Aiioei A.N. 1999 – I?aaei?eieiaoaeueneia i?aai
NIAeA?AEAIEA
*anoue I.
Aaaaeaiea -9
Aeaaa 1. Iiiyoea e nenoaia i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneiai i?aaa -10
1. I?aaeiao i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneiai i?aaa -10
2. Iaoiaeu i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneiai i?aaa -14
3. I?aaei?eieiaoaeueneia i?aai eae iaoea -15
4. I?eioeeiu i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneiai i?aaa -20
5. Noauaeou i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneiai i?aaa -22
6. Ioa?aie/aiea i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneiai i?aaa io niaaeiuo io?aneae i?aaa -24
7. Nenoaia i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneiai i?aaa e o/aaiiai eo?na -26
Aeaaa 2. I?aaiecaoeeiiii-i?aaiaua oi?iu i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie aeayoaeueiinoe a
nia?aiaiiie yeiiiieea -32
1. Iauea iiiyoey i eiiia?/aneeo, i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneeo i?aaiecaoeeyo -32
2. Oicyenoaaiiua iauanoaa e oiaa?euanoaa, eiiia?aoeau -37
3. Ainoaea?noaaiiua e ioieoeeiaeueiua oieoa?iua i?aaei?eyoey -56
4. Iaeua i?aaei?eyoey. I?aaei?eieiaoaeueneay aeayoaeueiinoue a?aaeaeaieia -57
Aeaaa 3. I?aaiaua aii?inu ainoaea?noaaiiiai ?aaoee?iaaiey i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie
aeayoaeueiinoe -62
1. Iauea aii?inu ainoaea?noaaiiiai ?aaoee?iaaiey i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie
aeayoaeueiinoe -62
2. Ainoaea?noaaiiia ?aaoee?iaaiea i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie aeayoaeueiinoe /a?ac
nenoaio iaeiaia -67
a) Iniiau iaeiaiaie nenoaiu. Aeaeu iaeiaia;
a) Ooieoeee i?aaiia, eiio?iee?othueo niaethaeaiea iaeiaiaiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa;
a) I?aaa e iaycaiiinoe i?aaei?eieiaoaeae-iaeiaiieaoaeueueeia.
3. Aioeiiiiiieueiia ?aaoee?iaaiea i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie aeayoaeueiinoe -88
4. I?aaiaia ?aaoee?iaaiea ea/anoaa i?iaeoeoeee, ?aaio e oneoa -93
5. I?aaiaia ?aaoee?iaaiea onoaiiaeaiey, e i?eiaiaiey oeai ia oiaa?u, ?aaiou
e oneoae -100
6. I?aaiaia ?aaoee?iaaiea e?aaeeoiaaiey e ?an/aoia a ia?iaeiii oicyenoaa -104
!!3
Aeaaa 4. I?aaiaia ?aaoee?iaaiea i?eaaoecaoeee e ?acainoaea?noaeaiey
ainoaea?noaaiiuo e ioieoeeiaeueiuo i?aaei?eyoee -107
1. Iiiyoea e th?eaee/aneay iniiaa i?eaaoecaoeee a ?innee -107
2. I?aaiu, inouanoaeythuea i?eaaoecaoeeth ainoaea?noaaiiuo e ioieoeeiaeueiuo
i?aaei?eyoee -112
3. Ii?yaeie e niiniau i?iaaaeaiey i?eaaoecaoeee ainoaea?noaaiiuo e
ioieoeeiaeueiuo i?aaei?eyoee -115
4. Aeiaiai? eoiee-i?iaeaaee i?e i?eaaoecaoeee -126
5. Eiua niiniau ?acainoaea?noaeaiey ainoaea?noaaiiuo e ioieoeeiaeueiuo
i?aaei?eyoee -129
6. I?aaiaua i?iaeaiu i?eaaoecaoeee ia o?ainii?oa -135
Aeaaa 5. I?aaiaie ?aaeei eiouanoaa noauaeoia i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa -141
1. I?aai nianoaaiiinoe eae iniiaa i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa -141
2. I?aai oicyenoaaiiiai aaaeaiey e iia?aoeaiiai oi?aaeaiey a
i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie aeayoaeueiinoe -146
3. I?aai a?aiaeaoi?a eae aauiia i?aai i?aaei?eieiaoaey -150
4. I?aai aioo?eoicyenoaaiiiai aaaeaiey eiouanoaii -152
5. Iauay oa?aeoa?enoeea i?aaiaiai ?aaeeia eiouanoaa i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneeo
no?oeoo? -153
6. Eeanneoeeaoeey e i?aaiaie ?aaeei eiouanoaa oicyenoaothueo noauaeoia -156
Aeaaa 6. A?aaeaeainei-i?aaiaua iaycaoaeuenoaa e aeiaiai?u a i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie
aeayoaeueiinoe -161
1. Iiiyoea e nenoaia i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneeo iaycaoaeuenoa e aeiaiai?ia -161
2. I?iecaiaenoaaiii-iia?aoeaiua aeiaiai?iua e iaaeiaiai?iua iaycaoaeuenoaa -166
3. Oi?aaeai/aneea iaycaoaeuenoaa e aeiaiai? a i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie
aeayoaeueiinoe -168
4. Aioo?ei?iecaiaenoaaiiua iaycaoaeuenoaa e aeiaiai? -172
Aeaaa 7. Ioaaonoaaiiinoue ca ia?ooaiey a i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie aeayoaeueiinoe -176
1. Iiiyoea, cia/aiea, aeaeu eooieoeee ioaaonoaaiiinoe a i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneeo
ioiioaieyo -176
2. Naieoeee a i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneeo ioiioaieyo -181
3. Iniiaaiey ioaaonoaaiiinoe -185
4. Ioaaonoaaiiinoue a oi?aaeai/aneeo e aioo?ei?iecaiaenoaaiiuo ioiioaieyo
i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa -187
Aeaaa 8. I?aaiaua oi?iu oicyenoaaiiiai ?an/aoa e yeiiiie/aneiai
noeioee?iaaiey -189
1. Cia/aiea, iiiyoea e aeaeu oic?an/aoa -189
2. I?aaiaua oi?iu oic?an/aoa -193
!!4
3. I?aaiaay i?e?iaea e oi?iu yeiiiie/aneiai noeioee?iaaiey -198
4. I?aaiaay i?aaiecaoeey oiiaeia yeiiiie/aneiai noeioee?iaaiey -199
Aeaaa 9. Caueoa i?aa e caeiiiuo eioa?ania i?aaei?eieiaoaeae -201
1. Nouiinoue oicyenoaaiiuo (yeiiiie/aneeo) nii?ia a oneiaeyo ?uiea. Iauea
i?eioeeiu caueou i?aa i?aaei?eieiaoaeae -201
2. I?aoaiceiiiue ii?yaeie o?aaoee?iaaiey nii?ia -204
3. ?anniio?aiea nii?ia a?aeo?aaeiui noaeii -207
a) Nenoaia a?aeo?aaeiuo noaeia ?O;
a) Iniiaiua i?eioeeiu i?aaiecaoeee e aeayoaeueiinoe a?aeo?aaeiuo noaeia;
a) Iiaeaaaeiinoaaiiinoue e iiaenoaeiinoue nii?ia a?aeo?aaeiui noaeai;
a) Ioi?ieaiea eneiauo cayaeaiee.
4. ?anniio?aiea nii?ia a iaaeaeoia?iaeiii eiiia?/aneii a?aeo?aaea -214
5. ?anniio?aiea nii?ia o?aoaeneei noaeii -216
*anoue II.
Aaaaeaiea -221
Aeaaa 1. I?aaiaia ?aaoee?iaaiea i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie aeayoaeueiinoe a noa?a
i?iecaiaenoaa oiaa?ia -222
1. Iauea iieiaeaiey ia i?aaiecaoeee e inouanoaeaiee i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa a
i?iiuoeaiiinoe -222
2. Ieaie?iaaiea i?iiuoeaiiiai i?iecaiaenoaa -224
3. I?aaiaua oi?iu ?aaeecaoeee oiaa?ia -230
Aeaaa 2. I?aaiaua iniiau i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa a no?ieoaeuenoaa -255
1. I?aaiaua aniaeou i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa a no?ieoaeuenoaa -255
2. Ainoaea?noaaiiia ?aaoee?iaaiea no?ieoaeueiie aeayoaeueiinoe -259
3. I?aaiaua iniiau eiaanoeoeeiiiiai iaania/aiey no?ieoaeuenoaa -261
4. Ii?yaeie caeeth/aiey aeiaiai?ano?ieoaeueiiai iiae?yaea -263
Aeaaa 3. I?aaiaia ?aaoee?iaaiea oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe aa?ii?iiuoeaiiiai
eiiieaena -272
1. Iiiyoea naeueneioicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe -272
2. I?aaiaia iieiaeaiea naeueneioicyenoaaiiuo oiaa?ii?iecaiaeeoaeae -275
3. I?aaiaia ?aaoee?iaaiea ?aoi?i a aa?ii?iiuoeaiiii eiiieaena -282
4. Aeiaiai? eiio?aeoaoeee naeueoici?iaeoeoeee -287
5. I?aaiaia ?aaoee?iaaiea iaoa?eaeueii-oaoie/aneiai iaania/aiey AIE -293
!!5
Aeaaa 4.I?aaiaia ?aaoee?iaaiea i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneeo ioiioaiee ii ia?aaiceai -297
1. Caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai i o?ainii?oiie nenoaia -297
2. I?aaiaua oi?iu ?aaeecaoeee o?ainii?oiuo oneoa -300
3.Iiiyoea, ii?yaeie caeeth/aiey, oi?ia e aeaeu aeiaiai?ia ia?aaicee a?ocia -304
4. Caeeth/aiea aeiaiai?ia, naycaiiuo n yenieoaoaoeeae aeaeaciiaei?iaeiuo
iiaeuacaeiuo iooae e aeiaiai?ia, naycaiiuo n iiaea/ae e oai?eie aaaiiia -310
Aeaaa 5. I?aaiaia iaania/aiea ?aaeecaoeee oneoa -314
1. Iiiyoea e aeaeu oneoa a ?acee/iuo noa?ao i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa -314
2. I?aaiaua oi?iu ?aaeecaoeee oneoa nayce -316
3. Oneoae ii o?aiaieth eiouanoaa -320
4. Auoiaie iiae?yae, eae oi?ia ieacaiey auoiauo oneoa ianaeaieth -331
5. Oneoae a noa?a oi?aiaee e iauanoaaiiiai ieoaiey -333
Aeaaa 6. I?aaiaia ?aaoee?iaaiea aaieianeie aeayoaeueiinoe -340
1. Aaieianeay nenoaia: iiiyoea, i?aaiaia iieiaeaiea e?aaeeoiuo i?aaiecaoeee e
i?aaiaia ?aaoee?iaaiea eo aeayoaeueiinoe -340
2. Ii?yaeie nicaeaiey e eeeaeaeaoeee e?aaeeoiuo i?aaiecaoeee -349
3. Aaieianeee n/ao -353
4. Aaieianeee aeeaae -360
5. E?aaeeoiue aeiaiai? -364
Aeaaa 7. I?aaiaia ?aaoee?iaaiea no?aoiaie aeayoaeueiinoe -368
1. Iiiyoea, niaea?aeaiea e ainoaea?noaaiiia ?aaoee?iaaiea no?aoiaie
aeayoaeueiinoe -368
2. O/anoieee no?aoiaie aeayoaeueiinoe -371
3. Aeaeu no?aoiaaiey -377
4. Oi?ia e niaea?aeaiea aeiaiai?a no?aoiaaiey -382
!!7
O/aaiia ecaeaiea Aiioei Aeeoi? Noaoaiiae/ I?AAeI?EIEIAOAEUeNEIA I?AAI
O/aaiee aeey nooaeaioia aunoeo o/aaiuo caaaaeaiee
Caa. ?aaeaeoeeae A.E. Ooeei ?aaeaeoi? A.A.Iaaoeiaa
Naeaii a iaai? 16.06.99. Iiaeienaii a ia/aoue 18.08.99. Oi?iao 60O90/16. Ia/aoue
ionaoiay. One. ia/. e. 25. Oe?aae 10 000 yec.
Aoiaieoa?iue ecaeaoaeueneee oeaio? AEAAeIN.117571, Iineaa, i?iniaeo Aa?iaaeneiai, 88
Iineianeee iaaeaaiae/aneee ainoaea?noaaiiue oieaa?neoao.
Oae.: 437- 99- 98, 430- 04- 92, 437- 25- 52; oae./oaen 932- 56- 19. EMIL:
vlados dol.RU http: //www.vlados.ru
OEEINIOEss: EO?N EAEOeEE: O*AAIIA IINIAEA/ Iiae ?aae. A.A.Eaeaoieeiaa. – 2-a ecae.
-384n.
Eieeaeoea aaoi?ia iiae ?oeiaiaenoaii aeieoi?a oeeinioneeo iaoe, i?ioanni?a A.E.
Eaeaoieeiaa inaauaao ?yae nia?aiaiiuo i?iaeai, naycaiiuo n nioeeaeueiie
oeeinioeae, oeeinioeae i?e?iaeu, iuoeaiey, enoi?eei-oeeinioneeie aii?inaie.
Iniiaiiai?aaeiacia/aiea oeeinioee anao a?aiai – aeaoue ioaaou ia aii?inu i
nouiinoe i?e?iaeu, iauanoaa, /aeiaaea. Aaoi?u enoiaeeee ec i?aaenoaaeaiey i oii,
/oi aeeaeaeoeea _ aeaaiay oeaiiinoue yoie ae?aaiae e aa/ii thiie iaoee.
O/aaiia iiniaea ?ann/eoaii ia nooaeaioia, anie?aioia, i?aiiaeaaaoaeae aunoae
oeieu.
INIIAU OEEINIOEE: O*AAIIA IINIAEA/ Iiae ?aae. A.A. Iiiiaa. -320n.
A iiniaee ?ane?uaaaony nouiinoue oeeinioee, aa iniiaiua i?iaeaiu e ooieoeee.
Aieueoia aieiaiea oaeaeaii iieiaeaieth /aeiaaea a ie?a eoeueoo?u. Auaeaeaiu iniiaiua
oeiu iino?iaiey oeeinioneiai ciaiey, aeooaeueiua i?iaeaiu e iniaaiiinoe ?onneie
oeeinioee XX a. Iiniaea aae?anoaony nooaeaioai aocia.
Ai?aa/aa A.O. INIIAU OEEINIOEE: EO?N EAEOeEE. -352n. No?oeoo?a eo?na ii?aaeaeaia
ananoi?iiiei ?ane?uoeai auoey /aeiaaea a ie?oaeathuai ie?a. A eaeoeeyo aeoeaii
eniieueciaaiu iaaei?aaeiaoiua nayce, /oi cia/eoaeueii iaeaa/aao eceiaeaiea e
onaiaiea iaoa?eaea. Eaeoeee i?aaeiacia/aiu aeey nooaeaioia iaaeaaiae/aneeo aocia,
eieeaaeaeae e o/eeeu, ae?oaeo aoiaieoa?iuo o/aaiuo caaaaeaiee.
Nee?aaee A., Aeeuea I. ENOI?Ess OEEINIOEE: AAAAeAIEA A OEEINIONEEA ENOIEE
NIA?AIAIIINOE: O*AAIIA IINIAEA. Ia?. n aiae. -800n.
Aaoi?u – ecaanoiua ii?aaaeneea oeeiniou – a aeinooiiie e oaeaeaoaeueiie oi?ia
iienuaatho iniiaiua iiiaiou e ia?niiaeee enoi?ee ie?iaie oeeinioee: io Oaeaaa e
Aa?aeeeoa aei Aea??eaeu e Oaaa?iana, – ?ane?uaatho eaai?aoi?eth oeeinioneiai
iuoeaiey, noeee e niiniau oeeinioneie a?aoiaioaoeee. I aeinoieinoaao eieae
aiai?eo e oi, /oi iia iaiaeiie?aoii ecaeaaaeanue a Ii?aaaee, ia?aaaaeaia ia
aeaoneee, oaaaeneee e iaiaoeeee ycuee. O/aaiia iiniaea aoaeao eioa?anii anai, eoi
/oanoaoao iaiaoiaeeiinoue i?eiaueoueny e nie?iaeuai /aeiaa/aneiai iuoeaiey e aeooa.
E?oa aa /eoaoaeae aeeth/aao nooaeaioia e anie?aioia, aioiayueony e naea/a
yecaiaiia, a oaeaea i?aiiaeaaaoaeae.
OEEINIOEE: A 3 /./ Ioa. ?aae. A.A.Ieeaoeia. *.1. -448n. *. 2. – 528 n. *.3.
-672n.
O?anoiiaoey ninoaaeaia eae aioieiaey oeeinioneeo oaenoia, eioi?ui i?aaeoanoaotho
e?aoeea oa?aeoa?enoeee oeeinioneeo oeie e iai?aaeaiee, a oaeaea iaeaieaa y?eeo
eo i?aaenoaaeoaeae. A ia?aie /anoe i?aaenoaaeaiu iniiaiua enoi?e/aneea oeiu
oeeinioee – ae?aaiaeiaeeeneay, ae?aaiaeeoaeneay, aa?iiaeneay, aioe/iay,
n?aaeiaaaeiaay, yiioe Aic?iaeaeaiey e Iiaiai a?aiaie. Niaea?aeaony o?aaiaiou ?aaio
Ieaoiia, A?enoioaey, Aaaonoeia, Oiiu Aeaeineiai, Ayeiia, Aeaea?oa, Eaeaieoea,
Oeooa, Eaioa, Aaaaey, Ia?ena e ae?. Aoi?ay /anoue ciaeiieo n oeeinioaie XIX a.:
A.Oiiaiaaoy?ii, I.Eiioii, N.Euea?eaai?ii; o.Ieoeoa, a oaeaea n i?eciaiiuie
eeanneeaie XX a. – io Y.Aonna?ey aei AE.-I.Na?o?a. Iiaaeoea oa/aiey oeeinioneie
iunee iaeaioia XXI a. i?aaenoaaeaiu I.?eea?ii, E.-I.Aiaeai, AE.Aea??eaeie e ae?oaeie
ecaanoiuie iuneeoaeyie Caiaaea. *anoue o?aouey niaea?aeeo iaoa?eaeu ii enoi?ee
?onneie oeeinioneie e nioeeaeueii- iieeoe/aneie iunee XIX – ia/aea XX a.
Iioaeeeiaaiu io?uaee ec ?aaio neaayiioeeia, caiaaeieeia, i?aaenoaaeoaeae
iaoa?eaeenoe/aneeo e iaoo?oeeinioneeo oeie; i?aaenoaaeaiu oaeea oeeinioneea
oeieu e oa/aiey, eae oaeci, iiaia ?aeeaeiciia niciaiea, eiooeoeaeci, nioeieiaey
e ae?. O?anoiiaoey i?eaioe?iaaia ia aaciaia eco/aiea oeeinioee nooaeaioaie,
anie?aioaie, a oaeaea iaiaoiaeeia i?aiiaeaaaoaeyi.
Eaei A.A. AAAAeAIEA A OEEINIOETH ENOI?EE: O*AAIIA IINIAEA -288n.
A o/aaiii iiniaee ?anniao?eaaaony enoi?ey /aeiaa/anoaa n oi/ee c?aiey
i?ioeaiiinoaaeaiey eieeaeoeaenoe/aneie e eiaeeaeaeoaeenoe/aneie oi?i i?aaiecaoeee
iauanoaa. A oeaio?a aieiaiey aeaa ?aciiaeaeiinoe oioaeeoa?iiai iauanoaa –
eiiioienoe/aneia e iaoeenoneia, niiinoaaeythueany ni n?aaeiaaaeiaui, oia?aiii
eieeaeoeaenoe/aneei iauanoaii, eioi?ia ii?aaeaeyao ana neieue-ieaoaeue nouanoaaiiua
oa?aeoa?enoeee nioeeaeueiie aeecie, ia/eiay n ainoaea?noaa, i?aa ee/iinoe e aa
aaoiiiiee e eii/ay eoeueoeae?oaiuie a iauanoaa ?aciiaeaeiinoyie ethaae, aai aeonii
e iiaeie. Iiniaea ?ann/eoaii ia nooaeaioia, anie?aioia e i?aiiaeaaaoaeae
enoi?e/aneeo e oeeinioneeo niaoeeaeueiinoae, a oaeaea aoaeao iieacii anai
eioa?anothueiny enoi?eae, ea iniaaiiinoe enoi?eae XX a.
Eaei A.A. INIIAU OAI?EE A?AOIAIOAOeEE: O*AAIEE. -352n.
Eieaa yaeyaony ia?aui ioa/anoaaiiui o/aaieeii ii oai?ee a?aoiaioaoeee. A iae
eceiaeaiu iniiaiua eaeae e ?acoeueoaou nia?aiaiiie oai?ee a?aoiaioaoeee (iiaie
?eoi?eee). Iiae?iaii inaauaiu aa i?eeiaeaiey a anoanoaaiiuo e aoiaieoa?iuo
iaoeao, iieeoeea, ii?aee, eaeaieiaee e ae?. A?aoiaioaoeey ?anniio?aia ia oieueei
eae iniaay oaoieea oaaaeaeaiey, ii e eae i?aeoe/aneia eneonnoai, i?aaeiieaaathuaa
oiaiea aua?aoue ec iiiaiia?aciuo i?eaiia oaaaeaeaiey oa, eioi?ua aeeeoothony
iniaaiiinoyie aoaeeoi?ee e ianoaeaeaaiie i?iaeaiu. O/aaiee i?aaeiacia/ai aeey
iaaeaaiaia, th?enoia, iieeoe/aneeo e iauanoaaiiuo aeayoaeae, nooaeaioia e
anie?aioia aoiaieoa?iuo oaeoeueoaoia aocia.
Aanooaeaa-Eaaea E.A. AEUeOA?IAOEAIAss OeEAEEECAOeEss. -352n.
Ia?aaeeaao ee /aeiaa/anoai XXI aae? Noiaao ee i?aiaeieaoue aeiaaeueiua i?iaeaiu
nia?aiaiiinoe, eioi?ua a?icyo eaoano?ioie? Anee aea, oi eae? Ia yoe aii?inu
ioaa/aao aeueoa?iaaenoeea – iai?aaeaiea enneaaeiaaiee i iooyo ia?aoiaea io
nouanoaothuae e ea/anoaaiii iiaie ie?iaie oeeaeeecaoeee.
Ceaea? ?. NIOeEAEUeIAss ENOI?Ess NAIUeE A CAIAAeIIE E OeAIO?AEUeIIE AA?IIA (EIIAOe
XVIII-XXA.) Ia?. n iai. -302n.
A oeaio?a eieae – eeth/aaua i?iaeaiu nioeeaeueiie enoi?ee naiuee Caiaaeiie e
Oeaio?aeueiie Aa?iiu aeaoo iineaaeieo noieaoee. Enneaaeiaaiu aaaeiaeoea oaiaeaioeee
enoi?e/aneiai ?acaeoey naiuee (ioaeaeaiea a i?ino?ainoaa e a?aiaie naiaeiie aeecie
e i?iecaiaenoaaiiiai o?oaea; e?ooaiea iao?ea?oaeueiie o?aaeeoeee anaai aeiia e
?anoe?aiea aaoiiiiee naiuee, caiyaoae ianoi a /anoiie noa?a iauanoaaiiiai auoey;
yaiethoeey nenoaiu ioiioaiee naiuee e iauanoaa) e aniaeou naiaeiie aeecie (auai?
noi?oaa, a?a/iia iiaaaeaiea, ainieoaiea aeaoae, ioiioaiea e noa?inoe,
naenoaeueiinoue aei a?aea e a a?aea). Aeaia oeiieiaey enoi?e/aneeo aeaeia naiuee.
Niaoeeaeueii enneaaeiaai aii?in i ia?niaeoeaao ?acaeoey naiuee a oneiaeyo
iinoeiaeono?eaeueiiai iauanoaa. Iiniaea yaeyaony iaeiei ec ia?auo a ?innee ecaeaiee
ii nioeeaeueiie enoi?ee e ?aeiiaiaeiaaii enoi?eeai, nioeeieiaai, aeaiia?aoai,
eoeueoo?ieiaai, yoiia?aoai, nooaeaioai e i?aiiaeaaaoaeyi, a oaeaea anai
eioa?anothueiny enoi?eae naiuee e i?iaeaiaie nioeeaeueiie enoi?ee a oeaeii.
Eicu?aa A.E. AAAAeAIEA A EIIOEEEOIeIAETH: O*AAIIA IINIAEA. -176n.
Enoi?ey /aeiaa/aneie oeeaeeecaoeee ianuuaia ?acee/iiai ?iaea eiioeeeoaie. Naaiaeiy
eiioeeeou _ iianaaeiaaiay ?aaeueiinoue. Aeey ?ac?aoaiey aicieeathueo i?iaeai eaaeaeiio
/aeiaaeo iaiaoiaeeii onaieoue ii?aaeaeaiiue ieieioi oai?aoe/aneeo ciaiee e
i?aeoe/aneeo iaaueia iiaaaeaiey a eiioeeeoiuo neooaoeeyo. O/aaiia iiniaea _
iieiue aaoi?neee eo?n eaeoeee ii nioeeaeueiie eiioeeeoieiaee. E eaaeaeie oaia aeathony
i?aeoe/aneea caiyoey (oanou, o?aieiae, aeaeiaua ea?u); eiaaony neiaa?ue
eiioeeeoieiae/aneeo oa?ieiia e iiiyoee; i?aaeeiaeaia i?ia?aiia niaoeeo?na e ieaiu
naieia?neeo caiyoee. O/aaiia iiniaea aae?aniaaii nooaeaioai, a oaeaea nioeeieiaai e
nioeeaeueiui ineoieiaai.
E?eaiaoc E.I. IIEEOIEIAEss: O*AAIEE. -388n.
A o/aaieea ?ane?uaathony ana iiiyoey e i?iaeaiu, niaea?aeaueany a ainoaea?noaaiiii
noaiaea?oa eco/aiey iieeoieiaee a aocao. Aaoi? i?eaioe?oaony ia o?iaaiue ciaiee,
aiciiaeiinoe e niiniaiinoe nooaeaioia, aeey eioi?uo iieeoieiaey ia yaeyaony
iniiaiie niaoeeaeueiinoueth. Iiyoiio o/aaiee ia ia?aa?oaeai naaaeaieyie ii enoi?ee,
oeeinioee e enoi?ee iieeoe/aneie iunee. A iai ?ane?uaaaony nia?aiaiiue niune
iiiyoee ia iaoa?eaeao iieeoe/aneiai ?acaeoey ?innee e ae?oaeo no?ai a 90-a aiaeu,
/oi iicaieeei naeaeaoue iiniaea naiaia?aciui eiiiaeoiui aaaaeaieai a eco/aiea
nia?aiaiiiai iieeoe/aneiai ?acaeoey ?innee e ie?iaiai niiauanoaa. Ana iiiyoey e
i?iaeaiu iieeoieiaee ?anniao?eaathony a eiae/aneie acaeiinayce eae nenoaia^
noa?aeiai eioi?ie yaeyaony aicieeiiaaiea e ?aaeecaoeey a iauanoaa iieeoe/aneeo
eioa?ania. Iniaaiii eioa?aniu e iieaciu eco/athuei iieeoieiaeth i?eaeiaeueiua
iaci?u aaaeiaeoeo eaeaeii-iieeoe/aneeo iai?aaeaiee eiioea XX a., oeiieiaee
iauanoaaiii- iieeoe/aneeo einoeoooia, nia?aiaiiuo ainoaea?noa e iieeoe/aneeo
nenoai e nenoaiaoecaoeey i?ienoiaeyueo a ie?a iieeoe/aneeo i?ioeannia.
Oiieeo A.A., ss?aoeeee TH.A. ENOI?Ess IIEEOE*ANEIE E I?AAIAIE IUNEE ?INNEE: O*AAIIA
IINIAEA./ Iiae ?aae. A.E.AEoeiaa. -384n.
A iiniaee ?anneacuaaaony i ?acaeoee oai?aoe/aneeo acaeyaeia ia ainoaea?noai,
aeanoue, iieeoeeo, i?aai. A oie eee eiie noaiaie aaoi?u yoeo aeieo?ei i?eieiaee
o/anoea a iieeoe/aneie ai?ueaa, ia?aaeei noaiiaynue aea?oaaie eaeaeiuo nii?ia e
?aciiaeanee. Iiiaea no?aieoeu enoi?ee iieeoeei-i?aaiaie iunee eae a ?innee, oae
e ca aa i?aaeaeaie ianuuaiu iienoeia ae?aiaoe/aneeie niauoeyie. O/aaiia iiniaea
iiaeaioiaeaii a Ai?iiaaeneii oeeeaea Iineianeiai ainoaea?noaaiiiai nioeeaeueiiai
oieaa?neoaoa e aae?aniaaii eco/athuei eo?n enoi?ee iieeoe/aneeo e i?aaiauo
o/aiee, i?aaeaea anaai aoaeouei th?enoai e enoi?eeai.
*anoue ia?aay.
AAAAeAIEA.
Inouanoaeaiea yeiiiie/aneie ?aoi?iu a ?innee, i?ioeannu aeaiiiiiieecaoeee,
i?eaaoecaoeee ia oieueei i?eaaee, e na?ueaciiio iaiiaeaieth ‘ caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa,
?aaoee?othuaai ioiioaiey a noa?a yeiiiieee e oi?aaeaiey ath, ii e aaaee a iai?io
oaeea iiiyoey, eae i?aaei?eieiaoaeue, i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneay aeayoaeueiinoue, ?uiie
oiaa?ia e o.ae. Ia?aoiae e ?uii/iui ioiioaieyi, ei?aiiua eciaiaiey
ainoaea?noaaiiiai ?aaoee?iaaiey yeiiiieee iauaeoeaii iio?aaiaaee oneeaiey ?iee
caeiiia a i?aaiaii ?aaoee?iaaiee, nicaeaiea iiaie i?aaiaie iniiau
i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie aeayoaeueiinoe, aace?othuaeny ia ?aaainoaa ?acee/iuo
i?aaiecaoeeiiii- i?aaiauo oi?i i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa. A ?aaoee?iaaiee
eiouanoaaiiuo ioiioaiee a yeiiiieea iniiaiia cia/aiea i?eia?aei a?aaeaeaineia
i?aai. A noa?a ?uii/iie yeiiiieee auaeaeythony aeaa iaeaieaa cia/eiua a?oiiu
ioiioaiee, ia iaeii?iaeiua ii nouiinoe, ii oanii naycaiiua iaaeaeo niaie: oiaa?ii-
aeaiaaeiua (eiouanoaaiiua) e oi?aaeai/aneea ioiioaiey. Ecaanoii, /oi a iniiaa
oiaa?ii- aeaiaaeiuo ioiioaiee iaaeaeo i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneeie no?oeoo?aie eaaeeo
th?eaee/aneia ?aaainoai noi?ii. Eo i?aaa e iaycaiiinoe, a iniiaiii, aicieeatho ec
a?aaeaeainei- i?aaiauo aeiaiai?ia. Aeey i?aaei?eieiaoaeae aaaeiia cia/aiea eiatho e
oi?aaeai/aneea ioiioaiey, eioi?ua i?aaenoaaeytho niaie ioiioaiey n i?aaiaie
oi?aaeaiey ii ?aaoee?iaaieth i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie aeayoaeueiinoe. Aeey ieo
oa?aeoa?ia iaycaoaeueiinoue aae?aniaaiiuo i?aaei?eieiaoaeyi oi?aaeai/aneeo aeoia.
Yoe ioiioaiey ia iiaeiaaeatho iiae ?aaoee?iaaiea ii?i a?aaeaeaineiai i?aaa. ssaeyynue
ii nooe aaeieieno?aoeaii- i?aaiaueie, iie i?eiaiythony a noa?a ?aaoee?iaaiey
i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneeo ioiioaiee eneeth/eoaeueii ai acaeiinayce n eiouanoaaiiuie,
a?aaeaeainei- i?aaiauie. Oeacaiiua auoa iauanoaaiiua ioiioaiey, o?aaoee?iaaiiua
ii?iaie i?aaa, iacuaathony i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneeie. Ia?ac?uaiia ni/aoaiea ioaee/iuo
e /anoiuo eioa?ania a i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa aeaeaao iaiaoiaeeiui aaeeiia
?aaoee?iaaiea anao ioiioaiee a noa?a yeiiiieee. I?e yoii noaiiaeony iaaaaeiui,
ioiineony ee yoi iaiin?aaenoaaiii e aaaeaieth i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie aeayoaeueiinoe eee
e ainoaea?noaaiiiio ?aaoee?iaaieth yoie aeayoaeueiinoe. Eco/aieai i?aaiauo
ioiioaiee a yeiiiie/aneie noa?a i?ecaaia caieiaoueny oaeay iaoea eae
i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneia i?aai. Yoa eieaa aae?aniaaia oe?ieiio e?oao /eoaoaeae: io
nooaeaioia th?eaee/aneeo aocia e oaeoeueoaoia aei ?oeiaiaeeoaeae eiiia?/aneeo
i?aaiecaoeee, i?aaei?eieiaoaeae e niaoeeaeenoia ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa. A iae
i?aaenoaaeaiu iauea iieiaeaiey ?inneeneiai i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneiai i?aaa.
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AEAAA 1. IIIssOEA E NENOAIA I?AAeI?EIEIAOAEUeNEIAI I?AAA
1. I?aaeiao i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneiai i?aaa.
2. Iaoiaeu i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneiai i?aaa.
3. Iaoea i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneiai i?aaa.
4. I?eioeeiu i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneiai i?aaa.
5. Noauaeou i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneiai i?aaa.
6. Ioa?aie/aiea i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneiai i?aaa io niaaeiuo io?aneae i?aaa.
7. Nenoaia i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneiai i?aaa e o/aaiiai eo?na.
1. I?AAeIAO I?AAeI?EIEIAOAEUeNEIAI I?AAA. Ecaanoii, /oi i?aai ethaiai ainoaea?noaa
ninoieo ec ioaeaeueiuo e?oiiuo caaiueaa, iacuaaaiuo io?aneyie i?aaa. A ea/anoaa
e?eoa?eaa ?aca?aie/aiey io?aneae i?aaa iau/ii eniieuecotho i?aaeiao e iaoiae
i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey. I?aaeiaoii aunooiatho oa iauanoaaiiua ioiioaiey, eioi?ua
?aaoee?othony eiie?aoiie io?aneueth i?aaa. Iaoiae aea oeacuaaao ia oi, eaeei ia?acii
i?ienoiaeeo iiaeiaiia ?aaoee?iaaiea. Ia yoii aea iniiaaiee iiaeii auaeaeeoue
i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneia i?aai. Iiiuoaainy ii?aaeaeeoue aai iniaaiiinoe e oa?aeoa?iua
/a?ou. Ethaay io?aneue i?aaa, a oii /enea e i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneia i?aai, ninoieo ec
i?aaiauo ii?i. A ?inneeneie th?eaee/aneie iaoea io?aneue i?aaa, i?aaenoaaeythuay
niaie niaieoiiinoue ii?i, ?aaoee?othueo i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneea ioiioaiey e oanii
naycaiiua n ieie eiua, a oii /enea iaeiiia?/aneea ioiioaiey, a oaeaea ioiioaiey
ii ainoaea?noaaiiiio ?aaoee?iaaieth yeiiiieee a oeaeyo iaania/aiey eioa?ania
ainoaea?noaa e iauanoaa aei na?aaeeiu 90-o aiaeia XX aaea iacuaaeanue oicyenoaaiiui
i?aaii. Iaeiaei eiioeaioeey oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa anaaaea ano?a/aea y?inoiia
iai?eyoea e io?eoeaiea. Yoi i?ioeainoiyiea iniiauaaeinue ia i?eciaiee aaeeinoaa
?aaoee?iaaiey ii?iaie i?aaa a?aaeaeaineiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa eae ee/iuo
eiouanoaaiiuo e iaeiouanoaaiiuo ioiioaiee, oae e ioiioaiee a noa?a
oicyenoaiaaiey, ioiioaiee i?iecaiaenoaaiiiai oa?aeoa?a. A oneiaeyo ?uii/iie
yeiiiieee oicyenoaaiioth aeayoaeueiinoue ii i?iecaiaenoao oiaa?ia (?aaio, oneoa) n
oeaeueth ecaea/aiey i?eauee i?ioanneiiaeueii aaaeoo i?aaei?eieiaoaee, i?aaei?eyoey,
e?anoueyineea (oa?ia?neea) oicyenoaa, eiiia?aoeau, aaiee, ae?aee e eiua noauaeou,
i?aneaaeothuea oaeoth oeaeue.
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Aeey inouanoaeaiey i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa iaiaoiaeeii nicaeaoue i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneoth
no?oeoo?o (oicyenoaaiiia oiaa?euanoai, iauanoai e o.i.), iaaeaeeoue aa onoaaiui
eaieoaeii, i?eia?anoe eee iino?ieoue i?iecaiaenoaaiiia iiiauaiea, caeoieoue
iai?oaeiaaiea, nu?uea, oiieeai, iaiyoue, iaeiiaoe, ?aai/oth neeo. Oaeei ia?acii,
i?aaei?eieiaoaee, inouanoaeyy i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneoth aeayoaeueiinoue, iinoiyiii
anooiatho iaaeaeo niaie a iauanoaaiiua ioiioaiey, ?aaoee?oaiua ii?iaie
a?aaeaeaineiai e eiiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa i i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa. A ?acoeueoaoa
caaa?oaiey i?iecaiaenoaaiiiai oeeeea aicieeatho ioiioaiey ii ?aaeecaoeee oiaa?ia,
eo aeinoaaea, o?aiaieth e o.i. Oicyenoaaiiue iai?io oaeaea iaiouaieaiay /anoue
i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa. Ana yoe ioiioaiey yaeythony oeaio?aeueiuie a i?aaeiaoa
i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneiai i?aaa. Eo iiaeii iacaaoue eiouanoaaiiuie ioiioaieyie. Eeoea,
o/anoaothuea a ieo i?aneaaeotho oeaeue ecaea/aiey i?eauee. I?aaei?eieiaoaeueneea
ioiioaiey oanii naycaiu n aeayoaeueiinoueth i?aaiecaoeeiiii- eiouanoaaiiiai
oa?aeoa?a ii nicaeaieth e i?ae?auaieth i?aaei?eyoee, oi?aaeaieth nianoaaiiinoueth. A
oaeoth aeayoaeueiinoue aeeth/aaony ia aaca nianoaaiiiai eiouanoaa ainoaea?noai,
nicaeathuaa naie i?aaei?eyoey e onoaiaaeeaathuaa aeey ieo ii?aaeaeaiiue ?aaeei
oicyenoaiaaiey, ?anioaeeee, aoiaeyuea a ?inneeneoth Oaaea?aoeeth. E oioy a yoie
/anoe a aeayoaeueiinoe noauaeoia i?aiaeaaeatho yeaiaiou i?aaiecaoeeiiiiai ieaia, ei
i?enoua aaaeaiea i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie aeayoaeueiinoe, onoaiiaeaiea aeiaiai?iuo
ioiioaiee ae?oa n ae?oaii. A aiaeiae/iuo ioiioaieyo i?eieiatho o/anoea e ?aaeiiu
(iaeanoe, e?ay, ai?iaea, ?aeiiu ai aeaaa n ianoiie aaeieieno?aoeeae), oi?aaeythuea
nianoaaiiinoueth e i?aaiecothuea aeayoaeueiinoue niioaaonoaothueo i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneeo
no?oeoo?. Oaeay aeayoaeueiinoue iineo iaeiiia?/aneee oa?aeoa?, ii ii nayce n
i?iecaiaenoaii ioaaouaaaony i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenei- i?aaiaui ?aaoee?iaaieai.
Iaeiiia?/aneee oa?aeoa? iineo aeayoaeueiinoue athaeaeaoiuo o/?aaeaeaiee,
iio?aaeoaeueneeo iauanoaa aeaaioai?eoaeueeo oiiaeia e ae?oaeo i?aaiecaoeee,
‘anooiathueo a^ i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneea i?aaiioiioaiey aeey ?aoaiey naieoonoaaiuo
caaea/. Oaeei ia?acii aeaenoaotho, iai?eia?, oiiaeiaua, a eiiaaea oiaa?iua ae?aee.
Oioy oaeay aeayoaeueiinoue ia i?aneaaeoao iaiin?aaenoaaiii oeaee iieo/aiey i?eauee,
ii iia niinianoaoao i?eaueueiinoe o/?aaeeoaeae, iieuecothueony oneoaaie aeaiiuo
i?aaiecaoeee, ?inoo noieiinoe aeoeee ae?ae, ia?aueaathueo naie i?iecaiaenoaaiiue
iioaioeeae. Yoe ioiioaiey oanii naycaiu n i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie aeayoaeueiinoueth. Ii
oi?ia inouanoaeaiey iie ia ioee/athony io aa ?aaeecaoeee e iiyoiio ioaaouaathony
i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneei i?aaii e i?aaenoaaeytho aoi?oth
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a?oiio ioiioaiee, ninoaaeythueo i?aaeiao i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneiai i?aaa. Eo iiaeii
iacaaoue i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenei- i?aaiaua ioiioaiey, niinianoaothuea
i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie aeayoaeueiinoe. Iaeiiaoe, ainoaea?noai, ?aaeecoy ioaee/iua
eioa?anu iauanoaa, aicaeaenoaoao ia noauaeoia, inouanoaeythueo
i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneoth aeayoaeueiinoue. Yoe ioiioaiey ninoaaeytho o?aoueth a?oiio a
i?aaeiaoa i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneiai i?aaa. Ana yoe o?e a?oiiu i?aaiioiioaiee
acaeiinaycaiu iaaeaeo niaie. Yoi aaeeinoai au?aaeaao iiiainoi?iiiyy aeayoaeueiinoue
oiaa?ii?iecaiaeeoaeae, i?ioanneiiaeueii iaoeaeaiiay ia ?aaioo aeey ?uiea,
inouanoaeyaioth i?e aai ainoaea?noaaiiii ?aaoee?iaaiee. A neeo yoiai a i?ioeanna
i?aaiecaoeee, inouanoaeaiey i?iecaiaenoaa, ia iineaaeothueo noaaeeyo iaiaia e
i?iecaiaenoaaiiiai iio?aaeaiey i?eiaiyaony iannea ii?i a?aaeaeaineiai (e ia oieueei
a?aaeaeaineiai) i?aaa, eioi?ue ia iiaeao auoue i?eiaiai e /anoiui, ee/iui
ioiioaieyi. Yoa niaieoiiinoue ii?i i?aaa i?aaenoaaeyao niaie iniaoth io?aneue,
/anoue a?aaeaeaineiai i?aaa. Iaciaai aa i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneia i?aai. A ie?iaie
i?aeoeea aiaeiae/iay io?aneue i?aaa iacuaaaony oi?aiaui. Oaeia aea iacaaiea iia
eiaea e a aei?aaiethoeeiiiie ?innee. Iaeiaei iaaei eiaoue a aeaeo, /oi oi?aiaia i?aai
?aaoee?oao ioiioaiey ia oi?aiaua a /enoii aeaea “eoie-i?iaeae”, a aanue eiiieaen
ioiioaiee ii nicaeaieth i?aaei?eyoee, i?iecaiaenoao oiaa?ia, eo aeiaaaeaieth aei
iio?aaeoaey, o.a. ioiioaiey a?aaeaeaineiai, oi?aiaiai iai?ioa ni anaie
aniiiiaaoaeueiuie ioiioaieyie, ianeoaeeaathueie aeaaiua – i?iecaiaenoaaiiua. A
iaoai eaeneeiia aeey iaicia/aiey oeacaiiuo aeaenoaee i?aaeii/oeoaeueiaa oa?iei
oicyenoaiaaiea, a ia oi?aiaey, eiiia?oeey eee i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoai. Oioy i?ioea
iineaaeiaai ia noieo aic?aaeaoue, ii neaaeoao caiaoeoue, /oi ia?aue oa?iei
ioaaouaaao ana inoaeueiua. A ie?iaie i?aeoeea nouanoaotho aeaa eiioeaioeee
?aaoee?iaaiey a?aaeaeaineeo e oi?aiauo ioiioaiee: iiienoe/aneay, iauaaeeiythuay
oi?aiaia e a?aaeaeaineia (/anoiia) i?aai, e aeoaeenoe/aneay – i?eciathuay aeaa
naiinoiyoaeueiua io?anee i?aaa.’ ; ; O A ?innee ai ana a?aiaia io?eoeaeny aeoaeeci
/anoiiai i?aaa. Ia i?ioyaeaiee XX noieaoey aaeenue; aeeneonnee iUaiaoiaeeiinoe
auaeaeaiey ec a?aaeaeaineiai i?aaa oicyenoaaiiiai, i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneiai eee
oi?aiaiai i?aaa. E ianoiyuaio a?aiaie noaea niaa?oaiii i/aaeaeiie aaaeiinoue
eco/aiey naiinoiyoaeueiie aeenoeeieeiu (i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneiai, oi?aiaiai,
eiiia?/aneiai, oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa), inaauathuae i?iaeaiu oicyenoaiaaiey,
i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa. A iiauo oneiaeyo i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey yeaiaioii,
ii?aaeaeythuei i?eiaaeeaaeiinoue i?aaiioiioaiee e i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneei,
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yaeyaony i?ioanneiiaeueiay aeayoaeueiinoue noauaeoia ii i?iecaiaenoao oiaa?ia
(?aaio, oneoa) aeey ?uiea. Niaoeeoeea aeaiiuo ioiioaiee ii i?aaiecaoeee
i?iecaiaenoaa, eaaeoeiecaoeee i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie aeayoaeueiinoe n iiiiuueth
?aaeno?aoeee, ioi?ieaieth aa a oi?ia i?aaiecaoeee th?eaee/aneiai eeoea, ?ac?aoaiey
ioaeaeueiuo aeaeia aeayoaeueiinoe, aaaeaieth io/aoiinoe, iaeiaiaiio iaeiaeaieth,
onoaiiaeaieth ii?yaeea e i?aaee auoiaea ia ?uiie n oiaa?aie, ?aaioaie e oneoaaie,
acaeiiaeaenoaey n ae?oaeie i?aaei?eyoeyie e i?aaiecaoeeyie ii?aaeaeyao iaiaoiaeeiinoue
aaeeiiai ?aaoee?iaaiey. Iaania/eoue oaeia aaeeinoai ?aaoee?iaaiey a ninoiyiee
oieueei i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneia i?aai, eiathuaa eino?oiaioa?ee aicaeaenoaey eae ia
i?iecaiaenoai, oae e ia ana eiua naycaiiua n iei i?ioeannu. I?aaei?eieiaoaeueneia
i?aai ?aaoee?oao ioiioaiey ii ainoaea?noaaiiiio aicaeaenoaeth ia i?iecaiaenoaaiioth
aeayoaeueiinoue. Yoe ioiioaiey aicieeatho ii aa?oeeaee iaaeaeo ainoaea?noaii e eiuie
noauaeoaie i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa. A nia?aiaiiuo oneiaeyo ?oeiaiaeyuay aeayoaeueiinoue
ainoaea?noaa aeaeieciaieeanue ii oa?aeoa?o e niaea?aeaieth. Nie?auaii aei ieieiaeueiuo
?acia?ia aee?aeoeaiia ?oeiaiaenoai, aieueoia ?acaeoea iieo/eei ?oeiaiaenoai ia
iniiaa aeiaiai?a. Oai ia iaiaa, iaeuecy oioneaoue ec aeaeo, /oi ioiioaiey,
neeaaeuaathueany a ?acoeueoaoa i?eiyoey ieaiiauo aeoia, ooaa?aeaeaiey caeacia aeey
ainoaea?noaaiiuo ioaeae, inouanoaeaiey eiio?ieueiuo ooieoeee nianoaaiieeia,
inouanoaeaiey ainoaea?noaii aicaeaenoaey iooai onoaiiaeaiey ii?i e ii?iaoeaia
(nioeeaeueiuo, yeieiae/aneeo e ae?oaeo) i?iaeieaeatho ninoaaeyoue cia/eoaeueiue iannea
?aaoee?iaaiey. Iiyaeeenue e iiaua yeaiaiou a inouanoaeaiee ainoaea?noaaiiiai
aicaeaenoaey ia yeiiiieeo, oaeea, eae iaeiae, aioeiiiiiieueiue eiio?ieue e ae?.
Ioiioaiey ii inouanoaeaieth i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie aeayoaeueiinoe – yoi oa nayce,
eioi?ua neeaaeuaathony aia eaeiai-eeai iiae/eiaiey eee aeanoaiaaiey. Yoi –
oiaa?iue iaiai, acaeiiaeaenoaea ?aaeiiia eee iiae?acaeaeaiee i?aaei?eyoee a
iaoiaa?iie oi?ia, a oaeaea ioiioaiey: oicyenoaaiiiai: aaaeaiey e, iia?aoeaiiai
oi?aaeaiey, eioi?ua i?e; ?aaeecaoeee ia i?iyaeythony eae eiie?aoiia
acaeiiaeaenoaea. Oae, ^i?aaei?eyoey oi?ie?otho iaae oiiaeu, ?ac?aaaouaatho e
i?eiaiytho nenoaio iieaou o?oaea, aaaeoo o/aoioth iieeoeeo, i?aaiecotho
eniieueciaaiea iai?oaeiaaiey e o.ae. Aicieeaao aii?in, i?aaiia?ii ee iauaaeeiyoue
aa?oeeaeueiua e ai?eciioaeueiua nayce, iniaaiii a ?uii/iie yeiiiieea, aeey eo
iaeiiio?aneaaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey? A th?eaee/aneie iaoea iao iaeiicia/iiai ioaaoa.
Iaeioi?ua o/aiua n/eoatho, /oi oaeea nayce ?acii?iaeiu e i?eiaaeeaaeao e
a?aaeaeainei- e aaeieieno?aoeaii- i?aaiaiio ?aaoee?iaaieth. Iaeiaei, caiaoei, /oi
ana oeacaiiua auoa ioiioaiey
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iauaaeeiaiu yeiiiie/aneei niaea?aeaieai, iineieueeo iie aicieeatho e ?acaeaathony ii
iiaiaeo ?aaeecaoeee i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie aeayoaeueiinoe i?e ainoaea?noaaiiii
aicaeaenoaee ia oicyenoaaiiue iai?io. E a aa?oeeaeueiie, e a ai?eciioaeueiie /anoe
– yoi aaeeiue oicyenoaaiiue iai?io, oi anoue noiia anao naycae, neeaaeuaathueony a
aini?iecaiaenoaaiiuo i?ioeannao. A?aaeaeaineia i?aai naycaii oieueei n i?ioeannii
oiaa?iiai iaiaia e ?aaoee?oao iio?aaeoaeueneee iai?io. Iii ia eiaao iaaeeaaeauaai
eino?oiaioa?ey aeey ?aaoee?iaaiey aioo?eoicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee, acaeiiaeaenoaey
iae?io?iaiy iaaeaeo ?anioaeeeaie, ?aaeiiaie e caaiueyie, oi?ie?iaaiey
naaanoieiinoe e ?acoeueoaoia i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie aeayoaeueiinoe, aaaeaiey
aooaaeoa?neiai o/aoa. Aaeieieno?aoeaiia aea i?aai eiaao a yeiiiie/aneii
oicyenoaaiiii iai?ioa aua iaiueoa aiciiaeiinoae, oae eae ?aaoee?oao ioiioaiey
eniieieoaeueii- ?anii?yaeeoaeueiiai oa?aeoa?a, /oi noieo aeinoaoi/ii aeaeaei io
ioiioaiee ii ?oeiaiaenoao yeiiiieeie e i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie aeayoaeueiinoueth. Eeoue
i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneia i?aai, ia ia?aie/aiiia oceeie ai?eciioaie aeayoaeueiinoe
th?eaee/aneeo eeoe eee i?aaiia oi?aaeaiey (aaeieieno?aoeee), iiaeao a iieiie ia?a
ioaaoeoue ?aaeueiua nouiinoiua nayce anao noauaeoia ii aa?oeeaee e ii
ai?eciioaee. I?aaiaia ?aaoee?iaaiea i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneeo ioiioaiee, /aoeia
onoaiiaeaiea a i?aaiauo ii?iao ii?yaeea ?oeiaiaenoaa e inouanoaeaiey
i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie aeayoaeueiinoe – iaiaoiaeeiia oneiaea ?aoaiey caaea/
yeiiiie/aneiai no?ieoaeuenoaa. Yoi o?aaoao ?ac?aaioee oai?aoe/aneeo iniia
niaa?oainoaiaaiey caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa, enneaaeiaaiey iao/iuo i?iaeai
i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneiai i?aaa.
2. IAOIAeU I?AAeI?EIEIAOAEUeNEIAI I?AAA. Iaoiaeu i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey,
i?eiaiyaiua a ethaie io?anee i?aaa, i?aaenoaaeytho niaie iaai? niiniaia e i?eaiia
?aaoee?iaaiey ioiioaiee iaaeaeo noauaeoaie. Iau/ii n/eoaaony, /oi oaeie iaai?
eiiaiaioii i?enou eaaeaeie io?anee iauanoaaiiuo ioiioaiee, ianeoaeeaaaiuo aeaiiie
/anoueth i?aaiaie iaaeno?ieee. A a?aaeaeaineii i?aaa i?eiyoi iiae/a?eeaaoue
th?eaee/aneia ?aaainoai acaeiiaeaenoaothueo noauaeoia, a aaeieieno?aoeaiii – iaee/ea
ioiioaiee aeanoe e iiae/eiaiey a i?ioeanna ?aaeecaoeee oi?aaeai/aneeo ioiioaiee. N
oi/ee c?aiey iaoiaeia ?aaoee?iaaiey iiaeii auaeaeeoue i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneea
i?aaiioiioaiey, ?aaoee?oaiua iaoiaeii iaycaoaeueiuo i?aaeienaiee, iaoiaeii
niaeaniaaiey e iaoiaeii ?aeiiaiaeaoeee.
!!14
Aii?in i iaoiaeao i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey iacaaiiuo ioiioaiee iiaeaa?aaaony a
th?eaee/aneie eeoa?aoo?a ia iaiaaiaeeaeaiiie aeeneonnee, /ai aii?in i i?aaeiaoa e
naiii oicyenoaaiiii i?aaa aiiaua. I?aaei?eieiaoaeueneia i?aai, eae e iaeioi?ua
ae?oaea io?anee i?aaa, iai?eia?, o?oaeiaia, eieoiciia, caiaeueiia, eniieuecoao
ianeieueei naycaiiuo iaaeaeo niaie iaoiaeia ?aaoee?iaaiey. A iaoea nouanoaoao
eiioeaioeey aaeeinoaa iaoiaeia i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey aeey anae nenoaiu i?aaa. E
oaeei aaeeiui, iauei iaoiaeai i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey A.A.Eaioaa e A.I.Oaoiaoia
ioiinyo:
1) iaoiae iaycaoaeueiuo i?aaeienaiee (aeeth/athuee iaoiae i?eeaca e iaoiae
cai?aoa);
2) iaoiae aaoiiiiiuo ?aoaiee (aeeth/athuee iaoiae niaeaniaaiey e iaoiae
?ac?aoaiey);
3) iaoiae ?aeiiaiaeaoeee(*1).
I?eiaieoaeueii e i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneiio i?aao iaoiaeu ?aaoee?iaaiey iiaeii auei au
noi?ioee?iaaoue neaaeothuei ia?acii:
1) iaoiae iaycaoaeueiuo i?aaeienaiee;
2) iaoiae aaoiiiiiuo ?aoaiee;
a) iaoiae niaeaniaaiey (i?eiaieoaeueii e i?aaiecaoeee i?aaiauo naycae iaaeaeo
o/anoieeaie aini?iecaiaenoaaiiuo i?aaiioiioaiee);
a) iaoiae ?ac?aoaiey (i?eiaieoaeueii e niaea?aeaieth i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenei-
i?aaiauo ii?i);
3) iaoiae ?aeiiaiaeaoeee.
A oneiaeyo oeaio?aeeciaaiiiai ia/aea a ?oeiaiaenoaa yeiiiieeie aaaeouaa ianoi
caieiae iaoiae iaycaoaeueiuo i?aaeienaiee. A nia?aiaiiuo oneiaeyo cia/aiea yoiai
iaoiaea cia/eoaeueii ineaaei.
3. I?AAeI?EIEIAOAEUeNEIA I?AAI EAE IAOEA. I?iaeaia iaania/aiey yeiiiieee
niioaaonoaothuei i?aaiaui ?aaoee?iaaieai, nicaeaiea, a yoie nayce naiinoiyoaeueiie
nenoaiu caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa aicieeea a; ?innee aua a 20-o aiaeao XX noieaoey e
i?iyaeeanue a ?ac?aaioea iaoee, eioi?ay iieo/eea iacaaiea oicyenoaaiiia i?aai. A
iineaaeiaa a?aiy oeacaiiay iaoea iieo/eea cia/eoaeueiia ?acaeoea. ?ac?aaioaiu
iniiaiua oai?aoe/aneea i?iaeaiu, ecaeaiu iao/iua o?oaeu ii aii?inai i?aaiaiai
?aaoee?iaaiey i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneeo ioiioaiee. Aianoa n oai, aoaeo/e iieiaeie
iaoeie, i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneia i?aai iai?a?uaii ?acaeaaaony. Ooi/iythony e
(**1) Oeoeei A.O. Yeiiiie/aneay oai?ey. – I. 1996. – O 2. – N. 36.
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niaa?oainoaothony iiiyoey e eaoaai?ee, io?aaaouaaaony iao/iue e iiiyoeeiue
aiia?ao. A i?aaiaie iaoea iaoae no?aiu oe?ieia ?ani?ino?aiaiea iieo/eei
i?aaenoaaeaiea i nenoaia i?aaa eae i yaeaiee iauaeoeaiii, eai i?aai eae
th?eaee/aneay iaaeno?ieea i?aaeii?aaeaeyaony yeiiiie/aneei aacenii iauanoaa. Iaoea
i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneiai (oicyenoaaiiiai) i?aaa a naiai ?acaeoee i?ioea /aou?a
yoaia e auea i?aaenoaaeaia ianeieueeeie oeieaie. Ia?aua oeieu aicieeee ia iniiaa
aeaoonaeoi?iie oai?ee, iieo/eaoae ?ani?ino?aiaiea a 20-o aiaeao XX a. Iaeiaei
anei?a aicieeea ae?oaay oeiea aaeeiiai oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa. Eaeae yoie oeieu
ainiiaenoaiaaee a i?aaiaie iaoea a 30-a aiaeu i?ioeiai aaea. O?aouey oeiea
oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa iiyaeeanue a 60-a aiaeu. Iaeiiaoe, a eiioea 80-o aiaeia XX a.
iiae aeeyieai ia?aoiaea e ?uieo ia/aea oi?ie?iaaoueny /aoaa?oay oeiea, oeiea
i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneiai i?aaa. ?anniio?ei iaeioi?ua iniaaiiinoe oeacaiiuo auoa
acaeyaeia o/aiuo. Aeaoonaeoi?iay oai?ey aicieeea a ea/anoaa ?aaeoeee ia oi, /oi
nioeeaeenoe/aneia no?ieoaeuenoai ia/aeinue a yiioo iyia. Ia?yaeo n nioeeaeenoe/aneei
oicyenoaaiiui naeoi?ii a yeiiiieea aeaenoaiaae e /anoiue naeoi?, a oae aea
i?eiueathuea e iaio oeeaaeu. I?ioanni? I.E.Noo/ea iinoaaee aii?in i nouanoaiaaiee
a ia?iaeiii oicyenoaa eae au aeaoo naeoi?ia, eiathueo ?acee/iua enoi?e/aneea
ia?niaeoeau. Ainoaea?noaaiiue naeoi? n aai ieaiiauie ia/aeaie aeieaeai aue
?acaeaaoueny e noaoue i?aiaeaaeathuei. *anoiue aea naeoi?, ?aaoee?oaiue
i?aeiouanoaaiii AE ?NON?, a ai?ueaa n nioeeaeenoe/aneei aeieaeai aue iioa?iaoue e?ao
e oeoe n enoi?e/aneie noeaiu. Aianoa n yoei i?aaeiieaaaeinue ?acaeoea nioeeaeueiiai
i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey nioeeaeenoe/aneiai naeoi?a ia aaca oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa.
Aaeaeo ioie?aiey a?aaeaeainei- i?aaiauo ioiioaiee (eie n/eoaeenue
/anoiinianoaaiie/aneea ioiioaiey) aeieaeii auei ioia?aoue e a?aaeaeainei- i?aaiaia
eo ?aaoee?iaaiea. I?aaeeueii a iniiaiii ioeaieaay ?acaeoea niaoeeaeueiiai
?aaoee?iaaiey aeey ?acaeaathuaainy nioeeaeenoe/aneiai naeoi?a, yoa oai?ey iaaa?ii
ioeaieea enoi?e/aneea noaeueau a?aaeaeaineiai i?aaa, naycaa eo eneeth/eoaeueiia
/anoiuie ioiioaieyie. A?aaeaeaineia i?aai a oiaea naiaai ?acaeoey aeieaeii auei
noaoue ?aaoeyoi?ii eiouanoaaiiuo ioiioaiee a?aaeaeai ii oaeiaeaoai?aieth ee/iuo
iio?aaiinoae. A 30-a aiaeu ia niaio aeaoonaeoi?iie i?eoea oeiea aaeeiiai
oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa. Aa iniiaiiieiaeieee E.ss.Aeioeao?a e A.A.Iaooeaien oaeaea
n/eoaee iaiaoiaeeiui niaoeeaeueiia i?aaiaia ?aaoee?iaaiea aeey nioeeaeenoe/aneeo
oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee, noaaoeo e oiio a?aiaie oaea i?aiaeaaeathueie a yeiiiieea
no?aiu. Ii
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eo iiaieth neaaeiaaei nicaeaoue aaeeiia oicyenoaaiiia i?aai, oeaio?ia eioi?iai aeieaeai
noaoue oicyenoaaiiue eiaeaen. A iai i?aaeiieaaaeinue ia?yaeo n ?aaoee?iaaieai
ioiioaiee nioeeaeenoe/aneeo i?aaiecaoeee iiianoeoue e ?aaoee?iaaiea eiouanoaaiiuo
ioiioaiee a?aaeaeai. Yoa oeiea ionoaeaaea oacen i iaaeiionoeiinoe aeaeaiey aaeeiiai
oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa ia aeaa naiinoiyoaeueiua /anoe – oicyenoaaiii-
aaeieieno?aoeaiia e a?aaeaeaineia i?aai. O/aiua ionoaeaaee iaiaoiaeeiinoue iniaie
io?anee i?aaa – oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa, n/eoay aai niaoeeoe/aneie oi?iie iieeoeee
i?ieaoa?neiai ainoaea?noaa a iaeanoe oi?aaeaiey oicyenoaii e i?aaiecaoeee
oicyenoaaiiuo naycae. A yoeo acaeyaeao iieo/eea io?aaeaiea eaeaieiaey neiaeeaoaeny
e oiio a?aiaie aaeieieno?aoeaii- eiiaiaeiie nenoaiu, aeanoiua neeu eioi?ie ia
aeaeaee onooiaoue eiiaiaeiuo aiciiaeiinoae, noaniyoue naay i?aaiii?yaeeii. Aeaaiay aea
ioeaea yoie oai?ee ninoiyea a oii, /oi ?aaoee?iaaiea anao ioiioaiee n o/anoeai
a?aaeaeaieia i?aaeoniao?eaaeinue a nenoaia aaeeiiai oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa, a oi a?aiy
eae yoi aeieaeii auei ninoaaeyoue a iniiaiii i?aaeiao a?aaeaeaineiai i?aaa. A 1937-
1938 aiaeao o?oaeiinoe nicaeaiey i?aaiaiai iaania/aiey nioeeaeenoe/aneie yeiiiieee
auee iauyniaiu a?aaeeoaeuenoaii. Aaoi?u oeacaiiie auoa oai?ee auee iauyaeaiu
a?aaaie ia?iaea, e, a nouiinoe, ia aeaa aeanyoeeaoey oaeoaeaiiia enneaaeiaaiea
i?iaeai i?aaiaiai iaania/aiey nioeeaeenoe/aneie yeiiiieee i?ae?aoeeinue. Iiae
aeeyieai A.ss. Auoeineiai ?aoaii auei ?ann?aaeioi/eoue ?aaoee?iaaiea oicyenoaaiiuo
ioiioaiee a iniiaiii a io?aneyo a?aaeaeaineiai e aaeieieno?aoeaiiai i?aaa. Oae
aiciee aeoaeenoe/aneee iiaeoiae e ?aaoee?iaaieth yeiiiieee n iiceoeee a?aaeaeaineiai e
aaeieieno?aoeaiiai i?aaa. Niaeanii yoie oai?ee aa?oeeaeueiua nayce ii oi?aaeaieth
ia?iaeiui oicyenoaii iaania/eaathony aaeieieno?aoeaiui i?aaii, a ai?eciioaeueiua
nayce oiaa?iiai iaiaia – a?aaeaeaineei i?aaii. Ia?aoiae e oaeiio oai?aoe/aneiio
iainiiaaieth a oa aiaeu aue ia neo/aai. AEanoeie eiiaiaeii- ath?ie?aoe/aneie nenoaia
?oeiaiaenoaa ia?iaeiui oicyenoaii ia ioaeiu auee noanieoaeueiua i?aaiaua
eiino?oeoeee. I?aaiii?yaeie a oicyenoaa aeieaeai aue iaania/eaaoueny i?eeaciuie
iaoiaeaie. Iiyoiio ii e iie?aeny ia aaeieieno?aoeaiia i?aai, a eioi?ii ia auei, a
nouiinoe, ie einoeoooia, iaania/eaathueo oic?an/ao e yeaiaioa?iua aa?aioee
i?aaei?eyoee, ie aiiaua eaeeo-eeai th?eaee/aneeo ii?i i ieaie?iaaiee, i?aaiaii
iieiaeaiee i?aaiia oicyenoaaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa, i?aaeaeao eo eiiiaoaioeee. A noa?a
aea oiaa?iiai iaiaia aeaenoaiaae A?aaeaeaineee eiaeaen 1922 aiaea, a eioi?ii, a
nouiinoe, oaea ia auei ii?i, iniiaaoaeueii aeeythueo ia yeiiiieeo.
!!17
A na?aaeeia 1950-o aiaeia aic?iaeaeaaony oicyenoaaiii- i?aaiaay iuneue e iieo/aao
?acaeoea o?aouey oeiea oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa. Iiaay eiioeaioeey oicyenoaaiiiai
i?aaa o/ea enoi?e/aneee iiuo e ioeaee i?aaeoanoaaiieeia. Aue auaeaeioo e
iainiiaai iao/iue oacen i aaeeinoaa oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee e iaiaoiaeeiinoe
iniaiai e oeaeaiai?aaeaiiiai i?aaiaiai iaania/aiey yeiiiieee. E yoiio a?aiaie
neiaeeeny aaeeiue ia?iaeiioicyenoaaiiue eiiieaen, o?aaothuee i?aaiaiai iaania/aiey.
?aaoee?iaaiea eiouanoaaiiuo ioiioaiee n o/anoeai a?aaeaeai i?aaeeaaaeinue
inouanoaeoue iin?aaenoaii a?aaeaeaineiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa. A iniiao oii?yaei/aiey
anaai oicyenoaaiiiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa i?aaeiieaaaeinue iieiaeeoue oeaio?aeueiue
nenoaiiia?acothuee aeo: Oicyenoaaiiue eiaeaen eee Iniiau oicyenoaaiiiai
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa. Ia aaca oaeiai aeoa iiaeii auei au nenoaiaoece?iaaoue e
eiaeeoeoee?iaaoue caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai, naeaeaoue aai /aoeei, oeaeaiai?aaeaiiui e oi?ioi
i?eiaiyaiui ia i?aeoeea. A ?acoeueoaoa a niaaoneie th?eaee/aneie iaoea iiyaeeinue
ianeieueei eiioeaioeee oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa. Aieueoia ?ani?ino?aiaiea iieo/eea
eiioeaioeey oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa eae aaeeiie e naiinoiyoaeueiie io?anee i?aaa,
?aaoee?othuae ioiioaiey ii ai?eciioaee e aa?oeeaee. Yoa eiioeaioeey
?ac?aaaouaaaony o/aiuie einoeoooa ainoaea?noaa e i?aaa AI NNN? ai aeaaa n
aeaaeaieeii ?AI, i?ioanni?ii A.A.Eaioaaui. Niaeanii ae?oaei i?aaenoaaeaieyi
oicyenoaaiiia i?aai yaeyaony eiiieaeniie io?aneueth (TH.E. Oienoie). A iae
auaeaeyaony “a?aaeaeaineia oicyenoaaiiia i?aai” e “aaeieieno?aoeaiia oicyenoaaiiia
i?aai” (N.N.Aeaenaaa). A iineaaeiea aiaeu neiaeeeanue aua iaeia eiioeaioeey
oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa, a niioaaonoaee n eioi?ie oicyenoaaiiia i?aai ?aaoee?oao
oicyenoaaiiua ioiioaiey a ainoaea?noaaiiii naeoi?a (E.A.E?anueei).
I.A.E?anaa/eeia auaeaeioe iiaoth oai?eth “ii?iaoeaiiai ianneaa”. Ii aai iiaieth,
oicyenoaaiiia i?aai yaeyaony ii?iaoeaiui ianneaii, aeeth/athuei ii?iu ?aciuo
io?aneae i?aaa. Ii aaea a?aieoeu yoiai iaaaeaa: ?acaeae, i?aaiaie einoeooo? :
Iaeaieaa iainiiaaiiie i?aaenoaaeyaony eiioeaioeey oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa eae aaeeiie
e naiinoiyoaeueiie io?anee^ i?aaa. Oicyenoaaiiia i?aai ?aaoee?oao ioiioaiey,
neeaaeuaathueany iaaeaeo i?aaiecaoeeyie e eo iiae?acaeaeaieyie i?e ?oeiaiaenoaa e
inouanoaeaiee oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe. Yoe ioiioaiey – oicyenoaaiiua e
aicieeatho iie a i?ioeanna aini?iecaiaenoaa. Ii a oiaea oicyenoaiaaiey neeaaeuaathony
e o?oaeiaua ioiioaiey, iai?aaeaiiua ia oaeiaeaoai?aiea iaoa?eaeueiuo e nioeeaeueiuo
iio?aaiinoae a?aaeaeai. I?aaeiao oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa ninoaaeytho ia ana ioiioaiey
aini?iecaiaenoaa, a oieueei /anoue eo – ioiioaiey i?iecaiaenoaaiiiai oa?aeoa?a.
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Ioiioaiey, neeaaeuaathueany i?e inouanoaeaiee oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe e
?oeiaiaenoaa ath, ni/aoatho eiouanoaaiiua e ieaiiai- i?aaiecaoeeiiiua yeaiaiou. Yoi
eiaao ianoi e i?e ai?eciioaeueiuo, e i?e aa?oeeaeueiuo naycyo. Oaeay
aeeooa?aioeeaoeey i?aaiioiioaiee e noaiiaeony “yaei/eii”, a eioi?ia iaoyo
“i?ioeaieee” oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa. Iaeiaei aeeooa?aioeeaoeey aaeeiuo iauanoaaiiuo
ioiioaiee aiieia aiciiaeia e i?eiaiyaony ai anao io?aneyo i?aaa (o?oaeiaia i?aai:
eiaeeaeaeoaeueiua e eieeaeoeaiua ioiioaiey; a?aaeaeaineia: eiouanoaaiiua e
iaeiouanoaaiiua ioiioaiey). E a oicyenoaaiiii, i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneii, e ai iiiaeo
ae?oaeo i?aaiauo io?aneyo i?aaeiao ?aaoee?iaaiey ioee/aaony ia iieiie
iaeii?iaeiinoueth, a nei?aa aaeeinoaii ioaaouaaaiuo io?aneueth iauanoaaiiuo ioiioaiee.
I?e/ai n yoie oi/ee c?aiey i?aaeiao i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneiai i?aaa aieaa iaeii?iaeai,
/ai, neaaeai, i?aaeiao a?aaeaeaineiai i?aaa a aai o?aaeeoeeiiiii iiieiaiee.
I?aaei?eieiaoaeueneea ioiioaiey ii ai?eciioaee e aa?oeeaee ia?ac?uaii naycaiu.
Yoi /anoe .aaeeiuo e neiaeiuo i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee. A oi aea a?aiy naycue
iaaeaeo eiouanoaaiiuie e iaeiouanoaaiiuie ioiioaieyie a a?aaeaeaineii i?aaa a
aieueoeinoaa neo/aaa ionoonoaoao, a eo iauaaeeiaiea a iaeiie io?anee iniiauaaaony
eeoue ia neiaeeaoeony o?aaeeoeeyo e aaeeinoaa iaoiaea i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey aeaiiuo
ioiioaiee. Ethaia i?aaiioiioaiea iaiuneeii aac iauaeoa. A nia?aiaiiie
th?eni?oaeaioeee iauaeoaie i?aaiioiioaiee i?eciathony eeai aeaenoaey eo o/anoieeia,
eeai ia?yaeo n yoei iaoa?eaeueiua e iaiaoa?eaeueiua aeaaa. N oi/ee c?aiey
oa?aeoa?a i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneeo i?aaiioiioaiee i?aaenoaaeyaony i?aaeeueiui
?anniao?eaaoue a ea/anoaa eo iauaeoa ii?aaeaeaiiua aeaeu aeayoaeueiinoe a yeiiiieea
– i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneoth aeayoaeueiinoue, ?oeiaiaenoai ath. Ia?yaeo n yoei iauei
ii?aaeaeaieai iauaeoia i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneeo i?aaiioiioaiee iiaoo auoue auaeaeaiu e
aieaa eiie?aoiua iauaeou a ioaeaeueiuo i?aaiioiioaieyo. Oae, a i?aaeaeao iauaai
iiiyoey i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie aeayoaeueiinoe iauaeoii i?aaiioiioaiee iiaeao auoue
aeayoaeueiinoue ii i?iecaiaenoao iaoa?eaeueiuo aeaa, inouanoaeaieth ?aaio, ieacaieth
oneoa a noa?a yeiiiieee. Aeayoaeueiinoue ii ?oeiaiaenoao yeiiiieeie eae iauaeo
i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneeo i?aaiioiioaiee oaeaea iiaeao auoue iiae?acaeaeaia ia aieaa
eiie?aoiua aeaeu aeayoaeueiinoe, aunooiathuea iauaeoaie i?aaiioiioaiee. Iauaeoaie
i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneeo i?aaiioiioaiee a noa?a ?oeiaiaenoaa yeiiiieeie iiaoo
aunooiaoue: oicyenoaaiiia oi?aaeaiea, ieaie?iaaiea i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie
aeayoaeueiinoe, eiio?ieue ca aa inouanoaeaieai.
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Niaea?aeaiea i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneiai i?aaiioiioaiey ninoaaeytho i?aaa e iaycaiiinoe
aai o/anoieeia. ?a/ue eaeao i noauaeoeaiuo i?aaao e iaycaiiinoyo, aicieeathueo a
i?aaiioiioaieyo. Ia?yaeo n yoei noauaeoeaiua i?aaa e iaycaiiinoe iiaoo
nouanoaiaaoue e aia i?aaiioiioaiee, iniiauaaoueny iaiin?aaenoaaiii ia
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa. A i?aaeaeao aaeeiiai ?iaeiaiai iiiyoey i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneeo
i?aaiioiioaiee auaeaeythony eo ioaeaeueiua aeaeu. Eeanneoeeaoeey i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneeo
i?aaiioiioaiee iiaeao i?iaiaeeoueny ii ?acee/iui i?eciaeai. I?aaeaea anaai, iie
?acee/athony ii naiaio iauaeoo. N yoie oi/ee c?aiey auaeaeythony aeaa a?oiiu
i?aaiioiioaiee: naycaiiua n inouanoaeaieai i?iecaiaenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe
(i?aaiioiioaiey ii ai?eciioaee) e naycaiiua n ?oeiaiaenoaii i?iecaiaenoaaiiie
aeayoaeueiinoueth (i?aaiioiioaiey ii aa?oeeaee). Eeanneoeeaoeey i?aaiioiioaiee ii
iauaeoai iiaeao auoue e aieaa aeeooa?aioee?iaaiiie. Oae, a i?aaeaeao i?aaiioiioaiee
ii ?oeiaiaenoao oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoueth iiaoo auaeaeyoueny ieaiiaua
i?aaiioiioaiey. I?aaei?eieiaoaeueneea i?aaiioiioaiey iiaoo eeanneoeoee?iaaoueny e
ii noauaeoai. A yoii ieaia ?acee/atho i?aaiioiioaiey iaaeaeo oicyenoaaiiuie
i?aaiaie e i?aaiioiioaiey, neeaaeuaathueany aioo?e oicyenoaaiiuo i?aaiia.
4. I?EIOeEIU I?AAeI?EIEIAOAEUeNEIAI I?AAA. Iniiaiiieaaathuea ia/aea
i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneiai i?aaa, aai i?eioeeiu i?iiecuaatho aanue iannea i?aaiauo ii?i,
iaania/eaatho oeaeaiai?aaeaiiia ?aaoee?iaaiea i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa ia anao o?iaiyo
(a ?anioaeeeao, ?aaeiiao, caaiueyo e iiae?acaeaeaieyo ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa).
?anniio?ei iniiaiua i?eioeeiu, ia eioi?uo aace?oaony i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneia i?aai
(ii eiioeaioeee A.N.Ia?oaiueyiiaa):
a) I?eioeei yeiiiie/aneie naiaiaeu; caueou yeiiiie/aneeo eioa?ania
oicyenoaothueo noauaeoia e iiiu?aiey i?aaei?eei/eainoe a i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa.
Yeiiiieea ?innee auea aeieaia a?aiy Noeniooa aeanoeeie ?aieaie aee?aeoeaiiai
?oeiaiaenoaa anaie i?ioeannaie aaaeaiey oicyenoaa, ono?aiyy iiaeeeiiua noeioeu e
yooaeoeaiie ?aaioa. Iiyoiio i?e ia?aoiaea e ?uieo aicieeea iaiaoiaeeiinoue
aic?iaeeoue noeioeu e aunieii?iecaiaeeoaeueiiio o?oaeo, iaoeaeaiiiio ia
oaeiaeaoai?aiea iiaeeeiiuo iio?aaiinoae iauanoaa. Caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai ?uiea
i?aaeiieaaaao iaeneiaeueioth naiaiaeo aeey oaeiai o?oaea. A ea/anoaa i?eioeeia ?aaiou
anao noauaeoia
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i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie aeayoaeueiinoe noi?ioee?iaaia caaea/a ia iaaycuaaoue ieeiio
?aoaiee nauoa eee ecaia, e?iia ieieioia i?aaee i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa,
onoaiaaeeaathueo caeioa?aniaaiiinoue a ?acaeoee i?iecaiaenoaa, oeo/oaiee ea/anoaa
oiaa?ia, ?aaio e oneoa yeiiiie/aneeie ia?aie. Iai?eia?, caueoa yeiiiie/aneeo
eioa?ania noauaeoia i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa e iiiu?aiea i?aaei?eei/eainoe iaoiaeeo
au?aaeaiea a nenoaia iaeiaia e iaeiaiauo eueaio. I?aaei?eyoey e i?aaei?eieiaoaee,
?anoe?ythuea i?iecaiaenoai, inouanoaeythuea aai oaoie/aneia ia?aaii?oaeaiea, aaiae
iiauo iiuiinoae, ?acaeoea nioeeaeueiie eio?ano?oeoo?u, aeiaeaiea a i?e?iaeiio?aiiua
ia?ii?eyoey iieo/atho iaeiaiaua eueaiou. Naiinoiyoaeueiinoue noauaeoia
i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa e i?aaei?eei/eainoue iaania/eaathony oe?ioie eiiiaoaioeee e
eiouanoaaiiuo i?aa.
a) I?eioeei ainoaea?noaaiiiai aicaeaenoaey ia ioiioaiey a ia?iaeiii oicyenoaa
i?aeiouanoaaiii ia iniiaa i?eiaiaiey yeiiiie/aneeo ia? e iaoiaeia. Ia niaio
i?eeaciui iaoiaeai ?oeiaiaenoaa yeiiiieeie no?aiu i?eoee yeiiiie/aneea iaoiaeu, oi
anoue iniiaaiiua ia i?eiaiaiee ia? caeioa?aniaaiiinoe o?oaeiauo eieeaeoeaia,
ioaeaeueiuo eeoe e ia?aueaaieth iauaiia i?iecaiaenoaa oiaa?ia, ?aaio e oneoa,
?anoe?aieth eo anni?oeiaioa e iiauoaiey ea/anoaa. E /eneo oaeeo ia? ioiinyony
i?eiaiaiea aaeeiuo iaeiaiauo ii?i, a ia ecae?aoaeueiuo ii?iaoeaia, eioi?ua
ieacuaaee io?eoeaoaeueiia aicaeaenoaea ia oi?ioi ?aaioathuea i?aaei?eyoey, iineieueeo
n eo iiiiuueth ioae?aeenue n?aaenoaa o auniei?aioaaaeueiuo a iieueco
iecei?aioaaaeueiuo i?aaei?eyoee. Iaeiaiiaeiaeaiea iino?iaii oae, /oiau i?aaei?eyoey
auee caeioa?aniaaiu a aai ?acaeoee e ia aeiioneaee /?acia?iiai iai?aaeaiey
aeioiaeia a Oiiae iio?aaeaiey. Aaaeiui yeiiiie/aneei ?u/aaii yaeythony oeaiu. A oie
ia?a, a eaeie iie ninoaaeytho eiiiaoaioeeth ainoaea?noaa, oeaiu oeaeaiai?aaeaiii
eniieuecothony aeey noeioee?iaaiey i?iecaiaenoaa e ianuuaieth ?uiea niioaaonoaothueie
oiaa?aie, ?aaioaie e oneoaaie. Aeey ?aaeecaoeee niioaaonoaothueo ainoaea?noaaiiueo
i?ia?aii eniieuecothony oeaeaaua aneaiiaaiey, noanoaoeee. Ainoaea?noaaiiia
aicaeaenoaea iiaeao auoue i?yiui, oi anoue aee?aeoeaiui. Oai, aaea eioa?anu
ainoaea?noaa e iauanoaa o?aaotho eo yooaeoeaiie caueou, eiiiaoaioiua i?aaiu
ainoaea?noaa eiatho i?aai i?anaeaoue ia?ooaiey caeiia, aeaaaoue iaycaoaeueiua
i?aaeienaiey, i?eaeaeaoue ia?ooeoaeae e ioaaonoaaiiinoe.
a) I?eioeei eiieo?aioeee e caueou io iiiiiieecia. A oneiaeyo ?uiea oieueei oio
iiaeao iieo/eoue i?aeiouanoaa a yeiiiie/aneii e nioeeaeueiii ?acaeoee, eoi aeinoea
iaeeo/oeo ?acoeueoaoia a i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa, i?iecaae aunieiea/anoaaiiua,
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eiieo?aioiiniiniaiua oiaa?u (?aaiou e oneoae) n iaiueoeie ecaea?aeeaie. Aeaiiue
i?eioeei yaeyaony noeioeii ?acaeoey yeiiiieee. Ii noeioee?oao
eiieo?aioiiniiniaiuo e ono?aiyao ieioi ?aaioathuea i?aaei?eyoey, eioi?ua i?e
aeeeoaeueiie oauoi/iinoe e iaieaoaaeaniiniaiinoe, ionoonoaee ni?ina ia
i?iecaiaeeiua oiaa?u iiaeeaaeao ?ai?aaiecaoeee eee aiiaua eeeaeaeaoeee, eae aaie?iou.
Yoio i?eioeei ?aaeecoaony a Caeiia ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee “I eiieo?aioeee e
ia?aie/aiiie iiiiiieenoe/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe ia oiaa?iuo ?uieao” e ae?. Caeii
caueuaao oieueei aeia?iniaanoioth eiieo?aioeeth e ia aeiioneaao ceioiio?aaeaiee a
aeayoaeueiinoe eiieo?aioia.
a) I?eioeei caeiiiinoe oioy e yaeyaony iauaio?aneaaui, ii i?eia?aoaao a
?uii/iuo oneiaeyo a noa?a yeiiiieee niaoeeoe/aneia au?aaeaiea. I?aaei?eieiaoaee
iiaoo inouanoaeyoue ethaua aeaeu aeayoaeueiinoe, anee iie ia cai?auaiu caeiiii. Ia
iiaeao n/eoaoueny ia?ooeoaeai caeiiia i?aaei?eyoea, anee iii aeaenoaiaaei
yeiiiie/anee yooaeoeaii aeey ainoaea?noaa e iauanoaa e ia ia?ooaei i?e yoii
i?yiuo cai?aoia caeiia e i?aa ae?oaeo eeoe. E, iai?ioea, anoue ana iniiaaiey
n/eoaoue i?ioeaii?aaiui oicyenoaiaaiea aini?aaei?eyoee e ioieoeeiaeueiuo
i?aaei?eyoee aac i?aaei?eei/eainoe ii i?eioeeio: ie/aai ia ia?ooee, oioy e ie/aai
ia aeinoea. Oaeia iiieiaiea caeiiiinoe niioaaonoaoao ?uii/iie yeiiiieea. Naiaiaea
auai?a iiaaaeaiey icia/aao, /oi ia niioaaonoaoao caeiio ianneaiia,
aacuieoeeaoeaiia i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoai.
5. NOAUAEOU I?AAeI?EIEIAOAEUeNEIAI I?AAA. A yeiiiie/aneie oai?ee iiae noauaeoaie
i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie aeayoaeueiinoe (i?aaei?eieiaoaeyie) iiieiatho oieueei a?aaeaeai e
eo iauaaeeiaiey, i?e/ai i?aaei?eieiaoaeue ia oiaeaeanoaaiai nianoaaiieeo e
iaiaaeaea?o. Eniieuecoy caaiiue eaieoae, i?aaei?eieiaoaeue iiaeao e ia auoa
nianoaaiieeii. A nianoaaiiee iiaeao iieo/aoue aeioiae io naiae nianoaaiiinoe, ia
caieiaynue i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaii. Iaiaaeaea? a ioei/ea io i?aaei?eieiaoaey ia anaaaea
eiaao a ea/anoaa iaiin?aaenoaaiiie oeaee naiae aeayoaeueiinoe iieo/aiea i?eauee
(iai?eia?, iaiaaeaea? – ia/aeueiee oeaoa).
A ?innee caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai ii?aaeaeyao i?aaei?eieiaoaey eae noauaeoa, aeayoaeueiinoue
eioi?iai iaoeaeaia ia iieo/aiea i?eauee e aaaeaony ei ia oneiaee nianoaaiiie
eiouanoaaiiie ioaaonoaaiiinoe. ?anniio?ei iniiaiua oa?aeoa?enoeee
i?aaei?eieiaoaey:
1) eaaeaeue i?aaei?eieiaoaeue iaeaaeaao naiinoiyoaeueiinoueth (ii nianoaaiiee eee
aeaenoaoao ii ii?o/aieth nianoaaiieea);
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2) oeaeueth aai aeayoaeueiinoe yaeyaony iieo/aiea i?eauee eee aeioiaea;
3) i?aaei?eieiaoaeue auiieiyao neaaeothuea ooieoeee: oai?/aneoth (iia naycaia n
auaeaeaeaieai e ?aaeecaoeeae eiiia?/aneie eaeae), ?ano?nioth (i?aaei?eieiaoaeue
iiaeeece?oao eioi?iaoeeiiiua, oeiainiaua, o?oaeiaua e iaoa?eaeueiua ?ano?nu),
i?aaiecaoeeiiioth (a ?aieao yoie ooieoeee inouanoaeyaony niaaeeiaiea ?ano?nia a
ioaeiuo i?iii?oeeyo e eiio?ieue ca eo eniieueciaaieai)(*1).
Noauaeoaie i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneiai i?aaa yaeythony i?aaei?eieiaoaee,
i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneea i?aaiecaoeee e eo iiae?acaeaeaiey. Iie aunooiatho eae iineoaee
iniauo i?aa e iaycaiiinoae. O/anoieee i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneeo i?aaiioiioaiee aaaeoo
i?iecaiaenoaaiioth aeayoaeueiinoue e ?oeiaiaeyo ath a niioaaonoaee n ii?iaie i?aaa.
Iineoaeyie i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneeo i?aa e iaycaiiinoae ia iiaoo auoue ioaeaeueiua
a?aaeaeaia. A i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneeo i?aaiioiioaieyo o/anoaoao ia ainoaea?noai eae
noauaeo i?aaa, a ainoaea?noaaiiua i?aaei?eyoey, ae?oaea oicyenoaaiiua i?aaiu e eo
iiae?acaeaeaiey. Ainoaea?noai ?oeiaiaeeo eo aeayoaeueiinoueth iooai ecaeaiey ii?iaoeaiuo
i?aaiauo aeoia, ninoaaeythueo th?eaee/aneoth iniiao i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneeo
i?aaiioiioaiee. Inouanoaeyy i?iecaiaenoaaiioth aeayoaeueiinoue e ?oeiaiaey ath,
o/anoaoy a ioiioaieyo, ni/aoathueo ieaiiai- i?aaiecaoeeiiiua e eiouanoaaiiua
yeaiaiou, noauaeo i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneiai i?aaa aeieaeai iaeaaeaoue ii?aaeaeaiiui
eiouanoaii. Iaee/ea eiouanoaa iiiaeie o/aiuie i?eciaaony iaiaoiaeeiui i?eciaeii
noauaeoa i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneiai i?aaa. Noauaeou i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneiai i?aaa aeieaeiu
ioaa/aoue ca ?acoeueoaou ?aaiou. Yoa ioaaonoaaiiinoue eniieuecoaony eae
noeioee?othuaa n?aaenoai. Ioaaonoaaiiinoue au?aaeaaony eeai a aeaea yeiiiie/aneie
ioaaonoaaiiinoe, eeai a aeaea o?aaeeoeeiiiie eiouanoaaiiie ioaaonoaaiiinoe.
Noauaeo i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneiai i?aaa ia oieueei aeieaeai ianoe ioaaonoaaiiinoue ca
?acoeueoaou aeayoaeueiinoe, ii e aeieaeai eiaoue aiciiaeiinoue ia?auaoueny ca caueoie
naieo i?aa a neo/ayo eo,ia?ooaiey. A i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneeo .ioiioaieyo ii
ai?eciioaee oaeay caueoa iaania/eaaaony n iiiiuueth i?aaiia a?aeo?aaeiiai noaea.
Iaoaieci aea caueou a ioiioaieyo ii aa?oeeaee iiea oieueei neeaaeuaaaony. Eoae,
i?eciaeaie noauaeoa i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneiai i?aaa yaeythony:
1) iaee/ea ii?aaeaeaiiie i?aaiecaoeee (i?aaiecaoeeiiiia aaeeinoai);
2) iaee/ea cae?aieaiiiai eee i?eiaaeeaaeauaai eiouanoaa
(**1) Eaioaa A.A., Oaoiaoia A.I. Oeaee i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey e nenoaia i?aaa
// I?aaiaaaeaiea. – 1976. – N 4. – N. 32.
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(eiouanoaaiiay naiinoiyoaeueiinoue);
3) iaee/ea niaoeeaeueiuo i?aa e iaycaiiinoae (niaoeeaeueiay eiiiaoaioeey);
4) ioaaonoaaiiinoue ca ?acoeueoaou naiae aeayoaeueiinoe;
5) aiciiaeiinoue ia?auaiey ca caueoie ia?ooaiiuo i?aa e yeiiiie/aneeo
eioa?ania.
Neaaeoao auaeaeeoue iauea e eiie?aoiua noauaeou i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneiai i?aaa. Iauaa
iiiyoea noauaeoa i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneiai i?aaa aeieaeii aeeth/aoue eeoue oa i?eciaee,
eioi?ua i?enoue anai aeaeai oaeeo noauaeoia. Oaeia iiiyoea iiaeii ii?aaeaeeoue
neaaeothuei ia?acii: noauaeou i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneiai i?aaa – yoi i?aaiecaoeee e eo
iiae?acaeaeaiey, inouanoaeythuea i?iecaiaenoaaiioth aeayoaeueiinoue e ?oeiaiaeyuea ath,
eiathuea ii?aaeaeaiiia eiouanoai, iaeaaeathuea niaoeeaeueiuie i?aaaie e iaycaiiinoyie
(niaoeeaeueiie eiiiaoaioeeae), ianouea ioaaonoaaiiinoue ca ?acoeueoaou naiae
aeayoaeueiinoe e eiathuea aiciiaeiinoue ia?aoeoueny ca caueoie i?eiaaeeaaeaueo ei i?aa.
I?eiaieoaeueii e ioaeaeueiui aeaeai noauaeoia i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneiai i?aaa oeacaiiua
auoa i?eciaee i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie i?aainoauaeoiinoe i?iyaeythony iaiaeeiaeiai, n
iaeioi?uie iniaaiiinoyie. Ii?aaeaeythuei i?e eeanneoeeaoeee noauaeoia
i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneiai i?aaa yaeyaony oa?aeoa? auiieiyaiuo eie ooieoeee. N yoie
oi/ee c?aiey ?acee/atho noauaeou, auiieiythuea i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneoth aeayoaeueiinoue,
?oeiaiaeyuea ath e ni/aoathuea ooieoeee ?oeiaiaenoaa e inouanoaeaiey
i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie aeayoaeueiinoe. A niioaaonoaee n yoei auaeaeythony oaeea
noauaeou i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenei ai i?aaa, eae i?aaei?eyoey, i?aaiu oicyenoaaiiiai
?oeiaiaenoaa. Ana iie ninoaaeytho aaeeioth nenoaio e iauaaeeiythony a iaeio a?oiio –
i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneea i?aaiu. Ae?oaoth a?oiio noauaeoia i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneiai i?aaa
ninoaaeytho iiae?acaeaeaiey i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneeo i?aaiia.
6. IOA?AIE*AIEA I?AAeI?EIEIAOAEUeNEIAI I?AAA IO NIAAEIUO IO?ANEAE I?AAA.
Ioa?aie/aiea i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneiai i?aaa io ae?oaeo io?aneae i?iaiaeeony
n?aaiaieai aai i?aaeiaoa n i?aaeiaoaie i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey niaaeiuo io?aneae.
A i?eioeeia iiea i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneiai i?aaa – yoi aini?iecaiaenoaaiiua ioiioaiey
a iaoae yeiiiieea. Iaeiaei ia ana iie ?aaoee?othony i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneei i?aaii.
Iio?aaeaiea i?iecaaaeaiiiai i?iaeoeoa (eiaaony a aeaeo iai?iecaiaenoaaiiia
iio?aaeaiea) inouanoaeyaony a ?aieao a?aaeaeaineiai i?aaa, ?aaoee?iaaiea eioi?iai
!!24
iai?aaeaii ia oaeiaeaoai?aiea eiouanoaaiiuo, ee/iuo iaeiouanoaaiiuo eioa?ania. A
?aaeueiie aeecie iio?aaeaiea e ianeoaeeaathuaa aai ?aaoee?iaaiea ii i?eia?aoaieth
a?aaeaeaiaie oiaa?ia, ?aaio e oneoa ioi?aaiu io iaiin?aaenoaaiiuo
aini?iecaiaeeoaeueiuo i?ioeannia. Iie yaeythony naiinoiyoaeueiie noa?ie, a eioi?oth
ia?aiauathony ?acoeueoaou i?iecaiaenoaa. Nai aea i?ioeann oaeiaeaoai?aiey
iio?aaiinoae a?aaeaeai eiaao iniaia niaea?aeaiea e niioaaonoaaiii niaoeeoe/aneia
?aaoee?iaaiea. A yoii niunea oicyenoaaiiue iai?io, eae niaieoiiinoue anao aeoia
aeayoaeueiinoe a i?ioeanna i?iecaiaenoaa, ?ani?aaeaeaiey, iaiaia, i?aaenoaaeyao niaie
naiinoiyoaeueioth noa?o, a eioi?ie acaeiiaeaenoaotho i?iecaiaeeoaee, a ia a?aaeaeaia.
A?aaeaeaineee aea iai?io – yoi niaieoiiinoue naeaeie ii oaeiaeaoai?aieth ia?niiaeueiuo
iio?aaiinoae, e caeanue acaeiiaeaenoaotho i?iecaiaeeoaee e a?aaeaeaia, a?aaeaeaia iaaeaeo
niaie, niaa?oay naeaeee ii oaeiaeaoai?aieth eioa?ania iio?aaeoaey. Io
aaeieieno?aoeaiiai i?aaa i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneia i?aai ioee/aaony oai, /oi e
i?aaeiaoo aaeieieno?aoeaiiai i?aaa ioianaia eniieieoaeueii- ?anii?yaeeoaeueiay
aeayoaeueiinoue aaeieieno?aoeee, oi anoue ioiioaiey a noa?a aeanoe e iiae/eiaiey.
Oaeea ioiioaiey nouanoaotho oai, aaea anoue i?aaiu oi?aaeaiey, ioaeaeueiua
aeieaeiinoiua eeoea, ?aaeecothuea aeanoue e oi?aaeaiea, iiae/eiythuea naiaio
aee?aeoeaiiio aicaeaenoaeth ieaeanoiyuea i?aaiu e aeieaeiinoiuo eeoe. Yoi oa?aeoa?iay
noa?a iauanoaaiiuo ioiioaiee aaeieieno?aoeaiiai i?aaa. A i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneeo aea
ioiioaieyo iao eniieieoaeueii- ?anii?yaeeoaeueiie aeayoaeueiinoe. I?aaiu oi?aaeaiey
e ioaeaeueiua aeieaeiinoiua eeoea eae noauaeou i?aaa a i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa ia
aunooiatho. Caeanue a ioiioaieyo ii inouanoaeaieth ?oeiaiaeyuae aeayoaeueiinoe
aunooiatho i?aaiu ainoaea?noaa io aai eiaie. Io o?oaeiaiai i?aaa
i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneia i?aai ioee/aaony oai, /oi aicaeaenoaoao ia ia ioiioaiey
ioaeaeueiuo eeoe, iaiyaoeony ia ?aaioo e iiae/eiythueony a neeo yoiai i?aaeeai
aioo?aiiaai o?oaeiaiai ?anii?yaeea, a* ia i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneea ioiioaiey
i?aaei?eyoee e eo iiae?acaeaeaiee a oeaeii eaee?aaei?eieiaoaeueneeo ia?aciaaiee. Io
oeiainiaiai i?aaa i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneia i?aai ioee/aaony oai, /oi ?aaoee?iaaiea
oeiainia, athaeaeaoa (ainoaea?noaaiiiai ieaia Oi?ie?iaaiey e ?aaeecaoeee aeioiaeia
ainoaea?noaa) yaeyaony i?aaeiaoii Oeiainiaiai i?aaa. ?aaoee?iaaiea aea enoi/ieeia
aeioiaeia i?aaei?eyoee e i?aaei?eieiaoaeae e eo eniieueciaaiey a aini?iecaiaenoaaiiii
e?oaiiai?ioa ninoaaeyao i?aaeiao i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneiai i?aaa. Oicyenoaaiiay
aeayoaeueiinoue iaaiciiaeia aia ia?aciaaiey ii ii?aaeaeaiiui i?aaeeai aeioiaeia e eo
?aaeecaoeee. Iia
!!25
i?aaeiieaaaao iaaeeaaeauaa oi?ie?iaaiea i?aaei?eyoeai naaanoieiinoe, oi/iia
ii?aaeaeaiea aeioiaeia e i?eauee. Iiyoiio a /anoe aeaeaeaiey aeaiaaeiuo n?aaenoa
oicyenoaothueo noauaeoia ?aaoee?iaaiea inouanoaeyaony ii?iaie
i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneiai i?aaa. A /anoe aea ia?aciaaiey ainoaea?noaaiiuo aeioiaeia ia
iniiaa iaeiaia, iai?aaeaiey athaeaeaoiuo n?aaenoa ioiioaiey ninoaaeytho i?aaeiao
oeiainiaiai i?aaa. Ia ano?a/aao cia/eoaeueiuo o?oaeiinoae ioa?aie/aiea caiaeueiuo
e i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneeo ioiioaiee. Nai iauaeo – caiey e naycaiiua n iath
ioiioaiey, aeaaea ii iiaiaeo aiaea/aiey aa a iai?io ia iniiaa ia?aaea/e a
nianoaaiiinoue, aaeaeo iniaie aaaeiinoe aeaiiiai iauaeoa ninoaaeyao i?aaeiao
caiaeueiiai i?aaa. Oiaea neaaeoao neacaoue i aiaeiuo, ai?iuo, eaniuo e
i?e?iaeiio?aiiuo ioiioaieyo. Aeey oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe caiaeueiua e eiua
i?e?iaei?ano?niua ioiioaiey yaeythony oioy e aaaeiuie, ii ia aeaaiuie,
niioonoaothueie. Iiyoiio i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenei- i?aaiaui ?aaoee?iaaieai iie ia
ioaaouaathony. A iineaaeiea aiaeu iaeioi?ua o/aiua- i?aaiaaaeu noaee auaeaeaaoue
eiioeaioeeth naiinoiyoaeueiinoe naeueneioicyenoaaiiiai eee aa?a?iiai i?aaa, eae
iaania/eaathuaai ?aaoee?iaaiea anao iauanoaaiiuo ioiioaiee, aicieeathueo a oiaea
i?iecaiaenoaa e ?aaeecaoeee naeueneioicyenoaaiiie i?iaeoeoeee, aa ia?a?aaioee a
?aieao aeayoaeueiinoe aa?ii?iiuoeaiiiai eiiieaena. Ianiiiaiii, /oi ?aaoee?iaaiea
ioiioaiee a ethaie io?anee ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa eiaao naie io?aneaaua
iniaaiiinoe. Eiathony iie e a io?anee naeueneiai oicyenoaa, ooieoeeiie?othuae a
nenoaia aa?ii?iiuoeaiiiai eiiieaena no?aiu. Iaeiaei a i?eioeeia ioiioaiey
i?aaiecaoeee naeueneioicyenoaaiiiai i?iecaiaenoaa e acaeiiaeaenoaothueo n iei
ianeoaeeaathueo i?aaiecaoeee i?iiuoeaiiinoe, oi?aiaee, eiiia?aoeee yaeythony oaie aea
i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneeie ioiioaieyie, aicieeathueie a nayce n i?ioanneiiaeueiui
i?iecaiaenoaii oiaa?ia. Oo /anoue naeueneioicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa, eioi?ay
iaania/eaaao ?aaoee?iaaiea aeaiiuoo)oiioaiee,.iiaeii, iacaaoue iiaeio?aneueth
i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneiai i?aaa. ! ,
7. NENOAIA I?AAeI?EIEIAOAEUeNEIAI I?AAA E O*AAIIAI EO?NA. I?aaei?eieiaoaeueneia
i?aai ?aaoee?oao ?aciiia?aciua ioiioaiey ii inouanoaeaieth i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa e
?oeiaiaenoaa ei. A yoeo oeaeyo eniieuecoaony ii?aaeaeaiiue aeie ii?iaoeaiuo
i?aaiauo aeoia, ii?i e einoeoooia i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneiai i?aaa.
!!26
Eiae/anee iineaaeiaaoaeueiia e aioo?aiia niaeaniaaiiia ?aniieiaeaiea
i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenei- i?aaiauo ii?i e einoeoooia ninoaaeytho nenoaio
i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneiai i?aaa. Nenoaia i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneiai i?aaa neeaaeuaaaony
iauaeoeaii e aace?oaony ia niaoeeoe/aneeo iniaaiiinoyo iauanoaaiiuo ioiioaiee,
aoiaeyueo a i?aaeiao i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneiai i?aaa. Nenoaiiia ?aniieiaeaiea ii?i
i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneiai i?aaa eiaao ia oieueei oai?aoe/aneia, ii e aaaeiia
i?aeoe/aneia cia/aiea aeey i?aaioai?/aneeo e i?aaii?eiaieoaeueiuo i?aaiia. A
neo/aa I?eiyoey iiaiai ii?iaoeaiiai i?aaiaiai aeoa, ?aaoee?othuaai
i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneoth aeayoaeueiinoue, iaiaoiaeeii niaeaniaaoue aai niaea?aeaiea n oaea
nouanoaothueie ii?iaoeaiuie i?aaiauie aeoaie. Yoi eaaei naeaeaoue, anee ii?iu
niioaaonoaothuae io?anee i?aaa ?aniieiaeaiu a ii?aaeaeaiiie nenoaia, e /?acau/aeii
o?oaeii, anee iie iaoiaeyony a aannenoaiiii ninoiyiee. Iouneaoue e i?eiaieoue e
eiie?aoiiio neo/ath niioaaonoaothuoth aio ii?io i?aaa oaeaea eaa/a, anee yoe ii?iu
nenoaiaoece?iaaiu. Iaaeyaeiui i?eia?ii yoiio iiaeao neoaeeoue niiinoaaeaiea
ia?iiiiai ianneaa aacnenoaiiuo iauaainoaea?noaaiiuo, iaaeaaaeiinoaaiiuo e eiuo
ii?iaoeaiuo aeoia, ?aaoee?iaaaoeo oicyenoaaiioth aeayoaeueiinoue aei?aoi?iaiiie
yeiiiieee, e aaeeiiai A?aaeaeaineiai eiaeaena ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee 1994 aiaea,
?aaeaiaioe?othuaai i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneoth aeayoaeueiinoue ?uii/iie yeiiiieee iaoae
no?aiu. Aaconeiaii aaeeiue eiaeeoeoee?iaaiiue caeii oaeiaai aeey i?eiaiaiey. Eae e a
ae?oaeo io?aneyo, nenoaia i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneiai i?aaa ninoieo ec aeaoo /anoae:
iauae e iniaaiiie. A iauoth /anoue aeeth/athony iieiaeaiey iauea aeey anao ?acaeaeia e
einoeoooia i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneiai i?aaa. Iia io?aaeaao iaeii?iaeiinoue i?aaeiaoa
io?aneaaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey, neoaeeo iauaaeeiythuei ia/aeii aeey anao io?aneaauo
ii?i. Iauay /anoue iicaieyao ono?aieoue ?aciiaie a i?aaiaii ?aaoee?iaaiee noiaeeo
ii naiae i?e?iaea iauanoaaiiuo ioiioaiee e iaania/eoue iaiaoiaeeiia aaeeinoai
i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey a yeiiiie/aneie noa?a. Oae, aeaaiaea?y ii?iai iauae
/anoe i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneiai i?aaa inouanoaeaii aaeeiiia?aciia ?aaoee?iaaiea
ioiioaiee ii nianoaaiiinoe, ii nicaeaieth ?acee/iuo i?aaiecaoeeiiii- i?aaiauo oi?i
i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa. Einoeooou iauae /anoe iiaeii iiae?acaeaeeoue ia aeaa a?oiiu: 1)
iauea iieiaeaiey a nianoaaiiii niunea e 2) iieiaeaiey, ioiinyueany e i?aaiaiio
?aaoee?iaaieth ooieoeeiiaeueiuo aeaeia aeayoaeueiinoe a yeiiiieea. A iniaaiioth /anoue
aeeth/athony i?aaiaua ii?iu e einoeooou, eanathueany ?aaoee?iaaiey ioaeaeueiuo
io?aneae ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa e aeaeia i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie aeayoaeueiinoe.
!!27
Ethaay io?aneue i?aaa iniiauaaaony ia niaieoiiinoe ii?i niioaaonoaothuaai
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa. Ii?iu, ?aaoee?othuea i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneoth aeayoaeueiinoue, iiaoo
auoue cae?aieaiu a caeiiao e a iiaecaeiiiuo ii?iaoeaiuo aeoao. A caaeneiinoe io
th?eaee/aneie neeu ana yoe ii?iaoeaii- i?aaiaua aeou ?aniieiaeaiu a no?iai
ii?aaeaeaiiie ea?a?oe/aneie nenoaia. *ai aieueoa th?eaee/aneay neea ii?iaoeaii-
i?aaiaiai aeoa, oai auoa aai iieiaeaiea a nenoaia aeoia niioaaonoaothuae io?anee
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa. Oaeay ioeaiea ii?iaoeaiuo aeoia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa eiaao ia
oieueei oai?aoe/aneia, ii e i?aeoe/aneia cia/aiea. Aaeaeo iiiai/eneaiiinoe
ii?iaoeaiuo aeoia, ?aaoee?othueo i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneoth aeayoaeueiinoue, e
ianiaa?oainoaa caeiiiaeaoaeueiie oaoieee ano?a/athony aeiaieueii /anoi neooaoeee,
eiaaea ?acee/iua ii?iaoeaii- i?aaiaua aeou ii-?aciiio ?aoatho iaeei e oio aea
aii?in. A oaeii neo/aa i?eiaiyaony ii?iaoeaiue aeo, eiathuee aieueooth th?eaee/aneoth
neeo. Caeiiu iaeaaeatho aunoae th?eaee/aneie neeie a n?aaiaiee n iiaecaeiiiuie
ii?iaoeaiuie aeoaie. Noaouey 76 Eiinoeoooeee ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee ?aca?aie/eaaao
oaaea?aeueiua eiinoeoooeeiiiua caeiiu e oaaea?aeueiua caeiiu. Oaaea?aeueiua
eiinoeoooeeiiiua caeiiu iaeaaeatho aieueoae th?eaee/aneie neeie ii n?aaiaieth n
oaaea?aeueiuie caeiiaie. Iiyoiio oaaea?aeueiua caeiiu ia iiaoo i?ioeai?a/eoue
oaaea?aeueiui eiinoeoooeeiiiui caeiiai. Iniaia ianoi a caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa caieiatho
io?aneaaua eiaeeoeoee?iaaiiua ii?iaoeaiua aeou. Iaeaieaa aaaeiui e e?oiiui
eiaeeoeoee?iaaiiui aeoii, ?aaoee?othuei ioiioaiey a i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie noa?a a
iaoae no?aia, yaeyaony A?aaeaeaineee eiaeaen ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee, /anoue ia?aay
eioi?iai iiaeienaia I?aceaeaioii ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee 30 iiya?y 1994 aiaea e
aaaaeaia a aeaenoaea, a iniiaiii, n 1 yiaa?y 1995 aiaea(*1), a /anoue aoi?ay
iiaeienaia I?aceaeaioii ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee 26 yiaa?y 1996 a. e aaaaeaia a
aeaenoaea n 1 ia?oa 1996 aiaea(*2). O?aouey /anoue AE ?O, ?ann/eoaiiay ia einoeooou
eioaeeaeooaeueiie nianoaaiiinoe, ianeaaenoaaiiia i?aai e iaaeaeoia?iaeiia /anoiia
i?aai aua ia i?eiyoa. Oaeei ia?aaii, i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneea ioiioaiey ?aaoee?othony
ii?iaie A?aaeaeaineiai eiaeaena, iineieueeo Eiinoeoooeey a ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee ia
i?aaeoniao?eaaao ie i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneiai i?aaa, ie a?aeo?aaeiiai
noaeii?iecaiaenoaa. ?anniio?aiea e ?ac?aoaiea a?aaeaeaineeo aeae a noa?a yeiiiieee e
oi?aaeaiey ath inouanoaeyaony a a?aeo?aaeiii noaeii?iecaiaenoaa.
(**1) NC ?O. – 1994. – N 32. – No. 3302.
(**2) NC ?O. – 1996. – N 5. – No. 410, n eciaiaieyie no.no. 64, 185, 855 (ni.:
NC ?O. – 1996. – N 9. – No. 773; – N 34. – No. 4025; N 34. – No. 4026).
!!28
Oaeei ia?acii, a?aaeaeaineia noaeii?iecaiaenoai ninoieo ec aeaoo /anoae:
iaiin?aaenoaaiii a?aaeaeaineiai noaeii?iecaiaenoaa, iaania/eaathuaai ?ac?aoaiea
nii?ia n o/anoeai a?aaeaeai ii aii?inai ee/iiai eiouanoaaiiiai e iaeiouanoaaiiiai
oa?aeoa?a, e a?aeo?aaeiiai noaeii?iecaiaenoaa, ianeoaeeaathuaai ioiioaiey
eneeth/eoaeueii th?eaee/aneeo eeoe e a?aaeaeai- i?aaei?eieiaoaeae, aicieeathueo a
i?ioeanna inouanoaeaiey i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie aeayoaeueiinoe e oi?aaeaiey ath.
I?e/ai, eaaeaeay ec yoeo /anoae noaeii?iecaiaenoaa ?aaeaiaioe?oaony naiei iniaui
i?ioeannoaeueiui caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii. Oaeei ia?acii, caeiiiaeaoaeue aeiioneaao
?aaoee?iaaiea ioiioaiee a?aaeaeaineiai noaeii?iecaiaenoaa aeaoiy naiinoiyoaeueiuie
io?aneyie i?ioeannoaeueiiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa. A yoie nayce aicieeaao aii?in: a
ii/aio ec a?aaeaeaineiai i?aaa ia iiaeao auoue auaeaeaia naiinoiyoaeueiay io?aneue eee
iiaeio?aneue i?aaa, ?aaoee?othuay i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneea ioiioaiey? ?aaioa ii
nicaeaieth eiaeeoeoee?iaaiiiai oicyenoaaiiiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa aeoeaii i?iaiaeeeanue
a aei?aoi?iaiiia a?aiy. Iaeiia?aiaiii n ?ac?aaioeie A?aaeaeaineiai eiaeaena
?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee ii caaeaieth I?aceaeaioa no?aiu Einoeoooii ainoaea?noaa e
i?aaa ?inneeneie aeaaeaiee iaoe aue ?ac?aaioai i?iaeo I?aaei?eieiaoaeueneiai
eiaeaena. Ii aeaeueoa ?ac?aaioee i?iaeoa aeaei ia iioei. Eaeay ?aaeueiiai auaeaeaiey a
naiinoiyoaeueioth io?aneue oicyenoaaiiiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa ia ninoiyeanue. Iaeiaei,
niaaeeiaiea a iaeiii ii?iaoeaiii aeoa aeaaea eiaeeoeoee?iaaiiii ii?i, ?aaoee?othueo
niaa?oaiii ioee/iua i?aaiioiioaiey iaeuecy n/eoaoue aaeeinoaaiii i?aaeeueiui.
I?aaenoaaeyaony, /oi ii?iu, ?aaoee?othuea ioiioaiey a yeiiiie/aneie noa?a, aeieaeiu
auoue nin?aaeioi/aiu a ioaeaeueiii eiaeaena. Eo neaaeoao ecuyoue ec A?aaeaeaineiai
eiaeaena ?O, eae yoi auei naeaeaii ?aiaa n ii?iaie, ?aaoee?othueie naiaeiua e
aeeeeuiua i?aaiioiioaiey. Naiaeiue e AEeeeuiue eiaeaen aeaenoaotho iacaaeneii io
A?aaeaeaineiai eiaeaena a ?aieao aaeeiiai a?aaeaeaineiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa. Nenoaio
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa, ?aaoee?othuaai i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneea ioiioaiey, ia?yaeo n
eiaeeoeoee?iaaiuie ii?iaoeaiuie aeoaie (A?aaeaeaineee eiaeaen, Aicaeooiue eiaeaen,
O?ainii?oiue onoaa aeaeaciuo aei?ia e ae?.) ia?acotho niaoeeaeueiua caeiiu. Iai?eia?,
Caeii ?O “I aaieao e aaieianeie aeayoaeueiinoe”(*1), Caeii ?O “Ia aeoeeiia?iuo
iauanoaao”(*2) e o.ae. Yoe e ae?oaea niaoeeaeueiua caeiiu, oioy e ia iinyo oaeiai
anaiauaiethuaai oa?aeoa?a eae AE ?O, eiatho aanueia aaaeiia cia/aiea, eai a ieo
io?aaeaiu e th?eaee/anee
(**1) NC ?O. -1996. N 6. -No. 492.
(**2) NC ?O. -1996. N1. -No. 1.
!!29
cae?aieaiu i?ienoiaeyuea a iaoae no?aia yeiiiie/aneea i?aia?aciaaiey. A nenoaio
io?aneaaiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa aoiaeyo oaeaea e iiaecaeiiiua ii?iaoeaiua aeou,
ecaeaaaaiua I?aceaeaioii e I?aaeoaeuenoaii ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee. Oeacu I?aceaeaioa
?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee, eae iiaecaeiiiua ii?iaoeaiua aeou, ia aeieaeiu i?ioeai?a/eoue
caeiiai. Ia iniiaaiee e ai eniieiaiea caeiiia, oeacia I?aceaeaioa I?aaeoaeuenoai
?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee ai?aaa i?eieiaoue iinoaiiaeaiey, niaea?aeauea ii?iu,
?aaoee?othuea i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneoth aeayoaeueiinoue. Oeacaiiua iinoaiiaeaiey
I?aaeoaeuenoaa ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee ia aeieaeiu i?ioeai?a/eoue Eiinoeoooeee
?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee, Caeiiai e oeacai I?aceaeaioa ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee. Ii?iu,
?aaoee?othuea ioaeaeueiua aii?inu i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa, iiaoo niaea?aeaoueny e a
ii?iaoeaiuo aeoao ieienoa?noa e eiuo oaaea?aeueiuo i?aaiia eniieieoaeueiie aeanoe.
A niioaaonoaee n i. 7 no. 3 AE ?O ieienoa?noaa eee eiua oaaea?aeueiua i?aaiu
eniieieoaeueiie aeanoe iiaoo ecaeaaaoue aeou, niaea?aeauea ii?iu a?aaeaeaineiai i?aaa,
a neo/ayo e a i?aaeaeao, i?aaeoniio?aiiuo AE ?O, ae?oaeie caeiiaie e eiuie
i?aaiauie aeoaie. Neaaeoao eiaoue a aeaeo, iaeiaei, /oi no. 71 Eiinoeoooeee ?O
onoaiiaeea, /oi a?aaeaeaineia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai iaoiaeeony a aaaeaiee ?inneeneie
Oaaea?aoeee. A niioaaonoaee n yoei i?aaiu aeanoe e oi?aaeaiey noauaeoia
?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee e ioieoeeiaeueiua ia?aciaaiey ia ai?aaa ecaeaaaoue ii?iaoeaiua
aeou, niaea?aeauea ii?iu, ?aaoee?othuea i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneoth aeayoaeueiinoue. Neaaeoao
?aca?aie/eoue i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneia i?aai eae iaoeo, io?aneue e o/aaioth aeenoeeieeio
a aoca. Anee io?aneue i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneiai i?aaa eae /anoue a?aaeaeaineiai i?aaa
?aaoee?oao niioaaonoaothuea iauanoaaiiua ioiioaiey, a iaoea eco/aao ii?aaeaeaiiua
yaeaiey, oi i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneia i?aai eae o/aaiay aeenoeeieeia iao/aao
io?aneaaiio i?aao e iaoea io?aneaaiai i?aaa.(*1) A caaea/o i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneiai
i?aaa eae o/aaie aeenoeeieeiu aoiaeeo iao/aiea oai ii?iai i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneiai
i?aaa e i?aeoeea eo i?eiaiaiey, eioi?ua a niaieoiiinoe ia?acotho
i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneia i?aai eae io?aneue (iiaeio?aneue) i?aaa. Iaeiaei iaaeinoaoi/ii
eco/aiey a ?aieao o/aaiie aeenoeeieeiu aeaenoaothuaai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa. Iii iiaeao
aeeiaie/ii iaiyoueny. Iao/aiea iiaeao auoue oniaoiui oiaaea, eiaaea iii iie?aaony ia
?acoeueoaou iao/iuo enneaaeiaaiee. Iiyoiio a noa?o iao/aiey
(**1) E?anaa/eeia I.A.Niaaoneay iaoea a?aaeaeaineiai i?aaa (iiiyoea, ninoaa,
nenoaia). – Naa?aeeiane, 1961.
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?anniao?eaaaiie o/aaiie aeenoeeieeiu aoiaeeo eco/aiea e iiciaiea au?aaioaiiuo
iaoeie iiiyoee, noaeaeaiee, eiioeaioeee, eaeae e oai?ee. A o/aaiii eo?na
i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneiai i?aaa eceaaathony iieiaeaiey e auaiaeu ioiineoaeueii i?aaeiaoa
e iaoiaeia i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneiai i?aaa, iaoaieci nicaeaiey e ooieoeeiie?iaaiey
i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneeo no?oeoo?, i?aaiaie ?uiie eiouanoaa eiiia?/aneeo
i?aaiecaoeee, iaoaieci i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa ainoaea?noaii,
iaoaieci oicyenoaiaaiey e oicyenoaaiii- i?aaiaie ioaaonoaaiiinoe. A ?acoeueoaoa
nooaeaio iaeaaeaaaao ciaieyie ia oieueei caeiiia e i?aeoeee eo i?eiaiaiey, ii e
iiciaao caeiiiia?iinoe eo ?acaeoey, ciaeiieony n au?aaioaiiui iaoeie iiiyoeeiui
aiia?aoii, oai?aoe/aneei iainiiaaieai ii?i i?aaa, i?aaeeaie eo i?eiaiaiey e
oieeiaaiey. Enoiaey ec nenoaiu i?aaa e caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa i i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa
no?ieony e nenoaia o/aaiiai eo?na i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneiai i?aaa. Iaeiaei o/aaiie
aeenoeeieeiie ioaaouaaaony ia oieueei io?aneue i?aaa, ii e iaoea i i?aaa. A o/aaiie
aeenoeeieeia eco/athony iao/iua ii?aaeaeaiey iiiaeo iiiyoee, iao/iua iaiauaiey e
auaiaeu, noaeaaiay i?aeoeea. A iauae /anoe o/aaiie aeenoeeieeiu
i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneiai i?aaa eco/athony iiiyoea i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneiai i?aaa e
?acaeoea iaoee i iai, i?aaiecaoeeiiii- i?aaiaua oi?iu i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa e
i?aaiaie ?aaeei eiouanoaa eiiia?/aneeo i?aaiecaoeee, i?aaiaua aii?inu
i?eaaoecaoeee e ainoaea?noaaiiiai ?aaoee?iaaiey i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie aeayoaeueiinoe,
i?aaiaua aii?inu oicyenoaaiiiai ?an/aoa e i?aaiaie ioaaonoaaiiinoe ca
?acoeueoaou i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie aeayoaeueiinoe, niioiioaiea oicyenoaaiiuo
iaycaoaeuenoa e oicyenoaaiiuo aeiaiai?ia, i?aaiecaoeeiiiua aii?inu caueou i?aa e
caeiiiuo eioa?ania i?aaei?eieiaoaeae a a?aeo?aaeiii noaea. A iniaaiiie /anoe
o/aaiie aeenoeeieeiu i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneiai i?aaa eco/athony aii?inu i?aaiaiai
?aaoee?iaaiey ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa.
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AEAAA 2. I?AAIECAOeEIIII- I?AAIAUA OI?IU I?AAeI?EIEIAOAEUeNEIE AeAssOAEUeIINOE A
NIA?AIAIIIE YEIIIIEEA
1. Iauea iiiyoey i eiiia?/aneeo, i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneeo i?aaiecaoeeyo.
2. Oicyenoaaiiua iauanoaa e oiaa?euanoaa, eiiia?aoeau:
a) ?acee/ea oicyenoaaiiuo iauanoa e oiaa?euanoa;
a) iiiyoea e aeaeu oiaa?euanoa, eo oa?aeoa?enoeea;
a) iiiyoea e oa?aeoa?enoeea oicyenoaaiiuo iauanoa;
a) iiiyoea e oa?aeoa?enoeea eiiia?aoeaia.
3. Ainoaea?noaaiiua e ioieoeeiaeueiua oieoa?iua i?aaei?eyoey.
4. Iaeua i?aaei?eyoey. I?aaei?eieiaoaeueneay aeayoaeueiinoue a?aaeaeaieia.
1. IAUEA IIIssOEss I EIIIA?*ANEEO, I?AAeI?EIEIAOAEUeNEEO I?AAIECAOeEssO. I?eiyoua ca
iineaaeiea aiaeu caeiiiaeaoaeueiua aeou cae?aieee i?aaiaua e yeiiiie/aneea iniiau
aeey nicaeaiey ?acee/iuo eiiia?/aneeo ia?aciaaiee a oneiaeyo iiiaiia?acey e
?aaiii?aaey ?acee/iuo oi?i nianoaaiiinoe, ?acaeoey e niaa?oainoaiaaiey ?uii/iuo
ioiioaiee. Iniiaiui aeieoiaioii, ?aaoee?othuei aii?inu nicaeaiey
i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneeo i?aaiecaoeee, yaeyaony A?aaeaeaineee eiaeaen ?inneeneie
Oaaea?aoeee (/anoue 1) 1994 a. Aiaeiae/iua aii?inu aeey niaoeeoe/aneeo aeaeia
i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie aeayoaeueiinoe ?aaoee?othony oaeeie caeiiaie eae: “I aaieao e
aaieianeie aeayoaeueiinoe”, “I no?aoiaaiee”, “Ia eiaanoeoeeiiiie aeayoaeueiinoe” e
ae?. A niioaaonoaee n a?aaeaeaineei caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii (no. 50 AE ?O) iiae
eiiia?/aneie (i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie) i?aaiecaoeeae iiieiaaony th?eaee/aneia eeoei,
i?aneaaeothuaa a ea/anoaa iniiaiie oeaee naiae aeayoaeueiinoe ecaea/aiea i?eauee.
Onoaiiaeaii oaeaea, /oi eiiia?/aneea i?aaiecaoeee iiaoo nicaeaaaoueny a oi?ia
oicyenoaaiiuo oiaa?euanoa e iauanoa, i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo eiiia?aoeaia,
ainoaea?noaaiiuo e ioieoeeiaeueiuo oieoa?iuo i?aaei?eyoee. A ae?oaeo oi?iao, ia
i?aaeoniio?aiiuo A?aaeaeaineei eiaeaenii, i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneea i?aaiecaoeee
nicaeaaaoueny ia iiaoo. TH?eaee/aneia eeoei i?aaenoaaeyao niaie i?aaiecaoeeth, eioi?ay
eiaao a nianoaaiiinoe, oicyenoaaiiii aaaeaiee eee iia?aoeaiii oi?aaeaiee
iainiaeaiiia eiouanoai e ioaa/aao ii naiei iaycaoaeuenoaai
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yoei eiouanoaii, iiaeao io naiaai eiaie i?eia?aoaoue e inouanoaeyoue eiouanoaaiiua
e ee/iua iaeiouanoaaiiua i?aaa, ianoe iaycaiiinoe, auoue enooeii e ioaao/eeii a
noaea. TH?eaee/aneea eeoea aeieaeiu eiaoue naiinoiyoaeueiue aaeain eee niaoo. Iineieueeo
a nicaeaiee eiouanoaa eiiia?/aneeo i?aaiecaoeee i?eieiatho o/anoea o/?aaeeoaee, oi
iineaaeiea iiaoo eiaoue a ioiioaiee yoiai th?eaee/aneiai eeoea eeai
iaycaoaeuenoaaiiua i?aaa (oicyenoaaiiua oiaa?euanoaa e iauanoaa,
i?iecaiaenoaaiiua eiiia?aoeau), eeai aauiua i?aaa ia aai eiouanoai
(ainoaea?noaaiiua e ioieoeeiaeueiua oieoa?iua i?aaei?eyoey). Eiiia?/aneea
i?aaiecaoeee, eae th?eaee/aneea eeoea, iiaoo eiaoue a?aaeaeaineea i?aaa,
niioaaonoaothuea oeaeyi aeayoaeueiinoe, i?aaeoniio?aiiui a o/?aaeeoaeueiuo aeieoiaioao,
e ianoe naycaiiua n yoie aeayoaeueiinoueth iaycaiiinoe. I?e yoii eiiia?/aneea
i?aaiecaoeee, e?iia oieoa?iuo i?aaei?eyoee e eiuo aeaeia i?aaiecaoeee,
i?aaeoniio?aiiuo caeiiii, iiaoo inouanoaeyoue ethaua aeaeu aeayoaeueiinoe, ia
cai?auaiiua caeiiii. I?aaei?eieiaoaeueneea i?aaiecaoeee ia aeieaeiu eiaoue a naieo
o/?aaeeoaeueiuo aeieoiaioao, a onoaaa, ia?a/aiue aeaeia aeayoaeueiinoe, eioi?uie ei
i?aaenoieo caieiaoueny. Iiaeoiae e ?aoaieth aeaiiiai aii?ina a ?inneeneii i?aaa e a
iaaeaeoia?iaeiie i?aeoeea ia iaeiicia/ai. Ia?aaeei o?aaoaony eiaoue eiaiii ia?a/aiue
aeaeia aeayoaeueiinoe eaaeaeie eiie?aoiie i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie i?aaiecaoeee. Oaeay
o?aeoiaea ?anniao?eaaaiie ii?iu aieaa i?aaeeueia e aeaiie?aoe/ia. Caeii
onoaiaaeeaaao, /oi th?eaee/aneia eeoei iiaeao auoue ia?aie/aii a i?aaao eeoue a
neo/ayo e Aea ii?yaeea, i?aaeoniio?aiiuo caeiiii. I?aai th?eaee/aneiai eeoea
inouanoaeyoue aeayoaeueiinoue, ia caiyoea eioi?ie iaiaoiaeeii iieo/eoue eeoeaiceth,
aicieeaao n iiiaioa iieo/aiey oaeie eeoeaicee eee a oeacaiiue a iae n?ie e
i?ae?auaaony ii enoa/aiee n?iea aa aeaenoaey. E iao iaiaoiaeeiinoe a onoaaa eiaoue
ia?a/aiue anao aeaeia aeayoaeueiinoe, eioi?uie aeaiiay i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneay no?oeoo?a
iiaeao caieiaoueny. Ai-ia?auo, yoio ia?a/aiue iiaeao auoue aaca?aie/ai. Ai-aoi?uo,
iiaue aeae aeayoaeueiinoe iaiaoiaeeii aoaeao oeacuaaoue a onoaaa.
Eiiia?/aneea i?aaiecaoeee eae th?eaee/aneea eeoea iiaeeaaeao ainoaea?noaaiiie
?aaeno?aoeee. Aeaiiua ainoaea?noaaiiie ?aaeno?aoeee, a oii /enea oe?iaiiia
iaeiaiiaaiea, aeeth/athony a aaeeiue ainoaea?noaaiiue ?aano? th?eaee/aneeo eeoe,
ioe?uoue aeey anaiauaai iciaeiieaiey. Ioeac a ?aaeno?aoeee ii iioeaai
iaoeaeaniia?aciinoe nicaeaiey i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie no?oeoo?u ia aeiioneaaony.
TH?eaee/aneia eeoei n/eoaaony nicaeaiiui n iiiaioa aai ainoaea?noaaiiie ?aaeno?aoeee.
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Ia?ooaiea onoaiiaeaiiiai caeiiii ii?yaeea ia?aciaaiey i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie
i?aaiecaoeee eee ianiioaaonoaea aa o/?aaeeoaeueiuo aeieoiaioia caeiio aea/ao ioeac
a ainoaea?noaaiiie ?aaeno?aoeee. Ainoaea?noaaiiay ?aaeno?aoeey th?eaee/aneeo eeoe
aeieaeia inouanoaeyoueny a i?aaiao thnoeoeee noauaeoia ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee ii ianoo
eo iaoiaeaeaiey (ioena, eiouanoaa). Ii?yaeie ?aaeno?aoeee ii?aaeaeyaony niaoeeaeueiui
caeiiii. Iiea oaeie caeii ia i?eiyo, ?aaeno?e?othuei i?aaiai e o/?aaeeoaeyi
neaaeoao ?oeiaiaenoaiaaoueny no. 34 Caeiia ?NON? “I i?aaei?eyoeyo e
i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie aeayoaeueiinoe” io 25 aeaeaa?y 1990 aiaea e “Iieiaeaieai i
ii?yaeea ainoaea?noaaiiie ?aaeno?aoeee noauaeoia i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie aeayoaeueiinoe”
, ooaa?aeaeaiiui Oeacii I?aceaeaioa ?O io 8 ethey 1994 aiaea “Ia oii?yaei/aiee
ainoaea?noaaiiie ?aaeno?aoeee i?aaei?eyoee e i?aaei?eieiaoaeae ia oa??eoi?ee
?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee” (*1). Eiiia?/aneay i?aaiecaoeey aeaenoaoao ia iniiaaiee
onoaaa, eeai o/?aaeeoaeueiiai aeiaiai?a e onoaaa, eeai oieueei o/?aaeeoaeueiiai
aeiaiai?a. O/?aaeeoaeueiue aeiaiai? caeeth/aaony, a onoaa ooaa?aeaeaaony aai
o/?aaeeoaeyie (o/anoieeaie). Noauaeo i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa, nicaeaiiue iaeiei
o/?aaeeoaeai, aeaenoaoao ia iniiaaiee onoaaa, ooaa?aeaeaiiiai yoei o/?aaeeoaeai. A
o/?aaeeoaeueiuo aeieoiaioao aeieaeiu ii?aaeaeyoueny iaeiaiiaaiea eiiia?/aneie
i?aaiecaoeee, ianoi aa iaoiaeaeaiey, ii?yaeie oi?aaeaiey aeayoaeueiinoueth, a oaeaea
niaea?aeaoueny ae?oaea naaaeaiey, i?aaeoniio?aiiua caeiiii aeey niioaaonoaothueo
th?eaee/aneeo eeoe. A o/?aaeeoaeueiuo aeieoiaioao oieoa?iuo i?aaei?eyoee (a
i?aaeoniio?aiiuo caeiiii neo/ayo), eiiia?/aneeo i?aaiecaoeee, a oaeaea
iaeiiia?/aneeo i?aaiecaoeee aeieaeiu auoue ii?aaeaeaiu i?aaeiao e oeaee aeayoaeueiinoe
i?aaiecaoeee. O/?aaeeoaeueiue aeiaiai? i?aaenoaaeyao niaie naeaeeo, a niioaaonoaee n
eioi?ie o/?aaeeoaee iaycothony nicaeaoue th?eaee/aneia eeoei. Iie ii?aaeaeytho ii?yaeie
niaianoiie aeayoaeueiinoe, oneiaey ia?aaea/e naiaai eiouanoaa e o/anoey a aai
aeayoaeueiinoe. Aeiaiai?ii ii?aaeaeythony oaeaea oneiaey e ii?yaeie ?ani?aaeaeaiey
iaaeaeo o/anoieeaie i?eauae e oauoeia, oi?aaeaiey aeayoaeueiinoueth, auoiaea
o/?aaeeoaeae (o/anoieeia) ec aai ninoaaa. Eciaiaiey o/?aaeeoaeueiuo aeieoiaioia
i?eia?aoatho neeo aeey o?aoueeo eeoe n iiiaioa eo ainoaea?noaaiiie ?aaeno?aoeee, a a
neo/ayo, onoaiiaeaiiuo caeiiii, – n iiiaioa oaaaeiieaiey i?aaia, inouanoaeythuaai
ainoaea?noaaiioth ?aaeno?aoeeth, i oaeeo eciaiaieyo. Ianiio?y ia eacaeinue au
aeinoaoi/ii /aoeia ?aaeaiaioe?iaaiea ii?yaeea nicaeaiey e ?aaeno?aoeee noauaeoia
i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa,
(**1) NC ?O. -1994. -N11. -No. 1194.
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noaeaaii- a?aeo?aaeiay i?aeoeea naeaeaoaeuenoaoao i iiiai/eneaiiuo ioeaeao e
ia?ooaieyo a yoii i?ioeanna. Iaeaieaa ?ani?ino?aiaiiui ia?ooaieai yaeyaony
iacaeiiiia eniieueciaaiea eiouanoaa e iieiiii/ee ainoaea?noaaiiiai eee
ioieoeeiaeueiiai i?aaei?eyoey. Eae i?aaeei, yoi aeiioneaaony a oao neo/ayo, eiaaea
o/?aaeeoaee ?aaioatho a ainoaea?noaaeiii, ioieoeeiaeueiii i?aaei?eyoee. I?eia?aoy
noaoon th?eaee/aneiai eeoea, iie ca/eneytho ana iieo/aiiua aeioiaeu ia n/ao naiae
othaie i?aaiecaoeee, oioy i?iaeieaeatho ?aaioaoue n eniieueciaaieai’eiouanoaa,
iniiaiuo e iai?ioiuo n?aaenoa i?aaeiaai i?aaei?eyoey. A oaeeo neo/ayo ieeoi ia
i?eieiae ?aoaiey i eeeaeaeaoeee ainoaea?noaaiiiai, ioieoeeiaeueiiai i?aaei?eyoey, e
iii aeieaeii i?iaeieaeaoue naith aeayoaeueiinoue ia i?aaeieo oneiaeyo. Iiaia aea
i?aaei?eyoea iiaeao aeaenoaiaaoue a niioaaonoaee ni naiei onoaaii, eniieuecoy naie
onoaaiue oiiae, naia eiouanoai, ia ia?ooay i?aa ainoaea?noaaiiiai, ioieoeeiaeueiiai
i?aaei?eyoey. Aoi?ui ia iaiaa ?ani?ino?aiaiiui ia?ooaieai, yaeyaony nicaeaiea
naiinoiyoaeueiuo i?aaei?eyoee iooai auoiaea iiae?acaeaeaiee, no?oeoo?iuo aaeeieoe,
oeeeaeia e o.i. ec a?aiaeiiai i?aaei?eyoey. Oaeie auoiae aiciiaeai oieueei i?e
oneiaee niaeaney anaai eieeaeoeaa a?aiaeaoi?ia, a ia auaeaeythuaainy iiae?acaeaeaiey
(ca eneeth/aieai neo/aaa nicaeaiey aeoeeiia?iuo iauanoa). I?e yoii neaaeoao eiaoue a
aeaeo, /oi ia a?aiaeiua i?aaei?eyoey ia ?ani?ino?aiyaony aeaenoaea oeacia
I?aceaeaioa ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee i eiiia?oeeaeecaoeee aeayoaeueiinoe i?aaei?eyoee
oi?aiaee, iauanoaaiiiai ieoaiey, auoiaiai ianeoaeeaaiey e iio?aaeoaeueneie
eiiia?aoeee a ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee. Aeiaieueii /anoi aeiioneaaony ?aaeno?aoeey
i?aaei?eyoee n onoaaii, ooaa?aeaeaiiui ia nianoaaiieeii, o/?aaeeoaeai, a naiei
o?oaeiaui eieeaeoeaii eee auoanoiyuae i?aaiecaoeeae. ?acoiaaony, /oi i?e iiaeiaiuo
e ae?oaeo ia?ooaieyo ii?yaeea nicaeaiey i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneeo i?aaiecaoeee iie ia
aeieaeiu ?aaeno?e?iaaoueny. Ia i?aaiu, ?aaeno?e?othuea aiiaue nicaeaaaaiua
i?aaei?eyoey, aiceaaaaony ia?iiiay ioaaonoaaiiinoue ii iaaeiiouaieth ia?ooaiee
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa. Ioeac a ainoaea?noaaiiie ?aaeno?aoeee i?aaiecaoeee, eeai
oeeiiaiea io ?aaeno?aoeee a onoaiiaeaiiue n?ie iiaeao auoue iaaeaeiaaii a noaeaaiii
ii?yaeea. A no. 22 A?aeo?aaeiiai i?ioeannoaeueiiai eiaeaena ?O i?aaeoniio?aii, /oi
a?aeo?aaeiiio noaeo iiaeaaaeiinoaaiiu aeaea ii nii?ai ia iaaeaeiaaiee ioeaca a
ainoaea?noaaiiie ?aaeno?aoeee i?aaiecaoeee, eiaaea oaeay ?aaeno?aoeey i?aaeoniio?aia
caeiiii. Niaianoiui iinoaiiaeaieai ieaioiia Aa?oiaiiai Noaea ?inneeneie
Oaaea?aoeee
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e Aunoaai a?aeo?aaeiiai Noaea ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee N 12/12 io 18 aaaonoa 1992
aiaea(*1) iieiiii/ey noaeaaiuo i?aaiia ii yoiio aii?ino ?aca?aie/aiu. Nooue
?aca?aie/aiey ninoieo a iiaeaaaeiinoaaiiinoe nii?ia noaeai: a?aeo?aaeiue noae
?anniao?eaaao nii?u n o/anoeai i?aaei?eyoee – th?eaee/aneeo eeoe e a?aaeaeai –
i?aaei?eieiaoaeae, iauea noaeu – n o/anoeai a?aaeaeai. A yoie nayce iniaiai
aieiaiey caneoaeeaaao aii?in i iiaeaaaeiinoaaiiinoe nii?a i ?aaeno?aoeee
i?aaei?eyoey, o/?aaeeoaeai eioi?iai yaeyaony a?aaeaeaiei. Enoiaey ec oeacaiiiai
niaianoiiai iinoaiiaeaiey nii?u n o/anoeai a?aaeaeai iiaeaaaeiinoaaiiu noaeai iauae
th?enaeeeoeee. E yoi i?aaeei ieeiaaea ia aucuaaei niiiaiee. Iaeiaei i?aeoeea Aunoaai
A?aeo?aaeiiai Noaea ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee iioea eiui iooai: nii?u a?aaeaeai i
?aaeno?aoeee i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneeo no?oeoo? ?aeiiaiaeiaaii i?eieiaoue e ?anniio?aieth
a?aeo?aaeiui noaeai. I?e yoii eniieuecoaony aeiaieueii i?inoie aeiaiae: nii? aicieeaao
i nicaeaiee th?eaee/aneiai eeoea, cia/eo ii ai?ei?e iiaeaaaeiinoaaiai a?aeo?aaeiiio
noaeo. A?yae ee oaeie auaiae iaeiicia/ii iiaeii n/eoaoue i?aaeeueiui: aaaeue th?eaee/aneia
eeoei noaiiaeony oaeiaui n iiiaioa ?aaeno?aoeee, a aei ?aaeno?aoeee aai iao.
Neaaeiaaoaeueii, yoio nii? iiaeeaaeeo ?anniio?aieth a noaea iauae th?enaeeeoeee.
Eiiia?/aneay i?aaiecaoeey iiaeao auoue eeeaeaee?iaaia: ii ?aoaieth aai o/?aaeeoaeae
(o/anoieeia) eeai i?aaia th?eaee/aneiai eeoea, oiieiiii/aiiiai ia oi
o/?aaeeoaeueiuie aeieoiaioaie, a oii /enea a nayce n enoa/aieai n?iea, ia eioi?ue
nicaeaia i?aaiecaoeey, n aeinoeaeaieai oeaee, aeey eioi?ie iia nicaeaia, eee n
i?eciaieai noaeii iaaeaenoaeoaeueiie ?aaeno?aoeee i?aaiecaoeee a nayce n aeiiouaiiuie
i?e aai nicaeaiee ia?ooaieyie caeiia eee eiuo i?aaiauo aeoia, anee yoe ia?ooaiey
iinyo iaono?aieiue oa?aeoa?; ii ?aoaieth noaea a neo/aa inouanoaeaiey
aeayoaeueiinoe aac iaaeeaaeauaai ?ac?aoaiey (eeoeaicee) eeai aeayoaeueiinoe,
.cai?auaiiie caeiiii, eeai n eiuie iaiaeiie?aoiuie eaee a?oauie, ia?ooaieyie
caeiia eee eiuo i?aaiauo aeoia, a oaeaea a eiuo neo/ayo, i?aaeoniio?aiiuo
A?aaeaeaineei eiaeaenii. ?aoaieai noaea i eeeaeaeaoeee i?aaiecaoeee ia aai o/?aaeeoaeae
(o/anoieeia) eeai i?aai, oiieiiii/aiiue ia eeeaeaeaoeeth i?aaiecaoeee aa
o/?aaeeoaeueiuie aeieoiaioaie, iiaoo auoue aiceiaeaiu iaycaiiinoe ii inouanoaeaieth
eeeaeaeaoeee th?eaee/aneiai eeoea. Eiiia?/aneay i?aaiecaoeey, noieiinoue eiouanoaa
eioi?ie iaaeinoaoi/ia aeey oaeiaeaoai?aiey o?aaiaaiee e?aaeeoi?ia iiaeao auoue
eeeaeaee?iaaia oieueei a ii?yaeea i?eciaiey eo ianinoiyoaeueiuie
(**1) Aanoiee Aunoaai A?aeo?aaeiiai Noaea ?O. -1992. -N1.
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(aaie?ioaie). I?aaiecaoeey n/eoaaony ?ai?aaieciaaiiie eee eeeaeaee?iaaiiie n
iiiaioa eneeth/aiey aa ec Ainoaea?noaaiiiai ?aano?a. Yoio ii?yaeie iiea ia
io?aaioai. E ianoiyuaio a?aiaie eeeaeaeaoeey i?eciaaony n iiiaioa ooaa?aeaeaiey
aeoa eeeaeaeaoeeiiiie eiiennee i eeeaeaeaoeee. A nia?aiaiiie ?innee nicaeaaony
aieueoia eiee/anoai ?acee/iuo oicyenoaothueo noauaeoia, ii naaaeaiee i ieo a
eiioeaio?e?iaaiiii aeaea ia eiaao ie iaeei i?aai niioaaonoaothuae oa??eoi?ee. Ii?ie
a?aeo?aaeiiio noaeo ia oaeaaony iieo/eoue naaaeaiey i ianoa iaoiaeaeaiey e
aeayoaeueiinoe oiai eee eiiai noauaeoa i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa aeaaea a i?aaiao
?aaeno?e?othueo eo. A yoie nayce ?aaeno?e?othuee i?aai aeieaeai aeaaaoue a ianoiie
ia/aoe eioi?iaoeeth i ?aaeno?aoeee i?aaiecaoeee e aa aae?ana. I?aaiecaoeey iaycaia
eioi?ie?iaaoue ?aaeno?e?othuee i?aai i ia?aiaia naiaai ianoiiaoiaeaeaiey.
2. OICssENOAAIIUA IAUANOAA E OIAA?EUANOAA, EIIIA?AOEAU. A?aaeaeaineee eiaeaen ?O
aeinoaoi/ii iiae?iaii ?aaoee?oao iniiaiua aii?inu i?aaiecaoeeiiii- i?aaiauo oi?i
i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa. E?iia oiai, nouanoaotho niaoeeaeueiua caeiiu, onoaiaaeeaathuea
i?aaeea aeayoaeueiinoe ?acee/iuo oi?i i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneeo no?oeoo?.
Inoaiiaeiny ia nooe cae?aieaiiuo A?aaeaeaineei eiaeaenii eiino?oeoeee iauanoa,
oiaa?euanoa e eiiia?aoeaia. A ca?oaaaeiie i?aeoeea e ?innee iiaeiaiua oi?iu
i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa auee ecaanoiu aeaaii. ?anniio?ei ?acee/iua iauanoaa e
oiaa?euanoaa. A A?aaeaeaineii eiaeaena aeey iaicia/aiey eo oa?aeoa?enoeee
oiio?aaeyaony neiai “oicyenoaaiiue”. Ia naiii aeaea aacaea a ie?a yoe
oiaa?euanoaa e iauanoaa iacuaathony oi?aiauie, iineieueeo oi?aiaay – neiiiei
eiiia?oee. Iu, neaaeoy iaoei o?aaeeoeeyi, eniieueciaaee oa?iei “Oicyenoaaiiue”,
/oiau oi?aiaey ia annioeee?iaaeanue oieueei n eoieae- i?iaeaaeae. Iauanoai e
oiaa?euanoai ^eiouanoaaiiii eee ?uii/iii iai?ioa aunooiatho eae iaeaieaa /anoi
ano?a/athueany noauaeou i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie aeayoaeueiinoe. Neiai i?aaei?eyoea ia
nianai iiaeoiaeeo aeey ?uii/iiai iai?ioa. Iu i?eaueee e oiio, /oi i?aaei?eyoey
yaeythony aeaaiui ia?acii ainoaea?noaaiiuie. Nianoaaiiee iaaeaeyao eo aauiui
i?aaii: i?aaii iia?aoeaiiai oi?aaeaiey eee iieiiai oicyenoaaiiiai aaaeaiey. A
iai?io auoiaeeo noauaeo, ia eiathuee i?aaa nianoaaiiinoe ia naia eiouanoai,
eioi?ui ?oeiaiaeeo nianoaaiiee. Ii ooaa?aeaeaao onoaa, iacia/aao aee?aeoi?a e
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ii?aaeaeyao iauai i?aainiiniaiinoe. I?e yoii nianoaaiiee ie ca /oi ia ioaa/aao.
E niaeaeaieth, eiino?oeoeey iauanoa e oiaa?euanoa o ian iiaeaa?aaeanue na?ueaciui e
iaiainiiaaiiui eneaaeaieyi a Caeiia “I i?aaei?eyoeyo e i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie
aeayoaeueiinoe”. E /eneo oaeeo eneaaeaiee iaaei i?aaeaea anaai ioianoe iai?eciaiea
yoei Caeiiii i?aaa nianoaaiiinoe ca yoeie i?aaiecaoeeyie. Ca iieiui
oiaa?euanoaii ia i?eciaaaee aeaaea i?aaa th?eaee/aneiai eeoea. Yoi i?iecioei iioiio,
/oi ?ac?aaio/eee yoiai Caeiia ia o/ee, /oi a ?inneeneii i?aaa aeieaea aiaeu auei
iiiyoea i?inoiai oiaa?euanoaa, oi anoue aeiaiai?a i niaianoiie aeayoaeueiinoe.
I?inoia oiaa?euanoai aeaenoaeoaeueii ia yaeyaony th?eaee/aneei eeoeii. Yoi aea/ao
iiyaeaiea iauae aeieaaie nianoaaiiinoe o/anoieeia. Iiiaea oiaa?euanoaa a yoii
Caeiia auee ia i?eciaiu nianoaaiieeaie. Auea onoaiiaeaia eiino?oeoeey aeieaaie
nianoaaiiinoe o/?aaeeoaeae. A noaouea II auei caienaii ia iauanoaao n
ia?aie/aiiie ioaaonoaaiiinoueth. Iie auee iaiainiiaaiii ioiaeaeanoaeaiiu n
aeoeeiia?iuie iauanoaaie cae?uoiai oeia. A niioaaonoaee n A?aaeaeaineei eiaeaenii
?O ana iauanoaa e oiaa?euanoaa yaeythony nianoaaiieeaie naiaai eiouanoaa eae
th?eaee/aneea eeoea. A?aaeaeaineee eiaeaen enoiaeeo i?aaeaea anaai ec ?acee/ey iauanoa e
oiaa?euanoa, eae iauaaeeiaiee a iaeiii neo/aa – eaieoaeia, a a ae?oaii neo/aa –
eeoe. Iauanoai – yoi iauaaeeiaiea eaieoaeia, oiaa?euanoai – yoi iauaaeeiaiea eeoe.
*oi icia/aao yoi? Anee oiaa?euanoai – iauaaeeiaiea eeoe, oi iie iaycaiu ee/ii
o/anoaiaaoue a aai aeayoaeueiinoe. I?e yoii niaa?oaiii ia iaycaoaeueii yoo
aeayoaeueiinoue aanoe eae o?oaeiaoth. I?aaei?eieiaoaee o/anoaotho a
i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie, eiiia?/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe io eiaie yoiai oiaa?euanoaa, e
iaycaiu aeaeaoue yoi ee/ii. Oaeei ia?acii, iaeei /aeiaae iiaeao auoue o/anoieeii
oieueei iaeiiai oiaa?euanoaa e oieueei iaeei ?ac. O/anoaiaaoue a i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie
aeayoaeueiinoe iiaoo eeai eiiia?/aneea i?aaiecaoeee, eeai eiaeeaeaeoaeueiua
i?aaei?eieiaoaee, ca?aaeno?e?iaaiiua a yoii ea/anoaa. Iie ioaa/atho ii aeieaai
oiaa?euanoaa. I?e iaaeinoaoea eiouanoaa oiaa?euanoaa o/anoieee ioaa/atho naiei
ee/iui eiouanoaii, /aai iao a iauanoaao. Iauanoai – yoi iauaaeeiaiea eaieoaeia.
A iauanoaa ia o?aaoaony ee/iiai o/anoey a aeaeao. Oaeei ia?acii, iaeei /aeiaae
iiaeao auoue iaeiia?aiaiii o/anoieeii ianeieueeeo iauanoa – noieueeeo, ia neieueei
oaaoeo eaieoaeia. Yoei aeinoeaaaony oiaiueoaiea ?enea. Anee, e i?eia?o, a iaeiii
iauanoaa aoaeoo oauoee, oi a ae?oaii, aiciiaeii, i?eauee e o.ae. O/anoieeaie
iauanoa iiaoo auoue ia oieueei
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i?aaei?eieiaoaee, ii e iau/iua a?aaeaeaia, e iaeiiia?/aneea i?aaiecaoeee, iineieueeo
oicyenoaaiiua iauanoaa ia o?aaotho ee/iiai o/anoey a i?aaei?eieiaoaeueno aa. E?iia
oiai, iie ia ianoo ieeaeie ioaaonoaaiiinoe ii aeieaai iauanoa, a ianoo eeoue ?ene
oo?aou naiaai aeeaaea (?ene oauoeia) (anee oieueei ?a/ue ia eaeao ia iauanoaao n
aeiiieieoaeueiie ioaaonoaaiiinoueth). Eae aeaeii, ?acee/ea iauanoa e oiaa?euanoa
eiaao aieueoie th?eaee/aneee niune. TH?eaee/aneea eiino?oeoeee iauanoa e oiaa?euanoa
a iaoae no?aia auee ii?aaeaeaiu e A?aaeaeaineei Eiaeaenii 1922 aiaea. A ie?iaie
i?aeoeea eaeao i?ioeann naeeaeaiey i?aaiii?yaeea, ?aaeaiaioe?othuaai i?aaiaia
iieiaeaiea yoeo iauanoa. A aa?iiaeneii i?aaa a no?aiao Iauaai ?uiea i?eieiathony
niaoeeaeueiua aee?aeoeau ii i?aao eiiiaiee. Yoe aee?aeoeau aini?eieiatho eae no?aiu
Caiaaeiie Aa?iiu n eiioeiaioaeueiuie i?aaiii?yaeeaie, oae e Aiaeey eae o/anoiee
Iauaai ?uiea. NOA oiaea ia?auatho aieiaiea ia yoe aee?aeoeau e auioaeaeaiu eo
o/eouaaoue. Oaeei ia?acii i?iaiaeeony aaeeiay eeiey a eiino?oeoeee aeoeeiia?iiai
iauanoaa, iauanoaa n ia?aie/aiiie ioaaonoaaiiinoueth. A nooe naiae iia aacaea
i?eia?ii iaeeiaeiaa.
Iauanoaa auaatho o?ao aeaeia: n ia?aie/aiiie ioaaonoaaiiinoueth, n aeiiieieoaeueiie
ioaaonoaaiiinoueth (eae aa?eaio iauanoaa n ia?aie/aiiie ioaaonoaaiiinoueth) e
aeoeeiia?iua. Nouanoaoao aeaa aeaea oiaa?euanoa: iieiua e eiiiaiaeeoiua. ?anniio?ei
aieaa iiae?iaii ioaeaeueiua aeaeu oiaa?euanoa e iauanoa. Ii naiae nooe iieiia
oiaa?euanoai oa?aeoa?ecoaony aeaoiy iniiaiuie i?eciaeaie. Ai-ia?auo, ethaie ec
o/anoieeia oiaa?euanoaa aeaenoaoao a eiouanoaaiiii iai?ioa e aai aeaenoaey
i?eciathony aeaenoaeyie naiiai oiaa?euanoaa. ?acoiaaony, ?a/ue eaeao i
i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneeo aeaenoaeyo, a ia auoiauo. Aoi?ia: i?e iaaeinoaoea eiouanoaa o
oiaa?euanoaa aeey iiaaoaiey aeieaia e?aaeeoi?u iiaoo ia?aoeoue acuneaiea ia ee/iia
eiouanoai o/anoieeia a nieeaea?iii ii?yaeea. A yoie nayce aiciiaeii iiyaeaiea
oaeie neooaoeee. I?aaeiieiaeei, iaeeio/anoiee oiaa?euanoaa aeaenoaoao a iai?ioa,
caeeth/aao eaeoth-oi naeaeeo. Noi?iiie yoie naeaeee n/eoaaony oiaa?euanoai. anee
oiaa?euanoai yoo naeaeeo ia eniieieo eaee eniieieo iaiaaeeaaeauei ia?acii, oi
ioaa/aoue ii iae i?eaeaony e ae?oaiio oiaa?euo, eioi?ue yoo naeaeeo ia caeeth/ae.
Aiciiaeii, /oi ae?oaiio oiaa?euo iaiaoiaeeii aoaeao ioaeaoue naia ee/iia eiouanoai,
eioi?ia ii a oiaa?euanoai ia aeeaaeuaae. Eoi aea iieaeao a oaeia oiaa?euanoai, aaea
iaeei caeeth/aao naeaeee, a ae?oaie ii iei ieaoeo? Ioaao aanueia i?ino. Iieaeoo oa,
eoi aeiaa?yao ae?oa ae?oao. ?inneeneea o?aaeeoeee iieacuaatho, /oi iieiua
oiaa?euanoaa – yoi i/aiue oaeiaiay oi?ia naiaeiiai i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa , a
eioi?ii o/anoaotho ?iaeeoaee e aeaoe, a?aouey e
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nano?u. Oaeoth oi?io iineea ecaanoiay a i?ioeii aaea iineianeay eoia/aneay oe?ia
“Aa?eeinia e nuiiauey”, eioi?ay oi?aiaaea eiioaoaie. A 20-a aiaeu XX a.
i?aaieciaaeanue ecaanoiay eiioi?a “A?aouey Oa?aoeeiu”. Anoue ee i?aeiouanoaa o
iiaeiaiuo oe?i? Anee nouanoaoao oe?ia “Aa?eeinia e nuiiauey”, oi ana ciatho, /oi
Aa?eeinia – /aeiaae ia aaaeiue, eiaao aeii a Iineaa, eiaiea, aea/o. Iioaioeeaeueiua
e?aaeeoi?u, caeeth/athuea oicyenoaaiiue aeiaiai?, ciaee, /oi acuneaiea iiaeii
ia?aoeoue ia ana eiouanoai Aa?eeiniaa. Ii e aai nuiiauey aoiaeeee ii nouanoao
ioe?uouie a eiouanoaaiiue iai?io. E oaeei eiiia?naioai ioiioaiea auei iniaia.
Anee iie oee a aaie ca iieo/aieai e?aaeeoa, ei aaie iia aeaoue e?aaeeo aac
iaania/aiey. Yoi auei /anoiia eoia/aneia aeaei. A ?innee e aei ?aaiethoeee, e ai
a?aiaia iyia aieueoeinoai eoia/aneeo oi?aiauo aeiiia nouanoaiaaei eiaiii a oi?ia
iieiuo oiaa?euanoa eee oiaa?euanoa ia aa?a. Nia?aiaiiue eiiia?naio no?aieony
nicaeaoue iauanoai n ia?aie/aiiie ioaaonoaaiiinoueth n ieieiaeueiui onoaaiui
eaieoaeii, aianoi aeaiaa aeiaeeoue eaeia-ieaoaeue “iio-oao” eee eioaeeaeooaeueioth
nianoaaiiinoue, eioi?ua iioii iaecaanoii eae ioaeii eniieueciaaoue. E oaeiio
eiiia?naioo ioiioaiea aoaeao niioaaonoaothuaa. Anee ii i?eaeao a aaie ca e?aaeeoii,
oi ii?iaeueiue aaiee? ia aeano aio e?aaeeo i?inoi oae, a iii?ineo iaania/aiea. Aio
a /ai ?acieoea iaaeaeo yoeie oi?iaie. Iieiia oiaa?euanoai, ia ioaeaeaaony ie a eaeeo
niaoeeaeueiuo i?aaiao oi?aaeaiey. Yoi i/aiue i?inoay oi?ia, eioi?ie ia ioaeai aeaaea
onoaa. A oaeie oe?ia iao ie aee?aeoi?a, ie i?aceaeaioa, ie niaaoa aee?aeoi?ia.
Ethaie ec o/anoieeia iiaeao aunooiaoue a yoie ?iee. Aaeeinoaaiiui o/?aaeeoaeueiui
aeieoiaioii iieiiai oiaa?euanoaa yaeyaony o/?aaeeoaeueiue aeiaiai?. Niaea?aeaiea
yoiai o/?aaeeoaeueiiai aeiaiai?a ?ane?uoi a A?aaeaeaineii eiaeaena ?O. A iieiii
oiaa?euanoaa neeaaeuaathony ee/ii- aeiaa?eoaeueiua ioiioaiey (iaeei caeeth/aao
naeaeeo, a ae?oaie iiaeao ioaa/aoue ii yoei aeieaai). I?e oo?aoa oaeeo ioiioaiee ii
ethaui iniiaaieyi i?eaeaony aanoe ?a/ue i i?ae?auaiee oiaa?euanoaa. Oo?aoa iiaeao
iineaaeiaaoue ii naiui ?aciui iniiaaieyi: eoi-oi aue i?eciai iaaeaaniiniaiui,
eoi-oi i?inoi auoae ec yoiai oiaa?euanoaa e o.ae. Oiaa?euanoai iaycaoaeueii
aeieaeii eiaoue oe?iaiiia iaeiaiiaaiea n oeacaieai eiai iaeiiai eee ianeieueeeo
oiaa?euae. A iaeiaiiaaiea oiaa?euanoaa anaaaea aiineony eiy iaeiiai ec ecaanoiuo
ninoiyoaeueiuo ethaeae, /oiau iieacaoue o?aoueei eeoeai, /oi oiaa?euanoai – yoi
na?ueaciay i?aaiecaoeey. Anee aea a ninoaaa oiaa?euanoaa o/anoaoao ianeieueei
/aeiaae, eiaia eioi?uo ie/aai ia aiai?yo iinoi?iiiei, oiaaea oeacuaaaony eiy
iaeiiai eee ianeieueeeo ae?oaeo
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oiaa?euae e aeiaaaeyaony “e eiiiaiey”. Iai?eia?, “Aeaeiinii, Aeaeiinii e eiiiaiey”.
I?e yoii iaaei oeacaoue aua, /oi yoi – iieiia oiaa?euanoai, /oiau ana ciaee, n
eai eiatho aeaei. A?aaeaeaineee eiaeaen ?O aeiionoee aiciiaeiinoue iaeiia?aiaiiiai
o/anoey a iieiii oiaa?euanoaa e oece/aneeo, e th?eaee/aneeo eeoe. Caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai
iaeioi?uo auniei?acaeouo no?ai ia iicaieyao iaeiia?aiaiii o/anoaiaaoue a iieiii
oiaa?euanoaa oece/aneei e th?eaee/aneei eeoeai. Oaeia oiaa?euanoai ?ac?aoaaony
nicaeaaaoue eee oieueei ec oece/aneeo, eee oieueei ec th?eaee/aneeo eeoe. TH?eaee/aneia
eeoei – eae iieiue oiaa?eu – oiaea ioaa/aao anai naiei eiouanoaii, ninoiyuai o
iaai ia aaeaina. A oece/aneea eeoea, eioi?ua o/?aaeeee yoi th?eaee/aneia eeoei,
oaeoe/anee io ioaaonoaaiiinoe ooiaeyo, naiei ee/iui eiouanoaii iie ia ioaa/atho.
Cia/eo, ?ene aeey oece/aneiai eeoea e aeey th?eaee/aneiai iieo/aaony ia?aaiioeaiiue.
A yoie nayce o?aioeocneia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai iiae?iaii ?aaeaiaioe?oao yoe
ioiioaiey. Iao A?aaeaeaineee eiaeaen ?ac?aoee nicaeaaaoue iieiua oiaa?euanoaa a
ethauo aa?eaioao e ni/aoaieyo. E /eneo aeinoieinoa iiaeiaiie oi?iu ioiineony
i?inoioa i?aaiecaoeee, a oii /enea ionoonoaea onoaaa. I?eaeaeaoaeueiay aeey
/anoiuo eoioeia oi?ia eiaao e naie iaaeinoaoee. Iai?eia?, iaaiciiaeiinoue
i?eaeaeaoue aeiiieieoaeueiue eaieoae o?aoueeo eeoe. ?anniio?ei ae?oaoth oi?io
oiaa?euanoaa. E iae ioiineony eiiiaiaeeoiia oiaa?euanoai, a eioi?ii iaeie
o/anoieee yaeythony iieiuie oiaa?euaie eee oiaa?euaie n iieiie ioaaonoaaiiinoueth,
a ae?oaea i?inoi aeeaae/eeaie. Ia?aua ?o/athony ii aeieaai yoie i?aaiecaoeee anai
naiei ee/iui eiouanoaii, a ia oieueei oai, /oi iie aianee a neeaaei/iue eaieoae.
Iie aeaenoaotho io eiaie yoie i?aaiecaoeee eae eiiia?naiou. Eo aeaenoaey a
i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneii iai?ioa i?eciathony aeaenoaeyie naiie yoie i?aaiecaoeee.
Eiiiaiaeenou- aeeaae/eee aeaeatho oieueei aeeaaeu a neeaaei/iue eaieoae e ia ioaa/atho
naiei ee/iui eiouanoaii ii aeieaai yoie i?aaiecaoeee. Eiiaaea aiai?yo, /oi ana
aeeaae/eee, eae a eiiiaiaeeoiii oiaa?euanoaa, oae e a iauanoaa n ia?aie/aiiie
ioaaonoaaiiinoueth, ioaa/atho ii aeieaai yoie i?aaiecaoeee a i?aaeaeao naiaai aeeaaea.
Yoi iai?aaeeueii, iioiio /oi iauanoai eee oiaa?euanoai yaeyaony nianoaaiieeii
naiaai eiouanoaa, a oii /enea e nianoaaiieeii aeeaaea. E anee o/?aaeeoaeue eee
o/anoiee naeaeae aeeaae, oi yoi oaea ia aai eiouanoai, a eiouanoai oiaa?euanoaa
eee iauanoaa. O o/anoieea aea eee o/?aaeeoaey inoaeenue oieueei iaycaoaeuenoaaiiua
i?aaa o?aaiaaiey: i?aaa ia eeeaeaeaoeeiiioth eaioo, ei?ii?aoeaiia i?aai ia o/anoea
a oi?aaeaiee aeaeaie, i?aai ia aeeaeaeaiaeu. Ii i?aai nianoaaiiinoe ia yoi
eiouanoai oaea oo?a/aii. Neaaeiaaoaeueii, aeeaae/ee ia
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ioaa/aao ieeaeei eiouanoaii ii aeieaai oiaa?euanoaa. Ii ianao ?ene oauoeia, ?ene
oo?aou naiaai aeeaaea. Aeeaae/ee ?eneoao iaecia?eii iaiueoa oiaa?eua n iieiie
ioaaonoaaiiinoueth, iiyoiio iie ia o/anoaotho a oi?aaeaiee aeaeaie oiaa?euanoaa e
ia iiaoo aunooiaoue (ca eneeth/aieai auaea/e eie aeiaa?aiiinoe) io eiaie
oiaa?euanoaa. Iie iieo/atho aeeaeaeaiaeu ia naie aeeaae, eioi?iaoeeth i ninoiyiee aeae
oiaa?euanoaa. Ii nouanoao iie auioaeaeaiu aeiaa?youe iieiui oiaa?euai, eioi?ua
?anii?yaeathony eo aeeaaeaie. Ionthaea e o?aaeeoeeiiiia ?inneeneia iacaaiea oaeiai
oiaa?euanoaa – oiaa?euanoai ia aa?a. Anee caaeyiooue a enoi?eth nicaeaiey
eiiiaiaeeoiuo oiaa?euanoa, oi iu oaeaeei, /oi ?iaeeeenue iie a oa a?aiaia, eiaaea
aeai?yinoai ia/aei aaaeiaoue e ia iiaei iieo/aoue oa aeioiaeu io naieo eiaiee,
eioi?ua iieo/aei ?aiueoa. Ei ioaeii auei eaeei-oi ia?acii o/anoaiaaoue a
eiiia?oeee. Aeey aeai?yi yoi n/eoaeinue iai?enoieiui. A eiiia?oeee o/anoaiaaee eoioeu
– o?aouea nineiaea. Aeai?yia noaee aeaaaoue aeaiueae eoioeai, noaiiaynue a iieiaeaiea
aeeaae/eeia, a eoioeu aaee aeaei. Eiino?oeoeey ieacaeanue oaeiaiie e noaea oe?iei
eniieueciaaoueny a eiouanoaaiiii iai?ioa. Oaeiaa nooue iiiyoey eiiiaiaeeoiuo
oiaa?euanoa. Iineieueeo iieiua oiaa?eue aeaenoaotho io eiaie oiaa?euanoaa a oeaeii,
eiiiaiaeeoiiio oiaa?euanoao eee oiaa?euanoao ia aa?a ia ioaeai onoaa. Ethaie
o/anoiee n iieiie ioaaonoaaiiinoueth aeaenoaoao io eiaie yoie i?aaiecaoeee. Ei
aeinoaoi/ii o/?aaeeoaeueiiai aeiaiai?a, i?e/ai oaeiai, eioi?ue iiaeienuaaaony oieueei
iieiuie oiaa?euaie. A aeeaae/eeo iiaeao auaeaaaoueny naeaeaoaeuenoai i aai aeeaaea. N
aeeaae/eeii iiaeii caeeth/eoue eaeie-oi aeiaiai?, ii nooe aeaea yoi ia iaiyao.
O/?aaeeoaeueiua aeiaiai?u iie ia iiaeienuaatho, io eiaie oiaa?euanoaa ia aunooiatho.
Oaeoe/anee yoi oi?ia i?eaea/aiey aeiiieieoaeueiiai eaieoaea. Ia eaeoth-oi /anoue
eiouanoaa, eioi?oth aeieaeiu aianoe aeeaae/eee, eiiiaiaeeoiia oiaa?euanoai iiaeao
auioneaoue iaeeaaoeee. Neeaaei/iue eaieoae eiiiaiaeeoia aeieaeai oi?ie?iaaoueny ia
oieueei ca n/ao,aeeaae/eeia, ii e ca:n/ao o/anoieeia n iieiie ioaaonoaaiiinoueth.
Caeii ia ii?aaeaeyao, eaeoth /anoue aeieaeiu aeaaaoue o/anoieee n iieiie
ioaaonoaaiiinoueth, a eaeoth – aeeaae/eee. Ec niunea caeiia auoaeaao, /oi aeeaae
aeieaeai auoue naeaeai e oaie, e ae?oaeie, e oaeei ia?acii o oiaa?euanoaa
noi?ie?iaaeny neeaaei/iue eaieoae. N oi/ee c?aiey eioa?ania o?aoueeo eeoe –
e?aaeeoi?ia, ieieiaeueiue neeaaei/iue eaieoae onoaiaaeeaaoue ia ioaeii, iineieueeo
eiouanoai o/anoieea oiaa?euanoaa, aai ee/iay ioaaonoaaiiinoue – yoi aa?aioey
oaeiaeaoai?aiey eo i?aa. Oaeiau aeaa aeaea oiaa?euanoa, eioi?ua cae?aiee
A?aaeaeaineee eiaeaen ?O e eioi?ua ecaanoiu ie?iaie eiiia?/aneie i?aeoeea.
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Aeaaaeoa ?anniio?ei i?aaiaua iniaaiiinoe iieiaeaiee ia iauanoaao. Naiua i?inoua –
iauanoaa n ia?aie/aiiie ioaaonoaaiiinoueth. Iie oa?aeoa?ecothony aeaoiy iniiaiuie
i?eciaeaie. Ai-ia?auo, iauanoai n ia?aie/aiiie ioaaonoaaiiinoueth eiaao onoaaiue
eaieoae, a ia neeaaei/iue, eae a oiaa?euanoaao. O iauanoaa anoue onoaa. Ii
iaiaoiaeei iauanoao iioiio, /oi aai o/anoieee eee o/?aaeeoaee ia iaycaiu ee/ii
o/anoaiaaoue a iai. A Onoaaa ii?aaeaeyaony, eoi aoaeao o/anoaiaaoue a i?aaiao
iauanoaa, eaeiaa eo eiiiaoaioeey e o.ae. Onoaaiue eaieoae iauanoaa n ia?aie/aiiie
ioaaonoaaiiinoueth aeaeeony ia aeiee, ia iaycaoaeueii ?aaiua, a niioaaonoaothuea
aeeaaeai o/anoieeia. Iaiaoiaeeii iiae/a?eiooue, /oi aeaeaiea onoaaiiai eaieoaea ia
aeiee ia ?aaeao e aicieeiiaaieth ioiioaiee aeieaaie nianoaaiiinoe. Nai onoaaiue
eaieoae – aaee/eia oneiaiay. Yoi aeaiaaeiay ioeaiea niaieoiiinoe aeeaaeia, eioi?ua
auee ia?aiia/aeueii aianaiu o/anoieeaie. Iiaeiaiua aeiee aanueia oneiaiu. Iie aaaeiu
aeey oiai, /oiau ii?aaeaeeoue ?acia? aeioiaea o/anoieea, iioiio /oi /enoue aeioiae
aoaeao aeaeeoueny iaaeaeo ieie i?iii?oeeiiaeueii eo aeieyi. N iiiiuueth aeieae
ii?aaeaeyaony ?acia? eeeaeaeaoeeiiiie eaiou i?e eeeaeaeaoeee naiiai iauanoaa, “aan”
aieina eaaeaeiai o/anoieea a oi?aaeaiee aeaeaie iauanoaa. E aoi?ia ianoiyoaeuenoai.
O/anoieee iauanoaa, a oii /enea o/?aaeeoaee, ieeaeie ioaaonoaaiiinoe ii aai
aeieaai ia ianoo, a ianoo oieueei ?ene oauoeia, oo?aou naieo aeeaaeia. Iiyoiio
iacaaiea “iauanoai n ia?aie/aiiie ioaaonoaaiiinoueth” ia i/aiue oi/iia. A iai iao
ieeaeie ioaaonoaaiiinoe o/anoieeia, a anoue oieueei ?ene oauoeia aeey ieo.
Iauanoai n ia?aie/aiiie ioaaonoaaiiinoueth iiaeao auioneaoue iaeeaaoeee, i?eaeaeay
aeiiieieoaeueiue eaieoae. Ii iii ia iiaeao auioneaoue aeoeee, eae aeoeeiia?iia
iauanoai. Aunoei i?aaiii a ?anniao?eaaaiuo iauanoaao yaeyaony iauaa nia?aiea
o/anoieeia eee o/?aaeeoaeae. Oaeoueie aeaeaie iauanoaa caieiathony i?aaiu
oi?aaeaiey, aaia?aeueiay aee?aeoeey, ?oeiaiaeeoaeue, i?aceaeaio, eioi?ue aac
aeiaa?aiiinoe aeaenoaoao io eiaie yoiai iauanoaa. Iauanoai ono?aiyao io
ioaaonoaaiiinoe naieo o/?aaeeoaeae. O?aouee eeoea – iioaioeeaeueiua e?aaeeoi?u,
aeieaeiu ia i?inoi ciaoue ia yoii, ii e auoue oaa?aiiuie a oii, /oi ei /oi-oi
aeinoaiaony i?e i?aaeuyaeaiee o?aaiaaiee e oaeiio iauanoao. Ionthaea e aicieeaao
iaiaoiaeeiinoue aeey oaeeo iauanoa ii?aaeaeyoue ieieiaeueiue onoaaiue eaieoae. ?acia?
ieieiaeueiiai onoaaiiai eaieoaea anaaaea ii?aaeaeyaony caeiiii. Iaeiaei,
A?aaeaeaineee Eiaeaen yoio ?acia? ia oeacuaaao. ?acia? onoaaiiai eaieoaea caaeneo
io iaoeeiiaeueiuo o?aaeeoeee,
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?aaeueiie yeiiiie/aneie neooaoeee. Yoio aii?in o?aaoee?iaai niaoeeaeueiui Caeiiii
?O “Ia iauanoaao n ia?aie/aiiie ioaaonoaaiiinoueth” io 8 oaa?aey 1998 aiaea(*1). A
niioaaonoaee n caeiiii onoaaiie eaieoae aeieaeai auoue ia iaiaa noie?aoiie
aaee/eiu ieieiaeueiiai ?acia?a iieaou o?oaea onoaiiaeaiiiai oaaea?aeueiui caeiiii
ia aeaoo i?aaenoaaeaiey aeieoiaioia aeey ainoaea?noaaiiie ?aaeno?aoeee iauanoaa. Yoi
ia noa?oiaue eaieoae, n eioi?iai aeieaeiu ia/aoue ?aaioaoue i?aaei?eieiaoaee. Aai
niune a oii, /oiau iaania/eoue ieieiaeueioth aa?aioeth oaeiaeaoai?aiey aiciiaeiuo
o?aaiaaiee e?aaeeoi?ia. Aniiiiei nithciue caeii i eiiia?aoeee 1988 aiaea. Ii
i?aaeeai, caienaiiui a iai, o?e /aeiaaea, iiaee iaienaoue onoaa, ioianoe eo a
eniieeii ianoiiai niaaoa, ca?aaeno?e?iaaoue e noaoue th?eaee/aneei eeoeii. (Aac
eiiaeee eaieoaea!) Caoai yoi th?eaee/aneia eeoei oei a aaie ca nnoaeie eee a?aei a
a?aiaeo ainoaea?noaaiiia eiouanoai, a ii nooe ia/eiaei aeaeaoue aeaiueae ec aicaeooa.
Ieeaeea n?aaenoaa ia aeeaaeuaaeenue. N iiceoeee ethaiai ii?iaeueiiai i?aaiii?yaeea yoi
iiaeii eaaeeoeoee?iaaoue eae eiiia?/aneia iioaiie/anoai. Iaeuecy oicyenoaiaaoue,
ie/aai ia aeiaeea a aeaei. Aaaeue a oa/aiea aiaea, iiea oaeea i?aaei?eieiaoaee ie/aai
ia ia?aaioatho, eo e?aaeeoi?u iaoiaeyony a no?aiiii iieiaeaiee. Iie i?aaeuyaeytho
o?aaiaaiey, a ioaa/aoue iauanoao ia/ai. Ec yoiai auoaeaao iiieiaiea eiino?oeoeee
th?eaee/aneiai eeoea. Iu i?eaueee, /oi th?eaee/aneia eeoei a nouiinoe naiae – yoi
ii?aaeaeaiiui ia?acii i?aaieciaaiiue eieeaeoea. Oaeie iiaeoiae aue oi?io a oie
yeiiiieea, eiaaea yoi aue o?oaeiaie eieeaeoea ?aai/eo ai aeaaa n aee?aeoi?ii.
Oaia?ue iu iieo/eee eieeaeoea ec o?ao eee o?eaeoeaoe o?ao /aeiaae. O ieo anoue
nia?aiea e iiiaia ae?oaia – iao oieueei eiouanoaa. Eiio ii ioaeai a iai?ioa, eae n
iei eiaoue aeaei? Ia eieeaeoea iai ioaeai, a eiouanoai! Iiiyoii, /oi eiouanoai
naii ii naaa ia oicyenoaoao, n iei oicyenoaotho ethaee. Ii th?eaee/anee e
eiiia?/anee aaaeii, /oiau eiaeinue eiaiii iainiaeaiiia eiouanoai. I?aaei?eieiaoaey
iaiueoa anaai eioa?anoao eaeie o eiio?aaaioia eieeaeoea. Aaaeii ciaoue, eaeia o
iaai eiouanoai; Oai?ey eieeaeoeaa, e niaeaeaieth, ia aeaao aiciiaeiinoe aeieaeiui
ia?acii o?aaoee?iaaoue yoe ioiioaiey. A A?aaeaeaineii eiaeaena ?O i?eoeinue
iaiaa?eaaoue, /oi onoaaiue eaieoae aeey yoeo iauanoa anoue ieieiaeueiay aa?aioey
i?aa e?aaeeoi?ia. Ia neo/aeii iiyoiio a i. 2 no. 15 Caeiia ?O “Ia iauanoaao n
ia?aie/aiiie ioaaonoaaiiinoueth” i?aaeoniio?aii neaaeothuaa.
(**1) NC ?O. – 1998. – N 7. – No. 785.
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Aeaiaaeiay ioeaiea iaaeaiaaeiuo aeeaaeia a onoaaiue eaieoae iauanoaa, aiineiuo
o/anoieeaie iauanoaa e i?eieiaaiuie a iauanoaa o?aoueeie eeoeaie, ooaa?aeaeaaony
?aoaieai iauaai nia?aiey o/anoieeia iauanoaa, i?eieiaaiui anaie o/anoieeaie
iauanoaa aaeeiiaeanii. Anee iiieiaeueiay noieiinoue (oaaee/aiea iiieiaeueiie
noieiinoe) aeiee o/anoieea iauanoaa a onoaaiii eaieoaea iauanoaa, iiea/eaaaiie
iaaeaiaaeiui aeeaaeii, ninoaaeyao aieaa aeaoonio ieieiaeueiuo ?acia?ia iieaou o?oaea,
onoaiiaeaiiuo oaaea?aeueiui caeiiii ia aeaoo i?aaenoaaeaiey aeieoiaioia aeey
ainoaea?noaaiiie ?aaeno?aoeee iauanoaa eee niioaaonoaothueo eciaiaiee a onoaaa
iauanoaa, oaeie aeeaae aeieaeai ioeaieaaoueny iacaaeneiui ioeaiueeii. Iiieiaeueiay
noieiinoue (oaaee/aiea iiieiaeueiie noieiinoe) aeiee o/anoieea iauanoaa,
iiea/eaaaiie oaeei iaaeaiaaeiui aeeaaeii, ia iiaeao i?aauoaoue noiio ioeaiee
oeacaiiiai aeeaaea, ii?aaeaeaiioth iacaaeneiui ioeaiueeii. A neo/aa aianaiey a
onoaaiue eaieoae iauanoaa iaaeaiaaeiuo aeeaaeia o/anoieee iauanoaa e iacaaeneiue
ioeaiuee a oa/aiea o?ao eao n iiiaioa ainoaea?noaaiiie ?aaeno?aoeee iauanoaa eee
niioaaonoaothueo eciaiaiee a onoaaa nieeaea?ii ianoo i?e iaaeinoaoi/iinoe
eiouanoaa iauanoaa noaneaeea?ioth ioaaonoaaiiinoue ii aai iaycaoaeuenoaai a ?acia?a
caauoaiey noieiinoe iaaeaiaaeiuo aeeaaeia. Onoaaii iauanoaa iiaoo auoue onoaiiaeaiu
aeaeu eiouanoaa, eioi?ia ia iiaeao auoue aeeaaeii a onoaaiue eaieoae iauanoaa.
Iiceoeey ii oaeei aii?inai a caeiia noi?ioee?iaaia, n iaoae oi/ee c?aiee,
aeinoaoi/ii /aoei. A onoaaiue eaieoae aeieaeii aoiaeeoue ?aaeueiia eiouanoai, eioi?ia
iiaeao oaeiaeaoai?eoue i?aoaicee iioaioeeaeueiueo e?aaeeoi?ia. Anoanoaaiii, /oi yoi ia
iaycaoaeueii aeieaeiu auoue eiie?aoiua iaoa?eaeueiua aaue. Yoi iiaoo auoue aaoi?neea
i?aaa, i?aaa o?aaiaaiey e o.ae. Ii ana iaycaoaeueii aeieaeii eiaoue eiie?aoioth
oeaiiinoue e auoue io?aiiiniiniaiui eae iauaeo a?aaeaeaineiai i?aaa. Iacaaeneiue
aoaeeo aeieaeai iiaeoaa?aeaeaoue aeaenoaeoaeueioth noieiinoue yoiai iaiaoa?eaeueiiai
aeoeaa. Iauanoai n ia?aie/aiiie ioaaonoaaiiinoueth – yoi aaeeinoaaiiay oi?ia
i?aaiecaoeee eiiiaiee iaeiiai eeoea. Iaeiaei, ii aeaiiiio aii?ino nouanoaotho
?acee/iua iiaiey. ?acaeoay caiaaeiay i?aeoeea e iaoa iiaia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai –
A?aaeaeaineee eiaeaen – aeiioneatho yoi ii?aaeaeaiea. Eiiiaiey iaeiiai eeoea niaeanii
aee?aeoeaai Iauaai ?uiea iiaeao i?aaieciauaaoueny oieueei a oi?ia iauanoaa n
ia?aie/aiiie ioaaonoaaiiinoueth. Niaeanii ?inneeneei caeiiai aeoeeiia?iua iauanoaa
iiaoo o/?aaeaeaoueny iaeiei eeoeii. Ia i?aeoeea oieueei iauanoai n ia?aie/aiiie
ioaaonoaaiiinoueth iiaeao eiaoue iaeiiai o/anoieea. O/?aaeeoaeue eee o/anoiee
i?aaeinoaaeyao eiouanoai e aeeth/aao a iai?io iiaia th?eaee/aneia eeoei eae
naiinoiyoaeueiiai
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nianoaaiieea. O oaeiai iauanoaa anoue oe?iaiiia iaeiaiiaaiea. Ana iioaioeeaeueiua
eiio?aaaiou ciatho n eai eiatho aeaei, e iiaoo iieioa?aniaaoueny, eaeia o yoiai
iauanoaa ?aaeueiia eiouanoai. Aeiionoei, anoue oieueei ieieiaeueiue onoaaiue
eaieoae, e ei ie/aai ia iaauatho aieueoa yoiai. A eaeie oi?ia aeaenoaiaaoue oae
iacuaaaiui i?aaei?eyoeyi iauanoaaiiuo i?aaiecaoeee, eiaeeaeaeoaeueiui /anoiui
i?aaei?eyoeyi, naiaeiui /anoiui i?aaei?eyoeyi? Anee nianoaaiiee oi/ao nicaeaoue
th?eaee/aneia eeoei e ia oi/ao ioaa/aoue ii aai aeieaai, oi ii aeieaeai nicaeaoue
iauanoai n ia?aie/aiiie ioaaonoaaiiinoueth. Iiiyoii, /oi aanue aeioiae, eioi?ue yoi
iauanoai iieo/eo, iieaeao aio eae o/?aaeeoaeth. O/?aaeeoaeue ia?aie/eo naay, n iaeiie
noi?iiu, a niunea ?enea, a n ae?oaie noi?iiu, i?yii neaaeao iioaioeeaeueiui
eiio?aaaioai: aio aai iiaue nianoaaiiee, n iei eiaeoa aeaei, y ca iaai ieaoeoue
ia aoaeo. E ana aoaeao iiiyoii e /anoii. Iauanoai n aeiiieieoaeueiie
ioaaonoaaiiinoueth yaeyaony ii nooe aeaea aa?eaioii iauanoaa n ia?aie/aiiie
ioaaonoaaiiinoueth. Iaeiaei iniaaiiinoueth iauanoaa n aeiiieieoaeueiie
ioaaonoaaiiinoueth yaeyaony oi, /oi aai o/anoieee i?e iaaeinoaoea eiouanoaa o
naiiai iauanoaa aeey iie?uoey aeieaia ianoo aeiiieieoaeueioth ioaaonoaaiiinoue, ii ia
anai naiei eiouanoaii, eae a iieiii oiaa?euanoaa, a a iaeeiaeiaii aeey anao
e?aoiii ?acia?a e noiia aianaiiuo eie aeeaaeia – o?ao, iyoe – eae caieooo a
o/?aaeeoaeueiuo aeieoiaioao. Iiyaeyaony iaeay ia?aoiaeiay oi?ia iaaeaeo oiaa?euanoaii
e iauanoaii. N iaeiie noi?iiu, o/anoieee iauanoaa n aeiiieieoaeueiie
ioaaonoaaiiinoueth ioaa/atho ii aeieaai ia anai naiei eiouanoaii, a oieueei /anoueth.
A yoii niunea ei oaeiaiaa. N ae?oaie noi?iiu, e?aaeeoi?u yoiai iauanoaa iieo/atho
aieueoa oaa?aiiinoe a oii, /oi iie oaeiaeaoai?yo naie o?aaiaaiey ia oieueei ca
n/ao ieieiaeueiiai onoaaiiai eaieoaea, ii aua e ca n/ao o/?aaeeoaeae. Ia?aoeiny e
enoi?ee. A A?aaeaeaineii eiaeaena 1922 aiaea iauanoai n aeiiieieoaeueiie
ioaaonoaaiiinoueth iacuaaeinue oiaa?euanoaii n ia?aie/aiiie ioaaonoaaiiinoueth.
Ioaaonoaaiiinoue o/anoieeia auea ia?aie/aia a iaeeiaeiaii aeey anao e?aoiii
?acia?a e noiia aianaiiuo eie aeeaaeia. Yoo eiino?oeoeeth niaoeeaeueii ieeoi ia
i?eaeoiuaae. Iia acyoa ec iaoae nianoaaiiie i?aeoeee. Iaeiiaoe, aeoeeiia?iua
iauanoaa. Eo oa?aeoa?ecotho aeaa iniiaiuo i?eciaea. Ai-ia?auo, onoaaiue eaieoae
oiaea iiaeaeai ia aeiee. Oieueei yoe aeiee ana ?aaiua. Eaaeaeay ec ieo au?aaeaia oeaiiie
aoiaaie – aeoeeae. A i?eioeeia eaaeaeay aeiey ?aaia. Aeey oaeianoaa eo aeaeatho e?aoiuie
100 eee 10. Ai-aoi?uo, – aeoeeiia?u, o/anoieee yoiai iauanoaa ieeaeie
ioaaonoaaiiinoe ii aai aeieaai ia ianoo, a ianoo oieueei ?ene oauoeia, oo?aou
naiaai eiouanoaa, eioi?ia iie aianee a oieaoo ca aeoeeth.
!!46
Aicieeaao caeiiiia?iue aii?in: /ai aeoeeiia?iia iauanoai ioee/aaony io iauanoaa
n ia?aie/aiiie ioaaonoaaiiinoueth? Iaeii ec ioee/ee a oii, /oi ec iauanoaa n
ia?aie/aiiie ioaaonoaaiiinoueth o/anoiee iiaeao aueoe a ethaie iiiaio, eiaaea ii
iiaeaeaao, caa?aa naith aeieth. Caeii ?O “Ia iauanoaao n ia?aie/aiiie
ioaaonoaaiiinoueth” (no. 26) ?aaoee?oao yoio aii?in neaaeothuei ia?acii:
“A neo/aa auoiaea o/anoieea iauanoaa ec iauanoaa aai aeiey ia?aoiaeeo e iauanoao n
iiiaioa iiaea/e cayaeaiey i auoiaea ec iauanoaa. I?e yoii iauanoai iaycaii
auieaoeoue o/anoieeo iauanoaa, iiaeaaoaio cayaeaiea i auoiaea ec iauanoaa,
aeaenoaeoaeueioth noieiinoue aai aeiee, ii?aaeaeyaioth ia iniiaaiee aeaiiuo
aooaaeoa?neie io/aoiinoe iauanoaa ca aiae, a oa/aiea eioi?iai auei iiaeaii
cayaeaiea i auoiaea ec iauanoaa, eeai n niaeaney o/anoieea iauanoaa auaeaoue aio a
iaoo?a eiouanoai oaeie aea noieiinoe, a a neo/aa iaiieiie iieaou aai aeeaaea a
onoaaiue eaieoae iauanoaa aeaenoaeoaeueioth noieiinoue /anoe aai aeiee,
i?iii?oeeiiaeueiie iiea/aiiie /anoe aeeaaea.
Iauanoai iaycaii auieaoeoue o/anoieeo iauanoaa, iiaeaaoaio cayaeaiea i auoiaea ec
iauanoaa, aeaenoaeoaeueioth noieiinoue aai aeiee eee auaeaoue a iaoo?a eiouanoai oaeie
aea noieiinoe a oa/aiea oanoe ianyoeaa n iiiaioa ieii/aiey oeiainiaiai aiaea, a
oa/aiea eioi?iai iiaeaii cayaeaiea i auoiaea ec iauanoaa, anee iaiueoee n?ie ia
i?aaeoniio?ai onoaaii iauanoaa.”
Anee a iauanoaa iiiai o/anoieeia, oi o?aaiaaiea ieieiaeueiiai onoaaiiai eaieoaea
iiaeii aeiaanoe aei aano?aea. Iai?eia?, anee a iauanoaa aoaeao iyoue ouny/
o/anoieeia, oi aeey ieo ieieiaeueiue eaieoae ie/aai ia aoaeao cia/eoue. Eaaeaeue aeano
iiiaiiiaeeo e ii nouanoao ia aieii ianoa ia?acoaony th?eaee/aneia eeoei. Oaea aeaaii
caia/aii, /oi oio /aeiaae, eioi?ue ie/aai ia aeiaeee a aeaei, ioiineony e iaio
aacioaaonoaaiii. Ec aeoeeiia?iiai iauanoaa iiaeii aueoe a ethaie iiiaio, – ia?aaeaa
eiio-oi naie aeoeee. Yoi cia/eo, /oi io aeoeeiia?iiai iauanoaa ee/aai iaeuecy
iio?aaiaaoue i?e auoiaea. Noi?ie?iaaa naie eaieoae, aeoeeiia?iia iauanoai ia
aeieaeii aai oo?aoeoue ii ‘i?e/eia oiai, /oi ?acaaaoony o/anoieee. Yoio eaieoae
iiaeii oo?aoeoue, anee aoaeao ieioay eiiuthieoo?a; iaoaeiaeaoai?eoaeueiu a ?acoeueoaou
aeayoaeueiinoe. A neo/aa, anee ana aeoeeiia?u oeaeoo ec iauanoaa, iii ii-i?aaeiaio
nio?aieony, oae eae eo ianoi caeioo ae?oaea aeoeeiia?u. A yoii i?eioeeieaeueiia
ioee/ea aeoeeiia?iiai iauanoaa io iauanoaa n ia?aie/aiiie ioaaonoaaiiinoueth. Anoue
e ae?oaea ioee/ey. Iie auoaeatho ec yeiiiie/aneie i?e?iaeu naiiai iauanoaa. Eaeea
i?aeiouanoaa o yoeo iauanoa, ii/aio iie iieo/eee oaeia oe?ieia ?ani?ino?aiaiea?
E oaeei i?aeiouanoaai
!!47
ioiinyo aiciiaeiinoue neiioeaio?e?iaaoue ia?iiiue eaieoae, ia?aiia/aeueii
?aniueaiiue n?aaee iiiaeanoaa iaeeeo aeeaae/eeia, nia?aoue ia?iiiua aeaiueae.
Aeoeeiia?iia iauanoai – yoi niinia eiioeaio?aoeee eaieoaea. Oaeea iauanoaa
iiyaeeenue i?eiaieoaeueii e e?oiiui i?iaeoai. Aeiionoei, o?aaiaaeinue iino?ieoue
aeaeacioth aei?iao, oi anoue iiianoe ia?iiiua cao?aou, eioi?ua iaeiiio, aeaaea
aiaaoiio, ia iiae neeo. Ethaee iauaaeeiyee aianoa naie eaieoaeu. Aoi?ia i/aiue
aaaeiia ianoiyoaeuenoai ninoieo a oii, /oi eaieoae niae?atho n iiiiuueth oeaiiuo
aoiaa – aeoeee. Yoe aeoeee, iniaaiii anee iie i?aaeuyaeoaeueneea, a ia eiaiiua,
ia?auathony ia ae?aea. Iiaeiaiui ia?acii oaeaaony auno?i ia?aeeaaoue eaieoae ec
iaeiie noa?u aeayoaeueiinoe a ae?oaoth. ?anniio?ei yoi ia i?eia?ao. Naaiaeiy aeaao
i?eaueue oeie/aneay i?iiuoeaiiinoue – neaaeoao aeaoue ii?o/aiea naiaio a?iea?o eee
iaeea?o eoieoue aeoeee oeie/aneie eiiiaiee. Caao?a iia noaea aeaaaoue oauoee, a
i?eaueueiie noaea iaoaeeo?ae/aneay i?iiuoeaiiinoue – aeaaoue ii?o/aiea a?iea?o
na?ineoue aeoeee oeie/aneie eiiiaiee e i?eia?anoe aeoeee iaoaeeo?ae/aneie
eiiiaiee. E yeiiiie/anee yoi icia/aao, /oi eaieoae iaiiaaiii ia?aeeeny ec
oeie/aneie io?anee a iaoaeeo?ae/aneoth. N iiiiuueth oaeiai iaoaiecia ana aeaeaaony
iaiiaaiii, eia/a i?eoeinue au ana yoi ioi?ieyoue aeieai e neiaeii. Eiiuthieoo?a ca
yoi a?aiy iiaeao eciaieoueny e iieo/eony i?yii i?ioeaiiieiaeiue yooaeo. Yoe aeaa
i?aeiouanoaa e iaania/eee oe?ieia ?ani?ino?aiaiea aeoeeiia?iuo iauanoa. Ia?yaeo n
i?aeiouanoaaie eiino?oeoeey aeoeeiia?iuo iauanoa eiaao ?yae iaaeinoaoeia. Ioiaoei
eo. Yoa eiino?oeoeey “i/aiue iiania” aeey ?yaeiauo o/anoieeia. Iiiuoaainy iiynieoue
yoi. Iaeeea aeeaae/eee ia anaaaea i?iyaeytho eioa?an e aeayoaeueiinoe iauanoaa,
iiiaea ec ieo aeaaea ia iiieiatho, /ai caieiaaony iauanoai e aeey eaeeo oeaeae
nicaeaii. Aeey aeeaae/eeia noaiiaeony aieaa cia/eiui iieo/aiea aeeaeaeaiaeia. Oaeei
ia?acii, o/?aaeeoaee iauanoaa, noaaoea aiineaaenoaee aai aee?aeoi?aie-
?oeiaiaeeoaeyi e, iieo/atho iaia?aie/aiiua aiciiaeiinoe ?anii?yaeaoueny a?iiaaeiui
eaieoaeii, eioi?ue iie nia?aee. Yoio eaieoae a yeiiiie/aneii niunea i?eiaaeeaaeeo
ia ei, a anai aeoeeiia?ai. Iaeioi?ua o/?aaeeoaee, iieuecoynue iiaeiaiui iieiaeaieai,
iaiaiuaatho aeeaae/eeia. Oaeea neo/ae ia aaeeie/iu e auee ecaanoiu enoi?ee iiiaea
aaea oiio iacaae. I?eia?ii a eiioea XVII aaea a Aiaeee aue i?eiyo niaoeeaeueiue
caeii “I iueueiuo iocu?yo”, eioi?ue ia i?ioyaeaiee aieaa noa eao i?aiyonoaiaae
aiciiaeiinoe nicaeaiey aeoeeiia?iuo iauanoa. Aiaee/aia n/eoaee, /oi yoi oi?ia
eiiia?/aneiai iioaiie/anoaa. Oaeiai aea ?iaea cai?aoeoaeueiua aeou auee ai
O?aioeee, a Aa?iaiee e o ian a aei?aaiethoeeiiiie ?innee. Cai?ao aeaenoaiaae, iiea
ia iiyaeeinue
!!48
?acaeoia aeoeeiia?iia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai, aaea eaaeaeue oaa aeayoaeueiinoe iiaeiaiuo
iauanoa aue o?aaoee?iaai. Aeey nicaeaiey aeoeeiia?iiai iauanoaa a ?innee a ia/aea
XX aaea ioaeii auei iieo/eoue ee/iia ?ac?aoaiea ainoaea?y- eiia?aoi?a. TH?eaee/aneay
i?ioeaaeo?a ia?aciaaiey oeacaiiuo iauanoa auea neeoeii neiaeiie. Ii iiaen/aoai
enneaaeiaaoaeae a aei?aaiethoeeiiiie ?innee oaeaeinue nicaeaoue aieaa ouny/e no?aoiauo,
aeaeaciiaei?iaeiuo, aaieianeeo e ae?oaeo iauanoa. A ia?oa 1917 a. a ?innee aue
i?eiyo niaoeeaeueiue aeae?ao A?aiaiiiai i?aaeoaeuenoaa, ?ac?aoaaoee oe?ieia
nicaeaiea aeoeeiia?iuo iauanoa. Yoio aeae?ao oi?inoee i?ioeaaeo?o eo nicaeaiey. Oaeei
ia?acii aei ieoya?y ia?aciaaeinue ianeieueei ouny/ aeoeeiia?iuo iauanoa. A
nia?aiaiiie ?innee nouanoaotho ioe?uoua e cae?uoua aeoeeiia?iua iauanoaa.
?anniio?ei eo iniaaiiinoe e ?acee/ey. Ai-ia?auo, aeoeeiia?u ioe?uoiai iauanoaa
iiaoo naiaiaeii io/oaeaeaoue i?eiaaeeaaeauea ei aeoeee aac niaeaney ae?oaeo aeoeeiia?ia
yoiai iauanoaa. Ai-aoi?uo, oaeia iauanoai ai?aaa i?iaiaeeoue ioe?uooth iiaeieneo ia
auioneaaiua ei aeoeee e inouanoaeyoue naiaiaeioth eo i?iaeaaeo. A-o?aoueeo, ioe?uoia
iauanoai ai?aaa i?iaiaeeoue cae?uooth iiaeieneo ia auioneaaiua ei aeoeee, anee
aiciiaeiinoue oaeiaie ia ia?aie/aia onoaaii eee caeiiii. E iaeiiaoe, /enei
aeoeeiia?ia ioe?uoiai iauanoai ia ia?aie/aii. Iauanoai, aeoeee eioi?iai
?ani?aaeaeythony oieueei n?aaee aai o/?aaeeoaeae eee eiiai, ca?aiaa ii?aaeaeaiiiai
e?oaa eeoe, i?eciaaony cae?uoui. Oaeia iauanoai ia ai?aaa i?iaiaeeoue ioe?uooth
iiaeieneo ia auioneaaiua ei aeoeee, naiaiaeii i?aaeeaaaoue eo iaia?aie/aiiiio e?oao
eeoe. *enei aeoeeiia?ia cae?uoiai iauanoaa ia aeieaeii i?aauoaoue iyoeaeanyoe.
Aeoeeiia?u cae?uoiai iauanoaa eiatho i?aeiouanoaaiiia i?aai i?eia?aoaiey aeoeee,
i?iaeaaaaiuo ae?oaeie aeoeeiia?aie yoiai iauanoaa. Aeoeeiia?iia iauanoai iiaeao
auioneaoue e iaeeaaoeee ia noiio ia aieaa, /ai onoaaiie eaieoae. Anee iauanoai
iieo/eo aeiiieieoaeueiia iaania/aiea, iai?eia?, io aaiea, oi iii iiaeao auioneaoue
iaeeaaoeee ia iieo/aiioth noiio. A oaeeo neo/ayo aeaaeaeueoeu iaeeaaoeee iieo/ao
i?aeiouanoaaiiua i?aaa ia?aae aeoeeiia?aie (ca iaeeaaoeeth iaiaoiaeeii caieaoeoue
?aiueoa, /ai aeoeeiia?ai ia?aaeaoue aeeaeaeaiae ca aeoeeth). I?e eeeaeaeaoeee iauanoaa
iaeeaaoeeiia?u aoaeoo o?aaiaaoue oaeiaeaoai?aiey naieo o?aaiaaiee. N ae?oaie
noi?iiu, iaeeaaoeeiia?u ia eiatho ieeaeeo i?aa a oi?aaeaiee aeaeaie iauanoaa. Anee
ieeaeeo ia?aie/aiee ia naeaeaoue ia auione iaeeaaoeee, oi yoi i?eaaaeao e
auoaniaieth aeoeeiia?ia, ia?aaiae eo a noaoon iaeeaaoeeiia?ia. Iineaaeiea,
!!49
eae iu ciaai, eeoaiu i?aa o/anoaiaaoue a oi?aaeaiee iauanoaii. Oaeei iooai
aee?aeoi?a ?anii?yaeathony n eiouanoaii ii naiaio oniio?aieth. Anoue e ae?oaea
ia?aie/aiey aeey iauanoa ioiineoaeueii ninoiyiey onoaaiiai eaieoaea. Iauanoaa
aeieaeiu eiaoue ieieiaeueiue onoaaiue eaieoae eae aa?aioeth aeey aiciiaeiuo o?aaiaaiee
e?aaeeoi?ia. Aeiionoei, iauanoai iieaoeei a oa/aiea aiaea eaieoae a iaeei ieeeeii
?oaeae. I?aaei?eieiaoaeue n iei caeeth/aao naeaeeo, ciay, /oi o iauanoaa anoue
iiea/aiiue eaieoae ia ieeeeii ?oaeae. A oa/aiea aiaea ?aaiou yoio ieeeeii
ieacaeny ?ano?a/aiiui. A ?acoeueoaoa a onoaaiii eaieoaea inoaeanue oieueei
iieiaeia. Oaeei ia?acii, aa?aioee e?aaeeoi?a oiaiueoeeenue aaeaia. Anee au
i?aaei?eieiaoaeue ciae, /oi i?iecieaeao n eaieoaeii, aiciiaeii ii ia noae au
caeeth/aoue iiaeiaioth naeaeeo. Anee onoaaiue eaieoae noaiao iaiueoa ieieioia,
i?aaeoniio?aiiiai caeiiii, yoi aoaeao icia/aoue, /oi iauanoai iaaie?ioeony, e
i?aaei?eieiaoaeue ii naiae i?aoaicee iiaeao aiiaua ie/aai ia iieo/eoue, oae eae
aoaeao ia aaeeinoaaiiui e?aaeeoi?ii. A yoie nayce ia neo/aeiu ia?aie/aiey ia
onoaaiue eaieoae, eioi?ua i?aaeoniao?eaaao A?aaeaeaineee eiaeaen. Caeanue aeaenoaotho
neaaeothuea i?aaeea. Anee a oa/aiea aeaoo eao ?aaiou (aiae iiea/eaatho eaieoae, aiae
aua ?aaioatho) onoaaiue eaieoae oiaiueoaaony ii n?aaiaieth n oai, /oi auei
iauyaeaii e iiea/aii, ioaeii cayaeoue ia yoii e ca?aaeno?e?iaaoue eciaiaiea. Ana
e?aaeeoi?u eiatho i?aai iio?aaiaaoue ?anoi?aeaiey, eee aein?i/iiai eniieiaiey
aeiaiai?ia, eioi?ua n yoei iauanoaii auee caeeth/aiu. Aeeaeaeaiaeu iaeuecy aeaeeoue,
iioiio /oi oiaiueoai onoaaiue eaieoae. Yoe ii?iu aucuaatho aieueooth e?eoeeo.
Iaeioi?ua n/eoatho, /oi iiaeiaiua i?aaeea ia iicaieytho oi?ioi ?aaioaoue
aeoeeiia?iui iauanoaai. Iaeiaei, anee yoeo i?aaee ia onoaiiaeoue, oi iiiaea
aeoeeiia?iua iauanoaa iinoaayo naieo e?aaeeoi?ia a i/aiue oyaeaeia iieiaeaiea. Anee
i?e iiaeaaaeaiee aaeainia auynieeinue, /oi onoaaiie eaieoae oiaiueoai, iaiaoiaeeii
i?eieiaoue niioaaonoaothuea ia?u. Ii anee e eiioeo aiaea eaieoae inoaeny iaiueoa
ieieioia, i?aaeoniio?aiiiai caeiiii, oi ?aaioaoue oaeiio iauanoao iaeuecy, oae eae
e?aaeeoi?u ie/ai ia iaania/aiu. Yoe o?aaiaaiey A?aaeaeaineiai eiaeaena
aeaenoaeoaeueii aeanoeea, ii a iaoeo oneiaeyo iaiaoiaeeiu. A caeiia “Ia aeoeeiia?iuo
iauanoaao” i?aaeoniio?aiu aa?aioee e?aaeeoi?ai e aeoeeiia?ai. ?inneeneia
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai i?aaeoniao?eaaao, /oi a aeoeeiia?iuo iauanoaao iiaeao auoue iaeei
eee ianeieueei o/?aaeeoaeae. Iai?eia?, ainoaea?noai i?aia?acoao naia i?aaei?eyoea a
aeoeeiia?iia iauanoai. A yoii neo/aa – iii aaeeinoaaiiue o/anoiee AI.
!!50
Eae i?aaeei, ia i?aeoeea ano?a/athony aeoeeiia?iua iauanoaa n aieueoei eiee/anoaii
o/anoieeia. Ca?oaaaeiia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai aeaaea onoaiaaeeaaao ieieioi – ia iaiueoa
iyoe – naie o/anoieeia. O iauanoaa neeaaeuaaaony iniaay no?oeoo?a oi?aaeaiey.
E?iia iauaai nia?aiey aeoeeiia?ia eae aunoaai i?aaia anoue i?aaeaiea, eioi?ia
caieiaaony oaeoueie aeaeaie e niaa?oaao naeaeee. Eioa?anu aeoeeiia?ia i?aaenoaaeaiu
iaaethaeaoaeueiui niaaoii. Aeoeeiia?iia iauanoai, eae oiai o?aaoao ie?iaay
i?aeoeea, aeieaeii aanoe naie aeaea ioaee/ii. Aaeaaiaeii iaiaoiaeeii ioaeeeiaaoue
naaaeaiey i i?eaueyo e oauoeao, ?acia?a onoaaiiai eaieoaea, aaeaina. ?anniio?ei
aei/a?iea e caaeneiua aeoeeiia?iua iauanoaa. Yoe iiiyoey iiyaeeenue a iaoai
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa aia?aua. Aei/a?iei i?eciaaony oaeia iauanoai, eiaaea ae?oaia
(iniiaiia) oicyenoaaiiia iauanoai (oiaa?euanoai) a neeo i?aiaeaaeathuaai o/anoey
a aai onoaaiii eaieoaea, eeai a niioaaonoaee n caeeth/aiiui iaaeaeo ieie
aeiaiai?ii, eeai eiui ia?acii eiaao aiciiaeiinoue ii?aaeaeyoue ?aoaiey, i?eieiaaiua
oaeei iauanoaii. Iniiaiia iauanoai (oiaa?euanoai), eioi?ia eiaao i?aai aeaaaoue
aei/a?iaio iauanoao iaycaoaeueiua aeey iineaaeiaai oeacaiey, ioaa/aao nieeaea?ii n
aei/a?iei iauanoaii ii naeaeeai, caeeth/aiiui iineaaeiei ai eniieiaiea oaeeo
oeacaiee. A onoaaa aei/a?iaai iauanoaa eee a aeiaiai?a iaaeaeo iei e iniiaiui
iauanoaii caienuaathony iieiaeaiey i i?aaa iniiaiiai iauanoaa aeaaaoue aei/a?iaio
iaycaoaeueiua aeey eniieiaiey oeacaiey. Iauanoai i?eciaaony caaeneiui, anee
ae?oaia (i?aiaeaaeathuaa) iauanoai eiaao aieaa 20 i?ioeaioia aieinothueo aeoeee
ia?aiai iauanoaa. Iniiaiia iauanoai, iieuecoynue naiei eiio?ieai iaae aei/a?iei,
iiaeao canoaaeoue aai caeeth/eoue eaeoth-ieaoaeue niiieoaeueioth naeaeeo. A oaeeo neo/ayo
cia/eoaeueiay /anoue i?eauee oeaeao iaoa?eineiio iauanoao, a anee iao – oi
e?aaeeoi?ai aeinoaiaony oieueei eiouanoai aei/a?iaai iauanoaa, a iaoa?eineia
ieaoeoue ii aeieaai ia aoaeao. I/aiue /anoi ?inneeneea i?aaei?eieiaoaee nicaeatho
th?eaee/aneia eeoei, eioi?ia ii?iaeaeaao a naith i/a?aaeue iiaua th?eaee/aneea eeoea.
Nicaeaiea caaeneiuo eiiiaiee ia yaeyaony e?eieiaeueiui aeaenoaeai. Oai ia iaiaa,
iiaeiaiue i?ioeann aeieaeai iineoue ioaee/iue oa?aeoa?. Anee o?aouea eeoei aeaaeaao
eioi?iaoeeae i oaeie eiiiaiee e oai ia iaiaa eiaao n iae aeaei, oi aai ?ene
cai?aoeoue iaeuecy. Iai?eia?, no?aoiaua eiiiaiee o ian e ca ?oaaaeii acaeiii
o/anoaotho a eaieoaeao ae?oa ae?oaa. I?e yoii iaiaoiaeeii iai anai noaaeoue a
ecaanoiinoue o/anoieeia eiouanoaaiiiai iai?ioa, ioaeeeiaaoue ana naaaeaiey.
Ia?aaeei a oaeeo neo/ayo iiyaeyaony aiciiaeiinoue iaeiie eiiiaiee ieacuaaoue
aeaaeaiea ia ae?oaoth. Aioeiiiiiieueiia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai oaeea iiiuoee
i?aaeioa?auaao.
!!51
A ioee/ea io caaeneiuo iauanoa, i eioi?uo iaaei eeoue eioi?ie?iaaoue o?aoueeo eeoe,
noaoon aei/a?iaai iauanoaa aeaao aiciiaeiinoue aai e?aaeeoi?ai i?e ii?aaeaeaiiuo
oneiaeyo ia?aoeoue acuneaiea ia eiouanoai iniiaiie eiiiaiee. Eiia/ii, ie
aei/a?iea, ie caaeneiua iauanoaa ia yaeythony iniauie i?aaiecaoeeiiii- i?aaiauie
oi?iaie i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa – yoi aeoeeiia?iua iauanoaa eee iauanoaa n
ia?aie/aiiie ioaaonoaaiiinoueth, ii eo aiey ia o/anoea a naeaeeao oi?ie?oaony
iniaui ia?acii – iiae aicaeaenoaeai ae?oaeo eiiiaiee. Yoe iineaaeiea iniiaiua
eiiiaiee aeieaeiu ianoe ii?aaeaeaiioth ioaaonoaaiiinoue ca yoi. Oae, anee iniiaiay
eiiiaiey iaaycaea aei/a?iae naith aieth e canoaaeea anooieoue a eaeoth-oi naeaeeo, oi
i?e iaeniieiaiee yoie naeaeee e?aaeeoi?u aeieaeiu eiaoue aiciiaeiinoue ia?aoeoue
acuneaiea ia eiouanoai iniiaiie eiiiaiee a nieeaea?iii ii?yaeea. A A?aaeaeaineii
eiaeaena ?O iao ioaaonoaaiiinoe iniiaiie eiiiaiee ii aeieaai aei/a?iae ai anao
neo/ayo. Eeoue a aeaoo neo/ayo iniiaiay eiiiaiey aoaeao ioaa/aoue ii aeieaai
aei/a?iae: eiaaea iia aeaea iaycaoaeueiia oeacaiea (iieuecoynue eiio?ieueiui iaeaoii,
oaeoe/aneei aeeyieai, aeiaiai?ii) e canoaaeyea caeeth/eoue naeaeeo eeai anee ec-ca
auiieiaiey oeacaiey iniiaiie eiiiaiee aei/a?iaa iauanoai noaei aaie?ioii. Anee
yoe ianoiyoaeuenoaa aoaeoo aeieacaiu, oi a ia?aii neo/aa iniiaiay eiiiaiey aoaeao
i?eaea/aia e nieeaea?iie, a ai aoi?ii neo/aa – e aeiiieieoaeueiie ioaaonoaaiiinoe.
Oaia?ue iiiyoea aei/a?iaai iauanoaa i?eia?aoaao th?eaee/aneee, a ia oieueei
yeiiiie/aneee niune.
Ia?aeaeai e ?anniio?aieth i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo e iio?aaeoaeueneeo eiiia?aoeaia.
Aii?inu i?aaiecaoeee, oi?aaeaiey e aeayoaeueiinoe i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo eiiia?aoeaia
?aaoee?othony Oaaea?aeueiui Caeiiii “I i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo eiiia?aoeaao” io 8 iay
1996 aiaea(*1). Eiiia?aoea – yoi iniaay i?aaiecaoeeiiii- i?aaiaay oi?ia. A
?inneeneii i?aaa iia ae?aaenoaaeyea niaie .iauaaeeiaiea ia i?aaei?eieiaoaeae, eae a
.oiaa?euanoaa, oe oece/aneeo eeoe o?oaeyueony, oi anoue oao, eoi o?oaeeony nai a
iauaaeeiaiiii eieeaeoeaa aac iin?aaenoaa i?aaei?eieiaoaey. Ethaee o/anoaotho a oaeii
iauaaeeiaiee naiei ee/iui oece/aneei o?oaeii. A ?onneii i?aaa i?ioeiai yoi
iacuaaeinue a?oaeueth. O a?oaee i/aiue naiaia?aciay i?aaiecaoeey, aeey eioi?ie ioaeai
eiouanoaaiiue iaaaie aeeaae e ee/iia o?oaeiaia o/anoea a aeaeao oiaa?euanoaa (ia
i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneia). Aeioiaeu eiiia?aoeaa anaaaea aeaeyony ia ii ?acia?o iaaaiai
aciina, a i?aeiouanoaaiii ii o?oaeiaiio o/anoeth. A aeaenoaothuai iaiaoeeii caeiia i
eiiia?aoeee, aiai?eony,
(**1) NC ?O. – 1996. – N 20. – No. 2321.
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/oi /enoue aeioiae eiiia?aoeaa ?ani?aaeaeyaony neaaeothuei ia?acii: 4% – ii iayi, a
96% – ii o?oaeiaiio o/anoeth. A ?inneeneii caeiia i eiiia?aoeee cae?aieyeny
iiaeiaiue i?eioeei. A eiiia?aoeaa (a?oaee) aiein o/anoieea ia nia?aiee anaaaea
?aaai aieino ae?oaiai o/anoieea iacaaeneii io ?acia?a iay e noaiaie o?oaeiaiai
o/anoey. A a?oaee ana ?aaiu. Oaeiai iao ie a iauanoaa n ia?aie/aiiie
ioaaonoaaiiinoueth, ie a oiaa?euanoaa. Oaeei ia?acii, i?iecaiaenoaaiiue eiiia?aoea
eneeth/aao nin?aaeioi/aiea o eiai-eeai “eiio?ieueiiai iaeaoa”. Yoi oa oi?ia o?oaea,
e eioi?ie i?eaueee ?aaioieee iaoeo aini?aaei?eyoee. Oaeie eiiia?aoea ia ciaao
eiee/anoaaiiuo ia?aie/aiee ia iaeneiaeueiue ninoaa o/anoieeia. Ii iiaeao
cae?uoueny io iinoi?iiieo, iauyaea a onoaaa, /oi aeaaea ianeaaeieeai oia?oaai
iaeueea eeoue auiea/eaaaony i?eoiaeyuaany ia aai aeieth, ii ianeaaeieee ia
i?eieiathony a /eaiu eiiia?aoeaa. Ai anai ie?a aiinyony ii?aaeaeaiiua ei??aeoeau
a eeanne/aneoth eiino?oeoeeth eiiia?aoeaa. A aieueoeinoaa no?ai anoue aeiiieieoaeueiay
ioaaonoaaiiinoue /eaiia eiiia?aoeaa ii aeieaai. Noaneaeea?iay ioaaonoaaiiinoue
/eaiia eiiia?aoeaa a ?innee ii?aaeaeyaony a ii?yaeea, i?aaeoniio?aiiii onoaaii
eiiia?aoeaa. Eiiia?aoeau, iniiaaiiua ia ee/iii o?oaeiaii o/anoee a?aaeaeai, auaatho
neaauie a yeiiiie/aneii ioiioaiee. Yoio oaeo iiaeoaa?aeeea ie?iaay noaoenoeea.
Aeey naiae iiaeaea?aeee ei ?ac?aoatho eniieueciaaoue noi?iiieo i?aaei?eieiaoaeae, eo
n?aaenoaa. Yoeie oeiainiauie o/anoieeaie iiaoo auoue e oece/aneea, e th?eaee/aneea
eeoea, eioi?ua a eiiia?aoea aeaeatho oieueei aeeaae. Ii iie ia o/anoaotho ie ee/ii,
ie oece/anee (eaeei-oi o?oaeii) a aeayoaeueiinoe eiiia?aoeaa, aeiaeea n?aaenoaa e
iaeeaeay aeioiae. Yoi aeiioneaaony iianaianoii, ii i?e ii?aaeaeaiiuo ia?aie/aieyo.
?acia? aeeaaeia oeiainiauo o/anoieeia aeieaeai auoue ia nauoa 25%, a eiiaaea 20% io
onoaaiiai eaieoaea yoiai eiiia?aoeaa, n oai, /oiau eo aiein ia iauai nia?aiee
ia i?aauoae iaeiie /aoaa?oe. A Caeiia “I i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo eiiia?aoeaao” (no.
7)i?aaeoniio?aii, /oi anee /eaiia eiiia?aoeaa,aianoeo iaaaie aciin, ii ia
i?eieiathueo ee/iiai o?oaeiaiai o/anoey a aai aeayoaeueiinoe, ia iiaeao i?aauoaoue
aeaaaeoeaoue iyoue i?ioeaioia /enea /eaiia eiiia?aoeaa, i?eieiathueo ee/iia o?oaeiaia
o/anoea a aai aeayoaeueiinoe. Iao caeiiiaeaoaeue a Yoii aii?ina, oaeei ia?acii,
iioae ii ae?oaiio iooe.
I?iecaiaenoaaiiue eiiia?aoea – yoi iniaay naiinoiyoaeueiay i?aaiecaoeeiiii-
i?aaiaay oi?ia, eioi?ay ano?a/aaony e a noa?a i?iecaiaenoaa, e naeueneiai
oicyenoaa, e ianeoaeeaaiey. Ia i?eioeeiao i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo eiiia?aoeaia a ie?a
?aaioatho 800 ieeeeiiia /aeiaae. Yoi naiay aeaiie?aoe/aneay oi?ia niaianoiiai
o?oaea.
!!53
Ia?yaeo n i?iecaiaenoaaiiuie anoue eiiia?aoeau e iio?aaeoaeueneea. Yoi niaa?oaiii
ae?oaie aeae th?eaee/aneeo eeoe, iioiio /oi iauanoai, oiaa?euanoai e
i?iecaiaenoaaiiue eiiia?aoea ioianaiu caeiiii e eiiia?/aneei i?aaiecaoeeyi, oi
anoue e i?aaiecaoeeyi, eioi?ua ecia/aeueii eiatho naiae onoaaiie caaea/ae iieo/aiea
i?eauee e ?ani?aaeaeaiea aa iaaeaeo o/anoieeaie e o/?aaeeoaeyie. A ioee/ea io yoiai
iio?aaeoaeueneea eiiia?aoeau oaeie caaea/e ia noaayo. Iie i?ecaaiu oaeiaeaoai?eoue
iio?aaiinoe naieo o/anoieeia. Yoi ia cia/eo, /oi iio?aaeoaeueneea eiiia?aoeau
iaycaoaeueii nicaeathony oieueei a noa?a iio?aaeaiey, aeiionoei – aeeeeuiua,
aa?aaeiua, aea/iua. Eiiia?aoeau iiaoo caieiaoueny i?iecaiaenoaaiiui aeaeii. Ii
aaaeii, /oi eo aeayoaeueiinoue neoaeeo eneeth/eoaeueii oaeiaeaoai?aieth iio?aaiinoae eo
o/anoieeia, a oii /enea i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo iio?aaiinoae. Iio?aaeoaeueneee
eiiia?aoea yaeyaony oaeiaui iioiio, /oi ii nicaeai a eioa?anao oieueei naieo
o/?aaeeoaeae eee o/anoieeia. Ii iiaeao caieiaoueny ii?aaeaeaiiie
i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie aeayoaeueiinoueth, anee yoi caoeene?iaaii a onoaaa e
caeiiiaeaoaeueii ?ac?aoaii. Eeanne/aneea iio?aaeoaeueneea eiiia?aoeau a iuiaoieo
oneiaeyo caieiathony ?acee/iuie aeaeaie eiiia?oeee. E i?eia?o, aeeeeuiua
eiiia?aoeau naeatho iiaeaae eee eaa?oe?u ia ia?aii yoaaea eiiia?/aneei
i?aaiecaoeeyi. A A?aaeaeaineii eiaeaena ?O caienaii, /oi, anee iio?aaeoaeueneee
eiiia?aoea aaaeao ?ac?aoaiioth aio onoaaii e caeiiii i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneoth
aeayoaeueiinoue, oi aeioiae io yoie aeayoaeueiinoe iiaeao ?ani?aaeaeyoueny iaaeaeo aai
/eaiaie. Yoi ia i?aa?auaao aai a i?iecaiaenoaaiiue eiiia?aoea. Ia
i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneea ioiioaiey n eiiia?/aneie no?oeoo?ie, iiaoo auoue
?ani?ino?aiaiu ii?iu aeiaiai?iiai i?aaa. A nithciii caeiia i eiiia?aoeee
i?aaeoniao?eaaeenue eiiia?aoeau niaoaiiiai oeia, eioi?ua iiaoo aanoe e
i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneoth aeayoaeueiinoue, e iio?aaeoaeueneoth. I?aeoeea iieacuaaao, /oi
aieueoeinoai iio?aaeoaeueneeo eiiia?aoeaia iiaeaioo, anee eo eeoeoue aiciiaeiinoe
aanoe i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneoth aeayoaeueiinoue. Iio?aaeoaeueneea eiiia?aoeau aacaeioiaeiu.
Iie ia aeatho ieeaeie i?eauee, a ca?aaioaiiia ia aeaeyo iaaeaeo o/?aaeeoaeyie.
Iio?aaeoaeueneea iauanoaa e eo nithcu ninoaaeytho nenoaio iio?aaeoaeueneie
eiiia?aoeee. Eo i?aaiaua, yeiiiie/aneea e nioeeaeueiua iniiau aeayoaeueiinoe
?aaoee?othony Caeiiii “I iio?aaeoaeueneie eiiia?aoeee (iio?aaeoaeueneeo iauanoaao,
eo nithcao) a ?O” io 11 ethey 1997 a.(*1)
Iio?aaeoaeueneia iauanoai nicaeaaony ca n/ao anooieoaeueiuo e iaaauo aciinia. Iii
inouanoaeyao oi?aiaoth, caaioiaeoaeueioth, i?iecaiaenoaaiioth, iin?aaeie/aneoth e eiua
aeaeu aeayoaeueiinoe. ?anniio?ei iauea i?eioeeiu aeayoaeueiinoe oeacaiiuo iauanoa: 1)
aeia?iaieueiinoue
(**1) NC ?O. – 1997. – N 28. – No. 3306.
!!54
anooieaiey a iio?aaeoaeueneia iauanoai e auoiaea ec iaai; 2) iaycaoaeueiinoue
oieaou anooieoaeueiiai e iaaaiai aciinia; 3) aeaiie?aoe/iinoue oi?aaeaiey (iaeei
iaeuee – iaeei aiein, iaycaoaeueiay iiaeio/aoiinoue iauaio nia?aieth iauanoaa ae?oaeo
i?aaiia oi?aaeaiey, i?aaiia eiio?iey, naiaiaeiia o/anoea iaeueeia a auai?iuo
i?aaiao iauanoaa); 4) acaeiiiiiiuue e iaania/aiea iaeueeia, o/anoaothueo a
oicyenoaaiiie eee eiie aeayoaeueiinoe iauanoaa; 5)ia?aie/aiea ?acia?ia
eiiia?aoeaiuo auieao; 6) aeinooiiinoue eioi?iaoeee i aeayoaeueiinoe iauanoaa aeey
anao iaeueeia; 7) iaeaieaa oe?ieia i?eaea/aiea aeaiuei aeey o/anoey a i?aaiao
oi?aaeaiey e i?aaiao eiio?iey; 8) caaioa i iiauoaiee eoeueoo?iiai o?iaiy
iaeueeia. O/?aaeeoaeyie iio?aaeoaeueneiai iauanoaa iiaoo auoue a?aaeaeaia, aeinoeaoea
16-eaoiaai aic?anoa, e (eee) th?eaee/aneea eeoea. *enei o/?aaeeoaeae ia aeieaeii auoue
iaiaa iyoe a?aaeaeai e(eee) o?ao th?eaee/aneeo eeoe. ?aoaiey i nicaeaiee
iio?aaeoaeueneiai iauanoaa e anooieaiee a nithc i?eieiathony o/?aaeeoaeueiui
nia?aieai. Iii ooaa?aeaeaao nienie iaeueeia, onoaa iauanoaa e io/ao i
?anoiaeiaaiee anooieoaeueiuo aciinia. O/?aaeeoaeueiia nia?aiea ecae?aao i?aaiu
oi?aaeaiey e eiio?iey: niaao iio?aaeoaeueneiai iauanoaa, aai i?aaenaaeaoaey,
?aaeceiiioth eiienneth e eiua i?aaiu, i?aaeoniio?aiiua onoaaii iauanoaa.
Iio?aaeoaeueneia iauanoai n/eoaaony nicaeaiiui n iiiaioa aai ainoaea?noaaiiie
?aaeno?aoeee, eioi?ay inouanoaeyaony ia iniiaaiee: i?ioieiea o/?aaeeoaeueiiai
nia?aiey i nicaeaiee iauanoaa, ooaa?aeaeaiey onoaaa e ninoaaa niaaoa iauanoaa;
onoaaa iauanoaa; naeaeaoaeuenoaa ia oieaoa ?aaeno?aoeeiiiiai nai?a.
Iio?aaeoaeueneia iauanoai eae th?eaee/aneia eeoei yaeyaony nianoaaiieeii eiouanoaa
iauanoaa, eioi?ua oi?ie?othony ec iaaauo aciinia iaeueeia, aeioiaeia io
i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie aeayoaeueiinoe iauanoaa e nicaeaiiuo ei i?aaiecaoeee, a oaeaea
aeioiaeia io ?aciauaiey aai nianoaaiiuo n?aaenoa a aaieao, oeaiiuo aoiaa e eiuo
enoi/ieeia, ia cai?auaiiuo caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii. , , Aeey auiieiaiey naieo onoaaiuo
caaea/ iio?aaeoaeueneea iauanoaa iiaoo nicaeaaaoue oicyenoaaiiua iauanoaa,
iaaeeoeeineea, ia?aciaaoaeueiua e eiua o/?aaeaeaiey, oeeeaeu e i?aaenoaaeoaeuenoaa,
ioaa/athuea onoaaiui oeaeyi iauanoaa. Iio?aaeoaeueneea iauanoaa iiaoo auoue
o/anoieeaie oicyenoaaiiuo iauanoa, eiiia?aoeaia, aeeaae/eeaie oiaa?euanoa ia
aa?a. Eiouanoai ca o/?aaeaeaieyie, nicaeaiiuie iauanoaii, cae?aieythony ia iniiaa
i?aaa iia?aoeaiiai oi?aaeaiey. Iio?aaeoaeueneia iauanoai ioaa/aao ii naiei
iaycaoaeuenoaai anai i?eiaaeeaaeauei aio eiouanoaii e ia ioaa/aao ii
iaycaoaeuenoaai iaeueeia.
!!55
Noaneaeea?iay ioaaonoaaiiinoue iaeueeia ii iaycaoaeuenoaai iauanoaa ii?aaeaeyaony a
ii?yaeea, i?aaeoniio?aiiii AE ?O e onoaaii iauanoaa. A oeaeii Caeii i
iio?aaeoaeueneie eiiia?aoeee cae?aiee i?aaiaia iieiaeaiea iio?aaeoaeueneie
eiiia?aoeee eae ia?iaeiie aeaiie?aoe/aneie i?aaiecaoeee, i?ecaaiiie caaioeoueny i
aeaaiiieo/ee iiiaeo ieeeeiiia naieo /eaiia e ianeoaeeaaaiiai ianaeaiey, i?eia?ii
37% a?aaeaeai ?innee. Iiaeiaiue i?eioeei aeayoaeueiinoue iio?aaeiiia?aoeee aa?ao naia
ia/aei a aeaaiea a?aiaia. Eiaiii oiaaea aa neiaieii noaei ?oeiiiaeaoea, icia/athuaa
niae?oaeanoai e iiiiuue. Iaeiaei, noauaeoii oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe iiaoo auoue
?acee/iua i?aaiecaoeee, eiathuea ainoaea?noaaiiue eee ioieoeeiaeueiue noaoon.
3. AINOAeA?NOAAIIUA E IOIEOeEIAEUeIUA OIEOA?IUA I?AAeI?EssOEss. Oieoa?iia i?aaei?eyoea
i?aaenoaaeyao niaie eiiia?/aneoth i?aaiecaoeeth ia iaaeaeaiioth i?aaii nianoaaiiinoe
ia cae?aieaiiia ca iae nianoaaiieeii eiouanoai. A?aaeaeaineei eiaeaenii
onoaiiaeaii, /oi a oi?ia oieoa?iuo i?aaei?eyoee iiaoo nicaeaaaoueny oieueei
ainoaea?noaaiiua e ioieoeeiaeueiua i?aaei?eyoey. Eiouanoai yoeo i?aaei?eyoee
i?eiaaeeaaeeo ia i?aaa nianoaaiiinoe ainoaea?noao eee ioieoeeiaeueiui ia?aciaaieyi.
Iii yaeyaony iaaeaeeiui e ia iiaeao auoue ?ani?aaeaeaii ii aeeaaeai (aeieyi, iayi), a
oii /enea e iaaeaeo ?aaioieeaie. Ionthaea iacaaiea “oieoa?iia” – aaeeiia. A ioee/ea
io ae?oaeo i?aaiecaoeeiiii- i?aaiauo oi?i i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa onoaa oieoa?iiai
i?aaei?eyoey aeieaeai aeiiieieoaeueii niaea?aeaoue naaaeaiey i i?aaeiaoa e oeaeyo
aeayoaeueiinoe i?aaei?eyoey, a oaeaea i ?acia?a onoaaiiai oiiaea i?aaei?eyoey,
ii?yaeea e enoi/ieeao aai oi?ie?iaaiey. A iacaaiee oieoa?iiai i?aaei?eyoey
(oe?iaiiii iaeiaiiaaiee) iaiaoiaeeii oeacaoue nianoaaiieea eiouanoaa. Eiouanoai o
oaeeo i?aaei?eyoee iaoiaeeony ia i?aaa oicyenoaaiiiai aaaeaiey eee iia?aoeaiiai
oi?aaeaiey. Oieoa?iia i?aaei?eyoea, iniiaaiiia ia i?aaa oicyenoaaiiiai aaaeaiey
eiouanoaii, nicaeaaony ii ?aoaieth oiieiiii/aiiiai ia oi ainoaea?noaaiiiai i?aaia
eee i?aaia ianoiiai naiioi?aaeaiey. Iineaaeiee yaeyaony nianoaaiieeii yoiai
eiouanoaa. ?acia? onoaaiiai oiiaea oaeiai i?aaei?eyoey ia iiaeao auoue iaiaa noiiu,
onoaiiaeaiiie caeiiii i ainoaea?noaaiiuo e ioieoeeiaeueiuo oieoa?iuo i?aaei?eyoeyo.
I?e/ai onoaaiue oiiae aeieaeai auoue iieiinoueth iiea/ai nianoaaiieeii aei
ainoaea?noaaiiie ?aaeno?aoeee i?aaei?eyoey.
!!56
Oieoa?iia i?aaei?eyoea ia i?aaa oicyenoaaiiiai aaaeaiey eiouanoaii iiaeao nicaeaoue
a ea/anoaa th?eaee/aneiai eeoea ae?oaia oieoa?iia i?aaei?eyoea iooai ia?aaea/e aio
/anoe naiaai eiouanoaa a oicyenoaaiiia aaaeaiea (aei/a?iaa i?aaei?eyoea). Onoaa
aei/a?iaai i?aaei?eyoey ooaa?aeaeaaony o/?aaeeoaeai. Ii aea iacia/aao ?oeiaiaeeoaey
aei/a?iaai i?aaei?eyoey. Nianoaaiiee eiouanoaa i?aaei?eyoey, iniiaaiiiai ia i?aaa
oicyenoaaiiiai aaaeaiey, ia ioaa/aao ii iaycaoaeuenoaai i?aaei?eyoey, ca
eneeth/aieai neo/aaa, i?aaeoniio?aiiuo A?aaeaeaineei eiaeaenii eee onoaaii. A
/anoiinoe, anee oauoee eee ianinoiyoaeueiinoue (aaie?ionoai) aucaaiu aeaenoaeyie
nianoaaiieea, o/?aaeeoaey, ia oaeeo eeoe iiaeao auoue aiceiaeaia noaneaeea?iay
ioaaonoaaiiinoue. A?aaeaeaineei eiaeaenii i?aaeoniio?aii nicaeaiea oaeaea oieoa?iuo
i?aaei?eyoee, iniiaaiiuo ia i?aaa iia?aoeaiiai oi?aaeaiey. Oaeea i?aaei?eyoey
iiaoo auoue nicaeaiu I?aaeoaeuenoaii ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee ia aaca eiouanoaa,
iaoiaeyuaainy a oaaea?aeueiie nianoaaiiinoe (oaaea?aeueiia eacaiiia i?aaei?eyoea).
Ii?yaeie nicaeaiey oaaea?aeueiiai eacaiiiai i?aaei?eyoey ii?aaeaeyaony caeiiii i
ainoaea?noaaiiuo e ioieoeeiaeueiuo oieoa?iuo i?aaei?eyoeyo. Aai o/?aaeeoaeueiui
aeieoiaioii yaeyaony onoaa, ooaa?aeaeaaiue I?aaeoaeuenoaii ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee.
I?aaiaie ?aaeei eiouanoaa eacaiiiai i?aaei?eyoey ?aaeaiaioe?oaony A?aaeaeaineei
eiaeaenii. Oaeia i?aaei?eyoea eiaao i?aai aeaaeaiey, iieueciaaiey e ?anii?yaeaiey.
Io/oaeaeaoue eiouanoai eee ?anii?yaeaoueny ei eiui niiniaii, eacaiiia i?aaei?eyoea
iiaeao eeoue n niaeaney nianoaaiieea yoiai eiouanoaa. Nianoaaiiee ai?aaa ecuyoue
eceeoiaa, iaeniieuecoaiia eeai eniieuecoaiia ia ii iacia/aieth eiouanoai e
?anii?yaeeoueny ei ii naiaio oniio?aieth. I?iecaaaeaiioth i?iaeoeoeeth eacaiiia
i?aaei?eyoea ?aaeecoao naiinoiyoaeueii, anee eiia ia onoaiiaeaii caeiiii eee
eiuie i?aaiauie aeoaie.
4. IAEUA I?AAeI?EssOEss. I?AAeI?EIEIAOAEUeNEAss AeAssOAEUeIINOUe A?AAEAeAIEIA. Iniaui
oicyenoaothuei noauaeoii, i?aaeoniio?aiiui aeaenoaothuei caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii,
aunooiaao iaeia i?aaei?eyoea. Aeaenoaothuaa a nia?aiaiiie oicyenoaaiiie i?aeoeea
iaeia i?aaei?eyoea ia yaeyaony iniaie i?aaiecaoeeiiiie oi?iie i?aaei?eyoey. Aai
noaoon ii?aaeaeyaony i?aaeaea anaai oi?iie nianoaaiiinoe
!!57
ia aai eiouanoai, niaoeeoeeie oi?ie?iaaiey onoaaiiai eaieoaea, a oaeaea
ia?aie/aiiie /eneaiiinoueth ?aaioieeia. I?e ?aoaiee aii?inia, naycaiiuo n
nicaeaieai e ooieoeeiie?iaaieai iaeuo i?aaei?eyoee, neaaeoao ?oeiaiaenoaiaaoueny
Oaaea?aeueiui Caeiiii io 14 ethiy 1995 aiaea “I ainoaea?noaaiiie iiaeaea?aeea iaeiai
i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa a ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee”(*1).
Iiae noauaeoaie iaeiai i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa iiieiathony eiiia?/aneea i?aaiecaoeee,
a onoaaiii eaieoaea eioi?uo aeiey o/anoey ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee, noauaeoia
?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee, iauanoaaiiuo e ?aeeaeiciuo i?aaiecaoeee (iauaaeeiaiee),
aeaaioai?eoaeueiuo e eiuo oiiaeia ia i?aauoaao 25%, aeiey, i?eiaaeeaaeauay iaeiiio
eee ianeieueeei th?eaee/aneei eeoeai, ia yaeythueiny noauaeoaie iaeiai
i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa, ia i?aauoaao 25%. Yoe ia?aie/aiey iai?aaeaiu ia oi, /oiau
aeaoue aiciiaeiinoue a?aaeaeaiai naiaiaeii ?aaeeciaaoue naie niiniaiinoe e eiouanoai
aeey inouanoaeaiey i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie aeayoaeueiinoe. Caeii oaeaea onoaiaaeeaaao
aeey iaeuo i?aaei?eyoee i?aaeaeueiue o?iaaiue /eneaiiinoe ?aaioieeia. Ca io/aoiue
ia?eiae ii ia aeieaeai i?aauoaoue: a i?iiuoeaiiinoe, a no?ieoaeuenoaa e ia
o?ainii?oa – 100 /aeiaae; a naeueneii oicyenoaa e iao/ii- oaoie/aneie noa?a – 60
/aeiaae; a ?icie/iie oi?aiaea e auoiaii ianeoaeeaaiee ianaeaiey – 30 /aeiaae; a
iioiaie oi?aiaea e a inoaeueiuo io?aneyo e i?e inouanoaeaiee ae?oaeo aeaeia
aeayoaeueiinoe – 50 /aeiaae. A neo/aa i?aauoaiey iaeui i?aaei?eyoeai onoaiiaeaiiie
/eneaiiinoe i?aaei?eyoea eeoaaony onoaiiaeaiiuo eueaio ia ia?eiae, a oa/aiea
eioi?iai aeiiouaii oeacaiiia i?aauoaiea, e ia iineaaeothuea o?e ianyoea. Noauaeo
iaeiai i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa n iiiaioa iiaea/e cayaeaiey onoaiiaeaiiiai
I?aaeoaeuenoaii ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee ia?acoea ?aaeno?e?oaony a i?aaiao
eniieieoaeueiie aeanoe e iieo/aao niioaaonoaothuee noaoon. Cai?auaaony
onoaiaaeeaaoue aeiiieieoaeueiua o?aaiaaiey e oneiaey aeey ?aaeno?aoeee noauaeoia
iaeiai i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa ii n?aaiaieth n oneiaeyie, onoaiiaeaiiuie
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii. Oeeiiaiea io ainoaea?noaaiiie ?aaeno?aoeee iaeuo i?aaei?eyoee
eee iaiainiiaaiiue ioeac a ainoaea?noaaiiie ?aaeno?aoeee iiaoo auoue iaaeaeiaaiu a
noaea. Anee noae auiineo ?aoaiea a iieueco enooea, aio aiciauaaony ainoaea?noaaiiay
iioeeia. Acuneaiea oeacaiiie iioeeiu i?iecaiaeeony n ioaao/eea.
(**1) NC ?O. – 1995. – N 25. – No. 2343.
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Oaaea?aeueiui caeiiii i?aaeoniao?eaaaony ainoaea?noaaiiay iiaeaea?aeea iaeiai
i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa. Iia inouanoaeyaony ii neaaeothuei iai?aaeaieyi:
– oi?ie?iaaiea eio?ano?oeoo?u iiaeaea?aeee e ?acaeoey iaeiai
i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa;
– nicaeaiea eueaioiuo oneiaee eniieueciaaiey noauaeoaie iaeiai
i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa ainoaea?noaaiiuo oeiainiauo, iaoa?eaeueii- oaoie/aneeo e
eioi?iaoeeiiiuo ?ano?nia, a oaeaea iao/ii- oaoie/aneeo ?ac?aaioie e oaoiieiaee;
– onoaiiaeaiea oi?iuaiiiai ii?yaeea ?aaeno?aoeee noauaeoia iaeiai
i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa, eeoeaice?iaaiey eo aeayoaeueiinoe, na?oeoeeaoeee eo i?iaeoeoeee,
i?aaenoaaeaiey ainoaea?noaaiiie noaoenoe/aneie e aooaaeoa?neie io/aoiinoe;
– iiaeaea?aeea aiaoiayeiiiie/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe noauaeoia iaeiai
i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa, aeeth/ay niaeaenoaea ?acaeoeth eo oi?aiauo, iao/ii-
oaoie/aneeo, i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo, eioi?iaoeeiiiuo naycae n ca?oaaaeiuie
ainoaea?noaaie;
– i?aaiecaoeey iiaeaioiaee, ia?aiiaeaioiaee e iiauoaiey eaaeeoeeaoeee eaae?ia
aeey iaeuo i?aaei?eyoee.
Ainoaea?noaaiiay iiaeaea?aeea iaeuo i?aaei?eyoee inouanoaeyaony a niioaaonoaee n
Oaaea?aeueiie i?ia?aiiie ainoaea?noaaiiie iiaeaea?aeee iaeiai i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa,
?aaeiiaeueiuie (iaae?aaeiiaeueiuie), io?aneaauie (iaaeio?aneaauie) e ioieoeeiaeueiuie
i?ia?aiiaie ?acaeoey e iiaeaea?aeee iaeiai i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa, ?ac?aaaouaaaiuie
niioaaonoaaiii I?aaeoaeuenoaii ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee, i?aaiaie eniieieoaeueiie
aeanoe noauaeoia ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee e i?aaiaie ianoiiai naiioi?aaeaiey.
Oeiainiaia iaania/aiea oaaea?aeueiie iieeoeee a iaeanoe ainoaea?noaaiiie iiaeaea?aeee
iaeiai i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa inouanoaeyao Oaaea?aeueiue oiiae iiaeaea?aeee iaeiai
i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa, nicaeaaaaiue I?aaeoaeuenoaii ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee. N?aaenoaa
4thiaea oi?ie?othony ca n/ao n?aaenoa oaaea?aeueiiai athaeaeaoa e ae?oaeo enoi/ieeia. 1
‘Ia?yaeo n eueaioaie^ ii iaeiaiiaeiaeaieth iaeui i?aaei?eyoeyi ?ac?aoaii i?eiaiyoue
onei?aiioth aii?oecaoeeth iniiaiuo i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo oiiaeia n ioianaieai cao?ao ia
ecaea?aeee i?iecaiaenoaa a ?acia?a a aeaa ?aca i?aauoathuei ii?iu, onoaiiaeaiiua aeey
niioaaonoaothueo aeaeia iniiaiuo oiiaeia. Iaeua i?aaei?eyoey iiaoo nienuaaoue
aeiiieieoaeueii aii?oecaoeeiiiua io/eneaiey aei 50% ia?aiia/aeueiie noieiinoe
iniiaiuo oiiaeia ni n?ieii neoaeau aieaa o?ao eao. A neo/aa i?ae?auaiey
aeayoaeueiinoe iaeiai i?aaei?eyoey aei enoa/aiey iaeiiai aiaea n iiiaioa aaiaea aai a
aeaenoaea noiiu aeiiieieoaeueii ia/eneaiiie aii?oecaoeee iiaeeaaeao ainnoaiiaeaieth ca
n/ao oaaee/aiey aaeainiaie i?eauee.
!!59
I?aaeoniio?aii oaeaea eueaioiia e?aaeeoiaaiea iaeuo i?aaei?eyoee n eiiiainaoeeae
niioaaonoaothuae ?acieoeu e?aaeeoiui i?aaiecaoeeyi ca n/ao n?aaenoa oiiaeia iiaeaea?aeee
iaeiai i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa. A oeaeyo ieacaiey iiiiue i?aaei?eyoeyi iiaoo
nicaeaaaoueny iauanoaa acaeiiiai e?aaeeoiaaiey iaeiai i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa aeey
aeeoioee?iaaiey a?aiaiii naiaiaeiuo aeaiaaeiuo n?aaenoa. N?aaenoaa yoeo iauanoa
nicaeathony ca n/ao aeeaaeia o/anoieeia – iaeuo i?aaei?eyoee e ?anoiaeothony oieueei
aeey ieacaiey oeiainiaie iiiiue o/anoieeai. I?aaeoaeuenoai ?O e eniieieoaeueiua
i?aaiu noauaeoia ?aca?ae?otho aeey iaeuo i?aaei?eyoee ii?aaeaeaiioth aeieth caeacia ia
i?iecaiaenoai e iinoaaeo ioaeaeueiuo aeaeia i?iaeoeoeee e oiaa?ia (oneoa) aeey
ainoaea?noaaiiuo ioaeae (ia iaiaa 15% io iauaai iauaia ainoaea?noaaiiiai caeaca).
Aei neo ii? iu ?anniao?eaaee oi?iu i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa, aeaenoaothuea a aeaea
nicaeaiey th?eaee/aneeo eeoe. Iaeiaei AE ?O i?aaeoniao?eaaao i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneo th
aeayoaeueiinoue e aac ia?aciaaiey th?eaee/aneiai eeoea. A oaeii aeaea
i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaii iiaoo caieiaoueny a?aaeaeaia. A?aaeaeaiei ai?aaa caieiaoueny
i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie aeayoaeueiinoueth aac ia?aciaaiey th?eaee/aneiai eeoea n iiiaioa
ainoaea?noaaiiie ?aaeno?aoeee a ea/anoaa eiaeeaeaeoaeueiiai i?aaei?eieiaoaey. Oaeei
aea i?aaei?eieiaoaeai i?eciaaony e aeaaa e?anoueyineiai (oa?ia?neiai) oicyenoaa n
iiiaioa ainoaea?noaaiiie ?aaeno?aoeee oaeiai oicyenoaa. E i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie
aeayoaeueiinoe a?aaeaeai, inouanoaeyaiie aac ia?aciaaiey th?eaee/aneiai eeoea,
niioaaonoaaiii i?eiaiythony i?aaeea A?aaeaeaineiai eiaeaena ?O, eioi?ua ?aaoee?otho
aeayoaeueiinoue th?eaee/aneeo eeoe, yaeythueony eiiia?/aneeie i?aaiecaoeeyie.
A?aaeaeaiei- i?aaei?eieiaoaeue ioaa/aao ii naiei iaycaoaeuenoaai anai naiei;
eiouanoaii. Eneeth/aiea ninoaaeyao eeoue eiouanoai, ia eioi?ia i niioaaonoaey n
caeiiii ia iiaeao auoue ia?auaii acuneaiea. Ia?a/aiue oaeiai eiouanoaa
onoaiaaeeaaaony}AIE:?O n; Eiaeeaeaeoaeueiue i?aaei?eieiaoaeue, eioi?ue ia a
ninoiyiee oaeiaeaoai?eoue o?aaiaaiey e?aaeeoi?ia, naycaiiua^ inouanoaeaieai ei
i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie aeayoaeueiinoe, ii ?aoaieth noaea iiaeao auoue i?eciai
ianinoiyoaeueiui (aaie?ioii). N iiiaioa i?eciaiey aai aaie?ioii oo?a/eaaao neeo
aai ?aaeno?aoeey a ea/anoaa eiaeeaeaeoaeueiiai i?aaei?eieiaoaey. Eiouanoai
e?anoueyineiai (oa?ia?neiai) oicyenoaa i?eiaaeeaaeeo aai /eaiai ia i?aaa
niaianoiie nianoaaiiinoe, anee caeiiii eee aeiaiai?ii iaaeaeo ieie ia onoaiiaeaii
eiia.
!!60
A niaianoiie nianoaaiiinoe /eaiia e?anoueyineiai (oa?ia?neiai) oicyenoaa
iaoiaeeony i?aaeinoaaeaiiue a nianoaaiiinoue yoiio oicyenoao eee i?eia?aoaiiue
o/anoie, ianaaeaeaiey, oicyenoaaiiua e eiua iino?ieee, iaeei?aoeaiua e ae?oaea
nii?oaeaiey, i?iaeoeoeaiue e ?aai/ee neio, ioeoea, naeueneioicyenoaaiiay e eiay
oaoieea e iai?oaeiaaiea, o?ainii?oiua n?aaenoaa, eiaaioa?ue e ae?oaia eiouanoai,
i?eia?aoaiiia aeey oicyenoaa e ia iauea n?aaenoaa aai /eaiia. Ieiaeu, i?iaeoeoeey e
aeioiaeu, iieo/aiiua a ?acoeueoaoa aeayoaeueiinoe, e?anoueyineiai (oa?ia?neiai)
oicyenoaa, yaeythony iauei eiouanoaii /eaiia e?anoueyineiai (oa?ia?neiai)
oicyenoaa e eniieuecothony ii niaeaoaieth iaaeaeo ieie. A neo/aa i?ae?auaiey
e?anoueyineiai (oa?ia?neiai) oicyenoaa iauaa eiouanoai iiaeeaaeeo ?acaeaeo ii
i?aaeeai, i?aaeoniio?aiiui AE ?O (no. 252,254). Caiaeueiue o/anoie a oaeeo
neo/ayo aeaeeony n o/aoii caiaeueiiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa. Iaeiaei i?e auoiaea ec
oicyenoaa iaeiiai ec aai /eaiia caiaeueiue o/anoie e n?aaenoaa i?iecaiaenoaa
?acaeaeo ia iiaeeaaeao. Auoaaeoee ec oicyenoaa eiaao i?aai ia iieo/aiea aeaiaaeiie
eiiiainaoeee, ni?acia?iie aai aeiea a iauae nianoaaiiinoe ia yoi eiouanoai. Ia
aaca eiouanoaa e?anoueyineiai (oa?ia?neiai) oicyenoaa aai /eaiaie iiaeao auoue
nicaeaii oicyenoaaiiia oiaa?euanoai eee i?iecaiaenoaaiiue eiiia?aoea. Iie
yaeythony th?eaee/aneeie eeoeaie e oi?ie?othony eae oaeiaua. Ainoaea?noaaiiay
?aaeno?aoeey i?aaei?eieiaoaey inouanoaeyaony ii oi?iuaiiie noaia a niioaaonoaee n
Iieiaeaieai i ii?yaeea ainoaea?noaaiiie ?aaeno?aoeee noauaeoia i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie
aeayoaeueiinoe. Aeey ?aaeno?aoeee i?aaei?eieiaoaeue i?aaeuyaeyao a ?aaeno?e?othuee
i?aai cayaeaiea, ninoaaeaiiia ii onoaiiaeaiiie oi?ia, e aeieoiaio ia oieaoa
?aaeno?aoeeiiiiai nai?a. Ainoaea?noaaiiay ?aaeno?aoeey i?aaei?eieiaoaeae
inouanoaeyaony a aeaiue i?aaenoaaeaiey aeieoiaioia, eeai a 3-aeiaaiue n?ie n iiiaioa
iieo/aiey aeieoiaioia ii ii/oa. A oio aea n?ie cayaeoaeth auaeaaony (aunueaaony)
aann?i/iia naeaeaoaeuenoai i;?aaeno?aoeee a ea/anoaa i?aaei?eieiaoaey. Ioeac a
ainoaea?noaaiiie ?aaeno?aoeee i?aaei?eieiaoaey, oeeiiaiea io oaeie ?aaeno?aoeee
iiaoo auoue iaaeaeiaaiu a noaea iauae th?enaeeeoeee.
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AEAAA 3. I?AAIAUA AII?INU AINOAeA?NOAAIIIAI ?AAOEE?IAAIEss I?AAeI?EIEIAOAEUeNEIE
AeAssOAEUeIINOE
1. Iauea aii?inu ainoaea?noaaiiiai ?aaoee?iaaiey i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie
aeayoaeueiinoe.
2. Ainoaea?noaaiiia ?aaoee?iaaiea i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie aeayoaeueiinoe /a?ac nenoaio
iaeiaia:
a) Iniiau iaeiaiaie nenoaiu. Aeaeu iaeiaia;
a) ooieoeee i?aaiia, eiio?iee?othueo niaethaeaiea iaeiaiaiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa;
a) I?aaa e iaycaiiinoe i?aaei?eieiaoaeae-iaeiaiieaoaeueueeia.
3. Aioeiiiiiieueiia ?aaoee?iaaiea i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie aeayoaeueiinoe.
4. I?aaiaia ?aaoee?iaaiea ea/anoaa i?iaeoeoeee, ?aaio e oneoa.
5. I?aaiaia ?aaoee?iaaiea onoaiiaeaiey e i?eiaiaiey oeai ia oiaa?u, ?aaiou e
oneoae.
6. I?aaiaia ?aaoee?iaaiea e?aaeeoiaaiey e ?an/aoia a ia?iaeiii oicyenoaa.
1. IAUEA AII?INU AINOAeA?NOAAIIIAI ?AAOEE?IAAIEss I?AAeI?EIEIAOAEUeNEIE
AeAssOAEUeIINOE Iniiaie anae i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie aeayoaeueiinoe a ?innee yaeyaony
eieoeeaoeaiinoue e naiinoiyoaeueiinoue aa o/anoieeia. Yoe i?eioeeiu cae?aieaiu a
aeaenoaothuai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa. I?aaei?eyoea naiinoiyoaeueii ieaie?oao naith
aeayoaeueiinoue n o/aoii caeeth/aiiuo aeiaiai?ia n iinoaaueeaie e iieoiaoaeyie,
iie?aynue ia ni?in e eiiuthieoo?o ?uiea, ?anii?yaeaaony i?eaueueth, inoaaoaeny iinea
oieaou iaeiaia e ae?oaeo iaycaoaeueiuo ieaoaaeae. Aianoa n oai, naiinoiyoaeueiinoue
i?aaei?eyoey ia aaca?aie/ia. I?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoai ia iiaeao auoue aac
ainoaea?noaaiiiai eiio?iey, ?aaoee?iaaiey e eii?aeeie?othuaai aicaeaenoaey. Caeii
?NON? “I i?aaei?eyoeyo e i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie aeayoaeueiinoe” (no. 20) io 25
aeaeaa?y 1990 aiaea, a iioii AE ?O 1994 cae?aieee aa?aioee i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie
aeayoaeueiinoe. Iaeiie ec oaeeo aa?aioee yaeyaony cai?auaiea aiaoaoaeuenoaa
ainoaea?noaa e aai i?aaiia a aeayoaeueiinoue i?aaei?eyoey, e?iia eae ii
onoaiiaeaiiui caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii iniiaaieyi e a i?aaeaeao iieiiii/ee yoeo
i?aaiia.
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A oneiaeyo i?iaaaeaiey yeiiiie/aneie ?aoi?iu, ia?aoiaea e ?uieo nenoaia
aaeieieno?aoeaiiai oi?aaeaiey ia?iaeiui oicyenoaii i?aoa?iaea ei?aiiua eciaiaiey.
I?aaiu oi?aaeaiey aianoi ieaie?iaaiey “naa?oo”, aeiaaaeaiey caaeaiee e aeanoeiai
eiio?iey ca eo eniieiaieai inouanoaeytho aicaeaenoaea ia yeiiiieeo /a?ac
e?aaeeoiaaiea, nenoaio iaeiaia, eeoeaice?iaaiea ioaeaeueiuo aeaeia
i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie aeayoaeueiinoe, iieeoeeo oeai, na?oeoeeaoeeth oiaa?ia (?aaio,
oneoa), iaaeiiouaiea (ia?aie/aiea) iiiiiieueiiai iieiaeaiey ioaeaeueiuo
i?aaei?eieiaoaeae ia ?uiea e iaaeia?iniaanoiie eiieo?aioeee. I?aaei?eieiaoaee
caeioa?aniaaiu a /aoeeo acaeiiioiioaieyo n i?aaiaie oi?aaeaiey, iiyoiio
aic?anoaao ?ieue i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey eae naiie i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie
aeayoaeueiinoe, oae e eiio?ieueiuo ooieoeee ainoaea?noaa. A iiauo yeiiiie/aneeo
oneiaeyo cia/eoaeueii eciaieeenue eiiiaoaioeey, ooieoeee e caaea/e io?aneaauo e eiuo
i?aaiia oi?aaeiey. Ieienoa?noaa e aaaeiinoaa ia iaaeaeaiu oaia?ue a iieiii iauaia
ooieoeeyie ?anii?yaeaiey eiouanoaii aeaaea ainoaea?noaaiiuo i?aaei?eyoee oaaea?aeueiie
nianoaaiiinoe. A niioaaonoaee n i. 3 Iinoaiiaeaiey Aa?oiaiiai Niaaoa ?O io 27
aeaeaa?y 1991 a. “I ?aca?aie/aiee ainoaea?noaaiiie nianoaaiiinoe a ?inneeneie
Oaaea?aoeee ia oaaea?aeueioth nianoaaiiinoue, ainoaea?noaaiioth nianoaaiiinoue ?anioaeee
a ninoaaa ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee, e?aaa, iaeanoae, aaoiiiiiie iaeanoe, aaoiiiiiuo
ie?oaia, ai?iaeia Iineau e Naieo-Iaoa?ao?aa e ioieoeeiaeueioth nianoaaiiinoue”,
aeaenoaothuaai a ?aaeaeoeee Iinoaiiaeaiey Aa?oiaiiai Niaaoa ?O io 21 ethey 1993 a. N
5475 \ oi?aaeaiea e ?anii?yaeaiea iauaeoaie oaaea?aeueiie nianoaaiiinoe, ca
eneeth/aieai neo/aaa, i?aaeoniio?aiiuo caeiiiaeaoaeueiuie aeoaie ?inneeneie
Oaaea?aoeee, inouanoaeyao Niaao Ieieno?ia – I?aaeoaeuenoai ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee.
I?aaeoaeuenoao ?innee i?aaeinoaaeaii i?aai aeaeaae?iaaoue ieienoa?noaai e
aaaeiinoaai ?yae iieiiii/ee a ioiioaiee iauaeoia oaaea?aeueiie nianoaaiiinoe, a oii
/enea iiaeaaaeiinoaaiiuo ei i?aaei?eyoee, E oaeei iieiiii/eyi ioianaiu: caeeth/aiea
aeiaiai?ia n ?oeiaiaeeoaeyie i?aaei?eyoee, i?aaiecaoeee e o/?aaeaeaiee, ooaa?aeaeaiea
onoaaia i?aaei?eyoee, i?aaiecaoeee, o/?aaeaeaiee, caeeth/aiea aeiaiai?ia a?aiaeu
eiouanoaa. Ainoaea?noaaiiui i?aaiii, iinoiyiii inouanoaeythuei ooieoeee
i?aaenoaaeoaey nianoaaiieea, yaeyaony Ainoaea?noaaiiue eiieoao ?inneeneie
Oaaea?aoeee ii oi?aaeaieth eiouanoaii (a iineaaenoaee i?aia?aciaai a Ieienoa?noai
ainoaea?noaaiiiai eiouanoaa
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?O). Iaeiaei yoio. i?aai ia iaaeaeai i?aaii oi?aaeyoue i?ioeannii i?iecaiaenoaa e
?aaeeciauaaoue i?iaeoeoeeth, o.a. ia iiaeao aiaoeaaoueny a oicyenoaaiioth aeayoaeueiinoue
i?aaei?eyoey. Aiaeiae/iuie i?aaaie ii iiaiaeo i?aaei?eyoee niioaaonoaothuae
nianoaaiiinoe iaaeaeaiu e niioaaonoaothuea eiieoaou a noauaeoao ?inneeneie
Oaaea?aoeee. Iauaaeeiaieyi i?aaei?eyoee cai?auaii inouanoaeyoue aeanoiua ooieoeee ii
ioiioaieth e aoiaeyuei a yoe iauaaeeiaiey i?aaei?eyoeyi, ?anii?yaeaoueny eo
eiouanoaii, aunooiaoue a?aiaeiaeaoaeai ainoaea?noaaiiuo i?aaei?eyoee, o/?aaeaeaoue,
?ai?aaieciauaaoue e eeeaeaee?iaaoue ainoaea?noaaiiua i?aaei?eyoey, iacia/aoue e
oaieueiyoue ?oeiaiaeeoaeae ainoaea?noaaiiuo i?aaei?eyoee, aeaaaoue ae?oaea,
iaycaoaeueiua aeey eniieiaiey oeacaiey. Ia yoii neacaii a iinoaiiaeaiee
Aa?oiaiiai Niaaoa ?NON? io 11 ieoya?y 1991 a. “Ia oii?yaei/aiee nicaeaiey e
aeayoaeueiinoe annioeeaoeee, eiioea?iia, ei?ii?aoeee e ae?oaeo iauaaeeiaiee i?aaei?eyoee
ia oa??eoi?ee ?NON?”.(*1)
Cai?ao i?aaiai aeanoe e oi?aaeaiey aiaoeaaoueny a noa?o i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie
aeayoaeueiinoe, eiaaea i?aai i?eiyoey ?aoaiee i?eiaaeeaaeeo eneeth/eoaeueii
i?aaei?eieiaoaeyi, ia?aaeei ia?ooaaony. Aeanoiua i?aaiu ia i?aeoeea ouaieytho
i?aaa e caeiiiua eioa?anu i?aaei?eyoee. Caeii iuoaaony i?aaeioa?aoeoue iiaeiaiua
neo/ae e onoaiaaeeaaao oaeea i?aaeea: anee aeanoiue aeo ainoaea?noaaiiiai i?aaia
i?eiyo n ia?ooaieai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa, aai a noaeaaiii ii?yaeea i?eciatho
iaaeaenoaeoaeueiui. A noaeaaiii ii?yaeea acuneeaathony oauoee, i?e/eiaiiua
i?aaei?eieiaoaeth. Iniiaaieyie aeey i?eciaiey aeanoiiai aeoa iaaeaenoaeoaeueiui
yaeythony ecaeaiea aai niioaaonoaothuei i?aaiii aia eiiiaoaioeee eeai i?eiyoea aai
n ia?ooaieai oi?iu, ii?yaeea eee n?ieia i?eiyoey, aeiaaaeaiey aei naaaeaiey
i?aaei?eieiaoaeae. Iniiaaiey aeey ii?ioanoiaaiey a?aaeaeaiaie iai?aaiia?iuo ?aoaiee
ainoaea?noaaiiuo i?aaiia e i?aaiia naiioi?aaeaiey a noae iauae eiiiaoaioeee
ii?aaeaeaiu Caeiiii ?O io 27 ai?aey 1993 aiaea “Ia iaaeaeiaaiee a noae aeaenoaee e
?aoaiee, ia?ooathueo i?aaa e naiaiaeu a?aaeaeai”2. Niaeanii yoiio Caeiio iinooiaao
a?aaeaeaiei, eioi?iio i?aaiu ianoiie aaeieieno?aoeee i?aiyonoaotho a ?aaeno?aoeee a
ea/anoaa i?aaei?eieiaoaey. Aeou (aeaenoaey aeieaeiinoiuo eeoe) iiaoo auoue iaaeaeiaaiu
a noae, anee: eie ia?ooaiu i?aaa e naiaiaeu a?aaeaeai; nicaeaiu i?aiyonoaey
inouanoaeaiey a?aaeaeaieiii aai i?aa e naiaiae; ia a?aaeaeaieia iacaeiiii aiceiaeaia
eaeay-eeai iaycaiiinoue eee ii iacaeiiii i?eaea/ai e eaeie-eeai ioaaonoaaiiinoe
(**1) Oai aea. -1991. -N43. -No.1373.
(**2) Oai aea. -1993. -N19. -No.685.
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Yoei caeiiii ii?aaeaeai ii?yaeie iiaea/e aeaeiau, aa ?anniio?aiey e eniieiaiey
?aoaiey noaea ii aeaeiaa. Ii?yaeie ia?auaiey a a?aeo?aaeiue noae n cayaeaieai i
i?eciaiee aeoa iaaeaenoaeoaeueiui, n?iee ?anniio?aiey e i?eiyoey ?aoaiey
ii?aaeaeaiu AIE ?O. Aeaea ii oaeei cayaeaieyi aicaoaeaeathony aac i?aaeaa?eoaeueiiai,
i?aoaiceiiiiai o?aaoee?iaaiey ?aciiaeanee, aac ia?auaiey e auoanoiyuaio i?aaio.
Ia iaiaa aaaeiie aa?aioeae caeiiiuo eioa?ania yaeyaony i?aai ia ia?auaiea a
a?aeo?aaeiue noae n eneii e aeanoiiio i?aaio i aiciauaiee oauoeia, i?e/eiaiiuo
iai?aaiia?iuie aeaenoaeyie (aacaeaenoaeai). ^ I?aaei?eieiaoaeue ai?aaa o?aaiaaoue
aiciauaiey ?anoiaeia, iiianaiiuo a nayce n auiieiaieai iai?aaiia?iuo oeacaiee
i?aaia aeanoe e oi?aaeaiey; oauoeia, aucaaiiuo oo?aoie eee iia?aaeaeaieai
eiouanoaa, a oaeaea oiouaiiie auaiaeu, o.a. aeioiaeia, eioi?ua ii iia au iieo/eoue,
anee au aeanoiue i?aai ia ia?ooee o?aaiaaiey caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa. Iaeiaei
i?aaei?eieiaoaeue aeieaeai ia oieueei aeieacaoue ?acia? oauoeia, ii e i?e/eiioth naycue
iaaeaeo oauoeaie e iai?aaiia?iuie aeaenoaeyie (aacaeaenoaeai) ainoaea?noaaiiiai
i?aaia eee i?aaia ianoiiai naiioi?aaeaiey, i?eiyoea iaiaoiaeeiuo ia? e
i?aaeioa?auaieth eee oiaiueoaieth oauoeia. Ia?ooaiea caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa,
?aaoee?othuaai ioiioaiey i?aaei?eieiaoaey n i?aaiaie aeanoe e oi?aaeaiey, aea/ao
aeey i?aaei?eieiaoaey iaaeaaii?eyoiua iineaaenoaey. Yoe iaaeaaii?eyoiua
iineaaenoaey i?aaeoniio?aiu a iaeiaiaii, aioeiiiiiieueiii caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa, a
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa i caueoa i?aa iio?aaeoaeae e ae?oaii caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa,
?aaoee?othuai ioiioaiey a noa?a oi?aaeaiey. E naieoeeyi (iaaeaaii?eyoiui
iineaaenoaeyi) a noa?a oi?aaeaiey iiaeii ioianoe eeoaiea eeoeaicee ia caiyoea
i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie aeayoaeueiinoueth, ecuyoea i?eauee, iieo/aiiie a ?acoeueoaoa
ia?ooaiey aeenoeeieeiu oeai, nie?uoey aeioiaeia e o.i., a oaeaea acuneaiea oo?aoa.
Oioy ii?iu ia ioaaonoaaiiinoe a noa?a oi?aaeaiey aeeth/aiu a ?acee/iua
caeiiiaeaoaeueiua aeou, iiaeii auaeaeeoue iauea /a?ou, oa?aeoa?iua aeey naieoeee a
noa?a oi?aaeaiey: naieoeee ianooiatho ca ia?ooaiea i?aaiii?yaeea, iauanoaaiiuo e
ainoaea?noaaiiuo eioa?ania, a ia /ueeo-oi noauaeoeaiuo i?aa, iiyoiio i?eiaiythony
niioaaonoaothuei i?aaiii oi?aaeaiey, a ia iioa?iaaoei; aaeieieno?aoeaiua oo?aou
acuneeaathony a athaeaeao, a ia a iieueco iioa?iaaoaai; aaeieieno?aoeaiue oo?ao, eae
i?aaeei, acuneeaaaony a aannii?iii ii?yaeea, oiaaea eae oo?ao, yaeythueeny
naieoeeae ca ia?ooaiey
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a a?aaeaeainei-i?aaiauo ioiioaieyo, eae i?aaeei, acuneeaaaony iioa?iaaoae
noi?iiie a i?aoaiceiiii- eneiaii ii?yaeea. Oaeei ia?acii, aaeieieno?aoeaioth,
oeiainiaoth ioaaonoaaiiinoue iiaeii ioa?aie/eoue io a?aaeaeainei- i?aaiaie ii: aeaeo
naieoeee, noauaeoai e ii?yaeeo i?eaea/aiey e ioaaonoaaiiinoe. Ioee/ea iiaeii aua
i?iaanoe ii oeaeyi i?eiaiaiey ioaaonoaaiiinoe, naieoeee. Aaeieieno?aoeaii-
i?aaiaua naieoeee eiatho a iniiaiii ea?aoaeueioth oeaeue – iaeacaoue i?aaiia?ooeoaey,
a a?aaeaeainei- i?aaiaua – eiiiainaoeeiiioth, o.a. eiiiaine?iaaoue i?e/eiaiiue
oua?a. Iaeiaei i?eaaaeaiiua ?acee/ey iiaoo ia?aiaaeaoueny: a?aaeaeainei- i?aaiaua
oo?aou, acuneeaaaiua naa?o oauoeia, yaeythony ea?aoaeueiuie, naieoeee a
a?aaeaeaineeo i?aaiioiioaieyo iiaoo acuneeaaoueny a aannii?iii ii?yaeea, a a
aaeieieno?aoeaiuo – a noaeaaiii ii?yaeea. Iaeaieaa iioeiaeueiui neaaeoao i?eciaoue
?aca?aie/aiea aaeieieno?aoeaiuo e a?aaeaeainei- i?aaiauo naieoeee ii nouanoao
i?aaiioiioaiee, ca ia?ooaiea i?aaiaie iaycaiiinoe a eioi?uo ianooiaao
ioaaonoaaiiinoue. | Oaeia ?aca?aie/aiea aeey i?aaei?eieiaoaeae eiaao i?aeoe/aneia
cia/aiea, oae eae aaeieieno?aoeaiue (oeiainiaue) oo?ao, iaeaaaaiue ca ia?ooaiey
a noa?a oi?aaeaiey, oiea/eaaaony ec /enoie i?eauee, inoathuaeny ia i?aaei?eyoee,
a a?aaeaeainei- i?aaiaie oo?ao (iaonoieea, iaiy) io?aaeaaony ia n/aoa “I?eaueue e
oauoee” e ioiineony ia aia?aaeecaoeeiiiua ?anoiaeu. Iaeiei ec niiniaia
ainoaea?noaaiiiai ?aaoee?iaaiey i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie aeayoaeueiinoe yaeyaony
onoaiiaeaiea ii?yaeea eeoeaice?iaaiey ioaeaeueiuo aeaeia i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie
aeayoaeueiinoe e iaiin?aaenoaaiii eeoeaice?iaaiea. Ii?yaeie eeoeaice?iaaiey e
ia?a/aiue aeaeia aeayoaeueiinoe, iiaeeaaeauae eeoeaice?iaaieth, ii?aaeaeyaony
I?aaeoaeuenoaii ?O. Iniiaaiey e ii?yaeie eeoeaice?iaaiey iiaoo onoaiaaeeaaoueny
ioaeaeueiuie caeiiiaeaoaeueiuie aeoaie. Oae, caeii “I oiaa?iuo ae?aeao” aiceiaeee ia
Aioeiiiiiieueiue eiieoao ooieoeeth auaea/e eeoeaicee ae?aeai. A niioaaonoaee n
caeiiii “I aaieao e aaieianeie aeayoaeueiinoe” eeoeaicee aaieai auaeathony
Oeaio?aeueiui aaieii ?innee. Iinoaiiaeaieai I?aaeoaeuenoaa ?O io 27 iay 1993 a. N
492 “I iieiiii/eyo i?aaiia eniieieoaeueiie aeanoe e?aaa, iaeanoae, aaoiiiiiuo
ia?aciaaiee, ai?iaeia oaaea?aeueiiai cia/aiey ii eeoeaice?iaaieth ioaeaeueiuo aeaeia
aeayoaeueiinoe” (*1) i?aai auaea/e eeoeaicee i?aaeinoaaeaii niioaaonoaothuei
aaeieieno?aoeeyi (i?aaiai oa??eoi?eaeueii- io?aneaaiai oi?aaeaiey). Iinoaiiaeaieai
ooaa?aeaeai
(**1) Nia?aiea aeoia I?aceaeaioa e I?aaeoaeuenoaa ?inneeneie oaaea?aoeee. -1993.
-N22. -No.2033.
!!66
“I?eia?iue ii?yaeie eeoeaice?iaaiey” e “Ia?a/aiue aeaeia aeayoaeueiinoe”,
inouanoaeyaiie eeoue i?e iaee/ee eeoeaicee (?ac?aoaiey). Ia iniiaaiee “I?eia?iiai
ii?yaeea” aaeieieno?aoeee e?aaa, iaeanoae, aaoiiiiiuo ia?aciaaiee e ai?iaeia
oaaea?aeueiiai cia/aiey ?ac?aaaouaatho naie ii?yaeie eeoeaice?iaaiey ioaeaeueiuo aeaeia
aeayoaeueiinoe. Aii?in i auaea/a eeoeaicee aeieaeai ?anniao?eaaoueny a 15-aeiaaiue n?ie
ni aeiy iiaea/e cayaee. Ioeac a auaea/a eeoeaicee iiaeao auoue iaaeaeiaai a noaeaaiii
ii?yaeea. Ii?aaeaeaiioth ?ieue a ?acaeoee iaeiai i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa i?ecaai
nua?aoue Oiiae iiaeaea?aeee iaeiai i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa e ?acaeoey eiieo?aioeee,
ia?aciaaiiue iinoaiiaeaieai Niaaoa Ieieno?ia – I?aaeoaeuenoaa ?inneeneie
Oaaea?aoeee io 1 ai?aey 1993 a. i?e Aioeiiiiiieueiii eiieoaoa(*1).
2. AINOAeA?NOAAIIIA ?AAOEE?IAAIEA I?AAeI?EIEIAOAEUeNEIE AeAssOAEUeIINOE *A?AC NENOAIO
IAEIAIA.
a) Iniiau iaeiaiaie nenoaiu. Aeaeu iaeiaia
Aeaenoaothuay a ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee iaeiaiaay nenoaia auea aaaaeaia n 1 yiaa?y
1992 aiaea Caeiiii ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee io 27 aeaeaa?y 1991 a. “Ia iniiaao
iaeiaiaie nenoaiu a ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee”(*2) . Iia i?aaenoaaeyao niaie
niaieoiiinoue iaeiaia, nai?ia, iioeei e ae?oaeo ieaoaaeae, aceiaaiuo a
onoaiiaeaiiii ii?yaeea. I?e yoii iiae iaeiaii (nai?ii, iioeeiie e ae?oaei
ieaoaaeii) iiieiaaony iaycaoaeueiue aciin a athaeaeao niioaaonoaothuaai o?iaiy eee ai
aiaathaeaeaoiue oiiae, inouanoaeyaiue ieaoaeueueeaie. A oeacaiiue caeii aiineeenue
iiiai/eneaiiua eciaiaiey e aeiiieiaiey(*3) . Oai ia iaiaa iaeiaiaia
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai aeaeaei io niaa?oainoaa. A niioaaonoaee n aeaenoaothuei
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii ia oa??eoi?ee ?innee aceiathony o?e aeaea iaeiaia: a)
oaaea?aeueiua; a) iaeiae ?anioaeee a ninoaaa ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee e iaeiae e?aaa,
iaeanoae, aaoiiiiiuo ia?aciaaiee; a) ianoiua iaeiae.
(**1) Nia?aiea aeoia I?aceaeaioa e I?aaeoaeuenoaa ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee.
-1993.-N14.-No.1189.
(**2) Aaaeiiinoe Nuacaea ia?iaeiuo aeaiooaoia ?NON? e Aa?oiaiiai Niaaoa ?NON?.
-1992. -N11. -No.527.
(**3) Oai aea. -1992. -N34. -No. 1976; 1993. -N4. -No.118; N23. -No.824.
!!67
Aii?inu oaaea?aeueiuo iaeiaia e nai?ia (a oii /enea ?acia?u eo noaaie, iauaeou
iaeiaiiaeiaeaiey, ieaoaeueueee iaeiaia) e ii?yaeie ca/eneaiey eo a athaeaeao eee ai
aiaathaeaeaoiue oiiae onoaiaaeeaathony caeiiiaeaoaeueiuie aeoaie ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee
e aoiaeyo a eneeth/eoaeueioth eiiiaoaioeeth ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee (no.71 Eiinoeoooeee
?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee). Oaaea?aeueiua iaeiae aceiathony ia anae oa??eoi?ee ?innee.
E oaaea?aeueiui iaeiaai ioiinyony neaaeothuea iaeiae: a) iaeia ia aeiaaaeaiioth
noieiinoue; a) aeoeecu ia ioaeaeueiua a?oiiu e aeaeu oiaa?ia; a) iaeia ia aeioiaeu
aaieia; a) iaeia ia aeioiaeu io no?aoiaie aeayoaeueiinoe; ae) iaeia n ae?aeaaie
aeayoaeueiinoe (ae?aeaaie iaeia); a) iaeia ia iia?aoeee n oeaiiuie aoiaaaie; ae)
oaiiaeaiiay iioeeia; c) io/eneaiey ia aini?iecaiaenoai ieia?aeueiinu?ueaaie aacu,
ca/eneyaiua a niaoeeaeueiue aiaathaeaeaoiue oiiae ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee; iaieaoaaee ca
iieueciaaiea i?e?iaeiuie ?ano?naie, ca/eneyaiua a oaaea?aeueiue athaeaeao, a
?anioaeeeaineee athaeaeao ?anioaeeee a ninoaaa ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee, a e?aaaua,
iaeanoiua athaeaeaou e?aaa e iaeanoae, iaeanoiie athaeaeao aaoiiiiiie iaeanoe,
ie?oaeiua athaeaeaou aaoiiiiiuo ie?oaia e athaeaeaoa ?aeiiia a ii?yaeea e ia oneiaeyo,
i?aaeoniio?aiiuo caeiiiaeaoaeueiuie aeoaie ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee; e) iiaeioiaeiue
iaeia (iaeia ia i?eaueue) n i?aaei?eyoee; e) iiaeioiaeiue iaeia n oece/aneeo eeoe;
i) iaeiae, neoaeauea enoi/ieeaie ia?aciaaiey aei?iaeiuo oiiaeia, ca/eneyaiua a yoe
oiiaeu a ii?yaeea, ii?aaeaeyaiii caeiiiaeaoaeueiuie aeoaie i aei?iaeiuo oiiaeao a
?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee; i) aa?aiaue nai?; i) ainoaea?noaaiiay iioeeia; i) iaeia n
eiouanoaa, ia?aoiaeyuaai a ii?yaeea ianeaaeiaaiey e aea?aiey; ?) nai? ca
eniieueciaaiea iaeiaiiaaiee “?inney”, “?inneeneay Oaaea?aoeey” e ia?aciaaiiuo ia
eo iniiaa neia e neiaini/aoaiee. E iaeiaai ?anioaeee a ninoaaa ?inneeneie
Oaaea?aoeee, e?aaa, iaeanoae, aaoiiiiiuo ia?aciaaiee ioiinyony neaaeothuea iaeiae:
a) iaeia ia eiouanoai i?aaei?eyoee. Noiia ieaoaaeae ii iaeiao ?aaiuie aeieyie
ca/eneyaony a ?anioaeeeaineee athaeaeao ?anioaeeee a ninoaaa ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee,
e?aaaua, iaeanoiua athaeaeaou e?aaa, iaeanoae, iaeanoiie, ie?oaeiie athaeaeaou
aaoiiiiiuo ia?aciaaiee e a ?aeiiiua athaeaeaou ?aeiiia, ai?iaeneea athaeaeaou ai?iaeia
ii ianoo iaoiaeaeaiey ieaoaeueueea;
a) eaniie aeioiae;
a) ieaoa ca aiaeo, caae?aaioth i?iiuoeaiiuie i?aaei?eyoeyie ec
aiaeioicyenoaaiiuo nenoai;
a) nai? ia ioaeaeu ia?aciaaoaeueiuo o/?aaeaeaiee, aceiaaiue n th?eaee/aneeo eeoe.
Ia?a/eneaiiua a i.i. “a”- “a” iaeiae noauaeoia oaaea?aoeee onoaiaaeeaathony
caeiiiaeaoaeueiuie aeoaie ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee e aceiathony ia anae aa oa??eoi?ee.
Eiie?aoiua noaaee yoeo iaeiaia
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ii?aaeaeythony caeiiaie ?anioaeee a ninoaaa ?innee eee ?aoaieyie i?aaiia
ainoaea?noaaiiie aeanoe ae?oaeo noauaeoia ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee, anee eiia ia
onoaiiaeaii caeiiiaeaoaeueiuie aeoaie ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee. Nai? ia ioaeaeu
ia?aciaaoaeueiuo o/?aaeaeaiee ii?aaeaeyaony naiinoiyoaeueii noauaeoaie oaaea?aoeee, ii
noaaee nai?a ia iiaoo i?aauoaoue iaeiiai i?ioeaioa aiaeiaiai oiiaea ca?aaioiie ieaou
i?aaei?eyoee, o/?aaeaeaiee e i?aaiecaoeee, ?aniieiaeaiiuo ia oa??eoi?ee noauaeoia
?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee. Iaeaieaa iaoe?iui i?aaenoaaeyaony ia?a/aiue ianoiuo
iaeiaia, e eioi?ui caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii ioianaiu neaaeothuea iaeiae: a) iaeia ia
eiouanoai oece/aneeo eeoe. Noiia ieaoaaeae ii iaeiao ca/eneyaony a ianoiue athaeaeao
ii ianoo iaoiaeaeaiey (?aaeno?aoeee) iauaeoa iaeiaiiaeiaeaiey; a) caiaeueiue iaeia.
Ii?yaeie ca/eneaiey iinooieaiee ii iaeiao a niioaaOnoaothuee’athaeaeao ii?aaeaeyaony
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii i caiea; a) ?aaeno?aoeeiiiue nai? n oece/aneeo eeoe,
caieiathueony i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie aeayoaeueiinoueth. Noiia nai?a ca/eneyaony a
athaeaeao ii ianoo eo ?aaeno?aoeee; a) iaeia ia no?ieoaeuenoai iauaeoia
i?iecaiaenoaaiiiai iacia/aiey a eo?i?oiie ciia; ae) eo?i?oiue nai?; a) nai? ca
i?aai oi?aiaee. Nai? onoaiaaeeaaaony ?aeiiiuie, ai?iaeneeie (aac ?aeiiiiai
aeaeaiey), ?aeiiiuie (a ai?iaea) , iinaeeiauie, naeueneeie i?aaiaie
ainoaea?noaaiiie aeanoe. Nai? oiea/eaaaony iooai i?eia?aoaiey ?aciaiai oaeiia
eee a?aiaiiiai iaoaioa e iieiinoueth ca/eneyaony a niioaaonoaothuee athaeaeao; ae)
oeaeaaua nai?u n a?aaeaeai e i?aaei?eyoee, o/?aaeaeaiee, i?aaiecaoeee iacaaeneii io eo
i?aaiecaoeeiiii- i?aaiauo oi?i ia niaea?aeaiea ieeeoeee, ia aeaaiono?ienoai
oa??eoi?ee e ia ae?oaea oeaee. Noaaea nai?ia a aiae ia iiaeao i?aauoaoue ?acia?a
iaeiiai i?ioeaioa io 12 onoaiiaeaiiuo caeiiii ?acia?ia ieieiaeueiie iany/iie
iieaou o?oaea aeey oece/aneiai eeoea, a aeey th?eaee/aneiai eeoea – ?acia?a iaeiiai
i?ioeaioa io aiaeiaiai oiiaea ca?aaioiie ieaou, ?ann/eoaiiiai enoiaey ec
onoaiiaeaiiiai caeiiii ?acia?a ieieiaeueiie iany/iie iieaou o?oaea. Noaaee a
ai?iaeao e ?aeiiao onoaiaaeeaathony niioaaonoaothueie i?aaiaie ainoaea?noaaiiie
aeanoe, a a iinaeeao e naeueneeo ianaeaiiuo ioieoao – ia nia?aieyo e noiaeao
aeeoaeae; c) iaeia ia ?aeeaio. Yoio iaeia oiea/eaatho th?eaee/aneea e oece/aneea
eeoea, ?aeeaie?othuea naith i?iaeoeoeeth, ii noaaea, ia i?aauoathuae 5 i?ioeaioia
noieiinoe oneoa ii ?aeeaia; e) iaeia ia ia?ai?iaeaaeo aaoiiiaeeae, au/eneeoaeueiie
oaoieee e ia?niiaeueiuo eiiiuethoa?ia. Iaeia oiea/eaatho th?eaee/aneea e oece/aneea
eeoea, ia?ai?iaeathuea oeacaiiua oiaa?u, ii noaaea, ia i?aauoathuae 10 i?ioeaioia
noiiu naeaeee; e) nai? n aeaaeaeueoeaa niaae. Yoio iaeia oiea/eaatho
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oece/aneea eeoea, eiathuea a ai?iaeao niaae (e?iia neoaeaaiuo), a ?acia?a, ia
i?aauoathuai 1/7 onoaiiaeaiiiai caeiiii ?acia?a ieieiaeueiie iany/iie iieaou
o?oaea a aiae; e) eeoeaiceiiiue nai? ca i?aai oi?aiaee aeiii- aiaei/iuie ecaeaeeyie.
Nai? aiinyo th?eaee/aneea e oece/aneea eeoea, ?aaeecothuea aeiii- aiaei/iua ecaeaeey
ianaeaieth, a ?acia?a: th?eaee/aneea eeoea – 50 onoaiiaeaiiuo caeiiii ?acia?ia
ieieiaeueiie iany/iie iieaou o?oaea a aiae, oece/aneea eeoea – 25 onoaiiaeaiiuo
caeiiii ?acia?ia ieieiaeueiie iany/iie iieaou o?oaea a aiae. I?e oi?aiaea yoeie
eeoeaie n a?aiaiiuo oi?aiauo oi/ae, ianeoaeeaathueo aa/a?a, aaeu, aoeyiuey e ae?oaea
ia?ii?eyoey, – iieiaeiu onoaiiaeaiiiai caeiiii ?acia?a ieieiaeueiie iany/iie
iieaou o?oaea ca eaaeaeue aeaiue oi?aiaee; i) eeoeaiceiiiue nai? ca i?aai i?iaaaeaiey
ianoiuo aoeoeeiiia e eioa?ae. Nai? aiinyo eo ono?ieoaee a ?acia?a, ia
i?aauoathuai 10 i?ioeaioia noieiinoe cayaeaiiuo e aoeoeeiio oiaa?ia eee noiiu, ia
eioi?oth auiouaiu eioa?aeiua aeeaou; i) nai? ca auaea/o i?aea?a ia eaa?oe?o. Yoio
nai? aiineony oece/aneeie eeoeaie i?e iieo/aiee i?aaa ia canaeaiea ioaeaeueiie
eaa?oe?u a ?acia?a, ia i?aauoathuai 3/4 onoaiiaeaiiiai caeiiii ?acia?a
ieieiaeueiie iany/iie iieaou o?oaea a caaeneiinoe io iauae ieiuaaee e ea/anoaa
aeeeuey; i) nai? ca ia?eiaeo aaoio?ainii?oa. Aai aiinyo th?eaee/aneea e oece/aneea
eeoea ca ia?eiaeo aaoiiaoei a niaoeeaeueii iai?oaeiaaiiuo aeey yoeo oeaeae ianoao a
?acia?ao, onoaiaaeeaaaiuo ianoiuie i?aaiaie ainoaea?noaaiiie aeanoe; i) nai? ca
i?aai eniieueciaaiey ianoiie neiaieeee. Nai? iaycaiu aiineoue i?iecaiaeeoaee
i?iaeoeoeee, ia eioi?ie eniieueciaaia ianoiay neiaieeea (aa?au, aeaeu ai?iaeia,
ianoiinoae, enoi?e/aneeo iaiyoieeia e i?i/aa), a ?acia?a, ia i?aauoathuai 0,5
i?ioeaioa noieiinoe ?aaeecoaiie i?iaeoeoeee; ?) nai? ca o/anoea a aaaao ia
eiiiae?iia. Nai? aiinyo th?eaee/aneea e oece/aneea eeoea, aunoaaeythuea naieo
eioaaeae ia ninoycaiey eiiia?/aneiai oa?aeoa?a, a ?acia?ao, onoaiaaeeaaaiuo
ianoiuie i?aaiaie ainoaea?noaaiiie ianoe, ia oa??eoi?ee eioi?uo iaoiaeeony
eiiiae?ii; n) nai? ca auea?uo ia aaaao. Ii aiineony eeoeaie, auea?aaoeie a ea?a
ia oioaeecaoi?a ia eiiiae?iia, a ?acia?a, ia i?aauoathuai 5 i?ioeaioia noiiu
auea?uoa; o) nai? n eeoe, o/anoaothueo a ea?a ia oioaeecaoi?a ia eiiiae?iia. Ii
aiineony a aeaea i?ioeaioiie iaaeaaaee e ieaoa, onoaiiaeaiiie ca o/anoea a ea?a, a
?acia?a, ia i?aauoathuai 5 i?ioeaioia yoie ieaou; o) nai? ni naeaeie, niaa?oaaiuo
ia ae?aeao, ca eneeth/aieai naeaeie, i?aaeoniio?aiiuo caeiiiaeaoaeueiuie aeoaie i
iaeiaiiaeiaeaiee iia?aoeee n oeaiiuie aoiaaaie. Nai? aiinyo o/anoieee naeaeee a
?acia?a, ia i?aauoathuai 0,1 i?ioeaioa noiiu naeaeee; o) nai? ca i?aai i?iaaaeaiey
eeii- e oaeanuaiie. Nai? aiinyo eiiia?/aneea eeii- e oaeai?aaiecaoeee,
!!70
i?iecaiaeyuea nuaiee, o?aaothuea io ianoiuo i?aaiia ainoaea?noaaiiiai oi?aaeaiey
inouanoaeaiey i?aaiecaoeeiiiuo ia?ii?eyoee (auaeaeaiea ia?yaeia ieeeoeee, ioeaieaiea
oa??eoi?ee nuaiie e i?i/aa), a ?acia?ao, onoaiaaeeaaaiuo ianoiuie i?aaiaie
ainoaea?noaaiiie ianoe; o) nai? ca oai?eo oa??eoi?ee ianaeaiiuo ioieoia. Yoo
ieaoo aiinyo th?eaee/aneea e oece/aneea eeoea (aeaaeaeueoeu no?iaiee) a ?acia?a,
onoaiaaeeaaaiii ianoiuie i?aaiaie ainoaea?noaaiiie aeanoe. Iaeiae, oeacaiiua a
iiaeioieoao “a”-“a” onoaiaaeeaathony caeiiiaeaoaeueiuie aeoaie ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee
e aceiathony ia anae aa oa??eoi?ee. Eiie?aoiua noaaee yoeo iaeiaia ii?aaeaeythony
O caeiiiaeaoaeueiuie aeoaie eee ?aoaieyie i?aaiia ainoaea?noaaiiie aeanoe
noauaeoia oaaea?aoeee, ?aeiiia, ai?iaeia e eiuo aaeieieno?aoeaii- oa??eoi?eaeueiuo
ia?aciaaiee, anee eiia ia i?aaeoniio?aii caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee.
Iaeiae, oeacaiiua a iiaeioieoao “a” e “ae”, iiaoo aaiaeeoueny ?aeiiiuie e
ai?iaeneeie i?aaiaie ainoaea?noaaiiie aeanoe, ia oa??eoi?ee eioi?uo iaoiaeeony
eo?i?oiay ianoiinoue. Noiiu iaeiaiauo ieaoaaeae ca/eneythony a ?aeiiiua athaeaeaou
?aeiiia e ai?iaeneea athaeaeaou ai?iaeia. A naeueneie ianoiinoe noiia iaeiaiauo
ieaoaaeae ?aaiuie aeieyie ca/eneyaony a athaeaeaou naeueneeo ianaeaiiuo ioieoia,
iinaeeia, ai?iaeia ?aeiiiiai iiae/eiaiey e a ?aeiiiua athaeaeaou ?aeiiia, e?aaaua,
iaeanoiua athaeaeaou e?aaa e iaeanoae, ia oa??eoi?ee eioi?uo iaoiaeeony eo?i?oiay
ianoiinoue. Iaeiae e nai?u, iieiaiiaaiiua a iiaeioieoao “c”-“o”, iiaoo
onoaiaaeeaaoueny ?aoaieyie ?aeiiiuo e ai?iaeneeo i?aaiia ainoaea?noaaiiie aeanoe.
Noiiu ieaoaaeae ii iaeiaai e nai?ai ca/eneythony a ?aeiiiua athaeaeaou ?aeiiia,
ai?iaeneea athaeaeaou ai?iaeia eeai ii ?aoaieth ?aeiiiuo e ai?iaeneeo i?aaiia
ainoaea?noaaiiie aeanoe – a ?aeiiiua athaeaeaou ?aeiiia (a ai?iaeao) , athaeaeaou
iinaeeia e naeueneeo ianaeaiiuo ioieoia. Caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai onoaiaaeeaaao
en/a?iuaathuee ia?a/aiue iaeiaia, nai?ia, iioeei e ae?oaeo ieaoaaeae. Eo
onoaiiaeaiea e ioiaia inouanoaeythony aunoei caeiiiaeaoaeueiui i?aaiii ?innee e
ae?oaeie i?aaiaie ainoaea?noaaiiie aeanoe a niioaaonoaee n caeiiii “Ia iniiaao
iaeiaiaie nenoaiu”. I?e/ai i?aaiu ainoaea?noaaiiie aeanoe anao o?iaiae ia ai?aaa
aaiaeeoue aeiiieieoaeueiua iaeiae e iaycaoaeueiua io/eneaiey, ia i?aaeoniio?aiiua
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee, ?aaii eae e iiauoaoue noaaee
onoaiiaeaiiuo iaeiaia e iaeiaiauo ieaoaaeae. Caeiiu, i?eaiaeyuea e eciaiaieth
?acia?ia iaeiaiauo ieaoaaeae, ia?aoiie neeu ia eiatho.
!!71
Neaaeoao caiaoeoue, iaeiaei, /oi Oeacii I?aceaeaioa ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee “I
iaeioi?uo eciaiaieyo a iaeiaiiaeiaeaiee e ai acaeiiioiioaieyo athaeaeaoia ?acee/iuo
o?iaiae”, i?aaiai ainoaea?noaaiiie aeanoe noauaeoia ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee
i?aaeinoaaeaii i?aai naiinoiyoaeueii iiauoaoue noaaeo iaeiaa ia i?eaueue, ii ia
aieaa /ai ia 25 i?ioeaioia aeey i?aaei?eyoee e i?aaiecaoeee, a aeey aaieia e
no?aoiaueeia – ia aieaa /ai ia 30 i?ioeaioia. I?e yoii noaaea ca/eneyaiiai a
?anioaeeeaineee athaeaeao ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee ia i?eaueue i?aaei?eyoee e
i?aaiecaoeee onoaiiaeaia a ?acia?a 13 i?ioeaioia. Aei i?eiyoey i?aaiaie
ainoaea?noaaiiie aeanoe noauaeoia ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee ?aoaiee ia oaaee/aiee
noaaie iaeiaa ia i?eaueue aeey anao iaeiaiieaoaeueueeia Oeacii I?aceaeaioa noaaea
onoaiiaeaia a ?acia?a 22 i?ioeaioia. Yoei Oeacii I?aaeoaeuenoao ?inneeneie
Oaaea?aoeee ii?o/aii aianoe ia ?anniio?aiea Oaaea?aeueiiai nia?aiey i?aaeeiaeaiey i
i?aaeinoaaeaiee i?aaiai ainoaea?noaaiiie aeanoe noauaeoia ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee,
ai?iaeia oaaea?aeueiiai cia/aiey i?aaa aaaaeaiey aeiiieieoaeueiuo iaeiaia e nai?ia,
iiieii i?aaeoniio?aiiuo caeiiii iaeiaia ?anioaeee a ninoaaa ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee
e e?aaa, iaeanoae, aaoiiiiiuo ia?aciaaiee (no. 20 Caeiia “Ia iniiaao iaeiaiaie
nenoaiu”), a oaeaea i?aaiai ianoiiai naiioi?aaeaiey – i?aaa aaaaeaiey ia
iiaeaaaeiinoaaiiie ei oa??eoi?ee aeiiieieoaeueiuo ianoiuo iaeiaia e nai?ia, e?iia
i?aaeoniio?aiiuo noaoueae 21 iacaaiiiai Caeiia. I?e yoii eiaaony a aeaeo, /oi
?anoiaeu i?aaei?eyoee e i?aaiecaoeee ia oieaoo oeacaiiuo iaeiaia e nai?ia
i?iecaiaeyony eie ca n/ao i?eauee, inoathuaeny iinea oieaou iaeiaa ia i?eaueue.
E?iia oiai, oeeoe?oaiui Oeacii aaaaeaiu neaaeothuea iiaua oaaea?aeueiua iaeiae: a)
niaoeeaeueiue iaeia n i?aaei?eyoee, o/?aaeaeaiee e i?aaiecaoeee aeey oeiainiaie
iiaeaea?aeee aaaeiaeoeo io?aneae oicyenoaa e iaania/aiey onoie/eaie ?aaiou
i?aaei?eyoee yoeo io?aneae. Ii?aaeaeaiea ieaoaeueueeia niaoeeaeueiiai iaeiaa e
iauaeoia iaeiaiiaeiaeaiey, iaeaaaaiiai iai?ioa, ii?yaeea e n?ieia oieaou, ii?yaeea
i?eiaiaiey iaeiaiauo eueaio, a oaeaea ioaaonoaaiiinoe ieaoaeueueeia ca
i?aaeeueiinoue e naiaa?aiaiiinoue oieaou niaoeeaeueiiai iaeiaa i?iecaiaeeony a
niioaaonoaee n Caeiiii ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee “I iaeiaa ia aeiaaaeaiioth
noieiinoue”. Noaaea niaoeeaeueiiai iaeiaa onoaiaaeeaaaony a ?acia?a 3 i?ioeaioia io
iaeiaiiaeaaaaiie aacu, ii?aaeaeyaiie a niioaaonoaee n oai aea Caeiiii. ‘ Nia?aiea
aeoia I?aceaeaioa e I?aaeoaeuenoaa ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee. -1993. -N52. -No.5076.
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Aeaa o?aoe noiiu iinooieaiee io niaoeeaeueiiai iaeiaa ca/eneyaony a Oaaea?aeueiue
athaeaeaoiue oiiae oeiainiaie iiaeaea?aeee aaaeiaeoeo io?aneae ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa
?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee, a iaeia o?aoue – a aiaeiae/iua oiiaeu noauaeoia ?inneeneie
Oaaea?aoeee; a) o?ainii?oiue iaeia n i?aaei?eyoee, o/?aaeaeaiee e i?aaiecaoeee (e?iia
athaeaeaoiuo) a ?acia?a 1 i?ioeaioa io eo oiiaea iieaou o?oaea, n aeeth/aieai
oiea/aiiuo noii a naaanoieiinoue i?iaeoeoeee (?aaio, oneoa). N?aaenoaa io aceiaiey
o?ainii?oiiai iaeiaa iai?aaeythony a athaeaeaou noauaeoia ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee aeey
oeiainiaie iiaeaea?aeee e ?acaeoey iannaaee?neiai aaoiiiaeeueiiai o?ainii?oa,
ai?iaeneiai yeaeo?io?ainii?oa, i?eai?iaeiiai iannaaee?neiai aeaeaciiaei?iaeiiai
o?ainii?oa. Ii iaeiaai iiaoo onoaiaaeeaaoueny eueaiou. Ia?a/aiue eueaio ia
ia?aie/ai Caeiiii. N?aaee eueaio iiaeii iacaaoue: iaiaeaaaaiue ieieioi iauaeoa
iaeiaa; ecuyoea ec iaeiaeaiey ii?aaeaeaiiuo yeaiaioia iauaeoa iaeiaa;
inaiaiaeaeaiea io oieaou iaeiaia ioaeaeueiuo eeoe eee eaoaai?ee ieaoaeueueeia;
iiieaeaiea iaeiaiauo noaaie; oeaeaaua iaeiaiaua eueaiou, aeeth/ay iaeiaiaua e?aaeeou
(ion?i/ea aceiaiey iaeiaia) e ae?. – Ii?aaeaeaiiua eueaiou auee i?aaeoniio?aiu
Oeacii I?aceaeaioa ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee i iaeioi?uo eciaiaieyo a
iaeiaiiaeiaeaiee. Oae, inaiaiaeaeaiu io iaeiaa ia i?eaueue aeioiaeu, iieo/aiiua
th?eaee/aneeie eeoeaie ii ainoaea?noaaiiui iaeeaaoeeyi e eiui ainoaea?noaaiiui oeaiiui
aoiaaai; i?eaueue, iai?aaeaiiay ia oeiaine?iaaiea a ii?yaeea aeieaaiai o/anoey
eaieoaeueiuo aeiaeaiee i?iecaiaenoaaiiiai e iai?iecaiaenoaaiiiai iacia/aiey, ia
i?iaaaeaiea i?aaei?eyoeyie e i?aaiecaoeeyie iao/ii- enneaaeiaaoaeueneeo e iiuoii-
eiino?oeoi?neeo ?aaio, aeia?iaieueiua aciinu a Oiiae iiaeaea?aeee i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa
e ?acaeoey eiieo?aioeee. Inaiaiaeaeaia io iaeiaiiaeiaeaiey i?eaueue iauanoaaiiuo
i?aaiecaoeee eiaaeeaeia, iai?aaeaiiay ia iaania/aiea onoaaiie aeayoaeueiinoe yoeo
i?aaiecaoeee eee ec?anoiaeiaaiioth naiinoiyoaeueii ia nioeeaeueiua ioaeaeu eiaaeeaeia,
ainoaea?noaaiiuo e ioieoeeiaeueiuo iocaaa, aeaeeioae, oeea?iiie/aneeo eieeaeoeaia,
oaao?ia, aeiiia eoeueoo?u, oee?eia, ciiia?eia e ia?eia eoeueoo?u e ioaeuoa,
iieo/aiiay io eo iniiaiie aeayoaeueiinoe e ae?. A oeaeyo noeioee?iaaiey ?acaeoey
iaeiai i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa onoaiiaeaiu eiie?aoiua eueaiou aeey iaeuo i?aaei?eyoee,
inouanoaeythueo naith oicyenoaaiioth aeayoaeueiinoue a i?iecaiaenoaa e ia?a?aaioea
naeueneioicyenoaaiiie i?iaeoeoeee, i?iecaiaenoaa i?iaeiaieuenoaaiiuo oiaa?ia, oiaa?ia
ia?iaeiiai iio?aaeaiey, iaaeeoeeineie oaoieee, eaea?noaaiiuo n?aaenoa e ecaeaeee
iaaeeoeeineiai iacia/aiey, oaoie/aneeo
!!73
n?aaenoa i?ioeeaeoeee eiaaeeaeiinoe e ?aaaeeeoaoeee eiaaeeaeia, a oaeaea a
no?ieoaeuenoaa iauaeoia aeeeeuiiai, i?iecaiaenoaaiiiai, nioeeaeueiiai e
i?e?iaeiio?aiiiai iacia/aiey (aeeth/ay ?aiiioii- no?ieoaeueiua ?aaiou).
?anniao?eaay aii?in i i?aaeinoaaeaiee iaeiaiauo eueaio iaiaoiaeeii eiaoue a aeaeo,
/oi i?aaiu ainoaea?noaaiiie aeanoe noauaeoia ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee e
aaeieieno?aoeaii- oa??eoi?eaeueiuo ia?aciaaiee iiaoo onoaiaaeeaaoue aeiiieieoaeueiua
eueaiou ii iaeiaiiaeiaeaieth oieueei a i?aaeaeao noii iaeiaia, ca/eneyaiuo a
niioaaonoaee n caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee a eo athaeaeaou. Cai?auaaony
i?aaeinoaaeaiea iaeiaiauo eueaio, iinyueo eiaeeaeaeoaeueiue oa?aeoa?, anee eiia ia
i?aaeoniio?aii caeiiiaeaoaeueiuie aeoaie ?innee. Ii?yaeie en/eneaiey e oieaou
eiie?aoiuo aeaeia iaeiaia, onoaiiaeaiea eioi?uo ioiineony e eiiiaoaioeee
caeiiiaeaoaeueiiai i?aaia, ii?aaeaeyaony ioaeaeueiuie caeiiaie ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee.
A eo /enea iiaeii iacaaoue neaaeothuea: “I iaeiaa ia aeiaaaeaiioth noieiinoue” io 6
aeaeaa?y 1991 a., “Ia aeoeecao” io 6 aeaeaa?y 1991 a., “I iaeiaa ia i?eaueue
i?aaei?eyoee e i?aaiecaoeee” io 27 aeaeaa?y 1991 a., “I ieaoa ca caieth” io 11
ieoya?y 1991 a., “I aei?iaeiuo oiiaeao a ?NON?” io 18 ieoya?y 1991 a., “I
ainoaea?noaaiiie iioeeia” io 9 aeaeaa?y 1991 a., “I iaeiaa n eiouanoaa,
ia?aoiaeyuaai a ii?yaeea ianeaaeiaaiey eee aea?aiey” io 12 aeaeaa?y 1991 a., “I
iaeiaiiaeiaeaiee aeioiaeia aaieia” io 12 aeaeaa?y 1991 aiaea, “I iaeiaiiaeiaeaiee
aeioiaeia io no?aoiaie aeayoaeueiinoe” io 13 aeaeaa?y 1991 a., “I iaeiaa ia
eiouanoai i?aaei?eyoee” io 13 aeaeaa?y 1991 a., “I iiaeioiaeiii iaeiaa n
i?aaei?eyoee” io 20 aeaeaa?y 1991 a. n iineaaeothueie eciaiaieyie e
aeiiieiaieyie(*1). Ii?yaeie oieaou iaeiaia ii?aaeaeai a caeiia “Ia iniiaao
iaeiaiaie nenoaiu”. A niioaaonoaee n caeiiiaeaoaeueiuie aeoaie a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue
oiea/eaathony ana iieiouanoaaiiua iaeiae, iioeeiu e ae?oaea ieaoaaee. Ia noiio
yoeo ieaoaaeae oiaiueoaaony iaeiaiiaeaaaaiue aeioiae (i?eaueue) iaeiaiieaoaeueueea.
Caoai oiea/eaathony ianoiua iaeiae, aiineiua ca n/ao aeioiaea (i?eauee) , anee
oaeiaua aceiathony. Iinea yoiai iaeiaiiaeaaaaiue aeioiae (i?eaueue)
iaeiaiieaoaeueueea oiaiueoaaony ia noiio ianoiuo iaeiaia e oiea/eaathony ana
inoaeueiua iaeiae, aiineiua ca n/ao aeioiaea (i?eauee). Iiaeioiaeiue iaeia (iaeia ia
i?eaueue) aiineony ca n/ao aeioiaea (i?eauee) inoathuaainy o iaeiaiieaoaeueueea
iinea oieaou anao auoaia?a/eneaiiuo iaeiaia.
(**1) Ni.: Iaeiae ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee. Niaoeeaeueiia i?eeiaeaiea e aeo?iaeo
“Oeiainu”. -1992. *anoe 1-3.
!!74
Iiieii auoaia?a/eneaiiuo aeaeia iaeiaia a iaeiaiaoth nenoaio ?innee aoiaeyo
ieaoaaee a Iaineiiiue oiiae ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee, a Oiiae nioeeaeueiiai no?aoiaaiey
?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee, a oiiaeu iaycaoaeueiiai iaaeeoeeineiai no?aoiaaiey. Ii?yaeie
oieaou yoeo ieaoaaeae ?aaoee?oaony niaoeeaeueiui caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii. Iauaa
ciaeiinoai n iaeiaiaui caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii, aeaenoaothuei ia oa??eoi?ee ?inneeneie
Oaaea?aoeee, iicaieyao oaaaeeoueny a aieueoii ?aciiia?acee iaeiaia a iaoae
no?aia(*1). A oeaeyo niaa?oainoaiaaiey iaeiaiaie iieeoeee, ineaaeaiey iaeiaiaiai
a?aiaie aeey oiaa?ii?iecaiaeeoaeae e ia?aie/aiey eioeyoeeiiiuo i?ioeannia I?aceaeaio
?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee ecaeae Oeac “I iaeioi?uo aii?inao iaeiaiaie iieeoeee”(*2).
Yoei aeieoiaioii i?aaeoniao?eaaaony aeaeueiaeoaa niaa?oainoaiaaiea iaeiaiaie
nenoaiu iooai oiaiueoaiey eiee/anoaa iaeiaia, nieaeaiey ia 10- 20 i?ioeaioia
noaaie aceiaaiuo n i?aaei?eyoee iniiaiuo iaeiaia (ia i?eaueue e ia aeiaaaeaiioth
noieiinoue) e iaeiaia, onoaiaaeeaaaiuo a caaeneiinoe io iauaiia iieaou o?oaea e
iauaiia i?iecaiaenoaa, i?e iaeiia?aiaiiii iiauoaiee o?iaiy iaeiaiiaeiaeaiey
aeioiaeia oece/aneeo eeoe, a oaeaea eiouanoaa th?eaee/aneeo e oece/aneeo eeoe,
oiaiueoaiey eiee/anoaa iaeiaiauo eueaio. Iaia/aaony inouanoaeaiea e ae?oaeo
ia?ii?eyoee a yoii iai?aaeaiee. E ianoiyuaio a?aiaie iaiaoeeenue aeaa iooe
?aoaiey i?iaeaiu niaa?oainoaiaaiey iaeiaiaiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa: nicaeaiea
aaeeiiai eiiieaeniiai eiaeeoeoee?iaaiiiai aeoa – Iaeiaiaiai eiaeaena ?innee e
ieaiiia?iia eciaiaiea ioaeaeueiuo iaeiaiauo caeiiia(*3). ?ac?aaaouaay iiaia
iaeiaiaia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai iaiaoiaeeii /aoei i?aaenoaaeyoue naaa ooieoeee, eioi?ua
auiieiytho iaeiae, e ?ieue, eioi?ay aiceaaaaony ia ieo n o/aoii ie?iaie i?aeoeee.
Iaeiae auiieiytho aeaa ooieoeee: oeneaeueioth e ?aaoee?othuoth. Oeneaeueiay ooieoeey
neoaeeo aeey oi?ie?iaaiey athaeaeaoa (einaaiiia iaeiaiiaeiaeaiea – IAeN, aeoeecu).
?aaoee?othuay ooieoeey inouanoaeyaony /a?ac i?yiia iaeiaiiaeiaeaiea (iaeia ia
i?eaueue). Oeneaeueiia cia/aiea iaeiaa ia i?eaueue ia aeieaeii auoue aaeeeei. Oae,
aeiey iaeiaa ia i?eaueue a iauae noiia iaeiaiauo iinooieaiee a 1989 aiaeo
ninoaaeea: a Aaeeeia?eoaiee – 12%, Eoaeee – 10%, NOA, Eaiaaea e Eniaiee – 9%,
Aa?iaiee – 6%, A?aoeee – 5%, Aeaiee – 4%. Ie?iaie iiuo naeaeaoaeuenoaoao: ecuyoea o
iaeiaiieaoaeueueea aei 30% aai aeioiaea – aio oio ii?ia, ca i?aaeaeaie eioi?iai
ia/eiaaony
(**1) Aothi I. Iaeiae: e aonoi e ionoi // Yeiiiieea e aeeciue. -1994. -N28. -N.7.
(**2) NC ?O. -1994. -N5. -No.394. (**3) ?iaa/aa A. Iooe e n?aaenoaa
niaa?oainoaiaaiey iaeiaiauo caeiiia // Yeiiiieea e aeeciue. -1994. -N20. -N.12.
!!75
i?ioeann nie?auaiey naa?aaeaiee, a oai naiui e nie?auaiea eiaanoeoeee a yeiiiieeo.
Ecuyoea aieaa 40-50% aeioiaeia i?aaei?eyoee e ianaeaiey aaaeao e i?aeoe/aneie
eeeaeaeaoeee noeioeia aeey i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie eieoeeaoeau e ?anoe?aiey
i?iecaiaenoaa. I?aiaeaaeaiea oeneaeueiie ooieoeee a ?innee a eiioea XX a. iiaeii auei
ii?aaaeaoue neiaeiie yeiiiie/aneie neooaoeeae. Ai a?aiy aoi?ie ie?iaie aieiu noaaea
iaeiaeaiey ioaeaeueiuo aeioiaeia a NOA e Aiaeee ninoaaeyea 80-90% e aeaaea aei 100%, ii
n oneiaeai aica?aoa iinea aieiu. E yoi iaoiaeeei iiieiaiea o ianaeaiey1. a)
Ooieoeee i?aaiia, eiio?iee?othueo niaethaeaiea iaeiaiaiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa ,
Eiio?ieue ca niaethaeaieai iaeiaiaiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa, i?aaeeueiinoueth en/eneaiey,
iieiioie e naiaa?aiaiiinoueth aianaiey a niioaaonoaothuee athaeaeao iaeiaia e ae?oaeo
ieaoaaeae aiceiaeai ia niaoeeaeueii nicaeaiioth aeey yoeo oeaeae aaeeioth iacaaeneioth
oeaio?aeeciaaiioth nenoaio i?aaiia Oaaea?aeueiie iaeiaiaie neoaeau ?inneeneie
Oaaea?aoeee. Yoa nenoaia ninoieo ec oeaio?aeueiiai ?anioaeeeaineiai (?inneeneie
Oaaea?aoeee) i?aaia ainoaea?noaaiiiai oi?aaeaiey (oaaea?aeueiie iaeiaiaie neoaeau
?innee) e ainoaea?noaaiiuo iaeiaiauo einiaeoeee ii ?anioaeeeai a ninoaaa
?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee, e?ayi, iaeanoyi, aaoiiiiiui ia?aciaaieyi, ?aeiiai,
ai?iaeai (ca eneeth/aieai ai?iaeia ?aeiiiiai iiae/eiaiey) e ?aeiiai a ai?iaeao,
eioi?ua yaeythony th?eaee/aneeie eeoeaie. Ainoaea?noaaiiua iaeiaiaua einiaeoeee
iiae/eiythony ?oeiaiaeeoaeth Oaaea?aeueiie iaeiaiaie neoaeau ?innee, eioi?ue eiaao
noaoon ieieno?a. Ainoaea?noaaiiua iaeiaiaua i?aaiu acaeiiaeaenoaotho n
niioaaonoaothueie i?aaiaie aeanoe e oi?aaeaiey a i?ioeanna ainoaea?noaaiiie
?aaeno?aoeee i?aaei?eyoee, eiio?iey ca eniieiaieai ?aoaiee ii aii?inai
iaeiaiiaeiaeaiey, eii?aeeiaoeee ?aaiou ii nai?o iaiaoiaeeiie eioi?iaoeee aeey
ninoaaeaiey niioaaonoaothueo athaeaeaoia. A 1992 aiaeo i?e Ainoaea?noaaiiie iaeiaiaie
neoaeaa ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee auei nicaeaii Aeaaiia oi?aaeaiea iaeiaiauo
?anneaaeiaaiee, a i?e ainoaea?noaaiiuo iaeiaiauo einiaeoeeyo – oi?aaeaiey (ioaeaeu)
iaeiaiauo ?anneaaeiaaiee. Eo caaea/aie yaeyeinue
(**1) Eacaeia A. Iaeiae e i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoai // Oicyenoai e i?aai. – 1995.
N7.-N. 108-112.
!!76
iaania/aiea aaciianiinoe i?aaiia ainoaea?noaaiiie iaeiaiaie neoaeau,
inouanoaeaiea iia?aoeaii- ?icuneiie aeayoaeueiinoe a oeaeyo auyaeaiey
iaeiaiieaoaeueueeia, oeeiiythueony io oieaou iaeiaia eee caieaeathueo iieo/aiiue
aeioiae (i?eaueue). A nayce n i?eiyoeai Caeiia ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee io 24 ethiy
1993 a. “I oaaea?aeueiuo i?aaiao iaeiaiaie iieeoeee”(*1) oi?aaeaiey iaeiaiauo
?anneaaeiaaiee i?aia?aciaaiu a i?aaiu iaeiaiaie iieeoeee. ssaeyynue
i?aaiio?aieoaeueiuie i?aaiaie e ninoaaiie /anoueth nee iaania/aiey yeiiiie/aneie
aaciianiinoe ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee, oaaea?aeueiua i?aaiu iaeiaiaie iieeoeee
auiieiytho neaaeothuea iniiaiua caaea/e: auyaeaiea, i?aaeoi?aaeaeaiea e i?ana/aiea
iaeiaiauo i?anooieaiee e i?aaiia?ooaiee; iaania/aiea aaciianiinoe aeayoaeueiinoe
ainoaea?noaaiiuo iaeiaiauo einiaeoeee, caueou eo nio?oaeieeia io i?ioeaii?aaiue
iinyaaoaeuenoa i?e eniieiaiee neoaeaaiuo iaycaiiinoae; i?aaeoi?aaeaeaiea, auyaeaiea
e i?ana/aiea ei??oioeee a iaeiaiauo i?aaiao. . ;, . I?aaa e iaycaiiinoe i?aaiia
iaeiaiaie neoaeau ii?aaeaeaiu caeiiii “Ia iniiaao iaeiaiaie nenoaiu a ?inneeneie
Oaaea?aoeee”, Caeiiii ?NON? io 21 ia?oa 1991 a. “I ainoaea?noaaiiie iaeiaiaie
neoaeaa ?NON?” (n eciaiaieyie e aeiiieiaieyie, aianaiiuie Caeiiaie io 2 ethey 1992
a., io 24 ethiy 1992 a., io 25 oaa?aey 1993 a.)(*2) e “Iieiaeaieai i
Ainoaea?noaaiiie iaeiaiaie neoaeaa ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee”, ooaa?aeaeaiiui Oeacii
I?aceaeaioa ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee io 31 aeaeaa?y 1991 a.(*3) A /anoe auyaeaiey,
i?aaeoi?aaeaeaiey e i?ana/aiey iaeiaiauo i?anooieaiee e i?aaiia?ooaiee i?aaiu
iaeiaiaie iieeoeee iaaeaeaiu oaie aea i?aaaie, /oi e iaeiaiaua einiaeoeee.
Aeieaeiinoiua eeoea iaeiaiauo i?aaiia eiatho i?aai eno?aaiaaoue e i?iaa?youe ana
aeieoiaiou o iaeiaiieaoaeueueeia, naycaiiua n o/aoii, ia/eneaieai e oieaoie
iaeiaia, ecuiaoue eo i?e iaiaoiaeeiinoe; o?aaiaaoue ono?aiaiey auyaeaiiuo
ia?ooaiee; i?einoaiaaeeaaoue iia?aoeee iaeiaiieaoaeueueeia ii n/aoai a aaieao e
e?aaeeoiuo o/?aaeaeaieyo a neo/ayo iai?aaenoaaeaiey a iaeiaiaue i?aai aeieoiaioia,
naycaiiuo n en/eneaieai eee oieaoie iaeiaia; iaeaaaoue aaeieieno?aoeaiua oo?aou
ia aeieaeiinoiuo eeoe i?aaei?eyoee, o/?aaeaeaiee, i?aaiecaoeee e a?aaeaeai; i?eiaiyoue
oeiainiaua naieoeee e i?aaei?eyoeyi, o/?aaeaeaieyi e i?aaiecaoeeyi.
(**1) Aaaeiiinoe Nuacaea ia?iaeiuo aeaiooaoia ?O e Aa?oiaiiai Niaaoa ?O. -1993.
-N29. -No.1114.
(**2) Oai aea. -1991. -N15. -No. 442; 1992. -N33. -No.1912; N34. -No.1966; N12.
-No.429.
(**3) Ni.: Iaeiae ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee: *.1. -N. 11.
!!77
Iaeiaiaua i?aaiu iiaoo i?aaeuyaeyoue a noae eee a?aeo?aaeiue noae enee:
a) i eeeaeaeaoeee i?aaei?eyoee ii iniiaaieyi, onoaiiaeaiiui caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii;
a) i i?eciaiee ?aaeno?aoeee i?aaei?eyoey iaaeaenoaeoaeueiie a neo/aa ia?ooaiey
onoaiiaeaiiiai ii?yaeea nicaeaiey i?aaei?eyoey eee ianiioaaonoaey o/?aaeeoaeueiuo
aeieoiaioia o?aaiaaieyi caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa e i acuneaiee aeioiaeia, iieo/aiiuo a
yoeo neo/ayo;
a) i i?eciaiee naeaeie iaaeaenoaeoaeueiuie e acuneaiee a aeioiae ainoaea?noaa
anaai iieo/aiiiai ii oaeei naeaeeai;
a) i acuneaiee iainiiaaoaeueii i?eia?aoaiiiai ia ii naeaeea, a a ?acoeueoaoa
ae?oaeo iacaeiiiuo aeaenoaee.
A th?eaee/aneie eeoa?aoo?a auneacaii iiaiea i oii, /oi iaeiaiaua einiaeoeee ai?aaa
ia?auaoueny a a?aeo?aaeiua noaeu n cayaeaieyie i i?eciaiee i?aaei?eyoee
ianinoiyoaeueiuie (aaie?ioaie). Oaeay oi/ea c?aiey iainiiauaaaony iaaa?iui
ooaa?aeaeaieai i oii, /oi iaeiaiaua einiaeoeee yaeythony a yoeo neo/ayo
e?aaeeoi?aie(*1). Nnueea ia i. 3 no. 11 Caeiia “Ia iniiaao iaeiaiaie nenoaiu” e
no. 1 e 4 Caeiia “I aaie?ionoaa” ianinoiyoaeueia. A no. 11 Caeiia “Ia iniiaao
iaeiaiaie nenoaiu” eceiaeaiu iaycaiiinoe iaeiaiieaoaeueueea, a i. 3 yoie noaouee
eeoue eiinoaoe?oao, /oi “iaaiciiaeiinoue oieaou iaeiaa yaeyaony iniiaaieai aeey
i?eciaiey a onoaiiaeaiiii caeiiii ii?yaeea th?eaee/aneiai eeoea, inouanoaeythuaai
i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneoth aeayoaeueiinoue, aaie?ioii”. Caeanue iao oeacaiey ia i?aai
iaeiaiauo i?aaiia aeaaea noaaeoue aii?in i aaie?ionoaa. Noaouey 1 caeiia “I
aaie?ionoaa” ii?aaeaeyao iiiyoea e i?eciaee ianinoiyoaeueiinoe (aaie?ionoaa).
Noaouey 4 iacaaiiiai Caeiia onoaiaaeeaaao, /oi iniiaaieai aeey aicaoaeaeaiey
i?iecaiaenoaa ii aeaeo i ianinoiyoaeueiinoe (aaie?ionoaa) i?aaei?eyoey yaeyaony
cayaeaiea aeieaeieea eee e?aaeeoi?a (e?aaeeoi?ia), a oaeaea i?ieo?i?a. Caeanue iao
oeacaiey ia i?aai iaeiaiauo einiaeoeee aicaoaeaeaoue aeaea i aaie?ionoaa
i?aaei?eyoee. E?aaeeoi?ii aea iaeiaiaoth einiaeoeeth ieeae iaeuecy i?eciaoue, oae eae
iia yaeyaony eeoue acuneaoaeai aeaiaaeiuo n?aaenoa a iieueco ainoaea?noaa, eioi?ia e
yaeyaony nianoaaiieeii yoeo n?aaenoa. Iiaeii niaeaneoueny, /oi e?aaeeoi?aie a yoeo
neo/ayo yaeythony Ieienoa?noai oeiainia ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee e ianoiua
oeiainiaua i?aaiu, ii oieueei ia iaeiaiaua i?aaiu. Iiaeii neacaoue, /oi a yoii
nii?a iinoaaeaia oi/ea oieueei caeiiii “I ianinoiyoaeueiinoe (aaie?ionoaa)” io 18
yiaa?y 1998 a.(*2), eioi?ue iaaeaeee a oii /enea e iaeiaiaua i?aaiu i?aaii
iiaeaaaoue cayaeaiey a a?aeo?aaeiue noae i aaie?ionoaa aeieaeieeia.
(**1) I?aaei?eieiaoaeueneia i?aai. Eo?n eaeoeee / Iiae ?aae. I. E. Eeaei. -I., 1993.
-N.224.
(**2) NC ?O. -1998. -N2. -No.222.
!!78
I?aaa ainoaea?noaaiiuo iaeiaiauo einiaeoeee, naycaiiua n i?eiaiaieai oeiainiauo
naieoeee, iaeiaeaieai aaeieieno?aoeaiuo oo?aoia, i?aaeuyaeaieai a noae eee
a?aeo?aaeiue noae eneia i?aaeinoaaeaiu oieueei ia/aeueieeai iaeiaiauo einiaeoeee e eo
caianoeoaeyi. ?acoeueoaou i?iaa?ie e ianeaaeiaaiee i?aaei?eyoee, o/?aaeaeaiee e
i?aaiecaoeee, a?aaeaeai aeieaeiinoiua eeoea iaeiaiauo i?aaiia ioi?ieytho aeoaie, a
eioi?uo iiae?iaii eceaaathony oaeou auyaeaiiuo ia?ooaiee iaeiaiaiai
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa. A aeoao i?iienuaathony iaycaoaeueiua aeey auiieiaiey
?oeiaiaeeoaeyie i?aaei?eyoee, o/?aaeaeaiee, i?aaiecaoeee e a?aaeaeaiaie o?aaiaaiey ia
ono?aiaiee auyaeaiiuo ia?ooaiee, a oaeaea i aianaiee a athaeaeao noii iaaeieiie ia
iaeiaai e ae?oaei iaycaoaeueiui ieaoaaeai. ?aoaiea i i?eiaiaiee oeiainiauo naieoeee
i?eieiaaony ?oeiaiaeeoaeai iaeiaiaiai i?aaia eee aai caianoeoaeai a ienueiaiiii
aeaea. Yoi aaaeii eae a ieaia caueou i?aa iaeiaiieaoaeueueeia, oae e a ieaia
caeiiiinoe aeayoaeueiinoe iaeiaiauo i?aaiia. ?aoaiey ?oeiaiaeeoaeae ii aeoai
i?iaa?ie, a ia naie aeou (e?iia aeoia, iiaeienaiiuo naiei ?oeiaiaeeoaeai
(caianoeoaeai ?oeiaiaeeoaey) iaeiaiaiai i?aaia iiaoo auoue iaaeaeiaaiu a
a?aeo?aaeiue noae a niioaaonoaee ni noaoueae 22 A?aeo?aaeiiai i?ioeannoaeueiiai
eiaeaena ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee. Oi?aaeai/aneee aeo iiaeao auoue ioi?ieai a aeaea
?aoaiey, ienueia, iai?aaeaiiiai iaeiaiieaoaeueueeo i ia?a/eneaiee a ii?aaeaeaiiue
n?ie oie eee eiie noiiu, ?aciethoeee ia aeoa i aai ooaa?aeaeaiee eeai eieanniaiai
ii?o/aiey, iiaeienaiiiai ?oeiaiaeeoaeai iaeiaiaiai i?aaia eee aai caianoeoaeai e
i?aaeuyaeaiiiai a aaie(*1). Caeii “I ainoaea?noaaiiie iaeiaiaie neoaeaa a ?NON?”
i?aaeoniao?eaaao oi?iuaiiue ii?yaeie acuneaiey a athaeaeao iaaeieiie ii iaeiaai e
ae?oaei iaycaoaeueiui ieaoaaeai a athaeaeao, a oaeaea noii oo?aoia e eiuo naieoeee,
i?aaeoniio?aiiuo aeaenoaothuei caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii: a aannii?iii ii?yaeea n
i?aaei?eyoee, o/?aaeaeaiee, i?aaiecaoeee, a n a?aaeaeai – a noaeaaiii ii?yaeea.
Oeacaiiue caeanue aannii?iue ii?yaeie acuneaiey oo?aoia e eiuo naieoeee iaeiaiauie
i?aaiaie a aeaeaa?a 1996 a. Eiinoeoooeeiiiui Noaeii ?O aue i?eciai
ianiioaaonoaothuei ii?iai /anoe 3 no. 35 Eiinoeoooeee ?O, eioi?ay aeiioneaao
eeoaiea eiouanoaa nianoaaiieea oieueei ii ?aoaieth noaea(*2). Aianoa n oai,
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee i?aaeinoaaeei
(**1) Ienueii Aunoaai A?aeo?aaeiiai Noaea ?O “Ia ioaeaeueiuo ?aeiiaiaeaoeeyo, i?eiyouo
ia niaauaieyo ii noaeaaii- a?aeo?aaeiie i?aeoeea”. NN-1-7 / II-289 io 28.04.94.
(**2) NC ?O. -1997. -N1. -No.197.
!!79
iaeiaiaui einiaeoeeyi i?aai i?aaeuyaeyoue enee e i?aaei?eyoeyi a noaea eee
a?aeo?aaeiii noaea, i /ai ?aiaa oaea oeacuaaeinue. A ioieoa 11 no. 7 Caeiia ?NON?
io 21 ia?oa 1991 a. “I Ainoaea?noaaiiie iaeiaiaie neoaeaa ?NON?” ?a/ue eaeao i
i?aaa iaeiaiauo einiaeoeee anao o?iaiae i?aaeuyaeyoue enee: iaeiouanoaaiiiai
(i?aaiecaoeeiiiiai) oa?aeoa?a e eiouanoaaiiua (i acuneaiee iacaeiiiuo aeioiaeia).
Iaeiaei enee i eeeaeaeaoeee i?aaei?eyoey e i?eciaiee iaaeaenoaeoaeueiuie naeaeie,
?aaeno?aoeee i?aaei?eyoee ia iaycaoaeueii aeieaeiu i?aaeuyaeyoueny aianoa n
o?aaiaaieai i acuneaiee aeioiaeia. Yoe enee iiaoo i?aaeuyaeyoueny a ea/anoaa
naiinoiyoaeueiuo. Iaeiaiaua einiaeoeee, eae i?aaeei, ia cayaeytho o?aaiaaiey i
acuneaiee iieo/aiiuo aeioiaeia. Ii e a?aeo?aaeiue noae iiaeao ia oaeiaeaoai?eoue
o?aaiaaiey i acuneaiee aeioiaeia. A nia?aiaiiuo oneiaeyo oicyenoaiaaiey n o/aoii
iaieaoaaeae e eioeyoeee iiaeiaiia acuneaiea aeioiaeia i?eaaaeao e aaie?ionoao eee
oooaeoaieth oeiainiaiai iieiaeaiey i?aaei?eyoey. Aeoiaaony, /oi acuneaiea aeioiaeia a
athaeaeao aiciiaeii eeoue i?e inouanoaeaiee oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe aac
?aaeno?aoeee eee aac iieo/aiey eeoeaicee (?ac?aoaiey) ia caiyoea ii?aaeaeaiiuie
aeaeaie aeayoaeueiinoe. Ia iaiaa aaaeiie i?iaeaiie a nayce n yoei yaeyaony
onoaiiaeaiea n?iea, ca eioi?ue iiaoo auoue acuneaiu aeioiaeu i?aaei?eyoey io
iacaeiiiie aeayoaeueiinoe. Ii?iaeueii ?aaioathuaa i?aaei?eyoea ana iieo/aiiua aeioiaeu
iai?aiaiii ?aaeecoao eeai a ?acaeoea i?iecaiaenoaa, eeai ia iio?aaeaiea.
Neaaeiaaoaeueii, acuneaoue iieo/aiiua aeioiaeu iiaeii oieueei ec aoaeoueo aeioiaeia eee
iooai ia?auaiey acuneaiey ia eiouanoai i?aaei?eyoey, a oii /enea e ia iniiaiua
i?iecaiaenoaaiiua oiiaeu. A iineaaeiai neo/aa i?iecieaeao ia /oi eiia eae
eeeaeaeaoeey i?aaei?eyoey eeai aai i?iaeaaea. A a?aaeaeainei- i?aaiauo ioiioaieyo
nouanoaotho n?iee eneiaie aeaaiinoe. Iineieueeo acuneaiea aeioiaeia eanaaony
eiouanoaaiiuo i?aa i?aaei?eyoey, ia yoe ioiioaiey aeieaeiu ?ani?ino?aiyoueny n?iee
eneiaie aeaaiinoe. Iaeiae9 a neeo eaoano?ioe/aneeo iineaaenoaee acuneaiey aeioiaeia
ca o?e aiaea neaaeiaaei au aeey oaeeo i?aaiioiioaiee onoaiiaeoue nie?auaiiue n?ie
eneiaie aeaaiinoe ia aieaa iaeiiai aiaea, eeai ca ia?eiae iinea naea/e iineaaeiaai
aiaeiaiai aooaaeoa?neiai io/aoa i oeiainiai- oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe. Caeii
“I i?eiaiaiee eiio?ieueii- eanniauo aiia?aoia” ?ac?aoee iaeiaiaui einiaeoeeyi
ia?auaoueny a a?aeo?aaeiue noae n eneii i eeeaeaeaoeee i?aaei?eyoey. ?acoiaaony, a
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa iiaoo auoue i?aaeoniio?aiu e ae?oaea neo/ae i?aaeinoaaeaiey
iaeiaiaui i?aaiai i?aaa i?aaeuyaeyoue
!!80
enee i?aaei?eyoeyi a a?aeo?aaeiii noaea. Iaeiaei niaa?oaiii i/aaeaeii, /oi iaeiaiaua
einiaeoeee iiaoo i?aaeuyaeyoue enee a a?aeo?aaeiii noaea e i?aaei?eyoeyi oieueei a
neo/ayo, i?yii i?aaeoniio?aiiuo a caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa. Enee iaeiaiauo einiaeoeee,
cayaeaiiua a a?aeo?aaeiue noae ii iniiaaieyi, ia i?aaeoniio?aiiui
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii ia aeieaeiu ?anniao?eaaoueny ii nouanoao e oaeiaeaoai?youeny,
iineieueeo a?aeo?aaeiue noae i?eciaao iaeiaiaoth einiaeoeeth iaiaaeeaaeauei enooeii.
a) I?aaa e iaycaiiinoe i?aaei?eieiaoaeae- iaeiaiieaoaeueueeia Eaaeaeue
i?aaei?eieiaoaeue, caieiathueeny oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoueth, yaeyaony e noauaeoii
oeiainiauo ioiioaiee eae iaeiaiieaoaeueuee. Aoaeo/e iaeiaiieaoaeueueeaie,
i?aaei?eieiaoaee aeieaeiu i?aaeeueii eniieueciaaoue naie i?aaa e iaycaiiinoe.
?anniio?ei ioaeaeueiua i?aaa iaeiaiieaoaeueueeia. E iei ioiinyo i?aai:
a) iieueciaaoueny eueaioaie ii oieaoa iaeiaia, i?aaeoniio?aiiuie iaeiaiaui
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii;
a) i?aaenoaaeyoue iaeiaiaui i?aaiai aeieoiaiou, iiaeoaa?aeaeathuea i?aai ia eueaiou
ii iaeiaai;
a) ciaeiieoueny n aeoaie i?iaa?ie iaeiaiauo i?aaiia;
a) i?aaenoaaeyoue iaeiaiaui i?aaiai iiyniaiey ii en/eneaieth e oieaoa iaeiaia
e ii aeoai i?iaa?ie;
ae) iaaeaeiaaoue ?aoaiey iaeiaiauo i?aaiia e aeaenoaey eo aeieaeiinoiuo eeoe a
noaeaaiii eee aaeieieno?aoeaiii ii?yaeea.
Iaeiaiieaoaeueuee aeieaeai /aoei eniieiyoue aiceiaeaiiua ia iaai iaeiaiaui
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii iaycaiiinoe. I?aaeaea anaai, /oiau ia aicieeaei iaaei?acoiaiee e
eiioeeeoiuo neooaoeee, eaaeaeue noauaeo oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe aeieaeai
ca?aaeno?e?iaaoueny a ainoaea?noaaiiie iaeiaiaie einiaeoeee ii ianoo iaoiaeaeaiey
i?aaei?eyoey. Aeaaiuie iaycaiiinoyie iaeiaiieaoaeueueea yaeythony aaaeaiea
aooaaeoa?neiai o/aoa, ninoaaeaiea io/aoia i oeiainiai- oicyenoaaiiie
aeayoaeueiinoe e naiaa?aiaiiay e iieiay oieaoa iaeiaia. Ana aooaaeoa?neea
aeieoiaiou i?aaei?eyoey iaycaiu o?aieoueny ia iaiaa 5 eao e i?aaenoaaeyoueny
iaeiaiaui i?aaiai a iaiaoiaeeiuo neo/ayo. A neo/aa auyaeaiey i?iaa?eaie
iaeiaiauo i?aaiia noiiu nie?uoiai eee caieaeaiiiai aeioiaea i?aaei?eyoey iaycaiu
aiineoue eni?aaeaiey a aooaaeoa?neoth io/aoiinoue. A neo/aa ianiaeaney n oaeoaie,
eceiaeaiiuie a aeoa i?iaa?ee, i?iaaaeaiiie iaeiaiauie i?aaiaie, iaeiaiieaoaeueuee
iaycai i?aaenoaaeoue ienueiaiiua iiyniaiey iioeaia ioeaca io iiaeienaiey aeoa; ii
oaeaea iaycai auiieiyoue o?aaiaaiey iaeiaiauo i?aaiia ia ono?aiaiee auyaeaiiuo
ia?ooaiee caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa i iaeiaao.
!!81
I?e eeeaeaeaoeee (?ai?aaiecaoeee) th?eaee/aneiai eeoea ii ?aoaieth nianoaaiieea
(i?aaia ei oiieiiii/aiiiai) eeai ii ?aoaieth noaea iaeiaiieaoaeueuee iaycai
niiaueoue naiae ainoaea?noaaiiie iaeiaiaie einiaeoeee a aeanyoeaeiaaiue n?ie i
i?eiyoii ?aoaiee ii eeeaeaeaoeee eee ?ai?aaiecaoeee. Iaycaiiinoe iaeiaiieaoaeueueea
aicieeatho i?e iaee/ee o iaai iauaeoa iaeiaiiaeiaeaiey e ii iniiaaieyi,
onoaiiaeaiiui caeiiiaeaoaeueiuie aeoaie. Iaycaiiinoue th?eaee/aneiai eeoea ii oieaoa
iaeiaa i?ae?auaaony oieaoie ei iaeiaa eeai aai ioiaiie. A neo/aa eeeaeaeaoeee
th?eaee/aneiai eeoea a noaeaaiii ii?yaeea eee ii ?aoaieth nianoaaiieea iaycaiiinoue ii
oieaoa iaaeieiee ii iaeiao aiceaaaaony ia eeeaeaeaoeeiiioth eiienneth. Oeacii
I?aceaeaioa ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee io 22 aeaeaa?y 1993 aiaea i iaeioi?uo eciaiaieyo
a iaeiaiiaeiaeaiee iaeiaiaui einiaeoeeyi i?aaeinoaaeaii i?aai aannii?iiai
acuneaiey iaaeieiee ii ieaoaaeai a athaeaeao a aeaea ia?auaiey acuneaiey ia noiiu,
i?e/eoathueany iaaeieiueeo io aai aeaaeoi?ia. A yoeo oeaeyo i?aaei?eyoey iacaaeneii
io oi?i nianoaaiiinoe aaaeoo o/ao i?in?i/aiiie aeaaeoi?neie caaeieaeaiiinoe e
aaeaeaa?oaeueii ninoaaeytho ia?a/aiue i?aaei?eyoee- aeaaeoi?ia n oeacaieai noiiu
aeaaeoi?neie caaeieaeaiiinoe, a oii /enea i?in?i/aiiie. Yoio ia?a/aiue aeaaeoi?ia,
iiaeienaiiue ?oeiaiaeeoaeai i?aaei?eyoey e aeaaiui aooaaeoa?ii, a oaeaea cayaeaiea
i?aaei?eyoey- iaaeieiueea, iiaeienaiiia oaie aea aeieaeiinoiuie eeoeaie, e aeo auaa?ee
noiiu i?in?i/aiiie aeaaeoi?neie caaeieaeaiiinoe, iiaeienaiiue ?oeiaiaeeoaeyie e
aeaaiuie aooaaeoa?aie iaaeo noi?ii, iai?aaeythony a iaeiaiaoth einiaeoeeth. A
neo/aa niiniaiinoe i?aaei?eyoey- aeaaeoi?a i?iecaanoe ?an/aou ii ieaoaaeai a
athaeaeao i?aaei?eyoey- iaaeieiueea a n/ao i?in?i/aiiie aeaaeoi?neie caaeieaeaiiinoe
iaeiaiaay einiaeoeey auienuaaao eieanniaia ii?o/aiea (?anii?yaeaiea) ia
aannii?iia acuneaiea noii, i?e/eoathueony iaaeieiueeo ii aai ieaoaaeai a athaeaeao io
aai aeaaeoi?a a ?acia?a, ia i?aauoathuai noiiu iaaeieiee ii ieaoaaeai a athaeaeao,
ia/eneaiiuo oo?aoia e iaie ca ianaiaa?aiaiiia ia?a/eneaiea ieaoaaeae a athaeaeao
iaaeieiueea n iaycaoaeueiui oeacaieai oaenoa neaaeothuaai niaea?aeaiey: “Acuneeaaaony
iaaeieiea (oo?aou, iaie) a niioaaonoaee n i. 29 Oeaca I?aceaeaioa ?inneeneie
Oaaea?aoeee io 22 aeaeaa?y 1993 a. N 2270 ii __________ (iaeiaiiaaiea aeaea ieaoaaea
a athaeaeao) ca __________ (ia?eiae) a n/ao i?in?i/aiiie aeaaeoi?neie caaeieaeaiiinoe
_________ (iaeiaiiaaiea i?aaei?eyoey, i?aaiecaoeee, o/?aaeaeaiey) niaeanii aeoo
auaa?ee N ___ io _________ 199__a”.
!!82
Ioaaonoaaiiinoue ca aeinoiaa?iinoue i?aaeuyaeaiiuo eieanniauo ii?o/aiee
(?anii?yaeaiee) ianoo iaeiaiaua i?aaiu. Neaaeoao caiaoeoue, iaeiaei, /oi oaeie
niinia acuneaiey iaeiaia a athaeaeao a oneiaeyo anaiauae iaieaoaaeaniiniaiinoe
i?aaei?eyoee i?aeoe/aneiai i?eiaiaiey ia iaoae. I?aaei?eieiaoaeyi-
iaeiaiieaoaeueueeai neaaeoao eiaoue a aeaeo, /oi aannii?iue ii?yaeie acuneaiey
iaaeieiie ii iaeiaai n th?eaee/aneeo eeoe iiaeao auoue i?eiaiai a oa/aiea oanoe eao n
iiiaioa ia?aciaaiey oeacaiiie iaaeieiee. Caiaoei, /oi a?aaeaeaineei
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii onoaiiaeai iaeneiaeueiue n?ie eneiaie aeaaiinoe a o?e aiaea.
Ioiioaiey ii iaeiaai ioiinyony ia e a?aaeaeainei- i?aaiaui, ii, oai ia iaiaa,
a?yae ee ii?aaaeaiii onoaiaaeeaaoue ii iaeiaiaui iaycaoaeuenoaai oanoeeaoiee n?ie
eneiaie aeaaiinoe. Aaaeue a oii aea Caeiia ia iniiaao iaeiaiaie nenoaiu
i?aaeoniio?aia iaycaiiinoue i?aaei?eieiaoaeae- iaeiaiieaoaeueueeia o?aieoue
aooaaeoa?neoth io/aoiinoue e ae?oaea aeieoiaiou ia iaiaa iyoe eao. N?ie eneiaie
aeaaiinoe ii o?aaiaaieyi, i?aaeuyaeyaiui e oece/aneei eeoeai ii acuneaieth iaeiaia
a athaeaeao, ninoaaeyao o?e aiaea. Yoio n?ie niioaaonoaoao iauaio n?ieo eneiaie
aeaaiinoe a a?aaeaeainei- i?aaiauo ioiioaieyo, e, aeoiaaony, /oi ii aeieaeai auoue
aaeeiui e a oeiainiai- i?aaiauo ioiioaieyo e ?aaiyoueny o?ai aiaeai. Auiieiaiea
iaeiaiauo iaycaoaeuenoa i?aaei?eieiaoaeyie- iaeiaiieaoaeueueeaie – aaaeiaeoaa
o?aaiaaiea ainoaea?noaaiiie aeenoeeieeiu. Iaeiaiaia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai
i?aaeoniao?eaaao ia?u, iaania/eaathuea niaethaeaiea ii?yaeea oieaou iaeiaia ae?oaeo
iaycaoaeueiuo ieaoaaeae. Oaeea ia?u i?aaenoaaeaiu oeiainiaie, aaeieieno?aoeaiie,
oaieiaiie e aeenoeeieeia?iie ioaaonoaaiiinoueth. Oeiainiaay ioaaonoaaiiinoue ca
ia?ooaiea iaeiaiaiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa onoaiiaeaia Caeiiii ?inneeneie oaaea?aoeee
“Ia iniiaao iaeiaiaie nenoaiu”.
Ca ia?ooaiey iaeiaiaiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa iaeiaiieaoaeueuee ianao ioaaonoaaiiinoue
a aeaea: a) acuneaiey anae noiiu nie?uoiai eee caieaeaiiiai aeioiaea (i?eauee) eeai
noiiu iaeiaa ca eiie nie?uoue eee iao/oaiiue iauaeo iaeiaiiaeiaeaiey e oo?aoa a
?acia?a oie aea noiiu, a i?e iiaoi?iii ia?ooaiee – niioaaonoaothuae noiiu e
oo?aoa a aeaoe?aoiii ?acia?a yoie noiiu; a) oo?aoa ca eaaeaeia ec neaaeothueo
ia?ooaiee: ca ionoonoaea o/aoa iauaeoia iaeiaiiaeiaeaiey e aaaeaiea o/aoa
iauaeoia iaeiaiiaeiaeaiey n ia?ooaieai aeaenoaothuaai ii?yaeea, iiaeaeoea ca niaie
nie?uoea eee caieaeaiea aeioiaea ca i?iaa?yaiue ia?eiae, – a ?acia?a 10%
aeiia/eneaiiuo noii iaeiaa; ca iai?aaenoaaeaiea eee ianaiaa?aiaiiia i?aaenoaaeaiea
a iaeiaiaue i?aai aeieoiaioia, iaiaoiaeeiuo aeey en/eneaiey, a oaeaea aeey oieaou
iaeiaa, – a ?acia?a 10% i?e/eoathueony
!!83
e oieaoa ii i/a?aaeiiio n?ieo noii iaeiaa; a) acuneaiey iaie n iaeiaiieaoaeueueea
a neo/aa caaea?aeee oieaou iaeiaa a ?acia?a 0,3% iaoiea/aiiie noiiu iaeiaa ca
eaaeaeue aeaiue i?in?i/ee ieaoaaea, ia/eiay ni n?iea oieaou auyaeaiiie caaea?aeaiiie
noiiu iaeiaa, anee caeiiii ia i?aaeoniio?aiu eiua ?acia?u iaie. Acuneaiea iaie
ia inaiaiaeaeaao iaeiaiieaoaeueueea io ae?oaeo aeaeia ioaaonoaaiiinoe; a) ae?oaeo
naieoeee, i?aaeoniio?aiiuo caeiiiaeaoaeueiuie aeoaie. A noaeaaii- a?aeo?aaeiie
i?aeoeea ii i?eiaiaieth ioaaonoaaiiinoe ca ia?ooaiey iaeiaiaiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa
auyaeeanue na?ueaciay i?iaeaia: i?aaeeueii eaaeeoeoee?iaaoue i?aaiia?ooaiey.
Iaeaieaa iuooeiua naieoeee i?aaeoniio?aiu ca nie?uoea, caieaeaiea i?eauee e ca
aaaeaiea o/aoa n ia?ooaieai onoaiiaeaiiiai ii?yaeea. Ii iaeioi?ui ioeaieai a 90%
neo/aaa iai?aaeeueii aeaaony ioeaiea aeaenoaeyi^ i?eaiaeyuei e iaaeiieaoa IAeN(*1).
Caeii i?aaeoniao?eaaao a ea/anoaa iniiaaiey aeey iaeiaeaiey acuneaiee nie?uoea eee
ia o/ao iauaeoa iaeiaiiaeiaeaiey. Iauaeoii iaeiaiiaeiaeaiey yaeyaony th?eaee/aneee
oaeo, ii?iaeaeathuee iaycaiiinoue caieaoeoue iaeia. Iniiaiie iauaeo IAeN –
niaa?oaiiua naeaeee, i?eaiaeyuea e eciaiaieth nianoaaiieea i?aaeiaoa naeaeee. Eiaiii
nie?uoea oaeoa niaa?oaiey oaeie naeaeee iiaeii eaaeeoeoee?iaaoue eae nie?uoea
iauaeoa iaeiaiiaeiaeaiey. Iai?aaeeueiia aea ii?aaeaeaiea ?acia?a naeaeee eneaaeaao
iaeiaiaoth aaco, /oi, ii iaoaio iiaieth, neaaeoao eaaeeoeoee?iaaoue eae aaaeaiea
o/aoa iauaeoa iaeiaiiaeiaeaiey n a?oaui ia?ooaieai onoaiiaeaiiiai ii?yaeea,
iiaeaeoei ca niaie oe?uoea eee caieaeaiea noiiu iaeiaa. ?acuyniaiey ii yoiio
iiaiaeo aeae Aunoee A?aeo?aaeiue Noae ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee a ienueia io 31 iay 1994
aiaea N N-1-7/II-370 “Iaci? i?aeoeee ?ac?aoaiey a?aeo?aaeiuie noaeaie nii?ia,
eanathueony iaueo oneiaee i?eiaiaiey ioaaonoaaiiinoe ca ia?ooaiey iaeiaiaiai
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa”(*2) , ii ia ni anaie iieiaeaieyie yoiai ienueia iiaeii
niaeaneoueny.
Ai-ia?auo, a?yae ee iiaeii i?eciaoue iiiyoey “nie?uoea” e “caieaeaiea” i?eauee nooue
iaeiiii?yaeeiaua. Ai-aoi?uo, ?acuyniyy nooue i?aaiia?ooaiey a aeaea nie?uoey eee
caieaeaiey i?eauee (aeioiaea) noae eniieueciaae ia nianai oaea/iue i?eia?, eiaaea
i?aaei?eyoea iai?aaiia?ii i?eiaieei e naaa eueaioo. A yoii neo/aa noae ia
oniao?eaaao ia?ooaiey a aeaea nie?uoey eee caieaeaiey aeioiaea. A oi aea a?aiy ii
nii?o, ?anniio?aiiiio Ai?iiaaeneei iaeanoiui a?aeo?aaeiui noaeii iaaeaeo iaeiaiauie
i?aaiaie e iiaeiaiui
(**1) Iaiaeyaa N. Iaeacaoue eee iaia?aoue? // Yeiiiieea e aeeciue. -1994. -N25.
-N.3.
(**2) Aanoiee Aunoaai A?aeo?aaeiiai Noaea ?O. -1994. -N8. -N.103-107.
!!84
iienaiiiio th?eaee/aneei eeoeii i?e aiaeiae/iie neooaoeee, i?eiaiaiea naieoeee ii
iiaeioieoo “a” ioieoa 1 noaouee 13 Iniia iaeiaiaie nenoaiu a ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee
Aunoee A?aeo?aaeiue Noae ?O i?eciae i?aaiia?iui. Neooaoeey ianoieueei neiaeia e
iaiaeiicia/ia, /oi a iae ia iiaoo ?acia?aoueny aeaaea iiuoiua th?enou. Iaeiicia/ii
eeoue iaeii: iaiaoiaeeii aieaa /aoeia e eiie?aoiia eceiaeaiea aiaeece?oaiie ii?iu
Caeiia. A Caeiia aeieaeii auoue /aoei ii?aaeaeaii: /oi anoue nie?uoea eee caieaeaiea
i?eauee, a /oi anoue iai?aaeeueiia aaaeaiea o/aoa iauaeoa iaeiaiiaeiaeaiey(*1).
Niaa?oaiii i/aaeaeii, /oi aeieaeia auoue no?iaay aeenoeeieeia a oieaoa iaeiaia, aac
eioi?uo iaaiciiaeii ?aoaiea nioeeaeueiuo, iai?iiiuo e iiiaeo ae?oaeo aii?inia a
no?aia. Ii i?e yoii neaaeoao enoiaeeoue ana-oaee ec oiai, /oi ia?ae/ia yeiiiieea,
i?ieca6aenoai, a iaeiae e ae?oaea iaycaoaeueiua ieaoaaee aeieaeiu noeioee?iaaoue
i?iecaiaenoai, a ia oaiaoaoue eo. N o/aoii yoeo ianoiyoaeuenoa aeieaeia no?ieoueny
iaeiaiaay e oo?aoiay iieeoeea. ?aoaiey iaeiaiauo i?aaiia e eo aeieaeiinoiuo eeoe i
i?eiaiaiee oeiainiaie ioaaonoaaiiinoe iiaoo auoue iaaeaeiaaiu a noaeaaiii eee
aaeieieno?aoeaiii ii?yaeea. A niioaaonoaee ni no. 14 Caeiia ?NON? “I
ainoaea?noaaiiie iaeiaiaie neoaeaa ?NON?” iaeiaiieaoaeueuee ai?aaa ia?aoeoueny ca
caueoie naieo i?aa e eioa?ania a auoanoiyuoth iaeiaiaoth einiaeoeeth. A?aaeaeaineee
eiaeaen ?O (no. 12) e A?aeo?aaeiue i?ioeannoaeueiue eiaeaen ?O i?aaenoaaeyao i?aai
i?aaiecaoeeyi ia?auaoueny a noaeaaiua i?aaiu n cayaeaieai i i?eciaiee
iaaeaenoaeoaeueiuie e iai?aaiia?iuie aeoia ethauo ainoaea?noaaiiuo i?aaiia,
eanathueony i?aaei?eyoey. Oaeia aea i?aai ia ia?auaiea a noae i?aaeinoaaeaii
oece/aneei eeoeai Caeiiii ?O io 27 ai?aey 1993 a. “Ia iaaeaeiaaiee a noae aeaenoaee
e ?aoaiee, ia?ooathueo i?aaa e naiaiaeu a?aaeaeai”(*2) . A A?aeo?aaeiii
i?ioeannoaeueiii eiaeaena ?O i?aaeoniio?aii, /oi a?aeo?aaeiiio noaeo iiaeaaaeiinoaaiiu
nii?u, aicieeathuea a noa?a oi?aaeaiey, a /anoiinoe: i i?eciaiee
iaaeaenoaeoaeueiuie (iieiinoueth eee /anoe/ii) aeoia ainoaea?noaaiiuo e eiuo i?aaiia
(aae?aniaaiiuo eiie?aoiui eeoeai eee a?oiia eeoe); i acuneaiee n i?aaiecaoeee e
a?aaeaeai- i?aaei?eieiaoaeae oo?aoia e ae?oaeo aeaiaaeiuo n?aaenoa ainoaea?noaaiiuie e
eiuie i?aaiaie, a oii /enea i?aaiaie, inouanoaeythueie aioeiiiiiieueioth iieeoeeo,
aaieaie, einiaeoeeyie, eiuie eiio?iee?othueie i?aaiaie, anee caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii
(**1) Aiioei A. N. Ainoaea?noaaiiia ?aaoee?iaaiea i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa //
Oicyenoai e i?aai. -1995. -N4. -N.66.
(**2) Aaaeiiinoe Nuacaea ia?iaeiuo aeaiooaoia ?O e Aa?oiaiiai Niaaoa ?O. -1992.
-N16. -No.836.
!!85
ia i?aaeoniio?aii nienaiea eie aeaiaaeiuo n?aaenoa a aannii?iii ii?yaeea; i aica?aoa
ec athaeaeaoa aeaiaaeiuo n?aaenoa, nienaiiuo a aeaea yeiiiie/aneeo (oeiainiauo)
naieoeee, ii ae?oaei iniiaaieyi ainoaea?noaaiiuie iaeiaiauie einiaeoeeyie e eiuie
eiio?iee?othueie i?aaiaie a aannii?iii ii?yaeea n ia?ooaieai o?aaiaaiee
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa. I?aaa ainoaea?noaaiiuo iaeiaiauo einiaeoeee ii?aaeaeaiu Caeiiii
?NON? “I ainoaea?noaaiiie iaeiaiaie neoaeaa ?NON?” (no. 7). A /anoiinoe,
einiaeoeeyi i?aaeinoaaeaii i?aai acuneeaaoue a athaeaeao a aannii?iii ii?yaeea n
i?aaei?eyoee, o/?aaeaeaiee, i?aaiecaoeee iaaeieiee ii iaeiaai e ae?oaei iaycaoaeueiui
ieaoaaeai a athaeaeao, a oaeaea noiiu oo?aoia e eiuo naieoeee. Iaeiaei i?aaii ia
aannii?iia nienaiea oeacaiiuo aeaiaaeiuo n?aaenoa iaaeaeaiu oieueei ia/aeueieee
ainoaea?noaaiiuo iaeiaiauo einiaeoeee e eo caianoeoaee. Neaaeiaaoaeueii,
ninoaaeaiiue aeieaeiinoiui eeoeii iaeiaiaie einiaeoeee (einiaeoi?ii) aeo i?iaa?ee
aeaiaaeiuo aeieoiaioia, aooaaeoa?neeo eiea, io/aoia, ieaiia, niao, aeaeea?aoeee e
eiuo aeieoiaioia, naycaiiuo n en/eneaieai e oieaoie iaeiaia e ae?oaeo
iaycaoaeueiuo ieaoaaeae a athaeaeao, ia yaeyaony oai aeoii, eioi?ue iiaeao auoue
iaaeaeiaai a a?aeo?aaeiue noae a niioaaonoaee n AIE ?O (ca eneeth/aieai neo/aaa
ninoaaeaiey aeoa ?oeiaiaeeoaeai iaeiaiaie einiaeoeee eee aai caianoeoaeai).
Eceiaeaiiua a oaeii aeoa ianoiyoaeuenoaa iiaoo neoaeeoue iniiaaieai aeey i?eiyoey
ia/aeueieeii ainoaea?noaaiiie iaeiaiaie einiaeoeee eee aai caianoeoaeai ?aoaiey i
i?eiaiaiee e i?aaei?eyoeth, o/?aaeaeaieth, i?aaiecaoeee onoaiiaeaiiuo naieoeee e
acuneaiee iaaeieiie ii iaeiaai e ae?oaei iaycaoaeueiui ieaoaaeai a athaeaeao. Eiaiii
?aoaiea, i?eiyoia ?oeiaiaeeoaeai ainoaea?noaaiiie iaeiaiaie einiaeoeee eee aai
caianoeoaeai, i?aaei?eyoea ai?aaa iaaeaeiaaoue. Anee ?aoaiea ?oeiaiaenoaa
ainiaeiaiaie einiaeoeee ii aeoo i?iaa?ee ionoonoaoao, nii? a?aeo?aaeiiio noaeo
iaiiaeaaaeiinoaaiai. Ia i?aeoeea eiatho ianoi ia?auaiey i?aaei?eyoee e i?aaiecaoeee
a a?aeo?aaeiue noae n eneaie e iaeiaiaui i?aaiai eae i i?eciaiee
iaaeaenoaeoaeueiuie aeoia (?aoaiee) yoeo i?aaiia i aannii?iii acuneaiee aeaiaaeiuo
n?aaenoa, a oii /enea e i i?eciaiee ieaoaaeiiai o?aaiaaiey ia iiaeeaaeauei
eniieiaieth, oae e i aica?aoa ec athaeaeaoa aeaiaaeiuo n?aaenoa, nienaiiuo iaeiaiauie
einiaeoeeyie a aannii?iii ii?yaeea. Io i?aaeeueiiai auai?a i?aaeiaoa nii?a caaeneo
?acia? ainoaea?noaaiiie iioeeiu; yoi oaeaea neacuaaaony ia n?ieao ?anniio?aiey
aeaea e ainnoaiiaeaiey ia?ooaiiuo caeiiiuo i?aa iaeiaiieaoaeueueea.
!!86
A i?eciaiee iaaeaenoaeoaeueiuie aeoia iaeiaiauo einiaeoeee iiaoo cayaeyoueny
eneiaua o?aaiaaiey a oao neo/ayo, eiaaea auianaiiia ?aoaiea i i?eiaiaiee
oeiainiauo naieoeee aua ia auiieiaii. A oeaeyo iaania/aiey enea i?aaei?eyoea iiaeao
iinoaaeoue aii?in i i?einoaiiaeaiee eniieiaiey aaieii ieaoaaeiiai ii?o/aiey
(eieanniaiai ?anii?yaeaiey). A neo/aa iieiaeeoaeueiiai ?aoaiey a?aeo?aaeiiai noaea i
i?eiyoee ia? ii iaania/aieth enea i?aaei?eyoeth aa?aioe?oaony nio?aiaiea a iai?ioa
aeaiaaeiuo n?aaenoa aei ieii/aoaeueiiai ?ac?aoaiey nii?a ii nouanoao.
I?aaei?eieiaoaeueneei no?oeoo?ai neaaeiaaei au aeoeaiaa eniieueciaaoue yoo
aiciiaeiinoue nio?aiaiey aeaiaaeiuo n?aaenoa ia naiai n/aoa oioy au ii?aaeaeaiiia
a?aiy. Ii i?aeoeea, iai?eia?, A?aeo?aaeiiai noaea Ai?iiaaeneie iaeanoe
naeaeaoaeuenoaoao ia ia?aoiii: ca aanue ia?eiae aeaenoaey oeacaiiie ii?iu
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa auee oieueei aaeeie/iua ia?auaiey n iiaeiaiui oiaeaoaenoaii. N
aiaeiae/iuie o?aaiaaieyie iiaoo ia?auaoueny caeioa?aniaaiiua i?aaiecaoeee e a
neo/ayo iaiieiiai (/anoe/iiai) ianiaeaney n auaiaeaie i?iaa?ythuaai i?aaia. A
yoeo neo/ayo ainoaea?noaaiiay iioeeia ieaoeony a ?acia?a, i?aaeoniio?aiiii aeey
iaeiouanoaaiiuo eneia. I?e oaeiaeaoai?aiee oaeiai eneiaiai cayaeaiey a?aeo?aaeiue
noae i?eciaao ?aoaiea iaeiaiaie einiaeoeee iaaeaenoaeoaeueiui (iieiinoueth eee
/anoe/ii). ?aoaiea i aica?aoa aeaiaaeiuo noii, anee iie oaea oiea/aiu, nienaiu, ia
auiineony. Einiaeoeey aeieaeia aica?aoeoue nienaiiua ii i?eciaiiiio
iaaeaenoaeoaeueiui aeoo aeaiaaeiua noiiu, a oaeaea i?ae?aoeoue acuneaiea, anee /anoue
eo aua ia nienaia. Anee iaeiaiaay einiaeoeey ioeacuaaaony aica?aoeoue nienaiiua
noiiu ii oaea i?eciaiiiio iaaeaenoaeoaeueiui aeoo, eeai noiia nienaia aei
iaaeaeiaaiey aeoa, i?aaei?eyoea ia?auaaony a a?aeo?aaeiue noae n eneiaui cayaeaieai
eiouanoaaiiiai oa?aeoa?a i aica?aoa iacaeiiii nienaiiuo noii. Iiyoiio ii oaeei
o?aaiaaieyi iaiaoiaeeia oieaoa ainoaea?noaaiiie iioeeiu a onoaiiaeaiiii ?acia?a
io oeaiu enea. A neo/aa eno?aaiaaiey nienaiiuo aeaiaaeiuo noii aac iaaeaeiaaiey
naiiai aeoa iaeiaiaie einiaeoeee i i?eiaiaiee oeiainiauo naieoeee, nienaieth
iaaeieiie ii iaycaoaeueiui ieaoaaeai enoaoe cayaeyao iaeii o?aaiaaiea. Noae, auiiny
?aoaiea ii eneo, einaaiii ?aoaao aii?in e i caeiiiinoe aeoa iaeiaiaie
einiaeoeee. Iaeiaei, iineieueeo oaeia o?aaiaaiea ia cayaeyeinue, iii ia iiaeeaaeeo
iieaoa ainoaea?noaaiiie iioeeiie. Aieaa neiaeiay neooaoeey neeaaeuaaaony a oao
neo/ayo, eiaaea a eneiaii cayaeaiee cayaeaiu iaeiia?aiaiii o?aaiaaiey i i?eciaiee
iaaeaenoaeoaeueiui aeoa ainoaea?noaaiiuo iaeiaiauo i?aaiia e ia ia?aoiii acuneaiee
oaea nienaiiie noiiu. Ainoaea?noaaiiay
!!87
iioeeia ii oaeiio eneo aeieaeia oiea/eaaoueny ca aeaa o?aaiaaiey: a ?acia?a 20
ieieiaeueiuo iieao o?oaea ca o?aaiaaiea i i?eciaiee aeoa iaaeaenoaeoaeueiui e a
onoaiiaeaiiii ?acia?a io oeaiu enea. Iaeiia?aiaiiia o?aaiaaiea i i?eciaiee aeoa
iaaeaenoaeoaeueiui a oaeeo neo/ayo caiaoii nie?auaao n?ie ainnoaiiaeaiey
ia?ooaiiuo i?aa i?aaei?eyoee- iaeiaiieaoaeueueeia. Oaeei ia?acii, a caaeneiinoe
io eiie?aoiie neooaoeee e ianoiyoaeuenoa, naycaiiuo n ia?ooaieai i?aa,
iaeiaiieaoaeueuee iiaeao aeiaeaaoueny caueou naieo eiouanoaaiiuo i?aa a a?aeo?aaeiii
noaea iooai i?aaeuyaeaiey neaaeothueo eneia: i i?eciaiee iaaeaenoaeoaeueiuie ?aoaiee
iaeiaiauo i?aaiia; i aica?aoa ec athaeaeaoa aeaiaaeiuo n?aaenoa, acuneaiiuo n
i?aaei?eyoee e a?aaeaeai- i?aaei?eieiaoaeae; i i?eciaiee eieanniauo ?anii?yaeaiee ia
aannii?iia nienaiea n?aaenoa ia iiaeeaaeaueie eniieiaieth; i aiciauaiee oauoeia,
i?e/eiaiiuo iaeiaiieaoaeueueeai aneaaenoaea iaiaaeeaaeauaai eniieiaiey iaeiaiauie
i?aaiaie naieo iaycaiiinoae.
3. AIOEIIIIIIEUeIIA ?AAOEE?IAAIEA I?AAeI?EIEIAOAEUeNEIE AeAssOAEUeIINOE.
Oa?aeoa?iie /a?oie nia?aiaiiie yeiiiieee noaea aa aeaiiiiiieecaoeey. I?aaiaie
iniiaie yoiai i?ioeanna yaeyaony aioeiiiiiieueiia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai. Ecaanoiue
caeii ?NON? “I eiieo?aioeee e ia?aie/aiee iiiiiieenoe/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe ia
oiaa?iuo ?uieao”(*1) io 22 ia?oa 1991 a., a ?aaeaeoeee Caeiia io 25 iay 1995 a.
ii?aaeaeee th?eaee/aneea i?aaeea eiieo?aioeee, o.a. ninoycaoaeueiinoe
i?aaei?eieiaoaeae ia oiaa?iuo ?uieao. Eiaiii eiieo?aioeey ia?aie/eaaao
aiciiaeiinoe eaaeaeiai ioaeaeueiiai i?aaei?eieiaoaey iaaaoeaii aicaeaenoaiaaoue ia
iauea oneiaey oiaa?iiai ?uiea, noeioee?oao i?iecaiaenoai oao oiaa?ia e oneoa,
eioi?ua o?aaothony iio?aaeoaeth. Aioeiiae eiieo?aioeee – iiiiiieenoe/aneay
aeayoaeueiinoue, o.a. aeaenoaey (aacaeaenoaea) oicyenoaothueo noauaeoia, iai?aaeaiiua
ia ia?aie/aiea eee ono?aiaiea eiieo?aioeee, iiauoaiea oeai. Caeii ii?aaeaeyao
aeiieie?othuaa iieiaeaiea eae eneeth/eoaeueiia iieiaeaiea oicyenoaothuaai noauaeoa ia
?uiea ii?aaeaeaiiiai oiaa?a, aeathuaa aio aiciiaeiinoue ieacuaaoue ?aoathuaa aeeyiea
ia eiieo?aioeeth, cao?oaeiyoue aeinooi ia ?uiie ae?oaei oicyenoaothuei noauaeoai eee
eiui ia?acii ia?aie/eaaoue naiaiaeo eo yeiiiie/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe. Aeiieie?othuei
i?eciaaony iieiaeaiea
(**1) Oai aea. -1991. -N16. -No.499; NC ?O. -1995. -N25. -No.1977.
!!88
oicyenoaothuaai noauaeoa, aeiey eioi?iai ia ?uiea ii?aaeaeaiiiai oiaa?a i?aauoaao
i?aaeaeueioth aaee/eio, onoaiaaeeaaaioth aaeaaiaeii Aioeiiiiiieueiui eiieoaoii. Caeii
onoaiiaee, /oi ia iiaeao auoue i?eciaii aeiieie?othuei iieiaeaiea oicyenoaothuaai
noauaeoa, aeiey eioi?iai ia ?uiea ii?aaeaeaiiiai oiaa?a ia i?aauoaao 35
i?ioeaioia. Iaeiaei n ethey 1994 a. Aioeiiiiiieueiui eiieoaoii yoio o?iaaiue
onoaiiaeai a i?aaeaeao 65% eee io 35 aei 65%, anee ii aeieacai oa??eoi?eaeueiuie
i?aaiaie AEAI.(*1) Aeaenoaothuaa caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai ?inneeneie oaaea?aoeee
onoaiaaeeaaao aeey i?aaei?eyoee- iiiiiieenoia oeaeue ?yae ia?aie/aiee e
iaaeaaii?eyoiuo iineaaenoaee, a oii /enea ?aaoee?iaaiea oeai ia eo i?iaeoeoeeth e aa
nauoa. I?aaei?eyoea i?eciaaony iiiiiieenoii n iiiaioa aeeth/aiey aai a
Ainoaea?noaaiiue ?aano? i?aaei?eyoee- iiiiiieenoia, ninoaaeaiea, ooaa?aeaeaiea e
aaaeaiea eioi?iai ii?o/aii aioeiiiiiieueiiio eiieoaoo Iinoaiiaeaieai I?aceaeeoia
Aa?oiaiiai Niaaoa ?O io 20 yiaa?y 1992 a. N2218-1 “I ainoaea?noaaiiii
?aaoee?iaaiee aeayoaeueiinoe i?aaei?eyoee- iiiiiieenoia”(*2). Caeii ia
aioeiiiiiieueiie aeayoaeueiinoe ia ii?aaeaeee ii?yaeie e e?eoa?ee aeeth/aiey a
Ain?aano? i?aaei?eyoee. Yoio ii?yaeie ii?aaeaeai Iieiaeaieai “I ainoaea?noaaiiii
?aano?a ?NON? iauaaeeiaiee e i?aaei?eyoee- iiiiiieenoia, aeaenoaothueo ia oiaa?iii
?uiea”, ooaa?aeaeaiiui Aioeiiiiiieueiui eiieoaoii ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee. Ca
e?eoa?ee ioianaiey i?aaei?eyoee e i?aaei?eyoeyi- iiiiiieenoai i?eiyoi eeoue
aeiieie?othuaa iieiaeaiea i?aaei?eyoey ia ?anioaeeeaineii eee ianoiii oiaa?iii
?uiea. Iiae ianoiui oiaa?iui ?uieii iiieiaaony oa??eoi?ey (noa?a ia?auaiey
oiaa?ia) ?anioaeeee a ninoaaa ?O, aaoiiiiiuo ia?aciaaiee, e?ay, iaeanoe eeai
a?oiia ianaeaiiuo ioieoia, aaea anoue aiciiaeiinoue i?eia?anoe oio eee eiie oiaa?
(oneoae, ?aaiou). I?aaenoaaeyaony, /oi iaeiiai e?eoa?ey – aeiieie?othuaai iieiaeaiey
i?aaei?eyoey ia oiaa?iii ?uiea – aeey aeeth/aiey a ?aano? iiiiiieenoia
iaaeinoaoi/ii. I?aaei?eyoea iiaeao caieiaoue aeiieie?othuaa iieiaeaiea ia
niioaaonoaothuai oiaa?iii ?uiea, ii ia ceioiio?aaeyoue ei. Caeiiii cai?auathony
aeaenoaey oicyenoaothuaai noauaeoa, caieiathuaai aeiieie?othuaa iieiaeaiea, eioi?ua
eiatho eee iiaoo eiaoue naiei ?acoeueoaoii nouanoaaiiia ia?aie/aiea eiieo?aioeee e
(eee) ouaieaiea eioa?ania ae?oaeo oicyenoaothueo noauaeoia eee a?aaeaeai. A /enea
oaeeo aeaenoaee caeii iacuaaao:
(**1) I?eeac AEAI ?O io 03.06.94 N66 // AIA ?O. -1994. -N9. -N.10.
(**2) Aaaeiiinoe Nuacaea ia?iaeiuo aeaiooaoia ?O e Aa?oiaiiai Niaaoa ?O. -1992.
-N6. -No.254.
!!89
ecuyoea oiaa?ia ec ia?auaiey n oeaeueth nicaeaiey eee iiaeaea?aeaiey aeaoeoeeoa ia ?uiea
eeai iiauoaiey oeai; iaaycuaaiea eiio?aaaioo oneiaee aeiaiai?a, ia auaiaeiuo aeey
iaai eee ia ioiinyueony e i?aaeiaoo aeiaiai?a (iaiainiiaaiiua o?aaiaaiey ia?aaea/e
oeiainiauo n?aaenoa, a oii /enea a eiino?aiiie aaethoa, nu?uey, iaoa?eaeia,
ecaeaeee, aeeeuo aeiiia, eaa?oe?, ?aai/ae neeu eiio?aaaioa e ae?.); aeeth/aiea a
aeiaiai? aeene?eieie?othueo oneiaee, eioi?ua noaayo eiio?aaaioa a ia?aaiia
iieiaeaiea ii n?aaiaieth n ae?oaeie oicyenoaothueie noauaeoaie; niaeanea caeeth/eoue
aeiaiai? eeoue i?e oneiaee aianaiey a iaai iieiaeaiee, eanathueony oiaa?ia, a
eioi?uo eiio?aaaio (iio?aaeoaeue) ia caeioa?aniaai; nicaeaiea i?aiyonoaee aeinooio
ia ?,uiie (auoiaeo n ?uiea) ae?oaei oicyenoaothuei noauaeoai; ia?ooaiea
onoaiiaeaiiiai ii?iaoeaiuie aeoaie ii?yaeea oeaiiia?aciaaiey. Anee yoe aeaenoaey
i?aaei?eyoeai, caieiathuei aeiieie?othuaa iieiaeaiea ia ?uiea, ia inouanoaeythony, oi
iii e ia iiaeao auoue i?eciaii iiiiiieenoii, E?iia oiai, i?aaeoniio?aia
ioaaonoaaiiinoue e iineaaenoaey ca ia?ooaiey ii?i Caeiia ia aioeiiiiiieueiie
aeayoaeueiinoe: a niioaaonoaee n i?aaeienaieyie Aioeiiiiiieueiiai eiieoaoa eee aai
oa??eoi?eaeueiiai oi?aaeaiey i?ae?aoeoue ia?ooaiea, ainnoaiiaeoue ia?aiia/aeueiia
iieiaeaiea, ?anoi?aiooue eee eciaieoue aeiaiai?, auiieieoue eiua aeaenoaey,
i?aaeoniio?aiiua i?aaeienaieai, a oaeaea aicianoeoue i?e/eiaiiua oauoee e oieaoeoue
oo?ao. Eiaiii eiaaea oicyenoaothuee noauaeo, caieiathuee aeiieie?othuaa iieiaeaiea ia
niioaaonoaothuai ?uiea oiaa?ia, aeiioneaao cai?auaiiua aeaenoaey e ia auiieiyao
i?aaeienaiea aioeiiiiiieueiiai i?aaia i i?ae?auaiee yoeo aeaenoaee e aeieaeai
?aoaoueny aii?in i aeeth/aiee oaeiai i?aaei?eyoey a ?aano? i?aaei?eyoee-
iiiiiieenoia. Oaeei ia?acii, iniiaaieyie aeey aeeth/aiey i?aaei?eyoee a
Ainoaea?noaaiiue ?aano? i?aaei?eyoee- iiiiiieenoia (?anioaeeeaineee eee ianoiue)
aeieaeiu auoue:
– aeiieie?othuaa iieiaeaiea i?aaei?eyoey ia niioaaonoaothuai oiaa?iii ?uiea;
– ceioiio?aaeaiea oicyenoaothuei noauaeoii aeiieie?othuei iieiaeaieai, o.a.
niaa?oaiea cai?auaiiuo aeaenoaee;
– iaauiieiaiea i?aaeienaiee aioeiiiiiieueiuo i?aaiia i i?ae?auaiee
cai?auaiiuo aeaenoaee.
Aeey i?iaaaeaiey aioeiiiiiieueiie iieeoeee, eiio?iey ca i?eiaiaieai
aioeiiiiiieueiiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa nicaeaiu niaoeeaeueiua i?aaiu eniieieoaeueiie
aeanoe – Ainoaea?noaaiiue aioeiiiiiieueiue eiieoao ?O e aai oa??eoi?eaeueiua
oi?aaeaiey, eioi?ua ninoaaeytho aaeeioth nenoaio e ia aoiaeyo a no?oeoo?o
eniieieoaeueiuo i?aaiia e iacaaeneiu io ieo.
!!90
Iacaaiea aioeiiiiiieueiiai i?aaia ?innee io?aaeaao aeaoaaeeioth oeaeue
aioeiiiiiieueiiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa: ai?ueaa n iiiiiieeciii e iiaeaea?aeea, ?acaeoea
eiieo?aioeee. Aioeiiiiiieueiua i?aaiu nicaeaiu aeey i?iaaaeaiey ainoaea?noaaiiie
iieeoeee ii ?acaeoeth oiaa?iuo ?uieia e eiieo?aioeee, ia?aie/aieth
iiiiiieenoe/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe e i?ana/aieth iaaeia?iniaanoiie eiieo?aioeee.
Aioeiiiiiieueiue eiieoao yaeyaony iaeiei ec oeaio?aeueiuo i?aaiia oi?aaeaiey. Aai
iieiiii/ey ii?aaeaeaiu Aioeiiiiiieueiui caeiiii en/a?iuaathua. A niioaaonoaee ni
no. 3 yoiai Caeiia Aioeiiiiiieueiue eiieoao nai ia?acoao oa??eoi?eaeueiua
oi?aaeaiey e onoaiaaeeaaao eo iieiiii/ey a i?aaeaeao eiiiaoaioeee, ii?aaeaeaiiie
Caeiiii. A iieiii iauaia iieiiii/ey oa??eoi?eaeueiuo oi?aaeaiee ii?aaeaeaiu
Oeiiaui iieiaeaieai i oa??eoi?eaeueiii oi?aaeaiee, ooaa?aeaeaiiii 17 ieoya?y 1991
a. Aioeiiiiiieueiui eiieoaoii ?O. Caaea/e aioeiiiiiieueiuo i?aaiia ii?aaeaeytho aeaa
noi?iiu eo aeayoaeueiinoe: ?ai?anneaioth e niceaeaoaeueioth. ?ai?anneaiay noi?iia
aeayoaeueiinoe caeeth/aaony a inouanoaeaiee i?aaeaa?eoaeueiiai e oaeouaai eiio?iey
ca aeayoaeueiinoueth i?aaei?eieiaoaeae (oicyenoaothueo noauaeoia), i?aaiia
ainoaea?noaaiiie aeanoe e oi?aaeaiey, eo aeieaeiinoiuo eeoe; i?eaeaeatho ia?ooeoaeae
e ioaaonoaaiiinoe, i?eiaiyy naieoeee, i?aaeoniio?aiiua caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii. E
niceaeaoaeueiie aeayoaeueiinoe ioiineony niaeaenoaea oi?ie?iaaieth ?uii/iuo ioiioaiee
ia iniiaa ?acaeoey eiieo?aioeee e i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa, ?acaeoeth iaeiai e
n?aaeiaai i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa. (A 1998 a. nicaeai naiinoiyoaeueiue Ainoaea?noaaiiue
eiieoao ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee ii iiaeaea?aeea e ?acaeoeth iaeiai
i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa). Caeii ioa?aie/eaaao iieiiii/ey aioeiiiiiieueiuo i?aaiia io
iieiiii/ee eiuo i?aaiia ainoaea?noaa, iniiauaaynue ia i?eioeeia ?acaeaeaiey
aeanoae. Oae, Aioeiiiiiieueiue eiieoao e aai oa??eoi?eaeueiua oi?aaeaiey ai?aaa
aeaaaoue i?aaei?eieiaoaeyi ( oicyenoaothuei noauaeoai), i?aaiai ainoaea?noaaiiie
aeanoe e oi?aaeaiey, eo aeieaeiinoiui eeoeai iaycaoaeueiua aeey eniieiaiey
i?aaeienaiey i i?ae?auaiee ia?ooaiee aioeiiiiiieueiiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa, i
ainnoaiiaeaiee ia?aiia/aeueiiai iieiaeaiey, ?anoi?aeaiee eee eciaiaiee aeiaiai?ia,
ia niioaaonoaothueo caeiiiaeaoaeuenoao, ia ioiaia eeai eciaiaiee aeoia, i?eiyouo n
ia?ooaieai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa. A oi aea a?aiy aioeiiiiiieueiua i?aaiu ia iiaoo
i?eiyoue ?aoaiey i i?eciaiee a?aaeaeainei- i?aaiaiai aeiaiai?a eee aeoia i?aaiia
aeanoe e oi?aaeaiey iaaeaenoaeoaeueiuie, acuneeaaoue oauoee, i?e/eiaiiua
ia?ooaieai aioeiiiiiieueiiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa eee iaaeia?iniaanoiie eiieo?aioeeae,
iineieueeo a niioaaonoaee n
!!91
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii oaeea ?aoaiey iieiiii/iu i?eieiaoue eeoue noaeaaiua i?aaiu.
Aioeiiiiiieueiua i?aaiu eiatho a ?anii?yaeaiee oaeea n?aaenoaa aicaeaenoaey, eae
auaea/a Niioaaonoaothueo i?aaeienaiee i?aaei?eieiaoaeyi, i?aaiai aeanoe e
oi?aaeaiey, a i?e eo iaauiieiaiee – iaeiaeaiea aaeieieno?aoeaiuo acuneaiee
(i?aaeoi?aaeaeaiee e oo?aoia). I?ioeaaeo?a i?eiaiaiey yoeo ia? aicaeaenoaey
ii?aaeaeaia I?aaeeaie ?anniio?aiey aeae i ia?ooaieyo aioeiiiiiieueiiai
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa, ooaa?aeaeaiiuie Aioeiiiiiieueiui eiieoaoii ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee
2 ethey 1991 aiaea(*1). I?aaei?eieiaoaeyi, i?aaiai aeanoe e oi?aaeaiey, eo
aeieaeiinoiui eeoeai Caeii i?aaeinoaaeyao i?aai iaaeaeiaaoue i?aaeienaiey e ?aoaiey
aioeiiiiiieueiuo i?aaiia i iaeiaeaiee oo?aoia a noaeaaiii ii?yaeea. Caeii i?yia ia
i?aaeoniao?eaaao aiciiaeiinoue iaaeaeiaaiey ?aoaiey aioeiiiiiieueiuo i?aaiia i
aeeth/aiee i?aaei?eyoey a ?aano? i?aaei?eyoee- iiiiiieenoia, o.a. ?aoaiee,i
i?eciaiee i?aaei?eyoey iiiiiieenoii. Iaeiaei A?aaeaeaineee eiaeaen ?O, a oaeaea
A?aeo?aaeiue i?ioeannoaeueiue eiaeaen ?O i?aaeoniao?eaatho aiciiaeiinoue i?aaei?eyoee e
ae?oaeo i?aaiecaoeee ia?auaoueny a a?aeo?aaeiue noae n eneii i i?eciaiee
iaaeaenoaeoaeueiui iieiinoueth eee /anoe/ii ?aoaiey ethaiai ainoaea?noaaiiiai i?aaia
aeanoe e oi?aaeaiey, eaeiauie e yaeythony yoe i?aaiu. Noaeaaiua i?aaiu,
?anniao?eaay niioaaonoaothuea cayaeaiey, inouanoaeytho eiio?ieue ca aeayoaeueiinoueth
aioeiiiiiieueiuo i?aaiia (eae e ae?oaeo i?aaiia ainoaea?noaaiiie aeanoe e
oi?aaeaiey e eo aeieaeiinoiuo eeoe) e ai?aaa i?eciaoue iieiinoueth eee /anoe/ii
iaaeaenoaeoaeueiui ?aoaiea eee i?aaeienaiea aioeiiiiiieueiiai i?aaia, anee iii ia
niioaaonoaoao caeiiiaeaoaeuenoao. ?anniio?ei yoi ia i?eia?a. Oae, Ai?iiaaeneia
oa??eoi?eaeueiia oi?aaeaiea Aioeiiiiiieueiiai eiieoaoa naiei ?aoaieai aeeth/eei a
ianoiue (?aaeiiaeueiue) ?aano? i?aaei?eyoee- iiiiiieenoia AI “Aoi?iao” eae
i?aaei?eyoea, caieiathuaa aeiieie?othuaa iieiaeaiea a iaeanoe ii nai?o e naea/a a
ia?a?aaioeo iaoaeeieiia. ?aoaiea iainiiauaaeinue oai, /oi iauai oeacaiiuo oneoa
(?aaio) yoiai i?aaei?eyoey ia oa??eoi?ee iaeanoe, ia ianoiii oiaa?iii ?uiea
ninoaaeyao a aiaeo aieaa 35%. Iainiiaaiea naieo auaiaeia i aeiieie?othuai iieiaeaiee
AI “Aoi?iao” ia ianoiii oiaa?iii ?uiea aioeiiiiiieueiue i?aai a?aeo?aaeiiio noaeo
ia i?aaenoaaee. A oi aea a?aiy i?aaei?eyoea i?aaenoaaeei a noaeaaiii canaaeaiee
aeieacaoaeuenoaa oiai, /oi iauai aai i?iecaiaenoaa (caaioiaee e naea/e iaoaeeieiia)
ninoaaeyao iaiaa 30% io iauaia caaioiaee eiia a oeaeii ii iaeanoe. E?iia oiai,
(**1) Caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai e yeiiiieea. -1991. -N12. -N.31.
!!92
aeiieie?othuaa iieiaeaiea i?aaei?eyoey ii?aaeaeyaony ii ioaeaeueiui aeaeai oiaa?ia. AI
“Aoi?iao” caaioaaeeaaao (niae?aao) eii oeaaoiuo e /a?iuo iaoaeeia naiuo
?acee/iuo iaeiaiiaaiee. Oa??eoi?eaeueiue aioeiiiiiieueiue i?aai oeacae eeoue iauee
iauai caaioiaee anao aeaeia iaoaeeieiia. Ia auei i?aaenoaaeaii aioeiiiiiieueiui
i?aaiii aeieacaoaeuenoa ceioiio?aaeaiey i?aaei?eyoeai naiei aeiieie?othuei
iieiaeaieai, i?eiaiaiey e iaio ia? ioaaonoaaiiinoe ca ia?ooaiea aioeiiiiiieueiiai
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa. I?e oaeeo ianoiyoaeuenoaao a?aeo?aaeiue noae i?aaiia?ii i?eciae
?aoaiea aioeiiiiiieueiiai i?aaia i aeeth/aiee i?aaei?eyoey a ?aaeiiaeueiue ?aano?
i?aaei?eyoee- iiiiiieenoia iaaeaenoaeoaeueiui. A ae?oaii neo/aa a?aeo?aaeiue noae
i?eciae iaaeaenoaeoaeueiui ?aoaiea aioeiiiiiieueiiai i?aaia i aeeth/aiee a
?aaeiiaeueiue ?aano? i?aaei?eyoee- iiiiiieenoia eeiioaao?a “I?ieaoa?ee”, Aeiaiae
oa??eoi?eaeueiiai aioeiiiiiieueiiai i?aaia iniiauaaeny eeoue ia oii, /oi iauai
oneoa yoiai eeiioaao?a ninoaaeyao 40% io iauaia oneoa, ieacuaaaiuo anaie
eeiioaao?aie Oeaio?aeueiiai ?aeiia Ai?iiaaea. A?aeo?aaeiue noae ia niaeaneeny n
iiaieai aioeiiiiiieueiiai i?aaia ia onoaiiaeaiee oa??eoi?ee oiaa?iiai ?uiea a
i?aaeaeao aaeieieno?aoeaiiai ?aeiia ai?iaea. A niioiioaiee eniieieoaeueiie e
noaeaaiie aeanoe i?e eniieueciaaiee ia? aicaeaenoaey i?ei?eoao ioaeai noaeaaiie
aeanoe, /oi io?aaeaao ei?aiiua eciaiaiey a ?aca?aie/aiee aeanoae, iiauoaiea
cia/aiey th?eaee/aneeo aa?aioee i?aa e caeiiiuo eioa?ania oicyenoaothueo
noauaeoia, aeieaeiinoiuo eeoe i?aaei?eyoee, i?aaiia ainoaea?noaaiiie aeanoe e
oi?aaeaiey.
4. I?AAIAIA ?AAOEE?IAAIEA EA*ANOAA I?IAeOEOeEE, ?AAIO E ONEOA
Ainoaea?noaaiiia ?aaoee?iaaiea ea/anoaa i?iaeoeoeee, ?aaio e oneoa inouanoaeyaony
/a?ac caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai i ea/anoaa, i?ecaaiiia iaania/eaaoue iaaeeaaeauaa ea/anoai
auioneaaiie i?iaeoeoeee, auiieiyaiuo ?aaio, i?aaeinoaaeyaiuo oneoa, nii?oaeaaiuo
iauaeoia no?ieoaeuenoaa. Ii?iaoeaiua aeou e ii?iu caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa i ea/anoaa
ioiinyony e ?acee/iui io?aneyi i?aaa: aaeieieno?aoeaiiio, a?aaeaeaineiio,
o?oaeiaiio, oaieiaiiio. A caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa cae?aieythony eiiiaoaioeey i?aaiia
oi?aaeaiey, i?aaei?eyoee a aii?inao ea/anoaa; iieacaoaee ea/anoaa, iaycaoaeueiua
a noa?a oiaa?iiai?ioa; aeaeu ii?iaoeaii-
!!93
oaoie/aneie aeieoiaioaoeee e o?aaiaaiey e iae; i?aaa noi?ii ii ii?aaeaeaieth
oneiaee i ea/anoaa a aeiaiai?a; oi?iu i?aaiaie caueou i?aa iio?aaeoaeae, a oii
/enea e ioaaonoaaiiinoe i?aaei?eyoee e eo ?aaioieeia ca iaiaaeeaaeauaa ea/anoai
i?iaeoeoeee, ?aaio, oneoa. A caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa i ea/anoaa iiaeii auaeaeeoue neaaeothuea
aai ninoaaiua /anoe: caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai i noaiaea?oecaoeee, i iao?ieiaee e i
na?oeoeeaoeee; caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai i i?eaiea i?iaeoeoeee ii ea/anoao, ia
ioaaonoaaiiinoe i?aaei?eyoee e eo ?aaioieeia ca iaiaaeeaaeauaa ea/anoai i?iaeoeoeee,
?aaio e oneoa. Oeaio?aeueiia ianoi a iai caieiaao caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai i
noaiaea?oecaoeee e i na?oeoeeaoeee i?iaeoeoeee e oneoa. Caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai i
noaiaea?oecaoeee ?aaoee?oao ioiioaiey a noa?a ?ac?aaioee, ooaa?aeaeaiey, aiaae?aiey
e niaethaeaiey noaiaea?oia. Caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai i na?oeoeeaoeee ?aaoee?oao ioiioaiey,
naycaiiua n aeayoaeueiinoueth ii iiaeoaa?aeaeaieth niioaaonoaey i?iaeoeoeee onoaiiaeaiiui
o?aaiaaieyi e ea/anoao. Oeacaiiua ioiioaiey ?aaeaiaioe?othony caeiiaie ?O io 10
ethiy 1993 a. “I noaiaea?oecaoeee” e “I na?oeoeeaoeee i?iaeoeoeee e oneoa”.(*1)
Iniaia ianoi a ?aaoee?iaaiee noaiaea?oecaoeee e na?oeoeeaoeee caieiatho ii?iaoeaiua
aeou Eiieoaoa ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee ii noaiaea?oecaoeee, iao?ieiaee e na?oeoeeaoeee
(Ainnoaiaea?o ?innee) – i?aaia niaoeeaeueii nicaeaiiiai aeey ainoaea?noaaiiiai
oi?aaeaiey noaiaea?oecaoeeae e ea/anoaii. (A niioaaonoaee n Caeiiii ?O eI
aianaiee eciaiaiee e aeiiieiaiee a Caeii ?O “I na?oeoeeaoeee i?iaeoeoeee e oneoa”
io 31.07.98 N154-OC – niaoeeaeueii oiieiiii/aiiue oaaea?aeueiue i?aai
eniieieoaeueiie aeanoe a iaeanoe na?oeoeeaoeee).Iinoaiiaeaieai I?aaeoaeuenoaa ?O
io 25 aeaeaa?y 1992 a. ooaa?aeaeaii “Iieiaeaiea i Eiieoaoa”(*2). Ii?iaoeaiua aeou i
noaiaea?oecaoeee ii?aaeaeytho iauea i?eioeeiu noaiaea?oecaoeee a no?aia; nenoaio
ii?iaoeaiuo aeieoiaioia ii noaiaea?oecaoeee a ?innee; nenoaio i?aaiia,
inouanoaeythueo noaiaea?oecaoeeth e eo eiiiaoaioeeth; ii?yaeie ?ac?aaioee,
niaeaniaaiey, ooaa?aeaeaiey, ioi?ieaiey, ?aaeno?aoeee, ecaeaiey, ?ani?ino?aiaiey e
eciaiaiey noaiaea?oia, o/aoa, o?aiaiey e aiaae?aiey noaiaea?oia; nenoaio iaaeci?a
ca niaethaeaieai noaiaea?oia, a oaeaea ia?u ioaaonoaaiiinoe ca eo ia?ooaiea.
Aaaeiaeoei o?aaiaaieai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa i ea/anoaa yaeyaony iaania/aiea i?e
?ac?aaioea e ooaa?aeaeaiee noaiaea?oia aaciianiinoe i?iaeoeoeee, ?aaio e oneoa aeey
aeecie e caei?iauey iio?aaeoaeae,
(**1) Aaaeiiinoe Nuacaea ia?iaeiuo aeaiooaoia ?O e Aa?oiaiiai Niaaoa ?O. -1993.
-N25. -No.917; No.966.
(**2) Nia?aiea aeoia I?aceaeaioa e I?aaeoaeuenoaa ?O. -1993. -N4. -No.308.
!!94
io?aiu ie?oaeathuae n?aaeu, oaoie/aneie e eioi?iaoeeiiiie niaianoeiinoe e
acaeiicaiaiyaiinoe i?iaeoeoeee, ea/anoaa i?iaeoeoeee, ?aaio e oneoa a niioaaonoaee
n o?iaiai ?acaeoey iaoee, oaoieee e oaoiieiaee, yeiiiiee anao aeaeia ?ano?nia.
Iauaeoaie noaiaea?oecaoeee, o.a. oai, ia /oi iiaoo ?ac?aaaouaaoueny noaiaea?ou,
yaeythony i?iaeoeoeey, ?aaiou, oneoae, i?aaeea, iaania/eaathuea eo ?ac?aaioeo,
i?iecaiaenoai e i?eiaiaiea. Caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai i na?oeoeeaoeee ii?aaeaeyao iauea
i?aaeea na?oeoeeaoeee i?iaeoeoeee e oneoa ia oa??eoi?ee ?innee, i?aaiu,
inouanoaeythuea na?oeoeeaoeeth, e eo eiiiaoaioeeth, nenoaio iaaeci?a ca niaethaeaieai
i?aaee ii na?oeoeeaoeee, ia?u ioaaonoaaiiinoe ca eo ia?ooaiea. Aeaaiay caaea/a
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa i na?oeoeeaoeee – nicaeaiea oneiaee aeey i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie
aeayoaeueiinoe ia aioo?aiiai e iaaeaeoia?iaeiii ?uiea, niaeaenoaea iio?aaeoaeyi a
eiiiaoaioiii auai?a i?iaeoeoeee e oneoa, i?aaeioa?auaiea’iinooieaiey ia ?uiie
oiaa?ia, oneoa e ?aaio, ia aaciianiuo aeey aeecie e caei?iauey iio?aaeoaeae.
Ainoaea?noaaiiia, iaaeio?aneaaia oi?aaeaiea noaiaea?oecaoeeae a ?innee inouanoaeyao
Ainnoaiaea?o ?innee, eioi?ue eii?aeeie?oao aeayoaeueiinoue ainoaea?noaaiiuo i?aaiia
oi?aaeaiey a yoie noa?a, iaania/eaaao acaeiiaeaenoaea n i?aaiaie ainoaea?noaaiiie
aeanoe noauaeoia Oaaea?aoeee, a oaeaea n i?aaei?eyoeyie, onoaiaaeeaaao iauea
i?aaiecaoeeiiii- oaoie/aneea i?aaeea i?iaaaeaiey ?aaio ii noaiaea?oecaoeee, oi?iu e
iaoiaeu acaeiiaeaenoaey noauaeoia oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe ae?oa n ae?oaii e
ainoaea?noaaiiuie i?aaiaie oi?aaeaiey; auiieiyao ainoaea?noaaiiue eiio?ieue e
iaaeci? ca niaethaeaieai iaycaoaeueiuo o?aaiaaiee ainoaea?noaaiiuo noaiaea?oia,
onoaiaaeeaaao i?aaeea i?eiaiaiey iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo (?aaeiiaeueiuo) noaiaea?oia,
i?aaee, ii?i e ?aeiiaiaeaoeee ii noaiaea?oecaoeee ia oa??eoi?ee ?innee. Eiua i?aaiu
io?aneaaiai oi?aaeaiey (ieienoa?noaa, eiieoaou e aaaeiinoaa) ?ac?aaaouaatho e
i?eieiatho noaiaea?ou e o/anoaotho a ?aaioao ii noaiaea?oecaoeee a i?aaeaeao naiae
eiiiaoaioeee. Noauaeou oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe e iauanoaaiiua iauaaeeiaiey
iiaoo ?ac?aaaouaaoue e i?eieiaoue noaiaea?ou, a oaeaea i?aaieciauaaoue e i?iaiaeeoue
?aaiou ii noaiaea?oecaoeee a i?aaeaeao, onoaiiaeaiiuo Caeiiii “I noaiaea?oecaoeee”.
Nenoaia na?oeoeeaoeee ninoieo ec oeaio?aeueiiai i?aaia nenoaiu na?oeoeeaoeee,
i?aaia ii na?oeoeeaoeee e eniuoaoaeueiuo eaai?aoi?ee (oeaio?ia). Oeaio?aeueiue i?aai
nenoaiu na?oeoeeaoeee i?aaiecoao, eii?aeeie?oao ?aaioo e onoaiaaeeaaao i?aaeea
i?ioeaaeo?u e oi?aaeaiey a aicaeaaeyaiie ei nenoaia na?oeoeeaoeee; ?anniao?eaaao
aeaeiau ia aeaenoaey i?aaiia ii na?oeoeeaoeee, eniuoaoaeueiuo eaai?aoi?ee
(oeaio?ia).
!!95
I?aai ii na?oeoeeaoeee na?oeoeoee?oao i?iaeoeoeeth, auaeaao na?oeoeeaou e eeoeaicee ia
i?eiaiaiea ciaea niioaaonoaey; i?einoaiaaeeaaao eeai ioiaiyao aeaenoaea auaeaiiuo
na?oeoeeaoia; i?aaeinoaaeyao iaiaoiaeeioth eioi?iaoeeth. Eniuoaoaeueiua eaai?aoi?ee
(oeaio?u), aee?aaeeoiaaiiua a onoaiiaeaiiii niioaaonoaothuae nenoaiie na?oeoeeaoeee
ii?yaeea, auiieiytho eniuoaiey eiie?aoiie i?iaeoeoeee e auaeatho i?ioieieu aeey oeaeae
na?oeoeeaoeee. O?aaiaaiey, i?aaeuyaeyaiua e ea/anoao i?iaeoeoeee, ?aaio e oneoa
(ea/anoaaiiua oa?aeoa?enoeee, ia?aiao?u, ?acia?u, o?aaiaaiey oaoie/aneie
ynoaoeee e y?aiiiieee) onoaiaaeeaathony ii?iaoeaiuie aeieoiaioaie ii
noaiaea?oecaoeee. Ii?iaoeaiua aeieoiaiou ii noaiaea?oecaoeee ia i?iaeoeoeeth, ?aaiou e
oneoae, iiaeeaaeauea a niioaaonoaee n caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii iaycaoaeueiie
na?oeoeeaoeee, aeieaeiu niaea?aeaoue o?aaiaaiey, ii eioi?ui inouanoaeythony
na?oeoeeaoeey, iaoiaeu eiio?iey ia niioaaonoaea yoei o?aaiaaieyi, i?aaeea
ia?ee?iaee e o?aaiaaiey e eioi?iaoeee i na?oeoeeaoeee, aeeth/aaiie a
nii?iaiaeeoaeueioth aeieoiaioaoeeth. E ii?iaoeaiui aeieoiaioai ii noaiaea?oecaoeee,
aeaenoaothuei ia oa??eoi?ee ?innee ioiinyony ainoaea?noaaiiua noaiaea?ou (AINOu);
i?eiaiyaiua a onoaiiaeaiiii ii?yaeea iaaeaeoia?iaeiua (?aaeiiaeueiua) noaiaea?ou,
i?aaeea, ii?iu e ?aeiiaiaeaoeee ii noaiaea?oecaoeee; iaua?inneeneea eeanneoeeaoi?u
oaoieei- yeiiiie/aneie eioi?iaoeee; noaiaea?ou io?aneae (INOu), noaiaea?ou
i?aaei?eyoee (NOI), noaiaea?ou iao/ii- oaoie/aneeo, eiaeaia?iuo iauanoa e ae?oaeo
iauanoaaiiuo iauaaeeiaiee. AINOu ?ac?aaaouaathony ia i?iaeoeoeeth, ?aaiou e oneoae,
eiathuea iaaeio?aneaaia cia/aiea. O?aaiaaiey, cae?aieaiiua a AINOao,
iiae?acaeaeythony ia iaycaoaeueiua, iiaeeaaeauea niaethaeaieth anaie ainoaea?noaaiiuie
i?aaiaie oi?aaeaiey e oicyenoaothueie noauaeoaie, e ?aeiiaiaeaoaeueiua. E
iaycaoaeueiui o?aaiaaieyi AINOia a niioaaonoaee n aeaenoaothuei caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii
ioiinyony o?aaiaaiey, iai?aaeaiiua ia iaania/aiea aaciianiinoe aeecie, caei?iauey
e eiouanoaa, io?aiu ie?oaeathuae n?aaeu, oaoie/aneie e eioi?iaoeeiiiie
niaianoeiinoe, acaeiicaiaiyaiinoe i?iaeoeoeee, aaeeinoaa iaoiaeia eo eiio?iey e
ia?ee?iaee. A caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa iiaoo auoue ii?aaeaeaiu e ae?oaea iaycaoaeueiua
o?aaiaaiey AINOia. Ana inoaeueiua o?aaiaaiey AINOia iinyo ?aeiiaiaeaoaeueiue
oa?aeoa?. Iai?eia?, iniiaiua iio?aaeoaeueneea (yenieoaoaoeeiiiua) oa?aeoa?enoeee
i?iaeoeoeee, ynoaoe/aneea e y?aiiiiao?e/aneea o?aaiaaiey e ae?. Iaiaoiaeeiinoue eo
i?eiaiaiey ecaioiaeoaeue e iio?aaeoaeue ii?aaeaeytho i?e caeeth/aiee aeiaiai?ia e
iiaoo ionooiaoue io ?aeiiaiaeaoaeueiuo o?aaiaaiee AINOia.
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Anee a aeiaiai?a oneiaea i ea/anoaa ii?aaeaeaii iooai ionueee e AINOo a oeaeii eee
e oaoie/aneie aeieoiaioaoeee ecaioiaeoaey (iinoaaueea) i?iaeoeoeee, eniieieoaey
?aaio eee oneoa, oeacuaaaony, /oi eo ea/anoai niioaaonoaoao AINOo, a ia aai
iaycaoaeueiui o?aaiaaieyi, ?aeiiaiaeaoaeueiua o?aaiaaiey iiaeeaaeao niaethaeaieth
noauaeoaie oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe. AINOu e iaua?inneeneea eeanneoeeaoi?u
oaoieei- yeiiiie/aneie eioi?iaoeee i?eieiaao Ainnoaiaea?o ?innee, a a iaeanoe
no?ieoaeuenoaa e i?iiuoeaiiinoe no?ieoaeueiuo iaoa?eaeia – Ainoaea?noaaiiue
eiieoao ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee ii aii?inai a?oeoaeoo?u e no?ieoaeuenoaa (Ainno?ie
?innee). (N na?aaeeiu 1998 a. – Ieienoa?noai ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee ii caiaeueiie
iieeoeea, no?ieoaeuenoao e aeeeeuii- eiiioiaeueiiio oicyenoao – Ieicaino?ie
?innee). INOu ?ac?aaaouaathony e i?eieiathony ainoaea?noaaiiuie i?aaiaie
oi?aaeaiey a i?aaeaeao eo eiiiaoaioeee ia i?iaeoeoeeth, ?aaiou e oneoae ii?aaeaeaiiuo
aeaeia, eiathueo iaeii?iaeiia iio?aaeoaeueneia eee ooieoeeiiaeueiia iacia/aiea. INOu
iaycaoaeueiu aeiy niaethaeaiey anaie noauaeoaie oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe
iacaaeneii io aaaeiinoaaiiie iiae/eiaiiinoe e oi?iu nianoaaiiinoe,
?ac?aaaouaathueie e (eee) i?iecaiaeyueie oeacaiiua i?iaeoeoeeth, ?aaiou e oneoae.
NOI ?ac?aaaouaathony e ooaa?aeaeathony i?aaei?eyoeyie naiinoiyoaeueii. Anee a
aeiaiai?a ia ?ac?aaioeo, i?iecaiaenoai e iinoaaeo i?iaeoeoeee, ia auiieiaiea ?aaio
e ieacaiea oneoa naeaeaia nnueea ia NOI, eo o?aaiaaiey iiaeeaaeao iaycaoaeueiiio
niaethaeaieth ae?oaeie noauaeoaie oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe,. INOu e NOI ia aeieaeiu
ia?ooaoue iaycaoaeueiuo o?aaiaaiee, onoaiiaeaiiuo AINOaie. Ioaaonoaaiiinoue ca
niioaaonoaea INOia e NOI o?aaiaaieyi AINOia ianoo ooaa?aeeaoea eo i?aaiu
ainoaea?noaaiiiai oi?aaeaiey e i?aaei?eyoey. Iaania/aiea ea/anoaa i?iaeoeoeee
iaaiciiaeii aac onoaiiaeaiey aaeeinoaa aaee/ei, a eioi?uo ecia?ythony ?acee/iua
ia?aiao?u; o?aaiaaiee, i?aaeuyaeyaiuo e n?aaenoaai ecia?aiey, eo i?iaa?ea,
ii?aaeaeaiey eiiiaoaioeee i?aaiia, iaania/eaathueo aaeeinoai ecia?aiee; i?eioeeiia
eo aeayoaeueiinoe. Caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai, ?aaeaiaioe?othuaa yoe aii?inu, iacuaaaony
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii i iao?ieiaee. Iniiaiui ii?iaoeaiui aeoii a yoie iaeanoe
yaeyaony caeii ?O io 27 ai?aey 1993 a. “Ia iaania/aiee aaeeinoaa ecia?aiee”(*1).
Ainoaea?noaaiiue iao?ieiae/aneee eiio?ieue e iaaeci? inouanoaeythony
Ainoaea?noaaiiie iao?ieiae/aneie neoaeaie Ainnoaiaea?oa ?innee a oi?ia iiaa?ee
n?aaenoa ecia?aiee, a oii /enea e yoaeiiia.
(**1) Aaaeiiinoe Nuacaea ia?iaeiuo aeaiooaoia ?O e Aa?oiaiiai Niaaoa ?O. -1993.
-N23. -No.811.
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Oaeoth iiaa?eo i?ioiaeyo n?aaenoaa ecia?aiey i?e auionea ec i?iecaiaenoaa eee
?aiiioa, i?e aaica ii eiii?oo, a oaeaea iaoiaeyueany a yenieoaoaoeee.
Ainoaea?noaaiiue eiio?ieue e iaaeci? ca niaethaeaieai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa i
noaiaea?oecaoeee e na?oeoeeaoeee a ?inneeneie oaaea?aoeee aiceiaeai ia niaoeeaeueii
oiieiiii/aiiua i?aaiu eniieieoaeueiie aeanoe a iaeanoe na?oeoeeaoeee. Ainiaaeci? e
eiio?ieue yaeythony aiaaaaeiinoaaiiuie, iineieueeo inouanoaeythony a ioiioaiee
ainoaea?noaaiiuo i?aaiia e ia iiae/eiaiiuo ei i?aaei?eyoee e i?aaiecaoeee.
Aeieaeiinoiua eeoea Ainnoaiaea?oa ?O, inouanoaeythuea iaaeci? e eiio?ieue, ai?aaa
auaeaaaoue i?aaeienaiea i cai?aoa eee i?einoaiiaea ?aaeecaoeee (iinoaaee, i?iaeaaee)
, eniieueciaaiey (yenieoaoaoeee) i?iaa?aiiie i?iaeoeoeee, a oaeaea auiieiaiey ?aaio
e ieacaiey oneoa a neo/aa ianiioaaonoaey eo iaycaoaeueiui o?aaiaaieyi AINOia;
auaeaaaoue i?aaeienaiey ia ono?aiaiee auyaeaiiuo ia?ooaiee o?aaiaaiee AINOa ia
noaaeee ?ac?aaioee, iiaeaioiaee i?iaeoeoeee e i?iecaiaenoao, ecaioiaeaiey,
?aaeecaoeee, eniieueciaaiey, o?aiaiey, o?ainii?oe?iaaiey e ooeeecaoeee, i?e
auiieiaiee ?aaio e ieacaiee oneoa; cai?auaoue ?aaeecaoeeth i?iaeoeoeee, auiieiaiiuo
?aaio e ieacaiea oneoa a neo/aa oeeiiaiey noauaeoa oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe
io eo i?aaeuyaeaiey aeey i?iaa?ee; i?eieiaoue iinoaiiaeaiey i i?eiaiaiee e
noauaeoai oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe oo?aoia ca ia?ooaiea iaycaoaeueiuo
o?aaiaaiee AINOia; cai?auaoue ?aaeecaoeeth eiii?oiie i?iaeoeoeee e ieacaiea
eiii?oiuo oneoa, ia niioaaonoaothueo iaycaoaeueiui o?aaiaaieyi AINOia e ia
i?ioaaeoeo ainoaea?noaaiioth ?aaeno?aoeeth. Ca ia?ooaiea i?aaeienaiee i?aaei?eyoey,
i?aaiecaoeee ieaoyo oo?ao a ?acia?a noieiinoe ?aaeeciaaiiie i?iaeoeoeee,
auiieiaiiuo ?aaio e ieacaiiuo oneoa eee a ?acia?a aei 10 oun. ?oa., anee
noieiinoue ?aaeeciaaiiie i?iaeoeoeee, auiieiaiiuo ?aaio, ieacaiiuo oneoa
ii?aaeaeeoue iaaiciiaeii eee iaiaoiaeeiay io/aoiay aeieoiaioaoeey ia i?aaenoaaeaia. A
neo/aa i?e/eiaiey oua?aa iio?aaeoaeyi- a?aaeaeaiai oiaa?aie (?aaioaie, oneoaaie)
, ia ioaa/athuei iaycaoaeueiui o?aaiaaieyi AINOia ii aaciianiinoe i?aaiu
aineiio?iey e iaaeci?a ai?aaa iaeaaaoue oo?ao a ?acia?a noiiu oua?aa,
i?e/eiaiiiai iio?aaeoaeyi, a anee ?acia? oua?aa ii?aaeaeeoue iaaiciiaeii – aei 1
oun. ?oa. A nayce n eciaiaieai iieeoeee a iaeanoe ii?ie?iaaiey o?aaiaaiee,
i?aaeuyaeyaiuo e ea/anoao i?iaeoeoeee (oiaa?ia, ?aaio, oneoa), cia/eoaeueii
iiauoaaony ?ieue aeiaiai?a a ii?aaeaeaiee o?aaiaaiee e ea/anoao. Anee ia i?iaeoeoeeth
(oiaa?u, ?aaiou, oneoae) a AINOao onoaiiaeaiu iaycaoaeueiua o?aaiaaiey, noi?iiu
iaycaiu aeeth/aoue a aeiaiai? oneiaea i niioaaonoaee i?iaeoeoeee (?aaio, oneoa)
iaycaoaeueiui
!!98
o?aaiaaieyi AINOia, a a eiio?aeoao, – i iaee/ee na?oeoeeaoa e ciaea
niioaaonoaey, iiaeoaa?aeaeathueo niioaaonoaea onoaiiaeaiiui o?aaiaaieyi. Ana
inoaeueiua oneiaey i ea/anoaa – oneiaea i iio?aaeoaeueneeo naienoaao i?iaeoeoeee,
oaoie/aneeo oa?aeoa?enoeeao, i?iaeieaeeoaeueiinoe aa?aioeeiuo n?ieia, n?ieia
aiaeiinoe e neoaeau, ia?ee?iaee i?iaeoeoeee (oiaa?ia) , ea/anoaa oa?u e oiaeiaee e
eo ia?ee?iaea, i ii?yaeea i?eaiee i?iaeoeoeee (oiaa?ia, ?aaio, oneoa) ii ea/anoao
e ae?. ii?aaeaeythony a aeiaiai?a eeai iooai nnueee ia ii?iaoeaiua aeieoiaiou ii
noaiaea?oecaoeee (INOu, NOI), eeai iooai onoaiiaeaiey a naiii aeiaiai?a. Anee a
aeiaiai?a oneiaey i ea/anoaa ia iaiai?aiu, i?iaeoeoeey aeieaeia niioaaonoaiaaoue
iau/ii i?aaeuyaeyaiui e oaeiai ?iaea i?iaeoeoeee o?aaiaaieyi e auoue i?eaiaeiie aeey
oeaeae, i eioi?uo ecaioiaeoaeue, i?iaeaaaoe, eniieieoaeue auee iinoaaeaiu a
ecaanoiinoue iieoiaoaeai, caeac/eeii. Anee aea ecaioiaeoaeue, i?iaeaaaoe,
eniieieoaeue ia ciae i eiie?aoiie oeaee eo eniieueciaaiey, oi i?iaeoeoeey (oiaa?,
?aaiou, oneoae) aeieaeia auoue i?eaiaeia aeey oeaeae, aeey eioi?uo iiaeiaiiai ?iaea
i?iaeoeoeey iau/ii eniieuecoaony. Noi?iiu iiaoo i?aaeoniio?aoue a aeiaiai?a naieoeee
ca ia?ooaiea oneiaee i ea/anoaa. Aeaenoaothuaa a?aaeaeaineia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai oaeeo
naieoeee ia onoaiaaeeaaao. Aeey oiai, /oiau ia aeiionoeoue i?iaeaaee
iaaeia?iea/anoaaiiuo oiaa?ia /a?ac ?icie/ioth naoue e eniieueciaaiey
iaaeia?iea/anoaaiiie i?iaeoeoeee a i?iecaiaenoaa, iieo/aoaeue i?iaa?yao ea/anoai
iieo/aiiuo oiaa?ia e i?iaeoeoeee. Oeaeue i?eaiee i?iaeoeoeee (oiaa?ia) ii ea/anoao –
i?iaa?ea aa niioaaonoaey o?aaiaaieyi ii?iaoeaiuo aeieoiaioia ii noaiaea?oecaoeee e
aeiaiai?o. Ii?yaeie i?eaiee i?iaeoeoeee e oiaa?ia ii ea/anoao iiaeao ii?aaeaeyoueny
ii?iaoeaiuie aeieoiaioaie ii noaiaea?oecaoeee e aeiaiai?ii. Aeey ioaeaeueiuo aeaeia
i?iaeoeoeee, iiaoo auoue onoaiiaeaiu iniaaiiinoe i?eaiee. Ai anao inoaeueiuo
neo/ayo i?eaiea inouanoaeyaony a niioaaonoaee n Eino?oeoeeae i ii?yaeea i?eaiee
i?iaeoeoeee i?iecaiaenoaaiii- oaoie/aneiai iacia/aiey e oiaa?ia ia?iaeiiai
iio?aaeaiey ii ea/anoao, ooaa?aeaeaiiie iinoaiiaeaieai Aina?aeo?aaea NNN? io 25
ai?aey 1966 a. I?eaiea iieo/aoaeai i?iaeoeoeee ii ea/anoao ninoieo ec ianeieueeeo
noaaeee:
1) i?eaiea i?iaeoeoeee io i?aaiia o?ainii?oa;
2) i?iaa?ea ea/anoaa i?iaeoeoeee;
3) ninoaaeaiea aeoa i ?acoeueoaoao i?iaa?ee;
4) iiaeienaiea aeoa eeoeaie, o/anoaiaaaoeie a i?iaa?ea;
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5) ooaa?aeaeaiea aeoa, onoaiaaeeaathuaai iaiaaeeaaeauaa ea/anoai eee
iaeiiieaeoiinoue i?iaeoeoeee, ?oeiaiaeeoaeai i?aaei?eyoey- iieo/aoaey eee aai
caianoeoaeai.
I?eaiea ii ea/anoao aeieaeia i?iecaiaeeoueny a neaaeothuea n?iee: i?e iaeiiai?iaeiae
iinoaaea – ia iicaeiaa 10 aeiae, a i?e eiiai?iaeiae iinoaaea – ia iicaeiaa 20 aeiae
i?e iinooieaiee ia neeaae iieo/aoaey. Aieaa ei?ioeea n?iee (io 24 aei 48 /ania)
onoaiiaeaiu aeey i?eaiee nei?iii?oyuaeny i?iaeoeoeee e oiaa?ia, a aieaa aeeeoaeueiua
(io 30 aei 60 aeiae) – aeey iio?aaeoaeae, iaoiaeyueony a ?aeiiao E?aeiaai Naaa?a.
Aeey ane?uoey e aeoe?iaaiey ne?uouo (i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo) iaaeinoaoeia onoaiiaeai
/aou?aoiany/iue n?ie. I?iaa?ea ea/anoaa inouanoaeyaony a aeaa yoaia.
Ia?aiia/aeueii ea/anoai i?iaeoeoeee i?iaa?ytho ?aaioieee i?aaei?eyoey- iieo/aoaey. A
neo/aa iaia?oaeaiey iaaeinoaoeia i?iaeoeoeee, oa?u, oiaeiaee i?eaiea
i?einoaiaaeeaaaony e ninoaaeyaony aeo i iaaeinoaoeao i?iaa?aiiie /anoe
i?iaeoeoeee. Aeey i?iaeieaeaiey i?eaiee e ninoaaeaiey aeaonoi?iiiaai aeoa i
iaaeinoaoeao iieo/aoaeue iaycai aucaaoue i?aaenoaaeoaey iaeiiai?iaeiaai ecaioiaeoaey
(ioi?aaeoaey) iieo/aiiie i?iaeoeoeee, a a neo/ayo, i?aaeoniio?aiiuo iaycaoaeueiuie
i?aaeeaie eee aeiaiai?ii – i?aaenoaaeoaey eiiai?iaeiaai ecaioiaeoaey
(ioi?aaeoaey). I?e iayaea i?aaenoaaeoaey a onoaiiaeaiiua n?iee, iaiieo/aiee io
iaai niiauaiey i iai?aaeaiee i?aaenoaaeoaey, a oaeaea a neo/aa, eiaaea aucia
eiiai?iaeiaai i?aaenoaaeoaey ia iaycaoaeai, i?iaeieaeaiea i?eaiee inouanoaeyaony:
i?iaeoeoeee – n i?aaenoaaeoaeai niioaaonoaothuae io?aneaaie einiaeoeee ii ea/anoao,
a oiaa?ia – yenia?oii ath?i oiaa?iuo yenia?oec. I?e ionoonoaee a ianoa
iaoiaeaeaiey iieo/aoaey (iieoiaoaey) niioaaonoaothuae einiaeoeee ii ea/anoao eee
ath?i oiaa?iuo yenia?oec, eeai i?e ioeaca a auaeaeaiee yenia?oa ea/anoai
i?iaa?yaony n o/anoeai eeai eiiiaoaioiiai i?aaenoaaeoaey ae?oaiai i?aaei?eyoey,
i?aaiecaoeee, eeai eiiiaoaioiiai i?aaenoaaeoaey iauanoaaiiinoe i?aaei?eyoey-
iieo/aoaey. Aiciiaeia iaeiinoi?iiiyy i?eaiea ii ea/anoao i?e niaeanee
ecaioiaeoaey (ioi?aaeoaey) ia oaeoth i?eaieo.
5. I?AAIAIA ?AAOEE?IAAIEA ONOAIIAEAIEss E I?EIAIAIEss OeAI IA OIAA?U, ?AAIOU E
ONEOAE Oeaia yaeyaony aeaiaaeiie oi?iie noieiinoe i?iecaaaeaiiuo oiaa?ia
(i?iaeoeoeee) , auiieiaiiuo ?aaio, ieacaiiuo oneoa. I?eiaieoaeueii e ?aaioai e
oneoaai eniieuecotho oa?iei “oa?eo” eae neiiiei oa?ieia “oeaia”.
!!100
Oeaiu e oa?eou i?aaeaea anaai eniieuecothony a oiaa?ii- aeaiaaeiuo ioiioaieyo aeey
?an/aoia ca oiaa?u (i?iaeoeoeeth), ?aaiou e oneoae. Iaonoieea (oo?ao, iaie) e
oauoee, aucaaiiua ia?ooaieai aeiaiai?iuo iaycaoaeuenoa, oaeaea en/eneythony a
aeaiaaeiii au?aaeaiee n eniieueciaaieai oeaiu. Oeaia – aaaeiaeoee eino?oiaio
oi?ie?iaaiey e ooieoeeiie?iaaiey ?uiea. Naiaiaeiia oeaiiia?aciaaiea – iaeei ec
iaiouaieaiuo yeaiaioia ?uii/iuo ioiioaiee. N ae?oaie noi?iiu, n oeaiaie naycaiu
?acaeoea yeiiiieee e nioeeaeueiua eioa?anu a?aaeaeai. Iiyoiio ainoaea?noai ieacuaaao
aeeyiea ia oeaiiia?aciaaiea e oeaiii?eiaiaiea, eniieuecoy i?e yoii ?acee/iua oi?iu
aicaeaenoaey. Ainoaea?noai ii?aaeaeyao ii?yaeie onoaiiaeaiey e i?eiaiaiey oeai e
eiio?iee?oao aai niaethaeaiea. A i?aaeoniio?aiiuo caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii neo/ayo
ainoaea?noaaiiua i?aaiu i?yii aicaeaenoaotho ia oeaiu iooai ooaa?aeaeaiey
oeene?iaaiiuo oeai, eeai onoaiiaeaiey i?aaeaeueiiai ?acia?a oeaiu, eeai i?aaeaeueiiai
o?iaiy ?aioaaaeueiinoe. I?aaeaeu aiaoaoaeuenoaa ainoaea?noaa a oeaiiia?aciaaiea e
oeaiii?eiaiaiea, niiniau i?yiiai eee einaaiiiai aicaeaenoaey ia oeaiu ii?aaeaeaiu
ii?iaoeaiuie aeoaie. A oneiaeyo eeaa?aeecaoeee oeai aaaeiia cia/aiea eiaao
ainoaea?noaaiiue eiio?ieue ca niaethaeaieai oeai, i?eiaiaiea naieoeee e
i?aaei?eieiaoaeyi, ia?ooathuei ii?yaeie onoaiiaeaiey e i?eiaiaiey oeai.
Ooieoeeiiaeueiui i?aaiii, aiaeece?othuei i?ioeannu oeaiiia?aciaaiey ia oiaa?iuo
?uieao, aaaeouei noaoenoe/aneia iaaethaeaiea ca ?uii/iuie e ?aaoee?oaiuie oeaiaie,
eii?aeeiaoeeth aeayoaeueiinoe i?aaiia ainoaea?noaaiiiai oi?aaeaiey a iaeanoe
oeaiiia?aciaaiey, yaeyaony Aeaia?oaiaio Ieiyeiiiieee ?O ii iieeoeea oeai. A
noauaeoao Oaaea?aoeee nicaeaiu niaoeeaeueiua i?aaiu oeaiiia?aciaaiey aeey ?aoaiey
aii?inia, naycaiiuo n onoaiiaeaieai e i?eiaiaieai oeai. Yoe i?aaiu eiio?iee?otho
niaethaeaiea ainoaea?noaaiiie aeenoeeieeiu oeai. Ia i?aaei?eyoeyo oi?aiaee e
iauanoaaiiiai I, ieoaiey eiio?iee?iaaoue niaethaeaiea aeenoeeieeiu oeai ai?aaa i?aaiu
ainoaea?noaaiiie einiaeoeee ii oi?aiaea e ea/anoao oiaa?ia. A caaeneiinoe io
ii?yaeea onoaiiaeaiey oeai ?acee/athony ?uii/iua, ?aaoee?oaiua e oeene?iaaiiua
oeaiu. ?uii/iay – oeaia i?iaeoeoeee (oiaa?a, ?aaio eee oneoa) neeaaeuaathuayny ia
?uiea aac i?yiiai aiaoaoaeuenoaa ainoaea?noaa. A ioee/ea io ?uii/iie ?aaoee?oaiay
oeaia ii?aaeaeyaony i?e i?yiii ainoaea?noaaiiii aicaeaenoaee ia iaa iooai
onoaiiaeaiey aa?oiaai i?aaeaea oeaiu, i?aaeaeueiiai o?iaiy ?aioaaaeueiinoe,
i?aaeaeueiiai o?iaiy iaoeaiie, neeaeie eeai ii?iaoeaia ii?aaeaeaiey oeai
i?aaei?eieiaoaeyie. Oeene?iaaiiay – oaa?aei onoaiiaeaiiay oeaia.
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?uii/iua oeaiu – yoi naiaiaeiua oeaiu. Iie ii?aaeaeythony caeeth/aaiuie aeiaiai?aie.
Iaeiaei e i?e ainoaea?noaaiiuo ?aaoee?oaiuo oeaiao (ca eneeth/aieai oeene?iaaiiuo)
oeaia oaeaea ii?aaeaeyaony aeiaiai?ii, oieueei oniio?aiea noi?ii a aa ii?aaeaeaiee
ia?aie/aii. Yeiiiie/aneia iacia/aiea oeaiu – eiie e?eoa?ee, eioi?ue eniieuecoaony
aeey ?aca?aie/aiey iioiauo, ?icie/iuo e caeoii/iuo (caaioiaeoaeueiuo) oeai.
Iioiaay oeaia – oeaia caaiaeneie i?iaeoeoeee, naiaiaeiay io iaoeaiie, neeaeie e o.i.
?icie/iua oeaiu i?eiaiythony ia oiaa?u ia?iaeiiai iio?aaeaiey i?e eo i?iaeaaea
ianaeaieth, a caeoii/iua – aeey ?an/aoia ca i?iaeoeoeeth e nu?uea, i?eia?aoaaiua o
naeueneioicyenoaaiiuo i?aaiecaoeee. I?aaei?eieiaoaeue ai?aaa i?aaeeiaeeoue naiaio
eiio?aaaioo ethaoth oeaio ia oiaa? (?aaiou, oneoae), anee iia ia iiiaaeaao a noa?o
ainoaea?noaaiiiai ?aaoee?iaaiey oeai. Anee aea eiio?aaaio ceioiio?aaeyao naiei
aeiieie?othuei iieiaeaieai ia oiaa?iii ?uiea, aeiioneaao ia?ooaiey cai?aoia,
onoaiiaeaiiuo aioeiiiiiieueiui caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii, i?aaei?eieiaoaeue ai?aaa
iaaeaeiaaoue aai aeaenoaey a aioeiiiiiieueiua i?aaiu. I?aaei?eyoey- iiiiiieenou,
aeeth/aiiua a ainoaea?noaaiiue ?aano? i?aaei?eieiaoaeae- iiiiiieenoia, iaycaiu
aeaeea?e?iaaoue iiauoaiea naiaiaeiuo oeai ia i?iaeoeoeeth, ?aaiou, oneoae, ii eioi?ui
iie yaeythony iiiiiieenoaie(*1). Aeaeea?e?iaaiea icia/aao iaiaoiaeeiinoue iauyaeyoue
i i?eiyoee ?aoaiey i iiauoaiee naiaiaeiuo oeai iooai iai?aaeaiey a i?aaiu
oeaiiia?aciaaiey aeaeea?aoeee, a oaeaea ?aaeno?e?iaaoue a yoeo i?aaiao iiaue ?acia?
naiaiaeiie oeaiu. Aeiaiai?iay oeaia cae?aieyaony a aeiaiai?a, iiaeienaiiii noi?iiaie
a aeaea iaeiiai aeieoiaioa, eeai a ienueiao, oaeaa?aiiao, oaeaoaeiia?aiiao,
eioi?uie iaiaiyeenue noi?iiu. Iaeiaei neaaeoao eiaoue a aeaeo, /oi ethaia niaeaoaiea
i oeaia, aa eciaiaiee iiaeao auoue iiaeienaii oieueei oai aeieaeiinoiui eeoeii, eioi?ia
oiieiiii/aii iiaeienaoue aeiaiai?. A oneiaeyo eioeyoeee a aeiaiai?ao neaaeoao
i?aaeoniio?aoue aiciiaeiinoue eciaiyoue niaeaniaaiioth oeaio. Iniaaiii aaaeiu oaeea
oneiaey a nayce n i. 2 no. 424 AE ?O, i?aaeoniao?eaathuae, /oi eciaiaiea oeaiu
aeiaiai?a iinea aai caeeth/aiey aeiioneaaony a neo/ayo e
(**1) Iinoaiiaeaiea I?aaeoaeuenoaa ?O io 11 aaaonoa 1992 a. N 576 eI
ainoaea?noaaiiii ?aaoee?iaaiee oeai e oa?eoia ia i?iaeoeoeeth e oneoae i?aaei?eyoee-
iiiiiieenoia a 1992- 1993 aiaeao // Nia?aiea aeoia I?aceaeaioa e I?aaeoaeuenoaa
?O. -1992. -N7. -No.392.
!!102
ia oneiaeyo, i?aaeoniio?aiiuo aeiaiai?ii, eeai a onoaiiaeaiiii caeiiii ii?yaeea.
Nii?u ii naiaiaeiie oeaia iiaeeaaeao ?anniio?aieth a a?aeo?aaeiii noaea, anee aio
iiaeaaaeiinoaai nii?, aicieeathuee i?e caeeth/aiee aeiaiai?a(*1). Ia?ooaiea
ainoaea?noaaiiie aeenoeeieeiu oeai aea/ao ioaaonoaaiiinoue i?aaei?eieiaoaey,
au?aaeathuothny a ecuyoee a aeioiae athaeaeaoa ec i?eauee i?aaei?eyoey noii, eceeoia
oiea/aiiuo a ?acoeueoaoa yoiai ia?ooaiey, e acuneaiee a oaeii aea ?acia?a oo?aoa.
Iniiaaiey e ii?yaeie i?eiaiaiey ioaaonoaaiiinoe ca ia?ooaiea ainoaea?noaaiiie
aeenoeeieeiu oeai onoaiiaeai “Ii?yaeeii i?eiaiaiey yeiiiie/aneeo naieoeee ca
ia?ooaiea ainoaea?noaaiiie aeenoeeieeiu oeai” io 1 aeaeaa?y 1992 a.(*2) A ea/anoaa
ia?ooaiee ainoaea?noaaiiie aeenoeeieeiu oeai ?anniao?eaathony neaaeothuea aeaenoaey
i?aaei?eieiaoaey: 1) caauoaiea ainoaea?noaaiiuo ?aaoee?oaiuo oeai (oeene?iaaiiuo,
i?aaeaeueiuo, i?aaeaeueiuo o?iaiae ?aioaaaeueiinoe e ae?.); 2) caauoaiea oeai,
ca?aaeno?e?iaaiiuo i?e aeaeea?e?iaaiee; 3) caauoaiea eee caieaeaiea oeai ia
i?iaeoeoeeth, iinoaaeyaioth ii iaaei?aaeoaeuenoaaiiui niaeaoaieyi a ainoaea?noaa NIA e
ae?oaea iacaaeneiua ainoaea?noaa; 4) caauoaiea iaaeaaaie e ?aaoee?oaiui oeaiai,
iai?aaenoaaeaiea eee caieaeaiea onoaiiaeaiiuo neeaeie; 5) aeeth/aiea a noieiinoue
?aaio e oneoa oaeoe/anee ia auiieiaiiuo ?aaio (oneoa), o/oaiiuo i?e
oi?ie?iaaiee oeai; 6) i?eiaiaiea ?aaoee?oaiuo oeai, iaoeaiie oa?eoia
i?aaei?eieiaoaeyie a noa?a iauanoaaiiiai ieoaiey, eiiioiaeueiiai oicyenoaa e
auoiaiai ianeoaeeaaiey ianaeaiey, eiaaea o?iaaiue ianeoaeeaaiey ia niioaaonoaoao
oa?aeoa?enoeeai, i?aaeoniio?aiiui i?e onoaiiaeaiee oeai, iaoeaiie e oa?eoia; 7)
ia?ooaiea i?aaei?eieiaoaeyie- iiiiiieenoaie ii?yaeea aeaeea?e?iaaiey naiaiaeiuo oeai
e oa?eoia; 8) iaia?a/eneaiea a athaeaeao noii, iieo/aiiuo ca n/ao i?aauoaiey O
i?aaeaeueiiai o?iaiy ?aioaaaeueiinoe; 9) caauoaiea oeai ia i?iaeoeoeeth, ii eioi?ie
ec-ca eiino?oeoeaiuo eee oaoiieiae/aneeo iaaeinoaoeia ia aeinoeaioou
iio?aaeoaeueneea naienoaa, i?eiyoua i?e niaeaniaaiee eo o?iaiy; 10) i?eiaiaiea
naiaiaeiuo oeai, oa?eoia, iaoeaiie, ia niaeaniaaiiuo n iio?aaeoaeyie a iaaeeaaeauai
ii?yaeea. ?aoaiea i i?eiaiaiee naieoeee ca ia?ooaiey ainoaea?noaaiiie aeenoeeieeiu
oeai i?eieiatho i?aaiu oeaiiia?aciaaiey. Nienaiea a aeioiae athaeaeaoa noii
inouanoaeytho i?aaiu iaeiaiaie einiaeoeee. I?aaei?eieiaoaee, auyaeaoea
naiinoiyoaeueii aeiiouaiiua eie ia?ooaiey i?e onoaiiaeaiee eee i?eiaiaiee oeai,
aiinyo
(**1) Aanoiee Aunoaai A?aeo?aaeiiai Noaea ?O. -1993. -N2. -N.63.
(**2) AIA ?O. -1993. -N2. -N.3.
!!103
aeia?iaieueii a athaeaeao eceeoia iieo/aiiua noiiu aac oieaou oo?aoia. Anee
i?aaei?eieiaoaeue ia niaeanai n ?aoaieai i?aaia oeaiiia?aciaaiey, ii ai?aaa
ia?aoeoueny a a?aeo?aaeiue noae n cayaeaieai i i?eciaiee ?aoaiey iieiinoueth eee
/anoe/ii iaaeaenoaeoaeueiui, eee iai?aaeoue aeaeiao auoanoiyuaio i?aaio
oeaiiia?aciaaiey. Cayaeaiea a a?aeo?aaeiue noae iiaeao auoue iiaeaii e aac
i?aaeaa?eoaeueiiai iaaeaeiaaiey ?aoaiey a auoanoiyuee i?aai oi?aaeaiey.
Iai?aaeeueii acuneaiiua a athaeaeao noiiu aica?auathony i?aaiaie iaeiaiaie neoaeau ia
iniiaaiee ?aoaiey a?aeo?aaeiiai noaea i i?eciaiee iaaeaenoaeoaeueiui i?eiaiaiey
naieoeee.
6. I?AAIAIA ?AAOEE?IAAIEA E?AAeEOIAAIEss E ?AN*AOIA A IA?IAeIII OICssENOAA
Aaieianeee e?aaeeo a ia?iaeiii oicyenoaa i?aaenoaaeyao niaie nenoaio yeiiiie/aneeo
ioiioaiee, naycaiiuo n iiaeeecaoeeae, eniieueciaaieai a?aiaiii naiaiaeiuo aeaiaaeiuo
?ano?nia ainoaea?noaa, i?aaei?eyoee e ianaeaiey ia oneiaeyo aica?aoiinoe e
aiciacaeiinoe (ieaoiinoe) aeey ainiieiaiey a?aiaiiuo iio?aaiinoae ae?oaeo
i?aaei?eyoee a nayce n iaaeinoaoeii nianoaaiiuo iai?ioiuo n?aaenoa. ?an/aou a
noa?a oicyenoaiaaiey – nenoaia yeiiiie/aneeo ioiioaiee, naycaiiuo n
inouanoaeaieai i?aaei?eyoeyie ?acee/iuo ieaoaaeae ii aeaiaaeiui iaycaoaeuenoaai,
aicieeathuei a i?ioeanna eo oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe. E?aaeeoiua e ?an/aoiua
ioiioaiey io?aaeatho yeiiiie/aneee iai?io a ia?iaeiii oicyenoaa. Aoaeo/e
o?aaoee?iaaiiuie i?aaiauie ii?iaie, iie iaeaeathony a oi?io i?aaiauo ioiioaiee
ii e?aaeeoiaaieth e ?an/aoai. Oa?aeoa?iie iniaaiiinoueth yoeo ioiioaiee yaeyaony
o/anoea a ieo aaieia, eioi?ua i?aaiecotho e inouanoaeytho aeayoaeueiinoue ii
e?aaeeoiaaieth e ?an/aoai. Aaie – eiiia?/aneia o/?aaeaeaiea, yaeythuaany th?eaee/aneei
eeoeii, eioi?ue a niioaaonoaee n caeiiii io 2 aeaeaa?y 1990 a. “I aaieao e
aaieianeie aeayoaeueiinoe a ?NON?”(*1) e ia iniiaaiee eeoeaicee (?ac?aoaiey),
auaeaaaaiie Oeaio?aeueiui aaieii ?O, eiaao i?aai i?eaeaeaoue aeaiaaeiua n?aaenoaa io
th?eaee/aneeo e oece/aneeo eeoe e io naiaai eiaie ?aciauaoue eo ia oneiaeyo
aica?aoiinoe, ieaoiinoe,
(**1) Aaaeiiinoe Nuacaea ia?iaeiuo aeaiooaoia ?NON? e Aa?oiaiiai Niaaoa ?NON?.
-1990. -N27. -No.357.
!!104
n?i/iinoe e iaania/aiiinoe, a oaeaea inouanoaeyoue eiua aaieianeea iia?aoeee.
Aaieianeoth nenoaio ?innee ia?acotho Oeaio?aeueiue aaie ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee, Aaie
aiaoiae oi?aiaee, Aaie aiaoiae yeiiiie/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe, Naa?aaaoaeueiue aaie
e eiiia?/aneea aaiee, a oaeaea, ae?oaea e?aaeeoiua o/?aaeaeaiey, iieo/eaoea eeoeaiceth
ia inouanoaeaiea ioaeaeueiuo aaieianeeo iia?aoeee. Iaania/aiiinoue aaieianeiai
e?aaeeoa ninoieo a caeiaa eiouanoaa i?aaei?eyoee, aa?aioee, ii?o/eoaeuenoaa e a
ae?oaeo oi?iao. Oeaeaiai?aaeaiiinoue aaieianeiai e?aaeeoa caeeth/aaony a aiciiaeiinoe
aai eniieueciaaiey ia ii?aaeaeaiiua oeaee, iaoneiaeaiiua i?e iieo/aiee nnoaeu.
N?i/iinoue aaieianeiai e?aaeeoa naycaia n iaiaoiaeeiinoueth aica?aoa iieo/aiiie
nnoaeu aaieo a oi/ii ii?aaeaeaiiue n?ie. Aiciacaeiinaue aaieianeiai e?aaeeoa
icia/aao, /oi ca iieueciaaiea e?aaeeoii aceiaaony onoaiiaeaiiay aeiaiai?ii ieaoa a
aeaea ii?aaeaeaiiiai i?ioeaioa n caaiiie noiiu. Ieaoaaee .i?aaei?eieiaoaee
inouanoaeytho a iniiaiii a oi?ia aaciaee/iuo ?an/aoia /a?ac nenoaio aaieia a
niioaaonoaee n “Iieiaeaieai i aaciaee/iuo ?an/aoao a ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee”(*1).
?an/aoiua e e?aaeeoiua ioiioaiey iaaeaeo aaieii e i?aaei?eieiaoaeyie, i?aaiecaoeeyie
aicieeatho ec e?aaeeoiiai aeiaiai?a (no. 819- 823 AE ?O) e aeiaiai?a aaieianeiai
n/aoa (ae. 45 AE ?O no. 845- 860).
A e?aaeeoiii aeiaiai?a i?aaeoniao?eaathony: ?acia? e?aaeeoa, iauaeou e?aaeeoiaaiey,
oneiaey auaea/e e iiaaoaiey nnoae; i?ioeaioiua noaaee ca e?aaeeo; iaycaoaeuenoai
i?aaei?eyoey ii caeiao e?aaeeoiuo oeaiiinoae e ae?. ?an/aoiua ioiioaiey
oicyenoaaiiuo i?aaiecaoeee n aaieii ?aaoee?othony aeiaiai?ii aaieianeiai n/aoa, ii
eioi?iio aaie iaycoaony o?aieoue aeaiaaeiua n?aaenoaa ia n/aoa eeeaioa, ca/eneyoue
iinooiathuea ia yoio n/ao noiiu, auiieiyoue ?anii?yaeaiey eeeaioa ia eo
ia?a/eneaiee e auaea/a ni n/aoa e i i?iaaaeaiee ae?oaeo aaieianeeo iia?aoeee. Aaie
iiaeao eniieueciaaoue eiathueany ia n/aoa eeeaioa aeaiaaeiua n?aaenoaa, aa?aioe?oy eo
iaee/ea i?e i?aaeuyaeaiee o?aaiaaiee e n/aoo. O eeeaioa anoue i?aai ?anii?yaeaoueny
yoeie n?aaenoaaie e iieo/aoue aeioiaeu (i?ioeaiou) ii iei. Aaie ia ai?aaa ii?aaeaeyoue
e eiio?iee?iaaoue iai?aaeaiey eniieueciaaiey aeaiaaeiuo n?aaenoa eeeaioa e
onoaiaaeeaaoue ae?oaea ia i?aaeoniio?aiiua caeiiiaeaoaeueiuie aeoaie eee aeiaiai?ii
ia?aie/aiey aai i?aaa ?anii?yaeaoueny aeaiaaeiuie n?aaenoaaie ii naiaio oniio?aieth.
(**1) Aanoiee Aunoaai A?aeo?aaeiiai Noaea ?O. -1993. -N4. -N.15.
!!105
Aac ?anii?yaeaiey eeeaioa nienaiea n?aaenoa, iaoiaeyueony ia n/aoa, aeiioneaaony
oieueei ii ?aoaieth noaea, anee eiia ia i?aaeoniio?aii caeiiiaeaoaeueiuie aeoaie. A
i?aeoeea oicyenoaiaaiey aiciee aii?in i i?aaiia?iinoe aeiaiai?iiai oneiaey i
i?aaa aannii?iiai nienaiey n?aaenoa ni n/aoa ae?oaie noi?iiu. Caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai ia
eeoaao noi?iiu i?aaa i?aaeoniao?eaaoue a aeiaiai?ao aacaeoeaioiia nienaiea, iiyoiio
noi?iiu a a?aaeaeainei- i?aaiaii aeiaiai?a iiaoo i?aaeoniio?aoue aacaeoeaioiue
ii?yaeie nienaiey aeaiaaeiuo n?aaenoa.(*1) Iaeiaei, eae oeacae Aunoee A?aeo?aaeiue
Noae ?O a ienueia io 25 iay 1993 aiaea N N-13/II-167, ieaoaeueuee iaycai ienueiaiii
niiaueoue ia yoii oneiaee e i niaeanee ia aacaeoeaioiia nienaiea naiaio aaieo.
Neaaeoao ioee/aoue aacaeoeaioiia (aac aeoeaioa (niaeaney) eeeaioa) nienaiea
aeaiaaeiuo n?aaenoa io aannii?iiai nienaiey, eiaaea iaiaoiaeeiinoue nienaiey
iniiauaaaony ia aeieoiaioao, oaeinoiaa?ythueo i?aaiia?iinoue nienaiey, eioi?ay ia
iiaeeaaeeo inia?eaaieth aeieaeieeii (eniieieoaeueiue eeno, i?eeac a?aeo?aaeiiai noaea,
iioa?eaeueiay iaaeienue e o.i.). Nienaiea a aacaeoeaioiii ii?yaeea aaieii aiciiaeii
eeoue oiaaea, eiaaea oaeie ii?yaeie i?aaeoniio?ai ii?iaoeaiuie aeoaie. Ioiioaiey
iaaeaeo aaieaie e eeeaioaie no?iyony ia aeiaiai?iie iniiaa. Iaeiaei iaaei eiaoue a
aeaeo, /oi caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai iaycuaaao th?eaee/aneea eeoea o?aieoue naiaiaeiua
aeaiaaeiua n?aaenoaa a aaieao, inouanoaeyoue ?an/aou a aaciaee/iii ii?yaeea /a?ac
nenoaio aaieia. Noaouey 856 AE ?O onoaiaaeeaaao ioaaonoaaiiinoue aaiea ca
iaiaaeeaaeauaa niaa?oaiea iia?aoeee ii n/aoo. A neo/ayo ianaiaa?aiaiiiai
ca/eneaiey ia n/ao aeaiaaeiuo n?aaenoa, iinooieaoeo eeeaioo, eeai eo
iaiainiiaaiiiai nienaiey aaieii ni n/aoa, a oaeaea iaauiieiaiey oeacaiee
eeeaioia i ia?a/eneaiee aeaiaaeiuo n?aaenoa ni n/aoa eeai eo auaea/a ni n/aoa aaie
iaycai oieaoeoue ia yoo noiio i?ioeaiou a ii?yaeea e ?acia?a, i?aaeoniio?aiiii
noaoueae 395 AE ?O (o.a. i?ioeaiou a ?acia?a o/aoiie noaaee aaieianeiai i?ioeaioa,
noaaee ?aoeiaine?iaaiey ia aeaiue eniieiaiey iaycaoaeuenoaa eee acuneaiey aa a
noaeaaiii ii?yaeea).
(**1) Ienueii Aina?aeo?aaea NNN? io 17 ieoya?y 1990 a. N N-12 / II-173 //
Oicyenoai e i?aai. -1990. -N12. -N.138.
!!106
AEAAA 4. I?AAIAIA ?AAOEE?IAAIEA I?EAAOECAOeEE E ?ACAINOAeA?NOAEAIEss
AINOAeA?NOAAIIUO E IOIEOeEIAEUeIUO I?AAeI?EssOEE
1. Iiiyoea e th?eaee/aneay iniiaa i?eaaoecaoeee a ?innee.
2. I?aaiu, inouanoaeythuea i?eaaoecaoeeth ainoaea?noaaiiuo e ioieoeeiaeueiuo
i?aaei?eyoee.
3. Ii?yaeie e niiniau i?iaaaeaiey i?eaaoecaoeee ainoaea?noaaiiuo e ioieoeeiaeueiuo
i?aaei?eyoee:
a) ii?yaeie i?eaaoecaoeee;
a) i?eaaoecaoeey iooai aueoia a?aiaeiaaiiiai i?aaei?eyoey;
a) i?eaaoecaoeey iooai i?iaeaaee ii eiieo?no e ia aoeoeeiia;
a) i?aia?aciaaiea ainoaea?noaaiiuo i?aaei?eyoee a aeoeeiia?iua iauanoaa
ioe?uoiai oeia.
4. Aeiaiai? eoiee- i?iaeaaee i?e i?eaaoecaoeee.
5. Eiua niiniau ?acainoaea?noaeaiey ainoaea?noaaiiuo e ioieoeeiaeueiuo i?aaei?eyoee:
a) eiiia?oeeaeecaoeey i?aaei?eyoee oi?aiaee, iauanoaaiiiai ieoaiey e auoiaiai
ianeoaeeaaiey;
a) ?ai?aaiecaoeey eieoicia e niaoicia;
a) i?aia?aciaaiea i?aaei?eyoee aa?ii?iiuoeaiiiai eiiieaena.
6. I?aaiaua i?iaeaiu i?eaaoecaoeee ia o?ainii?oa.
1. IIIssOEA E TH?EAeE*ANEAss INIIAA I?EAAOECAOeEE A ?INNEE Iiae i?eaaoecaoeeae
iiieiaaony i?ioeann i?eaea/aiey /anoiiai naeoi?a e aeaaeaieth eee oi?aaeaieth
ainoaea?noaaiiuie i?aaei?eyoeyie. I?eaaoecaoeey ainoaea?noaaiiuo e ioieoeeiaeueiuo
i?aaei?eyoee i?aaenoaaeyao niaie i?eia?aoaiea a?aaeaeaiaie, aeoeeiia?iuie iauanoaaie
(oiaa?euanoaaie) o ainoaea?noaa e ianoiie aaeieieno?aoeee a /anoioth nianoaaiiinoue
i?aaei?eyoee, oeaoia, i?iecaiaenoa, o/anoeia, eiuo iiae?acaeaeaiee yoeo
i?aaei?eyoee,_auaeaeyaiuo a naiinoiyoaeueiua i?aaei?eyoey; iai?oaeiaaiey, caeaiee,
nii?oaeaiee, eeoeaicee, iaoaioia e ae?oaeo iaoa?eaeueiuo e iaiaoa?eaeueiuo aeoeaia
i?aaei?eyoee (aeaenoaothueo e eeeaeaee?iaaiiuo ii ?aoaieth I?aaiia, i?aaiii/iuo
i?eieiaoue oaeea ?aoaiey io eiaie nianoaaiieea); aeieae (iaaa, aeoeee) ainoaea?noaa
e ianoiuo aaeieieno?aoeee a eaieoaea aeoeeiia?iuo iauanoa (oiaa?euanoa),
i?eiaaeeaaeaueo
!!107
i?eaaoece?oaiui i?aaei?eyoeyi, aeieae (iaaa, aeoeee) a eaieoaea eiuo aeoeeiia?iuo
iauanoa (oiaa?euanoa), a oaeaea niaianoiuo i?aaei?eyoee, eiiia?/aneeo aaieia,
annioeeaoeee, eiioea?iia, nithcia e ae?oaeo iauaaeeiaiee i?aaei?eyoee. Oa?iei
“i?eaaoecaoeey” iiaeao iaicia/aoue eeai iieoieo nouanoaothuaai i?aaei?eyoey (aai
/anoe), eeai iieoieo aeoeaia i?aaei?eyoey iinea aai eeeaeaeaoeee. E?iia oiai, ii
oaeaea iiaeao icia/aoue i?eaaoecaoeeth oi?aaeaiey iooai caeeth/aiey aeiaiai?a ia
oi?aaeaiea. A eiioea XX a. a ?acee/iuo no?aiao ie?a auee i?eaaoece?iaaiu ouny/e
e?oiiuo i?aaei?eyoee. Eiee/anoai iaeuo i?aaei?eyoee, i?eaaoece?iaaiiuo ca oio aea
ia?eiae a?aiaie, iniaaiii a Ainoi/iie Aa?iia, ia ii?yaeie i?aainoiaeeo yoo oeeo?o.
*aua anaai i?eaaoecaoeey i?iecaiaeeony a oaeeo io?aneyo, eae aaieianeia aeaei,
yia?ainiaaaeaiea, naycue, noaeaeeoaeiay e ai?iay i?iiuoeaiiinoue, aaeao?ainii?o,
oeaeetheicii- aoiaaeiay i?iiuoeaiiinoue, i?iecaiaenoai yeaeo?iiai?oaeiaaiey,
iaooaoeiey e i?aaiecaoeey ainoeieoe. A eaoeiiaia?eeaineeo no?aiao iieeoeea
i?eaaoecaoeee eiaea aeaa aeaaiua oeaee – iiauoaiea iaoeeiiaeueiie
eiieo?aioiniiniaiinoe yeiiiieee e nie?auaiea aiaoiae e aioo?aiiae
caaeieaeaiiinoe. I?ia?aiia i?eaaoecaoeee a no?aiao Eaoeineie Aia?eee auea naycaia
n oooaeoaieai nioeeaeueii- yeiiiie/aneie ianoaiiaee. Ainoaea?noaaiiua i?aaei?eyoey
ioee/aeenue naiae oauoi/iinoueth, aeanoeinoueth oi?aaeai/aneeo e i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo
no?oeoo?. Iinoiyiiua athaeaeaoiua aeeaaiey e oeiaine?iaaiea oauoeia
ainoaea?noaaiiuo i?aaei?eyoee, caieaeaiea oeai ia iinoaaeyaiua eie i?iaeoeou e
oneoae ai iiiaii iaoneiaeee ia?anoaiea ianaaeaine?iaaiiinoe ainoaea?noaaiiuo
athaeaeaoia e ?ino caaeieaeaiiinoe ainoaea?noaa. Naiay iaoe?iay a eaoeiiaia?eeaineii
?aaeiia e ai anai “o?aoueai ie?a” i?ia?aiia ia?aaea/e ainoaea?noaaiiuo i?aaei?eyoee
a /anoiua ?oee (aeeyuayny aeaa aeanyoeeaoey) i?ioiaeeo a *eee. Aa ia?aue yoai
ia/aeny iinea i?eoiaea e aeanoe a 1973 aiaeo aiaiiiai i?aaeoaeuenoaa. ?oeiaiaenoai
no?aiu ?aoeei oiaiueoeoue ainoaea?noaaiiue naeoi?, neiioeaio?e?iaaaoee aieaa 85%
oeiainiaie noa?u e aeiauaathuae i?iiuoeaiiinoe, 60% i?ioaaiuo caiaeue. A oiaea
i?eaaoecaoeee ana aaiee, ca eneeth/aieai oeaio?aeueiiai, auee aica?auaiu
aeaaeaeueoeai, ainoaea?noaaiiua i?aaei?eyoey i?iaeaiu n aoeoeeiia (ec 500 i?aaei?eyoee
ainoaea?noaaiiiai naeoi?a inoaeinue oieueei 19). Yeni?ii?ee?iaaiiua caiee auee
aica?auaiu i?aaeiei aeaaeaeueoeai, /anoue caiaeue i?iaeaaaeanue n aoeoeeiia. Iiae
i?eaaoecaoeeth iiiaee eana, aiaeiua ?ano?nu, i?oaeey naeueneioicyenoaaiiiai
i?iecaiaenoaa, i?aaei?eyoey naoa?iie i?iiuoeaiiinoe e o.ae. Aoi?ie yoai
i?eaaoecaoeee a *eee ia/aeny n na?aaeeiu 80-o aiaeia XX a. ?acainoaea?noaeaiea
einioeinue i?aaei?eyoee noaeaeeoaeiie
!!108
e aeiauaathuae i?iiuoeaiiinoe e noa?u eiiioiaeueiuo oneoa. A 90-a aiaeu XX a. a
nienie i?eaaoece?oaiuo iiiaee aaaeouay ainoaea?noaaiiay oaeaeiiioieeaoeeiiiay
eiiiaiey e aeaaiay aaeaeiiiaiey no?aiu. A ae?oaeo no?aiao Eaoeineie Aia?eee
i?eaaoecaoeey i/aiue aeieai auea nei?aa i?aaeiaoii aeeneonnee, /ai ?aaeueiie
iieeoeeie. A 60-70-a aiaeu XX a. ioia/aeenue eeoue aaeeie/iua neo/ae i?eaaoecaoeee.
Iai?eia?, ioieoeeiaeueiue o?ainii?o a A?aaioeia noae /anoiui a 60-a aiaeu.
Onoie/eaie e iineaaeiaaoaeueiie i?eaaoecaoeey noaea oieueei e eiioeo 80-o aiaeia.
Nionoy aeanyoeeaoea iinea “ia?aie aieiu” i?eaaoecaoeee a *eee i?aaeoaeuenoai
Iaeneee acyei eo?n ia ?acainoaea?noaeaiea. Ia?aiia/aeueii iaeneeaineay i?ia?aiia
i?eaaoecaoeee eiaea ne?iiiua ianooaau e ?ani?ino?aiyeanue a iniiaiii ia iaeeea e
n?aaeiea i?aaei?eyoey, ia eiathuea no?aoaae/aneiai cia/aiey. Auaoei aeaaeaeueoeai
aica?auaeenue iaoeeiiaeece?iaaiiua i?aaei?eyoey, i?iaiaeeeanue aeaei?ii?aoecaoeey.
Ieiei 200 i?aaei?eyoee auee aica?auaiu eo aeaaeaeueoeai e aieaa 500 ia?aaeaiu a
/anoiua ?oee a ii?yaeea aeaei?ii?aoecaoeee. A 70-a aiaeu i?eaaoecaoeey ia/aeanue a
A?aceeee. E ia/aeo 70-o aa. iieiinoueth eee /anoe/ii auei i?eaaoece?iaaii
iaiiiaei aieaa 100 iaeeeo ainoaea?noaaiiuo i?aaei?eyoee. Eeoue e eiioeo 80-o aiaeia,
iinea o/?aaeaeaiey oaaea?aeueiiai niaaoa ii i?eaaoecaoeee, i?ioeann
?acainoaea?noaeaiey onei?eeny. A 1991-1992 a. auee i?eaaoece?iaaiu e?oiiua
iaoaeeo?ae/aneea oe?iu, aeaeaciiaei?iaeiue o?ainii?o, aaeaeiiiaiey. A A?aaioeia
i?eaaoecaoeey iioea auno?aa n 1989 a. iinea i?eoiaea e aeanoe i?aceaeaioa E.Iaiaia
e i?eiyoey caeiia i ?aoi?ia ainoaea?noaaiiiai oi?aaeaiey. Enoi?e/aneea ia?aiaiu,
ia/aaoeany a 1989 aiaeo a Oeaio?aeueiie e Ainoi/iie Aa?iia ieacaee ia?iiiia
aeeyiea ia i?ioeann i?eaaoecaoeee. I?aaeoaeuenoaa Iieueoe, Aaia?ee e *aoi-Neiaaeee
iauyaeee i naiai iaia?aiee i?eaaoece?iaaoue aei iieiaeiu naieo e?oiiuo
ainoaea?noaaiiuo i?aaei?eyoee a oa/aiea neaaeothueo o?ao eao. Yoi aieueoa, /ai iauaa
eiee/anoai e?oiiuo i?aaei?eyoee, i?eaaoece?iaaiiuo ii anaio ie?o ca iaeii
aeanyoeeaoea. Eco/ay iiaeiaiua i?ioeannu, iu aeieaeiu iiiyoue: ii/aio ioaeia
i?eaaoecaoeey, eaeiau aa i?e/eiu? ?anniio?ei oae iacuaaaiua “auaiaeiua” aniaeou
i?eaaoecaoeee. Iie caeeth/athony a neaaeothuai:
– aunaiaiaeaeathony ainoaea?noaaiiua ?ano?nu aeey eiaanoeoeee a eio?ano?oeoo?o e
nioeeaeueiua i?ia?aiiu;
– ?anooo ianooaau e aeeiaieci nouanoaothuaai /anoiiai naeoi?a;
– aieaa oe?ieia ?ani?aaeaeaiea nianoaaiiinoe;
!!109
– noeioee?othony e iaeaa/athony eaieoaeiaeiaeaiey /anoiiai naeoi?a eae ec
ioa/anoaaiiuo, oae e ec ca?oaaaeiuo enoi/ieeia;
– ainoaea?noai iieo/aao aeioiaeu, nicaeathony iiaua ?aai/ea ianoa;
– nie?auaaony aaeieieno?aoeaiia a?aiy ainoaea?noaa.
Eiie?aoiua auaiaeu i?eaaoecaoeee aeey i?aaei?eyoee iiaoo aeeth/aoue:
– iiauoaiea i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoe o?oaea;
– ?ino i?iecaiaenoaaiiiai iioaioeeaea;
– ?ino i?eauee aeey iiauo aeaaeaeueoeaa e ae?oaeo aeoeeiia?ia;
– ?ino i?eauee, onei?aiea ?inoa e aieaa yooaeoeaiia naea?aeeaaiea ?anoiaeia.
A iaeioi?uo neo/ayo i?eaaoecaoeey i?eaiaeeo e eeeaeaeaoeee iaaeecianiiniaiuo oe?i,
eioi?ua ?aiueoa nouanoaiaaee aeaaiaea?y i?aaeoaeuenoaaiiui noaneaeeyi e
iie?iaeoaeuenoao. Aaie?ionoaa, cae?uoea e eeeaeaeaoeey i?aaei?eyoee ioithaeue ia
naeaeaoaeuenoaoao i iai?aaiia?iinoe i?eaaoecaoeee. Cae?uoea oauoi/iuo oe?i eae
ainoaea?noaaiiuo, oae e /anoiuo iiaeao aunaiaiaeeoue aeoeau aeey i?iaeoeoeaiiai
eniieueciaaiey, niyoue a?aiy n yeiiiieee e iaania/eoue aiciiaeiinoe aeey aieaa
ieiaeioai?iuo eaieoaeiaeiaeaiee e nicaeaiey iiauo ?aai/eo iano. I?eaaoecaoeey a
?innee neiaeiaa e oe?a ii ianooaaai, /ai a ethaie no?aia ie?a. Caeanue nouanoaotho
aeanyoee ouny/ e?oiiuo i?aaei?eyoee. Aeaaea a ia?eiae naiaai ?anoeaaoa
ainoaea?noaaiiue naeoi? i?iiuoeaiii ?acaeouo no?ai e no?ai ni niaoaiiie
yeiiiieeie aue iaaaeee ii n?aaiaieth n aai aeieae a ?innee. Ainoaea?noaaiiua
i?aaei?eyoey a ?innee – ia “naeoi?” eae oaeiaie. Aeieaia a?aiy iie ninoaaeyee
nouiinoue anae yeiiiieee no?aiu. I?eaaoecaoeey a ?innee ?anniao?eaaaony eae naiue
yooaeoeaiue niinia aieaa i?iaeoeoeaiiai eniieueciaaiey iaaeinoaoi/ii
caaeaenoaiaaiiuo e i?inoaeaathueo iiuiinoae. Aa aeaaiua oeaee ii?aaeaeaiu
Ainoaea?noaaiiie i?ia?aiiie i?eaaoecaoeee. (*1) Naiuie aaaeiuie aa iniaaiiinoyie
yaeythony neaaeothuea:
– oi?ie?iaaiea oe?ieiai neiy /anoiuo nianoaaiieeia eae yeiiiie/aneie iniiau
?uii/iuo ioiioaiee;
– aiaea/aiea a i?ioeann i?eaaoecaoeee iaeneiaeueii oe?ieeo neiaa ianaeaiey
iooai i?iaeaaee i?eaaoece?oaiiai ainoaea?noaaiiiai e ioieoeeiaeueiiai eiouanoaa ca
i?eaaoecaoeeiiiua /aee ia niaoeeaeece?iaaiiuo /aeiauo aoeoeeiiao aei 1 ethey 1994
aiaea e ca aeaiueae ia aoeoeeiiao iinea 1 ethey 1994 aiaea;
– caaa?oaiea i?eaaoecaoeee aieueoeinoaa iauaeoia “iaeie i?eaaoecaoeee” e
onei?aiea ?acaeoey ia yoie iniiaa noa?u oi?aiaee e oneoa;
(**1) Nia?aiea aeoia I?aceaeaioa e I?aaeoaeuenoaa ?O. -1994. -N1. -No.2.
!!110
– caaa?oaiea a iniiaiii i?eaaoecaoeee e?oiiuo e n?aaeieo i?aaei?eyoee
i?iiuoeaiiinoe e no?ieoaeuenoaa, iiauoaiea aeoeaiinoe aeayoaeueiinoe i?aaei?eyoee e
iaoeeiiaeueiie yeiiiieee a oeaeii ia iniiaa i?iaaaeaiey no?oeoo?iie ia?ano?ieee
yeiiiieee, ?acaa?ouaaiey iineai?eaaoecaoeeiiiie iiaeaea?aeee i?aaei?eyoee, nicaeaiey
eiieo?aioiie n?aaeu e ?acaeoey oiiaeiaiai ?uiea;
– i?eaea/aiea eiaanoeoeee a i?iecaiaenoai, a oii /enea eiino?aiiuo;
– niaeaenoaea a ?aaeecaoeee ia?ii?eyoee ii caueoa ianaeaiey, a oii /enea
caueoa i?aa /anoiuo nianoaaiieeia (aeoeeiia?ia).
TH?eaee/aneay iniiaa i?eaaoecaoeee a ?innee auea caeiaeaia 3 ethey 1991 aiaea
i?eiyoeai caeiia “I i?eaaoecaoeee ainoaea?noaaiiuo e ioieoeeiaeueiuo i?aaei?eyoee a
?NON?”,(*1) oe?iei ecaanoiiai eae caeii “I i?eaaoecaoeee”, a eioi?ue auee
aianaiu eciaiaiey e aeiiieiaiey 5 ethey 1992 aiaea(*2) .21 ethey 1997 a. i?eiyo
iiaue caeii ?O “I i?eaaoecaoeee ainoaea?noaaiiiai eiouanoaa e ia iniiaao
i?eaaoecaoeee ioieoeeiaeueiiai eiouanoaa a ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee”(*3). Yoe caeiiu,
i?aneaaeothuea oeaeue nicaeaiey yooaeoeaiie ?uii/iie yeiiiieee, onoaiaaeeaatho
i?aaiecaoeeiiiua e th?eaee/aneea ?aiee i?eaaoecaoeee ainoaea?noaaiiuo e
ioieoeeiaeueiuo i?aaei?eyoee. Oeaee, caaea/e, i?ioeaaeo?u e ia?aie/aiey i?eaaoecaoeee
eceaaathony a “I?ia?aiia caaa?oaiey i?eaaoecaoeee ainoaea?noaaiiuo e ioieoeeiaeueiuo
i?aaei?eyoee”. Iia auea iiaeaioiaeaia iieiaeaieyie i?ia?aiiu a aeaeaa?a 1991 a.,
Ainoaea?noaaiiie i?ia?aiiu 1992 a. Aaaeiaeoeie aeieoiaioaie yaeythony A?aiaiiua
iieiaeaiey, yaeythueany i?eeiaeaieai e Oeaco I?aceaeaioa ?innee io 29 yiaa?y 1992
a. N 66 “Ia onei?aiee i?eaaoecaoeee ainoaea?noaaiiuo e ioieoeeiaeueiuo
i?aaei?eyoee”(*4):
– A?aiaiiia iieiaeaiea i ii?yaeea iiaea/e, ioi?ieaiey e i?eiyoey e
?anniio?aieth cayaee ia i?eaaoecaoeeth ainoaea?noaaiiiai, ioieoeeiaeueiiai
i?aaei?eyoey ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee;
– A?aiaiiua iaoiaee/aneea oeacaiey ii ioeaiea noieiinoe iauaeoia
i?eaaoecaoeee;
– A?aiaiiia iieiaeaiea i i?aia?aciaaiee ainoaea?noaaiiuo e ioieoeeiaeueiuo
i?aaei?eyoee a ioe?uoua aeoeeiia?iua iauanoaa;
(**1) Aaaeiiinoe Nuacaea ia?iaeiuo aeaiooaoia ?NON? e Aa?oiaiiai Niaaoa ?NON?.
-1991. -N27. -No.927.
(**2) Oai aea. -1992. -N28. -No.1614.
(**3) NC ?O. -1997. -N30. -No.3595.
(**4) Aaaeiiinoe Nuacaea ia?iaeiuo aeaiooaoia ?O e Aa?oiaiiai Niaaoa ?O. -1992.N7.
-No.312. Iinoaiiaeaieai I?aaeoaeuenoaa ?O io 27 ia?oa 1998 a. N 356 ooaa?aeaeaii
Iieiaeaiea i i?iaeaaea ia aoeoeeiia ainoaea?noaaiiiai eee ioieoeeiaeueiiai eiouanoaa
// ?inneeneay aacaoa. -1998. -8 ai?aey.
!!111
– A?aiaiiia iieiaeaiea i i?eaaoecaoeee ainoaea?noaaiiuo e ioieoeeiaeueiuo
i?aaei?eyoee ia aoeoeeiia;
– A?aiaiiia iieiaeaiea i i?eaaoecaoeee ainoaea?noaaiiuo e ioieoeeiaeueiuo
i?aaei?eyoee a ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee ii eiieo?no;
– A?aiaiiia iieiaeaiea i ii?yaeea eniieueciaaiey a 1992 a. i?e i?eaaoecaoeee
n?aaenoa oiiaeia yeiiiie/aneiai noeioee?iaaiey e i?eauee ainoaea?noaaiiuo e
ioieoeeiaeueiuo i?aaei?eyoee;
– A?aiaiiia iieiaeaiea i ?aaioa eiiennee ii i?eaaoecaoeee.
Neaaeothuei aaaeiui aeieoiaioii, ?aaeaiaioe?othuei aii?inu i?eaaoecaoeee yaeyaony
Oeac I?aceaeaioa ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee io 1 ethey 1992 a. “Ia i?aaiecaoeeiiiuo
ia?ao ii i?aia?aciaaieth ainoaea?noaaiiuo i?aaei?eyoee a aeoeeiia?iua iauanoaa”4 e
ooaa?aeaeaiiua yoei Oeacii Iieiaeaiea i eiiia?oeeaeecaoeee ainoaea?noaaiiuo
i?aaei?eyoee n iaeiia?aiaiiui i?aia?aciaaieai a aeoeeiia?iua iauanoaa ioe?uoiai
oeia, Oeiiaie Onoaa aeoeeiia?iiai iauanoaa ioe?uoiai oeia n eciaiaieyie,
aianaiiuie Oeacii I?aceaeaioa ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee io 16 iiya?y 1992 a.2
I?eaaoecaoeey caiaeueiiai e aeeeeuiuo oiiaeia, a oaeaea nioeeaeueii- eoeueoo?iuo
o/?aaeaeaiee, iauaeoia eoeueoo?iiai e i?e?iaeiiai ianeaaeey ?aaoee?oaony eiuie
caeiiiaeaoaeueiuie aeoaie ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee e ?anioaeee a ninoaaa ?innee.
2. I?AAIU, INOUANOAEssTHUEA I?EAAOECAOeETH AINOAeA?NOAAIIUO E IOIEOeEIAEUeIUO
I?AAeI?EssOEE I?eaaoecaoeeth ainoaea?noaaiiiai eiouanoaa a niioaaonoaee n
aeaenoaothuei caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii i?aaiecoao Ieienoa?noai ii oi?aaeaieth
ainoaea?noaaiiui eiouanoaii (Ieiaineiouanoaa ?O, i?aaeoanoaaiieeii eioi?iai ii
Caeiio i i?eaaoecaoeee aue iaeiieiaiiue Aineiieoao). A noauaeoao oaaea?aoeee e a
ai?iaeao Iineaa e Naieo-Iaoa?ao?aa Ieiaineiouanoaa ?O niaianoii n
niioaaonoaothueie i?aaiaie aeanoe nicaeatho naie oa??eoi?eaeueiua aaaionoaa.
Ieiaineiouanoaa ?O:
– ?ac?aaaouaaao e i?aaenoaaeyao I?aaeoaeuenoao i?iaeo Ainoaea?noaaiiie
i?ia?aiiu i?eaaoecaoeee, i?iaeou caeiiia e ae?oaeo ii?iaoeaiuo aeoia i
i?eaaoecaoeee;
– i?aaiecoao e eiio?iee?oao ?aaeecaoeeth oeacaiiie i?ia?aiiu;
(**1) Nia?aiea aeoia I?aceaeaioa e I?aaeoaeuenoaa ?O. -1992. -N1. -No.3.
(**2) Oai aea, -1992. -N21. -No.1731.
!!112
– aaeaaiaeii io/eouaaaony i auiieiaiee i?ia?aiiu ia?aae ia?eaiaioii;
– iaiauaao i?aaeeiaeaiey ii i?eaaoecaoeee;
– nicaeaao eiiennee ii i?eaaoecaoeee i?aaei?eyoee, iaoiaeyueony a
ainoaea?noaaiiie nianoaaiiinoe ?O;
– i?eieiaao ?aoaiey i i?eaaoecaoeee i?aaei?eyoee, iaoiaeyueony a nianoaaiiinoe
?O, inouanoaeyao iaiaoiaeeiua i?aia?aciaaiey eo i?aaiecaoeeiiii- i?aaiaie oi?iu e
ia?aaeaao naeaeaoaeuenoaa i nianoaaiiinoe ia ieo, iae, aeoeee aeey i?iaeaaee
?inneeneiio oiiaeo oaaea?aeueiiai eiouanoaa;
– ecaeaao a i?aaeaeao naiae eiiiaoaioeee ii?iaoeaiua aeou, ?aaoee?othuea
i?ioeann i?eaaoecaoeee;
– inouanoaeyao iaoiaee/aneia ?oeiaiaenoai e eiio?ieue ca i?iaaaeaieai
i?eaaoecaoeee.
Ieiaineiouanoaa ?O ia ai?aaa aeaeaae?iaaoue naie iieiiii/ey Ieienoa?noaai e
aaaeiinoaai, oieaeeiaiaui eiiiaieyi, nicaeaaaaiui ia aaca ainoaea?noaaiiuo
eiioea?iia, ei?ii?aoeee, annioeeaoeee, a oaeaea eiui oicyenoaothuei noauaeoai, ia
yaeythueiny iieoiaoaeyie ii caeiio “I i?eaaoecaoeee”. I?eaaoecaoeeth eiouanoaa,
iaoiaeyuaainy a nianoaaiiinoe ?anioaeee a ninoaaa ?O, e?aaa, iaeanoae,
aaoiiiiiuo iaeanoae, aaoiiiiiuo ie?oaia, ?aeiiia (e?iia ?aeiiia a ai?iaeao),
ai?iaeia (e?iia ai?iaeia ?aeiiiiai iiae/eiaiey) i?aaiecotho eiieoaou ii oi?aaeaieth
aineiouanoaii, aoiaeyuea a ninoaa niioaaonoaothueo i?aaiia ainoaea?noaaiiiai
oi?aaeaiey (ianoiie aaeieieno?aoeee). I?aaiii/ey ia?a/eneaiiuo eiieoaoia ii
oi?aaeaieth eiouanoaii ia iiaoo auoue ia?aaeaiu ieeaeei ae?oaei i?aaiai
ainoaea?noaaiiiai oi?aaeaiey, ianoiie aaeieieno?aoeee eee eiui th?eaee/aneei eeoeai.
Eiiiaoaioeey eiieoaoia ii oi?aaeaieth eiouanoaii iaoeeiiaeueii- ainoaea?noaaiiuo,
iaoeeiiaeueii- e aaeieieno?aoeaii- oa??eoi?eaeueiuo ia?aciaaiee aiaeiae/ia
eiiiaoaioeee Ieiaineiooanoaa ?O, nei??aeoe?iaaiiie ia niioaaonoaothuea ianooaau.
?aoaiey anao eiieoaoia ii oi?aaeaieth eiouanoaii, i?eiyoua a i?aaeaeao eo
eiiiaoaioeee ai eniieiaiea niioaaonoaothueo i?ia?aii i?eaaoecaoeee, yaeythony
iaycaoaeueiuie aeey anao i?aaiia ainoaea?noaaiiiai oi?aaeaiey e ianoiie
aaeieieno?aoeee. Nii?u ii ?aoaieyi eiieoaoia ?anniao?eaathony a noaeaaiii ii?yaeea.
Ii ii?o/aieth Ieiaineiouanoaa ?O eiieoaou ai?aaa i?iaiaeeoue i?eaaoecaoeeth
i?aaei?eyoee, iaoiaeyueony a nianoaaiiinoe ?O. A ianoiyuaa a?aiy oaeia i?aai a
ioiioaiee i?aaei?eyoee ?O ia?aaeaii Aineiieiouanoaa iaeanoae e ae?oaeo noauaeoia
oaaea?aoeee. Eiieoaou ii oi?aaeaieth eiouanoaii i?aaiecotho e i?iaiaeyo
i?eaaoecaoeeth. I?iaeaaoeaie aea i?eaaoece?oaiuo ainoaea?noaaiiuo
!!113
i?aaei?eyoee, iaoiaeyueony a nianoaaiiinoe ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee, a oaeaea
i?eiaaeeaaeaueo ae aeieae (iaaa, aeoeee) a eaieoaea i?aaei?eyoee yaeythony oieueei
?inneeneee oiiae oaaea?aeueiiai eiouanoaa e iacia/aiiua ei i?aaenoaaeoaee.
?inneeneee oiiae oaaea?aeueiiai eiouanoaa auiieiyao neaaeothuea ooieoeee:
– a?aiaiii, aei iiiaioa i?iaeaaee, aeaaeaao i?eiaaeeaaeaueie ?O naeaeaoaeuenoaaie i
nianoaaiiinoe ia i?aaei?eyoey, ia aeiee (iae, aeoeee) a eaieoaea aeoeeiia?iuo
iauanoa (oiaa?euanoa), ia?aaeaiiuie aio Ieiaineiouanoaii ?O;
– inouanoaeyao iieiiii/ey ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee eae nianoaaiieea ia iaueo
nia?aieyo aeoeeiia?ia (iaeueeia), ianao ?ene (ioaaonoaaiiinoue) ca aeayoaeueiinoue
i?aaei?eyoee a i?aaeaeao iaoiaeyuaeny a aai aeaaeaiee aeiee a eaieoaea i?aaei?eyoee;
– i?iaeaao oeacaiiua aeiee (iae, aeoeee);
– aunooiaao o/?aaeeoaeai aeoeeiia?iuo iauanoa (oiaa?euanoa), i?eia?aoaao
aeoeee e iae aeoeeiia?iuo iauanoa e oiaa?euanoa, ?acaeoea eioi?uo ii?aaeaeyaony
caaea/aie onei?aiiie no?oeoo?iie ia?ano?ieee ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa, caueou
i?e?iaeiie n?aaeu, ?acaeoey ?aaeiiia, iaeaieaa ionoaeuo a nioeeaeueii-
yeiiiie/aneii ioiioaiee, ca eneeth/aieai nicaeaiiuo a ii?yaeea i?aia?aciaaiey
ainoaea?noaaiiuo e ioieoeeiaeueiuo i?aaei?eyoee e ae?. I?iaeaaoeaie ainoaea?noaaiiuo e
ioieoeeiaeueiuo i?aaei?eyoee, a oaeaea aeieae (iaaa, aeoeee) a eaieoaea i?aaei?eyoee,
iaoiaeyueony a nianoaaiiinoe noauaeoia ?O, ?aeiiia, ai?iaeia yaeythony
niioaaonoaothuea oiiaeu eiouanoaa e iacia/aiiua eie i?aaenoaaeoaee. Yoe oiiaeu
iaaeaeaiu ooieoeeyie, aiaeiae/iuie ooieoeeyi ?inneeneiai oiiaea oaaea?aeueiiai
eiouanoaa e ?aaeecotho eo ia niioaaonoaothuae oa??eoi?ee. Oiiaeu anao o?iaiae ia
eiatho i?aaa aeaeaae?iaaoue naie iieiiii/ey ieienoa?noaai e aaaeiinoaai,
oieaeeiaiaui eiiiaieyi, nicaeaaaaiui ia aaca ainoaea?noaaiiuo eiioea?iia,
ei?ii?aoeee, annioeeaoeee. A niioaaonoaee n caeiiii i?e i?eaaoecaoeee
ainoaea?noaaiiuo e ioieoeeiaeueiuo i?aaei?eyoee ia iiaoo auoue iieoiaoaeyie e
o/anoaiaaoue a eiieo?na, aoeoeeiia th?eaee/aneea eeoea, a onoaaiii eaieoaea eioi?uo
aeiey ainoaea?noaa, ianoiuo i?aaiia, aaeieieno?aoeee, iauanoaaiiuo i?aaiecaoeee
(iauaaeeiaiee) , aeaaioai?eoaeueiuo e eiuo iauanoaaiiuo oiiaeia i?aauoaao 25
i?ioeaioia. I?aai ia i?eia?aoaiea i?eaaoece?oaiuo i?aaei?eyoee aeieaeiu aeieacuaaoue
iieoiaoaee. Aeey o/anoey a aoeoeeiia, eiieo?na aeey iieoiee aeoeee i?eaaoece?oaiuo
i?aaei?eyoee iieoiaoaee – th?eaee/aneea eeoea i?aaenoaaeytho niioaaonoaothuaio oiiaeo
eiouanoaa aeaeea?aoeeth i ninoaaa o/anoieeia
!!114
aeoeeiia?iiai iauanoaa (oiaa?euanoaa) e ?ani?aaeaeaiee onoaaiiai eaieoaea. Anee
aiineaaenoaee aoaeao onoaiiaeaii, /oi ia iiiaio i?iaeaaee i?eaaoece?oaiiai
i?aaei?eyoey (iaaa aeoeee) th?eaee/aneia eeoei ia eiaei caeiiiuo i?aa ia iieoieo, oi
naeaeea i?eciaaony iaaeaenoaeoaeueiie a niioaaonoaee n caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii ?innee.
3. II?ssAeIE E NIINIAU I?IAAAeAIEss I?EAAOECAOeEE AINOAeA?NOAAIIUO E IOIEOeEIAEUeIUO
I?AAeI?EssOEE Eieoeeaoeaa a i?iaaaeaiee i?eaaoecaoeee ainoaea?noaaiiuo e
ioieoeeiaeueiuo i?aaei?eyoee iiaeao enoiaeeoue io eiieoaoia ii oi?aaeaieth eiouanoaii
anao o?iaiae, ?oeiaiaeeoaey i?aaei?eyoey, o?oaeiaiai eieeaeoeaa i?aaei?eyoey, oeaoa,
i?iecaiaenoaa, eiiai iiae?acaeaeaiey i?aaei?eyoey, io iieoiaoaeae, ii?aaeaeaiiuo a
no. 9 caeiia “I i?eaaoecaoeee”, a oaeaea io eiuo eeoe, a oii /enea io i?aaei?eyoee-
niaaeieeia, aaieia, e?aaeeoi?ia, i?aaiia aeanoe e oi?aaeaiey. Cayaea ia
i?eaaoecaoeeth i?aaei?eyoey iiaeaaony a niioaaonoaothuee eiieoao ii oi?aaeaieth
eiouanoaii. Oi?ia cayaee onoaiaaeeaaaony oaaea?aeueiui i?aaiii ii oi?aaeaieth
ainoaea?noaaiiui eiouanoaii (Ieiaineiouanoaa ?O). Cayaea o?oaeiaiai eieeaeoeaa
i?eieiaaony e ?anniio?aieth i?e iaee/ee iiaeienae ia iaiaa iieiaeiu /eaiia
o?oaeiaiai eieeaeoeaa i?aaei?eyoey. Iia ?anniao?eaaaony eae cayaeaiea i iaia?aiee
/eaiia o?oaeiaiai eieeaeoeaa o/?aaeeoue oiaa?euanoai (aeoeeiia?iia iauanoai) a
i?ioeanna i?eaaoecaoeee i?aaei?eyoey. ?aoaiea eiieoaoa ii cayaea aeieaeii auoue
i?eiyoi a iany/iue n?ie n iiiaioa ?aaeno?aoeee, eioi?ay i?iecaiaeeony a aeaiue aa
iiaea/e. ?aoaiea i i?eaaoecaoeee eee ia ioeaca a i?eaaoecaoeee a ienueiaiiie oi?ia
a o?aoaeiaaiue n?ie aeiaiaeeony aei naaaeaiey a?aaeaeai, th?eaee/aneeo eeoe e o?oaeiauo
eieeaeoeaia.
Caeii i?aaeoniao?eaaao en/a?iuaathuee ia?a/aiue iniiaaiee, ii eioi?ui aiciiaeai
ioeac a i?eaaoecaoeee ainoaea?noaaiiuo i?aaei?eyoee:
– ia i?eaaoecaoeeth ainoaea?noaaiiiai eiouanoaa, anee oeacaiiia eiouanoai
ecuyoi ec a?aaeaeaineiai iai?ioa eee ia?aie/aii a a?aaeaeaineii iai?ioa, onoaiiaeai
cai?ao;
– eiouanoai, oeacaiiia a cayaea ia i?eaaoecaoeeth ainoaea?noaaiiiai eiouanoaa,
ia ioiineony e ainoaea?noaaiiie nianoaaiiinoe;
– eiouanoai, oeacaiiia a cayaea ia i?eaaoecaoeeth ainoaea?noaaiiiai eiouanoaa,
iiaeeaaeeo io/oaeaeaieth a niioaaonoaee n ae?oaeie oaaea?aeueiuie caeiiaie.
!!115
noaae ?aaiou ia aeaiiii i?aaei?eyoee aei a?aiaeu. Iiaeii o/anoue oieueei noiio 13-e
ca?ieaou ca iineaaeiee aiae ?aaiou. Naith aeieth a aeaiaaeiii au?aaeaiee ?aaioiee iiaeao
iieo/eoue oieueei i?e oaieueiaiee n i?aaei?eyoey. Yoiio i?aaei?eyoeth iaiaoiaeeii
nicaeaoue onoaa, eioi?ue iicaieye au a aeaeueiaeoai nio?aiyoue aanue eee eiio?ieueiue
iaeao aeoeee ai aeaaeaiee ?aaioieeia. Oaeia aiciiaeii a iauanoaa n ia?aie/aiiie
ioaaonoaaiiinoueth, cae?uoii aeoeeiia?iii iauanoaa. A AI cae?uoiai oeia iao
iaiaoiaeeiinoe eiaoue niaao aee?aeoi?ia. Oeaeaniia?acii niaianoeoue iinou
i?aaenaaeaoaey i?aaeaiey e i?aceaeaioa, ia auioneaoue aeoeee a aoeaaeueiii niunea
yoiai neiaa. Iaeiaei, neaaeoao iaiai?eoue auione i?eaeeaae?iaaiiuo aeoeee aeey
iaineiia?ia e ae?oaeo auaoeo ?aaioieeia i?aaei?eyoey, ia?aie/eoue 5 i?ioeaioaie
iauai aeoeee o iaeiiai ?aaioieea, ii?yaeie i?eaia a aeoeeiia?u aiiaue i?eiyouo
?aaioieeia e o.ae. Aeey i?aaei?eyoee aoi?ie a?oiiu iaoaieci i?eaaoecaoeee ianeieueei
neiaeiaa. Nia/aea ?aaioieee, eae /anoiua eeoea, nicaeatho iacaaeneiia cae?uoia
aeoeeiia?iia iauanoai n ioe?uoeai naiaai ?an/aoiiai n/aoa, aaea e iaeaieeaatho
iaiaoiaeeiua oeiainiaua n?aaenoaa (aeieaaie oiiae, aeaiaaeiua n?aaenoaa ?aaioieeia,
i?eaaoecaoeeiiiua /aee e o.i.) aeey aueoia inoaaoaeny /anoe ainoaea?noaaiiie
nianoaaiiinoe. I?aaei?eyoey o?aoueae a?oiiu, a aeiaiai?a a?aiaeu eioi?uo ia
iaiai?ai ii?yaeie aueoia, iiaoo aeaenoaiaaoue aiaeiae/iui ia?acii. Oieueei Oeac
o?aaoao aeey iiaeiaiuo neo/aaa caeeth/aiea aeiiieieoaeueiiai niaeaoaiey n
oa??eoi?eaeueiui oi?aaeaieai Ieiaineiouanoaa ?O. Ai?acaei neiaeiaa inouanoaeoue
i?eaaoecaoeeth aeey i?aaei?eyoee /aoaa?oie a?oiiu, e?oiiuo a?aiaeiuo i?aaei?eyoee.
Naiue i?inoie aa?eaio – ?acoe?oiieoue i?aaei?eyoea ia ?yae iaeeeo i?aaei?eyoee ni
noieiinoueth eiouanoaa aei 1 iei. ?oaeae e i?eaaoece?iaaoue eo ii i?eioeeio
i?aaei?eyoee o?aoueae a?oiiu. Anee yoiai naeaeaoue ia oaeaaony, oiaaea oaeia
i?aaei?eyoea aeoeeiie?oaony a iau/iii ii?yaeea. Yoi ioiineony e e a?aiaeiui
i?aaei?eyoeyi aac i?aaa aueoia. Ainoaea?noaaiiia e ioieoeeiaeueiia eiouanoai iiaeao
i?iaeaaaoueny ii eiieo?no. A yoeo neo/ayo io iieoiaoaeae o?aaoaony auiieiaiea
ii?aaeaeaiiuo oneiaee, onoaiaaeeaaaiuo niioaaonoaothuei eiieoaoii ii oi?aaeaieth
eiouanoaii. Iauee ii?yaeie i?iaaaeaiey eiieo?na iiea ?aaoee?oaony niaoeeaeueiui
iieiaeaieai (ni. i?eeiaeaiea N 5 e Oeaco I?aceaeaioa ?O N 66 io 29. 01.1992), ii a
niioaaonoaee n Caeiiii aeieaeai ii?aaeaeyoueny I?aaeoaeuenoaii ?O. I?aaiaua ii?iu
onoaiaaeeaatho oneiaey o/anoey iieoiaoaeae a eiieo?na, ii?yaeie ?anniio?aiey eo
i?aaeeiaeaiee, a oaeaea i?ioeaaeo?u i?eiyoey ?aoaiey e ioi?ieaiey i?aa nianoaaiiinoe
ia i?aaei?eyoea.
!!118
Iaycaiiinoue ii i?iaaaeaieth eiieo?na aiceiaeaia ia oiiaeu eiouanoaa niioaaonoaothueo
o?iaiae. Oneiaey eiieo?na aeieaeiu auoue iioaeeeiaaiu ia iicaeiaa /ai ca 30 aeiae aei
aeaou i?iaaaeaiey eiieo?na. I?e i?iaaaeaiee i?eaaoecaoeee iauaeoia ioieoeeiaeueiie
nianoaaiiinoe niioaaonoaothuei eiieoaoii ii oi?aaeaieth eiouanoaii iiaeao
onoaiaaeeaaoueny aieaa ei?ioeee n?ie, ii ia iaiaa aeaoo iaaeaeue. Aeey i?iaeaaee
i?aaei?eyoey ii eiieo?no niioaaonoaothuee eiieoao ii oi?aaeaieth eiouanoaii
nicaeaao eiieo?nioth eiienneth n o/anoeai i?aaenoaaeoaeae o?oaeiaiai eieeaeoeaa,
ianoiuo i?aaiia aeanoe, aioeiiiiiieueiiai eiieoaoa e i?eaeaeaaiuo eie yenia?oia.
Yoa eiienney onoaiaaeeaaao oneiaey, ii?yaeie e n?iee i?iaaaeaiey eiieo?na. Oeaia
iieoiee i?aaei?eyoey ii?aaeaeyaony a oiaea eiieo?niiai ?anniio?aiey. Iia ia iiaeao
iioneaoueny ieaea ia/aeueiie aieueoa, /ai ia 30%. A i?ioeaiii neo/aa i?aaei?eyoea
nieiaaony n eiieo?na, a eiienney ii i?eaaoecaoeee iaycaia a iany/iue n?ie
ia?aniio?aoue ieai i?eaaoecaoeee i?aaei?eyoey. I?aai nianoaaiiinoe ia eiouanoai,
i?eaaoece?oaiia ia eiiia?/aneii eiieo?na, ia?aoiaeeo e iiaaaeeoaeth oaeiai
eiieo?na iinea auiieiaiey ei eiaanoeoeeiiiuo e(eee) nioeeaeueiuo oneiaee.
Iiaaaeeoaeai eiieo?na i?eciaaony iieoiaoaeue, i?aaeeiaeeaoee iaeaieaa aunieoth oeaio
ca iauaeo i?eaaoecaoeee. Iiaaaeeoaeue eiiia?/aneiai eiieo?na ia ai?aaa aei ia?aoiaea
e iaio i?aaa nianoaaiiinoe ia iauaeo i?eaaoecaoeee io/oaeaeaoue aai eee
?anii?yaeaoueny ei eiui ia?acii. Iiae nioeeaeueiuie oneiaeyie eiiia?/aneiai eiieo?na
iiieiaaony: nio?aiaiea ii?aaeaeaiiiai /enea ?aai/eo iano eee nicaeaiea
aeiiieieoaeueiuo ?aai/eo iano; ia?aiiaeaioiaea eee iiauoaiea eaaeeoeeaoeee
?aaioieeia; nio?aiaiea nouanoaothuae nenoaiu io?aiu o?oaea e caei?iauey ?aaioieeia;
ia?aie/aiea ia eciaiaiea i?ioeey aeayoaeueiinoe iauaeoia nioeeaeueii- eoeueoo?iiai,
eiiioiaeueii- auoiaiai eee o?ainii?oiiai ianeoaeeaaiey ianaeaiey eeai ia
i?ae?auaiea eo eniieueciaaiey; ?aaeecaoeeth ia?ii?eyoee ii io?aia ie?oaeathuae n?aaeu
e caei?iauey a?aaeaeai. Iacaaiiua nioeeaeueiua oneiaey yaeythony en/a?iuaathueie e ia
iiaeeaaeao eciaiaieth. Eiaanoeoeeiiiua oneiaey iiaoo i?aaeoniao?eaaoue a ioiioaiee
iauaeoa i?eaaoecaoeee inouanoaeaiea ia?ii?eyoee ii aai ?aeiino?oeoeee,
i?eia?aoaieth iai?oaeiaaiey, iiaea?iecaoeee e ?anoe?aieth i?iecaiaenoaa. Eiaanoeoeee a
aeaiaaeiie eee eiie oi?ia, inouanoaeaiiua iiaaaeeoaeai eiiia?/aneiai eiieo?na aeey
auiieiaiey aai eiaanoeoeeiiiuo e(eee) nioeeaeueiuo oneiaee, ia iiaeeaaeao
iaeiaiiaeiaeaieth. A neo/aa iaauiieiaiey iiaaaeeoaeai eiieo?na eiaanoeoeeiiiuo
!!119
e(eee) nioeeaeueiuo oneiaee, a oaeaea iaiaaeeaaeauaai eo auiieiaiey, a oii /enea
ia?ooaiey i?iiaaeooi/iuo eee eiia/iuo n?ieia auiieiaiey yoeo oneiaee e iauaiia
auiieiaiey, iauaeo i?eaaoecaoeee iiaeeaaeeo aacaiciacaeiiio aica?aoo niioaaonoaaiii
a ainoaea?noaaiioth eee ioieoeeiaeueioth nianoaaiiinoue iooai ?anoi?aeaiey naeaeie a
noaeaaiii ii?yaeea. N aoeoeeiia i?iaeathony ainoaea?noaaiiia e ioieoeeiaeueiia
eiouanoai a neo/ayo, eiaaea a aeaeueiaeoai io iieoiaoaeae ia o?aaoaony auiieiaiea
eaeeo- eeai oneiaee. I?aaei?eyoea i?iaeaaony oiio iieoiaoaeth, eioi?ue a oiaea
oi?aia i?aaeeiaeeo iaeaieueooth oeaio. Ii?yaeie i?iaaaeaiey aoeoeeiia, oneiaey o/anoey
a iai iieoiaoaeae, ii?yaeie ?an/aoia, a oaeaea i?ioeaaeo?a ioi?ieaiey i?aa
nianoaaiiinoe ?aaoee?oaony “Iieiaeaieai i i?iaeaaea ia aoeoeeiia ainoaea?noaaiiiai e
ioieoeeiaeueiiai eiouanoaa”, ooaa?aeaeaiiui Iinoaiiaeaieai I?aaeoaeuenoaa ?O io 27
ia?oa 1998 a. N 356.
Aoeoeeiiu i?iaiaeyo niioaaonoaothuea oiiaeu eiouanoaa eee iacia/aaiua eie
i?aaenoaaeoaee. Oeaia iieoiee ia aoeoeeiia ii?aaeaeyaony a oiaea oi?aia. Iia ia
iiaeao auoue nieaeaia aieaa /ai ia o?e oaaa aoeoeeiia (oaa aoeoeeiia onoaiaaeeaaaony
i?iaeaaoeii e ninoaaeyao 1-5% ia/aeueiie oeaiu). Anee ia o?aoueai oaaa aoeoeeiia
ieeoi ec iieoiaoaeae ia iiaeiye aeeao, eiouanoai ca oaeoth oeaio ia i?iaeaii, iii
nieiaaony n aoeoeeiia. A yoii neo/aa eiienney ii i?eaaoecaoeee iaycaia a iany/iue
n?ie ia?aniio?aoue ieai i?eaaoecaoeee e (eee) eciaieoue aai ia/aeueioth oeaio. A
ea/anoaa iniaiai niiniaa i?eaaoecaoeee neaaeoao ?anniao?eaaoue i?aia?aciaaiea
ainoaea?noaaiiuo i?aaei?eyoee, aeia?iaieueiuo iauaaeeiaiee ainoaea?noaaiiuo
i?aaei?eyoee a aeoeeiia?iua iauanoaa. Ii?yaeie i?aia?aciaaiey oaeeo i?aaei?eyoee a
aeoeeiia?iua iauanoaa ii?aaeaeai Oeacii I?aceaeaioa ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee N 721 io
1 ethey 1992 a. “Ia i?aaiecaoeeiiiuo ia?ao ii i?aia?aciaaieth ainoaea?noaaiiuo
i?aaei?eyoee, aeia?iaieueiuo iauaaeeiaiee ainoaea?noaaiiuo i?aaei?eyoee a aeoeeiia?iua
iauanoaa” e ooaa?aeaeaiiui yoei Oeacii “Iieiaeaieai i eiiia?oeeaeecaoeee
ainoaea?noaaiiuo i?aaei?eyoee n iaeiia?aiaiiui i?aia?aciaaieai a aeoeeiia?iua
iauanoaa ioe?uoiai oeia”. Yoei Oeacii i?aaeoniio?aii i?aia?aciaaiea
ainoaea?noaaiiuo i?aaei?eyoee (e?iia niaoicia), i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo e iao/ii-
i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo iauaaeeiaiee a niioaaonoaea n caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii ?inneeneie
Oaaea?aoeee, a oaeaea aeoeeiia?iuo iauanoa cae?uoiai oeia, aieaa 50% onoaaiiai
eaieoaea eioi?uo iaoiaeeony a ainoaea?noaaiiie nianoaaiiinoe, a aeoeeiia?iua
iauanoaa ioe?uoiai oeia. Ia iiaeeaaeao i?aia?aciaaieth oa i?aaei?eyoey,
i?eaaoecaoeey eioi?uo cai?auaia Ainoaea?noaaiiie i?ia?aiiie i?eaaoecaoeee.
!!120
Iaycaoaeueiiio i?aia?aciaaieth a aeoeeiia?iua iauanoaa ioe?uoiai oeia iiaeeaaeao
ia?a/eneaiiua auoa i?aaei?eyoey anao o?iaiae nianoaaiiinoe ni n?aaeiae
/eneaiiinoueth ?aaioathueo aieaa 1000 /aeiaae eee n aaeainiaie noieiinoueth iniiaiuo
oiiaeia ia 1 yiaa?y 1992 a. aieaa 50 iei. ?oaeae, iacaaeneii io eo aoiaeaeaiey a
ninoaa o?anoia, annioeeaoeee, eiioea?iia, nithcia, iaaeio?aneaauo, ?aaeiiaeueiuo e
eiuo iauaaeeiaiee i?aaei?eyoee. Ainoaea?noaaiiua i?aaei?eyoey, eiaaoea aaeainiaoth
noieiinoue iniiaiuo oiiaeia ia 1 yiaa?y 1992 a. io 10 aei 50 iei. ?oaeae e
n?aaeianieni/ioth /eneaiiinoue ?aaioathueo aieaa 200 /aeiaae, a oae aea ia
yaeythueany th?eaee/aneeie eeoeaie iiae?acaeaeaiey i?aaei?eyoee (iauaaeeiaiee),
iiaeeaaeaueo i?aia?aciaaieth a niioaaonoaee n Oeacii I?aceaeaioa ?O, iaeaaeaaoea ii
ninoiyieth ia 1 yiaa?y 1992 a. ioaeaeueiui aaeainii eeai eiaaoea aaeainiaoth
noieiinoue iniiaiuo oiiaeia aieaa 10 iei. ?oaeae eee n?aae ianieni/ioth /eneaiiinoue
?aaioathueo aieaa 200 /aeiaae, iiaoo auoue i?aia?aciaaiu a aeoeeiia?iua iauanoaa
ioe?uoiai oeia ii ?aoaieth eo o?oaeiauo eieeaeoeaia e niioaaonoaothueo eiieoaoia
ii oi?aaeaieth eiouanoaii. I?aia?aciaaiea oeacaiiuo iiae?acaeaeaiee i?aaei?eyoee a
aeoeeiia?iua iauanoaa (eiiia?oeeaeecaoeey) inouanoaeyaony aac eo i?aaeaa?eoaeueiiai
i?aia?aciaaiey a naiinoiyoaeueiua ainoaea?noaaiiua i?aaei?eyoey. Ia eaaeaeii
i?aaei?eyoee, a iiae?acaeaeaiee, iiaeeaaeaueo i?aia?aciaaieth, ia?acothony ?aai/ea
eiiennee ii i?eaaoecaoeee, eioi?ua aioiayo ieai i?eaaoecaoeee, aeo ioeaiee
eiouanoaa, onoaa aeoeeiia?iiai iauanoaa. Yoe aeieoiaiou i?aaenoaaeythony aeey
ooaa?aeaeaiey a eiieoao ii oi?aaeaieth eiouanoaii. ?aaeno?aoeey aeoeeiia?iiai
iauanoaa, nicaeaaaaiiai i?e i?aia?aciaaiee ainoaea?noaaiiuo i?aaei?eyoee
inouanoaeyaony a niioaaonoaee n aeaenoaothuei caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii. ?aaeno?aoeeiiiua
nai?u i?e yoii ia aceiathony. N iiiaioa ?aaeno?aoeee aeoeeiia?iia iauanoai
noaiiaeony i?aaii?aaiieeii i?aa e iaycaiiinoae i?aia?aciaaiiiai i?aaei?eyoey.
Aeoeeiia?iia iauanoai n iiiaioa ?aaeno?aoeee auoiaeeo ec no?oeoo?u oi?aaeaiey
niioaaonoaothueo ieienoa?noa, aaaeiinoa e i?aaiia io?aneaaiai oi?aaeaiey ianoiie
aaeieieno?aoeee. Aianoa n oai, neaaeoao eiaoue a aeaeo, /oi aei oao ii?, iiea a
ninoaa aeoeaia aeoeeiia?iiai iauanoaa aoiaeeo ainoaea?noaaiiia eiouanoai (aeiee,
iae, aeoeee), iii ia iiaeao n/eoaoueny iaoiaeyueiny a nianoaaiiinoe aeoeeiia?ia,
/anoiuo eeoe e i?aaei?eyoee. Iii i?iaeieaeaao inoaaaoueny ainoaea?noaaiiui.
I?aia?aciaaiea ainoaea?noaaiiuo i?aaei?eyoee – yoi aua ia i?eaaoecaoeey a iieiii
niunea neiaa. Yoi eeoue ia?aue oaa ia iooe e i?eaaoecaoeee. Aeoeeiia?iia iauanoai,
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nicaeaiiia ia iniiaa i?aia?aciaaiey ainoaea?noaaiiiai i?aaei?eyoey, noaiao
iaainoaea?noaaiiui eeoue iinea iieiie i?iaeaaee aeiee (aeoeee) ainoaea?noaaiiiai
eiouanoaa.
I?ia?aiia i?eaaoecaoeee i?aaeoniao?eaaao o?e iniiaiuo aa?eaioa i?aaeinoaaeaiey
eueaio ?aaioieeai i?aaei?eyoee, iaeei ec eioi?uo aeieaeai auoue aua?ai o?oaeiaui
eieeaeoeaii.
Aa?eaio 1. ?aaioieee i?aaei?eyoey eiatho neaaeothuea eueaiou:
– iaeiia?aiaiii e aanieaoii iieo/atho i?eaeeaae?iaaiiua aeoeee ia 25%
onoaaiiai eaieoaea aeoeeiia?iiai iauanoaa. Noiia noieiinoe i?eaeeaae?iaaiiuo
aeoeee aeey iaeiiai ?aaioieea ia Aeieaeia i?aauoaoue 20 ieieiaeueiuo ?acia?ia
ca?ieaou, aeaenoaothueo ii caeiio ia oa??eoi?ee ?innee. I?eaeeaae?iaaiiua aeoeee
ia aeatho i?aaa aieina (oi anoue eo aeaaeaeueoeu ia iiaoo aieiniaaoue ia iaueo
nia?aieyo aeoeeiia?ia, iaeueeia). Iaeiaei aeaaeaeueoeu i?eaeeaae?iaaiiuo aeoeee eiatho
i?ei?eoaoiia i?aai ia aeioiaeu ii aeoeeyi ii n?aaiaieth ni anaie inoaeueiuie
iaeueeaie. Anee i?aaei?eyoea n?aaioaei ia neeoeii oaea/ii e aeeaeaeaiaeu iiaoo auoue
ia/eneaiu oieueei ia /anoue aeoeee, iie ia/eneythony ia i?eaeeaae?iaaiiua. Anee
i?aaei?eyoea iaaie?ioeeinue e aai eiouanoai eaeao n iieioea, i?ei?eoaoiia i?aai ia
iieo/aiea naiae aeiee oaeaea eiatho yoe aeoeeiia?u;
– ?aaioieee i?aaei?eyoey, e?iia oiai, eiatho i?aai eoieoue 10% i?inouo aeoeee,
noiia eioi?uo ia aeieaeia i?aauoaoue 6 ieieiaeueiuo ca?ieao. I?inoua aeoeee aeatho
i?aai aieina ia iauai nia?aiee. Iie oaeaea iieoiathony /eaiaie eieeaeoeaa ia
eueaioiuo oneiaeyo: 30% neeaeea n iiieiaeueiie noieiinoe aeoeee; o?aoeaoiyy
?ann?i/ea ii iieaoa aeoeee i?e ia?aiia/aeueiii aciina, ninoaaeythuai 15% io
iiieiaeueiie noieiinoe; i?aai eniieueciaaiey i?eaaoecaoeeiiiuo /aeia i?e
i?eia?aoaiee anao aeoeee – i?inouo e i?eaeeaae?iaaiiuo;
– aeieaeiinoiua eeoea, aaeieieno?aoeey i?aaei?eyoey (?oeiaiaeeoaeue, aai
caianoeoaee, aeaaiue eiaeaia?, aeaaiue aooaaeoa?), aua?aaoaai aa?eaio 1, iiaoo
i?eia?anoe i?inoua aeoeee, aeathuea i?aai aieina, ii iiieiaeueiie noieiinoe ia
noiio, ia i?aauoathuoth 5% onoaaiiai eaieoaea, ii ia aieaa /ai ia 2000
ieieiaeueiuo ca?ieao, onoaiiaeaiiuo ?inneeneei caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii;
– iinea oiai, eae ?aaioieee e aaeieieno?aoeey i?aaei?eyoey ii?aaeaeeee, a eaeie
ia?a iie ainiieuecothony naieie i?eaeeaaeyie, inoaoie aeoeee iinooiaao a
niioaaonoaothuee oiiae eiouanoaa, eioi?ue i?aaiecoao eo i?iaeaaeo /anoiui eeoeai,
eiiiaieyi e /anoiui eiaanoeoeeiiiui oiiaeai. ?aaioieee i?aaei?eyoey iiaoo
aeiiieieoaeueii eoieoue aeoeee naiaai i?aaei?eyoey, ii oaea aac anyeeo eueaio, ia
iaueo iniiaaieyo.
Aa?eaio 2. ?aaioieee i?aaei?eyoey iiaoo i?eiyoue ?aoaiea i?eia?anoe ii cae?uoie
iiaeienea 51% (eiio?ieueiue iaeao) io
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aaee/eiu onoaaiiai eaieoaea, anee ca yoi i?iaieinoao 2/3 io iauaai /enea
?aaioieeia i?aaei?eyoey. I?e yoii aa?eaioa aeaenoaotho neaaeothuea oneiaey: aei 50%
noieiinoe aueoiaaiuo ?aaioieeaie aeoeee iiaeao auoue iiea/aii i?eaaoecaoeeiiiuie
/aeaie; iieaoa aeieaeia auoue i?iecaaaeaia a oa/aiea o?ao ianyoeaa. AEaeaoaeueii,
/oiau ?aaioieee, aua?aaoea yoio aa?eaio, i?aaeaea oaa?eeenue a aeioiaeiinoe naiaai
i?aaei?eyoey.
Aa?eaio 3. A?oiia ?aaioieeia (ia iaycaoaeueii aanue o?oaeiaie eieeaeoea, eae a
ia?auo aeaoo aa?eaioao) iiaeao caeeth/eoue niaeaoaiea n niioaaonoaothuei oiiaeii
eiouanoaa i oii, /oi i?eieiaao ia naay ioaaonoaaiiinoue ca auiieiaiea ieaia
i?eaaoecaoeee e iaaeiiouaiea aaie?ionoaa i?aaei?eyoey. Niaeaoaiea aeieaeii auoue
iaeia?aii ia iaiaa /ai 2/3 iauae /eneaiiinoe ?aaioieeia aeaiiiai i?aaei?eyoey, e
aac eo niaeaney ia caeeth/aaony. Niaeaoaiea aeaenoaoao a oa/aiea iaeiiai aiaea. Ii
niaeaoaieth aeaiiay a?oiia ?aaioieeia iaycaia a oa/aiea aiaea aeiaeoueny oeiainiaie
noaaeeecaoeee aeoeeiia?iiai iauanoaa e ioaa/aao ca yoi naiei ee/iui eiouanoaii,
aiineiui a aeaea i?aaeaa?eoaeueiiai caeiaa ia noiio ia iaiaa 200 ieieiaeueiuo
ca?ieao, onoaiiaeaiiuo ?inneeneei caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii, ia eaaeaeiai /eaia a?oiiu.
Anee oneiaey niaeaoaiey auiieiaiu, /eaiu a?oiiu iieo/atho i?aai i?eia?anoe 20%
i?inouo aeoeee ii iiieiaeueiie noieiinoe. A aeaiiii aa?eaioa, i?aaeiacia/aiiii
i?aaeaea anaai aeey i?aaei?eyoee, iaoiaeyueony ia a?aie aaie?ionoaa, ana ?aaioieee
aeaiiiai i?aaei?eyoey, aeeth/ay /eaiia yoie a?oiiu, iiaoo i?eia?anoe aeoeee aua ia
noiio aei 20% onoaaiiai eaieoaea ia oao aea oneiaeyo, eae a aa?eaioa 2 iinea
oiai, eae oeiainiaia iieiaeaiea i?aaei?eyoey noaaeeece?oaony. I?e yoii noiia ia
eaaeaeiai /aeiaaea ia aeieaeia i?aauoaoue 20 onoaiiaeaiiuo caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii
ieieiaeueiuo ca?ieao, a ia aeoeee onoaiaaeeaaaony 30% neeaeea n eo iiieiaeueiie
noieiinoe e ?ann?i/ea auieaou ia o?e aiaea. Aaeeinoaaiiia ia?aie/aiea
– aaee/eia ia?aiai aciina aeieaeia auoue ia iaiaa 15% iiieiaeueiie noieiinoe
aeoeee.
Ethaie ec o?ao aa?eaioia i?aaeoniao?eaaao, /oi 10% au?o/ee io i?iaeaaee aeoeee
eeoeai, ia ?aaioathuei ia aeaiiii i?aaei?eyoee, iinooiaao ia ia?niiaeueiua
i?eaaoecaoeeiiiua n/aoa aai ?aaioieeia.
A i?ioeanna i?eaaoecaoeee iiaeii auaeaeeoue /aou?a aeaaiuo yoaia: 1) nicaeaiea
?aai/ae eiiennee ia i?aaei?eyoee; 2) ?aaioa eiiennee; 3) o/?aaeaeaiea aeoeeiia?iiai
iauanoaa; 4) ?ani?aaeaeaiea aeoeee. Ia?niiaeueioth ioaaonoaaiiinoue ca auiieiaiea
i?aaei?eyoeai o?aaiaaiee caeiia e i?aaee i?eaaoecaoeee ianao aee?aeoi?
(?oeiaiaeeoaeue) i?aaei?eyoey. Ii aeieaeai nicaeaoue ?aai/oth eiienneth ii
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i?eaaoecaoeee. Anee oaeay eiienney a oa/aiea iaaeaee ia aoaeao nicaeaia, ?aaioieee
i?aaei?eyoey eiatho i?aai noi?ie?iaaoue nianoaaiioth ?aai/oth eiienneth n o/anoeai
eee aac o/anoey i?aaenoaaeoaeae aaeieieno?aoeee. ?aai/ay eiienney aeieaeia i?iaanoe
ioeaieo eiouanoaa ii ninoiyieth ia 1 ethey 1992 a., iaania/eoue ?aaioieeia
eioi?iaoeeae, aeinoaoi/iie, /oiau naeaeaoue auai? aa?eaioa i?eaaoecaoeee, i?iaanoe
iauaa nia?aiea eieeaeoeaa, ia eioi?ii aoaeao naeaeai auai? aa?eaioa i?eaaoecaoeee,
?ac?aaioaoue ieai i?eaaoecaoeee i?aaei?eyoey, auionea aeoeee, ooaa?aeeoue aeo ioeaiee
eiouanoaa i?aaei?eyoey, aaee/eio onoaaiiai eaieoaea aeoeeiia?iiai iauanoaa,
?ac?aaioaoue onoaa aeoeeiia?iiai iauanoaa, i?aaenoaaeoue ana aeieoiaiou a
niioaaonoaothuee eiieoao ii oi?aaeaieth eiouanoaii. Eiieoao ii oi?aaeaieth
eiouanoaii a iaaeaeueiue n?ie ?anniao?eaaao i?aaenoaaeaiiua aeieoiaiou e ooaa?aeaeaao
ieai i?eaaoecaoeee, aeo ioeaiee noieiinoe e onoaa aeoeeiia?iiai iauanoaa. ?aoaiea
ia ooaa?aeaeaiee ieaia i?eaaoecaoeee yaeyaony ?aoaieai eiieoaoa i i?aia?aciaaiee
i?aaei?eyoey a aeoeeiia?iia iauanoai ioe?uoiai oeia. Iinea yoiai eiieoao ii
oi?aaeaieth aineiouanoaii ia?aaeaao cayaeo ia ?aaeno?aoeeth, ieai i?eaaoecaoeee e
o/?aaeeoaeueiua aeieoiaiou aeoeeiia?iiai iauanoaa aeey ainoaea?noaaiiie ?aaeno?aoeee.
Aeoeeiia?iia iauanoai aeieaeii noi?ie?iaaoue Niaao aee?aeoi?ia. A Oeiiaii onoaaa
i?aaeoniio?aii /oi a Niaao aee?aeoi?ia iaiaoiaeeii aeeth/eoue aaia?aeueiiai aee?aeoi?a
iauanoaa eee aai i?aaenoaaeoaey, i?aaenoaaeoaey oiiaea eiouanoaa (eiieoaoa ii
oi?aaeaieth eiouanoaii), i?aaenoaaeoaey o?oaeiaiai eieeaeoeaa e i?aaenoaaeoaey
ianoiuo i?aaiia aeanoe. I?eaaoecaoeey ainoaea?noaaiiiai e ioieoeeiaeueiiai
eiouanoaa iooai aianaiey iineaaeiaai a ea/anoaa aeeaaea a onoaaiua eaieoaeu
oicyenoaaiiuo iauanoa inouanoaeyaony ii ?aoaieth niioaaonoaaiii I?aaeoaeuenoaa
?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee, i?aaiia ainoaea?noaaiiie aeanoe noauaeoia ?inneeneie
Oaaea?aoeee e i?aaiia ianoiiai naiioi?aaeaiey. A niioaaonoaee n nia?aiaiiui
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii i?eaaoecaoeeth iiaeii inouanoaeyoue iooai io/oaeaeaiey iaoiaeyueony
a ainoaea?noaaiiie eee ioieoeeiaeueiie nianoaaiiinoe aeoeee ioe?uouo aeoeeiia?iuo
iauanoa aeaaeaeueoeai oeaiiuo aoiaa, oaeinoiaa?ythueo i?aai i?eia?aoaiey oaeeo aeoeee.
Caeiiiaeaoaeue eiaao a aeaeo iniaue aeae oeaiiuo aoiaa. A ieo aeieaeii auoue oeacaii
i?aai aeaaeaeueoeaa oeaiiuo aoiaa ia i?eia?aoaiea i?eaaoece?iaaiiiai eiouanoaa.
?aoaiea i auionea oaeeo oeaiiuo aoiaa aeieaeii i?eieiaoue I?aaeoaeuenoai ?inneeneie
Oaaea?aoeee, i?aaiu ainoaea?noaaiiie aeanoe noauaeoia ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee, i?aaiu
ianoiiai naiioi?aaeaiey. Oaeeie ?aoaieyie ii?aaeaeyaony ii?yaeie ?aaeecaoeee
oeacaiiiai i?aaa aeaaeaeueoeaie oeaiiuo aoiaa niioaaonoaothuaai nianoaaiieea
eiouanoaa
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eiee/anoai aeoeee ioe?uouo aeoeeiia?iuo iauanoa, eaoaai?ey (oei) oaeeo aeoeee, a
oaeaea iaeiaiiaaiea ioe?uouo aeoeeiia?iuo iauanoa – yeaiaioia oaeeo aeoeee.
Naiinoiyoaeueiui niiniaii i?eaaoecaoeee ainoaea?noaaiiiai e ioieoeeiaeueiiai
eiouanoaa yaeyaony i?iaeaaea aeoeee ioe?uouo aeoeeiia?iuo iauanoa, nicaeaiiuo a
i?ioeanna i?eaaoecaoeee, eo ?aaioieeai. Caeii a yoii neo/aa eiaao a aeaeo aeoeee,
i?eiaaeeaaeauea ainoaea?noao, noauaeoo ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee eee ioieoeeiaeueiiio
ia?aciaaieth. I?aai i?eia?aoaiey oaeeo aeoeee i?aaeinoaaeyaony ?aaioieeai naieo
aeoeeiia?iuo iauanoa. Ii?yaeie i?iaeaaee aeoeee ioe?uouo aeoeeiia?iuo iauanoa,
nicaeaiiuo a i?ioeanna i?eaaoecaoeee, eo ?aaioieeai ii?aaeaeyaony oaaea?aeueiui
caeiiii, eioi?ue aua aeieaeai auoue i?eiyo. Eiee/anoai aeoeee, iiaeeaaeaueo i?iaeaaea
?aaioieeai ioe?uouo aeoeeiia?iuo iauanoa, eaoaai?ey (oei) oaeeo aeoeee, ii?yaeie
ii?aaeaeaiey eo oeaiu, a oaeaea ii?yaeie e n?iee iieaou onoaiaaeeaathony i?ia?aiiie
i?eaaoecaoeee.
I?aaiaua ii?iu, ?aaoee?othuea niinia i?eaaoecaoeee /a?ac aueoi ainoaea?noaiiiai
eiouanoaa ii?aaeaeytho aeaa iiaeaeaea i?eaaoecaoeee a?aiaeiaaiiiai eiouanoaa.
Ai-ia?auo, eie ii?aaeaeyaony ii?yaeie i?eaaoecaoeee i?aaei?eyoey, naeaiiiai a a?aiaeo
n i?aaii aueoia a niioaaonoaee n aeiaiai?ii a?aiaeu, eioi?ue aue caeeth/ai aei
anooieaiey a neeo Caeiia ?O “I i?eaaoecaoeee ainoaea?noaaiiuo e ioieoeeiaeueiuo
i?aaei?eyoee a ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee” 1991 aiaea. Iaiiiiei, /oi oaeea aeiaiai?u
caeeth/aeenue nianoaaiieeii i?aaei?eyoey n eieeaeoeaii a?aiaeaoi?ia, ninoiyuei ec
?aaioieeia yoiai i?aaei?eyoey. Aueoi eiouanoaa a?aiaeiiai i?aaei?eyoey
i?iecaiaeeeny ii oneiaeyi aeiaiai?a, anee a iineaaeiai i?aaeoniio?aiu ana oneiaey i
aueoia: ?acia?, n?iee e ii?yaeie aianaiey oeaiu aueoia.
Ai-aoi?uo, a Caeiia “I i?eaaoecaoeee” ii?aaeaeai ii?yaeie i?aia?aciaaiey
ainoaea?noaaiiiai eee ioieoeeiaeueiiai oieoa?iiai i?aaei?eyoey a ioe?uoia
aeoeeiia?iia iauanoai n i?aaeinoaaeaieai a?aiaeaoi?o oaeiai eiouanoaa i?aaa
ia?aii/a?aaeiiai i?eia?aoaiey aeoeee oeacaiiiai iauanoaa, i?eiaaeeaaeaueo
niioaaonoaaiii ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee, noauaeoai ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee,
ioieoeeiaeueiui ia?aciaaieyi. Oaeei ia?acii, caeanue ?a/ue eaeao i aueoia
a?aiaeiaaiiiai eiouanoaa. Iaeiaei a niioaaonoaee n a?aaeaeaineei caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii
a?aiaea i?aaei?eyoey aeiioneaaony a oeaeii eae eiouanoaaiiiai eiiieaena,
eniieuecoaiiai aeey inouanoaeaiey i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie aeayoaeueiinoe (no. 650 AE
?O), ii a ea/anoaa a?aiaeaoi?a ia i?aaeoniao?eaaaony o?oaeiaie eieeaeoea a aeaea
eieeaeoeaa a?aiaeaoi?ia. A?aiaeaoi?ii i?aaei?eyoey iiaeao auoue ethaie
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noauaeo a?aaeaeainei- i?aaiauo ioiioaiee. Iiyoiio a?aiaeaoi?o ainoaea?noaaiiuo eee
ioieoeeiaeueiuo oieoa?iuo i?aaei?eyoee i?aaeinoaaeyaony i?aai ainiieueciaaoueny iiaui
niiniaii i?eaaoecaoeee – aueoiii a?aiaeiaaiiiai eiouanoaa – i?aaei?eyoey a oeaeii.
Ii?yaeie inouanoaeaiey i?aaa a?aiaeaoi?a ia ia?aii/a?aaeiia i?eia?aoaiea aeoeee
ioe?uouo aeoeeiia?iuo iauanoa, nicaeaiiuo iin?aaenoaii i?aia?aciaaiey
ainoaea?noaaiiuo e ioieoeeiaeueiuo oieoa?iuo i?aaei?eyoee, ii?yaeie ii?aaeaeaiey
noieiinoe oeacaiiuo aeoeee ii?aaeaeyaony i?ia?aiiaie i?eaaoecaoeee niioaaonoaaiii
?O e noauaeoia ?O. ?acia? aueoia, n?iee aai aianaiey, a oaeaea oneiaey
ia?aii/a?aaeiiai i?eia?aoaiey oaeeo aeoeee ii?aaeaeythony ooaa?aeaeaiiui
I?aaeoaeuenoaii ?O “Iieiaeaieai i ii?yaeea i?eaaoecaoeee naeaiiiai a a?aiaeo
ainoaea?noaaiiiai eiouanoaa”.
4. AeIAIAI? EOIEE-I?IAeAAEE I?E I?EAAOECAOeEE
Any i?ioeaaeo?a i?eaaoecaoeee ainoaea?noaaiiiai e ioieoeeiaeueiiai eiouanoaa
(i?aaei?eyoey, no?oeoo?iiai iiae?acaeaeaiey, iaoa?eaeueiuo e iaiaoa?eaeueiuo
aeoeaia) caeai/eaaaony ioi?ieaieai aeiaiai?a eoiee- i?iaeaaee a niioaaonoaee n AE
?O e Caeiiii “I i?eaaoecaoeee”. A aeiaiai?a oeacuaathony naaaeaiey i i?iaeaaoea,
iieoiaoaea, iaeiaiiaaiea iauaeoa i?eaaoecaoeee e aai ianoiiaoiaeaeaiea, ninoaa e
noieiinoue i?eaaoece?oaiiai eiouanoaa, oneiaey a?aiaeu (iieueciaaiey) caiaeueiui
o/anoeii, eiee/anoai aeoeee ioe?uoiai aeoeeiia?iiai iauanoaa; eo eaoaai?ey (oei)
e noieiinoue; ii?yaeie ia?aaea/e i?eaaoece?oaiiai eiouanoaa a nianoaaiiinoue
iieoiaoaey; iaycaoaeuenoaa iieoiaoaey ii aai eniieueciaaieth; eiaanoeoeeiiiua e
(eee) nioeeaeueiua oneiaey, a niioaaonoaee n eioi?uie oeacaiiia eiouanoai auei
i?eia?aoaii iieoiaoaeai; ii?yaeie iiaeoaa?aeaeaiey iieoiaoaeai auiieiaiey oaeeo
oneiaee; niiniau iaania/aiey eiaanoeoeeiiiuo e (eee) nioeeaeueiuo oneiaee, a oii
/enea aa?aioee eo auiieiaiey; ii?yaeie inouanoaeaiey iieoiaoaeai i?aaa aeaaeaiey
e i?aaa iieueciaaiey oeacaiiui eiouanoaii aei iiiaioa ia?aoiaea e iaio i?aaa
nianoaaiiinoe ia eiouanoai; eiua oneiaey, onoaiiaeaiiua noi?iiaie oaeiai
aeiaiai?a ii acaeiiiio niaeaoaieth. Ana iaycaoaeuenoaa iieoiaoaey a ioiioaiee
iauaeoa i?eaaoecaoeee aeieaeiu eiaoue n?iee eo auiieiaiey e noieiinoioth ioeaieo.
I?aai nianoaaiiinoe ia ainoaea?noaaiiia eee ioieoeeiaeueiia eiouanoai ia?aoiaeeo io
nianoaaiieea e aai iieoiaoaeyi a ii?yaeea, onoaiiaeaiiii aeaenoaothuei
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii e aeiaiai?ii eoiee- i?iaeaaee (no. 549-566 AE ?O).
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Aeiaiai? i?iaeaaee i?aaei?eyoey iiaeeaaeeo ainoaea?noaaiiie ?aaeno?aoeee e n/eoaaony
caeeth/aiiui n iiiaioa oaeie ?aaeno?aoeee (i. 3 no. 560 AE ?O).
Ca?aaeno?e?iaaiiue aeiaiai? eoiee- i?iaeaaee yaeyaony aeieoiaioii, oaeinoiaa?ythuei
i?aai nianoaaiiinoe iieoiaoaey. Iaeiaei a?yae ee i?aaiia?ii e oeaeaniia?acii ai
anao neo/ayo iiaeoaa?aeaeaoue i?aai nianoaaiiinoe aeiaiai?ii eoiee- i?iaeaaee.
Oeaeaniia?acii, /oiau ia iniiaa ca?aaeno?e?iaaiiiai aeiaiai?a eoiee- i?iaeaaee
i?aai, ?aaeno?e?othuee aeiaiai?, auaeaaae iieoiaoaeth, nianoaaiieeo naeaeaoaeuenoai i
i?aaa nianoaaiiinoe. Caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii oaeie ii?yaeie ia onoaiiaeai. Iaeiaei ia
i?aeoeea oiiaeu eiouanoaa auaeatho naeaeaoaeuenoaa i i?aaa nianoaaiiinoe oao
i?aaei?eyoee, eoiey- i?iaeaaea eioi?uo o ieo ca?aaeno?e?iaaia. Ecaanoiu neo/ae,
eiaaea oaeo i?eaaoecaoeee onoaiaaeeaaeny a?aeo?aaeiui noaeii aii?aee iiaieth
i?aaiia, inouanoaeythueo i?eaaoecaoeeth. Iineaaeiea ioeacuaaeenue auaeaaaoue
naeaeaoaeuenoaa i i?aaa nianoaaiiinoe. I?e yoii iie nnueaeenue ia ionoonoaea a
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa oeacaiey i auaea/a e ii?yaeea auaea/e oaeiai aeieoiaioa. Caia/aiea
aiieia ni?aaaaeeeaia. Aieaa oiai, a neeo yoeo aea ianoiyoaeuenoa a?aeo?aaeiue noae
ia ai?aaa iaycaoue niioaaonoaothuee i?aai auaeaoue naeaeaoaeuenoai i i?aaa
nianoaaiiinoe. Aianoa n oai no. 551 AE ?O i?aaeoniao?eaaao Ainoaea?noaaiioth
?aaeno?aoeeth ia?aoiaea i?aa nianoaaiiinoe ia iaaeaeaeeiinoue, a Oaaea?aeueiue caeii ?O
eI ainoaea?noaaiiie ?aaeno?aoeee i?aa ia iaaeaeaeeiia eiouanoai e naeaeie n iei” io
21 ethey 1997 a.(*1) A niioaaonoaee n yoei Caeiiii i?aaa ia iaaeaeaeeiia eiouanoai
e naeaeee n iei iiaeeaaeao ?aaeno?aoeee a aaeeiii ainoaea?noaaiiii ?aano?a
o/?aaeaeaieai thnoeoeee ii ?aaeno?aoeee i?aa ia iaaeaeaeeiia eiouanoai e naeaeie n iei
n auaea/ae naeaeaoaeuenoaa i ainoaea?noaaiiie ?aaeno?aoeee i?aa. Yoi, eiia/ii, ia
naeaeaoaeuenoai i i?aaa nianoaaiiinoe, ii aiieia aaeaeaaoiue aio aeieoiaio.
Ia?aaea/a iaaeaeaeeiinoe i?iaeaaoeii e i?eiyoea aa iieoiaoaeai inouanoaeyaony ii
iiaeienuaaaiiio noi?iiaie ia?aaeaoi/iiio aeoo eee eiiio aeieoiaioo i ia?aaea/a (no.
556 AE ?O). Ia?aaea/a i?aaei?eyoey i?iaeaaoeii iieoiaoaeth inouanoaeyaony ii
ia?aaeaoi/iiio aeoo, a eioi?ii oeacuaathony aeaiiua i ninoaaa i?aaei?eyoey e ia
oaaaeiieaiee e?aaeeoi?ia i i?iaeaaea i?aaei?eyoey. I?aaei?eyoea n/eoaaony ia?aaeaiiui
iieoiaoaeth ni aeiy iiaeienaiey ia?aaeaoi/iiai aeoa iaaeie noi?iiaie. N yoiai
iiiaioa ia iieoiaoaey ia?aoiaeeo ?ene neo/aeiie aeaaee eee neo/aeiiai
iia?aaeaeaiey eiouanoaa, ia?aaeaiiiai a ninoaaa i?aaei?eyoey (no. 563 AE ?O).
(**1) NC ?O. -1997. -N30. -No.3594.
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iiiaioa ainoaea?noaaiiie ?aaeno?aoeee .eiai i?aia (no. 564 AE ?O).
Caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai i i?eaaoecaoeee ainoaea?noaaiiiai eiouanoaa, AE ?O ia niaea?aeeo
eiie?aoiuo ii?i, ii?aaeaeythueo eoi e a eaeea n?iee aeieaeai ioi?ieoue aeiaiai?
eoiee- i?iaeaaee eiouanoaa. Eneeth/aieai yaeythony ii?yaeie e n?iee ioi?ieaiey
aeiaiai?a eoiee- i?iaeaaee i?aaei?eyoee ii ?acoeueoaoai aoeoeeiia eee eiieo?na. A
niioaaonoaee n A?aiaiiuie iieiaeaieyie i i?eaaoecaoeee ainoaea?noaaiiuo e
ioieoeeiaeueiuo i?aaei?eyoee ia aoeoeeiia eee ii eiieo?no aeiaiai? eoiee- i?iaeaaee
iiaeienuaaaony a n?ie ia aieaa 30 eaeaiaea?iuo aeiae n iiiaioa iiaeienaiey
noi?iiaie i?ioieiea i ?acoeueoaoao aoeoeeiia eee eiieo?na. Ec i. 1 no. 28 Caeiia
“I i?eaaoecaoeee i?aaei?eyoee” iiaeii auei naeaeaoue auaiae, /oi oiiae eae i?iaeaaaoe
eiouanoaa iaycai ioi?ieoue aeiaiai? eoiee- i?iaeaaee. I?e oeeiiaiee i?iaeaaoea io
caeeth/aiey aeiaiai?a eeai ioeaca naeaeaoue yoi iieoiaoaeue ai?aaa aue ia?aoeoueny n
cayaeaieai i iiioaeaeaiee caeeth/eoue aeiaiai? a iauee eee a?aeo?aaeiue noae. *oi
eanaaony eoiee- i?iaeaaee i?aaei?eyoey, AE ?O eeoue onoaiiaee, /oi iiaeaioiaea
i?aaei?eyoey e ia?aaea/a, aeeth/ay ninoaaeaiea e i?aaenoaaeaiea ia iiaeienaiea
ia?aaeaoi/iiai aeoa, yaeyaony iaycaiiinoueth i?iaeaaoea e inouanoaeyaony ca aai
n/ao, anee ia i?aaeoniio?aii eiia (no. 563). A no. 551 AE ?O onoaiiaeaii, /oi
eiaaea iaeia ec noi?ii oeeiiyaony io ainoaea?noaaiiie ?aaeno?aoeee ia?aoiaea i?aaa
nianoaaiiinoe ia iaaeaeaeeiinoue, noae ai?aaa ii o?aaiaaieth ae?oaie noi?iiu auianoe
?aoaiea i ainoaea?noaaiiie ?aaeno?aoeee ia?aoiaea i?aaa nianoaaiiinoe. Ae?oaay
noi?iia i?e yoii iaycaia aicianoeoue oauoee, aucaaiiua caaea?aeeie ?aaeno?aoeee.
Caeii onoaiaaeeaaao, /oi a neo/aa inouanoaeaiey i?eaaoecaoeee n ia?ooaieai
onoaiiaeaiiiai ii?yaeea aiciiaeii i?aaeuyaeaiea eneia i ?anoi?aeaiee aeiaiai?ia
eoiee- i?iaeaaee. A caeiia oaeaea i?eaaaeai ia?a/aiue iniiaaiee aeey i?eciaiey naeaeie
iaaeaenoaeoaeueiuie. Iiae iaaeaenoaeoaeueiie iiieiaaony naeaeea, ia niioaaonoaothuay
ii?iai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa. A neo/aa i?eciaiey oaeiaie iia ia ii?iaeaeaao i?aaiauo
iineaaenoaee n iiiaioa caeeth/aiey. Eaaeaeay noi?iia iaycaia aica?aoeoue ae?oaie
noi?iia ana iieo/aiiia ii naeaeea, anee eiia ia i?aaeoniio?aii AE eee ae?oaeie
caeiiiaeaoaeueiuie aeoaie. ?anoi?aeaiea aeiaiai?a, iai?ioea, icia/aao, /oi aeiaiai?
aue caeeth/ai i?aaiia?ii, a oaeo aai ?anoi?aeaiey i?ae?auaao iaycaoaeuenoaa eeoue
ia aoaeouaa a?aiy. Anee aeiaiai? (naeaeea) i?e i?eaaoecaoeee iiaeao auoue i?eciai
iaaeaenoaeoaeueiui oieueei a noaeaaiii ii?yaeea, oi ?anoi?aiooue aeiaiai? noi?iiu
iiaoo naie. I?e ionoonoaee niaeaoaiey iaaeaeo ieie ene i?aaeuyaeyaony a noae.
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Ia?a/aiue iniiaaiee i?eciaiey caeeth/aiiuo a i?ioeanna i?eaaoecaoeee naeaeie
iaaeaenoaeoaeueiuie, i?aaeoniio?aiiue a no. caeiia i i?eaaoecaoeee ainoaea?noaaiiiai
eiouanoaa ia yaeyaony en/a?iuaathuei.
Iniiaaieyie aeey i?eciaiey naeaeie i?eaaoecaoeee ainoaea?noaaiiiai eee
ioieoeeiaeueiiai eiouanoaa iaaeaenoaeoaeueiuie yaeythony:
1) ia?ooaiea caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa, eiuo ii?iaoeaiuo i?aaiauo aeoia,
onoaiaaeeaathueo ii?yaeie i?eaaoecaoeee ainoaea?noaaiiiai eee ioieoeeiaeueiiai
eiouanoaa;
2) i?eia?aoaiea i?eaaoece?oaiiai eiouanoaa eeoeii, ia eiathuei ia yoi i?aaa;
3) eniieueciaaiey i?e i?eaaoecaoeee iacaeiiiuo n?aaenoa ieaoaaea;
4) iaee/ea naiai?a iaaeaeo i?iaeaaoeii e iieoiaoaeai, a oii /enea i caieaeaiee
oeaiu oaeiai eiouanoaa;
5) i?aaeinoaaeaiea iieoiaoaeth eueaio e i?aeiouanoa ia?aae ae?oaeie
iieoiaoaeyie;
6) eiia iniiaaiea, i?aaeoniio?aiiia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee.
A?oaui ia?ooaieaiii?yaeea i?eaaoecaoeee iiaeii i?eciaoue aeeth/aiea a i?ia?aiio
i?eaaoecaoeee eee aunoaaeaiea ia eiieo?n, aoeoeeii i?aaei?eyoee, iaoiaeyueony a
a?aiaea o o?oaeiaiai eieeaeoeaa. Ieaioi Aunoaai a?aeo?aaeiiai noaea ?inneeneie
Oaaea?aoeee a iinoaiiaeaiee N 13 io 17 naioya?y 1992 a. i?yii oeacae, /oi ?aoaiey
i?aaiia ainoaea?noaaiiiai oi?aaeaiey, iaycuaathuea a?aiaeiua i?aaei?eyoey a oaeeo
neo/ayo o/anoaiaaoue a eiieo?nao (aoeoeeiiao) ia iaueo iniiaaieyo, neaaeoao
i?eciaaaoue iaaeaenoaeoaeueiuie. Caeii i i?eaaoecaoeee ii?aaeaeyao e e?oa eeoe,
eioi?ua ai?aaa ia?auaoueny a noaeu n eneaie i i?eciaiee iaaeaenoaeoaeueiuie naeaeie
i?eaaoecaoeee. N?aaee ieo, a /anoiinoe, iacaaiu ia oieueei i?iaeaaoeu e iieoiaoaee,
ii e niioaaonoaothuea eiieoaou ii oi?aaeaieth eiouanoaii, i?ieo?i?. A neeo no. 3
A?aeo?aaeiiai i?ioeannoaeueiiai eiaeaena enooeaie ii oaeei aeaeai iiaoo auoue oaeaea
eeoea, eioi?ua n/eoatho naie i?aaa e caeiiiua eioa?anu ia?ooaiiuie.
5. EIUA NIINIAU ?ACAINOAeA?NOAEAIEss AINOAeA?NOAAIIUO E IOIEOeEIAEUeIUO I?AAeI?EssOEE
A /enea iauaeoia i?eaaoecaoeee aeaaiia ianoi caieiatho ainoaea?noaaiiua e
ioieoeeiaeueiua i?aaei?eyoey e eo no?oeoo?iua iiae?acaeaeaiey. I?e/ai iie
i?aaenoaaeytho niaie ia i?inoi eiouanoai
!!129
i?aaei?eyoee, a aeaenoaothuaa i?iecaiaenoai ni anai eiiieaenii i?aa e iaycaiiinoae
e ae?oaeie ao?eaooaie aeaenoaothuaai noauaeoa oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa. Eae iaeii ec
oneiaee i?eaaoecaoeee i?aaei?eyoee i?aaeoniao?eaaeinue auaeaeaiea no?oeoo?iuo
iiae?acaeaeaiee a naiinoiyoaeueiua i?aaei?eyoey, /oi icia/aao i?aa?auaiea eo a
i?aaiecaoeee n i?aaaie th?eaee/aneiai eeoea. Iaeiaei ?aaeecaoeey yoie ii?iu
cao?oaeiyeanue iaee/eai a Caeiia “I i?aaei?eyoeyo e i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie
aeayoaeueiinoe” i?aaeea, niaeanii eioi?iio ?aoaiea aii?ina i auaeaeaiee
no?oeoo?iiai iiae?acaeaeaiey ec ninoaaa i?aaei?eyoey auei ioianaii e
eneeth/eoaeueiie eiiiaoaioeee o?oaeiaiai eieeaeoeaa i?aaei?eyoey a oeaeii. Yoi i?aai
o?oaeiaiai eieeaeoeaa iiaee?aieyeinue ii?yaeeii eeeaeaeaoeee e ?ai?aaiecaoeee
i?aaei?eyoee, i?iecaiaeeaoeiny n niaeaney o?oaeiaiai eieeaeoeaa. Ii Oeacii
I?aceaeaioa ?O io 24 aeaeaa?y 1993 a. N 2288 “I ia?ao ii i?eaaaeaieth
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee a niioaaonoaea n Eiinoeoooeeae ?inneeneie
Oaaea?aoeee” (*1) ii?ia i iaiaoiaeeiinoe niaeaney o?oaeiaiai eieeaeoeaa ia
eeeaeaeaoeeth e ?ai?aaiecaoeeth i?aaei?eyoee oo?aoeea neeo. No. 37 Caeiia “I
i?aaei?eyoeyo e i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie aeayoaeueiinoe” aeiioneaea eeeaeaeaoeeth e
?ai?aaiecaoeeth i?aaei?eyoee ii ?aoaieth nianoaaiieea eee i?aaia, oiieiiii/aiiiai
nicaeaaaoue oaeea i?aaei?eyoey, a no. 32 oiai aea Caeiia onoaiaaeeaaea, /oi ?aoaiea
i auaeaeaiee ec ninoaaa i?aaei?eyoey iaeiiai eee ianeieueeeo no?oeoo?iuo
iiae?acaeaeaiee aeey nicaeaiey iiaiai i?aaei?eyoey (?ai?aaiecaoeey) i?eieiaao
o?oaeiaie eieeaeoea. O?oaeiaua eieeaeoeau i?aaei?eyoee niaeaney ia auaeaeaiea naieo
no?oeoo?iuo iiae?acaeaeaiee aeia?iaieueii ia aeaaaee. A yoeo oneiaeyo iio?aaiaaeinue
ecaeaiea Oeacia I?aceaeaioa ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee “I eiiia?oeeaeecaoeee aeayoaeueiinoe
i?aaei?eyoee oi?aiaee a ?NON?” io 25 iiya?y 1991 a.2, “I eiiia?oeeaeecaoeee
aeayoaeueiinoe i?aaei?eyoee auoiaiai ianeoaeeaaiey ianaeaiey a ?NON?” io 28 iiya?y
1991 a.3 Oeacu i?yii i?aaeoniio?aee eeeaeaeaoeeth oi?aia, o?anoia, eiiaeiaoia e
i?i/eo neiaeiuo ia?aciaaiee, eioi?ua oi?iaeueii n/eoaynue i?aaei?eyoeyie,
inoaaaeenue oi?aaeai/aneeie no?oeoo?aie. I?e/ai, niaeanii Oeacai auaeaeaiea
no?oeoo?iuo iiae?acaeaeaiee – iaaaceiia, noieiauo, ?anoi?aiia, ia?eeiaoa?neeo,
aoaeuea e o.i. aeieaeii auei i?iecaiaeeoueny eiieoaoaie ii oi?aaeaieth eiouanoaii aac
(**1) Nia?aiea aeoia I?aceaeaioa e I?aaeoaeuenoaa ?O. -1993. -N52. -No.5086.
(**2) Aaaeiiinoe Nuacaea ia?iaeiuo aeaiooaoia ?NON? e Aa?oiaiiai Niaaoa ?NON?.
-1991. -N48. -No.1675.
(**3) Oai aea. -1991. -N48. -No.1694.
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niaeaney ia oi oi?aia, o?anoia e eiuo iiaeiaiuo i?aaei?eyoee a oeaeii. Oaeei
ia?acii, Oeacu ioe?uaaee iooue e naiaiaeiie i?eaaoecaoeee iaaaceiia, eaoa,
ianoa?neeo e o.i., eai eaaeaeue ec ieo i?aia?aciauaaeny a naiinoiyoaeueiia
ainoaea?noaaiiia eee ioieoeeiaeueiia i?aaei?eyoea ?icie/iie oi?aiaee, auoiaiai
ianeoaeeaaiey ianaeaiey e o.ae. Iaeiaei iacaaiiua Oeacu ieacaeenue i?aeoe/anee
iaauiieieiuie iioiio, /oi e iiiaioo eo ecaeaiey oaea any noa?a oi?aiaee,
iauanoaaiiiai ieoaiey e auoiaiai ianeoaeeaaiey ianaeaiey ieacaeanue a a?aiaea o
eieeaeoeaia a?aiaeaoi?ia, a aeaenoaea Oeacia ia ?ani?ino?aiyeinue ia a?aiaeiua
i?aaei?eyoey. A oeaeyo iaania/aiey ?acoe?oiiaiey ainoaea?noaaiiuo e ioieoeeiaeueiuo
i?aaei?eyoee e nicaeaiey oneiaee eiieo?aioiiaU caeiiiaeaoaeue auioaeaeai aue iieoe ia
i?aaeinoaaeaiea iiae?acaeaeaieyi i?aaei?eyoee i?aaa naiei ?aoaoue aii?in i nicaeaiee
naiinoiyoaeueiuo th?eaee/aneeo eeoe aia caaeneiinoe io ?aoaiey o?oaeiaiai eieeaeoeaa
a oeaeii. A Ainoaea?noaaiioth i?ia?aiio i?eaaoecaoeee ia 1992 aiae caeiiiaeaoaeue aian
eciaiaiey Caeiiii io 5 ethiy 1992 a., iaaeaeea no?oeoo?iua iiae?acaeaeaiey i?aaii
auoiaea ec ninoaaa i?aaei?eyoey i?e i?aia?aciaaiee eo a aeoeeiia?iua iauanoaa
ioe?uoiai oeia. I?iaeaia naiinoiyoaeueiiai auoiaea no?oeoo?iuo iiae?acaeaeaiee ec
ninoaaa i?aaei?eyoee anao io?aneae yeiiiieee iieo/eea ?ac?aoaiea e a Iieiaeaiee i
eiiia?oeeaeecaoeee ainoaea?noaaiiuo i?aaei?eyoee niaeiia?aiaiiui i?aia?aciaaieai a
aeoeeiia?iua iauanoaa ioe?uoiai oeia, ooaa?aeaeaiiii Oeacii I?aceaeaioa ?innee io 1
ethey 1992 a. A Iieiaeaiee i?yii oeacaii, /oi i?e auaeaeaiee no?oeoo?iuo
iiae?acaeaeaiee i?aaei?eyoee n i?aia?aciaaieai eo a aeoeeiia?iua iauanoaa ioe?uoiai
oeia niaeaney o?oaeiaiai eieeaeoeaa i?aaei?eyoey a oeaeii ia eo auaeaeaiea ia
o?aaoaony. Iniaiai aieiaiey caneoaeeaatho i?aaiaua aii?inu i?eaaoecaoeee e
?ai?aaiecaoeee i?aaei?eyoee e i?aaiecaoeee aa?ii?iiuoeaiiiai eiiieaena. Enoiaeiie
ii?iaoeaiie aacie aeey yoeo ia?ii?eyoee yaeyaony Oeac I?aceaeaioa ?inneeneie
Oaaea?aoeee io 27 aeaeaa?y 1991 aiaea “I iaioeiaeiuo ia?ao ii inouanoaeaieth
caiaeueiie ?aoi?iu” (*1) e iinoaiiaeaiea I?aaeoaeuenoaa ?O io 29 aeaeaa?y 1991 a.
N 86 “I ii?yaeea ?ai?aaiecaoeee eieoicia e niaoicia”2. Iniiaiuie aea i?aaiauie
aeieoiaioaie, ?aaeaiaioe?othueie ii?yaeie i?eaaoecaoeee e ?ai?aaiecaoeee a nenoaia
AIE yaeythony “Iieiaeaiea i ?ai?aaiecaoeee eieoicia, niaoicia e i?eaaoecaoeee
ainoaea?noaaiiuo
(**1) Oai aea. -1992. -N1. -No.53.
(**2) NI ?O. -1992. -N1-2. -No.9.
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naeueneioicyenoaaiiuo i?aaei?eyoee”, “Iieiaeaiea i i?eaaoecaoeee i?aaei?eyoee ii
ia?ae/iie ia?a?aaioea naeueneioicyenoaaiiie i?iaeoeoeee, ?uau, ii?ai?iaeoeoia e
i?aaei?eyoee ii i?iecaiaenoaaiii- oaoie/aneiio iaania/aieth aa?ii?iiuoeaiiiai
eiiieaena”, ooaa?aeaeaiiua iinoaiiaeaieai I?aaeoaeuenoaa ?O io 4 naioya?y 1992 a.
N 708 “I ii?yaeea i?eaaoecaoeee e ?ai?aaiecaoeee i?aaei?eyoee e i?aaiecaoeee
aa?ii?iiuoeaiiiai eiiieaena” (*1), a oaeaea “Iieiaeaiea i i?aia?aciaaiee a
aeoeeiia?iua iauanoaa eiiia?aoeaii- ainoaea?noaaiiuo (ainoaea?noaaiii-
eiiia?aoeaiuo) i?aaei?eyoee, i?aaiecaoeee e eo iauaaeeiaiee a aa?ii?iiuoeaiiii
eiiieaena”, ooaa?aeaeaiiia iinoaiiaeaieai I?aaeoaeuenoaa ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee io
29 ia?oa 1994 a. N 1792. ?ai?aaiecaoeey naeueneioicyenoaaiiuo i?aaei?eyoee
iaoeaeaia ia eciaiaiea i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee ia naea, ?aaeecaoeeth i?aaa
naiaiaeiiai auai?a oi?iu i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa n cae?aieaieai ca ?aaioieeaie
eiouanoaaiiuo e caiaeueiuo aeieae. I?e ?ai?aaiecaoeee eieoicia, niaoicia e
i?eaaoecaoeee ainoaea?noaaiiuo naeueneioicyenoaaiiuo i?aaei?eyoee ii aeaeaieth /eaiia
o?oaeiauo eieeaeoeaia yoeo oicyenoa iiaoo auoue ia?aciaaiu: oiaa?euanoaa,
aeoeeiia?iua iauanoaa, naeueneioicyenoaaiiua i?iecaiaenoaaiiua eiiia?aoeau,
e?anoueyineea (oa?ia?neea) oicyenoaa e eo iauaaeeiaiey. O?oaeiaua eieeaeoeau iiaoo
i?eiyoue ?aoaiea i nio?aiaiee i?aaeiae oi?iu. A yoii neo/aa inouanoaeyaony
ia?a?aaeno?aoeey eo n cae?aieaieai caiee a onoaiiaeaiiii ii?yaeea. Ii i?e yoii
aeieaeii auoue iaania/aii i?aai auoiaea ?aaioieea aac niaeaney ia oi o?oaeiaiai
eieeaeoeaa eee aaeieieno?aoeee i?aaei?eyoey n auaeaeaieai caiaeueiie aeiee e
eiouanoaaiiiai iay aeey i?aaiecaoeee e?anoueyineiai (oa?ia?neiai) oicyenoaa. A
eaaeaeii ?ai?aaiecoaiii eieoica e niaoica ii?aaeaeythony eiaeeaeaeoaeueiua
eiouanoaaiiua iae e caiaeueiua aeiee. I?aai ia iieo/aiea caiee a nianoaaiiinoue
aanieaoii eiatho ?aaioieee oicyenoa, iaineiia?u yoeo oicyenoa, i?iaeeaathuea ia eo
oa??eoi?ee; eeoea, caiyoua a nioeeaeueiie noa?a ia naea (?aaioieee i?aaei?eyoee e
i?aaiecaoeee ia?iaeiiai ia?aciaaiey, cae?aaiio?aiaiey, eoeueoo?u, auoa, nayce,
oi?aiaee e iauanoaaiiiai ieoaiey, ?aniieiaeaiiuo ia oa??eoi?eyo
naeueneioicyenoaaiiuo i?aaei?eyoee). E?iia oiai, oaeei aea i?aaii iaaeaeythony
a?aiaiii ionoonoaothuea ?aaioieee (aiaiiineoaeauea n?i/iie neoaeau, noeiaiaeeaou
oicyenoa e o.i.), eeoea, eiathuea i?aai aa?iooueny ia i?aaeiaa ianoi
(**1) Nia?aiea aeoia I?aceaeaioa e I?aaeoaeuenoaa ?O. -1992. -N12. -No.931.
(**2) NC ?O. -1994. -N2. -No.93.
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?aaiou (a neo/aa eo aica?auaiey), e eeoea, oaieaiiua n yoiai i?aaei?eyoey ii
nie?auaieth /eneaiiinoe ?aaioieeia iinea 1 yiaa?y 1992 a. ?acia? eiaeeaeaeoaeueiie
caiaeueiie aeiee (iay) onoaiaaeeaaaony iacaaeneii io o?oaeiaiai aeeaaea e noaaea
?aaiou e ii?aaeaeyaony a iaoo?aeueiii e noieiinoiii au?aaeaiee. I?e yoii noieiinoue
caiee ioeaieaaaony a ?acia?a 50-e?aoiiai iaeiaa ia caieth. Ii?aaeaeaiea ?acia?a
eiaeeaeaeoaeueiuo eiouanoaaiiuo iaaa inouanoaeyaony ia iniiaaiee ioeaiee noieiinoe
anaai eiouanoaa ?ai?aaiecoaiiai i?aaei?eyoey. I?e yoii ec noieiinoe eiouanoaa
eneeth/athony noieiinoue iauaeoia nioeeaeueiie noa?u e eiaeaia?iie eio?ano?oeoo?u,
ia?aaeaaaaiuo aanieaoii, ae?oaeo iauaeoia, aeey eioi?uo onoaiiaeai iniaue ?aaeei
i?eaaoecaoeee (aeeeie oiiae niaoicia, iauaeou ia?aciaaiey e cae?aaiio?aiaiey e ae?.
), a oaeaea noieiinoue iaaeaeeiiai oiiaea, anee oaeiaie nicaeaaony. I?aai ia
eiouanoaaiiua aeiee eiatho: ?aaioathuea a oicyenoaa, a?aiaiii ionoonoaothuea ii
oaaaeeoaeueiui i?e/eiai ?aaioieee, iaineiia?u oicyenoaa. O?oaeiaie eieeaeoea iiaeao
oaeaea i?eiyoue ?aoaiea i auaeaeaiee eiouanoaaiiie aeiee ?aaioieeai iauaeoia
nioeeaeueiie noa?u, ?aaioaaoei a oicyenoaa a i?ioeua aiaeu, oaieaiiui ii
nie?auaieth /eneaiiinoe ?aaioieeia iinea 1 yiaa?y 1992 a. Eiouanoaaiiue iae
?aaioieea ii?aaeaeyaony n o/aoii aai aeeaaea a nicaeaiea yoiai oiiaea. Iaoiae ioeaiee
aeeaaea auae?aaony o?oaeiaui eieeaeoeaii e iiaeao inouanoaeyoueny n o/aoii iieaou
o?oaea, aai i?ioanneiiaeueiie neiaeiinoe e ae?oaeo iieacaoaeae. Aeaaeaeaoe
eiouanoaaiiiai iay e caiaeueiie aeiee iiaeao eniieueciaaoue eo neaaeothueie niiniaaie:
iieo/eoue i?e auoiaea n oeaeueth nicaeaiey e?anoueyineiai (oa?ia?neiai) oicyenoaa;
aianoe a ea/anoaa aciina a nicaeaaaaiia oiaa?euanoai, aeoeeiia?iia iauanoai eee
eiiia?aoea; i?iaeaoue eee naeaoue a a?aiaeo ae?oaei aeaaeaeueoeai aeieae (iaaa).
Eiouanoaaiiua e caiaeueiua aeiee ia?aaeathony ii ianeaaenoao. Aeey ?ai?aaiecaoeee e
i?eaaoecaoeee ioaeaeueiuo naeueneioicyenoaaiiuo i?aaei?eyoee i?aaeoniio?aiu iaeioi?ua
iniaaiiinoe. I?eaaoecaoeey ainoaea?noaaiiuo ieaiaiiuo e eiiiuo caaiaeia,
ainoaea?noaaiiuo eiithoai, eiiiae?iiia, naeaeoeeiiii- aea?eaeiuo oeaio?ia
ainoaea?noaaiiuo naiaiiuo einiaeoeee e eaai?aoi?ee ii ni?oieniuoaieth
naeueneioicyenoaaiiuo eoeueoo?, ni?oieniuoaoaeueiuo noaioeee e o/anoeia,
i?aaei?eyoee ii aini?iecaiaenoao oeaiiuo e aiaae?iiiuo aeaeia ?ua inouanoaeyaony ii
?aoaieth Ieienoa?noaa ainoaea?noaaiiiai eiouanoaa ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee ii
oi?aaeaieth ainoaea?noaaiiui eiouanoaii n niaeaney Ieienoa?noaa naeueneiai
oicyenoaa e i?iaeiaieuenoaey ?O e ?inneeneie aeaaeaiee
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naeueneioicyenoaaiiuo iaoe. ?ai?aaieciaaiiua i?aaei?eyoey iaycaiu nio?aieoue
i?ioeeue naiae aeayoaeueiinoe. A aiaeiae/iii ii?yaeea i?eaaoece?othony o/aaii-
iiuoiua, o/aaii- i?iecaiaenoaaiiua, iiuoii- i?iecaiaenoaaiiua e ae?oaea oicyenoaa
aunoeo e n?aaeieo niaoeeaeueiuo naeueneioicyenoaaiiuo o/aaiuo caaaaeaiee, iao/ii-
enneaaeiaaoaeueneea einoeooou, niaoicu- oaoieeoiu e o.i. Aeey inouanoaeaiey
i?eaaoecaoeee iaiaoiaeeii ?ac?aoaiea Ieiaineiouanoaa ?O, niaeaniaaiiia n
Ieinaeueoici?iaeii ?O, ?inneeneie aeaaeaieae naeueoiciaoe e ae?oaeo caeioa?aniaaiiuo
ieienoa?noa e aaaeiinoa. O/aaiue i?ioeann aeieaeai auoue nio?aiai a iaycaoaeueiii
ii?yaeea. Caiaeueiua oaiaeuey yoeo oicyenoa ia iiaeeaaeao ecuyoeth e
ia?a?ani?aaeaeaieth. Niaoeeaeece?iaaiiua ieaiaiiua eieoicu e niaoicu,
iaiuaaiae/aneea niaoicu n iaeei?aoeaiuie nenoaiaie, naiaiiaiae/aneea,
?eniaiae/aneea, ieiaeiaiae/aneea, yaiaeiaiae/aneea, aeiia?aaea?neea, /aaaiae/aneea,
oiaeaaiae/aneea, ii au?aueaaieth eaea?noaaiiuo o?aa, yoe?iianee/iuo eoeueoo?,
caa?iniaoicu (a oii /enea: i?iecaiaeyuea eiina?ae?iaaiiua iaiou ia?aeia e
iyoienouo ieaiae) ?ai?aaiecothony n nio?aiaieai oeaeinoiinoe niaoeeaeece?iaaiiuo
o/anoeia i?iecaiaenoaa, oaoiieiae/aneeo eeiee eee oaoiieiae/anee iaaeaeeiuo
iauaeoia, iaiaoiaeeiuo aeey nio?aiaiey neiaeeaoaeny niaoeeaeecaoeee i?iecaiaenoaa.
AEeaioiiaiae/aneea eiiieaenu, ioeoeaoaa?eee e ia?ieeiai- oaiee/iua eiiaeiaou
i?eaaoece?othony ii ?aoaieth Ieiaineiouanoaa ?O n niaeaney Ieinaeueoici?iaea ?O.
Nai aea i?ioeann i?eaaoecaoeee oeacaiiuo i?aaei?eyoee inouanoaeyaony a ii?yaeea,
.onoaiiaeaiiii aeey i?aia?aciaaiey eieoicia e niaoicia. Iniiaiie iniaaiiinoueth
i?aia?aciaaiey a aeoeeiia?iua iauanoaa eiiia?aoeaii- ainoaea? noaaiiuo
(ainoaea?noaaiii- eiiia?aoeaiuo) i?aaei?eyoee, i?aaiecaoeee e eo iauaaeeiaiee a
aa?ii?iiuoeaiiii eiiieaena yaeyaony onoaiiaeaiea aeieae ainoaea?noaa e iaeueeia e
aeiaaaeaiea aeiee eiiia?aoeaiie nianoaaiiinoe aei iaeueeia. Aeey yoeo oeaeae i?aaiaie
eniieieoaeueiie aeanoe nicaeathony niaeaneoaeueiua eiiennee. O/?aaeeoaeyie iauanoa,
nicaeaaaaiuo a ii?yaeea i?aia?aciaaiey i?aaei?eyoee e iauaaeeiaiee, a /anoe
ainoaea?noaaiiie aeiee nianoaaiiinoe aunooiatho niioaaonoaothuea eiieoaou ii
oi?aaeaieth eiouanoaii. I?e i?eaaoecaoeee aeiee ainoaea?noaa a eiouanoaa
i?aaei?eyoey /eaiai o?oaeiaiai eieeaeoeaa i?aaeinoaaeythony eueaiou ii 1 eee 3
aa?eaioai. Naie iniaaiiinoe i?aaeoniio?aiu i?e i?eaaoecaoeee i?aaei?eyoee ii
ia?ae/iie ia?a?aaioea naeueneioicyenoaaiiie i?iaeoeoeee.
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I?aaeaea anaai e o/anoeth a i?eaaoecaoeee i?eaeaeathony naeueneioicyenoaaiiua
oiaa?ii?iecaiaeeoaee. Iie eiatho i?aai iieoiaoue ii cae?uoie iiaeienea aeoeee,
inoaaoeany iinea ?ani?aaeaeaiey eo a o?oaeiaii eieeaeoeaa a caaeneiinoe io
aa?eaioa eueaio. E?iia oiai, 10% aeoeee inoaaeyaony aeey o/anoey a iiaeienea
e?anoueyineei (oa?ia?neei) oicyenoaai e ae?oaei aiiaue nicaeaiiui oicyenoaai,
iaoiaeyueiny a ciia aeayoaeueiinoe ia?a?aaaouaathuaai i?aaei?eyoey. Ciiu aeaenoaey
i?eaaoece?oaiuo i?aaei?eyoee (nu?ueaaua ciiu) e eaiou ia cae?uooth iiaeieneo ia
aeoeee ii?aaeaeythony ianoiuie i?aaiaie aeanoe eee ii eo ii?o/aieth eiieoaoaie ii
oi?aaeaieth eiouanoaii. Iniaue ii?yaeie i?eaaoecaoeee iiaeao auoue onoaiiaeai aeey
i?aaei?eyoee ioaeaeueiuo iaeaieaa cia/eiuo io?aneae ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa.
6. I?AAIAUA I?IAEAIU I?EAAOECAOeEE IA O?AINII?OA Ia?aoiae e ?uii/iie yeiiiieea
iaoneiaee nouanoaaiiua eciaiaiey, naycaiiua eae n oi?aaeaieai o?ainii?oiuie
io?aneyie, oae e n oi?ie?iaaieai iiauo i?aaiecaoeeiiii- i?aaiauo oi?i
i?aaei?eyoee e ?acaeoeai i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa ia o?ainii?oa. A oneiaeyo ioeaca io
aee?aeoeaiiai oi?aaeaiey e ieaie?iaaiey o?ainii?oiua i?aaei?eyoey iieo/eee
aiciiaeiinoue naiinoiyoaeueii, iiae naith ioaaonoaaiiinoue caieiaoueny oicyenoaaiiie
(o?ainii?oiie) aeayoaeueiinoueth n oeaeueth ecaea/aiey i?eauee. Oaeei ia?acii, iie
noaee aunooiaoue eae eieeaeoeaiua i?aaei?eieiaoaee, ?aaioathuea ia eiiia?/aneii
?an/aoa. I?aaei?eyoey aeaenoaotho a ea/anoaa noauaeoia i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie
aeayoaeueiinoe ii ia?aaiceai iannaaee?ia, a?ocia e aaaaaea, ii auiieiaieth ?aaio e
ieacaieth oneoa, naycaiiuo n ia?aaiceaie. Iie nicaeaiu n oeaeueth oaeiaeaoai?aiey
iio?aaiinoae a yoeo ia?aaiceao e iieo/aiey i?eauee. Ia o?ainii?oa neeaaeuaathony
iauaeoeaiua aiciiaeiinoe aeey i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie aeoeaiinoe e oi?ie?iaaiey
o?ainii?oiuo e o?ainii?oii- yeniaaeeoeeiiiuo i?aaei?eyoee iiaiai oeia, niiniaiuo
naiinoiyoaeueii aanoe yooaeoeaioth ?uii/ioth aeayoaeueiinoue. I?ioeannu ?aoi?ie?iaaiey
yeiiiieee iaoneiaeee iiyaeaiea ia o?ainii?oa a ?acoeueoaoa i?eaaoecaoeee
ainoaea?noaaiiiai eiouanoaa ia?yaeo n ainoaea?noaaiiuie i?aaei?eyoeyie aeoeeiia?iuo
e /anoiuo i?aaei?eyoee. Iaeiaei ?aoi?ie?iaaiea aeayoaeueiinoe i?aaei?eyoee
o?ainii?oa ia ?aciuo aai aeaeao eiaao naie iniaaiiinoe. ?anniio?ei iaoaieci eo
i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey.
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Ia aeaeaciiaei?iaeiii o?ainii?oa ana i?iecaiaenoaaiiua no?oeoo?u (aei?iae e
ioaeaeaiey aei?ia) iaaeno?aeueiuo iooae aeaeaciiaei?iaeiiai o?ainii?oa,
iaiin?aaenoaaiii inouanoaeythuea ia?aaicee, ninoaaeytho eneeth/eoaeueii
ainoaea?noaaiiua i?aaei?eyoey, yaeythueany oaaea?aeueiie nianoaaiiinoueth, e ia
iiaeeaaeao i?eaaoecaoeee e aeoeeiie?iaaieth. Cai?auaia oaeaea i?eaaoecaoeey
iao?iiieeoaia. A ioiioaiee ioaeaeueiuo i?aaei?eyoee e iauaeoia aeaeaciiaei?iaeiiai
o?ainii?oa, iaoiaeyueony a oaaea?aeueiie nianoaaiiinoe, i?ia?aiiaie aeiioneaaony eo
i?eaaoecaoeey oieueei ii ?aoaieth I?aaeoaeuenoaa ?O. E iei ioiinyony i?aaei?eyoey e
iauaeou naycaiiua n iaania/aieai iannaaee?ia ieoaieai ia aeaeaciiaei?iaeiuo
aiecaeao e noaioeeyo, eioi?ua iiaoo i?eaaoece?iaaoueny ii ?aoaieth
Ieiaineiouanoaa, aai i?aaiia n o/aoii iiaiey IIN. Oaeei ia?acii,
i?aaeoniao?eaaaony ?acainoaea?noaeaiea e i?eaaoecaoeey iauaeoia e i?aaei?eyoee
aeaeaciiaei?iaeiiai o?ainii?oa, ia naycaiiuo n i?aaei?eyoeyie, iaiin?aaenoaaiii
inouanoaeythueie ia?aaicee. Iie caieiathony ianeoaeeaaieai naiie ia?aaicee e
iannaaee?ia. / A neo/ayo ?acainoaea?noaeaiey, aeoeeiie?iaaiey e i?eaaoecaoeee oaeeo
i?aaei?eyoee caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii aeiioneaaony eniieueciaaiea ?acee/iuo oi?i
nianoaaiiinoe, iai?eia? ia?aaea/a a eiiia?aoeaioth /anoioth nianoaaiiinoue
i?aaei?eyoee, caieiathueony ?aiiioii- no?ieoaeueiuie ?aaioaie ia noaioeeyo,
aiecaeao, noe?eie iinoaeueiiai aaeuey aeey iannaaee?ia. Ai anao no?aiao ie?a, e?iia
NOA, aeaeaciua aei?iae ninoaaeytho nianoaaiiinoue ainoaea?noaa e ia i?eaaoece?othony.
Oaeei ia?acii, ia?aaici/iay aeayoaeueiinoue ia aeaeaciiaei?iaeiii o?ainii?oa inoaaony
iiiiiieeae ainoaea?noaa. Yoi iaoneiaeaii iaiaoiaeeiinoueth iaania/aiey
oeaio?aeeciaaiiiai oi?aaeaiey iaaeno?aeueiuie iooyie, niiauaiey aeaeaciuo aei?ia,
nio?aiaiey iniiaiuo i?eioeeiia oi?aaeaiey e acaeiiaeaenoaey iiae?acaeaeaiee
oicyenoaaiiiai eiiieaena aeaeaciiaei?iaeiiai o?ainii?oa. Caaioie i nio?aiaiee
oi?aaeyaiinoe e acaeiiaeaenoaey aeaeaciuo aei?ia iauyniyaony oaeaea ia?aie/aiea
i?aa ainoaea?noaaiiuo i?aaei?eyoee aeaeaciiaei?iaeiiai o?ainii?oa a ?anii?yaeaiee
ioaeaeueiuie aeaeaie eiouanoaa (o?ainii?oiuie n?aaenoaaie). Oaeia ia?aie/aiea i?aa
(nienaiea n aaeaina, i?iaeaaea, iaiai, naea/a a a?aiaeo aaaiiia e eiioaeia?ia)
iaoneiaeaii niaoeeoeeie yoiai aeaea niiauaiey. A ioee/ea io aeaeaciiaei?iaeiiai
o?ainii?oa ia aicaeooiii, ii?neii, ?a/iii e aaoiiiaeeueiii aeaeao o?ainii?oa
inouanoaeyaony no?oeoo?iay ia?ano?ieea e i?ienoiaeyo cia/eoaeueiua eciaiaiey oi?i
nianoaaiiinoe o?ainii?oiuo i?aaei?eyoee.
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No?oeoo?iua i?aia?aciaaiey iaoneiaeaiu i?ioeannii ?acoe?oiiaiey e ?acaeaeaiey
aaeeiuo i?aaei?eyoee, aunooiathueo a ea/anoaa oicyenoaothueo noauaeoia, ia
naiinoiyoaeueiua i?aaei?eyoey, iaiin?aaenoaaiii inouanoaeythuea ia?aaicee, e
i?aaei?eyoey, ianeoaeeaathuea ia?aaici/iua i?ioeannu. ?acoeueoaoii no?oeoo?iuo
eciaiaiee yaeeinue oi?ie?iaaiea naiinoiyoaeueiuo i?aaei?eyoee a o?ainii?oiuo
io?aneyo – aaeai?aaei?eyoee e ay?iii?oia, ii?neeo e ?a/iuo ia?ioiaenoa e ii?oia,
?aaioathueo ia ainoaea?noaaiiie iniiaa. Caoai a i?ioeanna ?acainoaea?noaeaiey
o?ainii?oiuo i?aaei?eyoee inouanoaeyaony eo aeoeeiie?iaaiea e i?eaaoecaoeey,
i?iaiaeeiua a niioaaonoaee n Ainoaea?noaaiiie i?ia?aiiie i?eaaoecaoeee, a oaeaea n
ianoiuie i?ia?aiiaie1. Yoe i?ioeannu, i?ienoiaeyuea a o?ainii?oiie io?anee,
?acaeaathony aeiaieueii aeoeaii, niinianoaoy oai naiui ?ac?ooaieth io?aneaaiai
iiiiiieecia, a /anoiinoe iiiiiieee ainoaea?noaaiiuo i?aaei?eyoee a ia?aaici/iie
aeayoaeueiinoe. A i?ia?aiiao i?eaaoecaoeee auee o/oaiu niaoeeoeea e iiuo,
neiaeeaoeany a i?ioeanna ?acainoaea?noaeaiey e aeoeeiie?iaaiey a o?ainii?oiie
io?anee, iineieueeo i?aaenoiyea i?eaaoecaoeey oieeaeueiuo iauaeoia a aeaea
aaeai?aaei?eyoee, ia?ioiaenoa, ii?oia e ay?iii?oia, aei?iainoiyueo n?aaenoa
niiauaiey – ei?aaeae e naiieaoia, a oaeaea iauaeoia eio?ano?oeoo?u. A
a?aaeaeaineie aaeaoeee n ia?aoiaeii e ?uii/iui ioiioaieyi i?ioeannu no?oeoo?iie
ia?ano?ieee nii?iaiaeaeaeenue ?anoe?aieai oicyenoaaiiie naiinoiyoaeueiinoe
aaeai?aaei?eyoee, eo ?acoe?oiiaieai e auaeaeaieai a naiinoiyoaeueiua no?oeoo?u
ay?iii?oia e ianeoaeeaathueo oaoie/aneea iio?aaiinoe iiae?acaeaeaiee. A ?acoeueoaoa
yoiai aaeai?aaei?eyoey noaee naiinoiyoaeueiuie oicyenoaothueie noauaeoaie
ia?aaici/iie aeayoaeueiinoe, caeeth/athueie aeiaiai?u, /anoe/ii ?aaioathueie ia
iniiaa aincaeaca, eniieuecoy i?e yoii aiciiaeiinoue ?aaiou ia oneiaeyo a?aiaeiiai
(eieeaeoeaiiai) iiae?yaea naiieaoia, a oaeaea noaiiae?yaea n aieiaiie
aaeaoaoie/aneie aacie ii ?aiiioo e ianeoaeeaaieth oaoieee. Eniieueciaaiea a?aiaeiuo
ioiioaiee iicaieyao eieeaeoeaai i?aaei?eyoee eo/oa i?aaieciauaaoue naith ?aaioo,
naeaeaoue aa i?eaueueiie e naiei ?anii?yaeaoueny iieo/aiiie i?eaueueth. Iieuecoynue
naiinoiyoaeueiinoueth, aaeai?aaei?eyoey iieo/eee aiciiaeiinoue ioe?uaaoue iiaua
aaeaeeiee e i?aaieciauaaoue eiiia?/aneea ia?o?oou.
(**1) Ni.: I?ia?aiia i?eaaoecaoeee ainoaea?noaaiiuo e ioieoeeiaeueiuo i?aaei?eyoee a
a. Iineaa ia 1992 a. // Iineianeay i?aaaea. -1992. -19 aaaonoa.
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?ino .naiinoiyoaeueiinoe aaeaeiiiaiee, aicieeiiaaiea ?aaeiiaeueiuo aaeaeiiiaiee,
iiyaeaiea eiiia?/aneeo no?oeoo? oneeeaatho eo eioa?an e ?anoe?aieth noa?u naiae
aeayoaeueiinoe aeey ca?aaaouaaiey aaethou ia iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo ia?aaiceao. Ia?yaeo n
i?aaiecaoeeae e ia?aciaaieai iiauo eiiia?/aneeo eiiiaiee nio?aiythony, oioy e a
i?aia?aciaaiiii aeaea, ainoaea?noaaiiua aaeai?aaei?eyoey. Oaeiaie, e i?eia?o,
yaeyaony ainoaea?noaaiiay aeoeeiia?iay eiiiaiey “Ay?ioeio – ?inneeneea
aaeaeeiee”, noaaoay i?aaii?aaiieoeae i?iecaiaenoaaiii- eiiia?/aneiai iauaaeeiaiey
“Ay?ioeio – Niaaoneea aaeaeeiee”. Iiyaeaiea iacaaeneiuo aaeaeiiiaiee
niinianoaoao nie?auaieth ainoaea?noaaiiie iiiiiieee Ay?ioeioa, ia?aciaaieth
eiieo?aioiie n?aaeu. Ia oa??eoi?ee ?innee aeaenoaotho iiaua no?oeoo?iua
ia?aciaaiey a oi?ia aeoeeiia?iuo iauanoa n o/anoeai ainoaea?noaaiiiai eaieoaea e
iacaaeneiua (eiiia?/aneea) eiiiaiee. Iiaia a?aaeaeaineia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai
?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee cae?aieei aiciiaeiinoue nicaeaiey iacaaeneiuo aaeaeiiiaiee,
i?iaeaaee aicaeooiuo noaeia /anoiui eeoeai. Iieo/eee naiinoiyoaeueiinoue e ay?iii?ou.
Iie ia?aee i?aai ?anoe?youe naith aeayoaeueiinoue ca n/ao i?aaeinoaaeyaiuo eeeaioo?a
oneoa, a oaeaea nicaeaaaoue iaiaoiaeeiua oneiaey aeey ianeoaeeaaiey e i?eaia “naieo”
e “/oaeeo” ?aenia ?acee/iuo aaeaeiiiaiee. Ia/aei aeoeeiie?iaaiey e i?eaaoecaoeee
ia ii?neii o?ainii?oa auei iieiaeaii aua a 1990 a. Iinoaiiaeaieai Niaaoa
Ieieno?ia NNN? i i?iaaaeaiee ia aaca Aaeoeeneiai ii?neiai ia?ioiaenoaa
Yenia?eiaioa, niaeanii eioi?iio ana eiouanoai ia?ioiaenoaa (noaea, i?e/aeu,
caaiaeu e ae?oaia eiouanoai) auei ia?aaeaii eieeaeoeao a a?aiaeo n i?aaii aueoia
aeoeee e ia?aciaaiey a eiia/iii eoiaa aeoeeiia?iiai iauanoaa. Ia?ioiaenoai a
?acoeueoaoa yenia?eiaioa iieo/eei iieioth oicyenoaaiioth naiinoiyoaeueiinoue,
iineieueeo io a?aiaeu eieeaeoea ia?aoae e aeoeeiia?iiio iauanoao, noaa
yeiiiie/anee iacaaeneiui io ainoaea?noaaiiuo i?aaiia. Iiuo yenia?eiaioa aue
o/oai i?e ?ac?aaioea Ainoaea?noaaiiie i?ia?aiiu i?eaaoecaoeee. I?e ?aaeecaoeee
I?ia?aii i?eaaoecaoeee ia ii?neii o?ainii?oa iaiaoiaeeii o/eouaaoue, /oi iauaeou e
i?aaei?eyoey i?aaenoaaeytho niaie e?oiiua, ia?aaeei oieeaeueiua nii?oaeaiey, yaeythony
aei?iainoiyuei eiouanoaii, eioi?ia iiae neeo i?eaaoece?iaaoue ia a /anoioth, a a
eieeaeoeaioth nianoaaiiinoue. A ?acoeueoaoa aeoeeiie?iaaiey ii?neei ia?ioiaenoaai
eae i?aaei?eyoeyi- aeaaioai ni anae eo a?iiicaeeie eio?ano?oeoo?ie neiaeii
eiieo?e?iaaoue ia ?uiea o?ainii?oiuo ia?aaicie e oneoa n
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iiiaeanoaii iaeeeo eiiiaiee, niaoeeaeece?othueony ia eiie?aoiuo aeaeao ii?neeo
ia?aaicie, iaania/eaaoue ea/anoaaiiia i?iaeaeaeaiea a?ocia ia ii?a e ia nooa. Aeey
yooaeoeaiie ?aaiou e eiieo?aioiniiniaiinoe ii?neiai o?ainii?oa iaaeinoaoi/ii
eeoue aeoeeiie?iaaiey i?aaei?eyoee, iaiaoiaeeia aua e na?ueaciay no?oeoo?iay
ia?ano?ieea oaeiai neiaeiiai iiiaiio?aneaaiai i?aaiecia, eae ii?neia
ia?ioiaenoai, e i?aa?auaiea aai a oieaeeiaiaoth eiiiaieth n i?aaiecaoeeae
oieaeeiaiauo no?oeoo? ii iai?aaeaieyi eo aeayoaeueiinoe. Aeey oi?aaeaiey oaeei
oieaeeiaii nicaeaaony iaaieueoie oi?aaeai/aneee aiia?ao, iiea/eaaaiue ca n/ao
iauae nianoaaiiinoe aai /eaiia e iieo/athuee i?e yoii naith aeieth i?eauee. Oae
?aaioaao, iai?eia?, Aeaeueiaainoi/iia ii?neia ia?ioiaenoai, eioi?ui oi?aaeyao
Niaao aee?aeoi?ia. I?ioeann aeoeeiie?iaaiey e i?eaaoecaoeee ?a/iiai o?ainii?oa
oa?aeoa?ecoaony iiyaeaieai /anoiuo eiiiaiee e eiiia?aoeaiuo noaeia.
I?eaaoece?iaaii e?oiiaeoaa Aieaeneia iauaaeeiaiiia ?a/iia ia?ioiaenoai, e
ca?aaeno?e?iaaii 310 /anoiuo eiiiaiee, 453 eiiia?aoeaiuo noaeia, /oi
naeaeaoaeuenoaoao i ninouanoaiaaiee ia ?a/iii o?ainii?oa ?acee/iuo oeiia
nianoaaiiinoe(*1). Aeey ii?neiai e ?a/iiai o?ainii?oa caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii
i?aaeoniao?eaaaony a oeaeyo iaania/aiey oi?aaeyaiinoe oeioii e iaiaoiaeeiiai
o?iaiy aaciianiinoe nio?aiaiea a ainoaea?noaaiiie nianoaaiiinoe niioaaonoaaiii
51 e 25, 5% aeoeee eiiia?oeeaeece?iaaiiuo i?aaei?eyoee. I?e nicaeaiee aeoeeiia?iuo
iauanoa ii?oiaua nii?oaeaiey e iauaeou, ia aeeth/aaiua a eo onoaaiua eaieoaeu e
ninoiyuea a ainoaea?noaaiiie nianoaaiiinoe, ia?aaeathony ei a a?aiaeo eee
oicyenoaaiiia aaaeaiea ii aeiaiai?o. Aaoiiiaeeueiue o?ainii?o ?innee iieiinoueth
ioianai e ioieoeeiaeueiie nianoaaiiinoe e eniieuecoaony ii oniio?aieth ianoiuo
aeanoae. Aeoeeiie?iaaiea e i?eaaoecaoeey aeaiiiai aeaea o?ainii?oa inouanoaeyaony a
niioaaonoaee n ianoiuie i?ia?aiiaie i?eaaoecaoeee. Iieiinoueth i?eaaoece?iaai
ai?iaeneie iannaaee?neee o?ainii?o (o?aiaaeiua, o?ieeaeaoniua, aaoiaoniua ia?ee),
oioy ii e ioaeaeaaony a aeioaoeeyo. Inoaeueiua iauaeou e i?aaei?eyoey ioieoeeiaeueiiai
aaoio?ainii?oa iiaeeaaeaee ?acoe?oiiaieth, ae?iaeaieth ia iaeeea aeoeeiia?iua e
/anoiua i?aaei?eyoey. Yoe ia?u iai?aaeaiu i?aaeaea anaai i?ioea ainoaea?noaaiiuo
i?aaei?eyoee- iiiiiieenoia. Ioieoeeiaeueiue a?ociaie aaoio?ainii?o iiaeeaaeeo
aeoeeiie?iaaieth e i?eaaoecaoeee n ?ani?iaeaaeae iaoei aiaeeoaeyi, n ia?aciaaieai
aeoeeiia?iuo iauanoa e /anoiuo eiiiaiee, aaea eiio?ieueiue iaeao aeoeee inoaaony a
ioieoeeiaeueiie nianoaaiiinoe.
(**1) Ni.: ?inneeneea ianoe. -1992. -2 naioya?y.
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Iiniaoiua, iai?iaeoiaiiua ?aoaiey auee i?eiyou a ioiioaiee oaeniiioi?iuo ia?eia.
?acainoaea?noaeaiea oaeniia?eia ia/aeinue aua a 1992 a., eiaaea oaeniia?ee
noaiiaeeenue a?aiaeiuie i?aaei?eyoeyie, a caoai i?aia?aciauaaeenue a aeoeeiia?iua
iauanoaa e eiiia?aoeau. Oiaaea aaeanue ?ani?iaeaaea iaoei aiaeeoaeyi oieueei ia
cae?uouo aoeoeeiiao, /oi aeaeaeinue a ia?ooaiea caeiia, i?aaeoniao?eaathuaai
i?iaaaeaiea ioe?uouo aoeoeeiiia. Oaenenou, aueoieaoea o ia?ea iaoeiu, noaiiaeeenue
eo nianoaaiieeaie e aeieaeiu auee iieo/aoue eeoeaicee ia i?aai inouanoaeaiey
ia?aaici/iie aeayoaeueiinoe. A ?acoeueoaoa oaeniia?ee i?aia?aciauaaeenue a
aeoeeiia?iua iauanoaa ioe?uoiai oeia, nicaeaaaaiua ia aaca auaoeo ainoaea?noaaiiuo
oaeniiioi?iuo ia?eia. Caeaiey, nii?oaeaiey e ana inoaeueiia eiouanoai noaei,
nianoaaiiinoueth aeoeeiia?iiai iauanoaa. Auaoea oaeniia?ee i?aa?aoeeenue a ioieou
noiyiee e o?aiaiey ca ieaoo ia oieueei oaene, ii e ethauo iaoei. Aiaeeoaee oaene-
nianoaaiieee iaoei aeieaeiu oaia?ue iiea/eaaoue ia?eo (aeoeeiia?iiio iauanoao)
?aiiio iaoei, cai/anoe e aaicei, a oaenenou, a?aiaeothuea o ia?ea iaoeiu, aua e
aiineoue a?aiaeioth ieaoo. Yoi i?eaaei e oiio, /oi oaenenou, aueoieaoea iaoeiu,
caiyeenue /anoiui ecaicii, a oaeniia?ee, ?ani?iaeaa naie oaene, eeoeeenue
i?aeoe/anee aiciiaeiinoe i?aaeinoaaeyoue a?aaeaeaiai aeaiioth oneoao.
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AEAAA 5. I?AAIAIE ?AAEEI EIOUANOAA NOAUAEOIA I?AAeI?EIEIAOAEUeNOAA
1. I?aai nianoaaiiinoe eae iniiaa i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa.
2. I?aai oicyenoaaiiiai aaaeaiey e iia?aoeaiiai oi?aaeaiey a i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie
aeayoaeueiinoe.
3. I?aai a?aiaeaoi?a eae aauiia i?aai i?aaei?eieiaoaey.
4. I?aai aioo?eoicyenoaaiiiai aaaeaiey eiouanoaii.
5. Iauay oa?aeoa?enoeea i?aaiaiai ?aaeeia eiouanoaa i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneeo
no?oeoo?.
6. Eeanneoeeaoeey e i?aaiaie ?aaeei eiouanoaa oicyenoaothueo noauaeoia.
1. I?AAI NIANOAAIIINOE EAE INIIAA I?AAeI?EIEIAOAEUeNOAA. Nianoaaiiinoue ia
n?aaenoaa i?iecaiaenoaa yaeyaony aaaeiaeoei oneiaeai i?iecaiaenoaaiiie
aeayoaeueiinoe, ninoaaeyao eiouanoaaiioth iniiao oicyenoaiaaiey. E. Ia?en
oa?aeoa?eciaae i?iecaiaenoai eae i?ioeann iio?aaeaiey n?aaenoa i?iecaiaenoaa
(i?iecaiaeeoaeueiia iio?aaeaiea). Nianoaaiieeo i?eiaaeeaaeao n?aaenoaa i?iecaiaenoaa,
ia aaca eioi?uo inouanoaeyaony i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneay aeayoaeueiinoue. Nianoaaiiee
i?aaiecoao i?aaei?eyoey, ii?aaeaeyao aai caaea/e, onoaiaaeeaaao oiieiiii/aiiiio-
i?aaei?eieiaoaeth a?aieoeu eiouanoaaiiuo i?aa e aeieth i?eauee, eioi?oth ii aoaeao
iieo/aoue ca eniieueciaaiea ia?aaeaiiiai eiouanoaa. Yoe iieiaeaiey a iieiie ia?a
ioiinyony e nia?aiaiiie ?uii/iie yeiiiieea iaoae no?aiu. A niioaaonoaee n
Eiinoeoooeeae ?O (i. 2 no. 8), A?aaeaeaineei eiaeaenii ?O a ?innee i?eciathony e
caueuathony /anoiay, ainoaea?noaaiiay, ioieoeeiaeueiay e eiua oi?iu nianoaaiiinoe.
Nianoaaiiee ai?aaa ii naiaio oniio?aieth niaa?oaoue a ioiioaiee naiaai eiouanoaa
ethaua aeaenoaey, ia i?ioeai?a/auea caeiio. Noa?ie ?aaoee?iaaiey
i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneeo ioiioaiee yaeyaony i?iecaiaeeoaeueiia iio?aaeaiea, ioiioaiey
i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa ia iniiaa ?acee/iuo oi?i nianoaaiiinoe. Oaeea nianoaaiieee
eae ainoaea?noai a eeoea ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee, noauaeou ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee,
ioieoeeiaeueiua ia?aciaaiey ?aaeecotho aai, nicaeaaay i?aaei?eyoey, i?aaiecaoeee e
o/?aaeaeaiey, naeaaay eiouanoai a a?aiaeo. Ei i?aaeinoaaeyaony i?aai oicyenoaaiiiai
aaaeaiey eee iia?aoeaiiai oi?aaeaiey.
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Eoae, i?aai /anoiie nianoaaiiinoe ?aaeecoaony naiei nianoaaiieeii (a?oiiie
nianoaaiieeia). Yoe ioiioaiey ninoaaeytho iniiao i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneeo ioiioaiee.
Niaea?aeaiea i?aaiaie ?aaeaiaioaoeee ioiioaiee ii iiaiaeo oicyenoaaiiie
aeayoaeueiinoe (i?iecaiaeeoaeueiiai iio?aaeaiey) ?ane?uaaaony /a?ac eaoaai?eth
i?aaiaiai ?aaeeia eiouanoaa. I?aaiaie ?aaeei eiouanoaa – yoi onoaiiaeaiiue a
th?eaee/aneeo ii?iao ii?yaeie oi?ie?iaaiey eiouanoaa e iaaeaeaiey ei ?acee/iuo
oicyenoaaiiuo ia?aciaaiee, ii?yaeie oi?aaeaiey ei ni noi?iiu yoeo ia?aciaaiee e
ae?oaeo caaiueaa ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa. Anoue e aieaa ia?aie/eoaeueiia iiieiaiea
i?aaiaiai ?aaeeia eiouanoaa eae niaieoiiinoe i?aa e iaycaiiinoae, inouanoaeyaiuo
a ioiioaiee oao eee eiuo aeaeia eiouanoaa i?aaiecaoeeyie, ca eioi?uie yoi
eiouanoai cae?aieaii. A yoii ii?aaeaeaiee ionoonoaoao nnueea ia ii?yaeie
oi?ie?iaaiey eiouanoaa e iaaeaeaiey ei oici?aaiia. Aiai?y i ainoaea?noaaiiie
nianoaaiiinoe, iu enoiaeei ec oiai, /oi aaeeiui nianoaaiieeii anaai eiouanoaa
yaeyaony ainoaea?noai. Oicyenoaaiiay aeayoaeueiinoue inouanoaeyaony ia ainoaea?noaii
iaiin?aaenoaaiii, a nicaeaaaaiuie ei niaoeeaeueii aeey yoie oeaee ?acee/iuie
eiiia?/aneeie e iaeiiia?/aneeie oi?ie?iaaieyie. Iineaaeiea iaaeaeythony
ainoaea?noaii ec aaeeiiai oiiaea ainoaea?noaaiiie nianoaaiiinoe eiouanoaii,
iaiaoiaeeiui aeey i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie eee eiie aeayoaeueiinoe, eiiieaenii i?aa e
iaycaiiinoae a ioiioaiee yoiai eiouanoaa. Yoe oi?ie?iaaiey ae?oa io ae?oaa
iainiaeaiu, iie yaeythony aeaaeaeueoeaie cae?aieaiiiai ca ieie eiouanoaa. Ii
ainoaea?noai oaeaea ia oo?a/eaaao naiaai i?aaa nianoaaiiinoe ia yoi eiouanoai.
Ainoaea?noai inouanoaeyao naie i?aaiii/ey nianoaaiieea a ?acee/iuo i?aaiauo
oi?iao (a oi?ia ii?iaoeaii- i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey ii?yaeea oi?aaeaiey
ainoaea?noaaiiui eiouanoaii e ii?aaeaeaiey iauaia eiouanoaaiiuo i?aa e
iaycaiiinoae i?aaei?eyoee e i?aaiecaoeee, a oi?ia cae?aieaiey ca ieie eiouanoaa
ec aaeeiiai ainoaea?noaaiiiai oiiaea, ii?aaeaeaiey iai?aaeaiee eniieueciaaiey
?ano?nia, iineaaeothuae eo ?aaeecaoeee, nicaeaiey, ?ai?aaiecaoeee e eeeaeaeaoeee
oici?aaiia e o.i.). Ianeieueei ii-eiiio ianoieo aeaei n nianoaaiiinoueth iauanoa,
oicyenoaaiiuo oiaa?euanoa e eiiia?aoeaiuo i?aaiecaoeee. Caeanue o?iaaiue
iaiauanoaeaiey nianoaaiiinoe, eae i?aaeei, niaiaaeaao n o?iaiai eiouanoaaiiiai
iainiaeaiey oicyenoaothueo noauaeoia: nianoaaiieeaie yaeythony ioaeaeueiua
eiiia?/aneea i?aaiecaoeee – aeoeeiia?iua iauanoaa, oicyenoaaiiua oiaa?euanoaa,
iauanoaa n ia?aie/aiiie ioaaonoaaiiinoueth, eiiia?aoeau, eieoicu, iieiinoueth
?anii?yaeathueany ia i?aaao nianoaaiieea i?eiaaeeaaeauei ei eiouanoaii. Iiyoiio
ainoaea?noaaiiua e ioieoeeiaeueiua i?aaiu ia
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iiaoo aiaoeaaoueny a eo eiouanoaaiiua ioiioaiey. Aicaeaenoaea oaeeo i?aaiia ia
eiouanoaaiioth noa?o aiciiaeii ia iooai i?yiiai ?anii?yaeaiey eiouanoaii, a eeoue
einaaiii, iooai ii?iaoeaiiai ?aaoee?iaaiey, i?aaiecaoeee, ?oeiaiaenoaa,
ieaie?iaaiey e eiio?iey aeayoaeueiinoe. Iainiaeaiea eiouanoaa oa?aeoa?ii aeey
caaiueaa iauanoaaiiiai i?iecaiaenoaa ia anao o?iaiyo – i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneeo
no?oeoo?, eo nithcia e iauaaeeiaiee, iiae?acaeaeaiee oicyenoaothueo noauaeoia,
i?aaiia oicyenoaaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa. Ninoaa eiouanoaa, iainiaeaiiiai ia eaaeaeii
ec o?iaiae iauanoaaiiiai i?iecaiaenoaa, i?aaeii?aaeaeyaony oa?aeoa?ii e oeaeyie
aeayoaeueiinoe aeaiiiai eiie?aoiiai caaia, aai ianoii a nenoaia iauanoaaiiiai
i?iecaiaenoaa, auiieiyaiuie ei ooieoeeyie. Iaeaieaa oe?ieie eiouanoaaiiie aacie
iaaeaeythony i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneea, eiiia?/aneea caaiuey, a ?aieao eioi?uo
i?ienoiaeeo i?ioeann iaoa?eaeueiiai i?iecaiaenoaa e eioi?ua aeey inouanoaeaiey yoie
aeayoaeueiinoe aeieaeiu ?aniieaaaoue anai iaiaoiaeeiui eiiieaenii eiouanoaa: a
iaoo?aeueii- aauanoaaiiie oi?ia (iniiaiua e iai?ioiua oiiaeu); a oi?ia aeaiaaeiuo
n?aaenoa. Eiouanoai i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneeo no?oeoo? /anoe/ii ?ani?aaeaeyaony iaaeaeo
eo iiae?acaeaeaieyie (oeaoaie, oeeeaeaie, i?aaenoaaeoaeuenoaaie). Ninoaa
cae?aieyaiiai ca ieie eiouanoaa i?aaeii?aaeaeyaony noa?ie e oa?aeoa?ii eo
aeayoaeueiinoe. Aioo?aiiea iiae?acaeaeaiey i?aaei?eyoee ooieoeeiie?otho oieueei ai
aioo?ei?iecaiaenoaai iie noa?a e ia anooiatho ai aiaoiea ioiioaiey n ae?oaeie
i?aaiecaoeeyie. A nayce n yoei e?oa cae?aieyaiiai ca ieie eiouanoaa
ia?aie/eaaaony a iniiaiii n?aaenoaaie i?iecaiaenoaa, i?aaeiacia/aiiuie aeey
iaiin?aaenoaaiiiai i?iecaiaeeoaeueiiai iio?aaeaiey, i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie
aeayoaeueiinoe. Aeaiaaeiua n?aaenoaa oeaoai, eae i?aaeei, ia i?aaeinoaaeythony,
iineieueeo ?anii?yaeaiea eie naycaii n o/anoeai ai aiaoieo ioiioaieyo. Eneeth/aiea
ninoaaeytho n?aaenoaa, i?aaeiacia/aiiua aeey iaoa?eaeueiiai iiiu?aiey ?aaioieeia
(i?aiee, aiciaa?aaeaeaiey, iaoa?eaeueiay iiiiuue e ae?.), o.a. eniieuecoaiua aac
auoiaea ai aiaoiea ioiioaiey. Iiae?acaeaeaieyi, iaoiaeyueiny aia ianoa iaoiaeaeaiey
i?aaei?eyoee, iiaoo ioe?uaaoueny a e?aaeeoiuo o/?aaeaeaieyo oaeouea n/aoa aeey
n?aaenoa ca?ieaou e aaeieieno?aoeaii- oi?aaeai/aneeo ?anoiaeia. Ioianaiea aii?ina
i i?aaeaeao e oi?iao eiouanoaaiiiai iainiaeaiey aioo?aiieo iiae?acaeaeaiee e
eiiiaoaioeee i?aaei?eyoee, a ninoaa eioi?uo iie aoiaeyo, iaoneiaeaii ia?aie/aieai
aeayoaeueiinoe oaeeo iiae?acaeaeaiee aioo?ei?iecaiaenoaaiiie noa?ie, i?aaiecaoeey
eioi?ie yaeyaony ooieoeeae yoeo noauaeoia i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie aeayoaeueiinoe.
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Ii-eiiio ianoieo aeaei n eiouanoaaiiui iainiaeaieai aei/a?ieo i?aaei?eyoee,
oeeeaeia. Iie yaeythony oic?an/aoiuie, e?oiiuie oicyenoaothueie ia?aciaaieyie n
oe?ieie eiiiaoaioeeae a ?acee/iuo io?aneyo i?iecaiaenoaaiii- oicyenoaaiiie
aeayoaeueiinoe. Eiiaaea aei/a?iea oe?iu oa??eoi?eaeueii oaeaeaiu io iniiaiiai
i?aaei?eyoey. A nayce n yoei iie ioaeaeathony a aieaa oe?ieie eiouanoaaiiie aaca,
/ai aioo?aiiea iiae?acaeaeaiey i?aaei?eyoee. Yoa niaoeeoeea oeacaiiuo oicyenoaaiiuo
ia?aciaaiee cae?aieaia a caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa: eiouanoaaiiue noaoon oeeeaeia,
aei/a?ieo i?aaei?eyoee ii?aaeaeyaony ia oieueei ia aaca nicaeaaaaiuo iniiaiui
i?aaei?eyoeai eieaeueiuo ii?i, ii e a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue iooai iauaii?iaoeaiiai
ii?aaeaeaiey ninoaaa cae?aieyaiiai ca ieie eiouanoaa e iniiaiiai niaea?aeaiey eo
i?aa ia iaai. Oeeeaeu aei/a?ieo i?aaei?eyoee iiaoo caeeth/aoue io eiaie i?aaei?eyoey
oicyenoaaiiua aeiaiai?a. A ninoaa eo eiouanoaa aoiaeeo eiouanoai, eniieuecoaiia ai
aiaoieo ioiioaieyo n ae?oaeie i?aaiecaoeeyie. Aianoa n oai, neaaeoao iiae/a?eiooue,
/oi eiouanoaaiiia iainiaeaiea eae aioo?aiieo iiae?acaeaeaiee i?aaei?eyoee, oae e
oeeeaeia aei/a?ieo i?aaei?eyoee – yoi iainiaeaiea ia aaca eiouanoaa,
i?eiaaeeaaeauaai naiei i?aaei?eyoeyi. Aoaeo/e cae?aieaiiui ca eo no?oeoo?iuie
caaiueyie, niioaaonoaothuaa eiouanoai ia auauaaao ec ninoaaa eiouanoaa
i?aaei?eyoee e iauaaeeiaiee, nio?aiythueo naie i?aaa ia iaai. A oi aea a?aiy yoe
iiae?acaeaeaiey iaaeaeythony nianoaaiiie eiouanoaaiiie i?aainoauaeoiinoueth, a
eioi?ie iaoiaeeo au?aaeaiea eo eiouanoaaiiay naiinoiyoaeueiinoue. Ii?aaeaeaiiay
/anoue oeiainiauo ?ano?nia ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa aeeoioee?oaony a i?aaiao
oicyenoaaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa – oeaio?ao oicyenoaaiiuo nenoai a aeaea ?acee/iuo
?aca?aia e oiiaeia aeaiaaeiuo n?aaenoa. Iie eniieuecothony a oeaeyo yeiiiie/aneiai
?aaoee?iaaiey e oeiainiaiai iaania/aiey aania?aaieiie oicyenoaaiiie
aeayoaeueiinoe iiae/eiaiiuo oicyenoaaiiuo i?aaiia e a eioa?anao ?acaeoey nenoaiu a
oeaeii, a oaeaea aeey i?aie?iaaiey e oaeiaeaoai?aiey eoeueoo?ii- auoiauo
iio?aaiinoae ?aaioieeia aiia?aoa oi?aaeaiey. Nicaeaiea a i?aaiao oicyenoaaiiiai
?oeiaiaenoaa oaeeo oiiaeia e ?aca?aia – iauaeoeaiay iaiaoiaeeiinoue. Iia
iaoneiaeaia eo iieiaeaieai eae oeaio?ia oicyenoaaiiuo nenoai, i?aaiecothueo e
?oeiaiaeyueo aeayoaeueiinoueth oicyenoaaiiuo i?aaiia, ianoueo ioaaonoaaiiinoue ca aa
?acoeueoaou, ca ninoiyiea e ?acaeoea io?anee (iiaeio?anee). I?e ionoonoaee o
oeaio?a iaiaoiaeeiuo n?aaenoa oaeia ?oeiaiaenoai auei au iaaiciiaeii oioy yoa
ooieoeey ieienoa?noa a ianoiyuaa a?aiy ?acei nie?auaaony. A ianoiyuaa a?aiy a
?anii?yaeaiee oeaio?ia oicyenoaaiiuo nenoai iiaoo nicaeaaaoueny oeaio?aeeciaaiiua
oiiaeu ?acaeoey
!!144 .
i?iecaiaenoaa, iaoa?eaeueiiai iiiu?aiey, nioeeaeueii- eoeueoo?iuo ia?ii?eyoee,
aeeeeuiiai no?ieoaeuenoaa eeai ?aca?au ii yoei oiiaeai, aaeeiue oiiae ?acaeoey iaoee
e oaoieee, oeaio?aeeciaaiiue i?aieaeueiue oiiae ca nicaeaiea, inaiaiea e aiaae?aiea
iiaie oaoieee, oiiae niaeaenoaey aiaae?aieth ecia?aoaiee e ?aoeeiiaeecaoi?neeo
i?aaeeiaeaiee, oeaio?aeeciaaiiue oiiae oe?iio?aaa, ?aca?a eaieoaeueiuo aeiaeaiee e
ae?. E?iia yoiai, ana i?aaiu oicyenoaaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa iaaeaeythony eiouanoaii,
iaiaoiaeeiui aeey ?aaiou aiia?aoa oi?aaeaiey. Naeaeaai iaeioi?ua auaiaeu.
1) Aeey inouanoaeaiey i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie aeayoaeueiinoe, o/anoey a
oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaieyo, ni/aoathueo ieaiiai- i?aaiecaoeeiiiua e eiouanoaaiiua
yeaiaiou, noauaeo i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa aeieaeai iaeaaeaoue ii?aaeaeaiiui eiouanoaii.
Aaaeue i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneay aeayoaeueiinoue naycaia n eniieueciaaieai eiouanoaa aeey
aeinoeaeaiey ii?aaeaeaiiuo oeaeae, aeey iieo/aiey i?eauee.
2) I?eiaaeeaaeauaa noauaeoo oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa eiouanoai iiaeao iaoiaeeoueny a
/anoiie, ainoaea?noaaiiie, ioieoeeiaeueiie e eiie nianoaaiiinoe. Ca
ainoaea?noaaiiuie e ioieoeeiaeueiuie i?aaei?eyoeyie, o/?aaeaeaieyie e i?aaiecaoeeyie
eiouanoai cae?aieyaony iooai ia?aaea/e aai a oicyenoaaiiia aaaeaiea eee
iia?aoeaiia oi?aaeaiea iineaaeieo. Iauanoaai, oiaa?euanoaai, eiiia?aoeaai
eiouanoai i?eiaaeeaaeeo ia i?aaa nianoaaiiinoe.
3) Noauaeou i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneiai i?aaa aeieaeiu ioaa/aoue ca ?acoeueoaou naiae
aeayoaeueiinoe. Yoa ioaaonoaaiiinoue eniieuecoaony eae n?aaenoai yeiiiie/aneiai
noeioee?iaaiey. Iia iiaeao au?aaeaoueny a aeaoo oi?iao: a aeaea yeiiiie/aneie
ioaaonoaaiiinoe e a aeaea eiouanoaaiiie ioaaonoaaiiinoe.
4) Noauaeo oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaa ia oieueei iaycai ioaa/aoue ca ?acoeueoaou
aeayoaeueiinoe, ii e eiaoue aiciiaeiinoue ia?auaoueny ca caueoie naieo oicyenoaaiiuo
i?aa a neo/aa eo ia?ooaiey.
5) Aiciiaeiinoue inouanoaeaiey i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie aeayoaeueiinoe
i?aaeii?aaeaeyaony iaiaoiaeeiie eiouanoaaiiie naiinoiyoaeueiinoueth.
Iiiyoea eiouanoaaiiie naiinoiyoaeueiinoe iaiaeiicia/ii. A oe?ieii niunea iiae iae
iiieiatho aiciiaeiinoue naiinoiyoaeueiiai, io naiaai eiaie e ca naiae
ioaaonoaaiiinoueth, o/anoey a ?acee/iuo eiouanoaaiiuo ioiioaieyo, i?eia?aoaiey
i?aa e iaycaiiinoae. Oaeay naiinoiyoaeueiinoue iiin?aaenoaoaony ?acee/iuie
i?aaiauie oi?iaie, n?aaee eioi?uo iaeii ec aaaeoueo iano caieiaao iaycaoaeuenoai.
Ii ia eiouanoaaiiie naiinoiyoaeueiinoe iiaeii aiai?eoue e a aieaa oceii niunea –
eae ia iauaia i?aa oicyenoaaiiuo caaiueaa ia
!!145
cae?aieaiiia ca ieie eiouanoai, aeathueo ei aiciiaeiinoue naiinoiyoaeueii, ii naiaio
oniio?aieth niaa?oaoue aeaenoaey ia aaca e iiaiaeo yoiai eiouanoaa. Oaeay o?aeoiaea
eiouanoaaiiie naiinoiyoaeueiinoe iainiiauaaaony ?aciuie o?iaiyie iainiaeaiey
eiouanoaa. A oao neo/ayo, eiaaea o?iaaiue eiouanoaaiiiai iainiaeaiey niaiaaeaao n
iainiaeaieai nianoaaiieea, eiouanoaaiiay naiinoiyoaeueiinoue i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneeo
noauaeoia iiin?aaenoaoaony einoeoooii i?aaa nianoaaiiinoe (i?aaei?eyoea n /anoiie
oi?iie nianoaaiiinoe). Ii eiaaea o?iaie iainiaeaiey eiouanoaa e iaiauanoaeaiey
nianoaaiiinoe ia niaiaaeatho, o.a. noauaeo iainiaeaiey nianoaaiieeii ia yaeyaony,
einoeooo i?aaa nianoaaiiinoe ia iiaeao iiin?aaenoaiaaoue eiouanoaaiioth
naiinoiyoaeueiinoue oicyenoaaiiuo caaiueaa. A yoeo neo/ayo a ea/anoaa th?eaee/aneie
oi?iu eiouanoaaiiie naiinoiyoaeueiinoe oicyenoaothueo caaiueaa, ia yaeythueony
nianoaaiieeaie eiouanoaa, aunooiaao i?aai oicyenoaaiiiai aaaeaiey eee
iia?aoeaiiai oi?aaeaiey.
2. I?AAI OICssENOAAIIIAI AAAeAIEss E IIA?AOEAIIAI OI?AAEAIEss A I?AAeI?EIEIAOAEUeNEIE
AeAssOAEUeIINOE. Iu oaea ciaai i oii, /oi ia oieueei nianoaaiieee eiouanoaa iiaoo
naiinoiyoaeueii iieueciaaoueny e ?anii?yaeaoueny ei. Ia?aaeei oaeia i?aai ia?aaeaaony
eiiia?/aneei e iaeiiia?/aneei i?aaiecaoeeyi. Iaeiie ec th?eaee/aneeo oi?i
naiinoiyoaeueiinoe a i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneeo i?aaiioiioaieyo yaeyaony i?aai
oicyenoaaiiiai aaaeaiey. Aoaeo/e o?aaoee?iaaiiui ii?iaie noaoae 294 e 295 AE ?O
einoeooo oicyenoaaiiiai aaaeaiey i?aaenoaaeyao niaie i?iecaiaeiia io i?aaa
nianoaaiiinoe aauiia i?aai, ninoiyuaa a aiciiaeiinoe aeaaeaiey, iieueciaaiey e
?anii?yaeaiey eiouanoaii a i?aaeaeao, ii?aaeaeyaiuo a?aaeaeaineei caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii.
Yoi i?eiaaeeaaeauaa i?aaei?eyoeth i?aai aeaao aio iaeneioi aiciiaeiinoae ?aaeeciaaoue
aeaaeaiea, iieueciaaiea e ?anii?yaeaiea eiouanoaii. Oioy ?anii?yaeaiea eiouanoaii a
oaeeo neo/ayo e ia?aie/aii caeiiii. I?aaei?eyoea ia ai?aaa i?iaeaaaoue
i?eiaaeeaaeauaa aio ia i?aaa oicyenoaaiiiai aaaeaiey iaaeaeaeeiia eiouanoai, naeaaaoue
aai a a?aiaeo, ioaeaaaoue a caeia, aiineoue a ea/anoaa aeeaaea a onoaaiue eaieoae
oicyenoaaiiuo iauanoa e oiaa?euanoa eee eiui niiniaii ?anii?yaeaoueny yoei
eiouanoaii aac niaeaney nianoaaiieea. Noa?a i?eiaiaiey i?aaa oicyenoaaiiiai
aaaeaiey naaiaeiy naycaia n ainoaea?noaaiiui eee ioieoeeiaeueiui oieoa?iui
i?aaei?eyoeai.
!!146
Iiae oieoa?iui i?aaei?eyoeai AE ?O (no. 113) iiieiaao eiiia?/aneoth i?aaiecaoeeth,
ia iaaeaeaiioth i?aaii nianoaaiiinoe ia cae?aieaiiia ca iae nianoaaiieeii
eiouanoai. I?aai oicyenoaaiiiai aaaeaiey oieoa?iiai ainoaea?noaaiiiai eee
ioieoeeiaeueiiai i?aaei?eyoey icia/aao ia oieueei ia?aie/aiea ?anii?yaeaiey
eiouanoaii. Onoaa oieoa?iiai i?aaei?eyoey aeieaeai niaea?aeaoue iiieii iaueo
naaaeaiee, oeacaiiuo a i. 2 no. 52 AE ?O, naaaeaiey i i?aaeiaoa e oeaeyo
aeayoaeueiinoe i?aaei?eyoey, a oaeaea i ?acia?a onoaaiiai oiiaea i?aaei?eyoey,
ii?yaeea e enoi/ieeao aai oi?ie?iaaiey. Onoaa ooaa?aeaeaaony nianoaaiieeii
eiouanoaa. Nianoaaiiee eee oiieiiii/aiiue ei i?aai iacia/aao ?oeiaiaeeoaey
i?aaei?eyoey. Oieoa?iia i?aaei?eyoea ioaa/aao ii naiei iaycaoaeuenoaai anai
i?eiaaeeaaeauei aio eiouanoaii. Ae?oaeo ia?aie/aiee aeey oieoa?iuo ainoaea?noaaiiuo
e ioieoeeiaeueiuo i?aaei?eyoee, iniiaaiiuo ia i?aaa oicyenoaaiiiai aaaeaiey, ia
nouanoaoao. Iie naiinoiyoaeueiu a auai?a eiiia?/aneeo ia?oia?ia, a ieaie?iaaiee
i?iecaiaenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe, ?aaeecaoeee i?iaeoeoeee e eniieueciaaiee i?eauee. A
oi aea a?aiy yoe i?aaei?eyoey ia ?aaiuo oneiaeyo iaycaiu oiea/eaaoue iaeiae e
ae?oaea iaycaoaeueiua ieaoaaee a athaeaeao e aiaathaeaeaoiua oiiaeu. Einoeooo
oicyenoaaiiiai aaaeaiey ia aue ecaanoai a aei?aoi?iaiiie ?innee. Iaeiaei oaeia
i?aai eiaei ianoi a yeiiiieea n ainiiaenoaothuae ainoaea?noaaiiie oi?iie
nianoaaiiinoe. Oiaaea aeaaiie oeao?ie a oicyenoaiaaiee aue o?oaeiaie eieeaeoea
i?aaei?eyoey, n iieiiii/eyie eioi?iai naycuaaeinue ii?aaeaeaiea iai?aaeaiee
aeayoaeueiinoe i?aaei?eyoey, ?aaeecaoeey aai eiouanoaaiiuo i?aa. Aia?aua oa?iei
“iieiia oicyenoaaiiia aaaeaiea” aue eniieueciaai a Caeiia “I i?aaei?eyoeyo a NNN?”
io 4 ethiy 1990 a. Iaeiaei a Caeiia ?NON? “I i?aaei?eyoeyo e i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie
aeayoaeueiinoe” oaea i?eiaiyaony eiie oa?iei. A niioaaonoaee n yoei caeiiii
ainoaea?noaaiiia e ioieoeeiaeueiia eiouanoai iiaei ia?aaeaaaoueny ainoaea?noaaiiui e
ioieoeeiaeueiui i?aaei?eyoeyi a oicyenoaaiiia aaaeaiea. Iaeiaei caeiiiaeaoaeue a yoi
aauiia i?aai aeeaaeuaae eiie niune, ae?oaea iniiaaiey onoaiiaeaiey: iauai
?aaeecaoeee o?eaaeu i?aaa oicyenoaaiiiai aaaeaiey eiouanoaii – i?aai aeaaeaiey,
iieueciaaiey e ?anii?yaeaiey – ia?aaeaaaeny i?aaei?eyoeth nianoaaiieeii ii aeiaiai?o,
a ia a niioaaonoaee n caeiiii, oi anoue ia?aie/aiey ia i?aai ?anii?yaeaiey
eiouanoaii, ia?aaeaiiui a oicyenoaaiiia aaaeaiea i?aaei?eyoeth nianoaaiieeii,
ii?aaeaeyeenue iineaaeiei a aeiaiai?a n i?aaei?eyoeai. Nianoaaiiee aue ai?aaa
inoaaeoue ca niaie ii?aaeaeaiiue iauai i?aaiii/ee, nio?aieoue aiciiaeiinoue
iieueciaaoueny
!!147
e ?anii?yaeaoueny eiouanoaii e o.ae. Iiyoiio a eaaeaeii eiie?aoiii neo/aa auynieoue
i?aaiaie ?aaeei eiouanoaa i?aaei?eyoey iiaeii auei oieueei iie?aynue ia
o/?aaeeoaeueiua aeieoiaiou e onoaa i?aaei?eyoey. Iiaia a?aaeaeaineia
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai, ?aaoee?othuaa ioiioaiey a noa?a i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa,
aini?eiyei oieueei einoeooo oicyenoaaiiiai aaaeaiey. Aoi?ay niaoeeoe/iay oi?ia
ia?aie/aiey eiouanoaaiiie naiinoiyoaeueiinoe au?aaeaia a th?eaee/aneie eiino?oeoeee
i?aaa iia?aoeaiiai oi?aaeaiey eiouanoaii. Aai niaea?aeaiea ninoaaeytho i?aaiii/ey
aeaaeaiey, iieueciaaiey e ?anii?yaeaiey, inouanoaeyaiua i?aaiecaoeeyie, ca eioi?uie
eiouanoai cae?aieaii a onoaiiaeaiiuo caeiiii i?aaeaeao, a niioaaonoaee n oeaeyie
eo aeayoaeueiinoe, iacia/aieai eiouanoaa (no. 296 AE ?O). Caeii, oaeei ia?acii,
?ane?uaaao i?aaiii/ey iia?aoeaiiai oi?aaeaiey /a?ac oo aea o?eaaeo aeaaeaiey,
iieueciaaiey e ?anii?yaeaiey, /oi e i?aaiii/ey nianoaaiieea. Ii yoi eaoaai?ee ia
iaeiicia/iua. I?aai nianoaaiiinoe i?aaenoaaeyao niaie naiinoiyoaeueiia e
iacaaeneiia noauaeoeaiia i?aai, inouanoaeyaiia nianoaaiieeii a neeo e a
i?aaeaeao Caeiia ii naiaio oniio?aieth e iacaaeneii io ae?oaeo noauaeoia. I?aai aea
iia?aoeaiiai oi?aaeaiey ia oieueei iie?aaony ia caeii, ii e caaeneo io aeanoe
nianoaaiieea, aace?oaony ia i?aaa nianoaaiiinoe. Iii i?iecaiaeii io iaai,
aicieeaao eeoue iinoieueeo, iineieueeo nianoaaiiee i?eciaao iaiaoiaeeiui cae?aieoue
ii?aaeaeaiiia eiouanoai ca aeaiiie i?aaiecaoeeae a oeaeyo auiieiaiey noiyueo ia?aae
iath caaea/ e aiceiaeaiiuo ia iaa ooieoeee. Nianoaaiiee ia oo?a/eaaao i?aai ia
eiouanoai, ia?aaeaiiia a iia?aoeaiia oi?aaeaiea. Anee aiai?eoue i niioiioaiee
i?aaa nianoaaiiinoe e i?aaa iia?aoeaiiai oi?aaeaiey, oi iineaaeiea aunooiatho eae
niinia ?aaeecaoeee ia?aiai. Iie ia i?ioeainoiyo e ia ia?aie/eaatho ia?auo. Yoi e
iicaieyao nianoaaiieeo nio?aieoue ca niaie aiciiaeiinoue ?anii?yaeaoueny eiouanoaii,
iaoiaeyuainy a iia?aoeaiii oi?aaeaiee. Oaeia ?anii?yaeaiea i?iyaeyaony a ecuyoee,
ia?a?ani?aaeaeaiee iauaeoia iia?aoeaiiai oi?aaeaiey, a ii?aaeaeaiee oeaeaaiai
iacia/aiey iaoa?eaeueiuo e oeiainiauo ?ano?nia. Einoeooou i?aaa oicyenoaaiiiai
aaaeaiey e iia?aoeaiiai oi?aaeaiey noi?ie?iaaeenue a caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa eae
einoeooou, iiin?aaeothuea eiouanoaaiioth naiinoiyoaeueiinoue i?aaiecaoeee –
th?eaee/aneeo eeoe. A ii?iaoeaiuo aeoao yoe iiiyoey eniieuecoaony i?eiaieoaeueii e
oici?aaiai eeoue ia?ae/iiai caaia. Ii iie iiaoo i?eiaiyoueny e aeey oa?aeoa?enoeee
eiouanoaaiiie naiinoiyoaeueiinoe eiuo caaiueaa
!!148
yeiiiieee – aioo?aiieo iiae?acaeaeaiee, oeeeaeia, i?aaenoaaeoaeuenoa, i?aaiia
oicyenoaaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa. Aii?in i noa?a aeaenoaey einoeoooia i?aaa
oicyenoaaiiiai aaaeaiey e iia?aoeaiiai oi?aaeaiey a th?eaee/aneie eeoa?aoo?a
?anniao?eaaaony e iiieiaaony iaiaeiicia/ii. N iaeiie noi?iiu, iie i?aaenoaaeythony
einoeoooaie a?aaeaeaineiai i?aaa. TH?eaee/aneea eeoea aunooiatho eae o/anoieee
ioiioaiee oiaa?iiai iai?ioa, oi anoue aiaoieo ioiioaiee. A i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneii
i?aaa iainiiauaaaony eiioeaioeey i?aaa oicyenoaaiiiai aaaeaiey e iia?aoeaiiai
oi?aaeaiey eae einoeoooia, iiin?aaeothueo eiouanoaaiioth naiinoiyoaeueiinoue ethauo
eiouanoaaiii iainiaeaiiuo caaiueaa ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa, ia yaeythueony
nianoaaiieeaie cae?aieaiiiai ca ieie eiouanoaa, iacaaeneii io noa?u eo
ooieoeeiie?iaaiey. I?aaeiinueeie i?aaa oicyenoaaiiiai aaaeaiey e iia?aoeaiiai
oi?aaeaiey ii i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneiio i?aao aunooiaao ia i?aainiiniaiinoue
th?eaee/aneiai eeoea (a?aaeaeainei- i?aaiaay eiioeaioeey), a cae?aieaiea a oie eee
eiie oi?ia ca niioaaonoaothuei caaiii ii?aaeaeaiiiai eiiieaena eiouanoaa e
iaee/ea oicyenoaaiiie i?aainoauaeoiinoe, aeinoaoi/iie aeey oi?aaeaiey eiouanoaii
e ?aaeecaoeee i?aaiii/ee aeaaeaiey, iieueciaaiey e ?anii?yaeaiey ei a i?aaeaeao
eiiiaoaioeee aeaiiiai caaia a i?enoueo aio (aai aeayoaeueiinoe) oi?iao. Iineoaeyie
i?aaa oicyenoaaiiiai aaaeaiey e iia?aoeaiiai oi?aaeaiey yaeythony ia oieueei
i?aaiecaoeee – th?eaee/aneea eeoea, ii e aioo?aiiea iiae?acaeaeaiey, oeeeaeu e
i?aaenoaaeoaeuenoaa, a oaeaea i?aaiu oicyenoaaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa a ioiioaiee
cae?aieaiiiai ca ieie eiouanoaa. Iaeiaei noauaeoii i?aaa iia?aoeaiiai oi?aaeaiey
iiaia a?aaeaeaineia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai i?eciaao ia ethaia th?eaee/aneia eeoei,
iieo/eaoaa eiouanoai io nianoaaiieea n aeaiiui i?aaiaui oeooeii, a oieueei
athaeaeaoiua e eiua oeiaine?oaiua ca n/ao n?aaenoa nianoaaiieea o/?aaeaeaiey. Yoi
iiiyoii, oae eae o/?aaeaeaiey oaeiai ?iaea aaaeoo oicyenoaaiioth aeayoaeueiinoue a
ea/anoaa iio?aaeoaeae oiaa?ia, ?aaio, oneoa e iioiio aeieaeiu aeanoei auaea?aeeaaoue
caaeaiiua ia?aiao?u ii ?aaeecaoeee eiouanoaa. I?aaiii/ey o/?aaeaeaiey no?iai
ii?aaeaeaiu ?aieaie e oeaeyie aeayoaeueiinoe, onoaiiaeaiiuie a iieiaeaiee i aeaiiii
o/?aaeaeaiee. Ii iauaio i?aaeeo o/?aaeaeaiey ia eiatho i?aaa ?anii?yaeaoueny aeioiaeaie
io eiouanoaa (a ii aieueoae /anoe e ia aeieaeiu eiaoue aeioiaeia). A niioaaonoaee ni
no. 120 AE ?O o/?aaeaeaieai i?eciaaony i?aaiecaoeey, nicaeaiiay nianoaaiieeii aeey
inouanoaeaiey oi?aaeai/aneeo, nioeeaeueii- eoeueoo?iuo eee eiuo ooieoeee
iaeiiia?/aneiai oa?aeoa?a e oeiaine?oaiay ei iieiinoueth eee /anoe/ii.
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O/?aaeaeaiea ioaa/aao ii naiei iaycaoaeuenoaai iaoiaeyueieny a aai ?anii?yaeaiee
aeaiaaeiuie n?aaenoaaie. I?e eo iaaeinoaoi/iinoe noaneaeea?ioth ioaaonoaaiiinoue ii
aai iaycaoaeuenoaai ianao nianoaaiiee niioaaonoaothuaai eiouanoaa. A ioee/ea io
oieoa?iuo ainoaea?noaaiiuo e ioieoeeiaeueiuo i?aaei?eyoee n i?aaii oicyenoaaiiiai
aaaeaiey ia eiouanoai, eioi?ua nicaeathony oieueei nianoaaiieeaie ainoaea?noaaiiie e
ioieoeeiaeueiie oi?iu nianoaaiiinoe, o/?aaeaeaiey ia i?aaa iia?aoeaiiai oi?aaeaiey
eiouanoaii iiaoo nicaeaaaoueny nianoaaiieeaie ethaie oi?iu nianoaaiiinoe. Iaeiaei
ia iniiaa iia?aoeaiiai oi?aaeaiey eiouanoaii iiaoo nicaeaaaoueny ia oieueei
o/?aaeaeaiey, ii e eiiia?/aneea i?aaiecaoeee, i?aaei?eyoey. A neo/ayo,
i?aaeoniio?aiiuo caeiiii i ainoaea?noaaiiuo e ioieoeeiaeueiuo oieoa?iuo
i?aaei?eyoeyo, ii ?aoaieth I?aaeoaeuenoaa ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee ia aaca eiouanoaa,
iaoiaeyuaainy a oaaea?aeueiie nianoaaiiinoe, iiaeao auoue ia?aciaaii oieoa?iia
i?aaei?eyoea, iniiaaiiia ia i?aaa iia?aoeaiiai oi?aaeaiey (oaaea?aeueiia eacaiiia
i?aaei?eyoea). Eacaiiia i?aaei?eyoea a ioiioaiee cae?aieaiiiai ca iei eiouanoaa
inouanoaeyao a i?aaeaeao, onoaiiaeaiiuo caeiiii, a niioaaonoaee n oeaeyie naiae
aeayoaeueiinoe, caaeaieyie nianoaaiieea e iacia/aieai eiouanoaa i?aaa iieueciaaiey,
aeaaeaiey e ?anii?yaeaiey ei. Nianoaaiiee eiouanoaa, cae?aieaiiiai ca eacaiiui
i?aaei?eyoeai, ai?aaa ecuyoue eceeoiaa, iaeniieuecoaiia eeai eniieuecoaiia ia ii
iacia/aieth eiouanoai, ?anii?yaeeoueny ei ii naiaio oniio?aieth.” Eacaiiia
i?aaei?eyoea ai?aaa io/oaeaeaoue eee eiui niiniaii ?anii?yaeaoueny cae?aieaiiui ca
iei eiouanoaii oieueei n niaeaney nianoaaiieea yoiai eiouanoaa. I?iecaiaeeioth
i?iaeoeoeeth eacaiiia i?aaei?eyoea ?aaeecoao naiinoiyoaeueii, anee eiia ia
i?aaeoniio?aii i?aaiauie aeoaie. Ii?yaeie aea ?ani?aaeaeaiey aeioiaeia eacaiiiai
i?aaei?eyoey ii?aaeaeyaony nianoaaiieeii aai eiouanoaa.
3. I?AAI A?AIAeAOI?A EAE AAUIIA I?AAI I?AAeI?EIEIAOAEss. Aeey aaaeaiey
i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie aeayoaeueiinoe eiouanoai iiaeao ia?aaeaaaoueny nianoaaiieeii
i?aaei?eieiaoaeth ii aeiaiai?o a?aiaeu.
Ii aeiaiai?o a?aiaeu a?aiaeiaeaoaeue iaycoaony i?aaeinoaaeoue a?aiaeaoi?o eiouanoai ca
ieaoo ai a?aiaiiia aeaaeaiea, iieueciaaiea.
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A a?aiaeo iiaoo auoue ia?aaeaiu caiaeueiua o/anoee e ae?oaea iainiaeaiiua
i?e?iaeiuaiauaeou, i?aaei?eyoey e ae?oaea eiouanoaaiiua eiiieaenu, caeaiey,
nii?oaeaiey, iai?oaeiaaiea, o?ainii?oiua n?aaenoaa eee ae?oaea aaue, eioi?ua ia
oa?ytho naieo iaoo?aeueiuo naienoa a i?ioeanna eo eniieueciaaiey (iaiio?aaeyaiua
aaue). I?aai naea/e eiouanoaa a a?aiaeo i?eiaaeeaaeeo aai nianoaaiieeo eeai eeoeo,
oi?aaiii/aiiiio caeiiii eee nianoaaiieeii. Oae, iai?eia?, eiouanoai oaaea?aeueiie
nianoaaiiinoe iiaeao auoue naeaii a a?aiaeo oieueei oa??eoi?eaeueiui i?aaiii
Ieienoa?noaa ainoaea?noaaiiiai eiouanoaa ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee. Aicieeathuaa ec
aeiaiai?a a?aiaeu i?aaiioiioaiea yaeyaony iaycaoaeuenoaaiiui e iiae/eiaii ii?iai
iaycaoaeuenoaaiiiai i?aaa. A ioiioaieyo aea a?aiaeaoi?a ni anaie o?aoueeie eeoeaie
iii yaeyaony aauiui e caueuaaony eae aauiia i?aai. I?aaiii/ey a?aiaeaoi?a a
ioiioaiee a?aiaeiaaiiiai eiouanoaa ii?aaeaeaiu noaoueae 615 AE ?O. A?aiaeaoi?
iaycai iieueciaaoueny a?aiaeiaaiiui eiouanoaii a niioaaonoaee n oneiaeyie
aeiaiai?a, a anee oaeea oneiaey a aeiaiai?a ia ii?aaeaeaiu, a niioaaonoaee n
iacia/aieai eiouanoaa. N niaeaney a?aiaeiaeaoaey a?aiaeaoi? ai?aaa naeaaaoue
a?aiaeiaaiiia eiouanoai a noaa?aiaeo e ia?aaeaaaoue naie i?aaa e iaycaiiinoe ii
aeiaiai?o a?aiaeu ae?oaiio eeoeo, i?aaeinoaaeyoue a?aiaeiaaiiia eiouanoai a
aacaiciacaeiia iieueciaaiea, a oaeaea ioaeaaaoue a?aiaeiua i?aaa a caeia e o.ae.
A?aaeaeaineia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai ?anniao?eaaao a?aiaeo e eae niinia oicyenoaiaaiey.
I?aaei?eyoea a oeaeii eae eiouanoaaiiue eiiieaen, eniieuecoaiue aeey inouanoaeaiey
i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie aeayoaeueiinoe, iiaeao auoue ia?aaeai nianoaaiieeii a a?aiaeo ca
ieaoo ai a?aiaiiia aeaaeaiea e iieueciaaiea. A yoeo neo/ayo ai a?aiaiiia
iieueciaaiea e aeaaeaiea ia?aaeathony ia oieueei caiaeueiua o/anoee, caeaiey e
nii?oaeaiey, iai?oaeiaaiea e ae?. (iniiaiua n?aaenoaa), ii e caianu nu?uey, oiieeaa,
iaoa?eaeia e ae?. (iai?ioiua n?aaenoaa), a oaeaea eiua i?aaa a?aiaeiaeaoaey,
naycaiiua n i?aaei?eyoeai. I?aai aeaaeaiey e iieueciaaiey eiouanoaii a?aiaeaoi?a
yaeyaony aai iaiouaieaiie /anoueth i?aaiii/ey: i?iaeoeoeey, ieiaeu e eiua aeioiaeu,
iieo/aiiua a?aiaeaoi?ii a ?acoeueoaoa eniieueciaaiey a?aiaeiaaiiiai eiouanoaa a
niioaaonoaee n aeiaiai?ii, yaeythony aai nianoaaiiinoueth. A?aaeaeaineia
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai ia i?aaeoniao?eaaao aueoia a?aiaeiaaiiiai i?aaei?eyoey. Ethaia
eiouanoai /anoiie oi?iu nianoaaiiinoe iiaeao auoue ?aaeeciaaii ii aeiaiai?o eoiee-
i?iaeaaee. Ainoaea?noaaiiia e ioieoeeiaeueiia eiouanoai, naeaiiia a a?aiaeo aei
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17 ethey 1991 aiaea (aei anooieaiey a aeaenoaea Caeiia ?NON? i i?eaaoecaoeee
ainoaea?noaaiiuo e ioieoeeiaeueiuo i?aaei?eyoee) iiaeao auoue aueoieaii o?oaeiaui
eieeaeoeaii. Oaeeo i?aaei?eyoee i?aeoe/anee oaea aeaaii ia inoaeinue. Iiauo
a?aiaeiuo i?aaei?eyoee i?aeoeea iiea ia ciaao. A?aiaeiia aauiia i?aai ioee/aaony
io ae?oaeo aauiuo i?aa (oicyenoaaiiiai aaaeaiey, iia?aoeaiiai oi?aaeaiey) aieaa
oceeie ?anii?yaeeoaeueiuie aiciiaeiinoyie. E?iia oiai, a?aiaeiia aauiia i?aai a
ioee/ea io ae?oaeo i?aaeinoaaeyaony ca ieaoo e iiaeao eiaoue ianoi a /anoiii
naeoi?a ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa. O a?aiaeaoi?a eiaaony ?yae niaoeeoe/aneeo i?aa,
i?enoueo oieueei a?aiaea: iniaui ia?acii ?aaeaiaioe?oaony i?aai a?aiaeaoi?a ia
i?iecaaaeaiiua oeo/oaiey; iaycaiiinoe ii ?aiiioo eiouanoaa ?ani?aaeaeaiu iaaeaeo
o/anoieeaie aeiaiai?a, a oi a?aiy eae ia?aaea/a eiouanoaa a oicyenoaaiiia aaaeaiea
eee iia?aoeaiia oi?aaeaiea icia/aao aeey noauaeoia yoiai i?aaa ianaiea anao
iaycaiiinoae ii anai aeaeai ?aiiioa iieo/aiiiai io nianoaaiieea eiouanoaa.
A?aiaeiue aeiaiai? anaaaea iineo n?i/iue oa?aeoa?. I?aai oicyenoaaiiiai aaaeaiey e
iia?aoeaiiai oi?aaeaiey ieeaeeie n?ieaie ia ia?aie/eaaaony.
4. I?AAI AIOO?EOICssENOAAIIIAI AAAeAIEss EIOUANOAII. A e?oiiuo i?aaei?eyoeyo aeey
oaeianoaa oi?aaeaiey nicaeathony iiae?acaeaeaiey a aeaea oeaoia, o/anoeia e o.i. E?iia
oiai, nouanoaotho oeeeaeu, i?aaenoaaeoaeuenoaa aeey i?aaiecaoeee i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie
aeayoaeueiinoe aia ianoa iaoiaeaeaiey naiiai i?aaei?eyoey. Yoe iiae?acaeaeaiey
oa?aeoa?ecothony oai, /oi i?aaei?eyoea cae?aieyao ca ieie ii?aaeaeaiiia eiouanoai.
I?aai ia eiouanoai, cae?aieaiiia ca iiae?acaeaeaieai (aioo?aiiei e iainiaeaiiui),
yaeyaony i?iecaiaeiui io i?aaa, ii eioi?iio ana eiouanoai i?eiaaeeaaeeo naiiio
i?aaei?eyoeth. Yoi i?aai aioo?eoicyenoaaiiiai aaaeaiey. Iii iiaeao auoue i?iecaiaeiui
io /anoiie nianoaaiiinoe, io i?aaa oicyenoaaiiiai aaaeaiey ainoaea?noaaiiuo e
ioieoeeiaeueiuo i?aaei?eyoee, io i?aaa iia?aoeaiiai oi?aaeaiey eacaiiuo
i?aaei?eyoee eee o/?aaeaeaiee. I?aai aioo?aiiaai oicyenoaaiiiai aaaeaiey
inouanoaeyaony a niioaaonoaee n aioo?eoicyenoaaiiui aeiaiai?ii, eieaeueiuie
ii?iaoeaiuie aeoaie i?aaei?eyoey (onoaa i?aaei?eyoey, iieiaeaiea i iiae?acaeaeaiee),
caaeaieai, aeaiiui iiae?acaeaeaieth, oeaeyie aeayoaeueiinoe, ii?aaeaeaiiuie a iieiaeaiee
i aeaiiii iiae?acaeaeaiee, i?aaeeaie aaaeaiey oic?an/aoa ia i?aaei?eyoee.
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Iniaaiiinoyie yoiai i?aaa yaeyaony oi, /oi aai a?aieoeu ii?aaeaeaiu aeey
?aaeecaoeee aioo?eoicyenoaaiiiai ?an/aoa naiei i?aaei?eyoeai. I?aai yoi
?aaeecoaony a iiaeaaeythuai aieueoeinoaa ai aioo?eoicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaieyo e ia
aoiaeeo a noa?o oiaa?iiai?ioa. Eeoue iainiaeaiiui iiae?acaeaeaieyi iiaoo auoue
i?aaeinoaaeaiu i?aaa e oneiaey aeey o/anoey a oiaa?ii- aeaiaaeiii iai?ioa. Ii e a
yoeo neo/ayo yoeie i?aaaie iainiaeaiiua iiae?acaeaeaiey iieuecothony ii
aeiaa?aiiinoe, io eiaie e a eioa?anao i?aaei?eyoey. Iniiaaieai aicieeiiaaiey
i?aaa aioo?eoicyenoaaiiiai aaaeaiey iiaeao auoue aeo iaaeaeaiey iiae?acaeaeaiey
niioaaonoaothuei i?aaii eeai aioo?eoicyenoaaiiue aeiaiai?. Aeaaiuie i?aaiii/eyie
a niaea?aeaiee aioo?eoicyenoaaiiiai aaaeaiey yaeythony i?aaiii/ey aeaaeaiey e
iieueciaaiey. ?anii?yaeeoaeueiua aiciiaeiinoe, i?aaeinoaaeyaiua iiae?acaeaeaieth,
i?aeoe/anee eneeth/atho aiciiaeiinoue io/oaeaeaiey eiouanoaa ae?oaei iiae?acaeaeaieyi
eee aiiaua ca i?aaeaeu i?aaei?eyoey. Iau/ii ?anii?yaeeoaeueiua i?aaiii/ey
iiae?acaeaeaiee naycaiu n ia?aaea/ae noaieia, iai?oaeiaaiey a ?aiiio, n
ia?aiauaieai eo a noa?o aeayoaeueiinoe ae?oaeo iiae?acaeaeaiee, n ia?aaea/ae
iieooaa?eeaoia ecaeaeee ii oaoiieiae/aneie oeaii/ea aei neeaaea aioiaie i?iaeoeoeee.
Iainiaeaiiua iiae?acaeaeaiey (oeeeaeu, i?aaenoaaeoaeuenoaa) iiaoo o/anoaiaaoue a
oiaa?iiai?ioa, ii eae neacaii auoa io eiaie e a eioa?anao i?aaei?eyoey. Cia/eo a
yoeo neo/ayo ai aiaoiai oiaa?iiai?ioa o/anoaoao naii i?aaei?eyoea, a ia
iiae?acaeaeaiea.
5.IAUAss OA?AEOA?ENOEEA I?AAIAIAI ?AAEEIA EIOUANOAA I?AAeI?EIEIAOAEUeNEEO NO?OEOO?.
Iiiyoea i?aaiaiai ?aaeeia eiouanoaa a th?eaee/aneie eeoa?aoo?a ii?aaeaeyaony eae
niaieoiiinoue i?aa e iaycaiiinoae oicyenoaaiiuo i?aaiia a ioiioaiee
i?eiaaeeaaeauaai ei eiouanoaa, o.a. ii nouanoao naiaeeony e i?aaai e iaycaiiinoyi
ii aeaaeaieth, iieueciaaieth e ?anii?yaeaieth eiouanoaii. A yoii ii?aaeaeaiee ia
o/oaii, /oi auoanoiyuea ainoaea?noaaiiua e ioieoeeiaeueiua i?aaiecaoeee a neeo
naiae eiiiaoaioeee oiaea iaaeaeaiu ii?aaeaeaiiuie i?aaaie ii ioiioaieth e oiio aea
eiouanoao, eai aeaenoaoao aaeeiue oiiae ainoaea?noaaiiiai eee ioieoeeiaeueiiai
eiouanoaa. Iauai eo i?aa ii oaeiio ?anii?yaeaieth a niioiioaiee n i?aaaie
oici?aaiia, ca eioi?uie eiouanoai cae?aieaii ia ia/aeao i?aaa oicyenoaaiiiai
aaaeaiey eee iia?aoeaiiai oi?aaeaiey – aaaeiue yeaiaio i?aaiaiai ?aaeeia eiouanoaa
oicyenoaaiiuo i?aaiia.
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ii?yaeie oi?ie?iaaiey eiouanoaa e iaaeaeaiey ei oici?aaiia. Oaeei ia?acii,
i?aaiaie ?aaeei eiouanoaa oicyenoaaiiuo i?aaiia iiaeii ii?aaeaeeoue eae
onoaiiaeaiiue a i?aaiauo ii?iao ii?yaeie oi?ie?iaaiey eiouanoaa e iaaeaeaiey ei
oici?aaiia, e ii?yaeie oi?aaeaiey (aeaaeaiey, iieueciaaiey e ?anii?yaeaiey) ei
yoeie oici?aaiaie e ae?oaeie caaiueyie yeiiiieee. I?aaiaie ?aaeei eiouanoaa eaaeaeie
oicyenoaaiiie i?aaiecaoeee i?aaeii?aaeaeyaony oa?aeoa?ii e oeaeyie aa aeayoaeueiinoe,
ianoii a iauae nenoaia ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa, auiieiyaiuie ath ooieoeeyie. N yoie
oi/ee c?aiey neaaeoao ?acee/aoue i?aaiaie ?aaeei eiouanoaa i?aaei?eyoee- oici?aaiia
ia?ae/iiai caaia; eiouanoaa iiae?acaeaeaiee oici?aaiia (oeaoia, oeeeaeia,
i?aaenoaaeoaeuenoa); eiouanoaa i?aaiia oicyenoaaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa (ieienoa?noaa).
Oicyenoaaiiua i?aaiu iaaeaeythony eiouanoaii, eae i?aaeei, iooai i?aaeinoaaeaiey a
eo ?anii?yaeaiea ii?aaeaeaiiie noiiu aeaiaaeiuo n?aaenoa. Ca n/ao yoeo n?aaenoa
oici?aaiu aicaiaeyo i?iecaiaenoaaiiua caeaiey e nii?oaeaiey, aeeeua aeiia e iauaeou
nioeeoeueo auoa, i?eia?aoatho iai?oaeiaaiea, nu?uea, iaoa?eaeu, ia?acotho
i?iecaiaenoaaiiua caianu, inouanoaeytho ana iaiaoiaeeiua cao?aou aeey i?iecaiaenoaa
e ?aaeecaoeee i?iaeoeoeee. Aioo?e i?aaei?eyoee cia/eoaeueiay /anoue eiouanoaa a
iaoo?a eee aeaiaaeiua n?aaenoaa ?ani?aaeaeythony iaaeaeo eo iiae?acaeaeaieyie aeey
iaiin?aaenoaaiiiai i?iecaiaenoaaiiiai eniieueciaaiey. Iineieueeo iiae?acaeaeaiey
i?aaei?eyoee ia anooiatho ai aiaoiea ioiioaiey e ooieoeeiie?otho oieueei ai
aioo?ei?iecaiaenoaaiiie noa?a, e?oa cae?aieyaiiai ca ieie eiouanoaa
ia?aie/eaaaony a iniiaiii n?aaenoaaie i?iecaiaenoaa aeey iaiin?aaenoaaiiiai
i?iecaiaeeoaeueiiai eniieueciaaiey e aeaiaaeiuie n?aaenoaaie aeey i?aie?iaaiey
?aaioieeia. Ninoaa eiouanoaa, cae?aieyaiiai ca aioo?aiieie iiae?acaeaeaieyie,
ii?yaeie iaaeaeaiey eo iaoa?eaeueiuie e oeiainiauie ?ano?naie, i?aaa e iaycaiiinoe
a ioiioaiee yoiai eiouanoaa, acaeiiioiioaiey n ae?oaeie iiae?acaeaeaieyie e
i?aaei?eyoeai a oeaeii ii?aaeaeythony naiei i?aaei?eyoeai a iieiaeaieyo i
iiae?acaeaeaieyo, aioo?aiiai oic?an/aoa e ae?oaeo eieaeueiuo ii?iaoeaiuo aeoao.
Eiouanoaaiiue noaoon oeeeaeia, i?aaenoaaeoaeuenoa ?aaeaiaioe?oaony eia/a.
I?aaiaie ?aaeei eo eiouanoaa ii?aaeaeyaony ia oieueei ia aaca eieaeueiuo ii?i, ii e
a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue iooai iauaii?iaoeaiiai ?aaoee?iaaiey. A ninoaa eiouanoaa yoeo
aaeeieoe aoiaeeo e oaeia, eioi?ia iicaieyao ei anooiaoue a ioiioaiey n ae?oaeie
i?aaiecaoeeyie.
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e ninoaaa iniiaiuo n?aaenoa eiouanoaa oici?aaiia. Aeieaia a?aiy a iaoae no?aia
ia?aaea/a i?aaei?eyoee, caeaiee e nii?oaeaiee a ioiioaieyo iaaeaeo ainoaea?noaaiiuie
i?aaiecaoeeyie iniiauaaeanue ia aacaiciacaeiuo ia/aeao. Iauyniyeinue yoi iaee/eai
aaeeinoaaiiiai nianoaaiieea ainoaea?noaaiiiai eiouanoaa – ainoaea?noaa.
Enoi/ieeaie ia?aciaaiey eiouanoaa i?aaei?eyoee, i?aaiecaoeee auee ia eo
nianoaaiiua n?aaenoaa, a athaeaeaoiua anneaiiaaiey. Anee oici?aai ia i?eia?aoaiea
iaoa?eaeueiuo oeaiiinoae nianoaaiiuo n?aaenoa ia cao?aoee, ii ia ai?aaa aue
?ann/eouaaoue e ia aiciauaiea eo noieiinoe i?e ia?aaea/a (i?aaei?eyoee, caeaiee e
nii?oaeaiee). A iiauo oneiaeyo oicyenoaiaaiey, naiioeiaine?iaaiey e
naiiieoiaaiinoe ia no?ieoaeuenoai, ?aeiino?oeoeeth e ?anoe?aiea i?aaei?eyoee aoaeoo
cao?a/eaaoueny nianoaaiiua n?aaenoaa i?aaei?eyoee, a oii /enea e e?aaeeou aaieia.
Athaeaeaoiuo n?aaenoa ia iiaeiaiua oeaee auaeaeyoueny aieueoa ia aoaeao, eeai eeoue oieueei
n ?ac?aoaiey i?aaeoaeuenoaa. I?e oaeeo niiniaao oi?ie?iaaiey iniiaiuo n?aaenoa, a
/anoiinoe i?aaei?eyoee, caeaiee e nii?oaeaiee, aacaiciacaeiay ia?aaea/a oeacaiiuo
iauaeoia naay ecaeeea. A ?uii/iie yeiiiieea iaaeaeaiea i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneeo
i?aaiecaoeee, o/?aaeaeaiee aiciiaeii oieueei ca n/ao nianoaaiieea, eioi?ue ia?aaeaao
nicaeaaaaiiio i?aaei?eyoeth eee o/?aaeaeaieth eiouanoai a oicyenoaaiiia aaaeaiea eee
iia?aoeaiia oi?aaeaiea. I?e yoii eiouanoai eae i?aaeei ia?aaeaaony a aeaea
o/?aaeeoaeueneie aeiee a onoaaiue eaieoae, eeai ia?aaeaaony a iieueciaaiea e
aeaaeaiea aeey inouanoaeaiey i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie eee eiie aeayoaeueiinoe. Ia neo/ae
ia?ooaiey i?aa i?aaei?eieiaoaey ia eiouanoai, yaeythuaany aai nianoaaiiinoueth eee
iaoiaeyuaany o iaai ia i?aaa oicyenoaaiiiai aaaeaiey eee iia?aoeaiiai oi?aaeaiey,
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai i?aaeoniao?eaaao ianeieueei niiniaia caueou: 1) ia?auaiea a noae
n eneii i i?eciaiee i?aa nianoaaiiinoe (aeaaeaiey) ia nii?iia eiouanoai; ia
eno?aaiaaiee naiaai eiouanoaa ec /oaeiai aeaaeaiey (aeiaeeeaoeeiiiue ene); ia
ono?aiaiee ia?ooaiee, i?aiyonoaothueo iieueciaaieth eiouanoaii (iaaaoi?iue ene).
Ia?auaiea a noaeaaiua i?aaiu n oaeeie eneaie ii?iaeaeaao aicieeiiaaiea
yeiiiie/aneiai nii?a; 2) i?e ia?ooaiee aeoaie ainoaea?noaaiiuo i?aaiia aeanoe,
i?aaiia ianoiiai naiioi?aaeaiey e eiuo i?aaiia i?aa i?aaei?eieiaoaey ia
eiouanoai, ia?auaiea a noae n cayaeaieai i i?eciaiee iieiaiiaaiiiai aeoa
iieiinoueth eee /anoe/ii iaaeaenoaeoaeueiui. Oaeia cayaeaiea ii?iaeaeaao
aicieeiiaaiea nii?a a noa?a oi?aaeaiey i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaii. Niiniau caueou
a?aaeaeaineeo i?aa ii?aaeaeaiu no. 12 AE ?O. Auai? niiniaa noaeaaiie caueou
i?aaeinoaaeai i?aaei?eieiaoaeth e caaeneo io eiie?aoiuo ianoiyoaeuenoa nii?a.
!!155
6. EEANNEOEEAOeEss E I?AAIAIE ?AAEEI EIOUANOAA OICssENOAOTHUEO NOAUAEOIA. I?aaiaie
?aaeei eiouanoaa icia/aao nouanoaiaaiea aioo?e iniiaiuo i?aaiauo oi?i
(nianoaaiiinoe eee i?iecaiaeiuo aauiuo i?aa) iniauo i?aaee ?aaeecaoeee i?aaiii/ee
ii aeaaeaieth, iieueciaaieth e ?anii?yaeaieth eiouanoaii a oiaea i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa.
I?aaiaie ?aaeei iiaeao onoaiaaeeaaoueny a ioiioaiee ioaeaeueiuo aeaeia eiouanoaa,
auaeaeyaiuo ii yeiiiie/aneei e(eee) th?eaee/aneei i?eciaeai. Ii iiaeao
onoaiaaeeaaoueny a ioiioaiee oiiaeia, eiaaea eiouanoai iainiaeyaony e o/eouaaaony
ioaeaeueii ii iniaui i?aaeeai. I?aaiaie ?aaeei iiaeao eanaoueny oae iacuaaaiuo
?aca?aia i?aaei?eyoey, oi anoue n?aaenoa, oi?ie?oaiuo a no?aoiauo oeaeyo, eiaaea
caeii o?aaoao eeai aeiioneaao eo nicaeaiea. I?eiaiaiea i?aaiaiai ?aaeeia eiouanoaa
ia neaaeoao ?anniao?eaaoue oieueei n iiceoeee ?anii?yaeeoaeueiuo iieiiii/ee noauaeoa.
A i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie aeayoaeueiinoe ii i?iyaeyaony a onoaiiaeaiee iniauo i?aaee
o/aoa aeaiiiai eiouanoaa, ii?yaeea ioianaiey noieiinoe eiouanoaa ia naaanoieiinoue
oiaa?a, ?aaio, oneoa e ae?. Yoe i?aaeea onoaiaaeeaathony a oeaeyo: a) nicaeaiey
iaeiioeiiiai ?aoaiey aii?inia iaeiaiiaeiaeaiey; a) oi?ie?iaaiey aaeeiuo einoeoooia
i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa (iai?eia?, iaeeiaeiaiai i?aaiaiai cia/aiey a ?aoaiee aii?ina
ia onoaaiii eaieoaea, oiiaeao e ?aca?aao i?aaei?eyoey); a) aaaeaiey aooaaeoa?neiai
o/aoa ia i?aaei?eyoeyo ii aaeeiui i?aaeeai (/oiau iiaeii auei eiio?iee?iaaoue
eniieiaiea i?aaei?eyoeai iaycaoaeuenoa ia?aae ainoaea?noaii). N yoeo iiceoeee iu
aeieaeiu ?anniio?aoue i?aaiaie ?aaeei eiouanoaa, na?oiie?iaaiiiai ii yeiiiie/aneei
e th?eaee/aneei i?eciaeai aeey anao i?aaei?eyoee iacaaeneii io eo oi?iu
nianoaaiiinoe e i?aaiecaoeeiiii- i?aaiaie oi?iu, auaeaeyy oai ia iaiaa
iniaaiiinoe i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey oai, aaea iie ano?a/athony. Ana eiouanoai
oicyenoaaiiuo i?aaiia iiae?acaeaeyaony ia ?acee/iua oiiaeu, o.a. a?oiiu iaeii?iaeiuo
ii yeiiiie/aneei i?eciaeai iaoa?eaeueiuo oeaiiinoae eeai aeaiaaeiuo n?aaenoa,
eiathueo iauaa oeaeaaia iacia/aiea e iiae/eiythueony onoaiiaeaiiiio aeey eaaeaeie ec
yoeo a?oii i?aaiaiio ?aaeeio. A niaoeeaeueiie eeoa?aoo?a i?eciae oeaeaaiai
iacia/aiey eiouanoaa oici?aaiia iau/ii eniieuecoaony aeey ii?aaeaeaiey oiiaeia
aeaiaaeiuo n?aaenoa, eiaioaiuo “niaoeeaeueiuie” oiiaeaie. Oeaeaaie oa?aeoa?
eniieueciaaiey iaoa?eaeueiuo e aeaiaaeiuo ?ano?nia – iaeii ec aaaeiaeoeo ia/ae
i?aaiaiai ?aaeeia eiouanoaa Oicyenoaaiiuo caaiueaa.
!!156
I?aaiaie ?aaeei eiouanoaaiiuo oiiaeia i?aaeii?aaeaeyaony yeiiiie/aneie
oa?aeoa?enoeeie (i?eciaeaie) eaaeaeiai eiie?aoiiai oiiaea n oi/ee c?aiey aai
iacia/aiey, ?iee e ooieoeee a i?ioeanna ?anoe?aiiiai aini?iecaiaenoaa. A ninoaaa
eiouanoaa oici?aaiia iiaeii auaeaeeoue iniiaiua oiiaeu, iai?ioiua oiiaeu, aioiaoth
i?iaeoeoeeth, aeaiaaeiua oiiaeu ?acee/iiai oeaeaaiai iacia/aiey. Iniiaiua oiiaeu eae
yeiiiie/aneay eaoaai?ey i?aaenoaaeytho niaie niaieoiiinoue iaoa?eaeueii-
aauanoaaiiuo oeaiiinoae, aeaenoaothueo a iaoo?aeueiie oi?ia a oa/aiea aeeeoaeueiiai
a?aiaie e oo?a/eaathueo noieiinoue ii /anoyi (ii ia?a eciina). Iniiaiua oiiaeu
iiae?acaeaeythony ia i?iecaiaenoaaiiua (n?aaenoaa i?iecaiaenoaa) e
iai?iecaiaenoaaiiua. E ia?aui ioiinyony iauaeou, ooieoeeiie?othuea a noa?a
iaoa?eaeueiiai i?iecaiaenoaa (i?iecaiaenoaaiiua caeaiey e nii?oaeaiey, ia?aaeaoi/iua
ono?ienoaa, neeiaua, ?aai/ea e ae?oaea iaoeiu e iai?oaeiaaiea, ecia?eoaeueiua e
?aaoee?othuea i?eai?u e aiia?aoo?a, ?aai/ee e i?iaeoeoeaiue neio, iiiaieaoiea
ianaaeaeaiey e o.ae.). Nicaeathony iie oieueei oaie caaiueyie, eioi?ua inouanoaeytho
iaiin?aonoaaiii i?iecaiaenoaaiii- oicyenoaaiioth aeayoaeueiinoue. Iai?iecaiaenoaaiiua
iniiaiua oiiaeu ooieoeeiie?otho a iai?iecaiaenoaaiiie noa?a, ia o/anoaotho a
i?ioeanna o?oaea e i?aaeiacia/aiu aeey iai?iecaiaenoaaiiiai iio?aaeaiey. E iei
ioiinyony aaeieieno?aoeaiua caeaiey, auoiaua iiiauaiey, oiiaeu eoeueoo?ii- auoiaiai
iacia/aiey, aeeeeuii- eiiioiaeueiiai oicyenoaa, cae?aaiio?aiaiey, i?inaauaiey e
ae?. Iie iiaoo nicaeaaaoueny oici?aaiaie anao o?iaiae. Iai?ioiua oiiaeu yaeythony
oiaea n?aaenoaaie i?iecaiaenoaa, ooieoeeiie?otho a i?iecaiaenoaaiiie noa?a e
nicaeathony eeoue a oao i?aaiao e iiae?acaeaeaieyo, eioi?ua iaiin?aaenoaaiii aaaeoo
i?iecaiaenoaaiii- oicyenoaaiioth aeayoaeueiinoue. A ninoaaa iai?ioiuo oiiaeia
?acee/atho: a) i?iecaiaenoaaiiua caianu (nu?uea, iaoa?eaeu, cai/anoe); a)
iacaaa?oaiiia i?iecaiaenoai. A yoo aea a?oiio ioiinyo iaeioi?ua n?aaenoaa o?oaea:
niaoeeaeueiua eino?oiaiou, auno?ieciaoeaathueany (aei aiaea) e iaeioeaiiua
(noieiinoueth aei 50 ieieiaeueiuo ?acia?ia iieaou o?oaea ca aaeeieoeo) e ae?.
Aioiaay i?iaeoeoeey – ?acoeueoao o?oaea, i?aaeiacia/aiiue aeey ?aaeecaoeee
iio?aaeoaeyi. A i?iiuoeaiiinoe – yoi caeii/aiiay ia?aaioeie e oeiiieaeoiaaiiay,
i?eiyoay aiia?aoii oaoeiio?iey e naeaiiay ia neeaae, eeai i?eiyoua caeac/eeii
i?iaeoeoeey, oiaa?u, a oaeaea ioa?oaeaiiua iio?aaeoaeyi, ii aua ia iiea/aiiua
i?iaeoeoeey, oiaa?u. A no?ieoaeuenoaa – caeii/aiiue no?ieoaeuenoaii iauaeo aei
i?eiyoey aai caeac/eeii. A ianeoaeeaathueo io?aneyo oaeiai oiiaea iao.
!!157
Iai?ioiua n?aaenoaa – n?aaenoaa i?e iiiiue eioi?uo iaania/eaaaony e?oaiiai?io
oiiaeia e iai?a?uaiinoue i?ioeanna i?iecaiaenoaa e ?aaeecaoeee aioiaie i?iaeoeoeee.
Yoi oeiainiaua ?ano?nu, ii a i?ioeanna iai?ioa iie iinoiyiii iaiytho
ooieoeeiiaeueioth oi?io, i?eieiay oi aeaiaaeioth, oi i?iecaiaeeoaeueioth, oi oiaa?ioth
oi?iu e iiae/eiyynue niioaaonoaothuaio i?aaiaiio ?aaeeio. A oicyenoaaiiie i?aeoeea
yoio oiiae iiieiatho eae aeaiaaeiua n?aaenoaa aeey oeiaine?iaaiey iniiaiie
(yenieoaoaoeeiiiie) aeayoaeueiinoe, iaoiaeyueany a ?anii?yaeaiee oici?aaiia (ia eo
?an/aoiuo n/aoao). A ninoaaa eiouanoaa i?aaei?eyoey ia?yaeo n iniiaiuie e
iai?ioiuie n?aaenoaaie eiathony oaeaea oae iacuaaaiua iaiaoa?eaeueiua aeoeau: i?aaa
iieueciaaiey caieae, aiaeie, ae?oaeie i?e?iaeiuie ?ano?naie, iauaeoaie i?iiuoeaiiie
e eioaeeaeooaeueiie nianoaaiiinoe. Iaiaoa?eaeueiua aeoeau io?aaeathony a o/aoa e
io/aoiinoe a noiia cao?ao ia i?eia?aoaiea e ?anoiaeia ii eo aeiaaaeaieth aei
ninoiyiey, a eioi?ii iie i?eaiaeiu e eniieueciaaieth a caieaie?iaaiiuo oeaeyo. Iie
ia?aiinyo naith ia?aiia/aeueioth noieiinoue ia i?iaeoeoeeth ii ii?iai, ii?aaeaeyaiui
i?aaei?eyoeai, enoiaey ec onoaiiaeaiiiai n?iea eo eniieueciaaiey. Ii oai aeoeaai,
aaea iaaiciiaeii ii?aaeaeeoue oaeie n?ie, ii?iu eciina onoaiaaeeaathony a ?an/aoa ia
10 eao, ii ia aieaa n?iea aeayoaeueiinoe i?aaei?eyoey. Niaeanii “Iieiaeaieth i
aooaaeoa?neii o/aoa” a eiouanoaa i?aaei?eyoey auaeaeythony oaeaea aioiaay i?iaeoeoeey
e oiaa?u, iacaaa?oaiiia i?iecaiaenoai. Eo i?aaiaie ?aaeei oa?aeoa?ecoaony iniauie
i?aaeeaie aooaaeoa?neiai o/aoa. Enoiaey eo aeaiiuo o/aoa ?aaeecaoeee oiaa?ia,
oi?ie?oaony, a /anoiinoe, aaee/eia iaeiaa ia aeiaaaeaiioth noieiinoue. Ii
iacaaa?oaiiiio i?iecaiaenoao ?anoiaeu, i?iecaaaeaiiua a io/aoiii ia?eiaea, ii
ioiinyueany e neaaeothuei io/aoiui ia?eiaeai, iiaeeaaeao ioianaieth ia ecaea?aeee
i?iecaiaenoaa eee ia?auaiey a oa/aiea n?iea, e eioi?iio iie ioiinyony. N?aaee
oiiaeia e ?aca?aia neaaeoao auaeaeyoue onoaaiue eaieoae. Ii i?aaenoaaeyao niaie
niaieoiiinoue aeeaaeia (a aeaiaaeiii eee eiii au?aaeaiee) o/anoieeia (nianoaaiieeia)
a eiouanoai i?e nicaeaiee i?aaei?eyoey aeey iaania/aiey aai aeayoaeueiinoe a
?acia?ao, ii?aaeaeaiiuo o/?aaeeoaeueiuie aeieoiaioaie. A aeoeeiia?iii iauanoaa
onoaaiue eaieoae a iiiaio o/?aaeaeaiey iauanoaa aeieaeai ninoiyoue ec iaiai?aiiiai
/enea iaueiiaaiiuo aeoeee, n iaeeiaeiaie iiieiaeueiie noieiinoueth, e?aoiie aeanyoe.
Onoaaiue eaieoae a oiaa?euanoaao oa?aeoa?ecoao i?aaeaeu ioaaonoaaiiinoe
nianoaaiii oiaa?euanoaa e aai /eaiia. A iauanoaa n ia?aie/aiiie
ioaaonoaaiiinoueth aeiey aeeaaea a onoaaiue eaieoae ii?aaeaeyao i?aaeaeu ?enea
oauoeia, naycaiiuo n aeayoaeueiinoueth iauanoaa.
!!158
Ianiiiaiii, /oi onoaaiue eaieoae a ia?eiae nicaeaiey i?aaei?eyoey niioaaonoaothuae
i?aaiecaoeeiiii- i?aaiaie oi?iu i?aaenoaaeyao ?aaeueiue eiouanoaaiiue oiiae. A
ia?eiae aeayoaeueiinoe i?aaei?eyoey ?acia? iaee/iuo eiouanoaaiiuo oiiaeia iiaeao ia
niaiaaeaoue n niioaaonoaothuae aaee/eiie onoaaiiai oiiaea, anee eiia ia
i?aaeoniio?aii caeiiii. Onoaaiue eaieoae a ?yaea neo/aaa yaeyaony enoiaeiie
aaee/eiie aeey ii?aaeaeaiey eiuo eiouanoaaiiuo oiiaeia. Aaie ?innee onoaiaaeeaaao
aeey eiiia?/aneeo aaieia i?aaeaeueiia niioiioaiea iaaeaeo onoaaiui eaieoaeii aaiea e
noiiie aai aeoeaia n o/aoii ioeaiee ?enea. A aeoeeiia?iuo iauanoaao ?aca?aiue
oiiae oi?ie?oaony a ?acia?a ia iaiaa 10 i?ioeaioia onoaaiiai eaieoaea. ?aca?aiue
oiiae nicaeaaony aeey iie?uoey iai?aaeaeaeaiiuo iioa?ue e oauoeia. A iaycaoaeueiii
ii?yaeea ii nicaeaaony a neo/ayo, i?aaeoniio?aiiuo caeiiii (a aeoeeiia?iii
iauanoaa, a eiiia?/aneii aaiea). I?aaei?eyoey iiaoo nicaeaaaoue oaeaea ?aca?au ia
i?aaenoiyuoth iieaoo ioioneia, auieaoo aaeaiany/iiai aiciaa?aaeaeaiey ca auneoao
eao, ?anoiaeia ia ?aiiio iniiaiuo n?aaenoa e ae?oaea oeaee. I?aaiaie ?aaeei oaeiai
?iaea ?aca?aia caeeth/aaony a oii, /oi a neo/aa eo nicaeaiey i?aaei?eyoea ai?aaa
nienuaaoue cao?aou ia naaanoieiinoue i?iaeoeoeee, enoiaey ec ii?iaoeaia io/eneaiee a
oaeea oiiaeu, ooaa?aeaeaaiuo naiei i?aaei?eyoeai. Aieaa neiaeiui i?aaiaui
?aaoee?iaaieai oa?aeoa?ecoaony i?aaiaie ?aaeei i?eauee i?aaei?eyoey. Ii aeeth/aao
a naay: a) iiiyoea i?eauee, ii?yaeie e iaoiaeu aa ii?aaeaeaiey; a) iaycaoaeuenoaa
i?aaei?eyoey ii oieaoa iaeiaia ec i?eauee; a) ioianaiea noii ioaaonoaaiiinoe
ia?aae ainoaea?noaii e eiio?aaaioaie ia i?eaueue i?aaei?eyoey a onoaiiaeaiiii
ii?yaeea. Eiia/iue oeiainiaue ?acoeueoao – i?eaueue (a a niioaaonoaothueo neo/ayo e
oauoee) i?aaei?eyoey neeaaeuaathony ec aeioiaeia io ?aaeecaoeee i?iaeoeoeee (?aaio,
oneoa), iniiaiuo n?aaenoa e eiiai eiouanoaa i?aaei?eyoey, a oaeaea io eiuo
aia?aaeecaoeeiiiuo iia?aoeee, oiaiueoaiiuo ia noiio ?anoiaeia ii iei. I?eaueue
i?aaei?eyoey iiaeii n/eoaoue eiouanoaaiiui oiiaeii iniaiai ?iaea (yoi anaaaea
aeaiaaeiua n?aaenoaa, ia?aciaaiiua eae ?acoeueoao iiiaiieaiiaie ?aaiou
i?aaei?eyoey). Ia anaaaea i?eaueue ea?aea iaeeiaeiaoth ?ieue a enoi?ee yeiiiieee
iaoae no?aiu. I?e aaeieieno?aoeaii- eiiaiaeiii ?aaoee?iaaiee i?eiaiyeenue niiniau
ecuyoey aeioiaea o i?iecaiaeeoaeae a i?aaeaeueii aeanoeii aa?eaioa. I?aaei?eyoeth ia
inoaaaeinue ieeaeie naiinoiyoaeueiinoe a ?anii?yaeaiee aeioiaeaie. Ana
oeiaine?iaaiea aai aeayoaeueiinoe inouanoaeyeinue eneeth/eoaeueii aee?aeoeaiui
niiniaii.
!!159
A oneiaeyo ia?aoiaea e ?uii/iui ioiioaieyi e iaeiaiaui oi?iai ecuyoey i?eauee
(aeioiaea) o i?aaei?eyoee ioaee/iue eioa?an ainoaea?noaa e oeiainiaui ?acoeueoaoai
i?aaei?eyoey i?eia?ae oi?iu, eneeth/athuea aee?aeoe?iaaiea ii?yaeea ?anii?yaeaiey
i?aaei?eyoeyie naiae i?eauee. I?aaiaia ?aaoee?iaaiea aa ?aaeeia nin?aaeioi/eaaaony
oaia?ue ia iaania/aiee aaeeiiia?aciiai, a niioaaonoaee n caeiiii i?eiaiaiey
?aaoee?iaaiey, i?eaiaeyuaai a eoiaa e i?eauee, inoathuaeny a iieiii ?anii?yaeaiee
i?aaei?eyoey. A ?uii/iuo oneiaeyo aaaeii onoaiiaeoue iaoiaeu ii?aaeaeaiey i?eauee.
Naia ?aaeecaoeey i?iaeoeoeee (?aaio, oneoa) iiaeao ii?aaeaeyoueny ii-?aciiio: ii ia?a
iieaou, eeai ii ia?a ioa?ocee oiaa?ia (auiieiaiey ?aaio, ieacaiey oneoa) e
i?aaeuyaeaiey iieoiaoaeth (caeac/eeo) ?an/aoiuo aeieoiaioia. Iaoiae ii?aaeaeaiey
au?o/ee io ?aaeecaoeee i?iaeoeoeee (?aaio, oneoa) onoaiaaeeaaaony i?aaei?eyoeai
naiinoiyoaeueii e ia aeeeoaeueiue n?ie, enoiaey ec oneiaee oicyenoaiaaiey e
caeeth/aaiuo aeiaiai?ia. Iaee/ea oauoeia o i?aaei?eyoey icia/aao ionoonoaea
i?eauee e ono?aiaiea aa eae iauaeoa iaeiaiiaeiaeaiey. I?aaiaie ?aaeei i?eauee,
inoathueeny a iieiii ?anii?yaeaiee i?aaei?eyoey, eacaeinue au, iiaeii
ioa?aeoa?eciaaoue eiaiii n oi/ee c?aiey aiciiaeiinoe i?aaei?eyoey ?aaeeciaaoue yoe
n?aaenoaa ii naiaio oniio?aieth aac eaeeo- eeai ia?aie/aiee. Iaeiaei i?aaei?eyoey
naiinoiyoaeueii iai?aaeytho aeaiueae ia iio?aaeaiea (ca?ieaoo) oieueei a i?aaeaeao
ca?aaioaiiuo n?aaenoa. A /anoiinoe, ia iio?aaeaiea ia iiaoo auoue iai?aaeaiu
oaeea n?aaenoaa eae a?aiaeiay ieaoa, au?o/ea io i?iaeaaee iniiaiuo oiiaeia,
aii?oecaoeeiiiua io/eneaiey, n?aaenoaa oeaeaauo e?aaeeoia. Aeey iaeioi?uo aeaeia
eiouanoaa caeiiiaeaoaeue onoaiaaeeaaao i?aaiaie ?aaeei, enoiaey ec iniaiai
?aaoee?iaaiey i?aaiaiai iieiaeaiey iaeioi?uo aeaeia i?aaei?eyoee. Oae, aeey iaeuo
i?aaei?eyoee i?aaeoniao?eaaaony iniaue ?aaeei iniiaiuo oiiaeia. Iaeua i?aaei?eyoey a
ia?aue aiae yenieoaoaoeee iiaoo nienuaaoue aeiiieieoaeueii aii?oecaoeeiiiua
io/eneaiey aei 50 i?ioeaioia ia?aiia/aeueiie noieiinoe iniiaiuo oiiaeia ni n?ieii
neoaeau nauoa o?ao eao, a oaeaea i?iecaiaeeoue onei?aiioth aii?oecaoeeth aeoeaiie
/anoe i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo oiiaeia (iaoeiu, iai?oaeiaaiea e o?ainii?oiua n?aaenoaa).
!!160
AEAAA 6. A?AAEAeAINEI-I?AAIAUA IAssCAOAEUeNOAA E AeIAIAI?U A I?AAeI?EIEIAOAEUeNEIE
AeAssOAEUeIINOE
1. Iiiyoea e nenoaia i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneeo iaycaoaeuenoa e aeiaiai?ia.
2. I?iecaiaenoaaiii- iia?aoeaiua aeiaiai?iua e iaaeiaiai?iua iaycaoaeuenoaa.
3. Oi?aaeai/aneea iaycaoaeuenoaa e aeiaiai? a i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie aeayoaeueiinoe.
4. Aioo?ei?iecaiaenoaaiiua iaycaoaeuenoaa e aeiaiai?.
1. IIIssOEA E NENOAIA I?AAeI?EIEIAOAEUeNEEO IAssCAOAEUeNOA E AeIAIAI?IA.
I?aaei?eieiaoaeueneia iaycaoaeuenoai – iaeia ec a?aaeaeainei- i?aaiauo eaoaai?ee. Iia
au?aaeaao niaea?aeaiea iniaie i?aaiaie oi?iu i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneeo ioiioaiee,
ninoaaeythueo i?aaeiao i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneiai i?aaa. Oaeei ia?acii,
i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneia iaycaoaeuenoai – yoi o?aaoee?iaaiiia a?aaeaeaineei
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii ioiioaiea ieaiiai- noieiinoiiai oa?aeoa?a, a eioi?ii a oeaeyo
aeinoeaeaiey onoaiiaeaiiuo ieaiii e aeiaiai?ii ?acoeueoaoia iaeei noauaeo iaycai a
iieueco ae?oaiai niaa?oeoue ii?aaeaeaiiiai aeaea oicyenoaaiii- iia?aoeaiua e(eee)
oicyenoaaiii- oi?aaeai/aneea i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneea aeaenoaey, a ae?oaie ai?aaa
o?aaiaaoue eo niaa?oaiey. Neaaeoao iaiiiieoue, /oi a nia?aiaiiuo oneiaeyo
yeiiiie/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe a iaeoiae aaaaeaii iiaia ii?aaeaeaiea yoie aeayoaeueiinoe
– i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoai. A niioaaonoaee n i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenei- i?aaiaie eiioeaioeeae
i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenei- i?aai aua oi?iu iauaaeeiythony a o?e e?oiiua a?oiiu,
iiaenenoaiu iaycaoaeuenoa i?eiaieoaeueii e o?ai a?oiiai i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneeo
ioiioaiee – ai?eciioaeueiui, aa?oeeaeueiui, aioo?eoicyenoaaiiui – a?aaeaeainei-
i?aaiaua – iia?aoeaiua, i?iecaiaenoaaiii- oi?aaeai/aneea,
aioo?ei?iecaiaenoaaiiua. A?aaeaeainei- i?aaiaua- iia?aoeaiua – yoi iaycaoaeuenoaa,
a oi?io eioi?uo iaeaeaaony auiieiaiea i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneeie no?oeoo?aie
i?iecaiaenoaaiii- iia?aoeaiuo ooieoeee, o.a. iaiin?aaenoaaiiay i?iecaiaenoaaiiay
aeayoaeueiinoue i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneeo i?aaiecaoeee.
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I?iecaiaenoaaiii- oi?aaeai/aneea iaycaoaeuenoaa – iaycaoaeuenoaa, a oi?io eioi?uo
iaeaeaaony auiieiaiea i?aaiaie oicyenoaaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa ieaiiai-
i?aaiecaoeeiiiuo ooieoeee. Aioo?ei?iecaiaenoaaiiua – iaycaoaeuenoaa, a oi?io
eioi?uo iaeaeaaony auiieiaiea a?aaeaeainei- i?aaiauo- iia?aoeaiuo e
i?iecaiaenoaaiii- oi?aaeai/aneeo ooieoeee a ?aieao iaeiiai oicyenoaothuaai
noauaeoa, i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie no?oeoo?u. Iacaaiiua oa?ieiu ii?aaeaeytho iao/iua
iiiyoey iaycaoaeuenoa oeacaiiuo a?oii. Aeaenoaothuaa caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai eo ia
eniieuecoao. A aeoao i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa e a aeieoiaioao
aeiaiai?iua iaycaoaeuenoaa iaaeaeo i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneeie i?aaiecaoeeyie a noa?a
ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa anaaaea iaicia/aeenue oa?ieiii “oicyenoaaiiue aeiaiai?”,
oaia?ue aoaeai eniieueciaaoue oa?iei “i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneee aeiaiai?”. Aeey
i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneiai iaycaoaeuenoaa eae oi?iu i?aaiaie nayce noauaeoia
i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneeo ioiioaiee oa?aeoa?ii, /oi: a) noi?iiaie aai aunooiatho
eiie?aoiua noauaeou i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneiai i?aaa – i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneea
i?aaiecaoeee eee eo iiae?acaeaeaiey; a) niaea?aeaiea ninoaaeytho ii?aaeaeaiiua
ei??aniiiaee?othuea i?aaa e iaycaiiinoe, auoaeathuea ec i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa; a)
iauaeoii yaeythony ii?aaeaeaiiua aeaenoaey ii inouanoaeaieth i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie
aeayoaeueiinoe e ?oeiaiaenoao ath. Oeacaiiua i?eciaee oa?aeoa?ecotho iaycaoaeuenoai
eae ioiineoaeueiia i?aaiioiioaiea a i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa. Iiiyoea
i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneiai iaycaoaeuenoaa ia niaiaaeaao n iiiyoeai i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneiai
i?aaiioiioaiey. Ai-ia?auo, iineaaeiaa ia naiaeeony e ioiineoaeueiiio. Ai-aoi?uo,
ia ana ioiineoaeueiua i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneea i?aaiioiioaiey o?aeoothony a ea/anoaa
iaycaoaeuenoaa. N th?eaee/aneie oi/ee c?aiey i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneea ioiioaiey
oa?aeoa?ecothony neaaeothuei ia?acii. Noi?iiaie iaycaoaeuenoa aunooiatho o/anoieee
i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneeo ioiioaiee, noauaeou i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneiai i?aaa. Niaea?aeaiea
i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneiai iaycaoaeuenoaa ninoaaeytho i?aaa e iaycaiiinoe, auoaeathuea
ec i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa. A iaycaoaeuenoaaiiii i?aaiioiioaiee iaeia noi?iia eiaao
i?aai o?aaiaaoue eniieiaiey iaycaiiinoe io ae?oaie noi?iiu (i?aai ia /oaeia
aeaenoaea) . Iiyoiio noauaeoeaiia i?aai a i?iecaiaenoaaiiii iaycaoaeuenoaa (a
ea/anoaa aai niaea?aeaiey) iiaeii ii?aaeaeeoue eae aiciiaeiinoue o?aaiaaoue a
nianoaaiiuo eioa?anao e a eioa?anao ainoaea?noaa (ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa) io
iaycaiiie noi?iiu niaa?oaiey ii?aaeaeaiiuo aeaenoaee a ieaiiai- i?aaiecaoeeiiiie e
eiouanoaaiiie noa?ao. Iauaeoii a?aaeaeainei- i?aaiaiai iaycaoaeuenoaa a
i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie aeayoaeueiinoe yaeythony eiie?aoiua aeaenoaey ii ecaioiaeaieth
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e ?aaeecaoeee i?iaeoeoeee, auiieiaieth ?aaio, ieacaieth oneoa eee ii inouanoaeaieth
eiie yeiiiie/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe e ?oeiaiaenoao ath, aoiaeyuea a aaeeioth noa?o
oicyenoaiaaiey, i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa. Iaycaoaeuenoaaiiua i?aaiioiioaiey a
i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie noa?a aicieeatho ia iniiaa ?acee/iuo th?eaee/aneeo oaeoia, ec
eioi?uo iaeaieaa aaaeiia cia/aiea eiatho aeou oicyenoaaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa, i?aaeaea
anaai aeou ieaie?iaaiey e i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneea aeiaiai?u.
I?aaei?eieiaoaeueneee aeiaiai? (eae th?eaee/aneee oaeo) – niaeaoaiea noi?ii,
iai?aaeaiiia ia onoaiiaeaiea, eciaiaiea eee i?ae?auaiea eo i?aa e iaycaiiinoae
eae o/anoieeia i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneeo i?aaiioiioaiee. Yoe eiouanoaaiiua ii naiae
yeiiiie/aneie i?e?iaea ioiioaiey, aoaeo/e ioiioaieyie iaiaia, yaeythony
noieiinoiuie, eiatho oiaa?ii- aeaiaaeioth oi?io e iniiaaiu ia ia/aeao aiciacaeiinoe
e yeaeaaeaioiinoe. I?aaiaie oi?iie oaeeo ioiioaiee – i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneeo naycae
– neoaeeo a?aaeaeainei- i?aaiaia iaycaoaeuenoai, iniiaaiiia ia aeiaiai?a.
Iio?aaiinoue caeeth/aiey oaeeo aeiaiai?ia o i?aaei?eieiaoaey iaoneiaeaia oai, /oi
ii a i?ioeanna inouanoaeaiey nianoaaiiie yeiiiie/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe ia
aiciacaeiuo ia/aeao ?aaeecoao naith i?iaeoeoeeth (?aaiou, oneoae) e nai ioaeaeaaony a
i?iaeoeoeee (?aaioao, oneoaao) ae?oaeo i?aaei?eieiaoaeae. Anooiay a i?aaiaua
ioiioaiey ae?oa n ae?oaii, i?aaei?eieiaoaee oaeiaeaoai?ytho naie eiouanoaaiiua e
nioeeaeueiua iio?aaiinoe a eioa?anao inouanoaeaiey i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie
aeayoaeueiinoe. Ioiioaiey iaiaia, o?aaoee?iaaiiua ii?iaie iaycaoaeuenoaaiiiai
i?aaa a?aaeaeaineiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa, iaeaeathony a oi?io aeiaiai?a a
yeiiiie/aneie noa?a. Oaeie aeiaiai? yaeyaony iaeiei ec aeaeia a?aaeaeainei-
i?aaiaiai aeiaiai?a. I?aaei?eieiaoaeueneee aeiaiai?, oai ia iaiaa, iaeaaeaao ?yaeii
iniaaiiinoae. Aai o/anoieeaie yaeythony oieueei i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneea no?oeoo?u,
eiua oicyenoaothuea noauaeou ii ioiioaieth ae?oa e ae?oao. A aeiaiai?a iie aunooiatho
a ea/anoaa yeiiiie/anee iainiaeaiiuo e th?eaee/anee ?aaiuo ia?oia?ia, iacaaeneii
io oi?i nianoaaiiinoe, aaaeiinoaaiiie iiae/eiaiiinoe e aeanoiie caaeneiinoe. A
?aieao i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneeo aeiaiai?ia ?aaeecoaony eiouanoaaiiay e iia?aoeaiay
naiinoiyoaeueiinoue noauaeoia i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie aeayoaeueiinoe, iaiaoiaeeiue
yeaiaio ?uii/iie yeiiiieee. Noi?iiu a yoii aeiaiai?a niaeaniauaatho oneiaey,
enoiaey ec naieo yeiiiie/aneeo eioa?ania e niiniaia ?aoaiey noiyueo ia?aae eaaeaeie
ec ieo caaea/. Oai naiui i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneee aeiaiai?
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niinianoaoao oe?aieaieth oic?an/aoa, eae iaeiiai ec i?eioeeiia oicyenoaiaaiey a
?uii/iie yeiiiieea. Ae?oaay iniaaiiinoue i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneiai aeiaiai?a
i?iyaeyaony. a oii, /oi ii i?eiaiyony eneeth/eoaeueii a noa?a i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa
e eiie yeiiiie/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe. Aai niaea?aeaiea a cia/eoaeueiie noaiaie
naycaii n ieaiiaui oa?aeoa?ii aeayoaeueiinoe i?aaei?eieiaoaeae. Ieaie?iaaiea
i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie aeayoaeueiinoe o/anoieee inouanoaeytho ia iniiaa caeeth/aiiuo
aeiaiai?ia n iinoaaueeaie nu?uey e eiiai eiouanoaa e n iio?aaeoaeyie,
iieoiaoaeyie i?iecaaaeaiiie i?iaeoeoeee (oiaa?ia), ia iniiaa eco/aiey ni?ina e
i?aaeeiaeaiey oiaa?ia ia ?uiea. Cia/aiea i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneiai aeiaiai?a
ii?aaeaeyaony, i?aaeaea anaai oai, /oi ii aunooiaao a ea/anoaa i?aaiaie oi?iu
eiouanoaaiiuo ioiioaiee a yeiiiie/aneie noa?a. Aeiaiai? yaeyaony iniiaiui
aeieoiaioii, ii?aaeaeythuei i?aaa e iaycaiiinoe noi?ii. A aeiaiai?a ii?aaeaeythony
niiniau e n?iee auiieiaiey acaeiiuo iaycaoaeuenoa, oneiaey ioaaonoaaiiinoe ca eo
ia?ooaiey. Aaeeei cia/aiea i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneiai aeiaiai?a a iaania/aiee i?aaiaie
caueou eiouanoaaiiuo eioa?ania e i?aa noi?ii, iineieueeo /anoi eiaiii a aeiaiai?a
onoaiaaeeaathony naieoeee ca ia?ooaiey acaeiiuo iaycaoaeuenoa, ii?aaeaeythony
oneiaey eo i?eiaiaiey. Oaeia iiieiaiea i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneiai aeiaiai?a
niioaaonoaoao i?aeoeea eniieueciaaiey aeiaiai?iuo iaoiaeia ?aaoee?iaaiey
yeiiiie/aneeo ioiioaiee ia ?aciuo o?iaiyo oicyenoaaiiiai iaoaiecia.
I?aaei?eieiaoaeueneee oicyenoaaiiue aeiaiai? a i?aaeiaa a?aiy o?aaeeoeeiiii
naycuaaeny eeoue n ioiioaieyie oiaa?ii- aeaiaaeiiai oa?aeoa?a, iaeanoueth
a?aaeaeainei- i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey. Iaaeaeo oai aeiaiai? oaeoe/anee i?eiaiyaony a
iaeanoe oicyenoaaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa e ai aioo?ei?iecaiaenoaaiiie noa?a.
I?aaei?eieiaoaeuenei- i?aaiaie iiaeoiae e ?anniio?aieth i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneiai
aeiaiai?a iicaieyao oai?aoe/anee iauynieoue e iainiiaaoue aai eniieueciaaiea ia
?aciuo o?iaiyo oicyenoaaiiiai iaoaiecia. I?aaei?eieiaoaeueneee aeiaiai? eae
einoeooo i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneiai i?aaa aunooiaao aaeeiie i?aaiaie oi?iie
i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneeo ioiioaiee. Eiaiii a neeo yeiiiie/aneiai aaeeinoaa yoeo
ioiioaiee i?eiaiythony niaoeeaeueiua iaoiaeu eo i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey, a
/anoiinoe iaoiaeu niaeaniaaiey.
A nia?aiaiiie ?uii/iie yeiiiieea i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneee aeiaiai? eniieuecoaony aeey
?aaoee?iaaiey i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneeo ioiioaiee iaoiaeii acaeiiiai niaeaniaaiey eo
o/anoieeia. A th?eaee/aneie eeoa?aoo?a i?aaeeiaeaiu ?acee/iua e?eoa?ee
eeanneoeeaoeee aeiaiai?ia, iiin?aaenoaothueo i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneoth aeayoaeueiinoue. A
iniiao eeanneoeeaoeee oaeeo aeiaiai?ia
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iiaoo auoue iieiaeaiu aeaeu i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie aeayoaeueiinoe. Eaaeaeue aeiaiai?
i?aaeii?aaeaeyao yeiiiie/aneia niaea?aeaiea i?aa e iaycaiiinoae i?aaei?eieiaoaey eae
o/anoieea eiouanoaaiiuo ioiioaiee (yeiiiie/aneee e?eoa?ee) e iiin?aaenoaothuea eo
i?aaiaua oi?iu (th?eaee/aneee e?eoa?ee). Ii oaeei e?eoa?eyi i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneea
aeiaiai?u iiaoo auoue eeanneoeoee?iaaiu ii oaeei oeiai, eae: aeiaiai?u i aiciacaeiie
?aaeecaoeee eee i?eia?aoaiee eiouanoaa; aeiaiai?u ia ieacaiee oneoa; aeiaiai?u i
auiieiaiee ?aaio. Eaaeaeue ec iacaaiuo oeiia iauaaeeiyao ii?aaeaeaiiua aeaeu
i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneeo aeiaiai?ia, ioee/athueany th?eaee/aneeie i?eciaeaie. Oae, a
a?oiio aeiaiai?ia i aiciacaeiie ?aaeecaoeee eee i?eia?aoaiee eiouanoaa aoiaeyo
aeiaiai?u iinoaaee, eoiee- i?iaeaaee, eiio?aeoaoeee; a?oiia aeiaiai?ia ia ieacaiee
oneoa aeeth/aao oaeea aeiaiai?u, eae ia?aaicee a?ocia, o?aiaiey, eiiennee. E
aeiaiai?ai i i?iecaiaenoaa ?aaio ioiinyony, iai?eia?, aeiaiai?u no?ieoaeueiiai
iiae?yaea, ia nicaeaiea iao/ii- oaoie/aneie i?iaeoeoeee. A eeoa?aoo?a auaeaeytho o?e
a?oiiu aeiaiai?ia: I. Iiin?aaenoaothuea eiouanoaaiiua ioiioaiey (yeaeaaeaioii-
aiciacaeiua oiaa?ii- aeaiaaeiua); II. Iiin?aaenoaothuea i?aaiecaoeeiiiua (ieaiiai-
i?aaiecaoeeiiiua) ioiioaiey, iai?aaeaiiua ia oi?ie?iaaiea oiaa?ii- aeaiaaeiuo
naycae; III. Iiin?aaenoaothuea eiiieaen eiouanoaaiiuo e i?aaiecaoeeiiiuo
ioiioaiee. Iaeiaei iaaei eiaoue a aeaeo, /oi ana yeiiiie/aneea ioiioaiey eiatho e
ieaiiai- i?aaiecaoeeiiiua, e eiouanoaaiiua yeaiaiou. I?aeoe/anee ana aeiaiai?u
aeieaeiu auoue i?eciaiu eiiieaeniuie. Eniieiaiea i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneeo aeiaiai?ia
iniiauaaaony ia ii?aaeaeaiiuo i?eioeeiao, cae?aieaiiuo a caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa:
iaaeeaaeauaa eniieiaiea; ?aaeueiia eniieiaiea aeiaiai?iuo iaycaoaeuenoa; niaethaeaiea
ainoaea?noaaiiie e aeiaiai?iie aeenoeeieeiu. A niioaaonoaee n i?eioeeiii iaaeeaaeauaai
eniieiaiey noi?iiu aeieaeiu niaa?oaoue i?aaeoniio?aiiua aeiaiai?ii aeaenoaey
iaoneiaeaiiui niiniaii, a niaeaniaaiiua n?iee, a ii?aaeaeaiiii ianoa e n
niaethaeaieai o?aaiaaiee ii ea/anoao, i?aaeuyaeyaiuo e oiaa?ai, ?aaioai, oneoaai.
I?eioeei ?aaeueiiai eniieiaiey ninoieo a oii, /oi i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneea i?aaiecaoeee
ia iiaoo caiaiyoue eniieiaiea iaycaoaeuenoaa a iaoo?a aeaiaaeiie eiiiainaoeeae, oi
anoue i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneea no?oeoo?u, caeeth/ay aeiaiai?, aeieaeiu enoiaeeoue ec
aiciiaeiinoae ?aaeueiiai eniieiaiey iaycaoaeuenoa.
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Niaeanii i?eioeeio niaethaeaiey ainoaea?noaaiiie e aeiaiai?iie aeenoeeieeiu noi?iiu
aeieaeiu eniieiyoue naie iaycaoaeuenoaa, ?oeiaiaenoaoynue o?aaiaaieyie
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa e oneiaeyie aeiaiai?a, a i?e ionoonoaee oaeiauo – iau/ii
i?aaeuyaeyaiuie o?aaiaaieyie. Ia?ooaiea aeiaiai?iie aeenoeeieeiu aea/ao ca niaie
aiciiaeiinoue i?eiaiaiey naieoeee e aeiiaiie noi?iia.
2. I?IECAIAeNOAAIII- IIA?AOEAIUA AeIAIAI?IUA E IAAeIAIAI?IUA IAssCAOAEUeNOAA.
A?aaeaeainei- i?aaiaua eee i?iecaiaenoaaiii- iia?aoeaiua iaycaoaeuenoaa neoaeao
i?aaiaie oi?iie inouanoaeaiey oicyenoaothueie i?aaiecaoeeyie i?iecaiaenoaaiii-
iia?aoeaiuo ooieoeee, o.a. inouanoaeaiey i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie aeayoaeueiinoe.
Noauaeoaie oaeeo i?aaiioiioaiee yaeythony iaeaaeathuea i?aaaie th?eaee/aneiai eeoea,
iacaaeneii io oiai, athaeaeaoiua iie eee oic?an/aoiua. Iauaeoii yoeo ioiioaiee
neoaeao ?acee/iua aeaeu aeaenoaee, ninoaaeythueo niaea?aeaiea i?iecaiaenoaaiii-
iia?aoeaiuo ooieoeee, o.a. iaiin?aaenoaaiiie i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie aeayoaeueiinoe
i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneeo e eiuo no?oeoo?, aeaenoaothueo a yeiiiie/aneie noa?a.
Niaea?aeaiea iacaaiiuo ioiioaiee ?ane?uaaaony /a?ac iaycaiiinoe iaeiie noi?iiu
niaa?oeoue eiie?aoiua aeaenoaey a?aaeaeainei- i?aaiaiai, i?iecaiaenoaaiii-
iia?aoeaiiai oa?aeoa?a e ei??aniiiaee?othuea ei i?aaa ae?oaie noi?iiu o?aaiaaoue
inouanoaeaiey yoeo aeaenoaee io iaycaiiie noi?iiu. I?aaiaua ii?iu,
?aaeaiaioe?othuea yoe iaycaoaeuenoaa, niaea?aeaony a A?aaeaeaineii eiaeaena ?O, a
ae?oaeo caeiiao e ii?iaoeaiuo i?aaiauo aeoao. A nia?aiaiiie th?eni?oaeaioeee aei neo
ii? ia au?aaioaii iauai?eciaiiiai iiieiaiey i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneiai iaycaoaeuenoaa.
ssnii eeoue iaeii: yoi iiiyoea ia neiiieie/ii i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneiio aeiaiai?o:
aeaenoaea – ia anoue niaeaoaiea. I?aaei?eieiaoaeueneia (e aeiaiai?iia) iaycaoaeuenoai
eiaao iauee e aannii?iue e?eoa?ee – noauaeoiue ninoaa (oicyenoaothuea
i?aaiecaoeee). Ae?oaea i?eciaee, eniieuecoaiua aeey auyniaiey iiiyoey
i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneeo iaycaoaeuenoa, – naycue n i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie aeayoaeueiinoueth e
ieaiiainoue. Iiae i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie neaaeoao iiieiaoue ethaoth aeayoaeueiinoue ii
nicaeaieth iaoa?eaeueiuo aeaa e aeiaaaeaieth eo /a?ac noa?o
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ia?auaiey a noa?o iio?aaeaiey, a ieaiiainoue iaycaoaeuenoaa ninoieo a
iiin?aaeiaaiee ieaiiai- noieiinoiuo ioiioaiee. Aei oao ii? iiea iiiyoea
i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneiai iaycaoaeuenoaa caeiiiaeaoaeueii ia cae?aieaii, aoaeoo
i?iaeieaeaoueny nii?u a eaaeeoeeaoeee iaycaoaeuenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee eae
i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneeo. A niaoeeaeueiie eeoa?aoo?a i?aaeeiaeaiu ?acee/iua aa?eaiou
nenoaiaoecaoeee i?iecaiaenoaaiii- iia?aoeaiuo iaycaoaeuenoa (a iniiaiii
aeiaiai?iuo) . Iaeie th?enou eniieuecotho a ea/anoaa e?eoa?ey i?aaiaie ?acoeueoao
(I.A.Ai?aeii) – th?eaee/aneoth oeaeue, iai?aaeaiiinoue aeiaiai?a. Ae?oaea ?anniao?eaatho
i?eciae yeiiiie/aneie oeaee e i?aaiaua i?eciaee (I. E.Ia/eiieeia) – a aaea o ieo
?acieoea? Iia iaoeiaeia. Aieaa aa?iui i?eciaaony o?aoee e?eoa?ee eeanneoeeaoeee
i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneeo iaycaoaeuenoa – aeae yeiiiie/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe (A.I.Iiaeaeei,
A.Ae.Oaoaiei). Oaeie iiaeoiae oi?ioi ni/aoaaony n i?aaenoaaeaieai i nenoaia
i?iecaiaenoaaiii- iia?ao eaiuo iaycaoaeuenoa eae niaieoiiinoe i?aaiioiioaiee, a
eioi?uo ?aaeecothony ?aciiia?aciua i?iecaiaenoaaiii- iia?aoeaiua ooieoeee.
Iniiaiay no?oeoo?a oaeie nenoaiu iiaeao iie?aoueny ia eiie?aoiua aeaeu
i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie aeayoaeueiinoe, na?oiie?iaaiiua ii yeiiiie/aneiio oa?aeoa?o a
/aou?a a?oiiu: ecaioiaeaiea e ia?aaea/a i?iaeoeoeee, auiieiaiea ?aaiou, ieacaiea
oneoae, aeayoaeueiinoue, ninoiyuay a eiiieaena yoeo aeaenoaee. ?acaeaay yoo eaeath,
E.A.Oai/oe i?aaeeiaeee neaaeothuoth nenoaio i?iecaiaenoaaiii- iia?aoeaiuo
iaycaoaeuenoa: I. Iaycaoaeuenoaa, iiin?aaenoaothuea ecaioiaeaiea e ia?aaea/o
i?iaeoeoeee (eiouanoaa): a)a nianoaaiiinoue eee iia?aoeaiia oi?aaeaiea (iinoaaea e
o.i.); a)ai a?aiaiiia iieueciaaiea (a?aiaea, i?ieao). II. Iaycaoaeuenoaa,
iiin?aaenoaothuea auiieiaiea ?aaio: iiae?yaeiua ?aaiou ?acee/iuo aeaeia. III.
Iaycaoaeuenoaa, iiin?aaenoaothuea ieacaiea oneoa: ia?aaicea a?ocia, oneoae i?aaiia
nayce, io?aia iauaeoia, o?aiaiea, eiienney, oneoae ii aaieianeiio n/aoo e o.ae.
IV. Iaycaoaeuenoaa, iiin?aaenoaothuea eiiieaen i?iecaiaenoaaiii- iia?aoeaiuo
ooieoeee: ii i?aaiecaoeee iaoa?eaeueii- oaoie/aneiai niaaaeaiey, eiiieaeniiio
oaoie/aneiio ianeoaeeaaieth iaoeiii- o?aeoi?iiai ia?ea ia naea. V. Iaycaoaeuenoaa,
iiin?aaenoaothuea niaianoiia auiieiaiea i?iecaiaenoaaiii- iia?aoea iuo ooieoeee:
?acee/iua aeiaiai?u i niaianoiie aeayoaeueiinoe. VI. Iaycaoaeuenoaa,
iiin?aaenoaothuea ono?aiaiea io?eoeaoaeueiuo iineaaenoaee, aicieeoeo a i?ioeanna
auiieiaiey i?iecaiaenoaaiii- iia?aoeaiuo ooieoeee:
a)iaycaoaeuenoaa, aicieeathuea aneaaenoaea i?e/eiaiey oua?aa;
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a)iaycaoaeuenoaa, aicieeathuea ec iainiiaaoaeueiiai i?eia?aoaiey (naa?aaeaiey)
eiouanoaa.
?acoiaaony, yoi ia ieii/aoaeueiay nenoaia, a iaa oaea aianaiu ii?aaeaeaiiua
ei??aeoeau yeiiiie/aneie ?aoi?iie: ia?anoaee nouanoaiaaoue a /enoii aeaea
iaycaoaeuenoaa ii iaoa?eaeueii- oaoie/aneiio niaaaeaieth i?iecaiaenoaa; ioiioaiey ii
ianeoaeeaaieth naeueneioicyenoaaiiiai i?iecaiaenoaa i?eia?aoatho iiaia niaea?aeaiea;
?acaeaathony ioiioaiey iaaeaeo aocaie e oicyenoaothueie noauaeoaie ii iiaeaioiaea e
ia?aiiaeaioiaea niaoeeaeenoia aeey i?aaiecaoeee; nicaeathony iaoeiii- oaoiieiae/aneea
noaioeee aeey ieacaiey oneoa naeueoici?iecaiaeeoaae yi. Nenoaia iaycaoaeuenoa a
i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa aoaeao e aeaeueoa ?acaeaaoueny e niaa?oainoaiaaoueny.
TH?eaee/aneei iniiaaieai aicieeiiaaiey aieueoeinoaa i?iecaiaenoaaiii- iia?aoeaiuo
iaycaoaeuenoa neoaeeo i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneee aeiaiai?. ?aiaa oaea aiai?eeinue, /oi
i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneea iaycaoaeuenoaa /aua anaai aicieeatho ia th?eaee/aneie iniiaa –
aeiaiai?a. Oaeei ia?acii, ana i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneea iaycaoaeuenoaa o a?oii
i?eaaaeaiiie auoa eeanneoeeaoeee yaeythony aeiaiai?iuie. Iaycaoaeuenoaa aea,
ioianaiiua e a?oiia VI aicieeatho, eae i?aaeei, ia ec aeiaiai?ia iaiin?aaenoaaiii.
Iiyoiio iie iacuaathony iaaeiaiai?iuie (aeaeeeoiuie). Oioy ia eiie?aoiuo i?eia?ao
iao?oaeii oaaaeeoueny, /oi iie aicieeatho e i?e eniieiaiee aeiaiai?ia, oi/iaa
iaeniieiaiee eee iaiaaeeaaeauai eniieiaiee: iaiieaoa n/aoa ca i?eia?aoaiiue oiaa?
eee iiaoi?iay aai iieaoa anoue ia /oi eiia eae iainiiaaoaeueiia i?eia?aoaiea.
3. OI?AAEAI*ANEEA IAssCAOAEUeNOAA E AeIAIAI? A I?AAeI?EIEIAOAEUeNEIE AeAssOAEUeIINOE.
Oi?aaeai/aneea iaycaoaeuenoaa a i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa oa?aeoa?ecothony
ioiineoaeueiui oa?aeoa?ii e eniieiaieai iaycaiiinoe a iieueco ae?oaie noi?iiu.
Oae, i?aai oicyenoaaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa ai?aaa a neeo naiae eiiiaoaioeee ecaeaaaoue
aeou, iai?aaeaiiua ia aeeoioeyoeeth aeaiaaeiuo n?aaenoa, a i?aaei?eyoea iaycaii
eniieieoue oaeea aeou. Ii eiie?aoiia i?aaiioiioaiea ii ia?a/eneaieth n?aaenoa
aicieeiao ia iniiaa ecaeaiey aeoa. A yoii i?aaiioiioaiee o auoanoiyuaai i?aaia
anoue i?aai o?aaiaaoue ia?aaea/e n?aaenoa e ei??aniiiaee?othuay iaycaiiinoue
i?aaei?eyoey ia?aaeaoue eo a ?anii?yaeaiea auoanoiyuaai i?aaia (oneiaii aiai?y,
niaa?oeoue aeaenoaea a iieueco yoiai i?aaia). Oaeiai ?iaea i?aaiioiioaiey
ioee/athony io oao, aaea iao iaycaiiinoe
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eniieiaiey a iieueco ae?oaiai noauaeoa aeaiiiai ioiioaiey. Iai?eia?, ooaa?aeaeaiea
ieaiiaiai caaeaiey no?oeoo?iiio iiae?acaeaeaieth, oeeeaeo ii i?iecaiaenoao ii?iaeaeaao
iaycaiiinoue eniieieoue yoi caaeaiea, ii ia a iieueco auoanoiyuaai i?aaia. A
th?eaee/aneie eeoa?aoo?a i?aaeeaaaaony ?anniao?eaaoue i?aaiioiioaiea, aicieeathuaa a
?acoeueoaoa onoaiiaeaiey caaeaiey, a ea/anoaa oi?aaeai/aneiai iaycaoaeuenoaa. A
oaeeo i?aaiioiioaieyo noauaeo, onoaiiaeaoee caaeaiea, eiaao i?aai o?aaiaaoue aai
auiieiaiey e iaycai i?aaeinoaaeoue ae?oaie noi?iia iaoa?eaeueii- oeiainiaua ?ano?nu
e ana iaiaoiaeeiia aeey auiieiaiey caaeaiey. Iiaeiaiay neooaoeey iiaeao eiaoue ianoi
i?e ?aciauaiee aincaeaca. Noi?iia, i?eiyaoay caaeaiea – aincaeac io ainoaea?noaa
eee i?aaia ei oiieiiii/aiiiai, ai?aaa o?aaiaaoue oeiainiaiai e eiiai
iaoa?eaeueiiai iaania/aiey iaycaoaeuenoaa, eioi?ia ii iaycaeny eniieiyoue. Ii
ioaeii /aoeia ii?iaoeaiia cae?aieaiea i?aa e iaycaiiinoae noi?ii, iaoaiecia eo
inouanoaeaiey. Aeey oaeeo i?aaiioiioaiee oaeaea iaiaoiaeeia th?eaee/aneay oi?ia
(aeiaiai?), a eioi?oth iaeaeathony i?iecaiaenoaaiii- iia?aoeaiua iaycaoaeuenoaa,
noaiiaynue i?e yoii aeiaiai?iuie. Noi?iiu oi?aaeai/aneiai iaycaoaeuenoaa –
oicyenoaaiiua i?aaiu, iaeaaeathuea naiinoiyoaeueiie i?aainoauaeoiinoueth, a oii
/enea eiouanoaaiiie naiinoiyoaeueiinoueth. Iie iiaoo auoue niiiae/eiaiu eee
iaoiaeeoueny ia iaeiii o?iaia oicyenoaaiiiai iaoaiecia. I?eia? aeey ia?auo –
iaycaoaeuenoaa, iiin?aaenoaothuea auaea/o ieaiiauo caaeaiee oeeeaeai, no?oeoo?iui
iiae?acaeaeaieyi. Ai aoi?ii neo/aa – aeiaiai?iua ioiioaiey ia ?aciauaiea aincaeaca
iaaeaeo i?aaiaie eniieieoaeueiie aeanoe ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee eee noauaeoia
?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee n i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneeie i?aaiecaoeeyie. Iauaeo
oi?aaeai/aneiai iaycaoaeuenoaa – aeaenoaey, a eioi?uo au?aaeathony oi?aaeai/aneea
ooieoeee, i?aaiecaoeey ?acee/iuo aeaeia i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie aeayoaeueiinoe:
i?iecaiaenoaa, ?aaeecaoeee, niaaaeaiey e o.ae. Iaeaieaa /aoei noi?ie?iaaeenue aeaa
a?oiiu oaeeo iaycaoaeuenoa: aeaenoaey, naycaiiua n aeaeaeaieai aeaiaaeiuo n?aaenoa a
?aieao oicyenoaaiiuo nenoai (oeiaine?iaaiea i?ioeannia aini?iecaiaenoaa), e
aeaenoaey ii ieaiiaie i?aaiecaoeee i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie aeayoaeueiinoe (caaeaiey
no?oeoo?iui iiae?acaeaeaieyi, ?aciauaiea aincaeaca e o.i.). Niaea?aeaiea
iaycaoaeuenoaa ?ane?uaaaony /a?ac ei??aniiiaee?othuea i?aaa e iaycaiiinoe,
iai?aaeaiiua ia inouanoaeaiea oi?aaeai/aneeo ooieoeee i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa.
Oi?aaiii/aiiay noi?iia ai?aaa o?aaiaaoue io iaycaiiie niaa?oaiey ii?aaeaeaiiuo
aeaenoaee a naith iieueco, a iineaaeiyy – iaycaia eo niaa?oaoue.
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Oaeea i?aaiioiioaiey ia iniiaaiu ia aeanoe e iiae/eiaiee. Yoi iaaeyaeii
i?iyaeyaony a oao iaycaoaeuenoaao, aaea oi?aaiii/aiiie noi?iiie aunooiaao ia
i?aai oicyenoaaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa, a oici?aai, eioi?iio iaycaiiay noi?iia ia
iiaeaeanoia e ia iiae/eiaia (i?aai i?aaei?eyoey o?aaiaaoue i?aaenoaaeaiey
oeiainiaiai e eiiai iaoa?eaeueiiai iaania/aiey i?eiyoiai aincaeaca). Nenoaio
oi?aaeai/aneeo iaycaoaeuenoa i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa ninoaaeytho neaaeothuea
noi?ie?iaaaoeany oeiu e aeaeu iaycaoaeuenoa.
I. Iaycaoaeuenoaa, iiin?aaenoaothuea auiieiaiea ooieoeee ii i?aaiecaoeee oeiainia a
oicyenoaaiiuo nenoaiao: a).iaycaoaeuenoaa, iiin?aaenoaothuea ia?aaea/o aeaiaaeiuo
n?aaenoa ieaeanoiyueie caaiueyie auoanoiyuaio i?aaio (ia niaea?aeaiea i?aaiia
oicyenoaaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa; ia ia?aciaaiea ?aca?aia; ia ia?aciaaiea
oeaio?aeeciaaiiuo oiiaeia yeiiiie/aneiai noeioee?iaaiey e ae?.); a) iaycaoaeuenoaa,
iiin?aaenoaothuea ia?a?ani?aaeaeaiea aeaiaaeiuo n?aaenoa a ?aieao oicyenoaaiiie
nenoaiu (ii ia?a?ani?aaeaeaieth eceeoieo iai?ioiuo n?aaenoa; ii ia?a?ani?aaeaeaieth
i?eauee e ae?.); a)iaycaoaeuenoaa, iiin?aaenoaothuea auaea/o n?aaenoa ec
oeaio?aeeciaaiiuo ?aca?aia e oiiaeia caaiueyi nenoaiu (aica?aoiua nnoaeu,
aacaica?aoiua nnoaeu e ae?.). Yoo a?oiio iaycaoaeuenoa iiaeii aua iacaaoue
oi?aaeai/aneeie aeaiaaeiuie iaycaoaeuenoaaie. Eo oeaeue – ia?aciaaiea enoi/ieeia
aiciauaiey cao?ao, iaiaoiaeeiuo aeey ii?iaeueiiai ooieoeeiie?iaaiey nenoaiu, e
iai?aaeaiea oeiainiauo n?aaenoa ii niioaaonoaothuei iacia/aieyi e caaiueyi
nenoaiu. Iie iaania/eaatho oeiaine?iaaiea oicyenoaaiiie nenoaiu ca n/ao
aioo?aiieo enoi/ieeia (naiioeiaine?iaaiea), eioi?ia iinoaiaiii ?acaeaaaony a
oicyenoaaiiie i?aeoeea ii ia?a aiaae?aiey oic?an/aoiuo ia/ae a oi?aaeaiea
yeiiiieeie. A oi?ia iacaaiiuo iaycaoaeuenoa i?ienoiaeeo aeaeaeaiea eiouanoaa io
caaiueaa nenoaiu e aa oeaio?o e ia?aoii. Oi?aaeai/aneea aeaiaaeiua iaycaoaeuenoaa
aicieeatho ia iniiaa aeoia oeaio?a nenoaiu, onoaiaaeeaathueo ii?iaoeau io/eneaiee;
iiin?aaeotho ioiioaiey a noa?a ?oeiaiaenoaa i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie aeayoaeueiinoueth;
aunooiatho oi?iie eiouanoaaiii- i?aaiaie nayce iaaeaeo noauaeoaie oi?aaeai/aneiai
ioiioaiey i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa; ia ?aaoee?othony a?aaeaeaineei caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii.
Iaeia noi?iia a yoeo i?aaiioiioaieyo eiaao i?aai o?aaiaaoue io ae?oaie noi?iiu
ia?aaea/e ii?aaeaeaiiuo aeaiaaeiuo noii, a ae?oaiay noi?iia iaycaia yoe noiiu
ia?aaeaoue oi?aaiii/aiiie noi?iia. Oi?aaiii/aiiie noi?iiie yaeyaony i?aai
oicyenoaaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa (oeaio? oicyenoaaiiie nenoaiu) , iaycaiiie –
iiae/eiaiiia i?aaei?eyoea. Oi?aaeai/aneea aeaiaaeiua iaycaoaeuenoaa aeecee e
oeiainiai- i?aaiaui ioiioaieyi. Ii iiae iineaaeieie iiieiathony iauanoaaiiua
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ioiioaiey, aicieeathuea a i?ioeanna ieaiiaie aeeoioeyoeee, ?ani?aaeaeaiey e
eniieueciaaiey ainoaea?noaii aeaiaaeiuo n?aaenoa. Noauaeoaie oi?aaeai/aneeo aeaiaaeiuo
iaycaoaeuenoa a i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa ia yaeythony oeiainiaua i?aaiu ainoaea?noaa e
ii naiaio iacia/aieth iie i?ioeaiiieiaeiu athaeaeaoii- oeiainiaui ioiioaieyi,
iineieueeo i?ecaaiu iaania/eoue naiioeiaine?iaaiea oicyenoaaiiie nenoaiu
iacaaeneii io ainoaea?noaaiiiai athaeaeaoa.
II. Iaycaoaeuenoaa, iiin?aaenoaothuea i?aaiecaoeeth oicyenoaaiiuo naycae:
iaycaoaeuenoaa a nayce n i?eiyoeai aincaeaca (i?aaeinoaaeaiea aeaiiuo, iaiaoiaeeiuo
aeey i?aaiecaoeee iinoaaie, caeeth/aiea eiio?aeoa). Yoe iaycaoaeuenoaa aunooiatho
th?eaee/aneie oi?iie .iacaaiiuo i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneeo ioiioaiee, eiouanoaaiiue
yeaiaio eioi?uo ninoieo a eiouanoaaiiii niaea?aeaiee ieaiiaiai caaeaiey, i?eiyoiai
aincaeaca, a ia a aeaeaeaiee eiouanoaa.
III. A nenoaia oi?aaeai/aneeo iaycaoaeuenoa a i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa oi?ie?oaony
a?oiia iaycaoaeuenoa, aicieeathueo ec i?e/eiaiey oua?aa a ?acoeueoaoa auiieiaiey
oi?aaeai/aneeo ooieoeee. Oaeea iaycaoaeuenoaa aua iaaeinoaoi/ii iieii
?aaeaiaioe?iaaiu aeaenoaothuei caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii, iaeiaei eiathony oaiaeaioeee e
?acaeoeth niioaaonoaothueo i?aaiioiioaiee, iniaaiii a nayce n anooieaieai a
aeaenoaea A?aaeaeaineiai eiaeaena ?O. Oi, /oi aiciauaiea iioa?ue, aicieeoeo ia ii
aeia i?aaei?eyoey, aeieaeii auoue ia oieueei i?aaii, ii e iaycaiiinoueth i?aaiia,
aiaoeaathueony a i?ioeann i?iecaiaenoaa, auoaeaao i?aaeaea anaai ec iaueo i?eioeeiia
?aaiou nia?aiaiiiai oicyenoaaiiiai iaoaiecia, ?acaeoey oic?an/aoiuo ioiioaiee.
Anee ii aeia aini?aaiia o i?aaei?eyoey ia?acothony iioa?e, oi ia?aciaaiea iioa?ue
(i?e/eiaiea oua?aa) neaaeoao i?eciaoue th?eaee/aneei oaeoii, a niioaaonoaee n
eioi?ui aicieeaao iaycaoaeuenoai ii aiciauaieth iioa?ue. Iaycaiiinoue aicianoeoue
i?aaei?eyoeth iioa?e a oeacaiiuo neo/ayo auoaeaao ec ii?i aeaenoaothuaai
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa. Ii i?aeoe/anee oaeia aiciauaiea caaeneo io oniio?aiey i?aaia
oicyenoaaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa. Iaoaieci aiciauaiey iiea ia nouanoaoao, naieoeee ca
iaauiieiaiea iaycaoaeuenoa ia onoaiiaeaiu. Oi?aaeai/aneea iaycaoaeuenoaa a
i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa ia iiaoo auoue i?eciaiu a?aaeaeainei- i?aaiauie, iineieueeo eo
iauaeo – aeaenoaey ii ieaiiaie i?aaiecaoeee caeeth/aiey aeiaiai?ia, auiieiaieth
ieaiiai- ?aaoee?othueo ooieoeee, o.a. i?eioeeieaeueii ia aoiaeyuea a a?aaeaeainei-
i?aaiaoth noa?o. I?eioeeieaeueiia cia/aiea oeacaiiuo iaycaoaeuenoa ninoieo a oii,
/oi aeieacaia i?aeoe/aneay aiciiaeiinoue eniieueciaaoue eo eae oi?io auiieiaiey
oi?aaeai/aneeo ooieoeee e onoaiiaeoue eiouanoaaiioth ioaaonoaaiiinoue ca ia?ooaiea
iaycaiiinoae a iaeanoe oicyenoaaiiiai
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?oeiaiaenoaa. Caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai ?anoe?yao eniieueciaaiea iiaeiaiuo iaaeiaiai?iuo
iaycaoaeuenoa aeey i?aaiecaoeee niaaaeaiey. Iaeaieaa ?ani?ino?aiaiiia iniiaaiea
aicieeiiaaiey oi?aaeai/aneeo iaycaoaeuenoa – iaeiinoi?iiiee aeo i ?aciauaiee
aincaeaca. Iaeiaei aei?aoi?iaiiie i?aeoeea oicyenoaiaaiey auee ecaanoiu oe?iei
i?eiaiyaoeany aeiaiai?u iaaeaeo i?aaei?eyoeyie- i?iecaiaeeoaeyie e niaaaeai/anei-
auoiauie (iioiauie i?aaiecaoeeyie). Iauaeoii oaeeo aeiaiai?ia auee a iniiaiii
aeaenoaey ieaiiai- i?aaiecaoeeiiiiai oa?aeoa?a, i?aaa e iaycaiiinoe noi?ii
naycaiu n ieaie?iaaieai i?iecaiaenoaa e i?aaiecaoeeae iinoaaie aeey i?iecaiaenoaa.
I?eia?ii oaeiai aeiaiai?a iiaeii iacaaoue aeiaiai? ia i?aaiecaoeeth iaoa?eaeueii-
oaoie/aneiai niaaaeaiey i?aaei?eyoee (ia eiiieaeniia niaaaeaiea). Iiaeiaiiio
aeiaiai?o i?enoua oa?aeoa?iia aeey i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenei- i?aaiauo ioiioaiee
ni/aoaiea ieaiiai- i?aaiecaoeeiiiuo e noieiinoiuo yeaiaioia n i?aiaeaaeaieai
ia?auo. A yoie nayce aanue aeiaiai? oa?aeoa?ecoaony eae oi?aaeai/aneee.
Caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai ia cai?auaao caeeth/aoue iaaeaeo niiiae/eiaiiuie eee ?aaiuie
i?aaiaie aeiaiai?u, iiin?aaenoaothuea auiieiaiea oi?aaeai/aneeo ooieoeee. Oaeea
aeiaiai?u iiaoo eniieueciaaoueny aeey ooi/iaiey oneiaee, i?aa e iaycaiiinoae
noi?ii, naycaiiuo n auiieiaieai noiyueo ia?aae i?aaei?eieiaoaeai oeaeae. Iie iiaoo
eiaoue ianoi a ii?iaeueiie ?uii/iie yeiiiieea.
4. AIOO?EI?IECAIAeNOAAIIUA IAssCAOAEUeNOAA E AeIAIAI?. Aioo?ei?iecaiaenoaaiiua
ioiioaiey a i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa oa?aeoa?ecothony neaaeothuei ia?acii. Noauaeoii
iaycaoaeuenoaa anaaaea aunooiaao, ii e?aeiae ia?a, a ea/anoaa iaeiie noi?iiu,
iiae?acaeaeaiea i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie no?oeoo?u, o.a. aioo?aiiaa iiae?acaeaeaiea
i?aaei?eyoey eeai i?iecaiaenoaaiiay aaeeieoea (oeeeae, i?aaenoaaeoaeuenoai), aoiaeyuay
a ninoaa i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie i?aaiecaoeee. I?iecaiaenoaaiiay aaeeieoea (oeeeae,
i?aaenoaaeoaeuenoai) – naiaia?aciue noauaeo i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneiai i?aaa,
caieiathuee i?iiaaeooi/iia iieiaeaiea iaaeaeo i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie i?aaiecaoeeae a
oeaeii e aioo?aiiei iiae?acaeaeaieai i?aaei?eyoey. Iia i?e ii?aaeaeaiiuo oneiaeyo
iiaeao aunooiaoue e ai aiaoieo eiouanoaaiiuo ioiioaieyo. Ae?oaie noi?iiie
aioo?ei?iecaiaenoaaiiiai iaycaoaeuenoaaiiaeao aunooiaoue e oici?aai a oeaeii. A
iaycaoaeuenoaaiiua ioiioaiey n i?iecaiaenoaaiiuie caaiueyie i/aiue /anoi anooiatho
ooieoeeiiaeueiua
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ioaeaeu e neoaeau caaiaeioi?aaeaiey (niaaaeaiey, nauoa, aeaaiiai iaoaieea e ae?.).
Noauaeoii aioo?ei?iecaiaenoaaiiiai iaycaoaeuenoaa aunooiatho iau/ii oaeea
oic?an/aoiua caaiuey, eioi?ua iaeaaeatho eiouanoaaiiie iainiaeaiiinoueth ii
ioiioaieth e ae?oaei caaiueyi, ia?aaeatho eiaeeaeaeoaeece?iaaiiua ?acoeueoaou naiae
aeayoaeueiinoe (ieacuaatho oneoae) eae eoiae ?aaiou eiaiii aeaiiiai no?oeoo?iiai
iiae?acaeaeaiey (“io naiaai eiaie”). Ieaeiei no?oeoo?iui i?aaeaeii, aei eioi?iai
aeiaiaeeony oic?an/aoiay i?aaiecaoeey, aunooiaao a ?yaea io?aneae a?eaaaea, eioi?ay
iiaeao auoue e noauaeoii aioo?eoicyenoaaiiiai iaycaoaeuenoaa. Ioee/ea i?aaiai
noaoona oeeeaeia, i?aaenoaaeoaeuenoa, ii n?aaiaieth n iiae?acaeaeaieyie i?aaei?eyoey
neacuaaaony e ia oa?aeoa?a eo o/anoey ai aiaoieo e ai aioo?aiieo
i?aaiioiioaieyo (aioo?ei?iecaiaenoaaiiuo) . Iie iaeaaeatho aieueoae
naiinoiyoaeueiinoueth, /ai aioo?aiiea iiae?acaeaeaiey oici?aaia. Eiaiii iie anooiatho
a aieaa oe?ieee e?oa iaycaoaeuenoa, /aua eniieuecotho aeiaiai?ioth oi?io aeey yoiai,
eiatho aieaa oe?ieoth aaoiiiieth a onoaiiaeaiee iaycaoaeuenoaa e ii?aaeaeaiee aai
oneiaee. Iauaeoii aioo?ei?iecaiaenoaaiiiai iaycaoaeuenoaa yaeyaony a iniiaiii
aeaenoaea a noa?a i?iecaiaenoaa, i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa. Oa?aeoa? aeaenoaey
iaycaiiiai noauaeoa ii?aaeaeyaony oaie caaea/aie, eioi?ua aiceiaeaiu ia iaai a
niioaaonoaee n ?acaeaeaieai o?oaea a ?aieao i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaothuaai noauaeoa, a
aeaeu yoeo aeaenoaee a iniiaiii niaiaaeatho n aeaeaie i?iecaiaenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe
(ia?aaea/a eiouanoaa a ii?yaeea aioo?aiiae eiiia?aoeee, auiieiaiea ii?aaeaeaiiie
?aaiou, ieacaiea oneoa). Niaea?aeaiea aioo?ei?iecaiaenoaaiiiai iaycaoaeuenoaa
ninoaaeytho ei??aniiiaee?othuea i?aaa e iaycaiiinoe aai noi?ii. Iaeioi?ua aaoi?u
io?eoeatho nouanoaiaaiea aioo?ei?iecaiaenoaaiiuo ai?eciioaeueiuo iaycaoaeuenoa.
Aeaenoaey aioo?aiieo caaiueaa i?eciathony ?acoeueoaoii auiieiaiey eo iaycaiiinoae
ia?aae i?aaei?eyoeai, auoaeathueo ec aa?oeeaeueiuo i?aaiioiioaiee. A eeoa?aoo?a
ooaa?aeaeaaony, /oi o aioo?aiieo caaiueaa iao i?aa e iaycaiiinoae ii ioiioaieth e
ae?oaei (ia iiae/eiaiiui) caaiueyi, iao ioaaonoaaiiinoe ae?oa ia?aae ae?oaii.
O?aaiaaiea i aiciauaiee oauoeia ia?auaii ia e aeiiaiiio iiae?acaeaeaieth, a e
i?aaei?eyoeth a oeaeii. Oaeea ooaa?aeaeaiey i?ioeai?a/ao oicyenoaaiiie i?aeoeea e
iniiaaiu ia “o/aiee” i oii, /oi noauaeoii eiouanoaaiiuo ioiioaiee iiaeao
aunooiaoue eeoue noauaeo a?aaeaeaineiai i?aaa, th?eaee/aneia eeoei, eaeiaui aioo?aiiaa
caaii ia yaeyaony. Ioiioaiey iaaeaeo aioo?aiieie caaiueyie i?aaei?eyoey ii ia?aaea/a
ecaeaeee a ii?yaeea aioo?aiiae eiiia?aoeee, auiieiaieth ?aiiioiuo e i?i/eo
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?aaio, ieacaieth o?ainii?oiuo e ae?oaeo oneoa ii?iaoeaiua aeou ?aaoee?otho eiaiii
eae ioiioaiey iaaeaeo iiae?acaeaeaieyie. Nenoaia aioo?ei?iecaiaenoaaiiuo
iaycaoaeuenoa aeiaieueii ?acaaoaeaiiay. A iae iiaeii auaeaeeoue ioaeaeueiua aeaeu
iaycaoaeuenoa a caaeneiinoe io oeaeae, aeey eioi?uo i?iaiaeeony eeanneoeeaoeey, e
eca?aiiiai iniiaaiey nenoaiaoeee. Aioo?ei?iecaiaenoaaiiua iaycaoaeuenoaa
eniieuecothony a ?aieao iaeiiai oici?aaia. Ii n?aaee yoeo i?aaiia a iaoea
i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneiai i?aaa ?acee/atho ?aciua aeaeu, ioee/athueany no?oeoo?ie. A
nayce n yoei iiaeii auaeaeeoue aioo?ei?iecaiaenoaaiiua iaycaoaeuenoaa: 1) ia
i?aaei?eyoeyo e 2) a iauaaeeiaieyo (i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo). Aioo?e i?aaiia
oicyenoaaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa (o/?aaeaeaiee) iao iaycaoaeuenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee iaaeaeo
no?oeoo?iuie iiae?acaeaeaieyie (ooieoeeiiaeueiuie neoaeaaie, ioaeaeaie,
oi?aaeaieyie). Ii noauaeoiiio ninoaao e oa?aeoa?o aioo?ei?iecaiaenoaaiiuo
ioiioaiee ?acee/athony aa?oeeaeueiua e ai?eciioaeueiua iaycaoaeuenoaa. E
aa?oeeaeueiui ioiinyony aioo?ei?iecaiaenoaaiiua iaycaoaeuenoaa iaaeaeo i?aaiecaoeeae
e aai iiae?acaeaeaieyie eee oeeeaeaie, i?aaenoaaeoaeuenoaaie. E aa?oeeaeueiui
ioiinyony aeiaiai?u a?eaaaeiiai iiae?yaea iaaeaeo oici?aaiii e oic?an/aoiuie
a?eaaaeaie. Ai?eciioaeueiua aioo?ei?iecaiaenoaaiiua iaycaoaeuenoaa ii iauaeoo iiaeii
iiae?acaeaeeoue ia iaycaoaeuenoaa, iiin?aaenoaothuea: 1) ecaioiaeaiea i?iaeoeoeee e
ia?aaea/o eiouanoaa; 2) auiieiaiea ?aaio; 3) ieacaiea oneoa. Iaycaoaeuenoaa,
aicieeathuea ec i?e/eiaiey oua?aa, a oaeaea aneaaenoaea iainiiaaoaeueiiai
naa?aaeaiey (i?eia?aoaiey) eiouanoaa ai aioo?ei?iecaiaenoaaiiuo ioiioaieyo
eniieuecothony ?aaeei e eiatho naiaia?acea ii niaea?aeaieth e iauaeoo. *aua
ano?a/athony iaycaoaeuenoaa ia?aiai oeia – ec i?e/eiaiey oici?aaio oauoeia
aeayoaeueiinoueth aioo?aiieo caaiueaa. Iie auyaeythony i?e eniieiaiee
i?iecaiaenoaaiii- iia?aoeaiuo, a?aaeaeainei- i?aaiauo iaycaoaeuenoa. Oaeea
iaycaoaeuenoaa iicaieytho aeiaanoe aei eiie?aoiiai aeiiaiiai caaia oua?a io
iaiaaeeaaeauaai auiieiaiey oici?aaiii naieo iaycaoaeuenoa ai aiaoieo eiouanoaaiiuo
ioiioaieyo, naycaoue aiaaeeii eioa?anu aioo?aiieo caaiueaa e i?aaei?eyoey a oeaeii.
Iaycaoaeuenoaa aoi?iai oeia aicieeatho a neo/ayo caauoaiey eaeueeoeyoeee, ?an/aoiuo
oeai, eniieueciaaiey o?ainii?oiuo n?aaenoa naa?o ooaa?aeaeaiiuo a?aoeeia e eeieoia,
iieo/aiey iaoa?eaeia e ecaeaeee naa?o ooaa?aeaeaiiuo ii?i. I?eiaieoaeueii e
aioo?ei?iecaiaenoaaiiui ioiioaieyi ecaanoiu aeaa aa?eaioa eniieueciaaiey iaoiaea
niaeaniaaiey aeey eo
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i?aaiecaoeee. A ia?aii niaeaniaaiea i?ienoiaeeo a i?ioeanna onoaiiaeaiey ieaiiaiai
caaeaiey e caaa?oaaony ooaa?aeaeaieai aeoa iia?aoeaii- i?iecaiaenoaaiiiai
ieaie?iaaiey. Iii iiaeao auoue iaaeaeo oi?aaeaieai i?aaei?eyoey e aioo?aiiei caaiii
(niaeaniaaiea ii aa?oeeaee) eeai iaiin?aaenoaaiii iaaeaeo eniieieoaeyie
(niaeaniaaiea ii ai?eciioaee). I?e iiaeiaiuo niaeaniaaieyo th?eaee/aneei oaeoii, n
eioi?ui naycaii aicieeiiaaiea aioo?ei?iecaiaenoaaiiiai iaycaoaeuenoaa, neoaeeo
ieaiiaue aeo i?aaei?eyoey, caaeaiea. Ai aoi?ii aa?eaioa niaeaoaiey eiatho oa?aeoa?
th?eaee/aneeo oaeoia, n eioi?uie naycaii aicieeiiaaiea aioo?ei?iecaiaenoaaiiiai
iaycaoaeuenoaa. Niaeaoaiey, aunooiathuea iniiaaieai aicieeiiaaiey
aioo?ei?iecaiaenoaaiiiai iaycaoaeuenoaa – aioo?ei?iecaiaenoaaiiua aeiaiai?u.
Iaaeyaeiui i?eia?ii aioo?ei?iecaiaenoaaiiiai aeiaiai?a yaeyaony aeiaiai?u iaaeaeo
i?aaei?eyoeai e oic?an/aoiie a?eaaaeie. Aeiaiai? a?eaaaeiiai iiae?yaea aeeth/aao
o?oaeiaua e a?aaeaeaineea i?aaiioiioaiey. Iaeiaei, eiaiii ii aunooiaao i?aaiaie
oi?iie aioo?eoicyenoaaiiiai ?an/aoa, aeiaaaeaiiiai aei ieciaiai no?oeoo?iiai caaia
i?aaei?eyoey. Caeanue i?eiaiythony i?eaiu oic?an/aoa: auyaeaiea eiia/iuo eoiaia
?aaiou eieeaeoeaa, niecia?aiea caieaie?iaaiiuo e aeinoeaioouo ?acoeueoaoia,
ioianaiea io?eoeaoaeueiuo ?acoeueoaoia ia n/ao caaia, iiiu?aiea oic?an/aoiiai
caaia ca aeinoeaeaiea onoaiiaeaiiuo iieacaoaeae e aeaaea ca n/ao ?acoeueoaoia ?aaiou
caaia.
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AEAAA 7. IOAAONOAAIIINOUe CA IA?OOAIEss A I?AAeI?EIEIAOAEUeNEIE AeAssOAEUeIINOE
1. Iiiyoea, cia/aiea, aeaeu e ooieoeee ioaaonoaaiiinoe a i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneeo
ioiioaieyo.
2. Naieoeee a i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneeo ioiioaieyo.
3. Iniiaaiey ioaaonoaaiiinoe.
4. Ioaaonoaaiiinoue a oi?aaeai/aneeo e aioo?ei?iecaiaenoaaiiuo ioiioaieyo
i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa.
1. IIIssOEA, CIA*AIEA, AEAeU E OOIEOeEE IOAAONOAAIIINOE A I?AAeI?EIEIAOAEUeNEEO
IOIIOAIEssO. Iiiyoea ioaaonoaaiiinoe eniieuecoaony ia oieueei a i?aaa. ?acee/atho
ii?aeueioth, iieeoe/aneoth, yeiiiie/aneoth ioaaonoaaiiinoue. A iineaaeiaa a?aiy
iinoaaeai aii?in i aiciiaeiinoe aieaa oe?ieiai iiieiaiey th?eaee/aneie
ioaaonoaaiiinoe eae ioaaonoaaiiinoe ca i?aaeeueiia auiieiaiea eeoeii naieo
iaycaiiinoae, a ia oieueei a iaaaoeaiii cia/aiee eae i?eioaeaeaiey, iaeacaiey,
io?eoeaoaeueiiai iineaaenoaey, ianooiathuaai aneaaenoaea iaauiieiaiey
iaycaoaeuenoaa(*1). I?iaeaiai ioaaonoaaiiinoe, a /anoiinoe ii?aaeaeaieth iiiyoey
ioaaonoaaiiinoe, iinayuaia iaoe?iay eeoa?aoo?a2. Eae e iiiaea ae?oaea iiiyoey,
ioaaonoaaiiinoue ioiineony e /eneo iiiaiieaiiauo iiiyoee, eiathueo iiiaeanoai
?acee/iuo ii?aaeaeaiee. Ian eioa?anoao ia ioaaonoaaiiinoue aiiaua, a
ioaaonoaaiiinoue o/anoieeia i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneeo ioiioaiee. Aannii?ii, /oi eaaeaeue
i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaothuee noauaeo, inouanoaeyy oicyenoaaiioth aeayoaeueiinoue, aeieaeai
ianoe th?eaee/aneoth ioaaonoaaiiinoue eae ca ioaeaeueiua aeiiouaiiua ei
i?aaiia?ooaiey, oae e ca io?eoeaoaeueiua ?acoeueoaou naiae aeayoaeueiinoe a oeaeii.
Yoio ?iae ioaaonoaaiiinoe
(**1) No?iaiae/ I.N. Nouiinoue th?eaee/aneie ioaaonoaaiiinoe // Niaaoneia
ainoaea?noai e i?aai. -1979. -N 5. -N.72-78.
(**2) E?aoeee iaci? e aiaeec iniiaiuo o?aeoiaie iiiyoey ioaaonoaaiiinoe aeai
E.N.Naiiuaiei e I.E.Oa?oeoeiui a ei.: Ioaaonoaaiiinoue ii niaaoneiio
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoao. -I., 1971; N.I.A?aoonai a ei.: TH?eaee/aneay ioaaonoaaiinoue e
caeiiiinoue. -I., 1976. -N. 7 e neaae.
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ii naiae io?aneaaie i?eiaaeeaaeiinoe iiaeao auoue iacaai i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenei-
i?aaiaui, naienoaaiiui noauaeoai i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneiai i?aaa. I?eiaieoaeueii e
i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenei- i?aaiaueo ioiioaieyi iaeaieaa i?eaieaiui i?aaenoaaeyaony
iiieiaiea th?eaee/aneie ioaaonoaaiiinoe eae aiceiaeaiey ia noauaeoa i?aoa?iaaaiey
iaaeaaii?eyoiuo iineaaenoaee niaeayiiiai, i?aaeoniio?aiiuo ii?iaie i?aaa. Oaeoth
ioaaonoaaiiinoue ii?aaeaeytho eae iaoa?eaeueioth (eiouanoaaiioth). Iaaei ioiaoeoue, /oi
o?aeoiaea ioaaonoaaiiinoe eae i?aoa?iaaaiey (eee ianaiey) aieaa oi/ia, /ai
o?aeoiaea aa a ea/anoaa aiceiaeaiey iaaeaaii?eyoiuo iineaaenoaee. Ianoe
th?eaee/aneoth ioaaonoaaiiinoue – cia/eo i?aoa?iaaaoue, eniuouaaoue ia naaa
iaaeaaii?eyoiua iineaaenoaey naieo aeaenoaee (aacaeaenoaee) , a oaeaea i?eieiaoue ia
naay ?ene iaaeaaii?eyoiuo iineaaenoaee, naycaiiuo n inouanoaeyaiie
aeayoaeueiinoueth. I?eiaiaiea aea naieoeee e ae?oaei (aiceiaeaiea) – yoi i?eiaiaiea
(eee eniieueciaaiea) ia? ioaaonoaaiiinoe, ii ia naia ioaaonoaaiiinoue.
TH?eaee/aneoth iaoa?eaeueioth ioaaonoaaiiinoue oicyenoaaiiuo i?aaiia iiaeii
?anniao?eaaoue eae i?aoa?iaaaiea eie iaaeaaii?eyoiuo yeiiiie/aneeo iineaaenoaee
iaiin?aaenoaaiii a ?acoeueoaoa i?eiaiaiey e iei i?aaeoniio?aiiuo caeiiii naieoeee
yeiiiie/aneiai oa?aeoa?a(*1) . Yoa ioaaonoaaiiinoue au?aaeaao iaaaoeaioth ioeaieo
aeaenoaee (aacaeaenoaee) noauaeoa i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneeo ioiioaiee eee naycaia n
iaaaoeaiie ioeaieie aai iiaaaeaiey a i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie aeayoaeueiinoe. Aianoa n
oai i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenei- i?aaiaay ioaaonoaaiiinoue ia en/a?iuaaaony iaoa?eaeueiie
(eiouanoaaiiie) ioaaonoaaiiinoueth. Aeaenoaothuaa caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai i?aaeoniao?eaaao,
e?iia i?aoa?iaaaiey iaaeaaii?eyoiuo iineaaenoaee (oieaoa iaonoieee, iaie,
oo?aoa, aeaiaaeiiai aiciauaiey i?e/eiaiiiai oauoea) e eiua aeaeu iaaeaaii?eyoiuo
aeey noauaeoia i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneiai i?aaa yeiiiie/aneeo iineaaenoaee ca oiouaiey
a oi?aaeaiee eiouanoaii e i?iecaiaenoaii e ca ia?ooaiey i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneeo
iaycaoaeuenoa, o.a. eiua aeaeu th?eaee/aneie ioaaonoaaiiinoe, eiathuae yeiiiie/aneee
oa?aeoa?. E /eneo oaeeo iineaaenoaee ioiinyony iaiieo/aiea noieiinoe ioa?oaeaiiie
i?iaeoeoeee n ia?ooaieai ea/anoaa; iaiieo/aiea i?iaeoeoeee io iinoaaueeia i?e
iaaunoaaeaiee aee?aaeeoeaa; nieaeaiea ?acia?ia yeiiiie/aneiai noeioee?iaaiey i?e
iaoaeiaeaoai?eoaeueiuo ?acoeueoaoao oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe. Iaaeaaii?eyoiua
iineaaenoaey ianooiatho oaeaea i?e ia?ooaiee ii?i ?anoiaea nu?uey e iaoa?eaeia,
ianiaethaeaiee i?aaee aaaeaiey neeaaeneiai
(**1) Iaiooia A.E., Ianeaiei A.A., THaeei A.ss. I?aaei?eyoea e iaoa?eaeueiay
ioaaonoaaiiinoue. -Eeaa. 1971. -N. 26-27.
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oicyenoaa, i?aaee i?eaiee, ioionea iaoa?eaeueiuo oeaiiinoae e o.i. Iniaia ianoi
n?aaee iiaeiaiuo iaaeaaii?eyoiuo iineaaenoaee caieiatho ia?ooaiey iaeiaiaiai,
oaiiaeaiiiai, aioeiiiiiieueiiai, i?e?iaeiio?aiiiai e ae?. caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa a
i?ioeanna inouanoaeaiey i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie aeayoaeueiinoe. Yoe iineaaenoaey
caaeaaatho oic?an/aoiua eioa?anu i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoao thueo i?aaiecaoeee e eo
iiae?acaeaeaiee. Io?aaeaynue ia oaeoueo ?acoeueoaoao aeayoaeueiinoe, iie a eiia/iii
n/aoa io?eoeaoaeueii aeeytho ia iauea ?acoeueoaou i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie aeayoaeueiinoe
e i?eaiaeyo e io?eoeaoaeueiie ioeaiea yoie aeayoaeueiinoe iauanoaii. Oaeei ia?acii,
i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenei- i?aaiaay ioaaonoaaiiinoue – iaeei ec iaiaoiaeeiuo yeaiaioia
oicyenoaaiiiai ?an/aoa anao caaiueaa ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa. I cia/aiee
i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenei- i?aaiaie ioaaonoaaiiinoe naeaeaoaeuenoaoao aa iniaaiiinoue –
iaioa?aoeiinoue. Iaauiieiaiea caaeaiee e aeiaiai?iuo iaycaoaeuenoa yaeyaony
ia?ooaieai ainoaea?noaaiiie e aeiaiai?iie aeenoeeieeiu e iaiineo a?aae ioaeaeueiui
i?aaei?eyoeyi e oicyenoao no?aiu a oeaeii. Eiaaea ioaaonoaaiiinoue io?eoeaoaeueii
neacuaaaony ia yeiiiie/aneeo eioa?anao i?aaei?eyoey, aeiionoeaoaai ia?ooaiea,
oaeoth ioaaonoaaiiinoue iacuaatho yeiiiie/aneie. Ii oi?ia iaaeaaii?eyoiuo
iineaaenoaee e eo nayce n ?acoeueoaoaie i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie aeayoaeueiinoe auaeaeytho
iyoue aeaeia ioaaonoaaiiinoe noauaeoia i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneiai i?aaa.
1. I?aoa?iaaaiea (ianaiea) iaaeaaii?eyoiuo iineaaenoaee a oi?ia aeaiaaeiuo auieao
a ?acoeueoaoa i?eiaiaiey e i?aaei?eyoeth- ia?ooeoaeth ia? iaoa?eaeueiie
ioaaonoaaiiinoe. Yoio aeae iiaeii iacaaoue eiouanoaaiiie eee aeaiaaeiie
ioaaonoaaiiinoueth.
2. I?aoa?iaaaiea (ianaiea) iaaeaaii?eyoiuo iineaaenoaee ia a oi?ia oieaou eee
iaaeiiieo/aiey aeaiaaeiuo noii, a a oi?ia iioa?ue, eiathueo iaoo?aeueiue oa?aeoa?, e
eeoue a aeaeueiaeoai iaeaeaaiuo a aeaiaaeioth (noieiinoioth) ii?io, iieo/athueo
aeaiaaeiia au?aaeaiea (iaiieo/aiea nu?uey a nayce n ianaiaa?aiaiiui aunoaaeaieai
aee?aaeeoeaa).
3. I?aoa?iaaaiea (ianaiea) iaaeaaii?eyoiuo iineaaenoaee iaiin?aaenoaaiii a oi?ia
oooaeoaiey io/aoiuo (eoiaiauo) iieacaoaeae i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie aeayoaeueiinoe
(eneeth/aiey ec iauaiia ?aaeecaoeee).
4. Ioaaonoaaiiinoue, au?aaeathuayny a nieaeaiee ?acia?ia oiiaeia iiiu?aiey,
nicaeaaaaiuo ia iniiaa ioeaiee eoiaiauo iieacaoaeae i?iecaiaenoaaiiie
aeayoaeueiinoe.
5. Ioaaonoaaiiinoue iauay. Iaaeaaii?eyoiua iineaaenoaey caeanue ianooiatho a
?acoeueoaoa aaoiiaoe/aneiai “n?aaaouaaiey” o?aaoee?iaaiiai
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ii?iaie i?aaa iaoaiecia oic?an/aoa i?e ia?ooaiee i?aaei?eyoeai onoaiiaeaiiuo ei
aea ii?i e ii?iaoeaia. Yoe io?eoeaoaeueiua iineaaenoaey ?aaiicia/iu oic?an/aoo,
oeene?othony nenoaiie o/aoa e io/aoiinoe, ianooiatho ia a ?acoeueoaoa i?eiaiaiey
naieoeee, a a neeo naiiai oa?aeoa?a ?aaeaiaioaoeee ioiioaiee ii oi?aaeaieth
eiouanoaii, i?iecaiaenoaii. Ii nouanoao – yoi ioaaonoaaiiinoue ca oiouaiey e
ia?ooaiey a i?ioeanna inouanoaeaiey i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie aeayoaeueiinoe e
?oeiaiaenoaa ath. I?aaei?eieiaoaeuenei- i?aaiaay ioaaonoaaiiinoue oa?aeoa?ecoaony
neaaeothueie i?eciaeaie:
a) noauaeoaie ioaaonoaaiiinoe yaeythony oieueei i?aaei?eyoey e eo
iiae?acaeaeaiey (a ia ioaeaeueiua a?aaeaeaia);
a) ioaaonoaaiiinoue ianooiaao a aeaea iaaeaaii?eyoiuo yeiiiie/aneeo
iineaaenoaee, a aeaea aicaeaenoaey ia yeiiiie/aneea eioa?anu noauaeoa
ioaaonoaaiiinoe;
a) ioaaonoaaiiinoue ianooiaao eae ca ioaeaeueiua ia?ooaiey i?eioeeiia
oic?an/aoa eee eiua eiie?aoiua ia?ooaiey i?aaee i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie
aeayoaeueiinoe, oae e ca iauea (eiia/iua) iaoaeiaeaoai?eoaeueiua ?acoeueoaou
aeayoaeueiinoe ca ia?eiaeu, ii eoiaai eioi?uo aeaaony ioeaiea yoie aeayoaeueiinoe.
I?aaei?eieiaoaeuenei- i?aaiaie, eae e aiiaua th?eaee/aneie ioaaonoaaiiinoe,
i?enoue: ainoaea?noaaiiia i?eioaeaeaiea, inoaeaeaiea aeiiaiiai iiaaaeaiey e
iaaaoeaiua iineaaenoaey aeey i?aaiia?ooeoaey. Ainoaea?noaaiiia i?eioaeaeaiea –
iaiaoiaeeiue, ii ia aaeeinoaaiiue i?eciae th?eaee/aneie ioaaonoaaiiinoe:
ainoaea?noaaiiia i?eioaeaeaiea – ia anaaaea ioaaonoaaiiinoue. A ioaaonoaaiiinoe
au?aaeaaony iauanoaaiiia inoaeaeaiea iiaaaeaiey aeiiaiiai. Iauanoaaiiiio inoaeaeaieth
iiaeeaaeeo eeoue aeiiaiia iiaaaeaiea. Inoaeaeaiea aeiiaiiai iiaaaeaiey aea/ao
ianooieaiea iaaaoeaiuo iineaaenoaee. A i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenei- i?aaiaie
ioaaonoaaiiinoe yoe iineaaenoaey au?aaeathony a iaaeaaii?eyoiuo eiouanoaaiiuo
iineaaenoaeyo. A eeoa?aoo?a ioia/athony noeioee?othuay (i?aaaioeaiay,
i?aaeoi?aaeeoaeueiay) , eiiiainaoeeiiiay (ainnoaiiaeoaeueiay), oo?aoiay
(?ai?anneaiay), o/aoii- eioi?iaoeeiiiay (neaiaeecaoeeiiiay) ooieoeee iaoa?eaeueiie
ioaaonoaaiiinoe a i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneeo ioiioaieyo. I?aaaioeaiay ooieoeey
ioaaonoaaiiinoe ca ia?ooaiea ii?i i?aaa, ?aaoee?othueo i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneoth
aeayoaeueiinoue, i?iyaeyaony a oii, /oi aiciiaeiinoue i?eiaiaiey naieoeee neoaeeo
noeioeii e iaaeeaaeauaio auiieiaieth aeiaiai?iuo iaycaiiinoae, niaethaeaieth
ainoaea?noaaiiie e aeiaiai?iie aeenoeeieeiu e oai naiui niinianoaoao
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i?aaeoi?aaeaeaieth i?aaiia?ooaiee a i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneeo ioiioaieyo iiae oa?icie
i?eiaiaiey naieoeee. Eiiiainaoeeiiiay (ainnoaiiaeoaeueiay) ooieoeey ioaaonoaaiiinoe
naycaia ni acuneaieai n i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaothuaai i?aaia eee i?aaia oi?aaeythuaai
i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaii aeaiaaeiueao noii, iai?aaeyaiuo a iieueco iioa?iaaoaai io
i?aaiia?ooaiey i?aaei?eyoey, /ai eiiiaine?othony aai iioa?e a eiouanoaa (aeioiaeu,
i?eauee). Oo?aoiay (?ai?anneaiay) ooieoeey ioaaonoaaiiinoe ca ia?ooaiey a
i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneeo ioiioaieyo au?aaeaaony a oii, /oi i?aaeoniio?aiiua ia?u
aicaeaenoaey neoaeao “naiaia?aciie”oi?iie iaeacaiey aeey i?aaei?eyoey eee i?aaia
oi?aaeaiey, aeiionoeaoaai ia?ooaiea a i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie noa?a. Oo?aou
i?eiaiythony iiieii eiiiainaoeee iioa?ue e ia anaaaea a iieueco iioa?iaaoaai
i?aaei?eieiaoaey. Ia?aaeei oo?aoiua naieoeee acuneeaathony a oaaea?aeueiue athaeaeao (ca
ia?ooaiey iaeiaiaiai, i?e?iaeiio?aiiiai, oaiiaeaiiiai, aioeiiiiiieueiiai e o.i.
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa), /oi aua a aieueoae noaiaie iiae/a?eeaaao ?ai?anneaiue oa?aeoa?
oo?aoiie ooieoeee ioaaonoaaiiinoe. Eioi?iaoeeiiiay (neaiaeecaoeeiiiay, o/aoiay)
ooieoeey ioaaonoaaiiinoe icia/aao, /oi i?eiaiaiea naieoeee – anaaaea neaiae,
eioi?iaoeey i ia?ooaiee caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa e aeiaiai?a, /oi iiaoaeaeaao
i?aaei?eieiaoaeae i?eieiaoue ia?u e ono?aiaieth iaaeinoaoeia e i?e/ei, ii?iaeaeathueo
i?aaiia?ooaiey a i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie aeayoaeueiinoe(*1.)
I?aaei?eieiaoaeuenei- i?aaiaay ioaaonoaaiiinoue i?aaenoaaeyao niaie iaeio ec oi?i
yeiiiie/aneiai noeioee?iaaiey. I?aaei?eieiaoaeueneea i?aaiecaoeee caeioa?aniaaiu
ia oieueei a aiciauaiee oua?aa, oaea aicieeoaai a nayce n iaiaaeeaaeauei
eniieiaieai iaycaoaeuenoa aai eiio?aaaioaie, ii e a i?aaeioa?auaiee aiciiaeiiai
oua?aa, ai anyeii neo/aa, a oiaiueoaiee aai ?acia?a. Ioaaonoaaiiinoue,
ianooiathuay a ?acoeueoaoa ioeaii/iuo naieoeee, iineo noeioee?othuee oa?aeoa?, a
iauay – eae noeioee?othuee, oae e o/aoii- eioi?iaoeeiiiue. Neaiaeece?oy i
“iaiieaaeeao” a iaoaiecia oi?aaeaiey i?iecaiaenoaii, i?eiaiaiea ia?
ioaaonoaaiiinoe aeaao eiioeuen aeey niioaaonoaothuaai ?aaae?iaaiey, eae ni noi?iiu
?oeiaiaenoaa naiiai i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneiai i?aaia, oae e ni noi?iiu oi?aaeythueo
i?aaiia, o.a. aeey au?aaioee yeiiiie/anee iainiiaaiiuo ?aoaiee. Noeioee?othuay
?ieue ioaaonoaaiiinoe oanii naycaia n yooaeoeaiinoueth iaania/aiey ainoaea?noaaiiie
e aeiaiai?iie aeenoeeieeiu. Nenoaia yooaeoeaiinoe aeeth/aao a naay: 1)
iaioa?aoeiinoue
(**1) Oicyenoaaiiia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai / Iiae ?aae. I.E.Eeaei. -I., 1990. – N. 175.
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ioaaonoaaiiinoe anao caaiueaa ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa e nenoaiu oi?aaeaiey
i?iecaiaenoaii; 2) noeioee?iaaiea iaaeeaaeauaai auiieiaiey i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneei
i?aaiii iaycaiiinoae ii caeiio e aeiaiai?o; 3) aeiaaaeaiey noeioee?othuaai yooaeoa
naieoeee aei oiai caaia oi?aaeaiey yeiiiieeie, a noa?a aeayoaeueiinoe eioi?iai
ei?aiyony i?e/eiu i?aaiia?ooaiee e iaaeaaii?eyoiuo iineaaenoaee. Nenoaia
iaania/aiey ainoaea?noaaiiie oicyenoaaiiie aeenoeeieeiu aeeth/aao ia oieueei
ioaaonoaaiiinoue ia?ae/iiai caaia ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa, ii e ioaanoaaiinoue eo
aioo?aiieo iiae?acaeaeaiee e i?aaiia ?oeiaiaenoaa i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie
aeayoaeueiinoueth.
2. NAIEOeEE A I?AAeI?EIEIAOAEUeNEEO IOIIOAIEssO. A th?eaee/aneie eeoa?aoo?a iao
aaeeinoaa acaeyaeia ia iiiyoea th?eaee/aneeo naieoeee e ia niioiioaiea yoiai iiiyoey
n iiiyoeai ioaaonoaaiiinoe. Iaeaieueoaa i?eciaiea iieo/eea oi/ea c?aiey,
niaeanii eioi?ie iiae ioaaonoaaiiinoueth neaaeoao iiieiaoue i?aoa?iaaaiea (ianaiea)
iaaeaaii?eyoiuo iineaaenoaee, i?aaeoniio?aiiuo ii?iaie caeiia eee aeiaiai?a. I?e
oaeii iiieiaiee ioaaonoaaiiinoue ia ioiaeaeanoaeyaony n iiiyoeai naieoeee eae ia?
yoie ioaaonoaaiiinoe, ia? i?eioaeeoaeueiiai aicaeaenoaey ia eioa?anu noauaeoia
i?aaa. Ii naiae yeiiiie/aneie nouiinoe ia?u ioaaonoaaiiinoe, i?eiaiyaiua a
i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneeo ioiioaieyo, iiaoo auoue ioa?aeoa?eciaaiu eae yeiiiie/aneea
naieoeee. A oi aea a?aiy iie i?aaenoaaeytho niaie ia?u ainoaea?noaaiiiai
i?eioaeaeaiey, i?aaeoniio?aiiua caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii, oi anoue iinyo th?eaee/aneee
oa?aeoa?. Yeiiiie/aneei niaea?aeaieai yoeo naieoeee yaeyaony aicaeaenoaea ia
yeiiiie/aneea eioa?anu o/anoieeia oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee. N ae?oaie noi?iiu,
yeiiiie/aneea naieoeee, a iniaaiiinoe oaeea, eae eiiiainaoeey oauoeia e
iia?aoeaii- i?iecaiaenoaaiiua, iiaoo ?anniao?eaaoueny a ea/anoaa iaeiie ec ia?
caueou i?aa e eioa?ania noauaeoia i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa, i?aaeoniio?aiiuo nenoaiie
i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie aeayoaeueiinoe. Iiiyoea yeiiiie/aneeo
naieoeee ia niaiaaeaao n a?aaeaeainei- i?aaiaui iiiyoeai eiouanoaaiiuo naieoeee,
iioiio /oi a ?aiee iineaaeiaai ia oeeaaeuaathony iiiaea naieoeee, eioi?ua
i?eiaiythony eee iiaoo i?eiaiyoueny a i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneeo ioiioaieyo. E?iia
oo?aoiuo naieoeee, aiciauaiey oauoeia e iia?aoeaii- i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo naieoeee, e
/eneo yeiiiie/aneeo naieoeee ioiinyony naieoeee ieaiiai- oic?an/aoiiai oa?aeoa?a,
i?eiaiyaiua ii eoiaai ioeaiee ?acoeueoaoia i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie aeayoaeueiinoe.
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i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenei- i?aaiaua naieoeee i?eiaiythony a i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneeo
i?aaiia?ooaieyo e naiei i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneei i?aaiai e eo iiae?acaeaeaieyi, a ia e
ioaeaeueiui aeieaeiinoiui eeoeai e aunooiatho a ea/anoaa iaeiiai ec n?aaenoa
noeioee?iaaiey oeo/oaiey aeayoaeueiinoe io?aiu i?aa e caeiiiuo eioa?ania
eiie?aoiuo o/anoieeia i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneeo ioiioaiee, eioa?ania iauanoaa e
ainoaea?noaa a oeaeii. I?aaei?eieiaoaeuenei- i?aaiaua naieoeee i?aaeoniao?eaathony
niaoeeaeueiuie ii?iaoeaiuie aeoaie a?aaeaeaineiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa, ?aaoee?othueie
ioaeaeueiua aeaeu i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneeo ioiioaiee. Aieueoay aea /anoue naieoeee,
i?eiaiyaiuo a i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneeo ioiioaieyo, i?aaeoniio?aiu A?aaeaeaineei
eiaeaenii ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee. A ioee/ea io eeanne/aneeo a?aaeaeainei- i?aaiauo
eiouanoaaiiuo naieoeee I?aaei?eieiaoaeuenei- i?aaiaua naieoeee aeieaeiu i?eiaiyoueny
i?aaei?eieiaoaeyie a iaycaoaeueiii ii?yaeea e noauaeoo, aeiionoeaoaio
i?aaiia?ooaiea. Iaaeaaii?eyoiua iineaaenoaey ia?ooaiey iaycaoaeueii aeieaeiu
io?aceoueny ia ?acoeueoaoao aeayoaeueiinoe ia?ooeoaey. E iaio aeieaeiu auoue
i?aaeuyaeaiu o?aaiaaiey i aiciauaiee oauoeia, aucaaiiuo ia?ooaieai aeiaiai?iuo
iaycaoaeuenoa, io?eoeaoaeueii iiaeeyaoeo ia nianoaaiiua ?acoeueoaou
i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa. I?aaiia?ooaiey a i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie aeayoaeueiinoe
eaaeeoeoee?othony a caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa, eae ia?ooaiey ainoaea?noaaiiie e aeiaiai?iie
aeenoeeieeiu, ia?ooaiey yeiiiie/aneeo eioa?ania noauaeoia i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa.
Nenoaio naieoeee, i?eiaiyaiuo a i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneeo ioiioaieyo, a yeiiiie/aneie
noa?a, ia?acotho eiouanoaaiiua naieoeee; naieoeee i?iecaiaenoaaiii-
i?aaiecaoeeiiiiai oa?aeoa?a (iia?aoeaiua) ; naieoeee yeiiiie/aneea
(i?aaiainnoaiiaeoaeueiua). A caaeneiinoe io oiai, a eaeie iaeanoe iauanoaaiiuo
ioiioaiee, iie i?eiaiythony, e eaeia niinia eo i?eiaiaiey, iie ioiinyony e
aaeieieno?aoeaiui, oeiainiaui eee a?aaeaeainei- i?aaiaui eaoaai?eyi. A
eiouanoaaiiuo naieoeeyo auaeaeytho aiciauaiea oauoeia e oieaoo iaonoieee (oo?aoa,
iaie). Iie i?eiaiythony a iaeanoe aeiaiai?iuo ioiioaiee, acuneeaathony a iieueco
e?aaeeoi?a e ii naiae th?eaee/aneie i?e?iaea yaeythony a?aaeaeainei- i?aaiauie a noa?a
i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa. Naieoeee ca ia?ooaiey caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa, onoaiaaeeaathuaai
i?aaeea aaaeaiey i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie aeayoaeueiinoe, acuneeaathony a oaaea?aeueiue
athaeaeao. Iie ioiinyony e eaoaai?ee aaeieieno?aoeaiuo eee oeiainiauo. Naieoeee
i?aaiecaoeeiiiiai oa?aeoa?a einaaiii aicaeaenoaotho ia yeiiiie/aneea eioa?anu
i?aaei?eieiaoaeae, aeiionoeaoeo ia?ooaiea caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa, ?aaoee?othuaai
i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneoth
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aeayoaeueiinoue. E iia?aoeaiui naieoeeyi ioiinyony: ia?aaiae ia aee?aaeeoeaioth oi?io
?an/aoia, ia?aaiae ia iieaoo iinea i?eaiee oiaa?ia ii ea/anoao, iaeiinoi?iiiee
ioeac io eniieiaiey i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneiai aeiaiai?a e ?yae ae?oaeo naieoeee,
i?eiaiyaiuo a aeiaiai?iuo ioiioaieyo i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneeo no?oeoo?. E
ainoaea?noaaiiui i?aaiai e i?aaiai ianoiiai naiioi?aaeaiey iiaeao auoue i?eiaiaia
oaeay naieoeey, eae i?eciaiea iaaeaenoaeoaeueiui aeoa oi?aaeaiey e aiciauaiea
oauoeia, i?e/eiaiiuo i?aaiia?iuie aeanoiuie ?aoaieyie e oeacaieyie.
Yeiiiie/aneea (i?aaiainnoaiiaeoaeueiua) naieoeee yaeythony ia?ie ioaaonoaaiiinoe
i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneeo no?oeoo? ca ia?ooaiea ii?yaeea aaaeaiey i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie
aeayoaeueiinoe e iai?aaeaiu ia ecuyoea a athaeaeao iai?aaiia?ii iieo/aiiie i?eauee.
Ii naiae th?eaee/aneie i?e?iaea yeiiiie/aneea naieoeee yaeythony ia?aie
aaeieieno?aoeaii- i?aaiaiai aicaeaenoaey e i?eiaiythony i?aaiaie, inouanoaeythueie
ainoaea?noaaiiue eiio?ieue a niioaaonoaothueo noa?ao aeayoaeueiinoe: iaeiaiaua,
oaiiaeaiiua, i?e?iaeiio?aieoaeueiua i?aaiu, i?aaiu aaethoiiai eiio?iey e o.i. E
oeiainiai- i?aaiaui naieoeeyi ioiinyony oaeea, eioi?ua acuneeaathony n
i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneeo no?oeoo? ca ia?ooaiea eie iaycaiiinoae ii aianaieth a athaeaeao
e aiaathaeaeaoiua oiiaeu iaeiaiauo e ae?oaeo iaycaoaeueiuo ieaoaaeae.
I?aaei?eieiaoaeuenei- i?aaiaua naieoeee ii eo ioee/eoaeueiui i?eciaeai iiaeii
iiae?acaeaeeoue ia /aou?a a?oiiu: 1) oo?ao (oo?aoiua naieoeee) ; 2) eiiiainaoeey
oauoeia; 3) iia?aoeaii- i?iecaiaenoaaiiua naieoeee; 4) ioeaii/iua naieoeee. Iiae
oo?aoiuie naieoeeyie (oo?aoii) iiieiaaony aeaiaaeiay noiia, eioi?oth noauaeo
i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneiai i?aaa, aeiionoeaoee i?aaiia?ooaiea a i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa
(aeieaeiee), iaycai oieaoeoue noauaeoo, /uee caeiiiua eioa?anu ouaieaiu (e?aaeeoi?o)
yoei i?aaiia?ooaieai. A caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa ?acee/atho o?e ?aciiaeaeiinoe oaeeo
naieoeee: oo?ao, iaie, iaonoieea. Ioee/ea iaaeaeo ieie naiaeeony e oiio, /oi
naieoeey, iacuaaaiay oo?aoii, /aua onoaiaaeeaaaony a oaa?aeie noiia, a naieoeee,
iacuaaaiua iaonoieeie – a i?ioeaioiii ioiioaiee e noiia iaeniieiaiiie /anoe
iaycaoaeuenoaa eeai a i?ioeaioiii ioiioaiee e noiia anaai iaycaoaeuenoaa,
iacaaeneii io noaiaie aai auiieiaiey. Oo?aoiua naieoeee, eae i?aaeei,
i?aaeoniao?eaathony ii?iaoeaiuie aeoaie, ?aaeaiaioe?othueie ioaeaeueiua aeaeu
oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee. Iaeiaei aeaeaei ia ana iaycaoaeuenoaa iiaee?aieaiu
caeiiiuie naieoeeyie. Iiaoo i?eiaiyoueny e aeiaiai?iua naieoeee. ?aciiaeaeiinoueth
i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenei- i?aaiauo naieoeee yaeyaony eiiiainaoeey oauoeia. Iiae oauoeaie
iiae?acoiaaathony
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?anoiaeu, i?iecaaaeaiiua e?aaeeoi?ii, oo?aoa eee iia?aaeaeaiea eiouanoaa, a oaeaea
iaiieo/aiiua e?aaeeoi?ii aeioiaeu, eioi?ua ii iieo/ee au, anee au iaycaoaeuenoai
auei eniieiaii aeieaeieeii. Eniieueciaaiea yoie naieoeee ia?aaeei i?aneaaeoao oeaeue
ieacaoue ia ia?ooeoaey aieaa neeueiia yeiiiie/aneia aicaeaenoaea /ai oi, eioi?ia
aiciiaeii n iiiiuueth acuneaiey oo?aoiuo naieoeee, oae eae ?acia? noiiu oauoeia
iiaeao ai iiiai ?ac i?aainoiaeeoue ?acia? oo?aoiuo naieoeee (eae i?aaeei, oauoee
aiciauathony a oii ?acia?a, a eaeii iie ia iie?uaathony acuneaieai iaonoieee).
Acuneaiea oauoeia ia i?aeoeea – yoi aiciauaiea noieiinoe iaaeinoa/e iinoaaeaiiuo
oiaa?ia eee noieiinoe oiaa?ia, ieacaaoeony iaaeia?iea/anoaaiiuie. I?eiaiaiea ia
i?aeoeea oaeie naieoeee, eae eiiiainaoeey oauoeia, – aeaei aieaa neiaeiia, /ai
acuneaiea oo?aoiuo naieoeee. Caeanue ia?aaeei o?aaothony neiaeiua ?an/aou ?acia?a
iiaeeaaeaueo aiciauaieth oauoeia, iiaee?aieaiiua ?acee/iuie aeieoiaioaie. Iiae
iia?aoeaii- i?iecaiaenoaaiiuie naieoeeyie iiieiathony ia?u yeiiiie/aneiai
aicaeaenoaey ia noauaeo i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa, aeiionoeaoee i?aaiia?ooaiey,
iai?aaeaiiua ia i?aaeioa?auaiea eee oiaiueoaiea oauoeia ae?oaeo
i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneeo no?oeoo Iia?aoeaii- i?iecaiaenoaaiiuie naieoeeyie yaeythony:
a) iaeniieiaiea eiio?aaaioii iaeni?aaiiai i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaothuaai i?aaia naieo
iaycaiiinoae, n inaiaiaeaeaieai aai io ioaaonoaaiiinoe, ai?aaeue aei eeeaeaeaoeee
ia?ooaiee ae?oaie noi?iiie (ioeac io iieaou iaiaaeeaaeaua eee aein?i/ii
auiieiaiiiai iaycaoaeuenoaa; acuneaiea a aacaeoeaioiii ii?yaeea noii, oiea/aiiuo
ca aeaoaeoioth i?iaeoeoeeth eee oneoae; i?ae?auaiea ioa?ocee oiaa?ia eee auiieiaiey
?aaio; ion?i/ea ioa?ocee i?iaeoeoeee oiaa?ia, eee auiieiaiey ?aaio aneaaenoaea
i?in?i/ee aunoaaeaiey aee?aaeeoeaa ieaoaeueueeii); a) ioeac iioa?iaaoaai
i?aaei?eieiaoaey io i?eiyoey aeaeueiaeoaai eniieiaiey ia?ooaiiiai iaycaoaeuenoaa
eee iaeiinoi?iiiee ioeac io auiieiaiey naieo iaycaiiinoae; a) aiciauaiea
oi?aaiii/aiiui i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaothuei i?aaiii iiianaiiuo ei cao?ao ca n/ao
iaoiaeyueony a aai ?anii?yaeaiee n?aaenoa i?aaei?eieiaoaey- ia?ooeoaey eeai ca n/ao
i?e/eoathueony iineaaeiaio ieaoaaeae; a) onoaiiaeaiea aeiiieieoaeueiuo aa?aioee
iaaeeaaeauaai eniieiaiey iaycaoaeuenoa ia aoaeouaa a?aiy (ia?aaiae ieaoaeueueea ia
i?aaeaa?eoaeueioth iieaoo iooai aee?aaeeoiaaiiie oi?iu ?an/aoia, iieaoo
aeoeaioiaaiiuie /aeaie eeai ia iieaoo iinea i?iaa?ee ea/anoaa eniieiaiey
iaycaoaeuenoa); ae) ioeac io onoaiiaeaiey aeiaiai?iuo ioiioaiee ia aoaeouaa a?aiy,
a /anoiinoe i?ae?auaiea auaea/e aaieianeeo nnoae, ioeac io caeeth/aiey aeiaiai?a ia
?aaeecaoeeth i?iaeoeoeee, oiaa?ia.
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Iia?aoeaii- i?iecaiaenoaaiiua naieoeee ii/oe anaaaea i?eiaiythony naiei
i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaothuei noauaeoii (e?aaeeoi?ii), a oi a?aiy eae i?eiaiaiea
oo?aoiuo naieoeee i?e ionoonoaee niaeaney aeieaeieea, aac o/anoey a?aeo?aaeiiai
noaea i?aeoe/anee iaaiciiaeii. Iia?aoeaii- i?iecaiaenoaaiiua naieoeee iiaoo
i?eiaiyoueny iacaaeneii eee ia?yaeo ni acuneaieai oauoeia e oo?aoa. Ioeaii/iuie
iiaeii iacaaoue naieoeee, i?eiaiyaiua ii ioaeaeueiui eee iauei ?acoeueoaoai
oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe a nayce n ioeaieie yoeo ?acoeueoaoia. Oaeay ioeaiea
i?iecaiaeeony naiei noauaeoii i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa, a oaeaea oi?aaeythuei i?aaiii
i?e iiaeaaaeaiee eoiaia ?aaiou ca oio eee eiie io/aoiue ia?eiae. A iineaaeiaa a?aiy
yoe naieoeee iaoiaeyo ana aieueoaa i?eiaiaiea (oiaiueoaiea i?eauee ia noiio
oiea/aiiuo oo?aoia ca iaaeiiinoaaeo i?iaeoeoeee, oiaa?ia). Iiaeiaiua naieoeee,
i?aaeoniao?eaathuea iaiin?aaenoaaiiia aicaeaenoaea ia ?acia? oiiaeia iiiu?aiey,
ia?acoaiuo ii ?acoeueoaoai aeayoaeueiinoe, naycaiiua n ioeaieie yoe ?acoeueoaoia,
i?aaeoniao?eaathony a eieaeueiuo ii?iaoeaiuo aeoao i?aaei?eyoee.
3. INIIAAIEss IOAAONOAAIIINOE. Yeiiiie/aneay ioaaonoaaiiinoue noauaeoia
i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa ianooiaao a neeo oiai, /oi iie ianoo (i?eieiatho ia naay)
?ene iaaeaaii?eyoiuo iineaaenoaee eae naieo, oae e /oaeeo aeaenoaee (aacaeaenoaey)
a noa?a eo yeiiiie/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe. I?e yoii noaiiaeony iaaaaeii, aeiiaai ee
aeaiiue noauaeo i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa a niaa?oaiiii, io?eoeaoaeueii iiaeeyaoai ia
?acoeueoaou aai aeaenoaee. Ia?u th?eaee/aneie ioaaonoaaiiinoe i?eiaiythony, eae
i?aaeei, i?e iaee/ee i?aaiia?ooaiey ni noi?iiu i?aaia, e eioi?iio i?eiaiythony
naieoeee, a ai iiiaeo neo/ayo i?e iaee/ee aai aeiu. O?aaeeoeeiiiua aeaiaaeiua
naieoeee a ?yaea neo/aaa i?eiaiythony oieueei i?e iaee/ee aeiu i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneiai
i?aaia e aeiiouaiey ei i?aaiia?ooaiey. A i?eioeeia a naiie iniiaa iaoa?eaeueiie
ioaaonoaaiiinoe i?aaei?eyoee ca ia?ooaiey aeiaiai?iuo iaycaoaeuenoa anoue yeaiaio
ioaaonoaaiiinoe ca aeaenoaey oi?aaeythuaai i?aaia (au?aceaoeany, a /anoiinoe, a
onoaiiaeaiee caaeaiey, ai eniieiaiea eioi?iai aue caeeth/ai aeiaiai?). I?eiaiaiea
i?iecaiaenoaaiii- iia?aoeaiuo e ioeaii/iuo naieoeee, eae i?aaeei, ia naycuaaaony n
aeiie aeieaeieea. Iaycaoaeueiui iniiaaieai eiouanoaaiiie ioaaonoaaiiinoe
i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneeo i?aaiecaoeee ii caeiio yaeyaony iaeniieiaiea iaycaoaeuenoaa
eee eniieiaiey aai iaiaaeeaaeauei ia?acii (no. 393
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AE ?O).. Aeia, niaeanii no. 401 AE ?O, ?anniao?eaaaony eae oneiaea
ioaaonoaaiiinoe, anee eiia ia i?aaeoniio?aii caeiiii eee aeiaiai?ii. Eeoei
i?eciaaony iaaeiiaiui, anee i?e oie noaiaie caaioeeainoe e iniio?eoaeueiinoe,
eaeay io iaai o?aaiaaeanue ii oa?aeoa?o iaycaoaeuenoaa e oneiaeyi iai?ioa, iii
i?eiyei ana ia?u aeey iaaeeaaeauaai eniieiaiey iaycaoaeuenoaa. Ionoonoaea aeiu
aeieacuaaaony eeoeii, ia?ooeaoei iaycaoaeuenoai. Iniaua i?aaeea i?aaeoniio?aiu aeey
noauaeoia i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie aeayoaeueiinoe. Eeoei, ia eniieieaoaa eee
iaiaaeeaaeauei ia?acii eniieieaoaa iaycaoaeuenoai i?e inouanoaeaiee
i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie aeayoaeueiinoe ianao ioaaonoaaiiinoue, anee ia aeieaaeao, /oi
iaaeeaaeauaa eniieiaiea ieacaeinue iaaiciiaeiui aneaaenoaea iai?aiaeieeiie neeu, o.a.
/?acau/aeiuo e iai?aaeioa?aoeiuo i?e aeaiiuo oneiaeyo ianoiyoaeuenoaao. E oaeei
ianoiyoaeuenoaai ia ioiinyony, a /anoiinoe, ia?ooaiea iaycaiiinoae ni noi?iiu
eiio?aaaioia aeieaeieea, ionoonoaea ia ?uiea ioaeiuo aeey eniieiaiey oiaa?ia,
ionoonoaea o aeieaeieea aeaiaaeiuo n?aaenoa. Caeiiii eee aeiaiai?ii iiaoo auoue
i?aaeoniio?aiu eiua oneiaey i?eiaiaiey aeiu, ii caeii cai?auaao caeeth/aiea
niaeaoaiee ia ono?aiaiee eee ia?aie/aiee ioaaonoaaiiinoe ca oiuoeaiiia
ia?ooaiea iaycaoaeuenoaa. Iniiaaieai ioaaonoaaiiinoe oi?aaeythuaai (iniiaiiai
i?aaei?eyoey) i?aaia ia?aae i?aaei?eyoeai naiae nenoaiu yaeyaony
i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneia i?aaiia?ooaiea (i?ioeaii?aaiia iiaaaeaiea). A ianoiyuaa
a?aiy a caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa i?yii i?aaeoniio?aia ioaaonoaaiiinoue oi?aaeythueo
oici?aaiia ia?aae oici?aaiaie, aoiaeyueie a eo nenoaio, eee ii iaycaoaeuenoaai
iineaaeieo (iniiaiuo i?aaei?eyoee a ioiioaiee caaeneiuo, aei/a?ieo). I?aai
oi?aaeaiey iaycai aeaenoaiaaoue oieueei a i?aaeaeao naiae eiiiaoaioeee e no?iai
niaethaeaoue i?aaa i?aaei?eyoey. Aeaenoaothuaa caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai ia oieueei cai?auaao
i?aaiai oi?aaeaiey aiaoeaaoueny a iia?aoeaii- i?iecaiaenoaaiioth aeayoaeueiinoue
i?aaei?eyoee, ii e ii?aaeaeyao iaaeaaii?eyoiua iineaaenoaey oaeiai aiaoaoaeuenoaa
(o.a. naieoeee): i?eciaiea iaaeaenoaeoaeueiui aeoa ainoaea?noaaiiiai i?aaia eee
i?aaia ianoiiai naiioi?aaeaiey; iai?eiaiaiea noaeii aeoa ainoaea?noaaiiiai i?aaia
eee i?aaia ianoiiai naiioi?aaeaiey, i?ioeai?a/auaai caeiio; aiciauaiea oauoeia.
I?e/eiaiiuo a ?acoeueoaoa eniieiaiey iai?aaiia?iuo oeacaiee. Neaaeoao o/eouaaoue,
iaeiaei, /oi i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneea i?aaiu aeieaeiu iaania/eaaoue ?aoaiea
i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo aii?inia, eneaoue iooe e niiniau auiieiaiey i?eiyouo ia naay
iaycaiiinoae, a ia ii?aaaeaiee ia?aae eiio?aaaioaie.
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4. IOAAONOAAIIINOUe A OI?AAEAI*ANEEO , E AIOO?EI?IECAIAeNOAAIIUO IOIIOAIEssO
I?AAeI?EIEIAOAEUeNOAA. Noauaeoaie i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenei- i?aaiaie ioaaonoaaiiinoe
iiaoo auoue o/anoieee i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneeo i?aaiioiioaiee. A oi aea a?aiy
ioaaonoaaiiinoue a i?iecaiaenoaaiii- oi?aaeai/aneeo e aioo?ei?iecaiaenoaaiiuo
ioiioaieyo eiaao naie niaoeeoe/aneea iniaaiiinoe. Oae, a ioiioaieyo ii aa?oeeaee
i?eiaiythony naieoeee, oa?aeoa?iua eiaiii aeey i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneiai i?aaa.
Ioaaonoaaiiinoue ai aioo?ei?iecaiaenoaaiiuo ioiioaieyo oaeaea eiaao naie oi?iu,
ii?yaeie i?eiaiaiey e io?aaeaiey ia ?acoeueoaoao i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie aeayoaeueiinoe.
Aeaenoaothuaa caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai ia ioaaonoaaiiinoe a yoeo noa?ao iiea ?ac?aaioaii
iaaeinoaoi/ii. Ioaaonoaaiiinoue oicyenoaaiiuo i?aaiia i?aaeoniio?aia eeoue a
ioaeaeueiuo neo/ayo. Oae, anee i?aaei?eyoea auiieieei o?aaiaaiey i?aaia
ainoaea?noaaiiie aeanoe eee i?aaia ianoiiai naiioi?aaeaiey e iioa?iaei a
?acoeueoaoa oaeeo aeaenoaee oauoee, iii eiaao i?aai ia aiciauaiea i?e/eiaiiuo
oauoeia. Oaeea iai?aaiia?iua oeacaiey i?aaiia ainoaea?noaaiiie aeanoe noauaeoia
?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee eiaee cia/eoaeueiia ?ani?ino?aiaiea a ia?aie iieiaeia 90-o
aiaeia XX a., eiaaea a ?aaeiiao iaiainiiaaiii aaiaeeeenue ia?aie/aiey ia
ia?aaeaeaeaiey oiaa?ia ia oa??eoi?ee ?innee, aaiaeeeenue naiinoiyoaeueiua, ia
i?aaeoniio?aiiua caeiiii ?aaeiiaeueiua e ianoiua iaeiae. Noaeaie a yoeo neo/ayo
i?eiaiyeenue ana i?aaeoniio?aiiua caeiiii niiniau caueou i?aa i?aaei?eieiaoaey
aieioue aei aiciauaiey oauoeia. Iiaia a?aaeaeaineia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai onoaiaaeeaaao
ia?aie/aiey i?aa nianoaaiieea ia ?anii?yaeaiea eiouanoaii, ia?aaeaiiui
i?aaei?eyoeyi e o/?aaeaeaieyi a oicyenoaaiiia aaaeaiea eee iia?aoeaiia oi?aaeaiea.
A ioaeaeueiuo neo/ayo i?aaiu ?oeiaiaenoaa (oieaeeiae, nithcu, iauaaeeiaiey) eiatho
oeaio?aeeciaaiiua oiiaeu e ?aca?au aeey ieacaiey oeiainiaie iiiiue i?aaei?eyoeyi,
ii iiae/eiaiiui i?aaiecaoeeyi, aoiaeyuei a ninoaa iauaaeeiaiey, ia i?aaeinoaaeaii
i?aai o?aaiaaiey ia aiciauaiea oauoeia e oi?aaeythuaio i?aaio. A oneiaeyo
?acaeoey oic?an/aoa a oi?aaeaiee iiauoaiea ioaaonoaaiiinoe oi?aaeythueo i?aaiia
i?eia?aoaao ?aoathuaa cia/aiea. Noauaeoaie ioaaonoaaiiinoe ai
aioo?ei?iecaiaenoaaiiuo ioiioaieyo yaeythony iiae?acaeaeaiey i?aaei?eyoee (oeaoe,
o/anoee) e i?iecaiaenoaaiiua aaeeieoeu (oeeeaeu, i?aaenoaaeoaeuenoaa).
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Ioaaonoaaiiinoue iaeiiai iiae?acaeaeaiey iiaeao aicieeiooue ia?aae i?aaei?eyoeai eee
ae?oaei iiae?acaeaeaieai. A ia?aii neo/aa ioaaonoaaiiinoue ianooiaao oiaaea, eiaaea n
i?aaei?eyoey auee acuneaiu noiiu iaonoieee e oauoeia ca ia?ooaiey iaycaoaeuenoa
ia?aae ae?oaeie i?aaei?eyoeyie; niioaaonoaothuea noiiu ioiinyo a yoeo neo/ayo ia oa
iiae?acaeaeaiey, ii aeia eioi?uo auee aeiiouaiu i?aaiia?ooaiey. Ai aoi?ii neo/aa
iiae?acaeaeaiey ianoo ioaaonoaaiiinoue ca ia?ooaiey iaycaoaeuenoa ii
aioo?ecaaiaeneie eiiia?aoeee: i?e ia?aaea/a aeaoaeae e oceia, i?e ?aiiioa
iai?oaeiaaiey, iiaea/a Yia?aee e ae?. A ?acoeueoaoa oaeeo ia?ooaiee o
iiae?acaeaeaiee- niaaeieeia iiaoo aicieeiooue oauoee ec-ca i?inoiaa, i?aauoaiey
eeieoia, ia?ooaiey a?aoeeia, ?eoia ?aaiou e o.ae. A yoeo ioiioaieyo ii
i?eiaiaieth ioaaonoaaiiinoe eneeth/aaony ?aaeueiia aeaeaeaiea aeaiaaeiuo n?aaenoa, ii
iie io?aaeathony ia eeoeaauo n/aoao iiae?acaeaeaiee a ii?yaeea aooaaeoa?neiai o/aoa.
A nayce n nicaeaieai oeeeaeia, i?aaenoaaeoaeuenoa aicieeea i?iaeaia
aioo?ei?iecaiaenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee iaaeaeo oaeeie aaeeieoeaie e eo ioaaonoaaiiinoueth.
Ana ioiioaiey i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo aaeeieoe ?aaoee?othony eieaeueiuie ii?iaoeaiuie
aeoaie. Eiouanoaaiiay e iia?aoeaiay naiinoiyoaeueiinoue i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo aaeeieoe
cia/eoaeueii oe?a, /ai o oeaoia e o/anoeia e iiyoiio i?inoiai ia?aianaiey
i?aeoeee aioo?ecaaiaeneiai oic?an/aoa ia ioiioaiey iaaeaeo i?iecaiaenoaaiiuie
aaeeieoeaie ia aeinoaoi/ii. Caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai, ?aaoee?othuaa oicyenoaaiiua ioiioaiey
n o/anoeai oeeeaeia, i?aaenoaaeoaeuenoa, a oii /enea e ioiioaiey ioaaonoaaiiinoe
i?aaeoniao?eaatho, /oi iie ia yaeythony th?eaee/aneeie eeoeaie, ii naii i?aaei?eyoea
iiaeao iaaeaeeoue oaeia iiae?acaeaeaiea i?aaaie th?eaee/aneiai eeoea. A /anoiinoe, ei
?ac?aoaaony ioe?uaaoue niioaaonoaothuea n/aoa a e?aaeeoiuo o/?aaeaeaieyo, ca ieie
cae?aieyaony ii?aaeaeaiiia eiouanoai, ninoiyuaa iaeiia?aiaiii ia aaeaina naiiai
i?aaei?eyoey. ?oeiaiaeeoaeth oeeeaea, i?aaenoaaeoaeuenoaa auaeaaony aeiaa?aiiinoue ia
i?aaenoaaeaiea eioa?ania i?aaei?eyoey e aaaeaiea ioaeaeueiuo i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneeo
iia?aoeee io eiaie i?aaei?eyoey, naycaiiuo n aeayoaeueiinoueth oaeiai iiae?acaeaeaiey.
Yoi icia/aao, /oi ioaaonoaaiiinoue ca aeayoaeueiinoue oeeeaea, i?aaenoaaeoaeuenoaa
ianao naii i?aaei?eyoea, a ia iiae?acaeaeaiea.
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AEAAA 8. I?AAIAUA OI?IU OICssENOAAIIIAI ?AN*AOA E YEIIIIE*ANEIAI NOEIOEE?IAAIEss
1. Cia/aiea, iiiyoea e aeaeu oic?an/aoa.
2. I?aaiaua oi?iu oic?an/aoa.
3. I?aaiaay i?e?iaea e oi?iu yeiiiie/aneiai noeioee?iaaiey.
4. I?aaiaay i?aaiecaoeey oiiaeia yeiiiie/aneiai noeioee?iaaiey.
1. CIA*AIEA, IIIssOEA E AEAeU OIC?AN*AOA. Oicyenoaaiiue ?an/ao – iauaeoeaii
iaiaoiaeeiue iaoiae oicyenoaiaaiey, inouanoaeaiey i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie
aeayoaeueiinoe ia iniiaa iiiaiia?acey oi?i nianoaaiiinoe ia n?aaenoaa
i?iecaiaenoaa. Ii ninoieo a oii, /oi i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneia caaii a niioaaonoaee n
ieaiii naiinoiyoaeueii inouanoaeyao naith aeayoaeueiinoue, eniieuecoy cae?aieaiiia ca
iei eiouanoai, aiciauaao ?anoiaeu ca n/ao ?acoeueoaoia naiae aeayoaeueiinoe.
I?ioeaiiieiaeiue oic?an/aoo iaoiae athaeaeaoiiai oeiaine?iaaiey caeeth/aaony a oii,
/oi ?anoiaeu ii ii?aaeaeaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe iie?uaathony ca n/ao n?aaenoa,
iieo/aaiuo ec athaeaeaoa. N?aaenoaa i?aaeinoaaeythony ii ooaa?aeaeaiiie niaoa ?anoiaeia
e iiaoo auoue eniieueciaaiu oieueei ia oeacaiioth a niaoa oeaeue e a oa/aiea oiai
ia?eiaea, ia eioi?ue iieo/aiu anneaiiaaiey. Aeey ?innee oic?an/ao ia yaeyaony
iiaui yaeaieai. Iinea niauoee 1917 a. i iai ia caauee. Ii noae yeaiaioii iiaie
yeiiiie/aneie iieeoeee, niaieaoae “aiaiiue eiiioieci”. Neaaeoao caiaoeoue, /oi
ia?aoiae ia oic?an/aoiua ioiioaiey a oio ia?eiae, eiaaea aua i?iaeieaeaeanue
a?aaeaeaineay aieia, aieiae e ?ac?ooa, inouanoaeyeny iai?inoi, a aieueoie
iieeoe/aneie ai?ueaa. A no?aia auea i?aaei?eiyoa iiiuoea nicaeaoue
“ieeeoa?ece?iaaiioth yeiiiieeo” ca n/ao eniieueciaaiey o?oaea a?iee, naiaiaeiie io
aaaeaiey aiaiiuo aeaenoaee. A ea/anoaa iiiiiaioa ii yoiio aii?ino A.E.Eaieio
aunooiee E.Ae.O?ioeeee, caieiaaoeeny a oi a?aiy oicyenoaaiiie ?aaioie. Ii i?eoae
e auaiaeo, /oi iaoiaeu aiaiiiai eiiioiecia, iaaycaiiua ianoaiiaeie a?aaeaeaineie
aieiu, en/a?iaee naay, e /oi aeey iiaeuaia oicyenoaa iaiaoiaeeii ai /oi au oi ie
noaei aaanoe yeaiaio ee/iie caeioa?aniaaiiinoe, o.a. ainnoaiiaeoue aioo?aiiee
?uiie. A yoie
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nayce auei i?aaeeiaeaii caiaieoue i?iaeiaieuenoaaiioth ?acaa?noeo oeaaiui iaeiaii e
aaanoe oiaa?iiaiai. Eaiei ?acei e?eoeeiaae O?ioeeiai ca aai iooiae io iieeoeee
aiaiiiai eiiioiecia e aei iineaaeieo aiciiaeiinoae ai?ieny i?ioea noi?iiieeia
iiaie yeiiiie/aneie iieeoeee. A ?a/e ia VII Ana?inneeneii nuacaea Niaaoia a
aeaeaa?a 1919 aiaea ii niiaa cayaee i oii, /oi ia “naiaiaeo oi?aiaee, iu ia iieaeai
ieeiaaea, nei?aa eyaeai ana einoueie, /ai naeaeaai a yoii onooiee”. A oaa?aea 1920
a. Eaiei auniaye aano?eeneiai nioeeaeenoa Iooi Aaoy?a, ooaa?aeaeaaoaai, /oi
“yeni?ii?eaoeey yeni?ii?eaoi?ia” ?ac?ooaao i?iecaiaeeoaeueiua neeu e ?aci?yao
ia?iaeiua iannu. Aaoy? niaaoiaae i?iaiaeeoue yeni?ii?eaoeeth a “oii?yaei/aiiie
o?aaoee?iaaiiie oi?ia… iin?aaenoaii iaeiaia”. Niauoey a E?iiooaaeoa ai iiiaii
eciaieee i?aaenoaaeaiey eiiioienoia, a oii /enea Eaieia. Oai ia iaiaa, ii
ii-i?aaeiaio n/eoae, /oi naiaiaea oi?aiaee iaieioaii i?eaaaeao e iiaaaea eaieoaea,
e iieiie aai ?anoaa?aoeee. Ii iaonoaiii iiaoi?ye, /oi IYI ia no?aoaaey, a
oaeoeea, auioaeaeaiiay ia?aaeuoea (oioy e “ana?ueac e iaaeieai”) ia?aae iiaui
iieeoe/aneei ianooieaieai(*1). A.E. Eaieiui auee ?ac?aaioaiu e cae?aieaiu
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii iiaua i?eioeeiu ?aaiou ainoaea?noaaiiiai i?aaei?eyoey e
oi?aaeaiey ei, iacaaiiua oicyenoaaiiui ?an/aoii. Nooue eo naiaeeeanue oiio, /oi
ainoaea?noaaiiia i?aaei?eyoea a ?aieao aaeeiiai oicyenoaaiiiai ieaia iieo/aao
ii?aaeaeaiioth noaiaiue naiinoiyoaeueiinoe e naiaiaeo oicyenoaaiiiai iaiaa?a,
aeeth/aaony a nenoaio noieiinoiuo ioiioaiee. Iii iaoa?eaeueii caeioa?aniaaii a
?acoeueoaoao naiae aeayoaeueiinoe. A oi aea a?aiy, ainoaea?noai, eniieuecoy eioa?anu
ioaeaeueiiai i?aaei?eyoey, aicaeaenoaoao ia ieo yeiiiie/aneeie ?u/aaaie,
yeiiiie/anee noeioee?oao i?aaei?eyoea aeiaeaaoueny onoaiiaeaiiuo ieaiii (caaeaieai)
oeaeae, ?aaioaoue i?iecaiaeeoaeueii e yooaeoeaii. A niaoeeaeueiie eeoa?aoo?a,
iinayuaiiie enneaaeiaaieth oicyenoaaiiiai iaoaiecia, nouiinoue oic?an/aoa
iauyniyaony ii-?aciiio. Iaeioi?ua iaoiaeyo nouiinoue oic?an/aoa a
naiiieoiaaiinoe, iiieiaaiie oieueei eae aiciauaiea i?aaei?eyoeai i?iecaaaeaiiuo
cao?ao iooai ?aaeecaoeee naiae i?iaeoeoeee (oneoa) a oiaa?iie oi?ia a ?acoeueoaoa
iaiin?aaenoaaiiiai o/anoey a oiaa?ii- aeaiaaeiuo ioiioaieyo(*2). Ae?oaea iacuaatho
aai nenoaiie ioiioaiee iaaeaeo iauanoaii
(**1) Eaouoaa A. “Iu ia inoaiaaeeaaeenue ia?aae oai, /oiau ouny/e ethaeae
ia?ano?aeyoue…” Iaecaanoiay ?a/ue Eaieia// ?inneeneay aacaoa. -1993. -5
oaa?aey.
(**2) Aanee TH.A. Oicyenoaaiiue ?an/ao e aai i?aaiaua oi?iu // Niaaoneia
ainoaea?noai e i?aai. -1968. -N7. -N.77.
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e aai oicyenoaaiiuie caaiueyie (*1); nenoaiie aaaeaiey oicyenoaa(*2) ,
?anniao?eaatho a ea/anoaa oi?iu oi?aaeaiey, ieaie?iaaiey e noeioee?iaaiey eeai a
ea/anoaa oi?iu i?iecaiaenoaaiiie ioaaonoaaiiinoe. Auyniaiea nouiinoe oic?an/aoa
eiaao aaaeiia cia/aiea ia oieueei a iao/iii, ii i?aaeaea anaai a i?aeoe/aneii
ieaia, a /anoiinoe, aeey ii?aaeaeaiey a?aieoe aai i?eiaiaiey, aeey ?aoaiey aii?ina
i i?aaeaeao e aiciiaeiinoyo aai eniieueciaaiey a oicyenoaaiiii no?ieoaeuenoaa,
oi?iao e n?aaenoaao aicaeaenoaey ainoaea?noaa ia yeiiiie/aneea ioiioaiey. N
yeiiiie/aneie oi/ee c?aiey oic?an/ao – yoi niaieoiiinoue ii?aaeaeaiiuo
i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee, neeaaeuaathueony a ?aieao – aaeeiiai
ia?iaeiioicyenoaaiiiai eiiieaena ia aaca ?acaeaeaiey o?oaea iaaeaeo aai ioiineoaeueii
iainiaeaiiuie /anoyie (caaiueyie). Oic?an/ao aunooiaao yeiiiie/aneie oi?iie
eiaeeaeaeoaeueiiai aini?iecaiaenoaa, inouanoaeyaiiai a a?aieoeao ioaeaeueiuo caaiueaa
iaiauanoaeaiiiai oicyenoaa. Oic?an/aoiua ioiioaiey neeaaeuaathony iaaeaeo
ainoaea?noaii e ioaeaeueiuie caaiueyie yeiiiie/aneiai iaoaiecia (ia?ae/iuie,
n?aaeieie, aunoeie) , iaaeaeo naieie caaiueyie, a oaeaea a ?aieao ioaeaeueiuo caaiueaa:
Oic?an/ao oaeoe/anee eniieuecoaony a ioiioaieyo aioo?ei?iecaiaenoaaiiuo e
i?iecaiaenoaaiii- oi?aaeai/aneeo, eioi?ua yaeythony ieaiiai- noieiinoiuie, a iie
oe?a oiaa?ii- aeaiaaeiuo. Iiyoiio iaaa?ii, eiaaea ioiaeaeanoaeytho ioiioaiey
oic?an/aoiua n oiaa?ii- aeaiaaeiuie. A ea/anoaa iaoiaea oic?an/ao – yoi iniaue
niinia i?aaiecaoeee ?aaiou ioaeaeueiuo caaiueaa ?uii/iie yeiiiieee, a niioaaonoaee
n eioi?ui yeiiiie/aneia iieiaeaiea aeaiiiai caaia iinoaaeaii a caaeneiinoue io
?acoeueoaoia aai oicyenoaiaaiey, i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie aeayoaeueiinoe. Oic?an/ao –
yoi eino?oiaio, n iiiiuueth eioi?iai ?aaeecoaony yeiiiie/aneay iieeoeea
ainoaea?noaa a i?ioeanna oicyenoaiaaiey, i?iecaiaenoaa. Iai?aauie ieacaeenue
niaaoneea o/aiua- yeiiiienou, ooaa?aeaeaaoea, /oi oic?an/ao yaeyaony ii?iaeaeaieai
nioeeaeecia e oieueei aio i?enouei3. Eae iieacaea iaoa nianoaaiiay enoi?ey a
nioeeaeenoe/aneii ainoaea?noaa oic?an/ao ia ninoiyeny. Eai ii ia niaianoei
(**1) Iieeoe/aneay yeiiiiey. -I., 1978. -N. 250; Ieetheia A.E. Oic?an/aoiia
noeioee?iaaiea. -I., 1979. -N. 42.
(**2) Ia?aaeia A.N. Oic?an/ao a nenoaia oi?aaeaiey io?aneueth. -I. 1980. -N.
10-12.
(**3) Iieeoe/aneay yeiiiiey. -I. 1977. -O.3. -N.394.
!!191
n oioaeueiui ainoaea?noaaiiui ?aaoee?iaaieai, n eiiaiaeii- aaeieieno?aoeaiuie
iaoiaeaie oi?aaeaiey yeiiiieeie e aace?oaony ia oe?ieie naiinoiyoaeueiinoe
i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneeo no?oeoo?. Iniiaiuie i?eioeeiaie (yeaiaioaie) oic?an/aoa, ii
iiaieth aieueoeinoaa o/aiuo, yaeythony: 1) ioiineoaeueiay eiouanoaaiiay e
iia?aoeaii- i?iecaiaenoaaiiay naiinoiyoaeueiinoue oic?an/aoiiai caaia a ?aieao aai
aeayoaeueiinoe; 2) niecia?aiea ei ?anoiaeia n aeioiaeaie; 3) aiciauaiea yoei caaiii
naieo ?anoiaeia ca n/ao aeioiaeia io nianoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe (naiioeiaine?iaaiea)
e aa ?aioaaaeueiinoue; 4) yeiiiie/aneia noeioee?iaaiea i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie
aeayoaeueiinoe a oi?iao iiiu?aiey e ioaaonoaaiiinoe. Iia?aoeaiay
naiinoiyoaeueiinoue oic?an/aoiiai caaia au?aaeaaony a oii, /oi iii naii
oicyenoaoao, i?aaiecoao naith aeayoaeueiinoue eae /anoue aaeeiiai
ia?iaeiioicyenoaaiiiai eiiieaena (anoanoaaiii a i?aaeaeao e iai?aaeaieyo,
onoaiiaeaiiuo caeiiii), iainiaeaiia i?aaiecaoeeiiii, yeiiiie/anee e th?eaee/anee
io eiuo i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneeo caaiueaa e ainoaea?noaa. Naiinoiyoaeueiinoue caaia
eiaao aeaa noi?iiu – eiouanoaaiioth e ieaiiai- i?aaiecaoeeiiioth (iia?aoeaii-
i?iecaiaenoaaiioth). Eiouanoaaiiay naiinoiyoaeueiinoue aiieiuaaony a th?eaee/aneii
cae?aieaiee ca oic?an/aoiui caaiii eiouanoaa, eioi?ui yoi caaii a onoaiiaeaiiuo
i?aaeaeao iiaeao aeaaeaoue, iieueciaaoueny e ?anii?yaeaoueny. Iia?aoeaii-
i?iecaiaenoaaiia y naiinoiyoaeueiinoue – aiciiaeiinoue naiinoiyoaeueii ?aoaoue aii?inu
i?aaiecaoeee naiae i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie aeayoaeueiinoe ii aeinoeaeaieth oeaee. Iia
au?aaeaaony a naiinoiyoaeueiie oicyenoaaiiie eiiiaoaioeee. Noieiinoiia niecia?aiea
?anoiaeia n aeioiaeaie, naiiieoiaaiinoue e ?aioaaaeueiinoue inouanoaeyaony a oaeeo
i?aaiauo oi?iao, eae aaeain, i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneea iaycaoaeuenoaa e ae?.
Iaoa?eaeueiia noeioee?iaaiea cae?aieyaony a i?aaiauo oi?iao iiiu?aiey
(i?aaeinoaaeaiea ii?aaeaeaiiuo aeaa eee eueaio) e ioaaonoaaiiinoe (io?eoeaoaeueiua
eiouanoaaiiua iineaaenoaey) oic?an/aoiiai caaia ca ?acoeueoaou aai ?aaiou.
Yeaiaiou oic?an/aoa eae aaeeiiai (iauaai, ?iaeiaiai) iiiyoey iieo/atho cae?aieaiea
a oaeeo aaeeiuo i?aaiauo oi?iao, eae: oicyenoaaiiay i?aainoauaeoiinoue ;
oicyenoaaiiay eiiiaoaioeey; i?aai oicyenoaaiiiai aaaeaiey eee iia?aoeaiiai
oi?aaeaiey nianoaaiiinoe; oicyenoaaiiia iaycaoaeuenoai; a?aaeaeainei- i?aaiaay
ioaaonoaaiiinoue; iaoa?eaeueiia iiiu?aiea e ae?. Ec yoeo i?eioeeiia neaaeoao, /oi
oic?an/ao yaeyaony iaoiaeii aaaeaiey i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie aeayoaeueiinoe, iineieueeo
ii, ai-ia?auo, oeacuaaao ia iniiaiua ia?aiao?u i?aaiaiai noaoona
i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneiai caaia (eiouanoaaiiay iainiaeaiiinoue e iia?aoeaiay
!!192
naiinoiyoaeueiinoue, i?aai ia iiiu?aiea, naiinoiyoaeueiay ioaaonoaaiiinoue e ae?.);
ai-aoi?uo, ii?aaeaeyao niiniau i?aaiecaoeee i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie aeayoaeueiinoe (aa
ieaie?iaaiea, niecia?aiea cao?ao n aeioiaeaie, eiouanoaaiiia iainiaeaiea,
naiioeiaine?iaaiea); a-o?aoueeo, i/a?/eaaao iai?aaeaiey e a?aieoeu eniieueciaaiey
a yeiiiieea oiaa?ii- aeaiaaeiuo e ae?oaeo noieiinoiuo ioiioaiee e eaoaai?ee a
?aaeecaoeee iauaeoeaiuo o?aaiaaiee ?anoe?aiiiai aini?iecaiaenoaa i i?eaueueiinoe e
?aioaaaeueiinoe i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie aeayoaeueiinoe, yeaeaaeaioiinoe oicyenoaaiiuo
ioiioaiee e o.i. Ii aianoa n oai oic?an/ao eae iaoiae, a neeo neiaeiuo e
iiiainoi?iiieo naycae i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneeo noauaeoia a aaeeiii ia?iaeii-
oicyenoaaiiii eiiieaena, aucuaaao e aeecie oic?an/aoiua ioiioaiey. N o/aoii
ianoa e ?iee oic?an/aoiuo caaiueaa a oicyenoaaiiii iaoaiecia, auiieiyaiuo eie
oicyenoaaiiuo ooieoeee e iauaia eo i?aainoauaeoiinoe oic?an/ao iiae?acaeaeytho ia
neaaeothuea aeaeu:
a) oic?an/ao oicyenoaaiiuo nenoai;
a) oic?an/ao i?aaiia oicyenoaaiiiai ?oeiaiaenoaa, aunooiathueo eae i?aaeei,
oeaio?aie oicyenoaaiiuo nenoai (oo?a/eaaao cia/aiea);
a) oic?an/ao iauaaeeiaiee, i?aaei?eyoee (annioeeaoeee, oieaeeiae, oeiainiai-
i?iiuoeaiiua a?oiiu e o.i.);
a) oic?an/ao i?aaei?eyoey – iniiaiiai caaia i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneeo no?oeoo? a
ia?iaeiii oicyenoaa;
ae) oic?an/ao oeeeaeia, i?aaenoaaeoaeuenoa;
a) aioo?ei?iecaiaenoaaiiue oic?an/ao.
2. I?AAIAUA OI?IU OIC?AN*AOA. Oic?an/aoiay aeayoaeueiinoue noauaeoia
i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa ?aaeaiaioe?oaony i?aaiauie ii?iaie e aiieiuaaony a
ii?aaeaeaiiua th?eaee/aneea oi?iu. I?aaiaua oi?iu oic?an/aoa – yoi th?eaee/aneea
einoeooou e i?aaiioiioaiey, iiin?aaenoaothuea ?aaeecaoeeth aai yeaiaioia
(i?eioeeiia). Yeaiaiou oic?an/aoa iieo/atho iaiin?aaenoaaiiia au?aaeaiea a i?aaiauo
i?eciaeao ioaeaeueiuo aeaeia oic?an/aoa. Eeanneoeeaoeeth i?aaiauo oi?i oic?an/aoa
iiaeii i?iaiaeeoue:
1) ii aeaeai oic?an/aoa (auaeaeyy a eaaeaeie a?oiia niioaaonoaothuea einoeooou,
iiin?aaenoaothuea yeaiaiou oic?an/aoa);
2) ii einoeoooai, a eioi?uo ?aaeecothony yeaiaiou oic?an/aoa (n
iiae?acaeaeaieai ii niioaaonoaothuei aeaeai oic?an/aoa).
Oic?an/ao – eaoaai?ey yeiiiieei- i?aaiaay. Oa?aeoa?enoeeo oic?an/aoa iaaiciiaeii
aeaoue aia oi?i, a eioi?uo ii ?aaeecoaony. Aeeeoaeueiia a?aiy ainiiaenoaiaaei
i?aaenoaaeaiea, /oi i?aaiaua oi?iu oic?an/aoa – yoi th?eaee/aneea oi?iu oic?an/aoa
oieueei oaeiai caaia eae, i?aaei?eyoea. Iie naycaiu oieueei n oaeie aeayoaeueiinoueth,
!!193
?acoeueoaou eioi?ie ?aaeecothony a oiaa?ii- aeaiaaeiie oi?ia, a i?eioeeiu (yeaiaiou)
oic?an/aoa iieo/atho aaeaeaaoiia i?aaiaia cae?aieaiea eeoue a ii?iao a?aaeaeaineiai
i?aaa. Oaeay eiioeaioeey aioea a yaiia i?ioeai?a/ea n i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie
i?aeoeeie. ?anoe?aiea oic?an/aoiuo ioiioaiee a yeiiiieea, i?aaiecaoeee ?aaiou ia
oic?an/aoiuo ia/aeao, eiuo, /ai i?aaei?eyoea, caaiueaa, ?acaeoea oic?an/aoa ia
?aciuo o?iaiyo yeiiiie/aneiai iaoaiecia i?eaaee e iaiaoiaeeiinoe iiaeieoe
ii-iiaiio e i?iaeaia i?aaiauo oi?i oic?an/aoa. E na?aaeeia 60-o aiaeia XX a.
oaeie iiaeoiae aue au?aaioai a iaoea oicyenoaaiiiai i?aaao oioy i?aeoe/aneia
i?eiaiaiea aai noaei aiciiaeiui eeoue n eiioea 80-o. Nouiinoue yoiai iiaeoiaea
ninoieo a oii, /oi th?eaee/aneea oi?iu oic?an/aoa ia iiaoo ioiaeaeanoaeyoueny n
i?aaiauie oi?iaie oic?an/aoa eeoue iaeiiai aeaea (oic?an/aoa i?aaei?eyoey). Iauaio
(?iaeiaiio) e aeaeiaui yeiiiie/aneei iiiyoeyi oic?an/aoa niioaaonoaotho iauea e
aeaeiaua iiiyoey aai i?aaiauo oi?i. Ioaeaeueiua i?eioeeiu oic?an/aoa eniieuecoaony a
neaaeothueo iniiaiuo i?aaiauo oi?iao. I?aaiaua oi?iu oic?an/aoa iniiaiiai caaia
ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa – i?aaei?eyoey iaoneiaeaiu oaie ooieoeeyie, eioi?ua iie
auiieiytho a ea/anoaa noauaeoa, aaaeouaai iaiin?aaenoaaiioth i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneoth
aeayoaeueiinoue. Naiinoiyoaeueiinoue i?aaei?eyoey au?aaeaaony a oii, /oi iii yaeyaony
naiinoiyoaeueiui noauaeoii i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneiai i?aaa, iiaeao io naiaai eiaie
o/anoaiaaoue a ?acee/iuo eiouanoaaiiuo ioiioaieyo (ai?eciioaeueiuo e
aa?oeeaeueiuo), iiaeao naiinoiyoaeueii aunooiaoue a yeiiiie/aneii iai?ioa, ?aaeecoy
?acoeueoaou naiae aeayoaeueiinoe a oiaa?ii- aeaiaaeiie oi?ia. TH?eaee/anee
eiouanoaaiiay naiinoiyoaeueiinoue au?aaeaaony a ca/eneaiee eiouanoaa ia
naiinoiyoaeueiue aaeain eiie?aoiiai caaia. Iauai eiouanoaaiiie naiinoiyoaeueiinoe
ii?aaeaeyaony i?aaiaui ?aaeeiii eiouanoaa. Iia?aoeaii- i?iecaiaenoaaiiay
naiinoiyoaeueiinoue th?eaee/anee au?aaeaaony a eiiiaoaioeee ii aii?inai i?aaiecaoeee
i?iecaiaenoaa, ieaie?iaaiey, niaaaeaiey, nauoa e ae?oaeo noa? oicyenoaiaaiey.
I?aaei?eyoea iaania/eaaao niecia?aiea ?anoiaeia n aeioiaeaie, naiiieoiaaiinoue,
?aioaaaeueiinoue, eniieuecoy ?aciiia?aciua i?aaiaua oi?iu: oaoi?iioeiieai, a
eioi?ii ieaie?othony i?aaenoiyuea ?anoiaeu e aeioiaeu, aiciauaiea ?anoiaeia ca n/ao
aeioiaeia, iieo/aiea i?eauee e aa ?ani?aaeaeaiea ii iai?aaeaieyi. Ia?ae/iia caaii
aaaeao aooaaeoa?neee aaeain e aooaaeoa?neoth io/aoiinoue, ?aaeecoy i?iecaaaeaiiue
i?iaeoeo, iii iieo/aao n?aaenoaa aeey naiiieoiaaiinoe e ?aioaaaeueiinoe. Ii
eiie?aoiui i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneei aeiaiai?ai aaaeoony aeaiaaeiua ?an/aou. Ca n/ao
nicaeaiiiai i?eaaai/iiai
!!194
i?iaeoeoa iaania/eaaaony ?anoe?aiiia aini?iecaiaenoai a aeaiiii caaia ia?iaeiiai
oicyenoaa. I?e iaiaoiaeeiinoe i?aaei?eyoey iieo/atho caaiiua aeaiaaeiua n?aaenoaa io
o/?aaeaeaiee aaiea eee ae?oaeo i?aaei?eyoee. ?acaeoea oic?an/aoa ia?ae/iiai caaia
nii?iaiaeaeaaony iineaaeiaaoaeueiui nie?auaieai aacaica?aoiiai (athaeaeaoiiai)
oeiaine?iaaiey aai ?anoiaeia, ?anoe?aieai e?aaeeoiuo e caaiiuo i?aaiioiioaiee.
I?aaiaua oi?iu aioo?ei?iecaiaenoaaiiiai ?an/aoa eiatho naie iniaaiiinoe,
naycaiiua n oa?aeoa?ii aioo?ei?iecaiaenoaaiiie noa?u aeayoaeueiinoe iiae?acaeaeaiee
i?aaei?eyoey. Eo naiinoiyoaeueiinoue ia?aie/aia ?aieaie aioo?ei?iecaiaenoaaiiuo
ioiioaiee. Iie ia ?aaeecotho ?acoeueoaoia naiae aeayoaeueiinoe a oiaa?ii- aeaiaaeiie
oi?ia. Eiouanoaaiiay iainiaeaiiinoue eiaao ianoi oieueei ii ioiioaieth e aeaiiiio
i?aaei?eyoeth, ii ia anao o/anoieeia oiaa?iiai iai?ioa. Oai ia iaiaa cae?aieaiea
eiouanoaa ca eiie?aoiui caaiii – iaiaoiaeeiue yeaiaio i?aaiecaoeee
aioo?ei?iecaiaenoaaiiiai oic?an/aoa. Iia?aoeaii- i?iecaiaenoaaiiay
naiinoiyoaeueiinoue aioo?aiiaai iiae?acaeaeaiey th?eaee/anee cae?aieyaony
aioo?ei?iecaiaenoaaiiie eiiiaoaioeeae, yaeythuaeny ?aciiaeaeiinoueth iauae
i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenei- i?aaiaie eiiiaoaioeee. I?aeoeea naeaeaoaeuenoaoao, /oi
?acaeoea e oaeoaeaiea aioo?ei?iecaiaenoaaiiiai oic?an/aoa nii?iaiaeaeaaony
?anoe?aieai i?iecaiaenoaaiii- oicyenoaaiiie naiinoiyoaeueiinoe oic?an/aoiuo
aioo?aiieo caaiueaa ca n/ao nie?auaiey aee?aeoeaiuo iieacaoaeae, i?aaeinoaaeaiey
i?aa ?aoaoue aii?inu oaoieei- yeiiiie/anei ai e iia?aoeaii- i?iecaiaenoaaiiiai
ieaie?iaaiey, i?aaiecaoeee naiae i?iecaiaenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe, i?aaiecaoeee
o?oaea, iieaou o?oaea e iaoa?eaeueiiai noeioee?iaaiey. A iniauo oi?iao i?iyaeyaony
o aioo?aiiaai caaia niecia?aiea ?anoiaeia e aeioiaeia. Iii ia aaaeao
naiinoiyoaeueiiai aaeaina e o/aoa, ia eiaao iaiin?aaenoaaiii aeaiaaeiuo n?aaenoa.
?an/aou i?iecaiaeyony ia /a?ac aaie, a /a?ac aooaaeoa?eth. Yoi o/eouaaaony a
aooaaeoa?ee ia ioaeaeueiuo, aiaeeoe/aneeo n/aoao. Noieiinoiua ioiioaiey,
iaiaoiaeeiua aeey ?aaeecaoeee iniiaiuo yeaiaioia oic?an/aoa, aicieeatho ia oieueei a
noa?a oiaa?ii- aeaiaaeiiai ia?auaiey, iie a noa?a iaiin?aaenoaaiiiai i?iecaiaenoaa,
aioo?e i?aaei?eyoey, iaaeaeo aai iiae?acaeaeaieyie. Iaoa?eaeueiia noeioee?iaaiea
aioo?aiiaai iiae?acaeaeaiey inouanoaeyaony a i?aaiauo oi?iao
aioo?ei?iecaiaenoaaiiiai iaoa?eaeueiiai iiiu?aiey e aioo?ei?iecaiaenoaaiiie
iaoa?eaeueiie ioaaonoaaiiinoe. Aioo?aiia caaii ianao: a) yeiiiie/aneoth
ioaaonoaaiiinoue a aeaea oooaeoaiey oic?an/aoiuo iieacaoaeae e naycaiiiai n
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yoei oiaiueoaiey iiiu?aiey; a) ioaaonoaaiiinoue ca oauoee, i?e/eiaiiua oieaoie
i?aaei?eyoeai (ii aeia caaia) naieoeee ca ia?ooaiea aiaoieo aeiaiai?iuo
iaycaoaeuenoa; a) ioaaonoaaiiinoue ca ia?ooaiea naieo aioo?ei?iecaiaenoa aiiuo
iaycaoaeuenoa. I?aaiaua oi?iu oic?an/aoa i?iecaiaenoaaiiie aaeeieoeu (oeeeaea,
i?aaenoaaeoaeuenoaa) eiatho noiaenoai n oi?iaie oic?an/aoa i?aaei?eyoey e
aioo?aiiaai iiae?acaeaeaiey i?aaei?eyoey. Aeaei a oii, /oi ii iauaio yeiiiie/aneie
e i?aaiaie naiinoiyoaeueiinoe iia ieaea i?aaei?eyoey, ii auoa aai iiae?acaeaeaiey,
oi anoue caieiaao i?iiaaeooi/iia iieiaeaiea. I?iecaiaenoaaiiay aaeeieoea, eae e
aioo?aiiaa iiae?acaeaeaiea, ia yaeyaony th?eaee/aneei eeoeii. Iia iiaeao aunooiaoue io
naiaai eiaie e ai aiaoieo ioiioaieyo (n aaieii ii oaeouaio n/aoo), io eiaie
i?aaei?eyoey a aai eioa?anao. Naith aeayoaeueiinoue i?iecaiaenoaaiiay aaeeieoea
inouanoaeyao ia ia/aeao oicyenoaaiiiai ?an/aoa a i?aaeaeao i?aa, i?aaeinoaaeaiiuo
ae caeiiii, a oaeaea naiei i?aaei?eyoeai. Oaeei ia?acii, iauai aa i?aa
i?aaeii?aaeaeyaony ia oieueei i?aaei?eyoeai, ii e caeiiii. I?iecaiaenoaaiiay aaeeieoea
ia eiaao naiinoiyoaeueiiai aaeaina, ii iiaeao eiaoue ioaeaeueiue aaeain. Iia ai?aaa
caeeth/aoue io eiaie i?aaei?eyoey i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneea aeiaiai?u, ioaaonoaaiiinoue ii
eioi?ui ianao i?aaei?eyoea, o/anoaiaaoue a eneiaii i?iecaiaenoaa, naycaiiii n
caeeth/aieai, eciaiaieai e ?anoi?aeaie aeiaiai?ia, ii aeiaa?aiiinoe e io eiaie
i?aaei?eyoey. A oeaeii iiaeii neacaoue, /oi i?aaiaua oi?iu oic?an/aoa
i?iecaiaenoaaiiie aaeeieoeu noiaeiu n aioo?ei?iecaiaenoaaiiuie, eiaaea
i?iecaiaenoaaiiay aaeeieoea aunooiaao a ?aieao i?aaei?eyoey. A neo/ayo aea, eiaaea
oic?an/aoiay aeayoaeueiinoue aaeeieoeu auoiaeeo ca i?aaeaeu i?aaei?eyoey, i?aaiaua aa
oi?iu i?eaeeaeathony e oi?iai oic?an/aoa ia?ae/iiai caaia. Aiai?y i i?aaiaie
oi?ia oic?an/aoa oicyenoaaiiie nenoaiu, a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue iaaei ioiaoeoue, /oi a
nia?aiaiiuo oneiaeyo aaaeaiey yeiiiieee iiae nenoaiie neaaeoao iiieiaoue oaeea
iauaaeeiaiey i?aaei?eyoee, eae oieaeeiaiaua eiiiaiee, oeiainiai- i?iiuoeaiiua
a?oiiu, annioeeaoeee. Caeanue ?a/ue eaeao i oic?an/aoa iauaaeeiaiey a oeaeii, o.a. eae
aaeeiiai i?iecaiaenoaaiii- i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneiai eiiieaena. Caeiiiaeaoaeue i?eciaao
o oaeiai eiiieaena iaee/ea naiinoiyoaeueiuo eioa?ania, oicyenoaaiiie
naiinoiyoaeueiinoe e eieoeeaoeau. A oi aea a?aiy i?eciathony oic?an/ao,
naiinoiyoaeueiua eioa?anu, eieoeeaoeaa e i?iecaiaenoaaiiay naiinoiyoaeueiinoue ca
i?aaei?eyoeyie e i?aaiecaoeeyie, aoiaeyueie a oaeie aaeeiue eiiieaen. I?aaiaua
oi?iu cae?aieaiey eiouanoaaiiie naiinoiyoaeueiinoe iauaaeeiaiey- eiiieaena
ioee/aaony io th?eaee/aneeo oi?i
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oic?an/aoa aai caaiueaa. Caaiuey aeaenoaotho eae naiinoiyoaeueiua noauaeou
i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneiai i?aaa. Iauaaeeiaiea aea a oeaeii noauaeoii i?aaa ia yaeyaony.
Iii aunooiaao ia a aeaea naiinoiyoaeueiiai oici?aaia. Ia yaeyynue noauaeoii i?aaa,
iauaaeeiaiea a oeaeii aunooiaao eae naiinoiyoaeueiia caaii aini?iecaiaenoaaiiiai
i?ioeanna e a th?eaee/aneii aniaeoa. Aeayoaeueiinoue aai ieaie?oaony a oeaeii;
?acoeueoaou aeayoaeueiinoe ioeaieaathony oaeaea ii anaio eiiieaeno. Oi?aaeaiea
iauaaeeiaiey (oeaio? oicyenoaaiiie nenoaiu) au?aaeaao eioa?anu anae nenoaiu e
i?aaenoaaeyao eo a i?aaiauo ioiioaieyo. Iaeiiaoe, neaaeoao auaeaeyoue i?aaiaua oi?iu
oic?an/aoa i?aaiia ?oeiaiaenoaa i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie aeayoaeueiinoueth ioaeaeueiuo
io?aneae yeiiiieee. Ia oic?an/aoiie iniiaa aeaenoaotho i?aaiu oicyenoaaiiiai
?oeiaiaenoaa, yaeythueany oeaio?aie i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneeo nenoai. Eo oic?an/ao oanii
naycai n oic?an/aoii nenoaiu ca n/ao aeioiaeia eioi?ie aiciauathony cao?aou ia
aeayoaeueiinoue ii oicyenoaaiiiio ?oeiaiaenoao nenoaiie. 1. Oeaio? nenoaiu aunooiaao
a ea/anoaaoaiinoiyoaeueiiai noauaeoa i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneiai i?aaa a aeaea
oici?aaia. Ii iaeaaeaao iieiie i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenei- i?aaiaie eiiiaoaioeeae, i?aaii
iia?aoeaiiai oi?aaeaiey cae?aieaiiui ca iei eiouanoaii, eiaao naiinoiyoaeueiue
aaeain, aaaeao aooaaeoa?neee o/ao e io/aoiinoue, iaoa?eaeueii noeioee?oaony ii
?acoeueoaoai naiae aeayoaeueiinoue e aeayoaeueiinoe anae nenoaiu. Oeaio? oicyenoaaiiie
nenoaiu iiaeao auiieiyoue e i?iecaiaenoaaiii- iia?aoeaiua ooieoeee. Oi?iu
oic?an/aoiie eo i?aaiecaoeee noiaee n oi?iaie oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe
i?aaei?eyoey. E /eneo oeaio?ia oicyenoaaiiie nenoaiu a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue ioiinyony
io?aneaaua ieienoa?noaa: ieienoa?noai i?iiuoeaiiinoe, ieienoa?noai o?ainii?oa,
ieienoa?noai iooae niiauaiey e o.i. Eie eee i?e eo o/anoee ainoaea?noaaiiua
i?aaei?eyoey iaaeaeythony eiouanoaii ia i?aaa oicyenoaaiiiai aaaeaiey eee
iia?aoeaiiai oi?aaeaiey; iie a i?aaeaeao naiae eiiiaoaioeee oi?aaeytho
aeayoaeueiinoueth iiaeaaaeiinoaaiiuo i?aaei?eyoee e inouanoaeytho ae?oaea ooieoeee,
ii?aaeaeaiiua ii?iaoeaiuie i?aaiauie aeoaie. A nayce n eiinoeoooeeiiiui
cae?aieaieai ainoaea?noaaiiie nianoaaiiinoe noauaeoia ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee
(?aaeiiia) e ioieoeeiaeueiie nianoaaiiinoe aicieeaao aii?in i aiciiaeiinoe
nouanoaiaaiey oic?an/aoa ?aaeiia, oa??eoi?ee. Cia/eiinoue aeaiiiai aii?ina
ii?aaeaeyaony oai oaeoii, /oi ?aaeiiu anooiatho a a?aaeaeainei- i?aaiaua ioiioaiey
n noauaeoaie i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneiai i?aaa aioo?e no?aiu e a iaaeaeoia?iaeiua
yeiiiie/aneea nayce. A yoeo neo/ayo noauaeou ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee aunooiatho io
eiaie oa??eoi?ee eae o?aaeeoeeiiiue o/anoiee eiouanoaaiiuo ioiioaiee.
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Iaeanoiua, ?aaeiiaeueiua i?aaiu oi?aaeaiey iiaoo anooiaoue a aeiaiai?iua ioiioaiey
n i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneeie no?oeoo?aie, iai?eia?, ia ieacaiea aeioaoeeiiiuo oneoa.
?acoiaaony, aiai?eoue i oaeie i?aaiaie oi?ia oic?an/aoa iiaeii, ii iaaei eiaoue a
aeaeo aai yaiua ioee/ey io anao auoa ?anniio?aiiuo oi?i oic?an/aoa. Yoa i?iaeaia
o?aaoao ananoi?iiiaai e aeoaieiai eco/aiey, eae n i?aaiaie, oae e n
yeiiiie/aneie noi?iiu. Ia aucuaaao niiiaiee iaeii – oaeay i?aaiaay oi?ia
oic?an/aoa eiaao i?aai ia nouanoaiaaiea a ?uii/iie yeiiiieea.
3. I?AAIAAss I?E?IAeA E OI?IU YEIIIIE*ANEIAI NOEIOEE?IAAIEss. Iauaeoeaiua
i?aaeiinueee yeiiiie/aneiai noeioee?iaaiey ei?aiyony a naiie nooe
i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee, no?iyueony ia iniiaa ?acee/iuo oi?i nianoaaiiinoe,
i?e eiouanoaaiiii iainiaeaiee oicyenoaaiiuo i?aaiia, n o/aoii eiaeeaeaeoaeueiuo,
iaoa?eaeueiuo, aeooiaiuo iio?aaiinoae ethaeae. Yoe oaeoi?u ii?iaeaeatho ia oieueei
iauaainoaea?noaaiiua eioa?anu, ii e iainiaeaiiua iaoa?eaeueiua eioa?anu ioaeaeueiuo
eieeaeoeaia e o?oaeaieeia. Iaoa?eaeueiua eioa?anu oeaeaniia?aciu e iaiaoiaeeiu a
i?ioeanna i?iecaiaenoaa. Iaeiaei aeey ?aaeueiiai nouanoaiaaiey yeiiiie/aneiai
noeioee?iaaiey iaei iauaeoeaiuo caeiiiia?iinoae. ?aaeueiuie iie noaiiayony, anee
iiciaiiay eo iaiaoiaeeiinoue aini?eieiaaony ainoaea?noaii, o/eouaaaony a aai
oicyenoaaiiie iieeoeea, iaoiaeeo io?aaeaiea a ii?iao i?aaa e ?aaeecoaony a
oicyenoaaiiuo e yeiiiie/aneeo ioiioaieyo aai o/anoieeaie. Ainoaea?noai
ii?aaeaeyao noa?u eniieueciaaiey yeiiiie/aneiai noeioee?iaaiey, aai oeaee, iaoiaeu
e oi?iu, ninoaa noauaeoia, enoi/ieee e ?acia?u iaeiaia e ae?oaeo iaycaoaeueiuo
ieaoaaeae, ii?yaeie oi?ie?iaaiey e i?aaiaie ?aaeei aeaiaaeiuo n?aaenoa aeey
noeioee?iaaiey. Ec neacaiiiai iiaeii naeaeaoue auaiae, /oi nenoaia yeiiiie/aneiai
noeioee?iaaiey yaeyaony ii naiae i?e?iaea yeiiiieei- i?aaiaie eaoaai?eae e /oi a
i?ioeanna ?acaeoey e niaa?oainoaiaaiey yoie nenoaiu, iiieii yeiiiie/aneeo
?ac?aaioie iai?aaeaiee, iaoiaeia, oi?i e ?u/aaia aicaeaenoaey ia iaoa?eaeueiua
eioa?anu o/anoieeia i?iecaiaenoaa, aaaeiia cia/aiea eiaao ?aoeeiiaeueiia, iao/ii-
iainiiaaiiia eniieueciaaiea i?aaiauo n?aaenoa, au?aaeathueo ia oieueei oi?io, ii e
niaea?aeaiea iauaeoeaiuo i?aaeiinueie yeiiiie/aneiai noeioee?iaaiey.
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A no?oeoo?a yeiiiie/aneiai noeioee?iaaiey iiaeii auaeaeeoue eiaeeaeaeoaeueiia
noeioee?iaaiea ?aaioieeia ca o?oae eaaeaeiai e eieeaeoeaiia noeioee?iaaiea a?oii
ethaeae ii eoiaai ?aaiou ca ii?aaeaeaiiue ia?eiae. Iaoaieci yeiiiie/aneiai
noeioee?iaaiey yaeyaony yeaiaioii oic?an/aoa e iiyoiio i?eiaiyaony oieueei e
aeayoaeueiinoe e ioiioaieyi oic?an/aoiuo i?aaiia. Iin?aaenoaii yeiiiie/aneiai
noeioee?iaaiey aeinoeaaaony ni/aoaiea oic?an/aoiuo eioa?ania i?aaiecaoeee n eo
o?oaeiaui eieeaeoeaii e ainoaea?noaa, iauanoaa a oeaeii. A yeiiiie/aneii
noeioee?iaaiee eniieuecothony aeaa iaoiaea aicaeaenoaey ia eioa?anu i?aaiecaoeee –
iaoiae iiiu?aiey e iaoiae iaeacaiey (ioaaonoaaiiinoe, o.a. oooaeoaiea oeiainiaiai
ninoiyiey).
4. I?AAIAAss I?AAIECAOeEss OIIAeIA YEIIIIE*ANEIAI NOEIOEE?IAAIEss.
Aeey ?aaeueiie aeayoaeueiinoe yeiiiie/aneiai iiiu?aiey nicaeaaony nenoaia oiiaeia
yeiiiie/aneiai noeioee?iaaiey: oiiae iaoa?eaeueiiai iiiu?aiey, oiiae nioeeaeueii-
eoeueoo?iuo ia?ii?eyoee e aeeeeuiiai no?ieoaeuenoaa, oiiae ?acaeoey i?iecaiaenoaa.
Ana yoe oiiaeu caaenyo io aaee/eiu e aeeiaieee i?eauee, o.a. yaeythony oi?iaie
eieeaeoeaiiai noeioee?iaaiey. Io/eneaiey a oiiae iaoa?eaeueiiai iiiu?aiey
i?iecaiaeyony ii ii?iaoeaai, a i?ioeaioiii ioiioaiee e i?eauee. Yoe n?aaenoaa
?anoiaeothony ia i?aie?iaaiea ?aaioieeia ca auiieiaiea e ia?aauiieiaiea ieaiia
i?iecaiaenoaa, ia aaeeiia?aiaiiia iiiu?aiea ca auiieiaiea iniai aaaeiuo caaeaiee,
auieaoo aiciaa?aaeaeaiee ii eoiaai ?aaiou ca aiae, ieacaiea aaeeiia?aiaiiie iiiiue.
Oiiae nioeeaeueii- eoeueoo?iuo ia?ii?eyoee e aeeeeuiiai no?ieoaeuenoaa ia?acoaony ca
n/ao i?eauee, ii ia a i?ioeaioiii ioiioaiee e iae, a a ?acia?a 30-50 (a
no?ieoaeuenoaa 40-60)% oiiaea iaoa?eaeueiiai iiiu?aiey. Eiie?aoiua ?acia?u
(o?iaie) oiiaea onoaiaaeeaathony naiei i?aaei?eyoeai a caaeneiinoe io o?iaiy
nioeeaeueiiai iaania/aiey ?aaioieeia. Yoe n?aaenoaa ?anoiaeothony ia no?ieoaeuenoai,
?anoe?aiea e eaieoaeueiue ?aiiio aeeeuo aeiiia, aeaoneeo o/?aaeaeaiee, iaaeeoeeineeo
iauaeoia, iauaeoia eoeueoo?u, nii?oa, oaeaoaaeaiea ieoaiey ?aai/eo a noieiaie e
aooaoao e ae?. Oiiae ?acaeoey i?iecaiaenoaa oi?ie?oaony ca n/ao i?eauee
(i?ioeaioiia ioiioaiea e iae) e ca n/ao aii?oecaoeeiiiuo io/eneaiee ia
ainnoaiiaeaiea iniiaiuo oiiaeia a ?acia?a io 10 aei 50% yoeo io/eneaiee.
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Enoiaey ec yoiai, ?anoe?aiea i?iecaiaenoaa, ?ino i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoe o?oaea,
iiauoaiea o?iaiy iaoaiecaoeee a eiia/iii n/aoa i?eaiaeeo e iiauoaieth
iaoa?eaeueiiai aeaaininoiyiey /a?ac ?ino i?eauee.
Yeiiiie/aneia noeioee?iaaiea ?ani?ino?aiyaony e ia i?iecaiaenoaaiiua
iiae?acaeaeaiey i?aaei?eyoee e ia oeaio?u oicyenoaaiiuo nenoai. A ieienoa?noaao e
oeaio?ao aianoi oiiaeia nicaeathony oeaio?aeeciaaiiua ?aca?au e oeaio?aeeciaaiiua
oiiaeu. Caeanue aaaeii auynieoue: eiio – oeaio?o oicyenoaaiiie nenoaiu eee nenoaia a
oeaeii i?eiaaeeaaeeo i?aai iia?aoeaiiai oi?aaeaiey oaeeie oiiaeaie, ?aca?aaie.
Oeacaiiia eiouanoai (oiiaeu e ?aca?au yeiiiie/aneiai noeioee?iaaiey) i?eiaaeeaaeeo
ia i?aaa iia?aoeaiiai oi?aaeaiey ia oicyenoaaiiie nenoaia (eee iiaenenoaia) a
oeaeii, a aa oeaio?o – oi?aaeaieth iauaaeeiaiey eee niioaaonoaaiii ieienoa?noao. Ii
naiaio yeiiiie/aneiio niaea?aeaieth n?aaenoaa oeaio?aeeciaaiiuo oiiaeia – yoi iauaa
eiouanoai i?aaei?eyoee e i?aaiecaoeee, aoiaeyueo a oicyenoaaiioth nenoaio.
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AEAAA 9. CAUEOA I?AA E CAEIIIUO EIOA?ANIA I?AAeI?EIEIAOAEAE
1. Nouiinoue oicyenoaaiiuo (yeiiiie/aneeo) nii?ia a oneiaeyo ?uiea. Iauea
i?eioeeiu caueou i?aa i?aaei?eieiaoaeae.
2. I?aoaiceiiiue ii?yaeie o?aaoee?iaaiey nii?ia.
3. ?anniio?aiea nii?ia a?aeo?aaeiui noaeii:
a) nenoaia a?aeo?aaeiuo noaeia ?O;
a) iniiaiua i?eioeeiu i?aaiecaoeee e aeayoaeueiinoe a?aeo?aaeiuo noaeia;
a) iiaeaaaeiinoaaiiinoue e iiaenoaeiinoue nii?ia a?aeo?aaeiui noaeai;
a) ioi?ieaiea eneiauo cayaeaiee;
4. ?anniio?aiea nii?ia a iaaeaeoia?iaeiii eiiia?/aneii a?aeo?aaea.
5. ?anniio?aiea nii?ia o?aoaeneei noaeii.
1. NOUIINOUe OICssENOAAIIUO (YEIIIIE*ANEEO) NII?IA A ONEIAEssO ?UIEA. IAUEA
I?EIOeEIU CAUEOU I?AA I?AAeI?EIEIAOAEAE Caueoa i?aa e caeiiiuo eioa?ania
i?aaei?eieiaoaeae yaeyaony iaeiie ec aaaeiaeoeo ooieoeee i?aaa. Oae, iai?eia?, e
/eneo iniiaiuo ia/ae a?aaeaeaineiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa ioiineony:
– iaiaoiaeeiinoue aani?aiyonoaaiiiai inouanoaeaiey a?aaeaeaineeo i?aa (no. 9);
– iaania/aiea ainnoaiiaeaiey ia?ooaiiuo i?aa (no. 12);
– noaeaaiay caueoa ia?ooaiiiai i?aaa (no. 11).
Ii?iaeueiia ?acaeoea oicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee i?aaeiieaaaao, /oi i?aaa eo
o/anoieeia ?aaeecothony, a iaycaiiinoe eniieiythony iaaeeaaeauei ia?acii,
aeia?iaieueii e niciaoaeueii a niioaaonoaee n aeaenoaothuei caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii e
caeeth/aiiuie aeiaiai?aie aac aiaoaoaeuenoaa th?enaeeeoeeiiiuo i?aaiia. Iaeiaei
i?aeoeea i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie aeayoaeueiinoe naeaeaoaeuenoaoao i nouanoaiaaiee
aieueoiai eiee/anoaa oicyenoaaiiuo nii?ia e eiioeeeoiuo neooaoeee. Cia/eoaeueiia
eo /enei ioiineony e eiouanoaaiiui nii?ai, aicieeathuei i?e caeeth/aiee
aeiaiai?ia, eo eniieiaiee. Ii aeaiiui ieienoa?noaa yeiiiieee, a ?innee ia
auiieiyaony 40 i?ioeaioia eiio?aeoia(*1).
(**1) ssnei A. Eiaaea a no?aia eiioeeeou “ii/iua noi?iaea” ia niyo // ?inneeneea
aanoe. -1994. -6 ai?aey.
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I?e/ei iaauiieiaiey acyouo ia naay iaycaoaeuenoa noi?iiaie aeinoaoi/ii iiiai.
Aiaeec i?aeoeee acaeiiioiioaiee i?aaei?eieiaoaeae iicaieyao auaeaeeoue i?e/eiu
eiioeeeoia iaaeaeo ieie: 1) No?aieaiea eaaeaeie i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie no?oeoo?u
aeiaeoueny iaeaieueoae auaiaeu aeey naay a ?aieao aeaenoaothueo caeiiia e ia iniiaa
caeeth/aiiuo aeiaiai?ia, i?aaeoniao?eaathueo oaa?aeua aa?aioee eniieiaiey aeiaiai?iuo
iaycaoaeuenoa ae?oaie noi?iiie ii aeiaiai?o. 2) No?aieaiea ?oeiaiaeeoaeae e ae?oaeo
?aaioieeia i?aaei?eyoee, naycaiiuo n caeeth/aieai e eniieiaieai aeiaiai?ia,
iaania/eoue naie eioa?anu iooai iaoiaea caeiiia, iai?aaeeueiiai eoeoieeiaaiey,
nicaeaiey iaeaieaa auaiaeiuo aeey naay oneiaee, ia?aie/aiey nianoaaiiie
ioaaonoaaiiinoe. Iniaaiii yoi y?ei i?iyaeyaony a oneiaeyo ionoonoaey
eiieo?aioiie n?aaeu. 3) Ia?aaeei nii?u aicieeatho ii i?e/eia iaciaiey caeiia,
eioi?ui neaaeoao ?oeiaiaenoaiaaoueny. Iaeioi?ua ?oeiaiaeeoaee i?aiaa?aaatho niaaoaie
niaoeeaeenoia- th?enoia Ia i?aeoeea aicieeatho nii?u a noa?a oi?aaeaiey. Eo
eiee/anoai, e niaeaeaieth, ca iineaaeiea aiaeu no?aieoaeueii au?inei(*1). I?e/eiie
aicieeiiaaiey aeaiiie eaoaai?ee nii?ia ca/anooth neoaeao iai?aaiia?iua aeaenoaey
i?aaiia aeanoe e oi?aaeaiey, ia?ooathuea i?aaa e caeiiiua eioa?anu
i?aaei?eieiaoaeae. I?aaa i?aaei?eieiaoaeae a iaoae no?aia caueuaiu caeiiii.
Iaciaai eo iniiaiua niiniau:
– i?eciaiey i?aaa;
– ainnoaiiaeaiey iieiaeaiey, nouanoaiaaaoaai aei ia?ooaiey i?aa e i?ana/aiey
aeaenoaee, ia?ooathueo i?aai eee nicaeathueo oa?ico aai ia?ooaiey;
– i?eciaiea inii?eiie naeaeee iaaeaenoaeoaeueiie e i?eiaiaiey iineaaenoaee aa
iaaeaenoaeoaeueiinoe, i?eiaiaiey iineaaenoaee iaaeaenoaeoaeueiinoe ie/oiaeiie naeaeee;
– i?eciaiey iaaeaenoaeoaeueiui aeoa ainoaea?noaaiiiai i?aaia eee i?aaia
ianoiiai naiioi?aaeaiey;
– naiicaueou i?aaa;
– i?enoaeaeaiey e eniieiaieth iaycaoaeuenoaa a iaoo?a;
– aiciauaiey oauoeia;
– acuneaiey iaonoieee;
– eiiiainaoeee ii?aeueiiai a?aaea;
– i?ae?auaiey eee eciaiaiey i?aaiioiioaiey;
– iai?eiaiaiey noaeii aeoa ainoaea?noaaiiiai i?aaia eee i?aaia ianoiiai
naiioi?aaeaiey, i?ioeai?a/auaai caeiio.
(**1) I ?aaioa a?aeo?aaeiuo noaeia a 1992-1994 aiaeao // Aanoiee Aunoaai
A?aeo?aaeiiai Noaea ?O. -1995. -N4. -N.75-76.
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Aeaenoaothuaa caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai i?aaeinoaaeyao eeoeo, /uee i?aaa ia?ooaiu eee
inii?aiu, aiciiaeiinoue ia?aoeoueny a noae (a?aeo?aaeiue noae, o?aoaeneee noae) aeey eo
caueou. A?aaeaeaineee eiaeaen (no. 11) aeiioneaao onoaiiaeaiea a caeiia e ae?oaiai
niiniaa^ caueou i?aa i?aaei?eieiaoaeae – a aaeieieno?aoeaiii ii?yaeea. Iioa?iaaoay
noi?iia iiaeao, a anee yoi i?aaeoniio?aii caeiiii, oi e iaycaia ia?aoeoueny ni
naieie o?aaiaaieyie e aaeieieno?aoeaiiio i?aaio. Iaeiaei, anee ?aoaiea iineaaeiaai
aoaeao iaoaeiaeaoai?eoaeueiui, nio?aiyaony i?aai ia ia?auaiea a noae. Oae,
iai?eia?, aeaenoaothuei caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii nio?aiai i?aaeaa?eoaeueiue
aaeieieno?aoeaiue ii?yaeie iaaeaeiaaiey iinoaiiaeaiee i i?aaiia?ooaiee a iaeanoe
no?ieoaeuenoaa (no. 5 Caeiia ?O io 17.12.92 a. eIa aaeieieno?aoeaiie
ioaaonoaaiiinoe i?aaei?eyoee, o/?aaeaeaiee, i?aaiecaoeee e iauaaeeiaiee ca
i?aaiia?ooaiey a iaeanoe no?ieoaeuenoaa(*1)), aeaenoaee aeieaeiinoiuo eeoe
ainoaea?noaaiiuo iaeiaiauo einiaeoeee – no. 14 Caeiia ?NON? io 21.03.91 a. “I
ainoaea?noaaiiie iaeiaiaie neoaeaa ?NON?”(*2), iinoaiiaeaiee oaiiaeaiiuo i?aaiia i
iaeiaeaiee acuneaiey ca ia?ooaiea oaiiaeaiiuo i?aaee – no. 371 Oaiiaeaiiiai
eiaeaena).(*3) Eiia/ii, iaeaieaa yooaeoeaiui yaeyaony eniieueciaaiea
ia?a/eneaiiuo niiniaia caueou (ca eneeth/aieai, anoanoaaiii, naiicaueou) iooai
ia?auaiey a noaeaaiua i?aaiu, ?aoaiey eioi?uo iiaoo auoue eniieiaiu a
i?eioaeeoaeueiii ii?yaeea. Iaeiaei iaiaoiaeeii eiaoue a aeaeo, /oi caueoa iiaeaa?aathony
oieueei i?aaa, inouanoaeyaiuaiaaeeaaeauei ia?acii, ia anooiathuea a i?ioeai?a/ea n
eioa?anaie iauanoaa, anaai a?aaeaeaineiai iai?ioa e aai ioaeaeueiuo o/anoieeia.
Aeaenoaey i?aaei?eieiaoaeae, inouanoaeyaiua eneeth/eoaeueii n iaia?aieai i?e/eieoue
a?aae ae?oaiio eeoeo, eniieueciaaiea a?aaeaeaineeo i?aa a oeaeyo ia?aie/aiey
eiieo?aioeee, ceioiio?aaeaiea aeiieie?othuei iieiaeaieai ia ?uiea, a oaeaea
ceioiio?aaeaiea i?aaii a eiuo oi?iao ia aeiioneathony (no. 10 AE). A yoii neo/aa
noae ia oieueei ioeaaeao eeoeo a caueoa i?eiaaeeaaeauaai aio i?aaa, ii e iiaeao
i?eiaieoue e iaio niioaaonoaothuea naieoeee – aiciauaiea i?e/eiaiiiai a?aaea,
naieoeee, onoaiiaeaiiua aioeiiiiiieueiui caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii. Ioeac io i?aaa ia
ia?auaiea a noae ca caueoie iaaeaenoaeoaeai (no. 4 AIE). Yoi icia/aao, /oi a
aeiaiai?ao i?aaei?eieiaoaeae ia iiaeao auoue oneiaee eee iaiai?ie, ia?aie/eaathueo
i?aai noi?iiu ia ia?auaiea a noae a neo/aa iaeniieiaiey iaycaoaeuenoaa.
(**1) Aaaeiiinoe Nuacaea ia?iaeiuo aeaiooaoia e Aa?oiaiiai Niaaoa ?O. -1993. -N2.
-No.58.
(**2) Oai aea. -1991. -N15. -No.492.
(**3) Oai aea. -1993. -N31. -No.1224.
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2.I?AOAICEIIIUE II?ssAeIE O?AAOEE?IAAIEss NII?IA I?aai ia ia?auaiea a a?aeo?aaeiue
noae eiie?aoiuo noauaeoia i?aaiioiioaiee (i?aai ia i?aaeuyaeaiea enea) aicieeaao
eeoue iinea i?eiyoey noi?iiaie ia? ii iaiin?aaenoaaiiiio o?aaoee?iaaieth nii?a a
i?aoaiceiiiii ii?yaeea. I?aaeuyaeyy i?aoaiceth, iaeei oicyenoaothuee noauaeo
oeacuaaao ae?oaiio ia niaa?oaiiua ei iai?aaeeueiua aeaenoaee (aacaeaenoaea) eee
ioeaee, eioi?ua iai?aaiia?ii ouaieytho aai caeiiiua eioa?anu. Noi?iia o?aaoao
ono?aiaiey eee eni?aaeaiey a aeia?iaieueiii ii?yaeea yoeo ia?ooaiee, nnueaynue i?e
yoii ia ii?iaoeaiua aeou e oaeoe/aneea ianoiyoaeuenoaa aeaea. A yoii nooue eaaeaeie
i?aoaicee. Anee i?aaei?eyoea aeia?iaieueii oaeiaeaoai?yao cayaeaiioth i?aoaiceth, iao
iaiaoiaeeiinoe ia?auaoueny a noae. Iaiin?aaenoaaiiuie caaea/aie i?aoaiceiiiie
?aaiouyaeythony: a) ainnoaiiaeaiea ia?ooaiiuo i?aa e caueoa caeiiiuo eioa?ania
i?aaei?eieiaoaeae; a) auyaeaiea i?e/ei e oneiaee, aeaeoueo iaauiieiaiea
aeiaiai?iuo iaycaoaeuenoa, auione i?iaeoeoeee e oiaa?ia iaiaaeeaaeauaai ea/anoaa e
ae?. ia?ooaiey; a) i?aaeoi?aaeaeaiea ia?ooaiee aeiaiai?iie aeenoeeieeiu, aeaenoaothuaai
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa; a) oeo/oaiea yeiiiie/aneeo iieacaoaeae oicyenoaaiiie
aeayoaeueiinoe i?aaiecaoeee; ae) aiciauaiea ca n/ao aeiiaiuo eeoe oua?aa,
i?e/eiaiiiai i?aaei?eieiaoaeth. I?aoaiceiiiay ?aaioa, aeaaiie oeaeueth eioi?ie
yaeyaony ono?aiaiea eee i?aaeoi?aaeaeaiea io?eoeaoaeueiiai aicaeaenoaey ia
i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneoth aeayoaeueiinoue ni noi?iiu eiio?aaaioia. Aoaeo/e iniiaaiiie ia
i?eiaiaiee i?aaiauo ii?i e i?aaeeueii i?aaieciaaiiie, noaiiaeony yooaeoeaiui
n?aaenoaii ono?aiaiey yoeo io?eoeaoaeueiuo ?acoeueoaoia. Iiyoiio i?aoaiceiiioth
?aaioo iiaeii ?anniao?eaaoue eae iaeei ec iniiaiuo niiniaia caueou i?aa e caeiiiuo
eioa?ania i?aaei?eieiaoaeae. Iooai i?aaeuyaeaiey i?aoaicee e naiei eiio?aaaioai
ii iiaiaeo ia?ooaiey aeiaiai?iuo iaycaoaeuenoa i?aaei?eieiaoaeue caueuaao naie
caeiiiua i?aaa, o?aaoao ainnoaiiaeaiey ia?ooaiiuo i?aa, ia?aaeaeaiey naieo
eiouanoaaiiuo e iaeiouanoaaiiuo eioa?ania. N oi/ee c?aiey iia?aoeaiiai
?ac?aoaiey aicieeoaai nii?a i?aoaiceiiiue ii?yaeie aai o?aaoee?iaaiey iicaieyao
noi?iiai a?aoiaioe?iaaii eceiaeeoue naith iiceoeeth, iiaeoaa?aeea aa nnueeaie ia
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niioaaonoaothuaa caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai, i?iecaanoe naa?eo ?an/aoia ii acaeiiie
caaeieaeaiiinoe, oaeei ia?acii, naiinoiyoaeueii, ia i?eaaaay e iiiiue a?aeo?aaeiiai
noaea, o?aaoee?iaaoue aicieeoee nii?. A naith i/a?aaeue, a?aeo?aaeiua noaeu
inaiaiaeaeaeenue io iiiai/eneaiiuo aani?aaeiaoiuo, ii nouanoao, nii?ia,
caaa?oaaoeony, eae i?aaeei, i?eciaieai enea eeai caeeth/aieai ie?iaiai
niaeaoaiey. Iaeiaei i?aeoeea i?eiaiaiey i?aoaiceiiiiai ii?yaeea o?aaoee?iaaiey
nii?ia a oneiaeyo noaiiaeaiey ?uii/iuo ioiioaiee, ianoaaeeueiiai oeiainiaiai
iieiaeaiey a no?aia auyaeea e iaaaoeaiua iineaaenoaey nouanoaiaaaoaai ii?yaeea.
I?aoaiceiiiue ii?yaeie ?anniio?aiey cayaeaiiuo o?aaiaaiee caaea?aeeaae ia/aei
a?aeo?aaeiiai i?ioeanna ia onoaiiaeaiiue Iieiaeaieai i i?aoaiceiiiii ii?yaeea
o?aaoee?iaaiey nii?ia n?ie (1-3 ianyoea). Yoi caoyaeaaei ainnoaiiaeaiea
ia?ooaiiuo i?aa i?aaei?eieiaoaeae e aeaaaei aiciiaeiinoue aeiiaiie noi?iia
iacaeiiii iieueciaaoueny eiouanoaii eee aeaiaaeiuie n?aaenoaaie e?aaeeoi?a., Ia?aaeei
i?aaeuyaeaiea iainiiaaiiie i?aoaicee neoaeeei naiaia?aciui neaiaeii
iaaeia?iniaanoiui i?aaei?eieiaoaeyi e naiiio aaaeiiio aeaenoaeth a eo aeayoaeueiinoe:
eeai eeeaeaee?iaaoueny, eeai niyoue eiathueany aeaiaaeiua n?aaenoaa ni naiaai n/aoa a
aaiea e i?aaenoaoue ia?aae noaeii e naiei e?aaeeoi?ii iaeiouei, ianiiniaiui ioaa/aoue
ii naiei aea aeieaai. N i?eiyoeai iiaiai A?aeo?aaeii- i?ioeannoaeueiiai eiaeaena
niaethaeaiea aeinoaeaaiiai(i?aoaiceiiiiai) ii?yaeea o?aaoee?iaaiey nii?a o?aaoaony
oieueei a neo/ayo, i?aaeoniio?aiiuo caeiiii aeey aeaiiie eaoaai?ee nii?ia eee
aeiaiai?ii (no. 104 AIE). Yoi icia/aao, /oi n 1 ethey 1995 a. Iieiaeaiea i
i?aoaiceiiiii ii?yaeea o?aaoee?iaaiey nii?ia oo?aoeei neeo, a ii?yaeie
o?aaoee?iaaiey nii?ia, onoaiiaeaiiue caeiiaie (Eiaeaenii oi?aiaiai ii?aieaaaiey
NNN?, Aicaeooiui eiaeaenii ?O, Oaaea?aeueiui caeiiii “I nayce”), a oaeaea
O?ainii?oiui onoaaii aeaeaciuo aei?ia ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee, Onoaaii aioo?aiiaai
aiaeiiai o?ainii?oa ?NON?, Onoaaii aaoiiiaeeueiiai o?ainii?oa ?NON? i?iaeieaeaao
aeaenoaiaaoue. Oaaea?aeueiui caeiiii ?O “I nayce”(*1) io 16.02.95 a. (no. 38)
onoaiiaeaii, /oi i?aoaicee i?e iaeniieiaiee eee iaiaaeeaaeauai eniieiaiee
iaycaoaeuenoa i?e i?aaeinoaaeaiee oneoa nayce eee auiieiaiee ?aaio a iaeanoe
nayce i?aaeuyaeythony iia?aoi?o nayce, i?aaenoaaeythuaio oneoae eee auiieiythuaio
?aaiou. Iiaeiaiua i?aoaicee ioi?ieythony a ienueiaiiii aeaea e iiaeeaaeao ?aaeno?aoeee
a onoaiiaeaiiii ii?yaeea. I?aoaicee, naycaiiua n iaaeinoaaeie, ianaiaa?aiaiiie
aeinoaaeie eee eneaaeaieai oaeaa?aoiuo ioi?aaeaiee, i?aaeuyaeythony a oa/aiea
ianyoea, a a inoaeueiuo neo/ayo
(**1) NC ?O. -1995. -N8. -No.600.
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(ii ii/oiaui ioi?aaeaieyi e ae?.) – a oa/aiea oanoe ianyoeaa. Ienueiaiiua ioaaou
ia i?aoaicee aeieaeiu auoue aeaiu a neaaeothuea n?iee: ii oaeaa?aoiui ioi?aaeaieyi –
a oa/aiea ianyoea, ii ianoiui ii/oiaui ioi?aaeaieyi a oa/aiea iyoe aeiae, a
inoaeueiuo neo/ayo – a oa/aiea aeaoo ianyoeaa. Ii i?aoaiceyi, naycaiiui n
iiaeieneie e aeinoaaeie ia?eiaee/aneeo ia/aoiuo ecaeaiee n?iee i?aaeuyaeaiey e
?anniio?aiey i?aoaicee aeey th?eaee/aneeo eeoe ninoaaeytho iaeei aiae. Aua aieaa
aeaoaeueii ?aaeaiaioe?oaony ii?yaeie, n?iee i?aaeuyaeaiey e ?anniio?aiey i?aoaicee
e i?aaei?eyoeyi o?ainii?oa a ioiioaiee ia?aaicee a?oca. A ii?iaoeaiuo aeoao
/aoei ii?aaeaeyaony, eoi ec o/anoieeia ioiioaiee ii ia?aaiceai (a?ociioi?aaeoaeue
eee a?ociiieo/aoaeue) ai?aaa ia?aoeoueny e ia?aaic/eeo n i?aoaiceae a nayce n
aeiiouaiiui ei ia?ooaieai. Iai?eia?, O?ainii?oiui Onoaaii aeaeaciuo aei?ia ?O(*1)
onoaiiaeaii, /oi a?ociiieo/aoaeue eiaao i?aai ia i?aaeuyaeaiea e aeaeaciie aei?iaa
i?aoaicee a neo/ayo oo?aou a?oca, i?in?i/ee aai aeinoaaee eee caaea?aeee auaea/e
a?oca (no. 169). I?aaiaua ii?iu oeacuaatho, e eaeie eiie?aoii o?ainii?oiie
i?aaiecaoeee iaaeeaaeeo i?aaeuyaeyoue i?aoaiceth a caaeneiinoe io oa?aeoa?a
aeiiouaiiuo ia?ooaiee. Iniaaiii yoi aeooaeueii, eiaaea ia?aaicea inouanoaeyaony
neeaie ianeieueeeo o?ainii?oiuo i?aaiecaoeee iaeiiai eee ?acee/iuo aeaeia
o?ainii?oa. Iai?eia?, niaeanii no. 159 Onoaaa aaoiiiaeeueiiai o?ainii?oa ?NON?
i?aoaicee, aicieeathuea ec ia?aaicee a?ocia, i?aaeuyaeythony e aaoio?ainii?oiiio
i?aaei?eyoeth, auaeaaoaio a?oc, a a neo/ayo iieiie oo?aou a?oca – e
aaoio?ainii?oiiio i?aaei?eyoeth, i?eiyaoaio a?oc e ia?aaicea. Caeiiiaeaoaeueii
onoaiaaeeaathony o?aaiaaiey e ioi?ieaieth i?aoaicee e iiaeoaa?aeaeaieth eo
ii?aaeaeaiiuie aeieoiaioaie. Iai?eia?, a niioaaonoaee ni no. 138 O?ainii?oiiai
Onoaaa aeaeaciuo aei?ia ?O e i?aoaicee i iaaeinoa/a, ii?/a eee iia?aaeaeaiee a?oca
aeieaeiu auoue i?eeiaeaiu aeaeaciiaei?iaeiay iaeeaaeiay e eiiia?/aneee aeo, auaeaiiue
aei?iaie, a neo/aa ioeaca aeaeaciie aei?iae a ninoaaeaiee eiiia?/aneiai aeoa
i?aaenoaaeyaony iaeeaaeiay e aeieoiaiou ia iaaeaeiaaiee ioeaca. I?aai ii?aaeaeeei
n?iee aeey i?aaeuyaeaiey e ?anniio?aiey i?aoaicee, aeeooa?aioee?iaaiiua a
caaeneiinoe io oa?aeoa?a o?aaiaaiee e ii?yaeie en/eneaiey yoeo n?ieia. Iai?eia?,
niaeanii no. 139 OOAEAe, i?aoaicee e ia?aaic/eeo iiaoo i?aaeuyaeyoueny a oa/aiea 6
ianyoeaa, a i?aoaicee ia oieaoa oo?aoia – a oa/aiea 45 aeiae. N?ie ia
i?aaeuyaeaiea i?aoaicee i aiciauaiee ca ii?/o, iia?aaeaeaiea
(**1) NC ?O. -1998. -N2. -No.218.
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eee iaaeinoa/o a?oca en/eneyaony ni aeiy auaea/e a?oca; i aiciauaiee ca oo?aoo
a?oca – ii enoa/aiee 30 nooie ni aeiy ieii/aiey n?iea aeinoaaee, a ca oo?aoo
a?oca i?e ia?aaicea a i?yiii niaoaiiii niiauaiee – ii enoa/aiee 4 ianyoeaa ni
aeiy i?eaia a?oca e ia?aaicea e o.ae. Neaaeoao iiiieoue, /oi n?iee, onoaiiaeaiiua
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii aeey i?aaeuyaeaiey i?aoaicee o?ainii?oiui i?aaiecaoeeyi,
yaeythony i?anaeaoaeueiuie e ainnoaiiaeaieth ia iiaeeaaeao. N?ie ia i?aaeuyaeaiea
i?aoaicee ia?aaic/eeo ia aoiaeeo a onoaiiaeaiiue aeey oaeeo o?aaiaaiee n?ie
eneiaie aeaaiinoe. Anee i?aoaicey ia?aaic/eeii ioeeiiaia eee ioaao ia iieo/ai a
onoaiiaeaiiue n?ie, cayaeoaeth i?aaeinoaaeyaony 30 aeiae aeey i?aaeuyaeaiey enea ni
aeiy iieo/aiey io?eoeaoaeueiiai ioaaoa eee enoa/aiey n?iea, onoaiiaeaiiiai aeey
ioaaoa. .
3. ?ANNIIO?AIEA NII?IA A?AEO?AAEIUI NOAeII
a) Nenoaia a?aeo?aaeiuo noaeia ?O Ia?aoiae e ?uii/iie yeiiiieea i?aaeii?aaeaeee
i?eioeeieaeueii iiaua oi?iu ?ac?aoaiey nii?ia, aicieeathueo i?e inouanoaeaiee
i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie aeayoaeueiinoe. E ianoiyuaio a?aiaie a iaoae no?aia
oi?acaeiaii ainoaea?noaaiiia a?aeo?e?iaaiea oicyenoaaiiuo nii?ia e nicaeai
niaoeeaeueiue i?aai i?aainoaeey – A?aeo?aaeiue noae. Ethaie ec a?aeo?aaeiuo noaeia
?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee ooieoeeiie?oao a ea/anoaa ninoaaiie /anoe aaeeiie nenoaiu.
Yoi icia/aao, /oi ana a?aeo?aaeiua noaeu ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee yaeythony
oaaea?aeueiuie noaeaie, i?eiaiytho aaeeiia iaoa?eaeueiia e i?ioeannoaeueiia
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai, iaania/eaay ?aaioth aeey anao aiciiaeiinoue noaeaaiie caueou
ia?ooaiiuo eee inia?eaaaiuo i?aa e caeiiiuo eioa?ania. Nenoaia a?aeo?aaeiuo
noaeia ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee onoaiiaeaia Oaaea?aeueiui eiinoeoooeeiiiui caeiiii “Ia
a?aeo?aaeiuo noaeao a ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee” (*1) io 5 ai?aey 1995 a. Nicaeaia
o?ao- caaiiay nenoaia, ninoiyuay ec: – Aunoaai A?aeo?aaeiiai noaea ?inneeneie
Oaaea?aoeee; – oaaea?aeueiuo a?aeo?aaeiuo noaeia ie?oaia; – a?aeo?aaeiuo noaeia
noauaeoia ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee. Ii iiaiio caeiiiaeaoaeuenoao Aunoee A?aeo?aaeiue
Noae ?O inaiaiaeaeaaony io ?anniio?aiey iiiaeanoaa aeae eae noae ia?aie einoaioeee. A
yoii ea/anoaa ii aoaeao ?anniao?eaaoue eeoue aeaa a?oiiu aeae:
(**1) NC ?O. -1995. -N18. -No.1589.
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1) aeaea i i?eciaiee iaaeaenoaeoaeueiuie aeoia I?aceaeaioa ?O, Niaaoa Oaaea?aoeee
e Ainoaea?noaaiiie aeoiu ?O, I?aaeoaeuenoaa ?O, ia iinyueo ii?iaoeaiiai oa?aeoa?a,
a neo/aa eo ianiioaaonoaey caeiio e ia?ooaiey i?aa e caeiiiuo eioa?ania
i?aaiecaoeee e a?aaeaeai;
2) yeiiiie/aneea nii?u iaaeaeo ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeeae e noauaeoaie ?inneeneie
Oaaea?aoeee, a oaeaea nii?u, aicieeathuea iaaeaeo naieie noauaeoaie ?inneeneie
Oaaea?aoeee. Ana inoaeueiua aeaea ii ia?aie einoaioeee aoaeoo ?anniao?eaaoueny
a?aeo?aaeiuie noaeaie noauaeoia ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee. Aeaea a ii?yaeea iaaeci?a ii
i?ioanoai ia anooieaoe^ a caeiiioth neeo noaeaaiua aeou a?aeo?aaeiuo noaeia aoaeao
?anniao?eaaoue oieueei iaeia noaeaaiay einoaioeey – I?aceaeeoi Aunoaai A?aeo?aaeiiai
Noaea ?O. Aeaaiie caaea/ae Ieaioia Aunoaai a?aeo?aaeiiai Noaea ?O noaiiaeony
eco/aiea e iaiauaiea noaeaaii- a?aeo?aaeiie i?aeoeee e aea/a ?acuyniaiee
a?aeo?aaeiui noaeai ii i?eiaiaieth caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa. Oaaea?aeueiua a?aeo?aaeiua noaeu
ie?oaia yaeythony noaeaie ii i?iaa?ea a eannaoeeiiiie einoaioeee caeiiiinoe ?aoaiee
a?aeo?aaeiuo noaeia noauaeoia ?O, i?eiyouo eie a ia?aie e aiaeeyoeeiiiie
einoaioeeyo. Anaai a ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee aeaenoaotho aeanyoue oaaea?aeueiuo
a?aeo?aaeiuo noaeia ie?oaia. A?aeo?aaeiua noaeu noauaeoia ?O ?anniao?eaatho a ia?aie
einoaioeee ana aeaea, iiaeaaaeiinoaaiiua a?aeo?aaeiui noaeai a ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee,
ca eneeth/aieai aeae, ioianaiiuo e eiiiaoaioeee Aunoaai A?aeo?aaeiiai Noaea ?O, a
oaeaea ?anniao?eaatho a aiaeeyoeeiiiie einoaioeee iiaoi?ii aeaea, ?anniio?aiiua a
yoii noaea a ia?aie einoaioeee.
a) Iniiaiua i?eioeeiu i?aaiecaoeee e aeayoaeueiinoe a?aeo?aaeiuo noaeia Aeayoaeueiinoue
a?aeo?aaeiuo noaeia a ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee no?ieony ia iniiaa i?eioeeiia
caeiiiinoe, iacaaeneiinoe noaeae, ?aaainoaa i?aaiecaoeee e a?aaeaeai ia?aae caeiiii
e noaeii, ninoycaoaeueiinoe e ?aaiii?aaey noi?ii, aeaniinoe ?acae?aoaeuenoaa aeae
(no. 6 Oaaea?aeueiiai eiinoeoooeeiiiiai caeiia ?O “Ia a?aeo?aaeiuo noaeao a
?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee”). Oeacaiiua i?eioeeiu i?aaiecaoeee e aeayoaeueiinoe
a?aeo?aaeiuo noaeia cae?aieaiu oaeaea a A?aeo?aaeiii i?ioeannoaeueiii eiaeaena ?O(*1),
i?eiyoii Ainoaea?noaaiiie Aeoiie 5 ai?aey 1995 a.
(**1) NC ?O. -1995. -N19. -No.1709:
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I?e inouanoaeaiee i?aainoaeey noaeuee a?aeo?aaeiiai noaea iacaaeneiu e iiae/eiythony
oieueei Eiinoeoooeee ?O e oaaea?aeueiiio caeiio (no. 6 AIE). Eaeia au oi ie auei
iinoi?iiiaa aicaeaenoaea ia noaeae, aiaoaoaeuenoai a eo aeayoaeueiinoue ethauo
ainoaea?noaaiiuo i?aaiia, i?aaiia ianoiiai naiioi?aaeaiey e eiuo i?aaiia,
i?aaiecaoeee, aeieaeiinoiuo eeoe eee a?aaeaeai iaaeiionoeiu e aeaeoo ca niaie
onoaiiaeaiioth caeiiii ioaaonoaaiiinoue. Aaaeiia cia/aiea aeey ?aaeecaoeee
anooieaoeo a caeiiioth neeo ?aoaiee e ae?oaeo aeoia a?aeo?aaeiiai noaea eiaao eo
iaycaoaeueiinoue. Iaeniieiaiea noaeaaiuo aeoia ?anniao?eaaaony eae iaoaaaeaiea e
noaeo e aea/ao ioaaonoaaiiinoue, onoaiiaeaiioth caeiiii (no. 13 AIE). A?aeo?aaeiue
noae, nio?aiyy iauaeoeaiinoue e aani?eno?anoiinoue, nicaeaao iaiaoiaeeiua oneiaey
aeey ananoi?iiiaai e iieiiai enneaaeiaaiey ianoiyoaeuenoa aeaea, i?aaeinoaaeyy
noi?iiai ?aaiua i?aaa a niae?aiee iaiaoiaeeiuo aeieacaoaeuenoa. Iainiiaaiea naieo
o?aaiaaiee e aic?aaeaiee noaiiaeony iaycaiiinoueth noi?ii. Iiaia a?aeo?aaeiia
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai ioaeaao i?ei?eoao oi?iaeueiie, a ia iauaeoeaiie enoeia. Yoi
icia/aao, /oi noae aoaeao auiineoue ?aoaiea ia iniiaaiee oao oaeoia e
ianoiyoaeuenoa, eioi?ua enneaaeiaaeenue ei e i?aaenoaaeaiu noi?iiaie. Anee noi?iia
eiaea aiciiaeiinoue i?aaenoaaeoue ?aoathuaa aeieacaoaeuenoai, ii ia i?aaenoaaeei aai,
iia a?yae ee iieo/eo oaeiaeaoai?aiea naieo o?aaiaaiee. Iia?aoeaiinoe ?ac?aoaiey
nii?ia niinianoaoao onoaiiaeaiiue caeiiiaeaoaeai aeinoaoi/ii ei?ioeee n?ie
?anniio?aiey aeaea a a?aeo?aaeiii noaea. Aeaei aeieaeii auoue ?anniio?aii e ?aoaiea
i?eiyoi a n?ie, ia i?aauoathuee aeaoo ianyoeaa ni aeiy iinooieaiey eneiaiai
cayaeaiey a a?aeo?aaeiue noae (no. 114 AIE). Iiaue A?aeo?aaeiue i?ioeannoaeueiue
eiaeaen nouanoaaiii ?anoe?yao aaeeiiee/iia ?anniio?aiea nii?ia noaeii ia?aie
einoaioeee. Ii n?aaiaieth n eieeaaeaeueiui oaeie ii?yaeie ?anniio?aiey nii?ia aieaa
yeiiiie/ai e iicaieyao iia?aoeaiaa ?ac?aoaoue aeaea. Eieeaaeaeueiia ?anniio?aiea
nii?ia a noaea ia?aie einoaioeee i?eiaiyaony eeoue i?e ?anniio?aiee aeae i
i?eciaiee iaaeaenoaeoaeueiuie aeoia ainoaea?noaaiiuo i?aaiia, i?aaiia ianoiiai
naiioi?aaeaiey e aeae i ianinoiyoaeueiinoe (aaie?ionoaa). E?iia oiai, ii ?aoaieth
i?aaenaaeaoaey noaea ethaia aeaei iiaeao auoue ?anniio?aii eieeaaeaeueii. N o/aoii
oiai, /oi ana aeaea a aiaeeyoeeiiiie, eannaoeeiiiie e iaaeci?iie einoaioeeyo
ii-i?aaeiaio aoaeoo ?anniao?eaaoueny eieeaaeaeueii, yoi ia i?eaaaeao e nieaeaieth
aa?aioee caueou i?aa noi?ii e ea/anoaa ?ac?aoaiey nii?ia. Iiaue AIE ianeieueei
eciaiee ii?yaeie iaaeaeiaaiey ?aoaiee a?aeo?aaeiiai noaea. Eae e i?aaeaea, ?acee/atho
iaaeaeiaaiea ?aoaiee, ia anooieaoeo a caeiiioth neeo, e ?aoaiee, anooieaoeo a
caeiiioth
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neeo. Ia?aua ia?aniao?eaathony ii aeaeiaai o/anoaothueo a aeaea eeoe a aiaeeyoeeiiiie
einoaioeee oiai aea noaea, eioi?ue i?eiye ?aoaiea a ia?aie einoaioeee.
Aiaeeyoeeiiiue noae – iiaue einoeooo a caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee. I?e
?anniio?aiee aeaea a aiaeeyoeeiiiie einoaioeee a?aeo?aaeiue noae ii eiathueiny a aeaea
aeieacaoaeuenoaai iiaoi?ii ?anniao?eaaao aeaei, i?iaa?yy caeiiiinoue e
iainiiaaiiinoue ?aoaiey noaea ia?aie einoaioeee a iieiii iauaia. Aiaeeyoeeiiiay
einoaioeey iaaeaeaia oe?ieeie iieiiii/eyie: iia iiaeao eciaieoue, ioiaieoue e
i?eiyoue iiaia ?aoaiea, ii ia iiaeao ioi?aaeoue aeaei ia iiaia ?anniio?aiea a
ia?aoth einoaioeeth. A yoii – aa?aioey onei?aiey i?eiyoey ieii/aoaeueiiai noaeaaiiai
?aoaiey ii yeiiiie/aneei nii?ai. Eannaoeeiiiay einoaioeey aoaeao ?anniao?eaaoue
aeaeiau ia anooieaoaa a caeiiioth neeo ?aoaiea a?aeo?aaeiiai noaea, anee iii ia
auei iaaeaeiaaii a aiaeeyoeeiiiii ii?yaeea, a oaeaea iinoaiiaeaiey aiaeeyoeeiiiie
einoaioeee. A eannaoeeiiiie einoaioeee i?iaa?yaony i?aaeeueiinoue i?eiaiaiey ii?i
iaoa?eaeueiiai e i?ioeannoaeueiiai i?aaa a?aeo?aaeiui noaeii ia?aie einoaioeee e
aiaeeyoeeiiiie einoaioeeae. I?iaa?ythony oieueei i?aaiaua aniaeou a?aeo?aaeiiai
?aoaiey, ii ia oaeoe/aneea ianoiyoaeuenoaa e eo aeieacaiiinoue a noaea. A nayce n
aaaaeaieai aiaeeyoeeiiiie e eannaoeeiiiie einoaioeee i?iecaiaenoai a ii?yaeea iaaeci?a
?anniao?eaaaony eae eneeth/eoaeueiay noaaeey a?aeo?aaeiiai i?ioeanna. Iiyoiio
iaaeci?iia i?iecaiaenoai iiaeao auoue aicaoaeaeaii oieueei ii i?ioanoai oceiai e?oaa
aeieaeiinoiuo eeoe, ia?a/eneaiiuo a AIE. Oe?ieeie iieiiii/eyie iaaeaeai I?aceaeeoi
Aunoaai A?aeo?aaeiiai Noaea ?O i?e ia?aniio?a aeae a ii?yaeea iaaeci?a. Ii iiaeao
ioiaieoue ?aoaiea iieiinoueth eee a /anoe e iai?aaeoue aeaei ia iiaia ?anniio?aiea;
eciaieoue eee ioiaieoue ?aoaiea e i?eiyoue iiaia ?aoaiea; ioiaieoue ?aoaiea
iieiinoueth eee /anoe/ii e i?ae?aoeoue i?iecaiaenoai ii aeaeo eeai inoaaeoue ene aac
?anniio?aiey; inoaaeoue a neea iaeii ec ?aiaa i?eiyouo ?aoaiee. Iniiaaieai e
eciaiaieth eee ioiaia ?aoaiey iiaeao neoaeeoue iacaeiiiinoue eee iaiainiiaaiiinoue
noaeaaiiai aeoa, iaeiaei ia aeiioneaaony ioiaia i?aaeeueiiai ii nouanoao ?aoaiey ii
iaeiei eeoue oi?iaeueiui iniiaaieyi.
a) Iiaeaaaeiinoaaiiinoue e iiaenoaeiinoue nii?ia a?aeo?aaeiui noaeai Aeey i?aaeeueiiai
?aoaiey aii?ina eoaea ia?auaoueny n eneii neaaeoao ciaoue iiaeaaaeiinoaaiiinoue aeae
a?aeo?aaeiui noaeai – e?oa
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aii?inia, iiaeeaaeaueo ?anniio?aieth a a?aeo?aaeiii noaea, e iiaenoaeiinoue aeae – e
eiiiaoaioeee eaeiai eiie?aoii a?aeo?aaeiiai noaea ioianaii ?anniio?aiea oao eee
eiuo aeae. E iiaeaaaeiinoaaiiinoe a?aeo?aaeiiai noaea ioiinyony aeaea ii
yeiiiie/aneei nii?ai, aicieeathuei ec a?aaeaeaineeo, aaeieieno?aoeaiuo e eiuo
i?aaiioiioaiee (no. 22 AIE). Eia/a aiai?y, iiiyoeai yeiiiie/aneiai nii?a
ioaaouaathony ana nii?u, iiaeaaaeiinoaaiiua a?aeo?aaeiiio noaeo, aeeth/ay eae nii?u,
aicieeathuea ec a?aaeaeaineeo i?aaiioiioaiee, eioi?ua o?aaeeoeeiiii eiaiiaaeenue
eiouanoaaiiuie, oae e nii?u a noa?a oi?aaeaiey, aicieeathuea ec aaeieieno?aoeaiuo
i?aaiioiioaiee. TH?eaee/aneea eeoea e a?aaeaeaia- i?aaei?eieiaoaee – yoi iniiaiay
eaoaai?ey o/anoieeia nii?ia, iiaeaaaeiinoaaiiuo a?aeo?aaeiiio noaeo. E?iia oiai, a
neo/ayo, onoaiiaeaiiuo caeiiii, a?aeo?aaeiiio noaeo iiaeaaaeiinoaaiiu nii?u n
o/anoeai i?aaiecaoeee, eioi?ua th?eaee/aneeie eeoeaie ia yaeythony – nii?u
?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee n noauaeoaie ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee, a oaeaea iaaeaeo naieie
noauaeoaie ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee. N?aaee o/anoieeia i?aaiioiioaiee, nii?u iaaeaeo
eioi?uie iiaeaaaeiinoaaiiu a?aeo?aaeiiio noaeo, iacuaathony e eiino?aiiua eeoea. Yoa
iiaay eaoaai?ey aeae. I?aaeaea oaeea nii?u, eae i?aaeei, ?anniao?eaaeenue a noaeao
iauae th?enaeeeoeee. E yeiiiie/aneei nii?ai, ?ac?aoaaiui a?aeo?aaeiui noaeii,
ioiinyony, a /anoiinoe, neaaeothuea nii?u:
– i ?aciiaeaneyo ii aeiaiai?o, caeeth/aiea eioi?iai i?aaeoniio?aii caeiiii eee
ia?aaea/a ?aciiaeanee ii eioi?iio ia ?ac?aoaiea a?aeo?aaeiiai noaea niaeaniaaia
noi?iiaie – oae iacuaaaiua, “i?aaeaeiaiai?iua nii?u”;
– ia eciaiaiee oneiaee eee i ?anoi?aeaiee aeiaiai?ia;
– i iaeniieiaiee eee iaiaaeeaaeauai eniieiaiee iaycaoaeuenoa;
– ia eno?aaiaaiee nianoaaiieeii eee caeiiiui aeaaeaeueoeai eiouanoaa ec /oaeiai
iacaeiiiiai aeaaeaiey;
– i ia?ooaiee i?aa nianoaaiieea eee eiiai caeiiiiai aeaaeaeueoea, ia naycaiiii
n eeoaieai aeaaeaiey;
– i aiciauaiee oauoeia;
– i i?eciaiee iaaeaenoaeoaeueiuie iaii?iaoeaiuo aeoia ainoaea?noaaiiuo i?aaiia
e eiuo i?aaiia, ia niioaaonoaothueo caeiiai e eiui ii?iaoeaiui i?aaiaui aeoai e
ia?ooathueo i?aaa e caeiiiua eioa?anu i?aaiecaoeee e a?aaeaeai;
– ia iaaeaeiaaiee ioeaca a ainoaea?noaaiiie ?aaeno?aoeee eeai oeeiiaiey io
ainoaea?noaaiiie ?aaeno?aoeee a onoaiiaeaiiue n?ie;
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Iiaue AIE ioian e iiaeaaaeiinoaaiiinoe a?aeo?aaeiuo noaeia oaeaea nii?u i caueoa
/anoe, aeinoieinoaa e aeaeiaie ?aiooaoeee i?aaei?eieiaoaeae.
E?iia oiai, a?aeo?aaeiue noae ?anniao?eaaao eiua eaoaai?ee aeae:
– ia onoaiiaeaiee oaeoia, eiathueo th?eaee/aneia cia/aiea (iai?eia?, i
i?eciaiee oaeoa aeaaeaiey caiaeueiui o/anoeii);
– i ianinoiyoaeueiinoe (aaie?ionoaa) i?aaei?eieiaoaeae.
Aieaa iiae?iaii ?aaeaiaioe?othony a iiaii AIE aii?inu ii?aaeaeaiey iiaenoaeiinoe
aeae. Aeaea, iiaeaaaeiinoaaiiua a?aeo?aaeiiio noaeo, ?anniao?eaathony a?aeo?aaeiuie
noaeaie noauaeoia EO, ca eneeth/aieai aeae, ioianaiiuo e iiaenoaeiinoe Aunoaai
A?aeo?aaeiiai Noaea ?O(no. 24 AIE). Yoie 1) aeaea i i?eciaiee iaaeaenoaeoaeueiuie
aeoia I?aceaeaioa ?O, Niaaoa Oaaea?aoeee e Ainoaea?noaaiiie aeoiu ?O, I?aaeoaeuenoaa
?O, ia iinyueo ii?iaoeaiiai oa?aeoa?a, a neo/aa eo ianiioaaonoaey caeiio e
ia?ooaiey i?aa e caeiiiuo eioa?ania i?aaiecaoeee e a?aaeaeai; 2) yeiiiie/aneea
nii?u iaaeaeo ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeeae e noauaeoaie ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee, a oaeaea
nii?u, aicieeathuea iaaeaeo naieie noauaeoaie ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee. A no. 25 AIE
noi?ioee?iaaiu iauea i?aaeea i oa??eoi?eaeueiie iiaenoaeiinoe – ene i?aaeuyaeyaony
ii ianoo iaoiaeaeaiey ioaao/eea, a ene e th?eaee/aneiio eeoeo, auoaeathuee ec
aeayoaeueiinoe aai iainiaeaiiiai iiae?acaeaeaiey – ii ianoo iaoiaeaeaiey
iainiaeaiiiai iiae?acaeaeaiey. Iaeiaei ec yoiai iauaai i?aaeea anoue eneeth/aiey.
Oae AIE (no. 26) i?aaeoniao?eaaao iiaenoaeiinoue ii auai?o enooea (aeueoa?iaoeaioth
iiaenoaeiinoue) . A /anoiinoe, ii auai?o enooea iiaeao i?aaeuyaeyoueny ene, anee ii
ioiineony e ianeieueeei ioaao/eeai, eioi?ua iaoiaeyony ia oa??eoi?ee ?aciuo
noauaeoia Oaaea?aoeee. Ene, auoaeathuee ec aeiaiai?a, a eioi?ii oeacaii ianoi
eniieiaiey – iiaeao auoue i?aaeuyaeai ii ianoo eniieiaiey aeiaiai?a. Ii
auoaia?a/eneaiiui eaoaai?eyi aeae AIE aeiioneaao onoaiiaeaiea aeiaiai?iie
iiaenoaeiinoe, oi anoue onoaiiaeaiiay a no. 25 e 26 AIE iiaenoaeiinoue iiaeao auoue
eciaiaia ii niaeaoaieth noi?ii. Oeacaiiay aiciiaeiinoue ia ?ani?ino?aiyaony ia oa
neo/ae, eiaaea eiaeaenii onoaiaaeeaaaony eneeth/eoaeueiay iiaenoaeiinoue. Oae,
iai?eia?, a niioaaonoaee ni no. 29 AIE ene e ia?aaic/eeo, auoaeathuee ec
aeiaiai?a ia?aaicee, i?aaeuyaeyaony ii ianoo iaoiaeaeaiey i?aaia o?ainii?oa. Enee e
ainoaea?noaaiiui i?aaiai, i?aaiai ianoiiai naiioi?aaeaiey noauaeoa ?inneeneie
Oaaea?aoeee, auoaeathuea ec aaeieieno?aoeaiuo i?aaiioiioaiee, i?aaeuyaeythony a
a?aeo?aaeiue noae yoiai noauaeoa ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee, a ia ii ianoo iaoiaeaeaiey
niioaaonoaothuaai i?aaia.
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Ene i?aaeuyaeyaony a oio a?aeo?aaeiue noae, eioi?iio niioaaonoaoao o?iaaiue aeaiiiai
i?aaia. Naie iniaaiiinoe ii?aaeaeaiey iiaenoaeiinoe eiatho aeaea ia onoaiiaeaiee
oaeoia, eiathueo th?eaee/aneia cia/aiea. Iie, eae i?aaeei, ?anniao?eaathony ii
ianoo iaoiaeaeaiey cayaeoaey. Eneeth/aiea ninoaaeytho aeaea ia onoaiiaeaiee oaeoa
aeaaeaiey iaaeaeaeeiinoueth, iie ?anniao?eaathony ii ianoo iaoiaeaeaiey yoeo iauaeoia.
Aeaea i ianinoiyoaeueiinoe (aaie?ionoaa) ?anniao?eaathony ii ianoo iaoiaeaeaiey
aeieaeieea.
a) Ioi?ieaiea eneiauo cayaeaiee Ii?yaeie i?aaeuyaeaiey e ?anniio?aiey eneia a
a?aeo?aaeiii noaea ?aaeaiaioe?oaony A?aeo?aaeiui i?ioeannoaeueiui eiaeaenii ?O.
Eneiaia cayaeaiea iiaeaaony a a?aeo?aaeiue noae a ienueiaiiie oi?ia e iiaeienuaaaony
enooeii (?oeiaiaeeoaeai eee caianoeoaeai ?oeiaiaeeoaey i?aaiecaoeee, a?aaeaeaieiii
i?aaei?eieiaoaeai) eee aai i?aaenoaaeoaeai. Caeiiiaeaoaeue i?aaeuyaeyao ii?aaeaeaiiua
o?aaiaaiey e ioi?ieaieth eneiauo cayaeaiee, eioi?ua neaaeoao iaoeinieoaeueii
niaethaeaoue, /oiau onei?eoue ?anniio?aiea nii?a ii nouanoao. A eneiaii cayaeaiee
aeieaeiu auoue oeacaiu (no. 102 AIE):
– iaeiaiiaaiea a?aeo?aaeiiai noaea, a eioi?ue iiaeaaony cayaeaiea;
– iaeiaiiaaiea eeoe, o/anoaothueo a aeaea, e eo ii/oiaua aae?ana;
– oeaia enea, anee ene iiaeeaaeeo ioeaiea;
– ianoiyoaeuenoaa, ia eioi?uo iniiaaiu eneiaua o?aaiaaiey;
– aeieacaoaeuenoaa, iiaeoaa?aeaeathuea iniiaaiey eneiauo o?aaiaaiee;
– ?an/ao acuneeaaaiie eee inia?eaaaiie noiiu;
– o?aaiaaiey enooea ni nnueeie ia caeiiu e eiua ii?iaoeaiua i?aaiaua aeou, a
i?e i?aaeuyaeaiee enea e ianeieueeei ioaao/eeai o?aaiaaiey e eaaeaeiio ec ieo;
– naaaeaiey i niaethaeaiee aeinoaeaaiiai (i?aoaiceiiiiai) ii?yaeea o?aaoee?iaaiey
nii?a n ioaao/eeii, eiaaea yoi i?aaeoniio?aii caeiiii aeey aeaiiie eaoaai?ee nii?ia
eee aeiaiai?ii;
– ia?a/aiue i?eeaaaaiuo e cayaeaieth aeieoiaioia.
E eneiaiio cayaeaieth i?eeaaathony aeieoiaiou, iiaeoaa?aeaeathuea (no. 104 AIE):
oieaoo ainoaea?noaaiiie iioeeiu a onoaiiaeaiiuo ii?yaeea e ?acia?a; iai?aaeaiea
eiiee eneiaiai cayaeaiey e i?eeiaeaiiuo e iaio aeieoiaioia ae?oaei eeoeai,
o/anoaothuei a aeaea; niaethaeaiea aeinoaeaaiiai (i?aoaiceiiiiai) ii?yaeea
o?aaoee?iaaiey nii?a n ioaao/eeii, eiaaea yoi i?aaeoniio?aii caeiiii aeey
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aeaiiie eaoaai?ee nii?ia eee aeiaiai?ii; ianoiyoaeuenoaa ia eioi?uo iniiauaathony
eneiaua o?aaiaaiey. Anee eneiaia cayaeaiea iiaeienaii i?aaenoaaeoaeai enooea, oi
i?eeaaaaony aeiaa?aiiinoue, iiaeoaa?aeaeathuay aai iieiiii/ey. E cayaeaieth i
iiioaeaeaiee caeeth/eoue aeiaiai? i?eeaaaaony i?iaeo aeiaiai?a. A neo/aa ia
niaethaeaiey onoaiiaeaiiuo o?aaiaaiee e ioi?ieaieth, niaea?aeaieth e i?aaeuyaeaieth
eneiaiai cayaeaieth, noaeuey aica?auaao eneiaia cayaeaiea enooeo. Iieo/ea
ii?aaeaeaiea a?aeo?aaeiiai noaea i iiaeaioiaea aeaea e noaeaaiiio ?acae?aoaeuenoao,
eeoea, o/anoaothuea a aeaea, ai?aaa iai?aaeoue noaeo iocua ia eneiaia cayaeaiea n
i?eeiaeaieai aeieoiaioia, iiaeoaa?aeaeathueo aic?aaeaiey i?ioea enea. Iocua
iiaeienuaaaony eeoeii, o/anoaothuei a aeaea eee aai i?aaenoaaeoaeai. Eae aeaeei,
caeiiiaeaoaeueii ianoaeaaao ia iaycaoaeueiii iai?aaeaiee iocuaa a a?aeo?aaeiue noae.
Iaeiaei a neeo ninoycaoaeueiinoe a?aeo?aaeiiai i?ioeanna ioaao/eeo iaiaoiaeeii
aeoeaii caueuaoue naie iiceoeee, iniaaiii, anee ii ia iaia?ai iai?aaeyoue naiaai
i?aaenoaaeoaey a canaaeaiea a?aeo?aaeiiai noaea. Iiyoiio eeoue a iocuaa ia ene
ioaao/ee iiaeao iainiiaaoue naith iiceoeeth ii nouanoao nii?a e iiaee?aieoue aa
aeieacaoaeuenoaaie ni nnueeaie ia caeiiiaeaoaeueiua aeou.
4. ?ANNIIO?AIEA NII?IA A IAAEAeOIA?IAeIII EIIIA?*ANEII A?AEO?AAEA Aeey nii?ia,
aicieeathueo i?e inouanoaeaiee aiaoiaoi?aiauo e eiuo aeaeia iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo
yeiiiie/aneeo naycae, anee eiiia?/aneia i?aaei?eyoea oioy au iaeiie ec noi?ii
iaoiaeeony ca a?aieoeae, a oaeaea nii?ia i?aaei?eyoee n eiino?aiiuie eiaanoeoeeyie,
iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo iauaaeeiaiee e i?aaiecaoeee, nicaeaiiuo ia oa??eoi?ee ?inneeneie
Oaaea?aoeee, iaaeaeo niaie, nii?ia iaaeaeo eo o/anoieeaie, a ?aaii eo nii?ia n
ae?oaeie noauaeoaie i?aaa ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee onoaiiaeaia aiciiaeiinoue eo
?anniio?aiey a niaoeeaeueii nicaeaiiii i?aaia – iaaeaeoia?iaeiii eiiia?/aneii
a?aeo?aaea a niioaaonoaee n Caeiiii ?O io 7 ethey 1993 a. “I iaaeaeoia?iaeiii
eiiia?/aneii a?aeo?aaea”(*1). ?ac?aoaiea oeacaiiuo nii?ia inouanoaeyaony aeaoiy
iinoiyiii aeaenoaothueie a?aeo?aaeiuie o/?aaeaeaieyie – Iaaeaeoia?iaeiui
(**1) ?inneeneay aacaoa. -1993. -14 aaaonoa.
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eiiia?/aneei a?aeo?aaeiui noaeii (IEAN) eee Ii?neie a?aeo?aaeiie eiienneae (IAE),
nicaeaiiuie i?e Oi?aiai- i?iiuoeaiiie iaeaoa ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee. Iieiaeaiey ia
yoeo i?aaiao i?eaaaeaiu a i?eeiaeaieyo 1 e 2 e oeacaiiiio caeiio. ?acae?aoaeuenoai
aeae a IEAN inouanoaeyaony a niioaaonoaee a n ?aaeaiaioii, ooaa?aeaeaiiui Oi?aiai-
i?iiuoeaiiie iaeaoie a ?aaeaeoeee io 1 iay 1995 a. Eiua ii?iaoeaiua aeou,
ioiinyueany e ?anniio?aieth a?aaeaeainei- i?aaiauo nii?ia, iai?eia?, a?aaeaeainei-
i?ioeannoaeueiia e a?aeo?aaeii- i?ioeannoaeueiia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai, iaiin?aaenoaaiii
i?e ?anniio?aiee aeae a IEAN ia i?eiaiythony. E?iia ia?aie/aiiiai /enea neo/aaa,
i?yii i?aaeoniio?aiiuo a Caeiia “I iaaeaeoia?iaeiii eiiia?/aneii a?aeo?aaea”,
aiaoaoaeuenoai ainoaea?noaaiiuo noaeaaiuo i?aaiia a ?acae?aoaeuenoai aeae IEAN
eneeth/aaony. Iniiaaieai eiiiaoaioeee IEAN ?anniao?eaaoue eiie?aoiue nii? yaeyaony
niaeaoaiea, caeeth/aiiia nii?yueie noi?iiaie. *aua anaai oaeia niaeaoaiea
aunooiaao a aeaea ioaeaeueiie iaiai?ee i ?anniio?aiee aiciiaeiuo nii?ia, aeeth/aaiie
noi?iiaie a eiio?aeo i?e aai ninoaaeaiee. Iaee/ea niaeaoaiey i ?anniio?aiee
nii?ia a IEAN icia/aao, /oi a neo/aa i?aaeuyaeaiey enea a ainoaea?noaaiiue noae, a
oii /enea e a?aeo?aaeiue, yoio noae aeieaeai ii cayaeaieth ethaie ec noi?ii
i?ae?aoeoue i?iecaiaenoai e iai?aaeoue noi?iiu aeey ?ac?aoaiey nii?a a IEAN.
I?ioeaaeo?a ?anniio?aiey nii?ia a IEAN ioee/aaony y?ei au?aaeaiiie
ninoycaoaeueiinoueth, /oi a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue icia/aao aanueia ia?aie/aiiua
aiciiaeiinoe i?iyaeaiey eieoeeaoeau ni noi?iiu noaea a oiaea ?anniio?aiey nii?a. N
ae?oaie noi?iiu, yoi noaaeo oniao a aeinoeaeaiee naieo oeaeae o/anoieeaie nii?a a
caaeneiinoue io yooaeoeaiinoe eo i?ioeannoaeueiiai iiaaaeaiey. Aacaeaenoaea eee
ionoonoaea iaiaoiaeeiie aeoeaiinoe iaeiiai ec o/anoieeia i?ioeanna ia iiaeao auoue
eiiiaine?iaaii aeoeaiinoueth a?aeo?ia a auyniaiee aai iiceoeee. A IEAN nii?u
?anniao?eaathony, eae i?aaeei, eieeaaeae a?aeo?ia, ninoiyuae ec o?ao /aeiaae.
I?e yoii nii?yuea noi?iiu ai?aaa o/anoaiaaoue a oi?ie?iaaiee ?aoathuaai eo nii?
ninoaaa iooai eca?aiey a?aeo?ia. Aeey iaeaa/aiey auai?a noi?iiu iiaoo
ainiieueciaaoueny nieneii a?aeo?ia, ooaa?aeaeaaiui Oi?aiai- i?iiuoeaiiie iaeaoie.
Aianoa n oai, nienie a?aeo?ia yaeyaony iaycaoaeueiui a neo/aa, eiaaea a?aeo?
iacia/aaony ca noi?iio, ia ainiieueciaaaoothny i?aaeinoaaeaiiui ae i?aaii eca?aoue
a?aeo?a, a oaeaea i?e eca?aiee i?aaenaaeaoaey ninoaaa. A?aeo?u i?e ?anniio?aiee
nii?a aeieaeiu auoue iacaaeneiuie e aani?eno?anoiuie. Iie ia yaeythony
i?aaenoaaeoaeyie noi?ii
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aeaaea a oao neo/ayo, eiaaea iie eca?aiu iaiin?aaenoaaiii noi?iiaie. A oii neo/aa,
anee a?aeo? ia ioaa/aao iacaaiiui o?aaiaaieyi, ii iiaeao auoue a onoaiiaeaiiii
ii?yaeea aeeneaaeeoeoee?iaai aeey o/anoey a ?anniio?aiee nii?a ii iioeae?iaaiiiio
cayaeaieth caeioa?aniaaiiie noi?iiu. I?e ?ac?aoaiee nii?a, eiaaea aicieeatho
aii?inu, ia o?aaoee?iaaiiua a naiii eiio?aeoa, a?aeo?u i?eiaiytho iaoa?eaeueii-
i?aaiaua ii?iu a niioaaonoaee n niaeaoaieai noi?ii. Anee oaeia niaeaoaiea
ionoonoaoao, oi a?aeo?u ii naiaio oniio?aieth ii?aaeaeytho eieeeceiiiua ii?iu, ia
iniiaa eioi?eo i?e onoaiaaeeaatho i?eiaieiia iaoa?eaeueiia i?aai. A?aeo?u ai?aaa
i?eiaiyoue oaeaea iauai?eiyoua oi?aiaua iau/ae e iaueiiaaiey i?e ?aoaiee nii?a.
?aoaiea IEAN yaeyaony ieii/aoaeueiui ii nouanoao e iiaeao auoue inii?aii a
Iineianeii ai?iaeneii noaea oieueei ii iniiaaieyi, onoaiiaeaiiui a caeiia – eae
i?aaeei, oaeeie iniiaaieyie neoaeao aeiiouaiiua i?ioeannoaeueiua ia?ooaiey. Ia
eniieiaiiua aeia?iaieueii ?aoaiey IEAN i?eaiaeyony a eniieiaiea eae ia oa??eoi?ee
?O, oae e ca a?aieoeae a niioaaonoaee n a?aaeaeainei- i?ioeannoaeuei ueo
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii e iaaeaeoia?iaeiuie niaeaoaieyie i?e iiaea/a ienueiaiiiai
oiaeaoaenoaa a noae ii ianoo iaoiaeaeaiey ioaao/eea eee aai eiouanoaa. Ii?neay
a?aeo?aaeiay eiienney ?ac?aoaao nii?u, eioi?ua auoaeatho ec aeiaiai?iuo e ae?oaeo
a?aaeaeainei- i?aaiauo ioiioaiee, aicieeathueo ec oi?aiaiai ii?aieaaaiey,
iacaaeneii io oiai, yaeythony noi?iiaie oaeeo ioiioaiee noauaeou ?inneeneiai e
eiino?aiiiai i?aaa, eeai oieueei ?inneeneiai eee oieueei eiino?aiiiai i?aaa.
?acae?aoaeuenoai aeae a Ii?neie a?aeo?aaeiie eiiennee inouanoaeyaony ii oai aea
i?aaeeai.
5. ?ANNIIO?AIEA NII?IA O?AOAENEEI NOAeII
A niioaaonoaee n aeaenoaothuei caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii, ii niaeaoaieth noi?ii aicieeoee
eee iiaouee aicieeiooue nii?, auoaeathuee ec a?aaeaeaineeo i?aaiioiioaiee e
iiaeaaaeiinoaaiiue a?aeo?aaeiiio noaeo, iiaeao auoue ia?aaeai noi?iiaie ia
?anniio?aiea o?aoaeneiai noaea (no. 23 AIE). I?e yoii iaiaoiaeeii ia?aoeoue
aieiaiea ia aeaa nouanoaaiiuo ianoiyoaeuenoaa.
Ai-ia?auo, iaeuecy ia?aaeaoue a o?aoaeneee noae nii?u, aicieeathuea ec
aaeieieno?aoeaiuo i?aaiioiioaiee, oae iacuaaaiua nii?u a noa?a oi?aaeaiey.
Ai-aoi?uo, anee ?aiueoa
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oaeay aiciiaeiinoue i?aaeinoaaeyeanue aei i?eiyoey aeaea e i?iecaiaenoao a?aeo?aaeiui
noaeii, oi nae/an, ii iiaiio AIE – aei auianaiey ?aoaiey. Ii?yaeie ?anniio?aiey
nii?ia o?aoaeneei noaeii ii?aaeaeai “A?aiaiiui iieiaeaieai i o?aoaeneii noaea aeey
?ac?aoaiey yeiiiie/aneeo nii?ia”, ooaa?aeaeaiiui iinoaiiaeaieai Aa?oiaiiai Niaaoa
?O io 24 ethiy 1992 a.(*1) ?acee/atho iinoiyiii aeaenoaothuea o?aoaeneea noaeu e
nicaeaaaaiua noi?iiaie aeey ?anniio?aiey eiie?aoiiai nii?a. Ii?yaeie i?aaiecaoeee,
aeayoaeueiinoe e ?ac?aoaiey nii?ia aeey iinoiyiii aeaenoaothueo o?aoaeneeo noaeia
ii?aaeaeyaony i?aaeeaie (onoaaaie, ?aaeaiaioaie) i?aaiecaoeee, nicaeaaoeo
o?aoaeneee noae. Anee eaeea- eeai aii?inu ia o?aaoee?iaaiu oeacaiiuie i?aaeeaie,
o?aoaeneee noae ?oeiaiaenoaoaony “A?aiaiiui iieiaeaieai i o?aoaeneii noaea”.
Ia?aaea/a nii?a ia ?anniio?aiea o?aoaeneiai noaea inouanoaeyaony ia iniiaaiee
aeia?iaieueiiai niaeaoaiey noi?ii. Iii ninoaaeyaony niaoeeaeueii eee aeeth/aaony a
ea/anoaa iaiai?ee a aeiaiai?. Niaeaoaiea aeieaeii eiaoue ienueiaiioth oi?io, eia/a
iii i?eciaaony iacaeeth/aiiui. Aaaeouaa ia/aei o?aoaeneiai noaea – ie?ioai?/anoai.
Noi?iiu eiatho aiciiaeiinoue naie eca?aoue aanueia iiuoiuo e aaoi?eoaoiuo aeey ieo
noaeae, iaeaaeathueo iaiaoiaeeiuie ciaieyie e eaaeeoeeaoeeae eiaiii a oie iaeanoe
yeiiiieee, eioi?ie eanaaony nii?. I?aaeea i iacia/aiee o?aoaeneeo noaeae noiaee n
i?aaeeaie, niaea?aeaueieny a Caeiia “I iaaeaeoia?iaeiii eiiia?/aneii a?aeo?aaea”, n
oie eeoue ?acieoeae, /oi “A?aiaiiia iieiaeaiea i o?aoaeneii noaea” ia
i?aaeoniao?eaaao aiciiaeiinoe aaeeiiee/iiai ?ac?aoaiey nii?a e onoaiaaeeaaao, /oi
/enei noaeae aeieaeii auoue ia/aoiui. O?aoaeneee noae, eae e iaaeaeoia?iaeiue
eiiia?/aneee a?aeo?aae, naiinoiyoaeueii ?aoaao aii?in i aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe
niaeaoaiey i ia?aaea/a nii?a ia aai ?anniio?aiea. A neo/aa i?eciaiey ionoonoaey
niaeaoaiey eee aai iaaeaenoaeoaeueiinoe nii? iiaeao auoue ia?aaeai ia ?ac?aoaiea
a?aeo?aaeiiai noaea. ?aoaiea o?aoaeneiai noaea aeieaeii eniieiyoueny noi?iiaie
aeia?iaieueii a ii?yaeea e n?iee, onoaiiaeaiiua a ?aoaiee. A oao neo/ayo, eiaaea
?aoaiea aeia?iaieueii ia eniieiyaony, enoaoe ia?auaaony a a?aeo?aaeiue noae ii ianoo
o?aoaeneiai ?acae?aoaeuenoaa n i?inueaie i auaea/a eniieieoaeueiiai eenoa aeey
i?eioaeeoaeueiiai eniieiaiey ?aoaiey noaea.
(**1) Aaaeiiinoe Nuacaea ia?iaeiuo aeaiooaoia e Aa?oiaiiai Niaaoa ?O. -1992. N 30.
-No.1790.
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A?aeo?aaeiue noae ai?aaa ioeacaoue a auaea/a eniieieoaeueiiai eenoa a onoaiiaeaiiuo
“A?aiaiiui iieiaeaieai i o?aoaeneii noaea” neo/ayo, iai?eia?: anee niaeaoaiea
noi?ii i ?anniio?aiee nii?a a o?aoaeneii noaea ia aeinoeaiooi; anee ninoaa
o?aoaeneiai noaea eee i?ioeaaeo?a ?anniio?aiey nii?a ia niioaaonoaiaaee niaeaoaieth
noi?ii i ?anniio?aiee nii?a a o?aoaeneii noaea. Oaeaea, anee a?aeo?aaeiui noaeii
aoaeao onoaiiaeaii, /oi ?aoaiea o?aoaeneiai noaea ia niioaaonoaoao
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoao eeai i?eiyoi ii iaenneaaeiaaiiui iaoa?eaeai, a?aeo?aaeiue noae
ai?aaa aica?aoeoue aeaei ia iiaia ?anniio?aiea a o?aoaeneee noae, i?eiyaoee
?aoaiea.
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*anoue aoi?ay.
AAAAeAIEA.
A oneiaeyo ?uii/iie yeiiiieee iiyaeeenue oe?ieea aiciiaeiinoe ?acaeoey
i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa. Aeey ?aaoee?iaaiey i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie aeayoaeueiinoe
?ac?aaioaii iiaia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai a oii /enea A?aaeaeaineee eiaeaen ?O (1-2
/anoe), niaoeeaeueiua oaaea?aeueiua caeiiu, ?aaoee?othuea ioaeaeueiua aii?inu
i?aaiecaoeee e aeayoaeueiinoe i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneeo no?oeoo?, iaeiaiaia, oaiiaeaiiia
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai. Oaeei ia?acii, nicaeaiu iaiaoiaeeiua th?eaee/aneea oneiaey aeey
aiaae?aiey ?uii/iuo ioiioaiee, oioy i?iaeai ?aaoee?iaaiey i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa
aua inoaaony i?aaeinoaoi/ii. I?e ia?aoiaea e ?uii/iie yeiiiieea aic?anoaao ?ieue
iao/iuo enneaaeiaaiee a iaeanoe i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneiai i?aaa – iaiaoiaeeiiai
yeaiaioa noaiiaeaiey i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa. A ianoiyuae ?aaioa inaauathony aii?inu
i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenei e aeayoaeueiinoe aaaeiaeoeo io?aneae
ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa. Eiaiii io?aneaaie i?eciae eco/aiey i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa, a
ia ioaeaeueiuo aeaeia i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie aeayoaeueiinoe i?eiyo a yoie eieaa eae
nenoaiiia?acothuee a eceiaeaiee iaoa?eaea. I?aaenoaaeyaony, /oi inaauaiea
i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey ioaeaeueiuo eee anao aeaeia oicyenoaaiiie, eiiia?/aneie
aeayoaeueiinoe aeieaeii auoue i?aaeiaoii a?aaeaeaineiai i?aaa. Inaauaiea aea i?iaeai
oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe ii io?aneyi niioaaonoaoao e i?ia?aiia eo?na
“I?aaei?eieiaoaeueneia i?aai”. A eieaa aeanony aiaeec iiaaeoaai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa
ii aii?inai i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa , i?aeoeee aai i?eiaiaiey i?e caueoa i?aa
i?aaei?eieiaoaeae. O/oai oaeaea iiuo ?acuyniaiey aiaeiae/iiai iaoa?eaea ae?oaeie
aaoi?aie e aaoi?neeie eieeaeoeaaie a ecaeaiiuo iiiia?aoeyo e o/aaieeao.
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AEAAA 1. I?AAIAIA ?AAOEE?IAAIEA I?AAeI?EIEIAOAEUeNEIE AeAssOAEUeIINOE A NOA?A
I?IECAIAeNOAA OIAA?IA.
1. Iauea iieiaeaiey ia i?aaiecaoeee e inouanoaeaiee i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa a
i?iiuoeaiiinoe.
2. Ieaie?iaaiea i?iiuoeaiiiai i?iecaiaenoaa.
3. I?aaiaua oi?iu ?aaeecaoeee oiaa?ia:
a) aeiaiai? iinoaaee;
a) iinoaaea oiaa?ia aeey ainoaea?noaaiiuo ioaeae;
a) aeiaiai? iaiu;
a) aeiaiai? yia?ainiaaaeaiey.
1. IAUEA IIEIAEAIEss IA I?AAIECAOeEE E INOUANOAEAIEE I?AAeI?EIEIAOAEUeNOAA A
I?IIUOEAIIINOE. A niioaaonoaee n aeaenoaothuei caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii i?ioeann
i?iecaiaenoaaiii- oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe i?aaenoaaeyao niaie naiinoiyoaeueioth
i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneoth aeayoaeueiinoue, inouanoaeyaioth ia naie no?ao e ?ene,
iai?aaeaiioth ia nenoaiaoe/aneia iieo/aiea i?eauee io iieueciaaiey eiouanoaii
(no. 2 AE ?O). ?aaoee?iaaiea ioiioaiee iaaeaeo o/anoieeaie i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie
aeayoaeueiinoe aace?oaony ia iai?eeiniiaaiiinoe e ?aaainoaa i?aa ia caueoo anao
oi?i nianoaaiiinoe, ?aaainoaa ia?aae caeiiii e iaaeaeo niaie anao i?aaiecaoeeiiii-
i?aaiauo oi?i i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa, ia ia?aie/aiee aiaoaoaeuenoaa ainoaea?noaa a
oicyenoaaiioth aeayoaeueiinoue i?aaei?eieiaoaeae. Aianoa n oai, ianiio?y ia oe?ieoth
naiinoiyoaeueiinoue e iacaaeneiinoue ae?oa io ae?oaa e io i?aaiia ainoaea?noaaiiie
aeanoe e ianoiiai naiioi?aaeaiey, ainoaea?noai ia iiaeao inoaaeoue ia?iaeiia
oicyenoai aac ?aaoee?iaaiey i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa. Iaiaoiaeeiinoue ainoaea?noaaiiiai
?aaoee?iaaiey iauyniyaony, i?aaeaea anaai, oai, /oi a i?ioeanna oicyenoaiaaiey,
inouanoaeaiey i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie aeayoaeueiinoe ia?anaeathony eioa?anu
i?aaei?eieiaoaeae, oiaa?ii?iecaiaeeoaeae, ainoaea?noaa e iauanoaa, a oaeaea
o?oaeiauo eieeaeoeaia, ?aaioieeia, iio?aaeoaeae. I?e yoii aeieaeiu auoue i?eiyou
iioeiaeueiua ?aoaiey, iaania/eaathuea eioa?anu anao o/anoieeia i?ioeanna
i?iecaiaenoaaiii- oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe. Iaeiaei /anoiay nianoaaiiinoue,
yaeythuayny a ?uii/iie yeiiiieea i?aiaeaaeathuae, i?iaeaeea?e?iaaiiia
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caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii ?aaainoai o/anoieeia a?aaeaeaineiai iai?ioa e ae?oaea einoeooou
?uii/iie yeiiiieee o?aaotho onoaiiaeoue i?aaeaeu ?acoiiiai aiaoaoaeuenoaa i?aaiauo
?aaoeyoi?ia a i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneoth aeayoaeueiinoue. Iaeiia?aiaiii o?aaoaony nicaeaoue
oneiaey caeioa?aniaaiiinoe a i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneii eioa?ana, iaania/eaaaiii
i?ia?anneaiuie iaeiaaie, ia iiaeaaeythueie, a aeoeaece?othueie i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneoth
aeayoaeueiinoue. N ae?oaie noi?iiu, ainoaea?noai aeieaeii onoaiiaeoue ?acoiiua
o?aaiaaiey ii i?aaeeai i?e?iaeiiieueciaaiey, naieoa?ee, noaiaea?oecaoeee,
oeaiiia?aciaaiey, iaania/eaathuea eioa?anu iauanoaa. Aii?inu ainoaea?noaaiiiai
?aaoee?iaaiey i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie aeayoaeueiinoe a oeaeii ?anniio?aiu a ia?aie
eieaa. Oaia?ue iai i?aaenoieo ?anniio?aoue iniaaiiinoe i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey
i?iiuoeaiiinoe, oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe ii i?iecaiaenoao oiaa?ia.
I?iiuoeaiiinoue yaeyaony aaaeouae io?aneueth yeiiiieee iaoae no?aiu. A
aei?aoi?iaiiie ?innee e a ianoiyuaa a?aiy i?aaiaiio ?aaoee?iaaieth
i?iecaiaenoaaiii- oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe ioaiaeeony aeaaiia ianoi a
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa: i?e ionoonoaee iauaai caeiiiaeaoaeueiiai aeoa iiiaea
oicyenoaaiii- i?aaiaua aeou a niaaoneii ainoaea?noaa ?ac?aaaouaaeenue
i?eiaieoaeueii e o?aaiaaieyi oi?aaeaiey i?iiuoeaiiinoueth, a iioii iie
?ani?ino?aiyeenue e ia ae?oaea io?anee ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa. A ?innee n iiaie
yeiiiie/aneie nenoaiie caeiiiaeaoaeue a A?aaeaeaineii eiaeaena, ?aaoee?othuai e
i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneea ioiioaiey, iaeaieueoaa eiee/anoai ii?i iinayoee
?aaoee?iaaieth iaycaoaeuenoa, aicieeathueo a i?iecaiaenoaaiii- oicyenoaaiiie
aeayoaeueiinoe. I?yii eee einaaiii yoie io?anee iinayuaiu aeaau 4,5,30,34 AE ?O.
Eiaiii a yoii eiaeeoeoee?iaaiiii caeiia cae?aieaiu aaaeiaeoea i?eioeeiu i?aaiaiai
?aaoee?iaaiey aeayoaeueiinoe i?aaiecaoeee, i?aaei?eyoee: io ii?aaeaeaiey eo
th?eaee/aneiai noaoona e oicyenoaaiiie eiiiaoaioeee aei ii?yaeea ?aaeecaoeee yoie
eiiiaoaioeee, oi anoue inouanoaeaiey eiie?aoiie i?iecaiaenoaaiii- oicyenoaaiiie
aeayoaeueiinoe. Oicyenoaaiiay aeayoaeueiinoue ii i?iecaiaenoao oiaa?ia a ethaie no?aia
yaeyaony ii?aaeaeythuae io?aneueth ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa. E iaeuecy ii?aaaeaoue aaoi?ia,
eioi?ua caauaatho ia yoie ecia/aeueii ia?ai?iaeiie io?anee, iicaieythuae
nouanoaiaaoue e oi?aiaea, e ae?aeaaie, e aaieianeie aeayoaeueiinoe, e
no?ieoaeuenoao, e o?ainii?oo e o.ae. Aaaeue aeey oiai, /oiau oi?aiaaoue, caieiaoueny
oi?aiaeae, eae i?iiuneii (*1), iaaei eiaoue i?aaeiao oi?aiaee, oiaa?. Aea, oiaa?
iiaeao auoue i?eia?aoai o ae?oaiai oi?aiaoea, ii ii aeieaeai auoue i?iecaaaeai, oioy au
(**1) Oa?oaiaae/ A.O. O/aaiee oi?aiaiai i?aaa. -I., 1994 (ii ecae. 1914).
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e aia yeiiiieee aeaiiie no?aiu. Ecaioiaeoue oiaa? iiaeii oieueei a iaae?ao
i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneeo no?oeoo?, ia i?iiuoeaiiuo i?aaei?eyoeyo. A Oieeiaii neiaa?a
A.Aeaey iaoiaeei oaeia ?acuyniaiea “i?iiuoeaiiinoe”. I?iiuoeyth, i?iiuneeoue –
aeiauaaoue oeaa e ana ioaeiia, caieiaoueny /ai- eeai eae n?aaenoaii aeecie.
I?iiuoeaiiinoue – ana caiyoey, aeathuea n?aaenoaa aeecie, aiaaonoaa(*1).
A.O.Oa?oaiaae/ oeacuaae: “Iiae i?iiuneii neaaeoao iiieiaoue aeayoaeueiinoue,
iai?aaeaiioth ia i?eia?aoaiea iaoa?eaeueiuo n?aaenoa iin?aaenoaii iinoiyiiiai
caiyoey”.(*2)
I?aaei?eyoea yaeyaony iniiaiui, ia?ae/iui caaiii oicyenoaaiiiai iaoaiecia. Iii
naiinoiyoaeueii e naiaiaeii ieaie?oao naith aeayoaeueiinoue, ii?aaeaeyao ia?niaeoeau
?acaeoey, enoiaey ec ni?ina ia i?iecaiaeeioth i?iaeoeoeeth, eiieo?aioeee, iaania/aiey
i?iecaiaenoaaiiiai e nioeeaeueiiai ?acaeoey i?aaei?eyoey, oaeiaeaoai?aiey eioa?ania
nianoaaiieeia e aeioiaeia ?aaioieeia. A oneiaeyo ?uii/iie yeiiiieee ia nouanoaoao
iaiao?aeeiinoe niaea?aeaiey ia?iiiiai oi?aaeai/aneiai aiia?aoa. Aianoi
iiiai/eneaiiuo i?iiuoeaiiuo ieienoa?noa niaaoneiai ainoaea?noaa a ?innee nicaeaii
e aeaenoaoao eeoue iaeii – Ieienoa?noai i?iiuoeaiiinoe. ?aaeecoy naie ooieoeee iii
eiioaeoe?oao iaiin?aaenoaaiii n i?iiuoeaiiuie i?aaei?eyoeyie, ii aeaoocaaiiie
nenoaia, aac i?iiaaeooi/iuo einoaioeee. A?aaeaeaineia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai ia cai?auaao
i?aaei?eyoeyi iauaaeeiyoueny a nithcu, oieaeeiae e o.ae. Iaeiaei, oaeea iauaaeeiaiey
nicaeathony ia aeia?iaieueiuo ia/aeao e ia aeey oi?aaeaiey, a aeey eii?aeeiaoeee eo
i?aaei?eieiaoaeuene ie aeayoaeueiinoe, aeey i?aaenoaaeaiey e caueou iaueo
eiouanoaaiiuo eioa?ania (no. 121 AE ?O).
2. IEAIE?IAAIEA I?IIUOEAIIIAI I?IECAIAeNOAA. Naith i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneoth
aeayoaeueiinoue i?aaei?eyoea i?aaiecoao a niioaaonoaee n aeaenoaothuei
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii e naiei onoaaii. A iineaaeiai, a /anoiinoe onoaiaaeeaaaony
i?aaiaie ?aaeei eiouanoaa, oeaee e caaea/e i?aaei?eyoey, ii?yaeie oi?aaeaiey ei,
ii?yaeie auoiaea o/?aaeeoaeae ec ninoaaa o/?aaeeoaeae e ii?yaeie ?ani?aaeaeaiey
aeioiaeia.
(**1) Aeaeue A.E. Oieeiaue neiaa?ue aeeaiai aaeeei?onneiai ycuea. A 4 o.
N.-Iaoa?ao?a, 1998. -O.3. -N. 497-498.
(**2) Oa?oaiaae/ A.O. O/aaiee oi?aiaiai i?aaa. -N.61.
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Naiinoiyoaeueiinoue i?iiuoeaiiiai i?aaei?eyoey, eae e ethaie ae?oaie
i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie no?oeoo?u, iaaeyaeii i?iyaeyaony a naiinoiyoaeueiii e
naiaiaeiii ieaie?iaaiee naiae aeayoaeueiinoe. Oneiaey ia?aoiaea e ?uieo aiana ia
ioiaiytho iaiaoiaeeiinoue ieaie?iaaiey, a oii /enea e ainoaea?noaaiiiai.
?aaoee?iaaiea i?iecaiaenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe iaaiciiaeii aac no?aoaae/aneeo
caiuneia, ieaiia, ii?aaeaeaiey oeaeae iia?aoeaiiai ?aaoee?iaaiey e eii?aeeiaoeee.
Ieaie?iaaiea iai?aaeaii ia iioeiaeueiia eniieueciaaiea aiciiaeiinoae i?aaiecaoeee,
a oii /enea iaeeo/oaa eniieueciaaiea anao aeaeia ?ano?nia e i?aaeioa?auaiea
ioeai/iuo aeaenoaee, eioi?ua iiaoo i?eaanoe e nieaeaieth yooaeoeaiinoe
aeayoaeueiinoe i?aaei?eyoey. A oneiaeyo ?uiea caaea/e, ooieoeee, nenoaia
ieaie?iaaiey i?aoa?iaaatho nouanoaaiiua eciaiaiey. Iaaiciiaeii, aea e iao
iaiaoiaeeiinoe ?aaeaiaioe?iaaoue aeayoaeueiinoue eaaeaeiai oicyenoaothuaai noauaeoa ia
ainoaea?noaaiiii eee aeaaea io?aneaaii o?iaia. A neeo nouanoaiaaiey iaeioi?ie
iaii?aaeaeaiiinoe, i?ioeai?a/ee eioa?ania e iiiaeo ae?oaeo i?e/ei ?uii/iua
?aaoeyoi?u ia?aaeei ieacuaathony cia/eoaeueii yooaeoeaiaa ieaiiauo ai
acaeiiaeaenoaee o/anoieeia ieaie?iaaiey i?iecaiaenoaa, a i?eaioaoeee ia ni?in,
iieoiaoaey. . / ?uiie ii eaiaeai ia?aoiie nayce iicaieyao i?iaa?eoue e
iiaeoaa?aeeoue iainiiaaiiinoue ieaiiauo iieacaoaeae. Iaeaieueoee yooaeo i?e yoii
aeinoeaaaony i?e oiaeii ni/aoaiee ieaiiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey e ?uii/iiai iaoaiecia.
N ia?aoiaeii e yeiiiie/aneei iaoiaeai oi?aaeaiey ea/anoaaiii iaiythony i?eioeeiu e
iaoiaeu ieaie?iaaiey. Iii oo?a/eaaao naia aee?aeoeaiia niaea?aeaiea e noaiiaeony
aaaeiui yeiiiie/aneei ?u/aaii aicaeaenoaey ia i?iecaiaenoaaiiua i?ioeannu.
Ieaie?iaaiea ?uii/iie yeiiiieee aeieaeii iniiauaaoueny ia i?eioeeiao
aeaiie?aoecaoeee, naiiieaie?iaaiey, ia?ae/iinoe oi?iu nianoaaiiinoe; iao/iie
iainiiaaiiinoe ieaiia, eo eiiieaeniinoe. ?anniio?ei nouiinoue.yoeo i?eioeeiia
I?eioeei aeaiie?aoecaoeee a ieaie?iaaiee i?iyaeyaony a oii, /oi iii inouanoaeyaony
a iniiaiii nieco, ia ia aee?aeoeaiie, oeaio?aeeciaaiiie iniiaa, a ia naiaiaeiii
aieaecuyaeaiee o?oaeiaiai eieeaeoeaa i?aaei?eyoey i?e ieieiaeueii iaiaoiaeeiii
o?iaia oeaio?aeecaoeee. Naiiieaie?iaaiea icia/aao, /oi eaaeaeue noauaeo
oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe naiinoiyoaeueii ?ac?aaaouaaao naie ieai e ia aeieaeai
ooaa?aeaeaoue aai a auoanoiyueo i?aaiao, iieo/aoue aee?aeoeaiua iieacaoaee. A
ii?aaeaeaiiuo neo/ayo ieaiu i?aaei?eyoey o?aaoaony niaeaniauaaoue n noauaeoaie
oaaea?aoeee e n i?aaiaie ianoiiai naiioi?aaeaiey. Oae, a /anoiinoe, ieaiu
i?aaei?eyoee, eioi?ua
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iiaoo eiaoue yeieiae/aneea, aeaiia?aoe/aneea e eiua iineaaenoaey, cao?aaeaay
eioa?anu ianaeaiey, aeieaeiu auoue niaeaniaaiu n ?aeiiiie, ai?iaeneie, iinaeeiaie,
naeueneie aaeieieno?aoeeae. A ianooaaao noauaeoa oaaea?aoeee aiaeiae/iia
niaeaniaaiea i?iecaiaeeony n aaeieieno?aoeeae niioaaonoaothuaai noauaeoa oaaea?aoeee.
I?eioeei ia?ae/iinoe oi?iu nianoaaiiinoe icia/aao, /oi i?aai ieaie?iaaiey
i?iecaiaenoaaiii- oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe i?eiaaeeaaeeo, i?aaeaea anaai,
nianoaaiieeo i?aaei?eyoey, eioi?ue oieueei nai ai?aaa aeaeaae?iaaoue yoi i?aai
?anii?yaeeoaeueiui i?aaiai i?aaei?eyoey. Oaeei ia?acii, i?aaei?eyoea ieaie?oao naith
aeayoaeueiinoue io eiaie nianoaaiieea eiouanoaa i?aaei?eyoey. A naith i/a?aaeue
iaee/ea ?aciiia?aciuo oi?i nianoaaiiinoe a ?uii/iie yeiiiieea naeaeaoaeuenoaoao i
oii, /oi ieaiiaay ooieoeey i?aaei?eyoey ?aaeecoaony ii-?aciiio, a caaeneiinoe io
oi?iu nianoaaiiinoe.
I?eioeei iao/iie iainiiaaiiinoe ieaiia i?aaeiieaaaao, /oi ieaiu aace?othony ia
iiciaiee e o/aoa a oicyenoaaiiie i?aeoeea iauaeoeaiuo yeiiiie/aneeo caeiiia.
Iniaia cia/aiea aeey ieaie?iaaiey i?iecaiaenoaa eiaao i?iaiice?iaaiea ni?ina e
iio?aaeaiey, oaiaeaioeee ?acaeoey ?uiea eiie?aoiuo oiaa?ia. Ia iaiaa aaaeiui
yaeyaony i?eioeei eiiieaeniinoe, a eioi?ii au?aaeaaony iai?aaeaiiinoue ia eiia/iue
?acoeueoao, iieo/aiea iaeaieueoae i?eauee, aeioiaeia i?e iaeiaiueoeo iaoa?eaeueiuo,
oeiainiauo e yeiiiie/aneeo cao?aoao. Aeayoaeueiinoue i?aaei?eyoey a ethaie noa?a
inouanoaeyaony a oaniie acaeiinayce n ae?oaeie i?aaei?eyoeyie, o?ainii?oiuie,
oeiainiauie i?aaiecaoeeyie, iaoiaeeony iiae aeeyieai ?uiea, aeaiia?aoe/aneeo,
nioeeaeueiuo e ae?oaeo oaeoi?ia. Ana yoe nayce iaiaoiaeeii o/eouaaoue a eiiieaena
i?e ieaie?iaaiee i?iecaiaenoaaiii- oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe. Eiiieaeniinoue
ieaie?iaaiey o?aaoao ii?aaeaeaiey i?ei?eoaoiuo i?ia?aii, oaycee eo n ?ano?naie,
o/aoa aiciiaeiuo yeiiiie/aneeo e iieeoe/aneeo eciaiaiee. ?anniio?aiiua i?eioeeiu
ieaie?iaaiey ?aaeecothony /a?ac i?eiaiaiea ii?aaeaeaiiuo iaoiaeia ieaie?iaaiey.
Auai? iaoiaeia ieaie?iaaiey ii?aaeaeyaony oaeeie oaeoi?aie, eae: ia?eiae
ieaie?iaaiey, iaania/aiiinoue enoiaeiie eioi?iaoeeae, i?aaiecaoeeiiii- oaoie/aneeie
aiciiaeiinoyie aa iieo/aiey, ia?aaioee e eniieueciaaiey. ?acoeueoaoii ieaie?iaaiey
yaeyaony nenoaia aeieain?i/iuo, n?aaeian?i/iuo e e?aoein?i/iuo ieaiia. A
aeieain?i/iuo ieaiao (10-15 eao) ii?aaeaeythony iauea aeaaiua oeaee i?aaei?eyoey ia
ia?niaeoeao, aai no?aoaaey. Caaea/ae n?aaeian?i/iiai ieaie?iaaiey (5 eao)
yaeyaony auai? n?aaenoa aeey aeinoeaeaiey oeaeae, iaia/aiiuo aeieain?i/iie i?ia?aiiie
?acaeoey.
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E?aoein?i/iia ieaie?iaaiea (1 aiae) caeeth/aaony a aeaoaeueiie ?ac?aaioea
iia?aoeaiuo ieaiia aeey i?aaei?eyoey a oeaeii, eiie?aoecaoeee oeaeae e caaea/,
iinoaaeaiiuo n?aaeian?i/iuie ieaiaie. I?e aiaeiaii ieaie?iaaiee aieueoay ?ieue
ioaiaeeony oicyenoaaiiui aeiaiai?ai, eai i?aaei?eyoey i?aaiecotho naith
i?iecaiaenoaaiioth aeayoaeueiinoue a caaeneiinoe io caeacia iio?aaeoaeae
(aeiaiai?ia). Aeiaiai? aunooiaao a ea/anoaa iniiau ieaie?iaaiey i?iecaiaenoaa
oiaa?ia a iiiaieeaoo?a, anni?oeiaioa e ii n?ieai. Oe?ieiio eniieueciaaieth
oicyenoaaiiuo aeiaiai?ia eae eino?oiaioa ieaie?iaaiey niinianoaoao ?acaeoea
aeeeoaeueiuo oicyenoaaiiuo naycae e iioiaay oi?aiaey oiaa?aie. Ieaie?iaaiea n
iiiiuueth oicyenoaaiiuo aeiaiai?ia nicaeaao aeaaii?eyoiua oneiaey aeey ?aoaiey
iiiaeo i?iaeai. I?aaeaea anaai, yoi aeaao aiciiaeiinoue oi/ii ii?aaeaeeoue
iio?aaeoaeueneee ni?in, i?eaioe?iaaoue ieaie?iaaiea ia eiia/iue ?acoeueoao
i?iecaiaenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe, au?aaeathuaeny a aeiaiai?iuo iaycaoaeuenoaao.
Eniieueciaaiea oicyenoaaiiuo aeiaiai?ia a ieaie?iaaiee niinianoaoao noaaeeueiinoe
e ?aaeueiinoe ieaia e i?iecaiaenoaa. Aeey i?aaiecaoeee i?iecaiaenoaaiiie
aeayoaeueiinoe i?iiuoeaiiuo i?aaei?eyoee aaaeiia cia/aiea eiaao aioo?eoicyenoaaiiia
ieaie?iaaiea. Iii yaeyaony ia/aeueiie noaaeeae ieaie?iaaiey i?aaei?eyoey,
ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa. Aanue i?ioeann ieaie?iaaiey i?iecaiaenoaa oiaa?ia ia/eiaaony
iaiin?aaenoaaiii a ieciauo caaiueyo i?iiuoeaiiinoe. Iniiaiuie iaoiaeaie
ieaie?iaaiey yaeythony: i?ia?aiiii- oeaeaaie, aaeainiaue iaoiae e iaoiae
yeno?aiieyoeee. A /ai eiie?aoii iiyaeyaony nouiinoue yoeo iaoiaeia? Ieaie?iaaiea
i?aaeiieaaaao iaiaoiaeeiinoue iainiiaaiiuo oeaeae ?acaeoey e nenoaiu i?ei?eoaoia.
Aeey yoiai i?ioeann ieaie?iaaiey aeieaeai ioaaouaaoue ana o?iaie oi?aaeaiey, oi anoue
inouanoaeyoueny eae ia iae?io?iaia, oae e ia iee?io?iaia, nicaeaaaoue i?aaeiinueee
aeey iaania/aiey iinoaaeaiiuo oeaeae.
Ia iae?io?iaia iaiaoiaeeii ii?aaeaeaiea iaueo oaiaeaioeee ?acaeoey e oi?ie?iaaiey
no?aoaaee ?inoa, iaania/aiea aieaa oaniie oaycee ?aaeiiaeueiuo e
iauaainoaea?noaaiiuo no?aoaaee, iae?iyeiiiie/aneie iieeoeee e o.ae.
Ia iee?io?iaia no?aoaae/aneia ieaie?iaaiea naiaeeony e aeayoaeueiinoe i?aaei?eyoey,
aai o/anoeth a nenoaia ia?eaoeiaa a no?aia e ie?iaii ?uiea, acaeiiaeaenoaeth n
aiaoiae e aioo?aiiae n?aaeie, ninoaaeaieth aecian- ieaiia e i?i/aa. I?aaeeueii
ninoaaeaiiue aecian- ieai iicaieyao aeinoe/ue oniaoa ia eiie?aoiii yoaia.
Iniaaiii ii aaaeai i?e ioe?uoee i?aaei?eyoey, ia/aea i?iecaiaenoaaiiie
aeayoaeueiinoe. Aecian- ieai yaeyaony
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aaaeiui aeieoiaioii, ii?aaeaeythuei eo?n, eioi?iai aeieaeia i?eaea?aeeaaoueny
i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneay no?oeoo?a a ii?aaeaeaiiue i?iiaaeooie a?aiaie. Aac aecian-
ieaia iaeuecy ia/eiaoue caieiaoueny eiiia?/aneie aeayoaeueiinoueth, eia/a aiciiaeiinoue
iaoaea/e aoaeao cia/eoaeueiie. Ninoaaeaiea aecian- ieaia o?aaoao ee/iiai o/anoey
?oeiaiaeeoaey i?aaei?eyoey, eioi?ue iiaeaee?oao naith aoaeouoth aeayoaeueiinoue. Neaaeoao
ioiaoeoue, /oi anee ia iae?io?iaia i?aaeii/oaiea aeieaeii ioaeaaaoueny iieacaoaeyi
yooaeoeaiinoe ia?iaeiiai Oicyenoaa, oi ia iee?io?iaia – eiieo?aioiniiniaiinoe,
i?eaueueiinoe e o.ae. Ia o?iaia i?aaei?eyoey nenoaia iieacaoaeae aeieaeia auoue
iaoeaeaia ia iaeneiaeecaoeeth i?eauee ia ?oaeue cao?ao. Iiieii i?ia?aiiii- oeaeaaiai
iaoiaea ieaie?iaaiey i?eiaiyaony aaeainiaue iaoiae. Ii eniieuecoaony aeey ?an/aoia
iniiaiiieaaathueo oeaeaauo iieacaoaeae i?aaei?eyoey. Aai cia/aiea ii?aaeaeyaony
acaeiicaaeneiinoueth anao no?oeoo?iuo eiiiiiaioia, iaiaoiaeeiinoueth nayce
iio?aaiinoae e eiathueony ?ano?nia, enoiaey ec aua?aiiuo i?ei?eoaoia. Iiyoiio
iino?iaiea ?acee/iuo aaeainia iicaieyao ii?aaeaeeoue aiciiaeiua eiia/iua
?acoeueoaou oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe a ieaiiaii ia?eiaea, iaeaieaa yooaeoeaioth
no?oeoo?o enoi/ieeia ?ano?nia. A nenoaia aeieain?i/iiai ieaie?iaaiey
eniieuecoaony iaoiae yeno?aiieyoeee. Ia iniiaa eniieueciaaiey ?acoeueoaoia
iieacaoaeae i?ioeiai ia?eiaea aeaeaaony ?an/ao ianeieueei caauoaiiuo iieacaoaeae
ia aoaeouee ia?eiae, eiay a aeaeo, /oi aoaeouaa aoaeao eo/oa i?aaeiaai. Ieaie?iaaiea
ia iee?io?iaia i?iecaiaenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe eiie?aoiiai i?aaei?eyoey ia/eiaaony
n ii?aaeaeaiey oeaeae e iooae eo aeinoeaeaiey. Iii inouanoaeyaony ii oaeei aaaeiui
iai?aaeaieyi, eae niaaaeaiea, i?iecaiaenoai, nauo, oeiainu, ia?niiae, aeioiaeu e
?anoiaeu. Nai i?ioeann ieaie?iaaiey i?ioiaeeo /aou?a yoaia: ?ac?aaioea iaueo
oeaeae, ii?aaeaeaiea eiie?aoiuo, aeaoaeueiuo oeaeae ia n?aaieoaeueii ei?ioeee ia?eiae;
ii?aaeaeaiea iooae e n?aaenoa eo aeinoeaeaiey; eiio?ieue ca aeinoeaeaieai iinoaaeaiiuo
oeaeae iooai niiinoaaeaiey ieaiiauo iieacaoaeae n oaeoe/aneeie. Ieaie?iaaiea
i?eaioe?oaony ia aeaiiua i?ioeuo ia?eiaeia, ii ii?aaeaeyao ?acaeoea i?aaei?eyoey a
ia?niaeoeaa e caaeneo io oi/iinoe oaeoe/aneeo iieacaoaeae i?ioeiai. Iaeiaei
iaeioi?ua ianoiyoaeuenoaa, aicieeathuea a yeiiiieea (caaanoiaee, oi?n- iaaei? e
o.i.) aiiaua ia iiaeaeathony ieaie?iaaieth. Oaeei ia?acii, iii aace?oaony ia anaaaea
ia iieiuo aeaiiuo, aneaaenoaea /aai ea/anoai ieaie?iaaiey a aieueoie ia?a caaeneo
io eioaeeaeooaeueiiai o?iaiy e eiiiaoaioeee ?aaioieeia.
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Eiiaaea a ieaiu i?eoiaeeony aiineoue eciaiaiey. I?e yoii iie ia aeieaeiu oa?youe naie
yeiiiie/aneee niune. A yoie nayce ieaiu niaea?aeao ?aca?au. Iaeiaei neaaeoao eiaoue
a aeaeo, /oi neeoeii aieueoea ?aca?au aeaeatho ieaiu ia oi/iuie e ia iiaeeecothueie
?anoe?aiiia aini?iecaiaenoai, e, iaiai?io, iaaieueoea ?aca?au aeaeoo ca niaie
/anoua eciaiaiey ieaiia. I?e niiinoaaeaiee ieaiia ii eiie?aoiui iai?aaeaieyi a
iniiao eeaaeoony ioaeaeueiua caaea/e, eioi?ua ii?aaeaeythony eae a aeaiaaeiii
au?aaeaiee, oae e a eiee/anoaaiiuo iieacaoaeyo. Iinea caaa?oaiey ieaie?iaaiey ii
ioaeaeueiui iai?aaeaieyi auyaeythony ianiioaaonoaey – caauoaiiua eee caieaeaiiua
iieacaoaee, eioi?ua iaiaoiaeeii ono?aieoue.
Ieaie?iaaiea aeayoaeueiinoe i?aaei?eyoey iiae?acaeaeyaony ia oaoieei- yeiiiie/aneia
e iia?aoeaii- i?iecaiaenoaaiiia. Oaoieei- yeiiiie/aneia ieaie?iaaiea ii?aaeaeyao
iniiaiua iieacaoaee i?iecaiaenoaaiii- oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe: iauai
i?iecaiaenoaa, naaanoieiinoue i?iaeoeoeee, oiiae ca?ieaou, i?eaueue e o.ae.
Iia?aoeaii- i?iecaiaenoaaiiia ieaie?iaaiea eiaao oeaeueth iaania/eoue ?eoie/ioth
?aaioo aioo?aiieo iiae?acaeaeaiee i?aaei?eyoey ia iniiaa oi/iuo eaeaiaea?iuo
a?aoeeia ecaioiaeaiey aeaoaeae, oceia, iieooaa?eeaoia e aioiaie i?iaeoeoeee. A
iaaeaeoia?iaeiie i?aeoeea, iniaaiii a yeiiiie/anee ?acaeouo no?aiao aieueoia
cia/aiea i?eaeaaony niaoeeaeecaoeee e eiiia?e?iaaieth a i?iiuoeaiiinoe. Oae auei e
a enoi?ee niaaoneie ieaiiaie yeiiiieee. I?iecaiaenoaaiiua nayce aioo?e e iaaeaeo
io?aneyie ?anniao?eaaeenue eae niaa?oainoaiaaiea oi?i i?aaiecaoeee i?iiuoeaiiiai
i?iecaiaenoaa, eae n?aaenoai iiauoaiey i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoe o?oaea e nieaeaiey
naaanoieiinoe eiia/iie i?iaeoeoeee. A ianoiyuaa a?aiy oaeea nayce ?ac?ooeeenue
iaaeaeo ?inneae e auaoeie ?anioaeeeaie NNN?. E a?yae ee oaeie iooue iiaeao auoue
i?eciai i?aaeeueiui. Naeaeaoaeuenoaii oiio yaeyaony iinoiyiiia ?acaeoea e
oe?aieaiea o?ainiaoeeiiaeueiuo eiiiaiee a ca?oaaaeiuo no?aiao Caiaaea e Ainoiea.
Niaoeeaeecaoeey e eiiia?e?iaaiea – oi?iu iauanoaaiiiai ?acaeaeaiey o?oaea. Iie
ia?ac?uaii naycaiu n ieaie?iaaieai. Niaoeeaeecaoeey icia/aao i?iecaiaenoai
i?aaei?eyoeai ia?aie/aiiiai e?oaa iaeii?iaeiuo ecaeaeee. Iia niinianoaoao oeo/oaieth
ea/anoaa i?iaeoeoeee, oi?iuaao i?aaiecaoeeth i?iecaiaenoaa, iiauoaao aai
yooaeoeaiinoue. Eiiia?e?iaaiea ia?ac?uaii naycaii ni niaoeeaeecaoeeae. Iii aeaao
aiciiaeiinoue ia i?iecaiaeeoue ia eaaeaeii i?aaei?eyoee ana iaiaoiaeeiua aio
eiiieaeoothuea aeaoaee, oceu e ae?oaea ecaeaeey, a iieo/aoue a aioiaii aeaea io
ae?oaeo oicyenoaothueo noauaeoia, niaoeeaeece?iaaiiuo ia eo ecaioiaeaiee.
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Aii?inu i?iecaiaenoaaiiiai eiiia?e?iaaiey ?aoathony e i?e i?aaiecaoeee
aioo?eoicyenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee ia i?aaei?eyoeyo. Ioiioaiey i?iecaiaenoaaiiiai
eiiia?e?iaaiey iiaoo aicieeaoue iaaeaeo i?aaei?eyoeyie e a oa??eoi?eaeueiii
ianooaaa: oa??eoi?eaeueii- i?iecaiaenoaaiiua eiiieaenu (OIE). Oioy i?aaei?eyoey,
aioaaeoea a OIE e yaeythony caaiueyie ?acee/iuo io?aneaauo nenoai, i?aaenoaaeytho
niaie ?acee/iua i?aaiecaoeeiiii- i?aaiaua oi?iu e i?eiaaeeaaeao ?aciui
nianoaaiieeai, iie anooiatho iaaeaeo niaie a i?iecaiaenoaaiii- o icyenoaaiiua nayce
a ianooaaao oa??eoi?ee. N yoie oi/ee c?aiey aaaeiia cia/aiea eiatho i?iiuoeaiiua
oceu, iiae eioi?uie iiieiathony a?oiiu i?aaei?eyoee, ?aniieiaeaiiuo a iaeiii ai?iaea
eee ianaeaiiii ioieoa e eiathueo iauea i?iecaiaenoaaiiua iauaeou (eeoaeiua,
eioaeueiua, yia?aionoaiiaee, eiaeaia?iua eiiioieeaoeee e o.ae.). Nicaeaiea oaeeo
iauaeoia, ?aniieiaeaiiuo a i?iiuoeaiiii ocea, iicaieyao yeiiiieoue cia/eoaeueiua
iaoa?eaeueiua e oeiainiaua ?ano?nu: no?ieoaeuenoai iaeiiai i?iecaiaenoaaiiiai
iauaeoa aeey ianeoaeeaaiey iiiaeo i?aaei?eyoee aieaa yeiiiie/ii, /ai nii?oaeaiea
iiiaeo aiaeiae/iuo iauaeoia ?acee/iuie i?aaei?eyoeyie aeey naieo ioaeae. Iaeiaei
iiea aua ia ?ac?aaioaiu aaeeiua i?aaiaua iniiau nicaeaiey i?iioceia e oi?aaeaiey
eie. A ianoiyuaa a?aiy a oiaea ?acainoaea?noaeaiey aini?aaei?eyoee niaianoii
iino?iaiiua iauaeou ia?aaeathony ia aaeain iniiaiiio cano?ieueeo, /oi nicaeaao aio
iaiainiiaaiiua eueaiou. Ia ?aoathony iiea e i?iaeaiu eii?aeeiaoeee aeayoaeueiinoe
nouanoaothueo i?aaei?eyoee. *aoeia i?aaiaia ?aaoee?iaaiea i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo
naycae, neeaaeuaathueony a i?iioceao, iiiiaeao yooaeoeaiiio eniieueciaaieth
i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo iiuiinoae i?aaei?eyoee. Iaeiaei iaaeayoueny ia ?ac?aoaiea yoeo
aii?inia a ia?eiae noaiiaeaiey ?uiea a yeiiiieea a?yae ee ii?aaaeaiii. E ?aoaieth
yoeo aii?inia iiaeii aoaeao ia?aoeoueny eeoue iinea i?aiaeieaiey yeiiiie/aneiai
e?ecena a no?aia.
3. I?AAIAUA OI?IU ?AAEECAOeEE OIAA?IA. I?aaiauie oi?iaie ?aaeecaoeee i?iaeoeoeee,
oiaa?ia yaeythony aeiaiai?u iinoaaee, eoiee- i?iaeaaee, iaiu, eiio?aeoaoeee,
niaaaeaiey yia?aaoe/aneeie e ae?oaeie ?ano?naie, iinoaaee oiaa?ia aeey
ainoaea?noaaiiuo ioaeae. Iiiyoea “i?iaeoeoeey” e “oiaa?u” a caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa e
niaoeeaeueiie eeoa?aoo?a i?eiaiyeenue eae ?aciiii?yaeeiaua.
I?iaeoeoeey [eao. producio, producere – i?iecaiaeeoue] – iauay noiia i?iaeoeoia,
i?iecaaaeaiiuo ca ii?aaeaeaiiue i?iiaaeooie a?aiaie no?aiie, i?aaei?eyoeai,
/aeiaaeii.
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I?iaeoeo [eao. producte – i?iecaaaeaiiue] – i?aaeiao, aauanoai, iieo/athuaany a
?acoeueoaoa /aeiaa/aneiai o?oaea(*1). Iiae i?iaeoeoeeae iiieiaeinue ana oi, /oi auei
i?iecaaaeaiii a ia?iaeiii oicyenoaa no?aiu e aiiaue oiio?aaeyeinue aeey
i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo oeaeae. A yoii neo/aa aiai?eee i i?iaeoeoeee i?iecaiaenoaaiii-
oaoie/aneiai iacia/aiey. Ecaeaeey aea, i?iecaaaeaiiua ia?iaeiui oicyenoaii e
i?aaeiacia/aiiua aeey i?iaeaaee ianaeaieth a ee/iia eee naiaeiia iieueciaaiea e
iio?aaeaiea, iacuaaeenue oiaa?aie ia?iaeiiai iio?aaeaiey. Oaeia ?aca?aie/aiea
iineei aeiaieueii oneiaiue oa?aeoa? e a iiaaeoai a?aaeaeaineii caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa iii
ia aini?eiyoi. A?aaeaeaineee eiaeaen ?O eniieuecoao iiiyoey: “eiouanoai”, “aaue”,
“oiaa?”. Iacaaiiua auoa aeiaiai?u ?aaeecaoeee oiaa?ia ioiinyony e /eneo
aeiaiai?ia, iai?aaeaiiuo ia ia?aaea/o eiouanoaa a nianoaaiiinoue, oicyenoaaiiia
aaaeaiea eeai a iia?aoeaiia oi?aaeaiea. Ioiioaiey noi?ii ii caeeth/aieth
oicyenoaaiiuo aeiaiai?ia ?aaoee?othony A?aaeaeaineei eiaeaenii ?O, caeiiaie e
Oeacaie I?aceaeaioa ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee. Ii?iu caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa i oicyenoaaiiuo
aeiaiai?ao iaycaoaeueiu aeey i?aaei?eyoee e i?aaiecaoeee. Iaeiaei iiiaea i?aaeea (i
n?ieao eniieiaiey, ii?yaeea ioa?ocee oiaa?ia, oneoaao, oi?iao ?an/aoia e o.ae.)
iiaoo ooi/iyoueny i?e caeeth/aiee eiie?aoiuo aeiaiai?ia n o/aoii iniaaiiinoae
i?iecaiaenoaaiii- oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe. Yoi iicaieyao oicyenoaaiiiio
aeiaiai?o noaoue aeaeei eino?oiaioii, aeeythuei ia oi?aaeaiea yeiiiieeie, iiauoaao
aai ?ieue e cia/aiea a iaoaiecia oicyenoaiaaiey. Aeiaiai?u iinoaaee, niaaaeaiey
yia?aaoe/aneeie e ae?oaeie ?ano?naie, iinoaaee oiaa?ia aeey ainoaea?noaaiiuo ioaeae
caeeth/athony oieueei i?e inouanoaeaiee i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie aeayoaeueiinoe. Aeiaiai?u
eoiee- i?iaeaaee, iaiu, eiio?aeoaoeee eniieuecothony eae a ioiioaieyo iaaeaeo
i?aaei?eieiaoaeyie, oae e iaaeaeo a?aaeaeaiaie aeey oaeiaeaoai?aiey eo ee/iuo e
naiaeiuo auoiauo iio?aaiinoae. Neaaeoao eiaoue a aeaeo, /oi oicyenoaaiiua aeiaiai?u
iaeaaeatho ?yaeii iniaaiiinoae, naycaiiuo ni niaoeeoeeie i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie
aeayoaeueiinoe. Oeaeueth oaeeo aeiaiai?ia yaeyaony inouanoaeaiea i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie
aeayoaeueiinoe aeey iieo/aiey i?eauee. I?aaeiaoii aeiaiai?a, eae i?aaeei, yaeyaony
eiouanoai, i?aaeiacia/aiiia aeey inouanoaeaiey i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie aeayoaeueiinoe.
Oioy au iaeiie ec noi?ii a ieo aunooiaao i?aaei?eyoea eee i?aaei?eieiaoaeue.
Caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii onoaiiaeaia iiauoaiiay ioaaonoaaiiinoue ca iaiaaeeaaeauaa
eniieiaiea aeiaiai?iuo iaycaoaeuenoa a noa?a
(**1) Neiaa?ue eiino?aiiuo neia a ?onneii ycuea. -I., 1995. -N. 564.
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i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa. Onoaiiaeai iniaue ii?yaeie ?anniio?aiey nii?ia, auoaeathueo
ec oicyenoaaiiuo aeiaiai?ia, – /a?ac a?aeo?aaeiue noae. A ia?iaeiii oicyenoaa,
a?aaeaeaineii iai?ioa iaeaieueoaa ?ani?ino?aiaiea eiatho ?acee/iua aeaeu aeiaiai?a
iinoaaee oiaa?ia (aeey ainoaea?noaaiiuo ioaeae, eiio?aeoaoeey, yia?ainiaaaeaiea).
A) Ii aeiaiai?o iinoaaee iinoaauee- i?iaeaaaoe, inouanoaeythuee i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneoth
aeayoaeueiinoue, iaycoaony ia?aaeaoue a iaoneiaeaiiue n?ie eee n?iee, i?iecaiaeeiua
eee caeoiaaiua ei oiaa?u iieoiaoaeth aeey eniieueciaaiey a i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie
aeayoaeueiinoe eee a eiuo oeaeyo, ia naycaiiuo n ee/iui, naiaeii- aeiiaoiei eee
eiui iiaeiaiui eniieueciaaieai (no. 506 AE ?O). Iacaaiiia eaaeoeiiia ii?aaeaeaiea
aeiaiai?a iinoaaee iicaieyao auaeaeeoue aeaa iniiaiuo e?eoa?ey, ioee/athueo aeiaiai?
iinoaaee(*1) io ae?oaeo aeaeia aeiaiai?a eoiee- i?iaeaaee. Ai-ia?auo, noauaeoaie
oaeiai aeiaiai?a iiaoo auoue oieueei i?aaei?eieiaoaee e i?aaiecaoeee. A ea/anoaa
i?iaeaaoea ii aeiaiai?o iiaeao auoue eiiia?/aneay i?aaiecaoeey eee a?aaeaeaiei-
i?aaei?eieiaoaeue. Iieoiaoaeai AEa ii yoiio aeiaiai?o iiaeao auoue eeoei,
i?eia?aoathuaa oiaa? aeey eniieueciaaiey a i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie aeayoaeueiinoe eee a
eiuo oeaeyo, ia naycaiiuo n ee/iui, naiaeiui, aeiiaoiei e ae?oaei iiaeiaiui
eniieueciaaieai. Iinoaauee i?iaeaao i?iecaiaeeiua ei oiaa?u eee oiaa?u,
caeoieaiiua aeey i?iaeaaee. Ai-aoi?uo, aeiaiai? iinoaaee ioee/aao io ae?oaeo
iiaeiaiuo aeiaiai?ia oeaeue i?eia?aoaiey oiaa?a. Aeiaiai?ii iinoaaee i?eciaaony
aeiaiai?, ii eioi?iio oiaa? i?eia?aoaaony aeey eniieueciaaiey a
i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie aeayoaeueiinoe eee a eiie oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe
i?aaiecaoeee e o/?aaeaeaiee (e?iia ee/iiai, naiaeiiai, Aeiiaoiaai e eiiai iiaeiaiiai
iio?aaeaiey). Ec oeaee iieoiee auoaeaao, /oi e aoi?ay noi?iia aeiaiai?a –
iieoiaoaeue yaeyaony, anee ia i?aaei?eieiaoaeai, oi th?eaee/aneei eeoeii
iaycaoaeueii. Oeaeue iieoiee iiaeao auoaeaoue ec oa?aeoa?a oiaa?a, nouanoaa
aeiaiai?a, i?aaeoniao?eaaoueny a naiii aeiaiai?a. Aeeth/aiea a iiiyoea aeiaiai?a
iinoaaee oeacaiey i ia?aaea/a oiaa?ia “a iaoneiaeaiiue n?ie eee n?iee” iicaieyao
iacaaoue aua ?yae iniaaiiinoae yoiai aeiaiai?a. Ai-ia?auo, n?ie eniieiaiey
iaycaoaeuenoaa ii aeiaiai?o iinoaaee, ia?yaeo n iaeiaiiaaieai e eiee/anoaii
oiaa?a, i?eia?aoaao cia/aiea nouanoaaiiiai oneiaey aeiaiai?a; ai-aoi?uo, ii
aeiaiai?o iinoaaee aiciiaeia iioiaay i?iaeaaea oiaa?ia aaeeiia?aiaiii (a n?ie) eeai
ioaeaeueiuie ia?oeyie a oa/aiea Aeeeoaeueiiai ia?eiaea (a iaoneiaeaiiua n?iee), a
oaeaea ia?aaea/a
(**1) Aiioei A.N. Aeiaiai? iinoaaee a ?uii/iie yeiiiieea // Oicyenoai e i?aai.
-1996.-N9. -N.113-114.
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iaeiie aaue, a oii /enea e eiaeeaeaeoaeueii- ii?aaeaeaiiie (iaoeia, i?eai? e o.ae.) a
iaoneiaeaiiue n?ie; a o?aoueeo, iiiaiou caeeth/aiey aeiaiai?a e aai eniieiaiey,
eae i?aaeei, ia niaiaaeatho; a /aoaa?ouo, ecaioiaeoaeai oiaa?a aeiaiai?
caeeth/aaony, eae i?aaeei, ia aaue, eioi?ua aua i?aaenoieo ecaioiaeoue. Iniiaiua
i?eciaee aeiaiai?a iinoaaee iicaieytho ioa?aie/eoue aai io ae?oaeo ?aciiaeaeiinoae
aeiaiai?a eoiee- i?iaeaaee e eiuo niaaeiuo aeiaiai?ia.
Aeiaiai? eoiee- i?iaeaaee ioee/aaony io aeiaiai?a iinoaaee aieueoae
oieaa?naeueiinoueth. Ii aeiaiai?o eoiee- i?iaeaaee iaeia noi?iia (i?iaeaaaoe) iaycoaony
ia?aaeaoue aauue (oiaa?) a nianoaaiiinoue ae?oaie noi?iia (iieoiaoaeth), a iieoiaoaeue
iaycoaony i?eiyoue yoio oiaa? e oieaoeoue ca iaai ii?aaeaeaiioth aeaiaaeioth noiio
(oeaio). Caeiiiaeaoaeue ia ia?aie/eaaao e?oa noauaeoia yoiai aeiaiai?a oieueei
eeoeaie, caieiathueieny oicyenoaaiiie eee eiie aeayoaeueiinoueth, ia ii?aaeaeyao e
oeaeue eniieueciaaiey i?aaeiaoa aeiaiai?a – i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneay aeayoaeueiinoue.
Oieaa?naeai i?aaeiao aeiaiai?a eoiee- i?iaeaaee: aaue oaea aioiaua e eioi?ua aua
iaaeeaaeeo i?iecaanoe. Iaeiaei caeii iacuaaao ioaeaeueiua aeaeu oiaa?ia, eioi?ua
iiaoo auoue ?aaeeciaaiu oieueei ii aeiaiai?o eoiee- i?iaeaaee: oeaiiua aoiaae,
aaethoiua oeaiiinoe, iauaeou iaaeaeaeeiinoe, i?aaei?eyoey, eiouanoaaiiua i?aaa.
Io aeiaiai?a eiio?aeoaoeee aeiaiai? iinoaaee ioee/aaony i?ioanneiiaeueiie
aeayoaeueiinoueth iinoaaueea e aeaeii ia?aaeaaaaiuo oiaa?ia. I?iaeaaoeii ii aeiaiai?o
eiio?aeoaoeee yaeyaony i?iecaiaeeoaeue naeueneioicyenoaaiiie i?iaeoeoeee. A i?aaeiaoii
aeiaiai?a eiio?aeoaoeee yaeyaony naeueneioicyenoaaiiay i?iaeoeoeey, eioi?oth aua
iaaeeaaeeo au?anoeoue eee i?iecaanoe. Aeae i?iaeaaaaiie aaue iicaieyao ioee/aoue
aeiaiai?u iinoaaee e i?iaeaaee iaaeaeaeeiinoe. Ii aeiaiai?o i?iaeaaee iaaeaeaeeiinoe
anaaaea ia?aaeaaony eiaeeaeaeoaeueii- ii?aaeaeaiiay aauue. A?aaeaeaineee eiaeaen ?O e
iaaeaeaeeiui aauai, iiaeeaaeauei ainoaea?noaaiiie ?aaeno?aoeee, ioiineo aicaeooiua e
ii?neea noaea, noaea aioo?aiiaai ieaaaiey. I?iaeaaea oaeeo noaeia oaia?ue
inouanoaeyaony ia ii aeiaiai?o iinoaaee, a ii aeiaiai?o i?iaeaaee iaaeaeaeeiinoe.
Ioee/aaony aeiaiai? iinoaaee e io oae iacuaaaiiai aeiaiai?a ia?a?aaioee
aeaaaeue/aneiai nu?uey (aeiaiai? iiae?yaea). I?e ?aca?aie/aiee yoeo aeiaiai?ia neaaeoao
enoiaeeoue ec niaea?aeaiey iaycaiiinoae. Aeiaiai?, niaea?aeaieai eioi?iai yaeyaony
auiieiaiea ?aaio ii caaeaieth caeac/eea ec aai iaoa?eaeia, yaeyaony aeiaiai?ii
ia?a?aaioee aeaaaeue/aneiai nu?uey, iiae?yaea. Iiaeao auoue eniieueciaai e eiie
e?eoa?ee – eiee/anoai ia?aaeaaaaiuo iieoiaoaeai (caeac/eeii) iaoa?eaeia. Anee
caeac/eeii ia?aaeaaony aieueoay /anoue iaoa?eaeia, oi aeiaiai? iiaeao
?anniao?eaaoueny eae iiae?yaeiue.
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A aeiaiai? iinoaaee ia?aaeei aeeth/atho oneiaey i i?aaeinoaaeaiee oneoa eee
auiieiaiee ?aaio. Iai?eia?, a aeiaiai? iinoaaee neiaeiiai iai?oaeiaaiey aeeth/athony
oneiaey i oaoiiioaaea. Oaeie aeiaiai? neaaeoao i?eciaaaoue niaoaiiui. E ioiioaieyi
noi?ii ii niaoaiiiio aeiaiai?o i?eiaiythony a niioaaonoaothueo /anoyo i?aaeea i
aeiaiai?ao iinoaaee e oneoa, oi anoue ii?iu i aeiaiai?ao, yeaiaiou eioi?uo
niaea?aeaony a niaoaiiii aeiaiai?a. Caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai i?aaeoniao?eaaao iaeioi?ua
iniaaiiinoe o?aaoee?iaaiey ?aciiaeanee i?e caeeth/aiee aeiaiai?a iinoaaee. A
neo/aa, eiaaea i?e caeeth/aiee aeiaiai?a iinoaaee iaaeaeo noi?iiaie aicieeee
?aciiaeaney ii oneiaeyi aeiaiai?a, noi?iia, i?aaeeiaeeaoay caeeth/eoue aeiaiai? e
iieo/eaoay io ae?oaie noi?iiu i?aaeeiaeaiea i niaeaniaaiee yoeo oneiaee (i?ioieie
?aciiaeanee), aeieaeia a oa/aiea o?eaeoeaoe aeiae ni aeiy iieo/aiey yoiai
i?aaeeiaeaiey, anee eiie n?ie ia onoaiiaeai caeiiii eee ia niaeaniaai noi?iiaie,
i?eiyoue ia?u ii niaeaniaaieth niioaaonoaothueo oneiaee aeiaiai?a eeai ienueiaiii
oaaaeiieoue ae?oaoth noi?iio ia ioeaca io aai caeeth/aiey. Oaeei ia?acii, a ioee/ea
io iaueo iieiaeaiee, caeii i?e caeeth/aiee aeiaiai?a iinoaaee iaycuaaao noi?iio,
iieo/eaooth aeoeaio n i?ioieieii ?aciiaeanee, aeaenoaiaaoue aeoeaii: eeai oaaaeiieoue
ae?oaoth no?iio ia ioeaca a caeeth/aiee aeiaiai?a a ienueiaiiie oi?ia, eeai
niaeaniaaoue ?aciiaeaney iooai i?aaeaeiaiai?iuo eiioaeoia (iaiai aeieoiaioaie,
ee/iua ano?a/e ?oeiaiaeeoaeae). Ia?ooaiea onoaiiaeaiiuo caeiiii iaycaiiinoae ii
niaeaniaaieth ?aciiaeanee, ianiiauaiea ia ioeaca io caeeth/aiey aeiaiai?a
?anniao?eaaaony eae iniiaaiea aeey i?aaeuyaeaiey aoi?ie noi?iiie o?aaiaaiee i
aiciauaiee oauoeia (iai?eia?, i aiciauaiee ?acieoeu a oeaia oiaa?ia, anee
oeeiiaiea noi?iiu io auiieiaiey i?aaeoniio?aiiuo aeoeaiuo aeaenoaee i?eaaei e
oaei?iaeaieth oiaa?a). N?ie iinoaaee oiaa?ia aeieaeai /aoei ii?aaeaeyoueny a aeiaiai?a,
iineieueeo oneiaea aeiaiai?a iinoaaee i n?ieao aai eniieiaiey yaeyaony
nouanoaaiiui oneiaeai. Iau/ii a aeiaiai?a iinoaaee i?e aeeyueony ioiioaieyo
noi?iiu i?aaeoniao?eaatho ia?eiaeu iinoaaee. Oicyenoaaiiie i?aeoeea ecaanoiu
eaa?oaeueiua, iany/iua e eiua ia?eiaeu. Ia?eiae iinoaaee – yoi ?aaiiia?iue
i?iiaaeooie a?aiaie, a oa/aiea eioi?iai i?iecaiaeeony iinoaaea i?aaeoniio?aiiiai
aeiaiai?ii eiee/anoaa oiaa?ia ioaeaeueiuie ia?oeyie (ii /anoyi). Anee noi?iiu ia
ii?aaeaeeee n?iee iinoaaee ioaeaeueiuo ia?oee (ia?eiaeu iinoaaee) , oi oiaa?u
aeieaeiu iinoaaeyoueny ?aaiiia?iuie ia?oeyie iiiany/ii. Ia?yaeo n ii?aaeaeaieai
ia?eiaeia iinoaaee a oeacaiiii aeiaiai?a iiaeao auoue i?aaeoniio?ai a?aoee iinoaaee
oiaa?ia (aeaeaaeiue, nooi/iue, /aniaie e o.i.). A?aoeee onoaiaaeeaatho n?iee
ia?aaea/e
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oiaa?ia a i?aaeaeao ia?eiaea iinoaaee. Iie i?aaeiacia/athony aeey 1 iaania/aiey
?aaiiia?iie ia?aaea/e oiaa?ia (iai?eia?, aeey caaica a iaaacei nei?iii?oyueony
oiaa?ia, iiei/iieeneie i?iaeoeoeee, oeaaa e o.i.). Ca ia?ooaiea a?aoeea iiaeao
auoue i?aaeoniio?aia ioaaonoaaiiinoue. Anee aeiaiai?ii ioaaonoaaiiinoue ia
i?aaeoniio?aia, oi aai ia?ooaiea aeaao i?aai ae?oaie noi?iia i?aaeuyaeoue o?aaiaaiea
i aiciauaiee oauoeia. Auiieiaiea aeiaiai?a aeieaeii inouanoaeyoueny a n?ie. Iaeiaei,
anee ianaiaa?aiaiiay, i?in?i/aiiay iinoaaea ?anoeaieaaaony eae ia?ooaiea
iaycaoaeuenoaa, oi aein?i/iay iinoaaea oaeiaui ia i?eciaaony. Caeii aeiioneaao
aein?i/ioth iinoaaeo oieueei n niaeaney iieoiaoaey. Oiaa?u,, iinoaaeaiiua
aein?i/ii, aei ianooieaiey i?aaeoniio?aiiiai aeiaiai?ii n?iea e i?eiyoua
iieoiaoaeai, can/eouaathony a n/ao eiee/anoaa oiaa?ia, iiaeeaaeaueo iinoaaea a
neaaeothuai ia?eiaea. Niaeanea iieoiaoaey ia aein?i/ioth iinoaaeo iiaeao auoue
iaiai?aii iaiin?aaenoaaiii a aeiaiai?a eeai niiauaii ei iinoaaueeo a ienueiaiiie
oi?ia ii eiie?aoiie iinoaaea. Niaeanea iieoiaoaey ia aein?i/ioth iinoaaeo
iaiaoiaeeii iacaaeneii io oiai, onoaiiaeai ee a aeiaiai?a eiie?aoiue n?ie
eniieiaiey iaycaiiinoe iinoaaee eee ia?eiae iinoaaee. A niioaaonoaee ni
neiaeeaoaeny i?aeoeeie i?e aein?i/iie iinoaaea aac niaeaney iieoiaoaey oiaa?u
i?eieiathony ei ia ioaaonoaaiiia o?aiaiea e iiaeeaaeao iieaoa i?e ianooieaiee
n?iea iinoaaee e ii niioaaonoaothuae yoiio n?ieo oeaia. Ii aeiaiai?o iinoaaea
oiaa?ia inouanoaeyaony iinoaaueeii iooai ioa?ocee (ia?aaea/e) oiaa?ia
iieoiaoaeth, yaeythuaiony noi?iiie aeiaiai?a iinoaaee, eee eeoeo, oeacaiiiio a
aeiaiai?a a ea/anoaa iieo/aoaey. Oaeia i?aaeei onoaiiaeaii a caeiia a nayce n
oai, /oi iieoiaoaeyie ii aeiaiai?o iinoaaee ia?aaeei aunooiatho niaoeeaeece?iaaiiua
i?aaiecaoeee – iioiaua, oi?aiaua, eiiieaeoothuea, niaaaeai/aneea e eiua
eiiia?/aneea i?aaiecaoeee, inouanoaeythuea iin?aaeie/aneoth aeayoaeueiinoue. Yoei
i?aaiecaoeeyi caeii i?aaeinoaaeyao aiciiaeiinoue aiceiaeeoue eniieiaiea aeiaiai?a a
iieueco o?aoueeo eeoe. Iaeiaei yoe eeoea yaeythony iieo/aoaeyie, a ia iieoiaoaeyie
oiaa?ia. Iieoiaoaeue iiaeao oeacaoue a aeiaiai?a iieo/aoaey, aai ioa?oci/iua
?aeaeceou, eeai i?aaeoniio?aoue ii?yaeie e n?iee i?aaenoaaeaiey ioa?oci/iie
?acia?yaeee. Ioa?oci/iay ?acia?yaeea – aeieoiaio, a eioi?ii iieoiaoaeue oeacuaaao
iieo/aoaeae oiaa?ia e eo ioa?oci/iua ?aeaeceou. Anee aeiaiai?ii iinoaaee
i?aaeoniio?aii i?aai iieoiaoaey aeaaaoue iinoaaueeo oeacaiey ia ioa?ocea
(ia?aaea/a) oiaa?ia iieo/aoaeyi (ioa?oci/iua ?aeaeceou), ioa?ocea (ia?aaea/a
oiaa?ia) inouanoaeyaony iinoaaueeii oieueei iieo/aoaeyi, oeacaiiui a aeiaiai?a.
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Niaea?aeaiea ioa?oci/iie ?acia?yaeee ii eiee/anoao, anni?oeiaioo e n?ieai iinoaaee
ia aeieaeiu i?ioeai?a/eoue aeiaiai?o. A aeiaiai?a ii?aaeaeyaony n?ie iai?aaeaiey
ioa?oci/iie ?acia?yaeee. Anee yoio n?ie a aeiaiai?a ia ii?aaeaeai, iia aeieaeia auoue
iai?aaeaia iinoaaueeo ia iicaeiaa /ai ca o?eaeoeaoue aeiae aei ianooieaiey ia?eiaea
iinoaaee. Caeii onoaiaaeeaaao iineaaenoaey iai?aaenoaaeaiey iieoiaoaeai
ioa?oci/iie ?acia?yaeee a onoaiiaeaiiue n?ie. Iinoaaueeo a oaeeo neo/ayo
?ac?aoaaony eeai ioeacaoueny io eniieiaiey aeiaiai?a iinoaaee, eeai iio?aaiaaoue
io iieoiaoaey iieaou oiaa?ia. Caeanue caeii ie/aai ia aiai?eo i noaeueaa oiaa?ia,
eioi?ua aoaeoo iiea/aiu iieoiaoaeai, ii aua ia ioa?oaeaiu e iaoiaeyony o
iinoaaueea. Aeoiaaony, a yoii neo/aa iaiaoiaeeii ?oeiaiaenoaiaaoueny iauae ii?iie i
aeiaiai?ao eoiee- i?iaeaaee, ?aaoee?othueo ii?yaeie ia?aoiaea i?aaa nianoaaiiinoe ia
i?iaeaiioth aauue (n iiiaioa ioa?ocee, ia?aaea/e eee iieaou). I?aaenoaaeaiea
ioa?oci/iie ?acia?yaeee yaeyaony iaeiei ec neo/aaa aiceiaeaiey iieoiaoaeai
eniieiaiey aeiaiai?a (i?eiyoea e iieaou oiaa?a) ia iieo/aoaeae oiaa?a – o?aoueeo
eeoe. Iiyoiio iaiaaeeaaeauaa eniieiaiea iieo/aoaeai iaycaoaeuenoa ii i?eiyoeth e
i?eaiea oiaa?ia, ecaauaieth iinoaaueea i iaiaaeeaaeauai eniieiaiee aeiaiai?a,
iieaoa oiaa?ia e ae?. ianao iieoiaoaeue – noi?iia ii aeiaiai?o.
Iineieueeo aeiaiai? iinoaaee oa?aeoa?ecoaony aeeyueiny oa?aeoa?ii eniieiaiey,
iinoaaeaie ioaeaeueiuie ia?oeyie, ii /anoyi, a oaeii niaeaoaiee aeieaeai auoue
i?aaeoniio?ai ii?yaeie ainiieiaiey iaaeiiinoaaee oiaa?ia a ioaeaeueiue ia?eiae, oi
anoue onoaiiaeai ii?yaeie ono?aiaiey aeiiouaiiiai iinoaaueeii ia?ooaiey n?iea
iinoaaee. Anee a aeiaiai?a oaeie ii?yaeie ia oeacai, oi caeii iaycuaaao
iinoaaueea, aeiionoeaoaai iaaeiiinoaaeo oiaa?ia a ioaeaeueiii ia?eiaea, ainiieieoue
iaaeiiinoaaeaiiia eiee/anoai oiaa?ia a neaaeothuai ia?eiaea (ia?eiaeao) a i?aaeaeao
n?iea aeaenoaey aeiaiai?a, anee eiia ia i?aaeoniio?aii aeiaiai?ii. Iaaeiiinoaaea
au?aaeaaony eeai a ia?aaea/a iinoaaueeii a ia?eiae iinoaaee a iaiueoai, /ai
i?aaeoniio?aii aeiaiai?ii, eiee/anoaa, eeai a iaeniieiaiee iaycaiiinoe ii
ia?aaea/a oiaa?ia anaai iaoneiaeaiiiai aeiaiai?ii eiee/anoaa. Iaaeiiinoaaea
icia/aao ia oieueei ia?ooaiea oneiaee i eiee/anoaa, ii e i n?iea, neaaeiaaoaeueii,
iia iaeiicia/ii yaeyaony e i?in?i/eie iinoaaee. Oa?iei i?in?i/ea iinoaaee iau/ii
i?eiaiyaony e neo/ayi auiieiaiey iaycaoaeuenoaa ii eiee/anoao n ia?ooaieai
n?iea. Enoiaey ec nouiinoe niaea?aeaiey aeiaiai?a iinoaaee e o?aaiaaiey caeiia,
iinoaauee aeieaeai auiieieoue iaycaoaeuenoai a iaoo?a, oi anoue ia?aaeaoue iieoiaoaeth
oiaa?u, iaiinoaaeaiiua a iaeiii ia?eiaea, a neaaeothuai ia?eiaea (ianyoea, eaa?oaea),
eioi?ua iiaoo auoue ii?aaeaeaiu e a aeiaiai?a. Iaeiaei iaycaiiinoue ainiieiaiey
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iaaeiiinoaaee oiaa?ia nio?aiyaony a i?aaeaeao n?iea aeaenoaey aeiaiai?a. I?e
aeieain?i/iii aeiaiai?a noi?iiu ai?aaa ia?aie/eoue i?aaeaeueiue n?ie ainiieiaiey.
Iie oaeaea iiaoo i?aaeoniio?aoue a aeiaiai?a oneiaea, eneeth/athuaa iaycaiiinoue
iinoaaueea ainiieiyoue iaaeiiinoaaeaiiia eiee/anoai oiaa?ia aac niaeaney
iieoiaoaey. Caeii oaeaea iaaeaeyao iieoiaoaey i?aaii, oaaaeiiea iinoaaueea,
ioeacaoueny io i?eiyoey oiaa?ia, iinoaaea eioi?uo i?in?i/aia, anee a aeiaiai?a
iinoaaee ia i?aaeoniio?aii eiia. Iaeiaei, anee oiaa?u ioa?oaeaiu aei iieo/aiey
oaaaeiieaiey ia ioeaca, iieoiaoaeue iaycai eo i?eiyoue e iieaoeoue. Nai ii naaa
oaeo i?in?i/ee aac iai?aaeaiey oaaaeiieaiey ia ioeaca ia aeaao iieoiaoaeth i?aaa
ioeaca io i?eiyoey e iieaou oiaa?ia, ioa?oaeaiiuo ii enoa/aiee n?iea iinoaaee,
ii a i?aaeaeao n?iea aeaenoaey aeiaiai?a. I?aaii ioeaca io i?eiyoey oiaa?ia,
iinoaaea eioi?uo i?in?i/aia, iieoiaoaeue ia iiaeao ainiieueciaaoueny, anee
i?in?i/ea i?iecioea ii aai aeia, iai?eia?, iaauiieiaieai ei aeiaiai?iie
iaycaiiinoe aunoaaeoue aee?aaeeoea, i?iecaanoe i?aaeaa?eoaeueioth iieaoo e o.i.
?anniio?aiiua i?aaeea ainiieiaiey iaaeiiinoaaee eanathony neo/aaa iinoaaie
ianeieueeeie ia?oeyie a onoaiiaeaiiua n?iee. Ii-eiiio aeieaeai ?aoaoueny aii?in i
iineaaenoaeyo i?in?i/ee iinoaaee, anee aeiaiai?ii i?aaeoniio?aia iinoaaea e no?iai
ii?aaeaeaiiiio n?ieo, eee anee ec aeiaiai?a ynii auoaeaao, /oi i?e ia?ooaiee
n?iea aai eniieiaiey iieoiaoaeue oo?a/eaaao eioa?an e aeiaiai?o. A yoeo neo/ayo
ainiieiaiea iaaeiiinoaaee, eae e aein?i/iay iinoaaea, aiciiaeii oieueei i?e
niaeanee iieoiaoaey. N aii?inaie ainiieiaiey iaaeiiinoaaee ii aeiaiai?o iinoaaee
oanii naycaiu aii?inu anni?oeiaioa oiaa?ia, iiaeeaaeaueo ainiieiaieth. Aaaeue, eae e
a i?aaeuaeouai neo/aa, o iieoiaoaey e yoei oiaa?ai iiaeao auoue oo?a/ai eioa?an.
Iiyoiio anni?oeiaio ainiieiyaiie iinoaaee oiaa?ia aeieaeai niaeaniauaaoueny
noi?iiaie. Yoa ii?ia iicaieyao iieoiaoaeth iaiai?eoue oio anni?oeiaio oiaa?ia,
eioi?ue aoaeao aai oaeiaeaoai?youe a ae?oaie ia?eiae a?aiaie. Iieoiaoaeue oaeaea iiaeao
aiiaua ioeacaoueny io ainiieiaiey iaaeiiinoaaeaiiiai oiaa?a. Iaeiaei, anee oneiaey
ia anni?oeiaioa ainiieiyaiiai oiaa?a noi?iiaie ia niaeaniaaiu, oi caeii
i?aaeienuaaao iinoaaueeo ainiieieoue iaaeiiinoaaeaiiia eiee/anoai oiaa?ia a
anni?oeiaioa, onoaiiaeaiiii aeey oiai ia?eiaea, a eioi?ii aeiiouaia iaaeiiinoaaea.
Aaaeiui oneiaeai aeiaiai?a iinoaaee oiaa?ia yaeyaony ii?yaeie aai aeinoaaee. Iauaa
i?aaeei i iiiaioa eniieiaiey iaycaiiinoe i?iaeaaoea iacuaaao oaeiaui iiiaio
ia?aaea/e oiaa?a iieoiaoaeth.
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Aeinoaaea oiaa?ia inouanoaeyaony iinoaaueeii iooai ioa?ocee eo o?ainii?oii,
i?aaeoniio?aiiui aeiaiai?ii iinoaaee, e ia ii?aaeaeaiiuo a aeiaiai?a oneiaeyo. Anee
a aeiaiai?a aeae o?ainii?oa e oneiaey aeinoaaee ia ii?aaeaeaiu, i?aai auai?a
i?eiaaeeaaeeo iinoaaueeo, eai yoi aeaao aio naiaiaeo aeaenoaee i?e eniieiaiee
iaycaoaeuenoaa. Oa?iei aeinoaaea oiaa?ia i?eiaiyaony e aeinoaaea nianoaaiiui
o?ainii?oii iinoaaueea, o?ainii?oii iauaai iieueciaaiey, a oaeaea e naea/a oiaa?a
i?aaiecaoeee nayce aeey aeinoaaee aai iieoiaoaeth. Aeiaiai?ii iinoaaee iiaeao auoue
i?aaeoniio?aii iieo/aiea oiaa?ia iieoiaoaeai (iieo/aoaeai) a ianoa iaoiaeaeaiey
oiaaa>a (auai?ea oiaa?a). N?ie auai?ee ii?aaeaeyaony aeiaiai?ii. Anee aeiaiai?ii
n?ie auai?ee oiaa?ia ia onoaiiaeai, auai?ea aeieaeia i?iecaiaeeoueny iieoiaoaeai
(iieo/aoaeai) a ?acoiiue n?ie iinea oaaaeiieaiey iinoaaueea i aioiaiinoe oiaa?a.
Enoiaey ec ii?aaeaeaiey aeiaiai?a eoiee- i?iaeaaee, iieo/aoaeue iaycai i?eiyoue e
iieaoeoue oiaa?. A aeiaiai?a iinoaaee oiaa?ia yoa ii?ia cia/eoaeueii
aeaoaeece?oaony. Iieoiaoaeue (iieo/aoaeue) a niioaaonoaee n A?aaeaeaineei eiaeaenii
iaycai niaa?oeoue ana iaiaoiaeeiua aeaenoaey ii i?eiyoeth oiaa?ia, iinoaaeaiiua a
niioaaonoaee n aeiaiai?ii iinoaaee, iniio?aoue eo, i?iaa?eoue eiee/anoai e
ea/anoai. N?ie aeey i?eiyoey oiaa?ia ii?aaeaeyaony aeiaiai?ii. Anee a aeiaiai?a
n?ie i?eiyoey ia onoaiiaeai, oi i?eiyoea oiaa?ia n i?iaa?eie eiee/anoaa e
ea/anoaa aeieaeiu auoue niaa?oaiu a n?ie, onoaiiaeaiiue caeiiii, eiuie i?aaiauie
aeoaie eeai iau/ayie aeaeiaiai iai?ioa. I auyaeaiiuo ianiioaaonoaeyo eee
iaaeinoaoeao oiaa?ia iieoiaoaeue iacaiaaeeeoaeueii oaaaeiieyao iinoaaueea. Ii?yaeie
i?iaa?ee ea/anoaa i?eiyouo oiaa?ia iiaeao ii?aaeaeyoueny a aeiaiai?a iooai
aeeth/aiey niioaaonoaothueo oneiaee i i?iaa?ea eeai iooai oeacaiey a aeiaiai?a
ii?iaoeaiuo aeieoiaioia, onoaiaaeeaathueo ii?yaeie i?eaiee. A eiie?aoiua aeiaiai?u
iiaeii aeeth/aoue ii?iu Eino?oeoeee i i?eaiea i?iaeoeoeee i?iecaiaenoaaiii-
oaoie/aneiai iacia/aiey e oiaa?ia ia?iaeiiai iio?aaeaiey ii eiee/anoao e
Eino?oeoeee i i?eaiea i?iaeoeoeee i?iecaiaenoaaiii- oaoie/aneiai iacia/aiey e
oiaa?ia ia?iaeiiai iio?aaeaiey ii ea/anoao(*1), a /anoe ia i?ioeai?a/auae ii?iai
AE ?O e caeiiiaeaoaeuenoao i noaiaea?oecaoeee. Iaeiaei, anee oneiaey e ii?yaeie
i?eaiee oiaa?ia (ii eiee/anoao e ii ea/anoao) i?aaeoniio?ai a caeiia eee eiii
i?aaiaii aeoa, oi oneiaey aeiaiai?a ii yoiio aii?ino ia aeieaeiu i?ioeai?a/eoue
onoaiiaeaiiui i?aaeeai.
(**1) Iniiaiua aeou i i?aaiaie ?aaioa a ia?iaeiii oicyenoaa. -I. , 1983. N.208,
246.
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I?e iieo/aiee oiaa?ia io o?ainii?oiie i?aaiecaoeee iieoiaoaeue iaycai i?iaa?eoue
niioaaonoaea oiaa?ia naaaeaieyi, oeacaiiui a o?ainii?oiuo e nii?iaiaeeoaeueiuo
aeieoiaioao, a oaeaea i?eiyoue oiaa?u io o?ainii?oiie i?aaiecaoeee n niaethaeaieai
i?aaee, i?aaeoniio?aiiuo o?ainii?oiui caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii. Ai anao neo/ayo
iaia?oaeaiey oo?aou, iia?aaeaeaiey oiaa?ia i?e ia?aaicea eee ianiioaaonoaey
oaeoe/anee iieo/aiiiai eiee/anoaa oiaa?ia oiaa?io?ainii?oiui aeieoiaioai
iieoiaoaeue aeieaeai iio?aaiaaoue io ia?aaic/eea ninoaaeaiey eiiia?/aneiai aeoa.
Anee aeiaiai?ii iinoaaee i?aaeoniio?aia auai?ea oiaa?ia iieoiaoaeai (iieo/aoaeai)
a ianoa iaoiaeaeaiey iinoaaueea, iieoiaoaeue iaycai inouanoaeoue iniio? oiaa?ia a
ianoa eo ia?aaea/e, anee eiia ia i?aaeoniio?aii caeiiii, eiuie i?aaiauie aeoaie
eee ia auoaeaao ec nouanoaa iaycaoaeuenoa. A yoii neo/aa n?ie iniio?a e iiiaio
ia?aaea/e oiaa?ia niaiaaeatho. I?e i?eiyoee e iniio?a oiaa?ia a ianoa ia?aaea/e
iieoiaoaeue ii?aaeaeyao niioaaonoaea oiaa?a oneiaeyi aeiaiai?a i eiee/anoaa,
anni?oeiaioa, eiiieaeoiinoe, oa?a e o.i. I?e auyaeaiee ii?aaeaeaiiuo
ianiioaaonoaee iieoiaoaeue ai?aaa iio?aaiaaoue ono?aiaiea ionooieaiey io aeiaiai?a
eeai ioeacaoueny io i?eiyoey oiaa?a. A oiaea a?aiy caeii i?aaeoniao?eaaao, /oi i?e
iaauai?ea iieoiaoaeai (iieo/aoaeai) oiaa?ia a onoaiiaeaiiue aeiaiai?ii iinoaaee
n?ie eeai a ?acoiiue n?ie iinea iieo/aiey oaaaeiieaiey i aioiaiinoe oiaa?ia,
iinoaauee ai?aaa ioeacaoueny io eniieiaiey aeiaiai?a eeai iio?aaiaaoue io
iieoiaoaey iieaou oiaa?a. A neo/aa i?aaeuyaeaiey e iieoiaoaeth o?aaiaaiey ia
iieaoa iaaua?aiiuo ei oiaa?ia, i?aaenoaaeaiiuo a aai ?anii?yaeaiea, iinoaauee
i?eieiaao yoio oiaa? ia ioaaonoaaiiia o?aiaiea. Ianiiauaiea iinoaaueeii
iieoiaoaeth i aioiaiinoe oiaa?ia e ia?aaea/a a oa/aiea ia?eiaea iinoaaee eeai
ionoonoaea a ianoa ia?aaea/e oiaa?ia, niioaaonoaothueo oneiaeyi aeiaiai?a,
yaeyaony iniiaaieai aeey i?eiaiaiey iineaaenoaee iaaeiiinoaaee e i?in?i/ee
iinoaaee: iieoiaoaeue ai?aaa iio?aaiaaoue ainiieiaiey iaaeiiinoaaeaiiuo oiaa?ia
eeai ioeacaoueny io oie /anoe oiaa?ia, eioi?ay aeieaeia auea auoue i?aaenoaaeaia a
aai ?anii?yaeaiea a niioaaonoaothuee ia?eiae. Noi?iiu i?e caeeth/aiee aeiaiai?a
auae?atho ethaoth ec oi?i ?an/aoia, i?aaeoniio?aiiuo caeiiii. I?e ionoonoaee a
aeiaiai?a oneiaey i oi?ia ?an/aoia i?eiaiyaony i?aaeoniio?aiiay aeeniiceoeaiie
ii?iie A?aaeaeaineiai eiaeaena oi?ia ?an/aoia ieaoaaeiuie ii?o/aieyie. Aeey aeiaiai?a
aaaeii ii?aaeaeeoue n?ie e ii?yaeie iieaou oiaa?a. I?e yoii iiaeao auoue
i?aaeoniio?aia iieaoa eae aei, oae e iinea ia?aaea/e oiaa?ia.
!!239
Anee a aeiaiai?a i?aaeoniao?eaaaony i?aaeaa?eoaeueiay iieaoa oiaa?ia (aei eo
ia?aaea/e), oi noi?iiu iiaoo iaoneiaeoue n?ie ia?aaea/e oiaa?ia ii?aaeaeaiiui
n?ieii ni aeiy iinooieaiey aeaiaaeiie noiiu ia n/ao iinoaaueea. A neo/aa
ionoonoaey a aeiaiai?a oneiaee i i?aaeaa?eoaeueiie iieaoa oiaa?ia eee i ii?yaeea
iieaou a e?aaeeo, n ?ann?i/eie iieaoa aeieaeia i?iecaiaeeoueny iaiin?aaenoaaiii iinea
ia?aaea/e oiaa?a. Aeiaiai?ii iinoaaee iiaeao auoue i?aaeoniio?aii, /oi
iaiin?aaenoaaiiua ?an/aou ca oiaa? n iinoaaueeii aoaeao i?iecaiaeeoue iieo/aoaeue
oiaa?a. Iaeiaei, a neo/aa iaiainiiaaiiiai oeeiiaiey iieo/aoaey io iieaou,
iieoiaoaeue iaycai iieaoeoue oiaa? ii aeiaiai?o. Oaeay iaycaiiinoue iieoiaoaey
iieaoeoue oiaa? ca iieo/aoaey aicieeaao i?e oeeiiaiee iineaaeiaai io iieaou a
ethaie oi?ia, a oii /enea i?e i?in?i/ea, i?e iainouanoaeaiee i?aaeaa?eoaeueiie
iieaou, i?e i?yiii ioeaca. Ioeac iieo/aoaey (ieaoaeueueea) io iieaou eeai
oeeiiaiea io iieaou oiaa?ia yaeythony iaiainiiaaiiuie, anee iinoaaueeii
niaethaeaiu oneiaey aeiaiai?a n iieoiaoaeai. I?e iinoaaea oiaa?ia ioaeaeueiuie
/anoyie, aoiaeyueie a eiiieaeo, iieaoa oiaa?ia iieoiaoaeai i?iecaiaeeony iinea
ioa?ocee (auai?ee) iineaaeiae /anoe eiiieaeoa. Noi?iiu iiaoo i?aaeoniio?aoue a
aeiaiai?a e eiie ii?yaeie, a oii /enea e iieaoo eaaeaeie iinoaaeaiiie /anoe
eiiieaeoa. Ii iauaio i?aaeeo i?iaeaaaoe iaycai ia?aaeaoue iieoiaoaeth oiaa? a oa?a,
oiaeiaea. Oa?a auaaao iiiaiiai?ioiay, n?aaenoaa iaeaoe?iaaiey e i?i/ay oa?a.
Iiiaiiai?ioioth oa?o e n?aaenoaa iaeaoe?iaaiey, a eioi?uo iinooiee oiaa?,
iieoiaoaeue iaycai aica?aoeoue iinoaaueeo, anee eiia . ia i?aaeoniio?aii
aeiaiai?ii. I?i/ay oa?a e oiaeiaea aica?auathony eeoue a oii neo/aa, eiaaea yoi
i?aaeoniio?aii aeiaiai?ii. Ii?yaeie e n?iee i?eiaiaiey e aica?aoa iiiaiiai?ioiie
oa?u e n?aaenoa iaeaoe?iaaiey, o?aaiaaiey e eiui aeaeai oa?u e oiaeiaee iiaoo
i?aaeoniao?eaaoueny caeiiii e eiuie i?aaiauie aeoaie, a oaeaea i?eiyouie a
niioaaonoaee n ieie iaycaoaeueiuie i?aaeeaie. E iiiaiiai?ioiie oa?a, oi anoue
oa?a, eioi?ay iiaeao auoue eniieueciaaia iiiaie?aoii, ioiineony niaoeeaeueiay oa?a,
oi anoue eniieuecoaiay i?e iinoaaeao ii?aaeaeaiiiai aeaea oiaa?ia (aa?aaaiu ec-iiae
eaaaey, eiionu e iao?iiu ec-iiae i?yaee o.ae.); eiaaioa?iay oa?a yaeyaony
eiaaioa?ai iinoaaueea e eiathuay eiaaioa?iue iiia?; caeiaiaay oa?a, oi anoue
ioioneaaiay iiae caeia. N?aaenoaa iaeaoe?iaaiey i?eiaiythony aeey iaeaoiie
aeinoaaee, iia?ocee, aua?ocee, o?aiaiey ooo/iuo oiaa?ia. E n?aaenoaai
iaeaoe?iaaiey ioiinyony: iiaeaeiiu, eiioaeia?u, iaaycee, iaeaoe?othuea eannaou,
naoee, no?iiu, ieaiee.
!!240
Ii?yaeie e n?iee ia?auaiey e aica?aoa iiiaiiai?ioiie oa?u e n?aaenoa
iaeaoe?iaaiey ii?aaeaeyeenue Iieiaeaieai i ii?yaeea ia?auaiey iiiaiiai?ioiie oa?u e
n?aaenoa iaeaoe?iaaiey a ia?iaeiii oicyenoaa, ooaa?aeaeaiiui Iinoaiiaeaieai
Ainniaaa NNN? e Aina?aeo?aaea NNN? io 14 oaa?aey 1980(*1). Aei i?eiyoey iiauo
i?aaee noi?iiu iiaoo i?aaeoniio?aoue a aeiaiai?a i?eiaiaiea ii?yaeea e n?ieia
aica?aoa iiiaiiai?ioiie oa?u e n?aaenoa iaeaoe?iaaiey, onoaiiaeaiiuo yoei
Iieiaeaieai eeai aini?iecaanoe niioaaonoaothuea ii?iu a aeiaiai?a. Iineaaenoaey
ia?ooaiee iaycaiiinoe ii aica?aoo iiiaiiai?ioiie oa?u e n?aaenoa iaeaoe?iaaiey,
a oae aea n?iea eo aica?aoa aeieaeiu ii?aaeaeyoueny a aeiaiai?a, anee iie ia
i?aaeoniio?aiu iaycaoaeueiuie i?aaeeaie. A aeiaiai?a iinoaaee aeieaeiu
i?aaeoniao?eaaoueny e ia?u ioaaonoaaiiinoe ca aiciiaeiua ia?ooaiey aeiaiai?iuo
iaycaoaeuenoa, anee iie ia ii?aaeaeaiu a caeiia e eiuo i?aaiauo aeoao. Aeaaea anee
ia?u ioaaonoaaiiinoe e i?aaeoniio?aiu a caeiia, noi?iiu iiaoo i?aaeoniio?aoue a
aeiaiai?a aieaa aeanoeea ia?u. A oicyenoaaiiie i?aeoeea iaeaieueoaa
?ani?ino?aiaiea eiaao ianaiaa?aiaiiay iinoaaea eee iaaeiiinoaaea oiaa?ia ii
n?ieai e eiee/anoao, i?aaeoniio?aiiui aeiaiai?ii. Onoaiiaeaiiay caeiiii eee
aeiaiai?ii iinoaaee iaonoieea ca iaaeiiinoaaeo eee i?in?i/eo iinoaaee oiaa?ia
acuneeaaaony n iinoaaueea a i?aaeaeao aai iaycaiiinoe ainiieieoue
iaaeiiinoaaeaiiia eiee/anoai oiaa?ia a iineaaeothueo ia?eiaeao iinoaaee, anee eiie
ii?yaeie oieaou iaonoieee ia i?aaeoniio?ai caeiiii eee aeiaiai?ii. Yoio oae
iacuaaaiue i?eioeei noiie?iaaiiiai iaycaoaeuenoaa aeaenoaiaae a iaoae no?aia e
?aiaa. A niioaaonoaee n yoei i?aaeeii iaycaoaeuenoai iinoaaee a eaaeaeii ia?eiaea
iinoaaee oaaee/eaaaony ia eiee/anoai iaaeiiinoaaeaiiiai oiaa?a a i?aaeuaeouai
ia?eiaea. I?e yoii iaoieaoa iinoaaueeii iaonoieee ca iaauiieiaiea iaycaoaeuenoaa
ii ia?aaea/a oiaa?ia a onoaiiaeaiiue aeiaiai?ii n?ie ia oieueei ia inaiaiaeaeaao io
iaycaiiinoe ainiieiaiey iaaeiiinoaaeaiiiai eiee/anoaa oiaa?a a iaoo?a, ii e
acuneeaaaony aoi?e/ii ni noieiinoe iaaeiiinoaaeaiiuo oiaa?ia a i?aaeuaeouai
ia?eiaea, anee iie niiaa ia aoaeoo ia?aaeaiu iieoiaoaeth. Oaeei ia?acii, iaonoieea
acuneeaaaony aei oaeoe/aneiai eniieiaiey a i?aaeaeao n?iea aeaenoaey aeiaiai?a,
anee eiia ia i?aaeoniio?aii aeiaiai?ii. Eceiaeaiiue ii?yaeie i?ecaai noeioee?iaaoue
?aaeueiia eniieiaiea iinoaaueeii iaycaoaeuenoaa.
(**1) Atheeaoaiue ii?iaoeaiuo aeoia ieienoa?noa e aaaeiinoa NNN?. -1980. -N8.
!!241
I?e ia?ooaiee iinoaaueeii oneiaee i ea/anoaa oiaa?ia, oi anoue i?e iinoaaea
oiaa?ia iaiaaeeaaeauaai ea/anoaa, iieoiaoaeue ai?aaa i?aaeuyaeoue aio neaaeothuea
o?aaiaaiey:
– ni?acia?iiai oiaiueoaiey iieoiiie oeaiu;
– aacaiciacaeiiai ono?aiaiey iaaeinoaoeia oiaa?a a ?acoiiue n?ie;
– aiciauaiey naieo ?anoiaeia ia ono?aiaiea iaaeinoaoeia oiaa?a.
A neo/aa nouanoaaiiiai ia?ooaiey o?aaiaaiee e ea/anoao oiaa?a (iaia?oaeaiea
iaono?aieiuo iaaeinoaoeia, iaaeinoaoeia, eioi?ua ia iiaoo auoue ono?aiaiu aac
iani?acia?iuo ?anoiaeia eee cao?ao a?aiaie, eee auyaeythony iaiaeiie?aoii, eeai
i?iyaeythony aiiaue iinea eo ono?aiaiey, e ae?oaeo iiaeiaiuo iaaeinoaoeia)
iieoiaoaeue ai?aaa ii naiaio auai?o:
– ioeacaoueny io eniieiaiey aeiaiai?a e iio?aaiaaoue aica?aoa oiea/aiiie ca
oiaa? aeaiaaeiie noiiu;
– iio?aaiaaoue caiaiu oiaa?a iaiaaeeaaeauaai ea/anoaa oiaa?ii, niioaaonoaothuei
aeiaiai?o.
I?e yoii iinoaauee, iieo/ea oaaaeiieaiea iieoiaoaey i iaaeinoaoeao iinoaaeaiiuo
oiaa?ia, eiaao i?aai aac i?iiaaeeaiey caiaieoue iinoaaeaiiua oiaa?u oiaa?aie
iaaeeaaeauaai ea/anoaa. A oaeii neo/aa e iaio ia aoaeoo i?eiaiaiu io?eoeaoaeueiua
iineaaenoaey, i?aaeoniio?aiiua caeiiii eee aeiaiai?ii ca iinoaaeo oiaa?ia
iaiaaeeaaeauaai ea/anoaa. A ea/anoaa ia?u ioaaonoaaiiinoe ca ia?ooaiea aeiaiai?iuo
iaycaoaeuenoa A?aaeaeaineee eiaeaen ?O i?aaeoniao?eaaao iaeiinoi?iiiee ioeac io
eniieiaiey aeiaiai?a iinoaaee. Iaeiinoi?iiiee ioeac io eniieiaiey aeiaiai?a
iinoaaee (iieiinoueth eee /anoe/ii) eee iaeiinoi?iiiaa aai eciaiaiea aeiioneathony a
neo/aa nouanoaaiiiai ia?ooaiey aeiaiai?a iaeiie ec noi?ii. I?e yoii a caeiia
i?eaiaeeony ia?a/aiue nouanoaaiiuo ia?ooaiee aeiaiai?a iinoaaee iinoaaueeii e
iieoiaoaeai. Ia?ooaiey aeiaiai?a iinoaaueeii i?eciathony nouanoaaiiuie a neo/ayo:
– iinoaaee oiaa?ia iaiaaeeaaeauaai ea/anoaa n iaaeinoaoeaie, eioi?ua ia iiaoo
auoue ono?aiaiu a i?eaieaiue aeey iieoiaoaey n?ie;
– iaiaeiie?aoiiai ia?ooaiey n?ieia iinoaaee.
Ia?ooaiey aeiaiai?a iieoiaoaeai i?aaeiieaaathony nouanoaaiiuie a neo/ayo:
– iaiaeiie?aoiiai ia?ooaiey n?ieia iieaou oiaa?ia;
– iaiaeiie?aoiie iaauai?ee oiaa?ia.
Aeiaiai? iinoaaee n/eoaaony eciaiaiiui eee ?anoi?aiooui n iiiaioa iieo/aiey
iaeiie noi?iiie oaaaeiieaiey io ae?oaie noi?iiu ia iaeiinoi?iiiai ioeaca io
eniieiaiey aeiaiai?a iieiinoueth eee
!!242
/anoe/ii, anee eiie n?ie ?anoi?aeaiey eee eciaiaiey aeiaiai?a ia i?aaeoniio?ai a
oaaaeiieaiee eeai ia ii?aaeaeai niaeaoaieai noi?ii (no. 523 AE ?O). E?iia oiai,
?yaeii noaoae AE ?O eaaeaeie ec noi?ii i?e ia?ooaiee aeiaiai?a ae?oaie noi?iiie
i?aaeinoaaeaii i?aai ioeacaoueny iieiinoueth eee /anoe/ii io eniieiaiey aeiaiai?a.
Oae, iieoiaoaeue ai?aaa ioeacaoueny io eniieiaiey aeiaiai?a a neo/aa ia?aaea/e
oiaa?a a iaiueoai, /ai i?aaeoniio?aii aeiaiai?ii, eiee/anoaa, n ia?ooaieai
anni?oeiaioa, n nouanoaaiiui ia?ooaieai o?aaiaaiee e ea/anoao e e
eiiieaeoiinoe, i?e i?in?i/ea iinoaaee. Iinoaauee iiaeao ioeacaoueny io eniieiaiey
aeiaiai?a a neo/aa ianiiauaiey iieoiaoaeai anni?oeiaioa iiaeeaaeaueo iinoaaea
oiaa?ia, i?e iaiainiiaaiiii ioeaca iieoiaoaey io i?eiyoey oiaa?a eee aai
iieaou, i?e iai?aaenoaaeaiee iieoiaoaeai ioa?oci/iie ?acia?yaeee, i?e iaauai?ea
oiaa?ia iieoiaoaeai a onoaiiaeaiiue n?ie. A aieueoeinoaa ec ia?a/eneaiiuo
neo/aaa i?eiaieoaeueii e aeiaiai?o iinoaaee i?aaeoniio?aii i?aai iieoiaoaey eee
iinoaaueea ioeacaoueny io eniieiaiey aeiaiai?a a ioiioaiee oie /anoe oiaa?ia (oie
ia?oee oiaa?ia), i?e iinoaaea eioi?ie aeiiouaii ia?ooaiea. Oaeie /anoe/iue ioeac
io eniieiaiey aeiaiai?a icia/aao aai eciaiaiea. Nouanoaaiiia ia?ooaiea aeiaiai?a
iaeiie noi?iiie aeaao i?aai ae?oaie noi?iia ioeacaoueny iieiinoueth io eniieiaiey
aeiaiai?a. Oaeie ioeac i?eciaaony ?anoi?aeaieai aeiaiai?a. Iiae iaiaeiie?aoiinoueth
ia?ooaiey ia i?aeoeea iiieiaaony ia?ooaiea, aeiiouaiiia iaeiie ec noi?ii ia iaiaa
aeaoo ?ac. Ec aiaeeca niioaaonoaothueo ii?i a?aaeaeaineiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa
neaaeoao, /oi i?e iaeiinoi?iiiai /anoe/iii eee iieiii ioeaca noi?iiu io
eniieiaiey aeiaiai?a, iineaaeiee i?eciaaony niioaaonoaaiii eciaiaiiui eee
?anoi?aiooui. I?e yoii aeinoaoi/ii eeoue oaaaeiieoue aoi?oth noi?iio ia ioeaca io
eniieiaiey aeiaiai?a iieiinoueth eee /anoe/ii. Niaeaney aoi?ie noi?iiu ia
eciaiaiea eee ?anoi?aeaiea aeiaiai?a ia o?aaoaony, oae eae ioeac iaeiie ec noi?ii
aucaai ia?ooaieai ae?oaie noi?iiie aeiaiai?iuo oneiaee. Ia o?aaoaony a yoeo
neo/ayo e ia?auaiey a noae. A oiaea a?aiy ia?ooaiea aeiaiai?a iaeiie ec noi?ii eeoue
i?aaeinoaaeyao ae?oaie noi?iia i?aai ia iaeiinoi?iiiee ioeac. Yoi ia ii?iaeaeaao
aaoiiaoe/aneiai eciaiaiey eee ?anoi?aeaiey aeiaiai?a. I naiai ioeaca io
eniieiaiey aeiaiai?a iieiinoueth eee /anoe/ii iaeia noi?iia aeieaeia oaaaeiieoue aoi?oth
noi?iio. Oaaaeiieaiea iai?aaeyaony a ienueiaiiie oi?ia e iiaeienuaaaony eeoeii,
oiieiiii/aiiui ia caeeth/aiea, eciaiaiea e ?anoi?aeaiea aeiaiai?a. Aeiaiai?
iinoaaee n/eoaaony eciaiaiiui eee ?anoi?aiooui n iiiaioa iieo/aiey ae?oaie
noi?iiie oaaaeiieaiey ia ioeaca, anee eiie n?ie a iai ia oeacai.
!!243
A) A oneiaeyo ?uii/iuo ioiioaiee iaaiciiaeii iaieoenue aac ainoaea?noaaiiiai
?aaoee?iaaiey. Iaeiei ec aeaeia ainoaea?noaaiiiai ?aaoee?iaaiey oicyenoaaiiuo
ioiioaiee yaeyaony einoe ooo ainoaea?noaaiiuo ioaeae, eioi?ue ?aaeecoaony, a
/anoiinoe, /a?ac iinoaaeo oiaa?ia aeey ainoaea?noaaiiuo ioaeae. A ii?yaeea
iaania/aiey ainoaea?noaaiiuo ioaeae auiieiythony caeacu ainoaea?noaa aeey iai?iiu,
ia?aciaaiey, iaaeeoeeiu e cae?aaiio?aiaiey e ae?. Aeey ii?iaeueiie aeeciaaeayoaeueiinoe
yoeo i?aaiia iaiaoiaeeiu naiua ?acee/iua iaoa?eaeueii- oaoie/aneea, nu?ueaaua,
i?iaeiaieuenoaaiiua e i?. ?ano?nu, eioi?ua a a?aaeaeaineii oiaa?iiai?ioa
?aaeecothony ii aeiaiai?ai iinoaaee e noiaeeie n iei a?aaeaeainei- i?aaiauie
aeiaiai?aie. Iaeiaei, eae iieacaii auoa, yoe aeiaiai?u ia aeiioneatho ieeaeiai
aeanoiiai aiaoaoaeuenoaa. Iiyoiio e iio?aaiaaeny niaa?oaiii eiie i?aaiaie
einoeooo – iinoaaea aeey ainoaea?noaaiiuo ioaeae.
Iinoaaea oiaa?ia aeey ainoaea?noaaiiuo ioaeae inouanoaeyaony ia iniiaa
ainoaea?noaaiiiai eiio?aeoa ia iinoaaeo oiaa?ia aeey ainoaea?noaaiiuo ioaeae, a
oaeaea caeeth/aaiuo a niioaaonoaee n iei aeiaiai?ia iinoaaee oiaa?ia aeey
ainoaea?noaaiiuo ioaeae. Oaeea ioiioaiey i?eciathony ioiioaieyie ii iinoaaeai. I?e
yoii iinoaaee aeey ainoaea?noaaiiuo ioaeae inouanoaeythony ia iniiaa aeaoo aeiaiai?ia:
ainoaea?noaaiiiai eiio?aeoa e aeiaiai?a iinoaaee.
Ainoaea?noaaiiue eiio?aeo ia iinoaaeo oiaa?ia aeey ainoaea?noaaiiuo ioaeae
(ainoaea?noaaiiue eiio?aeo) i?aaeoniao?eaaao iaycaiiinoue iinoaaueea ia?aaeaoue
oiaa?u ainoaea?noaaiiiio caeac/eeo eeai ii aai oeacaieth eiiio eeoeo, a
ainoaea?noaaiiue caeac/ee iaycai iaania/eoue iieaoo iinoaaeaiiuo oiaa?ia.
Ainoaea?noaaiiue eiio?aeo yaeyaony aeiaiai?ii aiciacaeiie ia?aaea/e iinoaaueeii
oiaa?ia ainoaea?noaaiiiio caeac/eeo (iieoiaoaeth), oi anoue aeiaiai?ii iinoaaee,
oae eae oiaa?u iieoiathony ia aeey ee/iiai, naiaeiiai, aeiiaoiaai iio?aaeaiey. A
oiaea a?aiy ainoaea?noaaiiue eiio?aeo (aeiaiai?) iinoaaee oiaa?ia aeey
ainoaea?noaaiiuo ioaeae ioee/aaony io eiuo aeiaiai?ia iinoaaee oeaeueth i?iaeaaee e
i?eia?aoaiey oiaa?ia e o/anoeai a iinoaaeao ainoaea?noaaiiuo i?aaiia –
ainoaea?noaaiiuo caeac/eeia eee oiieiiii/aiiuo eeoe. Ainoaea?noaaiiuie ioaeaeaie
i?eciathony ii?aaeaeyaiua a onoaiiaeaiiii caeiiii ii?yaeea iio?aaiinoe ?inneeneie
Oaaea?aoeee e noauaeoia ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee. I?e yoii iinoaaee iaania/eaathony ca
n/ao n?aaenoa athaeaeaoa e aiaathaeaeaoiuo enoi/ieeia oeiaine?iaaiey. Oeaee i?iaeaaee e
iio?aaeaiey oiaa?ia, a oaeaea enoi/ieee oeiaine?iaaiey iio?aaiaaee onoaiiaeaiey
iniaiai ii?yaeea caeeth/aiey aeiaiai?ia e ?anniio?aiey aicieeathueo i?e yoii
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?aciiaeanee, aa?aioe?iaaiiinoe ainoaea?noaaiiui caeac/eeii ieaoaaeae ca
iinoaaeaiiua oiaa?u. Ioiioaiey ii iinoaaeai oiaa?ia aeey ainoaea?noaaiiuo ioaeae,
e?iia ii?i A?aaeaeaineiai eiaeaena, ?aaoee?othony o?aiy niaoeeaeueiuie caeiiaie –
Oaaea?aeueiui caeiiii io 13 aeaeaa?y 1994 a. “I iinoaaeao i?iaeoeoeee aeey
oaaea?aeueiuo ainoaea?noaaiiuo ioaeae”(*1), Oaaea?aeueiui caeiiii io 29 aeaeaa?y 1994
a. “I ainoaea?noaaiiii iaoa?eaeueiii ?aca?aa”(*2) e Oaaea?aeueiui caeiiii io 2
aeaeaa?y 1994 a. “I caeoieao e iinoaaeao naeueneioicyenoaaiiie i?iaeoeoeee, nu?uey e
i?iaeiaieuenoaey aeey ainoaea?noaaiiuo ioaeae”(*3), a oaeaea i?eiyouie ia aai iniiaa
Iinoaiiaeaieyie I?aaeoaeuenoaa ?O io 13 ia?oa 1995 a. N 241 “I ia?ao ii
?aaeecaoeee Oaaea?aeueiiai caeiia eI caeoieao e iinoaaeao naeueneioicyenoaaiiie
i?iaeoeoeee, nu?uey e i?iaeiaieuenoaey aeey ainoaea?noaaiiuo ioaeae”(*4), e io 14 ia?oa
1997 a. “I caeoieao e iinoaaeao naeueneioicyenoaaiiie i?iaeoeoeee, nu?uey e
i?iaeiaieuenoaey aeey iaania/aiey aiaiiuo e ae?oaeo iio?aaeoaeae oaaea?aeueiiai
i?iaeiaieuenoaaiiiai oiiaea a 1997 aiaeo”(*5), Iieiaeaieai ia i?aaiecaoeee caeoiee
oiaa?ia, ?aaio e oneoa aeey ainoaea?noaaiiuo ioaeae, ooaa?aeaeaiiuo Oeacii I?aceaeaioa
?O io 8 ai?aey 1997 aiaea “I ia?aii/a?aaeiuo ia?ao ii i?aaeioa?auaieth ei??oioeee e
nie?auaieth athaeaeaoiuo ?anoiaeia i?e i?aaiecaoeee caeoiee aeey ainoaea?noaaiiuo
ioaeae”(*6).
A caeiia i iinoaaeao aeey ainoaea?noaaiiuo ioaeae ia?a/eneaiu oeaee iinoaaee oiaa?ia
aeey oaaea?aeueiuo e ?aaeiiaeueiuo ainoaea?noaaiiuo ioaeae. E yoei oeaeyi ioianaiu:
nicaeaiea e iiaeaea?aeaiea ain?aca?aa; iiaeaea?aeaiea iaiaoiaeeiiai o?iaiy
iai?iiiniiniaiinoe no?aiu; iaania/aiea yenii?oiuo iinoaaie aeey auiieiaiey
iaaeainoaea?noaaiiuo iaycaoaeuenoa; ?aaeecaoeey oaaea?aeueiuo e ?aaeiiaeueiuo oeaeaauo
i?ia?aii. Ainoaea?noaaiiue eiio?aeo caeeth/aaony ia iniiaaiee caeaca
ainoaea?noaaiiiai caeac/eea, i?eiyoiai iinoaaueeii (eniieieoaeai) aeia?iaieueii.
Eeoue a neo/ayo, onoaiiaeaiiuo caeiiii, e i?e oneiaee, /oi ainoaea?noaaiiui
caeac/eeii aoaeoo aiciauaiu ana oauoee, eioi?ua iiaoo auoue i?e/eiaiu iinoaaueeo
(eniieieoaeth) a nayce n auiieiaieai ainoaea?noaaiiiai eiio?aeoa iinoaauee iaycai
i?eiyoue caeac. A oiaea a?aiy i?eiyoea iinoaaueeii caeaca ii?iaeaeaao iaycaiiinoe
caeac/eea caeeth/eoue ainoaea?noaaiiue eiio?aeo.
(**1) Nia?aiea caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa ?O. -1994. -N34. -No.3540
(**2) Oai aea, -1995. -N1. -No. 3.
(**3) Oai aea, -1994. -N32. -No.3303.
(**4) Oai aea, -1995. -N12. -No.1085.
(**5) ?inneeneay aacaoa. -1997. -25 ia?oa.
(**6) Yeiiiieea e aeeciue. -1997. -Iae. -N18.
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Caeii i iinoaaeao e Caeii i ainoaea?noaaiiii iaoa?eaeueiii ?a ca?aa onoaiaaeeaaao
iaycaiiinoue caeeth/eoue ainoaea?noaaiiue eiio?aeo i?aaeaea anaai aeey oicyenoaothueo
noauaeoia, caieiathueo aen ieie?othuaa iieiaeaiea ia ?uiea, i?aaei?eyoee-
iiiiiieenoia i?aaei?eyoee, a iauaia i?iecaiaenoaa eioi?uo ainoaea?noaaiiue iaa
?iiiue caeac i?aauoaao 70%. Caeii i iinoaaeao aiceaaaao iaycai iinoue caeeth/eoue
aeiaiai? ia iinoaaeo i?iaeoeoeee aeey oaaea?aeueiu ainoaea?noaaiiuo ioaeae ia eacaiiua
i?aaei?eyoey aac oneiaey aic iauaiey oauoeia. Ainoaea?noaaiiui caeac/eeii a
niioaaonoaee n i. 1 no. 3 Caeiia . U aioo?aiiai aUeaeEii
o?ainii?oa oaeie aeiaiai? eiaioaony iaaeaaoeeiiiui. Ii aeiaiai?o ia i?aaiecaoeee
ia?aaicee a?ocia ia?aaic/ee iaycoaony a onoaiiaeaiiua n?iee i?eieiaoue, a
a?ociaeaaeaeaoe – i?aaeuyaeyoue e ia?aaicea a?ocu a iaoneiaeaiiii iauaia. A
aeiaiai?a ii?aaeaeythony iauaiu, n?iee e ae?oaea oneiaey i?aaeinoaaeaiey
o?ainii?oiuo n?aaenoa e i?aaeuyaeaiey a?ocia aeey ia?aaicee, ii?yaeie ?an/aoia, a
oaeaea eiua oneiaey i?aaiecaoeee ia?aaicee.
A) A oicyenoaaiiie i?aeoeea iaoiaeeo i?eiaiaiea aeiaiai? aoene?iaee.
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Ii aeiaiai?o aoene?iaee aeaaeaeaoe iaeiiai noaeia iaycoaony ca aiciaa?aaeaeaiea
aoene?iaaoue ae?oaia noaeii eee eiie ieaao/ee iauaeo ia ii?aaeaeaiiia ?annoiyiea
eeai a oa/aiea ii?aaeaeaiiiai a?aiaie, eeai aeey auiieiaiey iaiaa?a (no. 187 EOI,
no. 126 OAAO). Aoene?iaea – yoi ia?aiauaiea noaeia eee ieioa oyaie, i?eeaaaaiie
e iaio ecaia, a oaeaea iaoiaeii oieeaiey. Iauaeoii aoene?iaee yaeythony noaea (/aua
anaai aa?aee, n ?acee/iuie a?ocaie) e ieiou. Oi?ia aeiaiai?a aoene?iaee noaeia e
ieioia aioo?aiiaaiaeiui iooai ienueiaiiay. Naea/a – i?eiyoea e aoene?iaea ieioa
i?iecaiaeeony ii iaeeaaeiie n auaea/ae ioi?aaeoaeth eaeoaioeee (no. 128 OAAO).
Aoene?iaea ieioia ii?ai inouanoaeyaony ii eiiinaiaioo (no. 124 EOI) . Aeiaiai?
aoene?iaee noaeia ii?ai iiaeao auoue caeeth/ai onoii iacaaeneii io noiiu aeiaiai?a
(no. 189 EOI). A ea/anoaa aeaaeaeueoeaa ieioia aunooiatho eaninieaaiua i?aaiecaoeee,
a aoene?oaiuo noaeia – ?acee/iua i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneea no?oeoo?u. A ea/anoaa
aoene?iaueea aunooiatho aeaaeaeueoeu noaeia (ia?ioiaenoaa), a i?e inouanoaeaiee
aoene?iuo iia?aoeee a ii?oao (iaiaa?u) – oaeaea e ii?ou. Eae ii?neie, oae e
?a/iie aoene?iauee ioaa/aao eeoue ca aeiiaiia i?e/eiaiea oua?aa noaeio, ieioo
(no. 192 EOI, no. 206 OAAO). Aeiaiai? aoene?iaee yaeyaony ?aciiaeaeiinoueth
aeiaiai?a ia?aaicee a?oca e niaoeeaeueii a A?aaeaeaineii eiaeaena ?O ia
?aaeaiaioe?oaony.
A) Aieueoia cia/aiea aeey i?aaiecaoeee o?ainii?oiiai i?ioeanna eiaao aeiaiai?
o?ainii?oiie yeniaaeeoeee (ae. 41 AE ?O). Ii aeiaiai?o o?ainii?oiie yeniaaeeoeee
iaeia noi?iia (yeniaaeeoi?) iaycoaony ca aiciaa?aaeaeaiea e ca n/ao ae?oaie noi?iiu
(eeeaioa – a?ociioi?aaeoaey eee a?ociiieo/aoaey) auiieieoue eee i?aaieciaaoue
auiieiaiea ii?aaeaeaiiuo aeiaiai?ii yeniaaeeoeee oneoa, naycaiiuo n ia?aaiceie
a?ocia. Aeiaiai?ii o?ainii?oiie: yeniaaeeoeee iiaoo auoue i?aaeoniio?aiu iaycaiiinoe
yeniaaeeoi?a i?aaieciaaoue ia?aaiceo a?ocy o?ainii?oii e ii ia?o?ooo, eca?aiiiio
yeniaaeeoi?ii eee eeeaioii iaycaiiinoue yeniaaeeoi?a caeeth/eoue io eiaie eeeaioa
eee, io naiaai eiaie aeiaiai? (aeiaiai?u) ia?aaicee a?oca, iaania/eoue ioi?aaeo e
iieo/aiea a?oca, a oaeaea ae?oaea iaycaiiinoe, naycaiiua n ia?aaiceie. A ea/anoaa
aeiiieieoaeueiuo oneoa aeiaiai?ii o?ainii?oiie yeniaaeeoeee iiaeao auoue i?aaeoniio?aii
inouanoaeaiea oaeeo iaiaoiaeeiuo aeey aeinoaaee a?oca iia?aoeee, eae iieo/aiea aeey
yenii?oa eee eiii?oa aeieoiaioia, auiieiaiea oaiiaeaiiuo e eiuo oi?iaeueiinoae,
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i?iaa?ea eiee/anoaa e ninoiyiey a?oca, aai iia?ocea e aua?ocea, oieaoa iioeei,
nai?ia e ae?oaeo ?anoiaeia, aiceaaaaiuo ia eeeaioa, o?aiaiea a?oca, aai iieo/aiea
a ioieoa iacia/aiey, a oaeaea auiieiaiea eiuo iia?aoeee e oneoa, i?aaeoniio?aiiuo
aeiaiai?ii. Aeey auiieiaiey naieo ooieoeee o?ainii?oiue yeniaaeeoi? aeieaeai iieo/eoue
io eeeaioa aeieoiaiou e ae?oaoth eioi?iaoeeth i naienoaao a?oca, ia oneiaeyo aai
ia?aaicee, a oaeaea eioth eioi?iaoeeth, iaiaoiaeeioth aeey eniieiaiey aeiaiai?a.
Yeniaaeeoi? iaycai niiaueoue eeeaioo ia iaia?oaeaiiuo iaaeinoaoeao iieo/aiiie
eioi?iaoeee, a a neo/aa iaiieiiou eioi?iaoeee cai?ineoue o eeeaioa iaiaoiaeeiua
aeiiieieoaeueiua aeaiiua. Ca iaeniieiaiea eee iaiaaeeaaeauaa eniieiaiea iaycaiiinoae
ii aeiaiai?o yeniaaeeoeee yeniaaeeoi? ianao ioaaonoaaiiinoue ii iniiaaieyi e a
?acia?a a niioaaonoaee n iaueie i?aaeeaie ia ioaaonoaaiiinoe ca ia?ooaiea
iaycaoaeuenoa (ae. 25 AE ?O). Aeiaiai? o?ainii?oiie yeniaaeeoeee caeeth/aaony a
ienueiaiiie oi?ia. Eeeaio auaeaao yeniaaeeoi?o aeiaa?aiiinoue, anee iia iaiaoiaeeia
aeey auiieiaiey aai iaycaiiinoae.
4. CAEETH*AIEA AeIAIAI?IA, NAssCAIIUO N YENIEOAOAOeEAE AEAEACIIAeI?IAEIUO IIAeUACAeIUO
IOOAE, E AeIAIAI?IA, NAssCAIIUO N IIAeA*AE E OAI?EIE AAAIIIA.
Iiiaea i?aaei?eyoey, o/?aaeaeaiey, i?aaiecaoeee iieo/atho eee ioi?aaeytho a?ocu ii
aeaeaciie aei?iaa. I?e yoii /anoue i?aaei?eyoee iieuecoaony ianoaie iauaai
iieueciaaiey, oi anoue iieo/aao eee naeaao a?oc ia noaioeeyo aeaeaciuo aei?ia, a
ae?oaay /anoue eiaao nianoaaiiua iiaeuacaeiua aeaeaciiaei?iaeiua iooe (aaoee).
Yenieoaoaoeey iiaeuacaeiuo iooae i?aaei?eyoee, iiaea/a e oai?ea aaaiiia, eae
i?aaeei, inouanoaeyaony aeaeaciie aei?iaie. Ioiioaiey i?aaei?eyoee e aeaeaciie
aei?iae ii yoei aii?inai ?aaoee?othony niioaaonoaothueie aeiaiai?aie ia
yenieoaoaoeeth iiaeuacaeiuo iooae, ia iiaea/o e oai?eo aaaiiia. Ii?yaeie caeeth/aiey
?anniao?eaaaiuo aeiaiai?ia ?aaoee?oaony iiae?iaii I?aaeeaie yenieoaoaoeee
iiaeuacaeiuo iooae, AE ?O. O?ainii?oiue onoaa aeaeaciuo aei?ia ?O ?aaoee?oao eeoue
iauea aii?inu caeeth/aiey yoeo aeiaiai?ia. A niioaaonoaee ni no. 67 O?ainii?oiiai
onoaaa aeaeaciuo aei?ia ?O oeacaiiua aeiaiai?u caeeth/athony ia 5 eao. I?e acaeiiii
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niaeanee noi?ii aeiaiai?u, naycaiiua n yenieoaoaoeeae aeaeaciiaei?iaeiiai iooe e n
iiaea/ae e oai?eie aaaiiia iiaoo auoue i?iaeeaiu ia . neaaeothuea iyoue eao.
Iacaaiiua aeiaiai?u iiaeienuaathony ia/aeueieeii aei?iae eee ii aai ii?o/aieth
ia/aeueieeii noaioeee, e aeaaeaeueoeai aeaeaciiaei?iaeiiai iiaeuacaeiiai iooe (ii aai
ii?o/aieth ianeoaeeaathuae aai i?aaiecaoeeae). Aei caeeth/aiey aeiaiai?a n aei?iaie ia
iiaea/o, oai?eo aaaiiia e yenieoaoaoeeth iiaeuacaeiiai iooe aei?iaa niaianoii n
i?aaei?eyoeai iaycaia ianeaaeiaaoue iiaeuacaeiua iooe aeey ii?aaeaeaiey oneiaee
aeiaiai?a. ?acoeueoaou ianeaaeiaaiey ioi?ieythony aeoii, a eioi?ii oeacuaathony:
i?ioyaeaiiinoue iooe, ?annoiyiea, ca eioi?ia aeieaeia acuneeaaoueny ieaoa ca iiaea/o
e oai?eo aaaiiia, ?acia? e oa?aeoa? a?ociiai?ioa, ?acia?u o?iioia iia?ocee e
?aca?ocee, niaoeeaeecaoeey neeaaeneeo ieiuaaeae ii iaeii?iaeiui a?ocai, ?acia?u
caiaeueiuo o/anoeia a iieina ioaiaea aeaeaciie aei?iae, caiyouo iiaeuacaeiuie iooyie,
nii?oaeaieyie e neeaaeaie, iaee/ea iia?oci/ii- ?aca?oci/iuo iaoei e ono?ienoa,
aeaiiua aeey ii?aaeaeaiey n?iea iai?ioa aaaiia. Aeo iiaeienuaatho oiieiiii/aiiua
i?aaenoaaeoaee aei?iae e oicyenoaa. A neo/aa ianiaeaney n aeaiiuie, aianaiiuie a
aeo, i?aaenoaaeoaeue i?aaei?eyoey caienuaaao a iai naia iioeae?iaaiiia iiaiea. Aeo
ninoaaeyaony a aeaoo yecaiiey?ao, iaeei ec eioi?uo inoaaony o i?aaei?eyoey. N
o/aoii aeaiiuo, aeeth/aiiuo a aeo, aeaeaciay aei?iaa (noaioeey) ?ac?aaaouaaao i?iaeo
aeiaiai?a e iai?aaeyao aai iiaeienaiiui, a aeaoo yecaiiey?ao i?aaei?eyoeth n oaeei
?an/aoii, /oiau ii aue caeeth/ai ia iicaeiaa aeiy enoa/aiey n?iea aeaenoaey
i?aaeiaai aeiaiai?a. I?aaei?eyoea iaycaii ?anniio?aoue i?iaeo, iiaeienaoue e
aica?aoeoue aei?iaa. A neo/aa iaaica?aoa aeaeaciie aei?iaa iiaeienaiiiai aeiaiai?a a
10-aeiaaiue n?ie n iiiaioa aai iieo/aiey aeiaiai? anooiaao a neeo a ?aaeaeoeee
aeaeaciie aei?iae. Anee o i?aaei?eyoey aicieeatho ?aciiaeaney ii oneiaeyi aeiaiai?a,
iii ninoaaeyao i?ioieie ?aciiaeanee e aianoa n iiaeienaiiui aeiaiai?ii aica?auaao
aai aei?iaa. A aeiaiai?a aeieaeia auoue naeaeaia iaiai?ea i iiaeienaiee n i?ioieieii
?aciiaeanee. ?aciiaeaney ii aeiaiai?ai, naycaiiui n yenieoaoaoeeae
aeaeaciiaei?iaeiuo iiaeuacaeiuo iooae, e aeiaiai?ai, naycaiiui n ia?aaea/ae e oai?eie
aaaiiia, ?anniao?eaathony e ?ac?aoathony ia/aeueieeii aeaeaciie aei?iae e aeaaeaeueoeai
aeaeaciiaei?iaeiiai iiaeuacaeiiai iooe. Iinea iieo/aiey i?ioieiea ?aciiaeanee
aeaeaciay aei?iaa a oa/aiea 25 aeiae iaycaia ?anniio?aoue aai. I aeia e ianoa
?anniio?aiey ?aciiaeanee aei?iaa iaycaia ecaanoeoue i?aaei?eyoea a aeanyoeaeiaaiue
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n?ie iinea iieo/aiey i?ioieiea ?aciiaeanee e ia iicaeiaa /ai ca aeanyoue aeiae aei
iacia/aiiie aeaou ?anniio?aiey. Anee aeaeaciay aei?iaa a aeanyoeaeiaaiue n?ie ia
iacia/eea aeaoo ?anniio?aiey ?aciiaeanee, aeiaiai? anooiaao a neeo a ?aaeaeoeee
i?aaei?eyoey. A neo/aa iayaee i?aaenoaaeoaey i?aaei?eyoey a iacia/aiiue n?ie aeey
?anniio?aiey ?aciiaeanee aeiaiai? anooiaao a neeo a ?aaeaeoeee aeaeaciie aei?iae.
Inoaaoeany iinea ?anniio?aiey iao?aaoee?iaaiiuie ?aciiaeaney ioi?ieythony
niaianoiui i?ioieieii ?aciiaeanee e ia?aaeathony aeaeaciie aei?iaie a aeanyoeaeiaaiue
n?ie iinea iiaeienaiey yoiai i?ioieiea ia ?ac?aoaiea niioaaonoaothuaai
a?aeo?aaeiiai noaea. Anee aea a oeacaiiue n?ith aeaeaciie aei?iaie ?aciiaeaney ia
aoaeoo ia?aaeaiu a a?aeo?aaeiue noae, oi aeiaiai? anooiaao a neeo a ?aaeaeoeee
i?aaei?eyoey. Ia o?oaeii oaaaeeoueny, /oi aeaiiue ii?yaeie eiaao iaeioi?ua ioee/ey io
iau/ii i?eiaiyaiuo i?aaee i?e caeeth/aiee oicyenoaaiiuo aeiaiai?ia (iinoaaee,
no?ieoaeueiiai iiae?yaea e ae?.): i?iaeo aeiaiai?a anooiaao a neeo i?e aica?aoa aai
a n?ie (aeaeaciie aei?iaa ia o?aaoaony ia?auaiey a a?aeo?aaeiie noae n o?aaiaaieai
i i?eioaeaeaiee caeeth/eoue aeiaiai?) ; i?e ianaiaa?aiaiiii iacia/aiee aeaou
?anniio?aiey ?aciiaeanee aeiaiai? anooiaao a neeo a ?aaeaeoeee i?ioieiea
?aciiaeanee; i?e iayaea a n?ie noi?iiu, ninoaaeaoae i?ioieie ?aciiaeanee, aeey
?anniio?aiey ?aciiaeanee aeiaiai? anooiaao a neeo aac o/aoa i?ioieiea
?aciiaeanee e ia?aaea/e nii?a a a?aeo?aae iue NOAe. Aei ?aoaiey a?aeo?aaeiui noaeii
nii?iuo aii?inia aeaenoaotho oneiaey i?aaeiaai aeiaiai?a. Yoi I?ienoiaeeo oieueei a
oii neo/aa, eiaaea aeaeaciay aei?iaa i?enooieea e caeeth/aieth iiaiai aeiaiai?a a
n?iee, onoaiiaeaiiua I?aaeeaie Yenieoaoaoeee iiaeuacaeiuo iooae (i. 6) (ia iicaeiaa
/ai ca aeaa ianyoea aei ieii/aiey n?iea aeaenoaey aeiaiai?a). A neo/aa, eiaaea
aeaeaciay aei?iaa a ia?ooaiea o?aaiaaiee I?aaee naiaa?aiaiii ia iai?aaeea ec.
iiaeienue aaoaaaeaaeaeueoeo i?iaeo iiaiai aeiaiai?a, a n?ie aeaenoaey I?aaeiaai
aeiaiai?a enoae, neaaeoao enoiaeeoue ec oiai, /oi iaaeaeo noi?iiaie ionoonoaotho
aeiaiai?iua ioiioaiey e ana io?eoeaoaeueiua iineaaenoaey aiceaaathony ia iaa
noi?iiu. A yoii neo/aa ie iaeia ec noi?ii ia ai?aaa i?eiaiyoue eiouanoaaiiua
naieoeee ca ia?ooaiea oneiaee, onoaiiaeaiiuo i?aaeiei aeiaiai?ii, iineieueeo ii oaea
ia Aeaenoaoao, a iiaue aeiaiai? ia caeeth/ai. Oaeea naieoeee iiaoo i?eiaiyoueny eeoue
ca ia?ooaiey, aeiiouaiiua aei enoa/aiey n?iea aeaenoaey i?aaeiaai aeiaiai?a.
Neaaeiaaoaeueii, aeaeaciay aei?iaa ia iiaeao acuneeaaoue n i?aaei?eyoey oa?ao ca
i?inoie aaaiiia, iineieueeo iinea enoa/aiey n?iea aeaenoaey i?aaeiaai aeiaiai?a
ionoonoaotho oneiaey, ii?aaeaeythuea
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i?inoie aaaiiia naa?o ii?iu (n?iee iai?ioa aaaiiia, o?iiou iia?ocee e aua?ocee
e ae?.). Anee ia?acaeeth/aiea aeiaiai?a caaea?aeeaaaony a nayce n ?ac?aaioeie
aaeeiiai oaoiieiae/aneiai i?ioeanna ?aaiou iiaeuacaeiiai iooe e noaioeee i?eiueaiey
(AOI (ni.no. 61 O?ainii?oiiai onoaaa aeaeaciuo aei?ia ?O) , aei ieii/aiey aeaenoaey
i?aaeiaai aeiaiai?a a onoaiiaeaiiua I?aaeeaie n?iee neaaeoao caeeth/eoue
aeiiieieoaeueiia niaeaoaiea ia i?iaeeaiea aeiaiai?a ia i?aaeieo oneiaeyo aei
ooaa?aeaeaiey AOI a iaaeeaaeauai ii?yaeea. Aianoa n oai a neo/ayo, eiaaea iaeia ec
noi?ii oeeiiyaony io ?ac?aaioee AOI, eee eiaaea i?e ?ac?aaioea AOI aicieeee
?aciiaeaney ii iaio, a?aeo?aaeiue noae iiaeao iaycaoue noi?iiu caeeth/eoue iiaue
aeiaiai?. I?e ?aoaiee aii?ina ia oneiaeyo, ia eioi?uo ii aeieaeai auoue caeeth/ai,
neaaeoao enoiaeeoue ec ?aiaa aeaenoaiaaaoaai AOI. Iinea ?ac?aoaiey ?aciiaeanee ii
aiiaue ?ac?aaioaiiiio AOI noi?iiu aeieaeiu aianoe eciaiaiey a caeeth/aiiue aeiaiai?,
anee ii ia aoaeao niioaaonoaiaaoue iiaiio AOI. I?e iaee/ee nii?a ii aianaieth
eciaiaiee a aeiaiai? noi?iiu iiaoo ia?aoeoueny a a?aeo?aaeiue noae n cayaeaieai ia
eciaiaiee aeiaiai?a. I?aaei?eyoea iiaeao auoue caeioa?aniaaii a onei?aiee
ioi?ieaiey aeiaiai?a ia yenieoaoaoeeth iiaeuacaeiuo iooae, a anee ii aue caeeth/ai
?aiaa – a naiaa?aiaiiii ia?acaeeth/aiee aeiaiai?a. Iiyoiio i?e iainiiaaoaeueiii
oeeiiaiee aeaeaciie aei?iae io caeeth/aiey (ia?acaeeth/aiey) aeiaiai?a, i?aaei?eyoea
iiaeao ia?aoeoueny e aeaeaciie aei?iaa n o?aaiaaieai i caeeth/aiee aeiaiai?a. A yoii
neo/aa ioiioaiey noi?ii ?aaoee?othony ia I?aaeeaie yenieoaoaoeee iiaeuacaeiuo
iooae, a ii?iaie iauae /anoe AE ?O i caeeth/aiee, eciaiaiee e ?anoi?aeaiee
aeiaiai?ia. Ioaao ia o?aaiaaiea i caeeth/aiee aeiaiai?a aeieaeai auoue aeai ia iicaeiaa
30 aeiae ni aeiy aai iieo/aiey. I?e iaiieo/aiee ioaaoa aeaeaciie aei?iae a
onoaiiaeaiiue n?ie, a ?aaii i?e iieo/aiee io?eoeaoaeueiiai ioaaoa i?aaei?eyoea
ai?aaa ia?aoeoueny a a?aeo?aaeiue noae n eneii i iiioaeaeaiee caeeth/eoue aeiaiai?.
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AEAAA 5. I?AAIAIA IAANIA*AIEA ?AAEECAOeEE ONEOA
1. Iiiyoea e aeaeu oneoa a ?acee/iuo noa?ao i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa.
2. I?aaiaua oi?iu ?aaeecaoeee oneoa nayce.
3. Oneoae ii o?aiaieth eiouanoaa.
4. Auoiaie iiae?yae eae oi?ia ieacaiey auoiauo oneoa ianaeaieth.
5. Oneoae a noa?a oi?aiaee e iauanoaaiiiai ieoaiey.
1. IIIssOEA E AEAeU ONEOA A ?ACEE*IUO NOA?AO I?AAeI?EIEIAOAEUeNOAA A noa?a
ianeoaeeaaiey oaeiaeaoai?ythony iinoiyiii ?anoouea iaoa?eaeueiua e aeooiaiua
iio?aaiinoe ianaeaiey. Aeey inouanoaeaiey yoie aeayoaeueiinoe ioaeia ii?aaeaeaiiay
iaoa?eaeueii- oaoie/aneay aaca. A nayce n yoei i?aaei?eyoey noa?u ianeoaeeaaiey
anooiatho a i?aaiaua ioiioaiey n iiiai/eneaiiuie ia?oia?aie ii iinoaaeai,
a?aiaea, iiae?yaeo e i?. I?e ?aaeecaoeee oneoa iaiin?aaenoaaiii ianaeaieth iie
anooiatho a aeiaiai?iua ioiioaiey n ianaeaieai. Yoe ioiioaiey au?aaeathony a
aeiaiai?ao eoiee- i?iaeaaee, auoiaiai iiae?yaea e ae?oaeo, ?aaoee?oaiuo ii?iaie
a?aaeaeaineiai i?aaa. Iaeiiaoe, i?aaei?eyoey noa?u ianeoaeeaaiey anooiatho a
ioiioaiey n i?aaiaie oi?aaeaiey, ?aaoee?othueie noa?o ianeoaeeaaiey ianaeaiey. A
ieaia i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneiai i?aaa ian eioa?anotho ia?aua e o?aouee ioiioaiey.
Oneoae – iieaciay aeayoaeueiinoue, oaeiaeaoai?ythuay iio?aaiinoe iieueciaaoaeae
oneoa, ia naycaiiay n nicaeaieai aaue. Eiaiii yoio ioee/eoaeueiue i?eciae oneoa
iieiaeai a iniiao ?aca?aie/aiey oneoa e iiae?yaeiuo ?aaio. A oneiaeyo ?uii/iie
yeiiiieee oneoaa iaania/eaatho ooieoeeiie?iaaiea eio?ano?oeoo?u ?uiea
(aeayoaeueiinoue ae?aeaauo iin?aaeieeia,,oneoae nayce, aaieianeea e ae?.). A ?yaea
neo/aaa aeaenoaey oneoaiaeaoaey iiaeii eaaeeoeoee?iaaoue eae i?iaeieaeaiea i?ioeanna
i?iecaiaenoaa a noa?a ia?auaiey (iai?eia?, eiienneiia? iiaeao inouanoaeyoue
aeiiieieoaeueioth ia?ee?iaeo oiaa?a i?e iinoaaea aai ca?oaaaeiiio ia?oia?o,
?anoaniaeo a ae?oaoth, aieaa e?ani/ioth oiaeiaeo, iaeeaeeo yoeeaoie, ni?oe?iaeo e
ae?.). Oneoae – aanueia ?aciiia?aciu. Eie iiaoo auoue eae oaeoe/aneea (o?aiaiea,
e?aaeeo), oae e th?eaee/aneea aeaenoaey (aeayoaeueiinoue iiaa?aiiiai, eiienneiia?a,
yeniaaeeoi?a).
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Aeayoaeueiinoue ii i?aaeinoaaeaieth oneoa – i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneay aeayoaeueiinoue,
i?aneaaeothuay oeaeue – iieo/aiea i?eauee. Oneoaaie iiaoo iieueciaaoueny eae
th?eaee/aneea, oae e oece/aneea eeoea. Oneoae ?acee/athony ii i?aaeiaoii-
io?aneaaiio i?eciaeo, iniaaiiinoyi i?eiaiyaiuo a i?ioanneiiaeueiie aeayoaeueiinoe
i?eaiia, niiniaia, oaoie/aneeo n?aaenoa (iai?eia?, oneoae i?aaei?eyoey nayce,
oeiainiauo iin?aaeieeia, e?aaeeoiuo o/?aaeaeaiee). A caaeneiinoe io nayce ni noa?ie
iaoa?eaeueiiai i?iecaiaenoaa iiaeii auaeaeeoue oneoae, niinianoaothuea i?iecaiaenoao
oiaa?ia, iieuecothueony ni?inii ia ?uiea (ia?eaoeia, eiinaeoeia), oneoae ii
iaania/aieth iaaeeaaeauaai oaoie/aneiai o?iaiy i?iecaiaenoaa (eiaeeie?eia).
Niaaaeaieth e nauoo i?iaeoeoeee i?iecaiaeeoaeae niinianoaoao aeayoaeueiinoue
iin?aaeieeia, i?aaiecaoeee nayce, o?ainii?oa. Aeaaiaea?y yoie aeayoaeueiinoe
ecaioiaeoaeue iieo/aao iaiaoiaeeiua aeey i?iecaiaenoaa nu?uea e iaoa?eaeu,
inouanoaeyaony aeinoaaea oiaa?ia iieoiaoaeyi, inouanoaeyaony iaiai eioi?iaoeeae.
N iiiiuueth oneoa aaiea 11 i?aaei?eyoea iieo/aao i?e/eoathueany aio n?aaenoaa ca
naith i?iaeoeoeeth e ?ann/eouaaaony n e?aaeeoi?aie, iieo/aao e?aaeeou. A naith i/a?aaeue
n o/aoii oa?aeoa?a niaa?oaaiuo aeaenoaee oneoae iiae?acaeaeythony ia
niioaaonoaothuea aeaeu. Iai?eia?, oneoae nayce ii aeinoaaea ii/oiauo ioi?aaeaiee e
i?aaeinoaaeaiea oneoa yeaeo?inayce (iaania/aiea oaeaoiiiie, oaeaa?aoiie e eiuo
aeaeia yeaeo?inayce). A caaeneiinoe io n?iea, naycuaathuaai eeeaioa n eeoeii,
i?aaeinoaaeythuei oneoae, oneoaa iiaeao auoue ?aciaie. Oneoae iiaoo auoue
i?aaenoaaeaiu a oa/aiea ii?aaeaeaiiiai aeiaiai?ii ia?eiaea a?aiaie. ?aaea
ano?a/athony aann?i/iua iaycaoaeuenoaa ii ieacaieth oneoa (oaeaoiiiay naycue),
nio?aiythueany aei ioeaca io oneoa a ii?yaeea, i?aaeoniio?aiiii aeiaiai?ii. Ii
noauaeoiiio ninoaao oneoae neaaeoao ?acee/aoue i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneea (aeey
i?aaei?eyoee, inouanoaeythueo i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneoth aeayoaeueiinoue) e iio?aaeoaeueneea
(aeey ianaeaiey, aeey ee/iuo e eiuo auoiauo iio?aaiinoae). A naith i/a?aaeue
i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneea oneoae iiaoo auoue iaea/aiu a oi?io iia?aoeaii-
oicyenoaaiiuo (ai?eciioaeueiuo) iaycaoaeuenoa (neeaaeuaathony iaaeaeo i?aaei?eyoeyie-
th?eaee/aneeie eeoeaie), eee aioo?eoicyenoaaiiuo iaycaoaeuenoa (iai?eia?, ioiioaiey
o?ainii?oiiai iiae?acaeaeaiey i?aaei?eyoey n ae?oaeie aai oic?an/aoiuie
iiae?acaeaeaieyie). A iia?aoeaii- oicyenoaaiiuo iaycaoaeuenoaao oneoaa ?aaeecoaony
eae oiaa?iay i?iaeoeoeey eniieieoaey e iiea/eaaaony eeeaioii. I?e yoii cao?aou
eeeaioa ia ieacaiea oneoa o/eouaathony a ninoaaa naaanoieiinoe i?iecaiaeeiie
i?iaeoeoeee.
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Ai aioo?eoicyenoaaiiuo iaycaoaeuenoaao ?an/aou ca oneoae iiaoo i?iecaiaeeoueny
/a?ac o/?aaeaeaiey aaieia, anee iiae?acaeaeaiey i?aaei?eyoey iainiaeaiu, eiatho n/aoa
a aaiea (oeeeaeu, i?aaenoaaeoaeuenoaa), eee i?aaiecothony aioo?eoicyenoaaiiua
?an/aou ia iniiaa aooaaeoa?neie aeieoiaioaoeee i?aaei?eyoey iin?aaenoaii o/aoa
cao?ao e eo aiciauaiey iaeiei iiae?acaeaeaieai i?aaei?eyoey ae?oaiio. Ioiioaiey ii
ieacaieth oneoa ?aaoee?othony A?aaeaeaineei eiaeaenii ?O, oaaea?aeueiuie caeiiaie e
eiuie ii?iaoeaiuie i?aaiauie aeoaie A AE ?O oneoaai iinayuaiu ianeieueei aeaa n
iiiai/eneaiiuie noaoueyie: auoiaie iiae?yae (no. 730-739), aaieianeee aeeaae (ae.
44), o?aiaiea (ae. 47) e ae?. Ii ioaeaeueiui aeaeai oneoa eiathony niaoeeaeueiua
caeiiu: iai?eia?, Caeii “i aaieao e aaieianeie aeayoaeueiinoe”, “I nayce”, “I
oiaa?iuo ae?aeao e ae?aeaaie oi?aiaea”. A ?yaea neo/aaa iinoaiiaeaieai
I?aaeoaeuenoaa ooaa?aeaeaiu Iieiaeaiey e I?aaeea. Ia ana oneoae ioaa/aiu
niaoeeaeueiui caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii. Iiyoiio ca/anooth i?eoiaeeony ?oeiaiaenoaiaaoueny
iaueie iieiaeaieyie ia iaycaoaeuenoaao AE ?O e caeeth/aaiuie aeiaiai?aie. Iiieii
i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey ioiioaiee noi?ii ii ieacaieth oneoa, ainoaea?noai
aicaeaenoaoao ia aeayoaeueiinoue eniieieoaeae, inouanoaeyy i?yiia ainoaea?noaaiiia
?aaoee?iaaiea. Oaeia aiaoaoaeuenoai a i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneoth aeayoaeueiinoue
inouanoaeyaony iooai:
1) eeoeaice?iaaiey niioaaonoaothueo aeaeia aeayoaeueiinoe;
2) onoaiiaeaiey niaoeeaeueiuo eaaeeoeeaoeeiiiuo o?aaiaaiee, i?aaeuyaeyaiuo e
niaoeeaeenoai i?aaei?eyoee noa?u oneoa;
3) ainoaea?noaaiiie noaiaea?oecaoeee e na?oeoeeaoeee oneoa;
4) ?aaoee?iaaiey oeai a onoaiiaeaiiuo caeiiii neo/ayo e i?aaeaeao, a oaeaea
iooai i?eiyoey ia? aioeiiiiiieueiiai oa?aeoa?a e i?aaei?eyoeyi- iiiiiieenoai.
Ieienoa?noaa e aaaeiinoaa a oneiaeyo ia?aoiaea e ?uii/iui ioiioaieyi oo?aoeee
naie aeanoii- oi?aaeai/aneea ooieoeee ii ioiioaieth e i?aaei?eyoeyi. Aea. e
.ainoaea?noaaiiuo, i?aaei?eyoee, a ,noa?a,oaeeoa i?aeoe/anee ia inoaeinue, a
/anoiua i?aaei?eyoey (oicyenoaaiiuea iauanoaa e oiaa?euanoaa) io.iiaee
ainoaea?noaa ooee e a iae ia ioaeaeathony.
2. I?AAIAUA OI?IU ?AAEECAOeEE ONEOA NAssCE
Naycue eae io?aneue ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa i?ecaaia oaeiaeaoai?youe iauanoaaiiia e
ee/iua iio?aaiinoe a iaiaia ?acee/iuie aeaeaie
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eioi?iaoeee n iiiiuueth n?aaenoa ii/oiaie, oaeaa?aoiie e oaeaoiiiie nayce,
oaeaaeaeaiey e ?aaeeiaauaiey, a oaeaea ?ani?ino?aiaiey ia?eiaee/aneie ia/aoe.
Oicyenoaothuea noauaeou iaiaieaathony eioi?iaoeeae iaaeaeo niaie aioo?e no?aiu e n
ca?oaaaeiuie ia?oia?aie, aaaeoo ia?aaiai?u, iieo/atho eioi?iaoeeiiii-
eiinoeueoaoeeiiiua oneoae, iieo/atho n?aaenoaa ia naie n/aoa, ia?anueatho ii/oiaua
ioi?aaeaiey. Naycue i?aaenoaaeyao niaie oaeaea oaoie/aneoth iniiao eioi?iaoecaoeee
iauanoaa. Aac oneoa i?aaei?eyoee nayce ii?iaeueiay i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneay
aeayoaeueiinoue i?inoi iaaiciiaeia. Oneoae nayce ?aaeecothony /a?ac ii/oiaoth,
oaeaa?aoioth, oaeaoiiioth, ianoioth oaeaoiiioth naycue, ?aaeeinaycue, ?aaeeiaauaiea,
oaeaaeaeaiea e einie/aneoth naycue. Ii/oiaay naycue – aeayoaeueiinoue ii ia?anueea e
aeinoaaea ii/oiauo ioi?aaeaiee (ienai, iinueie, aeaiaaeiuo ia?aaiaeia).
Yeaeo?e/aneay naycue aeeth/aao naoe e n?aaenoaa, iaania/eaathuea oaeaoiiioth,
oaeaa?aoioth naycue, ia?aaea/o aeaiiuo n eniieueciaaieai eiiiuethoa?iie naoe (YAI),
n?aaenoaa ?aaeeiaauaiey. Oneoae nayce i?aaenoaaeytho niaie aeayoaeueiinoue i?aaei?eyoee
nayce, iaania/eaathueo ii?iaeueiia ooieoeeiie?iaaiea niioaaonoaothueo ono?ienoa,
eaiaeia nayce. Ianiio?y ia aieueooth cia/eiinoue ?anniao?eaaaiie aeayoaeueiinoe aeey
ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa a AE ?O iao niaoeeaeueiuo ii?i i aeiaiai?ao ia ieacaiea oneoa
nayce. A iai eiaaony ae. 39 “Aiciacaeiia ieacaiea oneoa, i?aaeea eioi?ie
i?eiaiythony a oii /enea e aeiaiai?ai ieacaiey oneoa nayce” (/. 2 no. 779).
Caeiiiaeaoaeue onoaiiaee, /oi, anee eiia ia i?aaeoniio?aii aeiaiai?ii, eniieieoaeue
iaycai ieacaoue oneoae ee/ii (no. 780), caeac/ee iaycai iieaoeoue ieacaiiua aio
oneoae a n?iee e a ii?yaeea, oeacaiiua a aeiaiai?a (no. 781). Aeiaiai? oneoa nayce
?aaoee?oaony oaeaea iaueie iieiaeaieyie i iiae?yaea e iieiaeaieyie i auoiaii iiae?yaea
(no. 783). Ionthaea neaaeoao, /oi aeiaiai? ia ieacaiea oneoa nayce yaeyaony
ioaee/iui aei-aiai?ii. E ioiioaieyi ii aeiaiai?o ia ieacaiea oneoa nayce, ia o?a
aoee?iaaiiui AE ?O; i?eiaiythony caeiiu i caueoa i?aa iio?aaeoaeae e eiua
i?aaiaua aeou, i?eiyoua a niioaaonoaee n ieie. I?aaei?eieiaoaeueneay aeayoaeueiinoue
io?anee nayce ?aaoee?oaony oaeaea Oaaea?aeueiuie Caeiiaie “I nayce”(*1) io 16
oaa?aey 1995 a., “I ii/oiaie nayce”(*2) io 9 aaaonoa 1995 a., “I oaaea?aeueiie
oaeueaeuaaa?neie nayce”(*3) io 17 aeaeaa?y 1994 a. e niaoeeaeueiuie ii?iaoeaiuie
(**1) NC ?O. -1995. -N8. -No.600.
(**2) NC ?O. -1995. -N33. -No.3334.
(**3) NC ?O. -1994. -N34. -No.3547.
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i?aaiauie aeoaie, ooaa?aeaeaaiuie I?aaeoaeuenoaii ?O. E iineaaeiei ioiinyony:
I?aaeea ieacaiey oneoa ii/oiaie nayce io 26 naioya?y 1997 a.(*1), I?aaeea
ieacaiey oneoa oaeaoiiiie nayce io 26 naioya?y 1997 a.(*2), Iinoaiiaeaiea
I?aaeoaeuenoaa io 7 ia?oa 1997 a. “I ?aaoee?iaaiee oa?eoia ia oneoae nayce e ia
ooaa?aeaeaiee Iniiaiuo iieiaeaiee ainoaea?noaaiiiai ?aaoee?iaaiey oa?eoia ia oneoae
iauaaeinooiiie yeaeo?e/aneie nayce ia oaaea?aeueiii e ?aaeiiaeueiii o?iaia”(*3)
?aaoee?othony aii?inu niaa?oainoaiaaiey ainoaea?noaaiiiai ?aaoee?iaaiey
aeayoaeueiinoe noauaeoia anoanoaaiiuo iiiiiieee a iaeanoe nayce. A ianoiyuaa
a?aiy any io?aneue nayce i?eaaoece?iaaia, ii oai ia iaiaa io?aneue aicaeaaeyaony
Ieienoa?noaii nayce ?O n Oaaea?aeueiuie oi?aaeaieyie ii/oiaie nayce a ?aaeiiao,
noauaeoao ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee. Oicyenoaaiiay aeayoaeueiinoue i?aaei?eyoee nayce
?aciiia?acia. Ai iiiaeo neo/ayo iia ?aaeecoaony iooai caeeth/aiey oicyenoaaiiuo
aeiaiai?ia n ae?oaeie oicyenoaaiiuie i?aaiaie, eioi?ua iiin?aaenoaotho ioiioaiey ii
ieacaieth oneoa nayce e ninoaaeytho iniiaiia niaea?aeaiea aeayoaeueiinoe i?aaei?eyoee
nayce. E oaeiai ?iaea oneoaai ioiineony aeayoaeueiinoue ii i?aaeinoaaeaieth ai
a?aiaiiia iieueciaaiea oaoie/aneeo n?aaenoa nayce, ia?aaea/a eioi?iaoeee e
eiouanoaa, ?ani?ino?aiaieth ia?eiaee/aneie ia/aoe. Oicyenoaaiiua aeiaiai?u,
caeeth/aaiua a io?anee nayce, aeaeyony ia o?e a?oiiu.
Aeiaiai?u ia i?aaeinoaaeaiea a a?aiaeo oaoie/aneeo n?aaenoa e eaiaeia nayce.
Aeiaiai?u ia ieacaiea oneoa: ia ia?anueeo eioi?iaoeee e eiouanoaa. E iei
ioiinyony aeiaiai?u ia ianeoaeeaaiea ai?iaeneie neoaeaaiie ii/oie (ANI), aeinoaaeo
oeaiiuo ienai i?aaiecaoeeyi e ae?. Aeiaiai?u ia ?ani?ino?aiaiea ia/aoe, caeeth/aaiua
n oeaio?aeueiuie, ?anioaeeeaineeie e ianoiuie ecaeaoaeuenoaaie ia ?ani?ino?aiaiea,
yeniaaee?iaaiea, ia?anueeo e aeinoaaeo ia?eiaee/aneeo ecaeaiee. I?aaiaie oi?iie
i?aaeinoaaeaiey oneoa oaeaoiiiie nayce yaeyaony aeiaiai? aaiiaiaioiiai
ianeoaeeaaiey. Ia eiy i?aaei?eyoey, iieueciaaoaey ioe?uaaaony aaiiaiaio (iinea
iiaeeeth/aiey e niioaaonoaothuae naoe nayce e oieaou ca yoi aeeth/aiea
aiciaa?aaeaeaiey). Iniaaiiinoue aaiiaiaioiiai ianeoaeeaaiey ninoieo: 1) a
aann?i/iinoe ioiioaiee; 2) a iieaoa ca oneoae a oa/aiea ii?aaeaeaiiiai ia?eiaea
a?aiaie iacaaeneii io eiee/anoaa ia?aaiai?ia a yoio
(**1) NC ?O. -1997. -N40. -No.4602.
(**2) NC ?O. -1997. -N40. -No.4599.
(**3) NC ?O. -1997. -N11. -No.1318.
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ia?eiae (iieaoa ii oa?eoo) e iia?aiaiiay iieaoa ca a?aiy iieueciaaiey oaeaoiiiie
naoueth ianoiie e iaaeaeoai?iaeiie, i?iecaiaeeiay ca eaaeaeoth ieiooo nayce,
?aaoee?oaiuo iieacaieyie n/ao/eea. I?aaei?eyoey nayce, iaania/eaathuea oaeaoiiioth
naycue, eae i?aaeei, – i?aaei?eyoey- iiiiiieenou. Oa?eou ia oneoae nayce yoeo
i?aaei?eyoee ?aaoee?othony ainoaea?noaii iooai onoaiiaeaiey i?aaeaeueiiai o?iaiy
?aioaaaeueiinoe, ioaee/iinoueth aeiaiai?a ia ieacaiea oneoa, io?aneue nayce
?ac?aaioaea iaeiinoi?iiia auaiaeiua oi?iu aeiaiai?ia, a eioi?uo i?aaeoniao?eaaaony
ioaaonoaaiiinoue eeoue iieueciaaoaey, ii ia eniieieoaey. Iiyoiio i?aaei?eieiaoaeyi
e ae?oaei iieueciaaoaeyi oneoa nayce iaiaoiaeeii a eiie?aoiuo neo/ayo
?oeiaiaenoaiaaoueny niioaaonoaothueie ii?iaie Caeiia “I caueoa i?aa
iio?aaeoaeae”(*1). I?aaiaie oi?iie ieacaiey oneoa ii/oiaie nayce yaeyaony
aeiaiai? aeinoaaee ii/ou. Ii yoiio aeiaiai?o eniieieoaeue (ii/oa) iaycoaony
aeinoaaeoue ia?aaeaiiia ae ioi?aaeaiea (aauue, aeieoiaio, ii/oiaue ia?aaiae)
iieo/aoaeth, a ioi?aaeoaeue iaycoaony oieaoeoue ca aeinoaaeo onoaiiaeaiioth ieaoo.
Aeaiiue aeiaiai? i?aaenoaaeyao niaie aeiaiai? ii/oiaie yeniaaeeoeee. Aeiaiai?
o?ainii?oiie yeniaaeeoeee ioee/aaony oai, /oi ii niinianoaoao, i?aaeoanoaoao
aeiaiai?o ia?aaicee a?oca: yeniaaeeoi? eeai ioi?aaeyao a?ocu eeeaioa (naeaao eo
ia?aaic/eeo), eeai iieo/aao eo io iaai (ia?aaeaao a?ociiieo/aoaeth). A
niioaaonoaee n aeiaiai?ii ii/oiaie yeniaaeeoeee ii/oiaia i?aaei?eyoea iiaeao e ia
ia?auaoueny e oneoaai ia?aaic/eea: anee iii eiaao naie o?ainii?o, oi a i?aaeaeao
ai?iaea iiaeao naiinoiyoaeueii ia?aaiceoue ioi?aaeaiey; i?e eiiai?iaeieo
ioi?aaeaieyo ii/oiaia i?aaei?eyoea auaeaao iinueeo iieo/aoaeth, oioy ie
iieo/aoaeue, ie ioi?aaeoaeue n i?aaei?eyoeai nayce ae?oaiai ai?iaea aeiaiai? ia
caeeth/ae; ia anooiaao a i?aaiioiioaiey n ia?aaic/eeii ie ioi?aaeoaeue, ie
iieo/aoaeue, n iiiaioa naea/e aauae ia ii/oo i?aai nianoaaiiinoe ia ieo ia?aoiaeeo
e iieo/aoaeth. Ii aeiaiai?o yeniaaeeoeee i?aai nianoaaiiinoe ia a?oc, aaa?aiiue
yeniaaeeoi?o, aei ia?aaea/e aai ia?aaic/eeo i?eiaaeeaaeeo eeeaioo
(a?ociioi?aaeoaeth); i?e iaeniieiaiee eeai iaiaaeeaaeauai eniieiaiee iaycaoaeuenoaa
ii/oiaie aeinoaaee i?aoaicey e ene iiaoo aueaaue i?aaeuyaeaiu eae e i?aaei?eyoeth
nayce, i?eiyaoaio ii/oiaia ioi?aaeaiea, oae e e ii/oa ii ianoo iacia/aiey
ioi?aaeaiey (i. 125 oeacaiiuo I?aaee). I?e yoii a ea/anoaa enooea iiaeao
aunooiaoue eae ioi?aaeoaeue, oae e aae?anao. Aeiaiai? aeinoaaee ii/ou (ii/oiaie
aeinoaaee) niaea?aeeo yeaiaiou aeiaiai?ia eiiennee, o?aiaiey, ia?aaicee. Caeeth/ay
aeiaiai?
(**1) NC ?O. -1996. -N3. -No.140.
!!319
aeinoaaee ii/ou, i?aaei?eyoea nayce iaeiia?aiaiii aeaenoaoao eae i?aaenoaaeoaeue
ae?oaeo i?aaei?eyoee Ieienoa?noaa nayce ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee. Eiaiii iiyoiio
ii/oa ii ianoo iacia/aiey ioi?aaeaiey auaeaao aai aae?anaoo, ioaa/aao ca
ianio?aiiinoue ii/oiaiai ia?aaiaea, eiiai eiouanoaa. ?acia? ioaaonoaaiiinoe
i?aaei?eyoee ca oo?aoo, ii?/o, iaaeinoaaeo eee caaea?aeeo aeinoaaee ii/oiauo
ioi?aaeaiee e ae?. ia?ooaiey, onoaiiaeaiu a i. 132 I?aaee ieacaiey oneoa
ii/oiaie nayce. Iia ia?aie/aia ?acia?ii iiea/aiiiai ii/oiaiai oa?eoa eeai
?acia?ii i?e/eiaiiuo oauoeia.
* Caeii i nayce aiai?eo ia io?aia oaeeo
aaaeiuo eioa?ania eeeaioia eae oaeia ia?aienee, oaeaoiiiuo ia?aaiai?ia e
aeieoiaioaeueiuo niiauaiee. Iiae/a?eeaaaony iaycaiiinoue ?aaioieeia nayce niaethaeaoue
yoo oaeio. Ii aii?in ia ioaaonoaaiiinoe i?aaei?eyoee nayce ia?aae eeeaioaie ca
?acaeaoaiea ia?aaeaaaaiie eioi?iaoeee, a oii /enea yaeythuaeny eiiia?/aneie
oaeiie, ia ?aoai. Iaeiiaoe, neaaeoao caiaoeoue, /oi oneoae nayce iiaoo ieacuaaoue
eeoue i?aaei?eyoey, eiathuea niioaaonoaothuaa ?ac?aoaiea (eeoeaiceth), eioi?ia
auaeaaony Ieienoa?noaii nayce ?O. N?aaenoaa nayce, eniieuecoaiua a naoe
yeaeo?inayce, iiaeeaaeao na?oeoeeaoeee.
3. ONEOAE II O?AIAIETH EIOUANOAA.
Eaaaeueiia ii?aaeaeaiea aeiaiai?a o?aiaiey aeaii a no. 886 AE ?O. Ii aeiaiai?o
o?aiaiey iaeia noi?iia (o?aieoaeue) iaycoaony o?aieoue aauue, ia?aaeaiioth ae ae?oaie
noi?iiie (iieeaaeaaeaoaeai), e aica?aoeoue yoo aauue a nio?aiiinoe. A aeiaiai?a
o?aiaiey, a eioi?ii o?aieoaeai yaeyaony eiiia?/aneay i?aaiecaoeey eeai
iaeiiia?/aneay i?aaiecaoeey, inouanoaeythuay o?aiaiea a ea/anoaa iaeiie ec oeaeae
naiae i?ioanneiiaeueiie aeayoaeueiinoe (i?ioanneiiaeueiue o?aieoaeue), iiaeao auoue
i?aaeoniio?aia iaycaiiinoue o?aieoaey i?eiyoue ia o?aiaiea aauue io iieeaaeaaeaoaey a
i?aaeoniio?aiiue aeiaiai?ii n?ie. Ec yoiai ii?aaeaeaiey iiaeii naeaeaoue neaaeothuea
auaiaeu. Ai-ia?auo, aeiaiai? o?aiaiey yaeyaony ?aaeueiui, o.a. n/eoaaony
caeeth/aiiui n iiiaioa ia?aaea/e aaue o?aieoaeth. A oao neo/ayo, eiaaea aeiaiai?
caeeth/aaony n i?ioanneiiaeueiui o?aieoaeai, ii iiaeao auoue eiinainoaeueiui.
Ai-aoi?uo, iniiaiie oeaeueth aeiaiai?a yaeyaony iaania/aiea iaaeeaaeauae nio?aiiinoe
aaue eae io aiaoiaai aicaeaenoaey ie?oaeathuae n?aaeu, oae e io aiciiaeiinoe
i?enaiaiey (iioeuaiey) o?aoueeie eeoeaie. A-o?aoueeo, iaycaoaeuenoai o?aiaiey a
aieueoeinoaa neo/aaa aicieeaao ec aeiaiai?a, iaeiaei iiaeao aicieeiooue
!!320
a neeo caeiia, ec eiuo th?eaee/aneeo oaeoia. Iai?eia?, iaycaoaeuenoai o?aiaiey a
neeo caeiia aicieeaao i?e o?aiaiee aauanoaaiiuo aeieacaoaeuenoa (no. 63 AIE ?O).
Iaoaaeoee iioa?yiioth aauue aeieaeai o?aieoue yoo aauue o naay eee naeaoue aa ia
o?aiaiea a niioaaonoaothuee i?aai aei iaia?oaeaiey nianoaaiieea eee i?eia?aoaiey
i?aaa nianoaaiiinoe ia iaa (no. 227-228 AE ?O). A-/aoaa?ouo, iaycaiiinoue
o?aiaiey aaue a ?yaea neo/aaa aoiaeeo ninoaaiie /anoueth a eiua iaycaoaeuenoaa:
ia?aaicee, eiouanoaaiiiai iaeia, iiae?yaea, eiiennee, ii?o/aiey, eeai a ea/anoaa
aeiiieieoaeueiuo oneoa. Iiaeiaiua ioiioaiey eiatho ianoi i?e iieueciaaiee
ainoeieoeaie, ?anoi?aiaie, ia?eeiaoa?neeie. A-iyouo, i?aaeiaoii aeaiiiai aeiaiai?a
yaeythony oneoae ii o?aiaieth aeaeaeeiiai eiouanoaa. A-oanouo, a ea/anoaa o?aieoaey
iiaeao aunooiaoue eae a?aaeaeaiei- i?aaei?eieiaoaeue, oae e niaoeeaeece?iaaiiia
i?aaei?eyoea- o?aieoaeue (eaia?a o?aiaiey, neeaaeneea i?aaei?eyoey, oeaaeieiiaeiao e
o.i.). Ii iauaio i?aaeeo i naeaeeao (no. 161 AE ?O) ana aeiaiai?u o?aiaiey n
o/anoeai th?eaee/aneeo eeoe aeieaeiu auoue caeeth/aiu a i?inoie ienueiaiiie oi?ia.
Aeiaiai? o?aiaiey iaaeaeo a?aaeaeaiaie aeieaeai auoue niaa?oai a ienueiaiiii aeaea, anee
noieiinoue ia?aaeaaaaiie ia o?aiaiea aaue i?aauoaao ia iaiaa /ai a aeanyoue ?ac
onoaiiaeaiiue caeiiii ieieiaeueiue ?acia? iieaou o?oaea. Aeiaiai? o?aiaiey,
i?aaeoniao?eaathuee iaycaiiinoue o?aieoaey i?eiyoue aauue ia o?aiaiea
(eiinainoaeueiue aeiaiai?), aeieaeai auoue caeeth/ai a ienueiaiiie oi?ia iacaaeneii io
ninoaaa aai o/anoieeia e noieiinoe ia?aaeaaaaiie ia o?aiaiea aaoe. I?e yoii
i?inoay ienueiaiiay oi?ia aeiaiai?a o?aiaiey n/eoaaony niaethaeaiiie a neeo i?yiiai
oeacaiey caeiia ia oieueei a neo/aa, eiaaea i?eiyoea aaue ia o?aiaiea
oaeinoiaa?aii o?aieoaeai auaea/ae iieeaaeaaeaoaeth ienueiaiiiai aeieoiaioa,
iiaeienaiiiai o?aieoaeai (nio?aiiie ?anienee, eaeoaioeee, naeaeaoaeuenoaa eee eiiai
aeieoiaioa), ii e i?e eniieueciaaiee eaaeoeiaoeeiiiuo ciaeia – iiia?iiai aeaoiia
(iiia?a), eiiai ciaea, oaeinoiaa?ythuaai i?eai aaue ia o?aiaiea. Oaeay oi?ia
iiaeoaa?aeaeaiey i?eaia aauae ia o?aiaiea iiaeao auoue i?aaeoniio?aia caeiiii eee
eiui i?aaiaui aeoii eeai iau/ia aeey aeaiiiai aeaea o?aiaiey. Ec iauaai i?aaeea,
i?aaeoniao?eaathuaai eeoaiea noi?ii aiciiaeiinoe nnueaoueny ia naeaeaoaeueneea
iieacaiey i?e ianiaethaeaiee i?inoie ienueiaiiie oi?iu aeiaiai?a, ii?iu,
?aaoee?othuea o?aiaiea, onoaiaaeeaatho aeaa eneeth/aiey: 1) ia?aaea/a aaue ia
o?aiaiea i?e /?acau/aeiuo ianoiyoaeuenoaao (iiaea?a, noeoeeiii aaaenoaee,
aiacaiiie aieacie, oa?ica iaiaaeaiey e o.i.) iiaeao auoue aeieacaia naeaeaoaeueneeie
iieacaieyie; 2) ianiaethaeaiea i?inoie ienueiaiiie oi?iu
!!321
aeiaiai?a o?aiaiey ia eeoaao noi?iiu i?aaa nnueaoueny ia naeaeaoaeueneea iieacaiey
a neo/aa nii?a i oiaeaeanoaa aaue, i?eiyoie ia o?aiaiea, e aaue, aica?auaiiie
o?aieoaeai (no. 887 AE ?i). O?aiaiea iiaeao auoue ?acaeaeueiui, eiaaea eiouanoai
eeeaioa ia niaoeaaaony n aiaeiae/iuie aauaie ae?oaeo iieeaaeaaeaoaeae. Eiaiii yoa,
eiaeeaeaeoaeueii- ii?aaeaeaiiay aauue aeieaeia auoue aica?auaia eeeaioo ii ieii/aiee
o?aiaiey. Aiciiaeii o?aiaiea aauae n iaacee/aieai (iai?eia?, ca?ii ia ^
yeaaaoi?a, iaooai?iaeoeou ia iaooaaaca). A aaeii neo/aa eeeaioo aica?auaaony ia
oi aea naiia eiouanoai, a ?aaiia eiee/anoai oiaa?a oaeiai aea ?iaea e ea/anoaa.
I?aaeiaoii oaeiai o?aiaiey yaeythony aaue, ii?aaeaeaiiua ?iaeiauie i?eciaeaie.I?e
o?aiaiee n iaacee/aieai onoaiaaeeaaaony iauay aeieaaay nianoaaiiinoue eeoe,
naeaaoeo eiouanoai ia o?aiaiea. O?aieoaeue iaycai o?aieoue aauue a oa/aiee
iaoneiaeaiiiai aeiaiai?ii n?iea.
Anee n?ie o?aiaiey aeiaiai?ii ia i?aaeoniio?ai e ia iiaeao auoue ii?aaeaeai enoiaey
ec aai oneiaee, o?aieoaeue iaycai o?aieoue aauue aei aino?aaiaaiey aa
iieeaaeaaeaoaeai. Anee n?ie o?aiaiey ii?aaeaeai iiiaioii naea/e aaue
iieeaaeaaeaoaeai, o?aieoaeue ai?aaa ii enoa/aiee iau/iiai i?e aeaiiuo
ianoiyoaeuenoaao n?iea o?aiaiey aaue iio?aaiaaoue io iieeaaeaaeaoaey acyoue ia?aoii
aauue, i?aaeinoaaea aio aeey yoiai ?acoiiue n?ie. Iaeniieiaiea iieeaaeaaeaoaeai yoie
iaycaiiinoe i?aaeinoaaeyao i?aai o?aieoaeth naiinoiyoaeueii i?iaeaoue aauue ii oeaia,
neiaeeaoaeny a ianoa o?aiaiey. Anee noieiinoue aaue ii ioeaiea i?aauoaao noi
onoaiiaeaiiuo caeiiii ieieiaeueiuo ?acia?ia iieaou o?oaea aeaoue aa n aoeoeeiia a
onoaiiaeaiiii ii?yaeea(no. 899 AE ?O). Noiia, au?o/aiiay io i?iaeaaee aaue,
ia?aaeaaony iieeaaeaaeaoaeth ca au/aoii noii, i?e/eoathueony o?aieoaeth, a oii /enea
aai ?anoiaeia ia i?iaeaaeo aaue. Caeiiiaeaoaeue iniai auaeaeyao o?aiaiea aauae n
iianiuie naienoaaie (no 894 AE ?O). A neo/aa, anee iieeaaeaaeaoaeue ia i?aaeoi?aaeee
o?aieoaey ia iianiuo naienoaao aauae eeai ia?aaeae i?ioanneiiaeueiiio o?aieoaeth
iiae iai?aaeeueiui iaeiaiiaaieai e ec ia?oaeiiai iniio?a iaeuecy oaeinoiaa?eoueny a
eo iianiuo naienoaao, oi iieeaaeaaeaoaeue iaycai aicianoeoue oauoee eae o?aieoaeth,
oae e o?aoueei eeoeai, anee iie auee i?e/eiaiu a nayce n o?aiaieai yoeo aauae.
Anee aaue n iianiuie naienoaaie auee i?eiyou ia o?aiaiea n niaeaney o?aieoaey,
ii ianiio?y ia niaethaeaiea oneiaee o?aiaiey noaee iianiuie aeey ie?oaeathueo,
o?aieoaeue ai?aaa eo oie/oiaeeoue e ia aoaeao ianoe ioaaonoaaiiinoe ia?aae
iieeaaeaaeaoaeai, anee o?aieoaeue ia iiaeao iio?aaiaaoue io iieeaaeaaeaoaey iaiaaeeaiii
caa?aoue yoe aaue eeai
!!322
iieeaaeaaeaoaeue ia auiieiyao yoi o?aaiaaiea. Iaeiaei a iineaaeiai neo/aa
iieeaaeaaeaoaeue ia ianao ioaaonoaaiiinoe ca oauoee, i?e/eiaiiua o?aiaieai aauae n
iianiuie naienoaaie o?aieoaeth eeai o?aoueei eeoeai. Niaea?aeaiea aeiaiai?a o?aiaiey
iai?aaeaii ia iaania/aiea nio?aiiinoe, naycaii n iaycaiiinoueth nio?aieoue
eiouanoai eae io oeuaiey o?aoueeie eeoeaie, oae e io ii?/e, iia?aaeaeaiey, eai
o?aieoaeue iaycai aa?iooue aauue a oii ninoiyiee, a eaeii iia auea i?eiyoa ia
o?aiaiea n o/aoii aa anoanoaaiiiai oooaeoaiey, anoanoaaiiie oauee eee eiiai
eciaiaiey anoanoaaiiuo naienoa. O?aieoaeue ia ai?aaa aac niaeaney iieeaaeaaeaoaey
iieueciaaoueny ia?aaeaiiie ia o?aiaiea aauueth, a ?aaii i?aaeinoaaeyoue aiciiaeiinoue
iieueciaaiey ath o?aoueei eeoeai, ca eneeth/aieai neo/aaa, eiaaea iieueciaaiea
o?aieiie aauueth iaiaoiaeeii aeey iaania/aiey nio?aiiinoe e ia i?ioeai?a/eo
aeiaiai?o o?aiaiey. Iauai o?aaiaaiee, i?aaeuyaeyaiuo e o?aieoaeth ii iaania/aieth
oneiaee nio?aiiinoe eiouanoaa caaeneo io oiai, yaeyaony eee iao aeiaiai?
aiciacaeiui. I?e caeeth/aiee aiciacaeiiai aeiaiai?a o?aieoaeue iaycai i?eiyoue ana
i?aaeoniio?aiiua aeiaiai?ii o?aiaiey ia?u aeey oiai, /oiau iaania/eoue nio?aiiinoue
ia?aaeaiiie ia o?aiaiea aaue. Aeaaea i?e ionoonoaee a aeiaiai?a oaeeo oneiaee
o?aieoaeue aeieaeai i?eiyoue aeey nio?aiaiey aaue ia?u, niioaaonoaothuea iau/ayi
aeaeiaiai iai?ioa e nouanoao iaycaoaeuenoaa, a oii /enea e naienoaai ia?aaeaiiie
ia o?aiaiea aaue, anee oieueei iaiaoiaeeiinoue i?eiyoey oaeeo ia? ia eneeth/aia
aeiaiai?ii. Iaycaoaeueiinoue iaeioi?uo ia? i?aaeoniio?aia caeiiii, i?aaiauie aeoaie
(i?ioeaiiiaea?iua, naieoa?iua, io?aiiua e o.i.). Anee o?aiaiea inouanoaeyaony
aacaiciacaeii, oi e o?aieoaeth i?aaeuyaeyaony ai?acaei iaiueoa o?aaiaaiee. Ii iaycai
caaioeoueny i i?eiyoie ia o?aiaiea aaue ia iaiaa, /ai i naieo aauao. Anee
aeiaiai? yaeyaony aiciacaeiui, iieeaaeaaeaoaeue iaycai oieaoeoue o?aieoaeth
aiciaa?aaeaeaiea ca o?aiaiea. Ii iauaio i?aaeeo, iieaoa i?iecaiaeeony ii ieii/aiee
o?aiaiey (anee auieaoa aiciaa?aaeaeaiey i?aaeoniao?eaaaony ii ia?eiaeai, oi ii
ieii/aiee eaaeaeiai niioaaonoaothuaai ia?eiaea). Aiciauaiea ?anoiaeia ia o?aiaiea
i?iecaiaeeony, anee aeiaiai? iineo aacaiciacaeiue oa?aeoa?. A aiciacaeiuo aeiaiai?ao
aiciaa?aaeaeaiea aeeth/aao a naay e ?anoiaeu ia o?aiaiea. O?aieoaeue ioaa/aao ca
oo?aoo, iaaeinoa/o eee iia?aaeaeaiea aauae, i?eiyouo ia o?aiaiea, ii iniiaaieyi,
i?aaeoniio?aiiui no. 401 AE ?O. I?ioanneiiaeueiue o?aieoaeue ioaa/aao ca oo?aoo,
iaaeinoa/o eee iia?aaeaeaiea aauae, anee ia aeieaaeao, /oi oo?aoa, iaaeinoa/a eee
iia?aaeaeaiea i?iecioee aneaaenoaea iai?aiaeieeiie neeu, eeai ec-ca
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naienoaa aaue, i eioi?uo o?aieoaeue, i?eieiay aa ia o?aiaiea, ia ciae e ia
aeieaeai aue ciaoue, eeai a ?acoeueoaoa oiunea eee a?oaie iainoi?iaeiinoe
iieeaaeaaeaoaey. Ca oo?aoo, iaaeinoa/o eee iia?aaeaeaiea i?eiyouo ia o?aiaiea aauae
iinea oiai, eae ianooieea iaycaiiinoue iieeaaeaaeaoaey acyoue yoe aaue ia?aoii,
o?aieoaeue ioaa/aao eeoue i?e iaee/ee n aai noi?iiu oiunea eee a?oaie
iainoi?iaeiinoe. ?acia? ioaaonoaaiiinoe o?aieoaey caaeneo io oiai, yaeyaony eee
iao aeiaiai? o?aiaiey aiciacaeiui. Caeiiii i?aaeoniio?aiu neaaeothuea i?aaeea. Anee
aeiaiai? o?aiaiey aiciacaeiue, oi o?aieoaeue.aiciauaao oauoee, i?e/eiaiiua
iieeaaeaaeaoaeth oo?aoie, iaaeinoa/ae eee iia?aaeaeaieai aauae a niioaaonoaee ni no.
393 AE ?O a iieiii iauaia. Oaeei ia?acii, aiciauaaony ?aaeueiue oua?a e
iaiieo/aiiue aeioiae, anee caeiiii eee aeiaiai?ii ia i?aaeoniio?aii eiia. I?e
aacaiciacaeiii o?aiaiee oauoee, i?e/eiaiiua iieeaaeaaeaoaeth oo?aoie, iaaeinoa/ae
eee iia?aaeaeaieai aauae, aiciauathony:
1) ca oo?aoo e iaaeinoa/o aauae – a ?acia?a noieiinoe oo?a/aiiuo eee
iaaeinoathueo aauae;
2) ca iia?aaeaeaiea aauae – a ?acia?a noiiu, ia eioi?oth nieceeanue eo
noieiinoue.
Anee a ?acoeueoaoa iia?aaeaeaiey, ca eioi?ia o?aieoaeue ioaa/aao, ea/anoai aaue
eciaieeinue ianoieueei, /oi iia ia iiaeao auoue eniieueciaaia ii ia?aiia/aeueiiio
iacia/aieth, iieeaaeaaeaoaeue ai?aaa io iaa ioeacaoueny e iio?aaiaaoue io o?aieoaey
aiciauaiey noieiinoe yoie aaue, a oaeaea ae?oaeo oauoeia, anee eiia ia
i?aaeoniio?aii caeiiii eee aeiaiai?ii o?aiaiey. Iieeaaeaaeaoaeue iaycai aicianoeoue
o?aieoaeth oauoee, i?e/eiaiiua naienoaaie naeaiiie ia o?aiaiea aaue, anee
o?aieoaeue, i?eieiay aauue, ia ciae e ia aeieaeai aue ciaoue ia yoeo naienoaao.
A?aaeaeaineee eiaeaen ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee auaeaeyao a ea/anoaa ?aciiaeaeiinoe
o?aiaiey aeiaiai? neeaaeneiai o?aiaiey e niaoeeaeueiua aeaeu o?aiaiey. Ii aeiaiai?o
neeaaeneiai o?aiaiey oiaa?iue neeaae (o?aieoaeue) iaycoaony ca aiciaa?aaeaeaiea
o?aieoue oiaa?u, ia?aaeaiiua aio oiaa?iaeaaeaeueoeai (iieeaaeaaeaoaeai), e aica?aoeoue
yoe oiaa?u a nio?aiiinoe. Oiaa?iui neeaaeii i?eciaaony i?aaiecaoeey,
inouanoaeythuay a ea/anoaa i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie aeayoaeueiinoe o?aiaiea oiaa?ia e
ieacuaathuay naycaiiua n o?aiaieai oneoae. Aeaiiua aeiaiai?u caeeth/athony a
ienueiaiiie oi?ia. I?e yoii ienueiaiiay oi?ia n/eoaaony niaethaeaiiie, anee
i?eiyoea oiaa?a ia o?aiaiea oaeinoiaa?aii neeaaeneei aeieoiaioii. Ia?a/aiue
neeaaeneeo aeieoiaioia i?eaaaeai a no. 912 AE ?O e yaeyaony en/a?iuaathuei. E iei
ioiinyony: aeaieiia neeaaeneia naeaeaoaeuenoai, i?inoia neeaaeneia naeaeaoaeuenoai e
neeaaeneay
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eaeoaioeey. Neeaaeneay eaeoaioeey – yoi iau/iue ienueiaiiue aeieoiaio. Aeaieiia
neeaaeneia naeaeaoaeuenoai e i?inoia neeaaeneia naeaeaoaeuenoai yaeythony oeaiiuie
aoiaaaie. I?e yoii neeaaeneea naeaeaoaeuenoaa i?eciathony oiaa?i?anii?yaeeoae ueiuie
aeieoiaioaie: eo ia?aaea/a icia/aao ia?aaea/o i?aaa ia o?aieiua ia neeaaea oiaa?u.
Oiaa?u, naeaiiua ia neeaae ii neeaaeneei naeaeaoaeuenoaai, iiaoo auoue i?aaeiaoii
caeiaa. Caeia o?aieiuo oiaa?ia inouanoaeyaony iooai caeiaa niioaaonoaothuaai
naeaeaoaeuenoaa. Caeii onoaiaaeeaaao aeanoeea o?aaiaaiey e oi?ia aeaieiiai
neeaaeneiai naeaeaoaeuenoaa. Iii aeieaeii niaea?aeaoue ana ?aeaeceou, ia?a/eneaiiua a
no. 913 AE ?O. Aeieoiaio, ia niioaaonoaothuee yoei o?aaiaaieyi, ia yaeyaony
aeaieiui neeaaeneei naeaeaoaeuenoaii. I?aaa aea?aeaoaeae aeaieiiai neeaaeneiai
naeaeaoaeuenoaa e ioaeaeueiuo aai /anoae ?acee/iu a ioiioaiee oiaa?a. Aea?aeaoaeue
neeaaeneiai e caeiaiaiai naeaeaoaeuenoa eiaao i?aai ?anii?yaeaiey o?aiyueiny ia
neeaaea oiaa?ii a iieiii iauaia. Aea?aeaoaeue neeaaeneiai naeaeaoaeuenoaa, ioaeaeaiiiai
io caeiaiaiai naeaeaoaeuenoaa, ai?aaa ?anii?yaeaoueny oiaa?ii, ii ia iiaeao acyoue
aai ni neeaaea aei iiaaoaiey e?aaeeoa, auaeaiiiai ii caeiaiaiio naeaeaoaeuenoao.
Aea?aeaoaeue caeiaiaiai naeaeaoaeuenoaa, eiie, /ai aea?aeaoaeue neeaaeneiai
naeaeaoaeuenoaa, eiaao i?aai caeiaa ia oiaa? a ?acia?a auaeaiiiai ii caeiaiaiio
naeaeaoaeuenoao e?aaeeoa e i?ioeaioia ii iaio. I?e caeiaa oiaa?a ia yoii aeaeaaony
ioiaoea ia neeaaeneii naeaeaoaeuenoaa. I?inoia neeaaeneia naeaeaoaeuenoai yaeyaony
oeaiiie aoiaaie ia i?aaeuyaeoaey. Aai ?aeaeceou niaiaaeatho n ?aeaeceoaie aeaieiiai
neeaaeneiai naeaeaoaeuenoaa ca eneeth/aieai oeacaiey eeoea, io eioi?iai aue i?eiyo
oiaa?. Acaiai a i?inoii neeaaeneii naeaeaoaeuenoaa aeieaeii auoue oeacaii, /oi iii
auaeaii ia i?aaeuyaeoaey. Aeiaiai? o?aiaiey ia oiaa?iii neeaaea oa?aeoa?ecoaony e
iniauie i?aaaie e iaycaiiinoyie noi?ii. I?e i?eaia oiaa?ia ia o?aiaiea neeaae
iaycai ca naie n/ao i?iecaanoe iniio? oiaa?a e ii?aaeaeeoue eo eiee/anoai e
aiaoiaa ninoiyiea; iaycai i?aaeinoaaeoue oiaa?iaeaaeaeueoeo ai a?aiy o?aiaiey I
aiciiaeiinoue iniao?eaaoue oiaa?u eee eo ia?acoeu, anee o?aiaiea inouanoaeyaony n
iaacee/aieai, a?aoue i?iau e i?eieiaoue ia?u, iaiaoiaeeiua aeey iaania/aiey
nio?aiiinoe oiaa?ia; iaycai oaaaeiieoue oiaa?iaeaaeaeueoea i i?eiyouo ia?ao, anee
o?aaiaaeinue nouanoaaiii eciaieoue oneiaey o?aiaiey oiaa?ia, i?aaeoniio?aiiua
aeiaiai?ii. A neo/aa iaiaoiaeeiinoe oiaa?iue neeaae iiaeao eciaieoue oneiaey
o?aiaiey naiinoiyoaeueii, anee yoi o?aaoaony aeey iaania/aiey nio?aiiinoe
oiaa?ia.
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I?e aica?auaiee oiaa?a oiaa?iaeaaeaeueoeo eaaeaeay ec noi?ii eiaao i?aai o?aaiaaoue
aai iniio?a e i?iaa?ee eiee/anoaa. ?anoiaeu i?e yoii ianao oa noi?iia, eioi?ay
iio?aaiaaea i?iaa?ee. Cayaeaiea i iaaeinoa/a eee iia?aaeaeaiee oiaa?a aneaaenoaea
aai iaiaaeeaaeauaai o?aiaiey aeieaeii auoue naeaeaii neeaaeo ienueiaiii i?e iieo/aiee
oiaa?a, a a ioiioaiee iaaeinoa/e eee iia?aaeaeaiey, eioi?ua ia iiaee auoue
iaia?oaeaiu i?e iau/iii niiniaa i?eiyoey oiaa?a, a oa/aiea o?ao aeiae ii aai
iieo/aiee. I?e ionoonoaee oaeiai cayaeaiey n/eoaaony, /oi oiaa? aica?auai
neeaaeii a niioaaonoaee n oneiaeyie aeiaiai?a, anee ia aeieacaii eiia. A?aaeaeaineee
eiaeaen ?O, eae oaea oeacuaaeinue, i?aaeoniao?eaaao e niaoeeaeueiua aeaeu o?aiaiey:
o?aiaiea a eiiaa?aea, o?aiaiea oeaiiinoae a aaiea, o?aiaiea a eaia?ao o?aiaiey
o?ainii?oiuo i?aaiecaoeee; o?aiaiea a aa?aea?iaao i?aaiecaoeee, o?aiaiea a
ainoeieoea e o?aiaiea aauae, yaeythueony i?aaeiaoii nii?a (naeaano?). Aeiaiai?
o?aiaiey a eiiaa?aea aauae, i?eiaaeeaaeaueo a?aaeaeaieio, yaeyaony ioaee/iui
aeiaiai?ii. Aeiaiai? oaeiai oeia caeeth/aaony a ienueiaiiie oi?ia. Yoi
oaeinoiaa?yaony auaea/ae eiiaa?aeii iieeaaeaaeaoaeth eiaiiie nio?aiiie eaeoaioeee.
Naeaaaaiay ia o?aiaiea a eiiaa?ae aauue ioeaieaaaony ii niaeaoaieth noi?ii, enoiaey
ec oeai aauae oaeiai ?iaea e ea/anoaa, neiaeeaoeony a oi?aiaea a iiiaio e a ianoa
eo i?eiyoey ia o?aiaiea. Eiiaa?ae iaycai no?aoiaaoue a iieueco iieeaaeaaeaoaey ca
naie n/ao i?eiyoua ia o?aiaiea aaue a iieiie noiia eo ioeaiee. Anee aauue,
naeaiiay ia o?aiaiea a eiiaa?ae, ia aino?aaiaaia iieeaaeaaeaoaeai a onoaiiaeaiiue
aeiaiai?ii n?ie, eiiaa?ae o?aieo aa a oa/aiea aeaoo ianyoeaa n aceiaieai ca yoi
onoaiiaeaiiie aeiaiai?ii ieaou. Ii enoa/aiee yoiai n?iea iaaino?aaiaaiiay aauue
iiaeao auoue i?iaeaia eiiaa?aeii a onoaiiaeaiiii i. 5 no. 358 AE ?O ii?yaeea. Ec
noiiu, au?o/aiiie io i?iaeaaee iaaino?aaiaaiiie aaue, iiaaoathony ieaoa ca aa
o?aiaiea e eiua i?e/eoathueany eiiaa?aeo ieaoaaee. Inoaoie noiiu aica?auaaony
eiiaa?aeii iieeaaeaaeaoaeth. Iaeiaei eiiaa?aeu iieo/eee naia ?ani?ino?aiaiea ai anai
ie?a ia a nayce ni niaoeeaeueiui aeaeii o?aiaiey eae iniaie i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie
aeayoaeueiinoe, a eae i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoai ii caeiao aauae a eiiaa?aea. Caeia aauae
a eiiaa?aea – yoi caeia i?eiaaeeaaeauaai a?aaeaeaiai aeaeaeeiiai eiouanoaa,
i?aaeiacia/aiiiai aeey ee/iiai iio?aaeaiey, a iaania/aiea e?aoein?i/iuo e?aaeeoia.
Caeiaiaea?aeaoaeai ii oaeei aeiaiai?ai iiaoo aunooiaoue eeoue niaoeeaeece?iaaiiua
i?aaiecaoeee – eiiaa?aeu. Aeey caiyoey yoei aeaeii i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie aeayoaeueiinoe
eiiaa?aeu aeieaeiu eiaoue niioaaonoaothuoth eeoeaiceth. Caeeth/aiea aeiaiai?a i caeiaa
aauae a eiiaa?aea oaeinoiaa?yaony |
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auaea/ae eiiaa?aeii caeiaiaiai aeeaoa. Caeeaaeuaaaiua aaue ai anao neo/ayo aeieaeiu
auoue ia?aaeaiu caeiaiaea?aeaoaeth – eiiaa?aeo(*1). Eiiaa?ae i?eieiaao ee/iua aaue io
a?aaeaeai ia i?inoi ia o?aiaiea, a a iaania/aiea e?aoein?i/iuo e?aaeeoia (no. 358
AE ?O). Eiiaa?ae iaycai no?aoiaaoue a iieueco caeiaiaeaoaey ca naie n/ao i?eiyoua a
caeia aaue a iieiie noiia eo ioeaiee. Ii ianao ioaaonoaaiiinoue ca oo?aoo e
iia?aaeaeaiea caeiaeaiiuo aauae, anee ia aeieaaeao, /oi oo?aoa eee iia?aaeaeaiea
i?iecioee aneaaenoaea iai?aiaeieeiie neeu. A neo/aa iaaica?auaiey a onoaiiaeaiiue
n?ie noiiu e?aaeeoa, iaania/aiiiai caeiaii aauae a eiiaa?aea, eiiaa?ae ai?aaa ia
iniiaaiee eniieieoaeueiie iaaeiene iioa?eona ii enoa/aiee eueaioiiai iany/iiai
n?iea i?iaeaoue yoi eiouanoai a ii?yaeea, onoaiiaeaiiii aeey ?aaeecaoeee caeiaeaiiiai
eiouanoaa (ii. 3,4,6,7 no. 350 AE ?O). Iinea yoiai o?aaiaaiey eiiaa?aea e
caeiaiaeaoaeth (aeieaeieeo) iiaaoathony, aeaaea anee noiia, au?o/aiiay i?e ?aaeecaoeee
caeiaeaiiiai eiouanoaa, iaaeinoaoi/ia aeey eo iieiiai oaeiaeaoai?aiey. I?aaeea
e?aaeeoiaaiey a?aaeaeai iiae caeia aauae a eiiaa?aea aeieaeiu onoaiaaeeaaoueny
ioaeaeueiui caeiiii. Iaeiaei AE ?O niaea?aeeo aeanoeia o?aaiaaiea, caueuathuaa
eioa?anu caeiaiaeaoaey: oneiaey aeiaiai?a i caeiaa aauae a eiiaa?aea
(ia?aie/eaathuea i?aaa caeiaiaeaoaey ii n?aaiaieth n i?aaaie, i?aaeinoaaeaiiuie aio
naiei AE ?O e eiuie caeiiaie) ie/oiaeiu. Aianoi oaeeo oneiaee i?eiaiythony
niioaaonoaothuea iieiaeaiey caeiia. Oneoaa ii o?aiaieth oeaiiinoae a aaiea
inouanoaeyaony oieueei a ioiioaiee oceiai e?oaa i?aaeiaoia. Ia o?aiaiea a aaiea
i?eieiathony oeaiiua aoiaae, ae?aaioeaiiua iaoaeeu e eaiie, eiua ae?aaioeaiiua aaue e
ae?oaea oeaiiinoe, a oii /enea aeieoiaiou. O?aiaiea oeaiiinoae a aaiea
inouanoaeyaony ia iniiaaiee aeiaiai?a o?aiaiey oeaiiinoae, caeeth/aiea eioi?iai
oaeinoiaa?yaony auaea/ae aaieii iieeaaeaaeaoaeth eiaiiiai nio?aiiiai aeieoiaioa,
i?aaeuyaeaiea eioi?iai yaeyaony iniiaaieai aeey auaea/e o?aieiuo oeaiiinoae
iieeaaeaaeaoaeth. Aeiaiai?ii o?aiaiey oeaiiinoae a aaiea iiaeao auoue i?aaeoniio?aii eo
o?aiaiea n eniieueciaaieai iieeaaeaaeaoaeai (eeeaioii) eee n i?aaeinoaaeaieai aio
io?aiyaiiai aaieii eiaeeaeaeoaeueiiai aaieianeiai naeoa (y/aeee naeoa,
eciee?iaaiiiai iiiauaiey a aaiea). Ii aeiaiai?o o?aiaiey oeaiiinoae a
eiaeeaeaeoaeueiii aaieianeii naeoa eeeaioo i?aaeinoaaeyaony i?aai naiiio iiiauaoue
oeaiiinoe a naeo e ecuiaoue eo ec naeoa, aeey /aai aio aeieaeiu auoue auaeaiu eeth/ io
naeoa, ea?oi/ea, iicaieythuay eaeaioeoeoee?iaaoue eeeaioa, eeai
(**1) A?aaeineee I.E., Aeo?yineee A.A. Aeiaiai?iia i?aai: iauea iieiaeaiey. -I:
1997. -N.442.
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eiie ciae eee aeieoiaio, oaeinoiaa?ythuea i?aai eeeaioa ia aeinooi e naeoo e aai
niaea?aeeiiio. Oneiaeyie aeiaiai?a iiaeao auoue i?aaeoniio?aii i?aai eeeaioa ?aaioaoue
a aaiea n oeaiiinoyie, o?aieiuie a eiaeeaeaeoaeueiii naeoa. Caeiiiaeaoaeue
onoaiaaeeaaao aeaa aa?eaioa aeiaiai?a o?aiaiey oeaiiinoae a aaiea a caaeneiinoe io
o/anoey eee iao/anoey aaiea a i?eaiea oeaiiinoae ia o?aiaiea. A neo/aa
eniieueciaaiey eeeaioii eiaeeaeaeoaeueiiai naeoa aaie i?eieiaao io eeeaioa
oeaiiinoe, inouanoaeyao eiio?ieue ca eo iiiauaieai a naeo, ecuyoeai ec naeoa e
iinea ecuyoey aica?auaao eo eeeaioo. Ii aeiaiai?o o?aiaiey oeaiiinoae a aaiea n
i?aaeinoaaeaieai eeeaioo eiaeeaeaeoaeueiiai aaieianeiai naeoa aaie iaania/eaaao
eeeaioo aiciiaeiinoue iiiauaiey oeaiiinoae a naeo e ecuyoey eo ec naeoa aia
/ueaai-eeai eiio?iey, a oii /enea e eiio?iey ni noi?iiu aaiea. A yoii neo/aa
aaie iaycai inouanoaeyoue eiio?ieue ca aeinooiii a iiiauaiea, aaea iaoiaeeony
i?aaeinoaaeaiiue eeeaioo naeo. Ii oaeiio aeiaiai?o aaie inaiaiaeaeaaony io
ioaaonoaaiiinoe ca nio?aiiinoue niaea?aeeiiai naeoa, anee eiia ia i?aaeoniio?aii
aeiaiai?ii e anee aaie aeieaaeao, /oi ii oneiaeyi o?aiaiey aeinooi eiai- eeai e
naeoo aac aaaeiia eeeaioa aue iaaiciiaeai eeai noae aiciiaeiui aneaaenoaea
iai?aiaeieeiie neeu. A aeaiiii neo/aa e aeiaiai?o i?eiaiythony ii?iu i aeiaiai?a
a?aiaeu.
Aeiaiai? o?aiaiey aauae a eaia?ao o?aiaiey o?ainii?oiuo i?aaiecaoeee yaeyaony
ioaee/iui aeiaiai?ii. Iaoiaeyueany a aaaeaiee o?ainii?oiuo i?aaiecaoeee iauaai
iieueciaaiey eaia?u o?aiaiey iaycaiu i?eieiaoue ia o?aiaiea aaue a?aaeaeai
iacaaeneii io iaee/ey o ieo i?iacaeiuo aeeaoia. A iiaeoaa?aeaeaiea i?eiyoey aaue ia
o?aiaiea a eaia?o o?aiaiey (ca eneeth/aieai aaoiiaoe/aneeo eaia?) iieeaaeaaeaoaeth
auaeaaony eaeoaioeey eee iiia?iie aeaoii. A neo/aa oo?aou eo aauue auaeaaony
iieeaaeaaeaoaeth ii i?aaenoaaeaiee aeieacaoaeuenoa i?eiaaeeaaeiinoe aio yoie aaue. N?ie
o?aiaiey onoaiaaeeaaaony niioaaonoaothuei o?ainii?oiui caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii, anee
noi?iiu ia aeiaiai?eeenue i aieaa aeeeoaeueiii n?iea. Ii enoa/aiee yoiai n?iea
iaaino?aaiaaiiua aaue aeieaeiu o?aieoueny o?eaeoeaoue aeiae, a iioii iiaoo auoue
i?iaeaiu a ii?yaeea, i?aaeoniio?aiiii ioieoii 2 no. 899 e no. 447-449 AE ?O, o.a.
n aoeoeeiia. Oauoee iieeaaeaaeaoaey aneaaenoaea oo?aou, iaaeinoa/e eee iia?aaeaeaiey
aauae, naeaiiuo ia o?aiaiea, a i?aaeaeao noiiu eo ioeaiee iieeaaeaaeaoaeai i?e naea/a
ia o?aiaiea iiaeeaaeao aiciauaieth o?aieoaeai a oa/aiea 24 /ania n iiiaioa
i?aaeuyaeaiey o?aaiaaiey ia eo aiciauaiee. O?aiaiea a aa?aea?iaao i?aaiecaoeee, a
oii /enea o?aiaiea aa?oiae iaeaaeaeu, aieiaiuo oai?ia e eiuo iiaeiaiuo aauae,
inoaaeyaueuo
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aac naea/e eo ia o?aiaiea a?aaeaeaiaie a ianoao, ioaaaeaiiuo aeey yoeo oeaeae a
i?aaiecaoeeyo e n?aaenoaao o?ainii?oa, i?aaeiieaaaaony aacaiciacaeiui, anee
aiciaa?aaeaeaiea ca o?aiaiea ia iaiai?aii eee eiui i/aaeaeiui niiniaii ia
iaoneiaeaii i?e naea/a aaue ia o?aiaiea. Ii e i?e aacaiciacaeiii oa?aeoa?a
aeiaiai?a o?aieoaeue iaycai i?eiyoue aeey iaania/aiey nio?aiiinoe aaue ana
iaiaoiaeeiua ia?u. Ainoeieoea ioaa/aao eae o?aieoaeue e aac iniaiai i oii
niaeaoaiey n i?iaeeaathuei a iae eeoeii (iinoiyeueoeai) ca oo?aoo, iaaeinoa/o eee
iia?aaeaeaiea aai aauae, aianaiiuo a ainoeieoeo, ca eneeth/aieai aeaiaa, eiuo
aaethoiuo oeaiiinoae, oeaiiuo aoiaa e ae?oaeo ae?aaioeaiiuo aauae. Ca oo?aoo
iineaaeieo ainoeieoea ioaa/aao i?e oneiaee, anee iie auee i?eiyou ainoeieoeae ia
o?aiaiea eeai auee iiiauaiu iinoiyeueoeai a i?aaeinoaaeaiiue aio ainoeieoeae
eiaeeaeaeoaeueiue naeo iacaaeneii io oiai, iaoiaeeony yoio naeo a aai iiia?a eee a
eiii iiiauaiee ainoeieoeu. Ainoeieoea inaiaiaeaeaaony io ioaaonoaaiiinoe ca
ianio?aiiinoue niaea?aeeiiai oaeiai naeoa, anee aeieaaeao, /oi ii oneiaeyi o?aiaiey
aeinooi eiai-eeai e naeoo aac aaaeiia iinoiyeueoea aue iaaiciiaeai, eeai noae
aiciiaeiui aneaaenoaea iai?aiaeieeiie neeu. Iinoiyeaoe, iaia?oaeeaoee oo?aoo,
iaaeinoa/o eee iia?aaeaeaiea naieo aauae, iaycai aac i?iiaaeeaiey cayaeoue ia yoii
aaeieieno?aoeee ainoeieoeu. A i?ioeaiii neo/aa ainoeieoea inaiaiaeaeaaony io
ioaaonoaaiiinoe ca ianio?aiiinoue aauae. Iauyaeaiea ainoeieoeu i oii, /oi iia ia
i?eieiaao ia naay ioaaonoaaiiinoe ca ianio?aiiinoue aauae iinoiyeueoeaa, ia
inaiaiaeaeaao aa io ioaaonoaaiiinoe, eai caeii onoaiaaeeaaao, /oi aianaiiay a
ainoeieoeo aauue, eeai aauue, iiiauaiiay a ainoeie/iii iiia?a eee eiii
i?aaeiacia/aiiii aeey yoiai ianoa, n/eoaaony aaa?aiiie ?aaioieeai ainoeieoeu.
I?aaeea, onoaiiaeaiiua aeey o?aiaiey a ainoeieoeao, ?ani?ino?aiythony oaeaea ia
ioiioaiey o?aiaiey aauae a?aaeaeai a iioaeyo, aeiiao ioaeuoa, iaineiiaoao,
naiaoi?eyo, aaiyo e ae?oaeo iiaeiaiuo i?aaiecaoeeyo. Naieie iniaaiiinoyie
ioee/aaony oneoaa ii o?aiaieth aauae, yaeythueony i?aaeiaoii nii?a (naeaano?). Ii
aeiaiai?o i naeaano?a aeaa eee ianeieueei eeoe, iaaeaeo eioi?uie aiciee nii? i i?aaa
ia aauue, ia?aaeatho yoo aauue ia o?aiaiea o?aoueaio eeoeo, i?eieiathuaio ia naay
iaycaiiinoue ii ?ac?aoaiee nii?a aica?aoeoue aauue oiio eeoeo, eioi?iio iia aoaeao
i?enoaeaeaia ii ?aoaieth noaea eeai ii niaeaoaieth anao nii?yueo eeoe (aeiaiai?iue
naeaano?). Nii?iay aauue iiaeao auoue ia?aaeaia ia o?aiaiea aei ?ac?aoaiey nii?a e
ii ?aoaieth noaea (noaeaaiue naeaano?). O?aieoaeai ii noaeaaiiio naeaano?o iiaeao
auoue eae eeoei, iacia/aiiia noaeii, oae e eeoei, ii?aaeaeyaiia ii acaeiiiio
niaeaneth
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nii?yueo noi?ii. A iaieo neo/ayo o?aaoaony niaeanea o?aieoaey, anee caeiiii ia
onoaiiaeaii eiia. Iniaaiiinoueth naeaano?a yaeyaony oi, /oi ia o?aiaiea a ii?yaeea
naeaano?a iiaoo auoue ia?aaeaiu eae aeaeaeeiua, oae e iaaeaeaeeiua aaue. O?aiaiea a
ii?yaeea naeaano?a, eae i?aaeei, yaeyaony aiciacaeiui. Ana ?aciiaeaeiinoe
aeiaiai?ia o?aiaiey eiouanoaa neaaeoao ioee/aoue io aeiaiai?a ia io?aia iauaeoia
eeeaioa iiae?acaeaeaieyie aiaaaaeiinoaaiiie io?aiu i?e i?aaiao aioo?aiieo aeae(*1)
e oaeeo aea aeiaiai?ia, caeeth/aaiuo n i?aaei?eyoeyie (a oii /enea e /anoiuie),
niaoeeaeece?othueieny ia io?aia iauaeoia oicyenoaothueo noauaeoia. A caaeneiinoe
io aiciiaeiinoae oaeeo no?oeoo?, a oii /enea oaoie/aneeo, iie io?aiytho iauaeou,
oa??eoi?eth eeeaioa io i?iieeiiaaiey iinoi?iiieo eeoe, eiio?iee?otho niaethaeaiea
i?iioneiiai ?aaeeia, aaic e auaic n oa??eoi?ee eeeaioa iaoa?eaeueiuo oeaiiinoae,
aiaae?ytho oaoie/aneea n?aaenoaa neaiaeecaoeee e caueou io i?iiuoeaiiiai oieiiaaea.
?acia? ioaaonoaaiiinoe ii?aaeaeyaony aeiaiai?aie. *aua anaai a yoeo aeiaiai?ao
i?aaeoniao?eaaaony oieueei ioaaonoaaiiinoue a aeaea aiciauaiey io?aiie eeeaioo
i?yiuo oauoeia, i?e/eiaiiuo oeuaieai iaoa?eaeueiuo oeaiiinoae iooai aceiia
iiiauaiee, aeo?ei, ia?aaeaeaiee ia io?aiyaiuo iauaeoao, anee oaeou oeuaiee
iiaeoaa?aeaeaiu i?aaiaie aeiciaiey, neaaenoaey eee noaeii. A ioee/ea io aeiaiai?a
o?aiaiey, aaea o?aieoaeue i?eieiaao ia o?aiaiea eiie?aoiia aeaeaeeiia eiouanoai ii
aeiaiai?o io?aiu iauaeoa io?aiyaony, i?aaeaea anaai, iaaeaeaeeiue iauaeo io
i?iieeiiaaiey a iaai iinoi?iiieo eeoe, io?aia i?eieiaao ia?u e i?aaeioa?auaieth
oeuaiee (auiina) eiouanoaa eeeaioa aai aea ?aaioieeaie. Ooieoeey io?aiu ninoieo a
caueoa eiouanoaa io i?ioeaii?aaiuo iinyaaoaeuenoa, a oii /enea iooai i?eiaiaiey
i?e iaiaoiaeeiinoe i?oaeey. *anoiua io?aiiua i?aaei?eyoey i?eiaiytho iaiano?aeueiia
i?oaeea e niaoeeaeueiua n?aaenoaa a neo/ayo, i?aaeoniio?aiiuo Caeiiii ?O “I /anoiie
aeaoaeoeaiie e io?aiiie aeayoaeueiinoe a ?O”(*2) e a i?aaeaeao i?aa,
i?aaeinoaaeaiiuo yoei i?aaei?eyoeyi eeoeaiceae. A iineaaeiaa a?aiy iieo/atho
?ani?ino?aiaiea oneoae, naycaiiua n ee/iie io?aiie i?aaei?eieiaoaeae e /eaiia eo
naiae.
(**1) Ni. ia yoeo aeiaiai?ao: Aiioei A.N. I?aaei?eieiaoaeue e a?aeo?aaeiue noae.
-I., 1998. -N.62-69.
(**2) Aaaeiiinoe ?O. -1992. -N17. -No.888.
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4. AUOIAIE IIAe?ssAe, EAE OI?IA IEACAIEss AUOIAUO ONEOA IANAEAIETH.
Auoiaia ianeoaeeaaiea eae naiinoiyoaeueiay io?aneue ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa i?ecaaia
oaeiaeaoai?youe iio?aaiinoe ianaeaiey e i?aaiecaoeee a ieacaiee ?aciiia?aciuo
oneoa i?iecaiaenoaaiiiai e iai?iecaiaenoaaiiiai oa?aeoa?a. Iniiaiuie aeaeaie
niaoeeaeece?iaaiiuo i?aaei?eyoee e i?aaiecaoeee a nenoaia auoiaiai ianeoaeeaaiey
yaeythony i?aaei?eyoey ii ecaioiaeaieth e ?aiiioo iaeaaeaeu e iaoae, i?a/a/iua,
ia?eeiaoa?neea, i?ieaoiua ioieou, eiiieaeniua i?aaei?eyoey auoiauo oneoa e o.i.
Caeiiiaeaoaeue niaoeeaeueii auaeaeyao ii?iu, ?aaoee?othuea auoiaie iiae?yae, oioy yoio
aeae i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie aeayoaeueiinoe oa?aeoa?ecoaony a oeaeii eae ioiioaiey
iiae?yaeiiai oeia. Ii aeiaiai?o auoiaiai iiae?yaea iiae?yae/ee, inouanoaeythuee
niioaaonoaothuoth i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneoth aeayoaeueiinoue, iaycoaony auiieieoue ii
caaeaieth a?aaeaeaieia (caeac/eea) ii?aaeaeaiioth ?aaioo, i?aaeiacia/aiioth
oaeiaeaoai?youe auoiaua eee ae?oaea ee/iua iio?aaiinoe caeac/eea, a caeac/ee
iaycoaony i?eiyoue e iieaoeoue naeaeaiioth ?aaioo. Aeey aeaiiiai aeaea iiae?yaeiuo
aeiaiai?ia, eae e aeey aeiaiai?a iiae?yaea, aiiaua, aaaeai ?acoeueoao, aeinoeaeaiea
?acoeueoaoia aeaenoaeyie iiae?yae/eea, eniieieoaey. Eiaiii ?acoeueoao iiaeaa?aaaony
ioeaiea e iiea/eaaaony(*1). Aeiaiai? auoiaiai iiae?yaea yaeyaony ioaee/iui
aeiaiai?ii, iiyoiio caeiiiaeaoaeue i?aaeoniao?eaaao eiie?aoiua aa?aioee a iieueco
a?aaeaeaieia (caeac/eea) . ?anniio?ei iaeioi?ua ec ieo. Ai-ia?auo, iiae?yae/ee ia
ai?aaa iaaycuaaoue caeac/eeo aeeth/aiea a aeiaiai? auoiaiai iiae?yaea aeiiieieoaeueiie
?aaiou eee oneoa. Caeac/eeo i?aaeinoaaeyaony i?aai ia iiea/eaaoue ?aaiou eee
oneoae, ia i?aaeoniio?aiiua aeiaiai?ii. Ai-aoi?uo, iiae?yae/ee aei caeeth/aiey
niioaaonoaothuaai aeiaiai?a aeieaeai i?aaeinoaaeoue caeac/eeo iaiaoiaeeioth e
aeinoiaa?ioth eioi?iaoeeth i i?aaeeaaaaiie ?aaioa, aa aeaeao e iniaaiiinoyo, i oeaia e
oi?ia iieaou. Ii o?aaiaaieth caeac/eea aeieaeiu auoue niiauaiu e ae?oaea eaaaeaiey i
i?aaenoiyuae ?aaioa, a oii /enea oeacaii eiie?aoiia eeoei, eioi?ia aoaeao
auiieiyoue yoo ?aaioo. Caeac/eeo i?aaeinoaaeyaony i?aai o?aaiaaoue ?anoi?aeaiey
aeiaiai?a aac iieaou auiieiaiiie ?aaiou, a oaeaea aiciauaiey oauoeia a neo/ayo,
eiaaea aneaaenoaea iaiieiiou eee iaaeinoiaa?iinoe iieo/aiiie
(**1) A?aaeineee I.E. Iiae?yae e iiae?yaeiiiaeiaiua aeiaiai?u // Aanoiee Aunoaai
A?aeo?aaeiiai Noaea ?O. -1996. -N7. -N. 109.
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io iiae?yae/eea eioi?iaoeee aue caeeth/ai aeiaiai? ia auiieiaiea. ?aaiou, ia
iaeaaeathuae naienoaaie, eioi?ua eiae a aeaeo caeac/ee. A-o?aoueeo, caeac/ee ai?aaa
a ethaia a?aiy aei naea/e aio ?aaiou ioeacaoueny io eniieiaiey aeiaiai?a auoiaiai
iiae?yaea, oieaoea iiae?yae/eeo /anoue onoaiiaeaiiie oeaiu i?iii?oeeiiaeueii /anoe
?aaiou, aueoieiaiiie aei oaaaeiieaiey ia ioeaca io eniieiaiey aeiaiai?a, e
aicianoea iiae?yae/eeo ?anoiaeu, i?iecaaaeaiiua aei yoiai iiiaioa a oeaeyo eniieiaiey
aeiaiai?a, anee iie ia aoiaeyo a oeacaiioth /anoue oeaiu ?aaiou. Oneiaey aeiaiai?a,
eeoathuea caeac/eea yoiai i?aaa, ie/oiaeiu. Auiieiaiea ?aaio ii aeiaiai?o auoiaiai
iiae?yaea iiaeao inouanoaeyoueny iiae?yae/eeii ec naiaai iaoa?eaea eeai ec iaoa?eaeia
caeac/eea. I?e auiieiaiee ?aaio ec iaoa?eaeia iiae?yae/eea iaoa?eae iiea/eaaaony
caeac/eeii i?e caeeth/aiee aeiaiai?a iieiinoueth eee /anoe/ii n ieii/aoaeueiui
?an/aoii i?e iieo/aiee caeac/eeii auiieiaiiie iiae?yae/eeii ?aaiou. Iaoa?eae
iiaeao auoue i?aaeinoaaeai iiae?yae/eeii a e?aaeeo eeai n ?ann?i/eie iieaou. Ii
eciaiaiea oeaiu iaoa?eaea iinea caeeth/aiey aeiaiai?a ia aea/ao ia?a?an/aoia. Anee
?aaioa ii aeiaiai?o auoiaiai iiae?yaea auiieiyaony ec iaoa?eaea caeac/eea, a
eaeoaioeee eee eiii aeieoiaioa, auaeaaaaiii iiae?yae/eeii caeac/eeo i?e caeeth/aiee
aeiaiai?a, aeieaeiu auoue oeacaiu oi/iia iaeiaiiaaiea, iienaiea e oeaia iaoa?eaea,
ii?aaeaeyaiay ii niaeaoaieth noi?ii. Ioeaiea iaoa?eaea a eaeoaioeee eee eiii
aiaeiae/iii aeieoiaioa iiaeao auoue aiineaaenoaee inii?aia caeac/eeii a noaea. I?e
naea/a ?aaiou caeac/eeo iiae?yae/ee iaycai niiaueoue aio i o?aaiaaieyo, eioi?ua
iaiaoiaeeii niaethaeaoue aeey yooaeoeaiiai e aaciianiiai eniieueciaaiey i?aaeiaoa
aeiaiai?a, a oaeaea i aiciiaeiuo aeey naiiai caeac/eea e ae?oaeo eeoe iineaaenoaeyo
ianiaethaeaiey niioaaonoaothueo o?aaiaaiee. A caeiia onoaiiaeaiu iaycaoaeueiua
o?aaiaaiey ia neo/ae iaia?oaeaiey iaaeinoaoeia a i?aaeiaoa aeiaiai?a i?e aai
i?eaiea eee i?e auiieiaiee ?aaio, eee aiineaaenoaee. Ai-ia?auo, aeey iaia?oaeaiey
aeaoaeoia onoaiiaeai n?ie iauee aeey anao iiae?yaeiuo ?aaio a iaeei aiae. I?e yoii
oa/aiea n?iea eneiaie aeaaiinoe ia/eiaaony ni aeiy i?eaiee ?aaiou a oeaeii, aeaaea
anee iia i?eieiaeanue ii /anoyi. Ai-aoi?uo, a neo/aa iaia?oaeaiey aeaoaeoia a
?acoeueoaoa ?aaiou, a i?aaeiaoa aeiaiai?a a oa/aiea aa?aioeeiuo n?ieia, anee iie
onoaiiaeaiu, caeac/ee iiaeao ii naiaio auai?o iio?aaiaaoue io iiae?yae/eea:
aacaiciacaeiiai ono?aiaiey iaaeinoaoeia a ?acoiiue n?ie; ni?acia?iiai oiaiueoaiey
onoaiiaeaiiie ca ?aaioo oeaiu; aiciauaiey naieo ?anoiaeia ia ono?aiaiea
iaaeinoaoeia, eiaaea i?aai caeac/eea ono?aiyoue eo i?aaeoniio?aii a aeiaiai?a.
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*oi eanaaony ono?aiaiey iaaeinoaoeia iianiuo aeey aeecie e caei?iauey naiiai
caeac/eea e ae?oaeo eeoe, oi o?aaiaaiea ia ono?aiaiee eo aacaiciacaeii iiaeao auoue
i?aaeuyaeaii caeac/eeii a oa/aiea aeanyoe eao n iiiaioa i?eiyoey ?acoeueoaoa
?aaiou, anee a caeiia ia onoaiiaeaiu aieaa aeeeoaeueiua n?iee. A neo/aa
iaono?aiaiey oeacaiiuo iaaeinoaoeia, caeac/ee ai?aaa a oa/aiea yoiai aea n?iea
iio?aaiaaoue eeai aica?aoa /anoe oeaiu, oiea/aiiie ca ?aaioo, eeai aiciauaiey
?anoiaeia, iiianaiiuo a nayce n ono?aiaieai iaaeinoaoeia caeac/eeii naieie neeaie
eee n iiiiuueth o?aoueeo eeoe. A neo/aa iaiaaeeaaeauaai auiieiaiey eee iaauiieiaiey
?aaiou ii aeiaiai?o auoiaiai iiae?yaea caeac/ee iiaeao ainiieueciaaoueny i?aaaie,
eioi?ua i?aaeinoaaeythony AE ?O iieoiaoaeyi ii aeiaiai?o ?icie/iie eoiee- i?iaeaaee.
Caeac/ee iaycai i?eiyoue auiieiaiioth ?aaioo. A neo/aa iayaee caeac/eea ca
iieo/aieai ?acoeueoaoa auiieiaiiie ?aaiou eee eiiai oeeiiaiey caeac/eea io aai
i?eaiee iiae?yae/ee ai?aaa, ienueiaiii i?aaeoi?aaeea caeac/eea, ii enoa/aiee aeaoo
ianyoeaa ni aeiy oaeiai i?aaeoi?aaeaeaiey i?iaeaoue ?acoeueoao ?aaiou ca ?acoiioth oeaio,
a au?o/aiioth noiio, ca au/aoii anao i?e/eoathueony iiae?yae/eeo ieaoaaeae, aianoe a
aeaiiceo iioa?eona eee noaea. Iioa?eon eee noae, a aeaiiceo eioi?iai aianaiu
aeaiueae, ecaauaao ia yoii e?aaeeoi?a. A i?ioeanna oicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe
i?aaei?eyoey neoaeau auoa caeeth/atho ?acee/iua oicyenoaaiiua aeiaiai?u,
niinianoaothuea auiieiaieth eo iniiaiie caaea/e – oaeiaeaoai?aieth auoiauo
iio?aaiinoae a?aaeaeai. Iniiaiuie aeaeaie aeiaiai?ia yaeythony aeiaiai? iinoaaee,
iin?aaenoaii eioi?iai i?aaei?eyoey auoiaiai ianeoaeeaaiey niaaaeathony nu?ueai,
caianiuie /anoyie, iaoa?eaeaie, eino?oiaioii, iai?oaeiaaieai, oeieeaoaie e o.i.;
aeiaiai? a?aiaeu iaaeeeuo iiiauaiee aeey ?aciauaiey i?aaei?eyoee; aeiaiai? ia
niaaaeaiea yeaeo?iyia?aeae, aacii, oaieii, aiaeie, eioi?ua iaiaoiaeeiu aeey
inouanoaeaiey ii?iaeueiie i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie aeayoaeueiinoe, a oaeaea aeiaiai?u ii
auiieiaieth caeacia ianaeaiey ia iioea iaeaaeaeu e iaoae, ecaioiaeaiea ecaeaeee
eiaeaaeaioa?ae, iaaaee e o.ae.
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5. ONEOAE A NOA?A OI?AIAEE E IAUANOAAIIIAI IEOAIEss.
A iaoae no?aia oi?aiaey – e?oiiay e aaaeiay io?aneue ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa,
aeeth/athuay iaaaceiu, iaaeeueiiu, noieiaua, eaoa, ?anoi?aiu, neeaaeu, aacu,
iin?aaenoaii eioi?uo i?ienoiaeeo i?ioeann oiaa?iiai ia?auaiey i?aaeiaoia ee/iiai
iio?aaeaiey iooai eo ?aaeecaoeee.
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A ?uii/iie yeiiiieea ?icie/iay oi?aiaey inouanoaeyaony /a?ac naoue /anoiuo e
eiiia?aoeaiuo eiiia?/aneeo no?oeoo?. Oae iaania/eaaaony iio?aaiinoue ianaeaiey a
i?iaeiaieuenoaaiiuo e iai?iaeiaieuenoaaiiuo oiaa?ao, a iaania/aiee ieoaieai e
i?aaeinoaaeaiee ae?oaeo oneoa. I?aaei?eyoey ?icie/iie oi?aiaee inouanoaeytho
oi?aiaia ianeoaeeaaiea ai?iaeneiai ianaeaiey. Eiiia?aoeaiua oi?aiaua i?aaei?eyoey
aoiaeyo a nenoaio iio?aaeoaeueneie eiiia?aoeee. Iie aeaenoaotho ia iniiaa
eiiia?aoeaiie nianoaaiiinoe e nicaeathony eiiia?aoeaiuie i?aaiecaoeeyie. *a?ac
eiiia?aoeaioth oi?aiaeth ianeoaeeaaaony a iniiaiii naeueneia ianaeaiea. Oneiaey
ia?aoiaea e nia?aiaiiiio ?uieo ia ioiaiytho iaiaoiaeeiinoue ?aaoee?iaaiey e
ieaie?iaaiey oi?aiaie aeayoaeueiinoe. Ieaie?iaaiea iai?aaeaii ia iioeiaeueiia
eniieueciaaiea aiciiaeiinoae i?aaiecaoeee, a oii /enea iaeeo/oaa eniieueciaaiea
anao aeaeia ?ano?nia e i?aaeioa?auaiea ioeai/iuo aeaenoaee, eioi?ua iiaoo i?eaanoe
e nieaeaieth yooaeoeaiinoe aeayoaeueiinoe oi?aiaiai i?aaei?eyoey. Oi?aiaay
aeayoaeueiinoue iaoiaeeony iiae iaiin?aaenoaaiiui aeeyieai i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo,
o?ainii?oiuo, nioeeaeueiuo e ae?oaeo oaeoi?ia, oi?ie?othueo ?uiie oiaa?ia. Iiyoiio
i?e ieaie?iaaiee iaiaoiaeeii o/eouaaoue ?aciiia?aciua eiiieaeniua nayce e
caaeneiinoe ia ?uiea a oi?ie?iaaiee ni?ina e oiaa?iiai i?aaeeiaeaiey.
Ieaie?iaaiea oi?aiaie aeayoaeueiinoe aeieaeii niaeaniauaaoueny n ?ano?naie,
i?iaiice?iaaieai aiciiaeiuo yeiiiie/aneeo, nioeeaeueiuo e iieeoe/aneeo eciaiaiee.
Noa?a i?iaeaae, oi?aiaay aeayoaeueiinoue anaaaea auea neiaeiui e oycaeiui i?ioeannii.
Iaiaoiaeeii i?eaioe?iaaoueny e ia ni?in, e ia inoaoee oiaa?ia, i?in/eouaaoue
auaiaeiinoue, yooaeoeaiinoue e auno?ioo iai?a/eaaaiinoe oiaa?ia. I?e auyaeaiee
ieceiai ni?ina ia ii?aaeaeaiiue aeae oiaa?ia iaiaoiaeeii i?eaiaeeoue a aeaenoaea
nenoaio neeaeie, ia aeiioneaoue caoiaa?eaaiey. Aaaeiia cia/aiea aeey oi?aiaee eiaao
?aeeaia. *oiau iiauoaoue o?iaaiue nauoa, ia?aeeaeueii n ?aeeaiiuie ia?ii?eyoeyie
neaaeoao inouanoaeyoue ia?ii?eyoey ii iiaeaea?aeaieth e oeo/oaieth eieaeaea, eoeueoo?u
ianeoaeeaaiey. Iiaeio?aneueth oi?aiaee yaeyaony iauanoaaiiia ieoaiea, eioi?ia
auiieiyao o?e aaaeiua ooieoeee: i?iecaiaenoai, ?aaeecaoeeth e i?aaiecaoeeth
iio?aaeaiey aioiaie ieue. Iineieueeo a oneiaeyo ?uii/iie yeiiiieee ?ieue
ainoaea?noaaiiiai ?aaoee?iaaiey i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie aeayoaeueiinoe aiiaua e
oi?aiaeae a /anoiinoe ?acei ia?aie/aia, en/acea iaiaoiaeeiinoue eiaoue
?acaaoaeaiioth naoue oi?aaeythueo e ?aaoee?othueo aaaeiinoa. A ianoiyuaa a?aiy
ooieoeee oi?aaeaiey oi?aiaee e iauanoaaiiui ieoaieai
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?aaeecoao Ieienoa?noai oi?aiaee ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee. A noauaeoao ?inneeneie
Oaaea?aoeee nicaeathony niioaaonoaothuea i?aaiu oi?aaeaiey oi?aiaeae e ieacaieai
oneoa ianaeaieth (eiieoaou, aeaia?oaiaiou). Iniauie i?aaiaie oi?aaeaiey, eioi?ua
inouanoaeytho eiio?ieueiua ooieoeee, yaeythony ainoaea?noaaiiua einiaeoeee ii
ea/anoao oiaa?ia e oi?aiaea. Yoi i?aaiu oaaea?aeueiiai iiae/eiaiey, iie i?iaa?ytho
ea/anoai oiaa?ia e niaethaeaiea i?aaee oi?aiaee. Oiaa?u aeey ?aaeecaoeee /a?ac
oi?aiaoth naoue iinooiatho iaiin?aaenoaaiii ii aeiaiai?ai iinoaaee. Aieueoeinoai yoeo
aeiaiai?ia caeeth/athony ia iioiauo y?ia?eao. Ia y?ia?eao ia?oia?u ii aeiaiai?ai
eiatho aiciiaeiinoue iaiin?aaenoaaiii e iaeiia?aiaiii niaeaniauaaoue eiee/anoai e
?acaa?iooue anni?oeiaio oiaa?ia. Ia y?ia?ea iiaoo auoue i?aaenoaaeaiu ia?acoeu
oiaa?ia. Ioi?ieaiea aeiaiai?iuo ioiioaiee ia y?ia?eao iicaieyao nie?aoeoue
?anoiaeu e a?aiy, cao?a/eaaaiua ia iiaeaioiaeo e caeeth/aiea aeiaiai?ia. ss?ia?ee ii
iioiaie i?iaeaaea oiaa?ia iiae?acaeaeythony ia iaae?aaeiiaeueiua, ?aaeiiaeueiua e
ianoiua. A ea/anoaa i?iaeaaoeia ia oaeeo y?ia?eao aunooiatho i?aaiecaoeee iioiaie,
?icie/iie oi?aiaee, i?aaei?eyoey i?iiuoeaiiinoe e iaoa?eaeueii- oaoie/aneiai
niaaaeaiey, a ea/anoaa iieoiaoaeae – i?aaiecaoeee iioiaie e ?icie/iie oi?aiaee.
?aaoee?iaaieth aeiaiai?ia, caeeth/aaiuo i?e inouanoaeaiee oi?aiaee e iauanoaaiiiai
ieoaiey, iinayuai c 2 ae. 30 AE ?O “?icie/iay eoiey- i?iaeaaea”. Ii aeiaiai?o
?icie/iie eoiee- i?iaeaaee i?iaeaaaoe, inouanoaeythuee i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneoth
aeayoaeueiinoue ii i?iaeaaea oiaa?ia a ?icieoeo, iaycoaony ia?aaeaoue iieoiaoaeth oiaa?,
i?aaeiacia/aiiue aeey ee/iiai, naiaeiiai, aeiiaoiaai eee eiiai eniieueciaaiey, ia
naycaiiiai n i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie aeayoaeueiinoueth. Oaeie aeiaiai? i?eciaaony
ioaee/iui. Aeiaiai? ?icie/iie eoiee- i?iaeaaee n/eoaaony caeeth/aiiui a iaaeeaaeauae
oi?ia n iiiaioa auaea/e i?iaeaaoeii iieoiaoaeth eanniaiai eee oiaa?iiai /aea eee
eiiai aeieoiaioa, iiaeoaa?aeaeathuaai iieaoo oiaa?a. Aianoa n oai ionoonoaea o
iieoiaoaey oeacaiiuo aeieoiaioia ia iaoaao aai aiciiaeiinoe nnueaoueny ia
naeaeaoaeueneea iieacaiey a iiaeoaa?aeaeaiea caeeth/aiey aeiaiai?a e aai oneiaee.
I?iaeaaaoe iaycai i?aaenoaaeoue iieoiaoaeth iaiaoiaeeioth e aeinoiaa?ioth eioi?iaoeeth i
i?aaeeaaaaiii e i?iaeaaea oiaa?a. Iieoiaoaeue ai?aaa aei caeeth/aiey aeiaiai?a i?e
iieoiea iniio?aoue oiaa?, iio?aaiaaoue i?iaaaeaiey a aai i?enoonoaee i?iaa?ee
naienoa eee aeaiiino?aoeee eniieueciaaiey oiaa?a, anee yoi ia eneeth/aii a aeaeo
oa?aeoa?a oiaa?a e ia i?ioeai?a/eo i?aaeeai, i?eiyoui a ?icie/iie oi?aiaea.
Oaeay eioi?iaoeey iiaeao auoue i?aaenoaaeaia a aai
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?aeeaia, eaoaeiaao e iienaieyo oiaa?ia. Ia?acoeu oiaa?ia iau/ii aeaiiino?e?othony
ia i?eeaaeao, a aeo?eiao a ianoa eo i?iaeaaee. I?iaeaaaoe, ia i?aaenoaaeaoee
iieoiaoaeth iieiie e aeinoiaa?iie eioi?iaoeee i i?iaeaaaaiie aaue, ianao
ioaaonoaaiiinoue ca iaaeinoaoee oiaa?a, anee yoe iaaeinoaoee aicieeee a nayce n
ionoonoaeai o iieoiaoaey oaeie eioi?iaoeee. A?aaeaeaineee eiaeaen ?inneeneie
Oaaea?aoeee aeiioneaao ianeieueei ?aciiaeaeiinoae i?iaeaae ni naieie iniaaiiinoyie.
Ai-ia?auo, yoi i?iaeaaea oiaa?ia ii ia?acoeai. A yoii neo/aa aeiaiai? eoiee-
i?iaeaaee caeeth/aaony ia iniiaaiee iciaeiieaiey iieoiaoaey n ia?acoeii oiaa?a (aai
iienaieai, eaoaeiaii oiaa?ia e o.i.), i?aaeeiaeaiiui i?iaeaaoeii. Oaeie aeiaiai?
n/eoaaony eniieiaiiui n iiiaioa aeinoaaee oiaa?a a ianoi, oeacaiiia a aeiaiai?a,
eee n iiiaioa aeinoaaee oiaa?a ii ianoo aeeoaeuenoaa a?aaeaeaieia eee ianoo
iaoiaeaeaiey th?eaee/aneiai eeoea. Aoi?ui niaoeeoe/iui aeaeii i?iaeaaee yaeyaony i?iaeaaea
n eniieueciaaieai aaoiiaoia. A neo/ayo, eiaaea i?iaeaaea oiaa?ia i?iecaiaeeony n
eniieueciaaieai aaoiiaoia, aeaaeaeaoe aaoiiaoia iaycai aeiaanoe aei iieoiaoaeae
eioi?iaoeeth i i?iaeaaoea oiaa?ia, a oaeaea i aeaenoaeyo, eioi?ua iaiaoiaeeii
niaa?oeoue iieoiaoaeth aeey iieo/aiey oiaa?a. Anee iiea/aiiue oiaa? iieoiaoaeth ia
auaeaaony, i?iaeaaaoe iaycai ii o?aaiaaieth iieoiaoaey iacaiaaeeeoaeueii i?aaeinoaaeoue
iieoiaoaeth oiaa? eee aica?aoeoue oiea/aiioth ei noiio. Aeiaieueii oe?iei
eniieuecoaony e oaeie eaaeoeiiue niinia oi?aiaee eae i?iaeaaea n oneiaeai aeinoaaee
oiaa?a iieoiaoaeth. A yoii neo/aa i?iaeaaaoe i?eieiaao ia naay iaycaiiinoue a
onoaiiaeaiiue aeiaiai?ii n?ie aeinoaaeoue oiaa? a oeacaiiia iieoiaoaeai ianoi
(ianoi aeeoaeuenoaa a?aaeaeaieia eee ianoi iaoiaeaeaiey th?eaee/aneiai eeoea). Aeiaiai?
?icie/iie eoiee- i?iaeaaee n/eoaaony eniieiaiiui n iiiaioa a?o/aiey oiaa?a
iieoiaoaeth a ianoa aai iaoiaeaeaiey. I?aaeoniao?eaaaony caeiiii e i?iaeaaea oiaa?ia
a e?aaeeo, n iieaoie a ?ann?i/eo. Ii yoi oaea ioiineony e iniaaiiinoyi iieaou
oiaa?ia. Iieoiaoaeue iaycai iieaoeoue oiaa? ii oeaia, iauyaeaiiie i?iaeaaoeii a
iiiaio caeeth/aiey aeiaiai?a ?icie/iie eoiee- i?iaeaaee, anee eiia ia i?aaeoniio?aii
caeiiii, eiuie i?aaiauie aeoaie eee ia auoaeaao ec nouanoaa iaycaoaeuenoaa. Anee
aeiaiai?ii i?aaeoniio?aia i?aaeaa?eoaeueiay iieaoa oiaa?a, iaiieaoa iieoiaoaeai
oiaa?a a onoaiiaeaiiue aeiaiai?ii n?ie i?eciaaony ioeacii iieoiaoaey io
eniieiaiey aeiaiai?a, anee eiia ia i?aaeoniio?aii niaeaoaieai noi?ii. A neo/aa
iaiieaou a onoaiiaeaiiue n?ie oiaa?a, eoieaiiiai a e?aaeeo, i?iaeaaaoe ai?aaa
iio?aaiaaoue iieaou ia?aaeaiiiai oiaa?a eee
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aica?aoa aai. Anee iieoiaoaeue ia eniieieo iaycaiiinoue ii iieaoa oiaa?a,
i?eia?aoaiiiai a e?aaeeo, ia i?in?i/aiioth noiio iiaeeaaeao oieaoa i?ioeaiou a
niioaaonoaee ni no. 395 AE ?O ni aeiy, eiaaea oiaa? aeieaeai aue auoue iiea/ai aei
aeiy iieaou oiaa?a iieoiaoaeai (ca iieueciaaiea /oaeeie aeaiaaeiuie n?aaenoaaie).
Aeiaiai?ii iiaeao auoue i?aaeoniio?aia iaycaiiinoue iieoiaoaey oiea/eaaoue i?ioeaiou
ia noiio, niioaaonoaothuoth oeaia oiaa?a, ia/eiay ni aeiy ia?aaea/e oiaa?a.
Aeiaiai?ii n i?iaeaae oiaa?a a e?aaeeo iiaeao auoue i?aaeoniio?aia iieaoa oiaa?a a
?ann?i/eo. Oaeie aeiaiai? n/eoaaony caeeth/aiiui, anee a iai ia?yaeo n ae?oaeie
nouanoaaiiuie oneiaeyie aeiaiai?a eoiee- i?iaeaaee oeacaiu oeaia oiaa?a, ii?yaeie,
n?iee e ?acia? ieaoaaeae. Eiaaea iieoiaoaeue ia i?iecaiaeeo i/a?aaeiie ieaoaae,
i?iaeaaaoe ai?aaa, anee eiia ia i?aaeoniio?aii aeiaiai?ii, ioeacaoueny io eniieiaiey
aeiaiai?a e iio?aaiaaoue aica?aoa i?iaeaiiiai oiaa?a, ca eneeth/aieai neo/aaa,
eiaaea noiia ieaoaaeae, iieo/aiiuo io iieoiaoaey, i?aauoaao iieiaeio oeaiu oiaa?a.
Aeiaiai?ii iiaeao auoue i?aaeoniio?aii, /oi aei ia?aoiaea i?aaa nianoaaiiinoe ia
oiaa? e iieoiaoaeth iieoiaoaeue yaeyaony iaieiaoaeai (a?aiaeaoi?ii) ia?aaeaiiiai
aio oiaa?a. Oaeie aeiaiai? iacuaaaony aeiaiai?ii iaeia- i?iaeaaee e aaiaeeony a
iaeoiae oieueei iiaui AE ?O. Iieoiaoaeue ii oaeiio aeiaiai?o noaiiaeony
nianoaaiieeii oiaa?a n iiiaioa iieaou oiaa?a. Ia o?oaeii caiaoeoue noiaenoai yoiai
aeiaiai?a n aeiaiai?ii i?iaeaaee n iieaoie a e?aaeeo, eiaaea iieaoa oiaa?a oaeaea
i?iecaiaeeony /a?ac ii?aaeaeaiiia a?aiy iinea aai ia?aaea/e iieoiaoaeth. ?acieoea
iaaeaeo ieie eeoue a iiiaioa ia?aoiaea i?aaa nianoaaiiinoe ia i?iaeaiioth aauue. Caeii
i?aaeoniao?eaaao ii?aaeaeaiiua aa?aioee iieoiaoaey a ioiioaiee aauae,
i?eia?aoaiiuo o i?aaei?eieiaoaeae. Oae, iieoiaoaeue ai?aaa a oa/aiea /aou?iaaeoeaoe
aeiae n iiiaioa ia?aaea/e aio iai?iaeiaieuenoaaiiiai oiaa?a iaiaiyoue eoieaiiue
oiaa? a ianoa iieoiee ia aiaeiae/iue oiaa? ae?oaeo ?acia?ia, oi?i, aaaa?eoia,
oaniiia, ?anoeaaoie, eee eiiieaeoaoeee, i?iecaaaey a neo/aa ?acieoeu a oeaia
iaiaoiaeeiue ia?a?an/ao n i?iaeaaoeii. I?e ionoonoaee iaiaoiaeeiiai aeey iaiaia
oiaa?a o i?iaeaaoea iieoiaoaeue ai?aaa aica?aoeoue aio i?eia?aoaiiue oiaa? e
iieo/eoue oiea/aiioth ca iaai aeaiaaeioth noiio. O?aaiaaiea iieoiaoaey ia iaiaia
eeai i aica?aoa oiaa?a iiaeeaaeeo oaeiaeaoai?aieth, anee oiaa? ia aue a
oiio?aaeaiee, nio?aiaiu aai iio?aaeoaeueneea naienoaa e eiathony aeieacaoaeuenoaa
i?eia?aoaiey aai o aeaiiiai i?iaeaaoea. A onoaiiaeaiiii ii?yaeea ii?aaeaeyaony
ia?a/aiue oiaa?ia, eioi?ua iaiaio ia iiaeeaaeao.
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Iieoiaoaeue caueuai oaeaea e io i?iaeaaee aio iaea/anoaaiiiai oiaa?a. A neo/aa
i?iaeaaee oiaa?a iaiaaeeaaeauaai ea/anoaa, a aai iaaeinoaoee ia auee iaiai?aiu
i?iaeaaoeii, iieoiaoaeue ai?aaa ii naiaio auai?o iio?aaiaaoue: caiaiu
iaaeia?iea/anoaaiiiai oiaa?a oiaa?ii iaaeeaaeauaai ea/anoaa; ni?acia?iiai
oiaiueoaiey iieoiiie oeaiu; iacaiaaeeeoaeueiiai aacaiciacaeiiai ono?aiaiey
iaaeinoaoeia oiaa?a; aiciauaiey ?anoiaeia ia ono?aiaiea iaaeinoaoeia. Iieoiaoaeue
ai?aaa aianoi oeacaiiuo o?aaiaaiee ioeacaoueny io eniieiaiey aeiaiai?a ?icie/iie
eoiee- i?iaeaaee e iio?aaiaaoue aica?aoa oiea/aiiie ca oiaa? aeaiaaeiie noiiu. I?e
yoii ii o?aaiaaieth i?iaeaaoea iieoiaoaeue aeieaeai aica?aoeoue iaea/anoaaiiue oiaa?.
I?iaeaaaoe aea ia ai?aaa i?e aica?aoa aeaiaaeiie noiiu ca oiaa? oaea?aeeaaoue ec iaa oo
/anoue, ia eioi?oth iiieceeanue noieiinoue ec-ca iieiiai eee /anoe/iiai
eniieueciaaiey oiaa?a, iioa?e ei oiaa?iiai aeaea eee ae?oaeo iiaeiaiuo
ianoiyoaeuenoa. I?e caiaia iaaeia?iea/anoaaiiiai oiaa?a ia niioaaonoaothuee
aeiaiai?o ea/anoaaiiue oiaa? i?iaeaaaoe ia ai?aaa o?aaiaaoue aiciauaiey ?acieoeu
iaaeaeo oeaiie oiaa?a, onoaiiaeaiiie aeiaiai?ii e oeaiie oiaa?a nouanoaothuae a
iiiaio caiaiu eee auianaiey noaeii ?aoaiey i caiaia oiaa?a. I?e caiaia
iaaeia?iea/anoaaiiiai oiaa?a ia aiaeiae/iue, ii eiie ii ?acia?o, oaniio, ni?oo
eee ae?oaei I?eciaeai oiaa? iaaeeaaeauaai ea/anoaa iiaeeaaeeo aiciauaieth ?acieoea
iaaeaeo oeaiie caiaiyaiiai oiaa?a a iiiaio caiaiu e oeaiie oiaa?a, ia?aaeaaaaiiai
acaiai oiaa?a iaiaaeeaaeauaai ea/anoaa. Anee o?aaiaaiea iieoiaoaey ia
oaeiaeaoai?aii i?iaeaaoeii, oeaia caiaiyaiiai oiaa?a e oeaia oiaa?a, ia?aaeaaaaiiai
acaiai aai, ii?aaeaeythony ia iiiaio auianaiey noaeii ?aoaiey i caiaia oiaa?a. I?e
aica?aoa i?iaeaaoeo oiaa?a iaiaaeeaaeauaai ea/anoaa iieoiaoaeue ai?aaa iio?aaiaaoue
aiciauaiey ?acieoeu iaaeaeo oeaiie oiaa?a, onoaiiaeaiiie aeiaiai?ii eoiee- i?iaeaaee,
e oeaiie niioaaonoaothuaai oiaa?a ia iiiaio aeia?iaieueiiai oaeiaeaoai?aiey aai
o?aaiaaiey, a anee o?aaiaaiea aeia?iaieueii ia oaeiaeaoai?aii, ia iiiaio auianaiey
?aoaiey noaeii. I?aaenoaaeyaony, /oi oeacaiiua aa?aioee aiieia ioaa/atho oneiaeyi
?uii/iie yeiiiieee e aiciiaeiie eioeyoeee. Ioiioaiey iaaeaeo iieoiaoaeyie e
i?iaeaaoeaie i?e i?iaeaaea ioaeaeueiuo aeaeia i?iaeiaieuenoaaiiuo e iai?iaeiaieuenoaaiiuo
oiaa?ia ?aaoee?othony I?aaeeaie i?iaeaaee ioaeaeueiuo aeaeia oiaa?ia, ooaa?aeaeaiiuo
iinoaiiaeaieai I?aaeoaeuenoaa ?O io 19 yiaa?y 1998 a.(*1)
(**1) ?inneeneay aacaoa. -1998. -4 ai?aey.
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Yoei aea iinoaiiaeaieai ooaa?aeaeaiu Ia?a/aiue oiaa?ia aeeeoaeueiiai iieueciaaiey, ia
eioi?ua ia ?ani?ino?aiythony o?aaiaaiey iieoiaoaey i aacaiciacaeiii
i?aaeinoaaeaiee aio ia ia?eiae ?aiiioa eee caiaiu aiaeiae/iiai oiaa?a e Ia?a/aiue
iai?iaeiaieuenoaaiiuo oiaa?ia iaaeeaaeauaai ea/anoaa, ia iiaeeaaeaueo aica?aoo eee
iaiaio ia aiaeiae/iue oiaa? ae?oaeo ?acia?ia, oi?i, aaaa?eoia, oaniiia,
?anoeaaoie, eee eiiieaeoaoeee. A aiaeiae/iii ii?yaeea ?aaoee?othony ioiioaiey
noi?ii a noa?a iauanoaaiiiai ieoaiey n o/aoii niaoeeoeee naieo i?aaiioiioaiee e
eo i?aaeiaoa.
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AEAAA 6. I?AAIAIA ?AAOEE?IAAIEA AAIEIANEIE AeAssOAEUeIINOE
1. Aaieianeay nenoaia: iiiyoea, i?aaiaia iieiaeaiea e?aaeeoiuo i?aaiecaoeee e
i?aaiaia ?aaoee?iaaiea eo aeayoaeueiinoe.
2. Ii?yaeie nicaeaiey e eeeaeaeaoeee e?aaeeoiuo i?aaiecaoeee.
3. Aaieianeeen/ao.
4. Aaieianeee aeeaae.
5. E?aaeeoiue aeiaiai?.
1. AAIEIANEAss NENOAIA: IIIssOEA, I?aaIAIA IIEIAEAIEA E?AAeEOIUO I?AAIECAOeEE E
I?AAIAIA ?AAOEE?IAAIEA EO AeAssOAEUeIINOE.
Aaieianeoth nenoaio ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee ninoaaeytho: Ainoaea?noaaiiue Oeaio?aeueiue
Aaie ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee, eiiia?/aneea aaiee e ae?oaea e?aaeeoiua i?aaiecaoeee.
Oaeay aeaooo?iaiaaay nenoaia aaieia cae?aieaia a no. 2 Oaaea?aeueiiai caeiia “I
aaieao e aaieianeie aeayoaeueiinoe”(*1). Aaieianeay nenoaia no?aiu i?aaeiacia/aia
aeey inouanoaeaiey aeaiaaeiuo ?an/aoia iaaeaeo i?aaiecaoeeyie, iaiaoiaeeiinoue eioi?uo
aucuaaaony a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue inouanoaeaieai i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie aeayoaeueiinoe.
*a?ac aaieianeoth nenoaio i?ioiaeyo i?aeoe/anee ana aeaiaaeiua ?ano?nu, e?iia
iaee/iinoe, iaoiaeyuaeny ia ?oeao o ianaeaiey. Io ?aaiou aaieia ai iiiaii
caaeneo ii?iaeueiia ooieoeeiie?iaaiea aeaiaaeiiai iai?ioa, oeiainiaie nenoaiu e
yeiiiieee a oeaeii. Iaaeyaeiui aeieacaoaeuenoaii yoiai iiaeii iacaaoue niauoey,
aucaaiiua ?aoaieyie I?aaeoaeuenoaa ?O io 17 aaaonoa 1998 aiaea, ca eioi?uie
iineaaeiaaei ?ac?ooaiea iiiaeo aaieia, ia?ooaiea aeaiaaeiuo ?an/aoia iaaeaeo
th?eaee/aneeie eeoeaie e iioa?y aeiaa?ey eiino?aiiuo eiaanoi?ia. E yoi i?e oii, /oi
nouanoaothuea a no?aia aaiee i?aaenoaaeytho niaie ia i?inooth niaieoiiinoue
?ac?iciaiiuo e?aaeeoiuo i?aaiecaoeee, a i?aaieciaaiioth nenoaio. A ia?aua aiaeu
ia?ano?ia/iiai i?ioeanna a no?aia iiyaeyeinue ia?iiiia /enei ?acee/iuo
eiiia?/aneeo aaieia n ?acaaoaeaiiie
(**1) Caeii “I aaieao e aaieianeie aeayoaeueiinoe” io 2 aeaeaa?y 1990 a. a ?aae.
Oaaea?aeueiiai caeiia io 3 oaa?aey 1996 a. // NC ?O. -1996. -N6. -No.492
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naoueth oeeeaeia e ioaeaeaiee ii anae no?aia. Iiiaea ec ieo, ia auaea?aeeaay
eiieo?aioeee eee i?inoi ia iaeaey naiae ieoe a aaieianeie no?oeoo?a, i?ae?auaee
naith aeayoaeueiinoue, aucuaay iaaeaaii?eyoiua yeiiiie/aneea iineaaenoaey aeey naieo
eeeaioia. Eiee/anoaaiiue ninoaa e?aaeeoiuo o/?aaeaeaiee a ?uii/iie yeiiiieea ia
iiaeao ?aaoee?iaaoueny ainoaea?noaii. Ii iiaeao caaenaoue eeoue io iauaeoeaiie
iio?aaiinoe yeiiiieee a aaieao. ?aaoee?iaaiea ni noi?iiu ainoaea?noaa aeieaeii
auoue iai?aaeaii ia oii?yaei/aiea aaieianeie nenoaiu, iaania/aiea aa noaaeeueiinoe
e yooaeoeaiinoe. Aaieianeay noa?a ?innee ioe?uoa e aeinooiia aeey eiino?aiiuo
eiaanoeoeee. A iaoae no?aia iiaoo nicaeaaaoueny e?aaeeoiua i?aaiecaoeee n aeieaaui
eee iieiuei o/anoeai eiino?aiiiai ..eaieoaea. Ca?oaaaeiui aaieai i?aaeinoaaeaia
aiciiaeiinoue o/?aaeaeaoue a ?innee naie aei/a?iea e?aaeeoiua I?aaiecaoeee- th?eaee/aneea
eeoea, ioe?uaaoue oeeeaeu e i?aaenoaaeoaeuenoaa. E?aaeeoiua i?aaiecaoeeen o/anoeai
eiino?aiiiai eaieoaea iiae/eiythony aeaenoaothuaio a ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee i?aaiaiio
?aaeeio e aoiaeyo a aaieianeoth nenoaio ?innee. Iiaeiaiua aea e?aaeeoiua o/?aaeaeaiey
?inneeneeo aaieia ca ?oaaaeii iiae/eiythony onoaiiaeaiiiio a no?aia i?aauaaiey
iaoeeiiaeueiiio i?aaiaiio ?aaeeio e ia aoiaeyo a ninoaa ?inneeneie aaieianeie
nenoaiu. Oaeei ia?acii, aaieianeoth nenoaio ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee ninoaaeytho:
Aaie ?innee, aai o/?aaeaeaiey, e?aaeeoiua i?aaiecaoeee, aeeth/ay aei/a?iea aaiee
eiino?aiiuo e iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo aaieia, eo oeeeaeu e i?aaenoaaeoaeuenoaa. Oeaio?aeueiue
Aaie ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee (Aaie ?innee) aicaeaaeyao aaieianeoth nenoaio ?innee.
Ooieoeee OeA ?O ii?aaeaeaiu Oaaea?aeueiui caeiiii ?O io 26 ai?aey 1995 a. eI
aianaiee eciaiaiee e aeiiieiaiee a Caeii ?NON? “I oeaio?aeueiii aaiea ?NON? (Aaiea
?innee)”(*1). Aaaeiaeoeie aai ooieoeeyie yaeythony: ?ac?aaioea e i?iaaaeaiea aaeeiie
ainoaea?noaaiiie aeaiaaeii- e?aaeeoiie iieeoeee, iai?aaeaiiie ia caueoo e
iaania/aiea onoie/eainoe ?oaey; inouanoaeaiea aaethoiiai ?aaoee?iaaiey, aeeth/ay
iia?aoeee ii iieoiea e i?iaeaaea eiino?aiiie aaethou; i?aaiecaoeey e inouanoaeaiea
aaethoiiai eiio?iey eae iaiin?aaenoaaiii, oae e /a?ac oiieiiii/aiiua aaiee e ae?.
Ii naiae nouiinoe, caaea/ai e ooieoeeyi Oeaio?aeueiue Aaie ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee
eiaao aeaienoaaiioth i?e?iaeo. Ii iiaeao ?aaioaoue a ?aaeeia e?aaeeoiie i?aaiecaoeee e
a oi aea a?aiy yaeyaony i?aaiii eniieieoaeueiie aeanoe ainoaea?noaa ioiineoaeueii
anao ae?oaeo
(**1) NC ?O. -1995. -N18. -No.1593.
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e?aaeeoiuo o/?aaeaeaiee e anao o/anoieeia e?aaeeoii- ?an/aoiuo i?aaiioiioaiee(*1).
Iniiaiua oeaee e caaea/e Oeaio?aeueiiai aaiea ?O caeeth/athony a i?aaiecaoeee
oeiainiauo ioiioaiee e eiio?iea ca eo ninoiyieai. Oeaio?aeueiue aaie ?O
iiiiiieueii inouanoaeyao yienneth aeaiaaeiie iannu, i?aaiecoao ia?auaiea aeaiaa. A
ea/anoaa i?aaia eniieieoaeueiie aeanoe Aaie ?innee iaaeaeai oe?ieeie iieiiii/eyie
ii ?aaoee?iaaieth e?aaeeoii- ?an/aoiuo ioiioaiee. E aai eiiiaoaioeee a
niioaaonoaee n aeaenoaothuei caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii ioiineony:
– onoaiiaeaiea i?aaee ?an/aoiuo e ae?oaeo aaieianeeo iia?aoeee;
– ainoaea?noaaiiay ?aaeno?aoeey e?aaeeoiuo i?aaiecaoeee;
– auaea/a eeoeaicee e?aaeeoiui i?aaiecaoeeyi e i?aaiecaoeeyi, caieiathueiny eo
aoaeeoii; iocua auaeaiiuo eeoeaicee;
– ii?aaeaeaiea ii?yaeea aaaeaiey eanniauo iia?aoeee, anao iaeiaia, nai?ia,
iioeei e ae?oaeo ieaoaaeae ia oa??eoi?ee ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee (/. 3 no. 26
oeacaiiiai caeiia);
– onoaiiaeaiea iaycaoaeueiuo aeey e?aaeeoiuo i?aaiecaoeee yeiiiie/aneeo
ii?iaoeaia;
– i?aaiecaoeey nenoaiu ?aoeiaine?iaaiey, o.a. aeeoioee?iaaiea /anoe
oeiainiauo ?aca?aia e?aaeeoiuo i?aaiecaoeee e eniieueciaaiea aeeoioee?iaaiiuo
n?aaenoa eae naieo e?aaeeoiuo ?ano?nia, i?aaeinoaaeyaiuo eiiia?/aneei aaieai a
ea/anoaa e?aaeeoia;
– ?aaoee?iaaiea ?acia?a nnoaeiiai i?ioeaioa iooai onoaiiaeaiey o/aoiie noaaee
ii e?aaeeoai Aaiea ?innee (noaaee ?aoeiaine?iaaiey);
– iaaeci? ca aeayoaeueiinoueth e?aaeeoiuo i?aaiecaoeee;
– ?aaeno?aoeey yiennee oeaiiuo aoiaa e?aaeeoiuie i?aaiecaoeeyie;
– aaethoiia ?aaoee?iaaiea e aaethoiue eiio?ieue e eiua iieiiii/ey,
i?aaeoniio?aiiua Oaaea?aeueiui caeiiii “I Oeaio?aeueiii aaiea ?O (Aaiea ?innee)”(*2)
e ae?oaeie caeiiiaeaoaeueiuie aeoaie.
A ea/anoaa e?aaeeoiie i?aaiecaoeee Aaie ?innee:
– inouanoaeyao iaaeaaieianeia e?aaeeoiaaiea, o.a. i?aaenoaaeyao e?aaeeou
eiiia?/aneei aaieai ia oneiaeyo n?i/iinoe, aica?aoiinoe e aiciacaeiinoe;
– niaa?oaao iia?aoeee ii iieoiea e i?iaeaaea eiino?aiiie aaethou, a /anoiinoe,
nenoaiaoe/anee o/anoaoao a aoeoeeiiiuo oi?aao
(**1) Ni.: Ea?anaaa I. Oeiainiai-i?aaiaua ioiioaiey n o/anoeai aaieia //
Oicyenoai e i?aai. -1997. -N11. -N.47-48.
(**2) Caeii “I Oeaio?aeueiii aaiea ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee (Aaiea ?innee)” io 2
aeaeaa?y 1990 a. a ?aae. Oaaea?aeueiiai caeiia io 26 ai?aey 1995 a. n eci. e aeii.
// NC ?O. -1995. -N18. -No.1593; 1996. -N1. -No.3; N1. -No.7; N26. -No.3032;
1997. -N9. -No. 1028.
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ia Iineianeie iaaeaaieianeie aaethoiie ae?aea (IIAA), ii ?acoeueoaoai eioi?uo
ii?aaeaeyaony oaeouee iaiaiiue eo?n ?oaey ioiineoaeueii aia?eeaineiai aeieea?a e
ae?oaeo eiino?aiiuo aaetho;
– ioe?uaaao e ianeoaeeaaao aaieianeea n/aoa iaeioi?uo i?aaiecaoeee,
oeiaine?oaiuo ec oaaea?aeueiiai athaeaeaoa /a?ac Oaaea?aeueiia eacia/aenoai.
Aaie ?innee ai?aaa inouanoaeyoue naiinoiyoaeueii eee ii ii?o/aieth I?aaeoaeuenoaa
?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee ana aeaeu aaieianeeo iia?aoeee, anee yoi ia cai?auaii
caeiiii. Ca ieacaiea iaeioi?uo aeaeia oneoa Aaie ?innee ai?aaa aceiaoue ieaoo
(iai?eia?, ca ?an/aoiua oneoae, ieacuaaaiua e?aaeeoiui i?aaiecaoeeyi)(*1).
Onoaaiue eaieoae e eiia eiouanoai Aaiea ?innee yaeythony oaaea?aeueiie
nianoaaiiinoueth. Oeaio?aeueiiio aaieo ?O i?eiaaeeaaeeo aeiey a onoaaiuo eaieoaeao
Naa?aaaoaeueiiai aaiea ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee, Aiaooi?aaaiea ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee
e iyoe ?inneeneeo caa?aie/iuo aaieia, a oaeaea a onoaaiii eaieoaea iaeioi?uo
ae?oaeo ?inneeneeo aaieia, ii n 1 yiaa?y 2000 a. Aaie ?innee iaycai i?iecaanoe
io/oaeaeaiea yoeo aeieae(*2). A aaaeaiee Aaiea ?innee iaoiaeyony ?aca?au eiino?aiiie
aaethou, cieioie caian, ae?aaioeaiiua iaoaeeu e iaeioi?ua ae?oaea oeaiiinoe
?inneeneiai ainoaea?noaa. Aaie ?innee ia?acoao aaeeioth oeaio?aeeciaaiioth nenoaio n
aa?oeeaeueiie no?oeoo?ie oi?aaeaiey. Iniiaiuie no?oeoo?iuie iiae?acaeaeaieyie
Aaiea ?innee yaeythony aai aeaaiua oa??eoi?eaeueiua oi?aaeaiey e iaoeeiiaeueiua
(oeaio?aeeciaaiiua ainoaea?noaaiiua aaiee) noauaeoia Oaaea?aoeee; aaciaee/iua
?an/aou inouanoaeythony /a?ac aeaenoaothuea i?e yoeo iiae?acaeaeaieyo ?an/aoii-
eanniaua oeaio?u, a eioi?uo ioe?uou ei??aniiiaeaineea n/aoa e?aaeeoiuo
i?aaiecaoeee; eieannaoeey aeaiaaeiie iaee/iinoe i?iecaiaeeony ianoiuie ioaeaeaieyie
?inneeneiai iauaaeeiaiey eieannaoeee. Aunoei i?aaiii Aaiea ?innee yaeyaony Niaao
aee?aeoi?ia a ninoaaa I?aaenaaeaoaey Aaiea ?innee e aeaaiaaeoeaoe /eaiia.
I?aaenaaeaoaeue Aaiea ?innee iacia/aaony ia aeieaeiinoue Ainoaea?noaaiiie Aeoiie ii
i?aaenoaaeaieth I?aceaeaioa ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee n?ieii ia 4 aiaea. Aeaienoaaiiay
i?aaiaay i?e?iaea Oeaio?aeueiiai Aaiea ?O neacuaaaony ia aai i?aaiaii noaoona. A
niioaaonoaee n Caeiiii, Aaie
(**1) Iieiaeaiea i ii?yaeea ?an/aoa e aceiaiey ieaou ca ?an/aoiua oneoae Aaiea
?innee. Ooa. Aaieii ?innee 8 aeaeaa?y 1997 a. N 7-i // Aaieianeee atheeaoaiue.
-1998. -N1. -N.5-6.
(**2) Ni.: Eiiia?/aneia i?aai. *. II. Iiae ?aae. A.O.Iiiiiaeiioei e A.O.sseiaeaaie.
Ec-ai N.-Iaoa?ao?aneiai oieaa?neoaoa. -1998. -N. 195.
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?innee yaeyaony th?eaee/aneei eeoeii, ii oai ia iaiaa ii ia ?aaeno?e?oaony a
iaeiaiauo i?aaiao eae iaeiaiieaoaeueuee. Caeiiii Aaie ?innee e aai o/?aaeaeaiey
inaiaiaeaeaiu io oieaou anao iaeiaia, nai?ia, iioeei e ae?oaeo ieaoaaeae ia
oa??eoi?ee ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee (/. 3 no. 26 oeacaiiiai caeiia). Yoi aucaaii
iniaui i?aaiaui ?aaeeiii i?eauee Aaiea ?innee, eioi?ay yaeyaony aaeeiui ec
iniiaiuo enoi/ieeia oaaea?aeueiiai athaeaeaoa. Ii Caeiio iieo/aiea i?eauee ia
yaeyaony oeaeueth aeayoaeueiinoe Aaiea ?innee (no. 3). Ii, niaa?oay aaieianeea
iia?aoeee eae iau/iay e?aaeeoiay i?aaiecaoeey, iai?eia?, i?iaeaaay eiino?aiioth
aaethoo, cieioi, niaa?oay naeaeee ii eoiea- i?iaeaaea oeaiiuo aoiaa, Aaie ?innee ia
iiaeao ia i?aneaaeiaaoue oeaee ecaea/aiey i?eauee, eia/a ii ia aue au aaieii. E
oiio aea niaa?oaiea oaeeo naeaeie aac iieo/aiey i?eauee i?ioeai?a/eei au
eioa?anai ainoaea?noaa. Caeiiiaeaoaeue iaycuaaao Aaie ?innee ia?a/eneyoue a
Oaaea?aeueiue athaeaeao 50% oaeoe/anee iieo/aiiie aaeainiaie i?eauee ii eoiaai aiaea
iinea ooaa?aeaeaiey aiaeiaiai io/aoa Aaiea ?innee Niaaoii aee?aeoi?ia. Inoaaoayny
i?eaueue Aaiea ?innee iai?aaeyaony Niaaoii aee?aeoi?ia a ?aca?au e oiiaeu
?acee/iiai iacia/aiey (/. 1 no. 26). Oaeei ia?acii, aea-oaeoi Aaiea ?innee
yaeyaony eiiia?/aneie i?aaiecaoeeae, ii caeiiiaeaoaeue ia ioian aai e eiiia?/aneei
i?aaiecaoeeyi n oai, /oiau nicaeaoue aeey Aaiea ?innee iniaua i?aaiaua oneiaey
aeayoaeueiinoe, ioee/iua io ae?oaeo e?aaeeoiuo i?aaiecaoeee. O Aaiea ?innee iao
onoaaa. Naith aeayoaeueiinoue ii inouanoaeyao iaiin?aaenoaaiii ia iniiaaiee
Oaaea?aeueiiai caeiia “I Oeaio?aeueiii Aaiea ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee (Aaiea ?innee)”.
Iineieueeo Aaie ?innee iaeaaeaao anaie i?eciaeaie th?eaee/aneiai eeoea e i?eciai
oaeiaui Caeiiii, ii yaeyaony o/anoieeii a?aaeaeainei- i?aaiauo ioiioaiee. A
neo/aa iaeniieiaiey eee iaiaaeeaaeauaai eniieiaiey Aaieii ?innee naieo
iaycaoaeuenoa, ii aeieaeai ianoe ioaaonoaaiiinoue ia?aae eeoeaie, /uee eioa?anu ei
ia?ooaiu. Eiouanoaaiiay ioaaonoaaiiinoue Aaiea ?innee eae o/anoieea e?aaeeoii-
?an/aoiuo i?aaiioiioaiee aeieaeia no?ieoueny niaeanii i. 3 no. 401 AE ?O
iacaaeneii io aai aeiu. Ia eneeth/aia ioaaonoaaiiinoue Aaiea ?innee e eae
ainoaea?noaaiiiai i?aaia a ii?yaeea no. 16 AE ?O ca oauoee, i?e/eiaiiua
iacaeiiiuie aeaenoaeyie (eee aacaeaenoaeai), iai?eia?, a neo/ayo ianaiaa?aiaiiiai
iocuaa eeoeaicee o eiiia?/aneiai aaiea, i?ae?aoeaoaai a iaeiinoi?iiiai ii?yaeea
aaieianeea iia?aoeee, iaiainiiaaiiiai ioeaca a ?aaeno?aoeee yiennee oeaiiuo aoiaa
eiiia?/aneiai aaiea, i?in?i/ee aica?aoa ?aca?aiiai oiiaea aaieo, iaoiaeyuaiony a
i?ioeanna eeeaeaeaoeee e o.ae. A noa?a oi?aaeai/aneeo ioiioaiee
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Aaie ?innee ianao eiouanoaaiioth ioaaonoaaiiinoue oieueei i?e iaee/ee aeiu. Iai?io
oeiainiauo ?ano?nia, e?aaeeoii- ?an/aoiua iia?aoeee, eieannaoeey e auaea/a aeaiaaeiie
iaee/iinoe inouanoaeythony /a?ac e?aaeeoiua i?aaiecaoeee e n eo o/anoeai.
Eaaaeueiia iiiyoea e?aaeeoiie i?aaiecaoeee aeaii a /. 1 no. 1 Oaaea?aeueiiai caeiia
“I aaieao e aaieianeie aeayoaeueiinoe”: e?aaeeoiay i?aaiecaoeey- th?eaee/aneia eeoei,
eioi?ia aeey ecaea/aiey i?eauee eae iniiaiie oeaee naiae aeayoaeueiinoe ia
iniiaaiee niaoeeaeueiiai ?ac?aoaiey (eeoeaicee) Oeaio?aeueiiai Aaiea ?inneeneie
Oaaea?aoeee (Aaiea ?innee) eiaao i?aai inouanoaeyoue aaieianeea iia?aoeee,
i?aaeoniio?aiiua Oaaea?aeueiui caeiiii. Ia?a/aiue aaieianeeo iia?aoeee niaea?aeeony a
/. 1 no. 5 oiai aea Caeiia. E iei ioiinyony:
1) i?eaea/aiea aeaiaaeiuo n?aaenoa oece/aneeo e th?eaee/aneeo eeoe ai aeeaaeu (aei
aino?aaiaaiey e ia ii?aaeaeaiiue n?ie);
2) ?aciauaiea i?eaea/aiiuo n?aaenoa io naiaai eiaie e ca naie n/ao;
3) ioe?uoea e aaaeaiea aaieianeeo n/aoia oece/aneeo e th?eaee/aneeo eeoe;
4) inouanoaeaiea ?an/aoia ii ii?o/aieth oece/aneeo e th?eaee/aneeo eeoe, a oii
/enea aaieia- ei??aniiiaeaioia, ii eo aaieianeei n/aoai;
5) eieannaoeey aeaiaaeiuo n?aaenoa, aaenaeae, ieaoaaeiuo e ?an/aoiuo aeieoiaioia
e eanniaia ianeoaeeaaiea oece/aneeo e th?eaee/aneeo eeoe;
6) eoiey- i?iaeaaea eiino?aiiie aaethou a iaee/iie e aaciaee/iie oi?ia;
7) i?eaea/aiea ai aeeaaeu e ?aciauaiea ae?aaioeaiiuo iaoaeeia;
8) auaea/a aaieianeeo aa?aioee.
Yoio ia?a/aiue yaeyaony en/a?iuaathuei. Iaeiaei iaeioi?ua ec iacaaiiuo iia?aoeee
iiaoo niaa?oaoueny e ia e?aaeeoiuie i?aaiecaoeeyie. Iai?eia?, naeaeee ii eoiea-
i?iaeaaea aaethou iiaoo niaa?oaoueny ethauie oece/aneeie e th?eaee/aneeie eeoeaie.
Aaieianeea aa?aioee ii caeiio iiaoo auaeaaaoue ia oieueei aaiee e eiua e?aaeeoiua
i?aaiecaoeee, ii e no?aoiaua i?aaiecaoeee (no. 368 AE ?O). E?aaeeou iiae caeia
ae?aaioeaiiinoae e ae?oaeo aeaeaeeiuo aauae n ia?aaea/ae eo caeiaiaea?aeaoaeth (caeeaae)
auaeathony a?aaeaeaiai niaoeeaeueii nicaeaaaaiuie aeey yoie oeaee i?aaiecaoeeyie –
eiiaa?aeaie. Ia yaeyaony eneeth/eoaeueiie i?a?iaaoeaie e?aaeeoiuo i?aaiecaoeee e
aeayoaeueiinoue ii i?eaea/aieth aeaiaaeiuo n?aaenoa oece/aneeo e th?eaee/aneeo eeoe.
Iiieii e?aaeeoiuo i?aaiecaoeee yoie aeayoaeueiinoueth caieiathony oae aea ?aciiia?aciua
eiiia?/aneea i?aaiecaoeee, noaayuea ia?aae niaie oeaeue i?eaea/aiey eae iiaeii
aieueoa aeaiaaeiuo n?aaenoa n oai, /oiau auaiaeii aeeaaeuaaoue eo a eiaanoeoeeiiiua eee
eiua i?iaeou e oaeeie niiniaaie ecaeaeaoue i?eaueue. A ea/anoaa e?eoa?ey
?aca?aie/aiey aaieianeeo iia?aoeee ii i?eaea/aieth aeaiaaeiuo n?aaenoa ae?oaeo eeoe e
aiaeiae/iuo ei iia?aoeee
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i?aaiecaoeee, ia yaeythueony e?aaeeoiuie, a caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa eniieueciaaia i?aaiaay
oi?ia acaeiiioiioaiee iaaeaeo i?eaeaeathuae i?aaiecaoeeae, n iaeiie noi?iiu, e
noauaeoii, aeaiaaeiua n?aaenoaa eioi?iai i?eaeaeathony, n ae?oaie noi?iiu. Yoe
acaeiiioiioaiey iiaoo auoue iino?iaiu ii ?acee/iui i?aaiaui iiaeaeyi:
1) ii iiaeaee aeiaiai?a aaieianeiai aeeaaea, ec eioi?iai aicieeaao
iaycaoaeuenoai aaiea ia?aae aeeaae/eeii “aica?aoeoue noiio aeeaaea e auieaoeoue
i?ioeaiou ia aa oneiaeyo e a ii?yaeea, i?aaeoniio?aiiuo aeiaiai?ii” (i. 1 no. 834
AE ?O);
2) ii iiaeaee aeiaiai?a aeiaa?eoaeueiiai oi?aaeaiey a oao, i?aaeoniio?aiiuo
caeiiii, neo/ayo, eiaaea naiinoiyoaeueiui iauaeoii aeiaa?eoaeueiiai oi?aaeaiey
iiaoo auoue aeaiueae (i. 2 no. 1013 AE ?O);
3) ii iiaeaee aeieaaiai o/anoey a eiaanoeoeeiiiii i?ioeanna iiin?aaeoaiiai
aeiaiai?ii i?inoiai oiaa?euanoaa (i. 1 no. 1041 AE ?O);
4) ii iiaeaeyi ei?ii?aoeaiuo i?aaiauo ioiioaiee, eiaaea noauaeou, /uee
aeaiaaeiua n?aaenoaa i?eaeaeathony, noaiiayony o/anoieeaie (aeoeeiia?aie, iaeueeaie,
aeieueueeaie, aeeaae/eeaie) oao oicyenoaaiiuo oiaa?euanoa e iauanoa, eioi?ua
i?eaeaeatho eo aeaiueae;
5) ii iiaeaee aeiaiai?a aiciacaeiiai ieacaiey oneoa (i. 1 no. 779 AE ?O),
eioi?oth n oniaoii eniieuecotho aeaenoaothuea ii i?eioeeio “oeiainiauo ie?aieae”
?aciiia?aciua no?oeoo?u: aeeneiioiua eeoau, oaeioa?u, oe?iu, i?aaeeaaathuea
iioeeiiu ia aaoiiiaeee, eiua oiaa?u iiauoaiiiai ni?ina e o.i.;
6) ii iiaeaee i?aaeaa?eoaeueiie iieaou aeaaaoiaie ieanoeeiaie ea?ou, auaea/a
eioi?ie iiin?aaeoaony neiaeiui aeiaiai?ii iaaeaeo yieoaioii ea?ou e aa aeaaeaeueoeai,
aeeth/athuei a naay yeaiaiou ianeieueeeo a?aaeaeainei- i?aaiauo aeiaiai?ia: eoiee-
i?iaeaaee, aaieianeiai aeeaaea, caeia, aiciacaeiiai ieacaiey oneoa(*1).
Ii ec i. 1 no. 835 AE ?O e i. 1 no. 5 Caeiia “I aaieao e aaieianeie
aeayoaeueiinoe” neaaeoao, /oi, ai-ia?auo, aaieianeie iia?aoeeae yaeyaony ia ethaia
i?eaea/aiea aeaiaaeiuo n?aaenoa ae?oaeo eeoe, a i?eaea/aiea aeaiaa eiaiii ai aeeaaeu;
ai-aoi?uo, /oi oaeea iia?aoeee yaeythony eneeth/eoaeueiie i?a?iaaoeaie aeaaea ia
ethauo e?aaeeoiuo i?aaiecaoeee, a oieueei eiiia?/aneeo aaieia. I?aaiecaoeee,
i?eaeaeathuea aeaiaaeiua n?aaenoaa ae?oaeo eeoe ii eiui i?aaiaui iniiaaieyi, ia
ioiinyony e e?aaeeoiui i?aaiecaoeeyi. Anee iie inouanoaeytho aaieianeea iia?aoeee
aac niioaaonoaothueo eeoeaicee, eo aeayoaeueiinoue yaeyaony iacaeiiiie e aeieaeia auoue
i?ana/aia.
Eeoeaicee einoeoooeeiiaeueiui eiaanoi?ai auaeathony Oaaea?aeueiie eiienneae ii ?uieo
oeaiiuo aoiaa; eiui aeaeai i?aaiecaoeee, i?eaeaeathuei aeaiaaeiua n?aaenoaa ae?oaeo
eeoe, – Ieienoa?noaii oeiainia ?O e aai i?aaiaie ia ianoao. Eeoeaicee e?aaeeoiui
i?aaiecaoeeyi
(**1) Eiiia?/aneia i?aai, -*.II. -N.200.
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auaeathony Oeaio?aeueiui aaieii ?O, eioi?ue inouanoaeyao eiio?ieue ca eo
aeayoaeueiinoueth. E?aaeeoiua i?aaiecaoeee a no?oeoo?a yeiiiieee no?aiu caieiatho
no?iai ii?aaeaeaiiia ianoi: eo nioeeaeueii- yeiiiie/aneia iacia/aiea – ?an/aoii-
eanniaia ianeoaeeaaiea th?eaee/aneeo eeoe e a?aaeaeai, i?aaeinoaaeaiea e?aaeeoia,
ieacaiea eiuo oeiainiauo oneoa. Iaeiaei ia ana e?aaeeoiua i?aaiecaoeee auiieiytho
aanue eiiieaen aaieianeeo iia?aoeee. A caaeneiinoe io oiai, inouanoaeyao ee
e?aaeeoiay i?aaiecaoeey ioe?uoea e aaaeaiea ?an/aoiuo (oaeoueo) n/aoia oece/aneeo
e th?eaee/aneeo eeoe e i?eaea/aiea aeaiaaeiuo n?aaenoa ae?oaeo eeoe ai aeeaaeu, ana
e?aaeeoiua i?aaiecaoeee aeaeyony ia aeaa eeanneoeeaoeeiiiua a?oiiu: iaaaieianeea
e?aaeeoiua i?aaiecaoeee e eiiia?/aneea aaiee (no. 1 Caeiia “I aaieao e aaieianeie
aeayoaeueiinoe”). E?aaeeoiua i?aaiecaoeee, ia aaaeouea ?an/aoiuo n/aoia th?eaee/aneeo
eeoe e oaeoueo n/aoia a?aaeaeai e iioiio ia yaeythueany aaieaie, iiaoo niaa?oaoue
ioaeaeueiua aeaeu aaieianeeo iia?aoeee ia iniiaaiee eeoeaicee Aaiea ?innee. Aeaeu
aaieianeeo iia?aoeee aeey iaaaieianeeo e?aaeeoiuo i?aaiecaoeee oeacuaathony a
eeoeaicee. A caaeneiinoe io naiaai ooieoeeiiaeueiiai iacia/aiey iaaaieianeea
e?aaeeoiua i?aaiecaoeee iiaoo inouanoaeyoue ianeoaeeaaiea th?eaee/aneeo eeoe, a oii
/enea e?aaeeoiuo i?aaiecaoeee, ia iaaeaaieianeii, aaethoiii ?uieao, ?uiea oeaiiuo
aoiaa; inouanoaeyoue ?an/aou ii ieanoeeiaui ea?oai, eieannaoeeth aeaiaaeiuo n?aaenoa,
aaenaeae, ieaoaaeiuo e ?an/aoiuo aeieoiaioia e eanniaia ianeoaeeaaiea th?eaee/aneeo
eeoe, iia?aoeee ii eoiea- i?iaeaaea eiino?aiiie aaethou a aaciaee/iie oi?ia, a oaeaea
eiua naeaeee, i?aaeoniio?aiiua eo onoaaaie. Iaaaieianeea e?aaeeoiua i?aaiecaoeee ia
ai?aaa i?eaeaeaoue aeaiaaeiua n?aaenoaa th?eaee/aneeo e oece/aneeo eeoe ai aeeaaeu a
oeaeyo eo ?aciauaiey io naiaai eiaie e ca naie n/ao.(*1) N?aaee iaaaieianeeo
e?aaeeoiuo i?aaiecaoeee auaeaeytho ?an/aoiua, e?aaeeoiua, i?aaiecaoeee eieannaoeee e
e?aaeeoiua nithcu. I?eia?ii ?an/aoiuo iaaaieianeeo e?aaeeoiuo i?aaiecaoeee yaeythony
eee?eiaiaua i?aaiecaoeee (oeaio?u, aeiia, iaeaou), i?iaiaeyuea ?an/aou iooai ca/aoa
acaeiiuo o?aaiaaiee th?eaee/aneeo eeoe – o/anoieeia oeaii/ee acaeiiioiioaiee(*2).
(**1) Ni.: i.2 ?acae.1 Iieiaeaiey “I i?oaeaioeeaeueiii ?aaoee?iaaiee aeayoaeueiinoe
iaaaieianeeo e?aaeeoiuo i?aaiecaoeee, inouanoaeythueo iia?aoeee ii ?an/aoai, e
i?aaiecaoeee eieannaoeee”, Ooa. OeA ?innee 8 naioya?y 1997 // Eiaeaen-INFI. -1997.
-N40. -N.15-17. I?oaeaioeeaeueiia ?aaoee?iaaiea – onoaiiaeaiea iaycaoaeueiuo
yeiiiie/aneeo ii?iaoeaia.
(**2) Ieaeiee I.I. Iniiau aaieianeiai i?aaa: Eo?n eaeoeee. -I., 1997. – N.
174-17&
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Iaaaieianeea e?aaeeoiua i?aaiecaoeee o/anoaotho, eae i?aaeei, oieueei a e?aaeeoiuo
i?aaiecaoeeyo eeai a ?iee caeiiaeaaoeaa, eeai a ?iee iin?aaeieeia – oeiainiauo
a?iea?ia, ieacuaathueo iin?aaeie/aneea oneoae i?e niaa?oaiee e?aaeeoiuo naeaeie.
I?aaiecaoeee eieannaoeee ai?aaa inouanoaeyoue eeoue iaeei aeae aeayoaeueiinoe:
eieannaoeeth aeaiaaeiuo n?aaenoa, aaenaeae, ae?oaeo ieaoaaeiuo e ?an/aoiuo aeieoiaioia.
E?aaeeoiua nithcu o/?aaeaeathony ia?aie/aiiui ninoaaii o/anoieeia, eae i?aaeei,
acaeiinaycaiiuo iaaeaeo niaie eaeeie-oi a?oiiiauie eioa?anaie; o/anoieee
e?aaeeoiiai nithca ia?eiaee/anee aiinyo a aai neeaaei/iue eaieoae aeaiaaeiua aciinu;
aeeoioee?iaaiiua oaeei niiniaii oeiainiaua ?ano?nu neoaeao enoi/ieeii e?aaeeoia,
eioi?ua iiaoo i?aaeinoaaeyoueny oieueei /eaiai e?aaeeoiiai nithca. Ana aeaeu
iaaaieianeeo e?aaeeoiuo i?aaiecaoeee aoiaeyo a aaieianeoth nenoaio e inouanoaeytho
naith aeayoaeueiinoue iiae eiio?ieai Aaiea ?innee. Iniiaiui aeaeii e?aaeeoiuo
i?aaiecaoeee e iniiaiui caaiii aaieianeie nenoaiu yaeythony eiiia?/aneea aaiee.
Ii?aaeaeaiea aaiea aeaii a no.1 Caeiia “I aaieao e aaieianeie aeayoaeueiinoe”: aaie
– yoi e?aaeeoiay i?aaiecaoeey, eioi?ay eiaao eneeth/eoaeueiia i?aai inouanoaeyoue a
niaieoiiinoe neaaeothuea iia?aoeee: i?eaea/aiea ai aeeaaeu aeaiaaeiuo n?aaenoa
oece/aneeo e th?eaee/aneeo eeoe, ?aciauaiea oeacaiiuo n?aaenoa io naiaai eiaie e ca
naie naao ia oneiaeyo aica?aoiinoe, ieaoiinoe e n?i/iinoe, ioe?uoea e aaaeaiea
aaieianeeo n/aoia oece/aneeo e th?eaee/aneeo eeoe. A caaeneiinoe io niaoeeaeecaoeee
eiiia?/aneea aaiee iiaoo auoue oieaa?naeueiuie e niaoeeaeece?iaaiiuie. Aieueoeinoai
eiiia?/aneeo aaieia inouanoaeytho aanue eiiieaen e?aaeeoii- ?an/aoiuo iia?aoeee,
yoe aaiee yaeythony oieaa?naeueiuie. Iaeioi?ua aaiee nin?aaeioi/eaathony ia
ii?aaeaeaiiii o/anoea oeiainiaiai ?uiea. Oaeeie niaoeeaeece?iaaiiuie aaieaie
yaeythony, iai?eia?, eiaanoeoeeiiiua, eiioa/iua aaiee, aaiee ?acaeoey e
?aeiino?oeoeee. Ii ninoaao ianeoaeeaaaiuo eeeaioia iiaeii auaeaeeoue aaiee, eioi?ua
ianeoaeeaatho i?aaiecaoeee ioaeaeueiuo io?aneae ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa ( “Aaci?iiaaie”,
“Iaooaoeiaaie”, “AEaeaei?aaie”, “I?ii?aaeoaoaaie”). Ii oa??eoi?ee aeayoaeueiinoe
?acee/atho aaiee iaae?aaeiiaeueiua e ?aaeiiaeueiua (ianoiua). A i?ioeanna naiae
aeayoaeueiinoe e?aaeeoiua i?aaiecaoeee ia?aaeei auioaeaeaiu acaeiiaeaenoaiaaoue e
eii?aeeie?iaaoue naie aeaenoaey. Iooai caeeth/aiey aeiaiai?ia iiiaea aaiee
onoaiaaeeaatho iaaeaeo
!!348
niaie ei??aniiiaeaioneea ioiioaiey, o.a. ioe?uaatho e aaaeoo acaeiiua n/aoa ae?oa
ae?oaa, i?iaiaeyo ?an/aou e acaeiica/aou /a?ac iauea ?an/aoiua e eee?eiaiaua
oeaio?u, i?aaeinoaaeytho ae?oa ae?oao iaaeaaieianeea e?aaeeou, inouanoaeytho
iiiaioiaeiaua eiiaeiaoeee n ainoaea?noaaiiuie oeaiiuie aoiaaaie.
Iaeaieaa oeie/iuie aeey aaieianeie nenoaiu yaeythony neaaeothuea aa?eaiou
acaeiiaeaenoaey e?aaeeoiuo i?aaiecaoeee.
Aaieianeee aeueyin – a?oiia aaieia, caeeth/eaoeo iaaeaeo niaie aeiaiai? i
eii?aeeiaoeee e niaianoiii inouanoaeaiee eaeeo- eeai aaieianeeo iia?aoeee.
Aaieianeee aeueyin ia yaeyaony th?eaee/aneei eeoeii.
Aaieianeee eiini?oeeoi – a?oiia aaieia, aeiaiaa?eaathueony i niaianoiii
oeiaine?iaaiee eaeiai- eeai i?iaeoa eee i?ia?aiiu; eiini?oeeoi ia yaeyaony
th?eaee/aneei eeoeii; aoiaeyuea a iaai aaiee aeaenoaotho ia iniiaaiee e a ?aieao
caeeth/aiiiai aeiaiai?a i?inoiai oiaa?euanoaa.
Aaieianeee oieaeeia – oicyenoaaiiia iauanoai, eioi?ia aeaaeaao e?oiiuie iaeaoaie
aeoeee ae?oaeo oicyenoaaiiuo iauanoa. A Oaaea?aeueiii caeiia “I aaieao e aaieianeie
aeayoaeueiinoe” oeacaii, /oi “oieaeeiae ia?acothony iooai iieo/aiey e?aaeeoiie
i?aaiecaoeeae (iniiaiie e?aaeeoiie i?aaiecaoeeae) a neeo i?aiaeaaeathuaai o/anoey a
onoaaiii eaieoaea iaeiie eee ianeieueeeo e?aaeeoiuo i?aaiecaoeee eeai a
niioaaonoaee n caeeth/aiiui n iaeiie eee ianeieueeeie e?aaeeoiuie i?aaiecaoeeyie
aeiaiai?ii aiciiaeiinoe ii?aaeaeyoue ?aoaiey, i?eieiaaiua oeacaiiuie e?aaeeoiuie
i?aaiecaoeeyie”.
Aaieianeea iauaaeeiaiey, eae e ethaua iauaaeeiaiey, niaeanii i.1 e 2 no. 121 AE
?O, yaeythony iaeiiia?/aneeie i?aaiecaoeeyie, iie ia iiaoo i?aneaaeiaaoue oeaee
ecaea/aiey i?eauee e ia ai?aaa inouanoaeyoue aaieianeea iia?aoeee.
2. II?ssAeIE NICAeAIEss E EEEAEAeAOeEE E?AAeEOIUO I?AAIECAOeEE.
I?ioeann nicaeaiey e?aaeeoiuo i?aaiecaoeee iiae/eiyaony iauei i?aaeeai, ii eiaao e
naie iniaaiiinoe, niaoeeaeueiua i?aaeea. Ii iauaio i?aaeeo o/?aaeeoaeyie e?aaeeoiie
i?aaiecaoeee iiaoo auoue th?eaee/aneea eeoea e a?aaeaeaia. Iaeiaei th?eaee/aneea eeoea –
o/?aaeeoaee e?aaeeoiuo i?aaiecaoeee aeieaeiu eiaoue onoie/eaia oeiainiaia iieiaeaiea e
auiieiyoue iaycaoaeuenoaa ia?aae oaaea?aeueiui athaeaeaoii, athaeaeaoaie noauaeoia
?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee e ianoiuie athaeaeaoaie ca iineaaeiea o?e aiaea; a ninoaa
o/?aaeeoaeae ia
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iiaeao aoiaeeoue th?eaee/aneia eeoei, eiathuaa caaeieaeaiiinoue ia?aae athaeaeaoii.
Ieieiaeueiue ?acia? onoaaiiai eaieoaea aeey nicaeaaaaiuo e?aaeeoiuo i?aaiecaoeee
?aaoee?oaony Aaieii ?innee iooai onoaiiaeaiey eiie?aoiuo cia/aiee niaoeeaeueiiai
ieieiaeueiiai ?acia?a onoaaiiai eaieoaea ia ii?aaeaeaiiua aeaou e iinoaiaiiiai
iiauoaiey yoeo cia/aiee ia aoaeouea ia?eiaeu ii n?aaiaieth n i?aaeoanoaothueie. Oae,
ia ia?aia iieoaiaeea 1998 aiaea Aaie ?innee onoaiiaee neaaeothuea ieieiaeueiua
?acia?u onoaaiiai eaieoaea aeey nicaeaaaaiuo e?aaeeoiuo i?aaiecaoeee e aeey
aeaenoaothueo, cayaeythueo i aeiiieieoaeueiuo eeoeaiceyo:
– aeey aaieia, ia yaeythueony aei/a?ieie e?aaeeoiuie i?aaiecaoeeyie eiino?aiiuo
aaieia, oiaeaoaenoaothueo i iieo/aiee eeoeaicee ia inouanoaeaiea iia?aoeee:
a) ni n?aaenoaaie a ?oaeyo (aac i?aaa i?eaea/aiey ai aeeaaeu n?aaenoa
oece/aneeo eeoe) – 26,4 iei. ?oa.;
a) ni n?aaenoaaie a ?oaeyo e eiino?aiiie aaethoa (aac i?aaa i?eaea/aiey ai
aeeaaeu n?aaenoa oece/aneeo eeoe) – 33,0 iei. ?oa.;
a) n ae?aaioeaiiuie iaoaeeaie – 33,0 iei. ?oa.;
a) aeey aei/a?ieo e?aaeeoiuo i?aaiecaoeee eiino?aiiuo aaieia – 66,0 iei. ?oa.;
ae) aeey iaaaieianeeo e?aaeeoiuo i?aaiecaoeee – 0,66 iei. ?oa.;
– aeey aeaenoaothueo aaieia:
a) aeey iieo/aiey eeoeaicee ia i?eaea/aiea ai aeeaaeu n?aaenoa oece/aneeo eeoe a
?oaeyo – 26,4 iei. ?oa.;
a) aeey iieo/aiey eeoeaicee ia inouanoaeaiea aaieianeeo iia?aoeee ni
n?aaenoaaie a ?oaeyo e eiino?aiiie aaethoa (aac i?aaa i?eaea/aiey ai aeeaaeu
n?aaenoa oece/aneeo eeoe a ?oaeyo e eiino?aiiie aaethoa), eeoeaicee ia i?eaea/aiea
ai aeeaaeu n?aaenoa oece/aneeo eeoe a ?oaeyo e eiino?aiiie aaethoa, eeoeaicee ia
inouanoaeaiea iia?aoeee n ae?aaioeaiiuie iaoaeeaie – 33,0 iei. ?oa.;
a) aeey iieo/aiey aaia?aeueiie eeoeaicee ia inouanoaeaiea aaieianeeo iia?aoeee
onoaiaaeeaaaony ieieiaeueiue ?acia? nianoaaiiuo n?aaenoa (eaieoaea) – 33,0 iei.
?oa(*1).
Aeeaaeu a onoaaiue eaieoae e?aaeeoiie i?aaiecaoeee iiaoo aiineoueny a aeaea aeaiaaeiuo
n?aaenoa e iaoa?eaeueiuo aeoeaia; i?aaeaeueiue ?acia? iaaeaiaaeiie /anoe onoaaiiai
eaieoaea e?aaeeoiie i?aaiecaoeee ia aeieaeai i?aauoaoue 20% ia?aua aeaa aiaea aa
aeayoaeueiinoe e 10% a iineaaeothuea aiaeu; iaiaoa?eaeueiua aeoeau, a oii /enea i?aaa
a?aiaeu iiiauaiey e oeaiiua aoiaae, ia iiaoo auoue aianaiu a onoaaiue eaieoae
e?aaeeoiie i?aaiecaoeee. E?aaeeoiay i?aaiecaoeey iiaeao nicaeaaaoueny a
i?aaiecaoeeiiii- i?aaiaie oi?ia oieueei oicyenoaaiiiai iauanoaa: ioe?uoiai eee
(**1) Ieaeiee I.I. Iniiau aaieianeiai i?aaa: Eo?n eaeoeee. -I., 1997. -N.
174-178.
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cae?uoiai aeoeeiia?iiai iauanoaa eeai iauanoaa n ia?aie/aiiie eee aeiiieieoaeueiie
ioaaonoaaiiinoueth. Eaiaeeaeaou ia aeieaeiinoue ?oeiaiaeeoaeae eniieieoaeueiuo i?aaiia e
aeaaiiai aooaaeoa?a e?aaeeoiie i?aaiecaoeee aeieaeiu niioaaonoaiaaoue ii?aaeaeaiiui
e?eoa?eyi: aunoaa eee n?aaeiaa niaoeeaeueiia ia?aciaaiea, iiuo ?aaiou a aaieianeie
i?aaiecaoeee, ionoonoaea noaeeiinoe. Aaieianeia caeaiea (iiiauaiea) e?aaeeoiie
i?aaiecaoeee aeieaeii eiaoue niaoeeaeueiia iai?oaeiaaiea, io?aiii- iiaea?ioth e
o?aaiaeioth neaiaeecaoeeth, a aeey inouanoaeaiey eanniauo iia?aoeee – oaoie/anee
oe?aieaiiue eanniaue ocae, ioaa/athuee niioaaonoaothuei o?aaiaaieyi. Iaeao
o/?aaeeoaeueiuo aeieoiaioia i?aaenoaaeyaony o/?aaeeoaeyie e?aaeeoiie i?aaiecaoeee a
oa??eoi?eaeueiia o/?aaeaeaiea Aaiea ?innee ii ianoo iaoiaeaeaiey, e?aaeeoiie
i?aaiecaoeee, eioi?ia aeaao caeeth/aiea i aiciiaeiinoe ainoaea?noaaiiie ?aaeno?aoeee
e?aaeeoiie i?aaiecaoeee e ia?aaeaao aeieoiaiou a Aaie ?innee. ?aoaiea i
ainoaea?noaaiiie ?aaeno?aoeee e?aaeeoiie i?aaiecaoeee e auaea/a eeoeaicee Ia
inouanoaeaiea aaieianeeo iia?aoeee i?eieiaaony Aaieii ?innee a n?ie, ia
i?aauoathuee oanoe ianyoeaa n aeaou i?aaenoaaeaiey anao aeieoiaioia. A oa/aiea
iaeiiai ianyoea iinea ?aaeno?aoeee e?aaeeoiie i?aaiecaoeee aa o/?aaeeoaee aeieaeiu
iieaoeoue 100% onoaaiiai eaieoaea. E oieueei iinea yoiai a oa/aiea o?ao ?aai/eo
aeiae iinea iieo/aiey caeeth/aiey oa??eoi?eaeueiiai o/?aaeaeaiey Aaiea ?innee i
i?aaiia?iinoe iieaou 100% onoaaiiai eaieoaea Aaie ?innee i?eieiaao ?aoaiea i
auaea/a eeoeaicee(*1). Ioeac a ainoaea?noaaiiie ?aaeno?aoeee e?aaeeoiie i?aaiecaoeee
e auaea/a eeoeaicee ia inouanoaeaiea aaieianeeo iia?aoeee aiciiaeai oieueei ii
iniiaaieyi, oeacaiiui a no. 16 Oaaea?aeueiiai caeiia “I aaieao e aaieianeie
aeayoaeueiinoe”: ianiioaaonoaea aeieoiaioia, iiaeaiiuo aeey ainoaea?noaaiiie
?aaeno?aoeee e?aaeeoiie i?aaiecaoeee e iieo/aiey eeoeaicee, eiie?aoiui o?aaiaaieyi
oaaea?aeueiuo caeiiia. Iai?eia?, a ainoaea?noaaiiie ?aaeno?aoeee e auaea/a eeoeaicee
e?aaeeoiie i?aaiecaoeee aeieaeii auoue ioeacaii, anee eaiaeeaeao ia ?oeiaiaeyuoth
aeieaeiinoue aue oioy au iaeei ?ac ca iineaaeiea aeaa aiaea oaieai n ?aaiou ii i. 2
no. 254 ECiO ?O (ii i?e/eia niaa?oaiey aeiiaiuo aeaenoaee ?aaioieeii,
iaiin?aaenoaaiii ianeoaeeaathuei aeaiaaeiua eee oiaa?iua oeaiiinoe, anee yoe aeaenoaey
aeaee iniiaaiea aeey oo?aou aeiaa?ey e iaio ni noi?iiu aaeieieno?aoeee.
(**1) Ni.: Oeacaiey Oeaio?aeueiiai Aaiea ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee io 5 yiaa?y 1998 a.
N 129-O // Eiaeaen- INFO. -1998. -N5. -N. 25.
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Ioeac a ainoaea?noaaiiie ?aaeno?aoeee e auaea/a eeoeaicee, iai?eiyoea Aaieii ?innee
niioaaonoaothuaai ?aoaiey a onoaiiaeaiiue n?ie iiaoo auoue iaaeaeiaaiu
o/?aaeeoaeyie a a?aeo?aaeiue noae. O/anoea eiino?aiiiai eaieoaea a aaieianeie
nenoaia ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee ia?aie/eaaaony ii?aaeaeaiiie eaioie, eioi?ay
?ann/eouaaaony eae ioiioaiea noiia?iiai eaieoaea, i?eiaaeeaaeauaai ia?aceaeaioai a
onoaaiuo eaieoaeao e?aaeeoiuo i?aaiecaoeee n eiino?aiiuie eiaanoeoeeyie, e
eaieoaea oeeeaeia eiino?aiiuo aaieia e niaieoiiiio onoaaiiio eaieoaeo e?aaeeoiuo
i?aaiecaoeee, ca?aaeno?e?iaaiiuo ia oa??eoi?ee ?innee. Eiie?aoiue ?acia? eaiou
onoaiaaeeaaaony oaaea?aeueiui caeiiii ii i?aaeeiaeaieth I?aaeoaeuenoaa ?inneeneie
Oaaea?aoeee, niaeaniaaiiiio n Aaieii ?innee. Aaaaeaiea iacaaiiiai ia?aie/aiey
i?aneaaeoao aeaa oeaee: nin?aaeioi/aiea iniiaiuo oeiainiauo ?ano?nia a ?oeao
e?aaeeoiuo i?aaiecaoeee, nicaeaiiuo aac o/anoey eiino?aiiuo eiaanoeoeee, e iiae eo
eiio?ieai, ia?aie/aiea nianoaaiiuo aaieianeeo no?oeoo? io aeanoeie eiieo?aioeee
ni noi?iiu eiino?aiiiai aaieianeiai eaieoaea. Aaieo ?innee i?aaeinoaaeaii i?aai
onoaiaaeeaaoue aeey e?aaeeoiuo i?aaiecaoeee n eiino?aiiuie eiaanoeoeeyie
aeiiieieoaeueiua o?aaiaaiey ii ?acia?ai iaycaoaeueiuo yeiiiie/aneeo ii?iaoeaia, ii
ii?yaeeo i?aaenoaaeaiey io/aoiinoe, ii eaaeeoeeaoeeiiiui e eiui o?aaiaaieyi e
?oeiaiaeeoaeyi, ii ia?a/ith inouanoaeyaiuo aaieianeeo iia?aoeee. Iiaeao auoue
iiauoai o?iaaiue ieieiaeueiiai ?acia?a onoaaiiai eaieoaea, aiiaue nicaeaaaaiuo
e?aaeeoiuo i?aaiecaoeee n eiino?aiiuie eiaanoeoeeyie e oeeeaeia eiino?aiiuo
aaieia. Ai anao inoaeueiuo yeaiaioao i?aaiaie noaoon e?aaeeoiuo i?aaiecaoeee n
eiino?aiiui o/anoeai, oeeeaeia e i?aaenoaaeoaeuenoa eiino?aiiuo aaieia e i?aaiaie
?aaeei eo aeayoaeueiinoe – oaeie aea, eae o e?aaeeoiuo i?aaiecaoeee aac eiino?aiiiai
eaieoaea. N iiiaioa ainoaea?noaaiiie ?aaeno?aoeee Aaieii ?innee e?aaeeoiua
i?aaiecaoeee i?eia?aoatho noaoon th?eaee/aneiai eeoea e n yoiai iiiaioa o ieo
aicieeaao niiniaiinoue o/anoaiaaoue a a?aaeaeaineeo i?aaiioiioaieyo – iauay
a?aaeaeaineay i?aainiiniaiinoue. N iiiaioa iieo/aiey eeoeaicee o e?aaeeoiie
i?aaiecaoeee aicieeaao niiniaiinoue inouanoaeyoue e?aaeeoii- ?an/aoiua iia?aoeee,
o.a. caieiaoueny i?ioanneiiaeueiie aaieianeie aeayoaeueiinoueth a oeaeyo ecaea/aiey
i?eauee – niaoeeaeueiay i?aainiiniaiinoue, iauai eioi?ie caaeneo io aeaea eeoeaicee.
Aii?inu ?ai?aaiecaoeee e eeeaeaeaoeee e?aaeeoiuo i?aaiecaoeee ?aoathony ia iniiaaiee
iaueo ii?i /anoe ia?aie AE ?O (no. 57- 65). Aeaoaeueiia ?aaoee?iaaiea aeaaony a
aaaeiinoaaiiuo i?aaiauo
!!352
aeoao Aaiea ?innee. Anee i?e ?ai?aaiecaoeee nicaeathony iiaua e?aaeeoiua
i?aaiecaoeee (aneaaenoaea neeyiey, ?acaeaeaiey, auaeaeaiey), ei iaiaoiaeeii iieo/eoue
iiaua eeoeaicee Aaiea ?innee. A neo/aa i?eniaaeeiaiey iaeiie e?aaeeoiie i?aaiecaoeee
e ae?oaie, Aaie ?innee aiineo a Eieao ainoaea?noaaiiie ?aaeno?aoeee e?aaeeoiuo
i?aaiecaoeee caienue i i?ae?auaiee aeayoaeueiinoe i?eniaaeeiaiiie e?aaeeoiie
i?aaiecaoeee n oeacaieai i?aaii?aaiieea e oi?iu ?aaeno?aoeee. Eciaiaiey, eioi?ua
aiinyony a o/?aaeeoaeueiua aeieoiaiou e?aaeeoiuo i?aaiecaoeee a nayce n
?ai?aaiecaoeeae, iiaeeaaeao ainoaea?noaaiiie ?aaeno?aoeee. I?ae?auaiea e?aaeeoiuo
i?aaiecaoeee iiaeao auoue aeia?iaieueiui e i?eioaeeoaeueiui. Aeia?iaieueiay
?ai?aaiecaoeey e eeeaeaeaoeey e?aaeeoiie i?aaiecaoeee i?iecaiaeeony ii oniio?aieth aa
o/?aaeeoaeae (o/anoieeia) e ioi?ieyaony ?aoaieai aunoaai i?aaia oi?aaeaiey
oicyenoaaiiiai iauanoaa – iauei nia?aieai o/anoieeia (aeoeeiia?ia) iauanoaa. Ia
iiiaiou i?eiyoey ?aoaiey i aeia?iaieueiie eeeaeaeaoeee (naiieeeaeaeaoeee) e?aaeeoiay
i?aaiecaoeey iaycaia iiaaneoue ana naie iaycaoaeuenoaa ia?aae e?aaeeoi?aie. ?aoaiea
i aeia?iaieueiie eeeaeaeaoeee e?aaeeoiie i?aaiecaoeee ia iiaeao auoue i?eiyoi a neo/aa,
anee iia oaeoe/anee yaeyaony iaieaoaaeaniiniaiie. I?eioaeeoaeueiay ?ai?aaiecaoeey
e?aaeeoiie i?aaiecaoeee iiaeao i?iecaiaeeoueny ii o?aaiaaieth Aaiea ?innee, anee
ia?ooaiey eee niaa?oaaiua e?aaeeoiie i?aaiecaoeeae iia?aoeee nicaeaee ?aaeueioth
oa?ico eioa?anai e?aaeeoi?ia (aeeaae/eeia) aeaiiie e?aaeeoiie i?aaiecaoeee. Anee
e?aaeeoiay i?aaiecaoeey ia auiieiyao o?aaiaaiey Aaiea ?innee, iineaaeiee iiaeao
ia?aoeoueny a a?aeo?aaeiue noae n eneii i i?eioaeeoaeueiie ?ai?aaiecaoeee e?aaeeoiie
i?aaiecaoeee. I?eioaeeoaeueiay eeeaeaeaoeey e?aaeeoiie i?aaiecaoeee oaeaea
inouanoaeyaony ii ?aoaieth noaea. Iaeiei ec iniiaaiee i?eioaeeoaeueiie i?aaiecaoeee
yaeyaony i?eciaiea aa ianinoiyoaeueiie (aaie?ioii). N iiiaioa i?eiyoey ?aoaiey i
i?eioaeeoaeueiie eee aeia?iaieueiie eeeaeaeaoeee e?aaeeoiie i?aaiecaoeee o?aaiaaiey aa
e?aaeeoi?ia oaeiaeaoai?yaony a ii?yaeea i/a?aaeiinoe, onoaiiaeaiiie no. 64 AE ?O.
!!353
3. AAIEIANEEE N*AO.
Ana ?an/aou iaaeaeo th?eaee/aneeie eeoeaie, a oaeaea ?an/aou n o/anoeai a?aaeaeai,
naycaiiua n inouanoaeaieai eie i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie aeayoaeueiinoe, i?iecaiaeyony a
aaciaee/iii ii?yaeea. Aaciaee/iua ?an/aou i?iecaiaeyony /a?ac aaiee, a eioi?uo
ioe?uou
!!353
niioaaonoaothuea n/aoa. ?an/aou iiaoo i?iecaiaeeoueny oaeaea iaee/iuie aeaiueaaie,
anee eiia ia onoaiiaeaii a caeiia. A ianoiyuaa a?aiy ia i?aaeoniio?aii eaeeo-
eeai ia?aie/aiee eee cai?aoia ia inouanoaeaiea ?an/aoia n o/anoeai a?aaeaeai-
i?aaei?eieiaoaeae iaee/iuie aeaiueaaie. A oi aea a?aiy a niioaaonoaee n
iinoaiiaeaieai I?aaeoaeuenoaa ?O io 17 iiya?y 1994 a. N 1258 “Ia onoaiiaeaiee
i?aaeaeueiiai ?acia?a ?an/aoia iaee/iuie aeaiueaaie a ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee iaaeaeo
th?eaee/aneeie eeoeaie”(*1) th?eaee/aneea eeoea ai?aaa auee ?ann/eouaaoueny iaaeaeo
niaie iaee/iuie aeaiueaaie, anee noiiu ii iaeiiio ieaoaaeo ia i?aauoatho 2, iei.
iaaeaiiieie?iaaiiuo ?oaeae. Iicaea, 3 ethey 1997 a. yoi iinoaiiaeaiea auei
i?eciaii oo?aoeaoei neeo(*2) e a niioaaonoaee ni no. 34 e 35 Caeiia “I
Oeaio?aeueiii aaiea ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee (Aaiea ?innee)” ooieoeee ii i?aaiecaoeee
iaee/iiai! aeaiaaeiiai ia?auaiey e i?iaaaeaiey aeaiaaeii- e?aaeeoiie iieeoeee,
onoaiiaeaieth i?aaeaeueiiai eeieoa ?an/aoia iaee/iuie aeaiueaaie iaaeaeo th?eaee/aneeie
eeoeaie ioianaii e iieiiii/eyi Aaiea ?innee. (*1) ?aoaieai Niaaoa aee?aeoi?ia
Aaiea ?innee io 12 naioya?y 1997 a., i?ioieie N 35, onoaiiaeaiu neaaeothuea
i?aaeaeueiua ?acia?u ?an/aoia iaee/iuie aeaiueaaie ii iaeiiio ieaoaaeo: iaaeaeo
th?eaee/aneeie eeoeaie a noiia 3 iei.?oa. (iaaeaiiieie?iaaiiuo); aeey i?aaiecaoeee
iio?aaeoaeueneie eiiia?aoeee ca i?eia?aoaaiua o th?eaee/aneeo eeoe oiaa?u,
naeueneioicyenoaaiiua i?iaeoeou, nu?uea a noiia 5 iei. ?oa.; aeey i?aaiecaoeee
oi?aiaee Aeaaiiai oi?aaeaiey eniieiaiey iaeacaiee i?e caeoiea oiaa?ia o
th?eaee/aneeo eeoe a noiia 5 iei.?oa.(*3) Ioiioaiey ii inouanoaeaieth ?an/aoia
/a?ac aaieianeea o/?aaeaeaiey iiin?aaeothony aeiaiai?ii aaieianeiai n/aoa. Ii
aeiaiai?o aaieianeiai n/aoa aaie iaycoaony i?eieiaoue e ca/eneyoue iinooiathuea ia
n/ao, ioe?uoue eeeaioo (aeaaeaeueoeo n/aoa) aeaiaaeiua n?aaenoaa, auiieiyoue
?anii?yaeaiey eeeaioa i ia?a/eneaiee e auaea/a niioaaonoaothueo noii ni n/aoa e
i?iaaaeaiee ae?oaeo iia?aoeee ii n/aoo. Eiathueany ia n/aoao eeeaioia aeaiaaeiua
n?aaenoaa iiaoo eniieueciaaoueny aaieii. Ii aaie i?e yoii aeieaeai aa?aioe?iaaoue
i?aai eeeaioa aani?aiyonoaaiii ?anii?yaeaoueny yoeie n?aaenoaaie. Iaeiaei aaie ia
ai?aaa ii?aaeaeyoue e eiio?iee?iaaoue iai?aaeaiey
(**1) Eino?oeoeey i ii?yaeea ?aaeno?aoeee e?aaeeoiuo i?aaiecaoeee e eeoeaice?iaaiee
aaieianeie aeayoaeueiinoe io 27 naioya?y 1996 a. N 49, n aeii. io 11 aeaeaa?y
1996a.
(**2) NC ?O. -1994. -N31. -No.3276.
(**3) Oai aea. -1997. -N27. -No.3244.
!!354
eniieueciaaiey aeaiaaeiuo n?aaenoa eeeaioa e onoaiaaeeaaoue ae?oaea ia
i?aaeoniio?aiiua caeiiii eee aeiaiai?ii aaieianeiai n/aoa ia?aie/aiey aai i?aaa
?anii?yaeaoueny aeaiaaeiuie n?aaenoaaie ii naiaio oniio?aieth. Aaieianeee n/ao, eae
oaeiaie, iiaeii ?anniao?eaaoue eae niinia aooaaeoa?neiai o/aoa aeaiaaeiuo n?aaenoa e
iaoa?eaeueiuo oeaiiinoae. N/aoa, ia eioi?ua eeeaiou iiiauatho naie aeeaaeu, e?iia
ooieoeee aooaaeoa?neiai o/aoa auiieiytho e ae?oaoth ?ieue. Yoi i?aaeaea anaai
aeiaiai?u. Oaeea n/aoa auaatho aeaiiceoiuie, ?an/aoiuie, oaeoueie, oaeoueie
aaethoiuie, n/aoaie oeiaine?iaaiey eaieoaeueiuo aeiaeaiee, ei??aniiiaeaioneeie. I?e
yoii iau/iue aeaiiceoiue n/ao – aaeeiue aeiaiai?, ii ia aiineo ie/aai iiaiai a
eiino?oeoeeth aeiaiai?a caeia. Eiia aeaei – n/aoa, i?aaeiacia/aiiua aeey ?an/aoiuo
iia?aoeee: ?an/aoiua, oaeouea e o.i. Eo ioe?uoea anaaaea nii?iaiaeaeaaony
caeeth/aieai aeiaiai?a aaieianeiai n/aoa. I?e ioe?uoee aaieianeiai n/aoa
aicieeatho aeaa a?oiiu ioiioaiee.
Ai-ia?auo, aaie iaycoaony i?eieiaoue e ca/eneyoue ia n/ao aeaiaaeiua n?aaenoaa (eae
io naiiai eeeaioa, oae e io o?aoueeo eeoe), eioi?ua i?e/eoathony aai eeeaioo, a
oaeaea auaeaaaoue ii o?aaiaaieth iineaaeiaai iaiaoiaeeiua aio noiiu a ii?yaeea,
onoaiiaeaiiii caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii e aeiaiai?ii. N?aaenoaa, iiiauaiiua ia aaieianeee
n/ao eeeaioa, neaaeoao ?anniao?eaaoue eae aeeaaeu aei aino?aaiaaiey. Yoe ioiioaiey
ioaaouaathony eiino?oeoeeae aeiaiai?a caeia, a eioi?ii aaie aunooiaao caaiueeii, a
eeeaio – caeiiaeaaoeai. Aaie iiaeao eniieueciaaoue eiathueany ia n/aoa n?aaenoaa ii
naiaio oniio?aieth, a oii /enea eae e?aaeeoiua ?ano?nu. Iiyoiio ca inoaoie ia
n/aoa aaie, eae i?aaeei, auiea/eaaao eeeaioo iaoneiaeaiiua aeiaiai?ii i?ioeaiou.
Ai-aoi?uo, aaie iaycoaony auiieiyoue ii?o/aiey eeeaioa i i?iecaiaenoaa ieaoaaeae e
i iieo/aiee aeaiaa, neaaeoaiuo eeeaioo. A yoeo ioiioaieyo aaie neaaeoao i?eciaaaoue
eiienneiia?ii eee iiaa?aiiui eeeaioa, a caaeneiinoe io eniieuecoaiie a eaaeaeii
eiie?aoiii neo/aa oi?iu aaciaee/iuo ?an/aoia. Neaaeiaaoaeueii, aeiaiai?
aaieianeiai n/aoa yaeyaony aeiaiai?ii niaoaiiiai oeia, ni/aoathuei yeaiaiou
aeiaiai?a caeia e aaaioneiai aeiaiai?a. Aeiaiai? aaieianeiai n/aoa yaeyaony
?aciiaeaeiinoueth aeiaiai?a i?eniaaeeiaiey. I?e caeeth/aiee aeiaiai?a aaieianeiai
n/aoa eeeaioo eee oeacaiiiio ei eeoeo ioe?uaaaony n/ao a aaiea ia oneiaeyo,
niaeaniaaiiuo noi?iiaie.
!!355
Aaie iaycai caeeth/eoue aeiaiai? aaieianeiai n/aoa n eeeaioii, ia?aoeaoeiny n
i?aaeeiaeaieai ioe?uoue n/ao ia iauyaeaiiuo aaieii aeey ioe?uoey n/aoia aeaiiiai
aeaea oneiaeyo, niioaaonoaothueo o?aaiaaieyi, i?aaeoniio?aiiuo caeiiii e
onoaiiaeaiiuo a niioaaonoaee n iei aaieianeeie i?aaeeaie. Aaie ia ai?aaa
ioeacaoue a ioe?uoee n/aoa, niaa?oaiea niioaaonoaothueo iia?aoeee ii eioi?iio
i?aaeoniio?aii caeiiii, o/?aaeeoaeueiuie aeieoiaioaie aaiea e auaeaiiui aio
?ac?aoaieai (eeoeaiceae), ca eneeth/aieai neo/aaa, eiaaea oaeie ioeac aucaai
ionoonoaeai o aaiea aiciiaeiinoae i?eiyoue ia aaieianeia ianeoaeeaaiea eeai
aeiioneaaony caeiiii eee eiuie i?aaiauie aeoaie. Ioi?ieaiea aeiaiai?a aaieianeiai
n/aoa inouanoaeyaony aeaoiy niiniaaie: iooai ninoaaeaiey e iiaeienaiey aeiaiai?a a
aeaea aaeeiiai aeieoiaioa, aac ioi?ieaiey oaeiai aeieoiaioa. Eino?oeoeeae Ainaaiea N
28 onoaiiaeaii, /oi aeey ioe?uoey ?an/aoiiai, oaeouaai eee athaeaeaoiiai n/aoia
neaaeoao i?aaenoaaeoue aaieo neaaeothuea aeieoiaiou: cayaeaiea ia ioe?uoea n/aoa,
eiieth ?aoaiey i nicaeaiee i?aaiecaoeee (eee o/?aaeeoaeueiue aeiaiai?), eiieth onoaaa
(iieiaeaiey) , ea?oi/eo ia?acoeia iiaeienae e iooenea ia/aoe. E?iia oiai, a aaie
i?aaenoaaeythony aeieoiaiou: i iinoaiiaea ia o/ao a iaeiaiaii i?aaia, i
?aaeno?aoeee i?aaei?eyoey a ea/anoaa ieaoaeueueea no?aoiauo aciinia. Ionoonoaea
aeiaiai?a aaieianeiai n/aoa a aeaea aaeeiiai aeieoiaioa, iiaeienaiiiai noi?iiaie, ia
icia/aao ionoonoaey aeiaiai?iuo ioiioaiee. Iiaea/a eeeaioii cayaeaiey ia ioe?uoee
n/aoa yaeyaony ioa?oie (i?aaeeiaeaieai caeeth/eoue aeiaiai?), a ?ac?aoeoaeueiay
iaaeienue ?oeiaiaeeoaey aaiea – aeoeaioii (niaeaneai caeeth/eoue aeiaiai?). I?aaa eeoe,
inouanoaeythueo io eiaie eeeaioa ?anii?yaeaiey i ia?a/eneaiee e auaea/a n?aaenoa ni
n/aoa, oaeinoiaa?ythony eeeaioii iooai i?aaeinoaaeaiey niioaaonoaothueo aeieoiaioia.
A niioaaonoaee n i. 2.2 Iieiaeaiey i ?an/aoao e i. 3.2 Eino?oeoeee Ainaaiea N 28
aeieoiaiou aeieaeiu auoue iiaeienaiu ?oeiaiaeeoaeai e aeaaiui aooaaeoa?ii, ia?acoeu
iiaeienae eioi?uo niaea?aeaony ia aaieianeie ea?oi/ea. I?aai ?anii?yaeaoueny n/aoii
iiaeao auoue i?aaeinoaaeaii ia iniiaaiee aeiaa?aiiinoe. Aaie iaycai niaa?oaoue aeey
eeeaioa iia?aoeee, i?aaeoniio?aiiua aeey n/aoia aeaiiiai aeaea caeiiii,
onoaiiaeaiiuie aaieianeeie i?aaeeaie e i?eiaiyaiuie a aaieianeie i?aeoeea
iau/ayie aeaeiaiai iai?ioa, anee aeiaiai?ii ia i?aaeoniio?aii eiia. Ia?a/aiue
aaieianeeo iia?aoeee ii n/aoo niioaaonoaothuaai aeaea ii?aaeaeyaony ii?iaoeaiuie
aeoaie, aeiaiai?ii e iau/ayie aaieianeiai aeaeiaiai iai?ioa. Iai?eia?, aaie ia
iaycai i?iecaiaeeoue
!!356
aacaeoeaioiia nienaiea n?aaenoa a neo/ayo, i?aaeoniio?aiiuo aeiaiai?ii ieaoaeueueea
ni naiei eiio?aaaioii, ii yoi iiaeao auoue i?aaeoniio?aii a aeiaiai?a n aaieii.
Iinooieaoea ia n/ao eeeaioa aeaiaaeiua n?aaenoaa aaie iaycai ca/eneyoue ia iicaea
aeiy, neaaeothuaai ca aeiai iinooieaiey a aaie niioaaonoaothuaai ieaoaaeiiai
aeieoiaioa, anee.aieaa ei?ioeee n?ie ia i?aaeoniio?ai aeiaiai?ii aaieianeiai
n/aoa. A oa aea n?iee aaie iaycai inouanoaeyoue iia?aoeee e ii auaea/a e
ia?a/eneaieth aeaiaa ni n/aoa eeeaioa. Iiae oa?ieiii “aeaiue” caeanue neaaeoao iiieiaoue
“aaieianeee” eee “iia?aoeeiiiue” aeaiue, oi anoue /anoue ?aai/aai aeiy aaiea, eiaaea
ii inouanoaeyao niioaaonoaothuea iia?aoeee. ?an/aoii- eanniaia ianeoaeeaaiea
eeeaioa ia i?aeoeea inouanoaeyaony, eae i?aaeei, aiciacaeii. Aeiaiai? aaieianeiai
.n/aoa aeieaeai ii?aaeaeyoue aai;?acia?. Aaie, eae i?aaeei, eiiiaine?oao naie
ecaea?aeee ii aanieaoiiio ianeoaeeaaieth ca; n/ao aieaa ieceeo i?ioeaioiuo noaaie ca
inoaoie ia n/aoa. Aaie ai?aaa aaeaeaa?oaeueii a aacaeoeaioiii ii?yaeea nienuaaoue ni
n/aoa eeeaioa aiciaa?aaeaeaiea, i?e/eoathuaany aio ca ?an/aoii- eanniaia
ianeoaeeaaiea. A aeiaiai?a aaieianeiai n/aoa iiaeao auoue i?aaeoniio?ai eiie ii?yaeie
e ia?eiaee/iinoue auieaou oaeeo noii. I?e iaee/ee ano?a/iuo ieaoaaeiuo
iaycaoaeuenoa i?eiaiyaony ca/ao acaeiiuo o?aaiaaiee. Ii iauaio i?aaeeo, n?aaenoaa
ni n/aoa iiaoo auoue nienaiu oieueei ii niioaaonoaothuaio ?anii?yaeaieth eeeaioa.
Nienaiea n?aaenoa ni n/aoa aeaaeaeueoea aac aai ?anii?yaeaiey e niaeaney
inouanoaeyaony: a) ii ?aoaieth noaea; a) a neo/ayo, i?aaeoniio?aiiuo a caeiia.(*1)
A niioaaonoaee ni no. 3 AE ?O e a?aaeaeaineiio caeiiiaeaoaeuenoao ?O ioiineony
iaiin?aaenoaaiii AE ?O e i?eiyoua a niioaaonoaee n iei oaaea?aeueiua caeiiu. Oaeei
ia?acii, aacaeoeaioiia (aannii?iia) nienaiea n?aaenoa ni n/aoa ieaoaeueueea ia
iiaeao auoue i?aaeoniio?aii a aeoao I?aceaeaioa e I?aaeoaeuenoaa ?O, ecaeaiiuo iinea
anooieaiey AE ?O a neeo, aaaeiinoaaiiuo ii?iaoeaiuo aeoao, a caeiiao noauaeoia
?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee, a oae aea a aeoao ianoiuo i?aaiia aeanoe e oi?aaeaiey. I?e
iaee/ee ia n/aoa aeaiaaeiuo n?aaenoa, noiia eioi?uo aeinoaoi/ia aeey oaeiaeaoai?aiey
anao o?aaiaaiee, i?aaeuyaeaiiuo e n/aoo,
(**1) Ienueii Oeaio?aeueiiai Aaiea ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee io 29 naioya?y 1997 a. N
525 “Ia onoaiiaeaiee I?aaeaeueiiai ?acia?a ?an/aoia iaee/iuie aeaiueaaie a
?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee iaaeaeo th?eaee/aneeie eeoeaie” // Eiaeaen- INFI. -1997.
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nienaiea yoeo n?aaenoa ni n/aoa inouanoaeyaony a ii?yaeea iinooieaiey
?anii?yaeaiee eeeaioa e ae?oaeo aeieoiaioia ia nienaiea (eaeaiaea?iay i/a?aaeiinoue),
anee eiia ia i?aaeoniio?aii caeiiii. I?e iaaeinoaoi/iinoe aeaiaaeiuo n?aaenoa ia
n/aoa aeey oaeiaeaoai?aiey anao i?aaeuyaeaiiuo e iaio o?aaiaaiee nienaiea aeaiaaeiuo
n?aaenoa inouanoaeyaony a ii?yaeea i/a?aaeiinoe, onoaiiaeaiiie caeiiii (/. 2 no.
855 AE ?O). Caeiiii onoaiaaeeaaaony aeaa i?aaeea ii?aaeaeaiey i/a?aaeiinoe
ieaoaaeae ni n/aoia eeeaioia aaieia; Ia?aia ioiineony e oai neo/ayi, eiaaea
inoaoie ia n/aoa iicaieyao iieiinoueth ?ann/eoaoueny ii anai i?aaeuyaeaiiui
o?aaiaaieyi. A yoie neooaoeee ?an/aoiua aeieoiaiou aeieaeiu iiea/eaaoueny a ii?yaeea
eaeaiaea?iie i/a?aaeiinoe, o.a. a ii?yaeea iinooieaiey a aaie ieaoaaeiuo
aeieoiaioia. Aoi?ia i?aaeei i?eiaiyaony i?e iaaeinoaoi/iinoe n?aaenoa aeey
oaeiaeaoai?aiey anao i?aaeuyaeaiiuo o?aaiaaiee. Aeey yoiai neo/ay caeii ii?aaeaeyao
ianeieueei a?oii i/a?aaeiinoe. Ieaoaaee, ioianaiiua e eaaeaeie iineaaeothuae a?oiia,
aeieaeiu i?iecaiaeeoueny iinea iieiiai iiaaoaiey anao ieaoaaeae i?aaeoanoaothueo
a?oii. A neo/ayo ianaiaa?aiaiiiai ca/eneaiey ia n/ao iinooieaoeo eeeaioo
aeaiaaeiuo n?aaenoa eeai eo iaiainiiaaiiiai nienaiey aaieii ni n/aoa, a oaeaea
iaauiieiaiea oeacaiee eeeaioa i ia?a/eneaiee aeaiaaeiuo n?aaenoa ni n/aoa eeai eo
auaea/a ni n/aoa aaie iaycai oieaoeoue ia yoo noiio i?ioeaiou a ii?yaeea e a
?acia?a, i?aaeoniio?aiiuo no. 395 AE ?O (ca iieueciaaiea /oaeeie aeaiaaeiuie
n?aaenoaaie). Iniiaaieai i?eiaiaiey iacaaiiie ioaaonoaaiiinoe yaeyaony
iaiaaeeaaeauaa eniieiaiea eee iaeniieiaiea aaieii naieo iaycaoaeuenoa ii aeiaiai?o.
E?aaeeoiua i?aaiecaoeee aa?aioe?otho oaeio eioi?iaoeee i n/aoao e aeeaaeao,
iia?aoeeyo ii n/aoai e aeeaaeai, naaaeaieyo ii n/aoai e aeeaaeai, naaaeaiee i naieo
eeeaioao (i. 1 no. 857 AE ?O) e ei??aniiiaeaioao, a oaeaea eiie eioi?iaoeee,
onoaiaaeeaaaiie e?aaeeoiie i?aaiecaoeeae, anee yoi ia i?ioeai?a/eo oaaea?aeueiiio
caeiio. Iiieii naaaeaiee, oeacaiiuo a AE ?O, Aaie ?innee ia ai?aaa ?acaeaoaoue
naaaeaiey i n/aoao, aeeaaeao, eiie?aoiuo naeaeeao e iia?aoeeyo, iieo/aiiuo eie ec
io/aoia e?aaeeoiuo i?aaiecaoeee eee a ?acoeueoaoa eniieiaiey eeoeaiceiiiuo,
iaaeci?iuo e eiio?ieueiuo ooieoeee, ca eneeth/aieai neo/aaa, i?aaeoniio?aiiuo
caeiiii. A niioaaonoaee ni no. 857 AE ?O e no. 26 caeiia i aaieao ni?aaee ii
iia?aoeeyi e n/aoai th?eaee/aneeo eeoe e a?aaeaeai, inouanoaeythueo
i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneoth aeayoaeueiinoue aac ia?aciaaiey th?eaee/aneiai eeoea, auaeathony ei
naiei, noaeai, N/aoiie iaeaoa ?O,
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iaeiaiaui i?aaiai, oaiiaeaiiui i?aaiai, noaeaaiui i?enoaaai- eniieieoaeyi – a
neo/ayo, i?aaeoniio?aiiuo oaaea?aeueiui caeiiii. Ca ?acaeaoaiea aaieianeie oaeiu
e?aaeeoiua i?aaiecaoeee iiaoo auoue i?eaea/aiu e ioaaonoaaiiinoe a oi?ia
aiciauaiey oauoeia. Eeeaio naiinoiyoaeai a ?anii?yaeaiee naieie n?aaenoaaie,
iiiauaiiuie ia aaieianeea n/aoa. Iaeiaei caeii i?aaeoniao?eaaao eiie?aoiua
neo/ae, eiaaea i?aaa eeeaioa ia ?anii?yaeaiea aeaiaaeiuie n?aaenoaaie
ia?aie/eaathony. A neo/ayo, i?aaeoniio?aiiuo caeiiii, ia aeaiaaeiua n?aaenoaa
iaoiaeyueany ia n/aoa, iiaeao auoue iaeiaeai a?ano, a oaeaea iiaoo auoue
i?einoaiiaeaiu iia?aoeee ii n/aoo. Iiae a?anoii aaieianeiai n/aoa iiieiatho
a?aiaiiia i?ae?auaiea ii .n/aoo ?anoiaeiuo iia?aoeee. I?aaeaeu a?anoa n/aoa ii
noiia aeieaeiu auoue oeacaiu a ?aoaiee i iaeiaeaiee a?anoa. I?e iaee/ee a aaiea
ianeieueeeo n/aoia iaeiiai e oiai aea eeeaioa, a ?aoaiee i iaeiaeaiee a?anoa
iaiaoiaeeii oeacaoue, ia eaeea n/aoa ?ani?ino?aiyaony a?ano. A i?ioeaiii neo/aa
aaie ai?aaa iaeiaeeoue a?ano ia ethaie n/ao. Aeiaiai? aaieianeiai n/aoa ii
cayaeaieth eeeaioa iiaeao auoue ?anoi?aioo a ethaia a?aiy. Aaie aea iiaeao
?anoi?aiooue aeiaiai? oieueei a noaeaaiii ii?yaeea e oieueei a neo/ayo,
i?aaeoniio?aiiuo a no. 859 AE ?O:
a) anee a oa/aiea ianyoea iinea iieo/aiey eeeaioii niioaaonoaothuaai
i?aaeoi?aaeaeaiey aaiea inoaoie ia aai n/aoa aoaeao ieaea ieieiaeueiie noiiu,
onoaiiaeaiiie aaieianeeie i?aaeeaie eee aeiaiai?ii. Aaieianeea i?aaeea ia
onoaiaaeeaatho ieieiaeueioth noiio inoaoea ia n/aoa, iiyoiio iia iiaeao auoue
onoaiiaeaia oieueei a aeiaiai?a. Ionoonoaea a aeiaiai?a oaeiai oneiaey eeoaao aaie
aiciiaeiinoe ?anoi?aeaiey aeiaiai?a ii oeacaiiui iniiaaieyi. Ii ia iiaeao nnueaoueny
ia nianoaaiioth i?aeoeeo, neiaeeaoothny o iaai n ae?oaeie eeeaioaie, a aaieianeee
iau/ae a yoie /anoe ionoonoaoao;
a) i?e ionoonoaee a oa/aiea aiaea iia?aoeee ii n/aoo. Iiae oa?ieiii “iia?aoeey”
neaaeoao iiieiaoue iia?aoeeth ii nienaieth eeai ca/eneaieth n?aaenoa ia n/ao (o.a.
?an/aoioth iia?aoeeth).
Iniiaaieai aeey i?ae?auaiey aeiaiai?a aaieianeiai n/aoa neoaeao oaeaea iauea
oneiaey i?ae?auaiey iaycaoaeuenoa. ?anoi?aeaiea aeiaiai?a aaieianeiai n/aoa aea/ao
ca niaie cae?uoea n/aoa e ii?iaeaeaao iaycaiiinoue aaiea aa?iooue eeeaioo
inoaaoeany aeaiaaeiua n?aaenoaa, auieaoeoue i?ioeaiou, i?aaeoniio?aiiua aeiaiai?ii e
ia/eneaiiua ia aeaiue cae?uoey n/aoa. A oa/aiea 7 aeiae iinea iieo/aiey aaieii
cayaeaiey eeeaioa yoe n?aaenoaa aeieaeiu auoue eeai auiea/aiu eeeaioo /a?ac eanno
aaiea iaee/iuie, eeai ia?a/eneaiu ia oeacaiiue ei n/ao. Ionoonoaea
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cayaeaiey eeeaioa ia ii?iaeaeaao iaycaiiinoe aaiea i?iecaiaeeoue auieaou n
cae?uoiai n/aoa.
4. AAIEIANEEE AEEAAe.
Aeiaiai? aaieianeiai aeeaaea (aeaiiceoa) – yoi ?aciiaeaeiinoue aeiaiai?a caeia, a
eioi?ii caeiiaeaaoeai yaeyaony aeeaae/ee, a caaiueeii – aaie. Ii aeiaiai?o
aaieianeiai aeeaaea (aeaiiceoa) iaeia noi?iia (aaie), i?eiyaoay iinooieaooth io
Ae?oaie noi?iiueA(aeeaae/eea) eee ia iinooieaooth aeey iaa aeaiaaeioth noiio (aeeaae),
iaycoaony aica?aoeoue noiio aeeaaea e auieaoeoue i?ioeaiou ia iaa ia oneiaeyo e a
ii?yaeea, i?aaeoniio?aiiuo aeiaiai?ii (no. 834 AE ?O). Aeiaiai? aaieianeiai aeeaaea,
a eioi?ii aeeaae/eeii yaeyaony a?aaeaeaiei, i?eciaaony ioaee/iui aeiaiai?ii.
Neaaeiaaoaeueii, aaie ia ai?aaa ioeacaoue a?aaeaeaieio a i?eaia aeeaaea i?e neaaeothueo
oneiaeyo:
a) niaeanii o/?aaeeoaeueiui aeieoiaioai e eeoeaicee eiaao i?aai ia
inouanoaeaiea naa?aaaoaeueiuo iia?aoeee;
a) i?eai aeeaaea ia i?eaaaeao e ia?ooaieth caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa e iaycaoaeueiuo
yeiiiie/aneeo ii?iaoeaia, onoaiiaeaiiuo Aaieii ?innee;
a) aaie ia i?einoaiiaee aeaeueiaeoee i?eai aeeaaeia io ianaeaiey ii i?e/eiai
yeiiiie/aneiai eee eiiai oa?aeoa?a;
a) o aaiea eiathony iaiaoiaeeiua i?iecaiaenoaaiiua e oaoie/aneea aiciiaeiinoe
aeey i?eaia aeeaaeia (naiaiaeiua iia?aoeeiienoee, aianoeoaeueiua iia?aoeeiiiua caeu e
o.i.);
ae) ionoonoaotho ae?oaea i?e/eiu, eeoathuea aaie aiciiaeiinoe i?eiyoue aeeaae.
I?e iaee/ee ia?a/eneaiiuo ianoiyoaeuenoa e ioeaca aaiea i?eiyoue aeeaae a?aaeaeaiei
ai?aaa ia?aoeoueny a noae n eneii i iiioaeaeaiee e caeeth/aieth aeiaiai?a aaieianeiai
aeeaaea ia oneiaeyo, eioi?ua i?aaeeaaathony ae?oaei aeeaae/eeai yoiai aaiea, a oaeaea
acuneaoue oauoee, aucaaiiua oeeiiaieai aaiea io caeeth/aiey yoiai aeiaiai?a. I?aai
aaiea ioeacaoue eeeaioo a i?eaia aeeaaea iiaeao auoue i?aaeoniio?aii caeiiii eee
eiui i?aaiaui aeoii. I?e caeeth/aiee aeiaiai?a aaie ia ai?aaa ieacuaaoue
i?aaeii/oaiea iaeiei aeeaae/eeai ia?aae ae?oaeie, iai?eia?, ia/eneyoue aieaa aunieoth
i?ioeaioioth noaaeo ii aeeaaeai neoaeaueo aaiea (ii n?aaiaieth n aeeaaeaie ae?oaeo
a?aaeaeai). Iaeiaei yoi i?aaeei aeaenoaoao oieueei aeey aeeaaeia, ia?aaeaiiuo ia iaeieo
e oao aea oneiaeyo. Aaie ai?aaa aeeooa?aioee?iaaoue naie i?ioeaioiua noaaee a
caaeneiinoe io n?iea aeaenoaey aeiaiai?ia, noiiu aeeaaeia e oneiaee eo aica?aoa. A
yoii ioiioaiee aeiionoeii onoaiaaeeaaoue e ?aciua i?ioeaioiua. noaaee ii aeeaaeai
th?eaee/aneeo eeoe e a?aaeaeai, iineieueeo ia
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i?aeoeea oneiaey aeiaiai?ia n yoeie aeeaae/eeaie nouanoaaiii ioee/athony. I?eai
aeeaaea nii?iaiaeaeaaony ioe?uoeai aeaiiceoiiai n/aoa. Iiyoiio e ioiioaieyi aaiea e
aeeaae/eea i?eiaiythony niioaaonoaothuea ii?iu i aeiaiai?a aaieianeiai n/aoa, anee
eiia ia i?aaeoniio?aii i?aaeeaie ae. 44 AE ?O e ia auoaeaao ec nouanoaa aeiaiai?a
aaieianeiai aeeaaea. Iai?eia?, aeiaiai? aaieianeiai aeeaaea (a ioee/ea io aeiaiai?a
aaieianeiai n/aoa) ia aeiioneaao inouanoaeaiey ?an/aoiuo iia?aoeee ca oiaa?u
(?aaiou, oneoae). Iiyoiio ii?iu ae. 45 AE ?O i ?an/aoao ia aeieaeiu
?ani?ino?aiyoueny ia i?aaiioiioaiey ii aeiaiai?o aaieianeiai aeeaaea. Ii ieii/aiee
n?iea aeaiiceoiiai aeiaiai?a n aeeaae/eeii- th?eaee/aneei eeoeii noiia aeeaaea aeieaeia
auoue aio aica?auaia a aaciaee/iii ii?yaeea eee, a i?aaeoniio?aiiuo caeiiii
neo/ayo, iaee/iuie aeaiueaaie. Iaeiaei aeeaae/ee – th?eaee/aneia eeoei ia ai?aaa aeaoue
aaieo ?anii?yaeaiea i ia?a/eneaiee noiiu aeeaaea ia n/ao o?aoueaai eeoea. Yoa ii?ia
ia eeoaao aeeaae/eea aiciiaeiinoe onooieoue o?aoueaio eeoeo naia i?aai o?aaiaaiey e
aaieo i auieaoa aeeaaea ii aeiaiai?o oeannee, anee, eiia/ii, oaeie aeiaiai? ia
caeeth/aaony n oeaeueth iaoiaea yoiai cai?aoa. Aeiaiai? aaieianeiai aeeaaea,
caeeth/aiiue n a?aaeaeaieiii, oaeaea ia iiaeao i?aaeoniao?eaaoue ia?a/eneaiey noiiu
aeeaaea ia n/aoa o?aoueeo eeoe, iineieueeo oaeia aeaenoaea neaaeoao ?anniao?eaaoue eae
?an/aoioth iia?aoeeth. Aeeth/aiea a aeiaiai? aaieianeiai aeeaaea iiaeiaiiai oneiaey
i?aa?auaao aai a aeiaiai? aaieianeiai n/aoa. I?aai ia i?eaea/aiea aeaiaaeiuo
n?aaenoa ai aeeaaeu eiatho aaiee, eioi?ui oaeia i?aai i?aaeinoaaeaii a niioaaonoaee
n ?ac?aoaieai (eeoeaiceae) , auaeaiiui a ii?yaeea, onoaiiaeaiiui a niioaaonoaee n
caeiiii. Aiciiaeiinoue i?eaea/aiey aeaiaaeiuo n?aaenoa i?aaeinoaaeyaony aaieai,
eioi?ua ioaa/atho neaaeothuei o?aaiaaieyi:
a) aeey i?eaea/aiey n?aaenoa th?eaee/aneeo eeoe aaie aeieaeai iaeaaeaoue onoaaiui
eaieoaeii ia iaiaa 6 iei. ?oaeae;
a) aeey i?eaea/aiey aeeaaeia ianaeaiey, iiieii auiieiaiey iacaaiiiai oneiaey,
aaie aeieaeai: 1.Inouanoaeyoue aaieianeoth aeayoaeueiinoue ia iaiaa 2 eao. 2.
?aaoey?ii ioaeeeiaaoue aiaeiaoth io/aoiinoue, iiaeoaa?aeaeaiioth aoaeeoi?neie oe?iie. 3.
Eiaoue ?aca?aiue oiiae ia iaiaa 10% io oaeoe/anee iiea/aiiiai onoaaiiai eaieoaea;
eiaoue ?aca?a ia aiciiaeiua iioa?e ii nnoaeai. 4. Eiaoue ?acia? onoaaiiai eaieoaea,
eioi?ue iieiinoueth iie?uaaao iaycaoaeuenoaa aaiea ii aeeaaeai ianaeaiey.
Ii?yaeie iieo/aiey aaieianeie eeoeaicee ii?aaeaeyaony no. 13 Caeiia i aaieao. A
niioaaonoaee ni no. 12 oiai aea Caeiia inouanoaeaiea
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th?eaee/aneeie eeoeaie aaieianeeo iia?aoeee aac eeoeaicee aea/ao ca niaie acuneaiea
n oaeiai eeoea anae noiiu, iieo/aiiie a ?acoeueoaoa aeaiiuo iia?aoeee, a oaeaea
oo?aoa a aeaoe?aoiii ?acia?a yoie noiiu a oaaea?aeueiue athaeaeao. A?aaeaeaineee eiaeaen
?O (i. 2 no. 835) i?aaeoniao?eaaao ?aciua i?aaiaua iineaaenoaey i?eaia aeeaaea aac
eeoeaicee a caaeneiinoe io oiai, yaeyaony ee aeeaae/ee oece/aneei eee th?eaee/aneei
eeoeii. A neo/aa i?eiyoey oaeei eeoeii aeeaaea io a?aaeaeaieia, iineaaeiee ai?aaa (ii
ia iaycai) iio?aaiaaoue iaiaaeeaiiiai aica?aoa noiiu aeeaaea, a oaeaea oieaou ia
iaa i?ioeaioia, i?aaeoniio?aiiuo no. 395 AE ?O, e aiciauaiey naa?o noiiu
i?ioeaioia anao i?e/eiaiiuo aeeaae/eeo oauoeia. I?ioeaiou, iaoneiaeaiiua
aeiaiai?ii, a yoii neo/aa ia auiea/eaathony. Anee oaeei eeoeii i?eiyou ia oneiaeyo
aeiaiai?a aaieianeiai aeeaaea aeaiaaeiua n?aaenoaa th?eaee/aneiai eeoea, oaeie aeiaiai?
yaeyaony iaaeaenoaeoaeueiui. Eeoei, i?eiyaoaa aeaiiceo, iaycaii aa?iooue noiio
aeeaaea eae iainiiaaoaeueii iieo/aiiia eiouanoai, a oaeaea aicianoeoue aeeaae/eeo ia
iieo/aiiua aeioiaeu, a oii /enea i?ioeaiou, onoaiiaeaiiua no. 395 AE ?O. Aeiaiai?
aaieianeiai aeeaaea aeieaeai auoue caeeth/ai a ienueiaiiie oi?ia. Ienueiaiiay oi?ia
aeiaiai?a aaieianeiai aeeaaea n/eoaaony niaethaeaiiie, anee aianaiea aeeaaea
oaeinoiaa?aii naa?aaaoaeueiie eieaeeie, naa?aaaoaeueiui eee aeaiiceoiui na?oeoeeaoii
eeai eiui auaeaiiui aaieii aeeaae/eeo aeieoiaioii, ioaa/athuei o?aaiaaieyi,
i?aaeoniio?aiiui aeey oaeeo aeieoiaioia caeiiii, onoaiiaeaiiuie a niioaaonoaee n
iei aaieianeeie i?aaeeaie e i?eiaiyaiuie a aaieianeie i?aeoeea iau/ayie
aeaeiaiai iai?ioa. Ianiaethaeaiea ienueiaiiie oi?iu aeiaiai?a aaieianeiai aeeaaea
aea/ao iaaeaenoaeoaeueiinoue yoiai aeiaiai?a. Oaeie aeiaiai? yaeyaony ie/oiaeiui.
Aeiaiai? iiaeao auoue ioi?ieai iooai ninoaaeaiey aaeeiiai aeieoiaioa a aeaoo
yecaiiey?ao, iaeei ec eioi?uo auaeaaony aeeaae/eeo (no. 36 Caeiia i aaieao).
Iineieueeo aeiaiai? aaieianeiai aeeaaea yaeyaony ?aaeueiui, iiyoiio ii n/eoaaony
caeeth/aiiui n iiiaioa ia?aaea/e aaieo noiiu aeeaaea. A caaeneiinoe io
onoaiiaeaiiiai aeiaiai?ii ii?yaeea aica?aoa aeeaaeia (aeaiiceoia) aeeaae/eeo iie
iiae?acaeaeythony ia aeeaaeu aei aino?aaiaaiey e n?i/iua. Iiae n?i/iuie neaaeoao
iiieiaoue ethaua aeeaaeu, ii oneiaeyi eioi?uo aeeaae/ee ia iiaeao o?aaiaaoue aica?aoa
aianaiiuo ei n?aaenoa ?aiaa ianooieaiey ii?aaeaeaiiiai a aeiaiai?a iaycaoaeuenoaa.
Iaeaieaa ?ani?ino?aiaiu n?i/iua aeeaaeu ia ii?aaeaeaiiue ia?eiae a?aiaie, a
oa/aiea eioi?iai aaie ai?aaa iieueciaaoueny n?aaenoaaie
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aeeaae/eea. Nouanoaotho eiua n?i/iua aeeaaeu – oeaeaaua, oneiaiua. Oeaeaaua iiaoo
auoue aianaiu ia 10 eao ia eiy eeoe, ia aeinoeaoeo 16-eaoiaai aic?anoa. Oeaeaaua
aeeaaeu ia aeaoae auaeathony aeeaae/eeo a 16 e aieaa eao i?e oneiaee o?aiaiey aeeaaea
ia iaiaa 10 eao. Oneiaiuie n/eoathony aeeaaeu, aiineiua ia eiy ae?oaiai eeoea,
eioi?ia iiaeao ?anii?yaeaoueny aeeaaeii eeoue i?e niaethaeaiee oneiaee eee i?e
ianooieaiee ianoiyoaeuenoa, oeacaiiuo aiineoaeai a iiiaio ioe?uoey n/aoa. Caeii,
iaaeaeo oai, iicaieyao aeeaae/eeo iio?aaiaaoue aein?i/iiai aica?aoa aeeaaea ii ethaiio
n?i/iiio eee oneiaiiio aeeaaeo aei ianooieaiey niaoeeaeueii iaiai?aiiuo a aeiaiai?a
ianoiyoaeuenoa. Ii a oaeeo neo/ayo i?ioeaiou ii aeeaaeo auiea/eaathony eae ii
aeeaaeo aei aino?aaiaaiey. A oi aea a?aiy, anee aeeaae/ee ia o?aaoao aica?aoa noiiu
n?i/iiai aeeaaea ii enoa/aiee n?iea, eeai ii ianooieaiee i?aaeoniio?aiiuo
aeiaiai?ii ianoiyoaeuenoa, aeiaiai? n/eoaaony i?iaeeaiiui ia oneiaeyo aeeaaea aei
aino?aaiaaiey, anee aeiaiai?ii ia i?aaeoniio?aii eiia. A neeo aiciacaeiiai
oa?aeoa?a aeiaiai?a aaieianeiai aeeaaea, iaycaiiinoue aaiea ieaoeoue aeeaae/eeo
i?ioeaiou yaeyaony aai nouanoaaiiui oneiaeai. I?e ionoonoaee a aeiaiai?a oneiaey
i auiea/eaaaiuo i?ioeaioao aeiaiai? ia n/eoaaony iacaeeth/aiiui, a aaie iaycai
auiea/eaaoue i?ioeaiou a ?acia?a nouanoaothuae a ianoa aeeoaeuenoaa (ianoa
iaoiaeaeaiey) aeeaae/eea noaaee aaieianeiai i?ioeaioa (noaaee ?aoeiaine?iaaiey) ia
aeaiue oieaou aaieii aeeaae/eeo noiiu aai aeeaaea. Ii aeeaaeo aei aino?aaiaaiey aaie
ai?aaa a iaeiinoi?iiiai ii?yaeea eciaiyoue ?acia? i?ioeaioiie noaaee ca iieueciaaiea
n?aaenoaaie aeeaae/eea, anee eiia ia i?aaeoniio?aii aeiaiai?ii. ?aoaiea aaiea
oaaee/eoue i?ioeaioioth noaaeo iiaeao ia aeiaiaeeoueny aei naaaeaiey aeeaae/eea. ?aoaiea
oiaiueoeoue ?acia? i?ioeaioia ia oieueei iiaeeaaeeo niiauaieth aeeaae/eeo, ii e iiaeao
ioiineoueny eeoue e aeeaaeai, aianaiiui aei iieo/aiey aeeaae/eeii yoiai niiauaiey
aaiea, e anooiaao a neeo oieueei iinea enoa/aiey ianyoea n iiiaioa ecaauaiey
aeeaae/eea. Eiie ii?yaeie oiaiueoaiey i?ioeaioiie noaaee iiaeao auoue i?aaeoniio?ai a
aeiaiai?a. Caeii ia aeiioneaao aiciiaeiinoe iaeiinoi?iiiaai oiaiueoaiey aaieii
niaeaniaaiiiai n aeeaae/eeii- a?aaeaeaieiii ?acia?a i?ioeaioiie noaaee ii n?i/iiio
aeeaaeo. I?e yoii onoaiaaeeaaaony, /oi eiie ii?yaeie iiaeao auoue onoaiiaeai oieueei
caeiiii, ii ia aeiaiai?ii. Ii aeiaiai?o aaieianeiai aeeaaea, caeeth/aiiiai aaieii n
th?eaee/aneei eeoeii, ?acia? i?ioeaioia ia iiaeao auoue iaeiinoi?iiia eciaiai, anee
eiia ia i?aaeoniio?aii caeiiii eee aeiaiai?ii.
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Aaiee iaycaiu iaania/eaaoue aica?ao aeeaaeia a?aaeaeai. Aica?ao aeeaaeia a?aaeaeai
iaania/eaaaony iooai: a) iaycaoaeueiiai no?aoiaaiey aeeaaeia a?aaeaeai ca n/ao
oaaea?aeueiiai oiiaea iaycaoaeueiiai no?aoiaaiey aeeaaeia; a) aaaaeaiey noaneaeea?iie
ioaaonoaaiiinoe ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee, noauaeoia ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee, a oaeaea
ioieoeeiaeueiuo ia?aciaaiee ii aeieaai aaieia – a neo/ayo, onoaiiaeaiiuo
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii; a) aeia?iaieueiiai no?aoiaaiey aeeaaeia; a) eniieueciaaiey
o?aaeeoeeiiiuo niiniaia iaania/aiey eniieiaiey iaycaoaeuenoa a a?aaeaeaineii i?aaa.
Aeeaae/eee- a?aaeaeaia ?O ai?aaa i?aaeuyaeoue e ?O, noauaeoaie ?O, a oaeaea
ioieoeeiaeueiui ia?aciaaieyi ene i i?eaea/aiee eo e noaneaeea?iie ioaaonoaaiiinoe
ii aeieaai,oao aaieia: a) e eioi?ui aeeaae/eee oaea i?aaeuyaeyee niioaaonoaothuea
o?aaiaaiey, ii i?eiaaeeaaeauaai ei eiouanoaa ieacaeinue iaaeinoaoi/ia aeey eo
oaeiaeaoai?aiey; a) a eaieoaea eioi?uo aieaa 50% aeoeee eee aeieae o/anoey
i?eiaaeeaaeeo ainoaea?noao e oeacaiiui auoa ainoaea?noaaiiui e ioieoeeiaeueiui
ia?aciaaieyi. , Niiniau iaania/aiey aaieii aica?aoa aeeaaeia th?eaee/aneeo eeoe
ii?aaeaeythony aeiaiai?ii. I?e caeeth/aiee aeiaiai?a aaie iaycai i?aaeinoaaeoue
aeeaae/eeo eioi?iaoeeth ia iaania/aiiinoe aica?aoa aeeaaea. Caeii i?aaeoniao?eaaao
i?aaiaua iineaaenoaey oo?aou iaania/aiey eee oooaeoaiey aai oneiaee. A yoii
neo/aa aeeaae/ee ai?aaa a iaeiinoi?iiiai ii?yaeea iio?aaiaaoue ?anoi?aeaiey aeiaiai?a
aaieianeiai aeeaaea, aica?aoa noiiu aeeaaea e auieaou i?ioeaioia a ?acia?a,
onoaiiaeaiiii i. 1 no. 809 AE ?O (no. 395 AE ?O), a oaeaea aiciauaiey
i?e/eiaiiuo aio oauoeia.
5. E?AAeEOIUE AeIAIAI?.
A ?uii/iuo oneiaeyo i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoai ia?aaeei ioaeaeaaony a aeiiieieoaeueiuo
enoi/ieeao oeiaine?iaaiey. I?aaiaie oi?iie eiaanoe?iaaiey i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie
aeayoaeueiinoe yaeyaony e?aaeeoiue aeiaiai?, iicaieythuee i?eaea/ue /oaeea aeaiaaeiua
n?aaenoaa aeey i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneeo oeaeae. Aaieianeee e?aaeeo i?aaenoaaeytho
eiiia?/aneea aaiee, eiua e?aaeeoiua i?aaiecaoeee, iieo/eaoea eeoeaiceth Aaiea
?innee ia inouanoaeaiea aaieianeeo iia?aoeee. Ii e?aaeeoiiio aeiaiai?o aaie eee
eiay e?aaeeoiay i?aaiecaoeey (e?aaeeoi?) iaycoaony i?aaeinoaaeoue aeaiaaeiua n?aaenoaa
(e?aaeeo) caaiueeo a ?acia?a e ia oneiaeyo, i?aaeoniio?aiiuo aeiaiai?ii, a
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caaiuee iaycoaony aica?aoeoue iieo/aiioth aeaiaaeioth noiio e oieaoeoue i?ioeaiou ia
iaa. E ioiioaieyi ii e?aaeeoiiio aeiaiai?o i?eiaiythony i?aaeea, ?aaoee?othuea
ioiioaiey caeia, aaaeue e?aaeeo anoue ia /oi eiia, eae iau/iue caei. E?aaeeoiue
aeiaiai?, eae e aeiaiai? caeia, iiaeao i?aaeoniao?eaaoue oeaeaaia eniieueciaaiea
e?aaeeoa. E?aaeeoiue aeiaiai? iacaaeneii io noiiu e?aaeeoa aeieaeai auoue caeeth/ai a
ienueiaiiie oi?ia iiae oa?icie i?eciaiey aai iaaeaenoaeoaeueiui i?e ianiaethaeaiee
ienueiaiiie oi?iu. Anee a e?aaeeoiue aeiaiai? aeeth/aiu oneiaey i caeiaa
iaaeaeaeeiinoe, oi oaeie aeiaiai? aeieaeai auoue iioa?eaeueii oaeinoiaa?ai e
ca?aaeno?e?iaai a onoaiiaeaiiii ii?yaeea, E?aaeeoiue aeiaiai? anooiaao a neeo n
iiiaioa aai iiaeienaiey. I?ioeaioucy. iieueciaaiea e?aaeeoi?ii e?aaeeoiuie
n?aaenoaaie ia/eneythony n iiiaioa iinooieaiey aeaiaaeiuo n?aaenoa ia n/?o caaiueea;
a ia n iiiaioa caeeth/aiey aeiaiai?a e ia n aeaou, eiaaea e?aaeeoi? aeieaeai aue
i?aaeinoaaeoue aeaiaaeiua n?aaenoaa. Yoi i?aaeei iaoneiaeaii oai, /oi i?ioeaiou ia
noiio e?aaeeoa auiea/eaathony ca ana a?aiy ?aaeueiiai iieueciaaiey e?aaeeoiuie
noiiaie. I?e onoaiiaeaiee i?ioeaioia ii e?aaeeoiiio aeiaiai?o iau/ii enoiaeyo ec
noaaee ?aoeiaine?iaaiey. Iiyoiio iie iiaoo iaiyoueny a caaeneiinoe io eciaiaiey
iineaaeiae. A neo/aa eciaiaiey Aaieii ?innee noaaee ?aoeiaine?iaaiey, e?aaeeoi?
ai?aaa a iaeiinoi?iiiai ii?yaeea oaaee/eoue ?acia? i?ioeaioia ca iieueciaaiea
caaiiuie n?aaenoaaie, ii eeoue a neo/aa, eiaaea yoi i?aai i?aaeoniio?aii a
e?aaeeoiii aeiaiai?a. Aaie, e?aaeeoi? ai?aaa ioeacaoueny io i?aaeinoaaeaiey caaiueeo
i?aaeoniio?aiiiai aeiaiai?ii e?aaeeoa iieiinoueth eee /anoe/ii. Ii iniiaaieai aeey
yoiai iiaoo neoaeeoue i/aaeaeiua ianoiyoaeuenoaa oiai, /oi i?aaeinoaaeaiiay caaiueeo
noiia ia aoaeao aica?auaia a n?ie. Oaeei i/aaeaeiui ianoiyoaeuenoaii iiaeao neoaeeoue
i?eciaiea caaiueea iaieaoaaeaniiniaiui. A naith i/a?aaeue caeii iicaieyao e
caaiueeo ioeacaoueny io iieo/aiey e?aaeeoa iieiinoueth eee /anoe/ii. Caaiuee iaycai
i?e yoii oaaaeiieoue e?aaeeoi?a aei onoaiiaeaiiiai aeiaiai?ii n?iea i?aaeinoaaeaiey
e?aaeeoa. Iacaaiiue n?ie caeiiiaeaoaeue ia ii?aaeaeyao e, neaaeiaaoaeueii, ioeac
caaiueea io iieo/aiey e?aaeeoa ieeaeeie n?ieaie ia naycai aieioue aei iieo/aiey
caeia. Ii oaeie n?ie iiaeao auoue onoaiiaeai a aeiaiai?a, a caeiia eee eiuo
i?aaiauo aeoao. E?aaeeoiue aeiaiai? iiaeao niaea?aeaoue oneiaey i cai?auaiee ioeaca
caaiueea io e?aaeeoa, eeai iaycuaathuea aai a yoii neo/aa aicianoeoue e?aaeeoi?o
oauoee,
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aicieeathuea ii i?e/eia ?anoi?aeaiey eee eciaiaiey caaiueeii e?aaeeoiiai aeiaiai?a.
A neo/aa ia?ooaiey caaiueeii i?aaeoniio?aiiie e?aaeeoiui aeiaiai?ii iaycaiiinoe
oeaeaaiai eniieueciaaiey e?aaeeoa e?aaeeoi? ai?aaa ioeacaoueny io aeaeueiaeoaai
e?aaeeoiaaiey caaiueea. Oaeea aea iineaaenoaey iiaoo ianooieoue e a oii neo/aa,
eiaaea caaiuee ia iaania/ee e?aaeeoi?o aiciiaeiinoue eiio?iee?iaaoue eniieueciaaiea
caaiiuo n?aaenoa. Oeacaiiua ia?ooaiey caaiueea aeatho i?aai e?aaeeoi?o iio?aaiaaoue
aeinoaoi/iiai aica?aoa e?aaeeoiie noiiu e oieaou i?e/eoathueony i?ioeaioia, anee a
aeiaiai?a ia i?aaeoniio?aii eiia. ?aciiaeaeiinoueth e?aaeeoiiai aeiaiai?a yaeyaony
aeiaiai? oiaa?iiai e?aaeeoa. Noi?iiu iiaoo caeeth/eoue aeiaiai?, i?aaeoniao?eaathuee
iaycaiiinoue iaeiie noi?iiu i?aaeinoaaeoue ae?oaie noi?iia aaue, ii?aaeaeaiiua
?iaeiauie i?eciaeaie. Oaeie aeiaiai? iacuaaaony aeiaiai?ii oiaa?iiai e?aaeeoa, e
iaio i?eiaiythony ii?iu e i?aaeea e?aaeeoiiai aeiaiai?a. Aeiaiai? oiaa?iiai e?aaeeoa
ioee/aaony io aeiaiai?a e?aaeeoiiai ii noauaeoiiio ninoaao noi?ii: oiaa?iue
e?aaeeo iiaeao auoue i?aaeinoaaeai ethaui eeoeii, a ia oieueei aaieaie e e?aaeeoiuie
i?aaiecaoeeyie. Ia i?aeoeea aeiaiai?u oiaa?iiai e?aaeeoa /aua anaai caeeth/atho
eiiia?/aneea i?aaiecaoeee. Oneiaey aeiaiai?a oiaa?iiai e?aaeeoa i eiee/anoaa,
ea/anoaa, anni?oeiaioa, eiiieaeoiinoe ia?aaeaaaaiuo oiaa?ia, eo oiaeiaea e oa?a
?aaoee?othony ii?iaie i aeiaiai?a eoiee- i?iaeaaee (iinoaaee), anee eiia ia
i?aaeoniio?aii a aeiaiai?a. Aeiaiai? oiaa?iiai e?aaeeoa, eae ethaie e?aaeeoiue
aeiaiai?, yaeyaony aiciacaeiui. E iaio i?eiaiythony iauea ii?iu i e?aaeeoiii
aeiaiai?a. Iiaia a?aaeaeaineia i?aai ?innee aiiaue aica?aoeei aiciiaeiinoue
e?aaeeoiaaiey iaeiiai i?aaei?eyoey ae?oaei (eiiia?/aneee e?aaeeo). ?aiaa oaeia
aeiioneaeinue eeoue a eneeth/eoaeueiuo neo/ayo, i?yii i?aaeoniio?aiiuo a caeiia. A
ioee/ea io aeiaiai?ia caeia (e?aaeeoa) eiiia?/aneia e?aaeeoiaaiea i?iecaiaeeony ia
ii naiinoiyoaeueiiio aeiaiai?o, a ai eniieiaiea iaycaoaeuenoa ii ?aaeecaoeee
oiaa?ia, auiieiaieth ?aaio eee ieacaieth oneoa. Eiiia?/aneee e?aaeeo iiaeao auoue
i?aaeinoaaeai iieoiaoaeai i?iaeaaoeo a aeaea aaaina eee i?aaeaa?eoaeueiie iieaou
oiaa?ia, eeai, iaiai?io, i?iaeaaoeii iieoiaoaeth iooai i?aaeinoaaeaiey ion?i/ee
(?ann?i/ee) iieaou i?eia?aoaaiuo oiaa?ia. I?aaeinoaaeaiea eiiia?/aneiai e?aaeeoa,
ia naycaiiiai n eniieiaieai iaycaoaeuenoa, AE ?O ia i?aaeoniao?eaaao. Aunoee
A?aeo?aaeiue
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Noae ?O a naiai ienueia(*1) ioia/aao, /oi ia aeiioneaaony i?aaeinoaaeaiea e?aaeeoia
iiae i?ioeaiou i?aaiecaoeeae, ia eiathuae eeoeaicee, a ea/anoaa i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie
aeayoaeueiinoe. Oaeay aeayoaeueiinoue aeieaeia auoue i?eciaia ia niioaaonoaothuae
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoao. Iaeiaei a yoii aea ienueia ioia/aaony, /oi caeiiii ia cai?auaia
ia?aaea/a caaiueeo i?aaiecaoeeae, ia eiathuae eeoeaicee ia i?aai caiyoey e?aaeeoiuie
iia?aoeeyie, naiaiaeiuo n?aaenoa ia oneiaeyo oieaou ii?aaeaeaiiuo i?ioeaioia, anee
oaeay aeayoaeueiinoue ia iineo nenoaiaoe/aneiai oa?aeoa?a. Eiiia?/aneia
e?aaeeoiaaiea iiaeao eiaoue ianoi ai eniieiaiea iaycaoaeuenoaa ii ia?aaea/a ae?oaie
noi?iia ia oieueei aauae, ii?aaeaeaiiuo ?iaeiauie i?eciaeaie, eae oeacaii a i. 1
no. 823 AE ?O, ii e i?e ia?aaea/a eiaeeaeaeoaeueii- ii?aaeaeaiiuo aauae, eai yoi ia
i?ioeai?a/eo oneiaeyi eiiia?/aneiai e?aaeeoa. A caeeth/aiea neaaeoao ioiaoeoue, /oi
e e?aaeeoiue aeiaiai?, e eiiia?/aneee e?aaeeo iiaeao auoue i?aaeinoaaeai a
eiino?aiiie aaethoa(*2).
(**1) Aoeiiaa E.A. Aaieianeia i?aai. -I., 1994. -N.132-138.
(**2) Eioi?iaoeeiiiia ienueii AAN ?O io 10 aaaonoa 1994a. N N1-7/ II-555 eIa
ioaeaeueiuo ?aeiiaiaeaoeeyo, i?eiyouo ia niaauaieyo ii noaeaaii- a?aeo?aaeiie
i?aeoeea // Aanoiee AAN ?O. -1994. -N10. -N.102.
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AEAAA 7. I?AAIAIA ?AAOEE?IAAIEA NO?AOIAIE AeAssOAEUeIINOE
1. Iiiyoea, niaea?aeaiea e ainoaea?noaaiiia ?aaoee?iaaiea no?aoiaie aeayoaeueiinoe.
2. O/anoieee no?aoiaie aeayoaeueiinoe.
3. Aeaeu no?aoiaaiey:
a) eiouanoaaiiia no?aoiaaiea;
a) ee/iia no?aoiaaiea;
a) iaycaoaeueiia no?aoiaaiea.
4. Oi?ia e niaea?aeaiea aeiaiai?a no?aoiaaiey.
1. IIIssOEA, NIAeA?AEAIEA E AINOAeA?NOAAIIIA ?AAOEE?IAAIEA NO?AOIAIE AeAssOAEUeIINOE.
A niioaaonoaee n Caeiiii ?O “Ia i?aaiecaoeee no?aoiaiai aeaea a ?inneeneie
Oaaea?aoeee”(*1) io 31 aeaeaa?y 1997a. iiae no?aoiaie aeayoaeueiinoueth neaaeoao
iiieiaoue aeayoaeueiinoue ii caueoa eiouanoaaiiuo eioa?ania a?aaeaeai, i?aaei?eyoee,
o/?aaeaeaiee e i?aaiecaoeee i?e ianooieaiee ii?aaeaeaiiuo niauoee (no?aoiauo
neo/aaa) ca n/ao aeaiaaeiuo oiiaeia, oi?ie?oaiuo ec oiea/eaaaiuo eie no?aoiauo
aciinia (no?aoiauo i?aiee)(*2). Ca n/ao yoeo oiiaeia inouanoaeyaony aiciauaiea
oauoeia e auieaoa no?aoiauo noii o/anoaothuei a no?aoiaaiee eeoeai i?e
ianooieaiee no?aoiaiai neo/ay. Oaeei ia?acii, a no?aoiaie aeayoaeueiinoe iiaeii
auaeaeeoue aeayoaeueiinoue ii nicaeaieth no?aoiauo oiiaeia e iaiin?aaenoaaiii caueoo
i?aa caeioa?aniaaiiui a no?aoiaaiee eeoe. Ii oi?ia inouanoaeaiey no?aoiaaiea
?acaeaeyaony ia aeia?iaieueiia e iaycaoaeueiia. Iniiaaieai aicieeiiaaiey
iaycaoaeuenoaa ii aeia?iaieueiiio no?aoiaaieth yaeyaony oieueei aieaecuyaeaiea
noi?ii – o/anoieeia ioiioaiey. I?e iaycaoaeueiii no?aoiaaiee ia no?aoiaaoaey
caeiiii aiceaaaaony iaycaiiinoue a ii?aaeaeaiiuo neo/ayo noaoue o/anoieeii
no?aoiaiai iaycaoaeuenoaa, cano?aoiaaoue aeeciue, caei?iauea, eiouanoai ae?oaeo eeoe
eeai naith a?aaeaeaineoth ioaaonoaaiiinoue ia?aae ae?oaeie eeoeaie ca nianoaaiiue n/ao
eee ca n/ao caeioa?aniaaiiuo
(**1) I?eiyo a ii?yaeea aianaiey eciaiaiee a Caeii ?O “I no?aoiaaiee” io 22
iiya?y 1992 a. (Aaaeiiinoe ?O. -1993. -N2. -No.50; NC ?O. -1998. -N1. -No.4).
(**2) E na?aaeeia 90-o aiaeia a no?aia ian/eouaaeinue aieaa 3 ouny/ no?aoiauo
eiiiaiee, a iiya?a 1998 a. eo /enei nie?aoeeinue aei 1923. Oieueei ca 10 ianyoeaa
1998 a. eo /enei nie?aoeeinue ia 447 aaeeieoe.
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eeoe. Caeiiii onoaiaaeeaathony oneiaey inouanoaeaiey iaycaoaeueiiai no?aoiaaiey,
iaeniieiaiea eioi?uo aea/ao eiouanoaaiioth ioaaonoaaiiinoue no?aoiaaoaey eae
ia?aae auaiaeii?eia?aoaoaeai ii iaycaoaeueiiio no?aoiaaieth, oae e ia?aae
ainoaea?noaii. Iaycaoaeueiia no?aoiaaiea inouanoaeyaony ia iniiaaiee aeiaiai?a.
Eneeth/aiea ninoaaeyao ?aciiaeaeiinoue iaycaoaeueiiai no?aoiaaiey – ainoaea?noaaiiia
iaycaoaeueiia no?aoiaaiea, eioi?ia inouanoaeyaony ca n/ao n?aaenoa athaeaeaoa.
Iauaeoii iaycaoaeueiiai ainoaea?noaaiiiai no?aoiaaiey yaeyaony aeeciue, caei?iauea e
eiouanoai ii?aaeaeaiiuo eaoaai?ee ainoaea?noaaiiuo neoaeaueo. Eae ie a eaeie
ae?oaie io?anee i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie aeayoaeueiinoe a no?aoiaie aeayoaeueiinoe aaeeea
?ieue ainoaea?noaaiiiai aicaeaenoaey. Ainoaea?noai naii inouanoaeyao no?aoiaaiea e
aaaeao ainoaea?noaaiiue iaaeci? a iaeanoe no?aoiaaiey. Oaeia aieiaiea e yoiio aeaeo
i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa naycaii n nioeeaeueiie cia/eiinoueth ooieoeee no?aoiaaiey, eai
no?aoiaie neo/aeicia/aao aeey no?aoiaaoaey eaoano?ioo, /oi a naith i/a?aaeue
i?eaiaeeo e no?aoiaiio neo/ath a yeiiiieea no?aiu, e ?ac?uao a oeaii/ea
i?iecaiaenoaa. Ian/anouea iaeiiai no?aoiaaoaey yaeyaony nioeeaeueii cia/eiui aeey
anaai ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa. No?aoiaaiea iicaieyao aeinoaoi/ii auno?i ainnoaiiaeoue
ia?ooaiiia no?aoiaui neo/aai eiouanoaaiiia iieiaeaiea no?aoiaaoaey, ainnoaiiaeoue
?ac?ooaiiua nayce a oicyenoaaiiuo i?aaiioiioaieyo aini?iecaiaenoaa. A
ooieoeeiie?iaaiee no?aoiaiai iaoaiecia, a no?aoiaie aeayoaeueiinoe caeioa?aniaaiu
eaaeaeue ec no?aoiaaoaeae e ainoaea?noai. Aeieaia a?aiy a iaoae no?aia, eae e ai
iiiaeo no?aiao ie?a ia ii?aaeaeaiiii yoaia iauanoaaiiiai ?acaeoey, nouanoaiaaea
ainoaea?noaaiiay iiiiiieey ia no?aoiaaiea. Iiiiiieey no?aoiaaiey aeaaaea
aiciiaeiinoue oe?ieiai i?eaea/aiey no?aoiaaoaeae, aieueoae onoie/eainoe no?aoiauo
i?aaiecaoeee, ii aneaaenoaea ionoonoaey eiieo?aioeee i?ienoiaeeei ia?aie/aiea e?oaa
i?aaeinoaaeyaiuo no?aoiauo oneoa, nieaeaiea ?acia?a no?aoiauo i?aiee(*1) . Iaeiaei
a ia?eiae ia?aoiaea e ?uii/iie nenoaia oicyenoaiaaiey iaeuecy iieiinoueth ioeacaoueny
io ainoaea?noaaiiiai no?aoiaaiey. Ainoaea?noaaiiia aicaeaenoaea ia no?aoiaoth
aeayoaeueiinoue inouanoaeyaony /a?ac i?aaenoaaeyaioth io/aoiinoue i aeayoaeueiinoe
no?aoiauo i?aaiecaoeee, i?iaa?eo eo aeayoaeueiinoe e ii?iaoeaiia ?aaoee?iaaiea
no?aoiaie aeayoaeueiinoe. Ainoaea?noaaiiue iaaeci? ca no?aoiaie aeayoaeueiinoueth ii
niaea?aeaieth ?aca?aie/eaatho ia i?aaeaa?eoaeueiue e oaeouee. E i?aaeaa?eoaeueiiio
iaaeci?o ioiineony i?iaa?ea niioaaonoaey no?aoiauo i?aaiecaoeee onoaiiaeaiiui
o?aaiaaieyi e auaea/a
(**1) Oa?oaiaae/ A.O. Eo?n oi?aiaiai i?aaa. -O.2. -NIa. 1998 -N. 360-361.
!!369
eeoeaicee ia i?aai inouanoaeaiey ii?aaeaeaiiuo aeaeia no?aoiaie aeayoaeueiinoe, a
oaeaea ?aaeno?aoeey iauaaeeiaiee no?aoiaueeia e aianaiea a ?aano? no?aoiauo
a?iea?ia. E oaeouaio iaaeci?o ioiineony i?iaa?ea niaethaeaiey o?aaiaaiee
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa i?ioanneiiaeueiuie o/anoieeaie no?aoiaie aeayoaeueiinoe: iaci? e
aiaeec io/aoiinoe, i?einoaiiaeaiea e iocua eeoeaicee, eneeth/aiea no?aoiauo
a?iea?ia ec ?aano?a e o.i.(*1) Iniiaiui enoi/ieeii i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey
no?aoiaie aeayoaeueiinoe e no?aoiaiai iaaeci?a a ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee yaeyaony
Caeii ?O “Ia i?aaiecaoeee no?aoiaiai aeaea a ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee” e i?eiyoua
?inno?aoiaaeci?ii: Oneiaey eeoeaice?iaaiey no?aoiaie aeayoaeueiinoe ia oa??eoi?ee
?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee io 19 iay 1994 a.(*2), Iieiaeaiea i ii?yaeea aea/e
i?aaeienaiey, ia?aie/aiey, i?einoaiiaeaiey e iocuaa eeoeaicee ia inouanoaeaiea
no?aoiaie aeayoaeueiinoe io 19 ethiy 1995 a.(*3), Iieiaeaiea i no?aoiaii ioea io 18
iay 1995 a.(*4), A?aiaiiia iieiaeaiea i ii?yaeea aaaeaiey ?aano?a no?aoiauo
a?iea?ia, inouanoaeythueo naith aeayoaeueiinoue ia oa??eoi?ee ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee
io 19 oaa?aey 1995 a.(*5), I?aaeea ?aciauaiey no?aoiauo ?aca?aia io 14 ia?oa
1995 a., I?aaeea oi?ie?iaaiey no?aoiauo ?aca?aia ii aeaeai no?aoiaaie.y eiui,
/ai no?aoiaaiea aeecie io 18 ia?oa 1994 a.(*6), Iieiaeaiea i ii?yaeea i?iaaaeaiey
aaethoiuo iia?aoeee ii no?aoiaaieth e ia?ano?aoiaaieth, ooaa?aeaeaiiia OeA ?O 15
aeaeaa?y 1995 a.(*7) No?aoiaie iaaeci? a ianoiyuaa a?aiy inouanoaeyao aeaia?oaiaio
no?aoiaiai iaaeci?a Ieienoa?noaa oeiainia ?O. Iniiaiua ooieoeee iaaeci?a
ii?aaeaeaiu a no. 30 Caeiia ?O “Ia i?aaiecaoeee no?aoiaiai aeaea a ?O”:
a) auaea/a no?aoiaueeai eeoeaicee ia inouanoaeaiea no?aoiaie aeayoaeueiinoe;
a) aaaeaiea aaeeiiai Ainoaea?noaaiiiai ?aano?a no?aoiaueeia e iauaaeeiaiee
no?aoiaueeia, a oaeaea ?aano?a no?aoiauo a?iea?ia;
a) eiio?ieue ca iainiiaaiiinoueth no?aoiauo oa?eoia e iaania/aieai
ieaoaaeaniiniaiinoe no?aoiaueeia;
a) onoaiiaeaiea i?aaee oi?ie?iaaiey e ?aciauaiey no?aoiauo ?aca?aia,
iieacaoaeae e oi?i o/aoa no?aoiauo iia?aoeee e io/aoiinoe i no?aoiaie
aeayoaeueiinoe;
ae) ?ac?aaioea ii?iaoeaiuo e iaoiaee/aneeo aeieoiaioia ii aii?inai no?aoiaie
aeayoaeueiinoe;
(**1) Eiiia?/aneia i?aai / Iiae ?aae. A.O.Iiiiiaeiioei e A.O.sseiaeaaie. *.II.
-NIa., 1998. -N. 278.
(**2) ?inneeneea aanoe. -1994. -N118.
(**3) Oai aea. -1995. -N139.
(**4) Oeiainiaay aacaoa. -1995. -N139.
(**5) Oai aea. -1995. -N8.
(**6) Yeiiiieea e aeeciue. -1994. -N16.
(**7) ?inneeneay aacaoa. -1995. -29 aeaeaa?y.
!!370
a) iaiauaiea i?aeoeee no?aoiaie aeayoaeueiinoe, ?ac?aaioea e i?aaenoaaeaiea a
onoaiiaeaiiii ii?yaeea i?aaeeiaeaiee ii ?acaeoeth e niaa?oainoaiaaieth
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee i no?aoiaaiee.
Aeey eniieiaiey aiceiaeaiiuo iaycaiiinoae oaaea?aeueiue i?aai eniieieoaeueiie aeanoe
ii iaaeci?o ca no?aoiaie aeayoaeueiinoueth ai?aaa: a) iieo/aoue io no?aoiaueeia
onoaiiaeaiioth io/aoiinoue i no?aoiaie aeayoaeueiinoe, eioi?iaoeeth ia eo oeiainiaii
iieiaeaiee. Iiiaia naaaeaiey iinooiatho io i?aaei?eyoee, o/?aaeaeaiee e i?aaiecaoeee,
a oii /enea aaieia, a oaeaea io a?aaeaeai; a) i?iecaiaeeoue i?iaa?ee niaethaeaiey
no?aoiaueeaie caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa i no?aoiaaiee e aeinoiaa?iinoe i?aaenoaaeyaiie eie
io/aoiinoe; a) i?e aueyaeaiee ia?ooaiee no?aoiaueeaie o?aaiaaiee caeiia aeaaaoue
ei i?aaeienaiey ii eo ono?aiaieth, a a neo/aa iaauiieiaiey i?aaeienaiee
i?einoaiaaeeaaoue eee ia?aie/eaaoue aeaenoaea eeoeaicee yoeo no?aoiaueeia ai?aaeue aei
ono?aiaiey auyaeaiiuo ia?ooaiee eeai i?eieiaoue ?aoaiey ia iocuaa eeoeaicee; a)
ia?auaoueny a a?aeo?aaeiue noae n eneii i eeeaeaeaoeee no?aoiaueea a neo/aa
iaiaeiie?aoiiai ia?ooaiey iineaaeiei caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa ?O, a oaeaea i eeeaeaeaoeee
i?aaei?eyoee e i?aaiecaoeee, inouanoaeythueo no?aoiaaiea aac eeoeaicee. Aeey
inouanoaeaiey oaeouaai iaaeci?a ca aeayoaeueiinoueth no?aoiauo i?aaiecaoeee
iinoaiiaeaieai I?aaeoaeuenoaa ?O io 26 ethiy 1993 a. “I oa??eoi?eaeueiuo i?aaiao
no?aoiaiai iaaeci?a” i?aaeoniio?aii nicaeaiea oa??eoi?eaeueiuo i?aaiia no?aoiaiai
iaaeci?a, eioi?ua ai?aaa i?iaiaeeoue i?iaa?ee aeinoiaa?iinoe i?aaenoaaeyaiie
no?aoiauie i?aaiecaoeeyie io/aoiinoe e niaethaeaiey no?aoiaiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa,
iieo/aoue io no?aoiaueeia onoaiiaeaiioth io/aoiinoue i no?aoiaie aeayoaeueiinoe,
eioi?iaoeeth ia eo oeiainiaii iieiaeaiee, iieo/aoue iaiaoiaeeioth eioi?iaoeeth io
i?aaei?eyoee, o/?aaeaeaiee e i?aaiecaoeee, a oii /enea aaieia, a oaeaea a?aaeaeai.
2. O*ANOIEEE NO?AOIAIE AeAssOAEUeIINOE E i?ioanneiiaeueiui o/anoieeai no?aoiaie
aeayoaeueiinoe ioiinyony no?aoiaueee e no?aoiaua iin?aaeieee. No?aoiaay
aeayoaeueiinoue – aeayoaeueiinoue eeoeaiceiiiay. I?e yoii /. 2 no. 4 Caeiia ?O “Ia
i?aaiecaoeee no?aoiaiai aeaea a ?O” onoaiaaeeaaao, /oi no?aoiaaiea ?aniieiaeaiiuo
ia oa??eoi?ee ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee eiouanoaaiiuo eioa?ania th?eaee/aneeo eeoe (ca
eneeth/aieai ia?ano?aoiaaiey e acaeiiiai no?aoiaaiey) e eiouanoaaiiuo eioa?ania
oece/aneeo eeoe – ?aceaeaioia ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee iiaeao inouanoaeyoueny oieueei
th?eaee/aneeie eeoeaie, eiathueie eeoeaiceth ia inouanoaeaiea no?aoiaie aeayoaeueiinoe
ia oa??eoi?ee ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee.
!!371
A niioaaonoaee ni no. 938 AE ?O no?aoiaueeaie yaeythony th?eaee/aneea eeoea,
caeeth/athuea aeiaiai?u no?aoiaaiey e eiathuea ?ac?aoaiey (eeoeaicee) ia
inouanoaeaiea no?aoiaaiey niioaaonoaothuaai aeaea. E no?aoiaueeai caeii ioiineo
no?aoiaua i?aaiecaoeee (i. 1 no. 927 e no. 938 AE ?O) , iauanoaa acaeiiiai
no?aoiaaiey, inouanoaeythuea no?aoiaaiea eioa?ania eeoe, ia yaeythueony /eaiaie
iauanoaa (i. 5 no. 968 AE ?O) e eiua ainoaea?noaaiiua i?aaiecaoeee,
inouanoaeythuea iaycaoaeueiia no?aoiaaiea aeecie, caei?iauey e eiouanoaa ioaeaeueiuo
eaoaai?ee a?aaeaeai, A niioaaonoaee n i. 1 no. 32 Caeiia “Ia i?aaiecaoeee
no?aoiaiai aeaea a ?O” iaycaoaeueiui oneiaeai iieo/aiey eeoeaicee ia inouanoaeaiea
no?aoiaie aeayoaeueiinoe yaeyaony i?aaenoaaeaiea aeieacaoaeuenoa a ?acia?a
iiea/aiiiai onoaaiiai eaieoaea. Noaouey 25 yoiai caeiia onoaiaaeeaaao
ieieiaeueiue ?acia? iiea/aiiiai onoaaiiai eaieoaea, iaiaoiaeeiiai aeey iieo/aiey
eeoeaicee. A caaeneiinoe io aeaeia no?aoiaaiey, eioi?uie iaia?eaaaony caieiaoueny
no?aoiaay i?aaiecaoeey, ieieiaeueiue ?acia? onoaaiiai eaieoaea eieaaeaony io 25
ouny/ ieieiaeueiuo ?acia?ia iieaou o?oaea i?e i?iaaaeaiee aeaeia no?aoiaaiey eiuo,
/ai no?aoiaaiea aeecie; ia iaiaa 35 ouny/ ieieiaeueiuo ?acia?ia iieaou o?oaea i?e
no?aoiaaiee aeecie e eiuo aeaeia no?aoiaaiey e ia iaiaa 50 ouny/ ieieiaeueiuo
?acia?ia iieaou o?oaea i?e i?iaaaeaiee ia?ano?aoiaaiey. Eeoeaicee auaeathony ia
inouanoaeaiea aeia?iaieueiiai e iaycaoaeueiiai ee/iiai no?aoiaaiey, eiouanoaaiiiai
no?aoiaaiey e no?aoiaaiey ioaaonoaaiiinoe, a oaeaea ia?ano?aoiaaiey, anee
i?aaeiaoii aeayoaeueiinoe no?aoiaueea yaeyaony eneeth/eoaeueii ia?ano?aoiaaiea. I?e
yoii a eeoeaiceyo oeacuaathony eiie?aoiua aeaeu no?aoiaaiey, eioi?ua no?aoiauee
ai?aaa inouanoaeyoue. Eeoeaicey auaeaaony aeey aaaeaiey no?aoiaie aeayoaeueiinoe ia
oa??eoi?ee, oeacaiiie no?aoiaie i?aaiecaoeeae, eeai ia anae oa??eoi?ee ?O.
Oieueei eeoeaicey ia iaycaoaeueiia iaaeeoeeineia no?aoiaaiea auaeaaony aeey aaaeaiey
no?aoiaie aeayoaeueiinoe ia oa??eoi?ee ii?aaeaeaiiiai noauaeoa ?inneeneie
Oaaea?aoeee. Cayaeaiea i auaea/a eeoeaicee aeieaeii auoue ?anniio?aii i?aaiii
no?aoiaiai iaaeci?a a oa/aiea 60 aeiae n iiiaioa iieo/aiey anao aeieoiaioia,
i?aaeoniio?aiiuo no. 32 Caeiia “Ia i?aaiecaoeee no?aoiaiai aeaea a ?O”. Iniiaaieai
aeey ioeaca a auaea/a th?eaee/aneiio eeoeo eeoeaicee ia inouanoaeaiea no?aoiaie
aeayoaeueiinoe iiaeao neoaeeoue eeoue ianiioaaonoaea o?aaiaaieyi caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa
i?eeaaaaiuo e cayaeaieth aeieoiaioia. Ca auaea/o eeoeaicee aceiaaony nai? a ?acia?a
50-e?aoiiai ieieiaeueiiai ?acia?a iieaou o?oaea. Aua iaeiei o/anoieeii no?aoiaie
aeayoaeueiinoe, inouanoaeythuei no?aoiaua oneoae, yaeyaony no?aoiaie a?iea?.
!!372
No?aoiaua a?iea?u – th?eaee/aneea eee oece/aneea eeoea, ca?aaeno?e?iaaiiua a
onoaiiaeaiiii ii?yaeea a ea/anoaa i?aaei?eieiaoaeae, inouanoaeythuea
iin?aaeie/aneoth aeayoaeueiinoue ii no?aoiaaieth io naiaai eiaie ia iniiaaiee
ii?o/aiee no?aoiaaoaey eeai no?aoiaueea. No?aoiaua a?iea?u ieacuaatho oneoae aeey
no?aoiaaoaeae (aeey no?aoiaueeia – a ia?ano?aoiaaiee) ii iiaeai?o no?aoiaueeia
(ia?ano?aoiaueeia) aeey caeeth/aiey aeiaiai?a no?aoiaaiey; aaaeoo ia?aaiai?u
ioiineoaeueii oneiaee aiciiaeiiai aeiaiai?a no?aoiaaiey (ia?ano?aoiaaiey), o.a.
inouanoaeytho oaeoe/aneea, a ia th?eaee/aneea aeaenoaey, oioy e a /oaeeo eioa?anao
(no?aoiaaoaeae, no?aoiaueeia), ii io naiaai eiaie. A?iea?neay aeayoaeueiinoue a
no?aoiaaiee – yoi iin?aaeie/aneay aeayoaeueiinoue ii iieoiea eee i?iaeaaea no?aoiauo
oneoa, iiae?acoiaaathuay niaeaenoaea niaeaoaieth iaaeaeo noi?iiaie, caeioa?aniaaiiuie
a no?aoiaaiee, i?aaeoniao?eaathuay aaaeaiea ia?aaiai?ia ii no?aoiaaieth niaeanii
aieaecuyaeaieth no?aoiaaoaey eee no?aoiaueea (a aeiaiai?ao ia?ano?aoiaaiey),
eiia/iie oeaeueth eioi?uo yaeyaony iaoiaeaeaiea oneiaee e oi?i no?aoiaaiey,
acaeiii?eaieaiuo aeey noi?ii. No?aoiaui a?iea?ii iiaeao auoue th?eaee/aneia eeoei,
eeai oece/aneia eeoei, ca?aaeno?e?iaaiiia a ea/anoaa i?aaei?eieiaoaey e
ecaanoeaoaa i?aai no?aoiaiai iaaeci?a i iaia?aiee caieiaoueny iin?aaeie/aneie
aeayoaeueiinoueth ii no?aoiaaieth. A?aiaiiui iieiaeaieai i ii?yaeea aaaeaiey ?aano?a
no?aoiauo a?iea?ia, inouanoaeythueo naith aeayoaeueiinoue ia oa??eoi?ee ?inneeneie
Oaaea?aoeee, onoaiiaeaiu ia?aie/aiey e o?aaiaaiey e no?aoiaui a?iea?ai i?e eo
?aaeno?aoeee.
Ai-ia?auo, yoi o?aaiaaiey, iaania/eaathuea iacaaeneiinoue aeayoaeueiinoe no?aoiauo
i?aaiecaoeee: ia aeiioneaaony o/anoea no?aoiauo a?iea?ia a onoaaiuo eaieoaeao
no?aoiauo i?aaiecaoeee, aeaaeaiea aeoeeyie, iayie e ae?oaeie i?aaaie o/anoey;
o/?aaeeoaeai no?aoiaiai a?iea?a ia iiaeao auoue no?aoiaay i?aaiecaoeey eee aa
nio?oaeiee; no?aoiaie a?iea? – oece/aneia eeoei ia eiaao i?aaa auoue nio?oaeieeii
eaeie-eeai no?aoiaie i?aaiecaoeee.
Ai-aoi?uo, onoaiiaeaiu o?aaiaaiey e i?ioanneiiaeueiie iiaeaioiaea a?iea?ia:
a?iea? – oece/aneia eeoei eee ?oeiaiaeeoaeue a?iea?neie i?aaiecaoeee aeieaeiu eiaoue
aunoaa eee n?aaeiaa niaoeeaeueiia yeiiiie/aneia eee th?eaee/aneia ia?aciaaiea e noaae
?aaiou a iaeanoe oeiainiaie eee no?aoiaie aeayoaeueiinoe ia iaiaa o?ao eao.
A-o?aoueeo, ii?aaeaeaiu o?aaiaaiey e i?aainiiniaiinoe a?iea?ia: ia aeiioneaaony
inouanoaeaiea ae?oaeo aeaeia aeayoaeueiinoe, a oii /enea e iin?aaeie/aneie, e?iia
a?iea?neie ii no?aoiaaieth. E a?iea?neie aeayoaeueiinoe A?aiaiiia iieiaeaiea
ioiineo:
a) i?eaea/aiea eeeaioo?u e no?aoiaaieth, aa iiene;
!!373
a) ?acuynieoaeueiay ?aaioa ii eioa?anothuei eeeaioa aeaeai no?aoiaaiey;
a) iiaeaioiaea eee ioi?ieaiea iaiaoiaeeiuo aeey caeeth/aiey aeiaiai?a
no?aoiaaiey aeieoiaioia, nai? eioa?anothuae eioi?iaoeee;
a) iiaeaioiaea eee, n niioaaonoaothueie iieiiii/eyie, ioi?ieaiea iaiaoiaeeiuo
aeieoiaioia aeey iieo/aiey no?aoiaie auieaou;
ae) ii ii?o/aieth no?aoiaueea e ca aai n/ao i?e iaee/ee niioaaonoaothuaai
niaeaoaiey i?aaiecaoeey no?aoiauo auieao;
a) ii ii?o/aieth eeeaioa ?aciauaiea no?aoiaiai ?enea ii aeiaiai?ai
ia?ano?aoiaaiey eee nino?aoiaaiey;
ae) i?aaeinoaaeaiea caeioa?aniaaiiui eeoeai yenia?oiuo oneoa, oneoa ii ioeaiea
no?aoiauo ?eneia i?e caeeth/aiee aeiaiai?a no?aoiaaiey;
c) iiaeaioiaea aeieoiaioia ii ?anniio?aieth e o?aaoee?iaaieth oauoeia i?e
ianooieaiee no?aoiaiai niauoey ii i?inueaa caeioa?aniaaiiuo eeoe;
e) i?aaiecaoeey oneoa aaa?eeiuo eiienna?ia, yenia?oia ii ioeaiea oua?aa e
ii?aaeaeaieth ?acia?a no?aoiauo auieao;
e) eiinoeueoaoeeiiiua oneoae a /anoe no?aoiaaiey;
e) eieannaoeey no?aoiauo aciinia (i?aiee) ii aeiaiai?ai no?aoiaaiey i?e
iaee/ee niioaaonoaothuaai niaeaoaiey ni no?aoiaueeii;
i) ae?oaea oneoae, naycaiiua n a?iea?neie aeayoaeueiinoueth ii no?aoiaaieth,
e?iia ia?a/eneaiiuo a i. 4.1 A?aiaiiiai iieiaeaiey.
No?aoiaui a?iea?ii – oece/aneei eeoeii iiaoo auoue i?aaeinoaaeaiu ana
ia?a/eneaiiua oneoae ii no?aoiaaieth, e?iia oeacaiiuo a i. “ae” e “e”. Oeacaiiua
ia?aie/aiey iaania/eaatho aa?aioee ?aaeueiuo oneoa ii no?aoiaaieth, caueoo
o/anoieeia yoie aeayoaeueiinoe. Iaeiaei anyeea ia?aie/aiey a i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie
aeayoaeueiinoe iiaoo auoue onoaiiaeaiu oieueei caeiiii (no. 49 e /. 3 no. 23 AE
?O). Iiyoiio eo iaiaoiaeeii aeeth/eoue a Caeii, ?aaoee?othuee no?aoiaoth
aeayoaeueiinoue.
No?aoiaueee, no?aoiaua a?iea?u – yoi o/anoieee no?aoiauo i?aaiioiioaiee n iaeiie
noi?iiu. Ia ae?oaie noi?iia aunooiatho no?aoiaaoaeue, cano?aoiaaiiia eeoei eee
auaiaeii?eia?aoaoaeue.
No?aoiaaoaeue – yoi eeoei, eioi?ia a neeo caeiia eee aeiaiai?a iaycaii oieaoeoue
no?aoiaueeo no?aoiaoth i?aieth (ieaoo ca no?aoiaaiea), a i?e ianooieaiee
i?aaeoniio?aiiiai niauoey, no?aoiaiai neo/ay, ai?aaa o?aaiaaoue io no?aoiaueea
no?aoiaoth auieaoo naaa eeai auaiaeii?eia?aoaoaeth, anee no?aoiaaiea i?iecaiaeeony
a iieueco o?aoueaai eeoea. I?aaiaia iieiaeaiea no?aoiaaoaey ii?aaeaeyaony ii?iaie
ae. 48 AE ?O e no. 5 Caeiia i no?aoiaie aeayoaeueiinoe. Iaycaiiinoe no?aoiaaoaey
ia en/a?iuaathony eeoue aianaieai no?aoiaiai aciina. Iie nouanoaotho a oa/aiea
anaai n?iea aeaenoaey aeiaiai?a no?aoiaaiey.
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Ia?aay a?oiia iaycaiiinoae naycaia n ioiioaieai no?aoiaaoaey e iauaeoo
no?aoiaie io?aiu: niaethaeaiea i?aaee yenieoaoaoeee ioiineoaeueii eiouanoaa eeai
niioaaonoaothuaa ioiioaiea e iauaeoai io?aiu ee/iiai no?aoiaaiey (caei?iauea e
aeeciue). Ei aoi?ie a?oiia iaycaiiinoae no?aoiaaoaey ioiinyony iaycaiiinoe,
aicieeathuea a nayce ni no?aoiaui neo/aai: iaiaoiaeeiinoue i?eiyoey ia? ii
oiaiueoaieth ?acia?ia oauoea, aicieeathuaai a nayce ni no?aoiaui neo/aai,
iaiaoiaeeiinoue niiauaiey no?aoiaueeo i aai ianooieaiee, ia?auaiea no?aoiaaoaey e
eiiiaoaioiui i?aaiai ainoaea?noaaiiiai oi?aaeaiey (i?aaiai iiaea?iiai iaaeci?a,
neaaenoaaiiui i?aaiai, i?aaiai AEAAeAe) e o.ae. A ioaeaeueiuo aeaeao no?aoiaaiey e
no?aoiaaoaeth iiaoo auoue i?aaeuyaeaiu aeiiieieoaeueiua o?aaiaaiey. A eiouanoaaiiii
no?aoiaaiee no?aoiaaoaeai iiaeao auoue eeoue eeoei, eiathuaa naiinoiyoaeueiue
eiouanoaaiiue eioa?an a nio?aiaiee oiai eee eiiai eiouanoaa. Yoi iiaeao auoue
nianoaaiiee eiouanoaa eeai aai aeaaeaeaoe (iaieiaoaeue, o?aieoaeue, ia?aaic/ee). A
ee/iii no?aoiaaiee no?aoiaie neo/ae iaiin?aaenoaaiii naycai n ee/iinoueth eee
ianoiyoaeuenoaaie aeecie cano?aoiaaiiiai, a iiyoiio aaee/eia no?aoiaiai ?enea a
ioaeaeueiuo aeaeao ee/iiai no?aoiaaiey caaeneo io aic?anoa, ninoiyiey caei?iauey,
i?ioannee e ae?oaeo naienoa ee/iinoe e ianoiyoaeuenoa aeecie cano?aoiaaiiiai.
Cano?aoiaaiiia eeoei – yoi eeoei, a aeecie eioi?iai aeieaeai i?iecieoe no?aoiaie
neo/ae, eioi?ue naycai n ee/iinoueth eee ianoiyoaeuenoaaie aai aeecie (ee/iia
no?aoiaaiea), eeai cao?aaeaathuee nio?aiiinoue aai eiouanoaaiiie noa?u
(eiouanoaaiiia no?aoiaaiea). A oii neo/aa, eiaaea no?aoiaaoaeue e cano?aoiaaiiia
eeoei niaiaaeatho, iao iaiaoiaeeiinoe aiai?eoue ia iniaaiiinoyo a i?aaiaii
?aaoee?iaaiee. Iniaaiiinoe i?aaiaiai iieiaeaiey cano?aoiaaiiiai eeoea iaeaieaa
iieii i?iyaeythony a neo/ayo, eiaaea ei ia yaeyaony no?aoiaaoaeue a ee/iii
no?aoiaaiee. Caeiiiaeaoaeue i?aaeiieaaaao, /oi cano?aoiaaiiia eeoei eeai, a neo/aa
aai nia?oe, aai ianeaaeieee yaeythony auaiaeii?eia?aoaoaeyie, anee a aeiaiai?a ia
onoaiiaeaii eiia. Iineieueeo no?aoiaie neo/ae naycai n aeeciueth, caei?iaueai eeai
eiuie niauoeyie a aeecie cano?aoiaaiiiai eeoea, oi no?aoiaaoaeue ia ai?aaa aac
ienueiaiiiai niaeaney cano?aoiaaiiiai iacia/eoue eeai caiaieoue
auaiaeii?eia?aoaoaey, eeai iacia/eoue naay aeey iieo/aiey no?aoiaie noiiu. I?e
ionoonoaee niaeaney cano?aoiaaiiiai aeiaiai? no?aoiaaiey iiaeao auoue i?eciai
iaaeaenoaeoaeueiui ii eneo naiiai caeioa?aniaaiiiai eeai aai ianeaaeieeia. Caiaia
auaiaeii?eia?aoaoaey ii oaeiio aeiaiai?o oaeaea iaaiciiaeia aac iaee/ey niaeaney
cano?aoiaaiiiai eeoea.
!!375
Caiaia cano?aoiaaiiiai eeoea a aeiaiai?ao ee/iiai no?aoiaaiey, a oii neo/aa, anee
iii iacaaii, iieiaiiaaii a aeiaiai?a, oaeaea ia iiaeao i?ienoiaeeoue aac aai
niaeaney. Ii anee cano?aoiaaiiia eeoei eaeei- eeai ia?acii eiaeeaeaeoaeece?oaony a
aeiaiai?a, aai caiaia iiaeao eiaoue ianoi e aac aai niaeaney. Iai?eia?, anee a
aeiaiai?a ee/iiai no?aoiaaiey cano?aoiaaiu ?aaioiaeaoaeai ?aaioieee ii?aaeaeaiiie
i?ioannee, oi n ia?aoiaeii ia ae?oaoth ?aaioo eee i?e oaieueiaiee ?aaioieea aeey aai
caiaiu ia o?aaoaony aai niaeaney. A aeiaiai?ao no?aoiaaiey ?enea ioaaonoaaiiinoe
ca i?e/eiaiea a?aaea no?aoiaaoaeue ai?aaa, anee eiia ia i?aaeoniio?aii aeiaiai?ii,
caiaieoue eeoei, /uey ioaaonoaaiiinoue cano?aoiaaia ii aeiaiai?o ae?oaei, ienueiaiii
oaaaeiiea ia yoii no?aoiaueea. A no?aoiaaiee /anoi eniieuecoaony eiino?oeoeey
aeiaiai?a a iieueco o?aoueaai eeoea, a eioi?ii naiinoiyoaeueiia i?aai o?aaiaaiey e
no?aoiaueeo i auieaoa no?aoiaie noiiu aicieeaao ia o noi?iiu aeiaiai?a –
no?aoiaaoaey, a o o?aoueaai eeoea, auaiaeii?eia?aoaoaey. A aeiaiai?ao
eiouanoaaiiiai no?aoiaaiey no?aoiaia aiciauaiea iiaeao auoue auiea/aii o?aoueaio
eeoeo oieueei i?e oneiaee iaee/ey eiouanoaaiiiai eioa?ana a nio?aiiinoe
cano?aoiaaiiiai eiouanoaa o o?aoueaai eeoea (i. 2 no. 930 AE ?O). Iai?eia?, a
ii?neii no?aoiaaiee ca/anooth eniieuecoaony oi?ioea: no?aoiaaiea i?iecaiaeeony a
iieueco eeoea, ca /ae n/ao neaaeoao a?oc. A aeiaiai?a noi?iiu onoaiaaeeaatho oneiaey
aicieeiiaaiey i?aaa o?aoueaai eeoea, a oii /enea e aiciiaeiinoue aai caiaiu, a
oaeaea iiai?ioa eniieiaiey a iieueco no?aoiaaoaey. No?aoiauee iiaeao
i?ioeaiiinoaaeoue o?aoueaio eeoeo aic?aaeaiey, auoaeathuea ec iaiaaeeaaeauaai
eniieiaiey aeiaiai?a no?aoiaaiey no?aoiaaoaeai. Aeiaiai?u no?aoiaaiey
ioaaonoaaiiinoe ca i?e/eiaiea a?aaea iiaoo caeeth/aoueny oieueei a iieueco o?aoueaai
eeoea, auaiaeii?eia?aoaoaey, eeoea, eioi?iio i?e/eiai a?aae, aeaaea a oao neo/ayo,
eiaaea aeiaiai? caeeth/ai a iieueco no?aoiaaoaey eee eiiai eeoea, ioaaonoaaiiiai ca
i?e/eiaiea a?aaea, eeai a aeiaiai?a ia neacaii, a /ueth iieueco ii caeeth/aaony (no.
931 AE ?O). Aeiaiai?u no?aoiaaiey ioaaonoaaiiinoe ii aeiaiai?o (no. 932 AE ?O)
oaeaea iiaoo auoue niaeaoaieyie a iieueco o?aoueaai eeoea, aaea auaiaeii?eia?aoaoaeai
yaeyaony noi?iia aeiaiai?a, ia?aae eioi?ie no?aoiaaoaeue aeieaeai ianoe
niioaaonoaothuoth ioaaonoaaiiinoue. Caeiiiaeaoaeue aa?aioe?oao yoi i?aai
auaiaeii?eia?aoaoaey oeacaieai ia oi, /oi iii aicieeaao aia caaeneiinoe io oiai,
a iieueco eiai caeeth/ai aeiaiai? no?aoiaaiey. A ee/iii no?aoiaaiee oaeaea aiciiaeii
caeeth/aiea aeiaiai?ia no?aoiaaiey a iieueco auaiaeii?eia?aoaoaey.
!!376
3. AEAeU NO?AOIAAIEss.
No?aoiaaiea inouanoaeyaony ia iniiaaiee aeiaiai?ia eiouanoaaiiiai eee ee/iiai
no?aoiaaiey, caeeth/aaiuo a?aaeaeaieiii eee th?eaee/aneei eeoeii (no?aoiaaoaeai) ni
no?aoiaie i?aaiecaoeeae (no?aoiaueeii). No?aoiaaiea ia iniiaaiee aeiaiai?ia
yaeyaony aeia?iaieueiui no?aoiaaieai. I?e/ai aeiaiai? aeia?iaieueiiai ee/iiai
no?aoiaaiey yaeyaony ioaee/iui aeiaiai?ii. Caeii iiaeao aiceiaeeoue ia ii?aaeaeaiiuo
eeoe iaycaiiinoue no?aoiaaoue aeeciue, caei?iauea eee eiouanoai eeai naith a?aaeaeaineoth
ioaaonoaaiiinoue ia?aae ae?oaeie eeoeaie ca naie n/ao eee ca n/ao caeioa?aniaaiiuo
eeoe (iaycaoaeueiia no?aoiaaiea). A yoeo neo/ayo no?aoiaaiea inouanoaeyaony
iooai, caeeth/aiey aeiaiai?ia a niioaaonoaee n ii?iaie A?aaeaeaineiai eiaeaena ?O.
Aeey no?aoiaueeia caeeth/aiea aeiaiai?ia iaycaoaeueiiai no?aoiaaiey ia i?aaeeiaeaiiuo
no?aoiaaoaeai oneiaeyo ia yaeyaony iaycaoaeueiui. Caeiiii i?aaeoniio?aiu neo/ae
iaycaoaeueiiai no?aoiaaiey aeecie, caei?iauey e eiouanoaa a?aaeaeai ca n/ao n?aaenoa,
i?aaeinoaaeaiiuo ec niioaaonoaothuaai athaeaeaoa (iaycaoaeueiia ainoaea?noaaiiia
no?aoiaaiea). Iaycaoaeueiiio ainoaea?noaaiiiio no?aoiaaieth iiaeeaaeao, iai?eia?,
oaaea?aeueiua noaeuee, aiaiiineoaeauea, ?aaioieee i?ieo?aoo?u e neoaeauea IAAe.
Caeii ia i?eaiaeeo iieiiai ia?a/iy no?aoiauo neo/aaa, a ioiioaiee eioi?uo iiaeao
auoue caeeth/ai aeiaiai? no?aoiaaiey. Iaeiaei ii?aaeaeaiu neo/ae, no?aoiaaiea
eioi?uo ia aeiioneaaony (no. 928 AE ?O). ?anniio?ei yoe neooaoeee.
Ai-ia?auo, ia aeiioneaaony no?aoiaaiea i?ioeaii?aaiuo eioa?ania.
Ai-aoi?uo, ia aeiioneaaony no?aoiaaiea oauoeia io o/anoey a ea?ao, eioa?ayo e
ia?e.
A-o?aoueeo, ia aeiioneaaony no?aoiaaiea ?anoiaeia, e eioi?ui eeoei iiaeao auoue
i?eioaeaeaii a oeaeyo inaiaiaeaeaiey caeiaeieeia.
Caeii onoaiaaeeaaao ianeieueei aeaeia no?aoiauo aeiaiai?ia a caaeneiinoe io
i?aaeiaoa no?aoiaaiey.
A) Eiouanoaaiiia no?aoiaaiea. Ii yoiio aeiaiai?o iaeia noi?iia (no?aoiauee)
iaycoaony ca iaoneiaeaiioth aeiaiai?ii ieaoo (no?aoiaoth i?aieth) i?e ianooieaiee
i?aaeoniio?aiiiai a aeiaiai?a niauoey (no?aoiaiai neo/ay) aicianoeoue ae?oaie
noi?iia (no?aoiaaoaeth) eee eiiio eeoeo, a iieueco eioi?iai caeeth/ai aeiaiai?
(auaiaeii?eia?aoaoaeth), i?e/eiaiiua aneaaenoaea yoiai niauoey oauoee a
cano?aoiaaiiii eiouanoaa eeai oauoee a nayce n eiuie eiouanoaaiiuie eioa?anaie
no?aoiaaoaey.
!!377
aiai?ii noiiu (no?aoiaie noiiu). Ii aeiaiai?o eiouanoaaiiiai no?aoiaaiey iiaoo
auoue, a /anoiinoe, cano?aoiaaiu neaaeothuea eiouanoaaiiua eioa?anu: 1) ?ene
oo?aou (aeaaee), iaaeinoa/e eee iia?aaeaeaiey ii?aaeaeaiiiai eiouanoaa; 2) ?ene
ioaaonoaaiiinoe ii iaycaoaeuenoaai, aicieeathuei aneaaenoaea i?e/eiaiey a?aaea
aeecie, caei?iaueth eee eiouanoao ae?oaeo eeoe, a a neo/ayo, i?aaeoniio?aiiuo caeiiii,
oaeaea ioaaonoaaiiinoe ii aeiaiai?ai – ?ene a?aaeaeaineie ioaaonoaaiiinoe; 3) ?ene
oauoeia io i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie aeayoaeueiinoe ec-ca ia?ooaiey naieo iaycaoaeuenoa
eiio?aaaioaie i?aaei?eieiaoaey eee eciaiaiey oneiaee yoie aeayoaeueiinoe ii
Iacaaenyuei io i?aaei?eieiaoaey ianoiyoaeuenoaai, a oii /enea ?ene iaiieo/aiey
iaeeaeaaiuo aeioiaeia – i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneee ?ene.
Eiouanoai iiaeao auoue cano?aoiaaii ii aeiaiai?o no?aoiaaiey a iieueco eeoea
(no?aoiaaoaey eee auaiaeii?eia?aoaoaey), eiathuaai iniiaaiiue ia caeiia, eiii
i?aaiaii aeoa eee aeiaiai?a eioa?an a nio?aiaiee yoiai eiouanoaa. A i?ioeaiii
neo/aa aeiaiai? aoaeao iaaeaenoaeoaeueiui. Aeiaiai? no?aoiaaiey eiouanoaa a iieueco
auaiaeii?eia?aoaoaey iiaeao auoue caeeth/ai aac oeacaiey eiaie eee iaeiaiiaaiey
auaiaeii?eia?aoaoaey (no?aoiaaiea “ca n/ao eiai neaaeoao”). I?e caeeth/aiee oaeiai
aeiaiai?a no?aoiaaoaeth auaeaaony no?aoiaie iieen ia,i?aaeuyaeoaey. Oaeie no?aoiaie
iieen i?aaeuyaeyaony auaiaeii?eia?aoaoaeai eee no?aoiaaoaeai aeey inouanoaeaiey
naieo i?aa ii aeiaiai?o.
Ii aeiaiai?o no?aoiaaiey ?enea ioaaonoaaiiinoe ii iaycaoaeuenoaai, aicieeathuei
aneaaenoaea i?e/eiaiey a?aaea aeecie, caei?iaueth eee eiouanoao ae?oaeo eeoe, iiaeao
auoue cano?aoiaai ?ene ioaaonoaaiiinoe naiiai no?aoiaaoaey eee eiiai eeoea, ia
eioi?ia oaeay ioaaonoaaiiinoue iiaeao auoue aiceiaeaia. Eeoei, ?ene ioaaonoaaiiinoe
eioi?iai ca i?e/eiaiea a?aaea cano?aoiaai, aeieaeii auoue oeacaii a aeiaiai?a. Anee
yoi eeoei a aeiaiai?a ia iacaaii, cano?aoiaaiiui n/eoaaony ?ene ioaaonoaaiiinoe
naiiai no?aoiaaoaey. Aeiaiai? no?aoiaaiey ?enea anaaaea n/eoaaony caeeth/aiiui a
iieueco oiai eeoea, eioi?iio i?e/eiai a?aae, aeaaea anee aeiaiai? caeeth/ai a iieueco
no?aoiaaoaey eee eiiai eeoea, ioaaonoaaiiuo ca i?e/eiaiea a?aaea, eeai a aeiaiai?a
ia neacaii, a /ueth iieueco ii caeeth/ai. ?ene ioaaonoaaiiinoe ca ia?ooaiea
aeiaiai?a iiaeao auoue cano?aoiaai ii aeiaiai?o no?aoiaaiey ?enea oieueei a iieueco
naiiai no?aoiaaoaey. A i?ioeaiii neo/aa aeiaiai? aoaeao ie/oiaeiui.
!!378
noiothuaio aeiaiai?o oieueei a iieueco no?aoiaaoaey e i?aaeiaoii oaeiai aeiaiai?a
iiaeao auoue oieueei ?ene naiiai no?aoiaaoaey. Aeiaiai? no?aoiaaiey
i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneiai ?enea a iieueco eeoea, ia yaeythuaainy no?aoiaaoaeai,
n/eoaaony caeeth/aiiui a iieueco no?aoiaaoaey. Aeiaiai? no?aoiaaiey
i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneiai ?enea eeoea, ia yaeythuaainy no?aoiaaoaeai, ie/oiaeai.
Caeii i?aaeoniao?eaaao eiouanoaaiiia no?aoiaaiea ii aaia?aeueiiio iieeno.
Nenoaiaoe/aneia no?aoiaaiea ?aciuo ia?oee iaeii?iaeiiai eiouanoaa (oiaa?ia,
a?ocia e o.i.) ia noiaeiuo oneiaeyo a oa/aiea ii?aaeaeaiiiai n?iea iiaeao ii
niaeaniaaieth no?aoiaaoaey ni no?aoiaueeii inouanoaeyoueny ia iniiaaiee iaeiiai
aeiaiai?a no?aoiaaiey – aaia?aeueiiai iieena. Oaeie aeiaiai? iicaieyao oi?inoeoue
acaeiiioiioaiey noi?ii, ?acaeaaoue e oe?aieyoue eo nio?oaeie/anoai, iaania/eaaao
iai?a?uaiinoue no?aoiaiai iie?uoey. (*1) No?aoiaaiea ii aaia?aeueiiio iieeno
iiaeao i?iecaiaeeoueny i?e niaethaeaiee neaaeothueo oneiaee:
1) i?aaeiaoii no?aoiaaiey aeieaeii auoue eiouanoai;
2) yoi eiouanoai aeieaeii ninoiyoue ec ia?oee;
3) oneiaey no?aoiaaiey aeey iaeii?iaeiiai eiouanoaa aeieaeiu auoue noiaeiuie;
4) aeiaiai? aeieaeai auoue caeeth/ai ia ii?aaeaeaiiue n?ie;
5) aeiaiai? iiaeao auoue caeeth/ai oieueei i?e iaee/ee niaeaoaiey noi?ii.
Ii?iu, ?aaoee?othuea aaia?aeueiue iieen yaeythony aeeniiceoeaiuie. Noi?iiu iiaoo
aiineoue naie oneiaey a aeiaiai?. A i?aeoeea eiiia?/aneiai no?aoiaaiey
aaia?aeueiua iieenu caeeth/athony aeey anao .ia?oee eiouanoaa (iaeii?iaeiiai e
iaiaeii?iaeiiai). A iieena i?aaeoniao?eaaaony no?aoiaaiea ia ?aciuo oneiaeyo, a
aeaenoaea aeiaiai?a ia ia?aie/eaaaony ii?aaeaeaiiui n?ieii. Aaia?aeueiua iieenu
aeieaeiu niaea?aeaoue ana nouanoaaiiua oneiaey aeiaiai?a. A ieo ia?a/eneythony
aiciiaeiua iauaeou no?aoiaaiey, aeey iaeii?iaeiiai eiouanoaa eaaeaeiai aeaea,
onoaiaaeeaathony niaoeeaeueiua oneiaey no?aoiaaiey (iai?eia?, aeey noaeeyiiuo
ecaeaeee i?aaeoniao?eaaaony no?aoiaaiea ?enea aiy, aeey iaeeaiuo a?ocia –
no?aoiaaiea ?enea ooa/ee). A aaia?aeueiii iieena aeieaeiu niaea?aeaoueny oneiaey
?an/aoia iaaeaeo noi?iiaie, a oaeaea ia?a/aiue naaaeaiee, eioi?ua no?aoiaaoaeue
iaycai niiaueoue ii eaaeaeie ia?oee eiouanoaa.
E aeiaiai?ai no?aoiaaiey eiouanoaa ii aaia?aeueiiio iieeno aeecei noiyo oae
iacuaaaiua aeiaiai?u eiiaeie?iaaiiiai no?aoiaaiey. Iie caeeth/athony ia iniiaa
?ac?aaaouaaaiie noi?iiaie no?aoiaie i?ia?aiiu ii i?aaeinoaaeaieth no?aoiaaoaeth
oe?ieiianooaaiiai no?aoiaiai iaania/aiey ii aieueoiio eiee/anoao ?eneia e
iauaeoia no?aoiaaiey. Ii iaeiiio aeiaiai?o iiaeao auoue cano?aoiaaii ianeieueei
?eneia, naycaiiuo n aeayoaeueiinoueth no?aoiaaoaey.
!!379
A iai iiaoo, auoue i?aaeoniio?aiu oneoae no?aoiaueea ii ?ene- iaiaaeaeiaioo,
i?aaenoaaeythuaio niaie eiiieaen i?iaiaeeiuo no?aoiaueeii ia?ii?eyoee, eioi?ua
aeeth/atho eiinoeueoaoeee yenia?oia, ieaie?iaaiea e ?aaeecaoeeth ia?ii?eyoee ii
aiaae?aieth n?aaenoa aaciianiinoe, nia?aiaiiie aaciianiie oaoiieiaee e o.i.
A) Ee/iia no?aoiaaiea. Ii aeiaiai?o ee/iiai no?aoiaaiey no?aoiauee iaycoaony ca
iaoneiaeaiioth aeiaiai?ii ieaoo (no?aoiaoth i?aieth), oiea/eaaaioth no?aoiaaoaeai,
auieaoeoue aaeeiia?aiaiii eee auiea/eaaoue ia?eiaee/anee iaoneiaeaiioth aeiaiai?ii
no?aoiaoth noiio, a neo/aa i?e/eiaiey a?aaea aeecie e caei?iaueth naiiai no?aoiaaoaey
eee ae?oaiai iacaaiiiai a aeiaiai?a a?aaeaeaieia (cano?aoiaaiiiai eeoea), aeinoeaeaiey
ei ii?aaeaeaiiiai aic?anoa eee ianooieaiey a aai aeecie eiiai i?aaeoniio?aiiiai
aeiaiai?ii niauoey (no?aoiaiai neo/ay). Eae aeaeii ec ii?aaeaeaiey aeiaiai?a
ee/iiai no?aoiaaiey iniaaiiinoue yoeo ioiioaiee caeeth/aaony a iniaii noaoona
no?aoiaaoaey (cano?aoiaaiiiai eeoea): ei iiaeao auoue oieueei a?aaeaeaiei. I?aaeiaoii
no?aoiaaiey yaeyaony aeeciue e caei?iauea /aeiaaea eee eaeea- eeai niauoey a aeecie
yoiai /aeiaaea – cano?aoiaaiiiai eeoea. I?aai ia iieo/aiea no?aoiaie noiiu
i?eiaaeeaaeeo eeoeo, a iieueco eioi?iai aeiaiai? caeeth/ai. Aeiaiai? ee/iiai
no?aoiaaiey n/eoaaony caeeth/aiiui a iieueco cano?aoiaaiiiai eeoea, anee a
aeiaiai?a ia iacaaii a ea/anoaa auaiaeii?eia?aoaoaey ae?oaia eeoei. A neo/aa nia?oe
eeoea, cano?aoiaaiiiai ii aeiaiai?o, a eioi?ii ia iacaai eiie
auaiaeii?eia?aoaoaeue, auaiaeii?eia?aoaoaeyie i?eciathony ianeaaeieee
cano?aoiaaiiiai eeoea. Aeiaiai? ee/iiai no?aoiaaiey a iieueco eeoea, ia yaeythuaainy
cano?aoiaaiiui eeoeii, a oii /enea a iieueco ia yaeythuaainy cano?aoiaaiiui eeoeii
no?aoiaaoaey, iiaeao auoue caeeth/ai eeoue n ienueiaiiiai niaeaney cano?aoiaaiiiai
eeoea. I?e ionoonoaee oaeiai niaeaney aeiaiai?, iiaeao auoue i?eciai
iaaeaenoaeoaeueiui ii eneo cano?aoiaaiiiai eeoea, a a neo/aa nia?oe yoiai eeoea ii
eneo aai ianeaaeieeia.
A) Iaycaoaeueiia no?aoiaaiea. Caeiiii iiaeao auoue aiceiaeaia iaycaiiinoue ia
ioaeaeueiuo eeoe inouanoaeyoue no?aoiaaiea i?e ianooieaiee eiie?aoiuo
ianoiyoaeuenoa. Iaycaoaeueiiio no?aoiaaieth iiaeeaaeeo aeeciue, caei?iauea e eiouanoai
ii?aaeaeaiiuo a caeiia eeoe ia neo/ae i?e/eiaiey a?aaea eo aeecie, caei?iaueth eee
eiouanoao. Iaycaoaeueiiio no?aoiaaieth iiaeeaaeeo ?ene naiae a?aaeaeaineie
ioaaonoaaiiinoe, eioi?ay iiaeao ianooieoue aneaaenoaea i?e/eiaiey a?aaea aeecie,
caei?iaueth eee eiouanoao ae?oaeo eeoe eee ia?ooaiey aeiaiai?a n ae?oaeie eeoeaie.
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Iaycaiiinoue no?aoiaaoue naith aeeciue eee caei?iauea ia iiaeao auoue aiceiaeaia ia
a?aaeaeaieia ii caeiio. A neo/ayo, i?aaeoniio?aiiuo caeiiii eee a onoaiiaeaiiii ei
ii?yaeea, ia th?eaee/aneeo eeoe, eiathueo a oicyenoaaiiii aaaeaiee eee iia?aoeaiii
oi?aaeaiee eiouanoai, yaeythuaany ainoaea?noaaiiie eee ioieoeeiaeueiie
nianoaaiiinoueth, iiaeao auoue aiceiaeaia iaycaiiinoue no?aoiaaoue yoi eiouanoai.
Iaycaoaeueiia no?aoiaaiea inouanoaeyaony iooai caeeth/aiey aeiaiai?a no?aoiaaiey
eeoeii, ia eioi?ia aiceiaeaia iaycaiiinoue oaeiai no?aoiaaiey (no?aoiaaoaeai), ni
no?aoiaueeii. Iaycaoaeueiia no?aoiaaiea inouanoaeyaony ca n/ao no?aoiaaoaey
(ieaoaeueueea no?aoiaie i?aiee), ca eneeth/aieai iaycaoaeueiiai no?aoiaaiey
iannaaee?ia, eioi?ia iiaeao inouanoaeyoueny ca eo n/ao (ca n/ao cano?aoiaaiiiai
eeoea, auaiaeii?eia?aoaoaey). Ieaoaeueueeii no?aoiaie i?aiee (ieaou) ii aeiaiai?o
iaycaoaeueiiai no?aoiaaiey yaeyaony eeai ainoaea?noai (no?aoiaaiea ainneoaeaueo),
eeai ?aaioiaeaoaeue. Anee iaycaoaeueiia no?aoiaaiea ia inouanoaeaii, oi eeoei, a
iieueco eioi?iai ii caeiio iii aeieaeii ninoiyoueny, iiaeao iio?aaiaaoue a noaeaaiii
ii?yaeea auiieieoue iaycaiiinoue no?aoiaaiey io oiai, ia eiai aiceiaeaia yoa
ooieoeey. Anee eeoei, ia eioi?ia aiceiaeaia iaycaiiinoue no?aoiaaiey, ia
inouanoaeei aai eee caeeth/eei aeiaiai? no?aoiaaiey ia oneiaeyo, oooaeoathueo
iieiaeaiea auaiaeii?eia?aoaoaey ii n?aaiaieth n oneiaeyie, ii?aaeaeaiiuie caeiiii,
iii i?e ianooieaiee no?aoiaiai neo/ay ianao ioaaonoaaiiinoue ia?aae
auaiaeii?eia?aoaoaeai ia oao aea oneiaeyo, ia eaeeo aeieaeii auei auoue auiea/aii
no?aoiaia aiciauaiea i?e iaaeeaaeauai no?aoiaaiee. E eeoeai, ia?ooathuei oneiaey
no?aoiaaiey, a niioaaonoaee n caeiiii i?eiaiythony eiouanoaaiiua naieoeee. Eiiaaea
oaeea eeoea ia auiieiytho naith iaycaiiinoue, eeai inouanoaeytho yoi iaiaaeeaaeauei
ia?acii. Aeaiaaeiua noiiu, iainiiaaoaeueii naa?aaeaiiua a ?acoeueoaoa yoiai,
acuneeaathony ii eneo i?aaiia ainoaea?noaaiiiai no?aoiaiai iaaeci?a a aeioiae
?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee n ia/eneaieai ia yoe noiiu i?ioeaioia a niioaaonoaee ni no.
395 AE ?O. Caeeth/aiea aeiaiai?a no?aoiaaiey a iieueco auaiaeii?eia?aoaoaey, a oii
/enea e oiaaea, eiaaea ei yaeyaony cano?aoiaaiiia eeoei, ia inaiaiaeaeaao
no?aoiaaoaey io auiieiaiey iaycaiiinoae ii yoiio aeiaiai?o, A aeiaiai?a iiaoo
auoue i?aaeoniio?aiu eiua oneiaey. A iaeioi?uo neo/ayo iaycaiiinoe no?aoiaaoaey
auiieiythony eeoeii, a iieueco eioi?iai caeeth/ai aeiaiai?. No?aoiauee ai?aaa
o?aaiaaoue io auaiaeii?eia?aoaoaey, a oii /enea e oiaaea, eiaaea
auaiaeii?eia?aoaoaeai yaeyaony cano?aoiaaiiia eeoei, auiieiaiey iaycaiiinoae ii
aeiaiai?o no?aoiaaiey, aeeth/ay iaycaiiinoe, eaaeauea ia no?aoiaaoaea, ii ia
auiieiaiiua ei, i?e i?aaeuyaeaiee
!!381
auaiaeii?eia?aoaoaeai o?aaiaaiey i auieaoa no?aoiaiai aiciauaiey ii aeiaiai?o
eiouanoaaiiiai no?aoiaaiey eeai no?aoiaie noiiu ii aeiaiai?o ee/iiai
no?aoiaaiey. ?ene iineaaenoaee iaauiieiaiey eee ianaiaa?aiaiiiai auiieiaiey
iaycaiiinoae, eioi?ua aeieaeiu auoue auiieiaiu ?aiaa, ianao auaiaeii?eia?aoaoaeue.
4. OI?IA E NIAeA?AEAIEA AeIAIAI?A NO?AOIAAIEss.
Ii iauaio i?aaeeo aeey anao aeiaiai?ia no?aoiaaiey iaycaoaeueia ienueiaiiay oi?ia.
Ianiaethaeaiea ienueiaiiie oi?iu aeiaiai?a no?aoiaaiey aea/ao aai
iaaeaenoaeoaeueiinoue n iiiaioa caeeth/aiey. Oaeie aeiaiai? ia ii?iaeaeaao i?aa e
iaycaiiinoae. A neeo no. 167 AE ?O eaaeaeay ec noi?ii iaaeaenoaeoaeueiie naeaeee
iaycaia aica?aoeoue ae?oaie noi?iia ana iieo/aiiia ii oaeie naeaeea. Eeoue aeey
iaycaoaeueiiai no?aoiaaiey a neeo aai aieueoie nioeeaeueiie cia/eiinoe onoaiiaeaii
eneeth/aiea ec yoiai iauaai i?aaeea. A iiaeoaa?aeaeaiea oaeiai aeiaiai?a noi?iiu
iiaoo i?eaiaeeoue ienueiaiiua e ae?oaea aeieacaoaeuenoaa, e?iia nnueee ia
naeaeaoaeueneea iieacaiey. A nayce n oai, /oi iaycaoaeueiia ainoaea?noaaiiia
no?aoiaaiea a neeo no. 969 AE ?O inouanoaeyaony iaiin?aaenoaaiii ia iniiaaiee
caeiiia e eiuo i?aaiauo aeoia, a?aaeaeaia niioaaonoaothueo eaoaai?ee aaoiiaoe/anee
yaeythony cano?aoiaaiiuie n iiiaioa caiyoey ii?aaeaeaiiie aeieaeiinoe, e aeieacaoue
aeaenoaeoaeueiinoue e iaee/ea aeiaiai?a ia o?oaeii. Caeii onoaiaaeeaaao aeaa niiniaa
caeeth/aiey aeiaiai?a no?aoiaaiey a ienueiaiiie oi?ia: iooai ninoaaeaiey iaeiiai
aeieoiaioa, iiaeienuaaaiiai noi?iiaie, e iooai iaiaia aeieoiaioaie, eioi?ua
au?aaeatho eo aieaecuyaeaiea, iai?aaeaiiia ia caeeth/aiea aeiaiai?a. Ninoaaeaieai
iaeiiai aeieoiaioa caeeth/athony aeiaiai?u ii aaia?aeueiiio iieeno e aeiaiai?u
eiiaeie?iaaiiiai no?aoiaaiey. No?aoiaie iieen a ea/anoaa aeieacaoaeuenoaa
caeeth/aiey aeiaiai?a no?aoiaaiey iiaeao auoue auaeai no?aoiaaoaeth ia iniiaa aai
ienueiaiiiai eee onoiiai cayaeaiey. Onoiiai cayaeaiey aeinoaoi/ii, eiaaea oneiaey
no?aoiaiai iaania/aiey ia o?aaotho iiae?iaiie eioi?iaoeee i cano?aoiaaiiii, a
no?aoiaaoaeth ecaanoiu ianoiyoaeuenoaa, eiathuea nouanoaaiiia cia/aiea aeey
ii?aaeaeaiey aa?iyoiinoe ianooieaiey no?aoiaiai neo/ay. Oaeei niiniaii
caeeth/athony e?aoein?i/iua aeiaiai?u no?aoiaaiey io ian/anoiuo neo/aaa, iai?eia?,
ia a?aiy aaeaia?aeaoa, aeaeaciiaei?iaeiie ia?aaicee iannaaee?a, aeiaiai?u
no?aoiaaiey aea/iuo no?iaiee e o.i. A oi aea a?aiy caeii ia
!!382
eeoaao no?aoiaueea i?aaa iio?aaiaaoue io no?aoiaaoaey ienueiaiiiai cayaeaiey.
Oaeia o?aaiaaiea iiaeao ieacaoue nouanoaaiiia cia/aiea a neo/aa nii?a i
aeinoiaa?iinoe e iieiioa niiauaiiuo no?aoiaaoaeai naaaeaiee i naaa. Iiiaio
caeeth/aiey aeiaiai?a no?aoiaaiey aac iiaeienaiey iaeiiai aeieoiaioa, ia iniiaaiee
ienueiaiiiai eee onoiiai cayaeaiey no?aoiaaoaey ii?aaeaeyaony ia?aaea/ae
no?aoiaueeii no?aoiaaoaeth no?aoiaiai iieena (naeaeaoaeuenoaa, na?oeoeeaoa,
eaeoaioeee), iiaeienaiiiai no?aoiaueeii. A oaeeo neo/ayo, i?eiyoea no?aoiaiai
aeieoiaioa no?aoiaaoaeai icia/aao niaeanea caeeth/eoue aeiaiai? ia oeacaiiuo
oneiaeyo e yaeyaony iaiin?aaenoaaiii caeeth/aieai aeiaiai?a. Ia i?aeoeea
iianaianoii i?eiaiythony oeiiaua, noaiaea?oiua oi?iu aeiaiai?a (no?aoiauo
iieenia). Yoi oi?iuaao ?aaioo n aeieoiaioaie, iaeaa/aao acaeiiioiioaiey n
ae?oaeie i?aaiaie. Eaaeaeay no?aoiaay eiiiaiey eiaao nianoaaiiua oi?iu aeiaiai?ia.
I?aaeoniio?aiiua caeiiii ia?a/ie oi?i caeeth/aiey aeiaiai?ia no?aoiaaiey aac
iiaeienaiey iaaeie noi?iiaie iaeiiai aeieoiaioa, ii onoiiio eee ienueiaiiiio
cayaeaieth no?aoiaaoaey (no?aoiaie iieen, naeaeaoaeuenoai, na?oeoeeao, eaeoaioeey)
ia yaeyaony en/a?iuaathuei, ii ia eiatho i?eioeeieaeueiuo ioee/ee. Iie, eae
i?aaeei, niaea?aeao ana oneiaey aeiaiai?a, aeeth/ay noaiaea?oiua i?aaeea
no?aoiaaiey, niaoeeaeueiua oneiaey aeey aeaiiiai aeiaiai?a, aeiiieiaiey e eneeth/aiey
ec noaiaea?oiuo i?aaee; a ieo iiaoo niaea?aeaoueny eiaeeaeaeoaeueiua, ioaeaeueii
niaeaniaaiiua ni no?aoiaaoaeai oneiaey. No?aoiaua na?oeoeeaou eee eaeoaioeee
ianeieueei oi?iuaiu. A ieo niaea?aeaony eeoue nouanoaaiiua oneiaey aeiaiai?a, a a
inoaeueiii iie ionueatho e noaiaea?oiui i?aaeeai no?aoiaaiey. A ia?eiae aeaenoaey
aeiaiai?a no?aoiaaiey iiaeao aicieeiooue iaiaoiaeeiinoue a eciaiaiee iaeioi?uo aai
oneiaee. Oaeea eciaiaiey ioi?ieythony aaeaeaiaeoiii (aeiiieiaieai), yaeythueiny
iaiouaieaiie /anoueth aeiaiai?a. Ii?yaeie auaea/e aaeaeaiaeoiia oaeie aea, eae e i?e
caeeth/aiee aeiaiai?ia no?aoiaaiey. A caeiia (no. 942 AE ?O) i?eaiaeeony
en/a?iuaathuee ia?a/aiue nouanoaaiiuo oneiaee, ii eioi?ui aeieaeii auoue aeinoeaiooi
niaeaoaiea noi?ii i?e caeeth/aiee aeiaiai?a no?aoiaaiey. Aeiaiai? aoaeao n/eoaoueny
caeeth/aiiui, anee aeinoeaiooi niaeaoaiea: 1) ia ii?aaeaeaiiii eiouanoaa eeai eiii
eiouanoaaiiii eioa?ana, yaeythuainy iauaeoii no?aoiaaiey; 2) i oa?aeoa?a
niauoey, ia neo/ae ianooieaiey eioi?iai inouanoaeyaony no?aoiaaiea (no?aoiaiai
neo/ay); 3) i ?acia?a no?aoiaie noiiu; 4) i n?iea aeaenoaey aeiaiai?a.
!!383
I?e caeeth/aiee aeiaiai?a ee/iiai no?aoiaaiey iaaeaeo no?aoiaaoaeai e no?aoiaueeii
aeieaeii auoaue aeinoeaiooi niaeanea: 1) i cano?aoiaaiiii eeoea; 2) i oa?aeoa?a
niauoey, ia neo/ae ianooieaiey eioi?iai a aeecie cano?aoiaaiiiai e*oa
inouanoaeyaony no?aoiaaiea (no?aoiaiai neo/ay) ; 3) i ?acia?a no?aoiaie noiiu;
4) i n?iea aeaenoaey aeiaiai?a. Ii niuneo caeiia aeiaiai? no?aoiaaiey aeieaeai
i?eciaaaoueny iacaeeth/aiiui, anee noi?iiaie ia niaeaniaaii oioy au iaeii ec
oeacaiiuo oneiaee. Neaaeoao, iaeiaei, ?acee/aoue iaaeinoeaeaiea noi?iiaie niaeaoaiey
noi?ii ii nouanoaaiiui oneiaeyi aeiaiai?ia no?aoiaaiey e ionoonoaea a aeiaiai?a
nouanoaaiiuo oneiaee. A ia?aii neo/aa .ianooiatho iineaaenoaey iaaeaenoaeoaeueiinoe
naeaeee, ai aoi?ii aea neo/aa aeiaiai? no?aoiaaiey iiaeao auoue eniieiai ia a iieiii
iauaia. Ii yoe iaaeinoaoee aeiaiai?a iiaoo auoue ono?aiaiu iooai iiaeienaiey
aaeaeaiaeoiia, aeiiieiaiee e aeiaiai?o. Caeii ia iacuaaao a /enea nouanoaaiiuo
oneiaee oaeia nouanoaaiiia oneiaea anao aiciacaeiuo aeiaiai?ia, eae oeaia. Oeaia ia
iiaeao i?eciaaaoueny nouanoaaiiui oneiaeai a aeiaiai?a iaeiiia?/aneiai oa?aeoa?a,
eaeiaui yaeyaony iaycaoaeueiia ainoaea?noaaiiia no?aoiaaiea. A eiouanoaaiiii aea
no?aoiaaiee oneiaea i oeaia aeieaeii i?eciaaaoueny nouanoaaiiui oneiaeai.
Ionoonoaea oeacaiey ia oeaio a aeiaiai?a no?aoiaaiey ia aea/ao, iaeiaei,
iaaeaenoaeoaeueiinoe aeiaiai?a. A oaeii neo/aa no?aoiaay i?aiey aeieaeia
iiea/eaaoueny a niioaaonoaee n iauae ii?iie i. 3 no. 424 AE ?O ii oa?eoai eee
noaaeai, eioi?ua iau/ii i?eiaiythony ii oaeei aea aeaeai no?aoiaaiey. Iaaeinoeaeaiea
niaeaney i oeaia aeiaiai?a aeaeaao aai iaaeaenoaeoaeueiui. Oneiaey, ia eioi?uo
caeeth/aaony aeiaiai? no?aoiaaiey, iiaoo auoue ii?aaeaeaiu a noaiaea?oiuo i?aaeeao
no?aoiaaiey niioaaonoaothuaai aeaea. Oaeea i?aaeea i?eieiathony, iaeia?ythony eee
ooaa?aeaeathony no?aoiaueeii. Oneiaey, niaea?aeaueany a i?aaeeao no?aoiaaiey e ia
aeeth/aiiua a oaeno aeiaiai?a no?aoiaaiey (no?aoiaie iieen), iaycaoaeueiu aeey
no?aoiaaoaey (auaiaeii?eia?aoaoaey). Ii i?e yoii a aeiaiai?a iaycaoaeueii aeieaeii
auoue oeacaiea ia i?eiaiaiea oaeeo i?aaee, a naie i?aaeea aeieaeiu auoue eceiaeaiu a
aeiaiai?a (no?aoiaii iieena) eee ia aai iai?ioiie noi?iia. I?aaeea iiaoo
i?eeaaaoueny e aeiaiai?o, i /ai aeieaeii auoue oeacaii a aeiaiai?a. I?e caeeth/aiee
aeiaiai?a no?aoiaaiey no?aoiauee e no?aoiaaoaeue iiaoo eciaieoue eee eneeth/eoue
ioaeaeueiua oneiaey, eeai aeiiieieoue i?aaeea. I?aaeea no?aoiaaiey – iaeaieaa
?ani?ino?aiaiiue e oaeiaiue naiae oneiaee no?aoiaaiey ii ioaeaeueiui aai aeaeai.
Oaea/ii ninoaaeaiiua
!!384
i?aaeea oe?iei eniieuecothony ia no?aoiaii ?uiea aia caaeneiinoe io oiai, eai iie
?ac?aaioaiu. I?e caeeth/aiee aeiaiai?a no?aoiaaiey no?aoiaaoaeue iaycai niiaueoue
no?aoiaueeo ecaanoiua no?aoiaaoaeth ianoiyoaeuenoaa, eiathuea nouanoaaiiia
cia/aiea aeey ii?aaeaeaiey aa?iyoiinoe ianooieaiey no?aoiaiai neo/ay e ?acia?a
aiciiaeiuo oauoeia io aai ianooieaiey (no?aoiaiai ?enea) , anee yoe
ianoiyoaeuenoaa ia ecaanoiu e ia aeieaeiu auoue ecaanoiu no?aoiaueeo. A iaiaoiaeeiuo
neo/ayo no?aoiauee iaycai cao?aaiaaoue o no?aoiaaoaey oaeea aeiiieieoaeueiua
naaaeaiey. Anee no?aoiaaoaeue ia ioaaoeo ia cai?in no?aoiaueea, aeiaiai? iiaeao
auoue ia caeeth/ai. Iaeiaei, anee ii aoaeao caeeth/ai, oi no?aoiauee ia ai?aaa
aiineaaenoaee o?aaiaaoue ?anoi?aeaiey aeiaiai?a ia oii iniiaaiee, /oi
niioaaonoaothuea ianoiyoaeuenoaa ia auee niiauaiu no?aoiaaoaeth. No?aoiauee ai?aaa
naiinoiyoaeueii ii?aaeaeyoue e?oo ianoiyoaeuenoa, eioi?ua iiaoo eiaoue nouanoaaiiia
cia/aiea aeey noaeaeaiey i noaiaie ?enea. Ia?a/aiue yoeo ianoiyoaeuenoa iiaeao
eceaaaoueny a noaiaea?oiie oi?ia aeiaiai?a. I ieo iiaeao auoue naeaeai cai?in o
no?aoiaaoaey. Iai?eia?, niaeanii c 8 I?aaee o?ainii?oiiai no?aoiaaiey a?ocia
NAI “Eiainno?ao” no?aoiaaoaeue iaycai niiaueoue naaaeaiey ia oiaeiaea a?oca,
iiia?ao e aeaoao ia?aaici/iuo aeieoiaioia, aeaea o?ainii?oa, ia eioi?ii
ia?aaiceony a?oc, niiniaa ioi?aaee (a o?thia, ia iaeoaa, iaaaeii, ianuiueth),
ioieoa ioi?aaeaiey e iacia/aiey, aeaoao ioi?aaee, no?aoiaie noiia. I?e
caeeth/aiee aeiaiai?a no?aoiaaiey eiouanoaa no?aoiauee ai?aaa i?iecaanoe iniio?
no?aooaiiai eiouanoaa, i?e iaiaoiaeeiinoe iacia/eoue yenia?oeco aeey onoaiiaeaiey
aai aeaenoaeoaeueiie noieiinoe. I?iecaiaeeoue iniio? e ioeaieo no?aooaiiai eiouanoaa
oeaeaniia?acii, eiaaea ec i?aaenoaaeaiiuo no?aoiaaoaeai naaaeaiee cao?oaeieoaeueii
naeaeaoue aaeaeaaoiia caeeth/aiea i noaiaie ?enea, iai?eia?, i?e no?aoiaaiee noaeia,
naiieaoia, aaoiiiaeeae e o.i., eiaaea iaiaoiaeeii ioeaieoue iiiaeanoai neiaeiuo
oaeoi?ia. I?e caeeth/aiee aeiaiai?a ee/iiai no?aoiaaiey no?aoiauee ai?aaa
i?iaanoe iaaeeoeeineia ianeaaeiaaiea no?aooaiiai eeoea aeey ioeaiee oaeoe/aneiai
ninoiyiey aai caei?iauey. Iii iniaaiii aaaeii i?e no?aoiaaiee iiaeeeuo ethaeae ia
aieueoea noiiu, eiaaea anoue iniiaaiey iieaaaoue, /oi cano?aoiaaiiue eiaao eaeoth-
eeai o?iie/aneoth aieaciue, a no?aoiaaoaeue i?ineo no?aoiaia iie?uoea ia neo/ae
oaeie aieacie. No?aoiauee iaycai nio?aiyoue a oaeia iieo/aiiua ei a ?acoeueoaoa
naiae i?ioanneiiaeueiie aeayoaeueiinoe naaaeaiey i no?aoiaaoaea, cano?aoiaaiiii
eeoea e auaiaeii?eia?aoaoaea, ninoiyiee eo
!!385
caei?iauey, ia eiouanoaaiiii iieiaeaiee yoeo eeoe. A neo/aa ia?ooaiey no?aoiaueeii
aeaiiuo i?aaee e iaio i?eiaiythony naieoeee a aeaea i?eioaeaeaiey aicianoeoue
i?e/eiaiiua oauoee eie eiiiaine?iaaoue ii?aeueiue a?aae. Noiia no?aoiaiai
aiciauaiey, eioi?oth no?aoiauee iaycoaony auieaoeoue ii aeiaiai?o eiouanoaaiiiai
no?aoiaaiey eee ii aeiaiai?o ee/iiai no?aoiaaiey (no?aoiaay noiia), ii?aaeaeyaony
niaeaoaieai no?aoiaaoaey ni no?aoiaueeii. I?e no?aoiaaiee eiouanoaa eee
i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneiai ?enea no?aoiaay noiia ia aeieaeia i?aauoaoue eo
aeaenoaeoaeueioth noieiinoue (no?aoiaoth noieiinoue). Aeiaiai?ii iiaeao auoue
i?aaeoniio?aii eiia. No?aoiaie noieiinoueth eiouanoaa n/eoaaony aeaenoaeoaeueiay
noieiinoue a ianoa aai iaoiaeaeaiey a aeaiue caeeth/aiey aeiaiai?a no?aoiaaiey.
No?aoiaie noieiinoueth i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneiai ?enea n/eoathony oauoee, eioi?ua
no?aoiaaoaeue iiian au i?e ianooieaiee no?aoiaiai neo/ay. I?e ii?aaeaeaiee
aeaenoaeoaeueiie noieiinoe eiouanoaa neaaeoao ?oeiaiaenoaiaaoueny eiathueieny o
no?aoiaaoaey aeieoiaioaie (n/aoa, niaoeeoeeaoeee, aeiaiai?u e i?.), a eioi?uo
oeacaia noieiinoue eiouanoaa. A ii?aaeaeaiiuo neo/ayo, iai?eia?, i?e no?aoiaaiee
iaaeaeaeeiinoe, oeaeaniia?acii enoiaeeoue ec ?aaeueiie ?uii/iie noieiinoe, iineieueeo
iia iiaeao auoue iiaeaa?aeaia cia/eoaeueiui eiiuthieoo?iui eieaaaieyi. Iaeaieaa
neiaeii ii?aaeaeeo noieiinoue no?aoiaaiey i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneiai ?enea, eai
i?aeoe/anee iaaiciiaeii n aieueoie aeieae aeinoiaa?iinoe ii?aaeaeeoue ?acia?
aiciiaeiuo oauoeia. Caeanue aeieaeiu o/eouaaoueny n?aaeiyy ii?ia i?eauee, iauai
eiiia?/aneiai iai?ioa no?aoiaaoaey, aiciiaeiue n?ie ia?a?uaa eiiia?/aneie
aeayoaeueiinoe e o.i. A aeiaiai?ao ee/iiai no?aoiaaiey noi?iiu naiaiaeiu a
ii?aaeaeaiee no?aoiaie noiiu. Caeanue iia ai iiiaii caaeneo io noauaeoeaiie ioeaiee
no?aoiaaoaey. A oii neo/aa, eiaaea eiouanoai eee i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneee ?ene
cano?aoiaaiu eeoe i /anoe no?aoiaie noiiu (iaiieiia no?aoiaaiaea), no?aoiaaoaeue
(auaiaeii?eia?aoaoaeue) ai?aaa inouanoaeoue aeiiieieoaeueiia no?aoiaaiea, a oii
/enea e o ae?oaiai no?aoiaueea. Iaeiaei iauay no?aoiaay noiia ii anai aeiaiai?ai
no?aoiaaiey ia aeieaeia i?aauoaoue no?aoiaoth noieiinoue. Iaiaoiaeeiinoue a
aeiiieieoaeueiii no?aoiaaiee eiouanoaa iiaeao aicieeiooue i?e oaaee/aiee noieiinoe
eiouanoaa iinea caeeth/aiey aeiaiai?a (i?e?auaiea eiouanoaa, aeia?iniaanoiia
caaeoaeaeaiea no?aoiaaoaey i?e ii?aaeaeaiee aaee/eiu no?aoiaie noiiu e o.i.).
Caeii aianoa n oai i?aaeinoa?aaaao io i?aauoaiey iauae
!!386
no?aoiaie noiiu iaae no?aoiaie noieiinoueth iiae oa?icie i?eiaiaiey iineaaenoaee
ie/oiaeiinoe aeiaiai?a a /anoe i?aauoaiey e iaaica?aoa aianaiiie no?aoiaie
i?aiee. Eiouanoai e i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneee ?ene iiaoo auoue cano?aoiaaiu io ?aciuo
no?aoiauo ?eneia eae ii iaeiiio, oae e ii ioaeaeueiui aeiaiai?ai no?aoiaaiey, a oii
/enea ii aeiaiai?ai n ?aciuie no?aoiaueeaie. A yoeo neo/ayo aeiioneaaony
i?aauoaiea ?acia?a iauae no?aoiaie noiiu ii anai aeiaiai?ai iaae no?aoiaie
noieiinoueth. Iaaeaeo oai i?e eiouanoaaiiii no?aoiaaiee io ?aciuo ?eneia, eae e i?e
aeaieiii no?aoiaaiee, caeii cai?auaao iaiaauaiea no?aoiaaoaey eee
auaiaeii?eia?aoaoaey. Iauea ii?iu caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa i a?aaeaeaineeo i?aaao (no. 10
AE ?O) o?aaotho io a?aaeaeai e th?eaee/aneeo eeoe eo ?acoiiiai e aeia?iniaanoiiai
inouanoaeaiey e cai?auatho ceioiio?aaeaiea eie. Aiciiaeiinoue iieo/aiey aiciauaiey
io eaaeaeiai ec no?aoiaueeia icia/aao iainiiaaoaeueiia iaiaauaiea no?aoiaaoaey eee
auaiaeii?eia?aoaoaey, anee yoi aiciauaiea i?aauoaao no?aoiaoth noieiinoue.
Iainiiaaoaeueiia iaiaauaiea caeiiii ia aeiioneaaony (no. 1102 AE ?O). Iauaeo
no?aoiaaiey iiaeao auoue cano?aoiaai ii iaeiiio aeiaiai?o no?aoiaaiey niaianoii
ianeieueeeie no?aoiaueeaie (nino?aoiaaiea). Nino?aoiaaiea – niinia ?acaeaeaiey
?enea iaaeaeo aeaoiy eee aieaa no?aoiaueeaie iooai ioianaiey ia eaaeaeiai ec ieo
ca?aiaa iaoneiaeaiiie aeiee aiciiaeiuo oauoeia e i?e/eoathuaeny no?aoiaie i?aiee.
Anee a aeiaiai?a nino?aoiaaiey ia ii?aaeaeaiu i?aaa e iaycaiiinoe eaaeaeiai ec
no?aoiaueeia, iie nieeaea?ii ioaa/atho ia?aae no?aoiaaoaeai eee
auaiaeii?eia?aoaoaeai ca auieaoo no?aoiaiai aiciauaiey ii aeiaiai?o
eiouanoaaiiiai no?aoiaaiey eee no?aoiaie noiiu ii aeiaiai?o ee/iiai no?aoiaaiey.
Aeaeaiea ?enea, o.a. i?aaeeiaeaiea caeeth/aiey aeiaiai?a nino?aoiaaiey, i?iecaiaeeony
ii eieoeeaoeaa noi?ii. No?aoiaaoaeue i?iyaeyao naith eieoeeaoeao a yoii aii?ina,
eiaaea ii niiiaaaaony a oeiainiaie onoie/eainoe iaeiiai no?aoiaueea. No?aoiauee
iiaeao cayaeoue i aeiaiai?a nino?aoiaaiey, eiaaea ?a/ue eaeao i aieueoie no?aoiaie
noiia. A oeaeyo iaania/aiey naiae oeiainiaie onoie/eainoe ii ia?aaeaao /anoue
?enea ae?oaiio eeoeo ia oneiaeyo nieeaea?iie ioaaonoaaiiinoe. A oaeii neo/aa
o?aaoaony niaeanea no?aoiaaoaey. Nino?aoiaaiea – nieeaea?iia iaycaoaeuenoai n
ianeieueeeie niaeieaeieeaie. Eniieiaiea eo iaycaiiinoe inouanoaeyaony a ii?yaeea
no. 325 AE ?O. No?aoiaueee iiaoo ioaa/aoue ia?aae no?aoiaaoaeai e a aeieyo ii
i?aaeeai no. 321 AE ?O, anee aeiaiai?ii niaoeeaeueii onoaiiaeaia eo aeieaaay, a ia
nieeaea?iay ioaaonoaaiiinoue.
!!387
Ia/aei aeaenoaey aeiaiai?a no?aoiaaiey ii?aaeaeyaony ii iauaio i?aaeeo: n iiiaioa
oieaou no?aoiaie i?aiee eee ia?aiai aa aciina. Noi?iiu ai?aaa ii?aaeaeeoue e
aieaa iicaeiea n?iee anooieaiey aeiaiai?a a neeo. Iiae/eiyaony iauaio i?aaeeo e
ia/aei aeaenoaey no?aoiaiai iie?uoey: iinea anooieaiey aeiaiai?a a neeo. Noi?iiu
iiaoo onoaiiaeoue eiua n?iee aeaenoaey no?aoiaiai iie?uoey. Aein?i/iia ?anoi?aeaiea
aeiaiai?a inaiaiaeaeaao no?aoiaueea io iaycaiiinoe auiea/eaaoue no?aoiaia
aiciauaiea i?e ianooieaiee no?aoiaiai neo/ay. Iniiaaieyie aeey aein?i/iiai
i?ae?auaiey aeiaiai?a no?aoiaaiey yaeythony ianoiyoaeuenoaa aeaoo aeaeia: 1)
iauaeoeaiua ianoiyoaeuenoaa, a neeo eioi?uo aeiaiai?iua iaycaoaeuenoaa ia iiaoo
auoue eniieiaiu ec-ca ionoonoaey iauaeoa no?aoiaaiey e,
niioaaonoaaiii,no?aoiaiai eioa?ana; 2) noauaeoeaiua ianoiyoaeuenoaa, i?e
ianooieaiee eioi?uo no?aoiaaoaeue oo?a/eaaao no?aoiaie eioa?an e au?aaeaao naith
aieth i ?anoi?aeaiee aeiaiai?a. N ianoiyoaeuenoaaie ia?aiai aeaea naycuaaaony
i?ae?auaiea no?aoiaiai ?enea ii i?e/eiai, ia i?aaeoniio?aiiui aeiaiai?ii
no?aoiaaiey. E oaeei ianoiyoaeuenoaai caeii, a /anoiinoe, ioiineo: aeaaeue
cano?aoiaaiiiai eiouanoaa ii i?e/eiai eiui, /ai ianooieaiea no?aoiaiai neo/ay;
i?ae?auaiea a onoaiiaeaiiii ii?yaeea i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie aeayoaeueiinoe eeoeii,
cano?aoiaaaoei i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneee ?ene eee ?ene a?aaeaeaineie ioaaonoaaiiinoe,
naycaiiie n yoie aeayoaeueiinoueth. Ia?a/aiue ianoiyoaeuenoa ia cae?uoue. Aeiaiai?
no?aoiaaiey i?ae?auaaony, iai?eia?, a nayce n aein?i/iie ia?a?aaioeie nu?uey eee
nouanoaaiiui eciaiaieai eiaeeaeaeoaeueii ii?aaeaeaiiie aaue. Iiae i?ae?auaieai a
onoaiiaeaiiii ii?yaeea i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie aeayoaeueiinoe neaaeoao iiieiaoue
?ai?aaiecaoeeth, eeeaeaeaoeeth eee aaie?ionoai no?aoiaaoaey, a oaeaea i?ae?auaiea ei
a neeo eiuo ianoiyoaeuenoa oiai aeaea aeayoaeueiinoe, ?enee eioi?iai auee
cano?aoiaaiu ii aeiaiai?o no?aoiaaiey i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneiai ?enea. I?e aein?i/iii
?anoi?aeaiee aeiaiai?a no?aoiaaiey no?aoiauee eiaao i?aai ia /anoue no?aoiaie
i?aiee i?iii?oeeiiaeueii a?aiaie, a oa/aiea eioi?iai aeaenoaiaaei no?aoiaaiea.
No?aoiaaoaeue a yoii neo/aa eiaao I?aai iio?aaiaaoue aica?aoa /anoe no?aoiaie
i?aiee niioaaonoaaiii i?iii?oeeiiaeueii inoaaoaiony n?ieo aeiaiai?a. Aeiaiai? iiaeao
auoue i?ae?auai aein?i/ii e ii o?aaiaaieth no?aoiaaoaey. Ii i?e aein?i/iii ioeaca
no?aoiaaoaey (auaiaeii?eia?aoaoaey) io aeiaiai?a no?aoiaaiey oiea/aiiay
no?aoiaueeo no?aoiaay i?aiey aica?aoo ia iiaeeaaeeo, anee oieueei aeiaiai?ii ia
i?aaeoniio?aii eiia.
!!388
O/eouaay iau/ae aeaeiaiai iai?ioa e iaaeaeoia?iaeioth i?aeoeeo, caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai
onoaiaaeeaaao eiie?aoiua iniiaaiey inaiaiaeaeaiey no?aoiaueea io auiieiaiey naieo
iaycaiiinoae ii no?aoiaiio iie?uoeth. Anee caeiiii eee aeiaiai?ii ia
i?aaeoniio?aii eiia, no?aoiauee inaiaiaeaeaaony io auieaou no?aoiaiai aiciauaiey
i?e aeiaiai?a eiouanoaaiiiai no?aoiaaiey e no?aoiaie noiiu i?e aeiaiai?a ee/iiai
no?aoiaaiey, eiaaea no?aoiaie neo/ae ianooiee ec-ca: aicaeaenoaey yaea?iiai
ac?uaa, ?aaeeaoeee eee ?aaeeiaeoeaiiai ca?aaeaiey; aiaiiuo aeaenoaee, a oaeaea
iaiaa?ia eee eiuo aiaiiuo ia?ii?eyoee; a?aaeaeaineie aieiu, ia?iaeiuo aieiaiee
anyeiai ?iaea eee caaanoiaie. Yoi aucaaii oai, /oi aiciiaeiua oauoee io no?aoiauo
neo/aaa, ianooieaoea aneaaenoaea, ia?a/eneaiiuo ianoiyoaeuenoa,, iiaoo ieacaoueny
ianoieueei aaeeee, /oi aeanoaaeeece?otho oeiainiaia iieiaeaiea no?aoiaueea,; aai
ia?ano?aoiaueeia e aeaaea, no?aoiaie ?uiie a oeaeii. Iiyoiio aii?in i i?eiyoee ia
no?aoiaaiea eaoano?ioe/aneeo ?eneia anaaaea ?aoaaony ioaeaeueii. I?eiyoea oaeeo
?eneia aeieaeii niaoeeaeueii oeacuaaoueny a aeiaiai?a aeiiieieoaeueii e noaiaea?oiui
oneiaeyi no?aoiaaiey, a i?ioeaiii neo/aa iie n/eoathony iacano?aoiaaiiuie.
Aeeth/aiea a aeiaiai? oeacaiiuo ?eneia iiaeao o?aaiaaoueny ii caeiio. A oaeii
neo/aa no?aoiauee ia ai?aaa ioeacaoue a i?aaeinoaaeaiee niioaaonoaothuaai
no?aoiaiai iie?uoey. Iacaaiiua auoa ianoiyoaeuenoaa, inaiaiaeaeathuea no?aoiaueea
io auieaou no?aoiauo ieaoaaeae, ?ani?ino?aiythony ia aeiaiai?u eiouanoaaiiiai e
ee/iiai no?aoiaaiey. Ii aeey aeiaiai?ia eiouanoaaiiiai no?aoiaaiey caeii
onoaiaaeeaaao aua e ae?oaea ianoiyoaeuenoaa, eneeth/athuea iacaaiioth iaycaiiinoue
no?aoiaueea. Anee aeiaiai?ii eiouanoaaiiiai no?aoiaaiey ia i?aaeoniio?aii eiia,
no?aoiauee inaiaiaeaeaaony io auieaou no?aoiaiai aiciauaiey ca oauoee, aicieeoea
aneaaenoaea ecuyoey, eiioeneaoeee, ?aeaeceoeee, a?anoa eee oie/oiaeaiey
cano?aoiaaiiiai eiouanoaa ii ?anii?yaeaieth ainoaea?noaaiiuo i?aaiia. Oaeea ?enee
ii iauaio i?aaeeo eneeth/athony ec no?aoiaiai iie?uoey, ai-ia?auo, ii i?e/eia
oiai, /oi i?e caeeth/aiee aeiaiai?a no?aoiaaiey ioeaieoue noaiaiue aa?iyoiinoe
ianooieaiey ioaaouaaaiuo eie niauoee aanueia cao?oaeieoaeueii. Yoe niauoey eiatho
iai?aaeaeaeaiiue, /?acau/aeiue e oe?ieiianooaaiue oa?aeoa?. Ai-aoi?uo, aicieeoea
oauoee aeaaea ii iaeiiio aeiaiai?o no?aoiaaiey iiaoo auoue cia/eoaeueiuie, a
aaoiiaoe/aneia aeeth/aiea iacaaiiuo ?eneia ai ana aeiaiai?u no?aoiaaiey eiaei au
aeey no?aoiaueeia eaoano?ioe/aneea iineaaenoaey.
!!389
Ii o?aaiaaieyi, auoaeathuei ec aeiaiai?a eiouanoaaiiiai no?aoiaaiey caeiiii
onoaiiaeai nie?auaiiue n?ie eneiaie aeaaiinoe – aeaa aiaea. Ii i?eiaiyaony ii anai
nii?ai, auoaeathuei ec i?aaiioiioaiee ii no?aoiaaieth: ia iieaoa no?aoiaie
i?aiee, i auieaoa no?aoiaiai aiciauaiey, a ioiioaiee i?i/eo o?aaiaaiee,
auoaeathueo ec ?aciauo aeiaiai?ia, ec aeiaiai?ia, caeeth/aiiuo ii aaia?aeueiiio
iieeno, ec aeiaiai?ia nino?aoiaaiey e ia?ano?aoiaaiey. E oeacaiiiio n?ieo
eneiaie aeaaiinoe i?eiaiythony iauea i?aaeea i ia/aea, i?einoaiiaeaiee e ia?a?uaa
oa/aiey n?iea eneiaie aeaaiinoe, onoaiiaeaiiua a a?aaeaeaineii caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa.
Aeaooaiaee/iue n?ie eneiaie aeaaiinoe, onoaiiaeaiiue aeey o?aaiaaiee, auoaeathueo ec
aeiaiai?ia no?aoiaaiey eiouanoaa, ia i?eiaiyaony e o?aaiaaieyi, eioi?ua
no?aoiauee a ii?yaeea noa?iaaoeee (ia?aoiae e no?aoiaueeo i?aa no?aoiaaoaey ia
aiciauaiea oua?aa) eiaao e eeoeo, ioaaonoaaiiiio ca oauoee, aiciauaiiua a
?acoeueoaoa no?aoiaaiey. A nayce n oaeeie o?aaiaaieyie no?aoiauee iaycai
niaethaeaoue o?aaiaaiey ii?iaoeaiuo aeoia, ?aaoee?othueo oa i?aaiioiioaiey, a
eioi?uo ninoiyee no?aoiaaoaeue e eeoei, ioaaonoaaiiia ca oauoee. Yoi eanaaony
niaethaeaiey eae iaoa?eaeueiuo, oae i?ioeannoaeueiuo ii?i, niaea?aeaueony a yoeo
aeoao. Oae, o?ainii?oiuie onoaaaie e eiaeaenaie i?aaeoniio?ai iaycaoaeueiue
ii?yaeie aeinoaeaaiiai o?aaoee?iaaiey ?aciiaeanee a i?aoaiceiiiii ii?yaeea. Iiyoiio
e noa?iaaoeeiiiua i?aaa no?aoiaueea aeieaeiu inouanoaeyoueny n niaethaeaieai oaeiai
ii?yaeea. Neaaeoao caiaoeoue, /oi a yeiiiieei- i?aaiaii niunea no?aoiaaiea – yoi
i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneay aeayoaeueiinoue. ?enee i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie aeayoaeueiinoe iiaoo
auoue cano?aoiaaiu. Iiyoiio aiieia i?aaiia?ii, /oi ?ene auieaou no?aoiaiai
aiciauaiey eee no?aoiaie noiu, o.a. ?ene i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa a no?aoiaaiee, ia
no?aoiaii ?uiea iiaeao auoue oaeaea cano?aoiaai. No?aoiaaiea ?eneia no?aoiaie
aeayoaeueiinoe iacuaaaony ia?ano?aoiaaieai, aoi?e/iui no?aoiaaieai.
Ia?ano?aoiaaiea iiae?acoiaaaao ia?aaea/o anao eee /anoe i?eiyouo ia no?aoiaaiea
?eneia iaeiei no?aoiaueeii ae?oaiio eee ianeieueeei ae?oaei n oeaeueth nicaeaiey
naaeaine?iaaiiiai no?aoiaiai ii?ooaey e iaania/aiey oeiainiaie onoie/eainoe
no?aoiaie aeayoaeueiinoe. Oaeay ia?aaea/a ?eneia ?aaeecoaony ii aeiaiai?o
no?aoiaaiey, a eioi?ii ii?aaeaeythony oneiaey e niinia ia?aaea/e ?eneia, aeiey
o/anoey ae?oaeo no?aoiaueeia a niaieoiiii ?enea, ?acia? i?e/eoathuaeny eaaeaeiio
no?aoiaie i?aiee. I?eaeiaeueiue no?aoiauee a neeo aeiaiai?a ia?ano?aoiaaiey
noaiiaeony a iieiaeaiea no?aoiaaoaey e yaeyaony iineoaeai niioaaonoaothueo i?aa e
iaycaiiinoae.
!!390
E aeiaiai?ai ia?ano?aoiaaiey i?eiaiythony i?aaeea a?aaeaeaineiai eiaeaena (ae. 48),
iiaeeaaeauea i?eiaiaieth a ioiioaiee no?aoiaaiey i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneiai ?enea, anee
aeiaiai?ii ia?ano?aoiaee ia i?aaeoniio?aii eiia. I?e ia?ano?aoiaaiee
ioaaonoaaiiinoe ia?aae no?aoiaaoaeai ii iniiaiiio aeiaiai?o no?aoiaaiey ca
auieaoo no?aoiaiai aiciauaiey eee no?aoiaie noiiu inoaaony no?aoiauee ii yoiio
aeiaiai?o A?aaeaeaineee eiaeaen ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee (i. 4 no. 967) aeiioneaao
iineaaeiaaoaeueiia caeeth/aiea aeaoo eee ianeieueeeo aeiaiai?ia ia?ano?aoiaaiey
(?ao?ioeanneth ?eneia). I?aaa e iaycaiiinoe noi?ii i?e ?ao?ioeannnee aiaeiae/iu
oaeiaui a aeiaiai?a ia?ano?aoiaaiey.
!!391
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