Алексеев 1995 – Уголовный процесс (книга)

Aeaenaaa 1995 – Oaieiaiue i?ioeann

Iauay /anoue
Aeaaa 1. Iiiyoea e nouiinoue oaieiaiiai i?ioeanna
§ 1. Ii?aaeaeaiea oaieiaiiai i?ioeanna, caaea/e noaeii?iecaiaenoaa
Aeayoaeueiinoue i?aaiia aeiciaiey, neaaeiaaoaey, i?ieo?i?a e noaea ii
?anneaaeiaaieth, noaeaaiiio ?anniio?aieth e ?ac?aoaieth oaieiaiuo aeae iineo
ioaee/ii-i?aaiaie oa?aeoa?. I?anooieaiea, eae iaeaieaa iianiue aeae
i?aaiia?ooaiee, i?e/eiyao ee/iinoe, i?aaai e naiaiaeai a?aaeaeai, iauanoao,
ainoaea?noao na?ueaciue a?aae. Yoi iaycuaaao iieiiii/iua i?aaiu ainoaea?noaa
i?eiyoue ana i?aaeoniio?aiiua caeiiii ia?u aeey ?aaeecaoeee ii?i oaieiaiiai
caeiia e oai naiui iaania/eoue io?aio ee/iinoe, i?aa e naiaiae a?aaeaeai,
iauanoaaiiue ii?yaeie e aaciianiinoue eiinoeoooeeiiiiai no?iy ?O, aeey aa?aioee
ie?a e aaciianiinoe iauanoaa io i?anooiiuo iinyaaoaeuenoa, a oaeaea
i?aaeoi?aaeaeaiey i?anooieaiee (no. 18, 46 Eiinoeoooeee ?O, /. 1 no. 1 OE ?NON?,
/. 2 no. 2 OIE ?NON?, no. 2 “Caeiia i i?ieo?aoo?a ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee”).
?aaeecaoeey ii?i oaieiaiiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa a oaieiaiii i?ioeanna
aeinoeaaaony iooai aicaoaeaeaiey oaieiaiiai aeaea, auno?iai e iieiiai ?ane?uoey
i?anooieaiey, oaieiaiiai i?aneaaeiaaiey eeoe, niaa?oeaoeo i?anooieaiea,
iaaeiaiey eo ia?aae noaeii, noaeaaiiai ?anniio?aiey e ?ac?aoaiey aeaea n oai,
/oiau niaa?oeaoee i?anooieaiea aue inoaeaeai e iiaeaa?aioo ni?aaaaeeeaiio
iaeacaieth eee, a niioaaonoaee n oaieiaiui caeiiii, inaiaiaeaeai io
ioaaonoaaiiinoe eee iaeacaiey. Oaieiaiue i?ioeann aeieaeai ia?aaeaeaoue
iaaeiiaiiai io i?eaea/aiey e oaieiaiie ioaaonoaaiiinoe e inoaeaeaiey, a a
neo/aa, eiaaea oaeia eiaei ianoi, iaania/eaaoue aai naiaa?aiaiioth e iieioth
?aaaeeeoaoeeth.
Caaea/e auno?iai ?ane?uoey i?anooieaiee e eciaee/aiey aeiiaiuo ninoiyo a
oii, /oiau a i?aaeoniio?aiiua caeiiii n?iee auee onoaiiaeaiu ianoiyoaeuenoaa
i?ienoaaeoaai i?anooieaiey, auyaeaii eeoei, aai niaa?oeaoaa, nia?aiu e
i?iaa?aiu aeieacaoaeuenoaa, aeiiaiinoue iaaeiyaiiai e oai naiui i?eaeeaeaii
iacia/aiea aeiiaiiio iaeacaiey e iiiaioo niaa?oaiey i?anooieaiey.
Iaania/aiea i?aaeeueiiai i?eiaiaiey caeiia caeeth/aaony a no?iaeaeoai

niaethaeaiee e i?eiaiaiee ii?i caeiia a oiaea i?iecaiaenoaa ii aeaeo. Eeoue i?e
yoii oneiaee ioe?uaaaony aiciiaeiinoue iiaeaa?aiooue aeiiaiiai ni?aaaaeeeaiio,
niioaaonoaothuaio oyaeanoe i?anooieaiey e aai ee/iinoe iaeacaieth e ia?aaeeoue
iaaeiiaiiai io iainiiaaoaeueiiai i?eaea/aiey e oaieiaiie ioaaonoaaiiinoe e
inoaeaeaiey, eai eciaee/eoue e iaeacaoue oieueei aeiiaiiai cia/eo ia aeiionoeoue
i?eaea/aiey e ioaaonoaaiiinoe e inoaeaeaiey iaaeiiaiiai.
Iniiaaiiay ia caeiia e iai?aaeyaiay caeiiii aeayoaeueiinoue noaea,
i?ieo?i?a, neaaeiaaoaey, i?aaiia aeiciaiey e ia?acoao iniiaiia niaea?aeaiea
oaieiaiiai i?ioeanna. Aeayoaeueiinoue yoeo i?aaiia ainoaea?noaa eiaao
ii?aaeaeythuaa e i?aaiecothuaa cia/aiea i?e ?anneaaeiaaiee e noaeaaiii
?anniio?aiee oaieiaiuo aeae. Ainoaea?noaaiiua i?aaiu e aeieaeiinoiua eeoea ianoo
ioaaonoaaiiinoue ca caeiiiia i?iecaiaenoai ii oaieiaiiio aeaeo, caeiiiinoue
i?eieiaaiuo ?aoaiee.
Oeacaiiay aeayoaeueiinoue, iaeiaei, ia en/a?iuaaao niaea?aeaiey oaieiaiiai
i?ioeanna. Oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiay aeayoaeueiinoue neaaaaony ec nenoaiu
i?ioeannoaeueiuo aeaenoaee, a eioi?uo e?iia i?aaiia ainoaea?noaa (aeieaeiinoiuo
eeoe) o/anoaotho eeoea, a oii eee eiii i?ioeannoaeueiii iieiaeaiee aiaeaeaaiua a
i?iecaiaenoai ii aeaeo. Aeey yoiai o/anoey caeii iaaeaeyao eo i?ioeannoaeueiuie
i?aaaie eee iaycuaaao e niaa?oaieth eiie?aoiuo aeaenoaee. A iaeieo neo/ayo iie
niaa?oatho i?ioeannoaeueiua aeaenoaey a neeo i?aaeinoaaeaiiuo ei i?aa eee
aiceiaeaiiuo ia ieo iaycaiiinoae (aicaoaeaeatho oiaeaoaenoaa, cayaeytho ioaiaeu,
i?aaenoaaeytho aeieacaoaeuenoaa, aunooiatho a noaeaaiuo i?aieyo, iaaeaeotho aeaenoaey
e ?aoaiey ainoaea?noaaiiuo i?aaiia e o. ae.), a ae?oaeo neo/ayo i?eaeaeathony e
o/anoeth a aeaea, iai?eia?, a ea/anoaa iaaeiyaiiai, o/anoaotho a i?iaiaeeiuo
neaaenoaaiiuo aeaenoaeyo (aeii?inao, iniio?ao, neaaenoaaiiuo yenia?eiaioao e
ae?.) eee iiaeaa?aathony ia?ai i?eioaeaeaiey. A aeaenoaeyo, niaa?oaaiuo i?aaiaie,
aaaeoueie oaieiaiia i?iecaiaenoai ii aeaeo, eeoea, o/anoaothuea a aeaea, oaeaea
iiaoo ?aaeeciaaoue naie i?aaa. Ana yoe aeaenoaey i?aaie/anee aoiaeyo a
no?oeoo?o oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiie aeayoaeueiinoe ii ?aaeecaoeee i?aa e
auiieiaieth iaycaiiinoae. Oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiay aeayoaeueiinoue – yoi nenoaia
i?ioeannoaeueiuo aeaenoaee, niaa?oaaiuo eae i?aaiaie ainoaea?noaa, oae e anaie
o/anoaothueie a i?iecaiaenoaa ii aeaeo eeoeaie.
I?iecaiaenoai i?ioeannoaeueiuo aeaenoaee naycaii n inouanoaeaieai
ainoaea?noaaiiuie i?aaiaie (aeieaeiinoiuie eeoeaie) e o/anoieeaie i?ioeannoaeueiuo
aeaenoaee naieo i?aa e iaycaiiinoae, a, neaaeiaaoaeueii, iie anooiatho iaaeaeo
niaie a ii?aaeaeaiiua i?aaiioiioaiey, a aeaiiii neo/aa a ioiioaiey,
i?aaeoniio?aiiua oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiui caeiiii, eioi?ua yaeythony
ioiioaieyie oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiuie. Oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiay aeayoaeueiinoue
iiaeao i?ienoiaeeoue oieueei a oi?ia i?ioeannoaeueii-i?aaiauo ioiioaiee. Eiiai,
e?iia i?ioeannoaeueii-i?aaiauo ioiioaiee, niiniaa inouanoaeaiey i?aa e
iaycaiiinoae a oaieiaiii i?ioeanna iao. Noaei auoue, oaieiaiue i?ioeann anoue
oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiay aeayoaeueiinoue, ?aaoee?oaiay i?aaii e, oaeei ia?acii,
aiieiuaiiay a oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiuo i?aaiauo ioiioaieyo. A oie aea ia?a, a
eaeie i?aaiioiioaiey anaaaea iinyo aeaoonoi?iiiee eee iiiainoi?iiiee oa?aeoa?
e a ieo ?aaeecaoeey i?aa iaeiiai noauaeoa o?aaoao ?aaeecaoeee iaycaiiinoae
ae?oaiai, oaieiaiue i?ioeann ia iiaeao ?anniao?eaaoueny eae aeayoaeueiinoue
aeieaeiinoiuo eeoe n iaeiinoi?iiieie aeanoiuie iieiiii/eyie. Iiaeiaiue acaeyae ia
oaieiaiue i?ioeann iaaeiionoei, o. e. ii i?aa?auaao o/anoaothueo a aeaea eeoe ec
iieiii?aaiuo noauaeoia noaeii?iecaiaenoaa a iauaeou aeanoiuo iieiiii/ee
i?aaiia ainoaea?noaa e nieiaao n iineaaeieo ioaaonoaaiiinoue ca naie aeaenoaey
ia?aae ee/iinoueth.
Aeey oaieiaiiai i?ioeanna oa?aeoa?ii oi, /oi any nenoaia i?ioeannoaeueiuo
aeaenoaee e eaaeaeia ioaeaeueiia aeaenoaea i?iecaiaeyony i?aaeoniio?aiiii caeiiii
i?ioeannoaeueiii ii?yaeie (i?ioeannoaeueiay i?ioeaaeo?a) iaycaoaeai aeey anao (4 no.
1 OIE), o. e. iaania/eaaao caeiiiinoue i?iecaiaenoaa ii aeaeo, i?aaa, eioa?anu
e naiaiaeu eeoe, o/anoaothueo a aeaea, nicaeaao aa?aioee aeinoiaa?iinoe
aeieacaoaeuenoa, iainiiaaiiinoue e ni?aaaaeeeainoue i?eieiaaiuo ?aoaiee.
Aaeeinoai ?anniio?aiiuo yeaiaioia e ia?acoao iauaa iiiyoea oaieiaiiai
i?ioeanna. Oaieiaiue i?ioeann – yoi ?aaeaiaioe?iaaiiay caeiiii aeayoaeueiinoue
i?aaiia i?aaeaa?eoaeueiiai ?anneaaeiaaiey, i?ieo?aoo?u e noaea ii aicaoaeaeaieth,
?anneaaeiaaieth, noaeaaiiio ?anniio?aieth e ?ac?aoaieth oaieiaiuo aeae, a oaeaea
anao o/anoaothueo a iae eeoe, eioi?ay inouanoaeyaony ia eia/a eae a i?aaiauo
ioiioaieyo e eiaao naiae caaea/ae iaania/aiea ?aaeecaoeee oaieiaiiai caeiia.
Oaieiaiia noaeii?iecaiaenoai iaania/eaaao ?aaeecaoeeth oaieiaiiai caeiia
eae iooai inouanoaeaiey oaieiaiiai i?aneaaeiaaiey, inoaeaeaiey e iaeacaiey
aeiiaiiai ca niaa?oaiea oaieiaiiai i?anooieaiey, oae e iooai ioeaca io
oaieiaiiai i?aneaaeiaaiey iaaeiiaiuo, inaiaiaeaeaiey eeoe io oaieiaiie
ioaaonoaaiiinoe e iaeacaiey, ?aaaeeeoaoeee eaaeaeiai, eoi iaiainiiaaiii
iiaeaa?any oaieiaiiio i?aneaaeiaaieth eee aue inoaeaeai.
Iaania/eaay ?aaeecaoeeth oaieiaiiai caeiia, oaieiaiue i?ioeann oai naiui
caueuaao a?aaeaeaieia, iauanoai, ainoaea?noai io i?anooieaiee e oai naiui
io?aiyao eiinoeoooeeiiiua i?aaa e naiaiaeu /aeiaaea e a?aaeaeaieia. Yoo caaea/o
oaieiaiue i?ioeann iiaeao auiieiyoue oieueei i?e oneiaee, eiaaea a naiii
i?iecaiaenoaa ii aeaeo caueuaiu i?aaa e caeiiiua eioa?anu o/anoieeia i?ioeanna
e eiuo eeoe.

2. Oaieiaiue i?ioeann e i?aainoaeea

A i. 1 no. 118 Eiinoeoooeee ?O neacaii: “I?aainoaeea a ?O inouanoaeyaony
oieueei noaeii”. I?aainoaeea a oi?ia oaieiaiiai noaeii?iecaiaenoaa yaeyaony iaeiei
ec iooae inouanoaeaiey noaeaaiie aeanoe (i. 2 no. 118 Eiinoeoooeee ?O). Ionthaea
neaaeoao, /oi oaieiaiia noaeii?iecaiaenoai, iiieiaaiia eae iaeia ec oi?i
inouanoaeaiey i?aainoaeey, au?aaeaaony a aeayoaeueiinoe noaea ii oaieiaiui aeaeai,
aaea noaeaaiay aeanoue ?aaeecoaony /a?ac aeaenoaey e ?aoaiey noaea. Oieueei noae
iiaeao i?eciaoue eeoei aeiiaiui e iacia/eoue aio iaeacaiea. I/aaeaeii, /oi
oaieiaiue i?ioeann e oaieiaiia noaeii?iecaiaenoai ia yaeythony -aeayoaeueiinoueth
oiaeaeanoaaiiie.
Oaieiaiue i?ioeann eia/a iacuaaaony oaieiaiui noaeii?iecaiaenoaii (no. 2
OIE)1. Yoei niaoeeaeueiui iiiyoeai -“oaieiaiia noaeii?iecaiaenoai” – iaicia/atho
ana i?iecaiaenoai ii aeaeo, a oii /enea e aeayoaeueiinoue i?aaiia aeiciaiey,
neaaenoaey (no. 2 OIE). A iacaaiee “oaieiaiia noaeii?iecaiaenoai”
iiae/a?eeaaaony iniaia cia/aiea ai anai i?iecaiaenoaa ii aeaeo noaeaaiiai
?acae?aoaeuenoaa, noaeaaiuo noaaeee, a eioi?uo inouanoaeyaony i?aainoaeea ii
oaieiaiui aeaeai.
Oaieiaiue i?ioeann e i?aainoaeea oaniaeoei ia?acii naycaiu iaaeaeo niaie,
ii yoi ?aciua iiiyoey.
Ii caaea/ai, i?aaeiaoo aeayoaeueiinoe i?aainoaeea oe?a oaieiaiiai i?ioeanna,
iineieueeo noaeaaiay aeanoue inouanoaeyaony ia oieueei iin?aaenoaii oaieiaiiai
noaeii?iecaiaenoaa (no. 118 Eiinoeoooeee ?O).
Ii e?oao i?aaiia, inouanoaeythueo i?iecaiaenoai ii aeaeo, oaieiaiue
i?ioeann oe?a i?aainoaeey. I?aainoaeea en/a?iuaaaony aeayoaeueiinoueth noaea (no.
118 Eiinoeoooeee), oiaaea eae oaieiaiue i?ioeann iiieii noaea aaaeaony i?aaiaie
aeiciaiey, i?aaeaa?eoaeueiiai neaaenoaey e i?ieo?aoo?u. Aeaaea a noaeaaiuo noaaeeyo
i?aainoaeea e oaieiaiue i?ioeann ia neeaathony. Iiiyoeai oaieiaiiai i?ioeanna
ioaaouaaaony aeayoaeueiinoue anao o/anoaothueo a yoeo noaaeeyo noauaeoia,
iiiyoeai i?aainoaeey – oieueei aeayoaeueiinoue noaea. Inouanoaeaiea i?aainoaeey ii
oaieiaiui aeaeai aoiaeeo a ea/anoaa iniiaiie /anoe a oaieiaiue i?ioeann.

3. Noaaeee oaieiaiiai i?ioeanna

Iiiyoea “i?ioeann” icia/aao i?ioiaeaeaiea, i?iaeaeaeaiea. I?iecaiaenoai ii
aeaeo, aai “i?iaeaeaeaiea” i?ioiaeeo ii?aaeaeaiiua a caeiia yoaiu (/anoe),
eiaioaiua noaaeeyie oaieiaiiai i?ioeanna. Caeii onoaiaaeeaaao oaeie ii?yaeie
i?ioiaeaeaiey, i?iaeaeaeaiey, i?iecaiaenoaa ii oaieiaiiio aeaeo, eioi?ue niaea?aeeo
iioeiaeueiua oneiaey aeey ?aaeecaoeee caaea/ yoie aeayoaeueiinoe.
Noaaeee – yoi acaeiinaycaiiua, ai ioiineoaeueii naiinoiyoaeueiua /anoe
i?ioeanna, ioaeaeaiu ae?oa io ae?oaa eoiaiaui i?ioeannoaeueiui ?aoaieai e
oa?aeoa?ecothueany iaiin?aaenoaaiiuie caaea/aie (auoaeathueie ec iaueo caaea/
oaieiaiiai noaeii?iecaiaenoaa), e?oaii i?aaiia e eeoe, o/anoaothueo a
i?iecaiaenoaa ii aeaeo, ii?yaeeii (oi?iie) i?ioeannoaeueiie aeayoaeueiinoe
(i?ioeannoaeueiie i?ioeaaeo?ie) e oa?aeoa?ii oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiuo ioiioaiee.
Eaaeaeie noaaeee i?ioeanna naienoaaiiu: 1) iaiin?aaenoaaiiua caaea/e,
auoaeathuea ec iaueo caaea/ noaeii?iecaiaenoaa: 2) ii?aaeaeaiiue e?oa o/anoaothueo
a iae i?aaiia e eeoe: 3) ii?yaeie (i?ioeannoaeueiay oi?ia) aeayoaeueiinoe,
ii?aaeaeyaiue niaea?aeaieai iaiin?aaenoaaiiuo caaea/ aeaiiie noaaeee e
iniaaiiinoyie au?aaeaiey a iae iaueo i?eioeeiia i?ioeanna: 4) niaoeeoe/aneee
oa?aeoa? oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiuo ioiioaiee, aicieeathueo iaaeaeo noauaeoaie a
i?ioeanna i?iecaiaenoaa ii aeaeo: 5) eoiaiaue i?ioeannoaeueiue aeo (?aoaiea),
caaa?oathuee oeeee i?ioeannoaeueiuo aeaenoaee e ioiioaiee e aeaeouee ia?aoiae aeaea
ia neaaeothuoth nooiaiue (anee aeaei ia i?ae?auaaony eee ia i?einoaiaaeeaaaony).
Niaieoiiinoue noaaeee, naycaiiuo iaaeaeo niaie iaueie caaea/aie e i?eioeeiaie
noaeii?iecaiaenoaa, ia?acoao nenoaio oaieiaiiai i?ioeanna.
Noaaeee oaieiaiiai i?ioeanna /a?aaeothony, niaiytho iaeia ae?oaoth a no?iaie
iineaaeiaaoaeueiinoe.

Aeinoaeaaiua noaaeee
Aicaoaeaeaiea oaieiaiiai aeaea – ia?aiia/aeueiay noaaeey i?ioeanna, a eioi?ie
iieiiii/iua i?aaiu ainoaea?noaa e aeieaeiinoiua eeoea i?e iaee/ee e oiio iiaiaea
(aeaeiau, cayaeaiey, yaee) onoaiaaeeaatho iaee/ea eee ionoonoaea iniiaaiee aeey
i?iecaiaenoaa ii aeaeo. Aeo aicaoaeaeaiey oaieiaiiai aeaea i?eaiaeeo iaoaieci
oaieiaiiai i?ioeanna a aeaeaeaiea, ia?acoao i?aaiaoth iniiao aeey auiieiaiey
i?ioeannoaeueiuo aeaenoaee a iineaaeothueo noaaeeyo e neoaeeo oi/eie ion/aoa n?ieia
i?aaeaa?eoaeueiiai ?anneaaeiaaiey. Aicaoaeaeaiea oaieiaiiai aeaea – noaaeey,
eioi?oth ia iiaeao ieiiaaoue ie iaeii oaieiaiia aeaei.
I?aaeaa?eoaeueiia ?anneaaeiaaiea i?iecaiaeeony ii aicaoaeaeaiiiio aeaeo e
caeeth/aaony a inouanoaeyaiie iiae iaaeci?ii i?ieo?i?a aeayoaeueiinoe i?aaiia
aeiciaiey e i?aaeaa?eoaeueiiai neaaenoaey ii niae?aieth, cae?aieaieth e
enneaaeiaaieth aeieacaoaeuenoa, aeey oiai, /oiau onoaiiaeoue iaee/ea eee
ionoonoaea niauoey i?anooieaiey, eeoe, aeiiaiuo a aai niaa?oaiee, oa?aeoa? e
?acia? oua?aa, i?e/eiaiiiai i?anooieaieai, e eiua ianoiyoaeuenoaa, eiathuea
cia/aiea aeey aeaea. I?aaeaa?eoaeueiia ?anneaaeiaaiea – aeinoaeaaiia i?iecaiaenoai e
aai auaiaeu iiaaai ianoiyoaeuenoaai aeaea iinyo aeey noaea i?aaeaa?eoaeueiue
oa?aeoa?. Iie yaeythony aa?neae iaaeiaiey, eioi?oth noae aeieaeai i?iaa?eoue a
oneiaeyo iaiin?aaenoaaiiiai enneaaeiaaiey noaeii aeieacaoaeuenoa.
I?aaeaa?eoaeueiia ?anneaaeiaaiea i?iecaiaeeony ii iiaeaaeythuaio aieueoeinoao
oaieiaiuo aeae. Eeoue a neo/ayo, oi/ii oeacaiiuo a caeiia, ia o?aaoaony
i?iecaiaenoaa i?aaeaa?eoaeueiiai ?anneaaeiaaiey (iai?eia?, ii aeaeai /anoiiai
iaaeiaiey – no. 27 OIE).
Noaaeey i?aaeaa?eoaeueiiai ?anneaaeiaaiey caeai/eaaaony eeai i?ae?auaieai
oaieiaiiai aeaea, eeai iai?aaeaieai aai a noae eeai iai?aaeaieai aeaea a noae
aeey ?anniio?aiey aii?ina i i?eiaiaiee i?eioaeeoaeueiuo ia? iaaeeoeeineiai
oa?aeoa?a.
Noaeaaiua noaaeee
A. I?iecaiaenoai a noaea ia?aie einoaioeee. I?iecaiaenoai a noaea ia?aie
einoaioeee ia/eiaaony n iciaeiieaiey noaeae n iinooieaoei aeaeii e i?eiyoey
iaeiiai ec neaaeothueo ?aoaiee: 1) i iacia/aiee noaeaaiiai canaaeaiey: 2) i
aica?auaiee aeaea aeey i?iecaiaenoaa aeiiieieoaeueiiai ?anneaaeiaaiey: 3) i
i?einoaiiaeaiee i?iecaiaenoaa: 4) i iai?aaeaiee aeaea ii iiaenoaeiinoe: 5) i
i?ae?auaiee aeaea (no. 221 OIE). I?eieiay ?aoaiea i iacia/aiee noaeaaiiai
canaaeaiey, noaeuey ?aoaao aii?inu, naycaiiua n iiaeaioiaeie e ?anniio?aieth aeaea
a noaeaaiii canaaeaiee (no. 228 OIE). A OIE yoa noaaeey eiaioaony eae
“Iieiiii/ey noaeuee aei noaeaaiiai ?acae?aoaeuenoaa aeaea e iiaeaioiaeoaeueiua
aeaenoaey e noaeaaiiio ?acae?aoaeuenoao” (ae. 20 OIE)”.
I?e iaee/ee oiaeaoaenoa iaaeiyaiiai i ?anniio?aiee aeaea noaeii i?enyaeiuo
aeaei i?ioiaeeo i?aaeaa?eoaeueiia neooaiea, eioi?ia i?iecaiaeeony ii i?aaeeai no.
432 OIE.
A yoie noaaeee i?ioeanna noaeuey, ia i?aae?aoay aii?ina i aeiiaiinoe
iaaeiyaiiai, auyniyao, eiathony ee a aeaea oaeoe/aneea e th?eaee/aneea iniiaaiey
aeey ?anniio?aiey aai a noaeaaiii canaaeaiee, e a neo/aa iaee/ey oaeeo
iniiaaiee i?iecaiaeyo iaiaoiaeeiua iiaeaioiaeoaeueiua aeaenoaey e noaeaaiiio
canaaeaieth.
I?e iaee/ee oiaeaoaenoa iaaeiyaiiai i ?anniio?aiee aeaea noaeii i?enyaeiuo
aeaei, iinooieaoaa a noae, iacia/aaony noaeueae e noaeaaiiio ?acae?aoaeuenoao a
ii?yaeea i?aaeaa?eoaeueiiai neooaiey ii i?aaeeai no. 432 OIE. Ii eoiaai
i?aaeaa?eoaeueiiai neooaiey noaeuey i?eieiaao iaeii ec ?aoaiee, i?aaeoniio?aiiuo
no. 221 OIE, a oii /enea i iacia/aiee noaeaaiiai canaaeaiey n o/anoeai
i?enyaeiuo canaaeaoaeae.
Noaeaaiia ?acae?aoaeuenoai yaeyaony aaaeiaeoae noaaeeae i?ioeanna. A iae noae
?anniao?eaaao e ?ac?aoaao aeaei ii nouanoao – ?aoaao aii?in i aeiiaiinoe eee
iaaeiiaiinoe iiaenoaeeiiai, a oaeaea i i?eiaiaiee eee iai?eiaiaiee e iaio
oaieiaiiai iaeacaiey. Noaeaaiia ?acae?aoaeuenoai /aua anaai caaa?oaaony
iinoaiiaeaieai iaaeieoaeueiiai eee ii?aaaeaoaeueiiai i?eaiai?a, ii a iai
i?eieiathony e ae?oaea aaaeiua ?aoaiey (i i?ae?auaiee aeaea, i iai?aaeaiee aai
ia aeineaaeiaaiea e o. i.). A noaeaaiii canaaeaiee ?anniao?eaaaony e ?aoaaony
aii?in i i?eiaiaiee i?eioaeeoaeueiuo ia? iaaeeoeeineiai oa?aeoa?a.
Eannaoeeiiiia i?iecaiaenoai aicaoaeaeaaony ia iniiaa eannaoeeiiiuo aeaeia e
i?ioanoia, iiaeaiiuo i?aaiii/iuie ia oi eeoeaie, e ninoieo a i?iaa?ea
auoanoiyuei noaeii caeiiiinoe e iainiiaaiiinoe ia anooieaoeo a caeiiioth neeo
?aoaiee (i?eaiai?a, ii?aaeaeaiey, iinoaiiaeaiey), auianaiiuo noaeii ia?aie
einoaioeee. A ?acoeueoaoa ?anniio?aiey aeaeia e i?ioanoia noae aoi?ie einoaioeee
eeai inoaaeyao ?aoaiea noaea ia?aie einoaioeee aac eciaiaiee, eeai ioiaiyao
eee eciaiyao aai.
Noaaeey eniieiaiey i?eaiai?a, ii?aaeaeaiey e iinoaiiaeaiey noaea,
anooieaoeo a caeiiioth neeo, caeeth/aaony a ?ac?aoaiee niioaaonoaothuei noaeii
eiiieaena aii?inia, naycaiiuo n ia?auaieai yoeo ?aoaiee e eniieiaieth, naiei
eniieiaieai ?aoaiee e ?aoaiea aii?inia, aicieeoeo ai a?aiy eniieiaiey
i?eaiai?a. Aeaiiay noaaeey ianooiaao eeai ii enoa/aiee n?ieia ia eannaoeeiiiia
iaaeaeiaaiea eee ii?ioanoiaaiea noaeaaiiai ?aoaiey (eiaaea iii ia auei
iaaeaeiaaii eee ii?ioanoiaaii), eeai ii ?anniio?aiee aeaea eannaoeeiiiie
einoaioeeae, eeai n?aco iinea i?eiyoey ?aoaiey, ia iiaeeaaeauaai eannaoeeiiiiio
iaaeaeiaaieth e ii?ioanoiaaieth.
E?iia ia?a/eneaiiuo oanoe iau/iuo noaaeee oaieiaiiio i?ioeanno ecaanoiu
aeaa iniaua, eneeth/eoaeueiua noaaeee – i?iecaiaenoai a ii?yaeea iaaeci?a e
aiciaiiaeaiea oaieiaiuo aeae ii aiiaue ioe?uaoeiny ianoiyoaeuenoaai. Ia yoeo
yoaiao a iniaii ii?yaeea i?iecaiaeeony i?iaa?ea caeiiiinoe e iainiiaaiiinoe
noaeaaiuo ?aoaiee, anooieaoeo a caeiiioth neeo.

4. Oeiu (oi?iu) oaieiaiiai i?ioeanna

A caaeneiinoe io oiai, eaeea caaea/e noiyo ia?aae oaieiaiui i?ioeannii,
eae ii?aaeaeaiu iieiiii/ey e ooieoeee ainoaea?noaaiiuo i?aaiia, aaaeoueo
i?ioeann, ianeieueei a i?ioeanna i?aaenoaaeaiu e caueuaiu i?aaa /aeiaaea,
iioa?iaaoaai io i?anooieaiey eee iaaeiyaiiai a i?anooieaiee, eaeiaa nenoaia
aeieacaoaeuenoa, ia eii eaaeeo iaycaiiinoue aeieacuaaiey aeiu, eaeea ?aoaiey
iiaeao i?eiyoue noae ii aeaeo, neaaeoao ?acee/aoue ianeieueei oeiia (oi?i)
oaieiaiiai i?ioeanna, aicieeoeo a ?aciua ia?eiaeu enoi?ee a ?acee/iuo
ainoaea?noaao. Oaeeie yaeythony: /anoii-eneiaie, ?icuneiie (eieaeceoeeiiiue),
iaaeieoaeueiue, ninoycaoaeueiue e niaoaiiue oeiu i?ioeanna.
*anoii-eneiaie i?ioeann (ae?aaiyy oi?ia, iai?eia?, ae?aaia?onneee i?ioeann)
oa?aeoa?eciaaeny /anoiui oaieiaiui i?aneaaeiaaieai, a eioi?ii iioa?iaaoee nai
i?eieiae ia?u e caueoa naieo i?aa.
Oaieiaiia i?aneaaeiaaiea aicaoaeaeaeinue ii aeaeiaa iioa?iaaoaai. Iaaeieoaeue
niae?ae aeieacaoaeuenoaa e nai aeieaeai aue iicaaioeoueny i aeinoaaeaiee
iaaeiyaiiai a noae.
Noaeaaiia ?acae?aoaeuenoai ninoycaoaeueiia e aeaniia. Aeaei ?aoaaony ia
iniiaa i?aaenoaaeaiey noi?iiaie aeieacaoaeuenoa. Noae oieueei neaaeee ca
ninoycaieai noi?ii (iiaaeeiee, i?aeaeee e o. i.) e a naiai ?aoaiee
eiinoaoe?iaae enoiae ninoycaiey.
Nenoaia aeieacaoaeuenoa i?aaenoaaeyao niaie niaieoiiinoue i/enoeoaeueiuo
i?enya, iiaaeeieia e i?aeaeee. Iiaaaeeoaeue a iiaaeeiea n/eoaeny i?aaui.
N oneeaieai ainoaea?noaaiiie aeanoe, n ?acaeoeai acaeyaea ia i?anooieaiea
ia eae ia iaeaeo, iaianaiioth /anoiiio eeoeo eee iaaieueoie a?oiia a?aaeaeai, a
eae ia iinyaaoaeuenoai, iai?aaeaiiia i?ioea i?aaiaiai ii?yaeea, ninoaaeythuaa
aeinoiyiea anaai iauanoaa, iai?eaieaiui ieacuaaaony iiaeoiae e oaieiaiiio
i?ioeanno n iiceoeee ?ac?aoaiey nii?a, cayaeaiiiai /anoiui iaaeieoaeai.
Ainoaea?noaaiiay aeanoue, nin?aaeioi/ea a naieo ?oeao ea?aoaeueioth
aeayoaeueiinoue, ono?aieea /anoii-eneiaia ia/aei oaieiaiiai i?ioeanna e
ooaa?aeeea a i?ioeanna ioaee/iia ia/aei, eiaaea onoaiiaeaiea aeiiaiiai a
i?anooieaiee aa?ao ia naay ainoaea?noai.
Nouanoaaiiuie /a?oaie ?icuneiiai i?ioeanna yaeyaony ionoonoaea i?aa o
iaaeiyaiiai e aiciiaeiinoe ninoycaiey n iaaeieoaeai, oai aieaa, /oi aeey yoiai
i?ioeanna oa?aeoa?ii neeyiea a iaeiii eeoea ooieoeee noaeuee, iaaeieoaey e
caueoieea. Yoio i?ioeann ?aniaaeaeny ia: a) ?icune, neaaenoaea e a) noae. I?aaa
ee/iinoe ia auee caueuaiu. Iaaeiyaiue aue aani?aaiui iauaeoii a ?oeao
neaaeiaaoaey e ia anaaaea ciae, a /ai eiaiii aai iaaeiytho. Aeaenoaiaaea oai?ey
oi?iaeueiuo aeieacaoaeuenoa. ?aoathuaa cia/aiea aeey inoaeaeaiey eiaei i?eciaiea
iiaenoaeeiui naiae aeiu.
I?iecaiaenoai neaaenoaey e noaeaaiia ?acae?aoaeuenoai auee iaaeaniua,
oaeiua, ienueiaiiua. ?icuneiie i?ioeann ciae o?e aeaea i?eaiai?ia:
iaaeieoaeueiue, ii?aaaeaoaeueiue, inoaaeaiea a iiaeic?aiee i?e iaaeinoaoi/iinoe
oeee aeey inoaeaeaiey (ia aeaenoaiaaei i?aaeei i oieeiaaiee niiiaiee a iieueco
iaaeiyaiiai). Ao?aeoacii-aeaiie?aoe/aneea i?aia?aciaaiey i?eaaee e noaiiaeaieth
iiaiai i?ioeanna (a ?innee ii Noaeaaiui onoaaai 1864 a.). Yoio i?ioeann
i?iieeioo ioaee/iui ia/aeii, oioy nio?aiyeenue iaeioi?ua yeaiaiou
/anoii-eneiaiai oa?aeoa?a (iai?eia?, aeaea oae iacuaaaiiai /anoiiai
iaaeiaiey). Aeaeaeouei ia/aeii i?ioeanna yaeyaony ainoaea?noaaiiia iaaeiaiea.
Ionthaea e iacaaiea yoiai oeia i?ioeanna iaaeieoaeueiue. Nicaeaaony iiaay
eiioeaioeey aeieacaoaeuenoa, aeaaiui yeaiaioii eioi?ie noaiiaeony ioeaiea
aeieacaoaeuenoa ii aioo?aiiaio oaaaeaeaieth. Noaeaaiia ?acae?aoaeuenoai
ninoycaoaeueiia, aeaniia e onoiia. Yoio i?ioeann eiaiotho e ninoycaoaeueiui,
iiae/a?eeaay cia/aiea yoiai i?eioeeia : aai noaeaaiiai ?anniio?aiey e aeey
?aoaiey aeaea. Aaiaeeony noae n i?enyaeiuie canaaeaoaeyie.
Ninoycaoaeueiue i?ioeann no?ieony ia/aeao i?ioeannoaeueiiai ?aaainoaa
noi?ii e ?acaeaeaiey ooieoeee iaaeaeo iaaeieoaeai, caueoie e noaeii. I?e yoii
iaaeieoaeue ianao “a?aiy aeieacuaaiey” aeiiaiinoe iaaeiyaiiai, a noae aunooiaao
eae a?aeo? iaaeaeo noi?iiaie. ?aoaiea noaea caaeneo io iiceoeee noi?ii (oae,
iai?eia?, i?eciaiea iaaeiyaiui aeiu eneeth/aao noaeaaiia neaaenoaea e noae
iinoaiiaeyao iaaeieoaeueiue i?eaiai?). Ioeac iaaeieoaey io iaaeiaiey
i?aae?aoaao ii?aaaeaiea iiaenoaeeiiai. Aeey ninoycaoaeueiiai i?ioeanna oa?aeoa?iu
?anniio?aiea aeaea noaeii i?enyaeiuo e ioeaiea aeieacaoaeuenoa ii aioo?aiiaio
oaaaeaeaieth noaeae.
Niaoaiiue i?ioeann iieo/ee naia iaeiaiiaaiea aeaaiaea?y naiaio
eiii?iienniiio oa?aeoa?o. N iaeiie noi?iiu, a iai au?aaeaiu aeaiie?aoe/aneea
i?eioeeiu noaeaaiiai ?acae?aoaeuenoaa (onoiinoue, aeaniinoue, ninoycaoaeueiinoue,
iaiin?aaenoaaiiinoue), a n ae?oaie – nio?aiythony ioaeaeueiua yeaiaiou enoi?e/anee
aieaa ?aiieo oi?i oaieiaiiai i?ioeanna, a /anoiinoe eieaeceoeeiiiiai, /oi
i?iyaeyaony a aeaea ?acee/iuo ia?aie/aiee i?ioeannoaeueiuo i?aa iaaeiyaiiai e
caueou ia i?aaeaa?eoaeueiii neaaenoaee, iaeiia?aiaiiia auiieiaiea neaaeiaaoaeai

ooieoeee ?anneaaeiaaiey e i?eiyoey ?aoaiey ii ?yaeo aii?inia e aeaeo a oeaeii.
Ninoycaoaeueiay oi?ia oaieiaiiai i?ioeanna a ianoiyuaa a?aiy iaeaieaa
y?ei au?aaeaia a no?aiao aiaeinaeniineie nenoaiu i?aaa (Aaeeeia?eoaiee, NOA,
Eaiaaea): ?icuneiie oei i?aaeaa?eoaeueiiai neaaenoaey e ninoycaoaeueiia noaeaaiia
?acae?aoaeuenoai oa?aeoa?ai aeey O?aioeee, Aa?iaiee.
Nia?aiaiiue oaieiaiue i?ioeann ?O, i?e anai aai naiaia?acee,
iaoneiaeaiiii a?aiaiai aai i?eiyoey e iiiai/eneaiiuie aeiiieiaieyie e
eni?aaeaieyie, aianaiiuie a iaai a iineaaeiea aiaeu, iiaeao oa?aeoa?eciaaoueny
eae i?ioeann niaoaiiue, iineieueeo a iai inoaeenue /a?ou, oa?aeoa?iua aeey
?icuneiiai (eieaeceoeeiiiiai) oeia i?ioeanna, iniaaiii ia aeinoaeaaiuo noaaeeyo,
a ninoycaoaeueiinoue a noaeaaiii ?acae?aoaeuenoaa ia iieo/eea aua iieiiai
au?aaeaiey. Iaeaieaa iineaaeiaaoaeueii ninoycaoaeueiay oi?ia noaeaaiiai
?acae?aoaeuenoaa au?aaeaia a ii?iao, ?aaoee?othueo ?acae?aoaeuenoaa aeaea noaeii
i?enyaeiuo.
Aeaaa 2. Oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai
§1.3aaea/e oaieiaii–i?ioeannoaeueiiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa
Oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai iai?aaeaii ia nicaeaiea
iaiaoiaeeiuo oneiaee e aa?aioee aeey ?aaeecaoeee oaieiaiiai caeiia iooai
onoaiiaeaiey ii?yaeea aicaoaeaeaiey oaieiaiiai aeaea, inouanoaeaiey oaieiaiiai
i?aneaaeiaaiey, ?anniio?aiey e ?ac?aoaiey aeaea noaeii, auianaiey caeiiiiai e
iainiiaaiiiai i?eaiai?a. Oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai aeieaeii
i?aaeoi?aaeaeaoue neo/ae iaiainiiaaiiiai i?eaea/aiey e oaieiaiie ioaaonoaaiiinoe
e inoaeaeaiey, ?aaaeeeoaoeee eaaeaeiai, eoi iaiainiiaaiii iiaeaa?any oaieiaiiio
i?aneaaeiaaieth e inoaeaeaieth.
Caeii aeieaeai iaania/eaaoue oaeie ii?yaeie noaeii?iecaiaenoaa, eioi?ue
caueuaao /aeiaaea e a?aaeaeaieia, iauanoai, ainoaea?noai io i?anooieaiee iooai
nicaeaiey oneiaee ?ane?uoey i?anooieaiey, inoaeaeaiey aeiiaiiai, aiciauaiey
oua?aa, iaianaiiiai i?anooieaieai, i?e no?iaii niaethaeaiee i?ioeannoaeueiuo
ii?i, io?aiythueo i?aaa e caeiiiua eioa?anu, /anoue e aeinoieinoai anao
o/anoieeia noaeii?iecaiaenoaa e eiuo eeoe.

2. Caeii – aaeeinoaaiiue enoi/iee oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiiai i?aaa

A oai?ee e i?aeoeea iiiyoea “oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiue caeii”
eniieuecoaony iaiaeiicia/ii. Iiae iei /anoi iiae?acoiaaatho eae oi?io i?aaiauo
aeoia, a eioi?uo niaea?aeaony ii?iu, ?aaoee?othuea iauanoaaiiua ioiioaiey a
noa?a oaieiaiiai noaeii?iecaiaenoaa, oae e naie yoe ii?iu, niaea?aeaiea e
nenoaia eioi?uo ia?acoao oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiia i?aai. I?e oaeii iiaeoiaea
iiiyoeai “oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiue caeii” iaicia/aaony oi?ia e niaea?aeaiea
oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiiai i?aaa, acyoua a i?aaie/aneii aaeeinoaa. Oae,
iai?eia?, aiai?yo: oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiue caeii onoaiaaeeaaao i?aaa
o/anoieeia i?ioeanna, iieiiii/ey neaaeiaaoaey, oneiaey noaeaaiiai
?acae?aoaeuenoaa.
Ia?aaeei iiiyoea “oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiue caeii” i?eiaiyaony a aieaa
oceii, no?iai-niaoeeaeueiii cia/aiee, i?aaeiacia/aiiii aeey iaicia/aiey oieueei
iaiin?aaenoaaiii naieo ii?iaoeaii-i?aaiauo aeoia. A yoii niunea caeii eae aeo
aunoae th?eaee/aneie neeu, i?eiyoue caeiiiaeaoaeueiui i?aaiii AO, yaeyaony
aaeeinoaaiiui enoi/ieeii oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiiai i?aaa. Yoi icia/aao, /oi
oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiua ii?iu iiaoo niaea?aeaoueny oieueei a oaaea?aeueiuo
caeiiao, oi anoue a ii?iaoeaii-i?aaiauo aeoao, i?eieiaaiuo aunoei
caeiiiaeaoaeueiui i?aaiii i.”i” no. 71 Eiinoeoooeee ?O. Ii?iu oaieiaiiai
noaeii?iecaiaenoaa iiaoo niaea?aeaoueny a iaeioi?uo ae?oaeo enoi/ieeao, iai?eia? a
iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo aeiaiai?ao, caeeth/aiiuo ?O n ae?oaeie no?aiaie (no. 32 OIE
?NON?), ii?iao iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai i?aaa.
I?eciaiea oiai, /oi ii?iu oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiiai i?aaa iiaoo
niaea?aeaoueny oieueei a caeiia, iaoneiaeaii oai, /oi a noa?a oaieiaiiai
noaeii?iecaiaenoaa iiaoo auoue ia?aie/aiu eee oae eee eia/a cao?iioou
aeaenoaeyie e ?aoaieyie ainoaea?noaaiiuo i?aaiia e aeieaeiinoiuo eeoe
eiinoeoooeeiiiua i?aaa e naiaiaeu /aeiaaea e a?aaeaeaieia. I/aaeaeii, /oi
iniiaaiey e i?aaeaeu aiciiaeiiai ia?aie/aiey eee eeoaiey yoeo i?aa iiaoo
?aaoee?iaaoueny oieueei caeiiii, a ia aaaeiinoaaiiui eee eiui aeoii i?aaiia
oi?aaeaiey. “I?eciaiea, niaethaeaiea e caueoa i?aa e naiaiae /aeiaaea e
a?aaeaeaieia”, – iaycaiiinoue ainoaea?noaa, – neacaii a no. 2 Eiinoeoooeee ?O.
Yoo iaycaiiinoue ainoaea?noai ?aaeecoao iooai caeiiiaeaoaeueiie aeayoaeueiinoe.
I?eioeeiu i?aaiecaoeee e aeayoaeueiinoe noaeaaiie aeanoe e i?ieo?aoo?u
ii?aaeaeaiu a Eiinoeoooeee ?O, a eo eiie?aoecaoeey i?eiaieoaeueii e oaieiaiiio
noaeii?iecaiaenoao iiaeao eiaoue ianoi oieueei a caeiia.
Eiinoeoooeey ?O eiaao aunooth th?eaee/aneoth neeo, i?yiia aeaenoaea e
i?eiaiyaony ia anae oa??eoi?ee ?O (no. 15 Eiinoeoooeee), iiyoiio e a
oaieiaiii i?ioeanna, eiinoeoooeeiiiua ii?iu iiaoo i?eiaiyoueny iaiin?aaenoaaiii
eae ii?iaoeaiue aeo aunoae th?eaee/aneie neeu. Oae, iai?eia?, ii?ia
Eiinoeoooeee ?O, i?aaeinoaaeaoay naeaeaoaeueneee eiioieoao aeeceei ?iaenoaaiieeai
iaaeiyaiiai, i?eiaiyaony iaiin?aaenoaaiii, oae eae a OIE aua ia aianaiu
niioaaonoaothuea eciaiaiey. Eiinoeoooeeiiiua ii?iu iiaoo i?eiaiyoueny niaianoii
n i?ioeannoaeueiuie ii?iaie, eioi?ua iiaoo e oaenooaeueii niaiaaeaoue n
eiinoeoooeeiiiuie ii?iaie, /oi iiae/a?eeaaao iniaoth cia/eiinoue oaeiai ?iaea
ii?i i?ioeannoaeueiiai caeiia, iaaeiionoeiinoue ionooieaiey io eo i?aaeienaiey.
Eiinoeoooeey ioianea e aaaeaieth ?O noaeiono?ienoai, i?ieo?aoo?o, oaieiaiia
e oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai (i. “i” no. 71 Eiinoeoooeee),
neaaeiaaoaeueii, OIE yaeyaony enoi/ieeii oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiiai i?aaa ia
anae oa??eoi?ee ?O. Caeiiu ?O, onoaiaaeeaathuea i?aaeea i?iecaiaenoaa ii
oaieiaiui aeaeai, aeieaeiu iinea eo i?eiyoey aeeth/aoueny a OIE iooai eciaiaiey,
Aeiiieiaiey aai ii?i eee a aeaea naiinoiyoaeueiuo aeaa, ?acaeaeia OIE.
A ?yaea caeiiiaeaoaeueiuo aeoia, eiathueo naiae oeaeueth ?aaoee?iaaiea,
i?aaiecaoeeth e aeayoaeueiinoue noaea, a oaeaea iaeioi?uo i?aaiia eniieieoaeueiie
aeanoe niaea?aeaony ii?iu eee iieiaeaiey, eioi?ua aeieaeiu o/eouaaoueny a
oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiii caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa eee i?eiaiyoueny aianoa n iei. Yoi
caeiiu “I noaoona noaeae a ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee”, “I ieeeoeee a ?O”2, “I
i?ieo?aoo?a ?O”, “Ia iia?aoeaii-?icuneiie aeayoaeueiinoe a ?O” e ae?. Eiathony
ioaeaeueiua ii?iaoeaiua iieiaeaiey, i?yii ioiinyueany e ?aaoee?iaaieth
oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiuo ioiioaiee a “Iieiaeaiee ia aaeaieaoo?a ?NON?” Ii?iu
yoeo e eiuo caeiiiaeaoaeueiuo aeoia a noa?a oaieiaiiai noaeii?iecaiaenoaa iiaoo
aeaenoaiaaoue oieueei i?e oneiaee eo niioaaonoaey ii?iai OIE, /oi auoaeaao ec
io?aneaaiai i?eioeeia i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey.
Iauai?eciaiiua i?eioeeiu e ii?iu, iaaeaeoia?iaeiua aeiaiai?u ?O yaeythony
ninoaaiie /anoueth aa i?aaiaie nenoaiu, a, neaaeiaaoaeueii, iaiin?aaenoaaiii
ii?iaeaeatho i?aaa /aeiaaea a oaieiaiii i?ioeanna.
Anee iaaeaeoia?iaeiui aeiaiai?ii ?O onoaiiaeaiu eiua i?aaeea, /ai
i?aaeoniio?aiiua caeiiii ?O, oi i?eiaiythony i?aaeea iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai aeiaiai?a.
Iaaeaeoia?iaeiua iaeou, aeiaiai?u ?O yaeythony, a naith i/a?aaeue, aaaeiui enoi/ieeii
aeey niaa?oainoaiaaiey oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiuo caeiiia ?O.
Ca iineaaeiea aiaeu iiiaea eciaiaiey e aeiiieiaiey, aianaiiua a
oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiua caeiiu ?O, auee ?acoeueoaoii i?eciaiey iaoei
ainoaea?noaii aaaeiinoe yoeo iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo ii?i aeey caueou i?aa e naiaiae
/aeiaaea. Iaaeaeoia?iaeiua iaeou e aeiaiai?u ieacaee ii?aaeaeaiiia aeeyiea e ia
eiinoeoooeeiiiia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai ?O e niaoeeaeueiua caeiiu ?O ia oaieiaiii
i?ioeanna. Aeinoaoi/ii oeacaoue no. 10 Anaiauae aeaeea?aoeee i?aa /aeiaaea 1948
a., eioi?ay aeaneo: “Eaaeaeue /aeiaae aeey onoaiiaeaiey iainiiaaiiinoe
i?aaeuyaeaiiiai aio oaieiaiiai iaaeiaiey eiaao i?aai, ia iniiaa iieiiai
?aaainoaa, ia oi, /oiau aai aeaei auei ?anniio?aii aeanii e n niaethaeaieai
anao o?aaiaaiee ni?aaaaeeeainoe iacaaeneiui e aani?eno?anoiui noaeii”.
A no. 11 Aeaeea?aoeee caienaii: “Eaaeaeue /aeiaae, iaaeiyaiue a niaa?oaiee
i?anooieaiey, eiaao i?aai n/eoaoueny iaaeiiaiui aei oao ii?, iiea aai
aeiiaiinoue ia aoaeao onoaiiaeaia caeiiiui ii?yaeeii iooai aeaniiai noaeaaiiai
?acae?aoaeuenoaa, i?e eioi?ii aio iaania/eaathony ana aiciiaeiinoe aeey caueou.
A iaeanoe i?aa /aeiaaea neiaeeeanue e aeaenoaoao oeaeinoiay nenoaia eae
iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo aeieoiaioia, oae e niioaaonoaothueo iaoaieciia eiio?iey ca eo
eniieiaieai. Oeaaeai aaaeiaeoea ec ieo. Yoi Anaiauay aeaeea?aoeey i?aa /aeiaaea,
i?eiyoay Aaia?aeueiie Annaiaeaae III 10 aeaeaa?y 1948 a.: Iaaeaeoia?iaeiue iaeo i
a?aaeaeaineeo e iieeoe/aneeo i?aaao 1966 a.: Aa?iiaeneay eiiaaioeey 1950 a. I
caueoa i?aa /aeiaaea e iniiaiuo naiaiae.
A cayaeaiee Ainoaea?noaaiiie Aeoiu io 24 ethiy 1994 a. i niaethaeaiee
?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeeae noaiaea?oia a iaeanoe i?aa /aeiaaea neacaii, /oi
Ainoaea?noaaiiay Aeoia cayaeyao i naiai iaia?aiee e aeaeaa niaa?oainoaiaaoue
?inneeneia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai a iaeanoe i?aa /aeiaaea a aeooa Anaiauae
aeaeea?aoeee i?aa /aeiaaea, a oaeaea Aa?iiaeneie eiiaaioeee I caueoa i?aa
/aeiaaea e iniiaiuo naiaiae e Aa?iiaeneie eiiaaioeee ii i?aaeoi?aaeaeaieth iuoie e
aan/aeiaa/iiai eee oieaeathuaai aeinoieinoai ia?auaiey eee iaeacaiey.
A niioaaonoaee n iiaeienaieai iaoae no?aiie Iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo aeieoiaioia a
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa ?O aeieaeiu iaeoe naia au?aaeaiea Iaycaoaeueiua ieieiaeueiua
o?aaiaaiey e noaeaaiie i?ioeaaeo?a ii oaieiaiui aeaeai, eioi?ua cae?aieaiu a
iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo aeieoiaioao a iaeanoe i?aa /aeiaaea. A eiaiii: i?aai n/eoaoueny
iaaeiiaiui (i?acoiioeey iaaeiiaiinoe): i?aai iaaeiyaiiai auoue a n?i/iii
ii?yaeea oaaaeiieaiiui ia ycuea, eioi?ue ii iiieiaao, i oa?aeoa?a e iniiaaieyo
i?aaeuyaeaiiiai aio iaaeiaiey: i?aai iieueciaaoueny aanieaoiie iiiiuueth
ia?aaiae/eea, anee ii ia iiieiaao ycuea, eniieuecoaiiai a noaea, eee ia aiai?eo
ia yoii ycuea: i?aai iaaeiyaiiai eiaoue aeinoaoi/iia a?aiy e aiciiaeiinoue aeey
iiaeaioiaee naiae caueou e niineoueny n aua?aiiui ei naiei caueoieeii: i?aai
iaaeiyaiiai auoue noaeeiui aac iaii?aaaeaiiie caaea?aeee: i?aai iaaeiyaiiai auoue
noaeeiui a aai i?enoonoaee e o/anoaiaaoue a noaeaaiii ?acae?aoaeuenoaa ia iniiaa
iieiiai ?aaainoaa ni noi?iiie iaaeiaiey: i?aai ia auoue i?eioaeaeaaiui e aea/a
iieacaiee i?ioea naiiai naay eee e i?eciaieth naay aeiiaiui
3. Iauay oa?aeoa?enoeea OIE ?NON?

Eiaeeoeoee?iaaiiui enoi/ieeii oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiiai i?aaa a ianoiyuaa
a?aiy yaeyaony OIE ?NON?, i?eiyoue 27 ieoya?y 1960 a. a niioaaonoaee n
Iniiaaie oaieiaiiai noaeii?iecaiaenoaa Nithca NN? e nithciuo ?anioaeee 1958 a.
Yoio eiaeaen ?ac?aaaouaaeny n oeaeueth ono?aiaiey iaeaieaa iaeeiciuo /a?o
oaieiaiiai i?ioeanna noaeeineiai ia?eiaea e iaeioi?ie eeaa?aeecaoeee oaieiaiiai
i?ioeanna. Iaeiaei i?eiyoea OIE a oneiaeyo oioaeeoa?iiai ?aaeeia iaoneiaeea
iieiaei/aoinoue e iaiineaaeiaaoaeueiinoue noaeaaiie ?aoi?iu 50-60-o aiaeia.
Ioaeaeueiua eciaiaiey, aianaiiua oiaaea a OIE, a eiaiii ii?aaeaeaiea i?aa
iioa?iaaoaai, a?aaeaeaineiai enooea, a?aaeaeaineiai ioaao/eea, aieaa oi/iay
?aaeaiaioaoeey aeieacaoaeuenoa e aeieacuaaiey, ?anoe?aiea i?aa iaaeiyaiiai i?e
i?iecaiaenoaa a ioaeaeueiuo noaaeeyo i?ioeanna e ae?., ia iaiyee a oeaeii
ii?aaeaeythueo iiaeoiaeia e eiioeaioeee OIE. Eiaeaen 1960 a. aue iino?iai ia
i?aaeiae eaeaieiae/aneie iniiaa – eiioeaioeee aaeeinoaa ainoaea?noaaiiie aeanoe e
i?aaenoaaeythueo aa a i?ioeanna i?aaiia, i?eciaiee i?ei?eoaoa ainoaea?noaaiiuo
eioa?ania ia?aae eioa?anaie ee/iinoe, iaaeiaiey ia?aae caueoie e o. ae. OIE
1960 a. aeaaae iniiaaiea oa?aeoa?eciaaoue onoaiiaeaiiue ei ii?yaeie
i?iecaiaenoaa eae ?icuneiie i?ioeann.
Ia?aiaiu a ainoaea?noaaiiii, iauanoaaiiii no?ia e iieeoeea, i?eciaiea
i?ei?eoaoa i?aa /aeiaaea e a?aaeaeaieia iiaeaeee ca niaie iiiai/eneaiiua
eciaiaiey e aeiiieiaiey, aianaiiua a OIE 1960 a. a 1989-1993 aa. Yoe
eciaiaiey e aeiiieiaiey a OIE auee i?iaeeeoiaaiu oaie eciaiaieyie e
aeiiieiaieyie, eioi?ua aiineeenue a yoe aiaeu a Eiinoeoooeeth ?NON? e oaie iiauie
caeiiiaeaoaeueiuie aeoaie, eioi?ua i?eieiaeenue a yoe aiaeu Aa?oiaiui Niaaoii
NNN?. Yoe iiaaeeu i?eaaee e ?anoe?aieth i?aaa iiaeic?aaaaiiai, iaaeiyaiiai ia
caueoo oaea a aeinoaeaaiuo noaaeeyo, onoaiiaeaieth noaeaaiiai eiio?iey ca
caeiiiinoueth e iainiiaaiiinoueth eca?aiey a ea/anoaa ia?u i?ana/aiey niaea?aeaiea
iiae no?aaeae, i?aaeoniio?aee aaeeiiee/iia ?anniio?aiea aeaea noaeueae, i?aai
iaaeiyaiiai ia noae i?enyaeiuo, anee aeaei iiaenoaeii iaeanoiiio, e?aaaiio noaeo e
onoaiiaeai ii?yaeie i?iecaiaenoaa a noaea i?enyaeiuo e ae?.
A 90-a aiaeu a Iniiau oaieiaiiai noaeii?iecaiaenoaa Nithca NN? e nithciuo
?anioaeee 1958 a. auee aianaiu eciaiaiey e aeiiieiaiey, a /anoiinoe, a no. 12
“Aeaniinoue i?iecaiaenoaa”, no. 29 “Aeiciaiea”, no. 27 “Iaycaiiinoue i?aaiia
aeiciaiey, neaaeiaaoaey, i?ieo?i?a e noaea i?eiyoue ia?u ii iaania/aieth
aaciianiinoe o/anoieeia i?ioeanna e eiuo eeoe”, no. 35 “I?ineooeaaiea
oaeaoiiiuo e eiuo ia?aaiai?ia””, eioi?ua ia iiaeaeee ca niaie eciaiaiey e
aeiiieiaiey OIE, ii a neeo niaeaoaiey i nicaeaiee Niae?oaeanoaa iacaaeneiuo
ainoaea?noa io 8 aeaeaa?y 1991 a. yoe ii?iu, anee iie ia i?ioeai?a/ao
Eiinoeoooeee ?O e ?anioaeeeaineiio caeiiiaeaoaeuenoao, i?iaeieaeatho aeaenoaiaaoue
ia oa??eoi?ee ?O.
I?eiyoea Eiinoeoooeee ?O 1993 a. n iiaie neeie iaia?oaeeaaao i?ioeai?a/ey
iaaeaeo aa eaeaieiaeae e cae?aieaiiuie a iae i?eioeeiaie e OIE ?NON? Iiyoiio a
ianoiyuaa a?aiy eaeao ?aaioa ii iiaeaioiaea iiaiai OIE ?O, a aai ?anniio?aiea
e i?eiyoea aianaii a ieai caeiiiaeaoaeueiie aeayoaeueiinoe Ainoaea?noaaiiie Aeoiu.
Aeaenoaothuee OIE ?NON? ninoieo ec aeanyoe ?acaeaeia, 466 noaoae. A ia?aii
?acaeaea “Iauea iieiaeaiey” eceiaeaiu ii?iu, aeaenoaothuea ia anao noaaeeyo
i?ioeanna. Yoi ii?iu, a eioi?uo au?aaeaiu caaea/e, i?eioeeiu i?ioeanna, oeacaiu
iniiaiua i?aaa o/anoieeia i?ioeanna, i?aaeea i aeieacaoaeuenoaao e aeieacuaaiee,
ii?aaeaeaiu iniiaaiey eca?aiey ia? i?ana/aiey e auai?a eiie?aoiiai aeaea yoeo
ia?.
A iineaaeothueo iyoe ?acaeaeao OIE iineaaeiaaoaeueii ?aaeaiaioe?oaony
ii?yaeie i?iecaiaenoaa a eaaeaeie ec noaaeee i?ioeanna.
A naaeueiii-aeaayoii ?acaeaeao niaea?aeaony ii?iu, ?aaoee?othuea i?iecaiaenoai
ii iaeioi?ui eaoaai?eyi aeae.
Iineaaeiee, aeanyoue ?acaeae ?aaeaiaioe?oao “I?iecaiaenoai a noaea
i?enyaeiuo”.
Onoaiiaeaiiue OIE ii?yaeie i?iecaiaenoaa yaeyaony iaycaoaeueiui ii anai
oaieiaiui aeaeai e aeey anao noaeia, i?aaiia i?aaeaa?eoaeueiiai neaaenoaey e
aeiciaiey (no. 1 OIE).
Aaaeiia cia/aiea i?e i?eiaiaiee caeiia eiatho ?acuyniaiey Aa?oiaiiai Noaea
?innee ii aii?inai noaeaaiie i?aeoeee. ?acuyniaiey Ieaioia Aa?oiaiiai Noaea ?O
niinianoaotho i?aaeeueiiio iiieiaieth caeiia noaeaie, ae?oaeie i?aaiaie e
aeieaeiinoiuie eeoeaie, i?eiaiythueie caeii, ii eioi?iio aeaii ?acuyniaiea,
iaeiaei iie ia iiaoo nicaeaaaoue iiauo ii?i i?aaa.
A neeo no. 16 Caeiia “I i?ieo?aoo?a” Aaia?aeueiue i?ieo?i? ?O ia iniiaa
e ai eniieiaiea caeiiia ecaeaao i?eeacu, oeacaiey, ?anii?yaeaiey, eino?oeoeee,
iaycaoaeueiua aeey eniieiaiey anaie ?aaioieeaie i?aaiia i?ieo?aoo?u.
?acuyniaiey Aa?oiaiiai Niaaoa, i?eeacu e oeacaiey Aaia?aeueiiai
i?ieo?i?a ia. iiaoo nicaeaaaoue iiauo oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiuo ii?i, iie
iai?aaeaiu ia iaania/aiea eo oi/iiai e iaoeeiiiiai eniieiaiey, ono?aiaiea
eiathueony a i?aaii?eiaieoaeueiie aeayoaeueiinoe iaaeinoaoeia.

4. Aeaenoaea oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiiai caeiia ai a?aiaie, a i?ino?ainoaa e ii eeoeai

I?e i?iecaiaenoaa ii oaieiaiui aeaeai i?eiaiyaony oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiue
caeii, aeaenoaothuee niioaaonoaaiii ai a?aiy aeiciaiey, i?aaeaa?eoaeueiiai
neaaenoaey eeai ?anniio?aiey aeaea noaeii (/. 2 no. 1 OIE).
Oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiue caeii, ioiaiythuee eee ia?aie/eaathuee i?yii eee
einaaiii i?aai o/anoieeia i?ioeanna, ia?aoiie neeu ia eiaao. Ii ia
?ani?ino?aiyaony ia i?iecaiaenoai, ia/aoia aei aai ecaeaiey.
Iacaaeneii io ianoa niaa?oaiey i?anooieaiey i?iecaiaenoai ii oaieiaiui
aeaeai ia oa??eoi?ee ?O ai anao neo/ayo aaaeaony a niioaaonoaee n OIE ?NON?
(/. 2 no. 1 OIE).
I?iecaiaenoai ii oaieiaiui aeaeai i i?anooieaieyo, niaa?oaiiuo aia
i?aaeaeia ?O a?aaeaeaiaie ?O, a oaeaea eeoeaie aac a?aaeaeainoaa e eiino?aioeaie
aaaeaony a niioaaonoaee n oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiui caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii ?O, anee
iaaeaeoia?iaeiuie aeiaiai?aie ia onoaiiaeaii eiia.
I?iecaiaenoai ii oaieiaiui aeaeai i i?anooieaieyo, niaa?oaiiuo ia
aicaeooiii, ii?neii eee ?a/iii noaeia (ei?aaea), iaoiaeyuainy aia i?aaeaeia ?O
iiae oeaaii eee n iiiciaaaoaeueiui ciaeii ?O, inouanoaeyaony a niioaaonoaee n
oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiui caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii ?O, e ii?oo eioi?ie i?eienaii
noaeii (ei?aaeue), anee eiia ia i?aaeoniio?aii iaaeaeoia?iaeiui aeiaiai?ii.
Eiie?aoiua oneiaey i?iecaiaenoaa neaaenoaaiiuo aeaenoaee a ioiioaiee eeoe,
iaeaaeathueo aeeieiiaoe/aneei eiioieoaoii e i?eaeeaaeyie, a oae aea a iiiauaieyo
e ia oa??eoi?eyo /anoiuo e neoaeaaiuo ?aceaeaioeee ?aaoee?othony iaaeaeoia?iaeiuie
aeiaiai?aie.
A ioiioaiee eeoe, iaeaaeathueo i?aaii aeeieiiaoe/aneie iai?eeiniiaaiiinoe,
i?ioeannoaeueiua aeaenoaey, i?aaeoniio?aiiua OIE, i?iecaiaeyony eeoue ii eo
i?inueaa eee n eo niaeaney. Niaeanea ia i?iecaiaenoai yoeo aeaenoaee
eni?aoeaaaony /a?ac Ieienoa?noai eiino?aiiuo aeae (/. 2 no. 33 OIE, no. 173
OIE).

5. Noaeaaiay ?aoi?ia e aa ?aaeecaoeey a oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiii caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa

Niaa?oainoaiaaiea oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa a noi?iio
aai aeaiie?aoecaoeee e niioaaonoaey iaaeaeoia?iaeii-i?aaiaui noaiaea?oai
au?aceeinue a eciaiaieyo e aeiiieiaieyo OIE ?O, aianaiiuo ca iineaaeiea aiaeu, a
oaeaea a caeiiiaeaoaeueiuo aeoao i noaoona noaeae, i i?ieo?aoo?a e ae?.
Yoe eciaiaiey e aeiiieiaiey inouanoaeythony a ?onea eaeae, caeiaeaiiuo a
eiioeaioeee noaeaaiie ?aoi?iu, ii aanue oaieiaiue i?ioeann iiea ia i?eaaaeai a
niioaaonoaea n eiioeaioeeae noaeaaiie ?aoi?iu e i?eioeeiaie, cae?aieaiiuie a
Eiinoeoooeee ?O 1993 a.
Noaeaaii-i?aaiaoth ?aoi?io eae iaeii ec iai?aaeaiee oi?ie?iaaiey i?aaiaiai
ainoaea?noaa iaeuecy iiieiaoue ocei, eae ioiinyuothny oieueei e iieiaeaieth e
aeayoaeueiinoe noaea eee e ioaeaeueiui /anoiui iii?aaeai e aeiiieiaieyi
aeaenoaothuaai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa. Yoi ei?aiiia i?aia?aciaaiea anae i?aaiecaoeee
ainoaea?noaaiiuo i?aaiia, aaaeoueo oaieiaiue i?ioeann, yoi nouanoaaiiua
eciaiaiey a i?eioeeiao e ii?yaeea noaeii?iecaiaenoaa, iieiaeaiee ee/iinoe a
oaieiaiii i?ioeanna.
Eiiaiaeii-aaeieieno?aoeaiay nenoaia aeeth/aea a naay e noae eae aaaeiue
yeaiaio eiiaiaeiie nenoaiu ?oeiaiaenoaa no?aiie, iiyoiio noae ia iia auoue
iaaeaaeiie aa?aioeae caueou i?aa /aeiaaea. Enoi?ey naeaeaoaeuenoaoao i oii, /oi
ca/anooth “noae aunooiae ioithaeue ia iiai?ieeii caeiiiinoe, a, iai?ioea, i?oaeeai
ainoaea?noaaiiiai i?iecaiea” .
Noaeaaii-i?aaiaay ?aoi?ia aeieaeia iaania/eoue ?aaeueiue iaoaieci
inouanoaeaiey eiinoeoooeeiiiuo i?eioeeiia i?aaiecaoeee e aeayoaeueiinoe noaea, aai
iiaeeeiioth iacaaeneiinoue e ?aaeecaoeeth aai aeanoiuo iieiiii/ee. Oieueei i?e
oaeeo oneiaeyo noae iiaeao aeaenoaeoaeueii ?aaeeciaaoue aeaiioth aeanoue a i?aaiaii
ainoaea?noaa, iaania/eaaoue caueoo caeiiiuo i?aa e eioa?ania a?aaeaeai. Noaeaaiay
?aoi?ia i?aaeiieaaaao i?aaiecaoeeth i?aaeaa?eoaeueiiai neaaenoaey, eioi?ay au
oe?aieea naiinoiyoaeueiinoue e ioaaonoaaiiinoue neaaeiaaoaey ca i?iaaaeaiiua
aeaenoaey e i?eiyoua ?aoaiey, i?eaiaeeea e i?aaeeueiiio niioiioaieth
iia?aoeaii-?icuneiie e neaaenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe, iaania/eaaea
iiaeic?aaaaiui, iaaeiyaiui, iioa?iaaoei e ae?oaei o/anoieeai i?ioeanna iaaeaaeiua
aa?aioee eo i?aa i?e i?iaaaeaiee i?aaeaa?eoaeueiiai ?anneaaeiaaiey. Iaiaoiaeeii
niaa?oainoaiaaiea ooieoeee e iieiiii/ee i?ieo?i?a a oaieiaiii i?ioeanna.
Ii aeaenoaothuaio caeiio i?ieo?i? ioaa/aao ca ea/anoai ?anneaaeiaaiey,
aaaeao iaaeci? ca iei, naieoeeiie?oao aaaeiaeoea ?aoaiey neaaeiaaoaey, iiaeao nai
i?iaiaeeoue neaaenoaaiiia aeaenoaea, ooaa?aeaeaao iaaeieoaeueiia caeeth/aiea, a
caoai iiaeaea?aeeaaao iaaeiaiea ia noaea. Yoi i?eaiaeeo e oiio, /oi i?ieo?i? a
?yaea neo/aaa ia ane?uaaao ia?ooaiey caeiia, aeiiouaiiua a oiaea ?anneaaeiaaiey,
ia i?aaeuyaeyao aeieaeiuo o?aaiaaiee e ea/anoao ?anneaaeiaaiey i?e ooaa?aeaeaiee
iaaeieoaeueiiai caeeth/aiey, a caoai caueuaao ooaa?aeaeaiiia ei eee iiae/eiaiiui
aio i?ieo?i?ii iaaeieoaeueiia caeeth/aiea i?e iiaeaea?aeaiee iaaeiaiey a noaea.
Auiieiyy ?acee/iua iaaeci?iua iieiiii/ey, i?ieo?i?u ia eiatho i?aeoe/aneie
aiciiaeiinoe o/anoaiaaoue a noaeaaiuo ?acae?aoaeuenoaao a ea/anoaa
ainoaea?noaaiiuo iaaeieoaeae (aieaa 50% aeae a noaeao ?anniao?eaaaony aac
ainoaea?noaaiiiai iaaeieoaey), /oi i?eaiaeeo e ia?aeiaeaieth iaaeieoaeueiie
ooieoeee ia noaeueth (iai?eia?, aeii?in aaaeao noaeuey, a ia noi?iia, aucaaaoay
naeaeaoaey a noae), /oi eeoaao noaeaaiue i?ioeann ninoycaoaeueiinoe.
A yoie nayce auaeaeioou e ianoaeaeathony i?aaeeiaeaiey i nicaeaiee
iacaaeneiiai io no?oeoo?u i?ieo?aoo?u eee IAAe neaaenoaaiiiai Eiieoaoa, i
?acaeaeaiee iieiiii/ee i?ieo?i?ia, inouanoaeythueo iaaeci? ca aeiciaieai e
neaaenoaeai e i?ieo?i?ia, iiaeaea?aeeaathueo iaaeiaiea a noaea”.
Eaeae ?aaeeeaeueiuo eciaiaiee oaieiaiiai i?ioeanna, aai i?eioeeiia, oi?i a
noi?iio aeaiie?aoecaoeee e aoiaiecaoeee au?aaeaiu a eiioeaioeee noaeaaiie ?aoi?iu a
?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee, ?ac?aaioaiiie a?oiiie yenia?oia e iaeia?aiiie Aa?oiaiui
Niaaoii ?NON?2. I?aaeeiaeaiey ii noaeaaiie ?aoi?ia auee ianoaeaeaiu e ia nuacaea
noaeae ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee.
A iinoaiiaeaiee Aa?oiaiiai Niaaoa ?NON? io 24 ieoya?y 1991 a. “I
eiioeaioeee noaeaaiie ?aoi?iu a ?NON?” neacaii: “1. N/eoaoue i?iaaaeaiea noaeaaiie
?aoi?iu iaiaoiaeeiui oneiaeai ooieoeeiie?iaaiey ?NON? eae aeaiie?aoe/aneiai
i?aaiaiai ainoaea?noaa e iaeiei ec i?ei?eoaoiuo iai?aaeaiee caeiiii?iaeoiie
aeayoaeueiinoe.
2. I?eciaoue aeaaiuie caaea/aie noaeaaiie ?aoi?iu a ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee:
iaania/aiea noaa?aiiiai i?aaa ?NON? inouanoaeyoue i?aainoaeea e oaieiaiia
i?aneaaeiaaiea ia naiae oa??eoi?ee a niioaaonoaee n nianoaaiiui iaoa?eaeueiui
e i?ioeannoaeueiui i?aaii: ooaa?aeaeaiea noaeaaiie aeanoe a ainoaea?noaaiiii
iaoaiecia eae naiinoiyoaeueiie aeeyoaeueiie neeu, iacaaeneiie a naiae
aeayoaeueiinoe io aeanoae caeiiiaeaoaeueiie e eniieieoaeueiie: caueoo e
iaoeeiiiia niaethaeaiea iniiaiuo i?aa e naiaiae /aeiaaea, eiinoeoooeeiiiuo i?aa
a?aaeaeai a noaeii?iecaiaenoaa: cae?aieaiea a ii?iao oaieiaiiai i?ioeanna, a
niioaaonoaothueo caeiiiaeaoaeueiuo aeoao aeaiie?aoe/aneeo i?eioeeiia i?aaiecaoeee
e aeayoaeueiinoe i?aaiio?aieoaeueiuo i?aaiia, iieiaeaiee, ioaa/athueo
?aeiiaiaeaoeeyi th?eaee/aneie iaoee: aeinoeaeaiea o?iaiy iaoa?eaeueii-oaoie/aneiai
iaania/aiey noaeia, i?aaiia thnoeoeee, i?ieo?aoo?u, aioo?aiieo aeae,
neaaenoaaiiuo iiae?acaeaeaiee, a oaeaea iaoa?eaeueiiai, auoiaiai e nioeeaeueiiai
iaania/aiey ?aaioieeia i?aaiio?aieoaeueiuo i?aaiia, niioaaonoaothuaai
aiceaaaaiie ia yoe i?aaiu e eo ?aaioieeia ioaaonoaaiiinoe: iaania/aiea
aeinoiaa?iinoe e iiauoaiea aeinooiiinoe eioi?iaoeee i aeayoaeueiinoe
i?aaiio?aieoaeueiuo i?aaiia, noaeaaii-i?aaiaie noaoenoeee.
3. ?anniao?eaaoue a ea/anoaa aaaeiaeoeo iai?aaeaiee noaeaaiie ?aoi?iu:
nicaeaiea oaaea?aeueiie noaeaaiie nenoaiu: i?eciaiea i?aaa eaaeaeiai eeoea ia
?acae?aoaeuenoai aai aeaea noaeii i?enyaeiuo a neo/ayo, onoaiiaeaiiuo caeiiii:
?anoe?aiea aiciiaeiinoae iaaeaeiaaiey a noaea iai?aaiia?iuo aeaenoaee
aeieaeiinoiuo eeoe, onoaiiaeaiea noaeaaiiai eiio?iey ca caeiiiinoueth i?eiaiaiey
ia? i?ana/aiey e ae?oaeo ia? i?ioeannoaeueiiai i?eioaeaeaiey: i?aaiecaoeeth
noaeii?iecaiaenoaa ia i?eioeeiao ninoycaoaeueiinoe, ?aaiii?aaey noi?ii,
i?acoiioeee iaaeiiaiinoe iiaenoaeeiiai: aeeooa?aioeeaoeeth oi?i noaeii?iecaiaenoaa:
niaa?oainoaiaaiea nenoaiu aa?aioee iacaaeneiinoe noaeae e iiae/eiaiey eo
oieueei caeiio, cae?aieaiea i?eioeeia eo ianiaiyaiinoe.
4. A iiaii caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa aeieaeiu auoue eneeth/aiu ana ?oaeeiaiou
iaaeieoaeueiie ?iee noaea, eiathueany a aeaenoaothuai OIE, a eiaiii: i?aai noaea
(noaeuee) aicaoaeaeaoue oaieiaiua aeaea: iaycaiiinoue noaea, a ia i?ieo?i?a –
iaaeieoaey iai?aaeyoue iiaenoaeeiiio eiieth iaaeieoaeueiiai caeeth/aiey:
iaycaiiinoue noaea ainiieiyoue i?iaaeu i?aaeaa?eoaeueiiai ?anneaaeiaaiey ca n/ao
naiinoiyoaeueiiai iienea aeieacaoaeuenoa: iaeaoaiea noaeii iaaeieoaeueiiai
caeeth/aiey: i?aai oaea aanoe ia?aui aeii?in iiaenoaeeiiai e ae?oaeo o/anoieeia
noaeaaiiai ?acae?aoaeuenoaa: iaycaiiinoue i?iaeieaeaoue i?ioeann i?e ioeaca
i?ieo?i?a io iaaeiaiey: iaycaiiinoue iai?aaeyoue oaieiaiua aeaea ia
aeineaaeiaaiea i?e iaiieiioa ?anneaaeiaaiey: i?aai i?aaenaaeaoaeae auoanoiyueo
noaeia i?eiineoue i?ioanou i?ioea eioa?ania inoaeaeaiiiai ii iioeaai
iaiainiiaaiiiai ii?aaaeaiey, i?eiaiaiey caeiia i iaiaa oyaeeii i?anooieaiee,
eceeoiae iyaeinoe iaeacaiey.
5. Oaieiaiue i?ioeann aeieaeai auoue iino?iai ia ia/aeao iiaeeeiiie
ninoycaoaeueiinoe. Oai naiui i?aaeiieaaaaony ia oieueei ?acaeaeaiea e
ia?niieoeeaoeey ooieoeee iaaeiaiey, caueou e ?ac?aoaiey aeaea, ia oieueei
?aaiii?aaea noi?ii iaaeiaiey e caueou, ii e i?aaeinoaaeaiea ei a
ninoycaoaeueiii i?ioeanna ?aaiuo aiciiaeiinoae ii aicaeaenoaeth ia ieii/aoaeueiia
?aoaiea noaea.
Oaeei ia?acii, a /enea eeth/aauo iieiaeaiee noaeaaiie ?aoi?iu ia?yaeo n
aaaaeaieai noaea i?enyaeiuo i?aaeeaaathony neaaeothuea: aeeooa?aioeeaoeey oi?i
oaieiaiiai noaeii?iecaiaenoaa: noaeaaiue eiio?ieue ca caeiiiinoueth e
iainiiaaiiinoueth i?iecaiaenoaa ia ?aiieo noaaeeyo i?ioeanna: anaia?iia ?acaeoea
i?eioeeia ninoycaoaeueiinoe ia aeinoaeaaiuo noaaeeyo i?ioeanna e a noaeaaiii
?acae?aoaeuenoaa: eeoaiea i?aainoaeey iaaeieoaeueiuo /a?o: ii?aaeaeaiea aeanoeeo
e?eoa?eaa aeiionoeiinoe aeieacaoaeuenoa e aaaaeaiea i?aeoeee i?aaee
naiaa?aiaiiiai eneeth/aiey iaaeiionoeiuo aeieacaoaeuenoa: ?anoe?aiea i?aa noi?ii
ii niae?aieth e i?eiauaieth aeieacaoaeuenoa.
Oneeaiea noaeaaiiai eiio?iey ca niaethaeaieai eiinoeoooeeiiiuo i?aa e
naiaiae a?aaeaeai ia i?aaeaa?eoaeueiii neaaenoaee ninoieo a oii, /oi oieueei ii
?aoaieth noaea aiciiaeiu a?ano, caeeth/aiea iiae no?aaeo, iaune, auaiea
ii/oiai-oaeaa?aoiie ei??aniiiaeaioeee, i?ineooeaaiea, oaeaoiiiua ?acaiai?ia. A
aeaeueiaeoai noae aeieaeai iieo/eoue i?aai ?anniao?eaaoue aeaeiau ia aeaenoaey
aeieaeiinoiuo eeoe, anee eo ?aoaiey i?aa?aaeaeatho iooue e i?aainoaeeth (iai?eia?,
?aoaiea i?ieo?i?a -ia ioeaca a aicaoaeaeaiee oaieiaiiai aeaea: i?ae?auaiea
i?iecaiaenoaa ii aeaeo iiaeao auoue i?e ii?aaeaeaiiuo a caeiia oneiaeyo
iaaeaeiaaii iioa?iaaoei e iaaeiyaiui a noaea).
Iniiaiia i?aia?aciaaiea noaeii?iecaiaenoaa a eiioeaioeee noaeaaiie ?aoi?iu
naycaii n aaaaeaieai noaea n o/anoeai i?enyaeiuo canaaeaoaeae. Noaeaaiia
?acae?aoaeuenoai n o/anoeai i?enyaeiuo canaaeaoaeae nouanoaaiii ioee/aaony io
iaueo oneiaee noaeaaiiai ?acae?aoaeuenoaa e ii?yaeea noaeaaiiai ?acae?aoaeuenoaa,
onoaiiaeaiiiai ?aiaa a OIE (ae. 1X OIE).
I/aaeaeii, /oi iiaua ii?iu ?acaeaea O OIE – “I?iecaiaenoai a noaea
i?enyaeiuo”, aaea iineaaeiaaoaeueii i?iaaaeaii ia/aei ninoycaoaeueiinoe, ii-iiaiio
au?aaeaiu i?aaa i?aaenaaeaoaeuenoaothuaai noaeuee, ii?yaeie eneeth/aiey iaaeiionoeiuo
aeieacaoaeuenoa e ae?. e eciaiaii niaea?aeaiea eannaoeeiiiiai i?iecaiaenoaa, aeieaeiu
ieacaoue aeeyiea ia ?aaeaiaioaoeeth ii?yaeea noaeaaiiai ?acae?aoaeuenoaa a ethaii
ninoaaa noaea e ia ae?oaea einoeooou oaieiaiiai i?ioeanna.
Aeaaa III. Oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiia i?aai
§1. Iiiyoea e cia/aiea oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiiai i?aaa
Oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiia i?aai — yoi nioeeaeueii-iaoneiaeaiiay nenoaia
au?aaeaiiuo a caeiia i?aaee (ii?i), ?aaoee?othuay aeayoaeueiinoue ii
?anneaaeiaaieth, ?anniio?aieth e ?ac?aoaieth oaieiaiuo aeae n oeaeueth aeinoeaeaiey
caaea/ oaieiaiiai i?ioeanna. O. a. i?aaee iaaeeaaeauae i?aaiaie i?ioeaaeo?u, a
eioi?ie iiaoo auoue ?aaeeciaaiu caaea/e oaieiaiiai noaeii?iecaiaenoaa.
Oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiia i?aai a aai ii?iaoeaiii iiieiaiee i?aaenoaaeyao
niaie niaieoiiinoue ii?i, onoaiiaeaiiuo eee naieoeeiie?iaaiiuo ainoaea?noaii,
au?aaeaiiuo a caeiia.
Oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiia i?aai au?aaeaao caaea/e e i?eioeeiu oaieiaiiai
i?ioeanna, i?aaa e aa?aioee eo ?aaeecaoeee aeey ana noauaeoia
oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiie aeayoaeueiinoe, onoaiaaeeaaao nenoaio noaaeee
oaieiaiiai noaeii?iecaiaenoaa, ii?yaeie i?iecaiaenoaa a eaaeaeie ec ieo e eaaeaeiai
i?ioeannoaeueiiai aeaenoaey: iniiaaiey e ii?yaeie i?eiyoey ?aoaiee ii aeaeo.
Nioeeaeueiay cia/eiinoue e oeaiiinoue oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiiai i?aaa
ii?aaeaeyaony oai, /oi iii iaania/eaaao i?eiaiaiea oaieiaii-i?aaiauo ii?i,
ia?aaeaeathueo ee/iinoue, iauanoai, ainoaea?noai io i?anooiiuo iinyaaoaeuenoa
iooai ?aaeaiaioaoeee aeayoaeueiinoe i?aaiia aeiciaiey, neaaenoaey, i?ieo?aoo?u,
noaea: cae?aieyao eo iieiiii/ey e ooieoeee a oaieiaiii i?ioeanna i?e
?anneaaeiaaiee, ?anniio?aiee e ?ac?aoaiee oaieiaiuo aeae: onoaiaaeeaaao
iniiaaiey, oneiaey e aeaeu i?eiaiaiey ia? i?eioaeaeaiey: niaea?aeeo aa?aioee i?aa
ee/iinoe, a /anoiinoe, iaania/eaaao iaaeiyaiiio eiinoeoooeeiiiia i?aai ia
caueoo, iai?eeiniiaaiiinoue ee/iinoe, aeeeeua, oaeio ia?aienee, oaeaa?aoiuo e
oaeaoiiiuo ia?aaiai?ia, i?aai ia ni?aaaaeeeaia i?aainoaeea e ae?oaea i?aaa:
ii?aaeaeyao ii?yaeie noaeaaiie caueou a?aaeaeai io iinyaaoaeuenoa ia eo aeeciue e
caei?iauea, eiouanoai e ee/ioth naiaiaeo, ia /anoue e aeinoieinoai: caueuaao i?aaa
a?aaeaeai, eioi?ui i?e/eiai ii?aeueiue, oece/aneee eee eiouanoaaiiue a?aae:
nicaeaao ii?yaeie e oneiaey aeayoaeueiinoe, ia?aaeaeathuea iaaeiiaiiai io
i?eaea/aiey e ioaaonoaaiiinoe e iaeacaiey, a a neo/aa iacaeiiiiai
i?eaea/aiey e ioaaonoaaiiinoe aa?aioe?oao ioiaio ninoiyaoaainy ?aoaiey e
?aaaeeeoaoeeth eeoea, iainiiaaoaeueii i?eaea/aiiiai e ioaaonoaaiiinoe, ieacaiea
ainieoaoaeueiiai aicaeaenoaey ia a?aaeaeai: niaea?aeeo i?aaiainnoaiiaeoaeueiua e
ea?aoaeueiua naieoeee, iaania/eaathuea niaethaeaiea i?aaiauo i?aaeienaiee.

§2.Oaieiaai-i?ioeannoaeueiua i?aaiaua ii?iu, eo aeaeu e no?oeoo?a
1.?aaoee?iaaiea oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiie aeayoaeueiinoe inouanoaeyaony
iin?aaenoaii ii?i i?aaa. Ii?ia oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiiai i?aaa – yoi
caienaiiia a caeiia iaycaoaeueiia i?aaeei, niaea?aeauaa oeacaiea ia oneiaey aai
eniieiaiey, noauaeoia ?aaoee?oaiuo ioiioaiee, eo i?aaa e iaycaiiinoe,
naieoeee ca iaeniieiaiea iaycaiiinoue eee ca ia?ooaiea cai?aoa.
?acee/iua i?aaiaua ii?iu auiieiytho ?acee/iua ooieoeee a i?ioeanna
i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey. Iaeie ii?iu iinyo iauee aeey anae aeayoaeueiinoe
oa?aeoa?, ii?aaeaeyy caaea/e, i?eioeeiu, i?aaiaia iieiaeaiea noauaeoia
oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiuo ioiioaiee, ae?oaea – oneiaey i?iecaiaenoaa a
ii?aaeaeaiiie noaaeee, o?aouee – ?aaoee?otho oneiaey e ii?yaeie eiie?aoiiai
neaaenoaaiiiai eee noaeaaiiai aeaenoaey e o. ae. Oae, iai?eia?, caaea/e
oaieiaiiai noaeii?iecaiaenoaa ii?aaeaeaiu a no. 2 OIE.
Iaycaiiinoe i?aaiia, aaaeoueo noaeii?iecaiaenoai, oeacaiu, iai?eia?, a no.
3, 58, 58, 143, 226 e ae?. OIE.
I?aaa o/anoieeia i?ioeanna au?aaeaiu a /. 3 no. 46, /. 2 no. 51 OIE e ae?.
Iaycaiiinoe o/anoieeia i?ioeanna niaea?aeaony a no. 19, 143, 226, 314 e
ae?. Aeaaa 10 niaea?aeeo ii?iu, ii?aaeaeythuea “iauea oneiaey i?iecaiaenoaa
i?aaeaa?eoaeueiiai neaaenoaey”, Aeaaa 21 -“iauea oneiaey noaeaaiiai
?acae?aoaeuenoaa”.
Ii?iu i?aaa niaea?aeao cai?aou. Cai?ao au?aaeai, iai?eia?, a ii?ia: “Ieeoi
ia iiaeao auoue i?eaea/ai a ea/anoaa iaaeiyaiiai eia/a eae ia iniiaaiee e a
ii?yaeea, i?aaeoniio?aiiii caeiiii” (no. 4 OIE) eee “Cai?auaaony aeiiiaaoueny
iieacaiee iooai ianeeey e oa?ic e eiuo iacaeiiiuo ia?” (/.3 no. 20 OIE).
A oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiii caeiia i?aiaeaaeatho ii?iu, niaea?aeauea
?ac?aoaiea ia niaa?oaiea aeaenoaee e oai naiui cai?auathuea aeaenoaey e
ioiioaiey, ia ?ac?aoaiiua caeiiii. A oaieiaiii i?ioeanna aeiionoeiu oieueei oa
aeaenoaey e ?aoaiey, eioi?ua ?ac?aoaiu a caeiia.
Oaeie iaoiae i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey iacuaaaony ?ac?aoeoaeueiui. Ii
oa?aeoa?ai aeey oaieiaiiai i?ioeanna iioiio, /oi a yoie iaeanoe aeayoaeueiinoe
eiatho ianoi, eae oeacaii auoa, aeanoiua ioiioaiey, cao?aaeaathuea i?aaa e
eioa?anu ee/iinoe, iiyoiio a ii?iao i?ioeannoaeueiiai i?aaa aeieaeiu auoue /aoei
ii?aaeaeaiu ?ac?aoaiey e cai?ao. Aeanoaioiioaiey anaaaea ?aaoee?othony iooai
oeacaiey a ii?ia ia oi, /oi aeieaeiinoiiio eeoeo oio eee eiie ia?ac aeaenoaee
?ac?aoai caeiiii, a iiyoiio aoi?ie noauaeo ioiioaiee iaycai iiae/eieoueny aai
o?aaiaaieth. Eiaiii a niunea ?ac?aoaiey a ii?iao OIE oiio?aaeyaony oa?iei
“ai?aaa”, eiaaea ?a/ue eaeao, iai?eia?, i caaea?aeaiee (no. 122 OIE), i?eiaiaiee
ia? i?ana/aiey (no. 33 OIE), inaeaeaoaeuenoaiaaiee (no. 181 OIE) e ae?., /oi ia
icia/aao iaycaiiinoue a eaaeaeii neo/aa eniieueciaaoue i?aaeinoaaeaiiia i?aai.
A neeo iniaaiiinoae i?aaeiaoa i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey aieueoeinoai
oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiuo ii?i ioiinyony e iaycuaathuei, eiia?aoeaiui,
i?aaeienuaathuei niaa?oaiea ii?aaeaeaiiuo aeaenoaee (iai?eia?, no. 3, 21, 145,
/. 2 no. 345 OIE).
N?aaee ii?i, aae?aniaaiiuo ainoaea?noaaiiui i?aaiai e aeieaeiinoiui eeoeai,
aaaeouei oaieiaiue i?ioeann, anoue e oaeea, eioi?ua i?aaeinoaaeytho ei auai? oiai
eee eiiai niiniaa aeaenoaey a caaeneiinoe io ?yaea eiie?aoiuo oneiaee aeaiiiai
aeaea (iai?eia?, no. 89, 91 OIE).
I?aaeinoaaeythuea ii?aaeaeaiiua i?aaa ii?iu ioiinyony a naiai aieueoeinoaa
e o/anoieeai i?ioeanna, io aiee eioi?uo caaeneo, ainiieueciaaoueny eee ia
ainiieueciaaoueny i?aaeinoaaeaiiui i?aaii (iai?eia?, /. 3 no. 46 OIE).
Ia?aiia/aeueiui caaiii a ?aaeecaoeee i?ioeannoaeueii-i?aaiauo ii?i yaeyaony
niia?aciaaiea n eo i?aaeienaieyie nianoaaiiiai iiaaaeaiey oaie eeoeaie, eioi?ui
ii?iu iaiin?aaenoaaiii aae?aniaaiu.
A caaeneiinoe io aeaea i?ioeannoaeueiuo ii?i yoi au?aaeaaony eeai a
niaethaeaiee cai?aoia e ia?aie/aiee, eeai a eniieiaiee iaycaiiinoe, eeai a
eniieueciaaiee noauaeoeaiiai i?aaa, eeai a oi?ia inouanoaeaiey iieiiii/ee e
o. ae.
Yoe oi?iu ?aaeecaoeee ii?i naienoaaiiu eae i?aaiai, aaaeouei oaieiaiia
noaeii?iecaiaenoai, oae e anai o/anoaothuei a iai eeoeai. Ia?aaeei eie iieiinoueth
en/a?iuaaaony ?aaeecaoeey oie eee eiie i?ioeannoaeueii-i?aaiaie ii?iu.
Iai?eia?, eniieueciaaiea neaaeiaaoaeai i?aaa ia inaeaeaoaeuenoaiaaiea
iiaeic?aaaaiiai e eniieiaiea iineaaeiei auoaeathuae ionthaea iaycaiiinoe
i?aaenoaaeytho niaie ?aaeecaoeeth ii?iu, i?aaeoniio?aiiie no. 181 OIE/Oaaaeaeaiea
eeoea a cia/aiee aai i?ioeannoaeueiuo iaycaiiinoae eae naeaeaoaey iaoneiaeeaaao
auiieiaiea ei i?aaeienaiee, niaea?aeaueony aio. 73 OIE.
Iaeiaei a ?yaea neo/aaa aeey ?aaeecaoeee i?ioeannoaeueii-i?aaiaie ii?iu
o?aaoaony eiaeeaeaeoaeueiia ?aaoee?iaaiea iiaaaeaiey ae?oaiai eeoea, a oii /enea e
iooai i?eiaiaiey i?eioaeaeaiey. Oae, anee iaaeiyaiue ia yaeyaony aac
oaaaeeoaeueiie i?e/eiu ii auciao neaaeiaaoaey, iineaaeiee ai?aaa iiaeaa?aiooue aai
i?eaiaeo eee eca?aoue a ioiioaiee iaai ia?o i?ana/aiey.
Eiaeeaeaeoaeueiia ?aaoee?iaaiea iiaaaeaiey inouanoaeyaony a oaieiaiii
i?ioeanna oieueei eiiiaoaioiui i?aaiii, aaaeouei noaeii?iecaiaenoai. Inoaeueiua
o/anoieee i?ioeanna ia iiaoo ?aaeeciaaoue i?aaiaua ii?iu iooai i?eiaiaiey
i?eioaeaeaiey, iie aeieaeiu niaethaeaoue caeii, eniieiyoue aai i?aaeienaiey. Iaoaieci
oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiiai ?aaoee?iaaiey aeeth/aao e ioaaonoaaiiinoue ca
ia?ooaiea caeiia.
Caeanue iu ?anniao?eaaai oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiia i?aai, enoiaey ec
ii?iaoeaiiai i?aaenoaaeaiey i i?aaa e ?aaeecaoeee aai ii?i. Iaeiaei ii?iaoeaiia
iiiyoea i?aaa ia ia?aie/eaaao i?aai-iiieiaiea e iaoaieci aai aeaenoaey.
I?aai, a oii /enea e oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiia, iiaeao ?anniao?eaaoueny ia
oieueei eae niaieoiiinoue ii?i, ii e eae aeayoaeueiinoue noauaeoia i?aaa,
niaethaeathueo, i?eiaiythueo e eniieiythueo i?aaiaua i?aaeienaiey, o. a. i?aai a
aeaenoaee. I?aai a aeaenoaee i?aaenoaaeyao niaie i?aaeiao nioeeieiae/aneiai
eco/aiey. I?e yoii ?anoe?yaony i?aaeiao .eco/aiey – ii aeeth/aao ia oieueei
i?aaiaua ii?iu, ii e aanue iaoaieci i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey, aeeth/athuee
?acee/iua iauaeoeaiua e noauaeoeaiua oaeoi?u. E iei, iai?eia?, ioiinyony
nioeeaeueiua oneiaey, a eioi?uo ?aaeecothony ii?iu oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiiai
i?aaa. I?aaiecaoeey e i?eioeeiu aeayoaeueiinoe ainoaea?noaaiiuo i?aaiia a
oaieiaiii i?ioeanna, ii?yaeie caiauaiey aeieaeiinoae a i?aaiio?aieoaeueiuo
i?aaiao, o?aaiaaiey, i?aaeuyaeyaiua e noaeueyi, i?ieo?i?ai e ae?. iieacaoaee,
i?eiyoua a ea/anoaa e?eoa?eaa eo i?eaiaeiinoe e i?ioannee eee yooaeoeaiinoe
aeayoaeueiinoe. Enneaaeiaaiea i?ioeannoaeueiiai i?aaa a aeaenoaee aeieaeii aeeth/aoue
e eco/aiea aeeyiey iauanoaaiiiai iiaiey ia i?aainoaeea, e eco/aiea
i?ioanneiiaeueiie iiaeaioiaeaiiinoe e auiieiaieth oao eee eiuo iaycaiiinoae:
nioeeaeueii-ineoieiae/aneea oneiaey aeayoaeueiinoe, ee/iinoiua ea/anoaa
i?aaiia?ooeoaeae e ae?.
2. A iaoaiecia oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiiai ?aaoee?iaaiey aeey iaania/aiey
auiieiaiey iaycaiiinoae i?eiaiythony ia?u i?eioaeeoaeueiiai eniieiaiey
iaycaiiinoae iooai i?eiaiaiey ia? i?aaaioeaiiai i?eioaeaeaiey, ainnoaiiaeaiey
ia?ooaiiiai i?aaa (i?aaiainnoaiiaeoaeueiua naieoeee) e oo?aoiua naieoeee.
Oae, a neo/aa ioeaca io auiieiaiey i?ioeannoaeueiuo iaycaiiinoae
naeaeaoaeue iiaeao auoue iiaeaa?aioo i?eaiaeo eee oo?aoo. Yoa naieoeey ca ia?ooaiea
iaycaiiinoae, iaeaaaaiay a oaieiaiii i?ioeanna, ?anniao?eaaaony eae aeae
oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiie ioaaonoaaiiinoeI?eioaeaeaiea a oaieiaiii i?ioeanna
iiaeao i?eiaiyoueny e eae i?aaaioeaiay ia?a, eiaaea anoue iniiaaiey iieaaaoue,
/oi eeoei iiaeao niaa?oeoue i?aaiia?ooaiea (iai?eia?, eca?aiea ia?u i?ana/aiey,
eiaaea anoue iniiaaiey iianaoueny, /oi iaaeiyaiue ne?iaony io neaaenoaey e noaea
eee niaa?oeo i?anooieaiea).
3. Oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiua ii?iu, eae i?aaeei, i?aaeienaiey ii oi?ia
naiaai au?aaeaiey ia anaaaea niaiaaeathuea n ioaeaeueiuie noaoueyie, ioieoaie
(/anoyie), ia eioi?ua iiae?acaeaeythony oaenou oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiuo caeiiia.
Aiaeiie noaouea caeiia iiaoo niaea?aeaoueny aeaa e aieaa ii?iu eee, iaiai?io,
i?aaie/aneea /anoe iaeiie ii?iu eiiaaea ?aniieaaathony a ianeieueeeo ?acaeaeao
i?aaiaiai aeoa. Ano?a/athony neo/ae, eiaaea i?aaiaua i?aaeienaiey, ninoaaeythuea
ii nouanoao aaeeioth ii?io oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiiai i?aaa, eceaaathony a aeaoo e
aieaa ?acee/iuo ?acaeaeao OIE. Yoi ianoiyoaeuenoai iaiaoiaeeii o/eouaaoue,
aiaeece?oy oa eee eiua ii?iu oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiiai i?aaa.
4. Oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiay ii?ia, eae e ethaay i?aaiaay ii?ia, aeieaeia
niaea?aeaoue oeacaiey: 1) i?e eaeeo ianoiyoaeuenoaao iaaei ?oeiaiaenoaiaaoueny
aeaiiie i?aaiaie ii?iie: 2) eoi yaeyaony noauaeoii ioiioaiey, ?aaoee?oaiiai
aeaiiie i?aaiaie ii?iie e eaeia iiaaaeaiea i?aaeienuaaaony eee aeicaieyaony yoie
i?aaiaie ii?iie eaaeaeiio ec o/anoieeia i?aaiioiioaiee: 3) eaeea iineaaenoaey
aea/ao ca niaie iaeniieiaiea i?aaeienaiee aeaiiie ii?iu.
Yeaiaiou ii?iu – aeiioaca, aeeniiceoeey e naieoeey – i?enoue e
oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiie ii?ia.
Aeiioaca oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiie ii?iu oeacuaaao oneiaey, i?e eioi?uo
neaaeoao (aiciiaeii) iinooiaoue ii?aaeaeaiiui ia?acii, iai?eia? neo/ae,
aeiioneathuea iaeaoaiea a noaea iieacaiee ia yaeaoaainy naeaeaoaey (i. 1, 2, no.
286 OIE).
Aeeniiceoeey -naii i?aaeei iiaaaeaiey (iaeaoaiea ia noaea iieacaiey…
iiaeao eiaoue ianoi… /. 1 no. 286 OIE).
Naieoeey eae io?eoeaoaeueiia iineaaenoaea iaeniieiaiey i?aaeienaiee
oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiie ii?iu ia yaeyaony iaycaoaeueiie /anoueth noaouee
oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiiai caeiia. Iia iiaeao- auoue eceiaeaia a iaeiie noaouea
caeiia e ?ani?ino?aiyoueny oieueei ia ii?io, eceiaeaiioth a yoie noaouea, eee a
iaeiie noaouea caeiia iiaeao auoue eceiaeaia naieoeey ca ia?ooaiea ?yaea ii?i
oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiiai caeiia (iai?eia?, a neeo no. 342 OIE ioiaia eee
eciaiaiea i?eaiai?a iiaeao eiaoue ianoi aaeaeo ia?ooaiee iiiaeo ii?i,
eceiaeaiiuo a ?acee/iuo noaoueyo oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiiai caeiia).
Oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiua naieoeee eiatho aeaaiui ia?acii
i?aaiainnoaiiaeoaeueiue oa?aeoa?, iie iai?aaeaiu ia ono?aiaiea aeiiouaiiuo
ia?ooaiee caeiia, ainnoaiiaeaiea caeiiiinoe (iai?eia?, /. 4 no. 89 OIE, no.
342, 348-350 OIE).
E aeaeai oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiuo naieoeee ioiineony e i?eiaiaiea aieaa
no?iaie ia?u i?ana/aiey a neo/ayo ia?ooaiey aeaiiuo iaaeiyaiui iaycaoaeuenoa
(no. 93 OIE): i?eaiae a neo/aa iayaee naeaeaoaey aac oaaaeeoaeueiie i?e/eiu (no.
73 OE): oaeaeaiea iiaenoaeeiiai, ia?ooathuaai ii?yaeie noaeaaiiai canaaeaiey ec
caea canaaeaiey (no. 263 OIE).
I?eiaiaiea i?aaiainnoaiiaeoaeueiuo eee eiuo nianoaaiii
oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiuo naieoeee ia ia?aie/eaaao naieoeee, i?eiaiyaiua .ca
ia?ooaiea oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiuo ii?i. Ia?ooaiea oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiiai
caeiia iiaeao iiaea/ue ca niaie ?acee/iua aeaeu ioaaonoaaiiinoe –
aeenoeeieeia?ioth (iai?eia?, aiceiaeaiea ia neaaeiaaoaey aeenoeeieeia?iie
ioaaonoaaiiinoe), aaeieieno?aoeaioth (oo?ao ca iaoaaaeaiea e noaeo) e oaieiaioth
(iai?eia?, no. 176, 177 OE). Oaeei ia?acii, aeaenoaey
oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiiai i?aaa io?aiythony ii?iaie oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiiai e
ae?oaeo io?aneae i?aaa.
Eae oeacaii auoa, oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiia i?aai ?aaoee?oao ioiioaiey
iaaeaeo noauaeoaie i?ioeannoaeueiie aeayoaeueiinoe, onoaiaaeeaatho ii?yaeie
i?iecaiaenoaa (i?ioeannoaeueioth oi?io) e i?ioeannoaeueiua aa?aioee. ?anniio?ei
yoe aniaeou aeaenoaey oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiiai i?aaa.

§3. Oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiua i?aaiioiioaiey
Oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiia i?aai ?aaoee?oao iauanoaaiiua ioiioaiey a noa?a
oaieiaiiai noaeii?iecaiaenoaa e oai naiui i?aaeii?aaeaeyao inouanoaeaiea
oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiie aeayoaeueiinoe ia eia/a eae a oi?ia
oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiuo ioiioaiee, a eioi?uo aai o/anoieee iaaeaeaiu i?aaaie
e ianoo iaycaiiinoe. 1. Iniaaiiinoueth oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiuo i?aaiioiioaiee,
?aaoee?oaiuo oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiui i?aaii, yaeyaony oi, /oi iaeiei ec
noauaeoia oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiiai ioiioaiey anaaaea aunooiaao i?aai
ainoaea?noaa (aeieaeiinoiia eeoei), iaaeaeaiiue aeanoiuie iieiiii/eyie.
Ainoaea?noaaiiue i?aai i?e iaee/ee ii?aaeaeaiiiai th?eaee/aneiai oaeoa iaycai
niaa?oaoue i?aaeienaiiua aio caeiiii aeaenoaey, ?aaeeciaaoue naie iieiiii/ey.
?aoaiey ainoaea?noaaiiuo i?aaiia e aeieaeiinoiuo eeoe eiatho iaycaoaeueiia
cia/aiea aeey anao eeoe e i?aaiia, a i?aaeaeao, onoaiiaeaiiuo caeiiii (i. 9 no.
5, /. 5 no. 127, no. 358 OIE).
A neeo iniaaiiinoae i?aaeiaoa oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiiai ?aaoee?iaaiey
ii?iu oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiiai i?aaa, ia?auaiiua e ainoaea?noaaiiui i?aaiai,
niaea?aeao i?aaeienaiey eee ?ac?aoaiey iinooiaoue i?e iaee/ee oeacaiiuo a caeiia
th?eaee/aneeo oaeoia ii?aaeaeaiiui ia?acii: aicaoaeeoue aeaei, i?eaea/ue a ea/anoaa
iaaeiyaiiai, eca?aoue ia?o i?ana/aiey, auianoe i?eaiai?, i?ae?aoeoue oaieiaiia
aeaei e o. ae. Auiieiaiea yoeo i?aaeienaiee caeiia ninoaaeyao iaycaiiinoue
ainoaea?noaaiiuo i?aaiia.
2. Ana eiua noauaeou oaieiaiiai i?ioeanna (a?aaeaeaia, th?eaee/aneea eeoea)
iaaeaeaiu i?aaaie e ianoo ii?aaeaeaiiua iaycaiiinoe, eioi?ua iie ?aaeecotho a
?aieao i?aaiioiioaiee aeey caueou naieo eee i?aaenoaaeyaiuo i?aa e eioa?ania.
Oaeei ia?acii, aeanoiue oa?aeoa? aeayoaeueiinoe ainoaea?noaaiiuo i?aaiia,
aaaeoueo oaieiaiue i?ioeann, ni/aoaaony n nenoaiie i?aa, iaycaiiinoae e
aa?aioee o/anoaothueo a aeaea eeoe. Caeanue aaaeii iiae/a?eiooue, /oi oioy
i?aaiioiioaiey a oaieiaiii i?ioeanna oa?aeoa?ecothony eae aeanoaioiioaiey, ia
i?aaiao ainoaea?noaa, aaaeoueo i?iecaiaenoai ii aeaeo, eaaeeo iaycaiiinoue
?acuynieoue eiui o/anoieeai i?ioeanna eo i?aaa e iaania/eoue aiciiaeiinoue eo
eniieueciaaiey (no. 58 OIE). Iiyoiio i?ioeannoaeueiua aeaenoaey e ?aoaiey noaea,
i?ieo?i?a, neaaeiaaoaey e i?aaia aeiciaiey aunooiatho ia oieueei eae n?aaenoai
auiieiaiey eo iaycaiiinoae ii ?ane?uoeth i?anooieaiey, eciaee/aieth aeiiaiuo e
eo iaeacaieth, ii e eae n?aaenoai iaania/aiey i?aa e caeiiiuo eioa?ania
o/anoieeia i?ioeanna. Oae, anee neaaeiaaoaeue auian a ii?yaeea no. 143 OIE
iinoaiiaeaiea i i?eaea/aiee eeoea a ea/anoaa iaaeiyaiiai, ii iaycai a
onoaiiaeaiiii caeiiii ii?yaeea i?aaeuyaeoue iaaeiyaiiio iinoaiiaeaiea i
i?eaea/aiee aai a ea/anoaa iaaeiyaiiai, ?acuynieoue nouiinoue i?aaeuyaeaiiiai
iaaeiaiey e i?aaa iaaeiyaiiai ia i?aaeaa?eoaeueiii neaaenoaee, iaania/eoue
o/anoea caueoieea i?e i?aaeuyaeaiee iaaeiaiey e ?aaeecaoeee ae?oaeo i?aa
iaaeiyaiiai (no.148, 149 OIE). O iaaeiyaiiai e aai caueoieea iiyaeyaony ?yae
i?aa, eniieuecoy eioi?ua, iie iiaoo cayaeoue ioaiae neaaeiaaoaeth, iaycuaaoue
neaaeiaaoaey niaa?oeoue ii?aaeaeaiiua aeaenoaey, iai?eia?, ?anniio?aoue
cayaeaiiia iaaeiyaiui oiaeaoaenoai (no. 131 OIE) e i?eiyoue ii iaio ?aoaiea,
iai?aaeoue aeaeiao iaaeiyaiiai i?ieo?i?o eee a noae e ae?. 3. Ninoaa
oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiuo i?aaiioiioaiee ia?acotho: th?eaee/aneea oaeou, eioi?ua
aucuaatho aicieeiiaaiea, ?acaeoea, eciaiaiea e i?ae?auaiea
oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiuo ioiioaiee (iai?eia?, cayaeaiea i niaa?oaiiii
i?anooieaiee, iinoaiiaeaiea i i?eaea/aiee a ea/anoaa iaaeiyaiiai e ae?.):
iauaeou i?aaiioiioaiey – oi, ia /oi iai?aaeaii aeaiiia iaiin?aaenoaaiiia
niaea?aeaiea i?aaiioiioaiey (i?e aeii?ina -iieo/aiea iieacaiey).
I?aaiioiioaieai yaeyaony iiaaaeaiea (aeaenoaey) o/anoaothueo a iai noauaeoia,
eioi?ua iaeaaeatho i?aaaie e ianoo iaycaiiinoe. Yoe i?aaa e iaycaiiinoe
yaeythony aioo?aiiae oi?iie i?aaiioiioaiee.
Aiaoiae oi?iie i?aaiioiioaiee yaeyaony onoaiiaeaiiue ii?yaeie e
iineaaeiaaoaeueiinoue i?iecaiaenoaa ioaeaeueiuo i?ioeannoaeueiuo aeaenoaee e
i?iecaiaenoaa ii aeaeo a oeaeii (i?ioeannoaeueiay oi?ia oaieiaiiai i?ioeanna).
Caeiiiinoue a oaieiaiii i?ioeanna iaania/eaaaony niaethaeaieai i?aa e
iaycaiiinoae a eaaeaeii i?aaiioiioaiee, a oaeaea ii?yaeea, iineaaeiaaoaeueiinoe
i?iecaiaenoaa i?ioeannoaeueiuo aeaenoaee.
4. A nenoaia anao oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiuo ioiioaiee oeaio?aeueiui e
iaeaieaa oeie/iui aeey iaoiaea oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiiai ?aaoee?iaaiey yaeyaony
i?aaiioiioaiea iaaeaeo noaeii, inouanoaeythuei i?aainoaeea, e noi?iiaie,
iaaeaeaiiuie ?aaiuie i?aaaie, ?aaeecaoeey eioi?uo i?ecaaia iaania/eaaoue caueoo
eo i?aa e ninoycaoaeueiinoue noaeii?iecaiaenoaa.
Auiieiyy naie iaycaiiinoe ia?aae ainoaea?noaii, iauanoaii e noi?iiaie a
i?ioeanna, noae aeieaeai i?eiyoue ia?u e ni?aaaaeeeaiio ?anniio?aieth aeaea –
iaania/eoue ?aaainoai i?aa noi?ii, nio?aiyy iauaeoeaiinoue e
aani?eno?anoiinoue, nicaeaoue iaiaoiaeeiua oneiaey aeey ananoi?iiiaai e iieiiai
enneaaeiaaiey ianoiyoaeuenoa aeaea, auianaiey caeiiiiai, iainiiaaiiiai e
ni?aaaaeeeaiai i?eaiai?a.
Noi?iiu ai?aaa cayaeyoue noaeo oiaeaoaenoaa – noae iaycai ?anniao?eaaoue e
oaeiaeaoai?youe eo, anee oiaeaoaenoaa eiatho cia/aiea aeey i?aaeeueiiai ?ac?aoaiey
aeaea: noi?iiu ai?aaa i?aaenoaaeyoue noaeo aeieacaoaeuenoaa, o/anoaiaaoue a
enneaaeiaaiee aeieacaoaeuenoa – noae iaycai iaania/eoue ei aiciiaeiinoue
ainiieueciaaoueny anaie i?aaeinoaaeaiiuie i?aaaie.
A i?aaiaii ioiioaiee noae – noi?iiu i?iyaeyaony ni/aoaiea
ainoaea?noaaiii-aeanoiuo iieiiii/ee noaea n i?aaaie ee/iinoe a oaieiaiii
i?ioeanna e aa?aioeyie yoeo i?aa.
5. Eiatho naie iniaaiiinoe e i?aaiioiioaiey iaaeaeo ainoaea?noaaiiuie
i?aaiaie e aeieaeiinoiuie eeoeaie a oaieiaiii i?ioeanna.
Oae, iai?eia?, oeacaiey i?ieo?i?a a onoaiiaeaiiuo caeiiii i?aaeaeao
iaycaoaeueiu aeey neaaeiaaoaey, ia/aeueieea neaaenoaaiiiai ioaeaea (no. 12. 127
OIE). I?ieo?i? ia?aaeaao aeaei ia ?anniio?aiea noaea, iineaaeiee iaycai i?eiyoue
ii iaio ?aoaiea, ia aoaeo/e naycai iiceoeeae i?ieo?i?a, e?iia neo/aaa, eiaaea
i?ieo?i? ioeacaeny io iaaeiaiey (no. 430 OIE). Oeacaiey auoanoiyuaai noaea ia
ono?aiaiee ia?ooaiee caeiia iaycaoaeueiu aeey ieaeanoiyuaai noaea, ii i?e
auianaiee ?aoaiey ii nouanoao aeaea ii ?oeiaiaenoaoaony oieueei naiei
aioo?aiiei oaaaeaeaieai e caeiiii.

§4. I?ioeannoaeueiay oi?ia
Eae oeacaii auoa, naiaia?acea i?aaiaiai ?aaoee?iaaiey e oaieiaiii
i?ioeanna ninoieo e a oii, /oi oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiia i?aai onoaiaaeeaaao ia
oieueei i?aaa e iaycaiiinoe o/anoieeia eiie?aoiuo i?aaiioiioaiee, ii e
ii?yaeie i?iecaiaenoaa ii oaieiaiui aeaeai, o.a. iineaaeiaaoaeueiinoue noaaeee e
oneiaey ia?aoiaea aeaea ec iaeiie noaaeee a ae?oaoth, iauea oneiaey,
oa?aeoa?ecothuea i?iecaiaenoai a eiie?aoiie noaaeee (iai?eia?, ae. O OIE),
iniiaaiea, oneiaey e ii?yaeie i?iecaiaenoaa neaaenoaaiiuo e noaeaaiuo aeaenoaee,
eioi?uie ainoaea?noaaiiua i?aaiu ?aaeecotho naie iieiiii/ey, a a?aaeaeaia
inouanoaeytho naie i?aaa e auiieiytho iaycaiiinoe, niaea?aeaiea e oi?ia ?aoaiee,
eioi?ua iiaoo auoue auianaiu. Yoio ii?yaeie i?iecaiaenoaa a oeaeii eee ioaeaeueiuo
i?ioeannoaeueiuo aeaenoaee i?eiyoi iacuaaoue i?ioeannoaeueiie oi?iie eee i?aaiaie
i?ioeaaeo?ie.
I?ioeannoaeueiay oi?ia (ii?yaeie) niaa?oaiey ioaeaeueiuo i?ioeannoaeueiuo
aeaenoaee ?aaeaiaioe?iaaia caeiiii (iai?eia?, ii?yaeie i?iecaiaenoaa auaiee e
iaunea – no. 170 OIE, ii?yaeie i/iie noaaee – no. 136 OIE, ii?yaeie aeii?ina
iaaeiyaiiai — no. 150 OIE) e aeeth/aao oeacaiea ia oeaee yoeo aeaenoaee,
o/anoieeia yoeo aeaenoaee, eo i?aaa e iaycaiiinoe, iineaaeiaaoaeueiinoue
aeaenoaee, ii?yaeie, cae?aieaiea i?iecaaaeaiiiai aeaenoaey a niioaaonoaothuai
aeieoiaioa.
Neiaeiinoue e aeaoaeueiinoue oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiie oi?iu, auaeaeythuay aa ec
anao eiuo th?enaeeeoeeiiiuo i?ioeannia (iai?eia?, iaeiaeaiea oo?aoa ca
aaeieieno?aoeaiia i?aaiia?ooaiea), iaoneiaeaia niaoeeoeeie caaea/ oaieiaiiai
i?ioeanna, a oii /enea, neiaeiinoueth aeayoaeueiinoe ii onoaiiaeaieth oaeoe/aneeo
ianoiyoaeuenoa oaieiaiiai aeaea, iaiaoiaeeiinoueth nicaeaiey iaeneiaeueiuo aa?aioee
i?aa ee/iinoe a oaieiaiii i?ioeanna, caeiiiinoe e iainiiaaiiinoe anao
oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiuo aeaenoaee e ?aoaiee Iiyoiio ii?yaeie oaieiaiiai
i?ioeanna i?aaeiieaaaao i?ioiaeaeaiea aeaea ii noaaeeyi, eaaeaeay ec eioi?uo eiaao
naith oi?io noaeii?iecaiaenoaa, /oi ioaa/aao caaea/a eiie?aoiie noaaeee e nicaeaao
aiciiaeiinoue i?iaa?eoue i?aaiia?iinoue auaiaeia e ?aoaiee, i?eiyouo ia
i?aaeuaeouae noaaeee. I?ioeannoaeueiay oi?ia iaania/eaaao aeiionoeiinoue
aeieacaoaeuenoa. Iiyoiio ia?ooaiea ii?yaeea i?ioeannoaeueiie oi?iu iieo/aiey
aeieacaoaeuenoa eeoaao aeieacaoaeuenoai th?eaee/aneie neeu (/. 3 no. 69 OIE).
I?ioeannoaeueiay oi?ia eiaao naie iniaaiiinoe i?eiaieoaeueii e ioaeaeueiui
eaoaai?eyi oaieiaiuo aeae (iai?eia?, aeaea /anoiiai iaaeiaiey, aeaea
ianiaa?oaiiieaoieo iaaeiyaiuo, i?iecaiaenoai ii i?eiaiaieth i?eioaeeoaeueiuo ia?
iaaeeoeeineiai oa?aeoa?a, aeaea i i?ioieieueiie oi?ia aeinoaeaaiie iiaeaioiaee
iaoa?eaeia), a oaeaea i?eiaieoaeueii e ?aciui ninoaaai noaea, ?anniao?eaathuei
aeaei ii ia?aie einoaioeee.
I?ioeannoaeueiay oi?ia yaeyaony niaoeeoe/aneie ?aciiaeaeiinoueth i?aaiaie
oi?iu ainoaea?noaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe, a aa oeaiiinoue a oii, /oi iia nicaeaao
aeaoaeueii o?aaoee?iaaiiue, onoie/eaue, th?eaee/anee ii?aaeaeaiiue, no?iai
iaycaoaeueiue, noaaeeueiue i?aaiaie ?aaeei i?iecaiaenoaa ii oaieiaiiio aeaeo,
ioaa/athuee caaea/ai noaeii?iecaiaenoaa e aai i?eioeeiai. Iiyoiio iaaeiionoeiu
ioeeiiaiey io o?aaiaaiee i?ioeannoaeueiiai caeiia, a iaoeinieoaeueiia
niaethaeaiea i?ioeannoaeueiie oi?iu yaeyaony iai?aiaiiui oneiaeai caeiiiinoe
aeaenoaee e ?aoaiee ii aeaeo. Oaeei ia?acii, cia/aiea i?ioeannoaeueiie oi?iu, aa
nioeeaeueiay oeaiiinoue ninoiyo a oii, /oi iia iaania/eaaao ?aaeei caeiiiinoe a
i?ioeanna, nicaeaao oneiaey aeey aeinoiaa?iuo auaiaeia ii aeaeo, niaea?aeeo aa?aioee
caueou i?aa e caeiiiuo eioa?ania o/anoaothueo a aeaea eeoe, niinianoaoao
ainieoaoaeueiiio aicaeaenoaeth i?ioeanna.
I?ioeannoaeueiay oi?ia aeeth/aao e iaeioi?ua i?aaeea, eiathuea i?ioeaaeo?iue,
?eooaeueiue oa?aeoa?. Iaeiaei e yoe i?aaeea eiatho nouanoaaiiia cia/aiea. Oae,
iai?eia?, i?aaeei i oii, /oi i?enoonoaothuea a caea noaeaaiiai canaaeaiey, ia
eneeth/ay ninoaaa noaea, auneooeaatho i?eaiai? noiy (no. 318 OIE), i?iaeeeoiaaii
oaaaeaieai e noaeo e aai ?aoaieth, auiineiiio io eiaie ainoaea?noaa.

§5. Oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiua aeou. Eo aeaeu e cia/aiea
Iaeiei ec i?iyaeaiee i?ioeannoaeueiie oi?iu yaeyaony i?aaeei i oii, /oiau
ana i?ioeannoaeueiua aeaenoaey e i?eiyoua ?aoaiey auee ienueiaiii cae?aieaiu a
ii?aaeaeaiiuo aeoao -i?ioeannoaeueiuo aeieoiaioao.
Caeii onoaiaaeeaaao oaeoth oi?io yoeo aeoia, eioi?ay aeaao aiciiaeiinoue
iieii io?aceoue a ieo oiae e ?acoeueoaou i?iaaaeaiey neaaenoaaiiuo e noaeaaiuo
aeaenoaee, i?eiyoia ?aoaiea, a a aeaeueiaeoai eniieueciaaoue iieo/aiiua aeaiiua
i?e ?anneaaeiaaiee, ?anniio?aiee, ?ac?aoaiee oaieiaiiai aeaea e i?iaa?ea
caeiiiinoe e iainiiaaiiinoe i?iaaaeaiiuo aeaenoaee e i?eiyouo ?aoaiee. “Aac
i?aaeoniio?aiiuo caeiiii i?ioeannoaeueiuo aeieoiaioia iao oaieiaiiai i?ioeanna,
iao aeaea, a neaaeiaaoaeueii, e iao aai nouiinoe”.
Iaeio a?oiio i?ioeannoaeueiuo aeoia ninoaaeytho i?ioieieu neaaenoaaiiuo e
noaeaaiuo aeaenoaee, a eioi?uo oaeinoiaa?yaony oaeo i?iecaiaenoaa, niaea?aeaiea e
?acoeueoaou neaaenoaaiiuo e noaeaaiuo aeaenoaee (i?ioieie iniio?a, i?ioieie
aeii?ina, i?ioieie noaeaaiiai canaaeaiey – no. 141, 261 OIE).
Ae?oaoth a?oiio ninoaaeytho ?aoaiey. Yoi i?aaii?eiaieoaeueiua aeou,
niaea?aeauea ioaaou ia i?aaiaua aii?inu, aicieeathuea i?e i?iecaiaenoaa ii aeaeo,
e aeanoiua i?aaeienaiey i i?aaiauo aeaenoaeyo.
?aoaiey iiaoo auoue au?aaeaiu a oi?ia iinoaiiaeaiey, ii?aaeaeaiey,
aa?aeeeoa, i?eaiai?a. Iie ?acee/athony ii i?aaiai, eeoeai, eo i?eieiathuei, ii
e?oao aii?inia, ii i?ioeannoaeueiiio ii?yaeeo eo i?eiyoey e oi?ia eceiaeaiey (i.
10, 11, 12 no. 34 OIE).
Oeacuaay, /oi i?eaiai?, iinoaiiaeaiea, ii?aaeaeaiea yaeythony ?aoaieai,
caeiiiaeaoaeue a no. 34 OIE oieueei i?eiaieoaeueii e i?eaiai?o ?acuyniyao, /oi:
“I?eaiai? – ?aoaiea, auianaiiia noaeii a canaaeaiee ii aii?ino i aeiiaiinoe
eee iaaeiiaiinoe iiaenoaeeiiai e i i?eiaiaiee eee iai?eiaiaiee e iaio
iaeacaiey”. Ioiineoaeueii eiuo ?aoaiee a no. 34 OIE neacaii i oii, ia eaeie
noaaeee iie i?eieiathony e eai iie iiaoo auoue auianaiu. Oaeoe/aneea
ianoiyoaeuenoaa, eioi?ua aeieaeiu auoue onoaiiaeaiu aeey i?eiyoey
niioaaonoaothuaai ?aoaiey e oa i?ioeannoaeueiua iineaaenoaey, eioi?ua auoaeatho
ec i?eiyoiai ?aoaiey, oeacaiu a ii?iao caeiia, iinayuaiiuo eiie?aoiui
?aoaieyi (iai?eia?, no. 143-144).
Aa?aeeeo i?enyaeiuo neoaeeo eo ioaaoii ia aii?inu i aeieacaiiinoe
oaeoe/aneeo ianoiyoaeuenoa aeaea e aeiiaiinoe. Yoe ioaaou aoiaeyo a i?eaiai?,
auiineiue noaeueae, eae aai ninoaaiay /anoue (no. 462 OIE).
I?ioeannoaeueiua ?aoaiey eae aeou i?eiaiaiey oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiiai
i?aaa e oaieiaiiai i?aaa oa?aeoa?ecothony ?yaeii i?eciaeia: ?aoaiey auiinyony
oieueei oiieiiii/aiiuie ia oi ainoaea?noaaiiuie i?aaiaie, aeieaeiinoiuie eeoeaie,
i?enyaeiuie canaaeaoaeyie a i?aaeaeao eo eiiiaoaioeee: au?aaeatho aeanoiia
aaeaiea, iiaeoaa?aeaeatho, eciaiytho eee i?ae?auatho oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiua
ioiioaiey, iiaeoaa?aeaeatho iaee/ea eee onoaiaaeeaatho ionoonoaea
iaoa?eaeueii-i?aaiauo ioiioaiee: i?eieiathony a onoaiiaeaieai ii?yaeea e
au?aaeathony a ii?aaeaeaiiie caeiiii oi?ia.
?aoaiea a oaieiaiii noaeii?iecaiaenoaa – yoi iaea/aiiue a onoaiiaeaiioth
oi?io i?aaiaie aeo, a eioi?ii i?aai aeiciaiey, neaaeiaaoaeue, i?ieo?i?, noaeuey
eee noae a i?aaeaeao naiae eiiiaoaioeee a i?aaeoniio?aiiii caeiiii ii?yaeea
aeaeatho auaiae ia onoaiiaeaiiuo oaeoe/aneeo ianoiyoaeuenoaao e ia iniiaa caeiia
aeatho ioaaou ia aicieeathuea ii aeaeo i?aaiaua aii?inu e au?aaeatho aeanoiia
aieaecuyaeaiea i aeaenoaeyo, auoaeathueo ec onoaiiaeaiiuo ianoiyoaeuenoa e
i?aaeienaiee caeiia. Iaauiieiaiea onoaiiaeaiiuo caeiiii o?aaiaaiee e oi?ia
aeoia aea/ao ca niaie i?eciaiea eo iaaeaenoaeoaeueiuie, ioiaio aeoia
(iai?eia?, i. 7 no. 345 OIE). A caeiia oeacaiu oaeea o?aaiaaiey e niaea?aeaieth
e oi?ia aeoia, eioi?ua aeatho aiciiaeiinoue noaeeoue i oii, niaethaeaiu ee i?aaeea
i?ioeannoaeueiie oi?iu i?iecaiaenoaa oiai eee eiiai aeaenoaey, i?aaeeueii ee
?aoai eiie?aoiue aii?in eee ana aeaei, niioaaonoaoao ee ?aoaiea
ianoiyoaeuenoaai aeaea (oaeoe/aneiio iniiaaieth) e i?aaiaui ii?iai
(th?eaee/aneiio iniiaaieth).
?aoaiea yaeyaony caeiiiui oiaaea, eiaaea iii auianaii i?e oi/iii
niaethaeaiee ii?i i?ioeannoaeueiiai i?aaa e a niioaaonoaee n ii?iaie
iaoa?eaeueiiai i?aaa (oaieiaiiai i?aaa, a?aaeaeaineiai i?aaa i?e ?aoaiee
a?aaeaeaineiai enea e ae?.).
?aoaiea yaeyaony iainiiaaiiui oiaaea, eiaaea a iai io?aaeaiu eiathuea
cia/aiea aeey aeaiiiai aeaea oaeou, iiaeoaa?aeaeaiiua i?iaa?aiiuie
aeieacaoaeuenoaaie, oaeiaeaoai?ythueie o?aaiaaieyi caeiia ia ioiineiinoe e
aeiionoeiinoe, a oaeaea oiaaea, eiaaea i?aaiaua auaiaeu e i?aaeienaiey,
niaea?aeaueany a ?aoaiee, auoaeatho ec onoaiiaeaiiuo oaeoia. Iainiiaaiea
?aoaiey iaoiaeeo naia au?aaeaiea a aai iioeae?iaea. Caeiiiinoue e
iainiiaaiiinoue – acaeiiiaoneiaeaiiua naienoaa ?aoaiey. Ni?aaaaeeeainoue
?aoaiee yaeyaony aai ioeaieie ia oieueei n i?aaiaie, ii e i?aanoaaiiie
noi?iiu. Oae, iai?eia?, i?eciaiea ni?aaaaeeeainoe i?eaiai?a icia/aao, a
ia?aoth i/a?aaeue, ni?aaaaeeeainoue anaai i?iecaiaenoaa ii aeaeo, caeiiiia e
iainiiaaiiia ?aoaiea aii?ina i aeiiaiinoe (iaaeiiaiinoe) iaaeiyaiiai, a
oaeaea iacia/aiea aeiiaiiio iaeacaiey, niioaaonoaothuaai oyaeanoe i?anooieaiey
e ee/iinoe inoaeaeaiiiai. A yoii niunea a Aeaeea?aoeee i?aa /aeiaaea e
a?aaeaeaieia neacaii i i?aaa ia “ni?aaaaeeeaue noae”.
Oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiua ?aoaiey au?aaeathony a aeieoiaioa, eiathuai
ii?aaeaeaiioth oi?io, eioi?ay aeeth/aao aaiaeioth, iienaoaeueioth
(iienaoaeii-iioeae?iai/ioth) e ?aciethoeaioth /anoe (iai?eia?, o?aaiaaiey e
eceiaeaieth i?eaiai?a – no. 313-315 OIE).
Oi?ia ?aoaiey eae aeieoiaioa iaoiaeeony a ia?ac?uaiie nayce n oaie
i?aaiauie e i?aanoaaiiuie o?aaiaaieyie, eioi?ui aeieaeii ioaa/aoue niaea?aeaiea
?aoaiey. A aeieoiaioa-?aoaiee aeieaeiu oi/ii e i?aaeeueii io?aaeaoueny oaeoe/aneea
e th?eaee/aneea iniiaaiey, iioeau e auaiaeu i i?aaiauo iineaaenoaeyo, auoaeathueo

ec ?anniio?aiiiai aeaea (i?aaiaiai aii?ina).

§6. I?ioeannoaeueii-i?aaiaua aa?aioee
I?ioeannoaeueii-i?aaiaua aa?aioee – yoi niaea?aeaueany a ii?iao i?aaa
i?aaiaua n?aaenoaa, iaania/eaathuea anai noauaeoai oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiie
aeayoaeueiinoe aiciiaeiinoue auiieiyoue iaycaiiinoe e eniieueciaaoue
i?aaeinoaaeaiiua i?aaa.
Ainoaea?noaaiiui i?aaiai (aeieaeiinoiui eeoeai) i?aaiaua aa?aioee
iaania/eaatho aiciiaeiinoue auiieiyoue naie iaycaiiinoe e eniieueciaaoue naie
i?aaa aeey aeinoeaeaiey caaea/ oaieiaiiai noaeii?iecaiaenoaa, a a?aaeaeaiai —
?aaeueii eniieueciaaoue i?aaeinoaaeaiiua ei i?ioeannoaeueiua n?aaenoaa aeey caueou e
io?aiu i?aa e caeiiiuo eioa?ania. I?aaa, i?aaeinoaaeaiiua i?aaio ainoaea?noaa
(aeieaeiinoiiio eeoeo) a oaieiaiii i?ioeanna, aa?aioe?iaaiu iaycaiiinoueth
niioaaonoaothueo eeoe auiieiyoue ia?auaiiua e iei o?aaiaaiey e onoaiiaeaiiuie
caeiiii naieoeeyie, eioi?ua iiaoo auoue i?eiaiaiu ca iaauiieiaiea yoeo
iaycaiiinoae.
Iineieueeo iaeiie ec noi?ii i?ioeannoaeueii-i?aaiaiai ioiioaiey anaaaea
yaeyaony ainoaea?noaaiiue i?aai eee aeieaeiinoiia eeoei, iaaeaeaiiia aeanoiuie
iieiiii/eyie, iniaia cia/aiea a oaieiaiii i?ioeanna i?eia?aoatho
i?ioeannoaeueiua aa?aioee ee/iinoe, io?aia aa caeiiiuo i?aa e eioa?ania,
iaania/aiea i?aaa a?aaeaeai ia noaeaaioth caueoo. ?aaeueiia iaania/aiea i?aaa
ee/iinoe, a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue iaaeiyaiiai, yaeyaony e?eoa?eai ioeaiee
aeaiie?aoecia, aoiaiecia oaieiaiiai i?ioeanna.
Iniiao aa?aioee i?aa ee/iinoe a noa?a oaieiaiiai i?ioeanna ninoaaeytho
cae?aieaiiua e iaania/eaaaiua Eiinoeoooeeae i?aaa e naiaiaeu a?aaeaeai (ae. 2
Eiinoeoooeee ?O) e i?eioeeiu i?aainoaeey.
Yoe iniiaiiieaaathuea ii?iu, onoaiaaeeaathuea aa?aioee i?aa ee/iinoe
eiie?aoece?othony a oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiii caeiia i?eiaieoaeueii e noaaeeyi
i?ioeanna e i?aaai, i?aaeinoaaeaiiui o/anoieeai e eiui noauaeoai oaieiaiiai
i?ioeanna.
Iiaeic?aaaaiue, iaaeiyaiue (iiaenoaeeiue, inoaeaeaiiue) iiaoo caueuaoue naie
i?aaa eae ee/ii, oae e n iiiiuueth caueoieea, caeiiiuo i?aaenoaaeoaeae,
iauanoaaiiuo caueoieeia. Caeiiii aa?aioe?iaaiu i?aaa iioa?iaaoaai,
a?aaeaeaineiai enooea, a?aaeaeaineiai ioaao/eea e eiuo noauaeoia i?ioeanna
(naeaeaoaeae, yenia?oia, niaoeeaeenoia, iiiyouo, ia?aaiae/eeia e ae?.).
Aaaeiaeoeie aa?aioeyie caueou i?aa e caeiiiuo eioa?ania ee/iinoe a
oaieiaiii i?ioeanna yaeythony: i?aai iiaeic?aaaaiiai, iaaeiyaiiai eiaoue
caueoieea: noaeaaiue eiio?ieue ca caaea?aeaieai eeoea eee eca?aiea a ea/anoaa
ia?u i?ana/aiey niaea?aeaiea iiae no?aaeae: ?aaainoai i?aa o/anoieeia noaeaaiiai
?acae?aoaeuenoaa: i?aaeinoaaeaiea oieueei noaeo i?aaa i?eciaoue iaaeiyaiiai
aeiiaiui: aiciiaeiinoue iaaeaeiaaiey aeaenoaee e ?aoaiee aeieaeiinoiuo eeoe e
ainoaea?noaaiiuo i?aaiia a noae.
I?ioeannoaeueiuie aa?aioeyie i?aa ee/iinoe yaeythony oa n?aaenoaa, eioi?ua
iaania/eaatho oaeoe/aneoth ?aaeecaoeeth yoeo i?aa. Iai?eia?, i?aai iaaeiyaiiai
eiaoue caueoieea aa?aioe?oaony ?acuyniaieai aio yoiai i?aaa, i?aaeinoaaeaieai
i?aaa eca?aoue caueoieea, ieacaieai aio, a oeacaiiuo caeiiii neo/ayo,
aanieaoii iiiiue caueoieea e ae?.
Iaycaiiinoue ii iaania/aieth i?aa a?aaeaeai – o/anoieeia i?ioeanna aiceiaeaia
ia eeoe, aaaeoueo noaeii?iecaiaenoai. Iie iaycaiu ?acuynieoue o/anoaothuei a aeaea
eeoeai eo i?aaa e iaania/eoue aiciiaeiinoue inouanoaeaiey yoeo i?aa (no. 58
OIE): i?eieiaoue ia?u e ananoi?iiiaio, iieiiio e iauaeoeaiiio enneaaeiaaieth
ianoiyoaeuenoa aeaea e ia ia?aeaaaoue iaycaiiinoue aeieacuaaiey ia iaaeiyaiiai:
auiineoue caeiiiua, iainiiaaiiua e iioeae?iaaiiua ?aoaiey: ioiaiyoue ?aoaiey,
ia?ooathuea i?aaa a?aaeaeai, e ainnoaiaaeeaaoue ia?ooaiioth caeiiiinoue.
Ia i?aaiao aeiciaiey, neaaeiaaoaea, i?ieo?i?a e noaea eaaeeo iaycaiiinoue
i?eiyoue ia?u e aiciauaieth oua?aa, i?e/eiaiiiaia?aaeaeaieio a ?acoeueoaoa
iacaeiiiiai inoaeaeaiey, iacaeiiiiai i?eaea/aiey e oaieiaiie ioaaonoaaiiinoe,
iacaeiiiiai i?eiaiaiey a ea/anoaa ia?u i?ana/aiey caeeth/aiey iiae no?aaeo.
Iaycaiiinoue ainoaea?noaaiiuo i?aaiia, aaaeoueo i?ioeann, iaania/eaaoue
o/anoieeai i?ioeanna (iaaeiyaiiio, iioa?iaaoaio e ae?.) aiciiaeiinoue
?aaeeciaaoue naie i?aaa iaoneiaeaia oai, /oi oaeoe/aneia eniieueciaaiea i?aa
o/anoieeia i?ioeanna — iaeii ec aaaeiaeoeo oneiaee iauaeoeaiiai, iai?aaeacyoiai
enneaaeiaaiey aeaea, onoaiiaeaiey enoeiu, caueou caeiiiuo eioa?ania ee/iinoe a
i?ioeanna. A yoii niunea i?ioeannoaeueiua i?aaa ee/iinoe aunooiatho a ea/anoaa
iniaiai aeaea i?ioeannoaeueiuo aa?aioee i?aainoaeey. Iiyoiio i?aaiu e eeoea,
aaaeouea noaeii?iecaiaenoai, iaycaiu niaethaeaoue i?ioeannoaeueiua i?aaa a?aaeaeai.
Iie aeieaeiu auoue caeioa?aniaaiu a oii, /oiau o/anoieee i?ioeanna ciaee naie
i?aaa e eniieueciaaee eo, oae eae oieueei i?e yoii oneiaee iiaeao auoue
aeinoeaiooi iauaeoeaiia, ananoi?iiiaa e iieiia enneaaeiaaiea aeaea, eneeth/ai
iaaeieoaeueiue oeeii, auianaii caeiiiia e iainiiaaiiia noaeaaiia ?aoaiea.

§7. Oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiia i?aai e oaieiaiia i?aai
Oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiia i?aai ia?ac?uaii naycaii n oaieiaiui i?aaii.
Oaieiaiia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai onoaiaaeeaaao iniiaaiey e i?eioeeiu oaieiaiie
ioaaonoaaiiinoe, ii?aaeaeyao, eaeea aeayiey i?eciathony i?anooieaieyie, e
onoaiaaeeaaao iaeacaiea e eiua ia?u oaieiaii-i?aaiaiai oa?aeoa?a ca eo
niaa?oaiea. Oaieiaiia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai ii?aaeaeyao ianoiyoaeuenoaa,
eneeth/athuea i?anooiiinoue aeayiey, iniiaaiey inaiaiaeaeaiey io oaieiaiie
ioaaonoaaiiinoe eee iaeacaiey.
Oaieiaiue i?ioeann i?aaenoaaeyao niaie nenoaio i?aaiauo n?aaenoa,
iaania/eaathueo i?eiaiaiea ii?i oaieiaiiai i?aaa iooai onoaiiaeaiey
oaeoe/aneeo ianoiyoaeuenoa niauoey, eeoea, niaa?oeaoaai ii?aaeaeaiiua aeaenoaey,
aai aeiu, iineaaenoaee aai aeaenoaee e ae?., o. a. iooai onoaiiaeaiey iaee/ey
eee ionoonoaey a eiie?aoiii neo/aa iniiaaiee oaieiaiie ioaaonoaaiiinoe eee
inaiaiaeaeaiey io iaa.
Iaoa?eaeueii-i?aaiaua (oaieiaii-i?aaiaua) ioiioaiey oaeoe/anee aicieeatho
iaaeaeo eeoeii, niaa?oeaoei i?anooieaiea, e ainoaea?noaii a iiiaio niaa?oaiey
i?anooieaiey. I?anooieaiea yaeyaony oai th?eaee/aneei oaeoii, eioi?ue
ii?iaeaeaao i?aai ainoaea?noaa ia iaeacaiea aeiiaiiai, a o eeoea, niaa?oeaoaai
i?anooieaiea, – iaycaiiinoue ianoe ioaaonoaaiiinoue ca naia aeayiea. Aeey
?aaeecaoeee i?aaa ainoaea?noaaiiie ioaaonoaaiiinoe aeieaeii auoue onoaiiaeaii
i?aaeoniio?aiiia oaieiaiui i?aaii iniiaaiea ioaaonoaaiiinoe – aeiiaiinoue eeoea
a niaa?oaiiii i?anooieaiee, o. a. oiuoeaiiia eee ii iainoi?iaeiinoe
niaa?oaiea i?aaeoniio?aiiiai oaieiaiui caeiiii iauanoaaiii iianiiai aeayiey
(no. 3 OE, no. 68 OIE).
A i?eaiai?a noaea ?aaeecoaony i?aai ainoaea?noaa aiceiaeeoue ia aeiiaiiai
ioaaonoaaiiinoue eee inaiaiaeeoue io iaa iaaeiiaiiai. Oaeei ia?acii, oaieiaiue
i?ioeann iaania/eaaao ?aaeecaoeeth ii?i oaieiaiiai i?aaa.
Oaieiaii-i?aaiaia ioiioaiea aucaaii e aeecie oaeoii niaa?oaiey
i?anooieaiey. Iaeiaei ?aaeeciaaii iii iiaeao auoue oieueei /a?ac aeayoaeueiinoue
noauaeoia oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiuo ioiioaiee: n iaeiie noi?iiu, n iiiiuueth
noauaeoia oaieiaiiai i?ioeanna, ioaaonoaaiiuo ca i?iecaiaenoai ii oaieiaiiio
aeaeo (neaaeiaaoaeue, i?ieo?i?, noae), a n ae?oaie – /a?ac ?aaeecaoeeth i?aa
iiaeic?aaaaiiai, iaaeiyaiiai, aai caueoieea, i?aaenoaaeoaey.
Oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiia i?aai, eae iieacaii auoa, eiaao naie caaea/e,
naith nouiinoue e niaea?aeaiea. Iii ii?aaeaeyao ii?yaeie onoaiiaeaiey
ianoiyoaeuenoa, eiathueo oaieiaii-i?aaiaia cia/aiea, eciaee/aiey aeiiaiuo,
iacia/aiey ni?aaaaeeeaiai iaeacaiey eeoeai, niaa?oeaoei i?anooieaiea,
aiciauaiey iioa?iaaoaio, a?aaeaeaineiio enooeo oua?aa, iaianaiiiai
i?anooieaieai.
Ii?iu oaieiaiiai i?aaa, onoaiaaeeaathuea iniiaaiey inaiaiaeaeaiey io
oaieiaiie ioaaonoaaiiinoe eee iaeacaiey, aeieaeiu aea/ue ca niaie a OIE
niioaaonoaothuea i?ioeannoaeueiua oi?iu ?aoaiey yoeo aii?inia.

§8. Oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiia i?aai e ii?iu ii?aee
A oaieiaiii i?ioeanna, eae e a ae?oaeo noa?ao iauanoaaiiie aeecie,
?aaoeyoi?ii iiaaaeaiey ethaeae, n?aaenoaii i?aaiecaoeee acaeiiioiioaiee iaaeaeo
ieie neoaeao ia oieueei i?aaiaua ii?iu, ii e ii?iu ii?aee (i?aanoaaiiinoe).
Ii?aeue eae oi?ia iauanoaaiiiai niciaiey aeaenoaoao, nouanoaoao a aeaea
noaeaeaiee, i?aaenoaaeaiee ethaeae i aeia?a, cea, ni?aaaaeeeainoe, /anoe, aeieaa,
a?aaeaeainoaaiiinoe. Niioaaonoaothuea ii?aeueiua ii?iu a niciaiee ethaeae neoaeao
?aaoeyoi?ii eo iiaaaeaiey.
Yoi iieiaeaiea aaaeii aeey oa?aeoa?enoeee acaeiiioiioaiey i?aaa e ii?aee a
?aaoee?iaaiee oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiuo aeaenoaee e ioiioaiee.
Acaeiiaeaenoaea i?aaa e ii?aee a niciaiee aeiciaaaoaey, neaaeiaaoaey,
i?ieo?i?a, noaeuee aeeyao ia oaeoeeo aai iiaaaeaiey, iaia?o iauaiey n
iaaeiyaiui, naeaeaoaeai, iioa?iaaoei e aeaaea ia auai? i?aaiaiai ?aoaiey, eiaaea
a ?aieao i?aaiaie ii?iu yoi aeanoei ia ii?aaeaeaii. E auai? caaeneo io
eiie?aoiuo ianoiyoaeuenoa aeaea, ee/iinoe iaaeiyaiiai e o. i..
Iiiaea i?ioeannoaeueii-i?aaiaua i?aaeienaiey aicieeee ia iniiaa
niioaaonoaothueo ii?aeueiuo i?aaenoaaeaiee e i?aaee. Iai?eia?, i?aaenoaaeaiea i
oii, /oi cai?auaaony auiieiaiea aeaenoaee eee i?eiyoea ?aoaiee, eioi?ua
oieaeatho aeinoieinoai a?aaeaeaieia, i?eaiaeyo e ?ani?ino?aiaieth naaaeaiee ia
ianoiyoaeuenoaao aai ee/iie aeecie, noaayo iiae oa?ico aai caei?iauea,
iaiainiiaaiii i?e/eiytho aio oece/aneea eee i?aanoaaiiua no?aaeaiey, iieo/eei
cae?aieaiea a caeiia, aaea neacaii: “Cai?auaaony aeiiiaaoueny iieacaiee
iaaeiyaiiai e ae?oaeo o/anoaothueo a aeaea eeoe iooai ianeeey, oa?ic e eiuo
iacaeiiiuo ia?” (/. 3 no. 20 OIE).
I?aanoaaiiua ii?iu aeeth/aiu a ?aaeaiaioaoeeth i?aaee aeii?ina, ee/iiai
iaunea, inaeaeaoaeuenoaiaaiey, neaaenoaaiiiai yenia?eiaioa (iai?eia?,
neaaenoaaiiue yenia?eiaio aiciiaeai eeoue i?e oneiaee, anee aai i?iaaaeaiea ia
naycaii n oieaeaieai aeinoieinoaa e /anoe o/anoaothueo a iai eeoe e ie?oaeathueo e
ia nicaeaao iianiinoe aeey eo caei?iauey (no. 183 OIE), o/oaiu i?e onoaiiaeaiee
iaycaiiinoe i?eiyoue ia?u iiia/aiey i aeaoyo e io?aiu eiouanoaa caeeth/aiiiai
iiae no?aaeo (no. 150, 172, 181, 98 OIE), a i?aaiauo ii?iao, io?aiythueo
i?ioanneiiaeueioth oaeio caueoieea (/. 6 no. 72 OIE), inaiaiaeaeathueo noi?oaa e
aeeceeo ?iaenoaaiieeia io iaycaiiinoe aeaaaoue naeaeaoaeueneea iieacaiey (no. 51
Eiinoeoooeee ?O).
Ii?iu ii?aee aeieaeiu ieacuaaoue ?aaoeyoeaiia aicaeaenoaea ia iiaaaeaiea
noauaeoia oaieiaiiai i?ioeanna. Oae, i?aanoaaiiue aeiea aeieaeai iiaoaeeoue,
iai?eia?, noaeueth cayaeoue i?enyaeiui canaaeaoaeyi naiiioaiae, anee ii ciaao, /oi
eiathony ianoiyoaeuenoaa, eioi?ua iiaoo iiaeeyoue ia aai iauaeoeaiinoue, (no.
61,438 OIE).
“Ii?aeue a iaeanoe oaieiaiiai noaeii?iecaiaenoaa auiieiyao ?ieue
aeiiieieoaeueiie aa?aioee /aoeiai, oi/iiai e iaoeeiiiiai auiieiaiey i?aaiauo
ii?i. A yoii i?iyaeyaony aa aa?aioe?othuay ?ieue, eee, eia/a, ooieoeee
ii?aeueiie aa?aioee, aeiiieiythuae aa?aioee i?aaiaua” . Niaaeeiaiea o?aaiaaiee
i?aaa e ii?aee aeieaeiu i?aiyonoaiaaoue i?iyaeaieth i?aaeacyoinoe, oaiaeaioeeiciiai
iiaeoiaea i?e i?iaaaeaiee aeiciaiey, i?aaeaa?eoaeueiiai neaaenoaey e noaeaaiiai
?acae?aoaeuenoaa, aieieeou, /a?noainoe, aac?acee/ey e noaeueaa ethaeae,
oi?iaeueiiio ioiioaieth e eo ia?auaieyi, aeaeiaai.
I?aanoaaiiua o?aaiaaiey, i?aaeuyaeyaiua e iiaaaeaieth noaeuee, au?aaeaiu a
caeiia ?O “I noaoona noaeae a ?O”, aaea neacaii, /oi “noaeuey i?e eniieiaiee
naieo iieiiii/ee, a oaeaea ai aia neoaeaaiuo ioiioaiee aeieaeai ecaaaaoue anaai,
/oi iiaei au oiaeeoue aaoi?eoao noaeaaiie aeanoe, aeinoieinoai noaeuee eee
aucaaoue niiiaiey a aai iauaeoeaiinoe, ni?aaaaeeeainoe e aani?eno?anoiinoe”
(no. 3).
I?aanoaaiiua o?aaiaaiey, eioi?ui aeieaeia niioaaonoaiaaoue aeayoaeueiinoue
i?enyaeiuo canaaeaoaeae, au?aaeaiu .a eo eeyoaa, aaea neacaii i “/anoiii” e
“aani?eno?anoiii” eniieiaiee iaycaiiinoae, i ?ac?aoaiee aeaea “ii naiaio
aioo?aiiaio oaaaeaeaieth e niaanoe, eae iiaeiaaao naiaiaeiiio a?aaeaeaieio e
ni?aaaaeeeaiio /aeiaaeo” (no. 443 OIE).

Aeaaa IV. Noauaeou oaieiaiiai i?ioeanna
§ 1. Iiiyoea e eeanneoeeaoeey noauaeoia oaieiaiiai i?ioeanna
I?aaiu ainoaea?noaa, aeieaeiinoiua eeoea, a?aaeaeaia, th?eaee/aneea eeoea
o/anoaothuea a i?ioeanna, eae iineoaee ii?aaeaeaiiuo i?aa e iaycaiiinoae,
yaeythony noauaeoaie oaieiaiiai i?ioeanna. ?ieue, iacia/aiea e oeaee o/anoey eo
a aeaea ?acee/iu, /oi iicaieyao noauaeoia i?ioeanna ?ani?aaeaeeoue ia a?oiiu.
A iaeio ec ieo aoiaeyo i?aaiu ainoaea?noaa e aeieaeiinoiua eeoea – noae
(noaeuey), i?ieo?i?, neaaeiaaoaeue, ia/aeueiee neaaenoaaiiiai ioaeaea, i?aai
aeiciaiey e eeoei, i?iecaiaeyuaa aeiciaiea (aeiciaaaoaeue), eioi?ua inouanoaeytho
i?iecaiaenoai ii aeaeo, caieiatho a iai aaaeouaa iieiaeaiea e ioaa/atho ca aai
i?aaeeueiue oiae e enoiae. Oieueei iie i?eiaiytho ii?iu i?aaa, ia?u
i?ioeannoaeueiiai i?eioaeaeaiey a ioiioaiee oao eee eiuo eeoe, auiinyo ?aoaiey i
ia/aea i?iecaiaenoaa ii aeaeo, aai iai?aaeaiee e ?ac?aoaiee aeaea ii nouanoao.
Eaaeaeue ec ieo aeaenoaoao a i?aaeaeao naieo iieiiii/ee, ?aoaao a i?ioeanna naie
niaoeeaeueiua caaea/e e eniieuecoao aeey yoiai iniaua i?ioeannoaeueiua n?aaenoaa.
Ae?oaoth — ia?acotho o/anoieee oaieiaiiai i?ioeanna – iiaeic?aaaaiue,
iaaeiyaiue, eo caueoieee, iioa?iaaoee, a?aaeaeaineee enoaoe, a?aaeaeaineee
ioaao/ee e eo i?aaenoaaeoaee, eioi?ua: a) ionoaeaatho a aeaea io?aiyaiue
caeiiii ee/iue, caueuaaiue eee i?aaenoaaeyaiue eioa?an, naycaiiue n enoiaeii
aeaea: a) iaaeaeaiu oe?ieeie i?ioeannoaeueiuie i?aaaie (n aiceiaeaieai
niioaaonoaothueo iaycaiiinoae), iicaieythuei aeoeaii o/anoaiaaoue a i?ioeanna e
aeeyoue ia aeaeaeaiea e enoiae aeaea: a) aeiioneathony eee i?eaeaeathony e o/anoeth a
aeaea iniaui aeoii ainoaea?noaaiiiai i?aaia (aeieaeiinoiiai eeoea).
Iaaeiyaiue, iiaeic?aaaaiue, iioa?iaaoee, a?aaeaeaineee enoaoe e a?aaeaeaineee
ioaao/ee ionoaeaatho a aeaea naie i?aaa e eioa?anu, a caueoiee e i?aaenoaaeoaee
– i?aaa e eioa?anu iiaecaueoiuo e i?aaenoaaeyaiuo.
Ioia/aiiua auoa i?eciaee i?enoue eneeth/eoaeueii oeacaiiui auoa
noauaeoai, iacaaiu a ae. 3 OIE “o/anoieee i?ioeanna”, /oi ia iicaieyao iiae
eiaiai “o/anoiee i?ioeanna” iauaaeeiyoue eiuo noauaeoia oaieiaiiai
noaeii?iecaiaenoaa. Iiiyoey noauaeoia i?ioeanna e o/anoieeia i?ioeanna
niioiinyony iaaeaeo niaie eae ?iae e aeae. Eaaeaeue o/anoiee i?ioeanna yaeyaony aai
noauaeoii, ii ia eaaeaeue noauaeo i?ioeanna yaeyaony aai o/anoieeiiO?aouey
a?oiia – iauaaeeiyao eeoe, eioi?ua aiaeaeathony a i?ioeann aeey niaeaenoaey
i?aaiai ainoaea?noaa (aeieaeiinoiui eeoeai) a auiieiaiee caaea/ noaeii?iecaiaenoaa
e a?aaeaeaiai a caueoa eo i?aa. Yoi naeaeaoaeue, yenia?o, niaoeeaeeno,
ia?aaiae/ee, iiiyoua, nae?aoa?ue noaeaaiiai canaaeaiey.
A noaeaaiii ?acae?aoaeuenoaa iiaoo o/anoaiaaoue i?aaenoaaeoaee o?oaeiauo
eieeaeoeaia e iauanoaaiiuo i?aaiecaoeee – iauanoaaiiua iaaeieoaee e
caueoieee, i?aaenoaaeoaee i?aaei?eyoee, o/?aaeaeaiee e i?aaiecaoeee, a eioi?uo
o/eeny eee ?aaioae ianiaa?oaiiieaoiee iaaeiyaiue e o. ae. Oeacaiiua
i?aaenoaaeoaee aeiaiaeyo aei naaaeaiey noaea iiaiea iauanoaaiiinoe eee o?oaeiaiai
eieeaeoeaa ioiineoaeueii ?anniao?eaaaiiai aeaea e ee/iinoe iaaeiyaiiai e yoei
niaeaenoaotho noaeo a i?eiyoee ni?aaaaeeeaiai ?aoaiey. O/anoea eo a noaeaaiii
i?ioeanna e?aeia ?aaeei.
A caeiia ia?yaeo n iiiyoeai “o/anoieee i?ioeanna” eniieuecoaony oe?ieia
iiiyoea – “o/anoaothuea a aeaea eeoea” (no. 17, 58, 133, 134, 135, 275, 275).
Ei ioaaouaathony ana noauaeou oaieiaiiai i?ioeanna, ca eneeth/aieai
ainoaea?noaaiiuo i?aaiia e aeieaeiinoiuo eeoe.
Iiiyoea “o/anoieee noaeaaiiai ?acae?aoaeuenoaa” (no. 245 OIE) ioaaouaaao
iaaeieoaey, iiaenoaeeiiai, caueoieea, a oaeaea iioa?iaaoaai a?aaeaeaineiai enooea,
a?aaeaeaineiai ioaao/eea e eo i?aaenoaaeoaey, o.a. noauaeoia n i?ioeaiiieiaeiuie
eioa?anaie, yaeythueony a noaeaaiii ?acae?aoaeuenoaa noi?iiaie.
Iauaaeeiaiea iiae iauei iaeiaiiaaieai “o/anoieee noaeaaiiai
?acae?aoaeuenoaa” noauaeoia n i?ioeaiiieiaeiuie eioa?anaie aaaeii aeey oiai,
/oiau iiae/a?eiooue ?aaainoai eo i?ioeannoaeueiuo i?aa a noaea, eo iieiaeaiea eae
?aaiii?aaiuo ia?aae noaeii noi?ii.

2. Oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiua ooieoeee

A i?aaeuaeouai ia?aa?aoa aeaia eeanneoeeaoeey noauaeoia oaieiaiiai i?ioeanna
enoiaey ec auiieiyaiuo eie caaea/, iieiiii/ee eee oeaeae, i?aneaaeoaiuo o/anoeai
a oaieiaiii i?ioeanna e oao i?aa e iaycaiiinoae, eioi?uie iie iaaeaeaiu. Yoei
ia en/a?iuaaaony oa?aeoa?enoeea i?ioeannoaeueiiai iieiaeaiey noauaeoia
oaieiaiiai i?ioeanna.
Iia nouanoaaiii aeiiieiyaony e oaeoaeyaony i?e oa?aeoa?enoeea noauaeoia
oaieiaiiai i?ioeanna n eniieueciaaieai iiiyoey oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiua
ooieoeee. Aeaeu iai?aaeaiey aeayoaeueiinoe noauaeoia, iaoneiaeaiiua eo ?ieueth,
iacia/aieai eee oeaeueth o/anoey a aeaea, iacuaathony i?ioeannoaeueiuie ooieoeeyie.
E?oa ooieoeee, oi?iu e noauaeou eo inouanoaeythuea onoaiiaeaiu caeiiii,
oioy nai oa?iei “ooieoeey” a caeiia ia oiio?aaeyaony. Ooieoeee, auiieiaiea
eioi?uo oae eee eia/a naycaii n aeinoeaeaieai iaueo oeaeae i?ioeanna eee
ii?aaeaeaiiie eo /anoe, ioiinyony e /eneo iniiaiuo (eae e iniiaiui yaeyaony
i?aaiioiioaiea noae – noi?iiu). Yoe ooieoeee auiieiytho i?aaiu ainoaea?noaa a
neeo ioaee/ii-i?aaiauo iaycaiiinoae, a oaeaea o/anoieee i?ioeanna. I?e yoii
i?aaiu ainoaea?noaa e aeieaeiinoiua eeoea iaycaiu iaania/eaaoue aiciiaeiinoue
o/anoieeai i?ioeanna ?aaeeciaaoue aeaeu, iai?aaeaiey aeayoaeueiinoe, eioi?ua
neoaeao eo caeiiiui eioa?anai.
Aeayoaeueiinoe noauaeoia ia?aie e aoi?ie a?oiiu au?aaeaiu a o?ao iniiaiuo
oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiuo ooieoeeyo: iaaeiaiea, caueoa e ?ac?aoaiea aeaea. A
yoeo o?ao ooieoeeyo au?aaeai oio niaoeeoe/aneee i?ioeannoaeueiue niune
aeayoaeueiinoe noauaeoia i?ioeanna, eioi?ue ia i?ioyaeaiee anae enoi?ee i?ioeanna
neoaeeo iniiaaieai aeey ii?aaeaeaiey oiai eee eiiai oeia i?ioeanna.
A eieaeceoeeiiiii i?ioeanna ooieoeee iaaeiaiey, caueou e ?ac?aoaiey aeaea
niaaeeiythony a iaeiii eeoea, /oi iaaiciiaeii ia oieueei a i?aaiaii, ii e a
ineoieiae/aneii ioiioaiee, a oaeoe/anee yoi i?eaiaeeei e oiio, /oi iaaeiyaiue
ieacuaaeny ia?aae iaaeieoaeai e noaeueae a iaeiii eeoea.
Aeaiie?aoe/aneay i?e?iaea i?ioeanna a i?aaiaii ainoaea?noaa o?aaoao, /oiau
ooieoeee iaaeiaiey, caueou e ?ac?aoaiey aeaea i?aaenoaaeyee niaie
naiinoiyoaeueiua e iacaaeneiua ae?oa io ae?oaa ooieoeee, auiieiyaiua ?acee/iuie
noauaeoaie.
I?ieo?i? eee iioa?iaaoee io i?anooieaiey noaaeo ia?aae noaeii aii?in i
aeiiaiinoe eeoea e aeieacuaaao i?aaeeueiinoue naiaai ooaa?aeaeaiey. Ooieoeeth caueou
io iaaeiaiey inouanoaeyao iaaeiyaiue, aai caueoiee, caeiiiue i?aaenoaaeoaeue
(no. 48, 49 Eiinoeoooeee: no. 46, 51, 398-399 OIE).
Noae inouanoaeyao i?aainoaeea. Oieueei aio i?aaeinoaaeaii i?aai i?eciaoue
iaaeiyaiiai aeiiaiui a niaa?oaiee i?anooieaiey (no. 49, 118 Eiinoeoooeee ?O).
A noaaeee i?aaeaa?eoaeueiiai ?anneaaeiaaiey ooieoeee i?iyaeythony neaaeothuei
ia?acii. Neaaeiaaoaeue (i?aai aeiciaiey) auiieiyao ooieoeeth i?aaeaa?eoaeueiiai
?anneaaeiaaiey, iai?aaeyy naie oneeey ia niae?aiea e cae?aieaiea
aeieacaoaeuenoa, ouaoaeueiia enneaaeiaaiea anao ianoiyoaeuenoa aeaea, onoaiiaeaiea
eeoea, niaa?oeaoaai i?anooieaiea e ?aoaiea aii?ina i aeaeueiaeoai iai?aaeaiee
aeaea.
A niaea?aeaiea aeaiiie ooieoeee aoiaeeo oaieiaiia i?aneaaeiaaiea. Neaaeiaaoaeue
(i?aai aeiciaiey) caaea?aeeaaao iiaeic?aaaaiuo, oi?ioee?oao e i?aaeuyaeyao
iaaeiaiea, i?eiaiyao ia?u i?eioaeaeaiey, a oii /enea e ia?u i?ana/aiey,
ninoaaeyao iaaeieoaeueiia caeeth/aiea, a eioi?ii iiaeaiaeeo ?acoeueoaou naiae
aeayoaeueiinoe ii ?ane?uoeth i?anooieaiey, aeieacuaaieth iaaeiaiey. Yoi e anoue
inouanoaeaiea ooieoeee oaieiaiiai i?aneaaeiaaiey, eioi?ay iaoiaeeo naia
au?aaeaiea a oi?ia auaeaeaeaiey i?ioea eiie?aoiiai eeoea iaaeiaiey a niaa?oaiee
i?anooieaiey.
Io?eoeaoue yoi – cia/eo io?eoeaoue e ooieoeeth caueou. Caueoa nouanoaoao oai
e iinoieueeo, aaea e iineieueeo inouanoaeyaony oaieiaiia i?aneaaeiaaiea
iiaeic?aaaaiiai eee iaaeiyaiiai. Eai iao e ia iiaeao auoue iieiaeaiey, /oiau a
aeaea oeao?e?iaae iiaeic?aaaaiue eee iaaeiyaiue e aai ieeoi e ie a /ai ia
iiaeic?aaae eeai ia iaaeiye.
Oaieiaiia i?aneaaeiaaiea – yoi i?ioeannoaeueiay aeayoaeueiinoue, iai?aaeaiiay
ia aeieacuaaiea aeiiaiinoe ii?aaeaeaiiiai eeoea, ninoiyuay a oi?ioee?iaaiee e
iainiiaaiee auaiaea i niaa?oaiee ii?aaeaeaiiui eeoeii i?anooieaiey. Aai
inouanoaeyao ia oieueei neaaeiaaoaeue, ii e i?ieo?i?, eioi?ue iiaeao auiieiyoue
oa aea aeaenoaey, /oi e neaaeiaaoaeue, iai?eia?, i?aaeuyaeoue iaaeiaiea ii aeaeo,
?anneaaeiaaiiiio neaaeiaaoaeai, eee iieiinoueth ?anneaaeiaaoue oaieiaiia aeaei,
i?eieiaoue o/anoea a i?iaiaeeiuo neaaeiaaoaeai aeaenoaeyo, ooaa?aeaeaoue
ninoaaeaiiia neaaeiaaoaeai iaaeieoaeueiia caeeth/aiea eee naiiio ninoaaeyoue
iaaeieoaeueiia caeeth/aiea e o. ae.
Oi?iie oaieiaiiai i?aneaaeiaaiey yaeyaony iaaeiaiea, eioi?ia
i?aaenoaaeyao niaie aeaeaeouaa ia/aei oaieiaiiai i?ioeanna e iaoiaeeo naia
au?aaeaiea eae a noaaeee i?aaeaa?eoaeueiiai ?anneaaeiaaiey, oae e a noaea.
Ooieoeey caueou a noaaeee i?aaeaa?eoaeueiiai ?anneaaeiaaiey au?aaeaaony a
aeaenoaeyo iiaeic?aaaaiiai, iaaeiyaiiai e eo caueoieeia, iai?aaeaiiuo ia
iieiia eee /anoe/iia ii?iaa?aeaiea iiaeic?aiey eee iaaeiaiey, auyaeaiea
ianoiyoaeuenoa, aiai?yueo a iieueco iiaeic?aaaaiiai eee iaaeiyaiiai.
E ooieoeeyi iaaeiaiey e caueou aeecei i?eiueatho ooieoeee iiaeaea?aeaiey
a?aaeaeaineiai enea e caueou io iaai, auiieiyaiua niioaaonoaaiii a?aaeaeaineei
enooeii e a?aaeaeaineei ioaao/eeii, eo i?aaenoaaeoaeyie.
A noaaeee i?aaeaa?eoaeueiiai ?anneaaeiaaiey inouanoaeyaony oaeaea ooieoeey
i?ieo?i?neiai iaaeci?a ca oi/iui e aaeeiiia?aciui eniieiaieai caeiiia i?aaiaie
aeiciaiey e i?aaeaa?eoaeueiiai neaaenoaey.
A ioee/ea io i?aaeaa?eoaeueiiai ?anneaaeiaaiey noauaeou iaaeiaiey e
caueou, iiaeaea?aeaiey a?aaeaeaineiai enea e caueou i?ioea iaai auiieiytho a
noaeaaiii ?acae?aoaeuenoaa naie ooieoeee a i?ioeannoaeueiii iieiaeaiee o/anoieeia
noaeaaiiai ?acae?aoaeuenoaa eee, /oi oi aea, noi?ii, iaaeaeaiiuo ?aaiuie
i?ioeannoaeueiuie i?aaaie (no. 133 Eiinoeoooeee ?O, no. 245 OIE).
Iiiyoeai noi?ii (o/anoieeia noaeaaiiai ?acae?aoaeuenoaa) ioaaouaathony
ia?iua noauaeou oaieiaiiai i?ioeanna, i?aneaaeothuea a aeaea i?ioeaiiieiaeiua ii
naiae iai?aaeaiiinoe eioa?anu, auiieiythuea niia?acii n ieie i?ioeaiiieiaeiua
ii naiaio oa?aeoa?o i?ioeannoaeueiua ooieoeee e aeey oniaoiiai inouanoaeaiey eo
iieuecothueany ?aaiuie i?ioeannoaeueiuie i?aaaie (no. 123 Eiinoeoooeee ?O, no.
245 OIE).
A ea/anoaa noi?iiu i?ieo?i?, i?iaeieaeay oaieiaiia i?aneaaeiaaiea,
iiaeaea?aeeaaao ia?aae noaeii ainoaea?noaaiiia iaaeiaiea. Eae ainoaea?noaaiiue
iaaeieoaeue, ii eciaee/aao iiaenoaeeiiai a niaa?oaiee i?anooieaiey, aeieacuaaao
aai aeio, aeiaeaaaony i?eiaiaiey e iaio ni?aaaaeeeaiai iaeacaiey, a anee
iaaeiaiea ia iaoiaeeo iiaeoaa?aeaeaiey ia noaeaaiii neaaenoaee, ioeacuaaaony io
aai iiaeaea?aeaiey.
Ainoaea?noaaiiia iaaeiaiea caieiaao iniiaiia ianoi n?aaee ae?oaeo aeaeia
iaaeiaiey a noaeaaiii ?acae?aoaeuenoaa – iauanoaaiiiai iaaeiaiey,
iiaeaea?aeeaaaiiai iauanoaaiiui iaaeieoaeai, e /anoiiai (a?aaeaeaineiai)
iaaeiaiey, iiaeaea?aeeaaaiiai iioa?iaaoei.
Oaeei ia?acii, ooieoeey iaaeiaiey a noaeaaiii ?acae?aoaeuenoaa auiieiyaony
ainoaea?noaaiiui iaaeieoaeai, iauanoaaiiui iaaeieoaeai e iioa?iaaoei.
Iaaeiaiea – iaycaoaeueiay i?aaeiinueea i?aainoaeey. Aac iaai ia aicieeaao
ia oieueei ooieoeee caueou, ii e ooieoeee i?aainoaeey. I?aainoaeea inouanoaeyaony
ia eia/a, eae a ioiioaiee eeoe, iaaeiaiiuo a niaa?oaiee i?anooieaiey.
Ooieoeeth caueou a noaeaaiii canaaeaiee inouanoaeytho iiaenoaeeiue, aai
caueoiee e iauanoaaiiue caueoiee.
Eae e a noaaeee i?aaeaa?eoaeueiiai ?anneaaeiaaiey, a noaeaaiii
?acae?aoaeuenoaa iaoiaeyo au?aaeaiea ooieoeee iiaeaea?aeaiey a?aaeaeaineiai enea e
caueou io iaai. A?aaeaeaineee enoaoe e aai i?aaenoaaeoaeue aeaenoaotho a eioa?anao
aiciauaiey iaoa?eaeueiiai oua?aa, a a?aaeaeaineee ioaao/ee e aai i?aaenoaaeoaeue
– a eioa?anao caueou io a?aaeaeaineiai enea, iieuecoynue anaie i?aaaie noi?iiu.

Aeaei, ii nouanoao, ?ac?aoaao noae, inouanoaeythuee ooieoeeth i?aainoaeey.
Eae oaea ioia/aeinue, iniiaiia niaea?aeaiea ooieoeee i?aainoaeey ninoieo a
iaiin?aaenoaaiiii enneaaeiaaiee aeieacaoaeuenoa, i?aaenoaaeaiiuo noi?iiaie, e
?ac?aoaiee aeaea ii nouanoao, o. a. ?aoaiee i aeiiaiinoe (eee iaaeiiaiinoe)
iaaeiyaiiai e iacia/aiee iaeacaiey a neo/aa i?eciaiey iaaeiyaiiai aeiiaiui.

3. I?aaiu ainoaea?noaa e aeieaeiinoiua eeoea, inouanoaeythuea i?iecaiaenoai ii oaieiaiiio aeaeo

Ia iniiaa aeaiiie auoa iauae oa?aeoa?enoeee noauaeoia i?ioeanna e
oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiuo ooieoeee aeaeaa ?anniao?eaathony iieiiii/ey eaaeaeiai ec
noauaeoia.
Noae – a oaieiaiii i?ioeanna ?aaeecoao noaeaaioth aeanoue iin?aaenoaii
oaieiaiiai noaeii?iecaiaenoaa. Noaeo i?eiaaeeaaeeo eneeth/eoaeueiia i?aai eiaiai
ainoaea?noaa i?eciaoue eeoei aeiiaiui a oaieiaiii i?anooieaiee, a oaeaea
iiaeaa?aiooue aai oaieiaiiio iaeacaieth (no. 49 Eiinoeoooeee ?O).
Oieueei noaeo i?aaeinoaaeaii i?aai auiineoue ?aoaiey, aeiioneathuea
ia?aie/aiea iaeioi?uo eiinoeoooeeiiiuo i?aa a?aaeaeai, ?anniao?eaaoue aeaeiau ia
?aoaiey ia eca?aiee a ea/anoaa ia?u i?ana/aiey niaea?aeaiea iiae no?aaeae eee
i?iaeeaiea aai n?ieia (no. 22, 23, 25 Eiinoeoooeee ?O, no. 220, 220 OIE).
?aoaiey noaea (i?eaiai?, ii?aaeaeaiea, iinoaiiaeaiea) iaycaoaeueiu aeey
anao ainoaea?noaaiiuo e iauanoaaiiuo i?aaei?eyoee, o/?aaeaeaiee e i?aaiecaoeee,
aeieaeiinoiuo eeoe e a?aaeaeai e iiaeeaaeao eniieiaieth ia anae oa??eoi?ee ?O. Noae
iiaeao aeaenoaiaaoue eieeaaeaeueii e aaeeiiee/ii. Eieeaaey noaeae iiaeao ninoiyoue
ec noaeuee e aeaoo ia?iaeiuo canaaeaoaeae eee ec o?ao i?ioanneiiaeueiuo noaeae (no.
10 Caeiia i noaeiono?ienoaa ?O). A neo/ayo, i?aaeoniio?aiiuo oaaea?aeueiui
caeiiii, noaeii?iecaiaenoai inouanoaeyaony n o/anoeai i?enyaeiuo canaaeaoaeae
(i. 4 no. 123 Eiinoeoooeee ?O). A eannaoeeiiiii e iaaeci?iii ii?yaeea aeaei
?anniao?eaaaony a ninoaaa ia iaiaa o?ao noaeae.
Aeaenoaoao ee noae a ea/anoaa ia?aie, eannaoeeiiiie eee iaaeci?iie
einoaioeee, ii caieiaao a noaeaaiuo noaaeeyo ?oeiaiaeyuaa, aeaaainoaothuaa
iieiaeaiea – naiinoiyoaeueii, iacaaeneii io eiai au oi ie auei, ii naiaio
aioo?aiiaio oaaaeaeaieth i?eieiaao ?aoaiey ii anai aii?inai, aicieeathuei i?e
?anniio?aiee aeaea. O/anoaothuea a noaeaaiuo noaaeeyo eeoea ana naie aeaenoaey
niaa?oatho n ?ac?aoaiey noaea e iiae aai eiio?ieai.
I?eieiaaiua noaeii ?aoaiey iaycaoaeueiu ia oieueei aeey i?aaiia
ainoaea?noaaiiie aeanoe, aeieaeiinoiuo eeoe e a?aaeaeai, ii e naiiai noaea. Ioiaia
e eciaiaiea noaeaaiuo ?aoaiee aiciiaeia eeoue a ii?yaeea ia?aniio?a eo
niioaaonoaothueie noaeaaiuie einoaioeeyie a no?iai ia?aie/aiiuo caeiiii
i?aaeaeao.
A naiae aeayoaeueiinoe noaeu ia naycaiu ia oieueei auaiaeaie i?aaiia
i?aaeaa?eoaeueiiai ?anneaaeiaaiey, ii e auaiaeaie auoanoiyueo noaeaaiuo
einoaioeee, anee yoe auaiaeu iinyaatho ia naiaiaeo aioo?aiiaai oaaaeaeaiey.
Acaeiiioiioaiey noaeia ?acee/iuo caaiueaa noaeaaiie nenoaiu no?iyony ia
iacuaeaiie iniiaa i?eioeeia iacaaeneiinoe noaeae e iiae/eiaiey eo oieueei
caeiio.
Noae – aani?eno?anoiue e iauaeoeaiue neoaeeoaeue i?aainoaeey, aai
aeayoaeueiinoue iniiauaaaony ia oaeeo i?eioeeiao, eae iacaaeneiinoue e iiae/eiaiea
oieueei Eiinoeoooeee ?O e oaaea?aeueiiio caeiio, aeaniinoue, ninoycaoaeueiinoue e
?aaiii?aaea noi?ii, i?acoiioeey iaaeiiaiinoe, e ae?oaeo aeaiie?aoe/aneeo
ia/aeao i?ioeanna. Eeoue i?e yoii oneiaee noaeaaiay aeanoue i?iyaeo naay eae
aeanoue ni?aaaaeeeaay, aoiaiiay, iiaeeeiii iacaaeneiay, iaania/eaathuay
aa?oiaainoai caeiia e iacuaeaiinoue i?aa, eioa?ania e naiaiae ee/iinoe.
I?ieo?i?. Iieiiii/ey, i?aaiecaoeey e ii?yaeie aeayoaeueiinoe i?ieo?aoo?u ?O
ii?aaeaeythony oaaea?aeueiui caeiiii. (A ianoiyuaa a?aiy aeaenoaoao Caeii “I
i?ieo?aoo?a” ?O io 17 yiaa?y 1992 a.)I?ioeannoaeueiia iieiaeaiea i?ieo?i?a a
oaieiaiii i?ioeanna, oi?iu e iaoiaeu aeayoaeueiinoe ii?aaeaeythony iaueie caaea/aie
noaeii?iecaiaenoaa e iaiin?aaenoaaiiuie caaea/aie, ?aoaaiuie a eaaeaeie ioaeaeueiie
noaaeee. I?eiaieoaeueii e yoiio ii?aaeaeaiu iieiiii/ey i?ieo?i?a a OIE.
Oe?ieeie iieiiii/eyie i?ieo?i? iaeaaeaao a noaaeeyo aicaoaeaeaiey
oaieiaiiai aeaea e i?aaeaa?eoaeueiiai ?anneaaeiaaiey. A ieo ii inouanoaeyao
oaieiaiia i?aneaaeiaaiea e iaaeci? ca eniieiaieai caeiiia i?aaiaie aeiciaiey e
i?aaeaa?eoaeueiiai neaaenoaey e aeey iaania/aiey ?aaeeia caeiiiinoe a eo
aeayoaeueiinoe ?aaeecoao aeanoii-?anii?yaeeoaeueiua iieiiii/ey (no. 1 e 27
Caeiia i i?ieo?aoo?a).
I?ieo?i? iaaece?aao ca caeiiiinoueth e iainiiaaiiinoueth aicaoaeaeaiey
oaieiaiuo aeae eee nai aicaoaeaeaao oaieiaiia aeaei, inouanoaeyao iauaa
?oeiaiaenoai ?anneaaeiaaieai, iai?aaeyy aai oiae. Ii ai?aaa eno?aaiaaoue o
i?aaia aeiciaiey e neaaeiaaoaey oaieiaiia aeaei e iaoa?eaeu i i?anooieaieyo,
aeaaaoue oeacaiey i ?anneaaeiaaiee, ioiaiyoue e eciaiyoue auianaiiua eie a
ionooieaiea io caeiia iinoaiiaeaiey, i?iaeeaaaoue n?iee ?anneaaeiaaiey e
niaea?aeaiey iaaeiyaiiai iiae no?aaeae, aica?auaoue aeaea aeey aeiiieieoaeueiiai
?anneaaeiaaiey, ia?aaeaaaoue aeaea aeey ?anneaaeiaaiey io iaeiiai neaaeiaaoaey
ae?oaiio. I?ieo?i? ai?aaa i?eiyoue e naiaio i?iecaiaenoao eeai ii?o/eoue
iiae/eiaiiiio aio i?ieo?i?o eee neaaeiaaoaeth ?anneaaeiaaiea ethaiai i?anooieaiey
(no. 27 Caeiia i i?ieo?aoo?a, no. 211, 212 OIE). A yoii neo/aa i?ieo?i? ia
noaiiaeony i?aaiii i?aaeaa?eoaeueiiai ?anneaaeiaaiey, ii inoaaony i?ieo?i?ii.
Aaaeaiea neaaenoaey i?ieo?i?ii ia i?ioeai?a/eo nouiinoe i?ieo?i?neiai iaaeci?a
ca neaaenoaeai, ii eeoue iinoieueeo, iineieueeo aucuaaaony eiie?aoiie
ianoaiiaeie e ia aicaiaeeony a i?aaeei.
Iniaia cia/aiea eiaao i?ieo?i?neee iaaeci? oai, aaea i?ienoiaeeo
ia?aie/aiea eiinoeoooeeiiiuo i?aa e naiaiae a?aaeaeai. I?ieo?i? ia aeieaeai aeaaaoue
naieoeee ia caeeth/aiea iiae no?aaeo, anee yoi ia aucuaaaony iaiaoiaeeiinoueth, e
eciaiyoue yoo ia?o i?ana/aiey eae oieueei ioiaaeatho iniiaaiey, ii eioi?ui iia
eca?aia.
I?ieo?i? iaycai iaiaaeeaiii inaiaiaeeoue naiei iinoaiiaeaieai eaaeaeiai
niaea?aeauaainy aac caeiiiuo iniiaaiee a ianoao eeoaiey naiaiaeu eee
o/?aaeaeaieyo, eniieiythueo ae?oaea ia?u i?eioaeeoaeueiiai oa?aeoa?a, eeai a
ia?ooaiea caeiia iiaeaa?aiooiai caaea?aeaieth, i?aaeaa?eoaeueiiio caeeth/aieth eee
iiiauaiiiai a noaeaaii-ineoeao?e/aneia o/?aaeaeaiea (i. 3 no. 29 Caeiia i
i?ieo?aoo?a, /. 2 no. 11 OIE).
I?ieo?i?neee iaaeci? a noaaeee i?aaeaa?eoaeueiiai ?anneaaeiaaiey i?ecaai
iaania/eoue ?ane?uaaaiinoue i?anooieaiee, i?eaea/aiea e ioaaonoaaiiinoe
aeiiaiuo e iaaeiiouaiea i?eaea/aiey e ioaaonoaaiiinoe iaaeiiaiuo eeoe (no. 1
Caeiia i i?ieo?aoo?a, no. 2 OIE).
Ii ieii/aiee i?aaeaa?eoaeueiiai ?anneaaeiaaiey i?ieo?i? ii?aaeaeyao
aeaeueiaeoaa aeaeaeaiea oaieiaiiai aeaea (no. 214 OIE). Caeii/aiiia
?anneaaeiaaieai aeaei iiaeao auoue i?eiyoi noaeii e ?anniio?aieth eeoue i?e
oneiaee, anee iaaeieoaeueiia caeeth/aiea ooaa?aeaeaii i?ieo?i?ii.
I?ioeannoaeueiia iieiaeaiea i?ieo?i?a a noaeaaiuo noaaeeyo nouanoaaiii
ioee/aaony io aai iieiaeaiey a noaaeee i?aaeaa?eoaeueiiai ?anneaaeiaaiey. A ieo
i?ieo?i? oo?a/eaaao aeanoii-?anii?yaeeoaeueiua iieiiii/ey e o/anoaoao a eiii
i?ioeannoaeueiii ea/anoaa, a eiaiii eae ainoaea?noaaiiue iaaeieoaeue -noi?iia a
i?ioeanna.
A noaeaaiii ?acae?aoaeuenoaa i?ieo?i?, inouanoaeyy oaieiaiia
i?aneaaeiaaiea, iiaeaea?aeeaaao ia?aae noaeii ainoaea?noaaiiia iaaeiaiea, iieuecoynue
?aaiuie i?aaaie n ae?oaeie o/anoieeaie noaeaaiiai ?acae?aoaeuenoaa (no. 31
Caeiia i i?ieo?aoo?a, no. 245, 429 OIE). Yoa ooieoeey auiieiyaony ei a
oa/aiea anaai ?acae?aoaeuenoaa aeaea, iacaaeneii io caiyoie iiceoeee, a oii
/enea e oiaaea, eiaaea ii ioeacuaaaony io iaaeiaiey (no. 430 OIE).
Ainoaea?noaaiiue iaaeieoaeue i?eieiaao aeoeaiia o/anoea a enneaaeiaaiee
aeieacaoaeuenoa, auneacuaaao noaeo naie niia?aaeaiey i i?eiaiaiee oaieiaiiai
caeiia e ia?u iaeacaiey a ioiioaiee iiaenoaeeiiai eee iainiiauaaao naie ioeac
io iaaeiaiey (no. 31 Caeiia i i?ieo?aoo?a, no. 248, 430 OIE). Naie ioiioaiey
n noaeii i?ieo?i? aeieaeai no?ieoue ia iniiaa no?iaeaeoaai niaethaeaiey i?eioeeiia
ninoycaoaeueiinoe e ?aaainoaa i?aa noi?ii, iacaaeneiinoe noaeae e eo
iiae/eiaiey oieueei caeiio.
Aoaeo/e ainoaea?noaaiiui iaaeieoaeai, i?ieo?i? aeaenoaoao io eiaie
ainoaea?noaa e, eae ioaaonoaaiiue ia?aae iei, iiaeaea?aeeaaao iaaeiaiea a no?iaii
niioaaonoaee n caeiiii, a i?aaeaeao caeiia e a oie ia?a, a eaeie iii iaoiaeeo
iiaeoaa?aeaeaiea ia noaeaaiii neaaenoaee. Anee a oiaea noaeaaiiai ?acae?aoaeuenoaa
iaaeiaiea ia iaoiaeeo iiaeoaa?aeaeaiey, i?ieo?i? iaycai ioeacaoueny io iaai.
Io ae?oaeo o/anoieeia noaeaaiiai ?acae?aoaeuenoaa ainoaea?noaaiiue
iaaeieoaeue ioee/aaony oai, /oi ii ia oieueei ai?aaa, ii e iaycai ?aaae?iaaoue
ia eaaeaeue oaeo ia?ooaiey caeiiiinoe a noaeaaiii canaaeaiee iooai ia?auaiey e
noaeo n i?inueaie i aai ono?aiaiee. Yoi ia aicaiaeeo aai a i?aai iaaeci?a ca
noaeaaiie aeayoaeueiinoueth, ii aeaenoaoao eae ainoaea?noaaiiue iaaeieoaeue.
Ainoaea?noaaiiia iaaeiaiea ieaaeaony ia ?aaeeciaaiiui, anee inoaioony ia
ono?aiaiiuie aeiiouaiiua ia?ooaiey caeiia.
I?ieo?i? ai?aaa ia?aoeoueny a noae n cayaeaieai a caueoo i?aa e
io?aiyaiuo caeiiii eioa?ania ae?oaeo eeoe eee nooieoue a aeaei a ethaie noaaeee
i?ioeanna, anee yoiai o?aaoao io?aia i?aa e caeiiiuo eioa?ania a?aaeaeai,
iauanoaa e ainoaea?noaa (i.3 no. 31 Caeiia i i?ieo?aoo?a, no. 27 OIE).
A oao neo/ayo, eiaaea i?ieo?i? ia niaeanai n auianaiiui a noaeaaiii
canaaeaiee i?eaiai?ii, n/eoaao aai iacaeiiiui e iaiainiiaaiiui, ii ai?aaa a
i?aaeaeao naiae eiiiaoaioeee i?eianoe a auoanoiyuee noae eannaoeeiiiue i?ioano
(i. 1 no. 32 Caeiia i i?ieo?aoo?a). Iieiiii/iue i?ieo?i? ai?aaa oaeaea
ii?ioanoiaaoue noaeaaiia ?aoaiea, anooieaoaa a caeiiioth neeo, a iaaeci?iii
ii?yaeea. I?e yoii i?eianaiea Aaia?aeueiui i?ieo?i?ii ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee eee
aai caianoeoaeai i?ioanoa ia i?eaiai?, eioi?ui a ea/anoaa ia?u iaeacaiey
iacia/aia nia?oiay eaciue, i?einoaiaaeeaaao aai eniieiaiea (no. 34 Caeiia i
i?ieo?aoo?a).
A noaaeeyo eannaoeeiiiiai e iaaeci?iiai i?iecaiaenoaa o/anoaothuee a ieo
i?ieo?i? iiaeaea?aeeaaao i?ioano, i?eianaiiue ei eee ae?oaei iieiiii/iui ia oi
i?ieo?i?ii, e auneacuaaao naia iiaiea ii iiaiaeo caeiiiinoe e iainiiaaiiinoe
iaaeaeiaaiiuo ?aoaiee.
A noaaeeyo eniieiaiey i?eaiai?a i?ieo?i? i?eieiaao ia?u e naiaa?aiaiiiio
e caeiiiiio ia?auaieth i?eaiai?a e eniieiaieth, aiineo ia ?anniio?aiea noaea
aii?inu, aicieeoea a nayce n eniieiaieai i?eaiai?a, e o/anoaoao a
?anniio?aiee noaeueae yoeo aii?inia.
Neaaeiaaoaeue. Neaaeiaaoaeue inouanoaeyao i?aaeaa?eoaeueiia neaaenoaea ii
oaieiaiiio aeaeo. Ii aeaenoaothuaio caeiiiaeaoaeuenoao i?aaeaa?eoaeueiia neaaenoaea
i?iecaiaeeony neaaeiaaoaeyie i?ieo?aoo?u e neaaeiaaoaeyie i?aaiia aioo?aiieo
aeae, ONE (no. 125 OIE).
Iauai i?ioeannoaeueiuo iieiiii/ee e i?ioeannoaeueiia iieiaeaiea neaaeiaaoaey
ia caaenyo io aai aaaeiinoaaiiie i?eiaaeeaaeiinoe iie iaeeiaeiau. Niaea?aeaiea e
iai?aaeaiea aeayoaeueiinoe neaaeiaaoaey ii?aaeaeythony caaea/aie oaieiaiiai
noaeii?iecaiaenoaa (no. 2 OIE). Neaaeiaaoaeue i?ecaai ?ane?uoue i?anooieaiea e
eciaee/eoue aeiiaiuo, o. a. onoaiiaeoue, eaeia i?anooieaiea, eiaaea e eaeei
niiniaii niaa?oaii, auyaeoue anao eeoe, i?e/anoiuo e aai niaa?oaieth
(eniieieoaeae, iiaeno?aeaoaeae, i?aaiecaoi?ia, iiniaieeia e o. ae.), auynieoue
ana i?eciaee i?anooieaiey, ia?acothuea aai ninoaa, ana aeaiiua,
oa?aeoa?ecothuea noauaeoa i?anooieaiey, aai noauaeoeaioth e iauaeoeaioth
noi?iiu, i?e/eiu e oneiaey, niinianoaiaaaoea niaa?oaieth i?anooieaiey.
Neaaeiaaoaeue aeieaeai i?eiyoue ia?u e iaania/aieth aiciauaiey oua?aa,
i?e/eiaiiiai i?anooieaieai, a oaeaea aiciiaeiie eiioeneaoeee eiouanoaa. Ia iai
eaaeeo iaycaiiinoue ii i?eiyoeth ia?, i?aiyonoaothueo i?iaeieaeaieth i?anooiiie
aeayoaeueiinoe eeoe, niaa?oeaoeo i?anooieaiea, eo iiiuoeai iiiaoaoue
onoaiiaeaieth enoeiu ii aeaeo, iaania/eaathueo eo yaeo e neaaeiaaoaeth e a noae, a
oaeaea eniieiaiea i?eaiai?a.
Ianoiyoaeuenoaa aeaea aeieaeiu auoue enneaaeiaaiu neaaeiaaoaeai ananoi?iiia,
iieii e iauaeoeaii n oai, /oiau iaania/eoue iaeacaiea aeaenoaeoaeueii aeiiaiiai
e ia?aaeeoue iaaeiiaiiai io iaiainiiaaiiiai i?eaea/aiey e ioaaonoaaiiinoe.
Neaaeiaaoaeue iaycai i?eiyoue ia?u e io?aia i?aa e caeiiiuo eioa?ania eeoe,
iioa?iaaoeo io i?anooieaiey.
N yoie oeaeueth ii aeieaeai ?acuyniyoue o/anoaothuei a aeaea eeoeai eo i?aaa e
iaania/eoue aiciiaeiinoue inouanoaeaiey yoeo i?aa (no. 19, no. 58 OIE).
Anae naiae aeayoaeueiinoueth ii ?ane?uoeth i?anooieaiee, eciaee/aieth
aeiiaiuo e ia?aaeaeaieth iaaeiiaiuo io iaiainiiaaiiiai i?eaea/aiey e oaieiaiie
ioaaonoaaiiinoe i?e oi/iii auiieiaiee o?aaiaaiee oaieiaiiai e
oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiiai caeiia neaaeiaaoaeue i?ecaai ieacuaaoue ainieoaoaeueiia
e i?aaeoi?aaeeoaeueiia aicaeaenoaea.
Aeey auiieiaiey yoeo caaea/ neaaeiaaoaeue iaycai a i?aaeaeao naiae
eiiiaoaioeee aicaoaeeoue oaieiaiia aeaei a eaaeaeii neo/aa iaia?oaeaiey
i?anooieaiey e i?eiyoue ana i?aaeoniio?aiiua caeiiii ia?u e onoaiiaeaieth
niauoey i?anooieaiey e eeoe, aeiiaiuo a niaa?oaiee i?anooieaiey (no. 3 OIE).
N yoie oeaeueth neaaeiaaoaeue ai?aaa ii iaoiaeyueiny a aai i?iecaiaenoaa aeaeai
aucuaaoue ethaia eeoei aeey aeii?ina eee aea/e caeeth/aiey a ea/anoaa yenia?oa,
i?iecaiaeeoue iniio?u, iaunee e ae?oaea i?aaeoniio?aiiua caeiiii neaaenoaaiiua
aeaenoaey: o?aaiaaoue io o/?aaeaeaiee, i?aaei?eyoee, i?aaiecaoeee, aeieaeiinoiuo eeoe
e a?aaeaeai i?aaenoaaeaiey i?aaeiaoia e aeieoiaioia, o?aaiaaoue i?iecaiaenoaa
?aaecee: ia iniiaaieyo e a ii?yaeea, onoaiiaeaiiuo caeiiii, i?eciaaaoue eeoei
iioa?iaaoei, a?aaeaeaineei enooeii eee ioaao/eeii, caaea?aeeaaoue eeoe ii
iiaeic?aieth a niaa?oaiee i?anooieaiey, i?eaeaeaoue a ea/anoaa iaaeiyaiuo e
i?eiaiyoue e iei ia?u i?ana/aiey, i?einoaiaaeeaaoue e i?ae?auaoue
i?aaeaa?eoaeueiia neaaenoaea eee iai?aaeyoue aeaei /a?ac i?ieo?i?a a noae.
Eae noauaeo oaieiaiiai i?ioeanna neaaeiaaoaeue iaeaaeaao oe?ieie
i?ioeannoaeueiie naiinoiyoaeueiinoueth.
A niioaaonoaee n caeiiii i?e i?iecaiaenoaa i?aaeaa?eoaeueiiai neaaenoaey
ana ?aoaiey i iai?aaeaiee neaaenoaey e i i?iecaiaenoaa neaaenoaaiiuo aeaenoaee
neaaeiaaoaeue i?eieiaao naiinoiyoaeueii, ca eneeth/aieai neo/aaa, eiaaea caeiiii
i?aaeoniio?aii iieo/aiea naieoeee io i?ieo?i?a eee ?aoaiey noaea e ianao
ioaaonoaaiiinoue ca eo caeiiiia e naiaa?aiaiiia auiieiaiea (no. 127 OIE).
Neaaeiaaoaeue ioeaieaaao aeieacaoaeuenoaa ii naiaio aioo?aiiaio oaaaeaeaieth,
iniiaaiiiio ia ananoi?iiiai, iieiii e iauaeoeaiii ?anniio?aiee anao
ianoiyoaeuenoa aeaea, ?oeiaiaenoaoynue caeiiii e i?aainiciaieai (no. 71 OIE).
A neo/aa ianiaeaney n oeacaieyie i?ieo?i?a i i?eaea/aiee eeoea a
ea/anoaa iaaeiyaiiai, i eaaeeoeeaoeee i?anooieaiey e iauaia iaaeiaiey, i
iai?aaeaiee aeaea aeey iacia/aiey noaeaaiiai canaaeaiey eee i?ae?auaiee aeaea
neaaeiaaoaeue ai?aaa i?aaenoaaeoue aeaei auoanoiyuaio i?ieo?i?o n ienueiaiiui
eceiaeaieai naieo aic?aaeaiee (/. 2 no. 127 OIE). A yoii neo/aa i?ieo?i? eee
ioiaiyao oeacaiey ieaeanoiyuaai i?ieo?i?a, eee ii?o/aao i?iecaiaenoai
neaaenoaey ii aeaeo ae?oaiio neaaeiaaoaeth. Ia?aaea/a aeaea ae?oaiio neaaeiaaoaeth i?e
ianiaeanee n oeacaieyie i?ieo?i?a, eioi?ua auoanoiyuei i?ieo?i?ii i?eciaiu
i?aaeeueiuie, icia/aao, /oi neaaeiaaoaeue ia iiaeao auoue i?eioaeaeai aeaenoaiaaoue
aii?aee aioo?aiiaio oaaaeaeaieth, neiaeeaoaiony a ?acoeueoaoa ?anneaaeiaaiey aeaea.
I?e inouanoaeaiee naieo iieiiii/ee neaaeiaaoaeue acaeiiaeaenoaoao n
i?aaiaie aeiciaiey. Neaaeiaaoaeue ii ?anneaaeoaiui ei aeaeai ai?aaa aeaaaoue
i?aaiai aeiciaiey ii?o/aiey e oeacaiey i i?iecaiaenoaa ?icuneiuo e
neaaenoaaiiuo aeaenoaee e o?aaiaaoue io ieo niaeaenoaey i?e i?iecaiaenoaa
ioaeaeueiuo neaaenoaaiiuo aeaenoaee. Oaeea ii?o/aiey e oeacaiey neaaeiaaoaey aeey
i?aaiia aeiciaiey yaeythony iaycaoaeueiuie.
Iinoaiiaeaiey neaaeiaaoaey, auianaiiua a niioaaonoaee n caeiiii ii
iaoiaeyueiny a aai i?iecaiaenoaa aeaeai, iaycaoaeueiu aeey auiieiaiey anaie
o/?aaeaeaieyie, i?aaei?eyoeyie, aeieaeiinoiuie eeoeaie e a?aaeaeaiaie (no. 127 OIE).

Ia/aeueiee neaaenoaaiiiai ioaeaea Iiae iiiyoeai “ia/aeueiee neaaenoaaiiiai
ioaeaea” iiae?acoiaaathony (i. 6, “a”, no. 34 OIE) ia/aeueieee neaaenoaaiiiai
oi?aaeaiey, ioaeaea, ioaeaeaiey i?aaiia aioo?aiieo aeae e eo caianoeoaee,
aeaenoaothuea a i?aaeaeao naiae eiiiaoaioeee.
I ia/aeueieea neaaenoaaiiiai ioaeaea a i?ieo?aoo?a caeii ia oiiieiaao, oae
eae ii iieuecoaony iieiiii/eyie i?ieo?i?a, inouanoaeythuaai iaaeci? ca
eniieiaieai caeiiia i?aaiaie aeiciaiey e i?aaeaa?eoaeueiiai neaaenoaey.
Iieiiii/ey ia/aeueieea neaaenoaaiiiai ioaeaea i?aaiia aioo?aiieo aeae
ii?aaeaeaiu a no. 127 OIE. Aio i?aaeinoaaeaii i?aai inouanoaeyoue eiio?ieue ca
naiaa?aiaiiinoueth aeaenoaee neaaeiaaoaeae ii ?ane?uoeth e i?aaeoi?aaeaeaieth
i?anooieaiee, i?eieiaoue ia?u e iaeaieaa iieiiio, ananoi?iiiaio e
iauaeoeaiiio i?iecaiaenoao i?aaeaa?eoaeueiiai neaaenoaey ii oaieiaiui aeaeai: ii
ai?aaa i?iaa?youe oaieiaiua aeaea, aeaaaoue oeacaiey neaaeiaaoaeth i i?iecaiaenoaa
i?aaeaa?eoaeueiiai neaaenoaey, i i?eaea/aiee a ea/anoaa iaaeiyaiiai,
eaaeeoeeaoeee i?anooieaiey e iauaia iaaeiaiey, i iai?aaeaiee aeaea, i
i?iecaiaenoaa ioaeaeueiuo neaaenoaaiiuo aeaenoaee: ia?aaeaaaoue aeaei io iaeiiai
neaaeiaaoaey ae?oaiio, ii?o/aoue ?anneaaeiaaiea aeaea ianeieueeei neaaeiaaoaeyi, a
oaeaea o/anoaiaaoue a i?iecaiaenoaa i?aaeaa?eoaeueiiai neaaenoaey, ee/ii
i?iecaiaeeoue i?aaeaa?eoaeueiia neaaenoaea, iieuecoynue i?e yoii iieiiii/eyie
neaaeiaaoaey. Oeacaiey ia/aeueieea neaaenoaaiiiai ioaeaea aeathony neaaeiaaoaeth a
ienueiaiiie oi?ia e iaycaoaeueiu aeey eniieiaiey, ca eneeth/aieai neo/aaa,
i?aaeoniio?aiiuo /. 2 no. 127 OIE.
Oaeei ia?acii, ioiioaiey ia/aeueieea neaaenoaaiiiai ioaeaea ni
neaaeiaaoaeai i?e i?iecaiaenoaa ii oaieiaiiio aeaeo iinyo i?ioeannoaeueiue
oa?aeoa?. Aaaaeaiea a i?ioeannoaeueiua ?aiee ioiioaiee neaaeiaaoaey e ia/aeueieea
neaaenoaaiiiai ioaeaea niinianoaotho i?ioeannoaeueiie naiinoiyoaeueiinoe
neaaeiaaoaey e i?aiyonoaotho neooaoeee, i?e eioi?ie neaaeiaaoaeue iaoiaeeony a
iieiii aaeieieno?aoeaiii iiae/eiaiee o ia/aeueieea neaaenoaaiiiai ioaeaea,
iieuecothuaainy iaia?aie/aiiuie iieiiii/eyie.
Caeii ia i?aaeinoaaee ia/aeueieeai neaaenoaaiiuo iiae?acaeaeaiee i?aaa
ooaa?aeaeaoue iinoaiiaeaiey neaaeiaaoaey eee ioiaiyoue eo. A nayce n yoei neaaeoao
i?eciaoue i?ioeai?a/auae caeiio, ouaieythuae i?ioeannoaeueioth naiinoiyoaeueiinoue
neaaeiaaoaey e nieaeathuae aai ioaaonoaaiiinoue ca i?eieiaaiua ?aoaiey
iieo/eaooth ?ani?ino?aiaiea i?aeoeeo ooaa?aeaeaiey iinoaiiaeaiee neaaeiaaoaey
ia/aeueieeaie neaaenoaaiiuo iiae?acaeaeaiee. A oao neo/ayo, eiaaea iinoaiiaeaiea
neaaeiaaoaey o?aaoao naieoeee,ooaa?aeaeaiey, niaeaney i?ieo?i?a eee ?aoaiey
noaea, aii?in aeieaeai ?aoaoueny oae aea, eae e a ioiioaiee neaaeiaaoaey
i?ieo?aoo?u – a niioaaonoaee n oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiui caeiiii. Ioiaiyoue
iinoaiiaeaiey neaaeiaaoaey e ?anniao?eaaoue aeaeiau ia aai aeaenoaey e ?aoaiey
iiaeao eeoue i?ieo?i?, inouanoaeythuee iaaeci? ca neaaenoaeai.
I?ioeannoaeueiay naiinoiyoaeueiinoue neaaeiaaoaey iaania/eaaaony oai, /oi
oeacaiey ia/aeueieea neaaenoaaiiiai ioaeaea iaycaoaeueiu aeey neaaeiaaoaey a oao
aea i?aaeaeao, /oi e oeacaiey i?ieo?i?a. A naith i/a?aaeue oeacaiey i?ieo?i?a
yaeythony iaycaoaeueiuie aeey ia/aeueieea neaaenoaaiiiai ioaeaea, a oii /enea e ii
aii?inai, ia?a/eneaiiui a /anoe 2 no. 127 OIE.
Neaaeoao eiaoue a aeaeo, /oi oe?aieaiea i?ioeannoaeueiie naiinoiyoaeueiinoe
neaaeiaaoaey ianiaianoeii n oe?ieeie i?ioeannoaeueiuie iieiiii/eyie, eioi?uie
iaaeaeai nae/an ia/aeueiee neaaenoaaiiiai ioaeaea. Eiioeaioeey noaeaaiie ?aoi?iu
?anniao?eaaao neaaeiaaoaey eae oeaio?aeueioth oeao?o, iacaaeneioth a naieo
?aoaieyo eeoe, caieiathueo ii?aaeaeaiiia aaeieieno?aoeaiia iieiaeaiea. Ia/aeueiee
neaaenoaaiiiai ioaeaea aeieaeai aunooiaoue eeoue a ea/anoaa i?aaiecaoi?a ?aaiou
neaaeiaaoaey, inouanoaeythuaai ?ano?niia e iaoiaee/aneia iaania/aiea
?anneaaeiaaiey. I?aaiu aeiciaiey. Eeoei, i?iecaiaeyuaa aeiciaiea.
E i?aaiai aeiciaiey no. 117 OIE ioiineo: ieeeoeeth: eiiaiaee?ia aieineeo
/anoae, niaaeeiaiee e ia/aeueieeia aiaiiuo o/?aaeaeaiee (ii aeaeai i anao
i?anooieaieyo, niaa?oaiiuo iiae/eiaiiuie aiaiiineoaeaueie, a oaeaea
aiaiiiiaycaiiuie ai a?aiy i?ioiaeaeaiey eie nai?ia: ii aeaeai i i?anooieaieyo,
niaa?oaiiuo ?aai/eie e neoaeaueie Aii?oaeaiiuo Nee a nayce n eniieiaieai
neoaeaaiuo iaycaiiinoae eee a ?aniieiaeaiee /anoe, niaaeeiaiey, o/?aaeaeaiey):
Oaaea?aeueioth neoaeao eiio??acaaaeee – ii aeaeai, ioianaiiui e aaaeaieth i?aaiia
ainoaea?noaaiiie aaciianiinoe: ia/aeueieeia eni?aaeoaeueii-o?oaeiauo o/?aaeaeaiee,
neaaenoaaiiuo ecieyoi?ia, ea/aaii-o?oaeiauo e ainieoaoaeueii-o?oaeiauo
i?ioeeaeoi?eaa (ii aeaeai i i?anooieaieyo i?ioea onoaiiaeaiiiai ii?yaeea
ianaiey neoaeau, niaa?oaiiuo nio?oaeieeaie yoeo o/?aaeaeaiee, a ?aaii ii aeaeai i
i?anooieaieyo, niaa?oaiiuo a ?aniieiaeaiee oeacaiiuo o/?aaeaeaiee): i?aaiu
Ainoaea?noaaiiiai iiaea?iiai iaaeci?a (ii aeaeai i iiaea?ao e ia?ooaieyo
i?ioeaiiiaea?iuo i?aaee): i?aaiu iia?aie/iie io?aiu (ii aeaeai i ia?ooaieyo
ainoaea?noaaiiie a?aieoeu): eaieoaiia ii?neeo noaeia, iaoiaeyueony a aeaeueiai
ieaaaiee, e ia/aeueieeia ceiiaie a ia?eiae ionoonoaey o?ainii?oiuo naycae n
ceiiaeie: iaeiaiaoth iieeoeeth – ii aeaeai, ioianaiiui e aa aaaeaieth oaiiaeaiiua
i?aaiu ?O – ii aeaeai i eiio?aaaiaea, a oaeaea ii aeaeai i i?anooieaieyo,
i?aaeoniio?aiiuo no. 78 OE ?NON?.
Ec yoiai ia?a/iy i?aaiia aeiciaiey aeaeii, /oi aeiciaiea inouanoaeyaony
?acee/iuie aaeieieno?aoeaiuie i?aaiaie, iineo i?iecaiaeiue io auiieiyaiuo eie
iniiaiuo ooieoeee oa?aeoa? e ii?aaeaeyaony eie. Eo aeayoaeueiinoue ii
?anneaaeiaaieth i?anooieaiee, ca eneeth/aieai ieeeoeee, yieciaee/ia. Ieeeoeey aea
yaeyaony iniiaiui i?aaiii aeiciaiey, inouanoaeythuei aeiciaiea iinoiyiii a neeo
niaoeeoeee aa aeayoaeueiinoe ii io?aia iauanoaaiiiai ii?yaeea e auyaeaieth
i?anooieaiee.
Ia i?aaiu aeiciaiey aiceaaaaony i?eiyoea iaiaoiaeeiuo
iia?aoeaii-?icuneiuo e eiuo i?aaeoniio?aiiuo oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiui caeiiii
ia? a oeaeyo iaia?oaeaiey i?anooieaiey e eeoe, aai niaa?oeaoeo. Ia ieo
aiceaaaaony oaeaea iaycaiiinoue i?eiyoey anao ia?, iaiaoiaeeiuo aeey
i?aaeoi?aaeaeaiey e i?ana/aiey i?anooieaiee (no. 118 OIE). Onoaiaaeeaay
iaycaiiinoe i?aaia aeiciaiey, caeii eiae a aeaeo i?aaeaea anaai ieeeoeeth eae
iinoiyiii aeaenoaothuee i?aai aeiciaiey.
Eiaiii ieeeoeey caieiaaony iia?aoeaii-?icuneiie aeayoaeueiinoueth e
inouanoaeyao i?ioeannoaeueiia ?anneaaeiaaiea oaieiaiuo aeae a oi?ia aeiciaiey.
Iia?aoeaii-?icuneiay aeayoaeueiinoue, eiay aaaeiia cia/aiea aeey oniaoiiai
inouanoaeaiey oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiie aeayoaeueiinoe, a iiiyoea aeiciaiey eae
i?ioeannoaeueiie aeayoaeueiinoe ia aoiaeeo (ni. ia yoii § 3 ae. 1X).
Iniiaiay iaycaiiinoue ieeeoeee i?e i?iecaiaenoaa aeiciaiey ninoieo a
auiieiaiee iaioeiaeiuo neaaenoaaiiuo aeaenoaee a oeaeyo iaania/aiey iaiaoiaeeiuo
oneiaee aeey i?iecaiaenoaa i?aaeaa?eoaeueiiai neaaenoaey ii aeaeai, ii eioi?ui
i?aaeaa?eoaeueiia neaaenoaea iaycaoaeueii (no. 119 OIE) e a ?anneaaeiaaiee a
iieiii iauaia a oi?ia aeiciaiey ii aeaeai, ia o?aaothuei i?aaeaa?eoaeueiiai
neaaenoaey (no. 120 OIE).
A niioaaonoaee n caeiiii ?O “I ieeeoeee” io 18 ai?aey 1991 a.2
i?aaeoi?aaeaeaiea, i?ana/aiea e ?ane?uoea i?anooieaiee ii aeaeai, ii eioi?ui
iaycaoaeueii i?aaeaa?eoaeueiia neaaenoaea, aiceaaaaony ia e?eieiaeueioth ieeeoeeth
(no. 8). I?aaeoi?aaeaeaiea, i?ana/aiea e ?ane?uoea i?anooieaiee ii aeaeai, ii
eioi?ui i?iecaiaenoai i?aaeaa?eoaeueiiai neaaenoaey ia iaycaoaeueii, aiceaaaaony
ia ieeeoeeth iauanoaaiiie aaciianiinoe – ianoioth ieeeoeeth (no. 9). Ieeeoeey
inouanoaeyao aeinoaeaaioth iiaeaioiaeo iaoa?eaeia a i?ioieieueiie oi?ia ii aeaeai,
ia o?aaothuei i?aaeaa?eoaeueiiai ?anneaaeiaaiey (no. 414-415 OIE).
Ia i?aaiu aeiciaiey aiceaaaaony iaycaiiinoue auiieiaiey oeacaiee e
ii?o/aiee neaaeiaaoaey ii i?iecaiaenoao ?icuneiuo e neaaenoaaiiuo aeaenoaee ii
aeaeai, iaoiaeyueiny a i?iecaiaenoaa neaaeiaaoaey (no. 119, 127 OIE).
Caeii ?acee/aao iiiyoea e eiiiaoaioeeth i?aaia aeiciaiey e eeoea,
i?iecaiaeyuaai aeiciaiea.
I?aai aeiciaiey i?aaenoaaeyao aai ?oeiaiaeeoaeue, eioi?ue ai?aaa
i?iecaiaeeoue aeiciaiea ii ethaiio aeaeo, ioianaiiiio e eiiiaoaioeee aeiciaiey, e
inouanoaeyoue ioaeaeueiua neaaenoaaiiua aeaenoaey. I?aai aeiciaiey a eeoea aai
ia/aeueieea ?oeiaiaeeo aeiciaieai, iacia/aao eeoe aeey aaaeaiey aeiciaiey e ianao
iieioth ioaaonoaaiiinoue ca ea/anoai ?anneaaeiaaiey. Eeoei, i?iecaiaeyuaa
aeiciaiea, – yoi aeieaeiinoiia eeoei, oiieiiii/aiiia i?aaiii aeiciaiey ia
i?iecaiaenoai aeiciaiey. Aoaeo/e naiinoiyoaeueiui noauaeoii i?ioeanna, iii
ouaoaeueii enneaaeoao ana ianoiyoaeuenoaa aeaea e, eae e neaaeiaaoaeue, ioeaieaaao
aeieacaoaeuenoaa ii naiaio aioo?aiiaio oaaaeaeaieth, ?oeiaiaenoaoynue caeiiii e
i?aainiciaieai (no. 71 OIE).
Eeoei, i?iecaiaeyuaa aeiciaiea, ianao ioaaonoaaiiinoue ca caeiiiinoue e
iainiiaaiiinoue naieo aeaenoaee. Iaeiaei aai i?ioeannoaeueiay naiinoiyoaeueiinoue
aieaa ia?aie/aia, /ai neaaeiaaoaey. Yoi i?iyaeyaony ai acaeiiioiioaieyo e n
?oeiaiaeeoaeai i?aaia aeiciaiey, e n i?ieo?i?ii. Anee neaaeiaaoaeue ana ?aoaiey
i?eieiaao naiinoiyoaeueii, e?iia neo/aaa, eiaaea o?aaoaony naieoeey i?ieo?i?a
eee ?aoaiea noaea, oi eeoei, i?iecaiaeyuaa aeiciaiea, iiiaea ?aoaiey i?eieiaao n
niaeaney ia/aeueieea i?aaia aeiciaiey eee ii aai ii?o/aieth. Iaeaieaa aaaeiua
aeaenoaey e ?aoaiey niaa?oathony e i?eieiathony i?aaiii aeiciaiey. Oieueei i?aai
aeiciaiey ai?aaa aicaoaeeoue oaieiaiia aeaei eee ioeacaoue a aai aicaoaeaeaiee (no.
112-114 OIE), caaea?aeaoue eeoei, iiaeic?aaaaiia a niaa?oaiee i?anooieaiey (no.
122 OIE), i?einoaiiaeoue eee i?ae?aoeoue i?iecaiaenoai ii aeaeo (no. 124 OIE). A
e?oa aai iaycaiiinoae aoiaeeo auyaeaiea i?e/ei e oneiaee niaa?oaiey
i?anooieaiee e i?eiyoea iaiaoiaeeiuo ia? e eo ono?aiaieth (no. 21, 21 OIE).
I?aeoe/anee yoi icia/aao, /oi aeaiiua ?aoaiey i?eieiathony io eiaie ia/aeueieea
i?aaia aeiciaiey eeai ei ooaa?aeaeathony.
A ioee/ea io neaaeiaaoaey ia i?aai aeiciaiey e eeoei, i?iecaiaeyuaa
aeiciaiea, ia ?ani?ino?aiythony i?aaeea /. 2 no. 127 OIE. Ana oeacaiey
i?ieo?i?a aeey ieo iaycaoaeueiu. I?e ianiaeanee n ieie i?aai aeiciaiey ai?aaa
iaaeaeiaaoue yoe oeacaiey, ia i?einoaiaaeeaay eo auiieiaiea.

4. I?aaenoaaeoaee iauanoaaiiuo i?aaiecaoeee e o?oaeiauo eieeaeoeaia

A OIE i?aaeoniio?aii ianeieueei oi?i o/anoey a oaieiaiii i?ioeanna
i?aaenoaaeoaeae iauanoaaiiuo i?aaiecaoeee e o?oaeiauo eieeaeoeaia.
A niioaaonoaee ni no. 250 OIE a noaeaaiii ?acae?aoaeuenoaa iiaoo
o/anoaiaaoue iauanoaaiiua iaaeieoaee e iauanoaaiiua caueoieee.
Iauanoaaiiua iaaeieoaee e iauanoaaiiua caueoieee auaeaeythony iauei
nia?aieai iauanoaaiiie i?aaiecaoeee eee o?oaeiaui eieeaeoeaii i?aaei?eyoey,
o/?aaeaeaiey, i?aaiecaoeee, /oiau au?aceoue a noaea iiaiea oiieiiii/eaoae eo
i?aaiecaoeee (eieeaeoeaa) ii iiaiaeo ?anniao?eaaaiiai aeaea e ee/iinoe
iaaeiyaiiai.
O/anoea a aeaea iauanoaaiiiai iaaeieoaey e iauanoaaiiiai caueoieea ia
caaeneo io aiee e aeaeaiey iiaenoaeeiiai. I?aaiaie iniiaie oaeiai o/anoey
yaeyaony ii?o/aiea iauanoaaiiie i?aaiecaoeee eee o?oaeiaiai eieeaeoeaa.
Noae ia ai?aaa ioeeiieoue i?inueao iauanoaaiiie i?aaiecaoeee eee o?oaeiaiai
eieeaeoeaa ia o/anoee a noaeaaiii ?acae?aoaeuenoaa iauanoaaiiiai iaaeieoaey
eee iauanoaaiiiai caueoieea ii iioeaai iaoeaeaniia?aciinoe oaeiai o/anoey.
Iaaeiiouaiea e o/anoeth a aeaea i?aaenoaaeoaey iauanoaaiiinoe aiciiaeii eeoue
oiaaea, eiaaea yoio i?aaenoaaeoaeue auaeaeai iaeiiiaoaioiie i?aaiecaoeeae, eiaaea
aai iieiiii/ey ioi?ieaiu iaiaaeeaaeauei ia?acii e o. i.
Iauanoaaiiue iaaeieoaeue e iauanoaaiiue caueoiee – naiinoiyoaeueiua e
?aaiii?aaiua o/anoieee noaeaaiiai ?acae?aoaeuenoaa, auiieiythuea naie ooieoeee
iacaaeneii io oiai, eaeoth iiceoeeth niioaaonoaaiii caieiatho ainoaea?noaaiiue
iaaeieoaeue e caueoiee (no. 245 OIE).
Iauanoaaiiue iaaeieoaeue ai?aaa i?aaenoaaeyoue aeieacaoaeuenoaa, i?eieiaoue
o/anoea a enneaaeiaaiee aeieacaoaeuenoa, cayaeyoue ia?aae noaeii oiaeaoaenoaa e
ioaiaeu, o/anoaiaaoue a noaeaaiuo i?aieyo, iainiiauaaoue naith oi/eo c?aiey i
aeieacaiiinoe iaaeiaiey, i?eiaiaiee oaieiaiiai caeiia e ia?u iaeacaiey a
ioiioaiee iiaenoaeeiiai e ii ae?oaei aii?inai. Ii ai?aaa ioeacaoueny io
iaaeiaiey, anee aeaiiua noaeaaiiai neaaenoaey aeatho aeey yoiai iniiaaiey (/. 3
no. 250 OIE).
Aiaeiae/iua i?aaa eiaao iauanoaaiiue caueoiee, eniieuecoy eo, ii
eceaaaao noaeo iiaiea i niya/athueo ioaaonoaaiiinoue eee ii?aaaeuaathueo
iiaenoaeeiiai ianoiyoaeuenoaao, a ?aaii i aiciiaeiinoe niya/aiey iiaenoaeeiiio
iaeacaiey, oneiaiiai aai inoaeaeaiey, ion?i/ee eniieiaiey i?eaiai?a eee
inaiaiaeaeaiey io iaeacaiey e ia?aaea/a ia ii?oee oie iauanoaaiiie i?aaiecaoeee
eee o?oaeiaiio eieeaeoeao, io eiaie eioi?uo iauanoaaiiue caueoiee aunooiaao
(/. 4 no. 250 OIE). Neo/ae o/anoey iauanoaaiiuo iaaeieoaeae e iauanoaaiiuo
caueoieeia a noaea e?aeia ?aaeee.
Ii aeaeai ianiaa?oaiiieaoieo e o/anoeth a noaeaaiii ?acae?aoaeuenoaa noae
ai?aaa i?eaea/ue oaeaea i?aaenoaaeoaeae i?aaei?eyoee, o/?aaeaeaiee e i?aaiecaoeee,
a eioi?uo o/eeny eee ?aaioae ianiaa?oaiiieaoiee, eiiennee e einiaeoeee ii
aeaeai ianiaa?oaiiieaoieo, a i?e iaiaoiaeeiinoe e eiuo i?aaiecaoeee (no. 250,
400 OIE). N ?ac?aoaiey noaea yoe i?aaenoaaeoaee ai?aaa o/anoaiaaoue a
enneaaeiaaiee aeieacaoaeuenoa, a i?e iaiaoiaeeiinoe iiaoo auoue aeii?ioaiu a
ea/anoaa naeaeaoaeae. Aeaiiua i?aaenoaaeoaee ia yaeythony o/anoieeaie i?ioeanna e
noi?iiaie a noaeaaiii ?acae?aoaeuenoaa: iie i?ecuaathony aeaaiui ia?acii aeey
eceiaeaiey iiaiey i ianiaa?oaiiieaoiai iiaenoaeeiii, aai ?iaeeoaeyo, i
i?eieiaaoeony ia?ao ii auyaeaieth e ono?aiaieth i?e/ei e oneiaee niaa?oaiey
i?anooieaiey e o.i.
Iauanoaaiiua i?aaiecaoeee (o?oaeiaua eieeaeoeau) iiaoo a noaaeee
eniieiaiey i?eaiai?a cayaeyoue oiaeaoaenoaa ia inaiaiaeaeaiee io iaeacaiey
inoaeaeaiiiai n ion?i/eie eniieiaiey i?eaiai?a, ia ioiaia ion?i/ee e
iai?aaeaiee inoaeaeaiiiai a ianoa eeoaiey naiaiaeu, ia oneiaii-aein?i/iii
inaiaiaeaeaiee, ia eciaiaiee oneiaee niaea?aeaiey eeoe, inoaeaeaiiuo e eeoaieth
naiaiaeu, e o. ae. I?aaenoaaeoaee oeacaiiuo i?aaiecaoeee ai?aaa, a a ?yaea
neo/aaa iaycaiu o/anoaiaaoue a noaeaaiuo canaaeaieyo i?e ?anniio?aiee noaeii
aii?inia, naycaiiuo n eniieiaieai i?eaiai?a (no. 369 OIE).

5. O/anoieee oaieiaiiai i?ioeanna

Iaaeiyaiue. Iaaeiyaiui i?eciaaony eeoei, a ioiioaiee eioi?iai a
onoaiiaeaiiii caeiiii ii?yaeea auianaii iinoaiiaeaiea i i?eaea/aiee a
ea/anoaa iaaeiyaiiai. Iaaeiyaiue, aeaei a ioiioaiee eioi?iai i?eiyoi e
i?iecaiaenoao noaeii, eiaioaony iiaenoaeeiui. Iaaeiyaiue, a ioiioaiee eioi?iai
auianai iaaeieoaeueiue i?eaiai?, eiaioaony inoaeaeaiiui eee ii?aaaeaiiui, anee
i?eaiai? ii?aaaeaoaeueiue (no. 46 OIE).
Iinoaiiaeaiea i i?eaea/aiee eeoea a ea/anoaa iaaeiyaiiai auiinyo
neaaeiaaoaeue eee eeoei, i?iecaiaeyuaa aeiciaiea (a oaeaea ai?aaa i?ieo?i? e
ia/aeueiee neaaenoaaiiiai ioaeaea), a noaaeee i?aaeaa?eoaeueiiai ?anneaaeiaaiey.
I?eaea/aiea a ea/anoaa iaaeiyaiiai iiaeao eiaoue ianoi ia eia/a eae ia
iniiaaieyo e a ii?yaeea, i?aaeoniio?aiiii caeiiii (no. 4, 143, 144, 148, 149
OIE), /oi iaania/eaaao caueoo i?aa e caeiiiuo eioa?ania ee/iinoe a oaieiaiii
i?ioeanna.
I?eaea/aiea eeoea a ea/anoaa iaaeiyaiiai a neeo i?eioeeia i?acoiioeee
iaaeiiaiinoe ia i?aae?aoaao ieii/aoaeueiuo auaiaeia i?aaiia, aaaeoueo
i?aaeaa?eoaeueiia ?anneaaeiaaiea, e i?ieo?i?a e oai aieaa auaiaeia noaea i
aeiiaiinoe i?eaea/aiiiai eeoea. Iinea i?eaea/aiey eeoea a ea/anoaa iaaeiyaiiai
iiaeao auoue onoaiiaeaia aai iaaeiiaiinoue, e aeaei a ioiioaiee yoiai eeoea
aeieaeii auoue i?ae?auaii, i?ieo?i? a noaea iiaeao ioeacaoueny io iaaeiaiey, a noae
auianoe ii?aaaeaoaeueiue i?eaiai?.
Aeo i?eaea/aiey a ea/anoaa iaaeiyaiiai aucuaaao eeoue i?ioeannoaeueiua
iineaaenoaey, a eiaiii: 1) iaaeiyaiue ociaao, a /ai ii iaaeiyaony e
i?eia?aoaao i?aaa, ?aaeecoy eioi?ua ii caueuaao naay, naie caeiiiua
eioa?anu: 2) ia iaaeiyaiiai aiceaaathony ii?aaeaeaiiua iaycaiiinoe: 3) i?aaiu
e aeieaeiinoiua eeoea, aaaeouea i?ioeann, iaycaiu a oiaea anaai i?iecaiaenoaa ii
aeaeo ?acuyniyoue iaaeiyaiiio aai i?aaa e iaania/eaaoue eo inouanoaeaiea: 4)
i?aaiu e eeoea, aaaeouea i?ioeann, ai?aaa i?eiaiyoue ii ioiioaieth e iaaeiyaiiio
a no?iai ii?aaeaeaiiii caeiiii ii?yaeea i?eioaeeoaeueiua i?ioeannoaeueiua ia?u –
ia?u i?ana/aiey, iaune, iaeiaeaiea a?anoa ia eiouanoai e ae?. (no. 55
Eiinoeoooeee ?O, no. 89, 122, 147, 153, 175 OIE).
Ia i?ioyaeaiee anaai oaieiaiiai noaeii?iecaiaenoaa iaaeiyaiue iaeciaiii
aunooiaao a ea/anoaa noauaeoa i?aaa ia caueoo, ii aai i?ioeannoaeueiia
iieiaeaiea a ?acee/iuo noaaeeyo i?ioeanna iaiaeeiaeiai. Iaeaieaa oe?ieea i?aaa
ii eiaao ia oeaio?aeueiie noaaeee – noaeaaiii ?acae?aoaeuenoaa.
Iniiau i?ioeannoaeueiiai noaoona iaaeiyaiiai cae?aieaiu a Eiinoeoooeee ?O
(no. 21, 22, 26, 45-51, 123): iie aeaoaeece?othony e ?acaeaathony a
oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiii caeiia. Neaaeoao iiae/a?eiooue, /oi caeii ia oieueei
iiae?iaii eceaaaao niaea?aeaiea i?aa iaaeiyaiiai, ii e i?aaeoniao?eaaao neiaeiue
e ?acaaoaeaiiue iaoaieci i?ioeannoaeueiuo n?aaenoa eo iaania/aiey (eaaeaeiio
i?aao iaaeiyaiiai ei??aniiiaee?oao iaycaiiinoue neaaeiaaoaey, noaea:
onoaiiaeaiea i?ioeannoaeueiuo naieoeee ca ia?ooaiea e noaniaiea i?aa
iaaeiyaiiai: einoeooo iaaeaeiaaiey e iiiaia ae?oaia).
Iaaeiyaiue eiaao neaaeothuea i?aaa. I?aai ciaoue, a /ai ii iaaeiyaony. Yoi
i?aai oeacaii a ia/aea ia?a/iy i?aa iaaeiyaiiai, iineieueeo iii yaeyaony
enoiaeiui, aac iaai iaaiciiaeii inouanoaeyoue naii i?aai ia caueoo. Iii
?aaeecoaony a noaaeee i?aaeaa?eoaeueiiai ?anneaaeiaaiey iooai auianaiey
neaaeiaaoaeai iinoaiiaeaiey i i?eaea/aiee a ea/anoaa iaaeiyaiiai, a eioi?ii
oeacuaaaony, a niaa?oaiee eaeiai i?anooieaiey iaaeiyaony eeoei, eaeay ii?ia
oaieiaiiai caeiia i?aaeoniao?eaaao yoi i?anooieaiea. Neaaeiaaoaeue iaycai
i?aaeuyaeoue yoi iinoaiiaeaiea iaaeiyaiiio aeey iciaeiieaiey, ?acuynieoue aai
nouiinoue e iaeiia?aiaiii – i?aaa iaaeiyaiiai (no. 148 OIE). Iai anao neo/ayo
eciaiaiey iaaeiaiey a aeaeueiaeoai – a oiaea ?anneaaeiaaiey e a noaea –
iaaeiyaiue naiaa?aiaiii noaaeony a ecaanoiinoue (no. 154, 215, 237 OIE).
I?aai aeaaaoue iauyniaiey ii i?aaeuyaeaiiiio iaaeiaieth, aeaaaoue iieacaiey,
i?aaenoaaeyoue aeieacaoaeuenoaa. Neaaeiaaoaeue aeii?aoeaaao iaaeiyaiiai iaiaaeeaiii
iinea i?aaeuyaeaiey iaaeiaiey (no. 150 OIE). Iauyniaiey ii i?aaeuyaeaiiiio
iaaeiaieth iaaeiyaiue aeaao a oiaea aeii?ina, a naieo iieacaieyo, o. a. ii
auneacuaaao naia ioiioaiea e iaaeiaieth (i?eciaao naay aeiiaiui, i?eciaao
/anoe/ii, ia i?eciaao) e i?eaiaeeo iiaeoaa?aeaeathuea eee ii?iaa?aathuea oacen
iaaeiaiey. I?aaenoaaeyaony, /oi i?aaeiao iieacaiee – aieaa oe?ieee, oae eae
eeoei iiaeao auoue aeii?ioaii a ea/anoaa iaaeiyaiiai ia oieueei ii i?aaeuyaeaiiiio
iaaeiaieth, ii e ii iiaiaeo ioaeaeueiuo ianoiyoaeuenoa, iaiaoiaeeiuo aeey
?anneaaeiaaiey (iai?eia?, i i?eiaoao iioa?iaaoaai, i aeaoaeyo ianoaiiaee a
ianoa nauoa iioeuaiiiai e o. i.).
Aea/a iieacaiee – i?aai, a ia iaycaiiinoue iaaeiyaiiai. Ii ia iaycai
naeaeaoaeuenoaiaaoue i?ioea naay naiiai, naiaai noi?oaa e aeeceeo ?iaenoaaiieeia
(no. 51 Eiinoeoooeee ?O). Ii ia ianao ioaaonoaaiiinoe ca ioeac io aea/e
iieacaiee e ca aea/o caaaaeiii eiaeiuo iieacaiee.
Iaaeiyaiue ai?aaa ciaeiieoueny n i?ioieieii aeii?ina, o?aaiaaoue
niioaaonoaothueo aeiiieiaiee e iii?aaie: ii ai?aaa nianoaaiii?o/ii eceiaeeoue
naie iieacaiey (no. 150-152 OIE).
I?aai i?aaenoaaeyoue aeieacaoaeuenoaa ?aaeecoaony iooai ia?aaea/e iaaeiyaiui
neaaeiaaoaeth eee noaeo aeieoiaioia e i?aaeiaoia, eiathueo cia/aiea aeey aeaea eeai
niiauaiey eaeeo-oi iiauo oaeoe/aneeo aeaiiuo eee enoi/ieeia eo iieo/aiey.
I?aai cayaeyoue oiaeaoaenoaa. Iaaeiyaiue ai?aaa cayaeyoue naiua
?aciiia?aciua oiaeaoaenoaa – i i?ae?auaiee aeaea, ia eciaiaiee eaaeeoeeaoeee
i?anooieaiey, ia ioiaia eee eciaiaiee ia?u i?ana/aiey, ia eno?aaiaaiee
aeiiieieoaeueiuo aeieacaoaeuenoa, i i?iecaiaenoaa aeiiieieoaeueiuo neaaenoaaiiuo
aeaenoaee. Oiaeaoaenoaa iiaoo auoue cayaeaiu a oiaea i?aaeaa?eoaeueiiai
?anneaaeiaaiey e a noaea. Iie iiaeeaaeao oaeiaeaoai?aieth, anee ianoiyoaeuenoaa, i
eioi?uo a ieo oeacaii, eiatho cia/aiea aeey aeaea. Iieiue eee /anoe/iue ioeac a
oaeiaeaoai?aiee oiaeaoaenoaa iiaeao eiaoue ianoi oieueei ii iioeae?iaaiiiio
iinoaiiaeaieth neaaeiaaoaey, noaeuee (ii?aaeaeaiea noaea). Ia ioeaca iaycaoaeueii
niiauaaony iaaeiyaiiio: ii ai?aaa iaaeaeiaaoue i?eiyoia ?aoaiea. Ioeac ia
eeoaao iaaeiyaiiai i?aaa cayaeoue oaeia aea oiaeaoaenoai a aeaeueiaeoai (no. 131,
223, 276 OIE).
I?aai iaaeaeiaaoue a noae .caeiiiinoue e iainiiaaiiinoue a?anoa eee
i?iaeeaiey n?iea niaea?aeaiey iiae no?aaeae, ciaeiieoueny n niioaaonoaothueie
iaoa?eaeaie ii aeaiiiio aii?ino, iai?aaeyaiuie a noae, e o/anoaiaaoue i?e
?anniio?aiee yoeo aeaeia noaeueae. Iaaeiyaiue i?eiineo aeaeiau /a?ac neaaeiaaoaey
eee aaeieieno?aoeeth iano i?aaeaa?eoaeueiiai caeeth/aiey, eioi?ua iaycaiu
iaiaaeeaiii iai?aaeoue eo a noae. Iiae?iaii ii?yaeie iaaeaeiaaiey e ?anniio?aiey
oaeeo aeaeia ?aaeaiaioe?oaony no. 220 e 220 OIE.
I?aai – ee/ii e n iiiiuueth caueoieea – ciaeiieoueny: n i?ioieieaie
neaaenoaaiiuo aeaenoaee, i?iaiaeeiuo n aai o/anoeai: n iinoaiiaeaieai i
iacia/aiee yenia?oecu e caeeth/aieai yenia?oa (no. 184, 185, 193 OIE): ii
ieii/aiee aeiciaiey e i?aaeaa?eoaeueiiai neaaenoaey – ni anaie iaoa?eaeaie aeaea,
a oaeaea ai?aaa auienuaaoue ec iaai ethaua naaaeaiey e a ethaii iauaia (no.
201-204 OIE): iinea iacia/aiey noaeaaiiai canaaeaiey – ni anaie iaoa?eaeaie
aeaea (no. 236 OIE): a noaeaaiii canaaeaiee – n aeieoiaioaie e i?aaeiaoaie,
i?aaenoaaeyaiuie noi?iiaie, aeiiieieoaeueii eno?aaiaaiiuie noaeii, caeeth/aieai
yenia?oa.
N ioaeaeueiuie iaoa?eaeaie aeaea neaaeiaaoaeue iiaeao iciaeiieoue iaaeiyaiiai
– ii aai oiaeaoaenoao eee ii naiae eieoeeaoeaa oiaea ?anneaaeiaaiey.
I?aai eiaoue caueoieea n iiiaioa i?aaeuyaeaiey iaaeiaiey a noaaeee
i?aaeaa?eoaeueiiai ?anneaaeiaaiey. Anee ii aeaeo i?aaeaa?eoaeueiiai ?anneaaeiaaiey
ia i?iaiaeeeinue (ii aeaeai /anoiiai iaaeiaiey, i?e i?ioieieueiie oi?ia
aeinoaeaaiie iiaeaioiaee iaoa?eaeia), caueoiee aeiioneaaony e o/anoeth a i?ioeanna
n iiiaioa i?eiyoey noaeii aeaea e naiaio i?iecaiaenoao.
Caeii onoaiaaeeaaao neo/ae, eiaaea o/anoea caueoieea a aeaea iaycaoaeueii
(no. 49″ 426 OIE), a oaeaea eiaaea ioeac iaaeiyaiiai io caueoieea ia
iaycaoaeai aeey neaaeiaaoaey, i?ieo?i?a e noaea (no. 50 OIE).
I?aai cayaeyoue ioaiaeu oe?ieiio e?oao aeieaeiinoiuo eeoe, aaaeoueo
i?iecaiaenoai ii aeaeo, ia?iaeiui e i?enyaeiui canaaeaoaeyi, e ae?oaei noauaeoai
i?ioeanna (iai?eia?, yenia?oo, niaoeeaeenoo, ia?aaiae/eeo). I?e iaee/ee
caeiiiuo iniiaaiee aeaiiua eeoea ono?aiythony io o/anoey a aeaea (no. 23, 59-67,
438, 439 OIE).
I?aai iaaeaeiaaoue aeaenoaey e ?aoaiey noaea, noaeuee, i?ieo?i?a, neaaeiaaoaey
e eeoea, i?iecaiaeyuaai aeiciaiea. AEaeiau ia aeaenoaey e ?aoaiey eeoea, aaaeouaai
aeiciaiea, e neaaeiaaoaey i?eiinyony i?ieo?i?o: ia aeaenoaey e ?aoaiey
i?ieo?i?a – auoanoiyuaio i?ieo?i?o eee a noae. Iie aeieaeiu auoue ?anniio?aiu a
oa/aiea o?ao nooie. Niioaaonoaothuee i?ieo?i? i?eieiaao ia?u ii ono?aiaieth
aeiiouaiiuo ia?ooaiee eeai – a neo/aa iainiiaaoaeueiinoe aeaeiau – ioeacuaaao a
aa oaeiaeaoai?aiee, iioeae?oy yoi a naiai iinoaiiaeaiee. A iaieo neo/ayo i
?aoaiee i?ieo?i?a niiauaaony cayaeoaeth (no. 22, 218-220 OIE). Ia aeaenoaey e
?aoaiey noaea iiaoo auoue iiaeaiu eannaoeeiiiay e /anoiay aeaeiau (no. 325, 331
OIE).
Iaaeiyaiue ai?aaa aic?aaeaoue i?ioea i?ae?auaiey aeaea ii
ia?aaaeeeoe?othuei iniiaaieyi (no. 6 OIE), ca enoa/aieai n?iea aeaaiinoe eee
aneaaenoaea aeoia aiienoee e iiieeiaaiey (no. 5 OIE). A yoeo neo/ayo
i?iecaiaenoai ii aeaeo i?iaeieaeaaony a iau/iii ii?yaeea.
Iaaeiyaiue iiaeao o/anoaiaaoue a i?iecaiaenoaa ?yaea neaaenoaaiiuo aeaenoaee
(iniio?a, neaaenoaaiiii yenia?eiaioa), iieuecoynue i?e yoii i?aaaie o/anoieea
aeaiiiai neaaenoaaiiiai aeaenoaey – auneacuaaoue naie caia/aiey, ciaeiieoueny n
i?ioieieii e ae?. Neaaeiaaoaeth i?aaeinoaaeaii i?aai i?eaeaeaoue iaaeiyaiiai e
oaeiio o/anoeth: i?iaaaeaiea iaeioi?uo neaaenoaaiiuo aeaenoaee i?aaeiieaaaao
iaycaoaeueiia o/anoea a ieo iaaeiyaiiai.
Iaaeiyaiue, ia aeaaeathuee ycueii noaeii?iecaiaenoaa, iaaeaeai i?aaaie,
iicaieythueie aio aeoeaii o/anoaiaaoue a i?ioeanna, ionoaeaaoue naie caeiiiua
eioa?anu: aunooiaoue, cayaeyoue oiaeaoaenoaa ia ?iaeiii eee ecaanoiii aio ycuea,
iieueciaaoueny oneoaaie ia?aaiae/eea. I?ioeannoaeueiua aeieoiaiou, eioi?ua
a?o/athony iaaeiyaiiio (eiiee i?eaiai?a, iaaeieoaeueiiai caeeth/aiey e ae?.)
aeieaeiu auoue auiieiaiu ia aai ?iaeiii eee ecaanoiii aio ycuea (no. 17 OIE).
Iaaeiyaiue eiaao i?aai ia ?anniio?aiea aai aeaea a oii noaea e oai
noaeueae, e iiaenoaeiinoe eioi?uo iii ioianaii caeiiii, i?aai ia ?anniio?aiea
aai aeaea a neo/ayo, i?aaeoniio?aiiuo caeiiii, noaeii i?enyaeiuo canaaeaoaeae, n
o/anoeai ia?iaeiuo canaaeaoaeae, eieeaaeae ec o?ao i?ioanneiiaeueiuo noaeae eee
noaeueae aaeeiiee/ii (no. 47 Eiinoeoooeee ?O, no. 15, 35, 201, 423 OIE, no. 10
Caeiia i noaeiono?ienoaa ?O).
Iaaeiyaiiio iaania/eaathony ana i?aaeoniio?aiiua caeiiii aiciiaeiinoe
aeoeaii o/anoaiaaoue a noaeaaiii ?acae?aoaeuenoaa a niioaaonoaee n i?eioeeiii
?aaainoaa noi?ii e ninoycaoaeueiinoe i?ioeanna. Ii ai?aaa aeaaaoue iieacaiey,
cayaeyoue oiaeaoaenoaa, i?aaenoaaeyoue aeieacaoaeuenoaa, o/anoaiaaoue a
enneaaeiaaiee aeieacaoaeuenoa, eceaaaoue naia iiaiea ii aii?inai, aicieeathuei a

noaeaaiii canaaeaiee, aunooiaoue a noaeaaiuo i?aieyo (anee a aeaea ia o/anoaoao
caueoiee), a oaeaea i?aai ia iineaaeiaa neiai. Iaaeiyaiue ai?aaa i?aaeeaaaoue
noaeo naie oi?ioee?iaee ii aii?inai, ?ac?aoaaiui a aa?aeeeoa e i?eaiai?a,
iiaeaaaoue naie caia/aiey ia i?ioieie noaeaaiiai canaaeaiey (no. 245, 246, 263,
276, 279, 280, 288,295,298 OIE).
I?aai ia caueoo inouanoaeyaony e iinea auianaiey i?eaiai?a noaeii.
“Eaaeaeue inoaeaeaiiue ca i?anooieaiea, – oeacuaaaony a no. 50 Eiinoeoooeee ?O, –
eiaao i?aai ia ia?aniio? i?eaiai?a auoanoiyuei noaeii a ii?yaeea,
onoaiiaeaiiii oaaea?aeueiui caeiiii, a oaeaea i?aai i?ineoue i iiieeiaaiee eee
niya/aiee iaeacaiey”. Yoe iieiaeaiey ?aaeecothony, a /anoiinoe, iooai
i?eianaiey inoaeaeaiiui (ii?aaaeaiiui) eannaoeeiiiie aeaeiau ia i?eaiai?, ia
anooieaoee a caeiiioth neeo, a ii anooieaiee aai a caeiiioth neeo – iooai
ia?auaiey e eiiiaoaioiui aeieaeiinoiui eeoeai n i?inueaie i?eianoe i?ioano a
ii?yaeea iaaeci?a (no. 325, 331, 371, 376 OIE).
I?ioeannoaeueiia iieiaeaiea iaaeiyaiiai oa?aeoa?ecoaony oaeaea iaee/eai
ii?aaeaeaiiuo iaycaiiinoae. Ii iaycai yaeyoueny ii auciao eeoea, i?iecaiaeyuaai
aeiciaiea, neaaeiaaoaey, i?ieo?i?a, noaea: ia oeeiiyoueny io neaaenoaey e noaea:
ia i?aiyonoaiaaoue ?anneaaeiaaieth aeaea e ia ia?ooaoue ii?yaeie noaeaaiiai
canaaeaiey: niaethaeaoue o?aaiaaiey, onoaiiaeaiiua aeey iaai i?e eca?aiee ia?u
i?ana/aiey: auaeaaaoue i?aaeiaou e aeieoiaiou ii o?aaiaaieth neaaeiaaoaey ai a?aiy
iaunea e auaiee: iiaeaa?aaoueny inaeaeaoaeuenoaiaaieth: i?aaenoaaeyoue ia?acoeu aeey
n?aaieoaeueiiai enneaaeiaaiey (iai?eia?, ii/a?ea). A neo/aa iaauiieiaiey yoeo
iaycaiiinoae e iaaeiyaiiio iiaoo “auoue i?eiaiaiu niioaaonoaothuea ia?u
i?ioeannoaeueiiai i?eioaeaeaiey (no. 89, 101, 146-147, 153, 170,179 OIE).
Iiaeic?aaaaiue. Iiaeic?aaaaiui i?eciaaony: 1) eeoei, caaea?aeaiiia ii
iiaeic?aieth a niaa?oaiee i?anooieaiey: 2) eeoei, e eioi?iio i?eiaiaia ia?a
i?ana/aiey aei i?aaeuyaeaiey iaaeiaiey (no. 52, 90, 122 OIE).
I?ioeannoaeueiui aeoii i?eciaiey eeoea iiaeic?aaaaiui yaeyaony eeai
i?ioieie caaea?aeaiey (caaea?aeaiea iiaeao i?iecaiaeeoueny oaeaea ii iinoaiiaeaieth),
eeai iinoaiiaeaiea ia eca?aiee ia?u i?ana/aiey aei i?aaeuyaeaiey iaaeiaiey.
Aeey i?eiaiaiey oeacaiiuo i?eioaeeoaeueiuo ia? iaiaoiaeeii iaee/ea ii?aaeaeaiiuo
oaeoe/aneeo aeaiiuo, oeacuaathueo ia i?e/anoiinoue eeoea e niaa?oaieth
i?anooieaiey. Iaaeinoaoi/ii /enoi noauaeoeaiiai iiaeic?aiey eeoea, aaaeouaai
?anneaaeiaaiea.
I?aai aeiciaiey e neaaeiaaoaeue ai?aaa caaea?aeaoue eeoei, iiaeic?aaaaiia a
niaa?oaiee i?anooieaiey, ca eioi?ia iiaeao auoue iacia/aii iaeacaiea a aeaea
eeoaiey naiaiaeu oieueei ii iniiaaieyi, i?aaeoniio?aiiui no. 122 OIE
(caaea?aeaiea ia ianoa niaa?oaiey i?anooieaiey “n iiee/iui”, i?yiia oeacaiea
iioa?iaaoaai ia eeoei, niaa?oeaoaa i?anooieaiea e ae?.). Iiieii iniiaaiee aeey
caaea?aeaiey iaiaoiaeeiu oaeaea e iioeau i?eiaiaiey yoie ia?u, /oi caaeneo io
oyaeanoe niaa?oaiiiai aeayiey, ee/iinoe iiaeic?aaaaiiai e ae?. ianoiyoaeuenoa.
Eeoei i?eciaaony iiaeic?aaaaiui i?e i?eiaiaiee e iaio ethaie ec
i?aaeoniio?aiiuo a caeiia ia? i?ana/aiey aei i?aaeuyaeaiey aio iaaeiaiey. No.
90 OIE ia aeaao /aoeeo e?eoa?eaa iauaia e oa?aeoa?a eiathueony aeaiiuo aeey
eca?aiey a ioiioaiee iiaeic?aaaaiiai ia?u i?ana/aiey. Aiaeec caeiia i?eaiaeeo
e auaiaeo, /oi nia?aiiua aeieacaoaeuenoaa aua iaaeinoaoi/iu aeey i?eaea/aiey eeoea
a ea/anoaa iaaeiyaiiai: a oi aea a?aiy iie i?eaiaeyo e iainiiaaiiiio
i?aaeiieiaeaieth, /oi aeaiiia eeoei niaa?oeei i?anooieaiea e /oi a niioaaonoaee
nino. 89 OIE aicieeaao iaiaoiaeeiinoue a i?eiaiaiee ia?u i?ana/aiey.
Iiaeic?aaaaiue – e?aoeia?aiaiiue e iaiaycaoaeueiue o/anoiee noaaeee
i?aaeaa?eoaeueiiai ?anneaaeiaaiey. Anee ia?a i?ana/aiey aei i?aaeuyaeaiey
iaaeiaiey eee caaea?aeaiea ia i?eiaiyeenue, iiaeic?aaaaiue a i?ioeanna aiiaua ia
iiyaeyaony. I?aauaaiea eeoea a ea/anoaa iiaeic?aaaaiiai ia?aie/aii e?aoeei
n?ieii: caaea?aeaiea ia iiaeao i?aauoaoue 48 /ania, a eca?aiiay ia?a i?ana/aiey
– aeanyoe nooie. A oa/aiea yoiai a?aiaie ioaeii i?aaeuyaeoue eeoeo iaaeiaiea, eee
ioiaieoue ia?o i?ana/aiey. Anee eca?aieth ia?u i?ana/aiey i?aaeoanoaiaaei
caaea?aeaiea, n?ie caaea?aeaiey aeeth/aaony a oeacaiiua aeanyoue nooie, o. a a
ethaii neo/aa eeoei ia iiaeao auoue iiaeic?aaaaiui aieaa aeanyoe nooie.
A neo/aa eiaaea iiaeic?aiea ia iiaeoaa?aeeeinue, caaea?aeaiiue inaiaiaeaeaaony,
ia?a i?ana/aiey ioiaiyaony e eeoei ia?anoaao auoue iiaeic?aaaaiui. Oaeei
ia?acii, iiaeic?aaaaiue a oaieiaiii aeaea noaiiaeony eeai iaaeiyaiui ~ a
neo/aa auianaiee iinoaiiaeaiey i i?eaea/aiee a ea/anoaa iaaeiyaiiai, eeai
auauaaao ec i?ioeanna, eae aai o/anoiee.
Eae o/anoiee i?ioeanna iiaeic?aaaaiue iaaeaeyaony i?ioeannoaeueiuie i?aaaie
aeey caueou naieo caeiiiuo eioa?ania e ia iaai aiceaaathony niioaaonoaothuea
iaycaiiinoe.
Iiaeic?aaaaiue ai?aaa ciaoue, a /ai ii iiaeic?aaaaony. Yoi i?aai
iaania/eaaaony iaycaiiinoueth eeoea, aaaeouaai ?anneaaeiaaiea, iciaeiieoue
iiaeic?aaaaiiai n i?ioieieii caaea?aeaiey eee iinoaiiaeaieai ia eca?aiee ia?u
i?ana/aiey e ?acuynieoue aio, a niaa?oaiee eaeiai i?anooieaiey ii
iiaeic?aaaaony, a oaeaea iniiaaiey e iioeau i?eiaiaiey yoeo ia?. Iiaeic?aaaaiue
ai?aaa aeaaaoue iauyniaiey e iieacaiey. Oae aea, eae e iaaeiyaiue, ii ia iaycai
naeaeaoaeuenoaiaaoue i?ioea naiiai naay, ia ianao ioaaonoaaiiinoe ca ioeac io
aea/e iieacaiee e ca aea/o caaaaeiii eiaeiuo iieacaiee, a ai a?aiy aeii?ina
iieuecoaony oaeeie aea i?aaaie (no. 52, 69, 76, 123 OIE). Iiaeic?aaaaiue eiaao
i?aai cayaeyoue oiaeaoaenoaa e ioaiaeu: i?eiineoue aeaeiau ia aeaenoaey e ?aoaiey
eeoea, i?iecaiaeyuaai aeiciaiea, neaaeiaaoaey, i?ieo?i?a: iieueciaaoueny iiiiuueth
caueoieea n iiiaioa iauyaeaiey aio i?ioieiea caaea?aeaiey eee iinoaiiaeaiey ia
eca?aiee ia?u i?ana/aiey a aeaea caeeth/aiey iiae no?aaeo: eiaoue naeaeaiey n
caueoieeii iaaaeeia aac ia?aie/aiey eo /enea e i?iaeieaeeoaeueiinoe:
i?aaenoaaeyoue aeieacaoaeuenoaa: iaaeaeiaaoue a noae caeiiiinoue e iainiiaaiiinoue
i?eiaiaiiiai a ioiioaiee iaai a?anoa, ciaeiieoueny n iaoa?eaeaie,
iai?aaeyaiuie a noae ii iiaiaeo a?anoa, o/anoaiaaoue i?e ?anniio?aiee noaeueae
aeaiiie aeaeiau: n ?ac?aoaiey neaaeiaaoaey o/anoaiaaoue a i?iecaiaenoaa
neaaenoaaiiuo aeaenoaee: eiaoue i?aaa a niioaaonoaee n i?eioeeiii iaoeeiiaeueiiai
ycuea noaeii?iecaiaenoaa (no. 17 OIE).
Caeii aiceaaaao ia iiaeic?aaaaiiai neaaeothuea iaycaiiinoe. Ii aeieaeai
yaeyoueny ii auciao eeoe, aaaeoueo ?anneaaeiaaiea, e i?ieo?i?a: ia oeeiiyoueny io
aeiciaiey e neaaenoaey: ia i?aiyonoaiaaoue i?iecaiaenoao ?anneaaeiaaiey iooai
niaa?oaiey iacaeiiiuo aeaenoaee: niaethaeaoue oneiaey, onoaiiaeaiiua eca?aiiie a
ioiioaiee iaai ia?u i?ana/aiey: iiae/eiyoueny iinoaiiaeaieyi eeoe, aaaeoueo
?anneaaeiaaiea, i i?iecaiaenoaa inaeaeaoaeuenoaiaaiey, iaunea, i?aaenoaaeaiey
ia?acoeia aeey n?aaieoaeueiiai enneaaeiaaiey, i?aaeiaoia e aeieoiaioia e o. ae. I?e
iaauiieiaiee iiaeic?aaaaiui naieo iaycaiiinoae e iaio iiaoo auoue i?eiaiaiu
i?aaeoniio?aiiua caeiiii ia?u i?ioeannoaeueiiai i?eioaeaeaiey.
Caueoiee – yoi eeoei, eioi?ia a onoaiiaeaiiii caeiiii ii?yaeea aeiiouaii e
o/anoeth a aeaea aeey caueou i?aa e caeiiiuo eioa?ania iiaeic?aaaaiiai,
iaaeiyaiiai, iiaenoaeeiiai, a oae- aea inoaeaeaiiiai eee ii?aaaeaiiiai e aeey
ieacaiey ei th?eaee/aneie iiiiue.
Caueoiee aeiioneaaony e o/anoeth a aeaea n iiiaioa i?aaeuyaeaiey iaaeiaiey,
a a neo/aa caaea?aeaiey iiaeic?aaaaiiai eee i?eiaiaiey e iaio ia?u i?ana/aiey a
aeaea caeeth/aiey iiae no?aaeo aei i?aaeuyaeaiey iaaeiaiey- n iiiaioa iauyaeaiey
aio i?ioieiea caaea?aeaiey eee iinoaiiaeaiey ia eca?aiee yoie ia?u i?ana/aiey.
Anee i?aaeaa?eoaeueiia ?anneaaeiaaiea ia i?iecaiaeeeinue, caueoiee o/anoaoao a
aeaea n iiiaioa i?eiyoey aai e naiaio i?iecaiaenoao noaeii.
A ea/anoaa caueoieeia aeiioneathony aaeaieaou, i?aaenoaaeoaee i?ionithciuo e
ae?oaeo iauanoaaiiuo i?aaiecaoeee ii aeaeai /eaiia yoeo i?aaiecaoeee. Ii

ii?aaeaeaieth noaea eee iinoaiiaeaieth noaeuee a ea/anoaa caueoieeia iiaoo
aunooiaoue aeeceea ?iaenoaaiieee, caeiiiua i?aaenoaaeoaee iiaenoaeeiiai, a oaeaea
ae?oaea eeoea, eioi?ui iiaenoaeeiue aeiaa?yao caueoo naieo i?aa e caeiiiuo
eioa?ania. Ii ieii/aoaeueiia ?aoaiea i aeiionea yoeo eeoe e o/anoeth a aeaea
i?eiaaeeaaeeo noaeo eee noaeuea. Eo ?aoaiea ia ioeaca aeieaeii auoue iioeae?iaaiiui.
Ii ii?aaeaeaieth noaea (iinoaiiaeaieth noaeuee) a ea/anoaa caueoieeia iiaoo
aeiioneaoueny oaeaea /eaiu th?eaee/aneeo eiiia?aoeaiuo i?aaiecaoeee e th?enou,
eiathuea niioaaonoaothuea eeoeaicee Ieienoa?noaa thnoeoeee. *aua anaai
caueoieeaie aunooiatho aaeaieaou, i?ioanneiiaeueiue iiuo e i?aaiaua ciaiey
eioi?uo iicaieytho ieacaoue iiaecaueoiui iaeaieaa eaaeeoeoee?iaaiioth iiiiuue.
Aaeaieaou, i?aaenoaaeoaee i?ioanneiiaeueiuo e ae?oaeo iauanoaaiiuo
i?aaiecaoeee ia iiaoo auoue caueoieeaie, anee eiatho iniiaaiey aeey eo ioaiaea
(no. 67 OIE). Iaeii e oi aea eeoei ia iiaeao auoue caueoieeii aeaoo iaaeiyaiuo,
iaaeaeo eioa?anaie eioi?uo eiathony i?ioeai?a/ey. I?e ionoonoaee oaeeo
i?ioeai?a/ee iaeei caueoiee ai?aaa caueuaoue ianeieueeeo iiaenoaeeiuo: iaeiiai
iiaenoaeeiiai iiaoo caueuaoue ianeieueei caueoieeia.
Caueoiee i?eaeaoaaony iaaeiyaiui (iiaeic?aaaaiui), aai aeeceeie,
caeiiiui i?aaenoaaeoaeai eeai ae?oaeie eeoeaie ii ii?o/aieth eee n niaeaney
iaaeiyaiiai (iiaeic?aaaaiiai). Anee iaaeiyaiue eee iiaeic?aaaaiue nai ia
eca?ae naaa caueoieea, ii oiaeaoaenoaoao ia aai o/anoee a aeaea, oaeia o/anoea
aeieaeii auoue iaania/aii eeoeii, aaaeouei ?anneaaeiaaiea, i?ieo?i?ii, noaeii –
/a?ac th?eaee/aneoth eiinoeueoaoeeth.
A ?yaea neo/aaa caeii i?aaeoniao?eaaao iaycaoaeueiia o/anoea a aeaea
caueoieea. Yoi iaoneiaeaii o?oaeiinoyie eee iaaiciiaeiinoueth ee/iiai
inouanoaeaiey caueou naiei iaaeiyaiui, eeai iaiaoiaeeiinoueth iaania/eoue
?aaainoai noi?ii e ninoycaoaeueiinoue i?ioeanna, ananoi?iiiinoue, iieiioo e
iauaeoeaiinoue enneaaeiaaiey ianoiyoaeuenoa aeaea e ae?oaeie i?e/eiaie.
Caeii onoaiaaeeaaao neaaeothuea neo/ae iaycaoaeueiiai o/anoey caueoieea: A
noaaeee i?aaeaa?eoaeueiiai ?anneaaeiaaiey ii aeaeai ianiaa?oaiiieaoieo: iaiuo,
aeooeo, neaiuo e ae?oaeo eeoe, eioi?ua a neeo naieo oece/aneeo eee ineoe/aneeo
iaaeinoaoeia ia iiaoo naie inouanoaeyoue naia i?aai ia caueoo: eeoe, ia
aeaaeathueo ycueii, ia eioi?ii aaaeaony noaeii?iecaiaenoai. Ii yoei aeaeai
caueoiee anooiaao a i?ioeann eeai n iiiaioa caaea?aeaiey eee i?eiaiaiey e
iiaeic?aaaaiiio ia?u i?ana/aiey a aeaea a?anoa, eeai n iiiaioa i?aaeuyaeaiey
iaaeiaiey. Ii aeaeai eeoe, iaaeiyaiuo a niaa?oaiee i?anooieaiee, ca eioi?ua a
ea/anoaa ia?u iaeacaiey iiaeao auoue iacia/aia nia?oiay eaciue, caueoiee
o/anoaoao n iiiaioa i?aaeuyaeaiey iaaeiaiey (no. 49 OIE).
Ii oeacaiiui auoa eaoaai?eyi aeae o/anoea caueoieea iaycaoaeueii e a
noaaeee noaeaaiiai ?acae?aoaeuenoaa.
Ii aeaeai, eioi?ua iiaoo auoue ?anniio?aiu noaeii i?enyaeiuo canaaeaoaeae,
caueoiee aeieaeai i?eiyoue o/anoea a aeaea n iiiaioa iauyaeaiey ia ieii/aiee
i?aaeaa?eoaeueiiai neaaenoaey e i?aaeuyaeaiey aio aeey iciaeiieaiey iaoa?eaeia
aeaea, caoai -ia i?aaeaa?eoaeueiii neooaiee aeaea noaeueae e i?e ?anniio?aiee aeaea
noaeii i?enyaeiuo (no. 426 OIE).
A noaeaaiii ?acae?aoaeuenoaa, e?iia oiai, iaycaoaeueii o/anoea caueoieea:
anee a aeaea o/anoaoao ainoaea?noaaiiue eee iauanoaaiiue iaaeieoaeue: ii aeaeai
eeoe, iaaeaeo eioa?anaie eioi?uo eiathony i?ioeai?a/ey, e anee oioy au iaeei ec
ieo eiaao caueoieea (no. 49 OIE).
Ai anao yoeo neo/ayo i?aaiu e eeoea, inouanoaeythuea
oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueioth aeayoaeueiinoue, iaycaiu iaania/eoue o/anoea a aeaea
caueoieea, anee ii ia aue i?eaeaoai naiei iaaeiyaiui eee ii aai ii?o/aieth
ae?oaeie eeoeaie.
O/anoea a i?ioeanna caueoieea ii iauaio i?aaeeo caaeneo io aiee e
aeaeaiey iiaecaueoiiai. Neaaeiaaoaeue e noae ia ai?aaa ioeacaoue a i?inueaa
iiaeic?aaaaiiai, iaaeiyaiiai i aeiionea e o/anoeth a aeaea eca?aiiiai ei
caueoieea eeai iacia/eoue caueoieea aac eo niaeaney, aii?aee eo aeaeaieth. Anee
o/anoea i?eaeaoaiiiai iaaeiyaiui caueoieea iaaiciiaeii a oa/aiea aeeeoaeueiiai
a?aiaie, neaaeiaaoaeue, noae aeieaeiu i?aaeeiaeeoue iaaeiyaiiio iiaeuneaoue ae?oaiai
caueoieea eee iacia/eoue oaeiaiai /a?ac eieeaaeth aaeaieaoia, i?e/ai
iaycaoaeueii n niaeaney iaaeiyaiiai.
Eiaoue caueoieea – i?aai iaaeiyaiiai e iiaeic?aaaaiiai. Iie iiaoo e ia
ainiieueciaaoueny oneoaaie caueoieea, ioeacaoueny io iaai. I?e/eiu e yoiio
iiaoo auoue ?acee/iua: iaaeiyaiue ?ann/eouaaao ia oi, /oi ee/ii niiaeao
inouanoaeoue naith caueoo eee /oi noae a iieiie ia?a iaania/eo aai caueoo.
Iaeiaei oaeie ioeac aeiioneaaony oieueei ii eieoeeaoeaa naiiai iaaeiyaiiai, aac
eaeiai-eeai aicaeaenoaey ni noi?iiu neaaeiaaoaey e noaea: iaaeiionoeii noaaeoue
iaaeiyaiiai a oneiaey, eiaaea ioeac io caueoieea iineo auioaeaeaiiue oa?aeoa?.
Ioeac io caueoieea ia iaycaoaeai aeey neaaeiaaoaey e noaea ii aeaeai:
ianiaa?oaiiieaoieo eeoe, eiathueo oece/aneea eee ineoe/aneea iaaeinoaoee,
aneaaenoaea eioi?uo iie ia iiaoo naie inouanoaeyoue naia i?aai ia caueoo: eeoe,
ia aeaaeathueo ycueii noaeii?iecaiaenoaa, e eeoe, iaaeiyaiuo a niaa?oaiee
i?anooieaiee, ca eioi?ua a ea/anoaa ia?u iaeacaiey iiaeao auoue iacia/aia
nia?oiay eaciue (no. 49, 50 OIE).
Ioeac io caueoieea ia neoaeeo i?aiyonoaeai aeey i?iaeieaeaiey o/anoey a
aeaea ainoaea?noaaiiiai eee iauanoaaiiiai iaaeieoaey, a ?aaii caueoieeia
ae?oaeo iiaenoaeeiuo (no. 50 OIE). Yoi i?aaeei aeaenoaoao e i?e ?anniio?aiee
aeaea noaeii i?enyaeiuo canaaeaoaeae (no. 447 OIE).
Caueoiee iaycai eniieueciaaoue ana oeacaiiua a caeiia n?aaenoaa e niiniau
caueou aeey auyaeaiey ianoiyoaeuenoa, ii?aaaeuaathueo iiaecaueoiiai, niya/athueo
aai ioaaonoaaiiinoue, ieacuaaoue aio iaiaoiaeeioth th?eaee/aneoth iiiiuue.
Caueoiee – naiinoiyoaeueiue noauaeo oaieiaiiai noaeii?iecaiaenoaa. Aianoa
n oai ii naycai n iaaeiyaiui (iiaeic?aaaaiui) oaniuie i?ioeannoaeueiuie
ioiioaieyie, iiyoiio aai i?ioeannoaeueiay naiinoiyoaeueiinoue eiaao ii?aaeaeaiiua
a?aieoeu. Caueoiee naiaiaeai – a i?aaeaeao caeiia – a oi?iao e iaoiaeao
inouanoaeaiey caueou, aai iiceoeey iiaeao ioee/aoueny io iiceoeee iiaecaueoiiai,
anee aua?aiiia ei iai?aaeaiea caueou aeaaii?eyonoaoao iieiaeaieth iineaaeiaai.
Ii caueoiee ia ai?aaa aeaeaoue ie/aai, /oi iiaei au a iaeaeoae noaiaie
oooaeoeoue iieiaeaiea iiaecaueoiiai. Eia/a i?aai ia caueoo oo?aoeo anyeee niune.
Aaeaieao-caueoiee ia ai?aaa ioeacaoueny io i?eiyoie ia naay caueou
iiaeic?aaaaiiai eee iaaeiyaiiai. Caueoiee ia ai?aaa ?acaeaoaoue naaaeaiey,
ecaanoiua aio a nayce n inouanoaeaieai caueou. Ii ia iiaeao auoue aeii?ioai a
ea/anoaa naeaeaoaey ia ianoiyoaeuenoaao, eioi?ua ociae, auiieiyy iaycaiiinoe
caueoieea eee a nayce n ieacaieai ae?oaie th?eaee/aneie iiiiue (no. 51, 72,139
OIE).
Aeey oniaoiiai inouanoaeaiey caueou caueoiee iaaeaeai oe?ieeie
i?ioeannoaeueiuie i?aaaie. N iiiaioa aeiionea e o/anoeth a aeaea ii ai?aaa: eiaoue
n iaaeiyaiui (iiaeic?aaaaiui) naeaeaiey iaaaeeia aac ia?aie/aiey eo /enea e
i?iaeieaeeoaeueiinoe: i?enoonoaiaaoue i?e i?aaeuyaeaiee iaaeiaiey, o/anoaiaaoue a
aeii?ina iaaeiyaiiai (iiaeic?aaaaiiai) e a ae?oaeo neaaenoaaiiuo aeaenoaeyo,
i?iecaiaeeiuo n aai o/anoeai, eiay i?e yoii i?aaa o/anoieea neaaenoaaiiiai
aeaenoaey: caaeaaaoue n ?ac?aoaiey neaaeiaaoaey aii?inu aeii?aoeaaaiui eeoeai,
aeaeaoue caia/aiey ia i?ioieie neaaenoaaiiiai aeaenoaey: ciaeiieoueny: n
i?ioieieii caaea?aeaiey, iinoaiiaeaieai ia eca?aiee ia?u i?ana/aiey, n
aeieoiaioaie, eioi?ua i?aaeuyaeyeenue eeai aeieaeiu auoue i?aaeuyaeaiu
iiaecaueoiiio: n iaoa?eaeaie, iai?aaeyaiuie a noae a iiaeoaa?aeaeaiea caeiiiinoe
e iainiiaaiiinoe a?anoa e i?iaeeaiey n?iea niaea?aeaiey iiae no?aaeae: ii
ieii/aiee aeiciaiey eee i?aaeaa?eoaeueiiai neaaenoaey – ni anaie iaoa?eaeaie
aeaea e auienuaaoue ec iaai ethaua naaaeaiey a ethaii iauaia: iaaeaeiaaoue a noae
caeiiiinoue e iainiiaaiiinoue a?anoa, eca?aiiiai a ioiioaiee aai iiaecaueoiiai,
e i?iaeeaiey yoie ia?u i?ana/aiey e o/anoaiaaoue i?e ?anniio?aiee noaeueae yoeo
aeaeia (no. 220, 220 OIE): i?aaenoaaeyoue aeieacaoaeuenoaa: cayaeyoue oiaeaoaenoaa
e ioaiaeu: iaaeaeiaaoue aeaenoaey e ?aoaiey eeoea, i?iecaiaeyuaai aeiciaiea,
neaaeiaaoaey, i?ieo?i?a, noaeuee e noaea: o/anoaiaaoue a noaeaaiii
?acae?aoaeuenoaa, aaea eiaao i?aaa noi?iiu: i?eieiaoue o/anoea a enneaaeiaaiee
aeieacaoaeuenoa, auneacuaaoue naia iiaiea ii aii?inai, aicieeathuei a oiaea
noaeaaiiai canaaeaiey, aunooiaoue a noaeaaiuo i?aieyo e o. ae. Caueoiee ai?aaa
oaeaea i?eiineoue eannaoeeiiioth aeaeiao, o/anoaiaaoue i?e ?anniio?aiee aeaea a
eannaoeeiiiii ii?yaeea, ia?auaoueny e niioaaonoaothuei aeieaeiinoiui eeoeai ii
iiaiaeo i?eianaiey i?ioanoa a ii?yaeea iaaeci?a (no. 51, 201, 245, 249, 295,
298, 325, 335 OIE).
I?e ?anniio?aiee aeaea noaeii i?enyaeiuo canaaeaoaeae caueoiee i?eieiaao
o/anoea: a i?aaeaa?eoaeueiii neooaiee aeaea(no. 432 OIE): a noaeaaiii
?acae?aoaeuenoaa – a ioai?a i?enyaeiuo canaaeaoaeae (no. 438, 439 OIE), a
noaeaaiii neaaenoaee e noaeaaiuo i?aieyo (no. 446-448), a oaeaea a enneaaeiaaiee
aeieacaoaeuenoa ii aii?inai, naycaiiui n th?eaee/aneeie iineaaenoaeyie aa?aeeeoa,
auianaiiiai i?enyaeiuie (no. 458 OIE).
Aaaeiia iieiaeaiea niaea?aeeo /. 5 no. 51 OIE: “Inouanoaeaiea caueoieeii,
aeiiouaiiui e o/anoeth a aeaea, naieo i?aa ia iiaeao auoue iinoaaeaii a
caaeneiinoue io i?aaeaa?eoaeueiiai aeii?ina iiaeic?aaaaiiai eee iaaeiyaiiai eeai
i?iecaiaenoaa ae?oaeo neaaenoaaiiuo aeaenoaee, anee eiia ia i?aaeoniio?aii
ianoiyuei Eiaeaenii”. Yoi icia/aao, /oi n iiiaioa aeiionea e o/anoeth a
i?ioeanna caueoiee ai?aaa eniieueciaaoue ana i?aaeinoaaeaiiua aio caeiiii
aiciiaeiinoe, anth niaieoiiinoue i?aa aac eaeeo-eeai ia?aie/aiee e oneiaee,
iiaoueo ia?ooeoue eee noanieoue ooieoeeth caueou.
Iioa?iaaoee. Iioa?iaaoei eae noauaeoii oaieiaiiai i?ioeanna yaeyaony
eeoei, a ioiioaiee eioi?iai auianaii iinoaiiaeaiea i?ieo?i?a, neaaeiaaoaey,
i?aaia aeiciaiey eee ii?aaeaeaiea (iinoaiiaeaiea) noaea i i?eciaiee aai
iioa?iaaoei. Iniiaaieai aeey auianaiey ?aoaiey i i?eciaiee eeoea iioa?iaaoei
yaeyaony i?aaeiieiaeaiea i oii, /oi aio i?anooieaieai iaiin?aaenoaaiii i?e/eiai
ii?aeueiue, oece/aneee eee eiouanoaaiiue a?aae (no. 53 OIE).
N iiiaioa i?eciaiey iioa?iaaoei a?aaeaeaiei i?eia?aoaao oe?ieea i?aaa,
?aaeecoy eioi?ua, ii o/anoaoao a i?ioeanna e caueuaao naie i?aaa e caeiiiua
eioa?anu.
Ii?aeueiue a?aae iiaeao auoue au?aaeai a inei?aeaiee, oieaeaiee /anoe e
aeinoieinoaa, i?e/eiaiee i?aanoaaiiuo no?aaeaiee, aucaaiiuo niaa?oaieai
i?anooieaiey. Yoi iiaeao auoue aeene?aaeeoaoeey, iiae?ua aaoi?eoaoa eaeiai-eeai
o/?aaeaeaiey. i?aaiecaoeee (th?eaee/aneiai eeoea)Oece/aneee a?aae ninoieo a
i?e/eiaiee a?aaeaeaieio oaeaniuo iia?aaeaeaiee, ?anno?ienoaa caei?iauey,
oece/aneeo no?aaeaiee.
Eiouanoaaiiue oua?a icia/aao eeoaiea a?aaeaeaieia i?eiaaeeaaeaueo aio
iaoa?eaeueiuo aeaa, eiouanoaa, oeaiiinoae, aeaiaa.
Iaeiei i?anooieaieai iiaeao auoue i?e/eiaii ianeieueei aeaeia a?aaea.
Eeoei i?eciaaony iioa?iaaoei ii aai i?inueaa eeai ii eieoeeaoeaa eeoe,
aaaeoueo i?iecaiaenoai ii aeaeo.
Iniiaaieai aeey i?eciaiey eeoea iioa?iaaoei yaeyaony iaee/ea aeaiiuo aeey
i?aaeiieiaeaiey i iaee/ee niauoey i?anooieaiey: i?e/eiaiee eeoeo a?aaea
iaiin?aaenoaaiii yoei i?anooieaieai: iaee/ee i?e/eiiie nayce iaaeaeo i?anooiiui
aeayieai e ianooieaoeie iineaaenoaeyie. I?anooieaiea e ?acoeueoao -oua?a aeieaeiu
auoue naycaiu i?yiie, aioo?aiiae, iaiaoiaeeiie naycueth, eiaaea i?e/eiaiiue oua?a
yaeeny iaiin?aaenoaaiiui neaaenoaeai aeaiiiai i?anooieaiey. Aii?in i oii,
aeaenoaeoaeueii ee a?aae i?e/eiai aeaiiui i?anooieaieai, aai ?acia?u iiaoo auoue
onoaiiaeaiu oieueei a oiaea ?anneaaeiaaiey e noaeaaiiai ?acae?aoaeuenoaa aeaea, ii
yoi ia aeieaeii neoaeeoue i?aiyonoaeai aeey i?eciaiey eeoea iioa?iaaoei oaea oiaaea,
eiaaea ii cayaeyao i iaianaiiii aio a?aaea. A i?ioeaiii neo/aa iino?aaeaaoee io
i?anooieaiey ia niiaeao naiaa?aiaiii eniieueciaaoue naie i?aaa aeey o/anoey a
aeieacuaaiee, caueou naieo caeiiiuo eioa?ania.
Eeoei aeieaeii auoue i?eciaii iioa?iaaoei e a oii neo/aa, anee i?e/eiaiiue
a?aae aue aucaai aai iai?aaiia?iuie aeaenoaeyie. Yoi ianoiyoaeuenoai iiaeao
o/eouaaoueny i?e ii?aaeaeaiee ia?u oaieiaiie ioaaonoaaiiinoe, ii ia iiaeao
eeoaoue aai i?aa eae iioa?iaaoaai.
I?eciaiea eeoea iioa?iaaoei iiaeao eiaoue ianoi ia oieueei i?e ieii/aiiii
i?anooieaiee, ii e i?e iaieii/aiiii i?anooieaiee, iieooaiee e aeaaea
i?eaioiaeaiee (iai?eia?, i?e iieooaiee ia e?aaeo neiiaia aeaa?ue, eee i?e
iiiuoea iaiaaeaiey i?e/eiaiu i?aanoaaiiua no?aaeaiey).
Ii aeaeai i i?anooieaieyo, iineaaenoaeai eioi?uo yaeeanue nia?oue
a?aaeaeaieia, iioa?iaaoeie iiaoo auoue i?eciaiu aai aeeceea ?iaenoaaiieee n
i?aaeinoaaeaieai anao i?aa, i?aaeoniio?aiiuo no. 53 OIE. Aeeceea ?iaenoaaiieee
– yoi ?iaeeoaee, aeaoe, onuiiaeoaee, onuiiaeaiiua, ?iaeiua a?aouey e nano?u,
aeaae, aaaea, aioee, noi?oa (i. 9 no. 34 OIE). Iioa?iaaoea io i?anooieaiey
eiatho i?aai o?aaiaaoue aiciauaiey iaoa?eaeueiiai e ii?aeueiiai a?aaea (a oii
/enea e aeaiaaeiiai aiciauaiey ii?aeueiiai a?aaea)2A neo/aa iaianaiey
iioa?iaaoaio iaoa?eaeueiiai oua?aa ii i?eciaaony iaeiia?aiaiii e iioa?iaaoei,
e a?aaeaeaineei enooeii e iaaeaeyaony i?aaaie yoeo aeaoo noauaeoia (no. 53, 54
OIE).
Caeii i?aaeinoaaeyao iioa?iaaoaio i?aaa e aiceaaaao ia iaai ii?aaeaeaiiua
iaycaiiinoe.
Iioa?iaaoee (oece/aneia eeoei) ai?aaa e iaycai aeaaaoue iieacaiey.
Oeacaiea ia i?aai iioa?iaaoaai aeaaaoue iieacaiey icia/aao, /oi ii iiaeao
i?ineoue, /oiau aai aeii?ineee (i?aai auoue aeii?ioaiiui). Iieacaiey
iioa?iaaoaai, yaeyynue iaeiei ec enoi/ieeia aeieacaoaeuenoa, neoaeao ia oieueei
n?aaenoaii caueou caeiiiuo eioa?ania iioa?iaaoaai, ii e iiiiaatho onoaiiaeoue
enoeio ii aeaeo. Iiyoiio iioa?iaaoee iaycai aeaaaoue iieacaiey. Ca ioeac io
aea/e iieacaiee e ca aea/o eiaeiuo iieacaiee iioa?iaaoee iiaeao iiianoe
oaieiaioth ioaaonoaaiiinoue ii no. 181, 182 OE ?O. Iioa?iaaoee ai?aaa
ioeacaoueny io aea/e iieacaiee, naeaeaoaeuenoaothueo i?ioea iaai naiiai, aai
noi?oaa e aeeceeo ?iaenoaaiieeia (no. 51 Eiinoeoooeee ?O).
Iioa?iaaoee ai?aaa eiaoue i?aaenoaaeoaey, i?aaenoaaeyoue aeieacaoaeuenoaa,
cayaeyoue oiaeaoaenoaa e ioaiaeu, iieueciaaoueny a oiaea i?iecaiaenoaa ii aeaeo
?iaeiui eee ae?oaei ecaanoiui aio ycueii e oneoaaie ia?aaiae/eea: o/anoaiaaoue
ii i?aaeeiaeaieth neaaeiaaoaey a i?iecaiaenoaa ioaeaeueiuo neaaenoaaiiuo aeaenoaee:
ciaeiieoueny ni anaie iaoa?eaeaie aeaea ii ieii/aiee i?aaeaa?eoaeueiiai
neaaenoaey (oaeaea e iaeiia?aiaiii ni naiei i?aaenoaaeoaeai): i?eiineoue aeaeiau
ia ?aoaiey e aeaenoaey eeoe e i?aaiia, aaaeoueo i?iecaiaenoai ii aeaeo:
o/anoaiaaoue a noaeaaiii ?acae?aoaeuenoaa, aunooiay ia noi?iia iaaeiaiey,
iieuecoynue anaie i?ioeannoaeueiuie i?aaaie noi?iiu, i?eiineoue eannaoeeiiiua
aeaeiau, a oii /enea ia iyaeinoue i?eaiai?a e i iaiaoiaeeiinoe i?eiaieoue caeii
i aieaa oyaeeii i?anooieaiee: o/anoaiaaoue a i?aaeaa?eoaeueiii neooaiee aeaea a
noaea i?enyaeiuo canaaeaoaeae, a ioai?a i?enyaeiuo, a enneaaeiaaiee aeieacaoaeuenoa
iinea auianaiey aa?aeeeoa, a ionoonoaea i?enyaeiuo e aunooiaoue ii aii?inai,
naycaiiui n th?eaee/aneeie iineaaenoaeyie aa?aeeeoa: o/anoaiaaoue a canaaeaiee
noaea eannaoeeiiiie einoaioeee ( no. 22, 53, 136, 161, 179, 181, 183, 200, 245,
325,432, 438, 439, 447, 458 OIE).
I?ioeannoaeueiia iieiaeaiea iioa?iaaoaai oa?aeoa?ecoaony oaeaea iaee/eai o
iaai neaaeothueo iaycaiiinoae: yaeyoueny ii auciao eeoe e i?aaiia,
inouanoaeythueo oaieiaiia noaeii?iecaiaenoai e aeaaaoue i?aaaeeaua iieacaiey (no.
75 OIE): ia ?acaeaoaoue aeaiiuo i?aaeaa?eoaeueiiai ?anneaaeiaaiey (no. 139 OIE,
no. 184 OE): ii o?aaiaaieth eeoe, aaaeoueo ?anneaaeiaaiea, i?aaenoaaeyoue
eiathueany o iaai aeieoiaiou e i?aaeiaou, cia/eiua aeey aeaea(no. 70 OIE): a
neo/aa iaiaoiaeeiinoe i?aaenoaaeyoue ia?acoeu aeey n?aaieoaeueiiai enneaaeiaaiey e
iiaeaa?aaoueny inaeaeaoaeuenoaiaaieth (no. 181, 186 OIE): niaethaeaoue ii?yaeie
noaeaaiiai ?acae?aoaeuenoaa (no. 263 OIE).
Oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiue eiaeaen ia i?aaeoniao?eaaao i?aaee i oii, /oi
iioa?iaaoee (?aaii eae e a?aaeaeaineee enoaoe e a?aaeaeaineee ioaao/ee) iaycai ia
aeiioneaoue eaeeo-eeai aeaenoaee, i?aiyonoaothueo onoaiiaeaieth enoeiu ii aeaeo,
ia iaoaoue oiaeo ?anneaaeiaaiey e noaeaaiiai ?acae?aoaeuenoaa. Iaeiaei ii niuneo
caeiia oaeay iaycaiiinoue eaaeeo ia oieueei ia o/anoieeao i?ioeanna, ii e ia
anao noauaeoao, aiaea/aiiuo a noa?o noaeii?iecaiaenoaa. Oaieiaiue eiaeaen ?O
iiaeiaiua aeaenoaey ioiineo e i?anooieaieyi i?ioea i?aainoaeey: yoi aea/a
caaaaeiii eiaeiuo iieacaiee, caaaaeiii eiaeiiai caeeth/aiey (no. 181) e
iiioaeaeaiea naeaeaoaey, iioa?iaaoaai e aea/a eiaeiuo iieacaiee, yenia?oa – e
aea/a eiaeiiai caeeth/aiey (no. 183).
A?aaeaeaineei enooeii yaeyaony oece/aneia eee th?eaee/aneia eeoei,
i?aaeuyaeaoaa o?aaiaaiea i aiciauaiee iaoa?eaeueiiai oua?aa iaiin?aaenoaaiii
iaianaiiiai i?anooieaieai, e i?eciaiiia a?aaeaeaineei enooeii iinoaiiaeaieai
i?ieo?i?a, neaaeiaaoaey, i?aaia aeiciaiey, ii?aaeaeaieai (iinoaiiaeaieai) noaea.
I?eciaiea eeoea a?aaeaeaineei enooeii iiaeao auoue e ii eieoeeaoeaa i?ieo?i?a,
noaea.
Aeey i?eciaiey oece/aneiai eee th?eaee/aneiai eeoea a?aaeaeaineei enooeii
iaiaoiaeeiu neaaeothuea iniiaaiey: iaee/ea aeaiiuo aeey i?aaeiieiaeaiey i oii, /oi
niauoea i?anooieaiey eiaei ianoi: yoei i?anooieaieai eeoeo i?e/eiai ?aaeueiue
iaoa?eaeueiue oua?a, eioi?ue yaeeny iaiin?aaenoaaiiui neaaenoaeai niaa?oaiiiai
i?anooieaiey. Iaeuecy i?eciaoue a?aaeaeaineei enooeii eeoei, eoieaoaa iioeuaiiia
eiouanoai, eioi?ia auei o iaai ecuyoi a i?ioeanna ?anneaaeiaaiey aeaea.
Aunooiaoue a aeaea a ea/anoaa a?aaeaeaineiai enooea iiaeao oieueei eeoei, o eioi?iai
eiouanoai auei iioeuaii, o. a. oio, eoi iaiin?aaenoaaiii iiian oua?a io
i?anooieaiey.
A niioaaonoaee ni no. 68 OIE a i?aaeiao aeieacuaaiey aeeth/aiu “oa?aeoa? e
?acia? oua?aa, i?e/eiaiiiai i?anooieaieai”. Iaoa?eaeueiue oua?a iiaeao auoue
iaianai a naiie ?aciiia?aciie oi?ia. A ?acoeueoaoa niaa?oaiey i?anooieaiey
iiaoo auoue iioeuaiu i?aaeiaou, oeaiiinoe, aeaiueae: iaianaiu oaeaniua
iia?aaeaeaiey, iiaeaeoea ?anoiaeu ia ea/aiea: a neo/aa nia?oaeueiiai enoiaea –
cao?a/aiu n?aaenoaa ia iia?aaaiea e o. ae. A oiaea i?aaeaa?eoaeueiiai e noaeaaiiai
neaaenoaey aeieaeai auoue onoaiiaeai ia oieueei aeaenoaeoaeueiue ?acia?
iaoa?eaeueiiai oua?aa, ii e aai oa?aeoa?, a eiaiii: /uea e eaeia eiouanoai
iioeuaii: eaeiaa cia/eiinoue yoiai eiouanoaa aeey nianoaaiieea (iai?eia?, aeey
?aoaiey aii?ina: i?e/eiai ee iioa?iaaoaio cia/eoaeueiue oua?a, /oi yaeyaony
eaaeeoeoee?othuei ianoiyoaeuenoaii): aeaoeoeeoiinoue e oieeaeueiinoue iioeuaiiuo
i?aaeiaoia e o. ae.
A iaycaiiinoe neaaeiaaoaey, i?ieo?i?a, noaea aoiaeeo ?acuyniaiea eeoeo,
iiianoaio iaoa?eaeueiue oua?a io i?anooieaiey, aai i?aai i?aaeuyaeoue
a?aaeaeaineee ene, /oi io?aaeaaony a niioaaonoaothuai i?ioieiea eee ienueiaiiii

oaaaeiieaiee (no. 137, 223,228,274 OIE).
A?aaeaeaineee ene iiaeao auoue i?aaeuyaeai n iiiaioa aicaoaeaeaiey oaieiaiiai
aeaea e aei ia/aea noaeaaiiai neaaenoaey, iineieueeo aeieacuaaiea enea
inouanoaeyaony ii iauei i?aaeeai oaieiaiiai noaeii?iecaiaenoaa e aeieaeii auoue
i?iaaaeaii a oiaea noaeaaiiai neaaenoaey.
Ene i?aaeuyaeyaony e iaaeiyaiiio eee eeoeai, ianouei iaoa?eaeueioth
ioaaonoaaiiinoue ca aeaenoaey iaaeiyaiiai.
A neo/aa i?aaeuyaeaiey enea neaaeiaaoaeue, i?ieo?i?, noaeuey – i?e iaee/ee e

oiio iniiaaiee – auiinyo iinoaiiaeaiea i i?eciaiee cayaeoaey a?aaeaeaineei
enooeii (noae – ii?aaeaeaiea). I?e ionoonoaee iniiaaiee auiineony iinoaiiaeaiea
(ii?aaeaeaiea) ia ioeaca a i?eciaiee a?aaeaeaineei enooeii. Yoe iinoaiiaeaiey
aeieaeiu auoue iauyaeaiu cayaeoaeth.
Ene iiaeao auoue i?aaeuyaeai i?ieo?i?ii, anee yoiai o?aaoao io?aia
ainoaea?noaaiiuo eee iauanoaaiiuo eioa?ania eee i?aa a?aaeaeai (no. 29 OIE).
N iiiaioa i?eciaiey eeoea a?aaeaeaineei enooeii iii noaiiaeony o/anoieeii
i?ioeanna e i?eia?aoaao oe?ieea i?aaa aeey iiaeaea?aeaiey enea. I?aaiu e eeoea,
inouanoaeythuea oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueioth aeayoaeueiinoue, iaycaiu ia oieueei
?acuyniyoue a?aaeaeaineiio enooeo aai i?aaa, ii e iaania/eaaoue eo ?aaeecaoeeth ia
anao noaaeeyo i?ioeanna (no. 58, 137, 223, 274, 276 OIE). A?aaeaeaineee enoaoe
ai?aaa eiaoue naiaai i?aaenoaaeoaey. A?aaeaeaineee enoaoe eee aai i?aaenoaaeoaeue
eiaao i?aai: i?aaenoaaeyoue aeieacaoaeuenoaa: cayaeyoue oiaeaoaenoaa: i?ineoue eeoe,
aaaeoueo i?aaeaa?eoaeueiia ?anneaaeiaaiea, e noae i?eiyoue ia?u iaania/aiey
cayaeaiiiai enea: cayaeyoue ioaiaeu: i?eiineoue aeaeiau ia aeaenoaey e ?aoaiey
eeoea, i?iecaiaeyuaai aeiciaiea, neaaeiaaoaey, i?ieo?i?a, noaea: ciaeiieoueny n
iaoa?eaeaie aeaea ii ieii/aiee i?aaeaa?eoaeueiiai neaaenoaey: iiaeaea?aeeaaoue
a?aaeaeaineee ene (iiaeaea?aeeaaoue ene icia/aao, /oi a?aaeaeaineee enoaoe ?aaeecoao
anth niaieoiiinoue naieo i?aa ii aeieacuaaieth e iainiiaaieth naieo eneiauo
o?aaiaaiee, o. a. i?aaenoaaeyao aeieacaoaeuenoaa, cayaeyao oiaeaoaenoaa e o.
ae.): o/anoaiaaoue a noaeaaiii canaaeaiee, aaea iaaeaeai ?aaiuie n ae?oaeie
o/anoieeaie noaeaaiiai ?acae?aoaeuenoaa i?aaaie: i?e ?anniio?aiee aeaea noaeii
i?enyaeiuo canaaeaoaeae – o/anoaiaaoue a ioai?a i?enyaeiuo, a noaeaaiuo i?aieyo,
a enneaaeiaaiee aeieacaoaeuenoa iinea auianaiey aa?aeeeoa e aunooiaoue ii
aii?inai, naycaiiui n th?eaee/aneeie iineaaenoaeyie aa?aeeeoa: i?eiineoue
eannaoeeiiiua aeaeiau a /anoe, eanathuaeny a?aaeaeaineiai enea: o/anoaiaaoue i?e
?anniio?aiee aeaea a eannaoeeiiiii ii?yaeea (no. 54, 137, 200, 245, 252, 325,
335, 438, 447, 458 OIE).
*?acau/aeii aaaeiie aeey caueou eioa?ania iioa?iaaoaai e a?aaeaeaineiai
enooea yaeyaony caeiiiaeaoaeueiay iiaaeea, a neeo eioi?ie oua?a, iaianaiiue
nianoaaiieeo i?anooieaieai, ii ?aoaieth noaea aiciauaaony ainoaea?noaii.
Iiianaiiua ainoaea?noaii ?anoiaeu acuneeaathony a aeaeueiaeoai n aeiiaiiai a
noaeaaiii ii?yaeea (i. 3 no. 30 Caeiia i nianoaaiiinoe a ?NON?).
Ia a?aaeaeaineiai enooea e aai i?aaenoaaeoaey caeii aiceaaaao ii?aaeaeaiiua
iaycaiiinoe. A 4.3 no. 54 OIE oeacaii: “A?aaeaeaineee enoaoe iaycai ii
o?aaiaaieth noaea i?aaenoaaeyoue eiathueany a aai ?anii?yaeaiee aeieoiaiou,
naycaiiua n i?aaeuyaeaiiui eneii”. I/aaeaeii, yoi i?aaeei ioiineony e e
o?aaiaaieyi eeoe, aaaeoueo ?anneaaeiaaiea, e i?ieo?i?o (/. 5 no. 25, /. 5 no.
127 OIE).
Iioa?iaaoee – a?aaeaeaineee enoaoe (oece/aneia eeoei) iaycai yaeyoueny ii
auciaai neaaeiaaoaey e noaea e aeaaaoue i?aaaeeaua iieacaiey.
A?aaeaeaineee enoaoe iaycai auiieiyoue auianaiiua a niioaaonoaee n caeiiii
iinoaiiaeaiey neaaeiaaoaey (no. 127 /. 5). A?aaeaeaineee enoaoe e aai
i?aaenoaaeoaeue iaycaiu niaethaeaoue ii?yaeie noaeaaiiai ?acae?aoaeuenoaa (no. 263
OIE) e i?aaeea aeieacuaaiey. Iie ia ai?aaa aeiioneaoue eaeeo-eeai iacaeiiiuo
aeaenoaee i?e iiaeaea?aeaiee enea (iiaeaiai?, iiaeeoi naeaeaoaeae, i?aaenoaaeaiea
iiaeeiaeiuo aeieoiaioia e o. i.).
A?aaeaeaineee ioaao/ee. Eae i?aaeei, iaycaiiinoue aiciauaiey iaoa?eaeueiiai
oua?aa, i?e/eiaiiiai i?anooiiuie aeaenoaeyie a?aaeaeaineiio enooeo, aiceaaaaony
ia iaaeiyaiiai. A yoii neo/aa ana i?aaa, naycaiiua n caueoie io
i?aaeuyaeaiiiai enea, ?acuyniythony e iaania/eaathony naiiio iaaeiyaiiio:
niaoeeaeueii a ea/anoaa a?aaeaeaineiai ioaao/eea ii ii aeaeo ia i?eaeaeaaony. Ca
niaa?oaiea i?anooieaiey, i?e/eieaoaai iaoa?eaeueiueoua?a, iaaeiyaiue ianao
iaeiia?aiaiii oaieiaioth e a?aaeaeainei-i?aaiaoth (iaoa?eaeueioth) ioaaonoaaiiinoue,
/oi iaoiaeeo io?aaeaiea a i?eaiai?a noaea (no. 303, 310, 317 OIE).
A?aaeaeaineee ioaao/ee iiyaeyaony a i?ioeanna eeoue a oao neo/ayo, eiaaea
iaoa?eaeueioth ioaaonoaaiiinoue ca oua?a, i?e/eiaiiue i?anooieaieai, ianao ia
nai iaaeiyaiue, a ae?oaea eeoea, /oi auoaeaao ec ii?i a?aaeaeaineiai
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa ?innee.
Oaeei ia?acii, a ea/anoaa a?aaeaeaineeo ioaao/eeia iiaoo auoue i?eaea/aiu
?iaeeoaee, iiaeoiu, iiia/eoaee eee ae?oaea eeoea, a oaeaea i?aaei?eyoey,
o/?aaeaeaiey e i?aaiecaoeee, eioi?ua a neeo caeiia ianoo iaoa?eaeueioth
ioaaonoaaiiinoue ca oua?a, i?e/eiaiiue i?anooiiuie aeaenoaeyie iaaeiyaiiai
(no. 55 OIE, no. 444, 450-454 A?aaeaeaineiai eiaeaena ?O).
A ea/anoaa ioaao/eeia iiaoo aunooiaoue oece/aneea e th?eaee/aneea eeoea –
?iaeeoaee, onuiiaeoaee, iiaeoiu, iiia/eoaee, aaeieieno?aoeey cae?uouo aeaoneeo
o/?aaeaeaiee, i?aaei?eyoey, o/?aaeaeaiey e i?aaiecaoeee, a oaeaea a?aaeaeaia,
aeayoaeueiinoue eioi?uo naycaia n iiauoaiiie iianiinoueth aeey ie?oaeathueo, o. a.
o?ainii?oiua i?aaiecaoeee, i?iiuoeaiiua i?aaei?eyoey, no?ieee, aeaaeaeueoeu
aaoiiiaeeae e o. i. Eoi ec ieo e a eaeeo eiie?aoiuo neooaoeeyo ianao
iaoa?eaeueioth ioaaonoaaiiinoue ca aeaenoaey iaaeiyaiiai, ?aaoee?oaony ii?iaie
a?aaeaeaineiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa (no. 445, 450-454 AE ?O).
I i?eaea/aiee a ea/anoaa a?aaeaeaineiai ioaao/eea neaaeiaaoaeue, i?ieo?i?,
noaeuey auiinyo iinoaiiaeaiea, noae – ii?aaeaeaiea. A ioee/eo io a?aaeaeaineiai
enooea a?aaeaeaineee ioaao/ee i?eaeaeaaony e o/anoeth a oaieiaiii aeaea
iacaaeneii io aai aeaeaiey, a ia?aaeei e aii?aee aio.
A?aaeaeaineee ioaao/ee aunooiaao ia noi?iia caueou, iaeiaei ii
naiinoiyoaeueiue o/anoiee i?ioeanna, iiyoiio aai iiceoeey a /ai-oi iiaeao
ioee/aoueny io iiceoeee iaaeiyaiiai e aai caueoieea.
I?aaeinoaaeaiiua a?aaeaeaineiio ioaao/eeo i?aaa iaiin?aaenoaaiii naycaiu n
cayaeaiiui eneii. Ii ai?aaa: aic?aaeaoue i?ioea i?aaeuyaeaiiiai enea (/oi
aeeth/aao a naay ?aaeecaoeeth anao ae?oaeo i?aa ioaao/eea): aeaaaoue iauyniaiey ii
nouanoao i?aaeuyaeaiiiai enea: i?aaenoaaeyoue aeieacaoaeuenoaa, cayaeyoue
oiaeaoaenoaa e ioaiaeu: ciaeiieoueny n iaoa?eaeaie aeaea, ioiinyueieny e eneo,
ii ieii/aiee i?aaeaa?eoaeueiiai neaaenoaey e a noaea: o/anoaiaaoue a noaeaaiii
?acae?aoaeuenoaa, iieuecoynue i?aaaie noi?iiu: i?eiineoue aeaeiau ia aeaenoaey e
?aoaiey eeoe e i?aaiia, aaaeoueo i?ioeann: a noaea i?enyaeiuo – o/anoaiaaoue a
ioai?a i?enyaeiuo canaaeaoaeae, a noaeaaiuo i?aieyo, a enneaaeiaaiee
aeieacaoaeuenoa iinea auianaiey aa?aeeeoa e aunooiaoue ii aii?inai, naycaiiui n
th?eaee/aneeie iineaaenoaeyie aa?aeeeoa: i?eiineoue eannaoeeiiiua aeaeiau ia
i?eaiai? a /anoe a?aaeaeaineiai enea e o/anoaiaaoue i?e ?anniio?aiee aeaea a
eannaoeeiiiii ii?yaeea (no. 55, 138, 200, 236, 245, 325, 335, 438, 447, 458
OIE).
A?aaeaeaineee ioaao/ee iaycai auiieiyoue caeiiiua o?aaiaaiey i?aaiia e
eeoe, inouanoaeythueo oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueioth aeayoaeueiinoue (i?aaenoaaeyoue
eno?aaiaaiiua aeieoiaiou e i?aaeiaou e o. i.), ia aeiioneaoue i?ioeaii?aaiuo
aeaenoaee, iaoathueo i?iecaiaenoao i?aaeaa?eoaeueiiai ?anneaaeiaaiey e
?anniio?aieth aeaea a noaea.

6. I?aaenoaaeoaee iaaeiyaiiai, iioa?iaaoaai, a?aaeaeaineiai enooea e a?aaeaeaineiai ioaao/eea

Einoeooo i?aaenoaaeoaeuenoaa a oaieiaiii noaeii?iecaiaenoaa i?ecaai e aeecie
iaiaoiaeeiinoueth niaeaenoaiaaoue aieaa iieiiio inouanoaeaieth iacaaiiuo
o/anoieeaie i?ioeanna naieo i?aa, iaycaiiinoae e io?aiyaiuo caeiiii
eioa?ania. A oaeie caueoa i?aa e eioa?ania ioaeaeathony e oece/aneea e
th?eaee/aneea eeoea. Iaeie ec ieo eeoaiu aiciiaeiinoe o/anoaiaaoue a i?iecaiaenoaa
ii aeaeo (iaaeaaniiniaiinoue, aieaciue, aeeeoaeueiay eiiaiaee?iaea e o. ae.),
ae?oaea, o/anoaoy a aeaea, eniuouaatho na?ueaciua o?oaeiinoe a caueoa naieo
eioa?ania (ia?aie/aiiay aeaaniiniaiinoue), o?aouee aneaaenoaea i?aaiaie
iainaaaeiieaiiinoe aeaeatho ainiieueciaaoueny eaaeeoeoee?iaaiiie th?eaee/aneie
iiiiuueth (ac?ineua aeaaniiniaiua iioa?iaaoea, a?aaeaeaineea ioaao/eee).
TH?eaee/aneea eeoea, i?eciaiiua ii aeaeo a?aaeaeaineeie enooeaie eee a?aaeaeaineeie
ioaao/eeaie, o/anoaotho a aeaea eneeth/eoaeueii /a?ac naieo i?aaenoaaeoaeae.
I?aaenoaaeoaeyie iiaoo auoue aaeaieaou, aeeceea ?iaenoaaiieee e eiua
oeacaiiua a caeiia eeoea, aeiiouaiiua e o/anoeth a aeaea iinoaiiaeaieai eeoea,
i?iecaiaeyuaai aeiciaiea, neaaeiaaoaey, i?ieo?i?a, noaeuee eee ii?aaeaeaieai noaea
(no. 56, i. 8 e 9 no. 34 OIE). Iniiaaieai aeey aeiionea aaeaieaoa a aeaei a
ea/anoaa i?aaenoaaeoaey neoaeeo i?aea? th?eaee/aneie eiinoeueoaoeee, a aeey ae?oaeo
eeoe – niioaaonoaothuea aeiaa?aiiinoue eee aeieoiaio, oaeinoiaa?ythuee eo ioiioaiey
e i?aaenoaaeyaiui o/anoieeai i?ioeanna.
Caeii ?anniao?eaaao i?aaenoaaeoaeae eae o/anoieeia i?ioeanna, a a
noaeaaiii ?acae?aoaeuenoaa noaaeo eo a iieiaeaiea noi?ii (no. 245 OIE).
Iauai eiie?aoiuo i?aa i?aaenoaaeoaeae iaoneiaeai aeaeii i?aaenoaaeoaeuenoaa
e i?ioeannoaeueiui iieiaeaieai i?aaenoaaeyaiuo eie eeoe.
I?aaenoaaeoaeuenoai iiae?acaeaeyaony ia aeiaiai?iia (aeia?iaieueiia), caeiiiia
e iauanoaaiiia.
Aeiaiai?iia (aeia?iaieueiia) i?aaenoaaeoaeuenoai aicieeaao ii aiea
iioa?iaaoaai, a?aaeaeaineiai enooea, a?aaeaeaineiai ioaao/eea e inouanoaeyaony ia
iniiaaiee aeiaiai?a ii?o/aiey eee o?oaeiaiai aeiaiai?a. Eioa?anu oece/aneeo eeoe
i?aaenoaaeytho aaeaieaou e aeeceea ?iaenoaaiieee, a eioa?anu th?eaee/aneeo eeoe -eo
ooaoiua nio?oaeieee (iau/ii th?eneiinoeueou) e aaeaieaou. I?aaenoaaeoaee
iioa?iaaoaai aeaenoaotho ia?yaeo n iioa?iaaoei, a i?aaenoaaeoaee a?aaeaeaineiai
enooea e a?aaeaeaineiai ioaao/eea eae ia?yaeo n i?aaenoaaeyaiui, oae e aianoi
iaai.
I?aaenoaaeoaee th?eaee/aneiai eeoea, i?eciaiiiai a?aaeaeaineei enooeii eee
a?aaeaeaineei ioaao/eeii, naiinoiyoaeueii inouanoaeytho i?ioeannoaeueiua i?aaa,
i?eiaaeeaaeauea enooeo eee ioaao/eeo. Iieiiii/ey aea ia niaa?oaiea aeaenoaee,
naycaiiuo n ii?aaeaeaieai oa?aeoa?a caueou – ?anii?yaeaieai iaeaieaa aaaeiuo
i?aa (iaoa?eaeueiuo i?aa) i?aaenoaaeyaiiai, aeieaeiu auoue niaoeeaeueii iaiai?aiu a
oi?aaiii/eaathuai aeieoiaioa. Nthaea ioiinyony i?aaa ia i?eciaiea enea,
eciaiaiea i?aaeiaoa enea, aai oeaiu e o. ae. A iaiaoiaeeiuo neo/ayo i?aai
ainoaea?noaa, aaaeouee oaieiaiue i?ioeann, aeieaeai i?aaeoi?aaeeoue i?aaenoaaeoaey ia
yoii.
Caeiiiia i?aaenoaaeoaeuenoai inouanoaeyaony a neeo i?yiuo oeacaiee caeiia
e eiaao oeaeueth iaania/eoue caueoo i?aa e eioa?ania iaaeiyaiiai, iioa?iaaoaai,
a?aaeaeaineiai enooea e a?aaeaeaineiai ioaao/eea, eioi?ua ec-ca iieiie eee
/anoe/iie oo?aou aeaaniiniaiinoe ia a ninoiyiee eee cao?oaeiaiu a
naiinoiyoaeueiie caueoa naieo i?aa e caeiiiuo eioa?ania. A ea/anoaa caeiiiuo
i?aaenoaaeoaeae aunooiatho ?iaeeoaee, onuiiaeoaee, iiaeoiu eee iiia/eoaee. I?e
iieiie iaaeaaniiniaiinoe i?aaenoaaeyaiuo (iaeieaoieo, aeooaaiiaieueiuo,
neaaioiiuo) iie niaa?oatho ca ieo ana i?ioeannoaeueiua aeaenoaey e naiaiaeii
?anii?yaeathony i?eiaaeeaaeaueie ei i?aaaie, a i?e ia?aie/aiiie aeaaniiniaiinoe
i?aaenoaaeyaiuo (ianiaa?oaiiieaoieo, oinoaaiii ionoaeuo e o. ae.) aeaenoaotho
ia?yaeo n ieie. Caeiiiua i?aaenoaaeoaee ia naycaiu iiceoeeae i?aaenoaaeyaiuo, a
oii /enea iiceoeeae iaaeiyaiiai e aai caueoieea, o/anoea eioi?iai a i?ioeanna
iainaiaiaeaeaao caeiiiiai i?aaenoaaeoaey io auiieiaiey naieo iaycaiiinoae.
O/anoea caeiiiiai i?aaenoaaeoaey a aeaea ia eneeth/aao aiciiaeiinoe aai
aeii?ina a ea/anoaa naeaeaoaey.
Aeecei e caeiiiiio i?aaenoaaeoaeuenoao i?eiueaao o/anoea a aeaea
?oeiaiaeeoaey th?eaee/aneiai eeoea, eiathuaai aaeeiiee/iue i?aai (aee?aeoi?,
oi?aaeythuee). A ioee/ea io ooaoiuo nio?oaeieeia, i?aaenoaaeythueo
a?aaeaeainei-i?aaiaua eioa?anu th?eaee/aneiai eeoea, ?oeiaiaeeoaeue i?aaei?eyoey,
o/?aaeaeaiey eee i?aaiecaoeee ?anii?yaeaaony anaie i?aaaie, i?enaiaiiuie
a?aaeaeaineiio enooeo eee a?aaeaeaineiio ioaao/eeo.
Iauanoaaiiia i?aaenoaaeoaeuenoai inouanoaeyaony iauanoaaiiuie
i?aaiecaoeeyie (i?ionithcaie, oai?/aneeie i?aaiecaoeeyie e ae?.) ii caueoa i?aa
e eioa?ania eo /eaiia. O/anoaothuea a oaieiaiii i?ioeanna /eaiu yoeo
i?aaiecaoeee a ea/anoaa i?aaenoaaeoaeae a?aaeaeaineeo enooeia e a?aaeaeaineeo
ioaao/eeia ?oeiaiaenoaothony ia oieueei ii?iaie oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiiai i?aaa.
Ia ieo iieiinoueth ?ani?ino?aiythony o?aaiaaiey anao ii?i, ioiinyueony e
aeia?iaieueiiio i?aaenoaaeoaeuenoao.

7. Ianoiyoaeuenoaa, eneeth/athuea aiciiaeiinoue o/anoey a i?iecaiaenoaa ii oaieiaiiio aeaeo. Ioaiaeu.

A oeaeyo iaania/aiey ananoi?iiiaai, iieiiai, iauaeoeaiiai e
aani?eno?anoiiai enneaaeiaaiey ianoiyoaeuenoa aeaea e aai i?aaeeueiiai
?ac?aoaiey, io?aiu i?aa e caeiiiuo eioa?ania anao o/anoieeia i?ioeanna caeii
eneeth/aao aiciiaeiinoue o/anoey a i?ioeanna noaeuee, ia?iaeiuo canaaeaoaeae,
i?enyaeiuo canaaeaoaeae, i?ieo?i?a, neaaeiaaoaey e eeoea, i?iecaiaeyuaai
aeiciaiea, anee eiathony iniiaaiey, aucuaathuea niiiaiey a eo
aani?eno?anoiinoe, o. a., anee iie ee/ii, i?yii eee einaaiii caeioa?aniaaiu
a yoii aeaea (no. 59 OIE).
Yoio iaoe?iue e?eoa?ee, onoaiiaeaiiue aeey anao aeieaeiinoiuo eeoe, aaaeoueo
i?ioeann, eiie?aoece?iaai a aeaea ia?a/iy iniiaaiee aeey ioaiaea eaaeaeiai ec ieo.
Iaeaieaa oe?ieee ia?a/aiue iniiaaiee i?aaeoniio?ai aeey noaeuee (no. 59, 60
OIE).
Noaeuey ia iiaeao o/anoaiaaoue a ?anniio?aiee aeaea, anee ii: yaeyaony ii
aeaiiiio aeaeo iioa?iaaoei, a?aaeaeaineei enooeii, a?aaeaeaineei ioaao/eeii,
naeaeaoaeai: o/anoaiaae a aeaiiii aeaea a ea/anoaa yenia?oa, niaoeeaeenoa,
ia?aaiae/eea, aeiciaaaoaey, neaaeiaaoaey, i?ieo?i?a, nae?aoa?y noaeaaiiai
canaaeaiey, caueoieea, caeiiiiai i?aaenoaaeoaey iaaeiyaiiai, i?aaenoaaeoaey
iioa?iaaoaai, a?aaeaeaineiai enooea eee a?aaeaeaineiai ioaao/eea: yaeyaony
?iaenoaaiieeii iioa?iaaoaai, a?aaeaeaineiai enooea, a?aaeaeaineiai ioaao/eea eee
eo i?aaenoaaeoaeae, ?iaenoaaiieeii iaaeiyaiiai eee aai caeiiiiai
i?aaenoaaeoaey, ?iaenoaaiieeii iaaeieoaey, caueoieea, neaaeiaaoaey eee
aeiciaaaoaey, eee eiathony eiua ianoiyoaeuenoaa, aeathuea iniiaaiea n/eoaoue noaeueth
ee/ii, i?yii eee einaaiii caeioa?aniaaiiui a yoii aeaea.
A ninoaa noaea, ?anniao?eaathuaai oaieiaiia aeaei, ia iiaoo aoiaeeoue eeoea,
ninoiyuea a ?iaenoaa iaaeaeo niaie.
Iaaeiionoeiinoue iiaoi?iiai o/anoey noaeuee a ?anniio?aiee aeaea
ii?aaeaeyaony oai, /oi ii oaea au?acee naia oaaaeaeaiea ii aeaeo.
Noaeuey, i?eieiaaoee o/anoea a ?anniio?aiee oaieiaiiai aeaea a noaea ia?aie
einoaioeee, ia iiaeao o/anoaiaaoue a ?anniio?aiee yoiai aeaea a noaea
eannaoeeiiiie eee iaaeci?iie einoaioeee.
Noaeuey, i?eieiaaoee o/anoea a ?anniio?aiee oaieiaiiai aeaea a noaea
ia?aie, eannaoeeiiiie eee iaaeci?iie einoaioeee, ia iiaeao o/anoaiaaoue a
?anniio?aiee yoiai aeaea iinea ioiaiu i?eaiai?a, ii?aaeaeaiey eee
iinoaiiaeaiey, auianaiiiai n aai o/anoeai.
Noaeuey, inouanoaeyaoee noaeaaiue eiio?ieue, aeaaaaoee ?ac?aoaiea ia
i?iecaiaenoai eaeeo-eeai aeaenoaee ia aeinoaeaaiuo noaaeeyo i?ioeanna, ia iiaeao
o/anoaiaaoue a ?anniio?aiee oiai aea aeaea a noaea ia?aie, eannaoeeiiiie eee
iaaeci?iie einoaioeee, /oi, iaeiaei, ia yaeyaony i?aiyonoaeai aeey ?anniio?aiey
yoei noaeueae a ii?yaeea noaeaaiiai eiio?iey iiaoi?iie aeaeiau ia eca?aiea ia?u
i?ana/aiey eee i?iaeeaiea n?iea niaea?aeaiey iiae no?aaeae.
I?e iaee/ee ianoiyoaeuenoa, oeacaiiuo a no. 59 e 60 OIE, noaeuey iaycai
ono?aieoue naay io o/anoey a aeaea. Ii oai aea iniiaaieyi noaeuea iiaeao auoue
cayaeai ioaiae iaaeieoaeai, caueoieeii, iiaenoaeeiui, aai caeiiiui
i?aaenoaaeoaeai, a oaeaea iioa?iaaoei e aai i?aaenoaaeoaeai, a?aaeaeaineei
enooeii, a?aaeaeaineei ioaao/eeii eee eo i?aaenoaaeoaeyie.
Ioaiae aeieaeai auoue cayaeai aei ia/aea noaeaaiiai neaaenoaey eee ia
iineaaeothueo yoaiao i?iecaiaenoaa ii aeaeo, anee iniiaaiey ioaiaea ia auee
ecaanoiu aei ia/aea noaeaaiiai neaaenoaey.
Ii?yaeie ?ac?aoaiey ioaiaea e naiiioaiaea. Aii?in ia ioaiaea noaeuee,
?anniao?eaathuaai aeaei a eieeaaee noaeae (ia?iaeiuo canaaeaoaeae), ?ac?aoaaony
noaeii a niaauaoaeueiie eiiiaoa n auianaieai ii?aaeaeaiey.
Ioaiae, cayaeaiiue noaeuea, ?ac?aoaaony inoaeueiuie noaeueyie a ionoonoaea
ioaiaeeiiai, eioi?ue, iaeiaei, ai?aaa i?aaeaa?eoaeueii ioaee/ii eceiaeeoue
inoaeueiui noaeueyi naia iauyniaiea ii iiaiaeo cayaeaiiiai aio ioaiaea. I?e
?aaainoaa aieinia noaeuey n/eoaaony ioaaaeaiiui.
Ioaiae, cayaeaiiue ianeieueeei noaeueyi eee anaio ninoaao noaea, ?ac?aoaaony
noaeii a iieiii ninoaaa aieueoeinoaii aieinia.
Ioaiae noaeuea i?e aaeeiiee/iii ?anniio?aiee oaieiaiiai aeaea, ?ac?aoaaony
noaeueae. A neo/aa ioeacaa oaeiaeaoai?aiee cayaeaiiiai oiaeaoaenoaa ia ioaiaea
auiineony iioeae?iaaiiia iinoaiiaeaiea.
Anee iaeiia?aiaiii n ioaiaeii i?ioanneiiaeueiuo noaeae cayaeai ioaiae
eiio-eeai i?aaenoaaeythuaio eioa?anu noi?iiu, nae?aoa?th noaeaaiiai canaaeaiey,
ia?aaiae/eeo, yenia?oo, niaoeeaeenoo, oi a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue ?ac?aoaaony aii?in
ia ioaiaea noaeuee.
I?enyaeiua canaaeaoaee iiaoo auoue ioaaaeaiu ii oeacaiiui auoa iioeaai aeey
ioaiaea noaeae, a oaeaea aac i?eaaaeaiey iioeaia ioaiaea (no. 439 OIE). I?aaii ia
aaciioeaiue ioaiae i?enyaeiuo canaaeaoaeae iieuecoaony ainoaea?noaaiiue
iaaeieoaeue, iiaenoaeeiue eee aai caueoiee. Naiiioaiaeu e ioaiaeu, cayaeaiiua
i?enyaeiuie canaaeaoaeyie, ?ac?aoathony i?aaenaaeaoaeuenoaothuei noaeueae aac
oaeaeaiey a niaauaoaeueioth eiiiaoo.
I?ieo?i? ia iiaeao i?eieiaoue o/anoea a i?iecaiaenoaa ii aeaeo i?e iaee/ee
oao aea iniiaaiee, /oi e noaeuey.
O/anoea i?ieo?i?a a i?iecaiaenoaa i?aaeaa?eoaeueiiai neaaenoaey eee
aeiciaiey, a ?aaii iiaeaea?aeaiea ei iaaeiaiey a noaea ia yaeythony i?aiyonoaeai
aeey aeaeueiaeoaai o/anoey aai a aeaea (no. 63 OIE).
I?e iaee/ee iniiaaiee aeey ioaiaea i?ieo?i? iaycai ono?aieoueny io o/anoey
a aeaea. Ii yoei aea iniiaaieyi i?ieo?i?o iiaeao auoue cayaeai ioaiae
iiaeic?aaaaiui, iaaeiyaiui, aai caeiiiui i?aaenoaaeoaeai, caueoieeii, a oaeaea
iioa?iaaoei e aai i?aaenoaaeoaeai, a?aaeaeaineei enooeii, a?aaeaeaineei ioaao/eeii
eee eo i?aaenoaaeoaeyie.
Aii?in ia ioaiaea i?ieo?i?a ?ac?aoaaony i?e i?iecaiaenoaa aeiciaiey e
i?aaeaa?eoaeueiiai neaaenoaey auoanoiyuei i?ieo?i?ii, a a noaea – noaeii,
?anniao?eaathuei aeaei.
Neaaeiaaoaeue e eeoei, i?iecaiaeyuaa aeiciaiea, ia iiaoo i?eieiaoue o/anoea a
?anneaaeiaaiee aeaea i?e iaee/ee iniiaaiee, i?aaeoniio?aiiuo no. 59 OIE. Eo
o/anoea a aeiciaiee eee i?aaeaa?eoaeueiii neaaenoaee, eioi?ia i?iecaiaeeeinue
?aiaa ii aeaiiiio aeaeo, ia yaeyaony iniiaaieai aeey ioaiaea.
I?e iaee/ee iniiaaiee aeey ioaiaea neaaeiaaoaeue e eeoei, i?iecaiaeyuaa
aeiciaiea, iaycaiu ono?aieoueny io o/anoey a aeaea. Ii yoei aea iniiaaieyi ei
iiaeao auoue cayaeai ioaiae iiaeic?aaaaiui, iaaeiyaiui, caueoieeii, a oaeaea
iioa?iaaoei e aai i?aaenoaaeoaeai, a?aaeaeaineei enooeii, a?aaeaeaineei ioaao/eeii
eee eo i?aaenoaaeoaeyie.
Aii?in ia ioaiaea neaaeiaaoaey eee eeoea, i?iecaiaeyuaai aeiciaiea,
?ac?aoaaony i?ieo?i?ii.
Yenia?o ia iiaeao i?eieiaoue o/anoey a i?iecaiaenoaa ii aeaeo: i?e iaee/ee
iniiaaiee, oeacaiiuo a no. 59 OIE: i?aaeuaeouaa aai o/anoea a aeaea a ea/anoaa
yenia?oa ia yaeyaony iniiaaieai aeey ioaiaea: anee ii iaoiaeeeny eee iaoiaeeony
a neoaeaaiie eee eiie caaeneiinoe io iaaeiyaiiai, aai caeiiiiai
i?aaenoaaeoaey, iioa?iaaoaai e aai i?aaenoaaeoaey, a?aaeaeaineiai enooea,
a?aaeaeaineiai ioaao/eea eee eo i?aaenoaaeoaeae.
Aii?in ia ioaiaea yenia?oa ?aoaaony a ii?yaeea, i?aaeoniio?aiiii no. 66
OIE, a caaeneiinoe io oiai, ia eaeie noaaeee cayaeai i?ioano.
Niaoeeaeeno ia iiaeao i?eieiaoue o/anoe a i?iecaiaenoaa ii aeaeo i?e iaee/ee
iniiaaiee, oeacaiiuo a no. 59 OIE. I?aaeuaeouaa o/anoea a aeaea a ea/anoaa
niaoeeaeenoa ia yaeyaony iniiaaieai aeey aai ioaiaea.
Aii?in ia ioaiaea niaoeeaeenoa ?aoaaony a ii?yaeea, i?aaeoniio?aiiii no. 66
OIE.
Caeii onoaiaaeeaaao oaeaea iniiaaiey aeey ioaiaea nae?aoa?y noaeaaiiai
canaaeaiey, ia?aaiae/eea, niaoeeaeenoa e yenia?oa (no. 65-67 OIE). Ioaaaeai
iiaeao auoue caueoiee iaaeiyaiiai e i?aaenoaaeoaeue iioa?iaaoaai.
Caeii (no. 67 OIE) aini?auaao aaeaieaoo e i?aaenoaaeoaeth
i?ioanneiiaeueiiai nithca e ae?oaie iauanoaaiiie i?aaiecaoeee o/anoaiaaoue a aeaea
a ea/anoaa caueoieea eee i?aaenoaaeoaey iioa?iaaoaai, a?aaeaeaineiai enooea e
a?aaeaeaineiai ioaao/eea, anee ii ii aeaiiiio aeaeo ieacuaaao eee ?aiaa ieacuaae
th?eaee/aneoth iiiiuue eeoeo, eioa?anu eioi?iai i?ioeai?a/eo eioa?anai eeoea,
ia?aoeaoaainy n i?inueaie i aaaeaiee aeaea, eee anee ii ?aiaa o/anoaiaae a
ea/anoaa noaeuee, i?ieo?i?a, neaaeiaaoaey, eeoea, i?iecaiaeyuaai aeiciaiea,
yenia?oa, niaoeeaeenoa, ia?aaiae/eea, naeaeaoaey eee iiiyoiai, a oaeaea anee a
?anneaaeiaaiee eee .?anniio?aiee aeaea i?eieiaao o/anoea aeieaeiinoiia eeoei, n
eioi?ui aaeaieao, i?aaenoaaeoaeue i?ioanneiiaeueiiai nithca eee ae?oaie
iauanoaaiiie i?aaiecaoeee ninoieo a ?iaenoaaiiuo ioiioaieyo. I?e oaeeo
ianoiyoaeuenoaao aaeaieao-caueoiee e aaeaieao-i?aaenoaaeoaeue iiaeeaaeao ioaiaeo.
Ioaiae ?aoaaony a ii?yaeea, onoaiiaeaiiii /. 4 no. 66 OIE.
I?aaenoaaeyaony, iaeiaei, /oi ?iaenoai aaeaieaoa-caueoieea n eai-eeai ec
aeieaeiinoiuo eeoe aeieaeii iiaea/ue ono?aiaiea ec aeaea ia aai, a, eae oiai
o?aaotho i. 2 no. 59, no. 63, 64 OIE, aeieaeiinoiiai eeoea, anee ia o/anoee a
aeaea aeaiiiai aaeaieaoa ianoaeaaao iaaeiyaiue. Iaaeiyaiue naiaiaeai a auai?a
aaeaieaoa-caueoieea, a aiciiaeiay caeioa?aniaaiiinoue iineaaeiaai a
aeaaii?eyoiii enoiaea aeaea iiaecaueoiiai ia yaeyaony i?aiyonoaeai aeey o/anoey
aai a aeaea a ea/anoaa caueoieea.
Caeii ia i?aaeoniao?eaaao aiciiaeiinoe ioaiaea iauanoaaiiiai iaaeieoaey e
iauanoaaiiiai caueoieea, oioy niaa?oaiii i/aaeaeii, /oi caeioa?aniaaiiinoue a
aeaea yoeo o/anoieeia noaeaaiiai ?acae?aoaeuenoaa ia iicaieyao ei inouanoaeyoue
naie ooieoeee. Iiyoiio aii?in ia eo ioaiaea neaaeoao ?aoaoue ii aiaeiaee n
ii?iaie, i?aaeoniao?eaathueie iniiaaiey aeey ioaiaea iaaeieoaey e caueoieea (n
o/aoii iniaaiiinoae i?ioeannoaeueiiai iieiaeaiey ioaiaeeiuo).
?aaeaiaioe?oy iniiaaiey aeey ioaiaea ia?a/eneaiiuo eeoe, caeii ii?aaeaeyao
e?oa noauaeoia, eiathueo i?aai naeaeaoue cayaeaiea ia ioaiaea, e ii?yaeie
?ac?aoaiey cayaeaiiiai ioaiaea (no. 61-62, 63-67 OIE). I?aaii cayaeoue ioaiae
ia niioaaonoaothuai yoaia i?ioeanna iieuecothony i?ieo?i?, iiaeic?aaaaiue,
iaaeiyaiue (iiaenoaeeiue, inoaeaeaiiue) e eo caueoieee, iioa?iaaoee, a?aaeaeaineee
enoaoe, a?aaeaeaineee ioaao/ee e eo i?aaenoaaeoaee, iauanoaaiiue iaaeieoaeue e
iauanoaaiiue caueoiee.
I?e iaee/ee iniiaaiee aeey ioaiaea niioaaonoaothuee noauaeo aeieaeai cayaeoue
naaa naiiioaiae, eioi?ue iiaeeaaeeo ?anniio?aieth e ?ac?aoaieth ia iaueo
iniiaaieyo. Eai naiiioaiae anoue oio aea ioaiae, oieueei cayaeaiiue naiiio naaa.

Aeaaa V. I?eioeeiu oaieiaiiai i?ioeanna
§ 1. Iiiyoea e cia/aiea i?eioeeiia oaieiaiiai i?ioeanna
I?eioeeiaie oaieiaiiai i?ioeanna iacuaathony iniiaiua i?aaiaua iieiaeaiey
(ii?iu iauaai e ?oeiaiaeyuaai cia/aiey), ii?aaeaeythuea iino?iaiea anao aai
noaaeee, oi?i e einoeoooia e iaania/eaathuea auiieiaiea noiyueo ia?aae iei
caaea/. I?eioeeiu au?aaeatho nouiinoue e niaea?aeaiea oaieiaiiai i?ioeanna,
oa?aeoa?ecotho naiua aaaeiua aai naienoaa e ea/anoaaiiua /a?ou, i?aaeiao e
iaoiae i?ioeannoaeueiiai ?aaoee?iaaiey.
I?eioeeiu anaaaea i?aaenoaaeytho niaie ia?ae/iua ii?iu i?aaa, ia auaiaeeiua
ae?oa ec ae?oaa e iaieiathuea aieaa /anoiua ii?iu, a eioi?uo eiie?aoece?oaony
niaea?aeaiea i?eioeeiia e eioi?ua iiae/eiaiu yoei i?eioeeiai. Ii?iu-i?eioeeiu
iinyo eiia?aoeaiue, aeanoii-iiaaeeoaeueiue oa?aeoa?, niaea?aeao iaycaoaeueiua
i?aaeienaiey, auiieiaiea eioi?uo iaania/eaaaony anai a?naiaeii i?aaiauo
n?aaenoa. Naiei aae?anaoii iie eiatho /aeiaaea e a?aaeaeaieia e niioaaonoaothuea
ainoaea?noaaiiua i?aaiu. I?aaiu ainoaea?noaa, aaaeouea i?ioeann, aeieaeiu
aeaenoaiaaoue ia iniiaa onoaiiaeaiiuo i?eioeeiia e ianoo ana iineaaenoaey,
naycaiiua n eo ia?ooaieai.
Eiinoeoooeey ?O cae?aieea iauai?aaiaua i?eioeeiu, eioi?ua, au?aaeay
i?e?iaeo e nouiinoue aeaiie?aoe/aneiai ainoaea?noaa, niaea?aeao aa?aioee i?aa e
naiaiae /aeiaaea e a?aaeaeaieia.
Yoe i?eioeeiu enoiaeyo ec i?eciaiey /aeiaaea, aai i?aa e naiaiae aunoae
oeaiiinoueth.
I?eciaiea, niaethaeaiea e caueoa i?aa e naiaiae /aeiaaea e a?aaeaeaieia –
iaycaiiinoue ainoaea?noaa (no. 2 Eiinoeoooeee ?O). Niciaaay naay /anoueth
ie?iaiai niiauanoaa, ia?iae ?O i?eiye Eiinoeoooeeth ?O, a eioi?ie caienaiu
iauai?eciaiiua e io?aaeaiiua a ?yaea iaaeaeoia?iaeii-i?aaiauo aeieoiaioia i?aaa
/aeiaaea e a?aaeaeaieia, i?eioeeiu i?aainoaeey.
A niioaaonoaee n eiinoeoooeeiiiuie i?eioeeiaie a io?aneaaii
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa – OIE niaea?aeaony ii?iu, eiathuea iniiaiia, ii?aaeaeythuaa
cia/aiea aeey anaai noaeii?iecaiaenoaa e ioaeaeueiuo aai noaaeee.
I?eioeeiu caienaiu a Eiinoeoooeee ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee, a /anoue – a
io?aneaaii caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa – OIE e iaeioi?uo ae?oaeo caeiiiaeaoaeueiuo aeoao.
Ana i?eioeeiu ia?ac?uaii naycaiu iaaeaeo niaie e ia?acotho aaeeioth niaieoiiinoue
i?aaiauo ia/ae, iaeeiaeiai cia/eiuo aeey aeinoeaeaiey oeaeae oaieiaiiai i?ioeanna.
Eaaeaeue ec ieo ii?aaeaeyao oaeoth noi?iio noaeii?iecaiaenoaa, aac eioi?ie
iaaiciiaeii i?aaeeueiia inouanoaeaiea aai caaea/.
Aieueoeinoai i?eioeeiia cae?aieaii a Eiinoeoooeee ?O, a ioaeaeueiuo noaoueyo
caeiia a aeaea iniauo i?aaiauo i?aaee (no. 22, 25, 48, 49 Eiinoeoooeee ?O).
Eiinoeoooeeiiiua i?eioeeiu aeeth/aiu e a iniiaiua iieiaeaiey
oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiiai eiaeaena. A ae?oaeo ii?iao ii?aaeaeyaony iaoaieci eo
aeaenoaey i?eiaieoaeueii e oie eee eiie noaaeee i?iecaiaenoaa ii aeaeo (n?aaie,
iai?eia?, no. 48 Eiinoeoooeee ?O e no. 47-51 OIE). Eaeie au, iaeiaei, ie auea
th?eaee/aneay oi?ia cae?aieaiey i?eioeeiia, iie anaaaea aunooiatho a ea/anoaa
ii?i iauaai e ?oeiaiaeyuaai cia/aiey, eiathueo o?ao/eaiioth no?oeoo?o, –
aeiioaco, aeeniiceoeeth e naieoeeth. Eia/a a i?aaii?eiaieoaeueiie aeayoaeueiinoe
niaethaeaeenue au ia naie i?eioeeiu, a oieueei eiie?aoece?othuea eo ii?iu.
Eiinoeoooeeiiiua i?eioeeiu yaeythony ii?iaie i?yiiai e iaiin?aaenoaaiiiai
aeaenoaey. Yoi icia/aao i?aai ia i?eiaiaiea yoeo ii?i iaiin?aaenoaaiii, aac
aianaiey niioaaonoaothueo eciaiaiee e aeiiieiaiee a OIE”.
I?eioeeiu aeaenoaotho a ?aieao oeaeinoiie nenoaiu, aaea nouiinoue e cia/aiea
eaaeaeiai i?eioeeia iaoneiaeeaathony ia oieueei nianoaaiiui niaea?aeaieai, ii e
ooieoeeiie?iaaieai anae nenoaiu, aaea ia?ooaiea ethaiai i?eioeeia i?eaiaeeo
iau/ii e ia?ooaieth ae?oaeo i?eioeeiia e oai naiui e ia?ooaieth caeiiiinoe i?e
i?iecaiaenoaa ii aeaeo. Eiinoeoooeey ?O e aianaiiua a iineaaeiea aiaeu eciaiaiey
e aeiiieiaiey a oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai cia/eoaeueii oaeoaeee
e iaiaaoeee aeaiie?aoe/aneia niaea?aeaiea i?eioeeiia, ?anoe?eee aeeaiacii eo
i?eiaiaiey, oniaa?oainoaiaaee oi?ioee?iaeo ioaeaeueiuo ia/ae, oe?aieee
aa?aioeeioth iaania/aiiinoue i?eioeeiia. I?iaaaeaiea noaeaaiie ?aoi?iu a
?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee aeeth/aao a naay aeaeueiaeoaa niaa?oainoaiaaiea
ii?iaoeaiiai cae?aieaiey i?eioeeiia noaeii?iecaiaenoaa e ii?aaeaeaiey iaoaiecia
eo aeaenoaey, a /anoiinoe, iaania/aiey i?aaa iioa?iaaoaai ia noaeaaioth caueoo,
aa?aioee i?aa iaaeiyaiiai, iiaeic?aaaaiiai ia caueoo, i?eioeeia
ninoycaoaeueiinoe, aa?aioee iacaaeneiinoe noaeae e ae?.
Ia ana i?eioeeiu ?aaeecothony ia anao noaaeeyo i?iecaiaenoaa ii aeaeo.
I?aaeaeu inouanoaeaiey oiai eee eiiai i?eioeeia ii?aaeaeythony iaueie caaea/aie
oaieiaiiai noaeii?iecaiaenoaa e iaiin?aaenoaaiiuie caaea/aie eiie?aoiie noaaeee.
Ai anyeii neo/aa e i?eioeeiai i?ioeanna ioiinyony oa i?aaiaua iieiaeaiey,
eioi?ua ii?aaeaeytho i?aaa e naiaiaeu /aeiaaea e a?aaeaeaieia a oaieiaiii
i?ioeanna, ii?aaeaeythuea iino?iaiea noaeaaiiai ?acae?aoaeuenoaa eae oeaio?aeueiie
noaaeee i?ioeanna e iaoiaeyo naia au?aaeaiea (oioy au ia?aie/aiiia) a iaeiie eee
ianeieueeeo noaaeeyo, i?aaeoanoaothueo noaeaaiiio ?acae?aoaeuenoao eee neaaeothueo
ca iei2. A yoii neo/aa ana i?eioeeiu oaieiaiiai i?ioeanna yaeythony
iaeiia?aiaiii e i?eioeeiaie i?aainoaeey.
Enoiaey ec auoaeceiaeaiiiai nenoaia i?eioeeiia oaieiaiiai i?ioeanna iiaeao
auoue i?aaenoaaeaia neaaeothuei ia?acii: I?eioeeiu oaieiaiiai i?ioeanna,
enoi/ieeii eioi?uo yaeythony i?aaa e naiaiaeu /aeiaaea e a?aaeaeaieia,
cae?aieaiiua a ae. 1 e 2 Eiinoeoooeee ?O.
2.I?eioeeiu oaieiaiiai i?ioeanna, enoi/ieeii eioi?uo yaeythony ii?iu
Eiinoeoooeee i noaeaaiie aeanoe – ae. 5 Eiinoeoooeee ?O.
3. Nianoaaiii i?ioeannoaeueiua i?eioeeiu, cae?aieaiiua oieueei a ii?iao
OIE.
Yoe ii?iu iaoneiaeaiu iauai?aaiauie eiinoeoooeeiiiuie i?eioeeiaie, ii
eiatho niaoeeoe/aneia aeey aeaiiiai aeaea aeayoaeueiinoe niaea?aeaiea. E iei iu
ioiinei: i?eioeei ioeaiee aeieacaoaeuenoa ii aioo?aiiaio oaaaeaeaieth noaea (noaeuee),
i?ieo?i?a, neaaeiaaoaey, aeiciaaaoaey: iaiin?aaenoaaiiinoue, onoiinoue noaeaaiiai
?acae?aoaeuenoaa. Iu ia ?acaeaeyai i?eioeeiia i?aaiecaoeee i?aainoaeey e
i?eioeeiia, ii?aaeaeythueo i?ioeannoaeueioth aeayoaeueiinoue a neeo eo iauaai
iacia/aiey e ia?ac?uaiie nayce iaaeaeo niaie.

§2. Caeiiiinoue
Ooaa?aeaeaiea aa?oiaainoaa caeiia ai anao noa?ao ainoaea?noaaiiie e
iauanoaaiiie aeecie aiciiaeii eeoue i?e oneiaee iineaaeiaaoaeueiiai i?iaaaeaiey
i?eioeeia caeiiiinoe. Yoi oai aieaa ioiineony e oaieiaiiio i?ioeanno eae
?aaoee?oaiie caeiiii aeayoaeueiinoe, iai?aaeaiiie ia io?aio e oe?aieaiea
caeiiiinoe e i?aaiii?yaeea (/. 2 no. 2 OIE). ?ane?uoue i?anooieaiea,
eciaee/eoue aeiiaiiai, iacia/eoue aio ni?aaaaeeeaia iaeacaiea e ia aeiionoeoue
i?eaea/aiey e oaieiaiie ioaaonoaaiiinoe e inoaeaeaiey iaaeiiaiiai, caueoeoue
i?aaa e naiaiaeu /aeiaaea a noa?a oaieiaiiai noaeii?iecaiaenoaa iiaeii oieueei ia
iniiaa no?iaeaeoaai niaethaeaiey caeiiiinoe.
Iauai?aaiaie i?eioeei caeiiiinoe cae?aieai a i. 2 e 3 no. 15 Eiinoeoooeee
?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee, a i?eiaieoaeueii e oaieiaiiio i?ioeanno au?aaeai a no.
49, 120, 123 e ae?. Eiinoeoooeee e ?acaeo a iiiai/eneaiiuo ii?iao
oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiiai i?aaa. Ii caeeth/aao a naaa o?aaiaaiea oi/iiai e
iaoeeiiiiai niaethaeaiey e eniieiaiey caeiiia i?aaiaie i?aaeaa?eoaeueiiai
?anneaaeiaaiey, i?ieo?aoo?u, noaeii e anaie eeoeaie, o/anoaothueie a aeaea.
Caeii iaycaoaeai aeey anao noauaeoia oaieiaiiai i?ioeanna. Aeey i?aaiia
ainoaea?noaa, inouanoaeythueo i?iecaiaenoai ii aeaeo, niaethaeaiea iaoa?eaeueiuo e
i?ioeannoaeueiuo caeiiia ninoaaeyao eo iaycaiiinoue ia?aae ainoaea?noaii e
ee/iinoueth, ca ia?ooaiea eioi?ie e iei iiaoo auoue i?eiaiaiu ?acee/iua
naieoeee, a i?ioeannoaeueiua aeou, auianaiiua n ia?ooaieai caeiia, i?eciaiu
iaaeaenoaeoaeueiuie.
I?eioeei caeiiiinoe iaycuaaao noae, i?ieo?i?a, neaaeiaaoaey, eeoei,
i?iecaiaeyuaa aeiciaiea, iaoeinieoaeueii neaaeiaaoue onoaiiaeaiiiio caeiiii
ii?yaeeo i?iecaiaenoaa aeae ia anao noaaeeyo i?ioeanna, niaa?oaoue i?ioeannoaeueiua
aeaenoaey ia caeiiiuo iniiaaieyo e a i?aaeoniio?aiiuo caeiiii i?ioeannoaeueiuo
oi?iao, iniiauaaoue naie ?aoaiey ia niioaaonoaothueo ii?iao iaoa?eaeueiiai e
i?ioeannoaeueiiai i?aaa, ia ionooiaoue ie ia eioo io caeiia i?e i?eiaiaiee e
eeoeai ia? i?ioeannoaeueiiai i?eioaeaeaiey, no?iai aethnoe i?aaeea niae?aiey e
cae?aieaiey aeieacaoaeuenoa, eiay a aeaeo, /oi i?e inouanoaeaiee i?aainoaeey ia
aeiioneaaony eniieueciaaiea aeieacaoaeuenoa, iieo/aiiuo n ia?ooaieai
oaaea?aeueiiai caeiia (i. 2 no. 50 Eiinoeoooeee). I?aaiu ainoaea?noaa aeieaeiu
aeaenoaiaaoue a ?aieao onoaiiaeaiiie aeey ieo caeiiii eiiiaoaioeee, io?aiyoue
i?aaa e naiaiaeu /aeiaaea.
A oaieiaiii i?ioeanna caeiiiinoue noieo ia iinooeaoa: aeicaieaii oi, /oi
?ac?aoaii caeiiii. A oao neo/ayo, eiaaea oi eee eiia aeaenoaea nouanoaaiii
cao?aaeaaao i?aaa e naiaiaeu ee/iinoe, aeaiiia i?aaeei aeiiieiyao niaea?aeaueany
a caeiia cai?aou, ia iicaieythuea ionooiaoue io onoaiiaeaiiiai ei ii?yaeea
i?iecaiaenoaa eiie?aoiiai aeaenoaey (i?eiaiaiea a?anoa, i?iecaiaenoai iaunea,
inaeaeaoaeuenoaiaaiea e o. ae.).
Eae aeaeii, caeiiiinoue ia noieo a iaeiii ?yaeo n nianoaaiii
i?ioeannoaeueiuie i?eioeeiaie, ia ?aaiiaaeeea n ieie, iia ioaaouaaao niaie aanue
ei?ion i?ioeannoaeueiuo ia/ae e niioiineony nieie eae iauaa e iniaaiiia. Ana
i?eioeeiu e eaaeaeue a ioaeaeueiinoe neoaeao i?yiui e iaiin?aaenoaaiiui i?iyaeaieai
caeiiiinoe, e ia?ooaiea ethaiai ec ieo anoue ia?ooaiea caeiiiinoe.
Eiua i?eioeeiu i?ioeanna ia aeiiieiytho i?eioeei caeiiiinoe, a au?aaeatho e
eiie?aoece?otho aai, ninoaaeytho aai niaea?aeaiea. Caeiiiinoue aea inouanoaeyaony

ia oieueei /a?ac niaoeeaeueiua i?eioeeiu, ii e iaiin?aaenoaaiii. Aa o?aaiaaiey, a
/anoiinoe, anaaaea ioaaouaatho niaea?aeaiea e aiaoithth oi?io i?aaii?eiaieoaeueiie,
i?aai?aaeecothuae aeayoaeueiinoe e neoaeao iniiaiui oneiaeai i?aaeeueiiai
i?eiaiaiey i?aaiauo ii?i.
Caeiiiinoue – oieaa?naeueiue, anaioaaouaathuee i?eioeei, eioi?ue iaoiaeeo
naia au?aaeaiea ai anao i?eioeeiao e ii?iao i?ioeannoaeueiiai i?aaa,
oa?aeoa?ecoao ana noi?iiu oaieiaiiai noaeii?iecaiaenoaa e iioiio ia iiaeao
?anniao?eaaoueny eae ?aaiiaaeeeia ia/aei n nianoaaiii i?ioeannoaeueiuie
i?eioeeiaie. Iia caieiaao iniaia ianoi n?aaee ?aaiuo ae iauai?aaiauo
i?eioeeiia, aeaenoaothueo a oaieiaiii noaeii?iecaiaenoaa.
Caeiiiinoue – i?eioeei i?eioeeiia oaieiaiiai i?ioeanna. Nianoaaiii
i?ioeannoaeueiua (niaoeeaeece?iaaiiua) i?eioeeiu – yoi i?eioeeiu ?aaeecaoeee
caeiiiinoe a oaieiaiii i?ioeanna.

3. Ioaee/iinoue

I?eioeei ioaee/iinoe ninoieo a oii, /oi oiieiiii/aiiua ia aaaeaiea
oaieiaiiai i?ioeanna ainoaea?noaaiiua i?aaiu e aeieaeiinoiua eeoea iaycaiu a
i?aaeaeao naiae eiiiaoaioeee i?eiyoue ana i?aaeoniio?aiiua caeiiii ia?u e
onoaiiaeaieth niauoey i?anooieaiey, aeiiaiuo eeoe e ni?aaaaeeeaiio iaeacaieth
eee i?aaeioa?aoeoue iainiiaaoaeueiia oaieiaiia i?aneaaeiaaiea eee iacaeiiiia
inoaeaeaiea eeoe, a anee yoi eiaei ianoi, i?eiyoue ia?u e ?aaaeeeoaoeee
iaaeiiaiiai.
A neeo i?eioeeia ioaee/iinoe i?aaiu aeiciaiey, neaaeiaaoaeue, i?ieo?i?
iaycaiu i?e iaee/ee iiaiaea e iniiaaiey aicaoaeeoue oaieiaiia aeaei, i?eiyoue ana
ia?u, iaiaoiaeeiua aeey aai caeiiiiai ?ac?aoaiey, iacaaeneii io aiee e aeaeaiey
eaeeo-eeai o/?aaeaeaiee, i?aaiecaoeee, a?aaeaeai. Eneeth/aiea ninoaaeytho eeoue aeaea
/anoiiai e /anoii-ioaee/iiai iaaeiaiey, aicaoaeaeaaiua ia eia/a eae ii aeaeiaa
iioa?iaaoaai. Ii e ii iei ?aaee io?aiu i?aa e eioa?ania iioa?iaaoaai
aeeniiceoeaiinoue, o. a. i?aai iioa?iaaoaai ?anii?yaeeoueny naiei i?aaii ia
aicaoaeaeaiea aeaea, ni/aoaaony n i?aaii i?ieo?i?a aicaoaeeoue oaieiaiia aeaei i?e
iaee/ee i?aaeoniio?aiiuo no. 27 OIE oneiaee.
I?eioeei ioaee/iinoe iaaeaeyao ainoaea?noaaiiua i?aaiu oe?ieeie aeanoiuie
iieiiii/eyie, noaaeo eo a iieiaeaiea aeoeaiuo noauaeoia i?ioeanna, iaycaiiuo
i?iecaiaeeoue ana iaiaoiaeeiua i?ioeannoaeueiua aeaenoaey ii auyaeaieth, i?ana/aieth
e ?ane?uoeth i?anooieaiee, eciaee/aieth aeiiaiuo e eo ni?aaaaeeeaiio iaeacaieth
e iaaeiiouaieth i?eaea/aiey e oaieiaiie ioaaonoaaiiinoe e inoaeaeaieth
iaaeiiaiuo.
Ainoaea?noaaiiua i?aaiu aeieaeiu iniiauaaoue naie auaiaeu ia oaeie
niaieoiiinoe nia?aiiuo, ananoi?iiia e iauaeoeaii enneaaeiaaiiuo
aeieacaoaeuenoa, eioi?ay aeaeaao yoe auaiaeu iainiiaaiiuie e ni?aaaaeeeauie. A
neeo i?eioeeia ioaee/iinoe oieueei ainoaea?noaaiiua i?aaiu, aaaeouea oaieiaiue
i?ioeann, iiaoo i?eiaiyoue ii?iu i?aaa, ia?u i?ioeannoaeueiiai i?eioaeaeaiey,
i?eieiaoue ?aoaiey i ia/aea, aeaeaeaiee e noaeueaa oaieiaiiai aeaea. Eniieueciaaiea
yoeo e ae?oaeo iieiiii/ee iicaieyao ainoaea?noaaiiui i?aaiai iaaeeaaeauei
ia?acii auiieiyoue aiceiaeaiiua ia ieo ooieoeee. Nioeeaeueii-i?aaiaie niune
i?eioeeia ioaee/iinoe a nioeeaeueiii ainoaea?noaa i?iyaeyaony a i?aaie/aneii
ni/aoaiee eioa?ania ainoaea?noaa a io?aia i?aa e naiaiae /aeiaaea e
a?aaeaeaieia, a oii /enea iaaeiyaiiai e iioa?iaaoaai, n caaea/ae i?aaeioa?auaiey
i?anooieaiee e ni?aaaaeeeaiai iaeacaiey aeiiaiiai. I?aaa iioa?iaaoeo io
i?anooieaiey io?aiythony caeiiii. Ainoaea?noai iaania/eaaao iioa?iaaoaio
aeinooi e i?aainoaeeth e eiiiainaoeeth i?e/eiaiiiai oua?aa (no. 52 Eiinoeoooeee).
Caueoa i?aa e caeiiiuo eioa?ania o/anoaothueo a aeaea eeoe yaeyaony
ioaee/ii-i?aaiaie iaycaiiinoueth ainoaea?noaaiiuo i?aaiia e ninoaaeyao
eiino?oeoeaiue yeaiaio ia/aea ioaee/iinoe.
Eaaeaeue ainoaea?noaaiiue i?aai, a i?iecaiaenoaa eioi?iai iaoiaeeony
oaieiaiia aeaei, iaycai ia oieueei ?acuyniyoue o/anoaothuei a aeaea eeoeai eo
i?aaa, ii e iaania/eaaoue ?aaeueioth aiciiaeiinoue eo inouanoaeaiey, a i?e
iaiaoiaeeiinoe iaania/eaaoue ee/ioth e eiouanoaaiioth aaciianiinoue (no. 58, 58
OIE). Caeiiiua e iainiiaaiiua i?inueau e oiaeaoaenoaa o/anoaothueo a aeaea eeoe
aeieaeiu oaeiaeaoai?youeny. Ioaee/ii-i?aaiaie oa?aeoa? i?eioeeia i?iyaeyaony e a
oii, /oi i?aaiu ainoaea?noaa ia noaaeee i?aaeaa?eoaeueiiai i?iecaiaenoaa ii naiae
eieoeeaoeaa iaycaiu aicaoaeaeaoue oaieiaiia aeaei, niae?aoue e enneaaeiaaoue
aeieacaoaeuenoaa, eioi?ua ii?iaa?aatho aicaaaeaiiia i?ioea
iiaeic?aaaaiiaiiiaeic?aiea, a oaeaea iainiiaaiiinoue i?aaeuyaeaiiiai iaaeiyaiiio
iaaeiaiey e ?aaaeeeoe?iaaoue iaaeiiaiiai. Ainoaea?noaaiiua i?aaiu iaycaiu
no?iai niaethaeaoue onoaiiaeaiiue caeiiii ii?yaeie aiciauaiey ainoaea?noaii
iaaeiyaiiio e iiaeic?aaaaiiio oua?aa, i?e/eiaiiiai iacaeiiiui aeaenoaeai (eee
aacaeaenoaeai) aeieaeiinoiuo eeoe i?e i?iecaiaenoaa ii aeaeo (no. 53 Eiinoeoooeee,
no. 58 OIE).
I?eioeei ioaee/iinoe i?iiecuaaao ana i?iecaiaenoai ii aeaeo e iaania/eaaao
eae aeinoeaeaiea iaueo oeaeae i?ioeanna, oae e auiieiaiea iaiin?aaenoaaiiuo caaea/
a eaaeaeie ioaeaeueiie aai noaaeee. Noae auiieiyao naia ioaee/ii-i?aaiaia
i?aaeiacia/aiea iooai inouanoaeaiey i?aainoaeey.

4. ?aaainoai i?aa /aeiaaea e a?aaeaeaieia ia?aae caeiiii e noaeii

I?eioeei ?aaainoaa anao ia?aae caeiiii e noaeii (no. 19 Eiinoeoooeee)
aeaenoaoao a oaieiaiii i?ioeanna, eae e ai anao noa?ao iauanoaaiiie e
ainoaea?noaaiiie aeecie. Nouiinoue aai a oaieiaiii i?ioeanna i?iyaeyaony a oii,
/oi ie eiouanoaaiiia e aeieaeiinoiia iieiaeaiea, ie iie, ie ?aniaay e
iaoeeiiaeueiay i?eiaaeeaaeiinoue, ie ia?aciaaiea, ie ycue, ie ioiioaiea e
?aeeaee, ie ianoi aeeoaeuenoaa, ie oaaaeaeaiey e i?eiaaeeaaeiinoue e iauanoaaiiui
iauaaeeiaieyi, ie ae?oaea ianoiyoaeuenoaa ia nicaeatho ieeaeeo i?eaeeaaee eee
iniiaaiee aeey aeene?eieiaoeee ie iaeiiio eeoeo, o/anoaothuaio a aeaea, e ia aeeytho
ia oiae e enoiae aai. Yoe o?aaiaaiey ?ani?ino?aiythony ia ana i?iecaiaenoai
aeaea, a ia oieueei ia noaeaaiua noaaeee, iineieueeo ii?iu caeiia ie ia iaeiii
yoaia noaeii?iecaiaenoaa ia noaayo i?aaiaie noaoon a?aaeaeaieia a caaeneiinoue io
oeacaiiuo i?eciaeia.
Ana noauaeou oaieiaiiai noaeii?iecaiaenoaa, caieiathuea iaeeiaeiaia
i?ioeannoaeueiia iieiaeaiea, ?aaiu ia?aae caeiiii e noaeii, i?ieo?i?ii e i?aaiaie
i?aaeaa?eoaeueiiai ?anneaaeiaaiey. Eaaeaeue ec ieo a ?aieao naiaai
i?ioeannoaeueiiai iieiaeaiey iaeaaeaao ?aaiie aiciiaeiinoueth iieueciaaoueny
i?aaeoniio?aiiuie caeiiii i?ioeannoaeueiuie i?aaaie e a ?aaiie ia?a eniieiyoue
aiceiaeaiiua ia iaai iaycaiiinoe. A ioiioaiee iiaeic?aaaaiuo e iaaeiyaiuo yoi
i?iyaeyaony a eo ?aaiii i?aaa ia eaaeeoeoee?iaaiioth th?eaee/aneoth iiiiuue.
Oeacaiiia i?aai iaania/eaaaony aiciiaeiinoueth o/anoey caueoieea n iiiaioa
caaea?aeaiey, a?anoaeaee i?aaeuyaeaiey iaaeiaiey ii anai aeaeai. Aeey eeoe, eioi?ua
ii oai eee eiui i?e/eiai naie ia iiaoo ia ?aaiuo iniiaaieyo n ae?oaeie
inouanoaeyoue naie i?aaa e caueuaoue naie eioa?anu, caeii eiiiaine?oao yoi
onoaiiaeaiea aeiiieieoaeueiuo aa?aioee iaycaoaeueiui o/anoeai caueoieea ii
aeaeo, i?aaeinoaaeaieai eeoeo, ia aeaaeathuaio ycueii, ia eioi?ii aaaeaony
noaeii?iecaiaenoai, i?aaa iieueciaaoueny ?iaeiui ycueii e iiiiuueth ia?aaiae/eea e
ae?.
?aaainoai a?aaeaeai ia?aae caeiiii e noaeii i?iyaeyaony oaeaea a ?aaiie
iaycaiiinoe anao iiae/eiyoueny oaieiaiiio caeiio e ianoe ?aaioth
ioaaonoaaiiinoue ca aai ia?ooaiea. Eeoea, niaa?oeaoea i?anooieaiey,
i?eaeaeathony e oaieiaiie ioaaonoaaiiinoe e iiaeaa?aathony aeaenoaeth iaeiiai e
oiai aea oaieiaiiai caeiia iacaaeneii io caieiaaiie aeieaeiinoe, ?iaea caiyoee e
ae?oaeo oaeoi?ia. Aac ?aaiie ia?u ioaaonoaaiiinoe ca ia?ooaiea cai?aoia
oaieiaiiai caeiia i?aaiaia ainoaea?noai ia?anoaao auoue i?aaiaui.
Iniaue ii?yaeie i?eaea/aiey noaeae e oaieiaiie ioaaonoaaiiinoe (no. 16
Caeiia i noaoona noaeae a ?O), caaea?aeaiey, a?anoa, iaunea /eaiia Niaaoa
Oaaea?aoeee e aeaiooaoia Ainoaea?noaaiiie Aeoiu (no. 98 Eiinoeoooeee), eiia/ii,
auaiaeeo yoo eaoaai?eth eeoe ca i?aaeaeu iaueo iieiaeaiee i?eioeeia ?aaainoaa anao
ia?aae caeiiii, ii i?e ionoonoaee oaeeo aa?aioee iai?eeiniiaaiiinoe aeaiooaou
e noaeuee ia niiaee au iaaeeaaeauei ia?acii auiieieoue naie iaycaiiinoe.
Niaeanii /.4 no. 1 OIE onoaiiaeaiiue caeiiii ii?yaeie noaeii?iecaiaenoaa
yaeyaony aaeeiui e iaycaoaeueiui ii anai oaieiaiui aeaeai e aeey anao noaeia,
i?aaiia i?ieo?aoo?u, i?aaeaa?eoaeueiiai neaaenoaey e aeiciaiey. Oeacaiea ia
aaeeiue ii?yaeie ia oi/ii. OIE onoaiaaeeaaao aeeooa?aioee?iaaiiue ii?yaeie
noaeii?iecaiaenoaa a caaeneiinoe io aeaea i?anooieaiey, oece/aneeo e
ineoieiae/aneeo iniaaiiinoae iaaeiyaiiai e i?aaeoniao?eaaao a yoie nayce
?aciue iauai i?ioeannoaeueiuo aa?aioee (no. 27, ae. 32, 33, 34 OIE). Iiaeiaiay
aeeooa?aioeeaoeey noaeii?iecaiaenoaa yaeyaony ionooieaieai io i?eioeeia ?aaainoaa
anao a?aaeaeai ia?aae caeiiii, ii iia aucaaia iauaeoeaiuie i?e/eiaie e aiieia
ii?aaaeaiia. Aaaeii oieueei, /oiau eaaeaeia eeoei, /uee aeaenoaey ninoaaeytho i?aaeiao
noaeii?iecaiaenoaa, iaeaaeaei aeinoaoi/iui eiiieaenii i?ioeannoaeueiuo i?aa e
aa?aioee aeey caueounaieo eioa?ania. A i?ioeaiii neo/aa yoi aoaeao oaea ia
ionooieaiea io i?eioeeia ?aaainoaa a?aaeaeai ia?aae caeiiii e noaeii, a aai
ia?ooaiea.
Aeey iineaaeiaaoaeueiiai inouanoaeaiey i?eioeeia iniaaiii cia/eia ?ieue
caeiiiiai e iainiiaaiiiai i?eaiai?a ii eaaeaeiio oaieiaiiio aeaeo. I?eaiai?, ia
ioaa/athuee yoei o?aaiaaieyi, anaaaea aucuaaao niiiaiea a naiae
ni?aaaaeeeainoe, a cia/eo, a ?aaeueiinoe ?aaainoaa anao ia?aae caeiiii e noaeii.

5. Io?aia /anoe e aeinoieinoaa ee/iinoe

A no. 21 Eiinoeoooeee ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee caienaii: “Aeinoieinoai
ee/iinoe io?aiyaony ainoaea?noaii. Ie/oi ia iiaeao auoue iniiaaieai aeey aai
oiaeaiey”.
A niioaaonoaee n /. 2 no. 21 Eiinoeoooeee ieeoi ia aeieaeai iiaeaa?aaoueny
iuoeai, ianeeeth, ae?oaiio aeanoieiio eee oieaeathuaio /aeiaa/aneia aeinoieinoai
ia?auaieth eee iaeacaieth. Ieeoi ia iiaeao auoue aac aeia?iaieueiiai niaeaney
iiaeaa?aioo iaaeeoeeineei, iao/iui eee eiui iiuoai. Ec yoiai eiinoeoooeeiiiiai
i?eioeeia neaaeoao ?yae i?eioeeieaeueiuo iieiaeaiee aeey oaieiaiiai
noaeii?iecaiaenoaa.
A oaieiaiii i?ioeanna, aaea a eioa?anao iaania/aiey i?aaeeueiiai oiaea e
enoiaea aeaea i?eoiaeeony ia?aie/eaaoue i?aaa e naiaiaeu ia oieueei iaaeiyaiiai e
iiaeic?aaaaiiai, ii e iioa?iaaoaai, naeaeaoaey e ae?oaeo eeoe, auyniyoue
ianoiyoaeuenoaa ee/iie aeecie a?aaeaeai iaiaoiaeei iniaaiii i?i/iue iaoaieci
aa?aioee io iainiiaaoaeueiiai noaniaiey yoeo oeaiiinoiuo ee/iuo aeaa. Oaeoth
io?aieoaeueioth ooieoeeth auiieiyao i?eioeei, eioi?ue iniiaai ia eiiieaena
i?aaiauo ii?i e au?aaeaao iaycaiiinoue noaea, i?ieo?i?a, neaaeiaaoaey e eeoea,
i?iecaiaeyuaai aeiciaiea, i?e auiieiaiee i?ioeannoaeueiuo aeaenoaee e auianaiee
?aoaiee ia aeiioneaoue oieaeaiey /anoe e aeinoieinoaa o/anoaothueo a aeaea eeoe e
i?eiaiyoue e iei ia?u i?ioeannoaeueiiai i?eioaeaeaiey oieueei a neo/ayo
aeaenoaeoaeueiie iaiaoiaeeiinoe e ia eia/a eae ia iniiaaiee, a ii?yaeea e
i?aaeaeao, i?aaeoniio?aiiuo caeiiii. Aieaa oiai, i?aaiu ainoaea?noaa iaycaiu
i?eieiaoue iaiaoiaeeiua ia?u e io?aia aaciianiinoe, /anoe e aeinoieinoaa
o/anoaothueo a aeaea eeoe, /eaiia eo naiae eee aeeceeo ?iaenoaaiieeia io
aiciiaeiuo ia ieo iinyaaoaeuenoa ni noi?iiu eiai au oi ie auei.
I?eioeei ii?aaeaeyao acaeiiioiioaiey iaaeaeo i?aaiaie ainoaea?noaa e
o/anoaothueie a aeaea eeoeaie oaeei ia?acii, /oi ia?aua iaycaiu iaa?aaaoue /anoue
e aeinoieinoai o/anoaothueo a aeaea eeoe, aoi?ua ?aniieaaatho oe?ieei eiiieaenii
n?aaenoa caueou io oieaeathuaai n ieie ia?auaiey, a oii /enea iaaeaeiaaiea ethauo
aeaenoaee e ?aoaiee aeieaeiinoiuo eeoe, anee yoeie aeaenoaeyie e ?aoaieyie
ia?ooaiu eee eiui ia?acii ouaieaiu eo eioa?anu. Iacaaiiue i?eioeei neoaeeo
i?aa?aaeie aeey auiieiaiey aeaenoaee, iiaoueo i?e/eieoue ee/iinoe oece/aneee,
ii?aeueiue eee eiie oua?a. Oae, i?e i?iecaiaenoaa neaaenoaaiiiai yenia?eiaioa,
inaeaeaoaeuenoaiaaiey, ee/iiai iaunea ia aeiioneathony aeaenoaey, oieaeathuea /anoue
e aeinoieinoai o/anoaothueo a ieo eeoe eee iianiua aeey eo caei?iauey (no. 172,
181, 183 OIE). Ieeoi ec o/anoieeia noaeii?iecaiaenoaa ia iiaeao auoue aac aai
aeia?iaieueiiai niaeaney iiaeaa?aioo iaaeeoeeineei, iao/iui eee eiui iiuoai, a
/anoiinoe, aeey iieo/aiey aeieacaoaeuenoa. Anee i?e i?iecaiaenoaa ii aeaeo aoaeoo
auyaeaiu naaaeaiey, eanathueany eioeiiuo noi?ii aeecie o/anoaothueo a i?ioeanna
eeoe, oaeiu onuiiaeaiey, a?a/aaiie oaeiu e o. i., oi i?aaiu ainoaea?noaa
iaycaiu i?eiyoue ia?u e i?aaeioa?auaieth ?acaeaoaiey oaeeo naaaeaiee (no. 18,
170 OIE). Eeoei, iiaeeaaeauaa aeii?ino, ia iaycaii naeaeaoaeuenoaiaaoue i?ioea
naiiai naay, naiaai noi?oaa e aeeceeo ?iaenoaaiieeia (no. 51 Eiinoeoooeee).
Noae ia ai?aaa aeeth/aoue a ii?aaaeaoaeueiue i?eaiai? oi?ioee?iaee, noaayuea iiae
niiiaiea iaaeiiaiinoue ii?aaaeaiiiai eee ii?i/auea aai. Caeii cai?auaao
i?aaiai aeiciaiey, neaaeiaaoaeth, i?ieo?i?o e noaeo aeiiiaaoueny iieacaiee
iaaeiyaiiai e ae?oaeo eeoe iooai ianeeey, oa?ic e ae?oaeo iacaeiiiuo ia? (no.
20 OIE). Caeii ia iicaieyao oaeaea i?iecaiaeeoue i?ioeannoaeueiua aeaenoaey a
ii/iia a?aiy, e?iia neo/aaa, ia oa?iyueo ioeaaaoaeuenoaa (no. 150 OE).
?anniao?eaaaiue i?eioeei iaoiaeeo naia i?iyaeaiea e a o?aaiaaieyo caeiia
i aiciauaiee oua?aa ?aaaeeeoe?iaaiiiio eeoeo. Anee a ?acoeueoaoa iacaeiiiiai
i?eaea/aiey e oaieiaiie ioaaonoaaiiinoe, iacaeiiiiai caaea?aeaiey, iacaeiiiiai
i?eiaiaiey ia?u i?ana/aiey, iacaeiiiiai inoaeaeaiey iaaeiiaiiio i?e/eiai
oua?a, oi oaeie oua?a a neo/aa auianaiey ii?aaaeaoaeueiiai i?eaiai?a eee
i?ae?auaiey aeaea ii ethaiio ?aaaeeeoe?othuaio iniiaaieth aiciauaaony a iieiii
iauaia iacaaeneii io aeiu i?aaiia aeiciaiey, neaaeiaaoaey, i?ieo?i?a e noaea,
i?e/ai ca ?aaaeeeoe?iaaiiui nio?aiyaony i?aai ia aiciauaiea ia oieueei
eiouanoaaiiiai e eiiai oua?aa, naycaiiiai n iaineiiiuie, o?oaeiauie,
aeeeeuiuie e ae?oaeie ioiioaieyie, ii e ii?aeueiiai oua?aa – ainnoaiiaeaiea
aeia?iai eiaie, /anoe, aeinoieinoaa, ?aiooaoeee (no. 58 OIE).

6. Iai?eeiniiaaiiinoue ee/iinoe

A Iaaeaeoia?iaeiii iaeoa i a?aaeaeaineeo e iieeoe/aneeo i?aaao caienaii, /oi
eaaeaeue /aeiaae eiaao i?aai ia naiaiaeo e ee/ioth iai?eeiniiaaiiinoue.
1.Ieeoi ia aeieaeai auoue eeoai naiaiaeu eia/a eae ia oaeeo iniiaaieyo e a
niioaaonoaee n oaeie i?ioeaaeo?ie, eioi?ua onoaiiaeaiu caeiiii.
2.Eaaeaeiio a?anoiaaiiiio niiauaaony i?e a?anoa i?e/eia aai a?anoa e a
n?i/iii ii?yaeea niiauaaony ethaia i?aaeuyaeyaiia aio iaaeiaiea” (no. 9, i. 1 e
2, Iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai iaeoa i a?aaeaeaineeo e iieeoe/aneeo i?aaao).
Eiinoeoooeeiiiia i?aai eaaeaeiai ia naiaiaeo e ee/ioth iai?eeiniiaaiiinoue
(no. 22) aa?aioe?oaony a Eiinoeoooeee oai, /oi a?ano, caeeth/aiea iiae no?aaeo e
niaea?aeaiea iiae no?aaeae aeiioneathony oieueei ii noaeaaiiio ?aoaieth. Aei noaeaaiiai
?aoaiey eeoei ia iiaeao auoue iiaeaa?aiooi caaea?aeaieth ia n?ie aieaa 48 /ania (/.
2 no. 22 Eiinoeoooeee).
I?aaeinoaaeaiea i?aaa oieueei noaeo ia?aie/eaaoue ee/ioth iai?eeiniiaaiiinoue
a?aaeaeaieia a nayce n i?iecaiaenoaii ii oaieiaiiio aeaeo auoaeaao ec iniauo
iieiiii/ee noaea e ia aeieaeii auoue aaa?aii i?aaiai, aaaeouei oaieiaiia
i?aneaaeiaaiea e iaaeiaiea.
?aoaiea noaea ia o?aaoaony eeoue aeey e?aoeia?aiaiiiai caaea?aeaiey
iiaeic?aaaaiiai, eioi?ia iiaeao eiaoue ianoi ia n?ie ia aieaa 48 /ania.
A ioieoa 6 “caeeth/eoaeueiuo e ia?aoiaeiuo iieiaeaiee” Eiinoeoooeee ?O
neacaii: “Aei i?eaaaeaiey oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa ?inneeneie
Oaaea?aoeee a niioaaonoaea n iieiaeaieai ianoiyuae Eiinoeoooeee nio?aiyaony
i?aaeiee ii?yaeie a?anoa, niaea?aeaiey iiae no?aaeae e caaea?aeaiey eeoe,
iiaeic?aaaaiuo a niaa?oaiee i?anooieaiee”. Iiyoiio a ianoiyuaa a?aiy ii?yaeie
caaea?aeaiey e iieo/aiey naieoeee i?ieo?i?a ia eca?aiea a ea/anoaa ia?u
i?ana/aiey niaea?aeaiey iiae no?aaeae ?aaoee?oaony no. 11, 89, 90, 96 OIE.
Iiaeic?aaaaiiio e iaaeiyaiiio i?aaeinoaaeaii i?aai iaaeaeiaaiey a noae
a?anoa eee i?iaeeaiey n?iea niaea?aeaiey iiae no?aaeae (no. 220, 220)1.

7. Iai?eeiniiaaiiinoue /anoiie aeecie

Eiinoeoooeeiiiia i?aai eaaeaeiai ia iai?eeiniiaaiiinoue /anoiie aeecie,
ee/ioth e naiaeioth oaeio, caueoo naiae /anoe e aeia?iai eiaie (no. 23
Eiinoeoooeee) aeieaeii aa?aioe?iaaoueny a oaieiaiii i?ioeanna.
I?e i?iaaaeaiee inaeaeaoaeuenoaiaaiey, yenia?oec, ae?oaeo i?ioeannoaeueiuo
aeaenoaee ia iiaeeaaeao ?acaeaoaieth naaaeaiey /anoiie aeecie a?aaeaeai, a ?aaii
ae?oaea naaaeaiey ee/iiai oa?aeoa?a, eioi?ua eeoei n/eoaao iaiaoiaeeiui
nio?aieoue a oaeia (iai?eia?, oaeio onuiiaeaiey).
A nayce n yoei o/anoieee neaaenoaaiiuo aeaenoaee iiaoo auoue i?aaeoi?aaeaeaiu
i iaaeiionoeiinoe ?acaeaoaiey oeacaiiuo naaaeaiee, noaaoeo ei ecaanoiuie a
oiaea neaaenoaey, i /ai o ieo ioae?aaony iiaeienea.
A caeiia neaaeoao i?aaeoniio?aoue i?aaeei i oii, /oi ee/iay ia?aienea e
ee/iua oaeaa?aoiua niiauaiey a?aaeaeai, anee aeaaea iie eiatho ioiioaiea e aeaeo,
iiaoo auoue iaeaoaiu a ioe?uoii noaeaaiii canaaeaiee oieueei n niaeaney eo
aaoi?ia e eeoe, eioi?ui iie aae?aniaaiu. I?e ionoonoaee oaeiai niaeaney iie
aeieaeiu iaeaoaoueny a cae?uoii noaeaaiii canaaeaiee.
Oaeia ia?aienee, oaeaoiiiuo ia?aaiai?ia, ii/oiauo, oaeaa?aoiuo e eiuo
niiauaiee aa?aioe?oaony caeiiii.
Ia?aie/aiea yoiai i?aaa iooai iaeiaeaiey a?anoa ia ii/oiai-oaeaa?aoioth
ei??aniiiaeaioeeth, aa iniio? e ecuyoea, i?ineooeaaiea oaeaoiiiuo ia?aaiai?ia
aeiioneaaony oieueei ia iniiaaiee noaeaaiiai ?aoaiey.

8. Iai?eeiniiaaiiinoue aeeeeua

Eiinoeoooeey onoaiaaeeaaao, /oi “aeeeeua iai?eeiniiaaiii”. Ieeoi ia
ai?aaa i?iieeaoue a aeeeeua i?ioea aiee i?iaeeaathueo a iai eeoe, eia/a eae a
neo/ayo, onoaiiaeaiiuo oaaea?aeueiui caeiiii eee ia iniiaaiee noaeaaiiai
?aoaiey (no. 25 Eiinoeoooeee).
A neo/ayo, ia oa?iyueo ioeaaaoaeuenoaa, iaune iiaeao auoue i?iecaaaeai aac
noaeaaiiai ?aoaiey n iineaaeothuae i?iaa?eie noaeueae caeiiiinoe e iainiiaaiiinoe
yoiai aeaenoaey ia iicaea /ai /a?ac 24 /ana iinea aai i?iaaaeaiey.
Aeaenoaea yoiai i?eioeeia a oaieiaiii noaeii?iecaiaenoaa i?iyaeyaony a oii,
/oi caeii onoaiaaeeaaao iniiaaiey aeey i?iaaaeaiey iaunea, ?ac?aoaao aai
i?iecaiaenoai oieueei ia iniiaaiee noaeaaiiai ?aoaiey, ?aaeaiaioe?oao ii?yaeie
i?iecaiaenoaa iaunea e oeene?iaaiea aai ?acoeueoaoia (no. 168,169,170,171).
Caeii onoaiaaeeaaao i?aaeei i oii, /oi i?iecaiaenoai auaiee e iaunea a
ii/iia a?aiy, e?iia neo/aaa, ia oa?iyueo ioeaaaoaeuenoaa, ia aeiioneaaony.
O/eouaay, /oi Eiinoeoooeey ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee eiaao aunooth th?eaee/aneoth
neeo e i?yiia aeaenoaea, Ieaioi Aa?oiaiiai Noaea ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee
?aeiiaiaeiaae noaeai i?eieiaoue e naiaio ?anniio?aieth e iacaiaaeeeoaeueii
?anniao?eaaoue iaoa?eaeu, iiaeoaa?aeaeathuea iaiaoiaeeiinoue ia?aie/aiey i?aa
a?aaeaeai ia oaeio ia?aienee, oaeaoiiiuo ia?aaiai?ia, ii/oiauo, oaeaa?aoiuo e
eiuo niiauaiee, iaoa?eaeu, iiaeoaa?aeaeathuea iaiaoiaeeiinoue i?iieeiiaaiey a
aeeeeua, anee oaeiaua i?aaenoaaeythony a noae. Yoe iaoa?eaeu ?anniao?eaathony
Aa?oiaiui noaeii, noaeii ?anioaeeee, e?aaaui, iaeanoiui e i?e?aaiaiiuie e iei
noaeaie, a oaeaea ?aeiiiui (ai?iaeneei) noaeii e aiaiiui o?eaoiaeii. Ii
?acoeueoaoai ?anniio?aiey iaoa?eaeia noaeii auiineony iioeae?iaaiiia
iinoaiiaeaiea i ?ac?aoaiee i?iaanoe iia?aoeaii-?icuneiua eee neaaenoaaiiua
aeaenoaey, naycaiiua n ia?aie/aieai i?aaa ia oaeio ia?aienee, oaeaoiiiuo
ia?aaiai?ia, ii/oiauo, oaeaa?aoiuo e eiuo niiauaiee eee i?iieeiiaaieai a
aeeeeua, eeai ia ioeaca a yoii. Anee noaeuey ia aeae ?ac?aoaiey, niioaaonoaothuea
eeoea iiaoo ia?aoeoueny ii oiio aea aii?ino a auoanoiyuee noae.

9. Inouanoaeaiea i?aainoaeey ii oaieiaiui aeaeai oieueei noaeii

Yoio i?eioeei, i?aaeoniao?eaathuee eneeth/eoaeueiia i?aai noaea inouanoaeyoue
i?aainoaeea, ia aeiioneaao ia?aeiaeaiey aeaiiie ooieoeee ie ia iaeei aianoaeaaiue
i?aai ainoaea?noaa.
Oeacaiiue i?eioeei, noi?ioee?iaaiiue a no. 118 Eiinoeoooeee ?inneeneie
Oaaea?aoeee, iieo/aao naia ?acaeoea a no. 49 Eiinoeoooeee ?O, ?ane?uaathuae naio
nooue i?aainoaeey: i?eciaoue eeoei aeiiaiui a niaa?oaiee i?anooieaiey, a oaeaea
iiaeaa?aiooue aai oaieiaiiio iaeacaieth iieiiii/ai oieueei noae naiei i?eaiai?ii.
Oieueei noae ai?aaa i?eiyoue ?aoaiea i i?eiaiaiee oeacaiiue a caeiia ia?
i?ioeannoaeueiiai i?eioaeaeaiey, ia?aie/eaathueo i?aaa, e naiaiaeu /aeiaaea e
a?aaeaeaieia. Oieueei noae ai?aaa i?eiyoue ?aoaiea i i?eiaiaiee e eeoeo
i?eioaeeoaeueiie ia?u iaaeeoeeineiai oa?aeoa?a.
Yoi i?eaeaao noaeaaiiio ?acae?aoaeuenoao cia/aiea aaaeiaeoae noaaeee
i?ioeanna, a noae auaeaeyao ec anao eiuo i?aaiia, aaaeoueo i?iecaiaenoai ii aeaeo,
noaaeo aai a iniaia iieiaeaiea, iaycuaay aunooiaoue aa?aioii i?aa e naiaiae
/aeiaaea e a?aaeaeaieia.
I?eioeei inouanoaeaiey i?aainoaeey oieueei noaeii ia ia?aie/eaaaony
noaeaaiui ?acae?aoaeuenoaii a noaea ia?aie einoaioeee, a oa?aeoa?ecoao ana
noaeaaiua noaaeee i?ioeanna. A eaaeaeie ec ieo i?aainoaeea inouanoaeyaony a oao
oi?iao, eaeea niioaaonoaotho oa?aeoa?o e iacia/aieth ?ac?aoaaiuo a aeaiiie
noaaeee caaea/.
I?eioeei ii?aaeaeyao oaeie i?aaiaie ?aaeei, i?e eioi?ii ioiaia eee
eciaiaiea noaeaaiuo ?aoaiee aeiioneaaony ia eia/a eae auoanoiyuei noaeii e a
ii?yaeea inouanoaeaiey i?aainoaeey ii oaieiaiui aeaeai. Ie iaeii noaeaaiia
?aoaiea ia iiaeao auoue ioiaiaii eee eciaiaii eaeei au oi ie auei
ainoaea?noaaiiui i?aaiii, a oii /enea aunoae ainoaea?noaaiiie aeanoueth. A yoii
i?iyaeyaony ia oieueei eneeth/eoaeueiinoue, ii e iieiioa noaeaaiie aeanoe:
anooieaoea a caeiiioth neeo ?aoaiey noaea iaycaoaeueiu aeey anao, ia eneeth/ay
aunoea i?aaiu aeanoe (no. 358 OIE).
Eneeth/eoaeueiia i?aai noaea inouanoaeyoue i?aainoaeea enoiaeeo ec oiai, /oi
aeayoaeueiinoue noaea i?ioaeaao a iniaii i?aaiaii ii?yaeea, eioi?ue nicaeaao oaeea
i?aeiouanoaa a ?ac?aoaiee oaieiaiuo aeae, eaeeie ia ?aniieaaaao ie iaeia eiay
oi?ia ainoaea?noaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe. Yoio ii?yaeie caeeth/aao a naaa iaeaieueoea
aa?aioee aeey auianaiey ii aeaeo caeiiiiai e ni?aaaaeeeaiai ?aoaiey.
I?iaaaeaiea noaeaaiie ?aoi?iu aeeth/aao aianaiea eciaiaiee a ii?aaeaeaiea
niaea?aeaiey naiie ooieoeee ioi?aaeaiey i?aainoaeey. Noaeaaiay aeanoue –
o?aieoaeueieoea i?aaaeu, ni?aaaaeeeainoe, i?aa e naiaiae ee/iinoe – aeieaeia auoue
iieiinoueth i/euaia io aeaenoaee iaaeieoaeueiiai oeeiia. Noaeuee ia aeieaeiu
niaa?oaoue ieeaeeo aeaenoaee, iai?aaeaiiuo ia ?ane?uoea i?anooieaiee e
eciaee/aiea aeiiaiuo, a /anoiinoe, oi?ioee?iaaoue a ioiioaiee i?aaiia?ooeoaey
iaaeiaiea e i?aaeaaaoue aai noaeo (no. 418 OIE), a?o/aoue iiaenoaeeiiio eiieth
iaaeieoaeueiiai caeeth/aiey e iaeaoaoue aai a noaeaaiii canaaeaiee (no. 237, 278
OIE), ia?aui aeii?aoeaaoue iiaenoaeeiiai, iioa?iaaoaai, naeaeaoaeae ia noaeaaiii
neaaenoaee, i?eieiaoue ia?u e ainiieiaieth aeieacaoaeuenoa iaaeiaiey iooai
iai?aaeaiey aeaea ia aeineaaeiaaiea, aicaoaeaeaoue aeaei ii iiaiio iaaeiaieth e a
ioiioaiee ae?oaeo eeoe. Ana yoe, eae e iiiaea ae?oaea, aeaenoaey, auiieiyaiua
noaeii a neeo o?aaiaaiee OIE, aiinyo a i?aainoaeea yeaiaiou iaaeieoaeueiiai
oeeiia e iaaaoeaii neacuaathony ia iauaeoeaiinoe ?anniio?aiey oaieiaiuo aeae.
Ia inaiaiaeaeaiea noaea io ianaienoaaiiuo aio iaycaiiinoae iai?aaeaia noaeaaiay
?aoi?ia, eaeae eioi?ie /anoe/ii ?aaeeciaaiu a ?acaeaea O OIE (caeii io
16.07.93 a.) e onoaiaaeeaatho i?iecaiaenoai a noaea i?enyaeiuo.

10. I?aai ia noaeaaioth caueoo. Iaania/aiea aeinooia e i?aainoaeeth

Niune yoiai i?eioeeia au?aaeai a no. 14 Iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai iaeoa i
a?aaeaeaineeo e iieeoe/aneeo i?aaao: “Eaaeaeue eiaao i?aai i?e ?anniio?aiee
ethaiai oaieiaiiai iaaeiaiey, i?aaeuyaeaiiiai aio… ia ni?aaaaeeeaia e
ioaee/iia ?acae?aoaeuenoai aeaea eiiiaoaioiui, iacaaeneiui e aani?eno?anoiui
noaeii, nicaeaiiui ia iniiaaiee Caeiia”.
A no. 46 Eiinoeoooeee ?O caienaii: “Eaaeaeiio aa?aioe?oaony noaeaaiay
caueoa aai i?aa e naiaiae”.
A oaieiaiii i?ioeanna yoio i?eioeei au?aaeaaony e aa?aioe?oaony ?yaeii
i?aaee, ioiinyueony e i?aaiecaoeee e aeayoaeueiinoe noaea, a oaeaea
i?aaeinoaaeaieai oieueei noaeo i?aaa i?eciaoue iaaeiyaiiai aeiiaiui.
Ia?aie/aiea eiinoeoooeeiiiuo i?aa e naiaiae a?aaeaeai ia?aie
oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiiai i?eioaeaeaiey o?aaoao noaeaaiiai ?ac?aoaiey (no. 23,
25 e ae?. Eiinoeoooeee ?O).
Ainoaea?noai iaania/eaaao iioa?iaaoei aeinooi e i?aainoaeeth (no. 52
Eiinoeoooeee ?O).
Yoi icia/aao, /oi ia?auaiea iioa?iaaoaai a noae a ii?yaeea no. 27 OIE ia
aeieaeii auoue naycaii eaeeie-eeai oneiaeyie, e?iia oeacaiiuo a OIE.
Iioa?iaaoee aeieaeai eiaoue i?aai iaaeaeiaaoue a noaea ioeac a aicaoaeaeaiee
oaieiaiiai aeaea, anee yoio ioeac eeoaao aai aiciiaeiinoe caueuaoue naie i?aaa
e naiaiaeu a noaea.
Iiaeic?aaaaiue, iaaeiyaiue (a a neo/aa nia?oe iaaeiyaiiai aai aeeceea
?iaenoaaiieee), ia niaeaniua n i?ae?auaieai aeaea ii iniiaaieyi, eioi?ua
cao?aaeaatho aai aeia?ia eiy, ia?ooatho aai i?aaa, iiaoo o?aaiaaoue noaeaaiiai
?acae?aoaeuenoaa aeaea aeey iieiie ?aaaeeeoaoeee. N i?aaii ia noaeaaioth caueoo
oanii naycaii i?aaeei i oii, /oi ieeoi ia iiaeao auoue eeoai i?aaa ia
?anniio?aiea aai aeaea a oii noaea e oai noaeueae, e iiaenoaeiinoe eioi?iai iii
ioianaii caeiiii (i. 1 no. 47 Eiinoeoooeee). Yoi o?aaoao /aoeiai ii?aaeaeaiey
a caeiia aeae, iiaenoaeiuo eaaeaeiio noaeo, iaaeiionoeiinoe auoanoiyuaai noaea
i?eieiaoue e naiaio ?anniio?aieth aeaei, iiaenoaeiia ieaeanoiyuaio noaeo,
eneeth/aiea ec caeiia iaii?aaeaeaiiuo i?eciaeia iiaenoaeiinoe, oaeeo, iai?eia?,
eae “iniaay neiaeiinoue” eee “iniaia iauanoaaiiia cia/aiea” aeaea.
A i?aaeoniio?aiiuo oaaea?aeueiui caeiiii neo/ayo iaaeiyaiue eiaao i?aai ia
?anniio?aiea aai aeaea noaeii n o/anoeai i?enyaeiuo canaaeaoaeae (i. 2 no. 47
Eiinoeoooeee, no. 424 OIE). A neo/ayo, i?aaeoniio?aiiuo caeiiii, iaaeiyaiue
eiaao i?aai aeaoue niaeanea ia ?anniio?aiea aai aeaea noaeueae aaeeiiee/ii eee
eieeaaeaeueiui ninoaaii noaea (noaeuey e aeaa canaaeaoaey eee eieeaaey ec o?ao
i?ioanneiiaeueiuo noaeae) -/. 2 no. 35 OIE, 3 e 4 no. 267 OIE, /. 8 no. 432
OIE.

11. Iacaaeneiinoue noaeae e iiae/eiaiea eo oieueei caeiio

A no. 120 Eiinoeoooeee ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee caienaii, /oi “noaeuee
iacaaeneiu e iiae/eiythony oieueei Eiinoeoooeee ?O e oaaea?aeueiiio caeiio”.
A neeo aeaiiiai i?eioeeia noaeuee ?anniao?eaatho e ?ac?aoatho oaieiaiua aeaea,
?oeiaiaenoaoynue oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiui e oaieiaiui caeiiii. Anyeia
aiaoaoaeuenoai a aeayoaeueiinoue noaeuee ii inouanoaeaieth i?aainoaeey i?aneaaeoaony
ii caeiio. Ieeoi ia ai?aaa ieacuaaoue aeaaeaiea ia noaeae e i?enyaeiuo
canaaeaoaeae e oeacuaaoue, eae aeieaeii auoue ?ac?aoaii eiie?aoiia oaieiaiia
aeaei. Ethaia aicaeaenoaea ia noaeae, ia?iaeiuo eee i?enyaeiuo canaaeaoaeae n oeaeueth
aini?aiyonoaiaaoue iauaeoeaiiio ?anniio?aieth aeaea eeai aeiaeoueny auianaiey
iacaeiiiiai ?aoaiey i?aneaaeoaony a oaieiaiii ii?yaeea (no. 176 OE).
A Caeiia i noaoona noaeae a ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee ii?aaeaeaiu aa?aioee
iacaaeneiinoe noaeuee, aeeth/ay ia?u aai i?aaiaie caueou, iaoa?eaeueiiai e
nioeeaeueiiai iaania/aiey (no. 9) 1.Aa?aioee iacaaeneiinoe e
iai?eeiniiaaiiinoe i?enyaeiiai canaaeaoaey ii?aaeaeaiu a no. 87 OIE.
Caeanue aaaeii iiae/a?eiooue, /oi aa?aioey iacaaeneiinoe noaeuee e i?enyaeiiai
canaaeaoaey iaania/eaaaony, a /enea eiuo, “i?aaeoniio?aiiie caeiiii i?ioeaaeo?ie
inouanoaeaiey i?aainoaeey”. Yoi icia/aao, /oi naia i?ioeaaeo?a inouanoaeaiey
i?aainoaeey aeieaeia iaania/eaaoue noaeueyi naiaiaeiia io /ueeo-eeai iiaiee
o?aaiaaiee ?anniio?aiea e ?ac?aoaiea aeaea, a oii /enea e au?aaeaiea naiaai
oaaaeaeaiey ii aeaeo i?e niaauaiee noaeae (“oaeia niaauaoaeueiie eiiiaou”).
Iaaeiionoeii iacaeiiiia aicaeaenoaea ia i?enyaeiiai canaaeaoaey (no. 445
OIE). Aa?aioeae yoiai aeieaeai auoue cai?ao o/anoieeai i?ioeanna, a oaeaea
naeaeaoaeyi, yenia?oai, niaoeeaeenoai, ia?aaiae/eeai ia i?ioyaeaiee anaai
?acae?aoaeuenoaa aeaea noaeii i?enyaeiuo iauaoueny, iiieii onoaiiaeaiiiai
ii?yaeea, n i?enyaeiui canaaeaoaeai, o/anoaothuei a ?anniio?aiee yoiai aeaea.
“Ethaie i?enyaeiue canaaeaoaeue iiaeao auoue iono?aiai i?aaenaaeaoaeuenoaothuei
io aeaeueiaeoaai o/anoey a aeaea a neo/aa, eiaaea o iaai aicieeioo iniiaaiey
iieaaaoue, /oi yoio i?enyaeiue canaaeaoaeue oo?aoee iauaeoeaiinoue, iaiaoiaeeioth
aeey ?ac?aoaiey aeaea a niioaaonoaee n caeiiii, a ?acoeueoaoa ieacaiiiai ia
iaai iacaeiiiiai aeaenoaey”.
I?aainoaeea – naiinoiyoaeueiay iaeanoue ainoaea?noaaiiie Aeayoaeueiinoe,
naiaiaeiay io /ueaai au oi ie auei ?oeiaiaenoaa e iaaeci?a. Ainoaea?noaaiiay
aeanoue, aeae?aoe?iaaaoay iacaaeneiinoue noaeae, naia iaycaia niaethaeaoue
i?iaicaeaoaiiue ath aea i?eioeei.
Iiaecaeiiiinoue e iacaaeneiinoue noaeae – aeaa noi?iiu iaeiie e oie aea
iaaeaee. Iacaaeneiinoue noaeae aiciiaeia i?e oneiaee iiae/eiaiey eo oieueei
caeiio, a iiaecaeiiiinoue aiciiaeia i?e oneiaee ia?aaeaeaiey noaeae io aeeyiee
aiaoieo e aioo?aiieo oaeoi?ia. Iacaaeneiinoue aac iiae/eiaiey caeiio iiaeao
ii?iaeeoue i?iecaie.
Ai anao noaeaaiuo noaaeeyo i?ioeanna noaeuey ?aoaao ana aii?inu ia iniiaaiee
caeiia, ii naiae niaanoe, ii naiaio aioo?aiiaio oaaaeaeaieth, a ?acoeueoaoa
enneaaeiaaiey anao ianoiyoaeuenoa aeaea a eo niaieoiiinoe e nianoaaiiie ioeaiee
aeieacaoaeuenoa (no. 71 OIE). A noaeaaiii ?acae?aoaeuenoaa noae, ii iauaio
i?aaeeo, ia naycai auaiaeaie, eceiaeaiiuie a iaaeieoaeueiii caeeth/aiee, eae ia
naycai iiaieai noi?ii i?e ?aoaiee anao aii?inia, aicieeathueo a oiaea
?anniio?aiey aeaea, e e?oaii i?aaenoaaeaiiuo eie aeieacaoaeuenoa. Iiyoiio noae
iiaeao ii oiaeaoaenoao iaeiie ec noi?ii eee ii nianoaaiiie eieoeeaoeaa aucaaoue a
noae naeaeaoaey, yenia?oa, o. a. ainiieieoue iaaeinoathuea a aeaea aeieacaoaeuenoaa.
Noae (noaeuey) iiaeao ia i?eciaoue aeieacaiiui ana iaaeiaiea eeoea eee aai /anoue e
a niioaaonoaee ni naiei oaaaeaeaieai eciaieoue iaaeiaiea eee ii?aaaeaoue
iiaenoaeeiiai (no. 254, 309 OIE).

A noaea i?enyaeiuo a neo/ayo, eiaaea iaaeiyaiue iieiinoueth i?eciaao naay
aeiiaiui, i?e iaee/ee ii?aaeaeaiiuo a caeiia oneiaee, noaeuey iiaeao ia?aie/eoue
noaeaaiia neaaenoaea eee iauyaeoue noaeaaiia neaaenoaea ieii/aiiui. Iaeiaei oaeia
?aoaiea noaeuee ia caaeneo oieueei io iiaiey e iiaaaeaiey noi?ii, a aiciiaeii
oieueei oiaaea, eiaaea naeaeaiiia i?eciaiea “ia aucuaaao o noaeuee niiiaiee” (no.
446 OIE).
I?eioeei iacaaeneiinoe noaeae e iiae/eiaiey eo oieueei caeiio ii?aaeaeyao
oaeaea acaeiiioiioaiey noaeia ?acee/iuo caaiueaa. Eannaoeeiiiay e iaaeci?iay
einoaioeee, ioiaiyy i?eaiai? e iai?aaeyy aeaei ia iiaia noaeaaiia ?anniio?aiea,
ia ai?aaa i?aae?aoaoue auaiaeu noaeae e naycuaaoue naiei ?aoaieai eo
iacaaeneiinoue e naiinoiyoaeueiinoue (/. 2 no. 352, /. 7 no. 380 OIE). I?e
iiaoi?iii ?anniio?aiee aeaea noae ia?aie einoaioeee iacaaenei aauaiaeao io
auoanoiyuaai noaea e naiinoiyoaeai ia oieueei a /anoe ioeaiee aeieacaoaeuenoa e
onoaiiaeaiey oaeoia, ii e a ioiioaiee i?eiaiaiey oaieiaiiai caeiia e
iacia/aiey iaeacaiey. Eioa?i?aoaoeey caeiia yaeyaony eneeth/eoaeueiie
i?a?iaaoeaie noaea, ?ac?aoathuaai aeaei, e yoa iaeanoue aeayoaeueiinoe cae?uoa aeey
iinoi?iiiaai aeeyiey. Eiia i?eaeaei au ?aoaieth auoanoiyuaai noaea, io?aaeathuaio
oieeiaaiea oaieiaiiai caeiia, neeo ii?iaoeaiiai aeoa.
Noae, onoaiiaea i?e ?anniio?aiee aeaea ianiioaaonoaea aeoa
ainoaea?noaaiiiai eee eiiai i?aaia caeiio, i?eieiaao ?aoaiea a niioaaonoaee n
caeiiii (/. 2 no. 120 Eiinoeoooeee).
Iacaaeneiinoue noaeae e iiae/eiaiea eo oieueei caeiio i?iyaeyao naay ia
oieueei aiaia, ii e aioo?e naiie noaeaaiie eieeaaee, oneeeaay a iae
eieeaaeaeueiia ia/aei. Eaaeaeue noaeuey naiaiaeii au?aaeaao naia iiaiea ii anai
ianoaeaeaaiui aii?inai e i?e ianiaeanee n auianaiiui ?aoaieai iiaeao eceiaeeoue
naia iniaia iiaiea, eioi?ia i?eiauaaony e aeaeo.
E?iia oiai, aeaiiue i?eioeei iaa?aaaao noaeae io nianoaaiiuo aia/aoeaiee,
?aiaa au?aaeaiiuo oaaaeaeaiee ii ?anniao?eaaaiiio aeaeo. Oae, noaeuey, i?eieiaaoee
o/anoea a ?anniio?aiee aeaea a iaeiie noaeaaiie einoaioeee, ia ai?aaa
o/anoaiaaoue a ?anniio?aiee oiai aea aeaea a ae?oaie noaeaaiie einoaioeee, a ?aaii
o/anoaiaaoue a iiaii ?anniio?aiee aeaea a noaea ia?aie einoaioeee iinea ioiaiu
i?eaiai?a eee ii?aaeaeaiey i i?ae?auaiee aeaea, iinoaiiaeaiiiai n aai o/anoeai
(/. 1 no. 60 OIE).
Inouanoaeaiea i?aainoaeey noaeueyie n i?aaeoaaaeaeaiiui ioiioaieai e oiio eee
eiiio o/anoieeo i?ioeanna ia?aeecoao i?aaa iineaaeiaai ia caueoo e aaaeao e
iinoaiiaeaieth iai?aainoaeiiai i?eaiai?a.
I?eioeei iacaaeneiinoe noaeae e iiae/eiaiey eo oieueei caeiio – i?iaiaeiee
caeiiiinoe e ni?aaaaeeeainoe a i?aainoaeee. Aai niaea?aeaiea aeoaiei
aeaiie?aoe/ii, i?aanoaaiii, aoiaiii. Iniciaiea noaeueyie iaiaoiaeeiinoe nayoi
aethnoe caeii i?e ioi?aaeaiee i?aainoaeey a neeo naiaai aeieaa, i?eieiaoue ii
aeaeo ni?aaaaeeeaua ?aoaiey ii naiae niaanoe e aioo?aiiaio oaaaeaeaieth
iacaaeneii io iieeoe/aneeo acaeyaeia e neiiaoee (a ee/iinoiii ea/anoaa),
?aoeoaeueii i?anaeaoue ethaua iiiuoee aiaoaoaeuenoaa a ?ac?aoaiea eiie?aoiuo aeae
e a i?aaeoniio?aiiii caeiiii ii?yaeea noaaeoue aii?in i i?eaea/aiee aeiiaiuo a
yoii e ioaaonoaaiiinoe – yoi e th?eaee/aneee, e i?aanoaaiii-yoe/aneee aniaeo
noaeaaiie aeayoaeueiinoe.
Eniieiaiea i?aaeienaiee yoiai i?eioeeia o?aaoao io noaeae aunieeo
i?ioanneiiaeueiuo e ii?aeueii-ineoieiae/aneeo ea/anoa, ioaeanoaa e oaa?aeinoe
oa?aeoa?a, iaino?aiiiai /oanoaa ni?aaaaeeeainoe, /oiau i?ioeainoiyoue ethaiio
iinyaaoaeuenoao ia eo iacaaeneiinoue e auiieieoue naie aeiea oae, eae iiaaeaaaao
caeii e aiein niaanoe.
Iacaaeneiinoue noaeae iaania/eaaaony oaeaea ii?yaeeii caiauaiey aeieaeiinoe
noaeuee (i. “a” no. 83 Eiinoeoooeee), iaia?aie/aiiinoueth n?iea eo iieiiii/ee
(no. 11 Caeiia i noaoona noaeae), ianiaiyaiinoueth noaeae (no. 121 Eiinoeoooeee,
no. 14 Caeiia i noaoona noaeae), iai?eeiniiaaiiinoueth (no. 122 Eiinoeoooeee,
no. 163 Caeiia i noaoona noaeae).

12. Aeaniinoue oaieiaiiai noaeii?iecaiaenoaa

?acae?aoaeuenoai aeae ai anao noaeao ioe?uoia. Neooaiea aeaea a cae?uoii
canaaeaiee aeiioneaaony a neo/ayo, i?aaeoniio?aiiuo oaaea?aeueiui caeiiii. A cae
noaeaaiiai canaaeaiey aeinooi naiaiaeai aeey anao aeaeathueo eeoe, ia o/anoaothueo a
i?iecaiaenoaa ii aeaeo e aeinoeaoeo 16-eaoiaai aic?anoa (no. 23 Eiinoeoooeee,
no. 18 e /. 4 no. 262 OIE). I?enoonoaothuea a caea noaea ai?aaa aanoe oeenaoeeth
i?ioeanna, caienuaaoue ana i?ienoiaeyuaa a noaeaaiii canaaeaiee. I?eiaiaiea
oioi-, eeii- e aeaeainuaiee a caea noaea iiaeao i?iecaiaeeoueny n ?ac?aoaiey
i?aaenaaeaoaeuenoaothuaai ii aeaeo: ii ai?aaa cai?aoeoue i?eiaiaiea yoeo e ae?oaeo
oaoie/aneeo n?aaenoa oeenaoeee, ?aaeei e oaeao?aineyoeee, iiaoueo cao?oaeieoue
aaaeaiea i?ioeanna eee ia?ooeoue i?aaa e eioa?anu noi?iiAeaniinoue iaania/eaaao
nioeeaeueiue eiio?ieue ca aeayoaeueiinoueth i?aaiia, aaaeoueo oaieiaiue i?ioeann.
Ioe?uoia ?acae?aoaeuenoai aeaea, a oiaea eioi?iai i?iaa?ythony e enneaaeothony ana
iaoa?eaeu aeaea, i?aaenoaaeaiiua i?aaiaie ?anneaaeiaaiey, e aeiiieieoaeueii
iieo/aiiua noaeii, iicaieyao i?enoonoaothuei a noaeaaiii canaaeaiee a?aaeaeaiai
naiei noaeeoue ia ianoiyoaeuenoaao aeaea e ee/iinoe iiaenoaeeiiai, ioeaieaaoue
oa/aiea e ?acoeueoaou i?ioeanna e oaeei ia?acii oi?ie?iaaoue iauanoaaiiia
iiaiea ia oaieiaiii noaeii?iecaiaenoaa a oeaeii. Aeaniue i?ioeann oneeeaaao
/oanoai ioaaonoaaiiinoe noaeae, i?enyaeiuo canaaeaoaeae, niinianoaoao iieiiio
inouanoaeaieth anao i?eioeeiia noaeii?iecaiaenoaa, oe?aieyao aa?aioee i?aa e
caeiiiuo eioa?ania ee/iinoe, ieacuaaao ia a?aaeaeai ii?aaeaeaiiia i?aaiaia
aicaeaenoaea.
Iaeiei ec ia i?ioeannoaeueiuo n?aaenoa oneeaiey aeaniinoe neoaeeo oe?ieia
inaauaiea a ia/aoe, ii ?aaeei e oaeaaeaeaieth iaeaieaa aeooaeueiuo noaeaaiuo
i?ioeannia.
Ionooieaiea io aeaniinoe iiaeao eiaoue iano oieueei a neo/ayo,
i?aaeoniio?aiiuo caeiiii.
A niioaaonoaee n /. 1 no. 18 OIE aeaei aeieaeii auoue iaycaoaeueii
?anniio?aii i?e cae?uouo aeaa?yo, eiaaea iaiaoiaeeii io?aieoue ainoaea?noaaiioth
oaeio. Cae?uoia noaeaaiia ?acae?aoaeuenoai, e?iia oiai, aeiioneaaony ii aeaeai i
i?anooieaieyo eeoe, ia aeinoeaoeo oanoiaaeoeaoeeaoiaai aic?anoa: ii aeaeai i
iieiauo i?anooieaieyo: ii ae?oaei aeaeai a oeaeyo i?aaeioa?auaiey ?acaeaoaiey
naaaeaiee ia eioeiiuo noi?iiao aeecie o/anoaothueo a aeaea eeoe: ii aeaeai, ii
eioi?ui iaiaoiaeeii iaania/eoue aaciianiinoue iioa?iaaoaai, naeaeaoaey eee

ae?oaeo o/anoaothueo a aeaea eeoe, a oaeaea eo naiae eee aeeceeo ?iaenoaaiieeia.
Ii yoei aeaeai noae ii?aaeaeyao, eiathony ee a eaaeaeii ioaeaeueiii neo/aa
eiie?aoiua ianoiyoaeuenoaa, aucuaathuea iaiaoiaeeiinoue a iieiii eee /anoe/iii
?acae?aoaeuenoaa aeaea a cae?uoii noaeaaiii canaaeaiee. I?e iaee/ee oaeeo
ianoiyoaeuenoa noae ia oieueei ai?aaa, ii e iaycai caneooaoue ana aeaei eee
i?iaanoe i?ioeann /anoe/ii i?e cae?uouo aeaa?yo.
?aoaiea i iieiii eee /anoe/iii ?anniio?aiee aeaea i?e cae?uouo aeaa?yo ii
ethaiio ec iacaaiiuo no. 18 OIE iniiaaiee i?eieiaaony noaeii a
iiaeaioiaeoaeueiie /anoe noaeaaiiai canaaeaiey iinea auneooeaaiey iiaiee noi?ii
e au?aaeaaony a iioeae?iaaiiii ii?aaeaeaiee. I?aaeaa?eoaeueiia ?aoaiea aeaiiiai
aii?ina i?e iacia/aiee aeaea e neooaieth ia eneeth/aao aiciiaeiinoe ?aoeoue
aii?in i cae?uoii neooaiee aeaea a oiaea noaeaaiiai ?acae?aoaeuenoaa. I?eaiai?
noaea ai anao neo/ayo i?iaicaeaoaaony ioaee/ii. A iai ia aeieaeiu ?acaeaoaoueny
naaaeaiey, ?aaee nio?aiaiey oaeiu eioi?uo noaeaaiia canaaeaiea auei cae?uoui.
Oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiue eiaeaen niaea?aeeo iaiieiue ia?a/aiue neo/aaa
ia?aie/aiey aeaniinoe, e ii?iu ae?oaeo io?aneae i?aaa ainiieiytho aai.
Aeaei iaycaoaeueii ?anniao?eaaaony i?e cae?uouo aeaa?yo, anee i?aaeiaoii
enneaaeiaaiey noaiiayony naaaeaiey aiaiiiai oa?aeoa?a, ia iiaeeaaeauea
?acaeaoaieth, ii ninoaaeythuea ia ainoaea?noaaiioth, a neoaeaaioth oaeio (i. “a”
no. 259 OE). Aeaa?e noaeaaiiai canaaeaiey iiaoo auoue cae?uou e i?e enneaaeiaaiee
oaeeo ianoiyoaeuenoa, eioi?ua eanathony a?a/aaiie oaeiu, oaeiu onuiiaeaiey,
oaeiu iioa?eaeueiuo aeaenoaee e aeaiaaeiuo aeeaaeia, caueou eioa?ania a?aaeaeaieia,
ecia?aaeaiiiai a i?iecaaaeaieyo ecia?aceoaeueiiai eneonnoaa (no. 124 OE, no.
395, 514 AE e ae?.).
Eae aeaeii, e?oa aeae, ii eioi?ui caeii o?aaoao eee aeiioneaao eneeth/aiey
ec aeaniinoe, aeinoaoi/ii oe?ie. Aeaniinoue iaaeiionoeii eniieueciaaoue ai a?aae
eioa?anai ee/iinoe, iauanoaa, ainoaea?noaa. Aeaniinoue i?ecaaia ia?aaeaeaoue
/anoue e aeinoieinoai ee/iinoe, a ia oieaeaoue aai.
*aoeee caeiiiaeaoaeueiue ia?a/aiue aeaniinoe neoaeeo iaeiia?aiaiii aa
aa?aioeae. Ana, /oi eaaeeo ca i?aaeaeaie ia?aie/aiee i?eioeeia, aeieaeii auoue
aeaniui. Cae?uoia ?acae?aoaeuenoai aeaea i?e ionoonoaee e oiio caeiiiuo
iniiaaiee – a?oaia ia?ooaiea caeiia.
Niaea?aeaiea i?eioeeia aeaniinoe e oneiaey aai i?eiaiaiey no. 18 OIE
eceaaathony i?eiaieoaeueii eeoue e noaeaaiiio ?acae?aoaeuenoao. Yoe iieiaeaiey no.
334 OIE ?ani?ino?aiythony ia eannaoeeiiiia i?iecaiaenoai. *oi eanaaony noaeaaiie
i?aeoeee, oi iia aeaaii iioea ii iooe ioe?uoiai ?anniio?aiey a noaeaaiii
canaaeaiee aii?inia, naycaiiuo n eniieiaieai i?eaiai?a. A cae?uouo noaeaaiuo
canaaeaieyo ?anniao?eaathony aeaeiau ia caeeth/aiea iiae no?aaeo eae ia?o
i?ana/aiey eee i?iaeeaiea aa n?iea (no. 220, 220 OIE), a oaeaea ?ac?aoaiea ia
auaieo ii/oiai-oaeaa?aoiie ei??aniiiaeaioeee, i?ineooeaaiea oaeaoiiiuo
ia?aaiai?ia.
Oaeie ii?yaeie, aeaeeii, aoaeao nio?aiai a aeaeueiaeoai i?e -?anniio?aiee
oiaeaoaenoa i ?ac?aoaiee noaeii caeeth/aiey iiaeic?aaaaiiai, iaaeiyaiiai iiae
no?aaeo.
Ia eiie iniiaa no?ieony aeayoaeueiinoue i?aaiia aeiciaiey e
i?aaeaa?eoaeueiiai neaaenoaey. Iniaua oneiaey i?aaeaa?eoaeueiiai i?iecaiaenoaa
o?aaotho cia/eoaeueiiai ia?aie/aiey aeaniinoe. I?aaeaeaa?aiaiiia ?acaeaoaiea
aeaiiuo ?anneaaeiaaiey iiaeao aini?aiyonoaiaaoue ?ane?uoeth i?anooieaiee, a a
?yaea neo/aaa i?e/eieoue na?ueaciue a?aae e iaaeiyaiiio. Iiyoiio aeaiiua
neaaenoaey iiaoo auoue i?aaeaiu aeaniinoe eeoue a oii iauaia, a eaeii yoi
i?eciaao aiciiaeiui neaaeiaaoaeue eee i?ieo?i? (no. 139 OIE). Oai ia iaiaa
i?aaeaa?eoaeueiia ?anneaaeiaaiea ia eeoaii aeaniinoe. Aeaiiua, aeiauoua a oiaea
?anneaaeiaaiey, aeiaiaeyony a aeiionoeiuo i?aaeaeao aei naaaeaiey iauanoaaiiinoe e
n?aaenoa ianniaie eioi?iaoeee.

13. sscue, ia eioi?ii aaaeaony noaeii?iecaiaenoai

Ianoiyuee i?eioeei yaeyaony iaeiei ec i?iyaeaiee a oaieiaiii
noaeii?iecaiaenoaa ainoaea?noaaiiuo aa?aioee iaoeeiiaeueiiai ?aaiii?aaey a?aaeaeai
ai anao noa?ao aeecie e naiaiaeiiai oiio?aaeaiey eie iaoeeiiaeueiuo ycueia. Aai
enoiaeiua iieiaeaiey neiioeaio?e?iaaiu a no. 26 e no. 68 Eiinoeoooeee.
Ainoaea?noaaiiui ycueii ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee ia anae aa oa??eoi?ee yaeyaony
?onneee ycue. ?anioaeeee ai?aaa onoaiaaeeaaoue naie ainoaea?noaaiiua ycuee.
A neeo aeaiiiai i?eioeeia i?iecaiaenoai ii aeaeo a ainoaea?noaaiiuo
o/?aaeaeaieyo a ?anioaeeeao a ninoaaa ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee iiaeao aanoenue ia
ainoaea?noaaiiuo ycueao yoeo ?anioaeee (eee ia ycuea aieueoeinoaa eiiycu/iiai
ianaeaiey, eiiiaeoii i?iaeeaathuaai a eaeie-eeai ianoiinoe) ia?yaeo n
ainoaea?noaaiiui ycueii ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee.
Onoaiaaeeaay ainoaea?noaaiiue ycue, Eiinoeoooeey aianoa n oai aa?aioe?oao
eaaeaeiio i?aai iieueciaaoueny ?iaeiui ycueii (/. 2 no. 26 Eiinoeoooeee). Iiyoiio
o/anoaothuei a aeaea eeoeai, ia aeaaeathuei ycueii eee ycueaie, ia eioi?uo
aaaeaony noaeii?iecaiaenoai, iaania/eaatho i?aai aeaaaoue iieacaiey, aunooiaoue a
noaea ia ?iaeiii ycuea, iieueciaaoueny oneoaaie ia?aaiae/eea a i?ioeannoaeueiuo
aeaenoaeyo, a oii /enea aeey aea/e iauyniaiee, iieacaiee e iieiiai iciaeiieaiey
n iaoa?eaeaie aeaea.
Eeoea, aeaaeathuea ycueii noaeii?iecaiaenoaa, ii aeaeathuea iieueciaaoueny naiei
?iaeiui ycueii, ia eeoathony oaeie aiciiaeiinoe. I?aai a?aaeaeaieia anthaeo
iieueciaaoueny ?iaeiui ycueii aa?aioe?iaaii caeiiii e ia ciaao ieeaeeo
eneeth/aiee.
Oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiue eiaeaen (no. 17) ?ani?ino?aiyao aeaenoaea
i?eioeeia ia ana noaaeee oaieiaiiai i?ioeanna. A eaaeaeie ec ieo auai? ycuea
noaeii?iecaiaenoaa ii?aaeaeyaony caeiiii, a ia aieath neaaeiaaoaey, i?ieo?i?a e
noaea. Noaeuey, ia?iaeiua e i?enyaeiua canaaeaoaee iaycaiu ciaoue ycue, ia eioi?ii
aaaeaony noaeii?iecaiaenoai, a ?aeiia eo th?enaeeeoeee. Iaciaiea eee neaaia ciaiea
ycuea ia iicaieyao ei iaaeeaaeauei ia?acii eniieiyoue naie i?ioeannoaeueiua
iaycaiiinoe aeaaea n iiiiuueth ia?aaiae/eea, noaeueth, i?enyaeiiai canaaeaoaey aiana
eeoaao aiciiaeiinoe o/anoaiaaoue a auianaiee ?aoaiee a niaauaoaeueiie eiiiaoa,
aeinooi a eioi?oth aeey ia?aaiae/eea cae?uo. Iiyoiio ec nieneia i?enyaeiuo
canaaeaoaeae eneeth/athony eeoea, ia aeaaeathuea ycueii, ia eioi?ii aaaeaony
noaeii?iecaiaenoai a aeaiiie ianoiinoe (no. 80 OIE).
Iaciaiea ycuea noaeii?iecaiaenoaa noi?iiaie ia i?aiyonoaoao ei
o/anoaiaaoue a aeaea: inouanoaeyy naith aeayoaeueiinoue, eaaeaeay noi?iia iiaeao
iieueciaaoueny iiiiuueth ia?aaiae/eea.
Inouanoaeaiea ?anniao?eaaaiiai i?eioeeia aa?aioe?oao i?aaa e
iaoeeiiaeueiua eioa?anu anao o/anoaothueo a aeaea eeoe, ia aeaaeathueo ycueii
noaeii?iecaiaenoaa. Yoe i?aaa aeieaeiu auoue ?acuyniaiu e iaania/aia aiciiaeiinoue
eo ?aaeecaoeee. A /anoiinoe, iaaeiyaiiio aeieaeiu auoue naiaa?aiaiii a?o/aiu
neaaenoaaiiua e noaeaaiua aeieoiaiou a ia?aaiaea ia aai ?iaeiie ycue eee ia
ae?oaie ycue, eioi?ui ii aeaaeaao (no. 17 OIE). E oaeei aeieoiaioai, ai anyeii
neo/aa, ioiinyony oa, eioi?ua a?o/athony iaaeiyaiiio. Yoi i?aaeei aeieaeii auoue
?ani?ino?aiaii e ia eiuo o/anoieeia i?ioeanna, eioi?ui aeieaeiu auoue a?o/aiu
i?ioeannoaeueiua aeieoiaiou. O/anoieeai noaeii?iecaiaenoaa, ia aeaaeathuei eee
iaaeinoaoi/ii aeaaeathuei ycueii, ia eioi?ii iii aaaeaony, iaania/eaaaony
?aaainoai i?aaa aeaeaoue cayaeaiey, aeaaaoue iieacaiey, cayaeyoue oiaeaoaenoaa e
ioaiaeu, iiaeaaaoue aeaeiau e aunooiaoue a noaea ia naiai ?iaeiii ycuea. A yoeo
neo/ayo, a oaeaea i?e iciaeiieaiee noi?ii n iaoa?eaeaie oaieiaiiai aeaea iie
ai?aaa iieueciaaoueny aanieaoiie iiiiuueth ia?aaiae/eea.
I?eioeei o?aaoao, /oiau a i?aaeaeao iaeiie e oie aea oa??eoi?ee
?anneaaeiaaiea e noaeaaiia ?acae?aoaeuenoai aeae aaeinue ia iaeiii ycuea. Aaaeaiea
neaaenoaey e noaeaaiiai ?acae?aoaeuenoaa ia ?aciuo ycueao aeiioneaaony, anee,
iai?eia?, auoanoiyuee noae i?eieiaao e naiaio i?iecaiaenoao aeaei, iiaenoaeiia
ieaeanoiyuaio noaeo, e ?anniao?eaaao aai ii ianoo naiaai iaoiaeaeaiey eee
ia?aniao?eaaao ?aoaiea yoiai noaea a eannaoeeiiiii eee iaaeci?iii ii?yaeea.
Noaeii?iecaiaenoai a Aa?oiaiii Noaea ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee aaaeaony ia
?onneii ycuea. I?aaa eeoe, ia aeaaeathueo ?onneei ycueii, iaania/eaathony
o/anoeai a aeaea ia?aaiae/eea.
Anee eeoei ia aeaaeaao ycueii noaeii?iecaiaenoaa, oi ia?aaiae/ee a
iaycaoaeueiii ii?yaeea i?eaeaeaaony e o/anoeth ai anao i?ioeannoaeueiuo
aeaenoaeyo, auiieiyaiuo n o/anoeai oaeiai eeoea. O/anoea ia?aaiae/eea ia oieueei
iaania/eaaao i?aaa e caeiiiua eioa?anu eeoea, ia ciathuaai ycuee
noaeii?iecaiaenoaa, ii e niaeaenoaoao cae?aieaieth aeieacaoaeuenoa, iicaieyao
neaaeiaaoaeth e noaeo iieo/eoue iieioth e oi/ioth eioi?iaoeeth, enoiaeyuoth io
aeii?aoeaaaiuo eee niaea?aeauothny a ienueiaiiuo aeieoiaioao. Aaaeouea aea
i?iecaiaenoai ii aeaeo eeoea ia ai?aaa aeaaea e?aoeia?aiaiii auiieiyoue ooieoeeth
ia?aaiae/eea.
O/eouaay, /oi iiaeic?aaaaiiio e iaaeiyaiiio (iiaenoaeeiiio), ia aeaaeathuaio
ycueii noaeii?iecaiaenoaa, aeaaea n iiiiuueth ia?aaiae/eea o?oaeii inouanoaeyoue naia
i?aai ia caueoo, caeii onoaiaaeeaaao iaycaoaeueiia o/anoea caueoieea a noaaeee
i?aaeaa?eoaeueiiai ?anneaaeiaaiey e i?e ?acae?aoaeuenoaa aeaea a noaea.
Ethaia ia?aie/aiea i?aa iiaeic?aaaaiiai, iaaeiyaiiai, iiaenoaeeiiai,
caueoieea, iaoneiaeaiiia iaciaieai eie ycuea, ia eioi?ii aaaeaony
noaeii?iecaiaenoai, e ia iaania/aiea yoei eeoeai aiciiaeiinoe iieueciaaoueny a
eaaeaeie noaaeee i?ioeanna ?iaeiui ycueii yaeyaony nouanoaaiiui ia?ooaieai
oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiiai caeiia.
I?eioeei ycuea noaeii?iecaiaenoaa aeaeaao aeinooiiui e iiiyoiui oaieiaiia
noaeii?iecaiaenoai aeey a?aaeaeai, aa?aioe?oao ?aaainoai anao o/anoaothueo a aeaea
eeoe ia?aae caeiiii e noaeii iacaaeneii io iaoeeiiaeueiie i?eiaaeeaaeiinoe, nicaeaao
oneiaey aeey ananoi?iiiaai, iieiiai e iauaeoeaiiai enneaaeiaaiey ianoiyoaeuenoa
aeaea, iaania/eaaao ?aaeecaoeeth aeaniinoe e ae?oaeo ia/ae i?ioeanna, iicaieyao
caeioa?aniaaiiui eeoeai eniieueciaaoue i?aaeinoaaeaiiua ei caeiiii n?aaenoaa aeey
caueou naieo i?aa e eioa?ania. Ionthaea – ia?ooaiea i?aaee i ycuea
noaeii?iecaiaenoaa yaeyaony iniiaaieai aeey ioiaiu i?eaiai?a e ae?oaeo
i?ioeannoaeueiuo ?aoaiee, i?eieiaaiuo ii aeaeo (i. 4 Caeiia i ycueao ia?iaeia
?NON?, no. 345 OIE).

14. Iaania/aiea iiaeic?aaaaiiio, iaaeiyaiiio e iiaenoaeeiiio i?aaa ia caueoo

I?aai iiaeic?aaaaiiai e iaaeiyaiiai (iiaenoaeeiiai) ia caueoo ia?acoao any
niaieoiiinoue i?eiaaeeaaeaueo ei i?aa, inouanoaeaiea eioi?uo aeaao aiciiaeiinoue
inia?eaaoue auaeaeiooia i?ioea ieo iiaeic?aiea eee iaaeiaiea a niaa?oaiee
i?anooieaiey, aeieacuaaoue naith iai?e/anoiinoue e i?anooieaieth, iaaeiiaiinoue
eee iaiueooth noaiaiue aeiu, caueuaoue ae?oaea caeiiiua eioa?anu a aeaea
(ii?aeueiua, eiouanoaaiiua, o?oaeiaua e ae?.).
I?aai iiaeic?aaaaiiai, iaaeiyaiiai e iiaenoaeeiiai ia caueoo aeeth/aao a
naay e i?aai eiaoue caueoieea, i?ecaaiiiai auyniyoue ana ianoiyoaeuenoaa,
aiai?yuea a eo iieueco, a oaeaea ieacuaaoue ei iaiaoiaeeioth th?eaee/aneoth iiiiuue.
A no. 48 Eiinoeoooeee caienaii: “Eaaeaeiio aa?aioe?oaony i?aai ia
iieo/aiea eaaeeoeoee?iaaiiie th?eaee/aneie iiiiue. A neo/ayo, i?aaeoniio?aiiuo
caeiiii, th?eaee/aneay iiiiuue ieacuaaaony aanieaoii”. I?e ieacaiee aanieaoiie
th?eaee/aneie iiiiue iieaoa o?oaea aaeaieaoia ii caueoa eeoe, inaiaiaeaeaiiuo
iieiinoueth eee /anoe/ii i?aaiii aeiciaiey, i?aaeaa?eoaeueiiai neaaenoaey,
i?ieo?i?ii eee noaeii, a i?iecaiaenoaa eioi?uo iaoiaeeony aeaei, io ianaiey
?anoiaeia ia iieaoo th?eaee/aneie iiiiue, a oaeaea i?e o/anoee eo a i?iecaiaenoaa
aeiciaiey, i?aaeaa?eoaeueiiai neaaenoaey eee a noaea ii iacia/aieth i?iecaiaeeony
ec n?aaenoa ?anioaeeeaineiai athaeaeaoa (/. 2 no. 47). I?aaa, eioi?uie
iaaeaeyaony caueoiee aeey auiieiaiey naieo iaycaiiinoae, aoiaeyo a ea/anoaa
ninoaaiie /anoe a niaea?aeaiea i?aaa ia caueoo. Eo ia?ooaiea anaaaea ia?ooaao e
i?aai iiaecaueoiuo.
I?aai ia caueoo iaioaeaeeii io aa?aioee aai inouanoaeaiey. I?aaiu
aeiciaiey, neaaeiaaoaeue, i?ieo?i? e noae iaycaiu iaania/eoue iiaeic?aaaaiiio,
iaaeiyaiiio e iiaenoaeeiiio aiciiaeiinoue caueuaoueny onoaiiaeaiiui caeiiii
n?aaenoaaie e niiniaaie, a oaeaea io?aio eo ee/iuo e eiouanoaaiiuo i?aa (/. 2
no. 19, no. 58 OIE). Aac oaeie iaania/aiiinoe i?aaa ia caueoo ni noi?iiu
i?aaiia ainoaea?noaa iii i?aa?aoeony a ionooth aeaeea?aoeeth. Yoe aea i?aaiu
iaycaiu auyaeyoue ii eaaeaeiio aeaeo, ia?yaeo n iaee/athueie iiaeic?aaaaiiai e
iaaeiyaiiai ianoiyoaeuenoaaie, ii?aaaeuaathuea e niya/athuea eo aeio
ianoiyoaeuenoaa, i?e/ai iacaaeneii io oiai, auyaeaiu ee iie caueoie (no. 20
OIE).
Iiaeic?aaaaiue, iaaeiyaiue e iiaenoaeeiue eiatho i?aai eca?aoue naaa
aeaeaaiiai caueoieea, a anee caueoiee ia aue eca?ai, oi cayaeoue i?inueao i aai
iacia/aiee, eioi?oth i?aaiu ainoaea?noaa iaycaiu oaeiaeaoai?eoue.
?aiaa (aei aeaeaa?y 1989 a.) caueoiee o/anoaiaae eeoue ia i?aaeaa?eoaeueiii
neaaenoaee e ii iauaio i?aaeeo n iiiaioa aai ieii/aiey e i?aaeuyaeaiey
iaaeiyaiiio aeey iciaeiieaiey anao iaoa?eaeia aeaea. Oieueei ii aeaeai i
i?anooieaieyo ianiaa?oaiiieaoieo e eeoe, eeoaiiuo a neeo oece/aneeo eee
ineoe/aneeo iaaeinoaoeia aiciiaeiinoe ee/ii inouanoaeyoue caueoo, caueoiee
anooiae a i?ioeann n iiiaioa i?aaeuyaeaiey iaaeiaiey. Iiaeic?aaaaiue aiiaua ia
eiae i?aaa ia o/anoea a aeaea caueoieea. ?anoe?aiea i?aa caueoieea
i?aaeoniio?aii noaeaaiie ?aoi?iie. A ea/anoaa aeiiieieoaeueiie aa?aioee i?aaa ia
caueoo caeii onoaiaaeeaaao neo/ae iaycaoaeueiiai iacia/aiey iiaeic?aaaaiiio,
iaaeiyaiiio e iiaenoaeeiiio, caueoieea iacaaeneii io eo i?inueau, e aeaaea
aii?aee eo aeaeaieth. Yoi eanaaony ianiaa?oaiiieaoieo, iaiuo, aeooeo, neaiuo e
ae?oaeo eeoe, eioi?ua a neeo naieo oece/aneeo eee ineoe/aneeo iaaeinoaoeia ia
iiaoo naie inouanoaeyoue naith caueoo, a oaeaea eeoe, ia aeaaeathueo ycueii, ia
eioi?ii aaaeaony noaeii?iecaiaenoai. E?iia oiai, o/anoea caueoieea iaycaoaeueii
ii aeaeai eeoe, iaaeiyaiuo a niaa?oaiee i?anooieaiee, ca eioi?ua a ea/anoaa
ia?u iaeacaiey iiaeao auoue iacia/aia nia?oiay eaciue (no. 49 OIE). E?iia oiai,
i?aaeoniio?aii iaycaoaeueiia o/anoea caueoieea a ?anniio?aiee aeaea noaeii
i?enyaeiuo (no. 426 OIE). Caeii i?aaeinoaaee caueoieeo i?aai eiaoue naeaeaiea
iaaaeeia n iiaecaueoiui n iiiaioa anooieaiey aai a aeaei e ?anoe?ee aai i?aaa
ia iciaeiieaiea n iaeioi?uie iaoa?eaeaie aeaea oaea a oiaea i?aaeaa?eoaeueiiai
?anneaaeiaaiey e i?aai o/anoaiaaoue i?e i?iecaiaenoaa neaaenoaaiiuo aeaenoaee
(no. 51 OIE).
Ii aeaeai, ii eioi?ui ia i?iecaiaeeeinue i?aaeaa?eoaeueiiai ?anneaaeiaaiey,
caueoiee aeiioneaaony e o/anoeth a aeaea n iiiaioa i?eiyoey noaeii aeaea e naiaio
i?iecaiaenoao (/. 3 no. 47 OIE). Ioeacaoueny io i?eiyoie ia naay caueou ii ia
eiaao i?aaa.
Iaaeiyaiue ai anao noaaeeyo i?ioeanna yaeyaony noauaeoii i?aaa ia caueoo,
ii iauai aai I?ioeannoaeueiuo i?aa iaiaeeiaeia. Iaeaieaa oe?ie iauai yoeo i?aa
a noaeaaiii ?acae?aoaeuenoaa, aaea iaaeiyaiue caieiaao iieiaeaiea ?aaiii?aaiie n
iaaeiaieai noi?iiu.
I?aai ia caueoo ia oieueei aa?aioey eioa?ania ee/iinoe, ii e aa?aioey
eioa?ania i?aainoaeey, iii – nioeeaeueiay oeaiiinoue. Iaee/ea o caueoieea oe?ieie
aiciiaeiinoe inia?eaaoue auaiaeu iaaeieoaeueiie aeanoe, i?aaenoaaeyoue
aeieacaoaeuenoaa e aeiaiaeu a iieueco iiaecaueoiiai nicaeaao iaeeo/oea oneiaey aeey
ananoi?iiiaai, iieiiai e iauaeoeaiiai enneaaeiaaiey ianoiyoaeuenoa aeaea,
onoaiiaeaiey ii iaio enoeiu.
?anoe?aiea i?aaa ia caueoo ia neoaeeo iiiaoie ?ane?uoeth i?anooieaiee, ia
niinianoaoao oeeiiaieth i?anooiieea io ioaaonoaaiiinoe, a, iaiai?io,
niaeaenoaoao inouanoaeaieth caaea/ oaieiaiiai noaeii?iecaiaenoaa, i?aaeioa?auaao
neaaenoaaiiua e noaeaaiua ioeaee.

15. I?acoiioeey iaaeiiaiinoe

A no. 49 Eiinoeoooeee ?O caienaii: “Eaaeaeue iaaeiyaiue a niaa?oaiee
i?anooieaiey n/eoaaony iaaeiiaiui, iiea aai aeiiaiinoue ia aoaeao aeieacaia a
i?aaeoniio?aiiii oaaea?aeueiui caeiiii ii?yaeea e onoaiiaeaia anooieaoei a
caeiiioth neeo i?eaiai?ii noaea”.
I?acoiioeey iaaeiiaiinoe au?aaeaao niaie ia ee/iia iiaiea oiai eee eiiai
eeoea, aaaeouaai i?iecaiaenoai ii aeaeo, a iauaeoeaiia i?aaiaia iieiaeaiea.
Neaaeiaaoaeue, eioi?ue oi?ioee?oao iaaeiaiea, i?aaeuyaeyao aai iaaeiyaiiio,
ninoaaeyao iaaeieoaeueiia caeeth/aiea, e i?ieo?i?, eioi?ue ooaa?aeaeaao yoi
caeeth/aiea e i?eoiaeeo a noae iiaeaea?aeeaaoue iaaeiaiea, eiia/ii aea, n/eoatho
iaaeiyaiiai aeiiaiui, oaaaeaeaiu a yoii, eia/a iie ia iinooiaee au oaeei
ia?acii. Iaaeiyaiiai iaaeiiaiui n/eoaao caeii, eioi?ue aiciiaeiinoue i?eciaiey
aai aeiiaiui naycuaaao n oaeei ii?yaeeii noaeii?iecaiaenoaa, i?e eioi?ii
i?ienoiaeeo iieiia e ananoi?iiiaa noaeaaiia enneaaeiaaiea anao ianoiyoaeuenoa
aeaea ia iniiaa aeaniinoe, onoiinoe, ninoycaoaeueiinoe e ae?oaeo
aeaiie?aoe/aneeo i?eioeeiia i?ioeanna, o. a. n iaycaoaeueiui i?iaaaeaieai
noaeaaiiai ?acae?aoaeuenoaa – noaaeee, aaea nin?aaeioi/aiu iaeneiaeueiua aa?aioee
i?aa e caeiiiuo eioa?ania iaaeiyaiiai e i?iaa?ee aeieacaiiinoe iaaeiaiey.
Oieueei oiaaea, eiaaea ii aeaeo ninoiyeinue noaeaaiia ?acae?aoaeuenoai e auianaiiue
noaeii iaaeieoaeueiue i?eaiai? anooiee a caeiiioth neeo, ainoaea?noai i?eieiaao
ia naay ioaaonoaaiiinoue ca i?aaeeueiinoue i?eciaiey iiaenoaeeiiai aeiiaiui e aai
inoaeaeaiey”. Io oaeiai ii?yaeea onoaiiaeaiey aeiiaiinoe ionooiaoue iaeuecy. A
yoii e caeeth/aaony nouiinoue i?eioeeia i?acoiioeee iaaeiiaiinoe eae
iauaeoeaiiai i?aaiaiai iieiaeaiey, eioi?ia iaycaoaeueii aeey anao eeoe, aaaeoueo
noaeii?iecaiaenoai, a oaeaea e anao eiuo o/?aaeaeaiee, i?aaiecaoeee, aeieaeiinoiuo
eeoe e a?aaeaeai, eioi?ua ia eiatho i?aaa iinooiaoue n iaaeiyaiui eae n aeiiaiui.
I?eioeei i?acoiioeee iaaeiiaiinoe ii?aaeaeyao i?aaiaie noaoon iaaeiyaiiai
ia oieueei a oaieiaiii i?ioeanna, ii e ai anao iauanoaaiiuo ioiioaieyo, a
eioi?uo ii aunooiaao a ea/anoaa iaeiiai ec noauaeoia. Aei anooieaiey i?eaiai?a
a caeiiioth neeo ca iaaeiyaiui, niaea?aeaueiny iiae no?aaeae, nio?aiyaony i?aai
ia o/anoea a auai?ao, i?aai ia iieueciaaiea aeeeui iiiauaieai, aai ieeoi ia
iiaeao oaieeoue n ?aaiou eee io/eneeoue ec o/aaiiai caaaaeaiey (/. 4 i.3 no. 32
Eiinoeoooeee, i. 7 no. 60 AEE ?NON?, i. 7 no. 28 ECiO ?NON?).
Oae eae i?eciaiea eeoea aeiiaiui a niaa?oaiee i?anooieaiey ninoaaeyao
eneeth/eoaeueioth i?a?iaaoeao noaea, i?eaea/aiea e aeaeo a ea/anoaa iaaeiyaiiai
ia ii?iaeaeaao ia/aea ?aaeecaoeee oaieiaiie ioaaonoaaiiinoe. Oaieiaiay
ioaaonoaaiiinoue i?iecaiaeiay io aeiiaiinoe e iiaeao auoue aiceiaeaia oieueei
i?eaiai?ii noaea ia eeoei, aeiiaiia a niaa?oaiee i?anooieaiey (/. 1 no. 3
OIE)2.
Iaaeiyaiue iiaeao auoue i?eciai aeiiaiui i?e oneiaee ianiiiaiiie
aeieacaiiinoe aai aeiiaiinoe, e yoa iaycaiiinoue eaaeeo ia oao aaaeoueo
i?iecaiaenoai ii aeaeo aeieaeiinoiuo eeoeao, eioi?ua auiieiytho ooieoeeth iaaeiaiey,
– eeoea, i?iecaiaeyuai aeiciaiea, neaaeiaaoaea e i?ieo?i?a.
(1) Ec i?acoiioeee iaaeiiaiinoe neaaeoao, /oi: “Iaaeiyaiue ia iaycai
aeieacuaaoue naith iaaeiiaiinoue” (i. 2 no. 49 Eiinoeoooeee). Auaiae i aeiiaiinoe
eeoea a niaa?oaiea i?anooieaiey ia iiaeao iniiauaaoueny ia i?aaeiieiaeaieyo e
aeieaeai auoue aia niiiaiee iiaeoaa?aeaeai aeinoaoi/iie niaieoiiinoueth
aeieacaoaeuenoa. I?e ionoonoaee aeieacaoaeuenoa, n aeinoiaa?iinoueth iiaeoaa?aeaeathueo
iaaeiaiea, e iaaiciiaeiinoe iieo/aiey iiauo aeieacaoaeuenoa aeaei i?ae?auaaony
i?iecaiaenoaii eee iinoaiiaeyaony ii?aaaeaoaeueiue i?eaiai?.
(2) Iaono?aieiua niiiaiey a aeiiaiinoe eeoea oieeothony a iieueco
iaaeiyaiiai (i. 3 no. 49 Eiinoeoooeee).
Yoi i?aaeei ?ani?ino?aiyaony e ia i?aaeaa?eoaeueiia i?iecaiaenoai ii aeaeo.
Ana niiiaiey a aeieacaiiinoe iaaeiaiey (iiaeic?aiey), eioi?ua ia
i?aaenoaaeyaony aiciiaeiui ono?aieoue, ?ac?aoathony a iieueco iaaeiyaiiai
(iiaeic?aaaaiiai). Yoi iiaeao aea/ue ca niaie i?ae?auaiea aeaea, eciaiaiea
iauaia iaaeiaiey, eciaiaiea eaaeeoeeaoeee niaeayiiiai.
Noaeu, eioi?ua a yoeo neo/ayo aianoi auianaiey ii?aaaeaoaeueiiai i?eaiai?a
iai?aaeytho aeaei ia aeiiieieoaeueiia ?anneaaeiaaiea, caaaaeiii ciay, /oi iii
aoaeao i?ae?auaii, eee, aua ooaea, – aii?aee /. 2 no. 309 OIE auiinyo
iaaeieoaeueiue i?eaiai?, a?oai ia?ooatho i?acoiioeeth iaaeiiaiinoe, ?ac?ooatho aa
e?aaoaieueiue eaiaiue – i?aaeei i oieeiaaiee anao iaono?aieiuo niiiaiee a
iieueco iaaeiyaiiai. Noaeai iaiaoiaeeii iieii/eoue n oaeie ii?i/iie i?aeoeeie e
i?e iaee/ee iaono?aieiuo niiiaiee a aeiiaiinoe iiaenoaeeiiai ii?aaaeuaaoue aai,
eiay a aeaeo, /oi caeiiiue e iainiiaaiiue ii?aaaeaoaeueiue i?eaiai? yaeyaony
aaaeiaeoei n?aaenoaii ?aaeecaoeee caaea/ ii i?aaeioa?auaieth inoaeaeaiey iaaeiiaiuo,
ii caueoa naiaiae e caeiiiuo eioa?ania a?aaeaeai. Auoaeathuea ec i?acoiioeee
iaaeiiaiinoe iieiaeaiey i oii, /oi iaaeieoaeueiue i?eaiai? iiaeao auoue auianai
i?e oneiaee ianiiiaiiie aeieacaiiinoe iaaeiaiey (/. 2 no. 309 OIE) e /oi
iaaeieacaiiay aeiiaiinoue th?eaee/anee ?aaiicia/ia aeieacaiiie iaaeiiaiinoe,
eiatho aaniethoiue oa?aeoa? e ia ciatho ieeaeeo eneeth/aiee.
Neaaeoao ia?aoeoue aieiaiea ia oi, /oi a noaea i?enyaeiuo ia i?aaeoniio?aia
aiciiaeiinoue aica?auaiey aeaea aeey aeiiieieoaeueiiai ?anneaaeiaaiey ec noaeaaiiai
?acae?aoaeuenoaa, eieeaaey i?enyaeiuo aeieaeia ioaaoeoue oieueei ia aii?in i
aeieacaiiinoe iaaeiaiey ia iniiaa aeieacaoaeuenoa, eioi?ua iaiin?aaenoaaiii
enneaaeiaaiu a noaeaaiii ?acae?aoaeuenoaa. Iaaeieoaeueiue aa?aeeeo iiaeao auoue
iinoaiiaeai oieueei i?e oneiaee, eiaaea i?enyaeiua n/eoatho aeio iaaeiyaiiai
aeieacaiiie. “Iaono?aieiua niiiaiey a aeiiaiinoe eeoea oieeothony a iieueco
iaaeiyaiiai” (i. 3 no. 49 Eiinoeoooeee).
A iaioonoaaiiii neiaa i?aaenaaeaoaeuenoaothuee aeieaeai ?acuynieoue i?enyaeiui
nouiinoue i?eioeeia i?acoiioeee iaaeiiaiinoe, iieiaeaiea i oieeiaaiee
iaono?aieiuo niiiaiee a iieueco iiaenoaeeiiai.
I?acoiioeey iaaeiiaiinoe ioaa?aaao iaaeieoaeueiue oeeii ai anao oi?iao
aai i?iyaeaiey e neoaeeo aaaeiui aa?aioii i?aaa iaaeiyaiiai ia caueoo.
Iaaeiyaiue iaaeaeyaony i?aaii caueuaoueny io i?aaeuyaeaiiiai iaaeiaiey eiaiii
iioiio, /oi aei anooieaiey i?eaiai?a a caeiiioth neeo ii n/eoaaony iaaeiiaiui.
I?acoiioeey iaaeiiaiinoe inaiaiaeaeaao iaaeiyaiiai io iaycaiiinoe aeieacuaaoue
naith iaaeiiaiinoue, i?aiyonoaoao ia?aioeaiea niciaiey iaaeiyaiiai (no. 77 OIE)
e aeaenoaoao iacaaeneii io oiai, i?eciaao ee ii naay aeiiaiui.
N i?acoiioeeae iaaeiiaiinoe ia anooiatho a i?ioeai?a/ea niiauaiey n?aaenoa
ianniaie eioi?iaoeee i oiaea i?iecaiaenoaa ii oaieiaiiio aeaeo, anee oaeea
niiauaiey naeaeaiu a onoaiiaeaiiii. caeiiii ii?yaeea, iinyo eioi?iaoeaiue
oa?aeoa?, ia niaea?aeao auaiaeia i aeiiaiinoe iaaeiyaiiai, ia iauyaeytho aai
i?anooiieeii aei auianaiey i?eaiai?a e ia ieacuaatho aeaaeaiey ia noae. Eeoei,
i?eciaiiia neaaeiaaoaeai eee noaeii iaaeiiaiui, ia?yaeo n i?aaii ia iieiia
aiciauaiea i?e/eiaiiiai aio oua?aa, iiaeao o?aaiaaoue io n?aaenoa ianniaie
eioi?iaoeee niiauaiey i aai ?aaaeeeoaoeee – ii?iaa?aeaiey iioaeeeiaaiiuo
naaaeaiee, ia niioaaonoaothueo aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe e ii?i/aueo aai /anoue e
aeinoieinoai, a oii /enea ioaeeeaoeeth naiaai ioaaoa a oii aea n?aaenoaa ianniaie
eioi?iaoeee. I?e ii?aaeaeaiiuo oneiaeyo ii?aeueiue a?aae, i?e/eiaiiue
iaaeiiaiiio, iiaeao aiciauaoueny ii ?aoaieth noaea a aeaiaaeiii au?aaeaiee (no. 43,
44, 62 caeiia ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee “I n?aaenoaao ianniaie eioi?iaoeee”, /. 7
no. 7 AE ?NON? a ?aaeaeoeee caeiia io 21 ia?oa 1991 a.).
I?acoiioeey iaaeiiaiinoe neoaeeo ia oieueei aa?aioeae aeey iaaeiyaiiai io
iaiainiiaaiiiai iaaeiaiey e inoaeaeaiey. A o?aaiaaiey i ianiiiaiiie
aeieacaiiinoe iaaeiaiey e enoieeiaaiee iaono?aieiuo niiiaiee a iieueco
iaaeiyaiiai iaoeaeeaatho i?aaiu ainoaea?noaa ia iauaeoeaiia, aani?eno?anoiia
onoaiiaeaiea ianoiyoaeuenoa aeaea, aac /aai iaaiciiaeii iainiiaaiiia e
ni?aaaaeeeaia ?aoaiea aeaea noaeii. Iaeaeoee iooiae a noi?iio io i?acoiioeee
iaaeiiaiinoe aaaeao e ia?ooaieth caeiiiinoe a i?aainoaeee e ouaieaieth i?aa e
caeiiiuo eioa?ania a?aaeaeai.
I?eioeei i?acoiioeee iaaeiiaiinoe yaeyaony iniiaiiieaaathuei e?aaei anyeiai
oeeaeeeciaaiiiai ainoaea?noaa, ii caienai ai anao iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo iaeoao i
i?aaao /aeiaaea
16. Ananoi?iiiinoue, iieiioa e iauaeoeaiinoue enneaaeiaaiey ianoiyoaeuenoa aeaea

Ia iniiaaiee no. 20 OIE noae, i?ieo?i?, neaaeiaaoaeue e eeoei, i?iecaiaeyuaa
aeiciaiea, iaycaiu i?eiyoue ana i?aaeoniio?aiiua caeiiii ia?u aeey
ananoi?iiiaai, iieiiai e iauaeoeaiiai enneaaeiaaiey ianoiyoaeuenoa aeaea, aeey
auyaeaiey eae oee/athueo, oae e ii?aaaeuaathueo iaaeiyaiiai, >a oaeaea
niya/athueo e ioya/athueo aai ioaaonoaaiiinoue ianoiyoaeuenoa. O?aaiaaiea
ananoi?iiiinoe, iieiiou e iauaeoeaiinoe ioiinyony e i?iaa?ea e ioeaiea anao
nia?aiiuo ii aeaeo aeieacaoaeuenoa (4.1 no. 69, /.3 no. 70, 4.1 no. 71, no. 343
OIE). Yoi icia/aao, /oi ?anniao?eaaaiue i?eioeei ia?auai e enneaaeiaaieth
ianoiyoaeuenoa aeaea, e aeieacaoaeuenoa.
O?aaiaaiey ananoi?iiiinoe, iieiiou e iauaeoeaiinoe acaeiiiaoneiaeaiu,
ii ia acaeiicaiaiyaiu.
Ananoi?iiiinoue enneaaeiaaiey i?aaeiieaaaao auyniaiea ni anao noi?ii
th?eaee/anee cia/eiuo ianoiyoaeuenoa e ioiineiuo aeieacaoaeuenoa ni anaie
i?enoueie ei naienoaaie, ea/anoaaie e i?eciaeaie, eo naycae, ioiioaiee e
caaeneiinoae. Ananoi?iiiinoe enneaaeiaaiey niaeaenoaotho naiaa?aiaiiia
auaeaeaeaiea e ouaoaeueiay i?iaa?ea anao iauaeoeaii aiciiaeiuo aa?nee. Oaeay
i?iaa?ea aa?nee ii?aaeaeyao iai?aaeaiea aeieacaoaeuenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe,
i?aaeioa?auaao iaeiinoi?iiiinoue e noauaeoeaeci e iaania/eaaao i?aaeeueiue oiae
aeieacuaaiey.
Iieiioa enneaaeiaaiey caeeth/aaony a auyniaiee anao ianoiyoaeuenoa,
iiaeeaaeaueo iaycaoaeueiiio onoaiiaeaieth ii aeaeo, e a i?eaea/aiee oaeie
niaieoiiinoe aeieacaoaeuenoa, eioi?ay iicaieyao auiieieoue yoo caaea/o. E
th?eaee/anee cia/eiui ioiinyony ianoiyoaeuenoaa, eiathuea cia/aiea aeey
i?aaeeueiiai ?ac?aoaiey aeaea (no. 68 OIE).
Iauaeoeaiinoue ii?aaeaeyao oaeie iiaeoiae e enneaaeiaaieth, eioi?ue iaeeiaeiai
o/eouaaao ana ianoiyoaeuenoaa, aiai?yuea eae “ca”, oae e “i?ioea”
iaaeiyaiiai, e au?aaeaao ioaa/athuaa yoiio ioiioaiea e niae?aieth, i?iaa?ea e
ioeaiea aeieacaoaeuenoa. Iauaeoeaiinoue – i?aaiaia e i?aanoaaiiia o?aaiaaiea,
ninoiyuaa a aani?eno?anoiii, iai?aaeacyoii e aeia?iniaanoiii ioiioaiee eeoe,
aaaeoueo i?iecaiaenoai ii aeaeo e i?eieiathueo ?aoaiea e oaeoe/aneiio iaoa?eaeo,
e eneeth/athuaa n eo. noi?iiu noauaeoeaeci, oaiaeaioeeiciinoue e /a?noainoue,
aaaeouea e iaaeieoaeueiiio oeeiio Iauaeoeaiinoue o?aaoao io?aaeaoue a i?eieiaaiuo
?aoaieyo ianoiyoaeuenoaa aeaea oaeeie, eaeeie iie onoaiiaeaiu a oiaea neaaenoaey
eee noaeaaiiai ?acae?aoaeuenoaa.
Ana oiaeaoaenoaa iiaeic?aaaaiiai, iaaeiyaiiai, iioa?iaaoaai, eo
caueoieeia e i?aaenoaaeoaeae i aeiiieiaiee eee i?iaa?ea aeieacaoaeuenoa, anee
iie eiatho cia/aiea ii aeaeo, aeieaeiu oaeiaeaoai?youeny. AEaeiau ia ia?ooaiea
caeiiiinoe a oiaea noaeii?iecaiaenoaa aeieaeiu naiaa?aiaiii e ouaoaeueii
i?iaa?youeny.
I?eioeei ananoi?iiiinoe, iieiiou e iauaeoeaiinoe eneeth/aao aiciiaeiinoue
eniieueciaaiey a aeieacuaaiee aaci?aanoaaiiuo n?aaenoa, a /anoiinoe, iieo/aiea
iieacaiee iaaeiyaiiai e ae?oaeo o/anoaothueo a aeaea eeoe iooai ianeeey, oa?ic e
ae?oaeo iacaeiiiuo ia? (/. 3 no. 20 OIE). I?e onoaiiaeaiee iiaeiaiuo oaeoia,
eiaaoeo ianoi i?e i?iecaiaenoaa ?anneaaeiaaiey, noaeu aeieaeiu i?eieiaoue
iaiaoiaeeiua ia?u aeey i?eaea/aiey e ioaaonoaaiiinoe aeiiaiuo a yoii
aeieaeiinoiuo eeoe.
Aeaenoaoy ai anao noaaeeyo i?ioeanna, oeacaiiue i?eioeei iaania/eaaao
caeiiiinoue e iainiiaaiiinoue anao neaaenoaaiiuo e noaeaaiuo aeoia, neoaeeo
onoaiiaeaieth enoeiu ii aeaeo. Aai o?aaiaaiey eaaeao a iniiaa i?aaee i
niaaeeiaiee e auaeaeaiee oaieiaiuo aeae (no. 26 OIE), a iniiaaieyo i?eaea/aiey
eeoea a ea/anoaa iaaeiyaiiai (no. 143 OIE), ninoaaeaiey e ooaa?aeaeaiey
iaaeieoaeueiiai caeeth/aiey (no. 201, 213, 214 OIE), iinoaiiaeaiey aa?aeeeoa e
i?eaiai?a (no. 309, 443 OIE) e ae?.
Iniaia cia/aiea a auiieiaiee o?aaiaaiey no. 20 OIE eiaao noaeaaiia
?acae?aoaeuenoai, aaea eniuouaaao naay ia i?i/iinoue aeieacaoaeuenoaaiiia caeaiea,
iino?iaiiia iaaeieoaeai, aaea noae iiaeao iniiauaaoue naie aa?aeeeo e i?eaiai?
eneeth/eoaeueii ia oao aeieacaoaeuenoaao, eioi?ua iaiin?aaenoaaiii ?anniio?aiu a
noaeaaiii canaaeaiee (/. 2 no. 301, /. 7 no. 451 OIE).
I?eioeei ananoi?iiiinoe, iieiiou e iauaeoeaiinoe iaania/eaaaony ?yaeii
i?ioeannoaeueiuo aa?aioee, a oii /enea i?aaeeaie ia ioaiaea caeioa?aniaaiiuo a
enoiaea aeaea eeoe (no. 59-67, 439, 441 OIE) e ii?iaie caeiia,
i?aaeoniao?eaathueie neo/ae, eiaaea ia?ooaiea no. 20 OIE aea/ao ca niaie
i?eciaiea auianaiiuo ?aoaiee iacaeiiiuie (no. 343, 465 OIE).

17. Inouanoaeaiea noaeii?iecaiaenoaa ia iniiaa ninoycaoaeueiinoe e
?aaiii?aaey noi?ii

Yoio i?eioeei caienai a Eiinoeoooeee. I?eioeei ninoycaoaeueiinoe
oa?aeoa?ecoao oaeia iino?iaiea noaeaaiiai i?ioeanna, a eioi?ii ooieoeee
iaaeiaiey e caueou e i?eiueathuea e iei ooieoeee iiaeaea?aeaiey a?aaeaeaineiai enea
e aic?aaeaiey i?ioea iaai ?aciaaeaaaiu iaaeaeo niaie, ioaeaeaiu io noaeaaiie
aeayoaeueiinoe e auiieiythony noi?iiaie, iieuecothueieny ?aaiuie i?ioeannoaeueiuie
i?aaaie aeey ionoaeaaiey naieo eioa?ania, a noae caieiaao ?oeiaiaeyuaa
iieiaeaiea a i?ioeanna, nio?aiyy iauaeoeaiinoue e aani?eno?anoiinoue, nicaeaao,
iaiaoiaeeiua oneiaey aeey ananoi?iiiaai, iieiiai iauaeoeaiiai enneaaeiaaiey
ianoiyoaeuenoa aeaea e ?ac?aoaao naii yoi aeaei (no., 123 Eiinoeoooeee, no. 245,
248, 249, 429 OIE e ae?.). Oaeei ia?acii, iniiaiuie yeaiaioaie i?eioeeia
ninoycaoaeueiinoe yaeythony (1) ioaeaeaiea ooieoeee iaaeiaiey e caueou
(iiaeaea?aeaiey a?aaeaeaineiai enea e ioaaoa ia iaai) io ooieoeee i?aainoaeey e eo
?aciaaeaaaiea iaaeaeo niaie, (2) iaaeaeaiea noi?ii ?aaiuie i?ioeannoaeueiuie
i?aaaie aeey inouanoaeaiey naieo ooieoeee, a oaeaea (3) ?oeiaiaeyuaa iieiaeaiea
noaea a i?ioeanna e i?aaeinoaaeaiea oieueei noaeo i?aaa i?eieiaoue ii aeaeo
?aoaiea.
Auaeaeaiea iaaeiaiey e caueou a ea/anoaa naiinoiyoaeueiuo ooieoeee, eo
?aciaaeaaaiea iaaeaeo niaie e ioaeaeaiea io noaeaaiie aeayoaeueiinoe ninoaaeytho oo
iniiao, ia eioi?ie noieo e aeaenoaoao i?eioeei ninoycaoaeueiinoe. Niaaeeiaiea
aeaiiuo ooieoeee a iaeiii eeoea ianiaianoeii n caeiiaie eiaeee e ineoieiaee. I?e
oaeii iino?iaiee i?ioeanna noi?iiu eeoathony aiciiaeiinoe inouanoaeyoue naie
i?aaa, a noae iaecaaaeii i?aa?auaaony a iie?iaeoaey iaeiie ec noi?ii, /aua
anaai noi?iiu iaaeiaiey. Anee aea noi?iiu iacaaeneii ae?oa io ae?oaa auiieiytho
ooieoeee iaaeiaiey e caueou, oi aeieaeai auoue iacaaeneiue io ieo noae,
iauaeoeaii ?ac?aoathuee iaaeiaiea. Eeoue i?e yoii oneiaee caueoa ia?aoaao
?aaeueioth aiciiaeiinoue ionoaeaaoue naie i?aaa e eioa?anu, oniaoii i?ioeainoiyoue
iaaeiaieth, a noaeaaiay aeayoaeueiinoue ia?aaeaeaaony io noauaeoeaecia,
iaeiinoi?iiiinoe. Ii oiio, ?aciaaeaaaiu ee iaaeaeo niaie ooieoeee iaaeiaiey,
caueou e i?aainoaeey, eeanneoeoee?otho oeiu noaeaaiiai i?ioeanna. Caeii no?iai
?aca?aie/eaaao ooieoeee iaaeiaiey, caueou e i?aainoaeey (no. 248, 249, 47, 13
OIE) e iiae oa?icie aaconeiaiie ioiaiu i?eaiai?a Eneeth/aao eo neeyiea (no.
59, 63, 67 OIE).
?aciaaeaaaiea i?ioeannoaeueiuo ooieoeee ia?acoao inoia ninoycaoaeueiinoe, ii
aua ia ii?aaeaeyao oneiaee e niiniaia eo auiieiaiey.
Ii naiiio naiaio nouanoao ninoycaoaeueiinoue iiae?acoiaaaao i?ioeannoaeueiia
?aaiii?aaea noi?ii, ionoaeaathueo ia?aae noaeii naie eioa?anu. I?eciaiea i?aaa
ia ninoycaiea — yoi e i?eciaiea i?aaa ca ninoycathueieny eniieueciaaoue ?aaiua
n?aaenoaa e aiciiaeiinoe aeey iainiiaaiey naieo ooaa?aeaeaiee e o?aaiaaiee e aeey
inia?eaaiey ooaa?aeaeaiee e o?aaiaaiee ae?oaeo noi?ii. I?ioeannoaeueiia
?aaiii?aaea icia/aao, /oi ana, /oi ai?aaa aeaeaoue iaaeieoaeue aeey aeieacuaaiey
iaaeiaiey, ai?aaa aeaeaoue caueoa aeey aai ii?iaa?aeaiey: ana, /oi ai?aaa aeaeaoue
a?aaeaeaineee enoaoe aeey iiaeaea?aeaiey enea, ai?aaa aeaeaoue ioaao/ee aeey
aic?aaeaiey i?ioea iaai. Eiinoeoooeey i?iaicaeaoaao ?aaainoai noi?ii ia?aae
caeiiii e noaeii, a no. 245 OIE eiie?aoii oeacuaaao, /oi iaaeieoaeue
(ainoaea?noaaiiue, /anoiue, iauanoaaiiue), iiaenoaeeiue, aai caueoiee
(iauanoaaiiue caueoiee), a oaeaea iioa?iaaoee, a?aaeaeaineee enoaoe, a?aaeaeaineee
ioaao/ee e eo i?aaenoaaeoaee iieuecothony a noaeaaiii ?acae?aoaeuenoaa ?aaiuie
i?aaaie ii i?aaenoaaeaieth aeieacaoaeuenoa, enneaaeiaaieth aeieacaoaeuenoa e
cayaeaieth oiaeaoaenoa. ?aaainoai i?aa noi?ii onoaiaaeeaaao e no. 429 OIE
I?ioeannoaeueiia ?aaiii?aaea ai?acaei oe?a ia?a/eneaiiuo i?aa e
?ani?ino?aiyaony ia oieueei ia oaeoe/aneoth, ii e ia th?eaee/aneoth noi?iio aeaea.
Eae iaaeieoaeue, oae e iiaenoaeeiue n caueoieeii ai?aaa eceaaaoue naie
niia?aaeaiey e auaiaeu ii iiaiaeo anao aii?inia, aicieeathueo a noaeaaiii
canaaeaiee e ?aoaaiuo i?eaiai?ii, a oii /enea i eaaeeoeeaoeee i?anooieaiey e
i?eiaiaiee iaeacaiey (no. 248, 249, 298, 447 OIE e ae?.).
Ninoycaoaeueiinoue iieo/aao iaeaieaa iieiia e iineaaeiaaoaeueiia
inouanoaeaiea i?e o/anoee noi?ii ia noaea. Iiyoiio a i?aaeeao i?iecaiaenoaa a
noaea i?enyaeiuo i?aaeoniio?aia iaycaoaeueiinoue o/anoey i?ieo?i?a e caueoieea
(no. 426 OIE). I?e ionoonoaee i?ieo?i?a e caueoieea noaeaaiia ?acae?aoaeuenoai
ia ia?anoaao auoue ninoycaoaeueiui. A yoii neo/aa iiaenoaeeiue a ea/anoaa
noi?iiu naiinoiyoaeueii caueuaaony io iaaeiaiey, au?aaeaiiiai a iaaeieoaeueiii
caeeth/aiee, eniieuecoy i?e yoii e i?aaa caueoieea.
Ninoycaoaeueiinoue nio?aiyao naia cia/aiea e oiaaea, eiaaea iaaeieoaeue e
caueoa aaeeiiaeooiu a auaiaea i iaaeiiaiinoe iiaenoaeeiiai. Ionoonoaea iieaieee
iaaeaeo ieie ia niaaeeiyao ooieoeee iaaeiaiey e caueou. I?ieo?i? inoaaony
iaaeieoaeai, caueoiee – caueoieeii, e eaaeaeue inaauaao ianoiyoaeuenoaa aeaea e
eceaaaao naie auaiaeu n iiceoeee naiae i?ioeannoaeueiie ooieoeee.
Ninoycaoaeueiinoue — yoi i?aai iaaeiaiey e caueou ia ?aaiuo iniiaaieyo
ionoaeaaoue naith oi/eo c?aiey ia?aae noaeii, a ia iaycaiiinoue anooiaoue iaaeaeo
niaie a i?aaiaie nii? ii eaaeaeiio iiaiaeo. I?ioeaiiieiaeiinoue ooieoeee iaaeiaiey
e caueou ia i?ioeaiiinoaaeyao eioa?anu ainoaea?noaaiiiai iaaeieoaey caeiiiui
eioa?anai iiaenoaeeiiai. Ainoaea?noaaiiue iaaeieoaeue ionoaeaaao a aeaea
ainoaea?noaaiiue eioa?an – iaaeiyao a i?aaeaeao caeiia e ai eiy caeiiiinoe
eeoue aeaenoaeoaeueii aeiiaiiai, e a oie ia?a, a eaeie iaaeiaiea iiaeoaa?aeaeaaony
aeaiiuie noaeaaiiai neaaenoaey e i?aaeeueii ii nouanoao. Ioeacuaaynue io
iaaeiaiey, ainoaea?noaaiiue iaaeieoaeue i?eciaao oai naiui ioeaeo i?e
ooaa?aeaeaiee iaaeieoaeueiiai caeeth/aiey eee iaaeieacaiiinoue iaaeiaiey a noaea e
a niioaaonoaee n yoei ioeacuaaaony io iaaeiaiey iieiinoueth eee /anoe/ii, a ia
i?enaaeaaao naaa ooieoeee caueou.
Ia niaaeeiyao ooieoeee iaaeiaiey e caueou e i?eciaiea iiaenoaeeiui naiae
aeiu.
Ia/aei ninoycaoaeueiinoe ni/aoaao aeoeaiinoue noi?ii n ?oeiaiaeyuae ?ieueth
noaea a i?ioeanna.
Noae aeieaeai nicaeaoue iaiaoiaeeiua oneiaey aeey ananoi?iiiaai, iieiiai e
iauaeoeaiiai enneaaeiaaiey aeaea – ii eneeth/aao ec ?anniio?aiey iaaeiionoeiua
aeieacaoaeuenoaa, eaeie au noi?iiie iie ie i?aaenoaaeyeenue: ?aoaoue aii?in ia
enneaaeiaaiee aeieacaoaeuenoa, ?aiaa eneeth/aiiuo ec ?acae?aoaeuenoaa aeaea: ii
oiaeaoaenoao noi?ii ?anniao?eaaoue iiaua aeieacaoaeuenoaa: ?oeiaiaeeo oiaeii
noaeaaiiai ?acae?aoaeuenoaa e ae?.
A ninoycaoaeueiii i?ioeanna noae ia iiaeao aicaoaeaeaoue aeaei ii iiaiio
iaaeiaieth eee a ioiioaiee iiaiai eeoea, ia iiaeao aac oiaeaoaenoaa noi?iiu
iai?aaeyoue aeaei aeey aeiiieieoaeueiiai ?anneaaeiaaiey (no. 429 OIE).
Ioeac i?ieo?i?a io iaaeiaiey i?e ionoonoaee aic?aaeaiey ni noi?iiu
iioa?iaaoaai aea/ao ca niaie i?ae?auaiea aeaea (no. 430 OIE).
I?eioeei ninoycaoaeueiinoe iaeaieaa iineaaeiaaoaeueii i?iaaaeai a caeiia, a
?acae. O OIE, ?aaoee?othuai i?iecaiaenoai a noaea i?enyaeiuo. Aeaeueiaeoaa
i?eaaaeaiea OIE a niioaaonoaea n Eiinoeoooeeae ?O aeieaeii eciaieoue iieiiii/ey
noaea e i?aaeea noaeaaiiai ?acae?aoaeuenoaa, iacaaeneii io ninoaaa noaea,
?anniao?eaathuaai aeaei, n oai /oiau iineaaeiaaoaeueii auee ?acaeaeaiu ooieoeee
noaea e noi?ii.
?aaainoai noi?ii e ninoycaoaeueiinoue – iiao/ee iaoiae iiciaiey enoeiu,
aa?aioey i?aa e caeiiiuo eioa?ania noi?ii. Ninoycaoaeueiia ia/aei ii?aaeaeyao
eeoei anaai noaeaaiiai i?ioeanna, aanue aai no?ie, i?eaeaao i?eaiai?o neeo iniaie
oaaaeeoaeueiinoe, iiauoaao aai i?aaiaoth e nioeeaeueioth cia/eiinoue. Iiieii
noaeaaiiai ?acae?aoaeuenoaa, ninoycaoaeueiinoue a ecaanoiuo i?aaeaeao iaoiaeeo
naia au?aaeaiea a i?aaeaa?eoaeueiii neooaiee aeaea a noaea i?enyaeiuo, a
eannaoeeiiiii i?iecaaaeaoa.
Ia i?aaeaa?eoaeueiii neaaenoaee, aaea neaaeiaaoaeue inouanoaeyao ooieoeeth
iaaeiaiey e nai aea i?eieiaao ?aoaiey ii anai aii?inai i?ioeanna,
inouanoaeyaiay iaaeiyaiui e aai caueoieeii ooieoeey caueou i?e ionoonoaee
?aaiuo i?aa e aiciiaeiinoae ii nai?o e i?aaenoaaeaieth aeieacaoaeuenoa
neaaeiaaoaeae, iaaeiyaiui e aai caueoieeii ia aeaao iniiaaiey n/eoaoue
ninoycaoaeueiinoue i?eioeeiii ?anneaaeiaaiey. I?e anae nayce ninoycaoaeueiinoe e
i?aaa iaaeiyaiiai ia caueoo eaaeaeue ec i?eioeeiia eiaao naie oi?iu i?iyaeaiey.
Oai, aaea ooieoeey iaaeiaiey e ?ac?aoaiey aeaea niaaeeiaiu a iaeieo ?oeao,
i?eioeei ninoycaoaeueiinoe ionoonoaoao. I?iyaeaieai i?eioeeia ninoycaoaeueiinoe
a i?aaeaa?eoaeueiii i?iecaiaenoaa yaeyaony ?anniio?aiea noaeii aeaeia ia ?aoaiea
i?ieo?i?a ia eca?aiee ia?u i?ana/aiey niaea?aeaiey iiae no?aaeae e i?iaeeaiee
n?iea niaea?aeaiey iiae no?aaeae (no. 220, 220 OIE).

18. I?aai ia iaaeaeiaaiea aeaenoaee e ?aoaiee ainoaea?noaaiiuo i?aaiia aeieaeiinoiuo eeoe a oaieiaiii i?ioeanna

Eiinoeoooeeiiiia i?aai eaaeaeiai ia iaaeaeiaaiea ?aoaiee e aeaenoaee
(aacaeaenoaey) i?aaiia ainoaea?noaaiiie aeanoe e aeieaeiinoiuo eeoe a noae (no. 46
Eiinoeoooeee ?O) ?aaeecoaony e a niaoeeaeueiuo i?aaeeao oaieiaiiai
noaeii?iecaiaenoaa, n o/aoii aai niaoeeoeee.
Aeaenoaey e ?aoaiey noaea, i?ieo?i?a, neaaeiaaoaey e eeoea, i?iecaiaeyuaai
aeiciaiea, iiaoo auoue iaaeaeiaaiu a onoaiiaeaiiii OIE ii?yaeea
caeioa?aniaaiiuie a?aaeaeaiaie, i?aaei?eyoeyie, o/?aaeaeaieyie e i?aaiecaoeeyie
(no. 22 OIE). Caeii onoaiaaeeaaao ii?yaeie e n?iee iaaeaeiaaiey e ?anniio?aiey
aeaeia ia aeaenoaey eeoea, i?iecaiaeyuaai aeiciaiea, neaaeiaaoaey, i?ieo?i?a (no.
220 OIE).
Onoaiiaeaiu i?aai e ii?yaeie i?eianaiey aeaeiau ia eca?aiea a ea/anoaa
ia?u i?ana/aiey niaea?aeaiey iiae no?aaeae e i?iaeeaiea n?iea niaea?aeaiey iiae
no?aaeae (no. 220, 220 OIE).
Eaaeaeue inoaeaeaiiue ca i?anooieaiea eiaao i?aai ia ia?aniio? i?eaiai?a
auoanoiyuei noaeii a ii?yaeea, onoaiaaeeaaaiii oaaea?aeueiui caeiiii (i. 3 no.
50 Eiinoeoooeee ?O).
OIE i?aaeoniao?eaaao ii?yaeie i?eianaiey /anoiie aeaeiau, eannaoeeiiiie
aeaeiau e eo ?anniio?aiea.
Eiinoeoooeey onoaiaaeeaaao i?aai eaaeaeiai a niioaaonoaee n iaaeaeoia?iaeiuie
aeiaiai?aie ?O ia?auaoueny a iaaeainoaea?noaaiiua i?aaiu ii caueoa i?aa e naiaiae
/aeiaaea, anee en/a?iaiu ana eiathueany aioo?eainoaea?noaaiiua n?aaenoaa
i?aaiaie caueou (no. 46 Eiinoeoooeee).

19. Iaiin?aaenoaaiiinoue i?ioeanna

I?eioeei iaiin?aaenoaaiiinoe au?aaeaao o?aaiaaiea, ii?aaeaeythuaa
iaycaiiinoue iieiiii/iuo i?aaiia ainoaea?noaa e aeieaeiinoiuo eeoe iieo/aoue
aeieacaoaeuenoaa ec ia?aienoi/ieea, ee/ii enneaaeiaaoue e eniieueciaaoue eo i?e
iainiiaaiee auaiaeia ii aeaeo. I?eioeei iaiin?aaenoaaiiinoe – aaaeiue iaoiae
enneaaeiaaiey aeieacaoaeuenoa.
Iniiaiia niaea?aeaiea i?eioeeia iaiin?aaenoaaiiinoe i?eiaieoaeueii e
noaeaaiiio ?acae?aoaeuenoao ?ane?uoi a no. 240, 301, /.5 no. 451 OIE,
i?aaeienuaathueo noaeo iaiin?aaenoaaiii enneaaeiaaoue aeieacaoaeuenoaa ii aeaeo e
iainiiauaaoue naie i?eaiai? eeoue ia aeieacaoaeuenoaao, auaoeo i?aaeiaoii
?anniio?aiey a noaeaaiii canaaeaiee. Iaiin?aaenoaaiiinoue o?aaoao, /oiau noae
aeii?inee naeaeaoaeae-i/aaeaeoeaa, a ia eeoe, ciathueo ia ianoiyoaeuenoaao aeaea ni
neia iineaaeieo, enneaaeiaae aeieoiaiou a i?eaeiaea, a ia eo eiiee, iniio?ae e
enneaaeiaae iiaeeeiiua aauanoaaiiua aeieacaoaeuenoaa, iaeanee i?ioieieu e eiua
aeieoiaiou (no. 240 OIE). A iineaaeiai neo/aa caeii eiaao a aeaeo i?ioieieu,
iacaaiiua a no. 87 OIE. Eo iaeaoaiea e enneaaeiaaiea i?ienoiaeeo iau/ii aac
iiaoi?iiai i?iecaiaenoaa niioaaonoaothueo neaaenoaaiiuo aeaenoaee, iioiio /oi
iaeie ec ieo aiiaua ia iiaoo auoue i?iecaaaeaiu a noaeaaiii canaaeaiee, a ae?oaea,
oioy e iiaoo auoue i?iecaaaeaiu, ii niaa?oaiii a ae?oaie ianoaiiaea. Aeaiiua
i?ioieieu io?aaeatho ?acoeueoao iaiin?aaenoaaiiiai aini?eyoey neaaeiaaoaeai
?acee/iuo aeaenoaee, i?eciaeia, naienoa e neaaeia i?anooieaiey e yaeythony
ia?aiia/aeueiuie aeieacaoaeuenoaaie.
Aac iaeaoaiey e enneaaeiaaiey yoeo aeieacaoaeuenoa noae ia iiaeao iie?aoueny
ia ieo a i?eaiai?a. Iiyoiio, iacaaeneii io oiai, ecaanoii ee niaea?aeaiea
oeacaiiuo i?ioieieia noi?iiai, noae iaycai eo iaeaneoue. Ioeac io iaeaoaiey
aiciiaeai eeoue oiaaea, eiaaea niaea?aeaueany a ieo aeaiiua ia eiatho ioiioaiey e
aeaeo. Iaeaoaiea neaaenoaaiiuo i?ioieieia, eeoaiiuo aeieacaoaeuenoaaiiiai
cia/aiey, ia eiaao ioiioaiey e inouanoaeaieth i?eioeeia iaiin?aaenoaaiiinoe e
i?iecaiaeeony ii ae?oaei iniiaaieyi e n eiie oeaeueth.
A neeo i?eioeeia iaiin?aaenoaaiiinoe noaeaaiia ?acae?aoaeuenoai
i?iecaiaeeony iai?a?uaii (no. 240 OIE) e a iaeciaiiii ninoaaa noaea (no. 241
OIE). Iai?a?uaiinoue noaeaaiiai canaaeaiey e iaeciaiiinoue ninoaaa noaea
iaania/eaatho naaaeanoue e oeaeinoiinoue aini?eyoey noaeueyie enneaaeiaaiiuo ia noaea
aeieacaoaeuenoa, i?aaeeueiinoue oi?ie?iaaiey aioo?aiiaai oaaaeaeaiey noaeae.
Aeaaiaea?y aeaenoaeth i?eioeeia iaiin?aaenoaaiiinoe noi?iiu anooiatho a
iaiin?aaenoaaiiue eiioaeo iaaeaeo niaie e noaeii, iieo/atho ?aaeueioth aiciiaeiinoue
aeoeaii o/anoaiaaoue a enneaaeiaaiee anao aeieacaoaeuenoa, eioi?ua iiaoo auoue
iieiaeaiu a iniiao i?eaiai?a.
Ioia/aiiay iai?aaeaiiinoue i?eioeeia iaiin?aaenoaaiiinoe ia iieo/aiea
ia?aiia/aeueiuo aeieacaoaeuenoa iaoneiaeaia naiei iaoaieciii ia?aciaaiey
aeieacaoaeuenoa. Ia?aiia/aeueiua aeieacaoaeuenoaa eeoaiu i?iiaaeooi/iuo caaiueaa e
niiniaiu ainnicaeaoue aieaa ynioth, iieioth e oi/ioth ea?oeio niaa?oaiiiai
i?anooieaiey, /ai i?iecaiaeiua aeieacaoaeuenoaa, eioi?ua anaaaea iiin?aaeiaaiu e
iieueciaaiea eioi?uie iiauoaao aa?iyoiinoue iieo/aiey iaiieiie e eneaaeaiiie
eioi?iaoeee ia eneiiuo oaeoao. Iaeiaei a oao neo/ayo, eiaaea ia?aiia/aeueiua
aeieacaoaeuenoaa iaaeinooiiu, no?aaeatho iaiieiioie, niaea?aeao i?ioeai?a/ey,
aucuaatho niiiaiey a naiae aeinoiaa?iinoe e o. ae., noae a eioa?anao
onoaiiaeaiey enoeiu auioaeaeai ionooieoue io i?eioeeia iaiin?aaenoaaiiinoe e
eniieueciaaoue i?iecaiaeiua aeieacaoaeuenoaa ia?yaeo n ia?aiia/aeueiuie eeai aianoi
ieo. Aaaeii oieueei, /oiau i?iecaiaeiua aeieacaoaeuenoaa eniieueciaaeenue a ii?yaeea
e a i?aaeaeao, i?aaeoniio?aiiuo caeiiii. A /anoiinoe, e a iniaaiiinoe, /oiau
iaeaoaiea iieacaiee iaaeiyaiiai, iioa?iaaoaai, naeaeaoaeae e aini?iecaaaeaiea
caiene eo iieacaiee, aeaiiuo ia i?aaeaa?eoaeueiii neaaenoaee, eiaei ianoi eeoue
i?e iaee/ee ianoiyoaeuenoa, oi/ii-oeacaiiuo a no. 281 e 286 OIE. I?iecaiaeiua
aeieacaoaeuenoaa, neaaeiaaoaeueii, ia eneeth/athony ec i?aeou aeieacuaaiey e aianoa
n ia?aiia/aeueiuie iiaoo auoue iieiaeaiu a iniiao i?eaiai?a, anee iie, eae e
iineaaeiea, i?ioee ananoi?iiithth e iauaeoeaioth i?iaa?eo a noaeaaiii neaaenoaee
(no. 20, 240, 301 OIE).
Oaeie ii?yaeie ?anniio?aiey aeaea, iniiaaiiue ia i?eioeeia
iaiin?aaenoaaiiinoe e onoiinoe, iicaieyao noaeo e noi?iiai iieo/aoue iaeaieaa
iieioth e aeinoiaa?ioth eioi?iaoeeth ia ianoiyoaeuenoaao aeaea, ouaoaeueii
i?iaiaeece?iaaoue aeieacaoaeuenoaa, aeiauoua i?e i?iecaiaenoaa i?aaeaa?eoaeueiiai
neaaenoaey e aeiiieieoaeueii i?eaea/aiiua e aeaeo ai a?aiy noaeaaiiai canaaeaiey,
onoaiiaeoue, eaeea ec nia?aiiuo i?aaeaa?eoaeueiui ?anneaaeiaaieai e noaeii
aeieacaoaeuenoaa yaeythony aeinoiaa?iuie, a eaeea eiaeiuie, e i?eeoe e
iainiiaaiiiio auaiaeo i aeieacaiiinoe eee iaaeieacaiiinoe iaaeiaiey. Oaeei aea
ia?acii iinooiaao noae, eiaaea ai a?aiy ?acae?aoaeuenoaa aeaea iiaenoaeeiue
ioeacuaaaony io i?aaeieo iieacaiee e cayaeyao i naiae iaaeiiaiinoe. Noaeuee
ouaoaeueii i?iaa?ytho iioeau ioeaca iiaenoaeeiiai io ia?aiia/aeueiuo iieacaiee,
ananoi?iiia enneaaeotho aai iieacaiey, aeaiiua neaaeiaaoaeth e noaeo, e aeatho ei
ioeaieo ia iaueo iniiaaieyo. Yoei noae ie a iaeaeoae ia?a ia iaanoeaieaaao
?acoeueoaou aeieacaoaeuenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe neaaenoaaiiuo i?aaiia.

20. Onoiinoue i?ioeanna

I?eioeei onoiinoe cae?aieai a oao aea noaoueyo caeiia, /oi e i?eioeei
iaiin?aaenoaaiiinoe (no. 240, 301 OIE).
Onoiinoue ii?aaeaeyao oi?io iauaiey noauaeoia i?ioeanna e yaeyaony iaoiaeii
enneaaeiaaiey aeieacaoaeuenoa. A neeo i?eioeeia onoiinoe ana iaoa?eaeu, eiathuea
cia/aiea aeey aeaea, ana i?ioeannoaeueiua aeaenoaey, ana aii?inu, aicieeathuea a
noaeaaiii canaaeaiee, eceaaathony, ianoaeaeathony eee niaa?oathony a onoiie oi?ia,
e noae iniiauaaao naie ,i?eaiai? eeoue ia oao aeieacaoaeuenoaao, eioi?ua auee
?anniio?aiu e ianoaeaeaiu. Ana, /oi ia ninoaaeei i?aaeiaoa onoiiai eceiaeaiey e
ianoaeaeaiey ia noaea, ia iiaeao auoue iieiaeaii a iniiao i?eaiai?a. Noae aeieaeai
auneooaoue onoiua iieacaiey aeii?aoeaaaiuo eeoe, iaeaneoue i?ioieieu e eiua
aeieoiaiou, caneooaoue a onoiie oi?ia e ianoaeeoue iauyniaiey, oiaeaoaenoaa e
cayaeaiey noi?ii, auneooaoue noaeaaiua i?aiey e iineaaeiaa neiai iiaenoaeeiiai,
iaeaneoue i?eiyoua ei ?aoaiey e o. ae. Noaeaaiia ?acae?aoaeuenoai – yoi
i?iecaiaenoai, i?ioaeathuaa a oi?ia noaeiaiai?aiey. Eiaiii a oiaea noaeiaiai?aiey
i?enyaeiua canaaeaoaee ociatho ia ianoiyoaeuenoaao aeaea, i aeieacaoaeuenoaao,
i?aaenoaaeaiiuo eaaeaeie ec noi?ii aeey iainiiaaiey naiae iiceoeee ii aeaeo.
Onoiinoue oaniaeoei ia?acii naycaia n iaiin?aaenoaaiiinoueth, ii ia
neeaaaony n iae. Onoiinoue – ioaeaeueiue, naiinoiyoaeueiue i?eioeei i?ioeanna,
iaiieiaiiue nianoaaiiui niaea?aeaieai e ia niaiaaeathuee n iaiin?aaenoaaiiinoueth a
iaeioi?uo ec naieo eiie?aoiuo i?iyaeaiee. A ioee/ea io iaiin?aaenoaaiiinoe,
o?aaothuae io noaea iieo/aoue e enneaaeiaaoue ia?aiia/aeueiua aeieacaoaeuenoaa,
onoiinoue ?ani?ino?aiyao naia aeaenoaea eae ia ia?aiia/aeueiua, oae e ia
i?iecaiaeiua aeieacaoaeuenoaa. Noae ai?aaa nnueaoueny a naiai i?eaiai?a ia oa e
ae?oaea, anee iie auee ?anniio?aiu ia noaeaaiii neaaenoaee (no. 301, 451 OIE).
Onoiinoue oe?a iaiin?aaenoaaiiinoe e a oii ioiioaiee, /oi iia oa?aeoa?ecoao
ana noaeaaiia ?acae?aoaeuenoai, oiaaea eae iaiin?aaenoaaiiinoue eanaaony oieueei
noaeaaiiai neaaenoaey. N ae?oaie noi?iiu, onoiiio aini?eyoeth aeinooiiu ia ana
aeaeu aeieacaoaeuenoa, a oieueei oa, eioi?ua iaeaeathony a oi?io iieacaiee. Ie
aauanoaaiiua, ie ienueiaiiua aeieacaoaeuenoaa ia iiaoo auoue aini?eiyou a onoiii
aeaea. A aeaiiii neo/aa onoiinoue au?aaeaaony a oii, /oi iacaaiiua
aeieacaoaeuenoaa iieiinoueth eee /anoe/ii iaeaoathony. Ia?aie/aieai onoiinoe, eae
e iaiin?aaenoaaiiinoe, aoaeao iaeaoaiea ia noaea iieacaiee eeoe, aeii?ioaiiuo ia
i?aaeaa?eoaeueiii neaaenoaee (no. 281, 286 OIE). Yoe aeieacaoaeuenoaa ii naiae
i?e?iaea aeieaeiu auoue i?aaenoaaeaiu e aini?eiyou a onoiie oi?ia, a iie a neeo
iauaeoeaiuo i?e/ei aini?eieiathony noaeii a ienueiaiiii aeaea. I?aaaea,
enneaaeiaaiea e caeanue ia eeoaii onoiiai oa?aeoa?a (iieacaiey iaeaoathony e
onoii ianoaeaeathony), ii yoi i?ienoiaeeo aac onoiiai aeii?ina eeoe, e iieacaiey
aini?eieiathony ia a oii aeaea, a eaeii iie iiaee au auoue aini?eiyou.
I?eioeei onoiinoe iaania/eaaao iineaaeiaaoaeueioth ?aaeecaoeeth aeaniinoe,
iaoeeiiaeueiiai ycuea noaeii?iecaiaenoaa, ninoycaoaeueiinoe e iaiin?aaenoaaiiinoe,
ananoi?iiiinoe e iieiiou enneaaeiaaiey ianoiyoaeuenoa aeaea e ae?oaeo
i?ioeannoaeueiuo ia/ae.

21. Ioeaiea aeieacaoaeuenoa ii aioo?aiiaio oaaaeaeaieth

Onoaiiaeaiiue caeiiiaeaoaeai i?eioeei ioeaiee aeieacaoaeuenoa a cia/eoaeueiie
ia?a ii?aaeaeyao oei oaieiaiiai i?ioeanna e iooue e aeinoeaeaieth iinoaaeaiiuo
ia?aae iei caaea/.
Ioeaiea aeieacaoaeuenoa ii aioo?aiiaio oaaaeaeaieth, eae i?eioeei i?ioeanna,
aeeth/aao a ea/anoaa iniiaiuo eiiiiiaioia i?aaeei i oii, /oi ieeaeea
aeieacaoaeuenoaa ia eiatho ca?aiaa onoaiiaeaiiie neeu.
I?aai aeiciaiey, aeiciaaaoaeue, neaaeiaaoaeue, i?ieo?i?, noae ioeaieaatho
aeieacaoaeuenoaa ii naiaio aioo?aiiaio oaaaeaeaieth (no. 71 OIE).
I/aaeaeii, /oi ioeaiea aeieacaoaeuenoa ii aioo?aiiaio oaaaeaeaieth
iaania/eaaao aeaenoaea eiinoeoooeeiiiiai i?eioeeia iacaaeneiinoe noaeae e
iiae/eiaiea eo oieueei caeiio e yaeyaony iaeiei ec oneiaee naiinoiyoaeueiinoe
neaaeiaaoaey, eeoea, i?iecaiaeyuaai aeiciaiea, i?e i?eiyoee ei ?aoaiee a
i?aaeaeao i?aa, i?aaeinoaaeaiiuo caeiiii.

Aeaaa V1. Aeieacaoaeuenoaa a oaieiaiii i?ioeanna A. Iauea iieiaeaiey i
aeieacaoaeuenoaao e aeieacuaaiee
§ 1. Caaea/e oaieiaiiai noaeii?iecaiaenoaa e aeieacaoaeuenoaaiiia i?aai
Aeey oiai /oiau i?eiyoue ?aoaiea ii oaieiaiiio aeaeo, iaiaoiaeeii:
onoaiiaeoue, eiaei ee ianoi niauoea, ii iiaiaeo eioi?iai auei aicaoaeaeaii
oaieiaiia aeaei, eoi niaa?oee i?anooiiua aeaenoaey (aacaeaenoaea), aeiiaiinoue
iaaeiyaiiai e iioeau i?anooieaiey, a oaeaea ae?oaea ianoiyoaeuenoaa,
oa?aeoa?ecothuea i?ienoaaeoaa niauoea e ee/iinoue iaaeiyaiiai. A oiaea
i?iecaiaenoaa ii aeaeo iiaeao auoue onoaiiaeaii, /oi niauoea ia eiaei ianoa eee
/oi iaaeiyaiue ia i?e/anoai e niaa?oaieth i?anooieaiey.
Iniaaiiinoue onoaiiaeaiey yoeo ianoiyoaeuenoa ninoieo a oii, /oi ana iie
eiaee ianoi a i?ioeii, ia iiaoo auoue aini?iecaaaeaiu iiaoi?ii, eo iiciaiea
i?ienoiaeeo iooai ainnoaiiaeaiey ea?oeiu i?ienoaaeoaai niauoey ia iniiaa oao
naaaeaiee – i i?ioeii niauoee, eioi?ua inoaeenue a iauaeoeaiii ie?a. Yoe
naaaeaiey i i?ioaaeoai niauoee iiaeao niiaueoue i/aaeaeaoe, iie iiaoo niaea?aeaoueny
a aeieoiaioao, nio?aieoueny a aeaea neaaeia ia ianoa i?ienoanoaey, i?aaeiaoao
iaoa?eaeueiiai ie?a e o. i. Iiciaiea ianoiyoaeuenoa oaieiaiiai aeaea
inouanoaeyaony iooai, eioi?ue a oeeinioneie eeoa?aoo?a eiaioaony
?ao?ineacaieai e ii?aaeaeyaony eae “i?ioeaaeo?a iiin?aaeiaaiiiai auaiaeiiai
iieo/aiey ciaiee i ianoiyueo eee ae?oaeo i?ioeuo i?aaeiaoao”.
Eiaiii neaaeu io?aaeaiey i?ioeiai niauoey ianoo naaaeaiey, eioi?ua
yaeythony oai iauaeoeaiui iaoa?eaeii, ia eioi?ii iniiauaaaony
?ao?ineacaoaeueiia enneaaeiaaiea e oi?ie?othony aai auaiaeu (iai?eia?, a enoi?ee
a?oaieiaee e ae?.).
Iniaaiiinoue iiin?aaeiaaiiiai iiciaiey a oaieiaiii i?ioeanna ninoieo a
oii, /oi, a ioee/ea, iai?eia?, io enoi?e/aneiai enneaaeiaaiey, iii i?ienoiaeeo
a no?iai ii?aaeaeaiiii caeiiii ii?yaeea oieueei n eniieueciaaieai oeacaiiuo a
caeiia n?aaenoa, /oi aeieaeii neoaeeoue aa?aioeae aeinoiaa?iinoe auaiaeia, io
eioi?uo caaeneo aeeciue, /anoue e aeinoieinoai /aeiaaea.
Onoaiiaeaiea oaeoe/aneeo ianoiyoaeuenoa ninoaaeyao na?aeoeaaeio anae
oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiie aeayoaeueiinoe, iiyoiio cia/eoaeueiay /anoue ii?i
oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiiai caeiia ?aaoee?oao ii?yaeie niae?aiey, i?iaa?ee e
ioeaiee oaeoe/aneeo aeaiiuo i i?ienoaaeoai niauoee. Ii?iu
oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiiai i?aaa, onoaiaaeeaathuea, /oi iiaeao neoaeeoue
aeieacaoaeuenoaii ii aeaeo, e?oa ianoiyoaeuenoa, iiaeeaaeaueo aeieacuaaieth, ia eii
eaaeeo iaycaiiinoue aeieacuaaiey, ii?yaeie niae?aiey, i?iaa?ee e ioeaiee
aeieacaoaeuenoa, iacuaatho aeieacaoaeuenoaaiiui i?aaii.
Iaeaieaa aaaeiua ii?iu aeieacaoaeuenoaaiiiai i?aaa cae?aieaiu a ae. 5 OIE,
a ?acaeaea “Iauea iieiaeaiey”. Yoe ii?iu aeaenoaotho ia anao noaaeeyo oaieiaiiai
i?ioeanna.
A ?acaeaea ia?aii ae. 5 OIE oeacai e?oa ianoiyoaeuenoa, iiaeeaaeaueo
aeieacuaaieth ii oaieiaiiio aeaeo (no. 68), aeaii iiiyoea aeieacaoaeuenoa (no.
69), iooe eo niae?aiey (no. 70), noi?ioee?iaai i?eioeei ioeaiee aeieacaoaeuenoa
(no. 71), iacaaiu noauaeou, ia eioi?ua aiceiaeaia iaycaiiinoue aeieacuaaiey
(no. 80), ii?aaeaeaiu aeaeu aeieacaoaeuenoa. OIE ?aaeaiaioe?oao ii?yaeie
aeieacuaaiey a ?acee/iuo noaaeeyo oaieiaiiai i?ioeanna e ii ioaeaeueiui
eaoaai?eyi aeae. Ii?iu i aeieacaoaeuenoaao e aeieacuaaiee ia?ac?uaii naycaiu ni
anaie ii?iaie oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiiai i?aaa, ii?aaeaeythueie caaea/e
noaeii?iecaiaenoaa e aai i?eioeeiu, iieiiii/ey ainoaea?noaaiiuo i?aaiia, i?aaa,
iaycaiiinoe e aa?aioee i?aa o/anoieeia i?ioeanna, ii?yaeie i?iecaiaenoaa
neaaenoaaiiuo e noaeaaiuo aeaenoaee, o?aaiaaiey, eioi?ui aeieaeiu ioaa/aoue
?aoaiey, i?eieiaaiua a oaieiaiii i?ioeanna.
Oai?ey aeieacaoaeuenoa eae /anoue anae iaoee ia oaieiaiii i?iecaiaenoaa
eiaao naiei i?aaeiaoii eco/aiea iaoiaeieiae/aneeo e i?aaiauo iniia iiciaiey a
oaieiaiii i?ioeanna: ?ane?uaaao oaeoe/aneoth e eiae/aneoth i?e?iaeo
aeieacaoaeuenoa, i?aaiaua naienoaa aeieacaoaeuenoa – ioiineiinoue e aeiionoeiinoue
aeieacaoaeuenoa, i?aaeiao e i?aaeaeu aeieacuaaiey, i?ioeann aeieacuaaiey eae
i?aeoe/aneoth e iuneeoaeueioth aeayoaeueiinoue, enneaaeoao oai?aoe/aneea iniiaaiey
e i?aeoe/aneia cia/aiea eeanneoeeaoeee aeieacaoaeuenoa, i?e?iaeo ioaeaeueiuo aeaeia
aeieacaoaeuenoa, iniaaiiinoe aeieacuaaiey a ?acee/iuo noaaeeyo i?ioeanna e iooe
iaania/aiey aeinoiaa?iinoe auaiaeia.
Oai?ey aeieacaoaeuenoa ?ane?uaaao niaea?aeaiea iiciaaaoaeueiie aeayoaeueiinoe
a oaieiaiii i?ioeanna n o/aoii i?ioeannoaeueiuo i?aaee, oeacuaaao i?aeoeea iooe
i?aaeeueiiai iieo/aiey, i?iaa?ee aeieacaoaeuenoa, oneiaey oi?ie?iaaiey
aeinoiaa?iuo auaiaeia ii aeaeo.
Iiiyoey “aeieacaoaeuenoai” e “aeieacuaaiea” eniieuecothony a oai?ee
aeieacaoaeuenoa a ianeieueeeo cia/aieyo.
Aeieacaoaeuenoai, a i?ioeannoaeueiii iiieiaiee, yoi naaaeaiey i eaeeo-eeai
oaeoe/aneeo ianoiyoaeuenoaao aeaea, iieo/aiiua a onoaiiaeaiiii caeiiii
ii?yaeea.
Aeieacaoaeuenoai – yoi e ii?aaeaeaiiue eiae/aneee i?eai ?annoaeaeaiey, eiaaea
ia iniiaa onoaiiaeaiiuo ianoiyoaeuenoa ooaa?aeaeaaony eee io?eoeaaony iaee/ea
eaeiai-eeai ianoiyoaeuenoaa. Nianoaaiii, eiaiii io iaeiaiiaaiey yoiai
eiae/aneiai i?eaia aa?ao naia ia/aei eniieueciaaiea iiiyoey “aeieacaoaeuenoai”
a oaieiaiii i?ioeanna, iineieueeo caeanue ia iniiaa onoaiiaeaiey ianoiyoaeuenoa
i?ienoiaeeo iiin?aaeiaaiiia iiciaiea ianoiyoaeuenoa, i?ioeiai niauoey.
A iaoea i aeieacuaaiee eniieuecothony aeinoeaeaiey ?acee/iuo iaoe, a oii
/enea eiaeee, ineoieiaee, e?eieiaeenoeee, noaeaaiie iaaeeoeeiu, ineoeao?ee e
ae?. Aaaeioth ?ieue a ?acaeoee oai?ee aeieacaoaeuenoa ea?aao eco/aiea neaaenoaaiiie
e noaeaaiie i?aeoeee.

2. Iauaeoeaiay enoeia eae oeaeue aeieacuaaiey

Iiae iauaeoeaiie enoeiie iiieiaaony oaeia niaea?aeaiea /aeiaa/aneeo
ciaiee, eioi?ia i?aaeeueii io?aaeaao iauaeoeaioth aeaenoaeoaeueiinoue e ia caaeneo
io noauaeoa, ia caaeneo ie io /aeiaaea, ie io /aeiaa/anoaa.
Onoaiiaeoue enoeio a oaieiaiii i?ioeanna icia/aao iiciaoue i?ioaaeoaa
niauoea e ana ianoiyoaeuenoaa, iiaeeaaeauea onoaiiaeaieth ii oaieiaiiio aeaeo a
niioaaonoaee n oai, eae iie eiaee ianoi a aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe.
Onoaiiaeaiea ianoiyoaeuenoa aeaea oaeeie, eaeeie iie auee a
aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe, ninoaaeyao niaea?aeaiea iauaeoeaiie enoeiu a oaieiaiii
i?ioeanna.
Enoeia i?ioeaiiieaaaaony eiaeiinoue auaiaea. I/aaeaeii, /oi enoeia a
oaieiaiii i?ioeanna niaea?aeeo ia iauea caeiiu, /oi oa?aeoa?ii aeey iao/iie
enoeiu, a ioaeaeueiua eiie?aoiua oaeou, aaaeiua aeey ?ac?aoaiey aeaiiiai aeaea. A
yoii niunea enoeia a oaieiaiii i?ioeanna anoue enoeia eiie?aoiay,
i?aeoe/aneay. Aeey onoaiiaeaiey yoie enoeiu eniieuecothony iauea caeiiu
iiciaiey e iniaua i?aaeea oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiiai aeieacuaaiey.
Ia iaania/aiea onoaiiaeaiey enoeiu ii oaieiaiiio aeaeo iai?aaeaiu
nioeeaeueiua, i?aaiecaoeeiiiua oneiaey aeayoaeueiinoe i?aaiia, aaaeoueo
noaeii?iecaiaenoai, i?eioeeiu eo aeayoaeueiinoe, oe?ieea i?aaa ia o/anoea a
aeieacuaaiee, i?aaeinoaaeaiiua anai o/anoieeai i?ioeanna.
Ana yoi nicaeaao oo i?ioeannoaeueioth i?ioeaaeo?o iiciaiey ianoiyoaeuenoa
aeaea, eioi?ay aeieaeia iaania/eaaoue aeinoiaa?iinoue oaaaeaeaiey ia ianoiyoaeuenoaao
aeaea.
Iaoiaeieiae/aneea iniiau iiciaaaoaeueiie aeayoaeueiinoe iaoiaeyo naia
au?aaeaiea e a ?yaea i?aaiauo o?aaiaaiee. *oiau ciaoue i?aaeiao, iaiaoiaeeii
aieeiooue a aai nouiinoue, ioaaoeoue ana nayce e iiin?aaeiaaiey. A oaieiaiii
i?ioeanna yoio aeeaeaeoe/aneee caeii iiciaiey au?aaeai a o?aaiaaiee
ananoi?iiiaai, iieiiai e iauaeoeaiiai enneaaeiaaiey ianoiyoaeuenoa aeaea (no.
20 OIE).
Iniiao i?aaiauo aa?aioee onoaiiaeaiey enoeiu ninoaaeyao nenoaia
i?aaiauo i?eioeeiia noaeii?iecaiaenoaa, eaaeaeue ec eioi?uo eiaao ii?aaeaeaiiia
cia/aiea a iaania/aiee enoeiiuo auaiaeia.
Onoaiiaeaieth enoeiu niinianoaoao ?acaeaeaiea i?ioeannoaeueiuo ooieoeee
noauaeoia i?ioeanna. Aeey ananoi?iiiaai, iieiiai, iauaeoeaiiai enneaaeiaaiey
ianoiyoaeuenoa aeaea aaaeiia cia/aiea eiaao i?ioiaeaeaiea aeaea ii noaaeeyi, eaaeaeay
ec eioi?uo auiieiyao ii?aaeaeaiioth ?ieue a niae?aiee, i?iaa?ea e ioeaiea
aeieacaoaeuenoa. Iniaia ianoi n?aaee anao noaaeee oaieiaiiai i?ioeanna caieiaao
noaeaaiia ?acae?aoaeuenoai a noaea ia?aie einoaioeee. O/eouaay, /oi i?eciaiea
eeoea aeiiaiui, a oaeaea iacia/aiea aio iaeacaiey aaa?aii oieueei noaeo ia?aie
einoaioeee, caeii ii?aaeaeyao oaeea oneiaey ?anniio?aiey aeaea noaeii, eioi?ua
nicaeatho iaeaieaa aeaaii?eyoiua oneiaey aeey aeinoiaa?iiai iiciaiey
ianoiyoaeuenoa aeaea. Yoi onoiia, iaiin?aaenoaaiiia ?anniio?aiea aeaea a
oneiaeyo ?aaainoaa noi?ii, ninoycaoaeueiinoe e ?aoaiey aeaea iacaaeneiui
noaeii.
A /enea aa?aioee onoaiiaeaiey enoeiu ii aeaeo aaaeiia ianoi caieiaao e
aeayoaeueiinoue auoanoiyueo noaeia, i?iaa?ythueo, auea ee niaethaeaia iaaeeaaeauay
i?aaiaay i?ioeaaeo?a i?e ?anniio?aiee e ?ac?aoaiee aeaea.
Ia?ooaiea i?aaee aeieacaoaeuenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe ii?iaeaeaao niiiaiea a
aeinoiaa?iinoe auaiaeia, /oi aea/ao ca niaie ii?aaeaeaiiua i?aaiaua
iineaaenoaey.

3. Ianoiyoaeuenoaa, iiaeeaaeauea aeieacuaaieth ii oaieiaiiio aeaeo (i?aaeiao aeieacuaaiey)

Ianoiyoaeuenoaa, iiaeeaaeauea aeieacuaaieth ii oaieiaiiio aeaeo, eiaioaiua a
eeoa?aoo?a i?aaeiaoii aeieacuaaiey, i?aaenoaaeytho niaie niaieoiiinoue
oaeoe/aneeo ianoiyoaeuenoa, eioi?ua iaiaoiaeeii onoaiiaeoue aeey ?ac?aoaiey aeaea
ii nouanoao. Ia?a/aiue ianoiyoaeuenoa, iiaeeaaeaueo aeieacuaaieth, aeai a no. 68
OIE.
Iao?oaeii caiaoeoue, /oi yoe ianoiyoaeuenoaa auoaeatho ec oaieiaiie
ioaaonoaaiiinoe eee inaiaiaeaeaiey io iaa, iaueo ia/ae iacia/aiey iaeacaiey,
i?eciaeia eiie?aoiuo ninoaaia i?anooieaiey.
Aac onoaiiaeaiey oaeoe/aneeo ianoiyoaeuenoa i?ienoaaeoaai niauoey,
aeaenoaee eeoea, iiaoaeaeaiee, iioeaia aai aeaenoaee e eo iineaaenoaee iaaiciiaeii
?aoeoue aii?inu i oii, eiaei ee ianoi i?anooieaiea, aeiiaii ee eeoei e a /ai
eiaiii, eaeia aeieaeii iiianoe iaeacaiea.
A no. 68 OIE ia?a/eneaiu oa oaeoe/aneea ianoiyoaeuenoaa, eioi?ua i?e
?ac?aoaiee ethaiai aeaea eiatho i?aaiaia cia/aiea. Yoi ianoiyoaeuenoaa,
oa?aeoa?ecothuea niauoea i?anooieaiey (a?aiy, ianoi, niinia e ae?oaea
ianoiyoaeuenoaa niaa?oaiey i?anooieaiey): aeiiaiinoe iaaeiyaiiai a niaa?oaiee
i?anooieaiey e iioeau i?anooieaiey: ianoiyoaeuenoaa, aeeythuea ia noaiaiue e
oa?aeoa? ioaaonoaaiiinoe, oeacaiiua a no. 38 e 39 OE ?NON?, a oaeaea eiua
ianoiyoaeuenoaa, oa?aeoa?ecothuea ee/iinoue iaaeiyaiiai: oa?aeoa? e ?acia?
oua?aa, i?e/eiaiiiai i?anooieaieai: ianoiyoaeuenoaa, niinianoaiaaaoea
niaa?oaieth i?anooieaiey (no. 68 OIE).
Ec e?oaa ianoiyoaeuenoa, iiaeeaaeaueo aeieacuaaieth, auaeaeytho oae iacuaaaiue
“aeaaiue oaeo”, o. a. niaieoiiinoue ianoiyoaeuenoa, ioiinyueony e niauoeth,
aeaenoaeth (aacaeaenoaeth) ii?aaeaeaiiiai eeoea, aai aeiiaiinoe.
Yoio “aeaaiue oaeo” au?aaeai a o?ao iniiaiuo aii?inao, eioi?ua noiyo
ia?aae noaeueyie e i?enyaeiuie canaaeaoaeyie: 1) aeieacaii ee, /oi niioaaonoaothuaa
aeayiea eiaei ianoi: 2) aeieacaii ee, /oi yoi aeayiea niaa?oee iiaenoaeeiue: 3)
aeiiaai ee iiaenoaeeiue a niaa?oaiee yoiai aeayiey (no. 449 OIE).
Ioaaou ia yoe aii?inu aeatho noaeuee e ia?iaeiua canaaeaoaee i?e
iinoaiiaeaiee i?eaiai?a (i. 1-4 no. 303 OIE).
A no. 68 OIE i?aaeiao aeieacuaaiey noi?ioee?iaai i?eiaieoaeueii e
ianoiyoaeuenoaai, aeathuei iniiaaiea aeey iaaeiaiey e inoaeaeaiey. I/aaeaeii, /oi a
oiaea aeieacuaaiey iiaoo auoue onoaiiaeaiu ianoiyoaeuenoaa, naeaeaoaeuenoaothuea i
oii, /oi naiiai niauoey, ii iiaiaeo eioi?iai aicaoaeaeaii aeaei, ia auei eee /oi
iaaeiyaiue ia niaa?oae aeaenoaee, a eioi?uo ii iaaeiyaony e o. i. Iiyoiio
oi/iaa neacaoue, /oi iiaeeaaeao aeieacuaaieth ianoiyoaeuenoaa, naeaeaoaeuenoaothuea i
iaee/ee eee ionoonoaee niauoey, yaeythuaainy i?aaeiaoii noaeii?iecaiaenoaa:
iaee/ee eee ionoonoaee ianoiyoaeuenoa, oa?aeoa?ecothueo iniiaaiea aeey
oaieiaiie ioaaonoaaiiinoe: onoaiaaeeaathueo eee ii?iaa?aathueo aeiiaiinoue
eeoea, e ae?.
Onoaiiaeaiea oiai, eiaei ee ianoi niauoea i?anooieaiey o?aaoao
aeieacuaaiea ianoiyoaeuenoa, oa?aeoa?ecothueo yoi niauoea, a eiaiii: a?aiy,
ianoi, niinia e ae?oaea ianoiyoaeuenoaa niaa?oaiey i?anooieaiey. A aieueoeinoaa
neo/aaa ia niauoea i?anooieaiey oeacaii a cayaeaiee i e?aaea, i ooeeaaineeo
aeaenoaeyo, i iaianaiee oaeaniuo iia?aaeaeaiee e o. i. Iaeiaei oeacaiea ia
niauoea i?anooieaiey a cayaeaiee, aeaeiaa ia eneeth/aao iaiaoiaeeiinoe
aeieacuaaiey oiai, eiaei ee ianoi a aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe niauoea i?anooieaiey, e
onoaiiaeaiea anao aai ianoiyoaeuenoa. Ca/anooth auyniaiey oiai, eiaei ee ianoi
a aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe niauoea i?anooieaiey, i?aaenoaaeyao cia/eoaeueioth o?oaeiinoue
aeey aeieacuaaiey (iai?eia?, aeieacuaaiea oiai, eiaei ee ianoi oaeenoai eee
i?iecioae ian/anoiue neo/ae, auee ee i?aauoaiu i?aaeaeu iaiaoiaeeiie iai?iiu e
o. i.).
Niinia niaa?oaiey i?anooieaiey a iaeieo neo/ayo – iaeei ec yeaiaioia
ninoaaa (iai?eia?, no. 107 OE ?NON?), a ae?oaeo -ianoiyoaeuenoai ioya/athuaa
ioaaonoaaiiinoue (i. 7 no. 39 OE).
A?aiy niaa?oaiey i?anooieaiey a iaeieo neo/ayo iiaeao auoue iaeiei ec
i?eciaeia i?anooieaiey (no. 82 OE), a ae?oaeo -onoaiiaeaiea oi/iiai a?aiaie
i?anooiiuo aeaenoaee aaaeii aeey ioaaoa ia aii?in, iaoiaeeeinue ee eeoei ia ianoa
i?anooieaiey a iiiaio, eiaaea auei niaa?oaii i?anooieaiea, eee auei a ae?oaii
ianoa. Anee aoaeao onoaiiaeaii, /oi iaaeiyaiue (iiaeic?aaaaiue) a iiiaio
niaa?oaiey i?anooieaiey iaoiaeeeny a ae?oaii ianoa (onoaiiaeaii aai aeeae),
eneeth/aaony aai ioaaonoaaiiinoue eae eniieieoaey i?anooieaiey.
Aeieaeii auoue onoaiiaeaii eeoei, niaa?oeaoaa i?anooieaiea (noauaeo
i?anooieaiey), e aai aeiiaiinoue (noauaeoeaiay noi?iia i?anooieaiey). A
caaeneiinoe io eiie?aoiuo ianoiyoaeuenoa aeaea aeieaeii auoue aeieacaii, /oi eeoei
iiaeao auoue noauaeoii i?anooieaiey (aic?ano, aiaiyaiinoue). Anee ?a/ue eaeao i
i?anooieaiee, aaea ioaaonoaaiiinoue ianao oieueei niaoeeaeueiue noauaeo
(aeieaeiinoiia eeoei, aiaiiineoaeauee), iaiaoiaeeii onoaiiaeoue i?eciaee,
oa?aeoa?ecothuea niaoeeaeueiiai noauaeoa i?anooieaiey.
Aeey i?aaeeueiiai ?ac?aoaiey aeaea aeieaeiu auoue onoaiiaeaiu oaeou,
oa?aeoa?ecothuea noauaeoeaioth noi?iio niaa?oaiiiai iaaeiyaiui aeayiey, o. a.
ioaeii aeieacaoue, oiuoeaiii eee iainoi?iaeii niaa?oaii i?anooieaiea.
Aeieacuaaiea oeaee i?anooieaiey a iaeieo neo/ayo eiaao cia/aiea aeey
eaaeeoeeaoeee (no. 146 OE), a ae?oaeo – iioeau, iiaoaeaeaiey yaeythony
ianoiyoaeuenoaaie, ioya/athueie ioaaonoaaiiinoue (i. 3 no. 39 OIE).
A i?aaeiao aeieacuaaiey ii aeaeo e?iia ianoiyoaeuenoa, aeeythueo ia noaiaiue
e oa?aeoa? ioaaonoaaiiinoe iaaeiyaiiai, oeacaiiuo a no. 38 e 39 OE ?NON?,
aoiaeyo oaeaea eiua ianoiyoaeuenoaa, oa?aeoa?ecothuea ee/iinoue iaaeiyaiiai (i. 3
no. 68 OIE ?NON?).
Aeaiiua i ee/iinoe iaaeiyaiiai iaiaoiaeeiu ia oieueei aeey ii?aaeaeaiey
noaiaie iauanoaaiiie iianiinoe iaaeiyaiiai e iacia/aiey aio ni?aaaaeeeaiai
iaeacaiey, ii a ?yaea neo/aaa iie iiaoo eniieueciaaoueny e aeey ?ane?uoey
ianoiyoaeuenoa i?anooieaiey, e a iniaaiiinoe iioeaia aai niaa?oaiey eee
iinoaaeoue iiae niiiaiea naio aiciiaeiinoue niaa?oaiey aeaiiiai i?anooieaiey
iaaeiyaiui. Aeieacuaaieth iiaeeaaeeo iaee/ea i?e/eiiie nayce iaaeaeo niaa?oaiiui
aeayieai e ianooieaoei i?anooiiui iineaaenoaeai, oa?aeoa? e ?acia? oua?aa,
i?e/eiaiiiai i?anooieaieai, e ae?oaea naycaiiua n yoei oaeou ( i. 4 no. 68,
no. 30 OIE ?NON?). Io ?acia?a oua?aa caaeneo eaaeeoeeaoeey i?anooieaiey e
oaeaea noaiaiue aeiu e oyaeanoue iaeacaiey, e ii?aaeaeaiea oua?aa, eioi?ue
iiaeeaaeeo aiciauaieth.
I?e ?anneaaeiaaiee e ?anniio?aiee oaieiaiiai aeaea onoaiaaeeaathony
oneiaey, niinianoaiaaaoea niaa?oaieth aeaiiiai i?anooieaiey.
Onoaiiaeaiiua ii aeaeo ianoiyoaeuenoaa, eiathuea i?aaiaia cia/aiea,
oeacuaathony a i?eiyouo ?aoaieyo eae eo oaeoe/aneia iniiaaiea (ni. no. 144,
no. 205, no. 314 OIE).
Eceiaeaiiia i?eaiaeeo e auaiaeo, /oi i?aaeiao aeieacuaaiey a oaieiaiii
noaeii?iecaiaenoaa – yoi e?oa anao th?eaee/anee cia/eiuo oaeoe/aneeo
ianoiyoaeuenoa, eioi?ua i?aaeoniio?aiu a oaieiaiii e oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiii
caeiia e iiaeeaaeao aeieacuaaieth aeey i?eiyoey ?aoaiee ii aeaeo a oeaeii eee ii
ioaeaeueiui i?ioeannoaeueii-i?aaiaui aii?inai. Oaeoe/aneea ianoiyoaeuenoaa,
iiaeeaaeauea aeieacuaaieth, iiaoo eiaoue oaieiaii-i?aaiaia e
i?ioeannoaeueii-i?aaiaia cia/aiea, iie yaeythony oaeoe/aneeie iniiaaieyie aeey
i?eiyoey ?aoaiee ii oaieiaiiio aeaeo. Caeiiiinoue iainiiaaiiinoe ?aoaiee
o?aaoao niioaaonoaey iaaeaeo th?eaee/aneeie iniiaaieyie ?aoaiey, oeacaiiuie a
caeiia, e onoaiiaeaiiuie ii aeaeo oaeoe/aneeie ianoiyoaeuenoaaie. I?aaeiao
aeieacuaaiey, oeacaiiue a no. 68 OIE, yaeyaony aaeeiui aeey i?aaeaa?eoaeueiiai
?anneaaeiaaiey e noaeaaiiai ?acae?aoaeuenoaa, a yoi icia/aao, /oi
ianoiyoaeuenoaa, onoaiiaeaiiua a iaeiie noaaeee, ninoaaeytho i?aaeiao aeieacuaaiey
e a ae?oaeo noaaeeyo (n?. no. 68, 205, 303, 314 OIE). I?e yoii oaeoe/aneea
ianoiyoaeuenoaa, onoaiiaeaiiua ia iineaaeothueo noaaeeyo i?ioeanna, iiaoo auoue
oaeeie aea, eae ianoiyoaeuenoaa ia i?aaeuaeouae noaaeee eee auoue eiuie. Yoi
aea/ao ca niaie eciaiaiea iaaeiaiey (no. 254 OIE), i?ae?auaiea aeaea (no. 234
OIE) eee auianaiea ii?aaaeaoaeueiiai i?eaiai?a (no. 303 OIE).

4. Iiiyoea aeieacaoaeuenoaa. Aeieacaoaeuenoaa – n?aaenoaa aeieacuaaiey

Eae oeacaii auoa, iiciaiea i?ienoaaeoaai niauoey a oaieiaiii i?ioeanna
i?ienoiaeeo iiin?aaeiaaiiui iooai. N?aaenoaii oaeiai iiciaiey yaeythony
aeieacaoaeuenoaa. Oi?ie?iaaiea aeieacaoaeuenoaa eae naaaeaiee i i?ienoaaeoai
niauoee iniiaaii ia niiniaiinoe ethaiai i?aaeiaoa eee yaeaiey iiae aicaeaenoaeai
ae?oaiai eciaiyoueny eee nio?aiyoue neaaeu (ioia/aoee) yoiai aicaeaenoaothuaai
i?aaeiaoa, yaeaiey. Aunoae oi?iie io?aaeaiey iauaeoeaiiai ie?a yaeyaony
iuneeoaeueiay aeayoaeueiinoue /aeiaaea, aeeth/athuay aini?eyoea, iieo/aiea e
ia?a?aaioeo eioi?iaoeee, ia iniiaa eioi?uo iiyaeyaony ciaiea.
Niauoey i?anooieaiey e naycaiiua n iei ianoiyoaeuenoaa inoaaeytho a
iaiyoe ethaeae, ia aauao, aeieoiaioao eaeea-oi neaaeu (io?aaeaiea i?ienoaaeoaai).
Yoe neaaeu a oie eee eiie oi?ia io?aaeatho niauoea i?ioeiai, ianoo eioi?iaoeeth i
iai. Eiaaea ?a/ue eaeao i neaaeao-ioia?aaeaieyo, oi eiatho a aeaeo eae neaaeu
niauoey, inoaaoeany ia aauao (iai?eia?, ioia/aoee iaeueoeaa, iieiiaiiay
iaoeia), oae e ienueii, ia eioi?ii eceiaeai ieai i?anooieaiey e o. i., oae e
nio?aiaiea a iaiyoe ethaeae oao niauoee, eioi?ua iie iaaethaeaee. Yoa
io?aaeaoaeueiay niiniaiinoue /aeiaaea, eae e aauae, aeaeaao eo iineoaeyie oao
naaaeaiee i oaeoao i?ioeiai, oao oaeoe/aneeo aeaiiuo, eioi?ua eioa?anotho
neaaeiaaoaey, i?ieo?i?a, noae.
A /. 1 no. 69 OIE aiai?eony i oii, /oi aeieacaoaeuenoaaie yaeythony
“oaeoe/aneea aeaiiua”. Ia i?aeoeea yoe “oaeoe/aneea aeaiiua” noaiiayony
ecaanoiuie neaaeiaaoaeth, noaeo ec iieacaiee naeaeaoaey, iioa?iaaoaai,
iaaeiyaiiai eee i?e iniio?a ianoa i?ienoanoaey, aauae, eco/aiee aeieoiaioia.
Oaeei ia?acii iie niae?atho naaaeaiey ia eioa?anothueo eo ianoiyoaeuenoaao.
Ii naiaio niaea?aeaieth yoe “oaeoe/aneea aeaiiua”, eee naaaeaiey, eioi?ua
iieo/atho neaaeiaaoaeue e noae i i?ienoaaeoai niauoee eee naycaiiuo n iei
ianoiyoaeuenoaao, iiaoo auoue naiuie ?aciiia?aciuie. Yoi iiaoo auoue naaaeaiey i
aeaenoaeyo ethaeae (iai?eia?, i?eia?aoaiea iaiano?aeueiiai i?oaeey, yaea,
iaianaiea oaea?ia, iiaeaeaeea i?iionea ia auaic iioeuaiiuo ni neeaaea oiaa?ia e
o. i.), i oece/aneii e ineoe/aneii ninoiyiee (iai?eia?, i ninoiyiee
iiueyiaiey eeoea a iiiaio niaa?oaiey i?anooieaiey, i ineoe/aneii caaieaaaiee
iaaeiyaiiai, iiaaaeaiee iioa?iaaoaai e ae?.). Yoi iiaoo auoue aeaiiua i yaeaieyo
i?e?iaeu (iai?eia?, a?aiy ianooieaiey oaiiiou a ii?aaeaeaiiie ianoiinoe a aeaiue
niaa?oaiey i?anooieaiey, oaiia?aoo?a aiaeu a ?aea e o. i. (eee i niauoeyo,
iai?eia?, a?aiy aceaoa naiieaoa e o. i.), aaaeiuo aeey onoaiiaeaiey
oaeoe/aneeo ianoiyoaeuenoa i?anooieaiey.
Ethaua oaeoe/aneea aeaiiua iiaoo noaoue aeieacaoaeuenoaii ii aeaeo, anee iie
oae eee eia/a naycaiu n i?ienoaaeoei niauoeai, anee ia eo iniiaa iiaeii
onoaiiaeoue eaeia-eeai ianoiyoaeuenoai, eiathuea cia/aiea aeey i?aaeeueiiai
?ac?aoaiey aeaea. Yoi naienoai aeieacaoaeuenoaa naiei niaea?aeaieai neoaeeo
n?aaenoaii iiciaiey oaeoia i?ioeiai iacuaaaony ioiineiinoueth aeieacaoaeuenoa .
Naaaeaiey, eioi?ua neaaeiaaoaeue, noae iieo/atho a oiaea aeii?inia, iniio?a
aauae, ec aeieoiaioia iiaoo auoue eae aeinoiaa?iuie, oae e eiaeiuie. Onoaiiaeoue,
niioaaonoaotho ee iieo/aiiua naaaeaiey aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe, ninoaaeyao caaea/o
neaaeiaaoaey, noaea. Oieueei iinea yoiai iiaeii aiai?eoue i oii, onoaiiaeai ee
ii?aaeaeaiiue oaeo.
Aeey onoaiiaeaiey ianoiyoaeuenoa aeaea iiaoo auoue eniieueciaaiu ethaua
naaaeaiey ia ianoiyoaeuenoaao, eioi?ua aeieaeiu auoue onoaiiaeaiu. I?e yoii
ieeaeea aeieacaoaeuenoaa aeey noaea, i?ieo?i?a, neaaeiaaoaey e eeoea,
i?iecaiaeyuaai aeiciaiea, ia eiatho ca?aiaa onoaiiaeaiiie neeu. Caeii ia
i?aaeienuaaao, eaeeie aeieacaoaeuenoaaie aeieaeiu auoue onoaiiaeaiu oa eee eiua
ianoiyoaeuenoaa. O?aaiaaiea no. 79 OIE ?NON? i i?iaaaeaiee yenia?oecu aeey
onoaiiaeaiey i?e/ei nia?oe, oyaeanoe oaeaniuo iia?aaeaeaiee, ineoe/aneiai
ninoiyiey iaaeiyaiiai eee naeaeaoaey enoiaeeo ec iaiaoiaeeiinoe ?aoaoue yoe
aii?inu n o/aoii niaoeeaeueiuo ciaiee, ii caeii ia naycuaaao neaaeiaaoaey e noae
caeeth/aieai yenia?oa (no. 80 OIE ?NON?).
Aeey iaania/aiey aeinoiaa?iinoe iieo/aiiuo naaaeaiee e aiciiaeiinoe eo
i?iaa?ee caeiiiaeaoaeue onoaiaaeeaaao, eoi, ioeoaea e eaeei iooai iiaeao
iieo/eoue aeieacaoaeuenoaa, ia iniiaa eioi?uo onoaiaaeeaathony ianoiyoaeuenoaa
aeaea. I?eciathony ia eiathueie th?eaee/aneie neeu aeieacaoaeuenoaa, iieo/aiiua n
ia?ooaieai caeiia, – caienaii a no. 34 (4) Aeaeea?aoeee i?aa e naiaiae /aeiaaea
e a?aaeaeaieia ?O e a no. 50 Eiinoeoooeee ?O, a oaeaea a /.3 no. 69 OIE. A
caeiia oeacuaaaony en/a?iuaathuee ia?a/aiue enoi/ieeia iieo/aiey naaaeaiee ia
ianoiyoaeuenoaao, eiathueo cia/aiea ii aeaeo.
A oai?ee aeieacaoaeuenoa eniieuecoaony iiiyoea “enoi/iee aeieacaoaeuenoaa”
(oi/iaa, “enoi/iee oaeoe/aneeo aeaiiuo”) e “aeae aeieacaoaeuenoaa”. Enoi/ieeaie
iieo/aiey “oaeoe/aneeo aeaiiuo” yaeythony iiaeic?aaaaiue, iaaeiyaiue,
iioa?iaaoee, naeaeaoaeue, yenia?o, i?aaeiaou, naienoaa eee ianoi e a?aiy
iaoiaeaeaiey eioi?uo eiaao cia/aiea aeey onoaiiaeaiey ianoiyoaeuenoa aeaea, a
oaeaea aeieoiaiou, niaea?aeauea ioiinyueany e aeaeo naaaeaiey.
I?eiaieoaeueii e eaaeaeiio enoi/ieeo iieo/aiey oaeoe/aneeo aeaiiuo caeii
onoaiaaeeaaao ii?yaeie eo iieo/aiey e cae?aieaiey a aeaea.
Enoi/iee aeieacaoaeuenoa e ii?yaeie (oi?ia) iieo/aiey naaaeaiee ec oiai eee
eiiai enoi/ieea neoaeao iniiaaieai aeey auaeaeaiey aeaeia aeieacaoaeuenoa,
aeiionoeiuo a oaieiaiii i?ioeanna. Oaeeie yaeythony: iieacaiey naeaeaoaey,
iieacaiey iioa?iaaoaai, iieacaiey iaaeiyaiiai, iieacaiey iiaeic?aaaaiiai,
caeeth/aiea yenia?oa, aauanoaaiiua aeieacaoaeuenoaa, i?ioieieu neaaenoaaiiuo e
noaeaaiuo aeaenoaee e eiua aeieoiaiou (/. 2 no. 69 OIE).
Eceiaeaiiia naeaeaoaeuenoaoao i oii, /oi aeieacaoaeuenoai ii oaieiaiiio aeaeo
aunooiaao a aaeeinoaa naiaai niaea?aeaiey (“oaeoe/aneea aeaiiua”) e
i?ioeannoaeueiie oi?iu (“enoi/iee iieo/aiey oaeoe/aneeo aeaiiuo”), a a oeaeii
aeieacaoaeuenoai oa?aeoa?ecoaony oaeeie naienoaaie, eae ioiineiinoue e
aeiionoeiinoue. Aeieacaoaeuenoaii ii oaieiaiiio aeaeo yaeythony ioiinyueany e aeaeo
oaeoe/aneea aeaiiua, iieo/aiiua a i?aaeoniio?aiiii caeiiii ii?yaeea, ia iniiaa
eioi?uo onoaiaaeeaatho iaee/ea eee ionoonoaea niauoey i?anooieaiey,
aeiiaiinoue eeoea e eiua ianoiyoaeuenoaa, eiathuea cia/aiea ii aeaeo.

5. I?aaeaeu aeieacuaaiey. Ioiineiinoue aeieacaoaeuenoa

1.Aeey onoaiiaeaiey ianoiyoaeuenoa, aoiaeyueo a i?aaeiao aeieacuaaiey, a
oiaea i?aaeaa?eoaeueiiai e noaeaaiiai neaaenoaey enneaaeothony eiua ianoiyoaeuenoaa,
oae eee eia/a naycaiiua n onoaiaaeeaaaiuie, a iiyoiio eiathuea cia/aiea aeey
aeaea (ioiinyueany e aeaeo). Iai?eia?, aeey onoaiiaeaiey eeoea, aeiiaiiai a
niaa?oaiee oaeenoaa, ii eiie?aoiiio aeaeo iaiaoiaeeii auei onoaiiaeoue, aaea
aeieaeii auei o?aieoueny i?oaeea, iaeaeaiiia ia ianoa i?ienoanoaey. A ae?oaii aeaea
ii iiia?o caaiaea-ecaioiaeoaey, iaeaeaiiiio ia ianoa ac?uaa aaoiiaoeiu,
neaaeiaaoaeue ociae, eiaaea auea auiouaia iaoeia e eoaea iai?aaeaia aeey i?iaeaaee.
Yoi aeaei aio aiciiaeiinoue aueoe ia ioieo i?ieaoa aaoiiiaeeae e onoaiiaeoue
eeoei, iieueciaaaoaany yoie iaoeiie a aeaiue ac?uaa.
Oaeei ia?acii, ca?aiaa onoaiiaeoue e?oa ianoiyoaeuenoa, eioi?ua iiaoo
eiaoue cia/aiea aeey onoaiiaeaiey ianoiyoaeuenoa, aoiaeyueo a i?aaeiao
aeieacuaaiey, iaaiciiaeii. Yoe ianoiyoaeuenoaa ii?aaeaeythony i?eiaieoaeueii e
eiie?aoiiio aeaeo. E?oa yoeo ianoiyoaeuenoa, a ia?aoth i/a?aaeue, ii?aaeaeyao e
onoaiaaeeaaao neaaeiaaoaeue, ?ac?aaaouaay e i?iaa?yy aa?nee i?ienoaaeoaai
niauoey. Iie iiaoo auoue onoaiiaeaiu e ii oiaeaoaenoao o/anoieeia i?ioeanna
(no. 131, 276 OIE).
2.Eiathueie cia/aiea aeey aeaea yaeythony e ianoiyoaeuenoaa, auyniaiea
eioi?uo iaiaoiaeeii aeey i?iaa?ee e ioeaiee aeieacaoaeuenoa (iai?eia?,
onoaiiaeaiea iai?eyciaiiuo ioiioaiee iaaeaeo iaaeiyaiui e naeaeaoaeyie iiaeao
eiaoue cia/aiea i?e ioeaiea iieacaiee naeaeaoaey, onoaiiaeaiea aeaoaeoia neooa o
iioa?iaaoaai iiaeao iinoaaeoue iiae niiiaiea aeinoiaa?iinoue aai iieacaiee).
Yoe e iiaeiaiua ianoiyoaeuenoaa, eioi?ua iaaei onoaiaaeeaaoue a oiaea
?anneaaeiaaiey e noaeaaiiai ?anniio?aiey aeaea aeey aeieacuaaiey th?eaee/anee
cia/eiuo ianoiyoaeuenoa, eiaiothony iiai/iuie, i?iiaaeooi/iuie,
aniiiiaaoaeueiuie. Aii?ina oii, iiaeao ee oi eee eiia ianoiyoaeuenoai eiaoue
cia/aiea ii aeaeo, aeieaeii ee iii auoue aeieacaii e eaeeie aeieacaoaeuenoaaie,
?aoaao i?eiaieoaeueii e eiie?aoiiio aeaeo eeoei, i?iecaiaeyuaa aeiciaiea,
neaaeiaaoaeue, noae. I?e yoii iie ?oeiaiaenoaothony no. 20, 68, 131, 176 OIE
?NON?, a eioi?uo eceiaeaii o?aaiaaiea ananoi?iiiaai, iieiiai, iauaeoeaiiai
enneaaeiaaiey anao ianoiyoaeuenoa, eiathueo cia/aiea aeey aeaea.
3. Aeey onoaiiaeaiey anao ianoiyoaeuenoa ii aeaeo, eae aoiaeyueo a i?aaeiao
aeieacuaaiey, oae e ia aoiaeyueo a i?aaeiao aeieacuaaiey, ii eiathueo cia/aiea ii
aeaeo, aeieaeiu auoue nia?aiu iaiaoiaeeiua e aeinoaoi/iua aeieacaoaeuenoaa. Eo aeaeu,
iaiaoiaeeiia e aeinoaoi/iia eiee/anoai ii?aaeaeyao eeoei, aaaeouaa i?iecaiaenoai
ii aeaeo.
Oaeei ia?acii i?aaeaeu aeieacuaaiey caaenyo io: 1) e?oaa oaeoe/aneeo
ianoiyoaeuenoa, aoiaeyueo a i?aaeiao aeieacuaaiey ii eiie?aoiiio aeaeo: 2) eiuo
ianoiyoaeuenoa, eiathueo cia/aiea aeey aeaea (iiai/iua, i?iiaaeooi/iua
ianoiyoaeuenoaa), a iioiio iiaeeaaeaueo onoaiiaeaieth: 3) iaiaoiaeeiuo e
aeinoaoi/iuo aeieacaoaeuenoa aeey onoaiiaeaiey oeacaiiuo auoa ianoiyoaeuenoa.
Ii eiie?aoiiio aeaeo i?aaeaeu aeieacuaaiey ia i?aaeaa?eoaeueiii e noaeaaiii
neaaenoaee iiaoo auoue ?acee/iu. I?aaeaeu enneaaeiaaiey ia i?aaeaa?eoaeueiii
neaaenoaee iiaoo ieacaoueny oe?a, /ai a noaeaaiii ?acae?aoaeuenoaa. Yoi
iauyniyaony oai, /oi a oiaea ?anneaaeiaaiey iiaoo auyniyoueny ianoiyoaeuenoaa,
eioi?ua aiineaaenoaee ia aoaeoo enneaaeiaaoueny a noaea, eae ia eiathuea ioiioaiey
e aeaeo. Iiyoiio a neaaenoaaiiie ?aaioa aiciiaeiu oae iacuaaaiua “ecaea?aeee
i?iecaiaenoaa”. I?aaeeueii i?eaioe?oynue a aii?ina i i?aaeiaoa aeieacuaaiey e
i?aaeaeao enneaaeiaaiey, neaaeiaaoaeue iiaeao eo nie?aoeoue.
Noae ia naycai e?oaii aeieacaoaeuenoa, nia?aiiuo a oiaea i?aaeaa?eoaeueiiai
?anneaaeiaaiey aeaea e i?aaenoaaeaiiuo iaaeieoaeai. Ii iiaeao ii oiaeaoaenoao
iaaeiyaiiai, caueoieea eee ae?oaeo o/anoieeia noaeaaiiai ?acae?aoaeuenoaa
enneaaeiaaoue iiaua ianoiyoaeuenoaa e aeieacaoaeuenoaa, iaiaoiaeeiua aeey ?aoaiey
aeaea.

6. Aeiionoeiinoue aeieacaoaeuenoa. Iniiaaiey i?eciaiey aeieacaoaeuenoaa
iaaeiionoeiui

A i?aaeeao aeieacuaaiey iniaia ianoi caieiatho i?aaeea aeiionoeiinoe
aeieacaoaeuenoaa. Yoe i?aaeea aeieaeiu iaania/eoue aeinoiaa?iinoue n?aaenoa
aeieacuaaiey e oai naiui nicaeaoue iaaeaaeiue ooiaeaiaio aeey i?eciaiey aeieacaiiuie
eee iaaeieacaiiuie ii?aaeaeaiiuo ianoiyoaeuenoa.
Aeieacaoaeuenoaa, iieo/aiiua n ia?ooaieai caeiia, i?eciathony ia eiathueie
th?eaee/aneie neeu e ia iiaoo auoue iieiaeaiu a iniiao iaaeiaiey, a oaeaea
eniieueciaaoueny aeey aeieacuaaiey ianoiyoaeuenoa, ia?a/eneaiiuo a no. 68 OIE. Ec
yoiai caienaiiiai a /.3 no. 69 OIE i?aaeea neaaeoao, /oi ia oieueei iaaeiaiea,
ii e aeieacuaaiea ethauo eiuo ianoiyoaeuenoa, a oii /enea e niya/athueo
ioaaonoaaiiinoue iaaeiyaiiai eee inaiaiaeaeathueo aai io ioaaonoaaiiinoe, aeieaeiu
iniiauaaoueny ia aeiionoeiuo aeieacaoaeuenoaao.
Caeii onoaiaaeeaaao neaaeothuea oneiaey i?eciaiey aeieacaoaeuenoaa
aeiionoeiui1) aeieacaoaeuenoai aeieaeii auoue iieo/aii iaaeeaaeauei noauaeoii,
i?aaiii/iui ii aeaiiiio aeaeo i?iaiaeeoue oi i?ioeannoaeueiia aeaenoaea, a oiaea
eioi?iai iieo/aii aeieacaoaeuenoai: 2) oaeoe/aneea aeaiiua aeieaeiu auoue iieo/aiu
oieueei ec enoi/ieeia, ia?a/eneaiiuo a /. 2 no. 69 OIE, a a oeacaiiuo a
caeiia neo/ayo – ec ii?aaeaeaiiiai aeaea enoi/ieea (/. 2 no. 79 OIE): 3)
aeieacaoaeuenoai aeieaeii auoue iieo/aii n niaethaeaieai i?aaee i?iaaaeaiey
i?ioeannoaeueiiai aeaenoaey, a oiaea eioi?iai iieo/aii aeieacaoaeuenoai: 4) i?e
iieo/aiee aeieacaoaeuenoaa aeieaeiu auoue niaethaeaiu ana o?aaiaaiey caeiia i?e
oeene?iaaiee oiaea e ?acoeueoaoa neaaenoaaiiiai aeaenoaey. I/aaeaeii, /oi
caeiiiua n?aaenoaa iieo/aiey aeieacaoaeuenoa i?eciathony iaeiie ec aa?aioee
i?aainoaeey. Iiyoiio yoio aii?in ?aaoee?oaony ia eiinoeoooeeiiiii o?iaia. A i.
2 no. 50 Eiinoeoooeee ?O caienaii: “I?e inouanoaeaiee i?aainoaeey ia
aeiioneaaony eniieueciaaiea aeieacaoaeuenoa, iieo/aiiuo n ia?ooaieai
oaaea?aeueiiai caeiia”. Ii?ia i aeiionoeiinoe aeieacaoaeuenoa aeaenoaoao ia anao
noaaeeyo i?ioeanna (/. 3 no. 69 OIE)a.
Ec caeiia neaaeotho iniiaaiey i?eciaiey aeieacaoaeuenoaa iaaeiionoeiui. Yoi
iiaeao eiaoue ianoi a neaaeothueo neo/ayo: 1.Aeieacaoaeuenoai iieo/aii
iaiaaeeaaeauei noauaeoii aneaaenoaea ia?ooaiey caeiia i iiaeneaaenoaaiiinoe,
iiaenoaeiinoe e o. i., iai?eia?, i?e i?iaaaeaiee aeiciaaaoaeai neaaenoaaiiuo
aeaenoaee, eioi?ua ia oeacaiu a /. 2 no. 119 OIE, eee aac ii?o/aiey i oii
neaaeiaaoaey, i?ieo?i?a: i?iaaaeaiea neaaenoaaiiuo aeaenoaee, iai?eia?, aeii?ina
eeoea neaaeiaaoaeai, ia i?eiyaoei aeaei e i?iecaiaenoao eee ia aeeth/aiiui a
a?oiio neaaeiaaoaeae: i?iaaaeaiea neaaenoaaiiuo aeaenoaee e iieo/aiea
aeieacaoaeuenoa eeoeii, iiaeeaaeauei ioaiaeo.
2.Aeaiiua ii aeaeo iieo/aiu aac i?iaaaeaiey neaaenoaaiiuo aeaenoaee eee ec
enoi/ieeia, ia oeacaiiuo a /. 2 no. 69 OIE. Iiyoiio ec iaoa?eaeia,
iieo/aiiuo aei aicaoaeaeaiey oaieiaiiai aeaea, aeieacaoaeuenoaaiiia cia/aiea eiaao
oieueei i?ioieie iniio?a ianoa i?ienoanoaey, iineieueeo caeii ?ac?aoaao
i?iaaaeaiea yoiai neaaenoaaiiiai aeaenoaey aua aei aicaoaeaeaiey oaieiaiiai aeaea.
I?aaenoaaeaiiua aianoa n aeaeiaie, cayaeaieai i aicaoaeaeaiee aeaea
aeieoiaiou, aaue, oioi-, eeiiiaoa?eaeu iiaoo eniieueciaaoueny a ea/anoaa
aeieacaoaeuenoa oieueei oiaaea, eiaaea iinea aicaoaeaeaiey aeaea eeoea, i?aaenoaaeaoea
yoe iaoa?eaeu, auee aeii?ioaiu, onoaiiaeaii eai, eiaaea, aaea, i?e eaeeo
ianoiyoaeuenoaao auee iaia?oaeaiu i?aaenoaaeaiiua aaue, aeieoiaiou eee
i?iecaaaeaia eeii-, oioinuaiea e o. i. Iaiaoiaeeiui oneiaeai eniieueciaaiey
i?aaenoaaeaiiuo aauae a ea/anoaa aeieacaoaeuenoa yaeyaony niioaaonoaothuaa
iinoaiiaeaiea i i?eiauaiee eo e aeaeo a ea/anoaa aauanoaaiiuo aeieacaoaeuenoa.
Oaeia aea ?aoaiea aeieaeii auoue i?eiyoi ii ioiioaieth e iaoa?eaeai,
iieo/aiiui a oiaea iia?aoeaii-?icuneiie aeayoaeueiinoe.
No. 10 caeiia “Ia iia?aoeaii-?icuneiie aeayoaeueiinoe a ?O” caienaii:
“?acoeueoaou iia?aoeaii-?icuneiie aeayoaeueiinoe iiaoo auoue eniieueciaaiu… a
ea/anoaa aeieacaoaeuenoa ii oaieiaiui aeaeai iinea eo i?iaa?ee a niioaaonoaee n
oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiui caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii”.
Iaaei eiaoue a aeaeo, /oi ec aoeaaeueiiai niunea oaenoa no. 10 caeiia
yanoaoao, /oi a oiaea iia?aoeaii-?icuneiie aeayoaeueiinoe iieo/atho
aeieacaoaeuenoaa, iaaeaeo oai oaeie iooue iieo/aiey aeieacaoaeuenoa ia i?aaeoniio?ai
no. 70 OIE, aaea ?a/ue eaeao oieueei i neaaenoaaiiuo aeaenoaeyo.
Iiyoiio iieo/aiiua a ?acoeueoaoa oaeeo iia?aoeaii-?icuneiuo ia?ii?eyoee
oaeoe/aneea aeaiiua iacaaeneii io oiai, i?iaaaeaiu ee iie aei eee iinea
aicaoaeaeaiey oaieiaiiai aeaea, iiaoo noaoue aeieacaoaeuenoaii ii oaieiaiiio aeaeo
oieueei i?e oneiaee, anee eeoei, oiieiiii/aiiia ia aaaeaiea i?aaeaa?eoaeueiiai
neaaenoaey, eee noae iieo/ao yoe aeaiiua iooai i?iaaaeaiey i?ioeannoaeueiuo
aeaenoaee, i?aaeoniio?aiiuo a no. 70 OIE. Aeey yoiai aeieaeii auoue ecaanoii eeoei,
i?aaenoaaeythuaa yoe iaoa?eaeu, e iii aeieaeii auoue aeii?ioaii iai anao
ianoiyoaeuenoaao eo iaia?oaeaiey, a naie iaoa?eaeu, iai?eia?, eeii-,
oioinieiee, i?eiauaiu e aeaeo a ii?yaeea no. 84, 88 OIE.
I/aaeaeii, /oi iayniinoue ii iiaiaeo oiai, eae, aaea e i?e eaeeo
ianoiyoaeuenoaao iieo/ai iaoa?eaeueiue iauaeo, ianouee oo eee eioth eioi?iaoeeth,
eeoaao aai aeieacaoaeuenoaaiiie neeu.
Ia?ooaiu cai?aou, ia?aie/aiey, onoaiiaeaiiua i?eiaieoaeueii e ioaeaeueiui
enoi/ieeai aeieacaoaeuenoaa.
Caeii onoaiaaeeaaao, eoi ia iiaeao aeii?aoeaaoueny a ea/anoaa naeaeaoaey
(/. 2 no. 72 OIE). E?iia oiai, ?yae eeoe iieuecothony i?aaii naeaeaoaeueneiai
eiioieoaoa.
Niaeanii no. 51 Eiinoeoooeee ?O “ieeoi ia iaycai naeaeaoaeuenoaiaaoue
i?ioea naay naiiai, naiaai noi?oaa e aeeceeo ?iaenoaaiieeia, e?oa eioi?uo
ii?aaeaeyaony oaaea?aeueiui caeiiii.
Oaaea?aeueiui caeiiii iiaoo onoaiaaeeaaoueny eiua neo/ae inaiaiaeaeaiey io
iaycaiiinoe aeaaaoue naeaeaoaeueneea iieacaiey”.
Naeaeaoaeueneee eiioieoao i?aaeoniio?ai a caeiia “I naiaiaea
aa?ieniiaaaeaiee” io 25 ieoya?y 1990 a. (/. 2 no. 13). Yoi i?aaeei iai?aaeaii
ia io?aio oaeiu eniiaaaee.
4.Eiaaea a ea/anoaa naeaeaoaey aeii?aoeaaaony eeoei, eioi?ia oaeoe/anee
iiaeic?aaaaony aeii?aoeaaaiui a i?anooieaiee, ii i?ioeannoaeueii aai iieiaeaiea
eae iiaeic?aaaaiiai eee iaaeiyaiiai ia ioi?ieaii, a i?aaeiaoii aeii?ina
yaeyaony auyniaiea o eeoea aai i?e/anoiinoe e i?anooieaieth. A yoii neo/aa
ia?ooaaony i?eaeeaaey i?ioea naiiiaaeiaiey (no. 51 Eiinoeoooeee ?O).
5.Ia?ooaiu i?ioeannoaeueiua i?aaeea niae?aiey, i?iaa?ee aeieacaoaeuenoa e
oeene?iaaiey i?iaaaeaiiuo i?ioeannoaeueiuo aeaenoaee a niioaaonoaothueo

aeieoiaioao. Aaconeiaii, eeoathony th?eaee/aneie neeu aeieacaoaeuenoaa, iieo/aiiua
a ?acoeueoaoa i?iaaaeaiey neaaenoaaiiiai aeaenoaey aac iieo/aiey naieoeee
i?ieo?i?a eee ?aoaiey noaea ia aai i?iaaaeaiea, anee oaeay naieoeey
i?aaeoniio?aia caeiiii (no. 23, 25, 49, 50 Eiinoeoooeee, no. 111, 112, 168,
174 OIE): anee neaaenoaaiiia aeaenoaea i?iaaaeaii aac niaethaeaiey onoaiiaeaiiiai
ii?yaeea, iniaaiii, anee yoi i?eaaei e ia?ooaieth eee ia?aie/aieth i?aaa
iiaeic?aaaaiiai, iaaeiyaiiai ia caueoo (iai?eia?, iaaeiyaiue aue eeoai i?aaa
ia i?enoonoaea i?e aeii?ina eca?aiiiai ei caueoieea, eee eeoeai, o/anoaothuei a
i?iecaiaenoaa neaaenoaaiiiai aeaenoaey, ia auee ?acuyniaiu eo i?aaa, i?e
iacia/aiee yenia?oecu iaaeiyaiiio ia auei ?acuyniaii i?aai ia ioaiae yenia?oa
e o. i.): anee ia?ooaiea ii?yaeea i?iaaaeaiey neaaenoaaiiiai aeaenoaey noaaeo
iiae niiiaiea aai ?acoeueoaou (iioa?iaaoee aei i?aaeuyaeaiey aio iiiciaaaaiiai
ia aue aeii?ioai i i?eciaeao, ii eioi?ui ii iiaeao iiiciaoue eeoei, iaiaaeaaoaa
ia iaai), eee aeiiouaiu oa eee eiua ionooieaiey io ii?yaeea i?aaeuyaeaiey aeey
iiiciaiey.
Iaaeiionoeiu aeieacaoaeuenoaa, iieo/aiiua n i?eiaiaieai ianeeey, oa?ic eee
eiuo iacaeiiiuo ia? (/.3 no. 20 OIE).
Ia iiaoo neoaeeoue aeieacaoaeuenoaii oaeoe/aneea aeaiiua, niiauaiiua
naeaeaoaeai (iioa?iaaoei), anee ii ia iiaeao oeacaoue enoi/iee naiae
inaaaeiieaiiinoe (no. 74, 75).
Iaaeiionoeii eniieueciaaoue a ea/anoaa aeieacaoaeuenoa iaeaoaiea a noaea
iieacaiee naeaeaoaey, iioa?iaaoaai, anee i?e/eia eo iayaee a noae ia
onoaiiaeaia (no. 286, 292 OIE) eee iie ia yaeeenue a noae aac oaaaeeoaeueiie
i?e/eiu.
I/aaeaeii, /oi ia?ooaiea i?aaee iieo/aiey aeieacaoaeuenoa, iniiaaiiuo ia
eiinoeoooeeiiiuo aa?aioeyo i?aa e naiaiae /aeiaaea e a?aaeaeaieia, ia?ooathueo
iai?eeiniiaaiiinoue aeeeeua, oaeio ia?aienee eee cao?aaeaathueo eiua i?aaa
/aeiaaea, aaconeiaii, aeaeaao oaeea aeieacaoaeuenoaa iaaeiionoeiuie.
Yoio eaoaai?e/aneee cai?ao iaoneiaeai ia oieueei iaiaoiaeeiinoueth
iainiiaaiey auaiaea i aeiiaiinoe ia aeinoiaa?iuo aeieacaoaeuenoaao, ii a
cia/eoaeueiie ia?a eiaao oeaeueth iaania/eoue eiinoeoooeeiiiua i?aaa e naiaiaeu
/aeiaaea, i?aanoaaiiua ia/aea noaeii?iecaiaenoaa. Iiyoiio, aaconeiaii, ia
eiatho th?eaee/aneie neeu iieacaiey, aeieoiaiou, aaue, iieo/aiiua n i?eiaiaieai
ianeeey, oa?ic e eiuo iacaeiiiuo aeaenoaee, eee iieo/aiiua eeoeii, iiaeeaaeauei
ioaiaeo, eee i?iaaaeaiiua n ia?ooaieai i?aa iaaeiyaiiai, iiaeic?aaaaiiai ia
caueoo.

7. Eeanneoeeaoeey aeieacaoaeuenoa

Aeieacaoaeuenoaa iiaoo auoue eeanneoeoee?iaaiu, ioianaiu e oie eee eiie
a?oiia a caaeneiinoe io oiai, ec eaeiai enoi/ieea iieo/aiu, ioiinyony ee
iieo/aiiua naaaeaiey e ianoiyoaeuenoaai, aoiaeyuei a i?aaeiao aeieacuaaiey, eee e
ae?oaei, eioi?ua iiaeoaa?aeaeatho eee io?eoeatho yoe ianoiyoaeuenoaa.
Eaaeaeia aeieacaoaeuenoai ii yoei i?eciaeai iiaeao auoue ioianaii e oie eee
eiie a?oiia. Yoi icia/aao, /oi, enneaaeoy aeieacaoaeuenoai, iaaei o/eouaaoue,
iieo/aii ee iii ec “ia?auo ?oe” eee iaaei onoaiiaeoue ia?aienoi/iee naaaeaiee,
eaeiaa naycue niiauaaiiai n oai, /oi iaaei onoaiiaeoue, yaeythony ee naaaeaiey ii
naiaio oa?aeoa?o iaaeieoaeueiuie eee ii?aaaeaoaeueiuie.
A iaoea e i?aeoeea au?aaioaiu ii?aaeaeaiiua i?aaeea, n o/aoii eioi?uo
neaaeoao enneaaeiaaoue eaaeaeia aeieacaoaeuenoai a oie eee eiie eeanneoeeaoeeiiiie
a?oiia.
Eniieueciaaiea i?eciaeia, iieiaeaiiuo a iniiao eeanneoeeaoeee
aeieacaoaeuenoa e i?aaee niae?aiey, i?iaa?ee e ioeaiee eaaeaeiai aeaea
aeieacaoaeuenoa, niinianoaoao oi?ie?iaaieth aeinoiaa?iuo auaiaeia ii aeaeo.
?acee/atho neaaeothuea eeanneoeeaoeeiiiua a?oiiu aeieacaoaeuenoa.
Ia?aiia/aeueiua e i?iecaiaeiua aeieacaoaeuenoaa. Aeieacaoaeuenoaa aeaeyony ia
ia?aiia/aeueiua e i?iecaiaeiua a caaeneiinoe io oiai, iieo/atho ee eioi?iaoeeth
neaaeiaaoaeue, noae ec ia?aienoi/ieea eee ec “aoi?uo ?oe”. Ia?aiia/aeueiui
aeieacaoaeuenoaii aoaeao, iai?eia?, iieacaiea naeaeaoaey, eioi?ue ee/ii iaaethaeae
oaeou, i eioi?uo niiauaao. Iieacaiea naeaeaoaey i niauoee, eioi?ia ii ia
iaaethaeae, ii neuoae i iai io ae?oaiai eeoea, auaoaai i/aaeaeoeai, aoaeao
aeieacaoaeuenoaii i?iecaiaeiui.
I?e iieo/aiee naaaeaiee ec “aoi?uo ?oe” iaycaoaeueii aeieaeai auoue
onoaiiaeai ia?aienoi/iee naaaeaiee (iai?eia?, i/aaeaeaoe) e aeii?ioai. I?e yoii
o/eouaaaony, /oi i/aaeaeaoe niauoey, yaeaiey ?anneacuaaao i iai oi/iaa e
iieiaa, /ai oio, eoi ciaao ia yoii ii ?anneacai ae?oaeo eeoe. Iieacaiey
i/aaeaeoea eaa/a iiaeaeathony i?iaa?ea, a iiyoiio aieaa aeinoiaa?iu.
Anee onoaiiaeoue ia?aienoi/iee naaaeaiee i eaeii-eeai oaeoa, i eioi?ii
niiauaao aeii?aoeaaaiue, ia i?aaenoaaeyaony aiciiaeiui, oi yoe naaaeaiey oa?ytho
cia/aiea aeieacaoaeuenoaa e aeieaeiu auoue ioaa?aioou. “Ia iiaoo neoaeeoue
aeieacaoaeuenoaii oaeoe/aneea aeaiiua, niiauaaiua naeaeaoaeai, anee ii ia iiaeao
oeacaoue enoi/iee naiae inaaaeiieaiiinoe” (no. 74 OIE). Oaeia aea i?aaeei
aeaenoaoao a ioiioaiee iieacaiee iioa?iaaoaai. Naaaeaiey, iieo/aiiua “ii
neooai”, ia iiaoo auoue i?iaa?aiu, a cia/eo, ia iiaoo auoue eniieueciaaiu a
ea/anoaa aeieacaoaeuenoaa.
No?aieaiea eniieueciaaoue ii aiciiaeiinoe aeieacaoaeuenoaa ia?aiia/aeueiua ia
icia/aao, /oi i?iecaiaeiua ia iiaoo i?eaanoe e aeinoiaa?iui auaiaeai, /oi iie
aeieacaoaeuenoaa “aoi?iai ni?oa”. Eaoaai?e/aneee cai?ao eniieueciaaoue
i?iecaiaeiua aeieacaoaeuenoaa iiaeao eeoeoue noae a ?yaea neo/aaa aaaeiuo
aeieacaoaeuenoa, iieo/aiiuo ec “aoi?uo ?oe”, anee ec ia?aienoi/ieea eo
iieo/eoue iaaiciiaeii (iai?eia?, a neo/aa nia?oe i/aaeaeoea i?ienoanoaey).
Iaaeieoaeueiua e ii?aaaeaoaeueiua aeieacaoaeuenoaa. Aeaeaiea aeieacaoaeuenoa ia
iaaeieoaeueiua e ii?aaaeaoaeueiua caaeneo io niaea?aeaiey iieo/aiiuo naaaeaiee e
onoaiiaeaiey aeieacaoaeuenoa. Aeieacaoaeuenoaa niaa?oaiey i?anooieaiey
iaaeiyaiui, aai aeiu eee ianoiyoaeuenoaa, ioya/athuea ioaaonoaaiiinoue
iaaeiyaiiai, yaeythony iaaeieoaeueiuie: a aeieacaoaeuenoaa, eioi?ua ii?iaa?aatho
iaaeiaiea, naeaeaoaeuenoaotho ia ionoonoaee iauanoaaiii iianiiai aeayiey eee
aeiu iaaeiyaiiai eeai niya/atho aai ioaaonoaaiiinoue, – ii?aaaeaoaeueiuie.
O?aaiaaiea niae?aoue iaaeieoaeueiua e ii?aaaeaoaeueiua aeieacaoaeuenoaa
cae?aieaii a caeiia: no. 20 OIE i?aaeienuaaao auyaeoue ii eaaeaeiio aeaeo
aeieacaoaeuenoaa eae oee/athuea, oae e ii?aaaeuaathuea iaaeiyaiiai, a oaeaea
ioya/athuea e niya/athuea aai aeio ianoiyoaeuenoaa: no. 69 OIE oeacuaaao, /oi
aeieacaoaeuenoaa iiaoo onoaiaaeeaaoue “iaee/ea eee ionoonoaea iauanoaaiii
iianiiai aeayiey”: ioianaiea aeieacaoaeuenoaa e iaaeieoaeueiiio eee
ii?aaaeaoaeueiiio aiciiaeii a ?acoeueoaoa ioeaiee anao aeieacaoaeuenoa a
niaieoiiinoe. Auaaao oae, /oi aeieacaoaeuenoai, ia?aiia/aeueii ioianaiiia e
iaaeieoaeueiui, ieaaeaony ii?aaaeaoaeueiui.
I?iaa?aiiua e ioeaiaiiua iaaeieoaeueiua e ii?aaaeaoaeueiua aeieacaoaeuenoaa
aeieaeiu auoue io?aaeaiu a aaaeiaeoeo i?ioeannoaeueiuo aeieoiaioao: iaaeieoaeueiii
caeeth/aiee (no. 205 OIE) e i?eaiai?a (no. 314 OIE). Yoi icia/aao, /oi i?e
auianaiee iaaeieoaeueiiai i?eaiai?a iaaei oeacuaaoue oa aeieacaoaeuenoaa, eioi?ua
iieiaeaiu noaeii a iniiao iaaeiaiey, n i?eaaaeaieai iioeaia, ii/aio yoe
aeieacaoaeuenoaa i?eiyou noaeii e ii/aio noaeii ioaa?aioou ii?aaaeuaathuea
iiaenoaeeiiai aeieacaoaeuenoaa: i?e auianaiee ii?aaaeaoaeueiiai i?eaiai?a neaaeoao
oeacuaaoue aeieacaoaeuenoaa, eioi?ua iieiaeaiu noaeii a iniiao ii?aaaeaiey, n
i?eaaaeaieai iioeaia, ii/aio noae ioaa?a oa, ia eioi?uo iniiaaii iaaeieoaeueiia
caeeth/aiea.
I?yiua e einaaiiua aeieacaoaeuenoaa. Aeaeaiea aeieacaoaeuenoa ia i?yiua e
einaaiiua iniiaaii ia oii, /oi iaeie ec ieo niaea?aeao naaaeaiey ia
ianoiyoaeuenoaao, ninoaaeythueo i?aaeiao aeieacuaaiey, ae?oaea – i oae iacuaaaiuo
“aeieacaoaeuenoaaiiuo”, “i?iiaaeooi/iuo”, “aniiiiaaoaeueiuo” oaeoao.
I?yiuie aeieacaoaeuenoaaie yaeythony aeieacaoaeuenoaa, oeacuaathuea ia
niaa?oaiea eeoeii i?anooieaiey, o. a. aeieacuaathuea oae iacuaaaiue “aeaaiue
oaeo”. Yoe ianoiyoaeuenoaa, oeacaiiua a i. 1, 2 no. 68, aeatho iniiaaiey aeey
ioaaoia ia aii?inu, iinoaaeaiiua a i.1, 3, 4 no. 303, a i. 1, 2,3 /. 1 no.
449 OIE. Iieacaiey iaaeiyaiiai, i?eciathuaai naith aeio e iauyniythuaai, ii
eaeei iioeaai, eiaaea, aaea e i?e eaeeo ianoiyoaeuenoaao ii niaa?oee
i?anooieaiea, yaeythony i?yiui aeieacaoaeuenoaii. I?yiui aeieacaoaeuenoaii
yaeyaony iieacaiea naeaeaoaey i oii, eae iaaeiyaiue iaiinee oaea?u
iioa?iaaoaio. I?e eniieueciaaiee i?yiuo aeieacaoaeuenoa caaea/a ninoieo oieueei a
onoaiiaeaiee eo aeinoiaa?iinoe (o. a. iaaei onoaiiaeoue, aiai?eo ee iaaeiyaiue,
naeaeaoaeue i?aaaeo), oae eae cia/aiea niiauaiiuo naaaeaiee aeey onoaiiaeaiey
i?aaeiaoa aeieacuaaiey caeanue i/aaeaeii. Aeey onoaiiaeaiey aeinoiaa?iinoe
aeieacaoaeuenoaa eaaeaeia ec ieo aeieaeii auoue ?anniio?aii a niaieoiiinoe anao
aeieacaoaeuenoa. Ieeaeeo i?aeiouanoa a neea i?yiia aeieacaoaeuenoai ia eiaao,
iiyoiio iaaeiionoeii n/eoaoue “aeaaiui” aeieacaoaeuenoaii, “oea?eoeae”
aeieacaoaeuenoa oaeia i?yiia aeieacaoaeuenoai, eae i?eciaiea iaaeiyaiui naiae
aeiu (/. 2 no. 77 OIE).
Einaaiiua aeieacaoaeuenoaa niaea?aeao naaaeaiey i oaeoao, eioi?ua
i?aaeoanoaiaaee, niioonoaiaaee eee neaaeiaaee ca aeieacuaaaiui niauoeai e ii
niaieoiiinoe eioi?uo iiaeii naeaeaoue auaiae i oii, eiaei ee ianoi niauoea
i?anooieaiey, aeiiaai eee ia aeiiaai iaaeiyaiue. Oae, i?e ?anneaaeiaaiee aeaea
ia oaeenoaa ia iniiaaiee einaaiiuo aeieacaoaeuenoa (i?eiaaeeaaeiinoue iaaeiyaiiio
iiaea, eioi?ui niaa?oaii oaeenoai, iaia?oaeaiea ia ianoa niaa?oaiey
i?anooieaiey neaaeia iaoae iaaeiyaiiai, onoaiiaeaiea iai?eyciaiiuo ioiioaiee
iaaeiyaiiai e iioa?iaaoaai e ae?oaeo oaeoe/aneeo aeaiiuo) oi?ie?oaony auaiae
neaaeiaaoaey, noaea i niaa?oaiee iaaeiyaiui aeaiiiai i?anooieaiey. Iooue
onoaiiaeaiey ianoiyoaeuenoa aeaea n iiiiuueth einaaiiuo aeieacaoaeuenoa aieaa
neiaeiue, /ai i?e i?yiuo aeieacaoaeuenoaao.
I?e aeieacuaaiee n iiiiuueth einaaiiuo aeieacaoaeuenoa iaaei, ai-ia?auo,
onoaiiaeoue, aeinoiaa?iu ee naaaeaiey, eioi?ua noaee ecaanoiu neaaeiaaoaeth, noaeo
(aiai?eo ee naeaeaoaeue i?aaaeo i iaee/ee iai?eyciaiiuo ioiioaiee iaaeaeo
iaaeiyaiui e iioa?iaaoei, aeaenoaeoaeueii ee ia iiaea eiaeenue ioia/aoee iaeueoeaa
iaaeiyaiiai e o. ae.): ai-aoi?uo, ii?aaeaeeoue, naycaiu ee noaaoea ecaanoiuie
naaaeaiey n niaa?oaieai i?anooieaiey iaaeiyaiui (iai?eia?, iaaeiyaiue iia
auoue a iai?eyciaiiuo ioiioaieyo n iioa?iaaoei, ii yoi ia iiaeaeei ca niaie
eaeeo-eeai i?anooiiuo aeaenoaee n aai noi?iiu: ia ianoa i?anooieaiey
iaia?oaeaiu ioia/aoee iaoae iiaeic?aaaaiiai, ii yoi ia cia/eo, /oi ii aue ia
ianoa i?anooieaiey, oae eae aai iaoaue iia iaaeaoue ae?oaie /aeiaae e o. i.).
Iiyoiio i?e eniieueciaaiee einaaiiuo aeieacaoaeuenoa aaaeii onoaiiaeoue ia oieueei
eaeia-eeai ianoiyoaeuenoai, ii e iauaeoeaioth naycue yoiai ianoiyoaeuenoaa n
onoaiaaeeaaaiuie ii aeaeo oaeoaie. Oi?iu yoie nayce iiaoo auoue ?acee/iua
(naycue i?e/eiiay, i?ino?ainoaaiii-a?aiaiiay, naycue niioaaonoaey e ae?.).
Onoaiiaeaiea yoie nayce ii?aaeaeyao ioiineiinoue aeieacaoaeuenoaa.
?aniieaaay einaaiiuie aeieacaoaeuenoaaie ii aeaeo, iaaei i?iaa?eoue eo naycue
n aeieacuaaaiui ianoiyoaeuenoaii, /oiau eneeth/eoue neo/aeiia noa/aiea
ianoiyoaeuenoa.
Ec i?eaaaeaiiie oa?aeoa?enoeee einaaiiuo aeieacaoaeuenoa auoaeatho
neaaeothuea i?aaeea eo eniieueciaaiey: a) einaaiiua aeieacaoaeuenoaa i?eaiaeyo e
aeinoiaa?iui auaiaeai ii aeaeo eeoue a naiae niaieoiiinoe: a) einaaiiua
aeieacaoaeuenoaa aeieaeiu auoue iauaeoeaii naycaiu iaaeaeo niaie e n aeieacuaaaiui
iieiaeaieai: a) nenoaia (niaieoiiinoue) einaaiiuo aeieacaoaeuenoa aeieaeia
i?eaiaeeoue e oaeiio iainiiaaiiiio auaiaeo, eioi?ue eneeth/aao eiia iauyniaiea
onoaiiaeaiiuo ianoiyoaeuenoa, eneeth/aao ?acoiiua niiiaiey a oii, /oi
ianoiyoaeuenoaa aeaea auee eiaiii oaeeie, eae iie onoaiiaeaiu ia iniiaa yoeo
aeieacaoaeuenoa.
Einaaiiua aeieacaoaeuenoaa a naiae niaieoiiinoe iiaoo neoaeeoue iniiaaieai
aeey auaiaea i oaeoao, aoiaeyueo a i?aaeiao aeieacuaaiey. Iie iiaoo auoue
eniieueciaaiu i?e i?iaa?ea aeinoiaa?iinoe i?yiuo aeieacaoaeuenoa (iai?eia?,
iieacaiey naeaeaoaey i oii, /oi iioa?iaaoee iaoiaeeeny a nni?a n iaaeiyaiui,
iiaoo eniieueciaaoueny i?e ioeaiea aeinoiaa?iinoe iieacaiee iioa?iaaoaai),
ainiieiyoue eo i?iaaeu, oeacuaaoue iooue iieo/aiey iiauo aeieacaoaeuenoa.
Einaaiiua aeieacaoaeuenoaa iaeuecy n/eoaoue aeieacaoaeuenoaaie “aoi?iai ni?oa”.
Yoe aeieacaoaeuenoaa /aua, /ai i?yiua, ano?a/athony i?e ?anneaaeiaaiee e
?anniio?aiee oaieiaiuo aeae e i?e i?aaeeueiii eo eniieueciaaiee i?eaiaeyo e
aeinoiaa?iui auaiaeai.

8. Aeieacuaaiea. Iiiyoea e iauay oa?aeoa?enoeea

Aeieacuaaiea ninoieo a niae?aiee, i?iaa?ea e ioeaiea aeieacaoaeuenoa n
oeaeueth onoaiiaeaiey ianoiyoaeuenoa, eiathueo cia/aiea aeey caeiiiiai,
iainiiaaiiiai e ni?aaaaeeeaiai ?ac?aoaiey aeae. Aeieacuaaiea, a i?aaeaeao naieo
iieiiii/ee, inouanoaeytho eeoei, i?iecaiaeyuaa aeiciaiea, neaaeiaaoaeue, i?ieo?i?,
noaeuey, noae. I?aai o/anoey a aeieacuaaiee eiatho iiaeic?aaaaiue, iaaeiyaiue,
caueoiee, iauanoaaiiue iaaeieoaeue, iauanoaaiiue caueoiee, a oaeaea
iioa?iaaoee, a?aaeaeaineee enoaoe, a?aaeaeaineee ioaao/ee e eo i?aaenoaaeoaee.
E o/anoeth a niae?aiee e i?iaa?ea aeieacaoaeuenoa i?eaeaeathony yenia?ou,
niaoeeaeenou, iiiyoua e ae?oaea, eioi?ua a ii?yaeea, onoaiiaeaiiii caeiiii,
auiieiytho ii?aaeaeaiiua i?ioeannoaeueiua iaycaiiinoe. Niae?aiea e i?iaa?ea
aeieacaoaeuenoa i?iecaiaeyony iooai aeii?inia, i/iuo noaaie, i?aaeuyaeaiey aeey
iiiciaiey, auaiie, iauneia, iniio?ia, yenia?eiaioia, i?iecaiaenoaa yenia?oec
e ae?oaeo neaaenoaaiiuo e noaeaaiuo aeaenoaee, i?aaeoniio?aiiuo caeiiii.
Niae?aiea, i?iaa?eo, ioeaieo aeieacaoaeuenoa ia aeinoaeaaiuo noaaeeyo iooai
i?iaaaeaiey neaaenoaaiiuo e ae?oaeo aeaenoaee inouanoaeytho aeiciaaaoaeue,
neaaeiaaoaeue, i?ieo?i? (no. 70, 71 OIE). Ii?aaeaeaiiua i?aaa ia o/anoea a
aeieacaoaeuenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe i?aaeinoaaeaiu anai o/anoieeai i?ioeanna.
Noae ia?aie einoaioeee i?e ?anniio?aiee aeaea iaycai iaiin?aaenoaaiii
enneaaeiaaoue aeieacaoaeuenoaa: aeii?ineoue iiaenoaeeiuo, iioa?iaaoeo, naeaeaoaeae,
caneooaoue caeeth/aiea yenia?oia, iniio?aoue aauanoaaiiua aeieacaoaeuenoaa,
iaeaneoue i?ioieieu e eiua aeieoiaiou (no. 240 OIE). Noae ai?aaa aucaaoue ethaia
eeoei aeey aeii?ina eee aeey aea/e caeeth/aiey a ea/anoaa yenia?oa, i?iecaiaeeoue
iniio?u e ae?. (no. 70 OIE).
I/aaeaeii ?acee/ea aeieacaoaeuenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe ia i?aaeaa?eoaeueiii
neaaenoaee e a noaea. Neaaeiaaoaeue niae?aao aeieacaoaeuenoaa aeey onoaiiaeaiey
oiai, auei ee niauoea i?anooieaieai e eoi, eaeea aeaenoaey niaa?oae.
Neaaeiaaoaeue e i?ieo?i? ?aoatho, nia?aiu ee aeinoaoi/iua aeieacaoaeuenoaa aeey
iai?aaeaiey aeaea a noae. A noaea enneaaeothony i?aaenoaaeaiiua noi?iiaie
aeieacaoaeuenoaa aeey ioaaoia ia aii?inu, aeieacaii ee niauoea i?anooieaiey,
aeieacaia ee aeiiaiinoue iaaeiyaiiai e ae?. Noae, nio?aiyy iauaeoeaiinoue e
aani?eno?anoiinoue, nicaeaao noi?iiai iaiaoiaeeiua oneiaey aeey ananoi?iiiaai e
iieiiai enneaaeiaaiey aeaea, a oaeaea auyniyao a oiaea enneaaeiaaiey
aeieacaoaeuenoa eiathueany o iaai aii?inu. Noae (noaeuey) iaania/eaaao iaaeeaaeauoth
i?ioeaaeo?o aeieacuaaiey a noaea, ii ia iaycai i?eieiaoue ia?u e ainiieiaieth
aeieacaoaeuenoa, i?aaenoaaeaiiuo iaaeieoaeai eee aica?auaoue aeey yoiai aeaei aeey
aeiiieieoaeueiiai ?anneaaeiaaiey (no. 429,446 OIE).
Yoe i?aaeea ioee/athony io i?aaee, onoaiiaeaiiuo a ae. 21, 23 OIE
i?eiaieoaeueii e noaeo, aeaenoaothuaio aac o/anoey i?enyaeiuo canaaeaoaeae. Yoi e
iiiyoii, o. e. OIE 1960 a. enoiaeee ec oiai, /oi noaeo i?eiaaeeaaeeo aeoeaiay,
naiinoiyoaeueiay ?ieue a aeieacuaaiee e ii, ia?yaeo n iaaeieoaeai, iaycai
i?eieiaoue ia?u e aeieacuaaieth ianoiyoaeuenoa, oeacaiiuo a iaaeieoaeueiii
caeeth/aiee (no. 3, 255, 256-258 OIE). I/aaeaeii, /oi a iiauo ii?iao ?acae. O
OIE ?ieue noaeuee au?aaeaia a niioaaonoaee n iacia/aieai noaea eae i?aaia
i?aainoaeey, aeaenoaothuaai ia “ia inoae, a ia ?annoae”.
1. Aeieacuaaiea eae aeayoaeueiinoue, i?ioaeathuay a ?aieao oaieiaiiai
noaeii?iecaiaenoaa e iai?aaeaiiay ia ?aoaiea aai caaea/, ?aaoee?oaony
oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiui caeiiii.
Oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiue caeii, ?aaeaiaioe?oy i?ioeann aeieacuaaiey,
oii?yaei/eaaao aeayoaeueiinoue ii onoaiiaeaieth oaeoe/aneeo ianoiyoaeuenoa aeaea,
nicaeaao iaaeaaeiua aa?aioee ?aaainoaa i?aa noi?ii a aeieacuaaiee.
A oiaea aeieacaoaeuenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe aeieaeia auoue iaania/aia io?aia
i?aa e caeiiiuo eioa?ania a?aaeaeai e th?eaee/aneeo eeoe.
I?e aeieacuaaiee cai?auaaony niaa?oaoue aeaenoaey, iianiua aeey aeecie e
caei?iauey a?aaeaeai eee oieaeathuea eo /anoue e aeinoieinoai, aeiiiaaoueny iieacaiee,
iauyniaiee, caeeth/aiee, auaea/e aeieoiaioia eee i?aaeiaoia iooai ianeeey,
oa?ic, iaiaia e eiuo iacaeiiiuo ia?. Yoe e ae?oaea i?aaeea aeieacuaaiey
onoaiaaeeaathony e i?eiaieoaeueii e ioaeaeueiui neaaenoaaiiui aeaenoaeyi.
A eaaeaeie noaaeee i?ioeanna a niioaaonoaee n aa eiie?aoiuie caaea/aie e
i?ioeannoaeueiuie oi?iaie aeieacuaaiea eiaao naie iniaaiiinoe, naie oa?aeoa?iua
/a?ou, ?acoeueoaoii aeieacuaaiey iiaoo auoue oieueei i?aaeoniio?aiiua aeey aeaiiie
noaaeee ?aoaiey. Caaea/e eiie?aoiie noaaeee, aa i?ioeannoaeueiay oi?ia io?aaeathony
e a niioiioaiee ioaeaeueiuo yeaiaioia aeieacuaaiey, e a oii, eae i?ienoiaeeo
enneaaeiaaiea aeieacaoaeuenoa (iaiin?aaenoaaiii eee ii ienueiaiiui iaoa?eaeai) e,
niioaaonoaaiii, eaeea auaiaeu ec ioeaiee aeieacaoaeuenoa iiaoo auoue naeaeaiu a
oie eee eiie noaaeee.
A niioaaonoaee n oaie i?ioeannoaeueiuie oneiaeyie, a eioi?uo iiaoo auoue
iieo/aiu e i?iaa?aiu aeieacaoaeuenoaa a oie eee eiie noaaeee, caeii ii?aaeaeyao
i?aaeaeu iieiiii/ee i?aaia, oa auaiaeu ec ioeaiee aeieacaoaeuenoa, eioi?ua ii
ai?aaa naeaeaoue, e aeaeu ?aoaiee, eioi?ua ii ai?aaa i?eiyoue (ni. 143, 144 e
205, 324 OIE).
I?aaeea aeieacaoaeuenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe, cae?aieaiiua a caeiia, aeieaeiu
auoue ?oeiaiaeyueie e i?e ?ac?aaioea e?eieiaeenoeeie oaeoe/aneeo i?eaiia
neaaenoaaiiuo aeaenoaee i?e ii?aaeaeaiee aeiionoeiinoe eniieueciaaiey oao eee
eiuo oaoie/aneeo n?aaenoa e oaeoe/aneeo iaoiaeia iieo/aiey e i?iaa?ee
aeieacaoaeuenoa.
2.Eae ioia/aii auoa, aeieacaoaeuenoaaiiay aeayoaeueiinoue a oaieiaiii
i?ioeanna ia naiaeeony oieueei e iieo/aieth oaeoe/aneeo aeaiiuo ia
ianoiyoaeuenoaao i?ienoaaeoaai niauoey oai eee eiui noauaeoii i?ioeanna
(iai?eia?, neaaeiaaoaeue iieo/aao eioa?anothuea aai naaaeaiey i?e aeii?ina
naeaeaoaey). Aeey eniieueciaaiey iieacaiee naeaeaoaey iie aeieaeiu auoue
caoeene?iaaiu a oaeie i?ioeannoaeueiie oi?ia, eioi?ay au iaania/eaaea
aiciiaeiinoue iciaeiieaiey n ieie anao noauaeoia oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiie
aeayoaeueiinoe e nicaeaaaea aa?aioee aeinoiaa?iinoe iieo/aiiuo naaaeaiee. Iiyoiio
i?ioeann aeieacuaaiey eiaao ia oieueei iiciaaaoaeueiue, ii e oaeinoiaa?eoaeueiue
oa?aeoa?. Oaeinoiaa?eoaeueiay noi?iia iiciaiey au?aaeaia a o?aaiaaieyo caeiia
ia ii?aaeaeaiiii ii?yaeea niae?aiey, i?iaa?ee e oeenaoeee aeieacaoaeuenoa, a oii
/enea i?enoonoaey iiiyouo i?e niaa?oaiee ?yaea neaaenoaaiiuo aeaenoaee.
Oa?aeoa?ecoy a oeaeii aeieacuaaiea eae i?ioeann iiin?aaeiaaiiiai
aeieacaoaeuenoaaie iiciaiey, iaaei eiaoue a aeaeo, /oi ioaeaeueiua ianoiyoaeuenoaa,
oaeou iiaoo auoue aini?eiyou neaaeiaaoaeai, noaeueae e iaiin?aaenoaaiii. Yoi oa
oaeou e ninoiyiey, eioi?ua nio?aieeenue ei a?aiaie ?anneaaeiaaiey,
?anniio?aiey noaeii aeaea (iai?eia?, iineaaenoaey iiaea?a, enii?/aiiay ea?oeia,
iaacia?aaeaiiia eeoei iioa?iaaoaai). Yoe iaiin?aaenoaaiii aini?eiyoua
neaaeiaaoaeai e noaeueae ianoiyoaeuenoaa, oaeou aoaeoo eiaoue aeieacaoaeuenoaaiiia
cia/aiea, anee i?e eo aini?eyoee niaethaeaia onoaiiaeaiiay caeiiii
i?ioeannoaeueiay oi?ia (iai?eia?, iniio?, inaeaeaoaeuenoaiaaiea), a iieo/aiiua
i?e yoii aeaiiua iaaeeaaeauei ia?acii io?aaeaiu a aeaea (iai?eia?, a i?ioieiea
iniio?a).
Oaeou, iauaecaanoiua (iai?eia?, aeaoa enoi?e/aneiai niauoey eee
i?athaeeoeeaeueii onoaiiaeaiiua, eniieuecothony a oaieiaiii i?ioeanna aac
aeieacuaaiey, anee ia aicieeaao niiiaiey a eo aeinoiaa?iinoe (iai?eia?, oaeou,
onoaiiaeaiiua anooieaoei a caeiiioth neeo i?eaiai?ii ii ae?oaiio aeaeo). Oaeei
ia?acii, a niaieoiiinoue oaeoe/aneeo aeaiiuo, eioi?ua neoaeao iniiaie aeey
oi?ie?iaaiey auaiaeia ii aeaeo, aoiaeyo ?acee/iua ii naiae i?e?iaea e ii niiniao
iieo/aiey naaaeaiey ia eioa?anothueo neaaenoaea e noae ianoiyoaeuenoaao, /oi
aeieaeii o/eouaaoueny i?e oa?aeoa?enoeea anaai aeieacaoaeuenoaaiiiai i?ioeanna e
ninoaaeythueo aai yeaiaioia.
4.Aeieacuaaiea i?ienoiaeeo a aaeeinoaa i?aaeiaoii-i?aeoe/aneie e
iuneeoaeueiie aeayoaeueiinoe, i?eaiaeeo e oi?ie?iaaieth i?aaenoaaeaiee ia
enneaaeoaiii niauoee.
Aeieacuaaiea i?aaenoaaeyao niaie iiciaaaoaeueiue i?ioeann, eioi?iio i?enoua
aaeeinoai yiioeeiiaeueiiai e ?aoeeiiaeueiiai, noauaeoeaiiai e iauaeoeaiiai,
iaiin?aaenoaaiiiai e iiin?aaeiaaiiiai, /oi i?iyaeyaony ai anao aai
acaeiinaycaiiuo yeaiaioao.
Ana yeaiaiou aeieacaoaeuenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe — niae?aiea, i?iaa?ea e

ioeaiea aeieacaoaeuenoa – ia?ac?uaii iaaeaeo niaie naycaiu, i?ioaeatho a aaeeinoaa,
eiatho ianoi ia anao noaaeeyo i?ioeanna a oao i?ioeannoaeueiuo oi?iao, eioi?ua
niioaaonoaotho caaea/ai aeaiiie noaaeee e onoaiiaeaiiiio a iae ii?yaeeo
i?iecaiaenoaa.
5.Eae oeacaii auoa, aeieacuaaiea eae iiciaiea ianoiyoaeuenoa, aoiaeyueo a
i?aaeiao aeieacuaaiey ii oaieiaiiio aeaeo, iiaeao inouanoaeyoueny eeai iooai
iieo/aiey naaaeaiee, eioi?iaoeee iaiin?aaenoaaiii ia yoeo ianoiyoaeuenoaao
(iai?eia?, iieacaiey naeaeaoaeae-i/aaeaeoeaa, iieacaiey iaaeiyaiiai i aai
aeaenoaeyo), eeai iooai eiae/aneiai iino?iaiey auaiaeia io ecaanoiuo
ianoiyoaeuenoa e iaecaanoiui.
A ia?aii neo/aa aeieacuaaiea i?ienoiaeeo ia iniiaa i?yiuo aeieacaoaeuenoa,
eiaaea iniiaiay caaea/a neaaeiaaoaey, noaea ninoieo a onoaiiaeaiee aeinoiaa?iinoe
niiauaiiuo naaaeaiee aeey oiai, /oiau n/eoaoue eiie?aoiia ianoiyoaeuenoai,
aoiaeyuaa a i?aaeiao aeieacuaaiey, onoaiiaeaiiui.
Ai aoi?ii – i?e aeieacuaaiee n iiiiuueth einaaiiuo aeieacaoaeuenoa iaaei
nia/aea onoaiiaeoue aeinoiaa?iinoue iieo/aiiuo naaaeaiee, ia eo iniiaa
onoaiiaeoue oa eee eiua oaeou (aeieacaoaeuenoaaiiua), a caoai ii niaieoiiinoe
yoeo oaeoia naeaeaoue auaiae i iaee/ee (eee ionoonoaee) eaeiai-eeai
ianoiyoaeuenoaa, aoiaeyuaai a i?aaeiao aeieacuaaiey. Caeanue aeieacuaaiea eaeao io
onoaiiaeaiiuo oaeoia, eiathueo aeieacaoaeuenoaaiiia cia/aiea e auaiaeo i oaeoao,
aoiaeyueo a i?aaeiao aeieacuaaiey, o. a. a nenoaia “io oaeoa e oaeoo”.
A yoii niunea a noaeaaiii aeieacuaaiee auaeaeytho aeaa iooe iiciaiey: ia?aue
– eioi?iaoeeiiiue e aoi?ie – eiae/aneee .
6. Eiae/aneee iooue aeieacuaaiey iau/ii aeeth/aao iiiaeanoai “iiaenenoai”
aeieacaoaeuenoa, naycaiiuo iaaeaeo niaie e n aeieacuaaaiui oacenii ?acee/iuie
eiae/aneeie oi?iaie nayce. Yoi iiaoo auoue yeaiaioa?iua aeou aeieacuaaiey a
oi?ia aeaaeoeoeaiiai oiicaeeth/aiey, aaea a ea/anoaa aieueoie iinueee aunooiatho
aeaiiua iaoee, oaoieee, iaiauaiiiai nioeeaeueiiai iiuoa, i/aaeaeiua e
iauaecaanoiua enoeiu (noaeaeaiey “cae?aaiai niunea”). A oaeeo oiicaeeth/aieyo
auaiae no?ieony io iaee/ey iniiaaiey e eiae/aneiio neaaenoaeth: “anee… oi”.
Iai?eia?, ec oaeoa iaia?oaeaiey ioia/aoeia iaeueoeaa iiaeic?aaaaiiai ia noaeea
neaaeoao iaeiicia/iue auaiae i oii, /oi iiaeic?aaaaiue i?eeanaeny e yoiio
noaeeo.
Iaeiaei ia eaaeaeue auaiae ec onoaiiaeaiiiai oaeoa iiaeao a i?ioeannoaeueiii
aeieacuaaiee no?ieoueny ii i?aaeeai o?aaeeoeeiiiie, aeaocia/iie eiaeee,
iia?e?othuae neeeiaeciaie. Yoi iauyniyaony oai, /oi iao oaeeo oieaa?naeueiuo,
iaueo iinueie, ioiinyueony e ianoiyoaeuenoaai, iiaeeaaeauei aeieacuaaieth,
eioi?ua anaaaea i?eaiaeeee au e iaeiicia/iiio auaiaeo ec onoaiiaeaiiuo oaeoia.
Oae, anee au iaia?oaeaiea iioeuaiiie aaue o iiaeic?aaaaiiai ai anao neo/ayo
auei au neaaenoaeai oiai, /oi ii yoo aauue oe?ae, oi a eaaeaeii eiie?aoiii
neo/aa auaiae i e?aaea aaue auoaeae au ec naiiai oaeoa iaia?oaeaiey aaue o
iiaeic?aaaaiiai. Iaeiaei i?eaaaeaiiay auoa iinueea (anee aauue iaia?oaeaia o
iiaeic?aaaaiiai, oi, cia/eo, ii aa oe?ae) ia iiaeao auoue i?eciaia aaeeinoaaiii
aa?iie aeey eaaeaeiai neo/ay iaia?oaeaiey aaue o iiaeic?aaaaiiai, oae eae ii iia
aa iaeoe, eoieoue, aauue iiaea auoue aio iiaea?ioaia.
7.Iineieueeo noaeaeaiea ia ioaeaeueiii aeieacaoaeuenoaa e anae eo niaieoiiinoe
ia iiaeao auoue no?iai oi?iaeeciaaii, a oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiii aeieacuaaiee
eniieuecoaony eiaeea i?aaaeiiiaeiaiuo oiicaeeth/aiee, iia?e?othuay oaeeie
eaoaai?eyie, eae “aieaa (iaiaa) aa?iyoii”, “aanueia i?aaaeiiiaeiaii”.
Oaeiai ?iaea aeou aeieacuaaiey i?aiaeaaeatho i?e iino?iaiee auaiaea ii aeaeo
ia iniiaa einaaiiuo aeieacaoaeuenoa.
A nenoaia anao einaaiiuo aeieacaoaeuenoa ii aeaeo cia/aiea eaaeaeiai
ioaeaeueii acyoiai aeieacaoaeuenoaa aic?anoaao, niaiaaeaiea eo i?aaenoaaeyaony
iaeiaa?iyoiui, a niaieoiiinoue anao aeieacaoaeuenoa oneeeaaao cia/aiea eaaeaeiai
ec ieo e i?e i?aaeeueiii eniieueciaaiee i?eaiaeeo e iaaeaaeiui, aeinoiaa?iui
auaiaeai ii aeaeo. Iai?eia?, i?e iaaeiaiee E. a e?aaea iaia?oaeaiea ioia/aoeia
iaeueoeaa iiaeic?aaaaiiai ia ieia a eaa?oe?a, aaea auea niaa?oaia e?aaea,
iaia?oaeaiea o iaai aea aauae iioa?iaaoaai, onoaiiaeaiea oaeoa ae?oaeaneeo
ioiioaiee iaaeaeo iiaeic?aaaaiui E. e I” eioi?ue i?iaeaaae ia ?uiea /anoue
iioeuaiiuo a eaa?oe?a N. aauae, aeaeaao niaiaaeaiea oaeeo ianoiyoaeuenoa
iaeiaa?iyoiui e a oi aea a?aiy oneeeaaao aeieacaoaeuenoaaiiia cia/aiea eaaeaeiai
aeieacaoaeuenoaa e aeieacaiiinoe auaiaea i niaa?oaiee E. i?anooieaiey.
8.Aeey aiinaieiae/aneie oa?aeoa?enoeee auaiaeiiai ciaiey, eaeei yaeyaony
ciaiea, iieo/aiiia a oaieiaiii i?ioeanna iiaeao eniieueciaaoueny iiiyoea
aeinoiaa?iiai ciaiey. Aeinoiaa?iui i?eciaaony ciaiea, iieo/aiiia a ?acoeueoaoa
niae?aiey, i?iaa?ee e ioeaiee aeieacaoaeuenoa a oi/iii niioaaonoaee n
onoaiiaeaiiuie caeiiii i?aaeeaie e ia aucuaathuaa niiiaiee a naiae
iainiiaaiiinoe. A caeiia a oeacaiiii auoa niunea eniieuecoaony iiiyoea
aeieacaiiinoe (no. 309, 449). Caeii ?ac?aoaao iinoaiiaeoue iaaeieoaeueiue
i?eaiai? eeoue a i?e oneiaee, anee …aeiiaiinoue iiaenoaeeiiai… aeieacaia, o.
a. iainiiaaia i?iaa?aiiuie e aeinoaoi/iuie aeieacaoaeuenoaaie, ia aucuaathueie
niiiaiey. Caeii o?aaoao aeinoiaa?iinoe iaaeieoaeueiiai i?eaiai?a. A yoii
niunea a i?ioeannoaeueiie oai?ee oiio?aaeytho eae ?aaiicia/iua iiiyoey
i?eaiai?a aeinoiaa?iiai e enoeiiiai. No?iaiae/ I.N. ienae, /oi:
“Aeinoiaa?iinoue auaiaeia neaaenoaey e noaea ia ianoiyoaeuenoaao ?anniao?eaaaiiai
oaieiaiiai aeaea – yoi oi aea naiia, /oi enoeiiinoue yoiai auaiaea”.
Aeinoiaa?iinoue i?ioeaiiinoaaeyaony aa?iyoiinoe, i?aaeiieiaeaieth. Iiyoiio caeii
aiai?eo i oii, /oi iaaeieoaeueiue i?eaiai? “ia iiaeao auoue iainiiaai ia
i?aaeiieiaeaiee”.
Aeinoiaa?iinoue ia eiaao noaiaie, a oi a?aiy eae aa?iyoiinoue iiaeao eiaoue
?aciua noaiaie a caaeneiinoe io iainiiaaiiinoe ciaiey “aieaa aa?iyoii –
iaiaa aa?iyoii”. Eniieuecoy eaoaai?ee aa?iyoiinoe e aeinoiaa?iinoe iiaeii
i?ineaaeeoue noaiiaeaiea aeinoiaa?iiai ciaiey a oaieiaiii i?ioeanna, e
niioaaonoaaiii ia?eiae ia?aiia/aeueiiai i?aaeeiaeaiey a /oanoai oaaaeaeaiiinoe aia
niiiaiey a iaee/ee (ionoonoaee) ii?aaeaeaiiuo ianoiyoaeuenoa.
A yoie nayce iaoiaeyony e ?acee/iua o?aaiaaiey, eioi?ua i?aaeuyaeyao
caeii i?e i?eiyoee ?acee/iuo ?aoaiee ia oii eee eiii yoaia i?iecaiaenoaa ii
aeaeo. Oae, iai?eia?, i?e aicaoaeaeaiee oaieiaiiai aeaea, i?e caaea?aeaiee
iiaeic?aaaaiiai aeinoaoi/ii aa?iyoiiai ciaiey e i?aaeiieiaeaiey i niaa?oaiee
i?anooieaiey. A oi aea a?aiy eae aeey iinoaiiaeaiey iaaeieoaeueiiai i?eaiai?a
ciaiea i i?anooieaiee e eeoea aai niaa?oeaoai aeieaeii auoue aeinoiaa?iui, a
oaaaeaeaiea eneeth/aoue niiiaiea. I?acoiioeey iaaeiiaiinoe iiaeao auoue
ii?iaa?aiooa oieueei aeinoiaa?iuie aeieacaoaeuenoaaie aeiu, iiyoiio ana
iaono?aieiua niiiaiey a aeiiaiinoe eeoea oieeothony a iieueco iaaeiyaiiai (i. 3
no. 49 Eiinoeoooeee ?O).

9. Yeaiaiou aeieacaoaeuenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe.

Yeaiaioaie aeieacaoaeuenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe yaeythony: niae?aiea,
i?iaa?ea e ioeaiea aeieacaoaeuenoa.
Niae?aiea aeieacaoaeuenoa — yoi niaa?oaiea noauaeoaie aeieacuaaiey, a
i?aaeaeao eo iieiiii/ee, i?ioeannoaeueiuo aeaenoaee, iai?aaeaiiuo ia
iaia?oaeaiea, eno?aaiaaiea, iieo/aiea e cae?aieaiea a onoaiiaeaiiii caeiiii
ii?yaeea aeieacaoaeuenoa.
Niae?aiea aeieacaoaeuenoa i?aaenoaaeyao niaie nenoaio aeaenoaee,
iai?aaeaiiuo ia aini?eyoea iauaeoeaii nouanoaothueo neaaeia i?ienoaaeoaai
niauoey e eo i?ioeannoaeueioth oeenaoeeth. I?e auai?a iooae e n?aaenoa niae?aiey
aeieacaoaeuenoa o/eouaathony caeiiiia?iinoe, naycaiiua n ia?aciaaieai neaaeia,
io?aaeaiee a iauaeoeaiie aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe e oneiaee, iaania/eaathueo iaeaieaa
iaaeaaeiua iooe e n?aaenoaa eo aini?eyoey e cae?aieaiey a iaoa?eaeao aeaea
neaaeiaaoaeai, noaeii. N o/aoii yoiai caeii onoaiaaeeaaao i?aaeea neaaenoaaiiuo
aeaenoaee (eo i?ioeannoaeueioth oi?io), a oiaea eioi?uo niae?athony aeieacaoaeuenoaa
(iai?eia?, i?aaeea aeii?ina, iaunea, iiiciaiey, i?eiauaiey e aeaeo aauae a
ea/anoaa aauanoaaiiuo aeieacaoaeuenoa).
Niae?aiea aeieacaoaeuenoa i?ienoiaeeo iooai: 1) i?iecaiaenoaa neaaenoaaiiuo
e noaeaaiuo aeaenoaee, ia?a/aiue e ii?yaeie i?iaaaeaiey eioi?uo oeacai a caeiia:
eno?aaiaaiey io o/?aaeaeaiee, i?aaei?eyoee, i?aaiecaoeee, aeieaeiinoiuo eeoe e
a?aaeaeai i?aaenoaaeaiey i?aaeiaoia, i?iecaiaenoaa ?aaecee: iieo/aiey
aeieacaoaeuenoa, i?aaenoaaeaiiuo o/anoieeaie i?ioeanna, a oaeaea ethauie
a?aaeaeaiaie, o/?aaeaeaieyie, i?aaei?eyoeyie e i?aaiecaoeeyie ( no. 70 OIE).
O/anoieee i?ioeanna eiatho i?aai oiaeaoaenoaiaaoue i i?iecaiaenoaa
neaaenoaaiiuo aeaenoaee ii niae?aieth aeieacaoaeuenoa, ii naie niae?aoue
aeieacaoaeuenoaa neaaenoaaiiui iooai ia iiaoo, iie iiaoo i?aaenoaaeoue eeoeai,
aaaeouei i?iecaiaenoai ii aeaeo, aaue n i?inueaie i?eiaueoue eo e aeaeo a ea/anoaa
aauanoaaiiuo aeieacaoaeuenoa, ienueiaiiua e eiua aeieoiaiou iacuaaoue eeoe,
eioi?ua iiaoo auoue aeii?ioaiu a ea/anoaa naeaeaoaeae, iioa?iaaoeo, e
oiaeaoaenoaiaaoue ia eo auciaa e neaaeiaaoaeth, a noae.
Caueoiee iaaeiyaiiai, i?aaenoaaeoaeue iioa?iaaoaai (aaeaieao) iiaeao
cai?aoeaaoue aeieoiaiou ec o/?aaeaeaiee, i?aaiecaoeee e i?aaenoaaeyoue eo
neaaeiaaoaeth, noaeo. Ii iiaeao eniieueciaaoue e oaoie/aneea n?aaenoaa: aeaeai- e
caoeicaienue, oioi- e eeiiaiia?aoo?o, iai?eia?, caienaoue ?anneac i/aaeaeoea
i?ienoanoaey, naeaeaoue oioinieiie ianoa i?ienoanoaey e o. i. aia ?aiie
i?iecaiaeeiuo neaaeiaaoaeai, noaeii neaaenoaaiiuo aeaenoaee. Yoe iaoa?eaeu ii
iiaeao i?aaenoaaeoue neaaeiaaoaeth, noaeo e oiaeaoaenoaiaaoue i i?iaa?ea e
i?eiauaiee eo e aeaeo. Iie iiaoo neoaeeoue aeey iainiiaaiey oiaeaoaenoaa i auciaa
e aeii?ina eeoea a ea/anoaa naeaeaoaey e ae?.
I?aaenoaaeaiea aeieacaoaeuenoa – yoi niinia ?aaeecaoeee o/anoieeii i?ioeanna
naiaai i?aaa ia o/anoea a aeieacuaaiee. Neaaeiaaoaeue, noae ia ai?aaa ioeacaoue
o/anoieeo i?ioeanna a i?eiauaiee e aeaeo aeieoiaioa, i?aaenoaaeaiiiai a ea/anoaa
aeieacaoaeuenoaa, eee a i?iecaiaenoaa neaaenoaaiiuo aeaenoaee ii niae?aieth
aeieacaoaeuenoa, anee ianoiyoaeuenoaa, i eioi?uo iie oiaeaoaenoaotho, iiaoo eiaoue
cia/aiea aeey aeaea (no. 131, 276 OIE ?NON?).
Niiniaaie cae?aieaiey aeieacaoaeuenoa caeii n/eoaao eae ienueiaiioth oi?io
(i?ioieie), oae e oioia?aoe?iaaiea, iaaieoioiiioth caienue, eeiinuaieo,
ecaioiaeaiea neaieia e iooeneia neaaeia, i?eeaaaaiuo e i?ioieieai (no. 14,
141 OIE ?NON?). A aeaenoaothuai oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiii caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa
i?aaeoniio?aii eniieueciaaiea iao/ii-oaoie/aneeo n?aaenoa aeey niae?aiey,
cae?aieaiey e i?iaa?ee aeieacaoaeuenoa (no. 141, 264, 281, 286 OIE).
Eae oeacaii auoa, aeieacaoaeuenoaa a iauaeoeaiii ie?a iiyaeythony a
?acoeueoaoa aeaenoaey caeiia io?aaeaiey. Niae?aiea aeieacaoaeuenoa eae yeaiaio
iiciaaaoaeueiie aeayoaeueiinoe – oiaea io?aaeaoaeueiue i?ioeann, naiaia?aciia
“aoi?e/iia io?aaeaiea” enneaaeoaiiai ianoiyoaeuenoaa a niciaiee neaaeiaaoaey,
noaeae, a caoai aai aiaoiaa au?aaeaiea, iauaeoeaecaoeey a i?ioieieao aeii?ina,
iniio?a, iaunea e ae?. Oaeei ia?acii, iin?aaenoaii ii?aaeaeaiiuo a caeiia
neaaenoaaiiuo aeaenoaee e a ii?aaeaeaiiie caeiiii i?ioeannoaeueiie oi?ia
neaaeu-io?aaeaiey ec iauaeoeaiiai ie?a “ia?aiinyony” a iaoa?eaeu oaieiaiiai
aeaea. I/aaeaeii, /oi oniaoiinoue yoie aeayoaeueiinoe caaeneo io oiaiey
iiciathuaai noauaeoa iaia?oaeeoue neaaeu, ianouea eioi?iaoeeth, auyaeoue eo aiaoiea
e aioo?aiiea nayce n ae?oaie, oaea ?aiaa iieo/aiiie eioi?iaoeeae, oi/ii
caoeene?iaaoue e nio?aieoue iieo/aiioth eioi?iaoeeth.
I?iaa?ea aeieacaoaeuenoa. A caeiia neacaii: “Ana nia?aiiua ii aeaeo
aeieacaoaeuenoaa iiaeeaaeao ouaoaeueiie, ananoi?iiiae e iauaeoeaiie i?iaa?ea ni
noi?iiu eeoea, i?iecaiaeyuaai aeiciaiea, neaaeiaaoaey, i?ieo?i?a e noaea” (no. 71
OIE). A ae?oaeo ii?iao OIE oiio?aaeyaony oa?iei “enneaaeiaaiea ianoiyoaeuenoa
aeaea” (iai?eia?, a no. 240 OIE neacaii i iaiin?aaenoaaiiii enneaaeiaaiee
aeieacaoaeuenoa a noaeaaiii ?acae?aoaeuenoaa: a no. 343 OIE -ia enneaaeiaaiee
ianoiyoaeuenoa, oeacaiiuo a ii?aaeaeaiee noaea).
Niaea?aeaoaeueiue Aiaeec yoeo noaoae caeiia, eo niiinoaaeaiea i?eaiaeeo e
auaiaeo, /oi oa?iei “enneaaeiaaiea” i?eiaiyaony a caeiia a aieaa oe?ieii
cia/aiee, /ai “i?iaa?ea”. Enneaaeiaaiea aeeth/aao eae i?ioeann iieo/aiey
eioi?iaoeee (aeii?in naeaeaoaey), oae e i?iaa?eo iieo/aiiuo naaaeaiee (no. 240
OIE). Enneaaeoao aeieacaoaeuenoai eae noauaeo i?ioeannoaeueiie aeayoaeueiinoe,
eioi?ue aai iieo/ee, oae e ae?oaea noauaeou. Oae, aeieacaoaeuenoaa, nia?aiiua
neaaeiaaoaeai, enneaaeotho i?ieo?i? i?e ooaa?aeaeaiee iaaeieoaeueiiai caeeth/aiey e
noae, ?anniao?eaathuee aeaei.
I?iaa?ea aeieacaoaeuenoa aeeth/aao i?iaa?eo eo ioiineiinoe, aeiionoeiinoe,
aeinoiaa?iinoe, o. a. i?iaa?eo niaethaeaiey i?ioeannoaeueiuo i?aaee niae?aiey
aeieacaoaeuenoa, ioiineiinoe e aeaeo oao naaaeaiee, eioi?ua ninoaaeytho
niaea?aeaiea aeieacaoaeuenoaa, aeia?iea/anoaaiiinoe enoi/ieea iieo/aiey naaaeaiee
e eo aeinoiaa?iinoue. I?iaa?ea aeieacaoaeuenoa iiaeao i?iecaiaeeoueny ?acee/iuie
iooyie: iooai niiinoaaeaiey aeieacaoaeuenoa n ii?iaoeaiuie i?aaeeaie iieo/aiey
aeieacaoaeuenoaa (niaethaeaiu ee i?aaeea aeii?ina naeaeaoaey, i?iaaaeaiey
iiiciaiey), iooai niiinoaaeaiey iieo/aiiuo aeaiiuo n eneiiuie oaeoaie eee n
ae?oaeie aeaiiuie ii aeaeo (auyaeaiea oiai, iia ee naeaeaoaeue aeaeaoue e neuoaoue
oi, i /ai ?anneacuaaao, iaeaaeaao ee yenia?o iaiaoiaeeiuie ciaieyie aeey aea/e
caeeth/aiey e o. i.).
Aeey i?iaa?ee aeieacaoaeuenoaa eniieuecothony eae ?acee/iua eiae/aneea
i?eaiu, oae e ?acee/iua neaaenoaaiiua aeaenoaey, a oii /enea i/iua noaaee,
iiaoi?iua e aeiiieieoaeueiua yenia?oecu, niiinoaaeaiea ?acee/iuo aeieacaoaeuenoa
iaaeaeo niaie, aiaeec niaea?aeaiey aeieacaoaeuenoaa (iai?eia?, auyaeaiea
i?ioeai?a/ey a auaiaeao yenia?oa, auyniaiea i?e/eiu i?ioeai?a/ey).
Aeieacaoaeuenoai iiaeao i?iaa?youeny a iiiaio aai iieo/aiey (iai?eia?,
iooai iinoaiiaee ooi/iythueo aii?inia naeaeaoaeth), a iineaaeothuai ?anneaaeiaaiee
e ?anniio?aiee aeaea ii ia?a niae?aiey e i?iaa?ee ae?oaeo aeieacaoaeuenoa.
I?e i?iaa?ea ioaeaeueiiai aeieacaoaeuenoaa onoaiaaeeaaaony aai iieiioa:
iai?eia?, ana ee ianoiyoaeuenoaa, eioi?ua iiaee auoue ecaanoiu naeaeaoaeth, auee
auyniaiu i?e aai aeii?ina: niaea?aeeo ee i?aaenoaaeaiiue aeo ?aaecee ana
iaiaoiaeeiua aeaiiua eee caeeth/aiea yenia?oa – ioaaou ia iinoaaeaiiua aii?inu.
Iauaeoeaiay i?iaa?ea aeaao aiciiaeiinoue i?aaeeueii ioeaieoue eaaeaeia
aeieacaoaeuenoai e anth eo niaieoiiinoue.
I?iaa?ea ioaeaeueiiai aeieacaoaeuenoaa naia ii naaa iaaeinoaoi/ia aeey aai
ioeaiee. Eaaeaeia aeieacaoaeuenoai niioiineony n ae?oaeie aeieacaoaeuenoaaie,
i?iaa?yaony a niaieoiiinoe ii aeaeo e oaeei ia?acii i?eaiaeeo e aai ioeaiea eae
aeinoiaa?iiai eee iaaeinoiaa?iiai.

10. Ioeaiea aeieacaoaeuenoa
Ioeaiea aeieacaoaeuenoa – iuneeoaeueiay, eiae/aneay aeayoaeueiinoue, eiathuay
naiae oeaeueth ii?aaeaeaiea aeiionoeiinoe, ioiineiinoe, aeinoiaa?iinoe, cia/aiey
(neeu) eaaeaeiai aeieacaoaeuenoaa e aeinoaoi/iinoe eo niaieoiiinoe aeey
onoaiiaeaiey ianoiyoaeuenoa, aoiaeyueo a i?aaeiao aeieacuaaiey. Ioeaiea
aeieacaoaeuenoa i?iecaiaeeony ii aioo?aiiaio oaaaeaeaieth. Ieeaeea aeieacaoaeuenoaa
ia eiatho ca?aiaa onoaiiaeaiiie neeu. A no. 71 OIE noauaeoaie ioeaiee
aeieacaoaeuenoa iacaaiu oieueei oa noauaeou i?ioeanna, eioi?ua ioaaonoaaiiu ca
i?iecaiaenoai ii aeaeo e i?aaiii/iu i?eieiaoue ii aeaeo ?aoaiey. Eiia/ii, ana
o/anoieee i?ioeanna ioeaieaatho aeieacaoaeuenoaa e ia yoie iniiaa ii?aaeaeytho naith
iiceoeeth ii ioiioaieth e iaaeiaieth (iaaeiyaiue, aai caueoiee, iioa?iaaoee).
Iaeiaei ioeaiea aeieacaoaeuenoa yoei noauaeoii ia eiaao i?aaiaiai cia/aiey a oii
niunea, /oi iia naia ii naaa ia ii?aaeaeyao i?eieiaaiiai noaeii ii aeaeo
?aoaiey.
I?aaeinoaaeyy ioeaieo aeieacaoaeuenoa aioo?aiiaio oaaaeaeaieth, caeii aianoa n
oai i?aaeienuaaao ii?aaeaeaiiua i?aaeea oi?ie?iaaiey yoiai oaaaeaeaiey, a aeey
iiiaeo ?aoaiee e oi?io au?aaeaiey ?acoeueoaoia yoie ioeaiee a i?eiyoii ?aoaiee.
Yoi iaania/eaaao ni/aoaiea i?e ioeaiea aeieacaoaeuenoa noauaeoeaiiai oaeoi?a –
aioo?aiiaa oaaaeaeaiea – e iauaeoeaiiai – niaieoiiinoe ?anniio?aiiuo
aeieacaoaeuenoa. Ioeaiea aeieacaoaeuenoa ii aioo?aiiaio oaaaeaeaieth eiaioaony
naiaiaeiie ioeaieie aeieacaoaeuenoa, a ioee/ea io oae iacuaaaiie oi?iaeueiie
oai?ee aeieacaoaeuenoa, eiaaea neea e cia/aiea aeieacaoaeuenoa oi?iaeeciaaii
ii?aaeaeyeanue a caeiia e noaeueyi inoaaaeinue oieueei iiaen/eoaoue, eiaaony ee
iaiaoiaeeiia eiee/anoai aeieacaoaeuenoa aeey i?eciaiey eeoea aeiiaiui. Ii yoie
nenoaia aeieacaoaeuenoaa aeaeeeenue ia iieiua e iaiieiua, eee, eia/a, ia
niaa?oaiiua e ianiaa?oaiiua. Iaeiiai niaa?oaiiiai aeieacaoaeuenoaa n/eoaeinue
aeinoaoi/ii aeey iaaeiaiey. E oaeei ioiineeenue: i?eciaiea naiae aeiu
iiaenoaeeiui, /oi “anoue eo/oaa naeaeaoaeuenoai anaai naaoa”: naeaeaoaeuenoaa
yenia?oia, niaiaaeathuea iieacaiey aeaoo iaiii?i/aiiuo ii noaeo ac?ineuo
naeaeaoaeae.
I?eioeei naiaiaeiie ioeaiee aeieacaoaeuenoa au?aaeai a no. 71 OIE e
oa?aeoa?ecoaony neaaeothuei.
1. Caeii ia i?aaeienuaaao, eaeeie aeieacaoaeuenoaaie aeieaeiu auoue
onoaiiaeaiu oa eee eiua ianoiyoaeuenoaa, ia onoaiaaeeaaao ca?aiaa neeu
aeieacaoaeuenoa, i?aeiouanoaaiiiai cia/aiey aeaeia aeieacaoaeuenoa,
eiee/anoaaiiuo iieacaoaeae aeinoaoi/iinoe aeieacaoaeuenoa aeey oiai eee eiiai
?aoaiey ii aeaeo.
2.0oeaiea aeieacaoaeuenoa i?iecaiaeeony ii aioo?aiiaio oaaaeaeaieth. Yoi
icia/aao, /oi iia naiaiaeia io ca?aiaa a caeiia oeacaiiuo e?eoa?eaa ioeaiee,
ii iia ia iiaeao auoue i?iecaieueiie. A aa iniiaa aeieaeii eaaeaoue “ananoi?iiiaa,
iieiia e iauaeoeaiia ?anniio?aiea anao ianoiyoaeuenoa aeaea a eo niaieoiiinoe”
(no. 71 OIE).
I?e oaeii iiaeoiaea anoue aiciiaeiinoue ioeaieoue eaaeaeia aeieacaoaeuenoai ii aai
nianoaaiiie i?e?iaea, i?eiaaeeaaeiinoe e ii?aaeaeaiiiio aeaeo aeieacaoaeuenoa, a
oaeaea iaia?oaeeoue i?ioeai?a/ea iaaeaeo naaaeaieyie, iinooieaoeie ec ?aciuo
enoi/ieeia, eee, iaiai?io, niaiaaeaiea aeieacaoaeuenoa, /oi i?eaiaeeo e auaiaeo
ia eo aeinoiaa?iinoe e neea aeey onoaiiaeaiey oiai eee eiiai ianoiyoaeuenoaa.
Anee aea niiiaiey a aeieacaiiinoe eaeiai-eeai ianoiyoaeuenoaa inoathony,
aai iaeuecy n/eoaoue aeieacaiiui, oaeaea iaeuecy iieiaeeoue a iniiao naiaai
oaaaeaeaiey aeieacaoaeuenoai, aeinoiaa?iinoue eioi?iai niiieoaeueia. I/aaeaeii, /oi
oaaaeaeaiea a aeinoiaa?iinoe eaaeaeiai aeieacaoaeuenoaa e aeinoaoi/iinoe eo
niaieoiiinoe aeey auaiaea i aeieacaiiinoe eaeeo-eeai ianoiyoaeuenoa iiaeao
noi?ie?iaaoueny eiaiii ia iniiaa niaieoiiinoe aeieacaoaeuenoa e eo
iauaeoeaiiai, aani?eno?anoiiai enneaaeiaaiey.
Yoe i?aaeea ioeaiee aeieacaoaeuenoa i?aaenaaeaoaeuenoaothuee iauyniyao
i?enyaeiui a naiai iaioonoaaiiii neiaa, a eiaiii oi, /oi aa?aeeeo iiaeao auoue
iniiaai eeoue ia oao aeieacaoaeuenoaao, eioi?ua iaiin?aaenoaaiii enneaaeiaaiu a
noaeaaiii canaaeaiee: ieeaeea aeieacaoaeuenoaa ia eiatho ca?aiaa onoaiiaeaiiie
neeu, auaiaeu i?enyaeiuo ia iiaoo iniiauaaoueny ia i?aaeiieiaeaieyo, a oaeaea ia
eneeth/aiiuo ec ?acae?aoaeuenoaa aeieacaoaeuenoaao (i. 5 no. 451 OIE).
3. Eeoei, i?iecaiaeyuaa ioeaieo aeieacaoaeuenoa, ia naycaii oie ioeaieie
aeieacaoaeuenoa, eioi?oth aeaee ae?oaea eeoea eee i?aaiu a i?aaeoanoaothueo noaaeeyo
i?ioeanna eee a i?aaeaeao aeaiiie noaaeee. Oae, neaaeiaaoaeue ioeaieaaao
aeieacaoaeuenoaa ii naiaio aioo?aiiaio oaaaeaeaieth, iiyoiio iiaeao ia niaeaneoueny
n oeacaieyie i?ieo?i?a i i?eaea/aiee eeoea a ea/anoaa iaaeiyaiiai, ia iauaia
iaaeiaiey e ae?oaei aii?inai, ia?a/eneaiiui a caeiia (no. 127 OIE). Noae,
ioeaieaay aeieacaoaeuenoaa, ia naycai auaiaeaie, naeaeaiiuie a iaaeieoaeueiii
caeeth/aiee, iiaieyie, auneacaiiuie iaaeieoaeai (no. 248 OIE) eee caueoieeii
a noaeaaiii canaaeaiee.
Auoanoiyuea noaeu, ioiaiyy i?eaiai? e aica?auay aeaei ia iiaia
?anniio?aiea, ia iiaoo aeaaaoue oeacaiey, i?aae?aoathuea oaaaeaeaiea neaaeiaaoaey,
noaeuee ii aeaeo (/. 2 no. 352 OIE).
4. I?e ioeaiea aeieacaoaeuenoa iaaeeaaeeo ?oeiaiaenoaiaaoueny caeiiii.
?aaoee?othuay ?ieue oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiiai caeiia a ioeaiea
aeieacaoaeuenoa i?iyaeyaony /a?ac ii?aaeaeaiea a caeiia caaea/ e i?eioeeiia
oaieiaiiai noaeii?iecaiaenoaa: ii?aaeaeaiea i?aaeiaoa aeieacuaaiey e ioiineiinoe
aeieacaoaeuenoa, i?aaee i aeiionoeiinoe e iaaeiionoeiinoe aeieacaoaeuenoa,
?aaeaiaioaoeee ii?yaeea niae?aiey, i?iaa?ee aeieacaoaeuenoa, o?aaiaaiee,
i?aaeuyaeyaiuo e au?aaeaieth ioeaiee aeieacaoaeuenoa a i?ioeannoaeueiuo ?aoaieyo.
Yoe e ae?oaea ii?iu caeiia niaea?aeao i?aaeea, i?aiyonoaothuea oi?ie?iaaieth
aacio/aoiie, eiooeoeaiie ioeaiee aeieacaoaeuenoa.
Caeii a ioeaiea aeieacaoaeuenoa ea?aao ?acee/ioth ?ieue. A iaeieo neo/ayo
aioo?aiiaa oaaaeaeaiea caiaiyaony i?yiui oeacaieai caeiia i?eciaoue
aeieacaoaeuenoai iaaeiionoeiui, anee ia?ooaiu ii?aaeaeaiiua i?aaeea, a ae?oaeo
caeii aeaao oieueei iauea i?eaioe?u aeey ioeaiee aeieacaoaeuenoaa (iai?eia?, aeey
ioeaiee aai ioiineiinoe no. 68, 131 OIE). Caeii niaea?aeeo i?aaeea niae?aiey
aeieacaoaeuenoa, eo i?iaa?ee ia i?aaeaa?eoaeueiii neaaenoaee, i?aaeienuaaao
ii?aaeaeaiioth i?ioeaaeo?o noaeaaiiai enneaaeiaaiey aeieacaoaeuenoa, iiyoiio i?e
ioeaiea aeieacaoaeuenoa aaaeii onoaiiaeoue, niaethaeaiu ee yoe i?aaeea, oae eae eo
ia?ooaiea naii ii naaa iiaeao i?eaanoe e iaaeiionoeiinoe aeieacaoaeuenoa eee
ioeaiea eo eae iaaeia?iea/anoaaiiuo, ia eiathueo aeieacaoaeuenoaaiiie neeu.
Aeey iaania/aiey oi/iiai eniieiaiey caeiia aaaeiia cia/aiea eiaao
i?aainiciaiea, eioi?ia ii?aaeaeyao ioiioaiea e caeiio, i?eciaiea aai
i?aaeienaiee eae iaycaoaeueiiai oneiaey aeayoaeueiinoe.
Niaethaeaiea iaaeeaaeauae i?aaiaie i?ioeaaeo?u ?anniao?eaaaony eae aa?aioey
caeiiiinoe e iainiiaaiiinoe ?aoaiey ii aeaeo. Iiyoiio, anee ia auee ia?ooaiu
o?aaiaaiey i?ioeannoaeueiiai caeiia i?e ?anniio?aiee e ?ac?aoaiee aeaea, iao
iniiaaiee noaaeoue iiae niiiaiea aioo?aiiaa oaaaeaeaiea i?enyaeiuo eee noaeae i
aeieacaiiinoe eee iaaeieacaiiinoe iaaeiaiey.
Aioo?aiiaa oaaaeaeaiea yaeyaony e ?acoeueoaoii ioeaiee aeieacaoaeuenoa.
Aioo?aiiaa oaaaeaeaiea eae ?acoeueoao ioeaiee iiaeao oa?aeoa?eciaaoueny eae
aiinaieiae/aneee (iiciaaaoaeueiue) ?acoeueoao e ii?aaeaeaiiia ineoieiae/aneia
ninoiyiea eeoea, ioeaieaoaai aeieacaoaeuenoaa. Aioo?aiiaa oaaaeaeaiea eae
iiciaaaoaeueiue ?acoeueoao – yoi oaaaeaeaiea a iaee/ee (ionoonoaee) eaeeo-eeai
oaeoe/aneeo ianoiyoaeuenoa. Yoi oaaaeaeaiea aeieaeii eiaoue a naiae iniiaa
niaieoiiinoue nia?aiiuo ii aeaeo aeieacaoaeuenoa, enneaaeiaaiiuo iieii,
ananoi?iiia e iauaeoeaii. Iieo/aiiia ciaiea aeieaeii auoue iainiiaaii,
a?aoiaioe?iaaii. Iiyoiio i?eiaieoaeueii e aaaeiaeoei ?aoaieyi caeii o?aaoao,
/oiau a ieo i?eaiaeeeenue aeieacaoaeuenoaa neiaeeaoaainy oaaaeaeaiey, a ieo aeieaeiu
auoue eceiaeaiu niaea?aeaiea aeieacaoaeuenoaa e iioeau, ii eioi?ui iii ioeaiaii eae
aeinoiaa?iia eee iaaeinoiaa?iia: iniiaaiea oaaaeaeaiey i aeieacaiiinoe
(iaaeieacaiiinoe) eaeeo-eeai ianoiyoaeuenoa (ni., iai?eia?, no. 205, 314, 315
OIE). A ineoieiae/aneii aniaeoa aioo?aiiaa oaaaeaeaiea – /oanoai oaa?aiiinoe a
aeinoiaa?iinoe naieo auaiaeia ia ianoiyoaeuenoaao aeaea. A yoii ea/anoaa iii
yaeyaony aaaeiui aieaaui noeioeii, iiaoaeaeathuei e i?aeoe/aneei aeaenoaeyi,
au?aaeathueiny, iai?eia?, a ?aoaiee i i?eciaiee iaaeiyaiiai aeiiaiui eee
iaaeiiaiui, a iacia/aiee iaaeiyaiiio iaeacaiey eee inaiaiaeaeaiee io iaai.
Oaeei ia?acii, aioo?aiiaa oaaaeaeaiea eae ?acoeueoao ioeaiee
oa?aeoa?ecoaony n ?aciuo noi?ii: ai-ia?auo, ciaiea, ai-aoi?uo aa?a a
i?aaeeueiinoue yoiai ciaiey e, a-o?aoueeo, eae aieaaie noeioe, iiaoaeaeathuee e
ii?aaeaeaiiui aeaenoaeyi6. Aioo?aiiaa oaaaeaeaiea oi?ie?oaony a ?acoeueoaoa
i?aeoe/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe. Iaeiaei aioo?aiiaa oaaaeaeaiea neaaeiaaoaey, noaeuee,
noaea ia iiaeao ?anniao?eaaoueny eae e?eoa?ee enoeiu, eae ii?aaeaeeoaeue
aeinoiaa?iinoe iieo/aiiuo ciaiee. E?eoa?eai oiai, niioaaonoaoao ee aioo?aiiaa

oaaaeaeaiea aeieacaoaeuenoaai, yaeyaony ee auaiae aeinoiaa?iui, aunooiaao i?aeoeea
eae a iaiin?aaenoaaiiie oi?ia, oae e a ?acee/iuo oi?iao einaaiiiai
i?aeoe/aneiai iiuoa.
Iaiin?aaenoaaiiie i?aeoe/aneie i?iaa?eie auaiaeia yaeythony

aini?iecaaaeaiea ioaeaeueiuo ianoiyoaeuenoa i?e i?iaaaeaiee neaaenoaaiiiai
yenia?eiaioa, i?iaaaeaiea eiuo neaaenoaaiiuo aeaenoaee, a oiaea eioi?uo
auyaeythony aeaiiua, iiaeoaa?aeaeathuea eee ii?iaa?aathuea i?aaeeueiinoue ioeaiee
aeieacaoaeuenoa, a oaeaea i?iaa?ea niaethaeaiey caeiia i?e enneaaeiaaiee
aeieacaoaeuenoa.
A aeieacuaaiee, eae e a ethaie i?aaeiaoii-i?aeoe/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe, aaaeii
eniieueciaaoue iaaeaaeiuo “iin?aaeieeia” iiciaiey, eioi?uie yaeythony
iaoiaeieiae/aneea caeiiu iiciaaaoaeueiie aeayoaeueiinoe, i?aaiaua ii?iu,
aeinoeaeaiey iaoee (iai?eia?, eniieueciaaiea niaoeeaeueiuo ciaiee yenia?oia aeey
i?iaa?ee aeieacaoaeuenoa).
I?aeoe/aneee iiuo, iaeiieaiiue neaaenoaaiiuie e noaeaaiuie i?aaiaie ii
aeieacuaaieth, yaeyaony aaaeiui eino?oiaioii i?iaa?ee i?aaeeueiinoe ioeaiee
aeieacaoaeuenoa e aioo?aiiaai oaaaeaeaiey ii eiie?aoiiio aeaeo. I/aaeaeii, /oi
oniaoiinoue eniieueciaaiey i?aeoeee aeey iiciaiey e aeey i?iaa?ee ioeaii/iuo
auaiaeia caaeneo io ia?aciaaiey, ee/iiai i?aeoe/aneiai iiuoa neaaeiaaoaey,
noaeae, eo oiaiey eniieueciaaoue aeaiiua, iaeiieaiiue iiuo ec ?acee/iuo iaeanoae
ciaiee a naiae aeayoaeueiinoe, eo iauae e i?aaiaie eoeueoo?u.

1-1. Iaycaiiinoue aeieacuaaiey

Iiiyoea “iaycaiiinoue aeieacuaaiey” oiio?aaeyaony a oaieiaiii i?ioeanna a
aeaoo cia/aieyo: Iaycaiiinoue aeieacuaaoue eae iaycaiiinoue inouanoaeaiey
aeayoaeueiinoe ii aeieacuaaieth, o. a. iaycaiiinoue niae?aoue, i?iaa?youe e
ioeaieaaoue aeieacaoaeuenoaa. A yoii niunea iaycaiiinoue aeieacuaaiey, eae oeacaii
auoa, – yoi i?aaiaay iaycaiiinoue i?aaiia e aeieaeiinoiuo eeoe, aaaeoueo
noaeii?iecaiaenoai e eiathueo i?aai a ?acoeueoaoa aeieacuaaiey i?eiyoue oi eee
eiia ?aoaiea.
2. Iaeiaei aeaaiue niune iiiyoey “iaycaiiinoue aeieacuaaiey” a oaieiaiii
i?ioeanna ninoieo a ioaaoa ia aii?in, ia eii eaaeeo iaycaiiinoue aeieacuaaoue
aeiiaiinoue iaaeiyaiiai. I/aaeaeii, /oi yoa iaycaiiinoue eaaeeo ia oii, eoi
ooaa?aeaeaao, /oi iaaeiyaiue aeiiaai, o. a. ia neaaeiaaoaea, iaaeieoaea
(ainoaea?noaaiiii, /anoiii). I?aai e iaycaiiinoue ia?aaeaoue aeaei ia ?aoaiea
noaea aicieeatho o i?ieo?i?a oiaaea, eiaaea ii n/eoaao aeieacaoaeuenoaa, nia?aiiua
a oiaea ?anneaaeiaaiey, aeinoaoi/iuie aeey iainiiaaiey au?aaeaiiiai a
iaaeieoaeueiii caeeth/aiee auaiaea i aeiiaiinoeiaaeiyaiiai. Aeey aeieacuaaiey
auaeaeiooiai iaaeiaiey i?ieo?i? eniieuecoao i?aaeinoaaeaiiua aio a noaeaaiii
?acae?aoaeuenoaa iieiiii/ey ainoaea?noaaiiiai iaaeieoaey, a oii /enea
i?aaenoaaeaiea aeieacaoaeuenoa, o/anoea a enneaaeiaaiee aeieacaoaeuenoa, cayaeaiea
oiaeaoaenoa, aunooieaiea n iaaeieoaeueiie ?a/ueth.
A no. 49 Eiinoeoooeee ?O caienaii: “1. Eaaeaeue iaaeiyaiue a niaa?oaiiii
i?anooieaiee n/eoaaony iaaeiiaiui, iiea aai aeiiaiinoue ia aoaeao aeieacaia a
i?aaeoniio?aiiii caeiiii ii?yaeea e onoaiiaeaia anooieaoei a caeiiioth neeo
i?eaiai?ii noaea. 2. Iaaeiyaiue ia iaycai aeieacuaaoue naith iaaeiiaiinoue. 3.
Iaono?aieiua niiiaiey a aeiiaiinoe eeoea oieeothony a iieueco iaaeiyaiiai”.
Yoe aaaeiaeoea i?eioeeiu aeieacaoaeuenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe i?aaenoaaeytho
iaua/aeiaa/aneea i?aaiaua oeaiiinoe. Iie caienaiu a no. 14 i. 2
Iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai iaeoa i a?aaeaeaineeo e iieeoe/aneeo i?aaao.
I/aaeaeii, /oi noi?ioee?iaaiiia auoa i?aaeei ia iaycaiiinoe aeieacuaaiey
auoaeaao ec i?eioeeia i?acoiioeee iaaeiiaiinoe. Ec iaai neaaeotho i?aaeea,
eioi?uie iaaeeaaeeo ?oeiaiaenoaiaaoueny a aeieacaoaeuenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe. A
eiaiii: 1. Iaaeiyaiue ia iaycai aeieacuaaoue naith iaaeiiaiinoue. Yoi icia/aao,
/oi iaaeiyaiue ia ianao ie th?eaee/aneie, ie oaeoe/aneie (a niunea
iaaeaaii?eyoiuo iineaaenoaee) iaycaiiinoe i?aaenoaaeyoue aeieacaoaeuenoaa a
iiaeoaa?aeaeaiea naiae iaaeiiaiinoe. ?aoaiea noaea i aeiiaiinoe iaaeiyaiiai ia
iiaeao iniiauaaoueny ia oii, /oi iaaeiyaiue ia niia ii?iaa?aiooue iaaeiaiea,
eee ia i?aaenoaaee aeieacaoaeuenoaa, iiaeoaa?aeaeathuea aeaaii?eyoiua aeey iaai
ianoiyoaeuenoaa, eee aiiaua ioeacaeny aeaaaoue iieacaiey.
Iai?aaenoaaeaiea iaaeiyaiui aeieacaoaeuenoa naiae iaaeiiaiinoe, ?aaii eae
e ioeac iaaeiyaiiai io aea/e iieacaiee, ia iiaoo ?anniao?eaaoueny eae
aeieacaoaeuenoai aai aeiu. Ioeac iiaenoaeeiiai io aea/e iieacaiee eee aai
iie/aiea ia eiatho th?eaee/aneiai cia/aiey e ia iiaoo auoue eniieueciaaiu eae
naeaeaoaeuenoai aeiiaiinoe iaaeiyaiiai, iiaenoaeeiiai (ni. no. 451 OIE).
2.Ia iaaeiyaiiai ia iiaeao auoue aiceiaeaia iaycaiiinoue iiaeoaa?aeaeaoue naie
iieacaiey aeieacaoaeuenoaaie eee oeacuaaoue aeey iauyniaiey naieo iinooieia ia
ii?aaeaeaiiua aeieacaoaeuenoaa eee i?eaiaeeoue aeieacaoaeuenoaa. Iauyniaiey
iaaeiyaiiai e oeacaiiua ei aeieacaoaeuenoaa, anee iie eiatho cia/aiea aeey aeaea,
aeieaeiu auoue i?iaa?aiu neaaeiaaoaeai, noaeii. Iauyniaiey iaaeiyaiiai iiaoo auoue
ioaa?aioou, ii ia iioiio, /oi iaaeiyaiue ia i?eaae aeieacaoaeuenoa a eo
iiaeoaa?aeaeaiea, a iioiio, /oi i?aaiu, aaaeouea i?ioeann, i?iaa?ea iauyniaiea
iaaeiyaiiai, aeieacaee, /oi iie eiaeiua, iaiainiiaaiiua Noae aeieaeai ieacuaaoue
iiiiuue iiaenoaeeiiio, aai caueoieeo, caeiiiiio i?aaenoaaeoaeth a iieo/aiee
aeieacaoaeuenoa, anee iie ia ieo nnueathony a iiaeoaa?aeaeaiea iaaeiiaiinoe eee
iaiueoae aeiu iiaenoaeeiiai.
3. Iaycaiiinoue i?aaenoaaeaiey aeieacaoaeuenoa iaaeiiaiinoe iaaeiyaiiai ia
iiaeao auoue aiceiaeaia e ia aai caueoieea. Caeiiiaeaoaeue iaycuaaao caueoieea
eniieueciaaoue ana oeacaiiua a caeiia n?aaenoaa e niiniau caueou a oeaeyo
auyniaiey ianoiyoaeuenoa, ii?aaaeuaathueo iaaeiyaiiai eee niya/athueo aai
ioaaonoaaiiinoue. Iaeiaei oio oaeo, /oi, io?eoeay i?aaeuyaeaiiia iaaeiaiea,
caueoiee ia i?aaenoaaee aeieacaoaeuenoa, eioi?ua au ii?iaa?aee iaaeiaiea, ia
iiaeao naii ii naaa ?anniao?eaaoueny eae aeieacaoaeuenoai, iiaeoaa?aeaeathuaa aeio
iaaeiyaiiai, eee eiui iooai iiaea/ue ca niaie iaaeaaii?eyoiua aeey iaai
iineaaenoaey. Caueoieeo aeinoaoi/ii ii?iaeeoue niiiaiea a aeieacaiiinoe aeiu
iaaeiyaiiai, a iainiiaaiiinoe ooaa?aeaeaiee iaaeieoaey.
Oaeoe/aneee eioa?an iaaeiyaiiai e aai caueoieea iiaoaeaeaao eo
i?aaenoaaeyoue aeieacaoaeuenoaa. Aeieacaoaeuenoaa, i?aaenoaaeaiiua iaaeiyaiui e aai
caueoieeii, iiaoo iinoaaeoue iiae niiiaiea auaiaeu iaaeiaiey, e, anee yoe
niiiaiey iaono?aieiu, iie oieeothony a iieueco iaaeiyaiiai.
4.A noaeaaiie i?aeoeea au?aaioaiu oneiaey, i?e eioi?uo iaaeiaiea ia
i?eciaaony aeieacaiiui. Aio iaeioi?ua ec ieo: iaaeiaiea ia iiaeao n/eoaoueny
aeieacaiiui, anee ii aeaeo n iaaeeaaeauae ouaoaeueiinoueth ia enneaaeiaaiu
ianoiyoaeuenoaa, ia oieueei oee/athuea, ii e ii?aaaeuaathuea iaaeiyaiiai: anee
iaaeiaiea iniiaaii ia iaaeinoaoi/ii enneaaeiaaiiuo e i?ioeai?a/eauo aeaiiuo:
aa?ney iaaeiaiey ia iiaeao auoue i?eciaia iainiiaaiiie i?e iaee/ee
i?ioeaiiieiaeiie aa?nee, iiaee?aieaiiie ia ii?iaa?aioouie aeieacaoaeuenoaaie:
iaaeiaiea ia iiaeao n/eoaoueny aeieacaiiui, anee iii iniiaaii ia
aeieacaoaeuenoaao, iaoiaeyueony a i?ioeai?a/ee n ae?oaeie aeieacaoaeuenoaaie.
Iaaeiaiea, iniiaaiiia oieueei ia oa?aeoa?enoeea ee/iinoe iaaeiyaiiai e
eeoaiiia aeieacaoaeuenoa aai aeiiaiinoe a eie?eieie?oaiii i?anooieaiee, ia
iiaeao n/eoaoueny aeieacaiiui.
Anee iaaeiaiea ia iniiauaaaony ia aannii?iuo aeieacaoaeuenoaao, aucuaaao
niiiaiey, iiaenoaeeiue ia iiaeao auoue i?eciai aeiiaiui, oae eae auaiae i aeia a
yoii neo/aa iineo oieueei i?aaeiieiaeeoaeueiue oa?aeoa?, a i?eciaiea eeoea
aeiiaiui ia iniiaa i?aaeiieiaeeoaeueiiai auaiaea i aeiiaiinoe iaaeiionoeii (no.
309, /. 4 e 5 no. 451 OIE).
A. Aeaeu aeieacaoaeuenoa (n?aaenoaa aeieacuaaiey)Enoi/ieee iieo/aiey
oaeoe/aneeo aeaiiuo (naaaeaiee ia eioa?anothueo neaaenoaea e noae
ianoiyoaeuenoaao) aeaeyony ia neaaeothuea aeaeu: iieacaiey naeaeaoaey, iieacaiey
iioa?iaaoaai, iieacaiey iiaeic?aaaaiiai, iieacaiey iaaeiyaiiai, caeeth/aiea
yenia?oa, aauanoaaiiua aeieacaoaeuenoaa, i?ioieieu neaaenoaaiiuo e noaeaaiuo
aeaenoaee, eiua aeieoiaiou. Ia?a/aiue yoeo aeaeia aeieacaoaeuenoa onoaiiaeai
caeiiii (/. 2 no. 69 OIE) e yaeyaony en/a?iuaathuei. Oaeoe/aneea aeaiiua,
iieo/aiiua ec eiuo, ia i?aaeoniio?aiiuo caeiiii enoi/ieeia, ia eiatho
aeieacaoaeuenoaaiiiai cia/aiey, iie ia aeiionoeiu.

1. Iieacaiey naeaeaoaey

Iieacaiey naeaeaoaey – yoi aai onoiia niiauaiea ia ianoiyoaeuenoaao,
eiathueo cia/aiea aeey aeaea, naeaeaiiia a oiaea aeii?ina e cai?ioieiee?iaaiiia a
onoaiiaeaiiii caeiiii ii?yaeea. Naeaeaoaeueneea iieacaiey yaeythony naiui
?ani?ino?aiaiiui aeaeii aeieacaoaeuenoa. Iie oeao?e?otho a eaaeaeii oaieiaiii
aeaea.
Caeii ii?aaeaeyao e?oa eeoe, eioi?ua ia iiaoo aeii?aoeaaoueny a ea/anoaa
naeaeaoaey. E iei ioiinyony: 1) caueoiee iaaeiyaiiai – ia ianoiyoaeuenoaao
aeaea, eioi?ua noaee aio ecaanoiu a nayce n auiieiaieai iaycaiiinoe
caueoieea: 2) eeoei, eioi?ia a neeo naieo oece/aneeo eee ineoe/aneeo
iaaeinoaoeia ia niiniaii i?aaeeueii aini?eieiaoue ianoiyoaeuenoaa, eiathuea
cia/aiea aeey aeaea, e aeaaaoue i ieo i?aaeeueiua iieacaiey: 3) aaeaieao,
i?aaenoaaeoaeue i?ioanneiiaeueiiai nithca e ae?oaie iauanoaaiiie i?aaiecaoeee – ia
ianoiyoaeuenoaao, eioi?ua noaee ei ecaanoiu a nayce n eniieiaieai eie
iaycaiiinoae i?aaenoaaeoaey (iai?eia?, i?aaenoaaeoaey iioa?iaaoaai).
Eae aeaeii, a yoio ia?a/aiue aeeth/aiu, ai-ia?auo, eeoea, ia iiaouea a
i?eioeeia auoue enoi/ieeii aeinoiaa?iie aeieacaoaeuenoaaiiie eioi?iaoeee e,
ai-aoi?uo, eeoea, eioi?ui iaania/eaaaony ii?iaeueiia auiieiaiea naieo ooieoeee,
aa?aioe?othony aeiaa?eoaeueiua ioiioaiey n iiaecaueoiui (i?aaenoaaeyaiui) n oai,
/oiau aai ioe?iaaiiinoue ia iiaea auoue eniieueciaaia aio ai a?aae.
E?iia oiai, n?aaieoaeueii iaaeaaii aaaaeaiu ae?oaea ia?aie/aiey a e?oa eeoe,
iiaoueo auoue naeaeaoaeyie, eioi?ua i?iaeeeoiaaiu oaea niia?aaeaieyie
ii?aeueii-yoe/aneiai ii?yaeea e eioi?ua aeaaii ecaanoiu caeiiiaeaoaeuenoao anao
oeeaeeeciaaiiuo no?ai. A niioaaonoaee ni no. 51 Eiinoeoooeee ?O, ieeoi ia
iaycai naeaeaoaeuenoaiaaoue i?ioea naay naiiai, naiaai noi?oaa e aeeceeo
?iaenoaaiieeia, e?oa eioi?uo ii?aaeaeyaony oaaea?aeueiui caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii (a
OIE -i. 9 no. 34), aeaiooao Oaaea?aeueiiai nia?aiey ia ianoiyoaeuenoaao, eioi?ua
noaee aio ecaanoiu a nayce n aeaiooaoneie aeayoaeueiinoueth.
Niaeanii caeiio ?NON? io 25 ieoya?y 1990 a. “I naiaiaea
aa?ieniiaaaeaiey”, oaeia eniiaaaee io?aiyaony Caeiiii: naeaeaoaeue ia iiaeao
aeii?aoeaaoueny e aeaaaoue iauyniaiey eiio au oi ie auei ii ianoiyoaeuenoaai,
eioi?ua noaee aio ecaanoiu ec eniiaaaee a?aaeaeaieia (/. 2 no. 13)2.
Ana inoaeueiua eeoea iiaoo auoue aeii?ioaiu a ea/anoaa naeaeaoaeae. Caeii ia
onoaiaaeeaaao e eaeeo-eeai aic?anoiuo ia?aie/aiee aeey naeaeaoaeae. A neo/aa
iaiaoiaeeiinoe a ea/anoaa naeaeaoaeae iiaoo auoue aeii?ioaiu e iaeieaoiea.
Aeiiieieoaeueiua o?aaiaaiey onoaiiaeaiu eeoue a ioiioaiee eeoe, iaeaaeathueo
i?aaii aeeieiiaoe/aneie iai?eeiniiaaiiinoe. Eo aeii?in iiaeao i?iaiaeeoueny eeoue
ii eo i?inueaa eee n eo niaeaney. Niaeanea eni?aoeaaaony /a?ac Ieienoa?noai
eiino?aiiuo aeae (no. 33 OIE).
Naeaeaoaeue, eae enoi/iee aeieacaoaeuenoaaiiie eioi?iaoeee, nicaeaaony naieie
ianoiyoaeuenoaaie ?anneaaeoaiiai niauoey e iiyoiio ii iacaiaiei (a ioee/ea,
iai?eia?, io yenia?oa, eioi?ue iiaeao auoue caiaiai). Aaeaeo iacaiaieiinoe
naeaeaoaey caeii cai?auaao niaiauaiea iaycaiiinoae naeaeaoaey n ae?oaeie
i?ioeannoaeueiuie ooieoeeyie (neaaeiaaoaey, noaeuee, yenia?oa e ae?.). I?e/ai
i?aaeii/oaiea ioaeaaony iaycaiiinoyi naeaeaoaey. Iiyoiio anee aicieeaao
iaiaoiaeeiinoue aeii?ineoue a ea/anoaa naeaeaoaey eiai-eeai ec eeoe, aaaeoueo
noaeii?iecaiaenoai eee auiieiythueo eiua ooieoeee a i?ioeanna, oi yoio noauaeo
iiaeeaaeeo ioaiaeo, o. a. inaiaiaeaeaieth io ae?oaeo i?ioeannoaeueiuo iaycaiiinoae.
Eneeth/aiea aeaeaaony eeoue aeey caeiiiuo i?aaenoaaeoaeae iioa?iaaoaai,
iaaeiyaiiai, iiaeic?aaaaiiai, a?aaeaeaineiai enooea e a?aaeaeaineiai ioaao/eea,
eioi?ua oaeaea yaeythony a yoii ea/anoaa iacaiaieiuie e iiyoiio iiaoo
niaiauaoue naie ooieoeee n ooieoeeyie naeaeaoaey.
Naeaeaoaeue iiyaeyaony a aeaea n iiiaioa auciaa aai e neaaeiaaoaeth eee a
noae. Eiaiii n yoiai iiiaioa o iaai iiyaeythony i?aaa e iaycaiiinoe e iiaeao
ianooieoue ioaaonoaaiiinoue. Iniiaiay iaycaiiinoue naeaeaoaey — yaeoueny ii
auciao neaaeiaaoaey eee noaea e aeaoue i?aaaeeaua iieacaiey: niiaueoue ana
ecaanoiia aio ii aeaeo e ioaaoeoue ia iinoaaeaiiua aii?inu (no. 73 OIE). I?e
iayaea aac oaaaeeoaeueiie i?e/eiu naeaeaoaeue iiaeao auoue iiaeaa?aioo i?eaiaeo,, a
noae ai?aaa oaeaea iaeiaeeoue ia iaai aeaiaaeiia acuneaiea. Ca ioeac eee oeeiiaiea
io aea/e iieacaiee, a oaeaea ca aea/o caaaaeiii eiaeiuo iieacaiee naeaeaoaeue iiaeao
auoue i?eaea/ai e oaieiaiie ioaaonoaaiiinoe (ni. no. 182, 181 OE). Naeaeaoaeue
eiaao i?aai ia aiciauaiea ?anoiaeia ii yaea, iaaeaeiaaoue aeaenoaey neaaeiaaoaey,
ouaieythuea aai i?aaa, iaienaoue iieacaiey nianoaaiii?o/ii, aeaaaoue iieacaiey
ia ?iaeiii ycuea, o?aaiaaoue aianaiey a i?ioieie aai aeii?ina eciaiaiee e
aeiiieiaiee.
I?aaeiao naeaeaoaeueneeo iieacaiee ii?aaeaeai no. 74 OIE, niaeanii eioi?ie
naeaeaoaeue iiaeao auoue aeii?ioai i ethauo ianoiyoaeuenoaao, iiaeeaaeaueo
aeieacuaaieth ii aeaiiiio aeaeo. Oaeei ia?acii, ieeaeeo ia?aie/aiee a yoii
ioiioaiee caeii ia onoaiaaeeaaao. A i?aaeiao iieacaiee naeaeaoaey iiaoo
aoiaeeoue ianoiyoaeuenoaa niaa?oaiey i?anooieaiey, aai iiaeaioiaee eee nie?uoey,
iineaaenoaey niaa?oaiiiai aeayiey, a oaeaea eiua ethaua ianoiyoaeuenoaa, eiathuea
cia/aiea aeieacaoaeuenoaaiiuo oaeoia (iai?eia?, oaeo iai?eyciaiiuo ioiioaiee
iaaeaeo iaaeiyaiui e iioa?iaaoei). A caeiia niaoeeaeueii iaiai?aii, /oi
naeaeaoaeue iiaeao auoue aeii?ioai i ee/iinoe iaaeiyaiiai, iioa?iaaoaai e i naieo
acaeiiioiioaieyo n ieie (no. 74 OIE).
Naeaeaoaeue iiaeao aeaoue iieacaiey ia ianoiyoaeuenoaao, eioi?ua ii
aini?eieiae iaiin?aaenoaaiii, eeai i oao, eioi?ua aio ecaanoiu ni neia ae?oaeo
eeoe. A ia?aii neo/aa aai iieacaiey aoaeoo ia?aiia/aeueiui aeieacaoaeuenoaii, ai
aoi?ii – i?iecaiaeiui. Iaeiaei, niiauay naaaeaiey, ecaanoiua aio ni neia ae?oaeo
eeoe, naeaeaoaeue aeieaeai oeacaoue enoi/iee naiae inaaaeiieaiiinoe, eia/a aai
iieacaiey ia iiaoo eiaoue aeieacaoaeuenoaaiiiai cia/aiey (no. 74 OIE).
Aea/a iieacaiee naeaeaoaeai inouanoaeyaony a niioaaonoaothuae
i?ioeannoaeueiie oi?ia – a oiaea aeii?ina ia neaaenoaee eee a noaea.
?aciiaeaeiinoueth aeii?ina yaeyaony aeii?in ia i/iie noaaea. ?yae i?ioeannoaeueiuo
iniaaiiinoae eiaao aeii?in .ianiaa?oaiiieaoiaai naeaeaoaey (no. 159 OIE).
Iieacaiey naeaeaoaey, aeaiiua neaaeiaaoaeth, oeene?othony a i?ioieiea aai aeii?ina
( eee a i?ioieiea i/iie noaaee), a ia neaaenoaee – a i?ioieiea noaeaaiiai
canaaeaiey. I?e aeii?ina naeaeaoaey neaaeiaaoaeue iiaeao i?eiaiyoue caoeicaienue
(no. 141 OIE). Oiiia?aiia aeii?ina o?aieony i?e aeaea e iiaeao aini?iecaiaeeoueny
a noaeaaiuo einoaioeeyo.
I?e ioeaiea aeinoiaa?iinoe naeaeaoaeueneeo iieacaiee o/eouaaaony,
ai-ia?auo, aiciiaeiinoue oiuoeaiiiai eneaaeaiey eioi?iaoeee, aea/e caaaaeiii
eiaeiuo naaaeaiee. Iiyoiio i?iaa?yaony caeioa?aniaaiiinoue naeaeaoaey a enoiaea
aeaea (yaeyaony ee ii ?iaenoaaiieeii eiio-eeai ec i?ioiaeyueo ii aeaeo eeoe eee
iinoi?iiiei), a oaeaea aai ii?aeueiua e ineoioeceieiae/aneea ea/anoaa
(/anoiinoue eee eaeeainoue, neeiiiinoue e oaioace?iaaieth e o. i.). Iniaaiii
inoi?iaeii neaaeoao iiaeoiaeeoue e iieacaieyi iaeieaoieo naeaeaoaeae, iineieueeo
aeaoe, eae ecaanoii, aanueia neeiiiu e oaioace?iaaieth, aiooaieth.
Ai-aoi?uo, iaiaoiaeeii o/eouaaoue aiciiaeiinoue iaoiuoeaiiiai eneaaeaiey
eioi?iaoeee, aeia?iniaanoiiai caaeoaeaeaiey eee ioeaee. I?ioeann oi?ie?iaaiey
naeaeaoaeueneeo iieacaiee aeeth/aao a naay o?e noaaeee – aini?eyoea, caiiieiaiea
e aini?iecaaaeaiea. Ioeaee e eneaaeaiey aiciiaeiu ia eaaeaeie ec ieo. I?e
aini?eyoee niauoey iie iiaoo auoue iaoneiaeaiu ninoiyieai caei?iauey, ee/iuie
ineoioeceieiae/aneeie ea/anoaaie naeaeaoaey (iai?eia?, cia/eoaeueiay iioa?y
c?aiey, iaaethaeaoaeueiinoue eee, iai?ioea, ?annayiiinoue), aai ninoiyieai a
iiiaio aini?eyoey (iai?eia?, ninoiyiea aeeiaieueiiai iiueyiaiey eee
onoaeinoue), oneiaeyie aini?eyoey (a?aiy nooie, inaauaiiinoue, iiaiaea e ae?.).
Oi/iinoue caiiieiaiey oiaea caaeneo io ee/iuo ea/anoa naeaeaoaey, a oaeaea io
i?iiaaeooea a?aiaie, i?ioaaeoaai n iiiaioa iaaethaeaiey niauoey aei iiiaioa
aeii?ina. E iaeiiaoe, ?acee/iua eneaaeaiey aiciiaeiu i?e aini?iecaaaeaiee
aini?eiyoiai. Aeaeaei ia eaaeaeue /aeiaae niiniaai a?aiioii, /aoei e ynii
eceiaeeoue oaeaeaiiia eee oneuoaiiia. Iniaaiii yoi ioiineony e iaeieaoiei. A
ethaii neo/aa i?e aeii?ina ioaeii ooi/iyoue, eiie?aoece?iaaoue ana iaaeinoaoi/ii
ii?aaeaeaiiua, ia/aoeea au?aaeaiey. Iai?eia?, anee naeaeaoaeue aiai?eo, /oi
iaaeiyaiue aae naay “iai?eee/ii”, oi ioaeii auynieoue, a /ai eiie?aoii yoi
au?aceeinue, eaeea eiaiii aeaenoaey ii niaa?oee – oi ee yoi auee a?oaua,
oeeie/iua aeaenoaey, oi ee i?inoi iaaaaeeeainoue, iaainieoaiiinoue, iaoiaiea
aea?aeaoue naay a iauanoaa. Anaaaea aeieaeiu auoue ?acuyniaiu aeeaeaeoeciu e
aea?aiiiua au?aaeaiey, eioi?ua oiio?aaee naeaeaoaeue.
Iauai?eciaiii, /oi a naeaeaoaeueneeo iieacaieyo aeieacaoaeuenoaaiiia
cia/aiea eiatho oieueei naaaeaiey i aini?eiyouo oaeoao, a ia auaiaeu,
oiicaeeth/aiey naeaeaoaey. Oaeea oiicaeeth/aiey ia iniiaa eiie?aoiuo oaeoia
iiaoo aeaeaoue oieueei neaaeiaaoaeue e noae. Iaeiaei i?e yoii ioaeii o/eouaaoue
neaaeothuaa. Ai-ia?auo, a iieacaieyo naeaeaoaey, eae e a ethaie ?a/e, aiciiaeiu e
iaecaaaeiu ioeaii/iua noaeaeaiey (iai?eia?, “aunieee-ieceee”, “oaiiue-naaoeue”,
a oaeaea oa?aeoa?enoeee /aai-eeai (iai?eia?, oa?aeoa?enoeea iaaeiyaiiai eae
/aeiaaea aeaaeiiai eee aeanoieiai). Oaeiai ?iaea ioeaiee oiaea eiatho
aeieacaoaeuenoaaiiia cia/aiea, anee naeaeaoaeue iiaeao oeacaoue oaeoe/aneea
aeaiiua, eioi?ua i?eaaee aai e oaeei auaiaeai, ioeaieai. Ai-aoi?uo, yoi ia
ioiineony e oae iacuaaaiui naaaeouei naeaeaoaeyi, o.a. eeoeai, iaeaaeathuei
eaeeie-oi niaoeeaeueiuie iiciaieyie (iai?eia?, ea/auee a?a/ iiaeaoaai eee
i?ioanneiiaeueiue aiaeeoaeue, ieacaaoeeny i/aaeaeoeai aei?iaeii-o?ainii?oiiai
i?ienoanoaey). Auaiaeu oaeeo eeoe, naeaeaiiua ia iniiaa aini?eiyoiai, iiaoo
eiaoue aeieacaoaeuenoaaiiia cia/aiea (?acoiaaony, iinea niioaaonoaothuae
i?iaa?ee e ioeaiee), iai?eia? aeeaaiic, naeaeaiiue a?a/ii, ieacuaaaoei ia?aoth
iiiiuue iino?aaeaaoaio.
I?iaa?ea iieacaiee naeaeaoaey inouanoaeyaony, ai-ia?auo, iooai aiaeeca
eo niaea?aeaiey, eo iieiiou, iai?ioeai?a/eainoe e o. i. Ai-aoi?uo, iieacaiey
naeaeaoaey niiinoaaeythony n ae?oaeie nia?aiiuie ii aeaeo aeieacaoaeuenoaaie, a
oii /enea e n iieacaieyie eiuo eeoe. E, iaeiiaoe, aeey i?iaa?ee i?aaeeueiinoe
iieacaiee naeaeaoaey iiaoo auoue i?iaaaeaiu ?acee/iua neaaenoaaiiua aeaenoaey –
yenia?eiaio, iniio?, aeii?inu ae?oaeo eeoe, iacia/aia yenia?oeca. A neo/aa
i?ioeai?a/ee naeaeaoaey n iieacaieyie ae?oaeo eeoe iiaeao auoue i?iaaaeaia i/iay
noaaea.

2. Iieacaiey iioa?iaaoaai

Iieacaiey iioa?iaaoaai – yoi aai onoiia niiauaiea ia ianoiyoaeuenoaao,
eiathueo cia/aiea aeey aeaea, naeaeaiiia a oiaea aeii?ina e cai?ioieiee?iaaiiia a
onoaiiaeaiiii caeiiii ii?yaeea.
Iioa?iaaoee iiyaeyaony a aeaea iinea i?eciaiey aai oaeiaui
iinoaiiaeaieai neaaeiaaoaey eee ii?aaeaeaieai noaea. Iioa?iaaoee, eae eeoei
iino?aaeaaoaa io i?anooieaiey, iaeaaeaao oeaeui eiiieaenii i?aa, iaania/eaathueo
caueoo aai eioa?ania(no. 53 OIE). I?e/ai, n ?acaeoeai i?eioeeia
ninoycaoaeueiinoe a caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa io/aoeeai i?ineaaeeaaaony oaiaeaioeey e
?anoe?aieth i?aa iioa?iaaoaai. A nayce n yoei iieacaiey iioa?iaaoaai, n iaeiie
noi?iiu, eae e iieacaiey naeaeaoaey, yaeythony enoi/ieeii aeieacaoaeuenoaaiiie
eioi?iaoeee, a n ae?oaie – n?aaenoaii caueou aai eioa?ania. Aeey iioa?iaaoaai, a
ioee/ea io naeaeaoaey, aea/a iieacaiee yaeyaony ia oieueei iaycaiiinoueth, ii e
i?aaii. Yoi icia/aao, /oi neaaeiaaoaeue (noae) ia ai?aaa ioeacaoue aio a aea/a
iieacaiee, anee ii ecuyaeo oaeia aeaeaiea.
Iioa?iaaoee, eae e naeaeaoaeue, a neeo no. 51 Eiinoeoooeee ?O, ia iaycai
naeaeaoaeuenoaiaaoue i?ioea naieo aeeceeo ?iaenoaaiieeia (anee, iai?eia?,
iaaeiyaiue yaeyaony oaeiaui)Iioa?iaaoee, eae e naeaeaoaeue, iiaeao auoue
aeii?ioai i ethauo ianoiyoaeuenoaao, iiaeeaaeaueo aeieacuaaieth ii aeaiiiio aeaeo, a
oaeaea i naieo acaeiiioiioaieyo n iaaeiyaiui (no. 75 OIE). Iaeiaei a ioee/ea
io naeaeaoaey iioa?iaaoee eiaao i?aai ia iciaeiieaiea ni anaie iaoa?eaeaie
aeaea (no. 53 OIE). Ii yaeyaony ?aaiii?aaiui o/anoieeii noaeaaiiai
?acae?aoaeuenoaa (no. 245 OIE). Iiyoiio ii iiaeao a naieo iieacaieyo ia oieueei
niiauaoue eiie?aoiua, ecaanoiua aio oaeou, ii oaeaea e aeaaaoue ioeaieo ae?oaei,
nia?aiiui ii aeaeo aeieacaoaeuenoaai, au?aaeaoue naia niaeanea eee ianiaeanea n
ieie.
*oi aea eanaaony eiie?aoiie aeieacaoaeuenoaaiiie eioi?iaoeee, niaea?aeauaeny
a iieacaieyo iioa?iaaoaai, oi iia ioeaieaaaony ii oai aea i?aaeeai, /oi e
iieacaiey naeaeaoaey.
Iioa?iaaoee, oae aea, eae e naeaeaoaeue, ianao (ca eneeth/aieai oeacaiiuo
auoa neo/aaa) oaieiaioth ioaaonoaaiiinoue ca ioeac eee oeeiiaiea io aea/e
iieacaiee, a oaeaea ca aea/o eiaeiuo iieacaiee (no. 75 OIE), /oi yaeyaony iaeiie
ec aaaeiuo aa?aioee aeinoiaa?iinoe aai iieacaiee.
Aianoa n oai iioa?iaaoee a ioee/ea io naeaeaoaey eae i?aaeei,
caeioa?aniaai a enoiaea aeaea. Yoi ianoiyoaeuenoai iiaeao io?aceoueny e ia
iauaeoeaiinoe aai iieacaiee ia ianoiyoaeuenoaao niaa?oaiiiai i?anooieaiey.
Oae, iioa?iaaoea ia?aaeei neeiiiu e i?aoaaee/aieth a?iceaoae ei iianiinoe,
i?e/eiaiiiai oua?aa, e nie?uoeth nianoaaiiuo iaaeaaiaeaeiuo iinooieia,
niinianoaiaaaoeo niaa?oaieth i?anooieaiey (iai?eia?, i?eaeaoaiea neo/aeiuo
ciaeiiuo a naith eaa?oe?o). Ana yoi iaiaoiaeeii o/eouaaoue I?e ioeaiea iieacaiee
iioa?iaaoaai.
A iineaaeiaa a?aiy a nayce n ?inoii i?anooiiinoe, iniaaiii
i?aaieciaaiiie, iieo/eee ?ani?ino?aiaiea oa?icu e ianeeey ii ioiioaieth e
iioa?iaaoei e naeaeaoaeyi. A ?acoeueoaoa noaee /anou neo/ae ioeaca iioa?iaaoeo
e naeaeaoaeae io ?aiaa aeaiiuo iieacaiee, /oi cia/eoaeueii cao?oaeiyao ?ane?uoea
i?anooieaiee, iicaieyao i?anooiieeai, iniaaiii iianiui, ooiaeeoue io
ioaaonoaaiiinoe. A nayce n yoei, Caeiiii NNN? io 12 ethiy 1990 a. Iniiau
oaieiaiiai noaeii?iecaiaenoaa Nithca NN? e nithciuo ?anioaeee auee aeiiieiaiu no.
27, i?aaeoniao?eaathuae iaycaiiinoue i?aaiia aeiciaiey, neaaeiaaoaey, i?ieo?i?a e
noaea i?eieiaoue ia?u e iaania/aieth aaciianiinoe iioa?iaaoeo, naeaeaoaeae e
ae?oaeo o/anoaothueo a aeaea eeoe, anee eiathony aeaiiua, /oi yoei eeoeai, a oaeaea
/eaiai eo naiae eee aeeceei ?iaenoaaiieeai oa?iaeatho oaeenoaii, i?eiaiaieai
ianeeey, oie/oiaeaieai, iia?aaeaeaieai eiouanoaa eee eiuie i?ioeaii?aaiuie
aeaenoaeyie. E?iia oiai, yoei aea caeiiii auea eciaiaia ?aaeaeoeey no. 12 Iniia,
a eioi?ie oaia?ue i?aaeoniio?aii aua iaeii iniiaaiea i?iaaaeaiey cae?uoiai
noaeaaiiai ?acae?aoaeuenoaa, eiaaea yoiai o?aaotho eioa?anu iaania/aiey
aaciianiinoe iioa?iaaoaai, naeaeaoaey eee ae?oaeo o/anoaothueo a aeaea eeoe, a
oaeaea /eaiia eo naiae eee aeeceeo ?iaenoaaiieeia Yoe ii?iu aeaenoaotho e a
ianoiyuaa a?aiy.

3. Iieacaiey iaaeiyaiiai

Iieacaiey iaaeiyaiiai – yoi aai onoiia niiauaiea ii aii?inai,
ninoaaeythuei niaea?aeaiea i?aaeuyaeaiiiai aio iaaeiaiey, a oaeaea ia eiuo
ianoiyoaeuenoaao, eiathueo cia/aiea aeey aeaea, e ia eiathueony a aeaea
aeieacaoaeuenoaao, aeaiiia i?e aai aeii?ina e caoeene?iaaiiia a onoaiiaeaiiii
caeiiii ii?yaeea.
Aea/a iieacaiee yaeyaony aeey iaaeiyaiiai i?aaii, a ia iaycaiiinoueth. Ii
ia ianao ieeaeie ioaaonoaaiiinoe ca aea/o caaaaeiii eiaeiuo iieacaiee eee ca
ioeac io aea/e iieacaiee, /oi yaeyaony iaeiie ec aaaeiuo aa?aioee iaania/aiey
i?aaa ia caueoo. Iieacaiey iaaeiyaiiai eiatho, oaeei ia?acii, aeaienoaaiioth
i?e?iaeo, yaeyynue, n iaeiie noi?iiu, enoi/ieeii aeieacaoaeuenoaaiiie eioi?iaoeee,
a n ae?oaie – n?aaenoaii caueou io i?aaeuyaeaiiiai iaaeiaiey.
Iaaeiyaiue aeii?aoeaaaony ia neaaenoaee iinea i?aaeuyaeaiey aio iaaeiaiey,
a a noaea – eiaaea aio oaea ecaanoii niaea?aeaiea iaaeieoaeueiiai caeeth/aiey eee
caiaiythuaai aai aeieoiaioa. Iiyoiio iniiaiui niaea?aeaieai iieacaiee
iaaeiyaiiai yaeythony ianoiyoaeuenoaa, ia?acothuea niaea?aeaiea i?aaeuyaeaiiiai
aio iaaeiaiey. Iaeiaei yoei i?aaeiao iieacaiee iaaeiyaiiai ia en/a?iuaaaony.
Iaaeiyaiue, anee ii i?eciaaony a niaa?oaiee i?anooieaiey, ia oieueei eceaaaao
oiae niauoee, ii e eae eo iaiin?aaenoaaiiue o/anoiee e eeoei, caeioa?aniaaiiia
a enoiaea aeaea, aeaao ei iauyniaiea, naith eioa?i?aoaoeeth, a /anoiinoe, eceaaaao
iioeau naieo aeaenoaee, eo i?e/eio. Ii iiaeao aeaoue eaeoth-eeai naith aa?neth
niauoee, eaeia-oi eiia eo iauyniaiea, iiaeao i?eaanoe eaeea-oi niya/athuea eee
ii?aaaeuaathuea ianoiyoaeuenoaa. E?iia oiai, iaaeiyaiue ai?aaa aeaaaoue a naieo
iieacaieyo ioeaieo eiathueony a aeaea aeieacaoaeuenoa, iiaeao ioaa?aaoue eo eee
noaaeoue iiae niiiaiea, i?eaiaeeoue eiio?a?aoiaiou, eioi?ua iiaeeaaeao ouaoaeueiie
e ananoi?iiiae i?iaa?ea. A iieacaieyo iaaeiyaiiai iiaoo niaea?aeaoueny naaaeaiey
i aai ee/iinoe, a /anoiinoe aeia?aoe/aneea aeaiiua (ninoiyiea caei?iauey,
iaee/ea iaa?aae, naiaeiia iieiaeaiea e ae?.), eioi?ua ia aoiaeyo a niaea?aeaiea
iaaeiaiey, ii iiaoo eiaoue cia/aiea i?e ioeaiea noaeii aai ee/iinoe e
iacia/aiee iaeacaiey. Oaeei ia?acii, i?aaeiao iieacaiee iaaeiyaiiai oe?a
i?aaeiaoa naeaeaoaeueneeo iieacaiee.
Iaaeiyaiue iiaeao aeaaaoue iieacaiey e i aeaenoaeyo ae?oaeo eeoe, a /anoiinoe
oee/aoue eo a niaa?oaiee i?anooieaiey. Aii?in i i?ioeannoaeueiie i?e?iaea oaeeo
iieacaiee iaaeiyaiiai (e iiaeic?aaaaiiai), a oii /enea iaiai?a, aoaeao
?anniio?ai ieaea.
Eaeiai aeieacaoaeuenoaaiiia cia/aiea iieacaiee iaaeiyaiiai? Iniaaiiinoe
yoiai aeaea aeieacaoaeuenoa iaoneiaeaiu neaaeothueie aeaoiy oaeoi?aie. Ai-ia?auo,
iaaeiyaiue, eae i?aaeei, eo/oa, /ai eoi-eeai ae?oaie, inaaaeiieai iai anao
ianoiyoaeuenoaao niaa?oaiiiai i?anooieaiey. Iiyoiio ii yaeyaony iaeaaeaoaeai
iaeaieaa iieiie aeieacaoaeuenoaaiiie eioi?iaoeee. Ii, n ae?oaie noi?iiu,
iaaeiyaiue /aua anaai aieaa, /ai eoi-ieaoaeue, caeioa?aniaai a nie?uoee yoie
eioi?iaoeee eee aa eneaaeaiee, iineieueeo io enoiaea aeaea caaeneo aai noaeueaa.
Iieacaiey iaaeiyaiiai o?aaeeoeeiiii aeaeyony ia aeaa aeaea – iieacaiey, a
eioi?uo niaea?aeeony i?eciaiea ei naiae aeiu (iieiia eee /anoe/iia), e
iieacaiey, a eioi?uo yoa aeia io?eoeaaony. ?anniio?ei nia/aea
aeieacaoaeuenoaaiiia cia/aiea i?eciaiey iaaeiyaiui naiae aeiu.
Iao, iiaeaeoe, a oai?ee aeieacaoaeuenoa aii?ina aieaa oanii naycaiiiai n
aa?aioeyie i?aa a?aaeaeai e aiiaua n iieiaeaieai ee/iinoe a iauanoaa, /ai
i?iaeaia cia/aiey i?eciaiey iaaeiyaiui naiae aeiu. Iao oaeaea e aii?ina,
eioi?ue ia iieo/ae au a ?acee/iua enoi?e/aneea yiioe noieue iaiaeeiaeiauo,
ii?ie aeeaiao?aeueii i?ioeaiiieiaeiuo ?aoaiee. Ia i?ioyaeaiee aeeeoaeueiiai
a?aiaie i?eciaiea iaaeiyaiui naiae aeiu n/eoaeinue “oea?eoeae aeieacaoaeuenoa”.
Iniaaiii yoi oa?aeoa?ii aeey eieaeceoeeiiiiai i?ioeanna. Iinooee?iaaeinue, /oi
/aeiaae ia aoaeao i?eciaaaoueny a i?anooieaiee, anee ii aai ia niaa?oae.
Iiyoiio, anee iaaeiyaiue i?eciaaae naay aeiiaiui, iaiaoiaeeiinoue a ae?oaeo
aeieacaoaeuenoaao ioiaaeaea. Anoanoaaiii, ana oneeey neaaeiaaoaeae auee
iai?aaeaiu ia aeiauaaiea oaeiai i?eciaiey, i?e/ai a n?aaenoaao aeey aeinoeaeaiey
oaeie “nayoie” oeaee iie ia ia?aie/eaaeenue. Ecaanoii, eaeea niaa?oaiiua
i?oaeey iuoie auee nicaeaiu a ia?eiae n?aaeiaaaeiauey. A ?acoeueoaoa ii/oe ana
iaaeiyaiua i?eciaaaee naay aeiiaiuie a naiuo iaiuneeiuo i?anooieaieyo.
Ao?aeoaciua ?aaiethoeee a Aa?iia, neiiaa oaiaeaeueiia noaeii?iecaiaenoai n aai
oi?iaeueiie oai?eae aeieacaoaeuenoa e caiaiea aai aieaa aeaiie?aoe/iui
ao?aeoaciui, ioaa?aee e i?aaeei i o?aeoiaea i?eciaiey iaaeiyaiiai eae i
“oea?eoea aeieacaoaeuenoa”. Iaeiaei ?aoeeaeeau yoiai yaeaiey neo/aeenue e a aieaa
iicaeiea a?aiaia. A iaoae no?aia a ia?eiae noaeeineeo ?ai?annee eiioeaioeey
“oea?eoeu aeieacaoaeuenoa”, iniaaiii i?eiaieoaeueii e iieeoe/aneei iaaeiaieyi,
auea aic?iaeaeaia e iainiiaaia A.ss. Auoeineei, auaoei a oi a?aiy I?ieo?i?ii
NNN? e ea?aaoei ?ieue oai?aoe/aneiai ?oii?a noaeeiecia ii i?aaiaui aii?inai.
Ii ooaa?aeaeae, /oi iauyniaiey iaaeiyaiuo a oaeiai ?iaea aeaeao iaecaaaeii
i?eia?aoatho oa?aeoa? e cia/aiea iniiaiuo aeieacaoaeuenoa, aaaeiaeoeo, ?aoathueo
aeieacaoaeuenoa. Oaia?ue ecaanoii, eaeea iaoiaeu i?eiaiyeenue aeey iieo/aiey oaeeo
i?eciaiee iaaeiyaiuo e, eaeei oyaeaeui iineaaenoaeyi iie i?eaiaeeee. E
niaeaeaieth, e a ianoiyuaa a?aiy eiatho ianoi neo/ae, eiaaea iiae aicaeaenoaeai
iacaeiiiuo iaoiaeia ?anneaaeiaaiey ethaee i?eciatho naay aeiiaiuie a
i?anooieaieyo, eioi?ua ia niaa?oaee. Iaeiaei ia oieueei ii?i/iua iaoiaeu
?anneaaeiaaiey iiaoo iiaea/ue eiaeiue naiiiaiai? iaaeiyaiiai. I?aeoeea ecaanoii
iaiaei neo/aaa oaeiai naiiiaiai?a, naeaeaiiiai ec naiuo ?acee/iuo iiaoaeaeaiee:
n oeaeueth acyoue ia naay aeio aeeceiai /aeiaaea, ne?uoue niaa?oaiea ae?oaiai,
aieaa oyaeeiai i?anooieaiey, ec-ca aiycie auaeaoue iiaeeeiiuo aeiiaieeia e ae?.
Oae, iaaeiyaiue, niaa?oeaoee aeanyoie e?aae, iiaeao i?eciaoueny aua a iaeiie
e?aaea, niaa?oaiiie oaeoe/anee ae?oaei eeoeii, iineieueeo yoi ia aai noaeueao
nouanoaaiii ia iiaeeyao: ianiaa?oaiiieaoiee iaaeiyaiue iiaeao i?eiyoue ia naay
aeio ac?ineiai nio/anoieea a oaeenoaa, iineieueeo e iaio ia iiaeao auoue
i?eiaiaia nia?oiay eaciue, e o. i. Oaeei ia?acii, naii ii naaa i?eciaiea
iaaeiyaiui naiae aeiu, acyoia eciee?iaaiii, aua ie/aai ia icia/aao. Aianoa n
oai iaeuecy iaaeiioeaieaaoue cia/aiey i?aaaeeauo iieacaiee iaaeiyaiiai. Eae
oeacuaaeinue, iie iiaoo auoue i/aiue oeaiiui enoi/ieeii aeieacaoaeuenoaaiiie
eioi?iaoeee. Iieo/aiea eo cia/eoaeueii iaeaa/aao iienee enoeiu, niinianoaoao
auno?iio ?ane?uoeth i?anooieaiey, ananoi?iiiaio onoaiiaeaieth anao
ianoiyoaeuenoa aeaea.
A /ai aea caeeth/aaony aeieacaoaeuenoaaiiia cia/aiea i?eciaiey iaaeiyaiiai?
Caeanue ioaeii enoiaeeoue ec neaaeothuaai. Ai-ia?auo, aeieacaoaeuenoaaiiia cia/aiea
eiaao ia nai oaeo i?eciaiey iaaeiyaiui naiae aeiu, a eiie?aoiay eioi?iaoeey
ia ianoiyoaeuenoaao niaa?oaiey i?anooieaiey, ?aniieaaaoue eioi?ie iiaeao eeoue
eeoei, i?e/anoiia e niaa?oaieth i?anooieaiey, inaaaeiieaiiia i iai (oae
iacuaaaiay “i?anooiiay inaaaeiieaiiinoue”). Aieineiaiia i?eciaiea iaaeiyaiui
naiae aeiu ( io eioi?iai ii, enoaoe, iiaeao a ethaie iiiaio ioeacaoueny) aac
i?eaaaeaiey eaeeo-eeai eiie?aoiuo oaeoia ia iiaeao ?anniao?eaaoueny eae
aeieacaoaeuenoai. Iai?eia?, anee iaaeiyaiue cayaeyao, /oi ii ia inia?eaaao
naiae aeiu, ii ia ianoiyoaeuenoaao niaa?oaiey i?anooieaiey ie/aai ia iiiieo
aaeaeo neeueiiai iiueyiaiey, oi yoe iieacaiey ieeaeiai aeieacaoaeuenoaaiiiai
cia/aiey eiaoue ia iiaoo. Aeieacaoaeuenoaii iiaoo neoaeeoue eeoue naaaeaiey i
eiie?aoiuo ianoiyoaeuenoaao niaa?oaiey i?anooieaiey.
E ai-aoi?uo, yoe naaaeaiey aeieaeiu iiaeoaa?aeaeaoueny niaieoiiinoueth nia?aiiuo
ii aeaeo aeieacaoaeuenoa. Oieueei a yoii neo/aa iie iiaoo auoue iieiaeaiu a iniiao
iaaeiaiey. Oaeia o?aaiaaiea i?yii cae?aieaii a oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiii
caeiia (/. 2 no. 77 OIE). Oae, anee a oeacaiiii iaaeiyaiui ianoa iaia?oaeai
o?oi eee iioeuaiiua aaue, iienaiiue ei niinia i?iieeiiaaiey a iiiauaiey
niaiaaeaao n aeaiiuie iniio?a ianoa i?ienoanoaey, oeacaiiue iaaeiyaiui
iaoaieci iaianaiey ?aiaiee niaiaaeaao n auaiaeaie yenia?oa e o. i., oi oaeea
iieacaiey iaaeiyaiiai i?eia?aoatho cia/aiea iaii?iaa?aeeiuo aeieacaoaeuenoa e ia
oa?ytho yoiai cia/aiey, aeaaea anee iaaeiyaiue aiineaaenoaee io ieo ioeaaeaony.
Oaeei ia?acii, aeieacaoaeuenoaii yaeyaony ia oaeo i?eciaiey iaaeiyaiui
naiae aeiu, a niiauaaiua ei naaaeaiey, naeaeaoaeuenoaothuea i aai i?e/anoiinoe e
niaa?oaieth i?anooieaiey e iauaeoeaii iiaeoaa?aeaeaaiua a oiaea i?iaa?ee.
I?eciaiea iaaeiyaiui naiae aeiu iiaeao auoue iieiaeaii a iniiao iaaeiaiey
eeoue i?e iiaeoaa?aeaeaiee i?eciaiey niaieoiiinoueth eiathueony aeieacaoaeuenoa ii
aeaeo (/. 2 no. 77 OIE). Caeii yoei i?aaeeii i?aaeoi?aaeaeaao io ia?aioeaiee
cia/aiey i?eciaiey iaaeiyaiui naiae aeiu e oeacuaaao ia iaiaoiaeeiinoue
?aniieaaaoue niaieoiiinoueth aeieacaoaeuenoa, naeaeaoaeuenoaothueo i aeinoiaa?iinoe
naaaeaiee, niiauaiiuo iaaeiyaiui. Aa?oiaiue noae NNN? a iinoaiiaeaiee “I
no?iaii niaethaeaiee caeiiia i?e ?anniio?aiee noaeaie oaieiaiuo aeae” io 18
ia?oa 1963 a. oeacae, /oi iaeuecy iniiauaaoue auaiae i aeiiaiinoe iiaenoaeeiiai
oieueei ia aai i?eciaiee, a ia ia ioeaiea anao aeieacaoaeuenoa, enneaaeiaaiiuo ai
a?aiy noaeaaiiai ?acae?aoaeuenoaa Yoi iineaaenoaey ioeai/iiai acaeyaea ia iniaia
aeieacaoaeuenoaaiiia cia/aiea i?eciaiey iaaeiyaiui naiae aeiu.
A oi aea a?aiy iaiaoiaeeii ioiaoeoue, /oi a iaeioi?uo neooaoeeyo nai oaeo
i?eciaiey iaaeiyaiui naiae aeiu eiaao ii?aaeaeaiiia i?aaiaia (ii ia
aeieacaoaeuenoaaiiia) cia/aiea. Oae, i?e i?ae?auaiee aeaea ii ia?aaaeeeoe?othuei
iniiaaieyi (a nayce n aeoii aiienoee eee iiieeiaaiey, n ia?aaea/ae iaoa?eaeia
a oiaa?euaneee noae, a eiienneth ii aeaeai ianiaa?oaiiieaoieo e ae?.), ioaeii
niaeanea iaaeiyaiiai (no. 5, 6 OIE), /oi i?aaeiieaaaao e i?eciaiea ei naiae
aeiu (iineieueeo ii niaeaoaaony n oaeei iniiaaieai i?ae?auaiey aeaea). A
iaeioi?uo neo/ayo yoi o?aaiaaiea au?aaeaii a caeiia i?yii. Oae, i?ae?auaiey
oaieiaiiai aeaea n ia?aaea/ae eeoea ia ii?oee ia aeiioneaaony, anee yoi eeoei ia
n/eoaao naay aeiiaiui (no. 9 OIE). I?e ?anniio?aiee aeaea noaeii i?enyaeiuo,
anee ana iiaenoaeeiua iieiinoueth i?eciaee naay aeiiaiuie e anee yoe i?eciaiey
ia inia?eaathony eaeie-eeai ec noi?ii e ia aucuaatho o noaeuee niiiaiee,
i?aaenaaeaoaeuenoaothuee ai?aaa, n niaeaney o/anoieeia i?ioeanna, ia?aie/eoueny
enneaaeiaaieai oao aeieacaoaeuenoa, ia eioi?ua iie oeaaeoo, eeai iauyaeoue
neaaenoaea ieii/aiiui (no. 446 OIE).
Eae yoi niaeanoaony n auoaneacaiiui i ie/oiaeiii aeieacaoaeuenoaaiiii
cia/aiee “aieiai” i?eciaiey iaaeiyaiui naiae aeiu? I?aaenoaaeyaony, yoi
nianai ae?oaie aniaeo i?iaeaiu. Ii icia/aao eeoue niaeanea iaaeiyaiiai n
?aoaieai, ionoonoaea nii?a n iaaeiaieai. Enoiaey ec i?eioeeia ninoycaoaeueiinoe
caeiiiaeaoaeue eaeao ia ioeac (iieiue eee /anoe/iue) io aeieacuaaiey,aai
nie?auaiea a neo/ayo, eiaaea iaaeiyaiue i?ioea yoiai ia aic?aaeaao, eiaaea iao
nii?a noi?ii. A aeieacaoaeuenoaaiiii aea aniaeoa inoaaony a neea i?aaeiaa
i?aaeei – ioeaiea e i?iaa?ea iiaeeaaeao eeoue eiie?aoiua oaeou, niiauaiiua
iaaeiyaiui, iacaaeneii io oiai, inouanoaeyaony aeieacuaaiea a iieiii iauaia
eee a nie?auaiiii, a yoii i?ioeanna eee auoanoiyuae einoaioeeae (iai?eia?,
anee anoaiao aii?in i ?aaaeeeoaoeee eeoea).
?anniio?ei oaia?ue ae?oaie aeae iieacaiee iiaeic?aaaaiiai -io?eoeaiea ei
naiae aeiu. Oaeea iieacaiey oiaea iiaeeaaeao ouaoaeueiie e ananoi?iiiae
i?iaa?ea, e ana aeiaiaeu iaaeiyaiiai aeieaeiu auoue eeai ii?iaa?aioou, eeai
iiaeoaa?aeaeaiu. Anee aea ie oiai, ie ae?oaiai ia oaeaeinue e inoaeenue niiiaiey a
iaee/ee (ionoonoaee) eaeeo-eeai ianoiyoaeuenoa, oi iie oieeothony a iieueco
iaaeiyaiiai.
Io?eoeaiea iaaeiyaiui naiae aeiu naii ii naaa ia yaeyaony ii?aaaeaoaeueiui
aeieacaoaeuenoaii, o. e. ia niaea?aeeo eaeeo-eeai eiie?aoiuo oaeoe/aneeo aeaiiuo,
naeaeaoaeuenoaothueo i aai iaaeiiaiinoe. Anee aea iaaeiyaiue, io?eoeay naith aeio,
nnueaaony ia ii?aaeaeaiiua ianoiyoaeuenoaa, niiauaao i eaeeo-eeai oaeoao,
iaycaiiinoue ii onoaiiaeaieth, niioaaonoaotho ee iie aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe, eaaeeo ia
neaaeiaaoaea, i?ieo?i?a e noaea.
A oaeeo neo/ayo auaiae i aeiiaiinoe iaaeiyaiiai iiaeao auoue naeaeai, anee
aai iieacaiey ii?iaa?aioou, a aeia aeieacaia aannii?iuie aeieacaoaeuenoaaie. A
neeo i?eioeeia i?acoiioeee iaaeiiaiinoe e i?aaeea ia iaycaiiinoe aeieacuaaiey
oio oaeo, /oi iaaeiyaiue, io?eoeay naith aeio, ia i?eaiaeeo ieeaeeo aeaiiuo a
naia ii?aaaeaiea, ia iiaeao ?anoeaieaaoueny eae iaaeieoaeueiia aeieacaoaeuenoai.
Iieacaiey iaaeiyaiiai, io?eoeathuaai naith aeio, aeieaeiu auoue i?iaa?aiu
iauaeoeaii, aac i?aaeacyoiai e iaeiinoi?iiiaai e iei iiaeoiaea. Iaaeieoaeueiue
oeeii a ?anneaaeiaaiee e ?anniio?aiee aeaea i?iyaeyaony /aua anaai a iaaeiaa?ee
e iieacaieyi iaaeiyaiiai, io?eoeathuaai naith aeio, iai?eiyoee aeieaeiuo ia? e eo
i?iaa?ea.

4. Iieacaiey iiaeic?aaaaiiai

Iieacaiey iiaeic?aaaaiiai – yoi aai onoiia niiauaiea ii iiaiaeo ecaanoiuo
aio ianoiyoaeuenoa niaa?oaiey i?anooieaiey, a eioi?ii ii iiaeic?aaaaony,
naeaeaiiia i?e aeii?ina e caoeene?iaaiiia a onoaiiaeaiiii caeiiii ii?yaeea. Ia
yaeythony iieacaieyie iauyniaiey iiaeic?aaaaiiai, aeaiiua i?e aai caaea?aeaiee e
eceiaeaiiua a i?ioieiea caaea?aeaiey (no. 122).
Iieacaiey iiaeic?aaaaiiai, eae e iieacaiey iaaeiyaiiai, eiatho
aeaienoaaiioth i?e?iaeo, yaeyynue, n iaeiie noi?iiu, enoi/ieeii
aeieacaoaeuenoaaiiie eioi?iaoeee, a n ae?oaie – n?aaenoaii caueou aai eioa?ania.
Iiaeic?aaaaiue oiaea ia ianao ioaaonoaaiiinoe ie ca ioeac io aea/e iieacaiee,
ie ca aea/o eiaeiuo iieacaiee.
Niaeanii no. 76 OIE, iiaeic?aaaaiue ai?aaa aeaoue iieacaiey ii iiaiaeo
ianoiyoaeuenoa, iineoaeeaoeo iniiaaieai aeey aai caaea?aeaiey eee caeeth/aiey iiae
no?aaeo, a ?aaii eiuo ecaanoiuo aio ianoiyoaeuenoa ii aeaeo. Ia?aae aeii?inii
iiaeic?aaaaiiio aeieaeii auoue ?acuyniaii, a niaa?oaiee eaeiai i?anooieaiey ii
iiaeic?aaaaony (no. 123 OIE). Oaeei ia?acii, i?aaeiaoii iieacaiee
iiaeic?aaaaiiai yaeythony ianoiyoaeuenoaa, aeathuea iniiaaiea aeey iiaeic?aiey, a
oaeaea ethaua ae?oaea ianoiyoaeuenoaa, eiathuea cia/aiea aeey aeaea. Eae e
iaaeiyaiue, iiaeic?aaaaiue iiaeao a naieo iieacaieyo aeaaaoue naith o?aeoiaeo
niauoee, iauyniyoue iioeau naieo aeaenoaee, auaeaeaaoue aa?nee, inia?eaaoue
eiathueany a aeaea aeieacaoaeuenoaa. Eae aeaeii, i?aaeiaou iieacaiee iaaeiyaiiai e
iiaeic?aaaaiiai ai iiiaii noiaee. ?acee/ea caeeth/aaony a oii, /oi ia iiiaio
aeii?ina iiaeic?aaaaiiai iaaeiaiea aua ia noi?ioee?iaaii e iiyoiio iieacaiey
iiaeic?aaaaiiai iau/ii iaiaa iieiu. *aua anaai iiaeic?aaaaiue aiineaaenoaee
aieaa iiae?iaii aeii?aoeaaaony ia yoeo aea ianoiyoaeuenoaao iinea i?aaeuyaeaiey
aio iaaeiaiey, e a ea/anoaa aeieacaoaeuenoaa eniieuecothony yoe aai iieacaiey.
Iieacaiey aea iiaeic?aaaaiiai eniieuecothony cia/eoaeueii ?aaea, iai?eia? a neo/aa
nia?oe eeoea, iiaeeaaeauaai i?eaea/aieth a ea/anoaa iaaeiyaiiai. I?e
nouanoaaiiuo i?ioeai?a/eyo iaaeaeo iieacaieyie a ea/anoaa iiaeic?aaaaiiai e
iaaeiyaiiai oa e ae?oaea iiaeeaaeao ouaoaeueiie i?iaa?ea e ioeaiea, a ?acoeueoaoa
/aai iaeie ec ieo iiaoo auoue iiaeoaa?aeaeaiu e iieiaeaiu a iniiao iaaeiaiey, a
ae?oaea ioaa?aioou.
Ca eneeth/aieai oeacaiiuo iniaaiiinoae i?aaeea ioeaiee iieacaiee
iiaeic?aaaaiiai oaeea aea, eae e iieacaiee iaaeiyaiiai.
E iieacaieyi iiaeic?aaaaiiai oaeoe/anee ioiinyo iieacaiey eeoe, ia
eioi?uo iaaeaao iiaeic?aiea e i?e/anoiinoue eioi?uo e niaa?oaieth i?anooieaiey
i?iaa?yaony, ii eioi?ua i?ioeannoaeueii ia iinoaaeaiu a iieiaeaiea
iiaeic?aaaaiiai. Oaeay neooaoeey aicieeaao, eiaaea aeaei aicaoaeaeaii i?ioea
eiie?aoiiai eeoea (ii aeaeai i aeaca?oe?noaa, acyoi/ie/anoaa, ?ano?aoa, ae?oaeo
aeieaeiinoiuo i?anooieaieyo, ecianeeiaaiee, anee cayaeaiea iiaeaii a ioiioaiee
eiie?aoiiai eeoea, e ae?.). Iaeiaei, ii aeaenoaothuaio caeiio, anee oaeia eeoei ia
auei caaea?aeaii e ia ecae?aeanue ia?a i?ana/aiey, oi aei i?aaeuyaeaiey iaaeiaiey
iii aeii?aoeaaaony a ea/anoaa naeaeaoaey e i?aaeoi?aaeaeaaony ia iaycaiiinoe
aeaaaoue i?aaaeeaua iieacaiey.
Eae oaea aiai?eeinue, a neeo no. 51 Eiinoeoooeee ?O ieeoi ia iaycai
naeaeaoaeuenoaiaaoue i?ioea naay naiiai. Iiyoiio, oioy a
oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiii caeiia e iao ia yoii i?yiiai oeacaiey, oaeea eeoea
aeieaeiu auoue inaiaiaeaeaiu io iaycaiiinoe aea/e iieacaiee i naieo aeaenoaeyo,
yaeythueony i?aaeiaoii ?anneaaeiaaiey, e a yoie /anoe aeieaeiu i?e?aaieaaoueny e
iiaeic?aaaaiui.
Iaeiie ec ?aciiaeaeiinoae iieacaiee iaaeiyaiiai e iiaeic?aaaaiiai yaeythony
eo iieacaiey i?ioea ae?oaeo eeoe, a /anoiinoe oae iacuaaaiue iaiai?, o. a.
caaaaeiii eiaeiia iieacaiea i?ioea ae?oaiai eeoea. Iiaeao ee iaaeiyaiue eee
iiaeic?aaaaiue ianoe ioaaonoaaiiinoue ca oaeea iieacaiey?Ia?aaeei iaaeiyaiua e
iiaeic?aaaaiua iuoathony ia?aeiaeeoue naith aeio, iieiinoueth eee /anoe/ii, ia
ae?oaeo nio/anoieeia eee eiuo eeoe. Yoi yaeyaony iaeiei ec n?aaenoa caueou e ia
iiaeao aea/ue ieeaeie ioaaonoaaiiinoe. Iiyoiio a oao neo/ayo, eiaaea iaaeiyaiue
eee iiaeic?aaaaiue aeatho iieacaiey i?ioea ae?oaeo eeoe ii oai ianoiyoaeuenoaai,
eioi?ua ninoaaeytho niaea?aeaiea iaaeiaiey eee iineoaeeee iniiaaieai aeey
caaea?aeaiey, e aiiaua ii oai oaeoai, aeayieyi, i?e/anoiinoue e eioi?ui
aeii?aoeaaaiiai i?iaa?yaony, ii ai?aaa aeaaaoue ethaua iieacaiey, e
ioaaonoaaiiinoue ca ieo, aeaaea a neo/aa eo caaaaeiiie eiaeiinoe, ianooieoue ia
iiaeao (oioy iaiai? caaaaeiii iaaeiiaiiai eeoea yaeyaony ianoiyoaeuenoaii,
ioya/athuei ioaaonoaaiiinoue – i. 11 no. 39 OE).
Eia/a ?aoaaony yoio aii?in, eiaaea iieacaiey i?ioea ae?oaeo eeoe aeathony
iaaeiyaiui eee iiaeic?aaaaiui ii oai oaeoai, ianoiyoaeuenoaai, eioi?ua ia
aoiaeyo a i?aaeuyaeaiiia iaaeiaiea e i?e/anoiinoue e eioi?ui aeii?aoeaaaiiai
aiiaua ia i?iaa?yaony, o. a. ii ae?oaiio yieciaeo aeaea eee aiiaua ii ae?oaiio
aeaeo. A oaeeo neo/ayo iaaeiyaiue eee iiaeic?aaaaiue aeieaeai auoue i?aaeoi?aaeaeai
i oii, /oi ii aoaeao aeaaaoue iieacaiey a ea/anoaa naeaeaoaey e, neaaeiaaoaeueii,
iiaeao ianoe oaieiaioth ioaaonoaaiiinoue ca ioeac io aea/e iieacaiee e ca aea/o
caaaaeiii eiaeiuo iieacaiee.

5. Caeeth/aiea yenia?oa

Caeeth/aiea yenia?oa – yoi aai ienueiaiiia niiauaiea i oiaea e ?acoeueoaoao
i?iaaaeaiiiai enneaaeiaaiey e i aai auaiaeao ii iinoaaeaiiui ia?aae iei
aii?inai.
Yenia?oeca iacia/aaony a neo/ayo, eiaaea aeey onoaiiaeaiey ianoiyoaeuenoa,
eiathueo cia/aiea aeey aeaea, iaiaoiaeeiu niaoeeaeueiua iiciaiey (no. 78 OIE).
Niaoeeaeueiuie yaeythony ciaiey, auoiaeyuea ca ?aiee iauaia?aciaaoaeueiie
iiaeaioiaee, aeeoaeneiai iiuoa e o?aaothuea iniaie iiaeaioiaee, i?ioanneiiaeueiuo
iaaueia. Niaoeeaeueiua iiciaiey iiaoo ioiineoueny e ethaie noa?a /aeiaa/aneie
aeayoaeueiinoe – iaoea, oaoieea, eneonnoao, ?aianeo. Eneeth/aiea ninoaaeytho
i?aaiaua iiciaiey, eioi?uie aeieaeiu a aeinoaoi/iie ia?a iaeaaeaoue naie
neaaeiaaoaee e noaeuee. Iiyoiio ?aoaiea i?aaiauo aii?inia (iai?eia?, i
aeiiaiinoe eee iaaeiiaiinoe, i eaaeeoeeaoeee i?anooieaiey) ia?acoao
eneeth/eoaeueioth eiiiaoaioeeth i?aaiia i?aaeaa?eoaeueiiai ?anneaaeiaaiey e noaea.
Yenia?o ia ai?aaa aaeaaaoueny a ?aoaiea aii?inia i?aaiaiai oa?aeoa?a
(iai?eia?, eiaei ianoi oaeenoai eee naiioaeenoai, yaeyaony ee iaaeinoa/a
?acoeueoaoii oeuaiey eee oaeaoiinoe e o. i.), aeaaea anee iie ia?aae iei
iinoaaeaiu, a anee ii eo ana-oaee ?aoae, oi aai ioaaou ia iiaoo eiaoue
eaeiai-eeai aeieacaoaeuenoaaiiiai cia/aiey. Yenia?o ai?aaa ?aoaoue eeoue aii?inu
niaoeeaeueiiai oa?aeoa?a, iai?eia?, i?e/eiaii aeaiiia ?aiaiea nianoaaiiie eee
iinoi?iiiae ?oeie, yaeeinue ee iii i?e/eiie nia?oe e o. i., a aii?in, eiaei
ee ianoi oaeenoai eee naiioaeenoai, ia iniiaa auaiaeia yenia?oa e
niaieoiiinoe ae?oaeo nia?aiiuo ii aeaeo aeieacaoaeuenoa ?aoatho i?aaiu
?anneaaeiaaiey e noae.
Aianoa n oai i?eciaaony i?aaiia?iui iacia/aiea yenia?oecu i niaethaeaiee
eaeeo-eeai oaoie/aneeo eee eiuo niaoeeaeueiuo i?aaee, iineieueeo eo o?aeoiaea
ia?aaeei o?aaoao niaoeeaeueiie iiaeaioiaee e i?aeoe/aneeo iaaueia, iai?eia?
no?ieoaeueiuo i?aaee, i?aaee aooaaeoa?neiai o/aoa, iaeioi?uo iaeaieaa neiaeiuo
i?aaee aei?iaeiiai aeaeaeaiey (a /anoiinoe, i?aaee iaaiia) e ae?.
Yenia?oeca ia?aaeei aunooiaao a ea/anoaa yooaeoeaiiai n?aaenoaa
onoaiiaeaiey ianoiyoaeuenoa aeaea. Iia iicaieyao eniieueciaaoue a i?ioeanna
?anneaaeiaaiey e noaeaaiiai ?acae?aoaeuenoaa oaieiaiuo aeae aanue a?naiae
nia?aiaiiuo iao/ii-oaoie/aneeo n?aaenoa e yaeyaony iniiaiui eaiaeii aiaae?aiey
a noaeaaii-neaaenoaaiioth i?aeoeeo aeinoeaeaiee iao/ii-oaoie/aneie ?aaiethoeee.
Nouanoaotho ?acee/iua aeaeu e ?iaeu yenia?oec. Iaeaieaa ?ani?ino?aiaiiuie
yaeythony ?acee/iua aeaeu e?eieiaeenoe/aneie yenia?oecu (aeaeoeeineiie/aneay,
aaeeenoe/aneay, o?annieiae/aneay, ii/a?eiaaae/aneay, noaeaaii-oaoie/aneay
yenia?oeca aeieoiaioia), noaeaaii-iaaeeoeeineay, noaeaaii-ineoeao?e/aneay,
noaeaaii-aooaaeoa?neay, noaeaaii-aaoioaoie/aneay e iaeioi?ua ae?oaea.
Iacia/aiea yenia?oecu ioi?ieyaony iinoaiiaeaieai neaaeiaaoaey eee
ii?aaeaeaieai noaea. A iinoaiiaeaiee (ii?aaeaeaiee) aeieaeiu auoue oeacaiu
iniiaaiey iacia/aiey yenia?oecu, eiio iia ii?o/aaony e iaoa?eaeu (iauaeou),
i?aaenoaaeyaiua a ?anii?yaeaiea yenia?oa. A iinoaiiaeaiee (ii?aaeaeaiee) aeieaeiu
auoue/aoei noi?ioee?iaaiu aii?inu, o?aaothuea caeeth/aiey yenia?oa. *aua anaai
yenia?oeca i?iaiaeeony a niaoeeaeueiuo yenia?oiuo o/?aaeaeaieyo (nenoaiu Ieithnoa,
IAAe, .Ieicae?aaa), ii iia iiaeao auoue ii?o/aia e ethaiio ae?oaiio naaaeouaio
eeoeo, ia yaeythuaiony ?aaioieeii oaeiai o/?aaeaeaiey (“/anoiiio yenia?oo”). Ii
iaeioi?ui aeaeai yenia?oec (iai?eia?, eneonnoaiaaae/aneie) a ianoiyuaa a?aiy
yenia?oiuo o/?aaeaeaiee aua iao.
Aii?in i iacia/aiee yenia?oecu ?aoaaony neaaeiaaoaeai eee noaeii a eaaeaeii
ioaeaeueiii neo/aa, enoiaey ec eiie?aoiie neooaoeee ii aeaeo. Aianoa n oai caeii
i?aaeoniao?eaaao ?yae neo/aaa, eiaaea i?iecaiaenoai yenia?oecu ia caaeneo io
oniio?aiey neaaeiaaoaey eee noaea, a yaeyaony iaycaoaeueiui. Oae, niaeanii no.
79 OIE, i?iaaaeaiea yenia?oecu iaycaoaeueii: 1) aeey onoaiiaeaiey i?e/ei nia?oe
e oa?aeoa?a oaeaniuo iia?aaeaeaiee: 2) aeey ii?aaeaeaiey ineoe/aneiai ninoiyiey
iaaeiyaiiai eee iiaeic?aaaaiiai a oao neo/ayo, eiaaea aicieeaao niiiaiea ii
iiaiaeo eo aiaiyaiinoe eee niiniaiinoe e iiiaioo i?iecaiaenoaa ii aeaeo
ioaeaaaoue naaa io/ao a naieo aeaenoaeyo eee ?oeiaiaeeoue eie: 3) aeey ii?aaeaeaiey
ineoe/aneiai e oece/aneiai ninoiyiey naeaeaoaey eee iioa?iaaoaai a neo/ayo,
eiaaea aicieeaao niiiaiea a eo niiniaiinoe i?aaeeueii aini?eieiaoue
ianoiyoaeuenoaa, eiathuea cia/aiea aeey aeaea, e aeaaaoue i ieo i?aaeeueiua
iieacaiey: 4) aeey onoaiiaeaiey aic?anoa iaaeiyaiiai, iiaeic?aaaaiiai e
iioa?iaaoaai, eiaaea yoi eiaao cia/aiea aeey aeaea, a aeieoiaiou i aic?anoa
ionoonoaotho.
I?aaeea e iaycaiiinoe yenia?oa. Yenia?oii iacia/aaony eeoei, eioi?ia
iaeaaeaao niioaaonoaothueie niaoeeaeueiuie iiciaieyie e ia caeioa?aniaaii a
enoiaea aeaea. Yenia?o iaycai yaeoueny ii auciao neaaeiaaoaey eee noaea e aeaoue
iauaeoeaiia caeeth/aiea ii iinoaaeaiiui ia?aae iei aii?inai. Ca ioeac eee
oeeiiaiea io auiieiaiey naieo iaycaiiinoae aac oaaaeeoaeueiuo i?e/ei e ca aea/o
caaaaeiii eiaeiiai caeeth/aiey yenia?o ianao oaieiaioth ioaaonoaaiiinoue (no. 82
OIE).
Yenia?o iiaeao ioeacaoueny io aea/e caeeth/aiey, anee iinoaaeaiiua ia?aae
iei aii?inu auoiaeyo ca i?aaeaeu aai niaoeeaeueiuo iiciaiee eee i?aaenoaaeaiiua
aio iaoa?eaeu iaaeinoaoi/iu aeey auaiaea (no. 82 OIE). Aiciiaeai Oaeaea ioeac
yenia?oa io i?iaaaeaiey enneaaeiaaiee a neo/aa ionoonoaey iao/ii iainiiaaiiie
iaoiaeeee eee iaiaoiaeeiiai iai?oaeiaaiey. I iaaiciiaeiinoe aea/e caeeth/aiey
yenia?o niiauaao a ienueiaiiie oi?ia i?aaio, iacia/eaoaio yenia?oeco.
Yenia?o ia ai?aaa naiinoiyoaeueii niae?aoue iaoa?eaeu e iauaeou,
iaiaoiaeeiua aio aeey enneaaeiaaiey. A neo/aa iaiaoiaeeiinoe iieo/aiey
aeiiieieoaeueiuo iaoa?eaeia ii cayaeyao ia yoii niioaaonoaothuaa oiaeaoaenoai
neaaeiaaoaeth eee noaeo. Yenia?o ai?aaa ciaeiieoueny n iaoa?eaeaie aeaea,
ioiinyueieny e i?aaeiaoo yenia?oecu, n ?ac?aoaiey neaaeiaaoaey (noaea)
i?enoonoaiaaoue i?e i?iecaiaenoaa neaaenoaaiiuo aeaenoaee e caaeaaaoue aii?inu
aeii?aoeaaaiui (no. 82 OIE).
Yenia?o aeaao caeeth/aiea io naiaai eiaie, ii naiaio aioo?aiiaio
oaaaeaeaieth e ianao ca iaai ee/ioth ioaaonoaaiiinoue. Caeeth/aiea aeaaony
yenia?oii ia iniiaaiee i?iaaaeaiiiai ei enneaaeiaaiey. Aii?inu, oioy e
?aoaaiua n i?eiaiaieai niaoeeaeueiuo iiciaiee, ii ia o?aaothuea ieeaeiai
enneaaeiaaiey (iai?eia?, i eiino?oeoeaiuo iniaaiiinoyo eaeiai-oi oeia i?oaeey
eee ia?ee aaoiiiaeey, i oaiia?aoo?a ieaaeaiey aauanoaa e o. i.),
onoaiaaeeaathony ia iin?aaenoaii i?iaaaeaiey yenia?oecu, a iooai eno?aaiaaiey
ni?aaie io niioaaonoaothueo o/?aaeaeaiee eee aeii?ina naaaeoueo eeoe.
Caeeth/aiea yenia?oa ninoieo ec o?ao /anoae – aaiaeiie, enneaaeiaaoaeueneie
e auaiaeia. A aaiaeiie /anoe oeacuaathony iaeiaiiaaiea yenia?oecu, i?eaiaeyony
naaaeaiey ia yenia?oa (yenia?oao), ia?a/eneythony iinooieaoea ia yenia?oeco
iaoa?eaeu. A enneaaeiaaoaeueneie /anoe iienuaaaony i?ioeann yenia?oiiai
enneaaeiaaiey, a oaeaea aeaaony ioaeiia enoieeiaaiea onoaiiaeaiiuo oaeoia.
Auaiaeu i?aaenoaaeytho niaie ioaaou ia iinoaaeaiiua ia?aae yenia?oii aii?inu.
Yenia?o ai?aaa ii nianoaaiiie eieoeeaoeaa naeaeaoue a caeeth/aiee auaiae ii
aii?inai, eioi?ua ia?aae iei ia noaaeeenue, anee iie eiatho, ii aai iiaieth,
cia/aiea aeey aeaea.
Caeeth/aiea yenia?oa ia eiaao ieeaeeo i?aeiouanoa ia?aae ae?oaeie
aeieacaoaeuenoaaie e iiaeeaaeeo iaycaoaeueiie ioeaiea neaaeiaaoaeai e noaeii. Ia
eaeeo au oi/iuo iao/iuo aeaiiuo ie aue iniiaai yenia?oiue auaiae, ii ia iiaeao
n/eoaoueny iaycaoaeueiui aeey neaaeiaaoaey eee noaea. A oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiii
caeiia niaoeeaeueii iaiai?aii, /oi caeeth/aiea yenia?oa ia yaeyaony
iaycaoaeueiui aeey neaaeiaaoaey e noaea (no. 80 OIE). Oeacaiey ia iaaeiionoeiinoue
iae?eoe/aneiai ioiioaiey e caeeth/aieth yenia?oa e iaiaoiaeeiinoue aai
ouaoaeueiie e ananoi?iiiae ioeaiee a niioaaonoaee n iaueie i?aaeeaie ioeaiee
aeieacaoaeuenoa niaea?aeaony ai iiiaeo ?aoaieyo aunoeo noaeaaiuo einoaioeee.
Ianiaeanea neaaeiaaoaey e noaea n caeeth/aieai yenia?oa aeieaeii auoue
iioeae?iaaii a niioaaonoaothuai iinoaiiaeaiee, ii?aaeaeaiee, i?eaiai?a.
Ioeaiea caeeth/aiey yenia?oa aeeth/aao a naay i?aaeaea anaai onoaiiaeaiea
aai aeiionoeiinoe eae aeieacaoaeuenoaa. Iaiaoiaeeiui oneiaeai aeiionoeiinoe
caeeth/aiey yenia?oa yaeyaony niaethaeaiea i?ioeannoaeueiiai ii?yaeea iacia/aiey e
i?iaaaeaiey yenia?oecu. Aeieaeia auoue i?iaa?aia oaeaea eiiiaoaioiinoue yenia?oa e
aai ia caeioa?aniaaiiinoue a enoiaea aeaea. Ioaeii eiaoue a aeaeo, /oi yenia?oiiio
enneaaeiaaieth iiaoo auoue iiaeaa?aioou oieueei iauaeou, eioi?ua iaaeeaaeauei
ia?acii i?ioeannoaeueii ioi?ieaiu. A neo/aa nouanoaaiiuo ia?ooaiee, aeaeoueo
eo iaaeiionoeiinoue, caeeth/aiea yenia?oa oaeaea oa?yao aeieacaoaeuenoaaiioth neeo.
E, iaeiiaoe, neaaeiaaoaeai e noaeii aeieaeiu auoue i?iaa?aiu i?aaeeueiinoue
ioi?ieaiey caeeth/aiey yenia?oa, iaee/ea a iai anao iaiaoiaeeiuo ?aeaeceoia.
I?e ioeaiea ioiineiinoe caeeth/aiey yenia?oa ioaeii eiaoue a aeaeo, /oi iia
i?aaeaea anaai caaeneo io ioiineiinoe iauaeoia, eioi?ua enneaaeiaaeenue
yenia?oii. Anee eo ioiineiinoue ia iiaeoaa?aeaeaaony, oi aaoiiaoe/anee oa?yao
yoi naienoai e caeeth/aiea yenia?oa.
Iaeaieaa neiaeiui eiiiiiaioii ioeaiee neaaeiaaoaeai, noaeii caeeth/aiey
yenia?oa yaeyaony ii?aaeaeaiea aai aeinoiaa?iinoe (i?aaeeueiinoe,
iainiiaaiiinoe). Oaeay ioeaiea aeeth/aao a naay ii?aaeaeaiea iaaeaaeiinoe
i?eiaiaiiie yenia?oii iaoiaeeee, aeinoaoi/iinoe i?aaenoaaeaiiiai yenia?oo
iaoa?eaea e i?aaeeueiinoe enoiaeiuo aeaiiuo, iieiiou i?iaaaeaiiiai yenia?oii
enneaaeiaaiey (iai?eia?, ana ee o?e iieinoe ane?uaaeenue i?e enneaaeiaaiee
o?oia) e ae?.
Iiieii iau/iie yenia?oecu nouanoaotho aa iniaua i?ioeannoaeueiua aeaeu:
eiienneiiiay, eiiieaeniay, aeiiieieoaeueiay e iiaoi?iay.
Eiienneiiiay yenia?oeca – yoi yenia?oeca, i?iaiaeeiay ianeieueeeie
yenia?oaie iaeiie niaoeeaeueiinoe (eee oceie niaoeeaeecaoeee). Iau/ii
i?iecaiaenoai yenia?oecu ii?o/aaony ianeieueeei yenia?oai a neo/aa aa iniaie
neiaeiinoe, o?oaeiaieinoe eee cia/eiinoe ii aeaeo. Niaeanii aaaeiinoaaiiui
ii?iaoeaiui aeoai Ieicae?aaa eiienneiiii i?iaiaeyony ana
noaeaaii-ineoeao?e/aneea yenia?oecu e iaeioi?ua .aeaeu noaeaaii-iaaeeoeeineeo
yenia?oec. A inoaeueiuo neo/ayo aii?in i eiienneiiiii oa?aeoa?a yenia?oecu
iiaeao auoue ?aoai neaaeiaaoaeai eee noaeii, iacia/eaoei yenia?oeco, eeai
?oeiaiaeeoaeai yenia?oiiai o/?aaeaeaiey.
I?e i?iecaiaenoaa eiienneiiiie yenia?oecu yenia?ou, /eaiu eiiennee aei
aea/e caeeth/aiey ai?aaa niaauaoueny iaaeaeo niaie (no. 80 OIE). Ec /enea /eaiia
eiiennee ?oeiaiaeeoaeai yenia?oiiai o/?aaeaeaiey iacia/aaony ioaaonoaaiiue ca
i?iaaaeaiea yenia?oecu (aaaeouee yenia?o). Ii auiieiyao ?acee/iua
i?aaiecaoeeiiiua ooieoeee (eii?aeeiaoeey aeayoaeueiinoe /eaiia eiiennee,
?ac?aaioea iauaai ieaia enneaaeiaaiee, ?oeiaiaenoai niaauaieai yenia?oia e
ae?.), ii ieeaeeie i?aeiouanoaaie i?e ?aoaiee aii?inia ii nouanoao ia
iieuecoaony.
Anee /eaiu eiiennee i?eaeoo e iauaio auaiaeo, iie ninoaaeytho aaeeiia
caeeth/aiea. A neo/aa ?aciiaeanee yenia?ou, ia niaeaniua n ae?oaeie iiaieyie,
aeatho ioaeaeueiia caeeth/aiea.
Eiiieaeniay yenia?oeca — yoi yenia?oeca, a i?iecaiaenoaa eioi?ie
o/anoaotho ianeieueei yenia?oia ?acee/iuo niaoeeaeueiinoae eee oceeo
niaoeeaeecaoeee (i?ioeeae).
A aeaenoaothuai oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiii caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa i?iecaiaenoai
eiiieaeniie yenia?oecu ia i?aaeoniio?aii. Ianiio?y ia yoi, i?iecaiaenoai
eiiieaeniuo yenia?oec iieo/aao ana aieaa oe?ieia ?ani?ino?aiaiea. Yoi
iauyniyaony aunieie yooaeoeaiinoueth yenia?oecu, oe?ieeie aiciiaeiinoyie
niaieoiiiai, neioace?iaaiiiai i?eiaiaiey ciaiee ec ?acee/iuo io?aneae iaoee
e oaoieee.
Iaeaieaa /anoi i?iaiaeyony eiiieaeniua iaaeeei-e?eieiaeenoe/aneea
yenia?oecu, a /anoiinoe iaaeeei-aaeeenoe/aneea ii onoaiiaeaieth iaoaiecia
auno?aea (iai?aaeaiea e aeaeueiinoue auno?aea, acaeiiia ?aniieiaeaiea
no?aeyaoaai e iioa?iaaoaai e ae?.), iaaeeei-o?anieiae/aneea ii onoaiiaeaieth
iaoaiecia i?e/eiaiey oaeaniuo iia?aaeaeaiee (iai?eia?, iiaeaaiai ?aiaiey).
Iieo/atho ana aieueoaa ?ani?ino?aiaiea o?ainii?oii-o?anieiae/aneea
yenia?oecu ii onoaiiaeaieth iaoaiecia aei?iaeii-o?ainii?oiiai i?ienoanoaey
iooai enneaaeiaaiey iia?aaeaeaiee ia o?ainii?oiuo n?aaenoaao e eiuo iauaeoao
aaoioaoieeaie e o?anieiaaie (eiiaaea n o/anoeai iaaeeeia, anee enneaaeothony
oaeaea iia?aaeaeaiey ia oaea /aeiaaea).
Eiiieaeniay yenia?oeca eiaao ?yae iniaaiiinoae, ioee/eoaeueiuo /a?o.
Ai-ia?auo, e iei ioiineony oi, /oi a aa i?iecaiaenoaa o/anoaotho ianeieueei
yenia?oia ?acee/iuo niaoeeaeueiinoae (niaoeeaeecaoeee), e auoaeathuaa ionthaea
?acaeaeaiea ooieoeee iaaeaeo ieie a i?ioeanna enneaaeiaaiee. A ioee/ea io iau/iie
(iaeii?iaeiie) yenia?oecu, aaea ana yenia?ou i?eieiatho ?aaiia o/anoea a
i?ioeanna enneaaeiaaiee, caeanue eaaeaeue yenia?o iiaeao enneaaeiaaoue eeoue oa
iauaeou, eioi?ua ioiinyony e aai eiiiaoaioeee, e i?eiaiyoue oa iaoiaeu,
eioi?uie ii aeaaeaao.
Ionthaea auoaeaao ae?oaay iniaaiiinoue eiiieaeniie yenia?oecu- iauee auaiae
aeaaony ii ?acoeueoaoai, iieo/aiiui ?acee/iuie yenia?oaie. I?e/ai a
oi?ioee?iaaiee yoiai iauaai(eiia/iiai) auaiaea iiaoo o/anoaiaaoue ia ana
yenia?ou, i?iaiaeeaoea enneaaeiaaiey, a oieueei oa, eioi?ua eiiiaoaioiu a iauai
i?aaeiaoa enneaaeiaaiey. Oceea niaoeeaeenou (iniaaiii niaoeeaeenou ii iaoiaeai)
iiaoo e ia i?eieiaoue o/anoea a yoii, eo ?ieue iiaeao ia?aie/eaaoueny
eiinoaoaoeeae i?iiaaeooi/iiai auaiaea ii eoiaai ee/ii i?iaaaeaiiiai
enneaaeiaaiey.
A nayce n oeacaiiuie iniaaiiinoyie ia eiiieaenioth yenia?oeco ia iiaeao
auoue ?ani?ino?aiaii o?aaiaaiea aea/e yenia?oii caeeth/aiey oieueei ia iniiaaiee
ee/ii i?iecaaaeaiiuo enneaaeiaaiee, yaeythuaany iaycaoaeueiui aeey iau/iie,
“eeanne/aneie”, yenia?oecu. Eae ?ac iaiai?io, caeanue yenia?o oi?ioee?oao
auaiae ia iniiaa enneaaeiaaiee, i?iaaaeaiiuo ia oieueei ee/ii ei, ii e ae?oaeie
yenia?oaie, eiathueie ae?oaoth niaoeeaeecaoeeth. Iiyoiio i?e eiiieaeniie
yenia?oeca eia/a ?aoaaony e aii?in i ee/iie ioaaonoaaiiinoe yenia?oa ca
aeaiiia ei caeeth/aiea. Eaaeaeue yenia?o, ai-ia?auo, ianao ee/ioth
ioaaonoaaiiinoue ca oo /anoue enneaaeiaaiee, eioi?oth ii i?iaae, e ca iieo/aiiua
ei ?acoeueoaou (i?iiaaeooi/iua auaiaeu). I?e oi?ioee?iaaiee aea iaueo (eiia/iuo)
auaiaeia eiaao ianoi naiaai ?iaea oneiaiay ioaaonoaaiiinoue yenia?oa: ii
ioaa/aao ca i?aaeeueiinoue auaiaea, a oi?ioee?iaaiee eioi?iai o/anoaiaae, i?e
oneiaee /oi eniieueciaaiiua ei ?acoeueoaou enneaaeiaaiee, i?iaaaeaiiua ae?oaeie
yenia?oaie, oiaea aa?iu.
Ii?yaeie i?iecaiaenoaa eiiieaeniie yenia?oecu oaeie aea, eae eiienneiiiie:
yenia?ou eiatho i?aai aei aea/e caeeth/aiey niaauaoueny iaaeaeo niaie, yenia?ou, ia
niaeaniua n ae?oaeie, ninoaaeytho ioaeaeueiia caeeth/aiea, ?oeiaiaeeo a?oiiie
aaaeouee yenia?o, eioi?ue iaeaaeaao oieueei i?aaiecaoeeiiiuie iieiiii/eyie.
Aeiiieieoaeueiay yenia?oeca iacia/aaony a neo/aa iaaeinoaoi/iie yniinoe
eee iieiiou caeeth/aiey (no. 81 OIE). Iayniinoue yenia?oiiai caeeth/aiey iiaeao
au?aceoueny a ia/aoeinoe oi?ioee?iaie, eo ?anieua/aoinoe, iaii?aaeaeaiiinoe e
o. i. Iau/ii yoio iaaeinoaoie ono?aiyaony iooai aeii?ina yenia?oa, iineieueeo
aeey yoiai ia o?aaoaony i?iaaaeaiey aeiiieieoaeueiuo enneaaeiaaiee. Iaiieiioa
yenia?oiiai caeeth/aiey eiaao ianoi, eiaaea yenia?o inoaaee aac ?ac?aoaiey
iaeioi?ua ec iinoaaeaiiuo ia?aae iei aii?inia, nocee eo iauai, enneaaeiaae ia
ana i?aaenoaaeaiiua aio iauaeou e o. i.
Iiaoi?iay yenia?oeca i?iaiaeeony a neo/aa iaiainiiaaiiinoe caeeth/aiey
yenia?oa eee niiiaiee a aai i?aaeeueiinoe (no. 81 OIE). Iainiiaaiiinoue
caeeth/aiey yenia?oa – yoi aai a?aoiaioe?iaaiiinoue, oaaaeeoaeueiinoue.
Iaiainiiaaiiui caeeth/aieayenia?oa iiaeao auoue i?eciaii, anee aucuaaao
niiiaiey i?eiaiaiiay yenia?oii iaoiaeeea, iaaeinoaoi/ai iauai i?iaaaeaiiuo
yenia?oii enneaaeiaaiee, auaiaeu yenia?oa ia auoaeatho ec ?acoeueoaoia
enneaaeiaaiee eee i?ioeai?a/ao ei e a ae?oaeo iiaeiaiuo neo/ayo. Niiiaiey a
i?aaeeueiinoe caeeth/aiey yenia?oa iiaoo aicieeiooue, iai?eia?, a neo/aa
ianiioaaonoaey aai auaiaeia ae?oaei iaoa?eaeai aeaea, i?e aeoeaiii inia?eaaiee
yoeo auaiaeia iaaeiyaiui eee ae?oaeie o/anoieeaie i?ioeanna. Oaeei ia?acii,
iaiainiiaaiiinoue yenia?oiiai caeeth/aiey ii?aaeaeyaony, eae i?aaeei, i?e
ioeaiea aai naiiai – enoiaey ec aai niaea?aeaiey e aioo?aiiae no?oeoo?u,
niiiaiey a i?aaeeueiinoe iau/ii aicieeatho i?e niiinoaaeaiee auaiaeia yenia?oa
n ae?oaeie nia?aiiuie ii aeaeo aeieacaoaeuenoaaie.
Iniiaiia ioee/ea iaaeaeo aeiiieieoaeueiie e iiaoi?iie yenia?oecaie ninoieo
a oii, /oi i?e aeiiieieoaeueiie yenia?oeca ?aoathony aii?inu, eioi?ua ?aiaa ia
auee ?ac?aoaiu, a i?e iiaoi?iie – caiiai enneaaeothony (ia?ai?iaa?ythony) oaea
?ac?aoaiiua aii?inu. Iiyoiio ?acee/ai e i?ioeannoaeueiue ii?yaeie yoeo aeaeia
yenia?oec. Aeiiieieoaeueiay yenia?oeca ii?o/aaony oiio aea eee ae?oaiio
yenia?oo, a iiaoi?iay – ae?oaiio yenia?oo eee ae?oaei yenia?oai (no. 81 OIE).
Aeey ?acuyniaiey eee aeiiieiaiey caeeth/aiey iiaeao auoue i?iaaaeai aeii?in
yenia?oa. Iniiaaiey aai i?iaaaeaiey – oaeea aea, eae e i?e iacia/aiee
aeiiieieoaeueiie yenia?oecu — iayniinoue eee iaiieiioa caeeth/aiey.
?aca?aie/aiea iaaeaeo ieie i?iaiaeeony ii neaaeothuaio i?eciaeo. Anee aeey
?acuyniaiey eee aeiiieiaiey caeeth/aiey iaiaoiaeeii i?iaaaeaiea aeiiieieoaeueiuo
enneaaeiaaiee, iacia/aaony aeiiieieoaeueiay yenia?oeca. Anee yenia?o iiaeao aeaoue
iaiaoiaeeiua ?acuyniaiey aac i?iecaiaenoaa aeiiieieoaeueiuo enneaaeiaaiee,
i?iaiaeeony aai aeii?in.
I?ioieie aeii?ina yenia?oa ninoaaeyaony ii iauei i?aaeeai (no. 191 OIE).

6. Aauanoaaiiua aeieacaoaeuenoaa

A naiii iauai aeaea eo iiaeii ii?aaeaeeoue eae iaoa?eaeueiua neaaeu
(iineaaenoaey) i?anooieaiey eee eiiai ?anneaaeoaiiai aeayiey. A ea/anoaa
aauanoaaiiuo aeieacaoaeuenoa aunooiatho i?aaeiaou iaoa?eaeueiiai ie?a (aaue),
eioi?ua iiaeaa?aaeenue a ?acoeueoaoa enneaaeoaiiai niauoey eaeiio-oi
aeaeieciaiaieth, ia?aiauaieth eee auee nicaeaiu i?anooiiuie aeaenoaeyie.
Aeieacaoaeuenoaaiiia cia/aiea eiatho eo oece/aneea naienoaa (iai?eia?, ?acia? e
eiioeao?aoeey neaaea), ianoiiaoiaeaeaiea (iai?eia?, iioeuaiiay aauue,
iaia?oaeaiiay o iaaeiyaiiai) eeai oaeo eo nicaeaiey (ecaioiaeaiey) eee
aeaeieciaiaiea (iai?eia?, oaeueoeaay iiiaoa, iiaeaeaeueiue aeieoiaio e o. i.).
Oaeei ia?acii, aauanoaaiiua aeieacaoaeuenoaa yaeythony iineoaeyie
aeieacaoaeuenoaaiiie eioi?iaoeee, ii yoa eioi?iaoeey niaea?aeeony a ieo a
anoanoaaiiie oi?ia.
Oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiue caeii (no. 83 OIE) iacuaaao neaaeothuea aeaeu
aauanoaaiiuo aeieacaoaeuenoa: 1.I?aaeiaou, neoaeeaoea i?oaeeai i?anooieaiey. E
iei ioiinyony, iai?eia?, i?oaeey oaeenoaa (iiae, ienoieao e ae?.) eee i?aaeiaou,
iin?aaenoaii eioi?uo niaa?oaeinue oeuaiea (ioiu/ea, eii, eioi?ui aceaiuaaeny
naeo, e o. i.).
Niaeanii ?acuyniaieth, aeaiiiio I?aceaeeoiii Aa?oiaiiai Niaaoa ?NON? a
Iinoaiiaeaiee io 7 aaaonoa 1961 a., o?ainii?oiua n?aaenoaa, eniieueciaaiiua
eae i?oaeey i?anooieaiey, yaeythony aauanoaaiiuie aeieacaoaeuenoaaie e iiaeeaaeao
eiioeneaoeee. Iaeiaei i?e yoii ioaeii eiaoue a aeaeo, /oi aeey i?eciaiey
aaoiiaoeiu aauanoaaiiui aeieacaoaeuenoaii iaaei onoaiiaeoue, /oi o?ainii?oiia
n?aaenoai eniieueciaaeinue eiaiii eae i?oaeea niaa?oaiey i?anooieaiey (iai?eia?,
i?e niaa?oaiee oaeenoaa eee oeuaiey, eiaaea ia iaoeia auaiceeanue aieueoay
ia?oey iioeuaiiuo oiaa?ia), a ia i?inoi eae n?aaenoai ia?aaeaeaeaiey. Oae,
Ieaioi Aa?oiaiiai noaea NNN? ioiaiee i?eaiai? a ioiioaiee A. a /anoe
eiioeneaoeee i?eiaaeeaaeauae aio aaoiiaoeiu, iineieueeo a?aeiiuea?noai, ca
eioi?ia ii inoaeaeai, auei niaa?oaii aac eniieueciaaiey yoie aaoiiaoeiu.
Iacaeiiiue eia ?uau i?iecaiaeeeny ei oieueei oaei/eaie, aaoiiiaeeue aea
eniieueciaaeny oieueei eae n?aaenoai ia?aaeaeaeaiey.
2.I?aaeiaou, eioi?ua nio?aieee ia naaa neaaeu i?anooieaiey. E oaeei
i?aaeiaoai ioiinyony, iai?eia?, iaeaaeaea ni neaaeaie e?iae eee n ?ac?uaaie,
i?aaeiaou n iaiano?aeueiuie iia?aaeaeaieyie, aceiiaiiue naeo e o. i.
3. I?aaeiaou, eioi?ua auee iauaeoaie i?anooiiuo aeaenoaee. E iei
ioiinyony i?aaeiaou, ia eioi?ua iai?aaeaii i?anooiiia iinyaaoaeuenoai,
iai?eia? iioeuaiiua aeaiueae e aaue.
4.Aeaiueae e eiua oeaiiinoe, iaaeeoua i?anooiiui iooai. Eiathony a aeaeo ia
oa aeaiueae e oeaiiinoe, ia eioi?ua auei iai?aaeaii i?anooiiia iinyaaoaeuenoai
(iai?eia?, iioeuaiiua), a eiaiii iaaeeoua, i?eia?aoaiiua a ?acoeueoaoa
niaa?oaiey i?anooieaiey (iai?eia?, i?e caiyoee cai?auaiiui i?iiuneii).
5.Ana ae?oaea i?aaeiaou, eioi?ua iiaoo neoaeeoue n?aaenoaaie e iaia?oaeaieth
i?anooieaiey, onoaiiaeaieth oaeoe/aneeo ianoiyoaeuenoa aeaea, auyaeaieth
aeiiaiuo, e ii?iaa?aeaieth iaaeiaiey eee niya/aieth ioaaonoaaiiinoe. E iei
ioiinyony, iai?eia?, i?aaeiaou, ia?iiaiiua i?anooiieeii ia ianoa niaa?oaiey
i?anooieaiey.
Caeii (no. 83, 84 OIE) aiai?eo i aauanoaaiiii aeieacaoaeuenoaa. Eniieuecoy
yoi iiiyoea, iaaei eiaoue a aeaeo, /oi aauue, iaia?oaeaiiay neaaeiaaoaeai eee
i?aaenoaaeaiiay aio iaaeiyaiui, iiaeao eniieueciaaoueny eae aauanoaaiiia
aeieacaoaeuenoai eeoue i?e oneiaee, anee niaethaeai i?ioeannoaeueiue ii?yaeie aai
iieo/aiey, iaia?oaeaiey e i?eiauaiey e aeaeo a ii?yaeea, onoaiiaeaiiii a
caeiia. Yoio ii?yaeie aeeth/aao neaaeothuea aeaenoaey: Ai-ia?auo, aeieaeai auoue

i?ioeannoaeueii ioi?ieai oaeo iaia?oaeaiey eee iieo/aiey i?aaeiaoa neaaeiaaoaeai
(noaeii). Iau/ii aaue ecuiathony a oiaea eaeiai-oi neaaenoaaiiiai aeaenoaey
(iniio?a, iaunea, auaiee e ae?.), e oaeo ecuyoey oeene?oaony a i?ioieiea
aeaiiiai aeaenoaey. Aaue iiaoo auoue oaeaea i?aaenoaaeaiu iaaeiyaiui,
iioa?iaaoei, ae?oaeie o/anoieeaie i?ioeanna, a oaeaea a?aaeaeaiaie (no. 70 OIE),
/oi oaeaea aeieaeii auoue ioi?ieaii niioaaonoaothuei i?ioieieii. E, iaeiiaoe, iie
iiaoo auoue iai?aaeaiu neaaeiaaoaeth eee a noae i?aaei?eyoeyie, o/?aaeaeaieyie e
i?aaiaie (no. 70 OIE), i /ai oaeaea aeieaeai naeaeaoaeuenoaiaaoue niioaaonoaothuee
ioeoeeaeueiue aeieoiaio (nii?iaiaeeoaeueiia ienueii).
Ai-aoi?uo, aauanoaaiiia aeieacaoaeuenoai aeieaeii auoue iniio?aii e iiae?iaii
iienaii e ii aiciiaeiinoe noioia?aoe?iaaii (no. 84 OIE). Iniio? aauanoaaiiiai
aeieacaoaeuenoaa iiaeao auoue i?iecaaaeai a oiaea oiai neaaenoaaiiiai aeaenoaey, i?e
eioi?ii iii ecuyoi (iai?eia?, i?e iniio?a ianoa i?ienoanoaey), e oiaaea aai
?acoeueoaou oeene?othony a i?ioieiea, eeai a oiaea ioaeaeueiiai neaaenoaaiiiai
aeaenoaey – iniio?a aauanoaaiiiai aeieacaoaeuenoaa (i?aaeiaoa), ioi?ieyaiiai
naiinoiyoaeueiui i?ioieieii.
E, a-o?aoueeo, aauanoaaiiia aeieacaoaeuenoai aeieaeii auoue i?eiauaii e aeaeo
iniaui iinoaiiaeaieai neaaeiaaoaey eee ii?aaeaeaieai noaea. Eeoue iinea
auianaiey oaeiai iinoaiiaeaiey (ii?aaeaeaiey) ia i?aaeiao iiaeao auoue
?ani?ino?aiai ?aaeei aauanoaaiiiai aeieacaoaeuenoaa. Iinoaiiaeaiea
(ii?aaeaeaiea) i i?eiauaiee i?aaeiaoa e aeaeo a ea/anoaa aauanoaaiiiai
aeieacaoaeuenoaa au?aaeaao ?aoaiea neaaeiaaoaey (noaea) ia ioiineiinoe aeaiiiai
i?aaeiaoa e aeaeo e icia/aao iinooieaiea aai a eneeth/eoaeueiia ?anii?yaeaiea
neaaeiaaoaey eee noaea. Oi/iay i?ioeannoaeueiay oeenaoeey oaeoa i?eiauaiey
i?aaeiaoa e aeaeo a ea/anoaa aauanoaaiiiai aeieacaoaeuenoaa iaiaoiaeeia a nayce n
oai, /oi oaeea i?aaeiaou ia?aaeei i?aaenoaaeytho ii?aaeaeaiioth iaoa?eaeueioth eee
aeooiaioth oeaiiinoue, a oaeaea aeey i?aaeioa?auaiey eo oo?aou eee caiaiu.
-Aauanoaaiiua aeieacaoaeuenoaa iiaoo auoue ia?aiia/aeueiuie e i?iecaiaeiuie.
Ia?aiia/aeueiua aauanoaaiiua aeieacaoaeuenoaa -yoi i?aaeiaou-iiaeeeiieee,
i?eaeiaeu (iai?eia?, i?oaeea i?anooieaiey, i?aaeiao ni neaaeaie i?anooieaiey).
I?iecaiaeiua aauanoaaiiua aeieacaoaeuenoaa — yoi ?acee/iiai ?iaea eo
iaoa?eaeueiua iiaeaee. Iiaeii auaeaeeoue neaaeothuea aeaeu i?iecaiaeiuo aauanoaaiiuo
aeieacaoaeuenoa: 1) eiiee aauanoaaiiuo aeieacaoaeuenoa (iai?eia?, neaiee e
iooenee ?acee/iuo neaaeia): 2) i?aaeiaou-aiaeiae, eioi?ua iau/ii eniieuecothony
acaiai aauanoaaiiiai aeieacaoaeuenoaa-i?eaeiaea, eiaaea iineaaeiee ia iaia?oaeai
(iai?eia?, aianoi iaiaia?oaeaiiiai iiaea – i?oaeey oaeenoaa – ia yenia?oeco
iai?aaeyaony iiae oaeiai aea oeia): 3) e i?iecaiaeiui aauanoaaiiui
aeieacaoaeuenoaai ia?aaeei ioiinyo ia?acoeu aeey n?aaieoaeueiiai enneaaeiaaiey
(i?aaaea, aii?in ia eo i?ioeannoaeueiie i?e?iaea yaeyaony nii?iui). Ia?acoeu, eae
e eiua i?iecaiaeiua aauanoaaiiua aeieacaoaeuenoaa, eniieuecothony a yenia?oiii
enneaaeiaaiee, eiaaea iaiin?aaenoaaiiia enneaaeiaaiea naienoa aauanoaaiiiai
aeieacaoaeuenoaa-i?eaeiaea iaaiciiaeii eee iaoeaeaniia?acii. Enneaaeiaaiea a
oaeii neo/aa i?iaiaeeony iooai n?aaiaiey ia n naiei eaeaioeoeoee?oaiui
iauaeoii, a n iieo/aiiuie io iaai ia?acoeaie. Iai?eia?, i?e eaeaioeoeeaoeee
iaiano?aeueiiai i?oaeey ii ioeyi e aeeuecai enneaaeothony ia iaiin?aaenoaaiii
iniaaiiinoe eaiaea noaiea, a iono?aeeaathony yenia?eiaioaeueiua ioee e aeeuecu,
eioi?ua e io?aaeatho yoe iniaaiiinoe: i?e eaeaioeoeeaoeee ieoouae iaoeiee n
enneaaeoaiui oaenoii n?aaieaathony ia iaiin?aaenoaaiii i?eciaee o?eooa iaoeiee,
a iieo/aiiua ia iae yenia?eiaioaeueiua ia?acoeu. Oaeei ia?acii, ia?acoeu oiaea
aunooiatho a ea/anoaa iaoa?eaeueiie iiaeaee aauanoaaiiiai
aeieacaoaeuenoaa-i?eaeiaea, io?aaeathuae eaeea-oi aai naienoaa. A ioee/ea io
eiiee aauanoaaiiuo aeieacaoaeuenoa ia?acoeu aicieeatho a ?acoeueoaoa eiie?iaaiey
ia naiiai aauanoaaiiiai aeieacaoaeuenoaa-i?eaeiaea, a i?ioeanna aai
oi?ie?iaaiey, iaoaiecia aicieeiiaaiey aauanoaaiiiai aeieacaoaeuenoaa
(yenia?eiaioaeueiue iono?ae ioeue eee aeeuec, iieo/aiea yenia?eiaioaeueiuo
ia?acoeia oaenoa ieoouae iaoeiee e o. i.).
Enneaaeiaaiea aauanoaaiiuo aeieacaoaeuenoa inouanoaeyaony iin?aaenoaii
?acee/iuo neaaenoaaiiuo aeaenoaee. Iaeaieaa i?inoui niiniaii enneaaeiaaiey
yaeyaony iniio? aauanoaaiiuo aeieacaoaeuenoa. I?e iniio?a onoaiaaeeaathony e
oeene?othony eiaeeaeaeoaeueiua i?eciaee i?aaeiaoa, aeinooiiua iaiin?aaenoaaiiiio
aini?eyoeth (?acia?u, oi?ia, oeaao e ae?.), eeai auyaeyaiua n iiiiuueth
i?inoaeoeo i?eai?ia (iai?eia?, eoiu). Aeey enneaaeiaaiey naienoa aauanoaaiiuo
aeieacaoaeuenoa iiaeao i?iaiaeeoueny oaeaea neaaenoaaiiue yenia?eiaio, a aeey
eaeaioeoeeaoeee -i?aaeuyaeaiea aeey iiiciaiey. Iaeaieaa neiaeiie oi?iie
enneaaeiaaiey aauanoaaiiuo aeieacaoaeuenoa yaeyaony yenia?oeca. Yenia?oiui
iooai onoaiaaeeaathony naienoaa i?aaeiaoia, o?aaothuea aeey naiaai auyaeaiey
niaoeeaeueiuo iiciaiee e, eae i?aaeei, neiaeiiai iai?oaeiaaiey (iai?eia?,
ii?aaeaeythony i?e?iaea e oeie/aneee ninoaa aauanoaa).
I?iaa?ea iiaeeaaeao iiaeeeiiinoue aauanoaaiiuo aeieacaoaeuenoa, a oaeaea
iaeciaiiinoue eo naienoa n iiiaioa eo iieo/aiey. A yoeo oeaeyo iiaoo
i?iaa?youeny oneiaey o?aiaiey.
Ioeaiea aauanoaaiiuo aeieacaoaeuenoa aeeth/aao a naay onoaiiaeaiea eo
aeiionoeiinoe, ioiineiinoe e aeieacaoaeuenoaaiiiai cia/aiey. Aeiionoeiinoue
aauanoaaiiuo aeieacaoaeuenoa ii?aaeaeyaony niaethaeaieai i?aaee eo ecuyoey e
i?ioeannoaeueiiai ioi?ieaiey, i eioi?uo aiai?eeinue auoa. Oae, ia iiaoo auoue
aauanoaaiiuie aeieacaoaeuenoaaie i?aaeiaou, iiyaeaiea eioi?uo a aeaea ieeae ia
ioi?ieaii eee ecuyoea eioi?uo i?iecaaaeaii n a?oauie i?ioeannoaeueiuie
ia?ooaieyie (iai?eia?, auaiea i?iaaaeaia aac iiiyouo).
Ioiineiinoue aauanoaaiiuo aeieacaoaeuenoa e eo aeieacaoaeuenoaaiiia cia/aiea
caaenyo io oiai oaeoa, eioi?ue iie onoaiaaeeaatho. Eae i?aaeei, aauanoaaiiua
aeieacaoaeuenoaa naeaeaoaeuenoaotho ia i naiii oaeoa i?anooieaiey, a i ae?oaii
niauoee, eiathuai aeieacaoaeuenoaaiiia cia/aiea, o. a. yaeythony einaaiiuie
aeieacaoaeuenoaaie. Aeaaea i?e eiaeeaeaeoaeueiie eaeaioeoeeaoeee i?aaeiaoa iau/ii
onoaiaaeeaaaony eeoue aeieacaoaeuenoaaiiue oaeo. Iai?eia?, eaeaioeoeeaoeey iaoae
ii neaaeo, eee /aeiaaea ii ioia/aoeo iaeueoea naeaeaoaeuenoaoao eeoue i oii, /oi
aeaiiia eeoei auei ia ianoa i?anooieaiey, a ia i oii, /oi iii aai niaa?oeei.
Iii iiaei iiauaaoue oai e ia a nayce n niaa?oaieai i?anooieaiey, a aei yoiai
eee iinea. Aiaeiae/ii, eaeaioeoeeaoeey i?oaeey, eioi?ui niaa?oaii oaeenoai,

yaeyaony eeoue einaaiiui aeieacaoaeuenoaii aeiiaiinoe aai aeaaeaeueoea, o. e. ia
eneeth/aii, /oi yoei i?oaeeai ainiieueciaaeinue eaeia-oi ae?oaia eeoei. Aua iaiueoa
aeieacaoaeuenoaaiiay neea i?aaeiaoia, a ioiioaiee eioi?uo onoaiaaeeaaaony eeoue
a?oiiiaay i?eiaaeeaaeiinoue. Iai?eia?, onoaiiaeaiea a?oiiu e?iae eeoue n
eaeie-oi aeieae aa?iyoiinoe naeaeaoaeuenoaoao i oii, /oi e?iaue ia ianoa
i?ienoanoaey inoaaeaia aeaiiui eeoeii.
Aianoa n oai a ii?aaeaeaiiuo neooaoeeyo i?aaeiaou iiaoo aunooiaoue e a ?iee
i?yiuo aauanoaaiiuo aeieacaoaeuenoa, anee nai oaeo eo iaee/ey o ii?aaeaeaiiiai
eeoea ia?acoao i?anooiiia aeayiea, iai?eia?, iaia?oaeaiiia o iaaeiyaiiai
iaiano?aeueiia i?oaeea eee ia?eioe/aneia aauanoai i?e iaaeiaiee a iacaeiiiii
o?aiaiee oaeeo i?aaeiaoia.
Aauanoaaiiua aeieacaoaeuenoaa anaaaea ioeaieaathony a niaieoiiinoe n ae?oaeie
aeieacaoaeuenoaaie, e i?aaeaea anaai n aeieoiaioaie, a eioi?uo oeene?othony
ianoiyoaeuenoaa eo ecuyoey e ?acoeueoaou eo enneaaeiaaiey. Iai?eia?, iioeuaiiay
aauue yaeyaony aeieacaoaeuenoaii eeoue a niaieoiiinoe n i?ioieieii, a eioi?ii
eiinoaoe?oaony oaeo aa ecuyoey o iaaeiyaiiai, i?ioieieaie aeii?inia eeoe,
iiaeoaa?aeeaoeo aa i?aaeithth i?eiaaeeaaeiinoue iioa?iaaoaio, i?ioieieii aa
iiiciaiey iioa?iaaoei e o. i. Aiaeiae/ii, ioia/aoie iaeueoea eee neaae iaoae
iiaeao eiaoue aeieacaoaeuenoaaiiia cia/aiea eeoue a niaieoiiinoe n caeeth/aieai
yenia?oa, a eioi?ii oeene?othony ?acoeueoaou aai enneaaeiaaiey, e o. ae.
Iaeuecy i?eciaoue ninoiyoaeueiie eiioeaioeeth ia iniaie ?iee aauanoaaiiuo
aeieacaoaeuenoa eae “iaiuo naeaeaoaeae”, eioi?ua a ioee/ea io “aiai?yueo
naeaeaoaeae” ia eaoo. Aauanoaaiiua aeieacaoaeuenoaa oiaea iiaoo auoue
noaeueneoeoee?iaaiu. Noaeaaiie i?aeoeea ecaanoiu neo/ae eneoniie iiaeaeaeee aeaaea
iaeueoeaauo ioia/aoeia, ia aiai?y oaea ia oiaeie einoeaie?iaea (neioeyoeee)
naiioaeenoa, iiaea?ia, ia?aaeaiee e ae?oaeo neooaoeee. Aeey oiai, /oiau
aauanoaaiiua aeieacaoaeuenoaa iiaee auoue eniieueciaaiu aeey onoaiiaeaiey
oaeoe/aneeo ianoiyoaeuenoa aeaea, iie iiaeeaaeao ouaoaeueiie i?iaa?ea,
ananoi?iiiaio enneaaeiaaieth e e?eoe/aneie ioeaiea.
Aauanoaaiiua aeieacaoaeuenoaa o?aiyony i?e oaieiaiii aeaea aei anooieaiey
i?eaiai?a a caeiiioth neeo eee aei enoa/aiey n?iea iaaeaeiaaiey iinoaiiaeaiey
eee ii?aaeaeaiey i i?ae?auaiee aeaea: Eneeth/aiea ninoaaeytho i?aaeiaou, eioi?ua
a neeo eo a?iiicaeeinoe eee ii eiui i?e/eiai ia iiaoo o?aieoueny i?e -aeaea.
Oaeea i?aaeiaou aeieaeiu auoue noioia?aoe?iaaiu, ii aiciiaeiinoe iia/aoaiu, iinea
/aai iiaoo auoue iiiauaiu ia o?aiaiea a ianoi, ii?aaeaeyaiia neaaeiaaoaeai eee
noaeii, i /ai a aeaea aeieaeia eiaoueny niioaaonoaothuay ni?aaea (no. 84 OIE).
I?oaeey i?anooieaiey, i?eiaaeeaaeauea iaaeiyaiiio, eiioeneothony e
ia?aaeathony a niioaaonoaothuea o/?aaeaeaiey eee oie/oiaeathony: aaue, cai?auaiiua
e ia?auaieth iiaeeaaeao ia?aaea/a a niioaaonoaothuea o/?aaeaeaiey eee oie/oiaeathony:
aaue, ia i?aaenoaaeythuea ieeaeie oeaiiinoe, oie/oiaeathony: inoaeueiua i?aaeiaou
ia?aaeathony aeaaeaeueoeai. Aeaiueae e eiua oeaiiinoe, iaaeeoua i?anooiiui iooai, ii
i?eaiai?o noaea iiaeeaaeao ia?auaieth a aeioiae ainoaea?noaa. Aeieoiaiou, yaeythueany
aauanoaaiiuie aeieacaoaeuenoaaie, inoathony a aeaea a oa/aiea anaai n?iea aai
o?aiaiey eeai ia?aaeathony caeioa?aniaaiiui o/?aaeaeaieyi (no. 86 OIE).

7. I?ioieieu neaaenoaaiiuo e noaeaaiuo aeaenoaee. Eiua aeieoiaiou

I?ioieieu neaaenoaaiiuo e noaeaaiuo aeaenoaee eae ioaeaeueiue aeae
aeieacaoaeuenoa – yoi ienueiaiiua aeou, a eioi?uo oeene?othony oiae e ?acoeueoaou
oaeeo neaaenoaaiiuo aeaenoaee, eae iniio?, inaeaeaoaeuenoaiaaiea, iaune,
caaea?aeaiea, i?aaeuyaeaiea aeey iiiciaiey, neaaenoaaiiue yenia?eiaio. Oeacaiiua
a no. 87 OIE i?ioieieu neaaenoaaiiuo aeaenoaee auaeaeaiu a naiinoiyoaeueiue
enoi/iee aeieacaoaeuenoa aaeaeo oiai, /oi a ieo oeene?othony ianoaiiaea,
i?aaeiaou eee yaeaiey, iaiin?aaenoaaiii aini?eiyoua neaaeiaaoaeai, iiiyouie e
ae?oaeie o/anoieeaie aeaiiiai neaaenoaaiiiai aeaenoaey. Iiyoiio e aeaiiiio aeaeo
aeieacaoaeuenoa ia ioiinyony i?ioieieu aeii?inia, iineieueeo iie oeene?otho
ae?oaie aeae aeieacaoaeuenoa – iieacaiey naeaeaoaey, iioa?iaaoaai, iaaeiyaiiai
eee iiaeic?aaaaiiai.
Iniaia ianoi n?aaee i?ioieieia caieiaao i?ioieie noaeaaiiai canaaeaiey, a
eioi?ii oeene?othony ana i?iaiaeeiua a noaea aeaenoaey (ca eneeth/aieai
yenia?oiiai enneaaeiaaiey, eioi?ia ioi?ieyaony ioaeaeueiui aeieoiaioii —
caeeth/aieai yenia?oa).
Ii?yaeie i?iaaaeaiey e i?ioeannoaeueiiai ioi?ieaiey neaaenoaaiiuo e noaeaaiuo
aeaenoaee iiae?iaii ?aaeaiaioe?iaai caeiiii. Onoaiiaeaiiua i?aaeea eo
i?iecaiaenoaa yaeythony aaaeiie aa?aioeae aeinoiaa?iinoe caoeene?iaaiiuo a
i?ioieiea naaaeaiee. Iiyoiio ia?ooaiey yoeo i?aaee iiaoo iiaea/ue
iaaeiionoeiinoue -a oeaeii eee a /anoe – i?ioieiea eae aeieacaoaeuenoaa
(iai?eia?, ionoonoaea iiaeienae iiiyouo, i?aaeuyaeaiea aeey iiiciaiey iauaeoa a
aaeeinoaaiiii /enea). I?ioieieu iiaoo neoaeeoue aeieacaoaeuenoaii ?acee/iuo
oaeoia. Aeieacaoaeuenoaaiiia cia/aiea i?ioieiea caaeneo io oiai oaeoa, eioi?ue
onoaiaaeeaaaony a oiaea aeaiiiai aeaenoaey. Oae, i?e iniio?a ianoa i?ienoanoaey

a i?ioieiea oeene?othony ianoaiiaea yoiai ianoa, eiathueany ia iai neaaeu. Oaeo
iiiciaiey, caoeene?iaaiiue a i?ioieiea, iicaieyao eaeaioeoeoee?iaaoue iauaeo
(/aeiaaea eee aauue), iiaeoaa?aeaeaao aeinoiaa?iinoue ?aiaa aeaiiuo iieacaiee
iiiciathuaai. A oiaea neaaenoaaiiiai yenia?eiaioa onoaiaaeeaaaony aiciiaeiinoue
eee iaaiciiaeiinoue eaeiai-eeai niauoey, niaa?oaiey eaeeo-eeai aeaenoaee a
ii?aaeaeaiiie ianoaiiaea eee ii?aaeaeaiiui eeoeii. Onoaiiaeaiea oaeie
aiciiaeiinoe iiaeao eiaoue aaaeiia aeieacaoaeuenoaaiiia cia/aiea (iai?eia?,
niiniaiinoue eeoea ecaioiaeoue oaeueoeaoth eoith?o). Io?eoeaoaeueiue ?acoeueoao
yenia?eiaioa iaeiicia/ii naeaeaoaeuenoaoao, /oi aeaiiia niauoea, aeaenoaea ia
iiaei eiaoue ianoi a aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe (iai?eia?, onoaiaaeeaaaony, /oi aauue
/a?ac oeacaiiue iaaeiyaiui i?iai i?iianoe iaaiciiaeii), e oaeei ia?acii
ii?iaa?aaao iieacaiey iaaeiyaiiai.
A oiaea neaaenoaaiiuo e noaeaaiuo aeaenoaee iiaoo i?eiaiyoueny ?acee/iua
iao/ii-oaoie/aneea n?aaenoaa e ecaioaaeeaaoueny eiua, iiieii i?ioieiea,
enoi/ieee aeieacaoaeuenoaaiiie eioi?iaoeee. E?iia ?acee/iiai ?iaea eiiee
aauanoaaiiuo aeieacaoaeuenoa (neaieia, iooeneia) i?e i?iecaiaenoaa neaaenoaaiiuo
e noaeaaiuo aeaenoaee iiaeao i?iecaiaeeoueny oioia?aoe?iaaiea, caoeicaienue,
eeiinuaiea (no. 141 OIE). A iineaaeiea aiaeu ana oe?a i?aeoeeoaony i?eiaiaiea
aeaeaicaiene, oioy i?yii a aeaenoaothuai caeiia iia ia i?aaeoniio?aia.
Ana yoe enoi/ieee aeieacaoaeuenoaaiiie eioi?iaoeee ia iacaaiu a /enea
ioaeaeueiuo enoi/ieeia aeieacaoaeuenoa (/. 2 no. 69 OIE), e iiyoiio eo iau/ii
eiaiotho i?eeiaeaieyie e i?ioieieai. Aeaenoaeoaeueii, iie iiaoo eiaoue
aeieacaoaeuenoaaiiia cia/aiea oieueei i?e iaee/ee i?ioieiea, a eioi?ii io?aaeaiu
eiie?aoiue oaeo, a oaeaea oneiaey ecaioiaeaiey neaieia iooeneia. Oai ia
iaiaa, iie ia oieueei iiaeoaa?aeaeatho e eeethno?e?otho niaea?aeaiea i?ioieiea, ii
iiaoo niaea?aeaoue e aeiiieieoaeueioth aeieacaoaeuenoaaiioth eioi?iaoeeth. Iai?eia?, ia
oioinieieao iiaoo auoue caia/aoeaiu oaeea aeaoaee ianoa i?ienoanoaey, eioi?ua
ia io?aaeaiu a i?ioieiea iniio?a, ia eeiieaioa aeaeiu iica e aeanou
iaaeiyaiiai, iieacuaathuaai ianoi e ianoiyoaeuenoaa oaeenoaa, /oi iaaiciiaeii
iienaoue a i?ioieiea, caoeicaienue Ia?aaeaao ana eioiiaoeee ?a/e e o. i.
Eiua aeieoiaiou – yoi ?aciiai ?iaea aeieoiaiou, ecaioiaeaiiua ia a oiaea
i?ioeannoaeueiie aeayoaeueiinoe (ni?aaee, aeou, aaaeiiinoe, ?anienee e ae?.), ii
eniieuecoaiua a i?ioeanna eae enoi/ieee aeieacaoaeuenoa. Aeieoiaioii i?eciaaony
ethaie i?aaeiao iaoa?eaeueiiai ie?a, ia eioi?ii eaeeie-oi oneiaiuie ciaeaie
(aoeaaie, oeeo?aie e ae?.) caoeene?iaaia eaeay-oi iuneue eee eiaaony
ecia?aaeaiea eaeiai-eeai iauaeoa. Iaeaieaa ?ani?ino?aiaiiuie yaeythony
ienueiaiiua aeieoiaiou (ia/aoiua e ?oeiieniua). Iaeiaei a nayce n
iao/ii-oaoie/aneei i?ia?annii e nicaeaieai iiauo n?aaenoa oeenaoeee eioi?iaoeee
ana aieueoaa ?ani?ino?aiaiea iieo/aao iaienueiaiiay aeieoiaioaoeey: oioi-, eeii-
e oioiaeieoiaiou. A iineaaeiaa a?aiy n iiyaeaieai e ?acaeoeai
yeaeo?iiii-au/eneeoaeueiie oaoieee aicieeea iiaay ?aciiaeaeiinoue aeieoiaioa –
iaoeiiay aeieoiaioaoeey. Oaeei ia?acii,aeey ioianaiey i?aaeiaoa e aeieoiaioo ia
eiaao cia/aiey iaoa?eae, ec eioi?iai ii ecaioiaeai (iai?eia?, aoiaaa eee
iaaieoioiiiay eaioa), niinia aai nicaeaiey e eaeei oneiaiui eiaeii au?aaeaii
aai niaea?aeaiea. : Aeieacaoaeuenoaii ii oaieiaiiio aeaeo aeieoiaio noaiiaeony a
neo/ayo, eiaaea caoeene?iaaiiua a iai naaaeaiey eiatho cia/aiea aeey aeaea. A
noa?o aeieacuaaiey ii oaieiaiiio aeaeo iiaoo auoue aiaea/aiu ethaua aeieoiaiou –
ioeoeeaeueiua e iaioeoeeaeueiua (iai?eia?, ee/iia ienueii), enoiaeyuea io
i?aaiecaoeee, o/?aaeaeaiee, aeieaeiinoiuo eeoe e io a?aaeaeai, ienueiaiiua e
iaienueiaiiua. Aeieoiaiou iiaoo auoue ia?aiia/aeueiuie (iiaeeeiieee) e

i?iecaiaeiuie (eiiee).
I?e ioeaiea aeieoiaioia ioaeii o/eouaaoue naienoaa eo enoi/ieea (iai?eia?,
eiiiaoaioiinoue aeieaeiinoiiai eeoea, auaeaaaaoaai ni?aaeo). Iaioeoeeaeueiua,
ee/iua aeieoiaiou (/anoiua caienee, ee/iua ienueia e ae?.) iau/ii i?iaa?ythony
iooai aeii?ina eo aaoi?a. Aeey aai onoaiiaeaiey iiaeao i?iaiaeeoueny
ii/a?eiaaae/aneay yenia?oeca… . .
Ioeoeeaeueiua aeieoiaiou aeieaeiu niaea?aeaoue iaiaoiaeeiua ?aeaeceou (ia/aoue,
iiaeiene e o. ae.). A ioiioaiee aooaaeoa?neeo aeieoiaioia ?ac?aaioaiu
niaoeeaeueiua niiniau eo i?iaa?ee (iai?eia?, ano?a/iay i?iaa?ea i?eoiaeiuo e
?anoiaeiuo aeieoiaioia). Anee aicieeatho niiiaiey a iiaeeeiiinoe aeieoiaioa, ii
iiaeeaaeeo iniai ouaoaeueiie i?iaa?ea e enneaaeiaaieth. A yoeo oeaeyo iiaeao auoue
i?iaaaeaia yenia?oeca.
Aeieoiaiou, eae naiinoiyoaeueiue aeae aeieacaoaeuenoa, iaiaoiaeeii ioee/aoue
io aeieoiaioia- aauanoaaiiuo aeieacaoaeuenoa. Ethaie aeieoiaio iiaeao noaoue
aauanoaaiiui aeieacaoaeuenoaii, anee i?eia?aoaao eaeie-eeai ec aai i?eciaeia,
i eioi?uo ?a/ue oea auoa (iai?eia?, aoaeao iioeuai eee iiaeaa?aiaony
iiae/enoea). A oaeei neo/ayo aeieoiaio i?eiauaaony e aeaeo a ea/anoaa
aauanoaaiiiai aeieacaoaeuenoaa.

Aeaaa V11. A?aaeaeaineee ene a oaieiaiii i?ioeanna
§ 1. Iiiyoea e iniiaaiea a?aaeaeaineiai enea
Caaea/e oaieiaiiai i?ioeanna ia en/a?iuaathony onoaiiaeaieai aeiiaiiai e
aai iaeacaieai, ii e aeeth/atho ono?aiaiea iineaaenoaee i?anooieaiey, a oii
/enea naycaiiuo n ia?ooaieai eiouanoaaiiuo i?aa a?aaeaeai, i?aaei?eyoee,
o/?aaeaeaiee, i?aaiecaoeee. Iaeiei ec n?aaenoa, iai?aaeaiiuo ia ono?aiaiea
i?anooiiuo iineaaenoaee a aeaea eiouanoaaiiiai oua?aa, yaeyaony a?aaeaeaineee
ene a oaieiaiii i?ioeanna.
A niioaaonoaee n caeiiii (no. 29 OIE) eeoei, iiianoaa iaoa?eaeueiue oua?a
io i?anooieaiey, ai?aaa i?e i?iecaiaenoaa ii oaieiaiiio aeaeo i?aaeuyaeoue e
iaaeiyaiiio eee eiui eeoeai, ianouei iaoa?eaeueioth ioaaonoaaiiinoue ca aai
aeaenoaey, a?aaeaeaineee ene. Iniiaaieai aeey i?aaeuyaeaiey a?aaeaeaineiai enea a
oaieiaiii i?ioeanna yaeyaony i?e/eiaiea iaoa?eaeueiiai oua?aa iaiin?aaenoaaiii
i?anooieaieai eee iauanoaaiii iianiui aeayieai iaaiaiyaiiai, inaiaiaeaeaiiiai a
neeo yoiai io oaieiaiie ioaaonoaaiiinoe.
Oaeei ia?acii, a?aaeaeaineee ene a oaieiaiii i?ioeanna i?aaenoaaeyao niaie
o?aaiaaiea, i?aaeuyaeaiiia a?aaeaeaieiii eee th?eaee/aneei eeoeii i aiciauaiee
iaoa?eaeueiiai (eiouanoaaiiiai) oua?aa, iaiin?aaenoaaiii i?e/eiaiiiai
a?aaeaeaieio, i?aaei?eyoeth, o/?aaeaeaieth, i?aaiecaoeee, e iaaeiyaiiio eee eiui
eeoeai, ianouei ca aai aeaenoaey iaoa?eaeueioth ioaaonoaaiiinoue. A?aaeaeaineee ene
?anniao?eaaaony niaianoii n oaieiaiui aeaeii. Ia iiaeao auoue cayaeai e
?anniio?ai niaianoii n oaieiaiui aeaeii a?aaeaeaineee ene, anee ii ii naiaio
oa?aeoa?o ia yaeyaony iaoa?eaeueiui (eiouanoaaiiui). Iai?eia?, enee i eeoaiee
iaaeiyaiiai ?iaeeoaeueneeo i?aa, i i?eciaiee ia?aie/eoa aeaaniiniaiui, ia
aeeiaioao iiaeeaaeao ?anniio?aieth a ii?yaeea a?aaeaeaineiai noaeii?iecaiaenoaa, a
ia niaianoii n oaieiaiui aeaeii.
Niaianoiia ?anniio?aiea e ?ac?aoaiea a?aaeaeaineiai enea e oaieiaiiai
aeaea iaoneiaeaii e oai, /oi oi/iia onoaiiaeaiea ?acia?a oua?aa eiaao ia
oieueei a?aaeaeainei-i?aaiaia, ii e oaieiaii-i?aaiaia cia/aiea, eai a ?yaea
neo/aaa aac yoiai ia iiaeao auoue ?aoai aeaaiue aii?in oaieiaiiai
noaeii?iecaiaenoaa – i aeiiaiinoe e ia?a iaeacaiey. Oae, ii iaeioi?ui
eaoaai?eyi oaieiaiuo aeae (iai?eia?, ii aeaeai i oeuaieyo) onoaiiaeaiea
?acia?a i?e/eiaiiiai i?anooieaieai oua?aa eiaao aieueoia cia/aiea aeey
i?aaeeueiie eaaeeoeeaoeee aeayiey, ioeaiee ianoiyoaeuenoa niya/athueo e ioya/athueo
ioaaonoaaiiinoue, e aeaaea aeey ?aoaiey aii?ina i iaee/ee eee ionoonoaee ninoaaa
i?anooieaiey. A oaeeo neo/ayo onoaiiaeaiea oua?aa noaiiaeony iaiouaieaiie
/anoueth oaieiaiiai i?ioeanna. A neeo no. 68 OIE oa?aeoa? e ?acia? oua?aa, eae
e inoaeueiua iiaeeaaeauea aeieacuaaieth ianoiyoaeuenoaa, iieo/atho ?aaeueiia
niaea?aeaiea a nayce n eiie?aoiui i?anooieaieai.
I?aaeiaoii a?aaeaeaineiai enea a oaieiaiii i?ioeanna yaeyaony o?aaiaaiea i
aiciauaiee eiouanoaaiiiai a?aaea, o.a. oua?aa, eioi?ue iiaeao auoue i?aaenoaaeai
? aeaiaaeiii au?aaeaiee.
O?aaiaaiea i aiciauaiee iaoa?eaeueiiai oua?aa, i?e/eiaiiiai
i?anooieaieai, iiaeao auoue i?aaeuyaeaii a i?ioeanna i?iecaiaenoaa ii aeaeo e
iaaeiyaiiio eee eiiio eeoeo (oece/aneiio, th?eaee/aneiio), ianouaio ii caeiio
iaoa?eaeueioth ioaaonoaaiiinoue ca aeaenoaey iaaeiyaiiai eee iaaiaiyaiiai. Oaeia
o?aaiaaiea ai?aaa i?aaeuyaeoue ia oieueei eeoei, eioi?iio i?e/eiai oua?a, ii e
i?ieo?i?, anee yoiai o?aaoao io?aia i?aa a?aaeaeai, ainoaea?noaaiiuo eee
iauanoaaiiuo eioa?ania. Anee a?aaeaeaineee ene inoaeny ia i?aaeuyaeaiiui, noae
ii nianoaaiiie eieoeeaoeaa ai?aaa ?ac?aoeoue aii?in i aiciauaiee iaoa?eaeueiiai
oua?aa, i?e/eiaiiiai i?anooieaieai (/. 4 no. 29 OIE).
Ec neacaiiiai iiaeii naeaeaoue auaiae, /oi caeii i?aaeoniao?eaaao
oaieiaii-i?aaiaoth io?aio eioa?ania eeoue oao eeoe, eiio iaiin?aaenoaaiii
i?e/eiai i?anooieaieai iaoa?eaeueiue oua?a – oece/aneiio eeoeo (iioa?iaaoaio)
eee th?eaee/aneiio eeoeo (a?aaeaeaineiio enooeo)”. A neo/aa i?e/eiaiey oua?aa
niaianoiuie aeaenoaeyie ianeieueeeo iaaeiyaiuo a?aaeaeaineee ene a oaieiaiii
aeaea iiaeao auoue i?aaeuyaeai e ianeieueeei eeoeai. I?e/ai, yoe eeoea iiaoo auoue
niioaao/eeaie ii eneo a oaieiaiii i?ioeanna i?e oneiaee, /oi ana iie yaeythony
iaaeiyaiuie (iiaenoaeeiuie) ia oieueei ii iaeiiio aeaeo, ii e ca niaa?oaiea
iaeiiai i?anooieaiey e eo aeaenoaey naycaiu iaueie iaia?aieyie. A?aaeaeaineee
ene iiaeao auoue i?aaeuyaeai i?e niaa?oaiee iauanoaaiii iianiiai aeayiey eeoeii,
iiaeeaaeauei inaiaiaeaeaieth io oaieiaiie ioaaonoaaiiinoe e iaeacaieth a nayce n
iaaiaiyaiinoueth.
Aeaenoaothuei caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii i?aaeoniio?aia aiciiaeiinoue ?anniio?aiey a
oaieiaiii i?ioeanna a?aaeaeaineeo eneia i aiciauaiee iaoa?eaeueiiai oua?aa,
aicieeoaai a nayce n niaa?oaieai i?anooiiuo aeaenoaee.
Oeacii I?aceaeeoia Aa?oiaiiai Niaaoa NNN? io 25 ethiy 1973 a. “I
aiciauaiee n?aaenoa, cao?a/aiiuo ia ea/aiea a?aaeaeai, iioa?iaaoeo io
i?anooiiuo aeaenoaee” onoaiiaeaii, /oi i?e iinoaiiaeaiee i?eaiai?a ii
oaieiaiiio aeaeo iiaeeaaeao acuneaieth n?aaenoaa, cao?a/aiiua ia noaoeeiia?iia
ea/aiea a?aaeaeai a neo/aa i?e/eiaiey a?aaea eo caei?iaueth a ?acoeueoaoa
oiuoeaiiuo i?anooiiuo aeaenoaee (ca eneeth/aieai i?e/eiaiey a?aaea i?e
i?aauoaiee i?aaeaeia iaiaoiaeeiie iai?iiu eee a ninoiyiee aiacaiii aicieeoaai
neeueiiai aeooaaiiai aieiaiey, aucaaiiiai iai?aaiia?iuie aeaenoaeyie
iioa?iaaoaai). Anee oaeie a?aaeaeaineee ene i?aaeuyaeai ia aue, noae i?e
iinoaiiaeaiee i?eaiai?a ai?aaa ii nianoaaiiie eieoeeaoeaa ?ac?aoeoue aii?in i
acuneaiee oeacaiiuo n?aaenoa n inoaeaeaiiuo a aeioiae ainoaea?noaa, eee eiiai
ea/aaiiai o/?aaeaeaiey, oiaaea eae ii iauaio i?aaeeo i?e ?anniio?aiee
a?aaeaeaineeo eneia a oaieiaiii aeaea oua?a iau/ii acuneeaaaony a iieueco oao,
eiio ii i?e/eiai i?anooieaieai.
Niaianoiia ?anniio?aiea oaieiaiiai aeaea e a?aaeaeaineiai enea
iaania/eaaao oi/iia ii?aaeaeaiea ?acia?a oua?aa, /oi a ?yaea neo/aaa aeeyao ia
i?aaeeueiinoue eaaeeoeeaoeee i?anooieaiey e iacia/aiey iaeacaiey, noaea.
Iaeiia?aiaiii, i?eiaiyy oaieiaioth e iaoa?eaeueioth ioaaonoaaiiinoue, noae
onei?yao ainnoaiiaeaiea ia?ooaiiiai eiouanoaaiiiai i?aaa eeoea, iaania/eaaao
auno?aeoaa aiciauaiea oua?aa io i?anooieaiey. Niaianoiia ?anniio?aiea
oaieiaiiai aeaea e a?aaeaeaineiai enea inaiaiaeaeaao noae io iaiaoiaeeiinoe aeaaaeaeu
enneaaeiaaoue ianoiyoaeuenoaa aeaea e iiaoi?ii aucuaaoue a noaeaaiia canaaeaiea
iaeieo e oao aea a?aaeaeai aeey aea/e iieacaiee i?e ?ac?aoaiee eneiauo o?aaiaaiee
a oaieiaiii i?ioeanna. A?aaeaeaineee ene a oaieiaiii aeaea inaiaiaeaeaaony io
ainoaea?noaaiiie iioeeiu. Iiaenoaeiinoue a?aaeaeaineiai enea, iacaaeneii io aai
?acia?a, ii?aaeaeyaony iiaenoaeiinoueth oaieiaiiai aeaea, a eioi?ii ii i?aaeuyaeai.

2. Ii?yaeie i?aaeuyaeaiey a?aaeaeaineiai enea

A?aaeaeaineee ene iiaeao auoue cayaeai n iiiaioa aicaoaeaeaiey oaieiaiiai
aeaea aei ia/aea noaeaaiiai neaaenoaey (no. 29 OIE) eae naiei eeoeii (oece/aneei
eee th?eaee/aneei), iiianoei iaoa?eaeueiue oua?a io i?anooieaiey eee
iauanoaaiii iianiiai aeayiey iaaiaiyaiiai, oae e ae?oaeie eeoeaie, aeaenoaothueie
a aai eioa?anao (caeiiiua i?aaenoaaeoaee, oi?aaiii/aiiua ainoaea?noaaiiua
i?aaiu, iauanoaaiiua i?aaiecaoeee e ae?.). Caeii i?aaeinoaaeyao i?ieo?i?o i?aai
i?aaeuyaeaiey eee iiaeaea?aeaiey i?aaeuyaeaiiiai iioa?iaaoei a?aaeaeaineiai enea a
eioa?anao ainoaea?noaaiiuo eee iauanoaaiiuo i?aaiecaoeee eee a eioa?anao
ioaeaeueiuo a?aaeaeai (/.3 no. 29 OIE). A caueoo eioa?ania ianiaa?oaiiieaoieo, a
oaeaea eeoe, i?eciaiiuo a onoaiiaeaiiii ii?yaeea iaaeaaniiniaiuie, a?aaeaeaineee
ene iiaeao auoue i?aaeuyaeai eo caeiiiuie i?aaenoaaeoaeyie.
A niioaaonoaee nino. 137 OIE neaaeiaaoaeue, onoaiiaea iaee/ea
iaoa?eaeueiiai oua?aa, i?e/eiaiiiai i?anooieaieai, iaycai ?acuynieoue eeoeo,
iiianoaio yoio oua?a, eee aai i?aaenoaaeoaeth i?aai i?aaeuyaeaiey a?aaeaeaineiai
enea a oaieiaiii i?ioeanna. Yoe eeoea ai?aaa cayaeoue a?aaeaeaineee ene eae a
ienueiaiiie, oae e a onoiie oi?ia, i /ai ninoaaeyaony niioaaonoaothuee
i?ioieie, ii iiaoo e ioeacaoueny io iaai. Yoio ioeac ia eeoaao eo aiciiaeiinoe
i?aaeuyaeaiey enea a noaaeeyo iacia/aiey noaeaaiiai canaaeaiey eee noaeaaiiai
?acae?aoaeuenoaa eeai a ii?yaeea a?aaeaeaineiai noaeii?iecaiaenoaa.
Iniiaiuie oneiaeyie i?aaeuyaeaiey a?aaeaeaineiai enea a oaieiaiii i?ioeanna
yaeythony i?ioeannoaeueiay i?aainiiniaiinoue e aeaaniiniaiinoue enooea, iiaenoaeiinoue
nii?a noaeo, ionoonoaea auianaiiiai noaeii ?aoaiey ii oiio aea i?aaeiaoo e
iniiaaieyi enea, iiaea/a eneiaiai cayaeaiey. Ionoonoaea i?e aicaoaeaeaiee
oaieiaiiai aeaea naaaeaiee i eeoea, niaa?oeaoai i?anooieaiea, ia i?aiyonoaoao
i?aaeuyaeaieth enea. A neo/aa i?aaeuyaeaiey eeoeii a?aaeaeaineiai enea i?e iaee/ee
aeinoaoi/iuo iniiaaiee neaaeiaaoaeue (aeiciaaaoaeue, i?ieo?i?, noaeuey) auiineo
iinoaiiaeaiea (noae – ii?aaeaeaiea) i i?eciaiee aai a?aaeaeaineei enooeii. Ioeac
a i?eciaiee a?aaeaeaineei enooeii iiaeao eiaoue ianoi eeoue i?e ionoonoaee nayce
iaaeaeo i?aaeuyaeaiiui eneii e i?anooieaieai.
I?e onoaiiaeaiee eeoea, ianouaai ioaaonoaaiiinoue ca a?aae, i?e/eiaiiue
i?anooieaieai eee iauanoaaiii iianiui aeayieai iaaiaiyaiiai, neaaeiaaoaeue
aeiciaaaoaeue, i?ieo?i?, noaeuey auiinyo iinoaiiaeaiea, noae – ii?aaeaeaiea i
i?eaea/aiee yoiai eeoea e o/anoeth a aeaea a ea/anoaa a?aaeaeaineiai ioaao/eea, i
/ai iauyaeyaony aio eee aai i?aaenoaaeoaeth (no. 55)OIE.
A?aaeaeaineee enoaoe ai?aaa i?ineoue neaaeiaaoaey eee i?aai aeiciaiey i
i?eiyoee ia? iaania/aiey a?aaeaeaineiai enea (no. 54 OIE). Caeii iaycuaaao
I?aai ?anneaaeiaaiey i?eiyoue ia?u iaania/aiey i?aaeuyaeaiiiai eee aiciiaeiiai a
aoaeouai a?aaeaeaineiai enea (no. 30 OIE). Aeey yoiai neaaeiaaoaeue e eeoei,
i?iecaiaeyuaa aeiciaiea, iaycaiu iaeiaeeoue a?ano ia eiouanoai iaaeiyaiiai,
iiaeic?aaaaiiai eee eeoe, ianoueo ii caeiio iaoa?eaeueioth ioaaonoaaiiinoue ca eo
aeaenoaey, eee eiuo eeoe, o eioi?uo iaoiaeeony eiouanoai, i?eia?aoaiiia
i?anooiiui iooai (no. 175 OIE).
A neo/ayo anee oaeea ia?u ia auee i?eiyou, i?ieo?i? iaycai aeaoue i?aaio,
aaaeouaio ?anneaaeiaaiea, niioaaonoaothuea oeacaiey e i?e iaiaoiaeeiinoe
aica?aoeoue aeaei aeey i?iecaiaenoaa aeiiieieoaeueiiai ?anneaaeiaaiey.
Aeieacuaaiea a?aaeaeaineiai enea, i?aaeuyaeaiiiai a oaieiaiii aeaea,
i?iecaiaeeony ii i?aaeeai, onoaiiaeaiiui oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiui caeiiii (no.
29 OIE). Yoi icia/aao, /oi iaycaiiinoue aeieacuaaiey oa?aeoa?a e ?acia?a
oua?aa, i?e/eiaiiiai i?anooieaieai, eae ianoiyoaeuenoa, aoiaeyueo a i?aaeiao
aeieacuaaiey ii oaieiaiiio aeaeo (i. 4 no. 68 OIE), eaaeeo ia i?aaia, aaaeouai
?anneaaeiaaiea. Aeaiiua i oa?aeoa?a e ?acia?a oua?aa, i?e/eiaiiiai
i?anooieaieai, iiaoo auoue iieo/aiu eeoue ec oeacaiiuo a
oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiii caeiia enoi/ieeia (/. 2 no. 69 OIE). A?aaeaeaineee
enoaoe aeieaeai niinianoaiaaoue i?aaio, aaaeouaio ?anneaaeiaaiea, e noaeo a
niae?aiee aeieacaoaeuenoa, iiaeoaa?aeaeathueo iaianaiea oua?aa e aai ?acia?. Caeii
onoaiaaeeaaao, /oi a?aaeaeaineee enoaoe iaycai ii o?aaiaaieth noaea i?aaenoaaeyoue
eiathueany a aai ?anii?yaeaiee aeieoiaiou, naycaiiua n i?aaeuyaeaiiui eneii (no.
54 OIE).
A?aaeaeaineee ene iiaeao auoue cayaeai a noaaeee iacia/aiey noaeaaiiai
canaaeaiey. A neo/ayo eiaaea a?aaeaeaineee ene ia aue cayaeai ia i?aaeaa?eoaeueiii
?anneaaeiaaiee, noaeuey iaycai i?iaa?eoue, ?acuyniee ee neaaeiaaoaeue eee i?aai
aeiciaiey eeoeai, eioi?ui i?e/eiai i?anooieaieai iaoa?eaeueiue oua?a, i?aai
i?aaeuyaeaiey a?aaeaeaineiai enea. Anee ionoonoaoao ?acuyniaiea oaeiai i?aaa,
oi noaeuey, ainiieiyy yoio i?iaae, i?e iinooieaiee cayaeaiey caeioa?aniaaiiiai
eeoea i i?eciaiee aai a?aaeaeaineei enooeii, aeieaeai ?ac?aoeoue yoio aii?in a
niioaaonoaee n oeacaieyie, auoaeathueie ec niaea?aeaiey no. 223, 228 OIE.
A niioaaonoaee n caeiiii (no. 222 OIE) noaeuey i?e ?ac?aoaiee aii?ina i
iacia/aiee noaeaaiiai canaaeaiey aeieaeai oaeaea auynieoue, nia?aiu ee ii aeaeo
aeieacaoaeuenoaa, aeinoaoi/iua aeey aai ?anniio?aiey a noaeaaiii canaaeaiee, a oii
/enea e aeey ?anniio?aiey a?aaeaeaineiai enea, iineieueeo oa?aeoa? e ?acia?
oua?aa, i?e/eiaiiiai i?anooieaieai, aoiaeeo a i?aaeiao aeieacuaaiey (no. 68
OIE), a oaeaea i?eiyoue ia?u, iaania/eaathuea aiciauaiea iaoa?eaeueiiai oua?aa
(no. 223 OIE).
Anee a oiaea ?anneaaeiaaiey ia auee i?eiyou ia?u iaania/aiey aiciauaiey
oua?aa, noaeuey aeieaeai i?eiyoue oaeea ia?u ii nianoaaiiie eieoeeaoeaa (iaeiaeaiea
a?anoa ia eiouanoai, iaeeaaoeee, aee?aaeeoeau, aeaiaaeiua aeeaaeu a
naa?aaaoaeueiii aaiea, i?eiaaeeaaeauea iaaeiyaiiio eee eeoeai, ianouei ca iaai
iaoa?eaeueioth ioaaonoaaiiinoue) eeai iaycaoue yoi naeaeaoue niioaaonoaothuea
i?aaiu, i /ai auiineony iinoaiiaeaiea. I?e iacia/aiee noaeaaiiai canaaeaiey
ia?u iaania/aiey a?aaeaeaineiai enea iiaoo auoue i?eiyou eae ii oiaeaoaenoaai e
cayaeaieyi caeioa?aniaaiiiai a oii eeoea (no. 223 OIE), oae e ii eieoeeaoeaa
naiiai noaeuee, i?e/ai iineaaeiee iaycai i?eieiaoue oaeea ia?u, eiaaea ene aue
i?aaeuyaeai eee eiaaea aai i?aaeuyaeaiea aiciiaeii a aoaeouai e eiathony aeaiiua i
i?e/eiaiee i?anooieaieai iaoa?eaeueiiai oua?aa (no. 30, 233 OIE).
Caeiiii aeiioneaaony i?aaeuyaeaiea a?aaeaeaineiai enea e iinea iacia/aiey
noaeaaiiai canaaeaiey ia noaaeee noaeaaiiai ?acae?aoaeuenoaa – aei ia/aea
noaeaaiiai neaaenoaey (no. 29 OIE). A iiaeaioiaeoaeueiie /anoe noaeaaiiai
?acae?aoaeuenoaa noae ai?aaa auianoe ii?aaeaeaiea (noaeuey – iinoaiiaeaiea) i
i?eciaiee a?aaeaeaieia, i?aaei?eyoey, o/?aaeaeaiey eee i?aaiecaoeee a?aaeaeaineei
enooeii. I?eciaa eeoei a ea/anoaa a?aaeaeaineiai enooea, noae iaycai ?acuynieoue
aio eee aai i?aaenoaaeoaeth i?aaa e iaania/eoue aiciiaeiinoue inouanoaeaiey yoeo
i?aa (no. 58 OIE).
A?aaeaeaiei eee th?eaee/aneia eeoei ai?aaa ioeacaoueny io i?aaeuyaeaiiiai ei
a?aaeaeaineiai enea iieiinoueth eee /anoe/ii.

3. ?ac?aoaiea a?aaeaeaineiai enea

?aoaiea ii nouanoao a?aaeaeaineiai enea i?eieiaaony noaeii ii ?acoeueoaoai
noaeaaiiai ?acae?aoaeuenoaa a i?eaiai?a (i. 1 no. 317, 458 OIE). I?e
iinoaiiaeaiee i?eaiai?a noae ?aoaao, iiaeeaaeeo ee oaeiaeaoai?aieth a?aaeaeaineee
ene, a iieueco eiai e a eaeii ?acia?a, a oaeaea iiaeeaaeeo ee aiciauaieth
iaoa?eaeueiue oua?a, anee a?aaeaeaineee ene ia aue i?aaeuyaeai. I?e yoii noae
enoiaeeo ec onoaiiaeaiey aeiiaiinoe iiaenoaeeiiai a niaa?oaiee i?anooieaiey,
i?e/eiaiee iaoa?eaeueiiai oua?aa iioa?iaaoaio, i?e/eiaiee oua?aa
iaiin?aaenoaaiii oai i?anooieaieai, eioi?ia niaa?oee iiaenoaeeiue. Iiyoiio
?aoaiea ii a?aaeaeaineiio eneo i aiciauaiee iaoa?eaeueiiai oua?aa noae i?eieiaao
iinea oiai, eae ii ?ac?aoeo iniiaiua aii?inu, ioiinyueany e iaaeiaieth e
ii?aaeaeaieth iaeacaiey.
Iniiaaiey, oneiaey, iauai, niinia aiciauaiey a?aaea ii?aaeaeythony a
niioaaonoaee n ii?iaie a?aaeaeaineiai, o?oaeiaiai e ae?. caeiiiaeaoaeuenoa.
I?e iinoaiiaeaiee iaaeieoaeueiiai i?eaiai?a eee ii?aaeaeaiey i i?eiaiaiee
i?eioaeeoaeueiie ia?u iaaeeoeeineiai oa?aeoa?a noae a caaeneiinoe io aeieacaiiinoe
iniiaaiee e ?acia?a a?aaeaeaineiai enea oaeiaeaoai?yao i?aaeuyaeaiiue ene
iieiinoueth eee /anoe/ii eee ioeacuaaao a iai. A neo/ayo anee iaoa?eaeueiue
oua?a i?e/eiai iiaenoaeeiui niaianoii n ae?oaei eeoeii, a ioiioaiee eioi?iai
aeaei auei auaeaeaii a ioaeaeueiia i?iecaiaenoai, noae aiceaaaao iaycaiiinoue ii
aiciauaieth oua?aa a iieiii ?acia?a ia iiaenoaeeiiai. I?e auianaiee
aiineaaenoaee iaaeieoaeueiiai i?eaiai?a a ioiioaiee eeoea, aeaei i eioi?ii auei
auaeaeaii a ioaeaeueiia i?iecaiaenoai, noae ai?aaa aiceiaeeoue ia iaai iaycaiiinoue
aicianoeoue oua?a nieeaea?ii n ?aiaa inoaeaeaiiui.
I?e oaeiaeaoai?aiee a?aaeaeaineiai enea noae ai?aaa aueoe ca i?aaeaeu
eneiauo o?aaiaaiee, anee ?acia? enea ia aeeyao ia eaaeeoeeaoeeth i?anooieaiey
e ia?o iaeacaiey, a oaeaea ai?aaa oeacaoue a i?eaiai?a n?ie aeey aeia?iaieueiiai
eniieiaiey i?eaiai?a a /anoe a?aaeaeaineiai enea.
I?e iinoaiiaeaiee ii?aaaeaoaeueiiai i?eaiai?a noae: 1) ioeacuaaao a
oaeiaeaoai?aiee a?aaeaeaineiai enea, anee ia onoaiiaeaii niauoea i?anooieaiey
eee anee ia aeieacaii o/anoea iiaenoaeeiiai a niaa?oaiee i?anooieaiey: 2)
inoaaeyao a?aaeaeaineee ene aac ?anniio?aiey a neo/aa ii?aaaeaiey iiaenoaeeiiai
ca ionoonoaeai ninoaaa i?anooieaiey, /oi ia eeoaao aiciiaeiinoe ia?aoeoueny n
eneii a ii?yaeea a?aaeaeaineiai noaeii?iecaiaenoaa.
A eneeth/eoaeueiuo neo/ayo, i?e iaaiciiaeiinoe i?iecaanoe iiae?iaiue ?an/ao
ii a?aaeaeaineiio eneo aac ioeiaeaiey ?acae?aoaeuenoaa aeaea, noae, i?eciaa ca
a?aaeaeaineei enooeii i?aai ia oaeiaeaoai?aiea enea, ia?aaeaao aii?in i aai
?acia?ao ia ?anniio?aiea a ii?yaeea a?aaeaeaineiai noaeii?iecaiaenoaa (/. 2 no.
310 OIE). I?e iaee/ee oeacaiiuo a caeiia oneiaee noae iiaeao ia?aaeaoue aii?in i
aai ?acia?a ia ?anniio?aiea a ii?yaeea a?aaeaeaineiai noaeii?iecaiaenoaa, eiaaea
yoi ia aeeyao ia ?aoaiea noaea i eaaeeoeeaoeee i?anooiiiai aeayiey, eca?aiea
iiaenoaeeiiio ia?u iaeacaiey e ia ?aoaiea ae?oaeo aii?inia, aicieeathueo i?e
iinoaiiaeaiee i?eaiai?a. I?e iaaiciiaeiinoe a noaea ii?aaeaeeoue ?acia?
i?e/eiaiiiai i?anooieaieai oua?aa, eioi?ue iiaeao aeeyoue ia eaaeeoeeaoeeth
i?anooieaiey, a oaeaea ia ?ac?aoaiea ae?oaeo aii?inia, oeacaiiuo a no. 303
OIE, aeaei iiaeeaaeeo iai?aaeaieth ia aeiiieieoaeueiia ?anneaaeiaaiea.
I?e iayaea a?aaeaeaineiai enooea eee aai i?aaenoaaeoaey noae inoaaeyao
a?aaeaeaineee ene aac ?anniio?aiey: i?e yoii ca iioa?iaaoei nio?aiyaony i?aai
i?aaeuyaeoue ene a ii?yaeea a?aaeaeaineiai noaeii?iecaiaenoaa. Iaeiaei noae ai?aaa ii
oiaeaoaenoao a?aaeaeaineiai enooea ?anniio?aoue a?aaeaeaineee ene i?e aai
ionoonoaee. Anee ene iiaeaea?aeeaaao i?ieo?i? eee anee noae i?eciaao yoi
iaiaoiaeeiui, noae ?anniao?eaaao a?aaeaeaineee ene iacaaeneii io yaee
a?aaeaeaineiai enooea eee aai i?aaenoaaeoaey. Iayaea a?aaeaeaineiai ioaao/eea eee
aai i?aaenoaaeoaey ia inoaiaaeeaaao ?anniio?aiea a?aaeaeaineiai enea (no. 252
OIE).
Enoiaey ec iauaai i?aaeea, eeoea, i?e/eieaoea oua?a niaianoiuie
i?anooiiuie aeaenoaeyie, ianoo nieeaea?ioth ioaaonoaaiiinoue ii aiciauaieth
oua?aa. Nieeaea?iay iaoa?eaeueiay ioaaonoaaiiinoue ia aiceaaaaony ia eeoe,
eioi?ua inoaeaeaiu, oioy e ii iaeiiio aeaeo, ii ca naiinoiyoaeueiua i?anooieaiey,
ia naycaiiua iauei iaia?aieai, a oaeaea ia eeoe, eiaaea iaeei ec ieo inoaeaeai ca
ei?unoiua i?anooieaiey, a ae?oaea – ca oaeaoiinoue, oioy au yoa oaeaoiinoue e
niinianoaiaaea a eaeie-oi ia?a niaa?oaieth ei?unoiiai i?anooieaiey. Ia iiaeao
auoue aiceiaeaia nieeaea?iay ioaaonoaaiiinoue ia a?aaeaeai eee i?aaiecaoeee,
ianouea iaoa?eaeueioth ioaaonoaaiiinoue ca aeaenoaey inoaeaeaiiiai, o. a.
a?aaeaeaineeo ioaao/eeia. Noae ai?aaa aiceiaeeoue ia iiaenoaeeiuo, niaianoiuie
aeaenoaeyie eioi?uo i?e/eiai oua?a, aeieaaoth, a ia nieeaea?ioth ioaaonoaaiiinoue,
anee oaeie ii?yaeie acuneaiey niioaaonoaoao eioa?anai enooea e iaania/eo
aiciauaiea oua?aa. A neo/ayo eiaaea oua?a i?e/eiai niaianoiuie aeaenoaeyie
iiaenoaeeiiai e ae?oaiai eeoea, a ioiioaiee eioi?iai oaieiaiia aeaei auei
i?ae?auaii ii iniiaaieyi, i?aaeoniio?aiiui a i. 2-10 no. 5, no. 6-10 OIE, noae
aiceaaaao ia iiaenoaeeiiai iaycaiiinoue aicianoeoue iaoa?eaeueiue oua?a a iieiii
?acia?a e ?acuyniyao a?aaeaeaineiio enooeo i?aai i?aaeuyaeoue a ii?yaeea
a?aaeaeaineiai noaeii?iecaiaenoaa e eeoeai, aeaei a ioiioaiee eioi?uo auei
i?ae?auaii, ene i aiciauaiee oua?aa nieeaea?ii n inoaeaeaiiui.
A iienaoaeueiie /anoe iaaeieoaeueiiai e ii?aaaeaoaeueiiai i?eaiai?a aeieaeiu
oeacuaaoueny iioeau, iainiiauaathuea i?eieiaaiia ?aoaiea noaeii i a?aaeaeaineii
enea eee aiciauaiee iaoa?eaeueiiai oua?aa, i?e/eiaiiiai i?anooieaieai. A
?aciethoeaiie /anoe eae iaaeieoaeueiiai, oae e ii?aaaeaoaeueiiai i?eaiai?a
aeieaeii niaea?aeaoueny ?aoaiea ii i?aaeuyaeaiiiio a?aaeaeaineiio eneo eee ?aoaiea i
aiciauaiee oua?aa: i?e i?e/eiaiee oua?aa ianeieueeeie eeoeaie noae aeieaeai
oeacaoue, ia eiai ec iiaenoaeeiuo aiceaaaaony nieeaea?iay ioaaonoaaiiinoue e ia
eiai – aeieaaay: a eaeii ?acia?a e a iieueco eiai acuneeaaaony noiia a
aiciauaiea oua?aa. Oaeiaeaoai?yy a?aaeaeaineee ene, noae ai?aaa iaeiia?aiaiii aei
anooieaiey i?eaiai?a a caeiiioth neeo iinoaiiaeoue i i?eiyoee ia? iaania/aiey
enea, anee yoe ia?u ia auee i?eiyou ?aiaa (no. 311 OIE): i?e oaeii ?aoaiee
i?eaiai? a yoie /anoe eniieiyaony a ii?yaeea, i?aaeoniio?aiiii a?aaeaeaineei
i?ioeannoaeueiui caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii.
I?e i?e/eiaiee iaoa?eaeueiiai oua?aa eeoeii, niaa?oeaoei iauanoaaiii
iianiia aeayiea a ninoiyiee iaaiaiyaiinoe eee caaieaaoei aeooaaiie aieaciueth
iinea niaa?oaiey i?anooieaiey, noae iiaeao ia?aaeaoue ?aoaiea aii?ina i
aiciauaiee oua?aa ia ?anniio?aiea a ii?yaeea a?aaeaeaineiai noaeii?iecaiaenoaa, i
/ai aeieaeai oeacaoue a ii?aaeaeaiee.
Anee a enea auei ioeacaii i?e aai ?anniio?aiee a ii?yaeea a?aaeaeaineiai
noaeii?iecaiaenoaa, oi eeoei eeoaaony i?aaa aoi?e/ii i?aaeuyaeoue oio aea ene ii
oiio aea iniiaaieth ii oaieiaiiio aeaeo. Anooieaoaa a caeiiioth neeo ?aoaiea,
ii?aaeaeaiea eee iinoaiiaeaiea noaea ii a?aaeaeaineiio aeaeo iaycaoaeueii aeey
noaea, i?ieo?i?a, neaaeiaaoaey e eeoea, i?iecaiaeyuaai aeiciaiea, i?e
i?iecaiaenoaa ii oaieiaiiio aeaeo oieueei ii aii?ino, eiaee ee ianoi niauoea
eee aeaenoaea, ii ia a ioiioaiee aeiiaiinoe iaaeiyaiiai (no. 28 OIE).
A?aaeaeaineee enoaoe, a?aaeaeaineee ioaao/ee e eo i?aaenoaaeoaee ai?aaa
iaaeaeiaaoue a eannaoeeiiiii ii?yaeea i?eaiai? noaea eeoue a /anoe, ioiinyuaeny e
a?aaeaeaineiio eneo (no. 325 OIE). Iiaenoaeeiue e aai caueoiee, iioa?iaaoee e
aai i?aaenoaaeoaeue, i?ieo?i? ia eiatho ia?aie/aiee a /anoe a?aaeaeaineiai enea
i?e eannaoeeiiiii iaaeaeiaaiee e ii?ioanoiaaiee i?eaiai?a. I?eaiai? a /anoe
a?aaeaeaineiai enea iiaeao auoue ii?ioanoiaai a ii?yaeea iaaeci?a.

Aeaaa VIII. Ia?u oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiiai i?eioaeaeaiey
§ 1. Iiiyoea e aeaeu ia? oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiiai i?eioaeaeaiey
Oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiia i?aai i?aaeoniao?eaaao aiciiaeiinoue i?eiaiaiey
ainoaea?noaaiiiai i?eioaeaeaiey- e eeoeai, ia eniieiythuei o?aaiaaiey caeiia eee
aeey i?aaeoi?aaeaeaiey oaeiai iaeniieiaiey. Iii iiaeao aunooiaoue a iiiaiia?aciuo
oi?iao e iineoue ?acee/iue oa?aeoa?. Yoi e ia?u aicaeaenoaey, a nayce n
iai?aaiia?iui iiaaaeaieai ioaeaeueiuo eeoe e ia ainnoaiiaeaiea ia?ooaiiiai
i?aaa, e ia?u, i?eiaiyaiua e o/anoieeai i?ioeanna e ae?oaei noauaeoai a oeaeyo
i?ana/aiey eee i?aaeioa?auaiey eo i?ioeaiaeaenoaey auiieiaieth caaea/ oaieiaiiai
noaeii?iecaiaenoaa. Iie iiaoo iineoue a?aaeaeainei-i?aaiaie,
aaeieieno?aoeaii-i?aaiaie, oaieiaii-i?aaiaie e oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiue
oa?aeoa?. Ia?u oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiiai oa?aeoa?a, i?eiaiyaiua a ea/anoaa
niiniaia aicaeaenoaey ia iiaaaeaiea o/anoaothueo a aeaea eeoe, i?eiyoi iacuaaoue
ia?aie oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiiai i?eioaeaeaiey.
Io ae?oaeo ia? ainoaea?noaaiiiai i?eioaeaeaiey iie ioee/athony oai, /oi
i?eiaiythony a ia?eiae i?iecaiaenoaa ii oaieiaiiio aeaeo e iinyo i?ioeannoaeueiue
oa?aeoa?o i?eiaiythony iieiiii/iuie i?aaiaie ainoaea?noaa a i?aaeaeao eo
iieiiii/ee: i?eiaiythony e o/anoaothuei a aeaea eeoeai, iaiaaeeaaeauaa iiaaaeaiea
eioi?uo eee aiciiaeiinoue oaeiai iiaaaeaiey nicaeaao eee iiaeao nicaeaoue
i?aiyonoaey aeey oniaoiiai oiaea oaieiaiiai noaeii?iecaiaenoaa: eiatho eiie?aoiua
oeaee, auoaeathuea ec iaueo caaea/ noaeii?iecaiaenoaa: i?eiaiythony i?e iaee/ee
i?aaeoniio?aiiuo caeiiii iniiaaiee, oneiaee e a ii?yaeea, aa?aioe?othuai eo
caeiiiinoue e iainiiaaiiinoue: eiatho iniaia niaea?aeaiea e oa?aeoa?.
Iauae aeey anao ia? oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiiai i?eioaeaeaiey yaeyaony
aiciiaeiinoue eo inouanoaeaiey iacaaeneii ioaiaee e aeaeaiey eeoea, e eioi?iio
iie i?eiaiythony. Oaeay aiciiaeiinoue, iaeiaei, ia anaaaea i?aa?auaaony a
aeaenoaeoaeueiinoue, oae eae a?aaeaeaia ia?aaeei ia oieueei ia i?aiyonoaotho
aeieaeiinoiiio eeoeo eniieiyoue naie iaycaiiinoe, ii aeia?iaieueii e niciaoaeueii
auiieiytho i?aaeienaiey ii?i i?aaa. A oi aea a?aiy naia aiciiaeiinoue
i?eioaeeoaeueiiai eniieiaiey yoeo ia? i?eaeaao ei iauaeoeaii-i?eioaeeoaeueiue
oa?aeoa? Iaeuecy ia o/eouaaoue e oio oaeo, /oi cae?aieaiea a caeiia
aiciiaeiinoe i?eiaiaiey i?eioaeaeaiey canoaaeyao eeoei aeaenoaiaaoue a
niioaaonoaee n i?aaiauie o?aaiaaieyie. I?eioaeaeaiea au?aaeaaony a noaniaiee e
ia?aie/aiee ee/iuo, eiouanoaaiiuo e eiuo noauaeoeaiuo i?aa a?aaeaeai. E
ia?aie/aieyi i?aa a?aaeaeai iiaeao ioiineoueny ia?aie/aiea naiaiaeu,
iai?eeiniiaaiiinoe aeeeeua, oaeiu ia?aienee, naiaiaeu ia?aaeaeaeaiey, i?aaa
inouanoaeyoue ii?aaeaeaiioth o?oaeiaoth aeayoaeueiinoue e o. i. E ia?aie/aieyi
eiouanoaaiiiai oa?aeoa?a ioiineony eeoaiea i?aaa ?anii?yaeaoueny eiouanoaii a
oii eee eiii iauaia e o. i. Aiaoia i?eioaeaeaiea au?aaeaaony a oi?ia
ineoieiae/aneiai, oece/aneiai eee ii?aeueiiai aicaeaenoaey ia iiaaaeaiea
noauaeoa e eiaao naiae oeaeueth ia oieueei i?ana/aiea iai?aaiia?iiai iiaaaeaiey,
ii e aai i?aaeoi?aaeaeaiea.
Iiae ia?aie oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiiai i?eioaeaeaiey iaaei iiieiaoue
i?aaeoniio?aiiua oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiui caeiiii i?ioeannoaeueiua n?aaenoaa
i?eioaeeoaeueiiai oa?aeoa?a, i?eiaiyaiua a noa?a oaieiaiiai noaeii?iecaiaenoaa
oiieiiii/aiiuie ia oi aeieaeiinoiuie eeoeaie e ainoaea?noaaiiuie i?aaiaie i?e
iaee/ee iniiaaiee e a ii?yaeea, onoaiiaeaiiii caeiiii, a ioiioaiee
iaaeiyaiuo, iiaeic?aaaaiuo e ae?oaeo eeoe, aeey i?aaeoi?aaeaeaiey e i?ana/aiey
iai?aaiia?iuo aeaenoaee yoeo eeoe a oeaeyo oniaoiiai ?anneaaeiaaiey e ?ac?aoaiey
oaieiaiiai aeaea e auiieiaiey eiuo caaea/ oaieiaiiai noaeii?iecaiaenoaa.
Ia?u oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiiai i?eioaeaeaiey ia iaeeiaeiau ii naiaio
oa?aeoa?o e eo i?eiaiaiea i?aneaaeoao ?aciua oeaee. Iaeie ec ieo i?ecaaiu
i?ana/ue aiciiaeiinoue i?iaeieaeaiey iaaeiyaiui (iiaeic?aaaaiui) i?anooiiie
aeayoaeueiinoe, aai oeeiiaiey io neaaenoaey eee noaea eeai aini?aiyonoaiaaiea
i?ioeannoaeueiie aeayoaeueiinoe (ia?u i?ana/aiey, caaea?aeaiea, iono?aiaiea io
aeieaeiinoe, oaeaeaiea eeoe ec caea noaeaaiiai canaaeaiey). Ae?oaea naycaiu n
iaiaoiaeeiinoueth aeinoaaeaiey eeoe a neaaenoaaiiua eee noaeaaiua i?aaiu (i?eaiae).
O?aouee iai?aaeaiu ia iaia?oaeaiea e i?ioeannoaeueiia cae?aieaiea aeieacaoaeuenoa
(iaune, auaiea, inaeaeaoaeuenoaiaaiea, iieo/aiea ia?acoeia aeey n?aaieoaeueiiai
enneaaeiaaiey, iiiauaiea iaaeiyaiiai eee iiaeic?aaaaiiai a iaaeeoeeineia
o/?aaeaeaiea aeey yenia?oiiai enneaaeiaaiey). *aoaa?oua neoaeao n?aaenoaii
iaania/aiey eniieiaiey i?eaiai?a a /anoe eiouanoaaiiuo acuneaiee (iaeiaeaiea
a?anoa ia eiouanoai). Ionthaea neaaeoao, /oi ii naiaio iacia/aieth ia?u
oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiiai i?eioaeaeaiey iiaeii ?acaeaeeoue ia n?aaenoaa i?ana/aiey
i?ioeaicaeiiiuo aeaenoaee e n?aaenoaa iaania/aiey iaaeeaaeauaai iiaaaeaiey,
i?aaeoi?aaeaeaiey i?aaiia?ooaiey e n?aaenoaa iieo/aiey aeieacaoaeuenoa.
Ana ia?u i?ioeannoaeueiiai i?eioaeaeaiey i?eiyoi iiae?acaeaeyoue ia aeaa
a?oiiu: ia?u i?ana/aiey e eiua ia?u i?ioeannoaeueiiai i?eioaeaeaiey. Ia?a/aiue
ia? i?ana/aiey, iniiaaiey, oneiaee e ii?yaeie eo i?eiaiaiey, eciaiaiey e
ioiaiu ii?aaeaeaiu a caeiia (ae. OI OIE ?NON?)1.
A nenoaio eiuo ia? i?ioeannoaeueiiai i?eioaeaeaiey aeeth/atho: caaea?aeaiea
eeoea, iiaeic?aaaaiiai a niaa?oaiee i?anooieaiey (no. 122 OIE): iono?aiaiea
iaaeiyaiiai io aeieaeiinoe (no. 153 OIE): auaiea i?aaeiaoia e aeieoiaioia (no.
167 OIE): iaeiaeaiea a?anoa ia ii/oiai-oaeaa?aoioth ei??aniiiaeaioeeth e auaiea
aa ec ii/oiai-oaeaa?aoiiai o/?aaeaeaiey (no. 174 OIE): i?ineooeaaiea

oaeaoiiiuo e eiuo ia?aaiai?ia (no. 35-1 Iniia): i?eaiae (no. 73, 147, 247):
iieo/aiea ia?acoeia aeey n?aaieoaeueiiai enneaaeiaaiey (no. 186 OIE): iiiauaiea
iiaeic?aaaaiiai eee iaaeiyaiiai a iaaeeoeeineia o/?aaeaeaiea i?e i?iecaiaenoaa
noaeaaii-iaaeeoeeineie eee noaeaaii-ineoeao?e/aneie yenia?oecu (no. 188 OIE):
inaeaeaoaeuenoaiaaiea (no. 181 OIE) oaeaeaiea eeoe ec caea noaeaaiiai canaaeaiey
i?e ia?ooaiee ii?yaeea (no. 263 OIE) e ae?.
Ia?u i?ana/aiey eiatho y?ei au?aaeaiiue i?eioaeeoaeueiue oa?aeoa?,
ioiinyony e i?anaeaoaeueiui n?aaenoaai. Ae?oaia aeaei – eiua ia?u
oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiiai i?eioaeaeaiey. Ec aoiaeyueo a eo nenoaio aeaenoaee eeoue
caaea?aeaiea, i?eaiae e oaeaeaiea ec caea noaeaaiiai canaaeaiey ioiinyony e
i?anaeaoaeueiui n?aaenoaai e iai?aaeaiu ia i?aaeoi?aaeaeaiea eee i?ae?auaiea
iai?aaiia?iuo aeaenoaee. Aieueoeinoai aea eiuo ia? i?ioeannoaeueiiai i?eioaeaeaiey
yaeythony neaaenoaaiiuie aeaenoaeyie ii niae?aieth aeieacaoaeuenoa e iinyo
iaania/eoaeueiue oa?aeoa?.
A ?yae ia? oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiiai i?eioaeaeaiey eo noaaeo
i?aaeoniio?aiiay caeiiii aiciiaeiinoue i?eioaeeoaeueiiai inouanoaeaiey iacaaeneii
io aiee e aeaeaiey eeoe, a ioiioaiee eioi?uo iie i?eiaiythony.
A oi aea a?aiy a eiie?aoiii neo/aa neaaenoaaiiia aeaenoaea iiaeao e ia
eiaoue i?eioaeeoaeueiiai oa?aeoa?a, anee eeoei, a ioiioaiee eioi?iai iii
inouanoaeyaony, ia aic?aaeaao i?ioea aai i?iecaiaenoaa. Iai?eia?, eeoei
aeia?iaieueii o/anoaoao a inaeaeaoaeuenoaiaaiee, i?aaeinoaaeyao ia?acoeu aeey
n?aaieoaeueiiai enneaaeiaaiey, auaeaao i?aaeiaou eee aeieoiaiou, eiathuea cia/aiea
aeey aeaea e ae?.
Iineieueeo ia?u oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiiai i?eioaeaeaiey ia?aie/eaatho
eiinoeoooeeiiiua i?aaa e naiaiaeu a?aaeaeai, ioaeiu oaa?aeua i?ioeannoaeueiua
aa?aioee, eioi?ua au iaania/eaaee eo caeiiiinoue e iainiiaaiiinoue. A i?aaiaii
ainoaea?noaa eiaao aaaeiia cia/aiea oi, ianeieueei i?eiaiaiea ia?
i?ioeannoaeueiiai i?eioaeaeaiey aucaaii aeaenoaeoaeueiie iaiaoiaeeiinoueth
ia?aie/aiey i?aa a?aaeaeaieia. Oeaee oaieiaiiai noaeii?iecaiaenoaa aeieaeiu
aeinoeaaoueny i?e iaeiaiueoai ia?aie/aiee i?aa e naiaiae a?aaeaeaieia. Eiinoeoooeey
?O, aeaenoaothuaa oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai onoaiaaeeaatho
aaaeiua i?ioeannoaeueiua aa?aioee yoiai.
Iaeiie ec aa?aioee yaeyaony oi, /oi ia?u i?ioeannoaeueiiai i?eioaeaeaiey
iiaoo i?eiaiyoueny oieueei ii aicaoaeaeaiiiio oaieiaiiio aeaeo. Aeey i?eiaiaiey
ia? i?ana/aiey e iaeioi?uo eiuo ia? i?ioeannoaeueiiai i?eioaeaeaiey iaiaoiaeeii
i?eaea/aiea eeoea a ea/anoaa iaaeiyaiiai (iono?aiaiea io aeieaeiinoe).
Caeii en/a?iuaathua ii?aaeaeyao e?oa aeieaeiinoiuo eeoe, iieiiii/iuo
i?eiaiyoue ia?u i?ioeannoaeueiiai i?eioaeaeaiey, a oaeaea onoaiaaeeaaao e?oa eeoe,
a ioiioaiee eioi?uo iie iiaoo auoue i?eiaiaiu eeoue i?e iaee/ee iniiaaiee, iiae
eioi?uie iiieiathony eiie?aoiua ianoiyoaeuenoaa, iiaeoaa?aeaeathuea iaiaoiaeeiinoue
i?eioaeeoaeueiiai aicaeaenoaey. I?e i?eiaiaiee i?eioaeeoaeueiuo ia?
i?anaeaoaeueiiai oa?aeoa?a (ia?u i?ana/aiey, i?eaiae, caaea?aeaiea, oaeaeaiea ec
caea canaaeaiey e o. i.) yoe ianoiyoaeuenoaa au?aaeathony a i?aaeiieaaaaiuo eee
niaa?oaaiuo i?ioeaii?aaiuo aeaenoaeyo noauaeoa. A ea/anoaa iauaai iniiaaiey
i?eiaiaiey ia? i?eioaeaeaiey iaania/eoaeueiiai oa?aeoa?a (iaune, auaiea e o.
i.), aunooiaao iaee/ea aeaiiuo, iicaieythueo iieaaaoue, /oi a ?acoeueoaoa yoiai
neaaenoaaiiiai aeaenoaey aoaeoo iaia?oaeaiu aeieacaoaeuenoaa, eiathuea cia/aiea aeey
aeaea.
Caeii no?iai ?aaeaiaioe?oao i?ioeannoaeueiue ii?yaeie i?eiaiaiey ia?
i?eioaeaeaiey. Yoe ia?u i?eiaiythony ia iniiaaiee iioeae?iaaiiiai iinoaiiaeaiey
i?aaia ?anneaaeiaaiey eee ?aoaiey noaea. A neo/ayo e ii?yaeea, i?aaeoniio?aiiii
caeiiii, iii iauyaeyaony eeoeo, a ioiioaiee eioi?iai auianaii. I?eiaiaiea aea
oaeeo ia? i?ioeannoaeueiiai i?eioaeaeaiey, eioi?ua iniaaiii ino?i cao?aaeaatho
io?aiyaiua Eiinoeoooeeae i?aaa e naiaiaeu a?aaeaeai, aiciiaeii ia eia/a eae n
naieoeee i?ieo?i?a (ii ?aoaieth noaea) eee oieueei ia iniiaaiee noaeaaiiai
?aoaiey: niaea?aeaiea iiae no?aaeae, caeia, iaeiaeaiea a?anoa ia ei??aniiiaeaioeeth
e aa auaiea a ii/oiai-oaeaa?aoiuo o/?aaeaeaieyo, iaune, i?ineooeaaiea
oaeaoiiiuo e eiuo ia?aaiai?ia, iono?aiaiea iaaeiyaiiai io aeieaeiinoe,
iiiauaiea iaaeiyaiiai eee iiaeic?aaaaiiai, ia iaoiaeyuaainy iiae no?aaeae, a
iaaeeoeeineia o/?aaeaeaiea aeey yenia?oiiai enneaaeiaaiey (no. 22, 23, 25
Eiinoeoooeee ?O,no. 153, 188 OIE). Aaaeiie aa?aioeae yaeyaony onoaiiaeaiea
noaeaaiiai eiio?iey ca caeiiiinoueth e iainiiaaiiinoueth a?anoa e i?iaeeaiey n?iea
niaea?aeaiey iiae no?aaeae (no. 220, 220 OIE).
No?iaia niaethaeaiea yoeo aa?aioee aeieaeiinoiuie eeoeaie e ainoaea?noaaiiuie
i?aaiaie ii aeaeai, iaoiaeyueiny a eo i?iecaiaenoaa, iicaieeo iaaeaaeii io?aiyoue
i?aaa e naiaiaeu ee/iinoe e iaania/eoue ii?iaeueiue oiae oaieiaiiai
noaeii?iecaiaenoaa.
Iineieueeo eiua ia?u i?ioeannoaeueiiai i?eioaeaeaiey yaeythony neaaenoaaiiuie
aeaenoaeyie, iai?aaeaiiuie, eae i?aaeei, ia niae?aiea aeieacaoaeuenoa,
iniiaaiey, oneiaey e ii?yaeie eo i?iecaiaenoaa ?aaeaiaioe?othony
niioaaonoaothueie ?acaeaeaie OIE. Ia?u aea i?ana/aiey, aoaeo/e /enoi
i?eioaeeoaeueiuie n?aaenoaaie, caieiatho iniaia ianoi a nenoaia ii?i
oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiiai i?aaa.

2. Iiiyoea ia? i?ana/aiey, iniiaaiey e ii?yaeie eo i?eiaiaiey
Iiae ia?aie i?ana/aiey iiieiathony ia?u oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiiai
i?eioaeaeaiey, i?eiaiyaiua i?e iaee/ee iniiaaiee e a ii?yaeea, onoaiiaeaiiii
caeiiii, oiieiiii/aiiuie ia oi aeieaeiinoiuie eeoeaie e iaaeiyaiiio,
iiaenoaeeiiio, a a eneeth/eoaeueiuo neo/ayo – e iiaeic?aaaaiiio n oeaeueth iiiaoaoue
ei ne?uoueny io aeiciaiey, neaaenoaey e noaea, aini?aiyonoaiaaoue onoaiiaeaieth
enoeiu ii aeaeo, i?iaeieaeaoue i?anooiioth aeayoaeueiinoue, a oaeaea aeey iaania/aiey
eniieiaiey i?eaiai?a.
A aeaea iauaai i?aaeea ia?u i?ana/aiey i?eiaiythony oieueei e iaaeiyaiiio
(no. 89 OIE). Eeoue a eneeth/eoaeueiuo neo/ayo ia?u i?ana/aiey iiaoo auoue
i?eiaiaiu e a ioiioaiee eeoea, iiaeic?aaaaiiai a niaa?oaiee i?anooieaiey, ia
n?ie ia aieaa aeanyoe aeiae. Ii enoa/aiee yoiai n?iea iiaeic?aaaaiiio aeieaeii
auoue i?aaeuyaeaii iaaeiaiea eeai ia?a i?ana/aiey ioiaiyaony. Noaouey 89 OIE
onoaiaaeeaaao, /oi eeoei, i?iecaiaeyuaa aeiciaiea, neaaeiaaoaeue, i?ieo?i? e noae
ai?aaa i?eiaieoue iaeio ec ia? i?ana/aiey i?e iaee/ee aeinoaoi/iuo iniiaaiee
iieaaaoue, /oi iaaeiyaiue ne?iaony io aeiciaiey, i?aaeaa?eoaeueiiai neaaenoaey
eee noaea: eee aini?aiyonoaoao onoaiiaeaieth enoeiu ii oaieiaiiio aeaeo: eee
aoaeao caieiaoueny i?anooiiie aeayoaeueiinoueth: ia?u i?ana/aiey iiaoo i?eiaiyoueny
a oeaeyo iaania/aiey eniieiaiey i?eaiai?a. Yoe ianoiyoaeuenoaa, iiaeoaa?aeaeaiiua
aeieacaoaeuenoaaie, e ia?acotho iniiaaiey aeey eca?aiey ia?u i?ana/aiey.
Iineieueeo ianoiyoaeuenoaa, iacaaiiua a no. 89 OIE, eae i?aaeei, iinyo
i?iaiinoe/aneee oa?aeoa?, i?eiaiaiea ia? i?ana/aiey aiciiaeii i?e aa?iyoiinoe
ianooieaiey oeacaiiuo ianoiyoaeuenoa – i?aaeiieiaeaiey i oii, /oi iaaeiyaiue
ne?iaony, aoaeao i?iaeieaeaoue i?anooiioth aeayoaeueiinoue, iiiaoaao onoaiiaeaieth
enoeiu. Iaeiaei yoi i?aaeiieiaeaiea aeieaeii aace?iaaoueny ia aeinoaoi/ii
oaaaeeoaeueiuo aeieacaoaeuenoaao, iicaieythueo naeaeaoue auaiae i iaee/ee iniiaaiee,
oeacaiiuo a caeiia. Oae, iniiaaieai aeey auaiaea i oii, /oi iaaeiyaiue
ne?iaony, iiaoo neoaeeoue aeinoiaa?ii onoaiiaeaiiua iooai aeieacuaaiey naaaeaiey
ia oaieueiaiee aai n ?aaiou, auienea aai n ianoa aeeoaeuenoaa eee aiiaua
ionoonoaea oaeiaiai e o. i. Iniiaaieai aeey i?aaeiieiaeaiey, /oi iaaeiyaiue
aoaeao i?iaeieaeaoue i?anooiioth aeayoaeueiinoue, iiaeao neoaeeoue iaee/ea o iaai
i?anooiiuo naycae, ioiioaiea e niaeayiiiio, aeaiiua i i?ioeuo noaeeiinoyo e o.
i. Iniiaaieai iieaaaoue, /oi iaaeiyaiue iiiaoaao onoaiiaeaieth enoeiu, iiaoo
neoaeeoue aeaiiua i aai iiiuoea iiaeeoieoue, iiaeaiai?eoue, caioaaoue naeaeaoaeae,
iioa?iaaoeo, aicaeaenoaiaaoue ia yenia?oia, oie/oiaeeoue eee noaeueneoeoee?iaaoue
aauanoaaiiua aeieacaoaeuenoaa e o. i.
Oaeei ia?acii, iniiaaieyie eca?aiey ia? i?ana/aiey yaeythony oeacaiiua a
caeiia ianoiyoaeuenoaa (no. 89 OIE), iiaeoaa?aeaeaiiua oaeie niaieoiiinoueth
aeieacaoaeuenoa, eioi?ay aeaao aiciiaeiinoue iainiiaaiii i?aaeiieiaeeoue, /oi eeoei,
iaoiaeynue aac aicaeaenoaey ia?u i?ana/aiey, iiaeao niaa?oeoue iaeii ec oeacaiiuo
a caeiia aeaenoaee.
Aaaeiia cia/aiea i?e eca?aiee ia?u i?ana/aiey eiaao o/ao ianoiyoaeuenoa,
ia?a/eneaiiuo a no. 91 OIE. Aeaiiay ii?ia, iiieii ianoiyoaeuenoa, iacaaiiuo a
no. 89, oeacuaaao oaeaea ia oyaeanoue i?aaeuyaeaiiiai iaaeiaiey, ee/iinoue
iiaeic?aaaaiiai eee iaaeiyaiiai, ?iae aai caiyoee, aic?ano, ninoiyiea
caei?iauey, naiaeiia iieiaeaiea e ae?oaea ianoiyoaeuenoaa.
Neaaeiaaoaeueii, i?e ?aoaiee aii?ina ia eca?aiee ia?u i?ana/aiey
ianoiyoaeuenoaa, oeacaiiua a no. 91, eiatho cia/aiea aeaiiuo, eioi?ua iiaoo
iiaeoaa?aeeoue iniiaaiey eca?aiey ia?u i?ana/aiey eee aucaaoue niiiaiey a eo
iaee/ee. A /anoiinoe, a niaieoiiinoe n ae?oaeie aeaiiuie ninoiyiea caei?iauey,
i?aeeiiiue aic?ano iaaeiyaiiai, iaee/ea naiuee, iinoiyiiiai ianoa aeeoaeuenoaa
e ?aaiou iiaeao naeaeaoaeuenoaiaaoue i oii, /oi iao iniiaaiey iianaoueny
oeeiiaiey aai io neaaenoaey. I?e ?aoaiee aii?ina i oii, eaeoth ia?o i?ana/aiey
neaaeoao eca?aoue iaaeiyaiiio, oaeaea o/eouaathony oeacaiiua auoa
ianoiyoaeuenoaa.
Aaaeiia cia/aiea eiaao e oi, /oi i?e eca?aiee ia?u i?ana/aiey caeii
i?aaeinoaaeyao i?aai auai?a oiai eee eiiai ?aoaiey oae eae eca?aiea ia?u
i?ana/aiey yaeyaony i?aaii, a iaiaycaiiinoueth eeoea, aaaeouaai
noaeii?iecaiaenoai. Enoiaey ec eiie?aoiuo ianoiyoaeuenoa aeaea e ee/iinoe
iaaeiyaiiai, eeoei, i?iecaiaeyuaa aeiciaiea, neaaeiaaoaeue, i?ieo?i? eee noae
iiaoo aiiaua ia ecae?aoue ia?o i?ana/aiey eee eca?aoue iaiaa no?iaoth.
Aaaeii, /oiau ia oieueei iaania/eaaeinue auiieiaiea oeaeae ia? i?ana/aiey,
ii e /oiau aeiiouaiiia ia?aie/aiea i?aa a?aaeaeaieia niioaaonoaiaaei
aeaenoaeoaeueii iaiaoiaeeiiio aai ia?aie/aieth.
Ii niuneo caeiia ia?u i?ana/aiey i?eiaiythony n oeaeueth aini?aiyonoaiaaoue
iaaeiyaiiio niaa?oeoue aeaenoaey, oeacaiiua a no. 89 OIE.
A aieueoeinoaa naiai ia?u i?ana/aiey i?eiaiythony aeaaiui ia?acii ia
i?aaeaa?eoaeueiii ?anneaaeiaaiee e a noaeaaiii ?acae?aoaeuenoaa. Ia?a i?ana/aiey
iiaeao auoue i?eiaiaia e inoaeaeaiiiio, a ioiioaiee eioi?iai auianai
iaaeieoaeueiue i?eaiai?, aei anooieaiey aai a caeiiioth neeo, /oiau iaania/eoue
aiciiaeiinoue aai eniieiaiey. Ia?u i?ana/aiey iiaoo i?eiaiyoueny ii ?aoaieth
oiieiiii/aiiiai ia oi a caeiia i?aaia eee aeieaeiinoiiai eeoea: eeoea,
i?iecaiaeyuaai aeiciaiea, neaaeiaaoaey, i?ieo?i?a e noaea (noaeuee) (no. 92 OIE).
I i?eiaiaiee ia?u i?ana/aiey eeoei, i?iecaiaeyuaa aeiciaiea, neaaeiaaoaeue e
i?ieo?i? auiinyo iioeae?iaaiiia iinoaiiaeaiea, a noae – iioeae?iaaiiia
iinoaiiaeaiea eee ii?aaeaeaiea. A yoii iinoaiiaeaiee (ii?aaeaeaiee)
oeacuaaaony i?anooieaiea, a eioi?ii iiaeic?aaaaony eee iaaeiyaony aeaiiia
eeoei, a oaeaea iniiaaiey aeey eca?aiey ia?u i?ana/aiey e auai? aa aeaea.
Iinoaiiaeaiea eee ii?aaeaeaiea iauyaeyaony eeoeo, a ioiioaiee eioi?iai
iii auianaii.

3. Aeaeu ia? i?ana/aiey

Caeii i?aaeoniao?eaaao neaaeothuea aeaeu ia? i?ana/aiey: 1) iiaeienea i
iaauacaea, 2) ee/iia ii?o/eoaeuenoai, 3) ii?o/eoaeuenoai iauanoaaiiie
i?aaiecaoeee, 4) caeeth/aiea iiae no?aaeo, 5) caeia, 6) iaaethaeaiea eiiaiaeiaaiey
aieineie /anoe, 7) ioaea/a ianiaa?oaiiieaoiaai iiae i?eniio? ?iaeeoaeae,
iiaeoiia, iiia/eoaeae, a oaeaea iiae iaaeci? aaeieieno?aoeee cae?uouo aeaoneeo
o/?aaeaeaiee, anee ianiaa?oaiiieaoiee oai ainieouaaaony (no. 93-96, 99,394
OIE).
I?e ?ac?aoaiee aii?ina i iaiaoiaeeiinoe i?eiaieoue ia?o i?ana/aiey, a
oaeaea eca?aiee oie eee eiie ec ieo, eeoei, i?iecaiaeyuaa aeiciaiea,
neaaeiaaoaeue, i?ieo?i?, noae (noaeuey) o/eouaatho iiieii ianoiyoaeuenoa, eioi?ua
iiaoo iineoaeeoue iniiaaieai aeey ?aoaiey i i?eiaiaiee ia?u i?ana/aiey (no. 89
OIE), oaeaea oyaeanoue i?aaeuyaeaiiiai iaaeiaiey, ee/iinoue iiaeic?aaaaiiai eee
iaaeiyaiiai, ?iae aai caiyoee, aic?ano, ninoiyiea caei?iauey, naiaeiia
iieiaeaiea e ae?oaea ianoiyoaeuenoaa.
Eca?aiiay ia?a i?ana/aiey aeieaeia auoue ni?acia?ia oai oeaeyi, eioi?ua
noaayony i?e eca?aiee ia?u i?ana/aiey eiie?aoiiio iiaeic?aaaaiiio eee
iaaeiyaiiio. Iiyoiio caeii aeaao aiciiaeiinoue auai?a ia? i?ana/aiey, oeacuaay
eo aeaeu io iaiaa e aieaa no?iaei.

4. Iiaeienea i iaauacaea

Iiaeienea i iaauacaea ninoieo a ioia?aiee o iaaeiyaiiai (iiaeic?aaaaiiai)
ienueiaiiiai iaycaoaeuenoaa ia ioeo/aoueny n ianoa aeeoaeuenoaa eee a?aiaiiiai
iaoiaeaeaiey aac ?ac?aoaiey eeoea, i?iecaiaeyuaai aeiciaiea, neaaeiaaoaey,
i?ieo?i?a, noaea (no. 93 OIE). Ianoii a?aiaiiiai iaoiaeaeaiey eeoea aoaeao ioieo
aai i?aauaaiey aia iinoiyiiiai ianoa aeeoaeuenoaa (iaoiaeaeaiea a aeeeoaeueiie
eiiaiaee?iaea, ia o/aaa, ea/aiee e o. ae.).
Yoa ia?a i?ana/aiey iiaeao auoue i?eiaiaia a ioiioaiee iiaeic?aaaaiiai eee
iaaeiyaiiai a i?anooieaiee, ia i?aaenoaaeythuai aieueoie iauanoaaiiie
iianiinoe, a oaeaea i?e ionoonoaee iniiaaiee iianaoueny, /oi, inoaaaynue ia
naiaiaea, ii ne?iaony io i?aaiia, aaaeoueo ?anneaaeiaaiea, noaea eee
aini?aiyonoaoao onoaiiaeaieth enoeiu. A naiie iiaeienea oeacuaaaony ianoi
aeeoaeuenoaa eee a?aiaiiiai i?aauaaiey, n eioi?iai iaaeiyaiue ia iiaeao
ioeo/aoueny aac ?ac?aoaiey.
Ia?ooaiea iiaeienee iiaeao i?e ii?aaeaeaiiuo oneiaeyo iiaea/ue aieaa
no?iaoth ia?o i?ana/aiey, i /ai iaaeiyaiue noaaeony a ecaanoiinoue. A iiaeienea
oeacuaaaony a?aiy, ia eioi?ia iia ecae?aaony.
Iaoeaeaniia?acii i?eiaiaiea yoie ia?u i?ana/aiey a ioiioaiee eeoe,
o?oaeiaay aeayoaeueiinoue eioi?uo naycaia n aeeeoaeueiuie ?acuacaeaie (oioa? ia
caa?ai?aenao, i?iaiaeiee iiacaeia aeaeueiaai neaaeiaaiey, aeeieo?uea? e o. i.).
Iiaeienea i iaauacaea i?aeoe/anee iai?eiaieia e aiaiiineoaeauei n?i/iie neoaeau,
iaoiaeyueiny ia eaca?iaiiii iieiaeaiee. Iie ia eiatho aiciiaeiinoe inoaaeoue
aieineoth /anoue aac ?ac?aoaiey eiiaiaeiaaiey, a noaei auoue, e naiinoiyoaeueii
yaeoueny ii auciao. Iaeuecy i?eiaieoue iiaeieneo i iaauacaea e a ioiioaiee eeoe,
ia eiathueo iinoiyiiiai ianoa aeeoaeuenoaa. Iiaeienea i iaauacaea iaeia ec
iaeaieaa /anoi i?eiaiyaiuo ia? i?ana/aiey.
Iiaeieneo i iaauacaea neaaeoao ioee/aoue io iiaeienee i yaea e neaaeiaaoaeth
eee a noae, eioi?ay ia?ie i?ana/aiey ia yaeyaony, a caeeth/aaony eeoue a
iaycaoaeuenoaa iaaeiyaiiai yaeyoueny ii auciao e niiauaoue i ia?aiaia ianoa
aeeoaeuenoaa.

5. Ee/iia ii?o/eoaeuenoai. Ii?o/eoaeuenoai iauanoaaiiie i?aaiecaoeee

Ee/iia ii?o/eoaeuenoai ninoieo a i?eiyoee ia naay caneoaeeaathueie aeiaa?ey
eeoeaie (ia iaiaa aeaoo) ienueiaiiiai iaycaoaeuenoaa i oii, /oi iie ?o/athony ca
iaaeeaaeauaa iiaaaeaiea e yaeo iaaeiyaiiai (iiaeic?aaaaiiai) ii auciao eeoea,
i?iecaiaeyuaai aeiciaiea, neaaeiaaoaey, i?ieo?i?a e noaea (no. 94 OIE).
Yoa ia?a i?ana/aiey i?eiaiyaony ii oiaeaoaenoao ii?o/eoaeae eee n eo
niaeaney. Iie iiaoo e ioeacaoueny io ii?o/eoaeuenoaa.
Ecae?ay yoo ia?o i?ana/aiey, neaaeiaaoaeue eee noae aeieaeai aeiaa?youe
ii?o/eoaeyi, a oa a naith i/a?aaeue – oiio, ca eiai ?o/athony. Iie aeieaeiu auoue
oaa?aiu, /oi niiaoo iaania/eoue aai iaaeeaaeauaa iiaaaeaiea e aai yaeo ii
auciaai neaaeiaaoaey, noaea. Ii?o/eoaeyi niiauaaony i nouiinoe aeaea, ii
eioi?iio eca?aia aeaiiay ia?a i?ana/aiey e ia ioaaonoaaiiinoe a neo/aa
niaa?oaiey iaaeiyaiui aeaenoaee, aeey i?aaeoi?aaeaeaiey eioi?uo eca?aia yoa ia?a
i?ana/aiey. A yoii neo/aa ia eaaeaeiai ii?o/eoaey ii ii?aaeaeaieth noaea iiaeao
auoue iaeiaeaii aeaiaaeiia acuneaiea (no. 232 OIE). E iei iiaoo auoue i?eiaiaiu e
ia?u iauanoaaiiiai aicaeaenoaey. Aii?in i iai?aaeaiee iaoa?eaeia a ioiioaiee
ii?o/eoaeae a noae eee ia ?anniio?aiea iauanoaaiiinoe ?aoaao i?aai, a
i?iecaiaenoaa eioi?iai iaoiaeeony oaieiaiia aeaei, n o/aoii eiie?aoiuo
ianoiyoaeuenoa, ee/iinoe ii?o/eoaeae, oyaeanoe iineaaenoaee, eioi?ua ianooieee
aaeaeo iaauiieiaiey ii?o/eoaeai naieo iaycaoaeuenoa.
Ii?o/eoaeuenoai iauanoaaiiie i?aaiecaoeee ninoieo a auaea/a ath ienueiaiiiai
iaycaoaeuenoaa i oii, /oi iauanoaaiiay i?aaiecaoeey (i?ionithciay,
eiiia?aoeaiay eeai o?oaeiaie eieeaeoea) ?o/aaony ca iaaeeaaeauaa iiaaaeaiea e
yaeo iaaeiyaiiai (iiaeic?aaaaiiai) ii auciao eeoea, i?iecaiaeyuaai aeiciaiea,
neaaeiaaoaey, i?ieo?i?a e noaea (no. 95 OIE).
Ii naiae nouiinoe iauanoaaiiia ii?o/eoaeuenoai ia ioee/aaony io ee/iiai.
?acieoea eeoue a oii, /oi a yoii neo/aa a ea/anoaa ii?o/eoaeae aunooiatho
iauanoaaiiay i?aaiecaoeey eee o?oaeiaie eieeaeoea. ?aoaiea i ii?o/eoaeuenoaa
i?eieiaaony ia i?aaiii/iii nia?aiee /eaiia i?aaiecaoeee eee o?oaeiaiai

eieeaeoeaa (ia iaiaa 2/3 /eaiia iauanoaaiiie i?aaiecaoeee), anee ca
ii?o/eoaeuenoai aieiniaaei aieueoeinoai o/anoieeia nia?aiey. Oaeia ?aoaiea
ai?aaa i?eiyoue e auai?iue i?aai iauanoaaiiie i?aaiecaoeee. I?aaiaui
aeieoiaioii, iiaeoaa?aeaeathuei ?aoaiea eieeaeoeaa, iauanoaaiiie i?aaiecaoeee,
yaeyaony i?ioieie iauaai nia?aiey (canaaeaiey auai?iiai i?aaia). I?ioieie
i?iaa?yaony neaaeiaaoaeai e i?eiauaaony e oaieiaiiio aeaeo. Ia oaeiaeaoai?aiee
eee ioeeiiaiee oiaeaoaenoaa auiineony iioeae?iaaiiia iinoaiiaeaiea, i /ai
niiauaaony iauanoaaiiiio ii?o/eoaeth.
Iauanoaaiiay i?aaiecaoeey, aeathuay ii?o/eoaeuenoai, aeieaeia auoue iinoaaeaia
a ecaanoiinoue i nouanoaa aeaea, ii eioi?iio eca?aia aeaiiay ia?a i?ana/aiey.
Iia ai?aaa ioeacaoueny io naiaai ii?o/eoaeuenoaa.
Iauanoaaiiay i?aaiecaoeey ia ianao ioaaonoaaiiinoe, anee iaaeiyaiue
(iiaeic?aaaaiue) niaa?oeo aeaenoaey, aeey i?aaeioa?auaiey eioi?uo eca?aia yoa
ia?a i?ana/aiey. Ii eaaeaeue oaeo ia?ooaiey iauanoaaiiiai ii?o/eoaeuenoaa
aeieaeai auoue i?aaeiaoii iauanoaaiiiai ianoaeaeaiey.

6. Caeeth/aiea iiae no?aaeo

Caeeth/aiea iiae no?aaeo – naiay no?iaay ia?a i?ana/aiey, ninoiyuay a
eeoaiee naiaiaeu iaaeiyaiiai (iiaeic?aaaaiiai), iiaenoaeeiiai (no. 96-98 OIE).
Aa i?eiaiaiea i?aaenoaaeyao niaie naiia ino?ia aoi?aeaiea a noa?o i?aa a?aaeaeai
ia naiaiaeo e ee/ioth iai?eeiniiaaiiinoue, aa?aioe?iaaiiuo Eiinoeoooeeae ?O (no.
22) i?aa e naiaiae /aeiaaea e a?aaeaeaieia ?O. A Iaaeaeoia?iaeiii iaeoa i
a?aaeaeaineeo e iieeoe/aneeo i?aaao onoaiiaeaii, /oi ieeoi ia iiaeao auoue
iiaeaa?aioo i?iecaieueiiio a?anoo eee niaea?aeaieth iiae no?aaeae.
Ieeoi ia aeieaeai auoue eeoai naiaiaeu eia/a eae ia oii iniiaaiee e a
niioaaonoaee n oaeie i?ioeaaeo?ie, eioi?ay onoaiiaeaia caeiiii.
A?anoiaaiiue, iiaeic?aaaaiue eee iaaeiyaiue eciee?oaony io iauanoaa,
niaea?aeeony a niaoeeaeueii io?aiyaiii iiiauaiee n niaethaeaieai onoaiiaeaiiiai
?aaeeia. Iiyoiio i?eiaiaiea ia?u i?ana/aiey niaea?aeaiey iiae no?aaeae
iaoneiaeaii ii?aaeaeaiiui n?ieii e iniauie oneiaeyie. Ca caaaaeiii iacaeiiiue
a?ano aeiiaiua ianoo i?aaeoniio?aiioth oaieiaiui caeiiii ioaaonoaaiiinoue (no.
178 OE).
Niaeanii no. 22 Eiinoeoooeee ?O ia?a i?ana/aiey niaea?aeaiea iiae no?aaeae
aeiioneaaony oieueei ii noaeaaiiio ?aoaieth. Ii aei i?eaaaeaiey
oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiiai caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaa ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee a
niioaaonoaea n Eiinoeoooeeae ?O nio?aiyaony i?aaeiee ii?yaeie a?anoa e
niaea?aeaiey iiae no?aaeae (/. 2 i. 6 ?acae. 2 Eiinoeoooeee), o. a. nio?aiytho naia
aeaenoaea nouanoaothuay i?ioeaaeo?a, i?ioeannoaeueiua i?aaeea eca?aiey yoie ia?u
i?ana/aiey. A noaaeee i?aaeaa?eoaeueiiai ?anneaaeiaaiey a?ano i?iecaiaeeony n
naieoeee i?ieo?i?a, a a noaeaaiuo noaaeeyo – ii noaeaaiiio ?aoaieth. Iaeiaei
caeiiiaeaoaeue oaea nae/an i?eiaiaiea caeeth/aiey iiae no?aaeo a ea/anoaa ia?u
i?ana/aiey e i?iaeeaiea n?iea niaea?aeaiey iiae no?aaeae iinoaaee iiae noaeaaiue
eiio?ieue (no. 220 – 220 OIE).
Caeeth/aiea iiae no?aaeo i?eiaiyaony ii aeaeai i i?anooieaieyo, ca eioi?ua
caeiiii i?aaeoniio?aii iaeacaiea a aeaea eeoaiey naiaiaeu ia n?ie nauoa iaeiiai
aiaea. A eneeth/eoaeueiuo neo/ayo yoa ia?a i?ana/aiey iiaeao auoue i?eiaiaia ii
aeaeai i i?anooieaieyo, ca eioi?ua caeiiii i?aaeoniio?aii iaeacaiea a aeaea
eeoaiey naiaiaeu e ia n?ie ia nauoa iaeiiai aiaea (i?eiaiaiea yoie ia?u
i?ana/aiey a oaeii neo/aa e?aeia ?aaeei).
Iniiaaiey aeey eca?aiey aeaiiie ia?u i?ana/aiey aeieaeiu auoue ouaoaeueii
i?iaa?aiu, o/oaia ee/iinoue, ?iae caiyoee, aic?ano, ninoiyiea caei?iauey
iaaeiyaiiai (iiaeic?aaaaiiai) e ae?oaea ianoiyoaeuenoaa. I?e niaa?oaiee
iaeaieaa oyaeeeo i?anooieaiee, ia?a/eneaiiuo a /. 2 no. 96 OIE, caeeth/aiea
iiae no?aaeo a ea/anoaa ia?u i?ana/aiey iiaeao auoue i?eiaiaii ii iioeaai iaeiie
eeoue iianiinoe i?anooieaiey. Oaeoe/anee o/eouaaaony ia oieueei yoi, ii e oi,
/oi a yoii neo/aa anaaaea anoue iniiaaiea iieaaaoue, /oi iaaeiyaiue ne?iaony io
neaaenoaey e noaea eee aoaeao caieiaoueny i?anooiiie aeayoaeueiinoueth, eee
i?aiyonoaiaaoue onoaiiaeaieth enoeiu.
I?e ?aoaiee aii?ina i naieoeee ia a?ano i?ieo?i? iaycai ouaoaeueii
iciaeiieoueny ni anaie iaoa?eaeaie, niaea?aeaueie iniiaaiey aeey caeeth/aiey iiae
no?aaeo, e a iaiaoiaeeiuo neo/ayo ee/ii aeii?ineoue iiaeic?aaaaiiai eee
iaaeiyaiiai, a ianiaa?oaiiieaoiaai iiaeic?aaaaiiai eee iaaeiyaiiai – ai anao
neo/ayo (no. 96 OIE). A yoii aaaeiay aa?aioey oiai, /oi i?eiaiaiea noieue
no?iaie ia?u i?ana/aiey aoaeao iainiiaaiiui, a a ioiioaiee ianiaa?oaiiieaoieo
noaiao aiciiaeiui eeoue a eneeth/eoaeueiuo neo/ayo, anee iaiaoiaeeiinoue a?anoa
aucuaaaony oyaeanoueth niaa?oaiiiai i?anooieaiey e eiathony iniiaaiey, oeacaiiua
a no. 91, 96, 122 OIE (no. 393 OIE).
I?aai naieoeeiie?iaaoue a?ano i?eiaaeeaaeeo i?ieo?i?ai, ia?a/eneaiiui a /.
4 no. 96 OIE. E iei ioiinyony i?ieo?i?u, aicaeaaeythuea i?ieo?aoo?u, ia/eiay
io Aaia?aeueiiai i?ieo?i?a ?O aei ?aeiiiuo e ai?iaeneeo i?ieo?i?ia, e
caianoeoaee i?ieo?i?ia, aeaenoaothuea ia i?aaao i?ieo?i?ia iaeanoae.
A?oaui ia?ooaieai caeiia i?eciaaony eae iaiainiiaaiiue a?ano, oae e
inoaaeaiea iaaeiyaiiai ia naiaiaea, eiaaea caeeth/aiea iiae no?aaeo yaeyaony
iaiaoiaeeiie ia?ie, iaania/eaathuae auiieiaiea o?aaiaaiee no. 89 OIE.
Ioaaonoaaiiinoue ca yoi ianoo eae i?ieo?i?, ?aoeaoee aii?in i naieoeee, oae e
aeieaeiinoiua eeoea, i?iecaiaeyuea ?anneaaeiaaiea.
Eiinoeoooeeiiiua aa?aioee i?aa ee/iinoe e yooaeoeaiinoue oaieiaiiai
noaeii?iecaiaenoaa o?aaotho no?iaiai niaethaeaiey onoaiiaeaiiuo caeiiii n?ieia
niaea?aeaiey iaaeiyaiuo (iiaeic?aaaaiuo) iiae no?aaeae (no. 97,90 OIE).
Niaea?aeaiea iiae no?aaeae iaaeiyaiiai ia iiaeao i?iaeieaeaoueny aieaa aeaoo
ianyoeaa. I?ieo?i? ?aeiia, ai?iaeneie i?ieo?i? e i?e?aaiaiiua e iei i?ieo?i?u
a neo/aa iaaiciiaeiinoe caeii/eoue ?anneaaeiaaiea e i?e ionoonoaee iniiaaiee
aeey eciaiaiey ia?u i?ana/aiey iiaoo i?iaeeeoue yoio n?ie aei o?ao ianyoeaa.
Aeaeueiaeoaa i?iaeeaiea n?iea iiaeao auoue inouanoaeaii eeoue aaeaeo iniaie
neiaeiinoe aeaea i?ieo?i?ii iaeanoe, e?ay, ?anioaeeee a ninoaaa ?inneeneie
Oaaea?aoeee, aaoiiiiiie iaeanoe, aaoiiiiiiai ie?oaa eee i?e?aaiaiiui e iei
i?ieo?i?ii aei oanoe ianyoeaa. Aaia?aeueiiio i?ieo?i?o ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee e
aai caianoeoaeyi i?aaeinoaaeaiu iieiiii/ey ii i?iaeeaieth n?ieia niaea?aeaiey iiae
no?aaeae iaaeiyaiuo eeoue a eneeth/eoaeueiuo neo/ayo ii aeaeai i oyaeeeo
i?anooieaieyo. Aaia?aeueiue i?ieo?i? eiaao i?aai i?iaeeeoue n?ie niaea?aeaiey
iaaeiyaiuo iiae no?aaeae aei iieooi?a eao, a aai caianoeoaee – aei iaeiiai aiaea
Aii?in i niaea?aeaiee iaaeiyaiuo iiae no?aaeae ia n?ie nauoa iaeiiai aiaea
i?aaeaa?eoaeueii ?anniao?eaaaony ia eieeaaee Aaia?aeueiie i?ieo?aoo?u ?O.
Aeaeueiaeoaa i?iaeeaiea n?iea ia aeiioneaaony, niaea?aeaueeny iiae no?aaeae
iaaeiyaiue iiaeeaaeeo iaiaaeeaiiiio inaiaiaeaeaieth.
Anee ia?a i?ana/aiey eca?aia a ioiioaiee iiaeic?aaaaiiai, oi aio aeieaeii
auoue i?aaeuyaeaii iaaeiaiea ia iicaeiaa aeanyoe nooie n iiiaioa aa i?eiaiaiey
eee n iiiaioa aai caaea?aeaiey. Anee a yoio n?ie iaaeiaiea ia aoaeao
i?aaeuyaeaii, ia?a i?ana/aiey ioiaiyaony.
Iaoa?eaeu ieii/aiiiai ?anneaaeiaaieai oaieiaiiai aeaea aeieaeiu auoue
i?aaeuyaeaiu aeey iciaeiieaiey iaaeiyaiiio e aai caueoieeo ia iicaeiaa /ai ca
ianyoe aei enoa/aiey i?aaeaeueiiai n?iea niaea?aeaiey iiae no?aaeae.
A?aiy iciaeiieaiey iaaeiyaiiai e aai caueoieea n iaoa?eaeaie oaieiaiiai
aeaea i?e en/eneaiee n?iea niaea?aeaiey iiae no?aaeae a ea/anoaa ia?u i?ana/aiey
ia o/eouaaaony. Yoi i?aaeei onoaiiaeaii aeey oiai, /oiau neaaeiaaoaeue,
i?ieo?i? ia ia?aie/eaaee a?aiy iciaeiieaiey iaaeiyaiiai e aai caueoieea n
aeaeii aaeaeo ieii/aiey n?iea niaea?aeaiey iiae no?aaeae.
I?e aica?auaiee noaeii ia iiaia ?anneaaeiaaiea aeaea, ii eioi?iio n?ie
niaea?aeaiey iaaeiyaiiai iiae no?aaeae enoae, a ii ianoiyoaeuenoaai aeaea ia?a
i?ana/aiey a aeaea niaea?aeaiey iiae no?aaeae eciaiaia auoue ia iiaeao, i?iaeeaiea
n?iea niaea?aeaiey iiae no?aaeae i?iecaiaeeony i?ieo?i?ii, inouanoaeythuei iaaeci?
ca neaaenoaeai, – a i?aaeaeao iaeiiai ianyoea n iiiaioa iinooieaiey e iaio aeaea.
Aeaeueiaeoaa i?iaeeaiea oeacaiiiai n?iea i?iecaiaeeony n o/aoii a?aiaie
i?aauaaiey iaaeiyaiiai iiae no?aaeae aei iai?aaeaiey aeaea a noae a ii?yaeea e
i?aaeaeao, onoaiiaeaiiuo no. 97 OIE.
A n?ie niaea?aeaiey iaaeiyaiiai iiae no?aaeae a ea/anoaa ia?u i?ana/aiey a
ia?eiae aeiciaiey eee i?aaeaa?eoaeueiiai neaaenoaey aeeth/aaony a?aiy oaeoe/aneiai
iaoiaeaeaiey eeoea iiae no?aaeae n iiiaioa caaea?aeaiey a ii?yaeea no. 122 OIE e aei
iai?aaeaiey i?ieo?i?ii aeaea a noae.
A yoio n?ie, oaeei ia?acii, aeeth/aaony n?ie (iyoue nooie) n iiiaioa
ia?aaea/e aeaea neaaeiaaoaeai i?ieo?i?o eee aai caianoeoaeth n iaaeieoaeueiui
caeeth/aieai aei ia?aaea/e aeaea i?ieo?i?ii eee aai caianoeoaeai a noae (no. 214
OIE). A n?ie niaea?aeaiey iiae no?aaeae aeeth/aaony oaeaea a?aiy iaoiaeaeaiey
iaaeiyaiiai eee iiaeic?aaaaiiai a ineoeao?e/aneii ea/aaiii o/?aaeaeaiee i?e
i?iecaiaenoaa noaeaaii-ineoeao?e/aneie yenia?oecu (no. 188 OIE): a?aiy
iaoiaeaeaiey eeoea iiae no?aaeae aei i?ae?auaiey eee i?einoaiiaeaiey oaieiaiiai
aeaea, anee auei ioiaiaii iinoaiiaeaiea i i?ae?auaiee aeaea eee aeaei auei
aiciaiiaeaii.
Ia/aeueiee ianoa i?aaeaa?eoaeueiiai caeeth/aiey iaycai ia iicaeiaa naie
nooie aei enoa/aiey n?iea niaea?aeaiey iiae no?aaeae ienueiaiii oaaaeiieoue ia yoii
aeieaeiinoiia eeoei eee i?aai, a i?iecaiaenoaa eioi?iai iaoiaeeony aeaei, a oaeaea
i?ieo?i?a, inouanoaeythuaai iaaeci? ca niaethaeaieai caeiiiinoe a ianoao
i?aaeaa?eoaeueiiai caeeth/aiey.
I i?iaeeaiee n?iea niaea?aeaiey iiae no?aaeae neaaeiaaoaeue eee eeoei,
i?iecaiaeyuaa aeiciaiea, auiinyo niioaaonoaothuaa iinoaiiaeaiea e iai?aaeytho
aai i?ieo?i?o, eioi?ue naia niaeanea au?aaeaao ?aciethoeeae ia iinoaiiaeaiee
neaaeiaaoaey. I?aaeeueiie i?aaenoaaeyaony i?aeoeea, eiaaea i?ieo?i? naia ?aoaiea
iaeaeaao a oi?io iioeae?iaaiiiai iinoaiiaeaiey, iineieueeo caeanue ?a/ue eaeao ia
ia?aie/aiee aaaeiaeoaai eiinoeoooeeiiiiai i?aaa a?aaeaeaieia ia naiaiaeo.
A ?yaea neo/aaa aeey i?eiaiaiey caeeth/aiey iiae no?aaeo a ea/anoaa ia?u
i?ana/aiey o?aaothony iniaua aa?aioee iai?eeiniiaaiiinoe. Aii?in i
caaea?aeaiee, a?anoa aeaiooaoa Niaaoa Oaaea?aoeee eee aeaiooaoa Ainoaea?noaaiiie
Aeoiu ?aoaaony ii i?aaenoaaeaieth aaia?aeueiiai i?ieo?i?a ?O niioaaonoaothuae
iaeaoie Oaaea?aeueiiai nia?aiey (no. 98 Eiinoeoooeee ?O, no. 18 Caeiia i
noaoona aeaiooaoa. Noaeuey ia iiaeao auoue caeeth/ai iiae no?aaeo aac niaeaney
niioaaonoaothuae eaaeeoeeaoeeiiiie eieeaaee noaeae. Caeeth/aiea noaeuee iiae no?aaeo
aeiioneaaony ia eia/a eae n naieoeee Aaia?aeueiiai i?ieo?i?a ?O eee eeoea,
eniieiythuaai aai iaycaiiinoe, eeai ?aoaieai noaea (no. 16 Caeiia i noaoona
noaeae a ?O).
Caeeth/aiea iiae no?aaeo yaeyaony aaeeinoaaiiie ia?ie i?ana/aiey, eioi?ay
can/eouaaaony a n?ie iacia/aiiiai noaeii iaeacaiey.
I?aai aeiciaiey, neaaeiaaoaeue, i?ieo?i? e noae iaycaiu i?e iaee/ee o
a?anoiaaiiiai ianiaa?oaiiieaoieo aeaoae, inoaaoeony aac iaaeci?a, ia?aaeaoue eo
ia iiia/aiea ?iaenoaaiieeai, ae?oaei eeoeai eee o/?aaeaeaieyi. Iie aeieaeiu oaeaea
i?eiyoue ia?u ii io?aia aai aeeeeua e eiouanoaa, i /ai oaaaeiieoue caeeth/aiiiai.
I i?eiaiaiee caeeth/aiey iiae no?aaeo auiineony iioeae?iaaiiia
iinoaiiaeaiea (noaeii – ii?aaeaeaiea), a eioi?ii oeacuaathony, a eaeii
i?anooieaiee iaaeiyaony eee iiaeic?aaaaony eeoei, e iniiaaiey aeey eca?aiiie
ia?u i?ana/aiey. Iinoaiiaeaiea (ii?aaeaeaiea) iauyaeyaony a?anoiaaiiiio. Iii
ninoaaeyaony a /aou?ao yecaiiey?ao: iaeei i?eiauaaony e aeaeo, ae?oaie – e
iaaethaeaoaeueiiio i?iecaiaenoao, a inoaeueiua iai?aaeythony auoanoiyuaio
i?ieo?i?o e ia/aeueieeo ianoa i?aaeaa?eoaeueiiai caeeth/aiey.
N iinoaiiaeaieai ia eca?aiee ia?u i?ana/aiey a ioiioaiee iiaeic?aaaaiiai
eee iaaeiyaiiai ai?aaa ciaeiieoueny e caueoiee, eioi?ue i?eiye ia naay
iaycaiiinoue ieacuaaoue iiiiuue naiaio iiaecaueoiiio. Caueoiee iaycai
eniieueciaaoue ana oeacaiiua a caeiia n?aaenoaa e niiniau caueou, iai?aaeaiiua
ia niya/aiea o/anoey iiaeic?aaaaiiai eee iaaeiyaiiai, a oii /enea
oiaeaoaenoaiaaoue ia ioiaia eee eciaiaiee eca?aiiie ia?u i?ana/aiey, a oaeaea
iaaeaeiaaoue ?aoaiea i?ieo?i?a ia eca?aiee ia?u i?ana/aiey auoanoiyuaio
i?ieo?i?o (no. 220 OIE).

7. Iaaeaeiaaiea a noae a?anoa eee i?iaeeaiey n?iea niaea?aeaiey iiae no?aaeae

A no. 33 Aeaeea?aoeee i?aa e naiaiae /aeiaaea e a?aaeaeaieia a?anoiaaiiue e
aai caueoiee eiatho i?aai iaaeaeiaaoue a noae iacaeiiii eca?aiioth, ii eo iiaieth,
ia?o i?ana/aiey. I?ioeaaeo?a iaaeaeiaaiey e noaeaaiiai ?anniio?aiey aeaeiau ia
iacaeiiiia e iaiainiiaaiiia caeeth/aiea iiae no?aaeo eee i?iaeeaiea n?iea
niaea?aeaiey iiae no?aaeae i?aaeoniio?aia no. 220 e 220 OIE.
AEaeiaa i?eiineony a noae eeoeii, niaea?aeaueiny iiae no?aaeae, aai caueoieeii
eee caeiiiui i?aaenoaaeoaeai iaiin?aaenoaaiii eeai /a?ac eeoei, i?iecaiaeyuaa
aeiciaiea, neaaeiaaoaey eee i?ieo?i?a.
Aaeieieno?aoeey ianoa niaea?aeaiey eeoea iiae no?aaeae ii iieo/aiee
aae?aniaaiiie noaeo aeaeiau yoiai eeoea ia a?ano eee i?iaeeaiea n?iea niaea?aeaiey
iiae no?aaeae iaycaia iaiaaeeaiii e, ai anyeii neo/aa, ia iicaeiaa aeaaaeoeaoe
/aou?ao /ania n iiiaioa aa iieo/aiey iai?aaeoue aeaeiao a niioaaonoaothuee noae
n oaaaeiieaieai i oii i?ieo?i?a.
Eeoei, i?iecaiaeyuaa aeiciaiea, neaaeiaaoaeue e i?ieo?i? iaycaiu a oa/aiea
aeaaaeoeaoe /aou?ao /ania iai?aaeoue a noae iinooieaooth aeaeiao aianoa n
iaoa?eaeaie, iiaeoaa?aeaeathueie caeiiiinoue e iainiiaaiiinoue i?eiaiaiey
caeeth/aiey iiae no?aaeo a ea/anoaa ia?u i?ana/aiey eee i?iaeeaiey n?iea
niaea?aeaiey iiae no?aaeae, a i?e iaiaoiaeeiinoe – oaeaea e ni naieie
iauyniaieyie. A neo/aa anee aeaeiaa auea i?eianaia /a?ac aaeieieno?aoeeth ianoa
niaea?aeaiey iiae no?aaeae, i?ieo?i? iaycai iai?aaeoue a noae oeacaiiua iaoa?eaeu
e iauyniaiey a oa/aiea aeaaaeoeaoe /aou?ao /ania n iiiaioa iieo/aiey io
aaeieieno?aoeee ianoa niaea?aeaiey eeoea iiae no?aaeae oaaaeiieaiey i iiaea/a yoei
eeoeii aeaeiau.
I?eianaiea aeaeiau ai?aaeue aei aa ?ac?aoaiey ia i?einoaiaaeeaaao aeaenoaea
iinoaiiaeaiey i i?eiaiaiee caeeth/aiey iiae no?aaeo a ea/anoaa ia?u i?ana/aiey
e ia aea/ao inaiaiaeaeaiey eeoea ec-iiae no?aaee, anee yoi ia iaeaeao ioaeiui
naeaeaoue eeoei, i?iecaiaeyuaa aeiciaiea, neaaeiaaoaeue eee i?ieo?i?.
Noaeaaiay i?iaa?ea caeiiiinoe e iainiiaaiiinoe i?eiaiaiey yoie ia?u
i?ana/aiey, a ?aaii e i?iaeeaiey n?iea niaea?aeaiey iiae no?aaeae i?iecaiaeeony
noaeueae ii ianoo niaea?aeaiey eeoea iiae no?aaeae, ii, ai anyeii neo/aa, ia oai
noaeueae, eioi?ue aoaeao ?anniao?eaaoue aeaei ii nouanoao n oai, /oiau auianaiea
?aoaiey ia aeeyei ia aioo?aiiaa oaaaeaeaiea noaea i aeieacaiiinoe aeiu
iaaeiyaiiai.
Noaeuey i?iaa?yao caeiiiinoue e iainiiaaiiinoue a?anoa eee i?iaeeaiey n?iea
niaea?aeaiey iiae no?aaeae ia iicaeiaa o?ao nooie ni aeiy iieo/aiey iaoa?eaeia,
iiaeoaa?aeaeathueo caeiiiinoue e iainiiaaiiinoue yoie ia?u i?ana/aiey.
Noaeaaiay i?iaa?ea i?iecaiaeeony a cae?uoii canaaeaiee n o/anoeai
i?ieo?i?a, caueoieea, anee ii o/anoaoao a aeaea, a oaeaea caeiiiiai
i?aaenoaaeoaey eeoea, niaea?aeauaainy iiae no?aaeae. Noaeuey aucuaaao a canaaeaiea
a?anoiaaiiiai. Iayaea aac oaaaeeoaeueiuo i?e/ei noi?ii, naiaa?aiaiii
ecaauaiiuo i aeia ?anniio?aiey aeaeiau, ia i?aiyonoaoao noaeaaiie i?iaa?ea.
Noaeaaiay i?iaa?ea a ionoonoaea a?anoiaaiiiai aeiioneaaony eeoue a
eneeth/eoaeueiuo neo/ayo, eiaaea ii oiaeaoaenoaoao i ?anniio?aiee aeaeiau a aai
ionoonoaea eeai ii nianoaaiiie eieoeeaoeaa ioeacuaaaony io o/anoey a
canaaeaiee.
A ia/aea canaaeaiey noaeuey iauyaeyao, eaeay aeaeiaa iiaeeaaeeo ?anniio?aieth,
i?aaenoaaeyaony yaeaoeiny ia canaaeaiea eeoeai, ?acuyniyao ei i?aaa e
iaycaiiinoe. Caoai cayaeoaeue, anee ii o/anoaoao a ?anniio?aiee aeaeiau,
iainiiauaaao aa, iinea /aai caneooeaathony ae?oaea yaeaoeany ia canaaeaiea
eeoea.
A ?acoeueoaoa noaeaaiie i?iaa?ee noaeuey auiineo iaeii ec neaaeothueo
iinoaiiaeaiee: 1) ia ioiaia ia?u i?ana/aiey a aeaea caeeth/aiey iiae no?aaeo e
ia inaiaiaeaeaiee eeoea ec-iiae no?aaee: 2) ia inoaaeaiee aeaeiau aac
oaeiaeaoai?aiey.
A neo/aa anee a canaaeaiea ia i?aaenoaaeaiu iaoa?eaeu, iiaeoaa?aeaeathuea
caeiiiinoue e iainiiaaiiinoue a?anoa eee i?iaeeaiey n?iea niaea?aeaiey iiae
no?aaeae, noaeuey auiineo iinoaiiaeaiea ia ioiaia yoie ia?u i?ana/aiey e ia
inaiaiaeaeaiee eeoea ec-iiae no?aaee.
Iinoaiiaeaiea noaeuee aeieaeii auoue iioeae?iaaiiui. Noaeuey ai?aaa
iaeiia?aiaiii n auianaieai iinoaiiaeaiey ia ioiaia ia?u i?ana/aiey a aeaea
caeeth/aiey iiae no?aaeo eca?aoue ethaoth ae?oaoth i?aaeoniio?aiioth aaaiiii ia?o
i?ana/aiey.
Eiiey iinoaiiaeaiey noaeuee iai?aaeyaony i?ieo?i?o e cayaeoaeth, a a
neo/aa i?eiyoey ?aoaiey ia inaiaiaeaeaiee eeoea ec-iiae no?aaee – oaeaea ii ianoo
niaea?aeaiey caeeth/aiiiai iiae no?aaeae aeey iaiaaeeaiiiai eniieiaiey. Anee
a?anoiaaiiue o/anoaoao a canaaeaiee, ii a oeacaiiii neo/aa inaiaiaeaeaaony
noaeueae ec-iiae no?aaee iaiaaeeaiii a caea noaeaaiiai canaaeaiey.
Anee aeaeiaa inoaaeaia aac oaeiaeaoai?aiey, iiaoi?iia ?anniio?aiea noaeueae
aeaeiau oiai aea eeoea ii oiio aea aeaeo a ii?yaeea, i?aaeoniio?aiiii no. 220 OIE,
aeiioneaaony, anee caeeth/aiea iiae no?aaeo a ea/anoaa ia?u i?ana/aiey auei
aiiaue eca?aii iinea aa ioiaiu eee eciaiaiey eeoeii, i?iecaiaeyuei aeiciaiea,
neaaeiaaoaeai eee i?ieo?i?ii.

8. Caeia

Caeia ninoaaeytho aeaiueae eee oeaiiinoe, aiineiua a aeaiiceo noaea
iaaeiyaiui, iiaeic?aaaaiui eeai ae?oaei eeoeii eee i?aaiecaoeeae aeey iaania/aiey
yaee iaaeiyaiiai, iiaeic?aaaaiiai ii auciao eeoea, i?iecaiaeyuaai aeiciaiea,
neaaeiaaoaey, i?ieo?i?a, noaea (no. 99 OIE). Iinoaiiaeaiea ia eca?aiee yoie
ia?u i?ana/aiey aeieaeii auoue naieoeeiie?iaaii i?ieo?i?ii.
Noiia caeiaa ii?aaeaeyaony i?aaiii, eca?aaoei yoo ia?o i?ana/aiey, a
niioaaonoaee n ianoiyoaeuenoaaie aeaea. Aa iiaoo aianoe e?iia iaaeiyaiiai
(iiaeic?aaaaiiai) aai ?iaenoaaiieee, ae?ocuey, i?aaiecaoeee. I?e aianaiee caeiaa
caeiaiaeaoaeue aeieaeai auoue iinoaaeai a ecaanoiinoue i nouiinoe aeaea, ii
eioi?iio eca?aia aeaiiay ia?a i?ana/aiey. I i?eiyoee caeiaa ninoaaeyaony
i?ioieie, eiiey eioi?iai a?o/aaony caeiaiaeaoaeth.
A neo/aa oeeiiaiey iaaeiyaiiai (iiaeic?aaaaiiai) io yaee ii auciao eeoea,
i?iecaiaeyuaai aeiciaiea, neaaeiaaoaey, i?ieo?i?a, noaea, aianaiiue caeia
ia?auaaony a aeioiae ainoaea?noaa ii?aaeaeaieai noaea, auianaiiui a ii?yaeea,
i?aaeoniio?aiiii no. 323 OIE.
Caeia eae ia?a i?ana/aiey aiciiaeai oieueei ia aeia?iaieueiuo ia/aeao.
Caeiaiaeaoaeue ai?aaa ioeacaoueny io i?eiaiaiiie ia?u i?ana/aiey i?e
ii?aaeaeaiiuo oneiaeyo (i?aaenoiyuee auacae ca a?aieoeo, i?ecua a a?ieth e o.
ae.).

9. Iaaethaeaiea eiiaiaeiaaiey aieineie /anoe

Iaaethaeaiea eiiaiaeiaaiey aieineie /anoe – ia?a i?ana/aiey, eioi?ay
i?eiaiyaony oieueei a ioiioaiee iaaeiyaiuo (iiaeic?aaaaiuo), yaeythueony
aiaiiineoaeaueie, e ninoieo a i?eiyoee ia?, i?aaeoniio?aiiuo onoaaii
Aii?oaeaiiuo Nee, aeey oiai, /oiau iaania/eoue iaaeeaaeauaa iiaaaeaiea e eo yaeo
ii auciaai eeoea, i?iecaiaeyuaai aeiciaiea, neaaeiaaoaey, i?ieo?i?a,. noaea (no.
100 OIE).
Aeaiiay ia?a i?ana/aiey i?aeoe/anee i?eiaiyaony eeoue a ioiioaiee
aiaiiineoaeaueo n?i/iie neoaeau, eioi?ua iau/ii iaoiaeyony ia eaca?iaiiii
iieiaeaiee. Ia a?aiy aeaenoaey ia?u i?ana/aiey iie eeoathony i?aaa iioaiey
i?oaeey, iinoiyiii iaoiaeyony iiae iaaethaeaieai naieo ia/aeueieeia eee eeoe
nooi/iiai ia?yaea, ia iai?aaeythony ia ?aaiou aia /anoe a iaeeii/iii ii?yaeea,
ia iacia/athony a ea?aoe, ia iiaoo ioeo/aoueny ec iiae?acaeaeaiey aac ?ac?aoaiey
eiiaiaeiaaiey, eeoathony oaieueiaiey a ai?iaeneie ioione.
I i?eiaiaiee aeaiiie ia?u i?ana/aiey eeoei, i?iecaiaeyuaa aeiciaiea,
neaaeiaaoaeue, i?ieo?i? auiinyo iinoaiiaeaiea,a noae – ii?aaeaeaiea. I?e yoii
niaeaney eiiaiaeiaaiey aieineie /anoe ia o?aaoaony.
A iinoaiiaeaiee eceaaaaony nouanoai aeaea, ii eioi?iio eca?aia aeaiiay
ia?a i?ana/aiey. Iieo/ea iinoaiiaeaiea, eiiaiaeiaaiea a ienueiaiiie oi?ia
niiauaao i?aaio, eca?aaoaio yoo ia?o i?ana/aiey, ia onoaiiaeaiee iaaethaeaiey.
A caeiia ia neacaii ia ioaaonoaaiiinoe eiiaiaeiaaiey aieineie /anoe ca
iaauiieiaiea eee iaiaaeeaaeauaa eniieiaiea iaycaiiinoae ii iaaethaeaieth, ii yoio
aii?in iiaeao ?aoaoueny enoiaey ec iieiaeaiee onoaaia Aii?oaeaiiuo Nee.

10. Ioaea/a ianiaa?oaiiieaoiaai iiae i?eniio? ?iaeeoaeae, iiaeoiia,
iiia/eoaeae, a ainieouaathueony a cae?uouo aeaoneeo o/?aaeaeaieyo – iiae iaaeci?
aaeieieno?aoeee yoeo o/?aaeaeaiee

Yoa ia?a i?ana/aiey ninoieo a i?eiyoee ia naay eai-eeai ec oeacaiiuo
eeoe ienueiaiiiai iaycaoaeuenoaa iaania/eoue yaeo ianiaa?oaiiieaoiaai e
neaaeiaaoaeth e a noae, a oaeaea aai, iaaeeaaeauaa iiaaaeaiea.
Oeacaiiay ia?a i?ana/aiey i?eiaiyaony ii i?inueaa eee n niaeaney
?iaeeoaeae, iiaeoiia, iiia/eoaeae. Io ?oeiaiaeeoaeae cae?uouo aeaoneeo
o/?aaeaeaiee (i?eaiieeia-?ani?aaeaeeoaeae, niaoeoeie e i?.) niaeaney ia
o?aaoaony, iie ia ai?aaa ioeacaoueny io ii?o/aiey.
A iinoaiiaeaiee neaaeiaaoaey eee ii?aaeaeaiee noaea ia ioaea/a iiae i?eniio?
oeacuaathony nouanoai iaaeiaiey e iniiaaiey eca?aiey ia?u i?ana/aiey. I
i?eiyoee iiae i?eniio? aeaaony iiaeienea, a eioi?ie aa?ouee ia naay
iaycaoaeuenoai iaania/eoue oneiaey, i?e eioi?uo ianiaa?oaiiieaoiee aoaeao aanoe
naay iaaeeaaeauei ia?acii, n oai, /oiau oeaeue ia?u i?ana/aiey auea aeinoeaiooa.
?iaeeoaeth, iiaeoio, iiia/eoaeth ?acuyniythony oa?aeoa? i?anooieaiey, a eioi?ii
iaaeiyaony eee iiaeic?aaaaony ianiaa?oaiiieaoiee, a oaeaea ioaaonoaaiiinoue ca
iaauiieiaiea acyoiai iaycaoaeuenoaa. Eaaeaeue ec ieo iiaeao ioeacaoueny io
aeaeueiaeoaai aai eniieiaiey.
A neo/aa ia?ooaiey i?eiyoie ia naay iaycaiiinoe ?iaeeoaee, iiaeoiu,
iiia/eoaee ianoo ioaaonoaaiiinoue a niioaaonoaee n /. 2 no. 94 OIE. Yoa ia?a
ia i?eiaiyaony e i?aaenoaaeoaeyi aaeieieno?aoeee cae?uouo aeaoneeo o/?aaeaeaiee,
yaeythueony aeieaeiinoiuie eeoeaie. A caaeneiinoe io oa?aeoa?a ia?ooaiey
i?eiyoiai iaycaoaeuenoaa, aai iineaaenoaee iie iiaoo ianoe eae aeenoeeieeia?ioth,
oae e oaieiaioth ioaaonoaaiiinoue.

11. Ioiaia e eciaiaiea ia? i?ana/aiey

Ethaay ia?a i?ana/aiey eiaao no?iai oeaeaaia iacia/aiea. Iia ioiaiyaony,
eiaaea a iae ioiaaeaao aeaeueiaeoay iaiaoiaeeiinoue, eee caiaiyaony ia aieaa
no?iaoth eee aieaa iyaeoth, eiaaea yoi aucuaaaony ianoiyoaeuenoaaie aeaea. Ioiaia
eee eciaiaiea ia?u i?ana/aiey i?iecaiaeeony iioeae?iaaiiui iinoaiiaeaieai
eeoea, i?iecaiaeyuei aeiciaiea, neaaeiaaoaey eee i?ieo?i?a, iinoaiiaeaieai
noaeuee, a a noaeaaiii canaaeaiee – iioeae?iaaiiui ii?aaeaeaieai noaea.
Ioiaia eee eciaiaiea ia?u i?ana/aiey, eca?aiiie ii oeacaieth i?ieo?i?a,
aeiioneaaony a noaaeee i?aaeaa?eoaeueiiai ?anneaaeiaaiey oieueei n naieoeee
i?ieo?i?a (no. 101 OIE) eee noaeii.
A neo/aa aea/e i?ieo?i?ii ienueiaiiiai oeacaiey ia ioiaia eee eciaiaiee
ia?u i?ana/aiey iii aeieaeii auoue iaiaaeeaiii eniieiaii eeoeii, i?iecaiaeyuei
?anneaaeiaaiea (no. 211, 212 OIE).
Ia?a i?ana/aiey, eca?aiiay noaeii i?e iai?aaeaiee aeaea ia aeiiieieoaeueiia
?anneaaeiaaiea, ia naycuaaao neaaeiaaoaey i?e i?iecaiaenoaa neaaenoaey. Enoiaey
ec eiie?aoiuo ianoiyoaeuenoa aeaea, neaaeiaaoaeue ai?aaa eae ioiaieoue, oae e
eciaieoue eca?aiioth noaeii ia?o i?ana/aiey.
Ia?a i?ana/aiey ioiaiyaony ai anao neo/ayo i?ae?auaiey oaieiaiiai aeaea,
ii?aaaeaiey iiaenoaeeiiai eeai iinoaiiaeaiey iaaeieoaeueiiai i?eaiai?a n
oneiaiui inoaeaeaieai, n ion?i/eie eniieiaiey i?eaiai?a ianiaa?oaiiieaoiaio,
aac iacia/aiey iaeacaiey eee n inaiaiaeaeaieai io iaeacaiey.
Iinoaiiaeaiea ia ioiaia eee eciaiaiee ia?u i?ana/aiey iauyaeyaony
iaaeiyaiiio, a a neo/ayo, i?aaeoniio?aiiuo no. 94, 95, 99, 100, 394 OIE,
oaeaea ii?o/eoaeyi, caeiaiaeaoaeyi, eiiaiaeiaaieth aieineie /anoe, ?iaeeoaeyi,
iiaeoiai, iiia/eoaeyi eee aaeieieno?aoeee aeaoneiai o/?aaeaeaiey.
A neo/aa iacaeiiiiai i?eiaiaiey caeeth/aiey iiae no?aaeo a ea/anoaa ia?u
i?ana/aiey i?e/eiaiiue a?aaeaeaieio oua?a aiciauaaony ainoaea?noaii a iieiii
iauaia (no. 58).
Iniaaiiay /anoue
Aeinoaeaaiia i?iecaiaenoai
Aeaaa 1X. Aicaoaeaeaiea oaieiaiiai aeaea
1. Iiiyoea e cia/aiea noaaeee aicaoaeaeaiey oaieiaiiai aeaea

Aicaoaeaeaiea oaieiaiiai aeaea – ia/aeueiay noaaeey oaieiaiiai i?ioeanna. A
yoie noaaeee iieiiii/iua i?aaiu ainoaea?noaa e aeieaeiinoiua eeoea, iieo/ea
naaaeaiey i niaa?oaiiii eee aioiayuainy i?anooieaiee, onoaiaaeeaatho iaee/ea
eee ionoonoaea iniiaaiee aeey i?iecaiaenoaa ii oaieiaiiio aeaeo e i?eieiatho
?aoaiea i aicaoaeaeaiee oaieiaiiai aeaea.
Aicaoaeaeaiea oaieiaiiai aeaea – iaycaoaeueiay noaaeey oaieiaiiai i?ioeanna.
A yoie noaaeee iiaeeaaeao auyniaieth eae ianoiyoaeuenoaa, aeaeouea ca niaie
aicaoaeaeaiea oaieiaiiai aeaea, oae e eneeth/athuea i?iecaiaenoai ii aeaeo, oi anoue
ioeac a iai. I?eieiathony oaeaea ia?u e i?aaeoi?aaeaeaieth eee i?ana/aieth
i?anooieaiey, a ?aaii e cae?aieaieth neaaeia i?anooieaiey (no. 112 OIE). Caeii
o?aaoao, /oiau ii eaaeaeiio cayaeaieth eee niiauaieth auei i?eiyoi ?aoaiea eeai
i aicaoaeaeaiee, eeai ia ioeaca a aicaoaeaeaiee oaieiaiiai aeaea. Iiyoiio
aicaoaeaeaiea oaieiaiiai aeaea, anoue i?aaeoniio?aiiue caeiiii niinia

?aaae?iaaiey noaea, i?ieo?i?a, neaaeiaaoaey, i?aaiia aeiciaiey ia noaaoaa ei
ecaanoiui niauoea, eae ia i?anooieaiea, eioi?ia iaiaoiaeeii onoaiiaeoue, a
eeoei aai niaa?oeaoaa iiaeaa?aiooue iaeacaieth (no. 3 OIE).
Naiaa?aiaiiia aicaoaeaeaiea oaieiaiiai aeaea niinianoaoao oniaoiiio aai
?anneaaeiaaieth, oai aieaa eiaaea iii niaa?oaaony ii ai?y/ei neaaeai. E,
iai?ioea, caiicaeaeia ?aaae?iaaiea ia neaiae i niaa?oaiiii eee aioiayuainy
i?anooieaiee iiaeao i?eaanoe e oo?aoa aeieacaoaeuenoa e iioiio na?ueacii
cao?oaeieoue ?anneaaeiaaiea eeai ia?a/ue aai ia iaoaea/o.
Aei aicaoaeaeaiey oaieiaiiai aeaea ia iiaoo niaa?oaoueny neaaenoaaiiua
aeaenoaey, e?iia iniio?a ianoa i?ienoanoaey a neo/ayo, ia oa?iyueo
ioeaaaoaeuenoaa (no. 178 OIE).
Aeaiiia o?aaiaaiea iaoneiaeaii oai, /oi i?iecaiaenoai neaaenoaey nii?yaeaii
n aiciiaeiinoueth i?eiaiaiey ia? oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiiai i?eioaeaeaiey,
nouanoaaiii ouaieythueo e ia?aie/eaathueo eiinoeoooeeiiiua i?aaa e naiaiaeu eeoe,
aiaea/aiiuo a noa?o oaieiaiiai noaeii?iecaiaenoaa. A?aaeaeaia aucuaathony ia
aeii?inu, i?e/ai a neo/aa oeeiiaiey iie iiaoo auoue iiaeaa?aioou i?eaiaeo,
i?iecaiaeyony iaunee, auaiee, inaeaeaoaeuenoaiaaiey, inouanoaeythony e ae?oaea
ia?u, naycaiiua n aoi?aeaieai a ee/ioth aeeciue a?aaeaeai, e i?eoii ia oieueei
iaaeiyaiuo, ii oaeaea e ae?oaeo eeoe. Aeiionoeii e ii?aaaeaiii oaeia ia?aie/aiea
i?aa /aeiaaea eeoue i?e ii?aaeaeaiiuo ianoiyoaeuenoaao, e eioi?ui ioiineony
caueoa a?aaeaeaieia, iauanoaa io i?anooiiuo iinyaaoaeuenoa.

2. I?aaiu e eeoea, eiathuea i?aai aicaoaeaeaoue oaieiaiua aeaea

I?aaii aicaoaeaeaoue oaieiaiua aeaea iaeaaeatho: i?ieo?i?, i?aai aeiciaiey,
neaaeiaaoaeue, noaeuey (noae) (no. 3, 109, 112 OIE), i?e/ai eaaeaeue a i?aaeaeao
naiae eiiiaoaioeee. Ieeaeea ae?oaea i?aaiu ainoaea?noaa oaeei i?aaii ia
iaeaaeatho: eo ia?auaiea i i?eaea/aiee eeoea e oaieiaiie ioaaonoaaiiinoe iiaeao
?anniao?eaaoueny oieueei eae iiaiae e aicaoaeaeaieth oaieiaiiai aeaea.
I?ieo?i? ai?aaa aicaoaeeoue oaieiaiia aeaei i ethaii i?anooieaiee,
iacaaeneii io iiaeneaaenoaaiiinoe aeaea. Yoi auoaeaao ec aiceiaeaiiie ia
i?ieo?i?a ooieoeee oaieiaiiai i?aneaaeiaaiey, auiieiyy eioi?oth, “…ii a
neo/aa onoaiiaeaiey oaeoa ia?ooaiey caeiia… aicaoaeaeaao oaieiaiia aeaei”
(no. 1, i. 2 no. 21 Caeiia i i?ieo?aoo?a ?O).
Neaaeiaaoaeue aicaoaeaeaao oaieiaiua aeaea. a i?aaeaeao naiae eiiiaoaioeee,
enoiaey ec i?aaee i iiaeneaaenoaaiiinoe (no. 126 OIE).
I?aai aeiciaiey aicaoaeaeaao oaieiaiua aeaea a i?aaeaeao eiiiaoaioeee,
ii?aaeaeyaiie no. 117 OIE. Aianoa n oai i?aai aeiciaiey ai?aaa aicaoaeeoue e
aeaei, ii eioi?iio iaycaoaeueii i?iecaiaenoai i?aaeaa?eoaeueiiai neaaenoaey (no.
119 OIE). Iaeiaei iinea auiieiaiey iaioeiaeiuo neaaenoaaiiuo aeaenoaee oaeia
aeaei aeieaeii auoue ia?aaeaii ii iiaeneaaenoaaiiinoe neaaeiaaoaeth.
A no?iai ia?aie/aiiuo caeiiii neo/ayo ai?aaa aicaoaeeoue oaieiaiia aeaei e
noaeuey (noae). Iaeiaei n o/aoii iaiaoiaeeiinoe i?iaa?ee iniiaaiee aicaoaeaeaiey,
oeacaiiuo a caeiia, noaeuey oaeoe/anee aicaoaeaeaao oaieiaiua aeaea oieueei
/anoiiai iaaeiaiey (no. 112, 130 /. 1, no. 131 OIE). Aeaea ioaee/iiai
iaaeiaiey noaeuey (noae) aicaoaeaeatho iau/ii eeoue ii oaieiaiui aeaeai,
i?aaeoniio?aiiui no. 414 OIE: aeaea, aicaoaeaeaaiua a noaeaaiii canaaeaiee, anee
aoaeao onoaiiaeaii, /oi iiaenoaeeiue niaa?oee ae?oaia i?anooieaiea, ii eioi?iio
iaaeiaiea aio ia auei i?aaeuyaeaii (no. 255 OIE): eiaaea a noaeaaiii canaaeaiee
aoaeoo onoaiiaeaiu ianoiyoaeuenoaa, oeacuaathuea ia niaa?oaiea i?anooieaiey
eeoeii, ia i?eaea/aiiui e oaieiaiie ioaaonoaaiiinoe (no. 256 OIE)E?iia oiai,
noae ai?aaa aicaoaeeoue aeaei a noaeaaiii canaaeaiee a ioiioaiee naeaeaoaey,
iioa?iaaoaai e yenia?oa, aeaaoeo caaaaeiii eiaeiua iieacaiey eee caeeth/aiea (/.
3 no. 256 OIE).

3. Iiaiaeu e iniiaaiey e aicaoaeaeaieth oaieiaiiai aeaea

Aeey iaania/aiey caeiiiinoe e iainiiaaiiinoe aicaoaeaeaiey oaieiaiiai aeaea
onoaiiaeaiu oneiaey, eeoue i?e iaee/ee eioi?uo iiaeao auoue aicaoaeaeaii
i?iecaiaenoai ii aeaeo. Yoi i?aaeoniio?aiiua caeiiii iiaiaeu e iniiaaiey, a
oaeaea ionoonoaea ianoiyoaeuenoa, eneeth/athueo i?iecaiaenoai ii aeaeo (no. 5
OIE).
Iiaiaeu e aicaoaeaeaieth oaieiaiiai aeaea – yoi oa onoaiiaeaiiua caeiiii
enoi/ieee, ec eioi?uo iieiiii/iua i?aaiu ainoaea?noaa eee aeieaeiinoiua eeoea
iieo/atho eioi?iaoeeth i niaa?oaiiii eee aioiayuainy i?anooieaiee e eioi?ua
iaycuaatho eo i?eiyoue ?aoaiea i?enooieoue e i?iecaiaenoao ii oaieiaiiio aeaeo.
Niaeanii no. 108 OIE iiaiaeaie e aicaoaeaeaieth oaieiaiiai aeaea yaeythony:
cayaeaiey e ienueia a?aaeaeai: niiauaiey iauanoaaiiuo i?aaiecaoeee, o/?aaeaeaiee e
i?aaei?eyoee, i?aaiecaoeee e aeieaeiinoiuo eeoe: noaouee, caiaoee e ienueia,
iioaeeeiaaiiua a ia/aoe: yaea n iiaeiiie: e, iaeiiaoe, iaiin?aaenoaaiiia
iaia?oaeaiea i?aaiii aeiciaiey neaaeiaaoaeai, i?ieo?i?ii eee noaeii i?eciaeia
i?anooieaiey.
Cayaeaiey e ienueia a?aaeaeai – iaeaieaa ?ani?ino?aiaiiue iiaiae e
aicaoaeaeaieth oaieiaiiai aeaea. Iie i?aaenoaaeytho niaie aae?aniaaiiua i?aaiai,
oiieiiii/aiiui aicaoaeaeaoue oaieiaiua aeaea niiauaiey i niaa?oaiiii eee
aioiayuainy i?anooieaiee iacaaeneii io oiai, i?e/eiai ee i?anooiiui aeayieai
a?aae cayaeoaeth eee ae?oaei eeoeai e i?aaiecaoeeyi.
Caeiiii ii?aaeaeai ia?a/aiue oaieiaiuo aeae, eioi?ua iiaoo auoue aicaoaeaeaiu
ia eia/a eae ii aeaeiaa iioa?iaaoaai. Yoi aeaea /anoiiai e /anoii-ioaee/iiai
iaaeiaiey. Cayaeaiey a?aaeaeai iiaoo iaeaeaoueny eae a onoioth, oae e a
ienueiaiioth oi?io. Onoiua cayaeaiey caiinyony a i?ioieie, eioi?ue
iiaeienuaaaony cayaeoaeai e eeoeii, i?eiyaoei cayaeaiea. Cayaeoaeth aeieaeia auoue
?acuyniaia ioaaonoaaiiinoue ca caaaaeiii eiaeiue aeiiin ii no. 180 OE, i /ai
aeaeaaony ioiaoea a i?ioieiea cayaeaiey (/. 2 no. 110 OIE).
Neaiaeu i niaa?oaiiii eee aioiayuainy i?anooieaiee, iinooieaoea ii
oaeaoiio, aeieaeiu auoue caienaiu, i?eieiathuei eeoeii a aeaea oaeaoiiia?aiiu n
oeacaieai anao iaiaoiaeeiuo ?aeaeceoia cayaeoaey.
Aiiieiiua cayaeaiey ia iiaoo neoaeeoue iiaiaeii e aicaoaeaeaieth oaieiaiiai
aeaea, ii aeieaeiu iiaoaeaeaoue e i?iaa?ea niaea?aeaueony a ieo naaaeaiee i
i?ioeaii?aaiuo oaeoao iooai iia?aoeaii-?icuneiie aeayoaeueiinoe eee eiui ia
i?ioeannoaeueiui niiniaii Iiaiaeii e aicaoaeaeaieth oaieiaiiai aeaea a yoii neo/aa
iiaoo noaoue iieo/aiiua a ?acoeueoaoa oaeie i?iaa?ee aeaiiua.
I?e ii?aaeaeaiiuo ianoiyoaeuenoaao caeii onoaiaaeeaaao iaycaiiinoue
a?aaeaeai iiae no?aoii oaieiaiie ioaaonoaaiiinoe niiauaoue eiiiaoaioiui i?aaiai
i aeinoiaa?ii ecaanoiuo, aioiayueony eee niaa?oaiiuo oyaeeeo i?anooieaieyo
(no. 88-1, 190 OE).
Niiauaiey o/?aaeaeaiee, i?aaei?eyoee, i?aaiecaoeee e aeieaeiinoiuo eeoe
iiaeathony a ienueiaiiie oi?ia e aeieaeiu niaea?aeaoue iaiaoiaeeiua naaaeaiey i
niaa?oaiiii eee aioiayuainy i?anooieaiee.
Iinoaiiaeaieyie I?aaeoaeuenoaa, i?eeacaie, eino?oeoeeyie ?yaea ieienoa?noa
e aaaeiinoa ii?aaeaeaia iaycaiiinoue ?oeiaiaeeoaeae o/?aaeaeaiee, i?aaei?eyoee e
i?aaiecaoeee niiauaoue i niaa?oaiiuo i?anooieaieyo. Onoaiiaeai niaeaniaaiiue n
i?ieo?aoo?ie ii?yaeie iai?aaeaiey oaeeo niiauaiee a i?aaiu, eiathuea i?aai
aicaoaeaeaoue oaieiaiua aeaea. Oae, iaaeeoeeineea o/?aaeaeaiey iaycaiu iaiaaeeaiii
niiauaoue a i?aaiu ieeeoeee i neo/ayo aeinoaaeaiey a ieo eeoe n iaee/eai
oaeaniuo iia?aaeaeaiee, eiaaea anoue iniiaaiey iieaaaoue ia eo ianeeuenoaaiiii
oa?aeoa?a. ?oeiaiaeeoaee ainoaea?noaaiiuo i?aaei?eyoee iaycaiu niiauaoue i
niaa?oaiiuo oeuaieyo e iaaeinoa/ao, i ia?ooaieyo oaoieee aaciianiinoe,
iiaeaeoeo ian/anoiua neo/ae ia i?iecaiaenoaa.
Eiiiaoaioiua i?aaiu ainoaea?noaa (aeieaeiinoiua eeoea) ia ai?aaa ioeacuaaoue
a i?eaia cayaeaiey (niiauaiey) ii i?e/eia iaaeinoaoi/iuo aeaiiuo, a iai
niaea?aeaueony, iie iaycaiu naie i?eiyoue ia?u e i?iaa?ea e ainiieiaieth
iieo/aiiuo naaaeaiee.
Noaouee, caiaoee e ienueia, iioaeeeiaaiiua a ia/aoe, a ?aaii iaeioi?ua
ae?oaea oi?iu ei??aniiiaeaioeee neoaeao iiaiaeii e aicaoaeaeaieth aeaea, anee
niaea?aeao eiie?aoiua oaeou i aioiayueony eee niaa?oaiiua i?anooieaieyo.
Noaouee, caiaoee, ienueia, eioi?ua ?aaeaeoeeyie n?aaenoa ianniaie eioi?iaoeee ia
auee iioaeeeiaaiu e ia?aneaiu a i?ieo?aoo?o eee i?aaiu neaaenoaey, iiaoo
iineoaeeoue iiaiaeii e aicaoaeaeaieth oaieiaiiai aeaea a ea/anoaa cayaeaiee
iauanoaaiiuo i?aaiecaoeee eee ainoaea?noaaiiuo o/?aaeaeaiee eeai cayaeaiee e
ienai a?aaeaeai.
ssaea n iiaeiiie eae iiaiae e aicaoaeaeaieth aeaea ninoieo a niiauaiee,
naeaeaiiii i?aaio aeiciaiey, neaaeiaaoaeth, i?ieo?i?o eee noaeo eeoeii i
niaa?oaiee ei i?anooieaiey. A neo/aa yaee n iiaeiiie onoaiaaeeaaaony
ee/iinoue yaeaoaainy e ninoaaeyaony i?ioieie, a eioi?ii iiae?iaii eceaaaaony
naeaeaiiia cayaeaiea. I?ioieie iiaeienuaaaony yaeaoeiny n iiaeiiie e
aeieaeiinoiui eeoeii, i?eiyaoei cayaeaiea (no. 111 OIE). Anee a cayaeaiee
oeacaiu eiie?aoiua oaeou i?anooieaiey, niaa?oaiiiai yaeaoeiny n iiaeiiie, oi
yoi neoaeeo iiaiaeii e aicaoaeaeaieth oaieiaiiai “aeaea.
ssaea n iiaeiiie, ?aaii eae e /enoina?aea/iia ?aneayiea, a oaeaea aeoeaiia
niinianoaiaaiea ?ane?uoeth i?anooieaiey yaeythony ianoiyoaeuenoaaie,
niya/athueie ioaaonoaaiiinoue (i. 9 no. 38 OE), i /ai i?eiyaoaa cayaeaiea
aeieaeiinoiia eeoei aeieaeii niiaueoue yaeaoaiony n iiaeiiie. Aianoa n oai
iieo/aiiia i?eciaiea iiaeeaaeeo ouaoaeueiie i?iaa?ea e e?eoe/aneie ioeaiea,
iineieueeo iii iiaeao auoue a aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe auioaeaeaiiui, eiaeiui e aeaaea
ni?iaioee?iaaiiui.
Iaiin?aaenoaaiiia iaia?oaeaiea i?aaiii aeiciaiey, neaaeiaaoaeai, i?ieo?i?ii
eee noaeii i?eciaeia i?anooieaiey a ea/anoaa iiaiaea oa?aeoa?ecoaony oai, /oi
yoe i?aaiu aac /ueaai-eeai niiauaiey eee cayaeaiey a i?ioeanna auiieiyaiie
i?aaiio?aieoaeueiie aeayoaeueiinoe iaia?oaeeaatho aioiayuaany eee niaa?oaiiia
i?anooieaiea e ii naiae eieoeeaoeaa aicaoaeaeatho oaieiaiia aeaei.
Oae, i?aaiai aeiciaiey i?e i?iaaaeaiee iia?aoeaii-?icuneiuo ia?ii?eyoee
noaiiayony ecaanoiu oaeou i?anooiiuo aeaenoaee. I?ieo?i?, i?iaiaey i?iaa?eo
niaethaeaiey caeiiia a o/?aaeaeaiee, i?aaiecaoeee ane?uaaao neo/ae ia?ooaiee,
iinyuea i?anooiiue oa?aeoa?. Neaaeiaaoaeth, ?anneaaeothuaio oaieiaiia aeaei,
noaiiaeony ecaanoii i niaa?oaiee ae?oaeie eeoeaie i?anooiiuo aeayiee, ia
naycaiiuo n ?anneaaeoaiui ei aeaeii.
I?eaaaeaiiue ia?a/aiue iiaiaeia e aicaoaeaeaieth oaieiaiiai aeaea yaeyaony
en/a?iuaathuei, e eaaeaeue ec ieo eiaioaony caeiiiui iiaiaeii. Ii iaeiiai
caeiiiiai iiaiaea aeey aicaoaeaeaiey oaieiaiiai aeaea aua ia aeinoaoi/ii.
Iaiaoiaeeii, /oiau auei oae-aea iniiaaiea, iiae eioi?ui caeii iiieiaao iaee/ea
oaeoe/aneeo aeaiiuo, oeacuaathueo ia i?eciaee i?anooieaiey.
Niaeanii no. 108 OIE “aeaei iiaeao auoue aicaoaeaeaii oieueei a oao neo/ayo,
eiaaea eiathony aeinoaoi/iua aeaiiua, oeacuaathuea ia i?eciaee i?anooieaiey”. I?e
yoii, eae i?aaeei, ia o?aaoaony iieiiai ciaiey i i?anooieaiee. Iau/ii auaaao
aeinoaoi/ii oeacaiey ia iauaeo e iauaeoeaioth noi?iio i?anooieaiey.
A yoeo neo/ayo oaieiaiia aeaei aicaoaeaeaaony ii oaeoo niauoey
i?anooieaiey, a ia a ioiioaiee eiie?aoiiai eeoea, /oi, iaeiaei, i?e ecaanoiuo
oneiaeyo, ia eneeth/aao aiciiaeiinoe aicaoaeaeaiey oaieiaiiai aeaea a ioiioaiee
ii?aaeaeaiiiai eeoea, iai?eia?, i?e caaea?aeaiee i?anooiieea ia ianoa
i?anooieaiey eeai a neeo niaoeeoeee i?anooieaiey (iai?eia?, i?e naiiaieueiie
ioeo/ea aiaiiineoaeauaai, ceinoiii oeeiiaiee io oieaou aeeiaioia eee io
niaea?aeaiey aeaoae). A yoeo neo/ayo eeoei, a ioiioaiee aeaenoaee eioi?iai
aicaoaeaeaii aeaei, aeieaeii iieo/eoue i?ioeannoaeueiue noaoon iiaeic?aaaaiiai eee
iaaeiyaiiai a onoaiiaeaiiii ii?yaeea.
Auaiae ia eiaaoai ianoi i?anooieaiee, oioy e aeieaeai auoue iniiaai ia
aeinoaoi/iuo aeaiiuo, iineo iau/ii i?aaeiieiaeeoaeueiue oa?aeoa? e iiaoaeaeaao e
i?iaaaeaieth ananoi?iiiaai ?anneaaeiaaiey a neaaeothuae noaaeee i?ioeanna.
Eiaaea iieiiii/iia eeoei ia eiaao a naiai ?anii?yaeaiee aeinoaoi/iie
eioi?iaoeee aeey oiai, /oiau aicaoaeeoue oaieiaiia aeaei eee ioeacaoue a iai, iii
i?iecaiaeeo i?iaa?eo e i?eieiaao ?aoaiea a n?ie, ia aieaa o?ao nooie ni aeiy
iieo/aiey cayaeaiey eee niiauaiey, a a eneeth/eoaeueiuo neo/ayo — a n?ie, ia
aieaa aeanyoe nooie. A yoeo neo/ayo iiaoo auoue eno?aaiaaiu iaiaoiaeeiua
iaoa?eaeu, e eioi?ui ioiinyony aeou ?aaecee, eiaaioa?ecaoeee, iaoa?eaeu
aaaeiinoaaiiiai ?anneaaeiaaiey ian/anoiiai neo/ay ia i?iecaiaenoaa, aaa?ee ia
o?ainii?oa. A neo/aa i?e/eiaiey oaeaniuo iia?aaeaeaiee a?aaeaeaieio eno?aaothony
iaoa?eaeu noaeaaii-iaaeeoeeineiai inaeaeaoaeuenoaiaaiey, auienee ec enoi?ee
aieacie. Iiaoo auoue eniieueciaaiu e ?acoeueoaou iia?aoeaii-?icuneiie
aeayoaeueiinoe, inouanoaeyaiie niioaaonoaothueie i?aaiaie, iieo/aiu iauyniaiey
io eeoea, ia?aoeaoaainy n cayaeaieai, aeaeiaie.
Ii i?e yoii aeieaeii auoue no?iaeaeoa niaethaeaii oneiaea: nai? oeacaiiuo
iaoa?eaeia inouanoaeyaony aac i?iecaiaenoaa neaaenoaaiiuo aeaenoaee,
i?aaeoniio?aiiuo oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiui caeiiii (no. 109 OIE). Neaaeoao i?e
yoii eiaoue a aeaeo, /oi iacaaiiua iaoa?eaeu, iieo/aiiua a oiaea i?iaa?ee,
?aaii eae e ?acoeueoaou iia?aoeaii-?icuneiie aeayoaeueiinoe, yaeaoenue
iniiaaieai aeey aicaoaeaeaiey oaieiaiiai aeaea, aiineaaenoaee iiaoo auoue
eniieueciaaiu a ea/anoaa aeieacaoaeuenoa oieueei iinea i?eiauaiey eo e aeaeo e
i?iaa?ee, a niioaaonoaee n oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiui caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii.

4. Ianoiyoaeuenoaa, eneeth/athuea aicaoaeaeaiea oaieiaiiai aeaea

Caeii niaea?aeeo en/a?iuaathuee ia?a/aiue ianoiyoaeuenoa, eneeth/athueo
i?iecaiaenoai ii aeaeo, a cia/eo, e aai aicaoaeaeaiea. ?anniio?ei oa ec ieo,
eioi?ua i?aaeoniio?aiu no. 5 OIE.
Ionoonoaea niauoey i?anooieaiey (i. 1 no. 5 OIE) icia/aao, /oi aeaenoaea
eee aacaeaenoaea, i eioi?ii eaeao ?a/ue a i?aaenoaaeaiiuo iaoa?eaeao, ia eiaei
ianoa a aeaenoaeoaeueiinoe.
Oae, a niiauaiee ooaa?aeaeaeinue ia oiuoeaiiii eeoaiee aeecie eaeiai-oi
eeoea. Iaaeaeo oai i?e i?iaa?ea auei onoaiiaeaii, /oi nia?oue ianooieea a
?acoeueoaoa aeeeoaeueiiai oyaeaeiai caaieaaaiey eee yaeeanue neaaenoaeai
ian/anoiiai neo/ay, a ?acoeueoaoa iainoi?iaeiiai iiaaaeaiey naiiai
iioa?iaaoaai.
Ionoonoaea a aeayiee ninoaaa i?anooieaiey (i. 2 no. 5 OIE) icia/aao, /oi
niaa?oaiiia aeayiea eeoaii i?eciaeia i?anooieaiey eee ninoaaa i?anooieaiey,
i?aaeoniio?aiiiai oaieiaiui caeiiii.
Iai?eia?, aeaei ia iiaeao auoue aicaoaeaeaii a neo/aa, eiaaea i?anooiiinoue e
iaeacoaiinoue aeayiey auee ono?aiaiu oaieiaiui caeiiii, anooieaoei a neeo
iinea niaa?oaiey yoiai aeayiey (/. 2 no. 5 OIE).
Enoa/aiea n?ieia aeaaiinoe (i. 3 no. 5 OIE) ii eiie?aoiui i?anooieaieyi
oeacaii a no. 48 OE. I?e en/eneaiee n?ieia aeaaiinoe iaiaoiaeeii
?oeiaiaenoaiaaoueny o?aaiaaieyie no. 103 OIE.
Oa/aiea aeaaiinoe i?a?uaaaony, anee aei enoa/aiey oeacaiiuo n?ieia eeoei
niaa?oeo iiaia i?anooieaiea, ca eioi?ia iiaeao auoue iacia/aii eeoaiea naiaiaeu
ia n?ie nauoa aeaoo eao. En/eneaiea aeaaiinoe a oaeeo neo/ayo ia/eiaaony n
iiiaioa niaa?oaiey iiaiai i?anooieaiey.
Oa/aiea aeaaiinoe i?einoaiaaeeaaaony, anee eeoei, niaa?oeaoaa
i?anooieaiea, ne?uaaaony io neaaenoaey e noaea. A yoeo neo/ayo oa/aiea
aeaaiinoe aiciaiiaeyaony n iiiaioa caaea?aeaiey eeoea eee yaee aai n iiaeiiie.
Iaeiaei eeoei ia iiaeao auoue i?eaea/aii e oaieiaiie ioaaonoaaiiinoe, anee ni
a?aiaie niaa?oaiey i?anooieaiey i?ioei iyoiaaeoeaoue eao e aeaaiinoue ia auea
i?a?aaia niaa?oaieai iiaiai i?anooieaiey.
Aii?in i i?eiaiaiee aeaaiinoe e eeoeo, niaa?oeaoaio i?anooieaiea, ca
eioi?ia iiaeao auoue iacia/aia nia?oiay eaciue, ?ac?aoaaony noaeii. Anee noae ia
iaeaeao aiciiaeiui i?eiaieoue aeaaiinoue, nia?oiay eaciue ia iiaeao auoue iacia/aia
e caiaiyaony eeoaieai naiaiaeu. Ii oaeei aeaeai oaieiaiia aeaei aicaoaeaeaaony a
iaycaoaeueiii ii?yaeea.
Aeo aiienoee eae aeo aunoaai i?aaia ainoaea?noaaiiie aeanoe i?aaenoaaeyao
niaie iieiia eee /anoe/iia inaiaiaeaeaiea io oaieiaiie ioaaonoaaiiinoe eeoe,
niaa?oeaoeo i?anooieaiey. Anee aeo aiienoee iieiinoueth eneeth/aao oaieiaioth
ioaaonoaaiiinoue, a i?anooieaiea auei niaa?oaii aei ecaeaiey yoiai aeoa,
oaieiaiia aeaei ia aicaoaeaeaaony.
Iaaeinoeaeaiea eeoeii aic?anoa i?eaea/aiey e oaieiaiie ioaaonoaaiiinoe (i.
5 no. 5 OIE). Iauaoaieiaiay ioaaonoaaiiinoue ianooiaao n 16 eao, a ii ?yaeo
i?anooieaiee n 14-eaoiaai aic?anoa (no. 10 OE). A ioiioaiee eeoe, ia
aeinoeaoeo aic?anoa, iaiaoiaeeiiai aeey i?eaea/aiey eo e oaieiaiie
ioaaonoaaiiinoe, iiaoo i?eiaiyoueny eeoue aianoaeaaiua ia?u ainieoaoaeueiiai
oa?aeoa?a. A oaeii neo/aa oaieiaiia aeaei ia aicaoaeaeaaony, iaeiaei i?e yoii
iaiaoiaeeii auynieoue, ia eiaei ee ianoi aiaea/aiea ianiaa?oaiiieaoieo a
i?anooiioth aeayoaeueiinoue ac?ineuie eeoeaie e aicaoaeaeaoue aeaei ii yoei
aeaenoaeyi.
I?eie?aiea iioa?iaaoaai n iaaeiyaiui ii aeaeai, aicaoaeaeaaiui ia eia/a
eae ii aeaeiaai iioa?iaaoeo, e?iia neo/aaa, i?aaeoniio?aiiuo no. 27 OIE (i. 6
no. 5 OIE). Oaeia i?eie?aiea aeiioneaaony oieueei ii aeaeai /anoiiai iaaeiaiey,
i?aaeoniio?aiiui no. 112, /. 1 no. 130 e no. 131 OE.
A neeo no. 109 OIE noaeuey aei aicaoaeaeaiey oaieiaiiai aeaea i?eieiaao ia?u
e i?eie?aieth iioa?iaaoaai n eeoeii, ia eioi?ia iiaeaia aeaeiaa. Anee a
?acoeueoaoa i?eiyouo noaeueae ia? iineaaeiaaei i?eie?aiea, oaieiaiia aeaei ia
aicaoaeaeaaony.
Ionoonoaea aeaeiau iioa?iaaoaai, anee aeaei iiaeao auoue aicaoaeaeaii ia
eia/a eae ii aai aeaeiaa (i. 7 no. 5 OIE). E /eneo oaeeo caeii ioiineo aeaea i
i?anooieaieyo /anoiiai e /anoii-ioaee/iiai iaaeiaiey. Eeoue a eneeth/eoaeueiuo
neo/ayo, anee aeaei i eaeii-eeai i?anooieaiee oeacaiiie eaoaai?ee eiaao
iniaia iauanoaaiiia cia/aiea eee anee iioa?iaaoee a neeo aaniiiiuiiai
ninoiyiey, caaeneiinoe io iaaeiyaiiai eee ii eiui i?e/eiai ia a ninoiyiee
caueuaoue naie i?aaa e caeiiiua eioa?anu, i?ieo?i? ai?aaa aicaoaeeoue oaeia
aeaei e i?e ionoonoaee aeaeiau iioa?iaaoaai. Oaeia aeaei i?ae?auaieth ca
i?eie?aieai iioa?iaaoaai n iaaeiyaiui ia iiaeeaaeeo, e i?iecaiaenoai ii iaio
aaaeaony a iauai ii?yaeea.
Nia?oue eeoea, niaa?oeaoaai i?anooieaiea (i. 8 no. 5 OIE), aea/ao ioeac a
aicaoaeaeaiee aeaea, ca eneeth/aieai neo/aaa, eiaaea i?iecaiaenoai ii aeaeo
iaiaoiaeeii aeey ?aaaeeeoaoeee oia?oaai eee aiciaiiaeaiey aeaea a ioiioaiee
ae?oaeo eeoe ii aiiaue ioe?uaoeiny ianoiyoaeuenoaai (no. 384-390 OIE).
A ioiioaiee eeoea, i eioi?ii eiaaony anooieaoee a caeiiioth neeo i?eaiai?
ii oiio aea iaaeiaieth eeai ii?aaeaeaiea eee iinoaiiaeaiea noaea i i?ae?auaiee
aeaea ii oiio aea iniiaaieth (i. 9 no. 5 OIE). A niioaaonoaee n caeiiii (i. 1
no. 50 Eiinoeoooeee ?O) eeoei ca iaeii e oi aea i?anooieaiea ia iiaeao aeaaaeaeu
i?eaeaeaoueny e oaieiaiie ioaaonoaaiiinoe. Caeanue aeaenoaoao i?aaeei – iii Ue18
o 1n1ao (“iaeuecy aeaaaeaeu ca iaeii e oi aea”). Iiyoiio oaieiaiia aeaei ia iiaeao
auoue aicaoaeaeaii, anee a ioiioaiee aeaiiiai eeoea eiathony anooieaoee a caeiiioth
neeo i?eaiai?, ii?aaeaeaiea eeai iinoaiiaeaiea noaea i i?ae?auaiee aeaea ii
oiio aea iaaeiaieth.
E eeoue i?e aicieeiiaaiee iaiaoiaeeiinoe aiiaue aicaoaeeoue oaieiaiia aeaei
?aiaa ninoiyaoeeny i?eaiai? (ii?aaeaeaiea, iinoaiiaeaiea) aeieaeai auoue ioiaiai
a ii?yaeea iaaeci?a eee ii aiiaue ioe?uaoeiny ianoiyoaeuenoaai. Eneeth/aiea
ninoaaeytho neo/ae, i?aaeoniio?aiiua no. 5 OE Anee a?aaeaeaiei ?innee ca
niaa?oaiea i?anooieaiey aue inoaeaeai e iiian iaeacaiea ca a?aieoeae, oi aii?in
ia inaiaiaeaeaiee yoiai eeoea io iaeacaiey ?aoaaony ?inneeneei noaeii. Iiyoiio a
oaeeo neo/ayo aeaei aeieaeii auoue aicaoaeaeaii e iinea ?anneaaeiaaiey iai?aaeaii a
noae.
A ioiioaiee eeoea, i eioi?ii eiaaony ia ioiaiaiiia iinoaiiaeaiea i?aaia
aeiciaiey, neaaeiaaoaey, i?ieo?i?a i i?ae?auaiee aeaea ii oiio aea iaaeiaieth,
e?iia neo/aaa, eiaaea iaiaoiaeeiinoue aicaoaeaeaiey aeaea i?eciaia noaeii, a
i?iecaiaenoaa eioi?iai iaoiaeeony oaieiaiia aeaei (i. 10 no. 5 OIE). Aei oao ii?
iiea ia aoaeao ioiaiaii iinoaiiaeaiea i?aaia aeiciaiey, neaaeiaaoaey e
i?ieo?i?a ia ioeaca a aicaoaeaeaiee eee i i?ae?auaiee oaieiaiiai aeaea ii oiio
aea iaaeiaieth, yoe eeoea ia ai?aaa aicaoaeeoue oaieiaiia aeaei. Eneeth/aiea
naeaeaii eeoue aeey noaea eae i?aaia inouanoaeaiey i?aainoaeey a neo/ayo,
i?aaeoniio?aiiuo no. 255 e 256 OIE, oi anoue eiaaea noae i?e noaeaaiii
?acae?aoaeuenoaa aicaoaeaeaao oaieiaiia aeaei eeai ii oaeoo niaa?oaiey
iiaenoaeeiui i?anooieaiey, ii eioi?iio aio ia auei i?aaeuyaeaii iaaeiaiey, eeai
a ioiioaiee eeoe, niaa?oeaoeo i?anooieaiea e ia i?eaea/aiiuo ca yoi e
oaieiaiie ioaaonoaaiiinoe.
A ioiioaiee nayuaiiineoaeeoaey ca ioeac io aea/e iieacaiee ii
ianoiyoaeuenoaai, ecaanoiui aio ec eniiaaaee (i. 11 no. 5 OIE).
Nayuaiiineoaeeoaeue ia ianao oaieiaiie ioaaonoaaiiinoe a yoii neo/aa aeaaea
oiaaea, eiaaea aio ia eniiaaaee noaiiaeony ecaanoii i aioiayuainy eee
niaa?oaiiii oyaeeii i?anooieaiee (no. 88-1,190 OE).

5. I?ioeannoaeueiue ii?yaeie aicaoaeaeaiey eee ioeaca a aicaoaeaeaiee oaieiaiiai aeaea

I?e iaee/ee iiaiaea e aeinoaoi/iiai iniiaaiey e aicaoaeaeaieth oaieiaiiai
aeaea i?ieo?i?, neaaeiaaoaeue, i?aai aeiciaiey, noae iaycaiu a i?aaeaeao naiae
eiiiaoaioeee aicaoaeeoue oaieiaiia aeaei (no. 112 OIE). I aicaoaeaeaiee aeaea i?aai
aeiciaiey, neaaeiaaoaeue, i?ieo?i? e noaeuey auiinyo iinoaiiaeaiea, a noae –
ii?aaeaeaiea. Iinoaiiaeaiea (ii?aaeaeaiea) ninoieo ec aaiaeiie, iienaoaeueiie e
?aciethoeaiie /anoae. Ai aaiaeiie /anoe oeacuaaaony, eai, eiaaea e aaea auianaii
iinoaiiaeaiea (ii?aaeaeaiea). A iienaoaeueiie eceaaathony iiaiae e iniiaaiea e
aicaoaeaeaieth oaieiaiiai aeaea. A ?aciethoeaiie – ii i?eciaeai eaeie noaouee
oaieiaiiai caeiia aicaoaeaeaaony aeaei e aai aeaeueiaeoaa iai?aaeaiea.
Iaeiia?aiaiii n aicaoaeaeaieai oaieiaiiai aeaea aeieaeiu auoue i?eiyou ia?u e
i?aaeioa?auaieth eee i?ana/aieth i?anooieaiey, a ?aaii e cae?aieaieth neaaeia
i?anooieaiey.
Iinea auianaiey iinoaiiaeaiey i aicaoaeaeaiee oaieiaiiai aeaea i?ieo?i?
iai?aaeyao aeaei aeey i?iecaiaenoaa i?aaeaa?eoaeueiiai neaaenoaey eee aeiciaiey,
neaaeiaaoaeue i?enooiaao e i?iecaiaenoao i?aaeaa?eoaeueiiai neaaenoaey, a i?aai
aeiciaiey – e i?iecaiaenoao aeiciaiey, noaeuey iai?aaeyao aeaei aeey i?iecaiaenoaa
i?aaeaa?eoaeueiiai neaaenoaey eee aeiciaiey, a a neo/ayo, i?aaeoniio?aiiuo
caeiiii, i?eieiaao aeaei e ?anniio?aieth noaeii (no. 27 OIE).
Eiiey iinoaiiaeaiey i aicaoaeaeaiee aeaea, auianaiiiai i?aaiii aeiciaiey
eee neaaeiaaoaeai, iaiaaeeaiii iai?aaeyaony i?ieo?i?o.
A oao neo/ayo, eiaaea oaieiaiia aeaei aicaoaeaeaaony oai aeieaeiinoiui eeoeii,
eioi?ia aoaeao aanoe ?anneaaeiaaiea, auiineony iaeii iinoaiiaeaiea – i
aicaoaeaeaiee oaieiaiiai aeaea e i?eiyoee aai e naiaio i?iecaiaenoao. A neo/aa
i?eiyoey e naiaio i?iecaiaenoao aeaea, aicaoaeaeaiiiai i?ieo?i?ii eaee noaeii,
neaaeiaaoaeue auiineo ioaeaeueiia iinoaiiaeaiea i i?eiyoee aai e naiaio
i?iecaiaenoao. A oa/aiea nooie eiiey iinoaiiaeaiey i i?eiyoee aeaea e naiaio
i?iecaiaenoao aeieaeia auoue iai?aaeaia iaaethaeathuaio i?ieo?i?o (no. 129 OIE).
I?aai aeiciaiey i ia/aoii ?anneaaeiaaiee oaaaeiieyao i?ieo?i?a iaiaaeeaiii (no.
119 OIE).
Neaaeoao eiaoue a aeaeo, /oi neaaenoaaiiua aeaenoaey ii aeaeo ai?aaa
i?iecaiaeeoue eeoue oio neaaeiaaoaeue, a i?iecaiaenoaa eioi?iai iaoiaeeony aeaei.
Ae?oaea i?aaiu iiaoo i?iaiaeeoue neaaenoaaiiua aeaenoaey eeoue ii ii?o/aieth yoiai
neaaeiaaoaey.
A neo/aa ionoonoaey iniiaaiee e aicaoaeaeaieth oaieiaiiai aeaea, a ?aaii
i?e iaee/ee ianoiyoaeuenoa, eneeth/athueo i?iecaiaenoai ii aeaeo, i?ieo?i?,
neaaeiaaoaeue, i?aai aeiciaiey e noaeuey ioeacuaatho a aicaoaeaeaiee oaieiaiiai aeaea
(/. 1 no. 113 OIE).
Ia ioeaca a aicaoaeaeaiee oaieiaiiai aeaea auiineony iioeae?iaaiiia
iinoaiiaeaiea, a eioi?ii iniaia aieiaiea ia?auaaony ia iainiiaaiea oaeiai
?aoaiey. A iinoaiiaeaiee aeieaeii auoue oeacaii, ii/aio eiaiii niauoea, i
eioi?ii niiauaeinue, i?eciaii ia eiaaoai ianoa eee a iai ionoonoaotho i?eciaee
i?anooieaiey, eeai i?eaaaeaiu eiua ianoiyoaeuenoaa, eneeth/athuea i?iecaiaenoai
ii aeaeo.
A iinoaiiaeaiee ia ioeaca a aicaoaeaeaiee oaieiaiiai aeaea ii iiaiaeo
aeayiey, i eioi?ii a niiauaiee eee cayaeaiee aiai?eony eae i i?anooieaiee, ii
iii oaeiaui ia i?eciaaony, aeieaeiu auoue i?eaaaeaiu eiie?aoiua aeaiiua,
iainiiauaathuea yoio auaiae.
Niaea?aeauayny a iinoaiiaeaiee a?aoiaioaoeey, iiaeoaa?aeaeathuay auaiaeu eeoea,
auianoaai iinoaiiaeaiea, iicaieyao aeinoaoi/ii aeoaiei, iauaeoeaii e
ananoi?iiia i?iaa?eoue i?aaeeueiinoue yoeo auaiaeia, a eeoeai e i?aaiecaoeeyi, io
eioi?uo iinooieei cayaeaiea eee niiauaiea, i?e ianiaeanee n i?eiyoui
?aoaieai i?eianoe iioeae?iaaiioth aeaeiao.
Aeieaeiinoiia eeoei, auianoaa iinoaiiaeaiea ia ioeaca a aicaoaeaeaiee
oaieiaiiai aeaea, iaycaii ?acuynieoue cayaeoaeth aai i?aai ia iaaeaeiaaiea.
Cayaeoaeue ai?aaa inia?eaaoue eae nai ioeac, oae e iioeau ?aoaiey. Ia
iinoaiiaeaiea ia ioeaca a aicaoaeaeaiee oaieiaiiai aeaea, auianaiiia i?aaiii
aeiciaiey eee neaaeiaaoaeai, aeaeiaa i?eiineony i?ieo?i?o, inouanoaeythuaio
iaaeci? ca i?iecaiaenoaii aeiciaiey e neaaenoaey. Iinoaiiaeaiea i?ieo?i?a,
ioeacaaoaai a aicaoaeaeaiee oaieiaiiai aeaea, iiaeao auoue iaaeaeiaaii
auoanoiyuaio i?ieo?i?o.
Ia iinoaiiaeaiea noaeuee ia ioeaca a aicaoaeaeaiee oaieiaiiai aeaea aeaeiaa
i?eiineony a auoanoiyuee noae.
Caeii ia niaea?aeeo oeacaiey, a eaeie n?ie iiaeao auoue iaaeaeiaaii ?aoaiea
ia ioeaca a aicaoaeaeaiee oaieiaiiai aeaea. Yoi icia/aao, /oi i?e i?eianaiee
aeaeiau ia ioeac a aicaoaeaeaiee oaieiaiiai aeaea neaaeoao ?oeiaiaenoaiaaoueny
iaueie n?ieaie aeaaiinoe i?eaea/aiey e oaieiaiie ioaaonoaaiiinoe,
i?aaeoniio?aiiuie no. 48 OE.
Ia?yaeo n iauei ii?yaeeii aicaoaeaeaiey oaieiaiuo aeae caeiiiaeaoaeuenoaii
onoaiiaeai iniaue ii?yaeie aicaoaeaeaiey aeae a ioiioaiee ii?aaeaeaiiuo eaoaai?ee
eeoe. A ia?aoth i/a?aaeue yoi eanaaony noaeae, i?enyaeiuo e ia?iaeiuo canaaeaoaeae
(no. 16 Caeiia i noaoona noaeae ?inneeneie oaaea?aoeee, no. 87 Caeiia i
noaeiono?ienoaa ?O), neaaeiaaoaeae, i?ieo?i?ia (no. 39 Caeiia i i?ieo?aoo?a
?O). Yoi iaoneiaeaii iaiaoiaeeiinoueth iaania/aiey iacaaeneiinoe noaeae,
i?ieo?i?ia e neaaeiaaoaeae e iaaeeaaeauaai auiieiaiey eie naieo iaycaiiinoae.

§ 6. Iaaeci? i?ieo?i?a ca caeiiiinoueth e iainiiaaiiinoueth aicaoaeaeaiey e
ioeaca a aicaoaeaeaiee oaieiaiiai aeaeaAaaeiui oneiaeai iaania/aiey caeiiiinoe e
iainiiaaiiinoe aicaoaeaeaiey oaieiaiuo aeae yaeyaony i?ieo?i?neee iaaeci? (no.
25,26 Caeiia i i?ieo?aoo?a ?O, no. 116 OIE). I?ieo?i? iaaece?aao ca oai,
/oiau ia auei iaiainiiaaiiiai aicaoaeaeaiey eee ioeaca a aicaoaeaeaiee
oaieiaiiai aeaea, no?iai niaethaeaeenue n?iee e ii?yaeie ?anniio?aiey cayaeaiee e
niiauaiee i i?anooieaieyo, ia ouaieyeenue i?aaa e caeiiiua eioa?anu a?aaeaeai.
N yoie oeaeueth caeii o?aaoao io neaaeiaaoaey e i?aaia aeiciaiey ia iicaeiaa nooie
iai?aaeyoue i?ieo?i?o eiieth iinoaiiaeaiey i aicaoaeaeaiee oaieiaiiai aeaea.
A neo/aa iaiainiiaaiiiai ioeaca a aicaoaeaeaiee aeaea i?ieo?i? naiei
iinoaiiaeaieai ioiaiyao yoi iinoaiiaeaiea neaaeiaaoaey eee i?aaia aeiciaiey e
aicaoaeaeaao aeaei (/.3 no. 116 OIE).
Ioiaia iinoaiiaeaiey i aicaoaeaeaiee oaieiaiiai aeaea e ioeac a aai
aicaoaeaeaiee i?aaenoaaeytho niaie iaeii i?ioeannoaeueiia aeaenoaea, eioi?ia
ioi?ieyaony iioeae?iaaiiui iinoaiiaeaieai e iiaeao auoue iaaeaeiaaii
auoanoiyuaio i?ieo?i?o.
Inouanoaeyy iaaeci? ca caeiiiinoueth aicaoaeaeaiey oaieiaiiai aeaea, i?ieo?i?
iaycai ia ?aaea iaeiiai ?aca a ianyoe i?iaa?youe a i?aaiao aeiciaiey e
i?aaeaa?eoaeueiiai neaaenoaey eniieiaiea o?aaiaaiee caeiia i i?eaia,
?aaeno?aoeee e ?ac?aoaiee cayaeaiee e niiauaiee i niaa?oaiiuo eee aioiayueony
i?anooieaieyo (i. 1 no. 211 OIE).
Caeii aiceaaaao ia i?ieo?i?a iaycaiiinoue i?iaa?youe, niaethaeaeenue ee
onoaiiaeaiiua ii?yaeie e n?iee aicaoaeaeaiey oaieiaiiai aeaea, a oaeaea i?aaa e
caeiiiua eioa?anu a?aaeaeai. A yoeo oeaeyo i?ieo?i? iaycai auyaeyoue, ono?aiyoue
e i?aaeoi?aaeaeaoue ia?ooaiey caeiia, aeiiouaiiua i?e o/aoa, ?aaeno?aoeee e
i?iaa?ea aeaiiuo i i?anooieaieyo.
I?e iaiaoiaeeiinoe i?ieo?i? iiaeao aeaoue oeacaiea i i?iecaiaenoaa
aeiiieieoaeueiie i?iaa?ee, ia ooi/iaiee ianoiyoaeuenoa, ii?aaeaeyaiuo caaea/aie
noaaeee aicaoaeaeaiey aeaea.
A niioaaonoaee n /. 2 e 3 no. 116 OIE i?ieo?i? ioiaiyao iacaeiiiua e
iaiainiiaaiiua iinoaiiaeaiey neaaeiaaoaeae e eeoe, i?iecaiaeyueo aeiciaiea. A
nayce n yoei, i?iaa?yy iinoaiiaeaiey neaaeiaaoaey eee i?aaia aeiciaiey ia
ioeaca a aicaoaeaeaiee oaieiaiiai aeaea, i?ieo?i? iaycai ia?aoeoue aieiaiea ia
oieueei ia iainiiaaiiinoue ioeaca ii nouanoao, ii e ia niioaaonoaea
oi?ioee?iaee i?eaaaeaiiiai a iinoaiiaeaiee iniiaaiey ioeaca a aicaoaeaeaiee
oaieiaiiai aeaea ii?iai iaoa?eaeueiiai e i?ioeannoaeueiiai i?aaa, a oaeaea ia
niioaaonoaea yoie oi?ioee?iaee ianoiyoaeuenoaai, eceiaeaiiui a iaoa?eaeao, a
i?e iaiaoiaeeiinoe eneeth/eoue ec iinoaiiaeaiey neaaeiaaoaey eee i?aaia aeiciaiey
oa eee eiua ioeai/iua, ii aai iiaieth, ooaa?aeaeaiey.
I?ieo?i? i?iaa?yao, oaaaeiieaiu ee ia ioeaca a aicaoaeaeaiee oaieiaiiai
aeaea o/?aaeaeaiey e i?aaiecaoeee, i?eneaaoea cayaeaiea eee niiauaiea,
?acuyniaii ee ei i?aai ia iaaeaeiaaiea oaeiai ?aoaiey.
Iaia?oaeea, /oi aeaei iaiainiiaaiii aicaoaeaeaii noaeueae eee noaeii, i?ieo?i?
a niioaaonoaee ni no. 32 Caeiia i i?ieo?aoo?a ?O e no. 331 OIE
ii?ioanoiauaaao iinoaiiaeaiea noaeuee (eee ii?aaeaeaiea noaea) i aicaoaeaeaiee
oaieiaiiai aeaea a auoanoiyuee noae.
Anee aea aeaei iacaeiiii aicaoaeaeaii naiei i?ieo?i?ii, auoanoiyuee
i?ieo?i? ioiaiyao iinoaiiaeaiea ieaeanoiyuaai i?ieo?i?a. Oaeaea ii iinooiaao e
a neo/aa iaiainiiaaiiiai ioeaca a aicaoaeaeaiee aeaea ieaeanoiyuei i?ieo?i?ii.

Aeaaa X. I?aaeaa?eoaeueiia ?anneaaeiaaiea
§ 1. Iiiyoea e cia/aiea noaaeee i?aaeaa?eoaeueiiai ?anneaaeiaaiey.
A iiaeaaeythuai aieueoeinoaa neo/aaa ?anniio?aiea oaieiaiiai aeaea a noaea
auei au iaaiciiaeii aac i?iecaiaenoaa i?aaeaa?eoaeueiiai ?anneaaeiaaiey. Aeey
oiai, /oiau ?anniio?aoue e ?ac?aoeoue a noaeaaiii canaaeaiee aeaei ii nouanoao,
iaiaoiaeeii i?aaeaa?eoaeueii anaie onoaiiaeaiiuie caeiiii n?aaenoaaie nia?aoue
aeieacaoaeuenoaa, inouanoaeoue oaieiaiia i?aneaaeiaaiea a ioiioaiee eeoea,
niaa?oeaoaai i?anooieaiea, i?eaea/ue yoi eeoei a ea/anoaa iaaeiyaiiai, i?eiyoue
ia?u, iaania/eaathuea aai ia oeeiiaiea io neaaenoaey e noaea e o. ae. Ana yoe
aeaenoaey ninoaaeytho niaea?aeaiea aoi?ie noaaeee oaieiaiiai i?ioeanna –
i?aaeaa?eoaeueiiai ?anneaaeiaaiey, eioi?ay yaeyaony iaycaoaeueiie a
onoaiiaeaiiuo caeiiii neo/ayo.
I?aaeaa?eoaeueiia ?anneaaeiaaiea i?aaenoaaeyao niaie aeayoaeueiinoue i?aaiia
aeiciaiey e neaaeiaaoaey ii niae?aieth, i?iaa?ea e ioeaiea aeieacaoaeuenoa, ia
iniiaa eioi?uo onoaiaaeeaathony eiathuea cia/aiea aeey aeaea ianoiyoaeuenoaa, a
oeaeyo auno?iai e iieiiai ?ane?uoey i?anooieaiey, eciaee/aiey e i?eaea/aiey a
ea/anoaa iaaeiyaiiai eeoea, aai niaa?oeaoaai, i?eiyoea ia? ii i?ana/aieth
i?anooieaiey, auyaeaieth e ono?aiaieth i?e/ei e oneiaee, niinianoaiaaaoeo aai
niaa?oaieth, a oaeaea ia? ii iaania/aieth aiciauaiey oua?aa, i?e/eiaiiiai
i?anooieaieai.
Oeacaiiay aeayoaeueiinoue aeieaeia i?ioiaeeoue a oneiaeyo caeiiiinoe, io?aiu
i?aa e caeiiiuo eioa?ania o/anoieeia i?ioeanna e eiuo o/anoaothueo a
i?iecaiaenoaa ii aeaeo eeoe.
Auno?ia, iieiia e iauaeoeaiia ?anneaaeiaaiea i?anooieaiey iaania/eaaao
ia oieueei i?aaeeueiia i?eiaiaiea oaieiaiiai caeiia, ii e i?aaeioa?auaao
aiciiaeiinoue i?eaea/aiey a ea/anoaa iaaeiyaiiai eeoea, ia niaa?oaaoaai
i?anooieaiea.
?anneaaeiaaiea eiaioaony i?aaeaa?eoaeueiui iioiio, /oi i?aaeoanoaoao
i?iecaiaenoao a noaea, aaea i?iaiaeeony noaeaaiia neaaenoaea (ae. 23 OIE).
Naeaeaiiua i?aaiaie aeiciaiey e neaaeiaaoaeai auaiaeu i oii, /oi i?anooieaiea
eiaei ianoi, e i eeoea, aai niaa?oeaoai, yaeythony aeey noaea aa?neae iaaeiaiey,
eioi?ay iiaeeaaeeo ananoi?iiiae i?iaa?ea a noaea. I?eciaoue eeoei aeiiaiui a
niaa?oaiee .i?anooieaiey i?aaiii/ai oieueei noae (no. 49 Eiinoeoooeee ?O). I?e
yoii noae iniiauaaao i?eaiai? eeoue ia oao aeieacaoaeuenoaao, eioi?ua auee
?anniio?aiu a noaeaaiii canaaeaiee (/. 2 no. 301 OIE). Iaeiaei i/aaeaeii, /oi
i?aaeaa?eoaeueiia ?anneaaeiaaiea, i?iaaaeaiiia a no?iaii niioaaonoaee n caeiiii,
neoaeeo oaeoi?ii, iaania/eaathuei ananoi?iiiaa, iieiia e iauaeoeaiia
enneaaeiaaiea ianoiyoaeuenoa aeaea a noaeaaiii canaaeaiee, iinoaiiaeaiea
caeiiiiai e iainiiaaiiiai i?eaiai?a.
Iiaeiaiay oa?aeoa?enoeea i?aaeaa?eoaeueiiai ?anneaaeiaaiey ia aeaao
iniiaaiey ?anniao?eaaoue aai eae noaaeeth, i?iecaiaenoai a eioi?ie
inouanoaeyaony oieueei aeey noaea. A noaaeee i?aaeaa?eoaeueiiai ?anneaaeiaaiey aeaei
iiaeao iieo/eoue e ieii/aoaeueiia ?ac?aoaiea iooai i?ae?auaiey i?iecaiaenoaa ii
aeaeo ii iniiaaieyi, oeacaiiui a no. 208 OIE. I?e yoii iaaei eiaoue a aeaeo, /oi
i?ae?auaiea aeaea i?iecaiaenoaii ia icia/aao a eaaeaeii neo/aa, /oi eiaei ianoi
iacaeiiiia aicaoaeaeaiea oaieiaiiai aeaea eee i?eaea/aiea eeoea a ea/anoaa
iaaeiyaiiai. Iauaeoeaiinoue neaaenoaey e iaania/aiea i?aa iaaeiyaiiai iiaoo
auyaeoue iainiiaaoaeueiinoue iiaeic?aiey a niaa?oaiee i?anooieaiey. I?ae?auaiea
aeaea iiaeao eiaoue ianoi e ii ianoiyoaeuenoaai, inaiaiaeaeathuei eeoei io oaieiaiie
ioaaonoaaiiinoe.
Aa?aioeyie caeiiiinoe i?iaaaeaiiiai ?anneaaeiaaiey neoaeeo i?ieo?i?neee
iaaeci? (no. 25, ae. 18, 19 OIE) e noaeaaiue eiio?ieue ca ?aoaieyie,
i?eieiaaiuie i?aaiaie aeiciaiey e neaaeiaaoaeai a onoaiiaeaiiuo caeiiii
neo/ayo (no. 22, 23, 25 Eiinoeoooeee ?O, no. 220, 220″ OIE).

2. Aeaeu i?aaeaa?eoaeueiiai ?anneaaeiaaiey

I?aaeaa?eoaeueiia ?anneaaeiaaiea inoua5eyaony a oi?ia i?aaeaa?eoaeueiiai
neaaenoaey eee Aeiciaiey. Iacaaiea oi?iu ?anneaaeiaaiey niioaaonoaoao iacaaieth
i?aaia, auiieiythuaai ii?aaeaeaiiua iieiiii/ey. I?aai neaaenoaey – neaaeiaaoaeue
(no. 127 OIE) aeiciaiea aaaeao i?aai aeiciaiey, aeiciaaaoaeue (no. 117 OIE).
I?aaeaa?eoaeueiia ?anneaaeiaaiea iiaeao inouanoaeyoueny e iooai niaianoiie
aeayoaeueiinoe, ai acaeiiaeaenoaee yoeo i?aaiia a i?aaeaeao noaaeee
?anneaaeiaaiey.
Aeieacaoaeuenoaa, iieo/aiiua i?aaiii aeiciaiey a i?aaeaeao i?aaeinoaaeaiiuo
aio i?ioeannoaeueiuo iieiiii/ee eiatho aeey noaea oaeia aea cia/aiea, eae e
aeieacaoaeuenoaa, nia?aiiua neaaeiaaoaeai.
Aianoa n oai eiathony ii?aaeaeaiiua ?acee/ey iaaeaeo aeiciaieai e
neaaenoaeai: ii e?oao aeae, ioianaiiuo e iiaeneaaenoaaiiinoe eaaeaeiai ec ieo, a
n?ieao aeiciaiey e neaaenoaey e a iaeioi?uo ae?oaeo i?ioeannoaeueiuo i?aaeeao, i
/ai aoaeao neacaii ieaea.
Aaaeii ia?aoeoue aieiaiea ia oi, /oi iniaaiiinoe aeiciaiey iaoneiaeaiu
iniaaiiinoyie caaea/ e ooieoeee oao i?aaiia, ia eioi?ua aiceiaeaii aeiciaiea.
Iniiaiui aeaeii i?aaeaa?eoaeueiiai ?anneaaeiaaiey yaeyaony i?aaeaa?eoaeueiia
neaaenoaea, inouanoaeyaiia niaoeeaeueii nicaeaiiuie aeey yoiai aeaea aeayoaeueiinoe
i?aaiaie. Neaaeiaaoaee aeaenoaotho a i?ieo?aoo?a e a nenoaia IAAe. E aaaeaieth
neaaeiaaoaey caeii ioiineo iiaeaaeythuaa aieueoeinoai oaieiaiuo aeae,
i?aaenoaaeythueo cia/eoaeueioth neiaeiinoue a ?anneaaeiaaiee e ii i?anooieaieyi,
aaea iaaeiyaiiio a?iceo no?iaia iaeacaiea.
Aeiciaieth, eae aeaeo i?aaeaa?eoaeueiiai ?anneaaeiaaiey, i?eiaaeeaaeeo
nouanoaaiiay ?ieue a auiieiaiee caaea/ aeaiiie noaaeee i?ioeanna.
ssaeyynue i?ioeannoaeueiie aeayoaeueiinoueth, aeiciaiea inouanoaeyaony oieueei ii
aicaoaeaeaiiiio oaieiaiiio aeaeo e ii i?aaeeai, onoaiiaeaiiui a OIE (no.
118-120 OIE).
A iaia?oaeaiee e ?anneaaeiaaiee i?anooieaiee, ioianaiiuo e aaaeaieth
i?aaiia neaaenoaey, cia/eoaeueiay ?ieue i?eiaaeeaaeeo aeiciaieth, iineieueeo i?aaiu,
aai inouanoaeythuea a neeo iniiaiuo naieo iieiiii/ee, ia?auie iaia?oaeeaatho
niaa?oaiiia i?anooieaiea, aicaoaeaeatho aeaei, niaa?oatho iaioeiaeiua neaaenoaaiiua
aeaenoaey ii cae?aieaieth neaaeia i?anooieaiey, caaea?aeaieth iiaeic?aaaaiiai,
i?ana/aieth i?anooieaiey, a caoai ia?aaeatho aai ii iiaeneaaenoaaiiinoe –
neaaeiaaoaeth.
Acaeiiaeaenoaea i?aaiia neaaenoaey e aeiciaiey i?iyaeyaony e a i?aaa
neaaeiaaoaey aeaaaoue ii?o/aiea i?aaio aeiciaiey i?iaaaeaiey ioaeaeueiuo
neaaenoaaiiuo aeaenoaee, ?icunea iaaeiyaiiai oiaaea, eiaaea aeaei iaoiaeeony a
i?iecaiaenoaa neaaeiaaoaey. Ii aeaeai, ioianaiiui e iiaeneaaenoaaiiinoe i?aaiia
aeiciaiey, iie i?iaiaeyo ana iaiaoiaeeiua neaaenoaaiiua aeaenoaey e /a?ac
i?ieo?i?a ia?aaeatho aeaei a noae. I?e oa?aeoa?enoeea aeaeia i?aaeaa?eoaeueiiai
?anneaaeiaaiey iaiaoiaeeii ia?aoeoue aieiaiea ia oi, /oi aeey oniaoiiai
auiieiaiey i?ioeannoaeueiuo aeaenoaee i?aaiai e aeiciaiey e neaaenoaey
eniieuecothony aiciiaeiinoe i?iaaaeaiey iia?aoeaii-?icuneiuo ia?ii?eyoee
(iai?eia?, iia?aoeaii-?icuneiuie iiae?acaeaeaieyie e?eieiaeueiie ieeeoeee e
ae?oaeie i?aaiaie IAAe, i?aaiaie iia?aie/iie io?aiu, i?aaiaie oaaea?aeueiie
neoaeau eiio??acaaaeee ?O – no. 11 Caeiia ?O “Ia iia?aoeaii-?icuneiie
aeayoaeueiinoe a ?O” io 13 ia?oa 1992 a.2). Oae, iia?aoeaii-?icuneiua
iiae?acaeaeaiey e?eieiaeueiie, ieeeoeee iiaoo i?iaiaeeoue ii?in a?aaeaeai, iaaiaeeoue
ni?aaee, aanoe iaaethaeaiea e ae?. (no. 6 Caeiia ?O “Ia iia?aoeaii-?icuneiie
aeayoaeueiinoe a ?O” io 13 ia?oa 1992 a.)1.
Oeacaiea a oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiii caeiia ia aiciiaeiinoue i?iaaaeaiey
iia?aoeaii-?icuneiie aeayoaeueiinoe (no. 118, /. 4, no. 127 OIE)
naeaeaoaeuenoaoao i aa ?iee a ?anneaaeiaaiee e ?ane?uoee i?anooieaiee, ii ia
i?eaeaao ae i?ioeannoaeueiiai oa?aeoa?a. Aeaiiua, iieo/aiiua a oiaea
iia?aoeaii-?icuneiuo ia?ii?eyoee, iiaoo auoue eniieueciaaiu eae aeieacaoaeuenoaa
oieueei iinea eo iieo/aiey e i?iaa?ee neaaeiaaoaeai ii i?aaeeai OIE.
Aeiciaiea, eae i?ioeannoaeueiay aeayoaeueiinoue e iia?aoeaii-?icuneiay
aeayoaeueiinoue inouanoaeythony ?aciuie iiae?acaeaeaieyie a ninoaaa e?eieiaeueiie
ieeeoeee e ieeeoeee iauanoaaiiie aaciianiinoe (ianoiie ieeeoeee).
Acaeiiaeaenoaea i?aaiia aeiciaiey e neaaenoaey a ?anneaaeiaaiee au?aaeaii a
caeiia “I ieeeoeee”, aaea neacaii, /oi “Iniiaiuie caaea/aie e?eieiaeueiie
ieeeoeee yaeyaony i?aaeoi?aaeaeaiea, i?ana/aiea e ?ane?uoea i?anooieaiee ii
aeaeai, ii eioi?ui iaycaoaeueii i?iecaiaenoai i?aaeaa?eoaeueiiai neaaenoaey, a
oaeaea i?aaiecaoeey e inouanoaeaiea ?icunea eeoe, ne?uaathueony io i?aaiia
aeiciaiey, neaaenoaey…” (no. 8). Ianoiay ieeeoeey i?iaiaeeo aeiciaiea ii aeaeai
ii eioi?ui i?iecaiaenoai i?aaeaa?eoaeueiiai neaaenoaey ia iaycaoaeueii (no. 9).
A caeiia ?a/ue eaeao i anao oi?iao acaeiiaeaenoaey (i?ioeannoaeueiuo e
iia?aoeaii-?icuneiuo), eioi?ua iaania/eaatho auiieiaiea caaea/
i?aaeaa?eoaeueiiai ?anneaaeiaaiey.

3. Aeiciaiea. Aai aeaeu

Aeiciaiea eae aeae i?ioeannoaeueiie aeayoaeueiinoe ii ?anneaaeiaaieth
i?anooieaiey inouanoaeyaony oieueei ii aicaoaeaeaiiiio aeaeo e ii i?aaeeai,
onoaiiaeaiiui oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiui caeiiii. Caeii ia onoaiaaeeaaao iniauo
i?aaee i?iecaiaenoaa neaaenoaaiiuo aeaenoaee e i?eiyoey ?aoaiey ia aeiciaiee, a
?ani?ino?aiyao ia ieo i?aaeea i?iecaiaenoaa i?aaeaa?eoaeueiiai neaaenoaey, ca
iaeioi?ui eneeth/aieai (no. 119, 120 OIE). Caeii i?aaeoniao?eaaao aeaa aeaea
aeiciaiey (no. 118 OIE), a eiaiii: 1.Aeiciaiea ii aeaeai, ii eioi?ui
i?iecaiaenoai i?aaeaa?eoaeueiiai neaaenoaey iaycaoaeueii (no. 119 OIE).
2.Aeiciaiea ii aeaeai, ii eioi?ui i?iecaiaenoai i?aaeaa?eoaeueiiai neaaenoaey
ia iaycaoaeueii (no. 120 OIE).
Aeiciaiea ii aeaeai, ii eioi?ui i?aaeaa?eoaeueiia neaaenoaea iaycaoaeueii
A niioaaonoaee n /. 1 no. 119 OIE i?e iaee/ee i?eciaeia i?anooieaiey,
ii eioi?iio i?iecaiaenoai i?aaeaa?eoaeueiiai neaaenoaey iaycaoaeueii, i?aai
aeiciaiey aicaoaeaeaao oaieiaiia aeaei e, ?oeiaiaenoaoynue i?aaeeaie
oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiiai caeiia, i?iecaiaeeo iaioeiaeiua neaaenoaaiiua aeaenoaey
ii onoaiiaeaieth e cae?aieaieth neaaeia i?anooieaiey. Noaouey 119 ioiineo e
/eneo neaaenoaaiiuo aeaenoaee, eioi?ua a ea/anoaa iaioeiaeiuo iiaeao i?iecaiaeeoue
i?aai aeiciaiey, iniio?, iaune, auaieo, inaeaeaoaeuenoaiaaiea, caaea?aeaiea e
aeii?in iiaeic?aaaaiuo, aeii?in iioa?iaaoeo e naeaeaoaeae.
Caeiiii NNN? io 12 ethiy 1990 a. “I aianaiee eciaiaiee e aeiiieiaiee a
no. 29 Iniia” ia?a/aiue iaioeiaeiuo neaaenoaaiiuo aeaenoaee, i?iecaiaeeiuo
i?aaiii aeiciaiey ii aeaeai, ii eioi?ui i?aaeaa?eoaeueiia neaaenoaea iaycaoaeueii,
aeiiieiai i?ineooeaaieai oaeaoiiiuo e eiuo ia?aaiai?ia, iaeiaeaieai a?anoa ia
eiouanoai e a neo/aa iaiaoiaeeiinoe iacia/aieai yenia?oecu.
E iaioeiaeiui neaaenoaaiiui aeaenoaeyi ioiinyony oaeea aeaenoaey ii
iaia?oaeaieth e cae?aieaieth aeieacaoaeuenoa, eioi?ua niaa?oathony ii “ai?y/ei
neaaeai”, o. a. iacaiaaeeeoaeueii, oae eae i?iiaaeeaiea n eo i?iecaiaenoaii iiaeao
iiaea/ue en/aciiaaiea, ii?/o, oo?aoo, oaeueneoeeaoeeth aeieacaoaeuenoa. Ia?a/aiue
neaaenoaaiiuo aeaenoaee, eioi?ua i?aaiu aeiciaiey ai?aaa i?iecaiaeeoue a ea/anoaa
iaioeiaeiuo, yaeyaony en/a?iuaathuei e ?anoe?eoaeueiiio oieeiaaieth ia iiaeeaaeeo.
Yoi icia/aao, /oi ii aeaeai, ii eioi?ui i?aaeaa?eoaeueiia neaaenoaea
iaycaoaeueii, i?aaiu aeiciaiey ia ai?aaa i?iecaiaeeoue ae?oaea neaaenoaaiiua
aeaenoaey.
I?aeoeea i?aaiia i?aaeaa?eoaeueiiai ?anneaaeiaaiey iieacuaaao, /oi
caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai, ?aaeaiaioe?othuaa iieiiii/ey i?aaiia aeiciaiey ii
i?iecaiaenoao iaioeiaeiuo neaaenoaaiiuo aeaenoaee, ioaeaeaaony a
niaa?oainoaiaaiee. A caeiia neaaeiaaei au cae?aieoue iauaa i?aaeei, niaeanii
eioi?iio i?aaiai aeiciaiey i?aaeinoaaeyeinue au i?aai i?iecaiaeeoue neaaenoaaiiua
aeaenoaey ii onoaiiaeaieth e cae?aieaieth neaaeia i?anooieaiey, eioi?ua ieaaeoony
iaioeiaeiuie a eiie?aoiii aeaea, o. e. iaeuecy ca?aiaa ii?aaeaeeoue, eaeia
aeaenoaea yaeony iaioeiaeiui a oii eee eiii neo/aa. ?acoiaaony, ?a/ue eaeao i
oao neaaenoaaiiuo aeaenoaeyo, eioi?ua iai?aaeaiu ia iouneaiea, niae?aiea,
cae?aieaiea aeieacaoaeuenoa “ii ai?y/ei neaaeai”.
A oeaeyo iaania/aiey i?ieo?i?neiai iaaeci?a ca caeiiiinoueth i?aai aeiciaiey
iaycai iaiaaeeaiii oaaaeiieoue i?ieo?i?a ia iaia?oaeaiee i?anooieaiey e ia/aoii
aeiciaiee (no. 119 OIE). A niioaaonoaee ni no. 121 OIE aeiciaiea a yoie oi?ia
aeieaeii auoue caeii/aii ia iicaeiaa aeanyoe nooie ni aeiy aicaoaeaeaiey oaieiaiiai
aeaea. I?iaeeaieth yoio n?ie ia iiaeeaaeeo. I?ieo?i? iiaeao aeaoue oeacaiea i
iai?aaeaiee aeaea neaaeiaaoaeth e aei enoa/aiey aeanyoeaeiaaiiai n?iea. Anee i?aai
aeiciaiey auiieieo iaioeiaeiua neaaenoaaiiua aeaenoaey ?aiaa yoiai n?iea, ii
iaycai iaiaaeeaiii iai?aaeoue aeaei neaaeiaaoaeth, ia iaeeaeay oeacaiey i?ieo?i?a
eee enoa/aiey aeanyoeaeiaaiiai n?iea.
Iinea oiai eae aeaei ia?aaeaii neaaeiaaoaeth, i?aai aeiciaiey aeaenoaoao ii
iaio a caaeneiinoe io ?acoeueoaoa i?iaaaeaiiiai aeiciaiey. Anee a oiaea aeiciaiey
auei iaia?oaeaii eeoei, niaa?oeaoaa i?anooieaiea, i?aai aeiciaiey iiaeao
i?iecaiaeeoue ?icuneiua eee neaaenoaaiiua aeaenoaey ii aeaeo oieueei ii ii?o/aieth
neaaeiaaoaey. Anee eeoei, niaa?oeaoaa i?anooieaiea, a oiaea aeiciaiey onoaiiaeoue
ia i?aaenoaaeeinue aiciiaeiui, i?aai aeiciaiey e iinea ia?aaea/e aeaea neaaeiaaoaeth
iaycai i?iaeieaeaoue iia?aoeaii-?icuneiua ia?ii?eyoey aeey onoaiiaeaiey
i?anooiieea, oaaaeiieyy neaaeiaaoaey ia eo ?acoeueoaoao (no. 119 OIE).
Neaaenoaaiiua aea aeaenoaey i?aai aeiciaiey iiaeao i?iecaiaeeoue ai anao neo/ayo
oieueei ii ii?o/aieth neaaeiaaoaey.
Aiaeec caeiia, ?aaeaiaioe?othuaai aeiciaiea ii aeaeai, ii eioi?ui
i?aaeaa?eoaeueiia neaaenoaea iaycaoaeueii, iicaieyao i?eeoe e auaiaeo i
oaeoeueoaoeaiii oa?aeoa?a yoie oi?iu aeiciaiey. Ii aeaiiie eaoaai?ee aeae i?aai
aeiciaiey eeoue a oao neo/ayo aicaoaeaeaao oaieiaiia aeaei e i?iecaiaeeo aeiciaiea,
eiaaea i?anooieaiea iaia?oaeeaaaony a oiaea aai aeayoaeueiinoe, ii iaio o?aaoaony
i?iecaiaenoai iaioeiaeiuo neaaenoaaiiuo aeaenoaee “ii ai?y/ei neaaeai”, a
neaaeiaaoaeue ii iauaeoeaiui i?e/eiai ia iiaeao i?enooieoue e ?anneaaeiaaieth aeaea
n naiiai ia/aea. Anee aea neaaeiaaoaeue nai aicaoaeee oaieiaiia aeaei e i?enooiee
e ?anneaaeiaaieth, aeiciaiea ii yoiio aeaeo ia i?iecaiaeeony, a i?aai aeiciaiey
iiaeao auiieiyoue eeoue ii?o/aiey e oeacaiey neaaeiaaoaey i i?iecaiaenoaa
iia?aoeaii-?icuneiuo e neaaenoaaiiuo aeaenoaee (i. 4 no. 119 OIE: i. 34 no. 7
Caeiia ia iia?aoeaii-?icuneiie aeayoaeueiinoe a ?O).
I?aai aeiciaiey ia ai?aaa i?einoaiiaeoue eee i?ae?aoeoue aeaei, ii eioi?iio
i?aaeaa?eoaeueiia neaaenoaea iaycaoaeueii, oae eae aai eiiiaoaioeey ii aeaeai
aeaiiie eaoaai?ee en/a?iuaaaony i?iecaiaenoaii iaioeiaeiuo neaaenoaaiiuo
aeaenoaee e auianaieai iinoaiiaeaiey i iai?aaeaiee aeaea neaaeiaaoaeth (no. 124
OIE).
Oaeei ia?acii, aeiciaiea ii aeaeai, ii eioi?ui i?aaeaa?eoaeueiia neaaenoaea
iaycaoaeueii, ninoieo: a aicaoaeaeaiee oaieiaiiai aeaea e i?iaaaeaiee iaioeiaeiuo
neaaenoaaiiuo aeaenoaee, eiaaea a yoii aicieeaao iaiaoiaeeiinoue, a oeaeyo
onoaiiaeaiey e cae?aieaiey neaaeia i?anooieaiey: a auiieiaiee ii?o/aiee e
oeacaiee neaaeiaaoaey i i?iecaiaenoaa iia?aoeaii-?icuneiuo e neaaenoaaiiuo
aeaenoaee: a ieacaiee niaeaenoaey neaaeiaaoaeth i?e i?iecaiaenoaa ei ioaeaeueiuo
neaaenoaaiiuo aeaenoaee.
Aeiciaiea ii aeaeai, ii eioi?ui i?aaeaa?eoaeueiia neaaenoaea ia iaycaoaeueii
Yoi aeiciaiea ninoieo a iieiii ?anneaaeiaaiee aeaea. E ?anneaaeoaiui a
oi?ia aeiciaiey ioiinyony aeaea i i?anooieaieyo, ia?a/eneaiiuo a /. 1 no. 126
OIE. Ii iaeioi?ui ia?a/eneaiiui a yoie noaouea i?anooieaieyi aiciiaeiu a
niioaaonoaee ni no. 414 i?ioieieueiay oi?ia aeinoaeaaiie iiaeaioiaee iaoa?eaeia
eee i?iecaiaenoai a ii?yaeea /anoiiai iaaeiaiey.
A oi?ia aeiciaiey ?anneaaeothony, a /anoiinoe, aeaea i ooeeaainoaa,
i?aaeoniio?aiiua /. 2 no. 206 OE, iacaeiiiuo caiyoeyo ?uaiui e ae?oaeie
aiaeiuie i?iiuneaie n ioya/athueie ianoiyoaeuenoaaie, i?aaeoniio?aiiua /. 2 no.
163 OE, caiyoee iacaeiiiie ioioie n ioya/athueie ianoiyoaeuenoaaie (/. 2 no.
166 OE) e ae?., o. a. aeaea ?anneaaeiaaiea eioi?uo ia i?aaenoaaeyao neiaeiinoe.
A niioaaonoaee n caeiiii (no. 120 OIE) ii aeaeai, ii eioi?ui
i?aaeaa?eoaeueiia neaaenoaea ia iaycaoaeueii, i?aai aeiciaiey aicaoaeaeaao aeaei e
i?eieiaao ana i?aaeoniio?aiiua oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiui caeiiii ia?u aeey
onoaiiaeaiey anao ianoiyoaeuenoa, iiaeeaaeaueo aeieacuaaieth ii oaieiaiiio aeaeo
(no. 68 OIE).
I?e i?iecaiaenoaa aeiciaiey ii aeaeai, ii eioi?ui i?aaeaa?eoaeueiia
neaaenoaea ia iaycaoaeueii, i?aai aeiciaiey ?oeiaiaenoaoaony i?aaeeaie,
onoaiiaeaiiuie aeey i?aaeaa?eoaeueiiai neaaenoaey, ca neaaeothueie eneeth/aieyie:
1.Iioa?iaaoee, a?aaeaeaineee enoaoe, a?aaeaeaineee ioaao/ee e eo i?aaenoaaeoaee
ecaauathony ia ieii/aiee aeiciaiey e iai?aaeaiee aeaea i?ieo?i?o, ii iaoa?eaeu
aeaea aeey iciaeiieaiey ei ia i?aaeuyaeythony.
2.Ia i?aaiu aeiciaiey ia ?ani?ino?aiythony i?aaeea, onoaiiaeaiiua /. 2
no. 127 OIE. I?e ianiaeanee n oeacaieyie i?ieo?i?a i?aai aeiciaiey ai?aaa
iaaeaeiaaoue eo auoanoiyuaio i?ieo?i?o, ia i?einoaiaaeeaay auiieiaiey yoeo
oeacaiee.
Yoe ?acee/ey ia eiatho aeinoaoi/iuo iniiaaiee. Eeoaiea iioa?iaaoaai,
a?aaeaeaineiai enooea e a?aaeaeaineiai ioaao/eea i?aaa ia iciaeiieaiea n
iaoa?eaeaie aeaea iinea ieii/aiey aeiciaiey i?ioeai?a/eo iauaio i?aaeeo i
?aaainoaa i?aa o/anoieeia i?ioeanna, eioi?ia aeieaeii eiaoue ianoi i?e ethaie
oi?ia ?anneaaeiaaiey. Eeoaiea eeoea, i?iecaiaeyuaai aeiciaiea, i?aaa ia
niaeaneoueny n oeacaieyie i?ieo?i?a ii iniiaiui aii?inai iai?aaeaiey
?anneaaeiaaiey i?ioeai?a/eo i?eioeeio ioeaiee aeieacaoaeuenoa ii aioo?aiiaio
oaaaeaeaieth (no. 71 OIE), eioi?ui aeieaeii ?oeiaiaenoaiaaoueny e eeoei, i?iaiaeyuaa
aeiciaiea.
A niioaaonoaee ni no. 47 OIE caueoiee i?e i?iecaiaenoaa aeiciaiey
aeiioneaaony e o/anoeth a aeaea n iiiaioa i?aaeuyaeaiey iaaeiaiey, a a neo/aa
caaea?aeaiey eeoea, iiaeic?aaaaiiai a niaa?oaiee i?anooieaiey, eee i?eiaiaiey e
iaio ia?u i?ana/aiey a aeaea caeeth/aiey iiae no?aaeo aei i?aaeuyaeaiey iaaeiaiey
eeai -n iiiaioa iauyaeaiey aio i?ioieiea caaea?aeaiey eee iinoaiiaeaiey i
i?eiaiaiee yoie ia?u i?ana/aiey. Anee aeaei aicaoaeaeaii e i?iecaiaeeony

aeiciaiea ii aeaeai ianiaa?oaiiieaoieo, iaiuo, aeooeo, neaiuo e ae?oaeo eeoe,
eioi?ua a neeo naieo oece/aneeo e ineoe/aneeo iaaeinoaoeia ia iiaoo naie
inouanoaeyoue i?aai ia caueoo, a oaeaea eeoe, ia aeaaeathueo ycueii, ia eioi?ii
aaaeaony noaeii?iecaiaenoai, o/anoea caueoieea iaycaoaeueii n iiiaioa caaea?aeaiey
eee eca?aiey a ea/anoaa ia?u i?ana/aiey caeeth/aiea iiae no?aaeo.
Aeiciaiea aeieaeii auoue caeii/aii ia iicaeiaa iaeiiai ianyoea ni aeiy
aicaoaeaeaiey oaieiaiiai aeaea, aeeth/ay a yoio n?ie ninoaaeaiea iaaeieoaeueiiai
caeeth/aiey, eeai iinoaiiaeaiey i i?ae?auaiee eee i?einoaiiaeaiee aeaea (no.
121 OIE). Oeacaiiue n?ie iiaeao auoue i?iaeeai i?ieo?i?ii, iaiin?aaenoaaiii
inouanoaeythuei iaaeci? ca i?iecaiaenoaii aeiciaiey, ii ia aieaa /ai ia iaeei
ianyoe.
A eneeth/eoaeueiuo neo/ayo n?ie i?iecaiaenoaa aeiciaiey ii aeaeo iiaeao auoue
i?iaeeai ii i?aaeeai no. 133 OIE, onoaiiaeaiiui aeey i?aaeaa?eoaeueiiai
neaaenoaey.
Aeiciaiea a oeacaiiuo a caeiia neo/ayo iiaeao i?iecaiaeeoueny e ii aeaeai i
i?anooieaieyo, ia?a/eneaiiuo a no. 414 OIE, ii eioi?ui iiaeaioiaea iaoa?eaeia
aeey ?anniio?aiey aeaea a noaea, eae i?aaeei, inouanoaeyaony a i?ioieieueiie
oi?ia. Yoi iiaeao eiaoue ianoi a neo/ayo: aicaoaeaeaiey oaieiaiiai aeaea
ia/aeueieeii i?aaia aeiciaiey, anee a aeanyoeaeiaaiue n?ie iaaiciiaeii auynieoue
nouanoaaiiua ianoiyoaeuenoaa niaa?oaiey i?anooieaiey: aica?auaiey noaeii aeaea
aeey auyniaiey nouanoaaiiuo aeiiieieoaeueiuo ianoiyoaeuenoa, anee iie ia
iiaooauoue onoaiiaeaiu a noaeaaiii canaaeaiee: aica?auaiey i?ieo?i?ii eeai
noaeii iaoa?eaeia aeey auyniaiey nouanoaaiiuo aeiiieieoaeueiuo ianoiyoaeuenoa,
iaiaoiaeeiuo aeey aicaoaeaeaiey aeaea (no. 416 OIE). A yoeo neo/ayo aeiciaiea
aeieaeii auoue caeii/aii ia iicaeiaa aeaaaeoeaoeaeiaaiiai n?iea ni aeiy aicaoaeaeaiey
eee aica?auaiey oaieiaiiai aeaea.
Aeiciaiea iiaeao i?iaiaeeoueny e ii aeaeai i i?anooieaieyo, i?aaeoniio?aiiuo
no. 112, /. 1 no. 130, no. 131 OE, anee i?ieo?i? iaeaeao iaiaoiaeeiui
aicaoaeeoue aeaei ii iniiaaieyi, oeacaiiui a /. 3 no. 27 OIE.
Oaeei ia?acii, iiae aeiciaieai a oaieiaiii i?ioeanna ?O neaaeoao iiieiaoue
aeaeu i?aaeaa?eoaeueiiai ?anneaaeiaaiey, i?iecaiaeeiiai oiieiiii/aiiuie ia oi
caeiiii aeieaeiinoiuie eeoeaie e i?aaiaie e ninoiyuea: 1.A niaa?oaiee
iaioeiaeiuo neaaenoaaiiuo aeaenoaee ii onoaiiaeaieth e cae?aieaieth neaaeia
i?anooieaiey, a auiieiaiee ii?o/aiee e oeacaiee neaaeiaaoaey i i?iecaiaenoaa
neaaenoaaiiuo aeaenoaee ii aeaeai, ii eioi?ui i?iaiaeeony i?aaeaa?eoaeueiia
neaaenoaea.
2.A iieiii ?anneaaeiaaiee ii aeaeai, ii eioi?ui i?aaeaa?eoaeueiia neaaenoaea
ia iaycaoaeueii.

4. Caaea?aeaiea iiaeic?aaaaiiai

Caaea?aeaiea – ia?a oaieiaii-i?ioeannoaeueiiai i?eioaeaeaiey, aeecei
i?eiueathuay ii oa?aeoa?o ia?aie/aiee, eioi?ui iiaeaa?aaaony ee/iinoue, e ia?a
i?ana/aiey a aeaea caeeth/aiey iiae no?aaeo. Ii nouanoao – yoi e?aoeia?aiaiiia
eeoaiea naiaiaeu iiaeic?aaaaiiai A neeo iaioeiaeiinoe caaea?aeaiey caeii ia
o?aaoao aeey aai i?eiaiaiey naieoeee, i?ieo?i?a eee ?aoaiey noaea. A oi aea
a?aiy caeii onoaiaaeeaaao ?yae aa?aioee caeiiiinoe e iainiiaaiiinoe
inouanoaeaiey yoie ia?u i?eioaeaeaiey, /aoei ?aaeaiaioe?oy oneiaey, iniiaaiey,
iioeau e n?iee aa i?eiaiaiey.
I?aaeea i?iecaiaenoaa caaea?aeaiey cae?aieaiu a no. 122, 122, 123 OIE, a
oaeaea a Iieiaeaiee i ii?yaeea e?aoeia?aiaiiiai caaea?aeaiey eeoe, iiaeic?aaaaiuo a
niaa?oaiee i?anooieaiey. I?iecaiaenoai caaea?aeaiey aeiionoeii eeoue i?e
ii?aaeaeaiiuo oneiaeyo e ii iniiaaieyi, oeacaiiui a caeiia.
Caaea?aeaiea iiaeao auoue i?eiaiaii oieueei e eeoeo, iiaeic?aaaaiiio a
niaa?oaiee i?anooieaiey, ca eioi?ia i?aaeoniio?aii iaeacaiea a aeaea eeoaiey
naiaiaeu (no. 122 OIE).
Oieueei i?aai aeiciaiey, neaaeiaaoaeue e i?ieo?i? i?aaiii/iu ?aoeoue aii?in
i caaea?aeaiee eeoea (no. 122, 127, 211 OIE).
Iiae iniiaaieyie caaea?aeaiey iiieiatho oaeoe/aneea aeaiiua, iicaieythuea
iiaeic?aaaoue eeoei a niaa?oaiee i?anooieaiey, a eiaiii: 1) eiaaea eeoei
canoeaiooi i?e niaa?oaiee i?anooieaiey eee iaiin?aaenoaaiii iinea aai
niaa?oaiey: 2) eiaaea i/aaeaeoeu, a oii /enea e iioa?iaaoea, i?yii oeaaeoo ia
aeaiiia eeoei eae ia niaa?oeaoaa i?anooieaiea: 3) eiaaea ia iiaeic?aaaaiii eee
ia aai iaeaaeaea, i?e iai eee a aai aeeeeua aoaeoo iaia?oaeaiu yaiua neaaeu
i?anooieaiey.
I?e iaee/ee “eiuo aeaiiuo”, aeathueo iniiaaiea iiaeic?aaaoue eeoei a
niaa?oaiee i?anooieaiey, iii iiaeao auoue caaea?aeaii eeoue a neo/ayo, anee
iieooaeinue ia iiaaa, ia eiaao iinoiyiiiai ianoa aeeoaeuenoaa eee ia
onoaiiaeaia ee/iinoue iiaeic?aaaaiiai. Iiae “eiuie aeaiiuie” neaaeoao iiieiaoue
aeieacaoaeuenoaa, iieo/aiiua a oiaea i?iecaiaenoaa ii aeaeo e aeinoaoi/iua aeey
iiaeic?aiey eeoea a niaa?oaiee i?anooieaiey. E oaeei aeaiiui, iai?eia?,
ioiinyony iieacaiey naeaeaoaeae e iioa?iaaoeo, ia yaeythueony i/aaeaeoeaie, i
noiaenoaa iiaeic?aaaaiiai ii i?eiaoai n ?acuneeaaaiui i?anooiieeii e o. i.
Iineieueeo eiua aeaiiua iaiaa ii?aaeaeaiiu, /ai oeacaiiua a i. 1, 2,3 /. 1 no.
122 OIE, caeii naycuaaao aeiionoeiinoue caaea?aeaiey ii iei n iaee/eai
ii?aaeaeaiiuo oneiaee: iieooaieai ia. iiaaa, ionoonoaeai iinoiyiiiai ianoa
aeeoaeuenoaa, ia onoaiiaeaieai ee/iinoe iiaeic?aaaaiiai. Yoe oneiaey aeaeatho
iaiaoiaeeiui i?iecaiaenoai caaea?aeaiey, o. e. i?eaeatho aio iaioeiaeiue oa?aeoa? e
oneeeaatho noaiaiue aa?iyoiinoe aeaiiuo i i?e/anoiinoe eeoea e i?anooieaieth.
Caeii aiai?eo i i?aaa i?aaia aeiciaiey e neaaeiaaoaey caaea?aeaoue eeoei,
anee anoue onoaiiaeaiiua caeiiii oneiaey e iniiaaiey. *oiau i?aai ia
caaea?aeaiea i?aa?aoeeinue a iaycaiiinoue, iaeeoei aeieaeiu auoue iioeau,
iaoneiaeeaathuea aai iaiaoiaeeiinoue a aeaiiii eiie?aoiii neo/aa. Iioeau
caaea?aeaiey ii?aaeaeythony oaie oeaeyie, eioi?ua i?aneaaeoao yoa ia?a
i?ioeannoaeueiiai i?eioaeaeaiey.
Iieiaeaiea i ii?yaeea e?aoeia?aiaiiiai caaea?aeaiey (no. 1) iacuaaao a
ea/anoaa oeaeae caaea?aeaiey auyniaiea i?e/anoiinoe caaea?aeaiiiai e i?anooieaieth
e ?ac?aoaiea aii?ina i i?eiaiaiee ia?u i?ana/aiey a aeaea caeeth/aiey iiae
no?aaeo. Oaeeie oeaeyie iiaoo auoue oaeaea aini?aiyonoaiaaiea iiaeic?aaaaiiio
i?iaeieaeaoue i?anooiioth aeayoaeueiinoue, ne?uoueny io neaaenoaey e noaea, iiiaoaoue
onoaiiaeaieth enoeiu.
Ai anyeii neo/aa caaea?aeaiea aeieaeii auoue ioi?ieaii i?ioieieii. A iai
eceaaathony iniiaaiey e iioeau caaea?aeaiey, aeaiue e /an, aiae e ianyoe, ianoi
caaea?aeaiey, iauyniaiey caaea?aeaiiiai e a?aiy ninoaaeaiey i?ioieiea. I?ioieie
iiaeienuaaaony eeoeii, aai ninoaaeaoei, e caaea?aeaiiui (no. 122 OIE).
I?ioieie caaea?aeaiey, ninoaaeaiiue a ieeeoeee eee ae?oaii i?aaia aeiciaiey,
aeieaeai auoue ooaa?aeaeai ia/aeueieeii i?aaia, oae eae caeii oieueei aai iaaeaeyao
i?aaii i?iecaanoe caaea?aeaiea.
Iieiaeaiea i ii?yaeea e?aoeia?aiaiiiai caaea?aeaiey i?aaeoniao?eaaao a
ea/anoaa i?aaiaiai iniiaaiey caaea?aeaiey e iiiauaiey caaea?aeaiiiai a eaia?o
aeey caaea?aeaiiuo e?iia i?ioieiea oaeaea iinoaiiaeaiea neaaeiaaoaey eee i?aaia
aeiciaiey (no. 3, 6). Iinoaiiaeaiea i caaea?aeaiee auiineony, anee iniiaaiey e
caaea?aeaieth auyaeythony a oiaea ?anneaaeiaaiey aeaea.
A niioaaonoaee n /. 2 no. 48 Eiinoeoooeee ?O e no. 47 OIE n iiiaioa
iauyaeaiey iiaeic?aaaaiiio i?ioieiea caaea?aeaiey, ii ia iicaeiaa 24 /ania n
iiiaioa caaea?aeaiey, e o/anoeth a aeaea aeiioneaaony caueoiee.
Anee i?e caaea?aeaiee iaiaoiaeeii i?iecaanoe ee/iue iaune iiaeic?aaaaiiai,
aai i?iecaiaenoai ia o?aaoao auianaiey iinoaiiaeaiey e naieoeee i?ieo?i?a (no.
172 OIE).
N?ie caaea?aeaiey en/eneyaony n iiiaioa aeinoaaeaiey eeoea, iiaeic?aaaaiiai
a niaa?oaiee i?anooieaiey, a i?aai aeiciaiey eee e neaaeiaaoaeth, iiyoiio
aaaeii, /oiau a i?ioieiea oeacuaaeinue a?aiy aeinoaaeaiey eeoea a i?aai aeiciaiey
eee e neaaeiaaoaeth. Anee caaea?aeaiea i?iecaiaeeony ia iniiaaiee iinoaiiaeaiey
i?aaia aeiciaiey eee neaaeiaaoaey, oi n?ie caaea?aeaiey en/eneyaony n iiiaioa
oaeoe/aneiai caaea?aeaiey eeoea (no. 3 Iieiaeaiey).
I anyeii neo/aa caaea?aeaiey eeoea i?aai aeiciaiey eee neaaeiaaoaeue iaycaiu
a oa/aiea 24 /ania naeaeaoue ienueiaiiia niiauaiea i?ieo?i?o, a iineaaeiee a
oa/aiea 48 /ania n iiiaioa iieo/aiey ecaauaiey iaycai aeaoue naieoeeth ia
caeeth/aiea iiae no?aaeo eeai inaiaiaeeoue caaea?aeaiiiai. Neaaeiaaoaeueii, n?ie
caaea?aeaiey ia iiaeao i?aauoaoue 72 /ania.
I?aai aeiciaiey (neaaeiaaoaeue) iaycai oaaaeiieoue i caaea?aeaiee
iiaeic?aaaaiiai aai naiueth, anee ecaanoii ianoi aa aeeoaeuenoaa. Anee eeoei
caaea?aeaii ii iiaeic?aieth a niaa?oaiee oyaeeiai i?anooieaiey, oaaaeiieaiea naiuee
i?iecaiaeeony a neo/aa, anee yoi ia aini?aiyonoaoao onoaiiaeaieth enoeiu.

5. Aeii?in iiaeic?aaaaiiai

Anee iiaeic?aaaaiue aue caaea?aeai eee aio auei eca?aii a ea/anoaa ia?u
i?ana/aiey caeeth/aiea iiae no?aaeo aei i?aaeuyaeaiey iaaeiaiey, n iiiaioa
iauyaeaiey i?ioieiea caaea?aeaiey eee iinoaiiaeaiey ia eca?aiee ia?u
i?ana/aiey e o/anoeth a aeaea aeiioneaaony caueoiee (ni. ae. 3).
N iiiaioa aeiionea e aeaeo caueoiee ai?aaa ciaeiieoueny n i?ioieieii
caaea?aeaiey, iinoaiiaeaieai i i?eiaiaiee ia?u i?ana/aiey, iaaaeeia eiaoue
naeaeaiea n iiaeic?aaaaiui, o/anoaiaaoue a ia?aii aeii?ina iiaeic?aaaaiiai (no.
51 OIE).
Aeii?in iiaeic?aaaaiiai i?iecaiaeeony iaiaaeeaiii iinea aai caaea?aeaiey eee
caeeth/aiey iiae no?aaeo (no. 123 OIE). Anee i?iecaanoe aeii?in iaiaaeeaiii ia
i?aaenoaaeyaony aiciiaeiui, oi yoi aeaeaaony ia iicaeiaa 24 /ania n iiiaioa
caaea?aeaiey.
Caeii ia oeacuaaao ii?aaeaeaiiiai n?iea, a oa/aiea eioi?iai aeieaeai auoue
i?iecaaaeai aeii?in, a neo/ayo eiaaea a ioiioaiee iiaeic?aaaaiiai eca?aia ia?a
i?ana/aiey, ia naycaiiay n eeoaieai naiaiaeu (iai?eia?, iiaeienea i iaauacaea).
Iaeiaei e a iiaeiaiuo neo/ayo aeii?in iiaeic?aaaaiiai ia aeieaeai ioeeaaeuaaoueny ia
i?iaeieaeeoaeueiia a?aiy, eai n iiiaioa eca?aiey ethaie ia?u i?ana/aiey
iiaeic?aaaaiue i?eia?aoaao i?aai aeaaaoue iauyniaiey e cayaeyoue oiaeaoaenoaa
(no. 52 OIE). Ia?aae aeii?inii iiaeic?aaaaiiio iauyaeyaony, a niaa?oaiee eaeiai
i?anooieaiey ii iiaeic?aaaaony, i /ai aeaeaaony ioiaoea a i?ioieiea. Aio
?acuyniythony i?aaa, i?aaeoniio?aiiua no. 52 OIE.
Iieacaiey iiaeic?aaaaiiai, oae aea eae e iieacaiey iaaeiyaiiai, yaeythony
ia oieueei n?aaenoaii aeieacuaaiey, ii e n?aaenoaii caueou. Niioaaonoaaiii, aea/a
iieacaiee yaeyaony aai i?aaii, a ia iaycaiiinoueth. Eae e iaaeiyaiue,
iiaeic?aaaaiue ia ianao ioaaonoaaiiinoe ca ioeac io aea/e iieacaiee e ca aea/o
caaaaeiii eiaeiuo iieacaiee.
Iiieii ianoiyoaeuenoa, iineoaeeaoeo iniiaaieai aeey i?eiaiaiey e
iiaeic?aaaaiiio ia? i?ana/aiey, ii iiaeao auoue aeii?ioai ia ianoiyoaeuenoaao,
onoaiiaeaiea eioi?uo iaiaoiaeeii aeey auyniaiey aai ee/iinoe, a oaeaea ia eiuo
ianoiyoaeuenoaao, eiathueo cia/aiea aeey aeaea.