea Oicyenoaaiiiai eiaeaena
neaaeiaaei au oaea nae/an.
/aneoth ?aoi?io, noi?ioee?oao iauea i?eioeeiu nioeea-
eenoe/aneiai oicyenoaiaaiey, iicaieeo i?eaanoe a no?ie-
ioth nenoaio iiiai/eneaiiua ii?iu oicyenoaaiiiai ca-
eiiiaeaoaeuenoaa, niaeaniaaoue eo e oaycaoue iaaeaeo niaie.
?aaoee?iaaiey eaieoaeueiiai no?ieoaeuenoaa,
neay ?aoi?ia,
i?aaa,
E. I. Oi?, Oicyenoaaiiia i?aai e yeiiiieea,
cyenoaaiiiai aeiaiai?a e aai niioiioaiee n aeiaiai?ii oicyenoaai-
iuo oneoa,
i?i oaueue,
neay ?aoi?ia e oicyenoaaiiue aeiaiai?,
no?. 79.
noaiaaiey a aaeeiii caeiia cia/eoaeueii oi?inoeo iieueci-
aaiea yoeie i?aaeeaie e iiiiaeao i?aoai?aieth a aeeciue
i?eioeeia caeiiiinoe a oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe.
oicyenoaa auneacuaathony ca ecaeaiea Oicyenoaaiiiai ei-
aeaena. Ioia/aaony, /oi ecaeaiea Oicyenoaaiiiai eiaeaena
iaania/eo noaaeeueiinoue oicyenoaaiiiai caeiiiaeaoaeueno-
aa, iineoaeeo iniiaie aeey iineaaeothuae ii?iioai?/aneie
aeayoaeueiinoe, aeano aiciiaeiinoue ecaaaeaoue i?ioeai?a/ee,
eiathueony a aeaenoaothuai oicyenoaaiiii caeiiiaeaoaeue-
noaa. (*1).
oieueei a iaoae no?aia, ii e a ca?oaaaeiuo nioeeaeenoe-
/aneeo ainoaea?noaao. A *aoineiaaeee a 1958 aiaeo aue
i?eiyo caeii i oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaieyo iaaeaeo nioeea-
eenoe/aneeie i?aaiecaoeeyie, eioi?ue ?aaoee?iaae ai-
i?inu i?aaiecaoeee oicyenoaaiiuo naycae e oicyenoaai-
iuo iaycaoaeuenoa a nioeeaeenoe/aneie yeiiiieea. Ia?y-
aeo n yoei aeaenoaiaaee e ae?oaea caeiiu e iinoaiiaeaiey,
ii?aaeaeyaoea i?aaiaia iieiaeaiea nioeeaeenoe/aneeo
i?aaei?eyoee, nenoaio oicyenoaaiiuo aeiaiai?ia e eiua
aii?inu nioeeaeenoe/aneiai oicyenoaiaaiey. Iiiai/en-
eaiiinoue yoeo ii?iaoeaiuo aeoia cao?oaeiyea oicyeno-
aaiioth ?aaioo, a nayce n /ai auei ?aoaii i?iaanoe ei-
aeeoeeaoeeth oicyenoaaiiiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa.
A 1964 aiaeo aue i?eiyo Oicyenoaaiiue eiaeaen, eioi-
?ue i?eaae a nenoaio ii?iaoeaiua aeou a iaeanoe oi-
cyenoaaiiiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa. Oicyenoaaiiue eiaeaen
enoiaeeo ec aaeeinoaa oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee ii ?oei-
aiaenoao e inouanoaeaieth oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe e
ananoi?iiia ?aaoee?oao ana yoe ioiioaiey, ii?aaeaeyy eo
eae oicyenoaaiiii?aaiaua. Niaeanii 1 Oicyenoaaiiiai
eiaeaena ii ?aaoee?oao aicieeathuea a i?ioeanna oi?aa-
eaiey ia?iaeiui oicyenoaii e a oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeue-
iinoe nioeeaeenoe/aneeo i?aaiecaoeee ioiioaiey ii
ieaiiaiio ?oeiaiaenoao ia?iaeiui oicyenoaii e oi?aa-
eaieth nioeeaeenoe/aneie nianoaaiiinoueth, i?aaiecaoeee e
inouanoaeaieth oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe nioeeaee-
noe/aneeo i?aaiecaoeee, nio?oaeie/anoao nioeeaeenoe/a-
neeo i?aaiecaoeee, aeeth/ay aii?inu ioaaonoaaiiinoe ca
-170-
e?aaeeoiui ioiioaieyi nioeeaeenoe/aneeo i?aaiecaoeee.
ia?ac?uaiie naycueth nenoaiu ieaiiaiai ?oeiaiaenoaa ni-
oeeaeenoe/aneei oicyenoaii e oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueii-
noe nioeeaeenoe/aneeo i?aaiecaoeee. O/eouaaeinue oaeaea
e oi, /oi i?eiyoea Oicyenoaaiiiai eiaeaena aeey ?aaoee-
?iaaiey ioiioaiee nioeeaeenoe/aneiai oicyenoaa iicai-
eyao oaeaeeoue aeaaiia aieiaiea a a?aaeaeaineii caeiii-
aeaoaeuenoaa caueoa i?aa e eioa?ania o?oaeyueony. (*1).
iyo A?aaeaeaineee eiaeaen, eioi?ue ?aaoee?oao ioiioa-
iey, aicieeathuea a i?ioeanna oaeiaeaoai?aiey ee/iuo ii-
o?aaiinoae o?oaeyueony. Niaeanii 1 A?aaeaeaineiai ei-
aeaena ii ?aaoee?oao a?aaeaeaineii?aaiaua ioiioaiey a
iaeanoe oaeiaeaoai?aiey iaoa?eaeueiuo e eoeueoo?iuo
iio?aaiinoae iaaeaeo a?aaeaeaiaie e nioeeaeenoe/aneeie
i?aaiecaoeeyie, a oaeaea iaaeaeo naieie a?aaeaeaiaie,
Oaeei ia?acii, a?aaeaeaineia e oicyenoaaiiia caeiii-
aeaoaeuenoaa /aoei ?ac?aie/eaathony.
i?eniiniaeaiu aeey ?aaoee?iaaiey aioo?aiieo oicyeno-
aaiiuo e a?aaeaeaineeo ioiioaiee nioeeaeenoe/aneiai ia-
uanoaa, aue i?eiyo oaeaea niaoeeaeueiue caeii aeey ?aao-
ee?iaaiey aiaoiaoi?aiauo ioiioaiee /aoineiaaoeeeo
i?aaiecaoeee n eiino?aiiuie oe?iaie – Caeii i i?aai-
ioiioaieyo a iaaeaeoia?iaeiie oi?aiaea (eiaeaen iaaeaeo-
ia?iaeiie oi?aiaee). Yoio caeii a i?eioeeia i?eiaiyao-
ny e ioiioaieyi /aoineiaaoeeeo i?aaiecaoeee n i?aaie-
caoeeyie eae eaieoaeenoe/aneeo, oae e nioeeaeenoe/aneeo
no?ai. Iaeiaei ipaeoe/ecee ii eniieuecoaony eeoue a io-
iioaieyo n oe?iaie eaieoaeenoe/aneeo no?ai, iineieue-
eo aiaoiaoi?aiaua ioiioaiey iaaeaeo i?aaiecaoeeyie
nioeeaeenoe/aneeo no?ai ?aaoee?othony iaueie oneiaey-
ie iinoaaee NYA. (*2).
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa aeinoeaioou a AAe?, aaea i?eiyo ?yae ca-
eiiia e iinoaiiaeaiee, ii?aaeaeythueo ii?yaeie ?oeiaiae-
oineiaaeee,
(**2) I. Eaeaineee, E. Eiia/, Ianeieueei caia/aiee i ii-
aii /aoineiaaoeeii Eiaeaena i iaaeaeoia?iaeiie oi?aiaea,
caeiiu e iinoaiiaeaiey ananoi?iiia ?aaoee?otho oicye-
noaaiiua ioiioaiey e ii ai?eciioaee e ii aa?oeeaee.
I?eia?aie oaeeo ii?iaoeaiuo aeoia iiaoo neoaeeoue ca-
eii i aeiaiai?ao a nioeeaeenoe/aneii oicyenoaa io 25 oaa-
?aey 1965 a. (*1) e iinoaiiaeaiea Niaaoa Ieieno?ia AAe?
i caaea/ao, i?aaao e iaycaiiinoyo ainoaea?noaaiiuo i?i-
ecaiaenoaaiiuo i?aaei?eyoee io 9 oaa?aey 1967 a. (*2). I?e-
iyoi oaeaea iinoaiiaeaiea io 16 ieoya?y 1968 a. ia ia-
?aciaaiee e i?aaiaii iieiaeaiee ainoaea?noaaiiuo
eiiaeiaoia. (*3). ?aiaa i?aaeiieaaaeinue aeeth/eoue a ?ac?a-
aaouaaaiue i?iaeo A?aaeaeaineiai eiaeaena AAe? ii?iu
ii ?aaoee?iaaieth oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee iaaeaeo ni-
oeeaeenoe/aneeie i?aaiecaoeeyie. Nae/an aea oaeea
ii?iu ec i?iaeoa A?aaeaeaineiai eiaeaena eneeth/aiu. (*4).
noaaiiiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa, I. Iio ioia/aao, /oi iii
i?ioiaeeo a iai?aaeaiee, niioaaonoaothuai eaeaa oicye-
noaaiiiai i?aaa eae naiinoiyoaeueiie io?anee i?aaa.
Niune oaeiai oicyenoaaiiii?aaiaiai ?acaeoey ninoieo a
oii, /oiau iaeeo/oei ia?acii oaeiaeaoai?eoue i?aeoe/a-
neea iio?aaiinoe ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa, eioi?ui iaeai-
eaa niioaaonoaoao oicyenoaaiiii?aaiaie iiaeoiae.
(**2)
(**3)
(**4) H. Such, Zu einigen Fragen der Kooperation der soziali-
stischen Betriebe,
aeaoaeuenoaa auei oaeaeaii ia VII nuacaea Nioeeaeenoe/a-
neie aaeeiie ia?oee Aa?iaiee a ai?aea 1967 aiaea. A aei-
eeaaea A. Oeuea?eooa iiae/a?eeaaeanue ?ieue oicyenoaaiii-
ai i?aaa a inouanoaeaiee iiaie nenoaiu oicyenoaiaa-
iey.
ai iiae/a?eeaaaony cia/aiea oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa. A /. 2
no. 12 Eiinoeoooeee oeacuaaaony, /oi eniieueciaaieth ana-
ia?iaeiie nianoaaiiinoe n oeaeueth aeinoeaeaiey iaeaieue-
oaai ?acoeueoaoa aeey iauanoaa
iao oicyenoaaiiua ioiioaiey nioeeaeenoe/aneeo i?aaie-
caoeee ?aaoee?othony a?aaeaeaineei caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii.
Oae, a Iieueoa eiaeeoeeaoeey a?aaeaeaineiai caeiiiaeaoaeue-
noaa auea inouanoaeaia o?aaeeoeeiiiui iooai n ioaaoii
a i?eioeeia e oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee nioeeaeenoe/a-
neeo i?aaiecaoeee. (*2).
?aey 1964 a., a no. 2 niaea?aeeo oeacaiea i oii, /oi a neo-
/ayo, eiaaea yoi aucuaaaony iniauie o?aaiaaieyie io-
iioaiee iaaeaeo i?aaiecaoeeiiiuie aaeeieoeaie iaiaua-
noaeaiiiai oicyenoaa, Niaao Ieieno?ia eee ii aai ii-
?aaiaeo A?aaeaeaineiai eiaeaena Iieueneie Ia?iaeiie ?anioaeeee,
Aa?oaaa, 1966, no?. 11-15.
oi?aaeaiey iiaeao ?aaoee?iaaoue ioiioaiey a yoie ia-
eanoe eia/a, /ai i?aaeoniio?aii iieiaeaieyie A?aaeaeai-
neiai eiaeaena.
i?eaaei e oiio, /oi nio?aieeinue a neea iaoe?iia oicye-
noaaiiia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai, neiaeeaoaany aei i?eiyoey
eiaeaena e i?iaeieaeaao ?acaeaaoueny iinea aai i?eiyoey.
Yoi oicyenoaaiiia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai e ?aaoee?oao
oicyenoaaiiua ioiioaiey iaaeaeo nioeeaeenoe/aneeie i?-
aaiecaoeeyie.
aiaeece?othuea i?eiaiaiea A?aaeaeaineiai eiaeaena e oi-
cyenoaaiiui ioiioaieyi. Oae, A. Aieueoa? oeacuaaao, /oi
A?aaeaeaineee eiaeaen ia niia caiaieoue ii?i oicyenoaai-
iiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa, iineieueeo iie yaeythony eiie?ao-
iuie, a ii?iu eiaeaena iinyo iauee oa?aeoa?, aia ei-
aeaena ieacaeanue any i?aaiaay i?iaeaiaoeea, eioi?ay ia
aeinoeaea aeinoaoi/iie noaiaie noaaeeueiinoe. E oiio aea
a niioaaonoaee ni no. 2 A?aaeaeaineiai eiaeaena oicyeno-
aaiiia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai iieuecoaony i?ei?eoaoii ia?aae
ii?iaie eiaeaena.
oaeoe/anee a neeo a noa?a ioiioaiee iaaeaeo aaeeieoeaie
iaiauanoaeaiiiai oicyenoaa
eiaeeoeeaoeee a?aaeaeaineiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa, a Iieue-
oa nouanoaoao e ?acaeaaaony naiinoiyoaeueiia oicyeno-
aaiiia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai, ?aaoee?othuaa ii?yaeie ?oei-
aiaenoaa oicyenoaii e inouanoaeaiey oicyenoaaiiie
aeayoaeueiinoe.
no?. 26.
iiaeaoaeuenoaa, TH. Ao?neee aeaeaao oaeie auaiae:
iey ia?ac?uaii naycaii n ?acaeoeai oicyenoaaiiiai i?a-
aa, o?aaoao oicyenoaaiiii?aaiaie i?eaioaoeee a iaea-
noe i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey yeiiiieee. Yoi au?aaeaao-
ny a ?acaeoee naiinoiyoaeueiiai oicyenoaaiiiai caeiii-
aeaoaeuenoaa, ananoi?iiia ?aaoee?othuaai ii?yaeie ?oei-
aiaenoaa e inouanoaeaiey oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe.
Iaoea oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa i?ecaaia iiiiaaoue oeo/oa-
ieth ?oeiaiaenoaa yeiiiieeie, niinianoaiaaoue i?aaiauie
n?aaenoaaie i?aoai?aieth a aeeciue iiaie nenoaiu oicye-
noaiaaiey.
torych krajow socialistycznych,
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