N???? A. E. 1910 – E??e e ?????ey ? ???e ???e ???? ??a
A??ath ???ath ??a ???a?y ???y ?????.
I? ?????e ??a ??i ???? ? ??, ???a ????yo ??i. N y?e ??e ??ey ????? ??a
??o, ?i???, ????????, ?e ??, ??ath?y ??i. Ii ?ae ????? ??a ??i ????ue e
???o y?e ??, a ??? ??? ??e ??i; y? ? ?i ????e, ?i ??y ??o ??o ?y ???y
????? ??ay ?y? ? ???, ???e y?y?ny ?y ?? ????? ??a ????o ?oe.
Y? ?a ??e ??ey ? ??th?tho, a ???i ???ytho ?? ??oth. A??a ????a ??o ?? n
???? ?a ???e, ? ????e ???o ???ath?y n???ath??y ??y??y ???. I??a ?? ???,
e ??? ????o y?o ??, e ??o ??th ????, ?e ???? yoe ??u.
Aeey ???? ?a ??e ??ey ????i ?y????. Ii ? ??o ?????ny ??i ??? ????? ??
???? ?e ???????? ??a, ? ??? ?????ny e ? ??i ??y?a ? ??????y.
Aeey ???e ??? ?????i, a i?? a?ue e ?y?? ?????i ??a, ?y??? y?? ??y?a ??o
????a ????. I???? ?y????e ???th?o ??i ?e ? y?? ???e ?????ue ??ue ???i.
I??, ??????a a ???? ?a???, ??a ? ??o ?? ??????i ? ?? ?i ???a. Iu ??i
n???? ?? ?????? ?iy?a ??? i ????o ???? ???? th?????i ?oa. Y?o ????? ????
? ???? ??o ??o ?? ????i ????i ??e ???????e ????? ?e, ?i ?????. I??e ???
??a, ???i, ? ??ath?y ? y?? ???; ? ??a ??iy?a th?????i ?? ?????i ?y??ny.
Oy??, ???, ??a a ??? ??y ????tho ??, ???th?a ??i, ? y?i ??i ????i ??
??y??? ??? ??a. Y? ??, ???th?a i??, a ??? ??y ???? e ?iyo a ?yce ? ??
??i ????.
Io ????? ??a ?? ????ue ????e ???e ??a. I? y?i ????i ????i ???tho ?a
????? ?iy??e, a ???o ??i ??e ???? ? ??????a a ????a a?iy ??i. Nthaea
??ny?y, ????, ????, ??? ???ee th?????i ????a, ??? th????? ????u, ?e,
????: ??? ???, ???ua ????y, ??? ???u e ?.
I??e
N?? ??? e ??i ???i a ???n? ????? ??a y?y?ny ??ae, ?e ????ay ??, e ???a
??i, ?e ???o y?e ??.
I? ???i ? ??? ??? ??iatho ??a ??i, ??u ???? ???yth?y e ????i ??ayi a ??
????? ????y ???oth?o, ?oe a ??????e ???y?ny ?. E?y ????? ????a ????a
????o ?oe, ??? ? ??o ???i ??????y, ? ????, a ????????ue ???, ???e ???
???ny i?????i ??????i; ??? ???o ? ???, ?e ????e ??u, ?a ?eo. ??tho e ?a
?e ???atho. A??e ????i, ??? ? ??o ??????i ???? ???; ? ??i ???? ?i
?u????? ??? ??a, ??a ? ?a ???ny, ??a eth? ?a ???otho ????i n ?i. I????ue
??ay ?iy?y?y a ?i, ?i ??no?a th????? ???ey ???ath?y ??iy?i ? ??????e
???. I????: ????? a ?? a ????e ????e ?????y ?e ??th??e ????o, ??iy?i
???yth??y ???e e ??, ??., y?i ??i ???ytho ?? e ? ? ??u, Io ??ii???o
????, ??iy?i ???y?? a ??o e ?o ? ??ayo, ? ???? e ????th i ??????e
??????o ??, ???a ????eyth?y a y?o ???eyo. *?? ????, ?i a ??? ??y ????o
????e ???, ??i ???? ?yae ???a??? ????, ???ey?? ??i ??i-?? th????? ???i.
Y? ?? ???. Ii ?? ??cy ???ue ??? ?y?, a ??i ??? ?i ??o ???? ??????i
?????o eth?e i ???oth?o a ? ??y ??? ??a. A?e ?o ??? ?i?ue, ?i
na?????oth?a ?? ???o ??i, ? ?i ????a ??o ??ue ????? ??a ? ????, ?e e
?yae ??????o ????.
O??ue ???ny ??? ????, ?e ????o ???a ??i? N??y ??a ????, ?i ?i ????o ?
???? ????ue ????i ???i. I?ay????o, ?i ????e ???e, ??i ???ay ????i ???i,
??o, ???oe, ???? ???? ae????? ??? ?e, a ? ??a, ? i??? ????? ?????, ??u ?
????ey ????o ????, a ??? ???o ?o i??i ???, ??i ????? ??a ???? ????a i
??a, a i??o ???o ?????i ??y?, ?i a i??a ????o ???? ????o ?oe ??o ? ??? ?
??? (???????a) ?a???, ? e ?????? (I??). I???a, n y?e ??e c??ey, ??????
?a ??????a ????e ??e th????ie ??u, ???e a ???? ???. Y? ??a, ???eyy ????
???? ????o ?oe, e ???? ???a ??i. N?a, ????y?y ???, ??, ??????i, ????
????, ????, ?????i, ??????o ???? (??????) ??i.
O?? ??yae ? ???a ??i ???ny ??iy?? a ???? ??e, ??i ? ???e e a ?? ?????.
?y?i n ???i I?? ??? ?a ?a ????a ??a: ???????th ?y???n? e ?y????ue
th???. I?, ? ?i ??eth, ?atho ?? ??? n ???i. A??????ay ??? ?? ??? ???e
??i ?y ????y ??e ?? ???. I? ??? ????? y? ??th ?eth e ????. I? ??? y? ??i
????????, ???a ???ey? a ?i ?n?? ???? ????a i ??a; y? ??ae??? e ?? ??i.
Aeay????ue ?????ey ??o, ?????? n ???i, ??a ?????e ????: ?????? ? ??o
??ue ??? ???i ????i ???ey, ? ??? ?i ? ????i ??.
O??e ????, ??ay ?y????ue th???, ????ey?ny ? ??? ??yae ? ????. I???
????a ???e ??o ? ?e ?? ???, ? ?e ??ue; ??i ???i, ???? ?o ? y?y?ny ??ue
????? ??e. Ii, ???o I??, ??a ??a ??o ?ei n i?????i ????i, ?y?? ?a ???
?e?i ??a ??????i ???, ??a ??o ??????ue ?? ???o, ?e ????; yoi e ???
??????ue ?i “a ?i ???”.
O??i a y?i ??? ??a ??o ??ue ???????oth ??. TH??u, ?ee ?oyo ??ue ?ey?a ?
?????a ??a, ??? ?????ue, ?e ??????e ??aea.
O?? ???i, ?y?a ??i ?????i, e ??iy?e ?i ???? ?????? ????a.
A ????a ??y y?y?ny ???? a ???? ??? ??y?o ? ???i??? ???? ??a. Ii ??????
??????a ???i ???? ??a o ?ae?? ???. A ???????? ? ?????? ?iy??e ?????i
???e ? ?atho ???a, ???a ?? ? ???oth?i ??? ??? ???; ?e ?atho ?? n ??i?e
?u?y? ????o ?????, ???a y?yth?y ??????e a ???? ??? ?e ????? ???, a ??e ?
??? ???. I? ????e ????oe ????o, ????, ??? ?eyi ? ???a ??eyi; o ????e,
ay??e e ???yi ? ???o ?? ??ae, ? y?o ??? ? ? ?? ????o n ??ay? ?? ???
????o ???. To ? y??? ????ey? a ????e e A???y. Ea?? ????a ????? ??y ??o e
n??ny ? ????e ??? ????? ??a. Ae??? ????e ? ?atho ??-??a??? ??a, ? ????
??? ??i ????o ???: ???a ?????, ????? e o. ae. I?? ???? ???e ?ae??? ???
???ath?y ????a ???? a ????yo. Ii ??a ????a ????, ??i ??e e ??o ???e
????? ???/i? ???a. Y? ????, ??????i, ?o ????? ???? ? ??n?a ????i ??. N
????? ????i ???e ??i ????o ????? ??? ???iy?ny; ? y? ?????a ??a ? ??
????o ??????y ???iy???? ??-??a??? ??a, ???a y??? ? ?????i ??????i ????y
??a??; ?????a ????? ??i ??? ?a???i ??a ????? ???a ?ae ???e ??? ????? ???
(Rudolph Sohm, Fraukisches Recht und Romisches Recht, 1880 r.).
Yoi ??????? n ??????e ???e ??i ?? ???? ????e ???e e ???i ????a ???? e
?????th?? ??eth. O?, ????, E??? ????, ?i a ????e ??ay ??o “??a ???”, ? ?
??? ???, ???o ?, a “???ea??i ??a eth?e” (Theorie des gemeinen
Civilrechts, 1839, ??. 9 e ?.). Y? ???? ????o ?th ??eth. “I?????e ??
eth?e” ?? ?? ??i ????? ???????; o y??-? ???????i ???? ? ??? ?????? ??
??a ??? i ?a?. I??a ? ?i? I??o ?? ?? ethae? ????o ??i ??i ?????, a ?o?e
– ???? N????e ??????i ????y, a ??????? ??e ??e, ???th?y e ????th: ??a
????a i ??a, ???yo ?e, ??a ??i ???a ???, ?e e ???ay ??. A ??? ??? ??ey i
??a o “??????i ??a ?oe” ??cy ???? ?? y??, a ?u??e ??? ? ????th?? ????y.
Ae??? ?iy??e, ?e ? ???, ???yo i ????o ??ayo. He ???o ? ?iy?a ???e
????ue ??? ?iy?y ??? (??e) e ???? ??? ? ??????? ????y i ??a? O?a ?o.
Ea?a-?? ????a e, ??????i, ????a i ??a ??o ??ue ??? ????e ???e. Ia ????e
??? ?e ???e ??i ???? ???, ?e i ?i? ????e ????o ?oe.
Ec ???????i ????y, ?iy?yth??ny a ???eyo ????o ?oe, e ?? ???? ???a ??i,
a ??????i, e i??a ??i, ????a a ???e.
Ii ???a ??i ?? ????y ?????? ??o ??, ????? e??? ????y ?y????i; ??a y?o
?? i?y?y?ny a ?y? ??????o ????, E? ? ??e ????? ??a ??a ??u ? ???? ????o
?oe, ???th?o ??ei ? ??????? ????a e, ??o ?oue, ??a ??o ??e ?????o?
I?ea ??u ???atho ? ??o?e ????o ?oe ? ??? e ? ?????, a ??? ?e ?????
????o ????y?? ?y ?? ???e. ???a eth?, ?e ???? ????a e ???? ???e ??e, ??o
a ????? ??ayo ???a? ????i. I???aua ???? y?yth?y ????? ???? ?????, ??????
e ?? ????? ??e. A?e ???y ?y????e y?o eth?e, a ???a ??a ?e ??a ????????
???e, ??th?y ? ?, y?y?ny ???????? ?yae ????? ???? a ???eo ??ayo. I??????
y? ????a ???ey ????? ???atho n ??th ???oth?o ?oe e ?y? ath ????ath?y. Ho
io ?? ? ????ey, ?e ?? ???tho ????ue ???ea ? ?eth e ???ey? ? ?????a. Y??
??????, n ??e ???u, ae??? ????ny ??? ??? ?? (?c ??y?? ???o ???ey), n ???
– ??? ??? eth?e. A???ath?a ????y, i??a ?i ??? ?????ue ???iy???, ??th?tho
???ey ???o; ? ??ay ?ey ????y ?ae ?ey?? ??????ny oaea ???? ???ey ????
ethae?. “O? ????e ??, ?e ????i e ?”, y? ???????ay ??a. I???? a??y?ny ???
???ey? ? ??u ??? eth?e – ??o ??? ??? ?ey?a ? ???? ????. ???ay ????a ???i
???o: ai?? eth?e ? ???e, a ? eth?e ? ????! E?: ?e eth?, ?e e ?! He ??
?????, ? ?ie e ?????ny. Iay?????ue ??ay ??e??, ??????i, a ?? ????i ????
???? ????ue ?c ?????o ??. O? ?? ?i-? ??a n n???ii ????? ?e, ????o ?ae
??? ?a??.
E?e, ???a ??i ????o ????y ???eth ?? ?e. Ai-???, ???????i ???ey ????
????a ????, ?ae ?ey?? ???? ???ey?ny ?o ?e ?o?e ??? ?i ????. Y? i??i
???????y (????e). A ?i ??? – ??? ???n, ??? ????? i ?i, ?i ??? ?? ?e ???
???yo, a ? ?????y ?ay ??? ?e ???????. Ii ???????a ?? ? ?? ? o??o ?a ????
??a. Ec ?? ???atho ??? ????a ???ey, ???iay ????. A?e ???ey ??? ?? ?c?o
?oe ??o ????u ?. ????? ?o?yo e ? ????y ?????ay ??a, ????o ??ay ??,
???ath?y ?? ?ath?o i ??????e ????? ??? ???ey, ??n?? ???? – ?????ue ??a
(Adickes 52, 90). Y? ???ay ?? ?????y. I?ac ???ey, ????e ?????, ??? ??a
y????? eth??, ????ny ??th ??ith, ???i, ????y ??, ?i ??? ??u?tho, ??a ?e
??a ????, ?en???ue ??a. I???ay ???? ???ae? a ????e ??? ???, ?i ??i ?????
????ey ???eyi ????o eth?e ????y ????a i ??????e ?? ?????ue ??? ??, a ?
??a.
I??e ?? ? ? ???, a ? ???????i o???ey, ? ????ny ??a ?e ??a ??i. A???
“??a ?e ??a” ???, ?i ????a ???i, e??iyth?? ???, a ?????, ??????? e ?????
?i ????e ??a ? ??i ?y ???ey ??ay. I?? ??? ??a ????a a ???aee??e ??o???
???? n ?????th?e ????e. I? y?i ???e eth? ??o ???y?ny ??ath, ?oy ??i ?o
?e ??? ? ?o ??o e ? ??ue ?????oth?? ????y. “I???? ???, ?i ???e ??”, ???o
???y ????a, o.a. ??ae ??a ?y???i, ??a ?y??? ?eth, ?e e ??. Ii ????? ??a
? ?i? a ?????e ? ??? ????e ???yth?? i ??a e ???????. O?? o?? e ?????
??ay – ?y????, ???n?i ? ??, ???i ? ???yth?e a ?i ?ea???e ?e ?o. “I??a
??ay ? ??ue!” ???o ??ay ????a, o.a. ???ye ???, ?oy ? ? ??eny e ?????.
I????ue ?????oth?? ????y ?? e ???i ? ?? ?????a ???a ???ey ??ay. Ii
????? ??? ??ae?ey ?? ??i ????ey ?????ny ??ay. Eth? ??? ??o ?????ue ?
??ath, ?oy e ? ???? a ?i ????????; ????, eth? y?????a ??o ???? ??? ?????
????ey ??ath, ? ?????oth?? ? ????yi. Ae???y ???io, ?i ?y a ?? ???y ???,
?e ??o ???? ??? ?????th ??? ??ay. ???e n ???? ???e e ?e ????? ????y??
o???, ??o ????ue ???. “Ia ?? ?? ???e”, ???o ???e ??ae; ?e “?e, ? e ?o
??e”!
A??????i ???? ??a ? ???????i ????ey, ??i ???, ?uyniyth?y e ??? ?????e
y?? ??a. I??? ??i ????o ? a ??? (??y) e ?? ? a ???e, a a ??? ??? eth?e,
???o ????oth ??ue e ?ath?o ?????ue a?y? ?? ia ??a ??? ???ey?. “*? ??ae,
? ??a, ?i ???y, ? ???, ???o ???y ????a, ?e ?a ??a: “o N??a ???, a y E??
– ??”. Y? ????u ???tho ????e ??. I????ny ?a ??? ??i ????. Ai O???e ai??o
A???? (385). ? ??? ??????y ? e O????? ????? ? ?? ??o ?u??; y? ??? ??a
??? ???a ??a. O? ????? jus commune Flandriae, ? ???ey ???? ??a, ??iy? ?
????o ??o ???? ??e, ???a n????i ??a ???ath?y e ? ?? ??? ???o”.
Y? y??ey, ??uy??? n ??e c??y ??????i ????y, ????? ?iy?u n ??e. A?e ???y
??e ? ????u, ? a ???? ??? e ?? ? ??? e ?? ???e ??o ????? ?c?a ???.
I????? ? ???? ??? ??a ??? ????? ?????? ??e e ?e ????? ???? ????yo?o ?y
?? ???e. A?e ??o ???e ? ??o, ???y ??? e ?? ? ??? e ?? ??a ???, ????o e
???o ?i ??ac???e ??? ??o ??ue ?? n ????? ???e ???? ??a. I???o, ?e ????
??a? ??e, ???a ??? ??o ????? o ???a ??a ? ?????o e ? e??? ??ay ????ue
??a ?? ?ey?a ?? ? ??a.
A?e ??? ?? ? ae???e ????o ?oe, ?, ?iy?i, ?i ???e aeay?ey? ???? ??a ??
eth? y?????a e ???a, a ??????? ???a ?????i ????. I? ????? ?????? ?????,
???a ???ey? ? ??a ??i? ?oe e ??iy? ?, ???ea?a e ????a ?? a ??? ???e ??
??i ???? ????ey. A ? ??y, ?e ??? ???e ???? ??? ?e ???? ????, ???e ??e ?
????oth ?o ??o e ???e ???i ??a a ???i. Y? ????u ?????i ??a, ? y? i??i ??
??i ???? e ????a ???i. E? ? ???u ?e ????i a ???? ????y?? ???y, ??u ?????
?ith ????, ?o ?? ??i ?? ? ???i, ? ?i?? y? ????ue ????. A ?y? n y?i, ? ??
??????? ????o, ??o ????a ????a ??? e ??e ????a ????a ????? ??e. Io ?? ??
???? ???? ? ??????i ??i ? ??????a ?e ?o; a ??a?? ??? ? ?a ???? ?i ? ????
??? e ?? ??ue. I??o? O? ?o ???inue ?e ??? ??aeyo, e y? ?? ?i ??i.
I???? ???ey ?????tho ?????th ?? ???? ??a. Aeey ??, ??u ?????y ???,
?y??th?e ???th ?eth, a ?iy? eth?e ??? ?a ????ny ? ???i ?????? ???? ???o
??a???, ??u ?ey ?? ????a y?i ?????. O??i ?e y?i ???e ??e?? “????e ???”,
?y????e, ? ???e ????a, ?e ???e ??. I??e, ??????i, ?e ?? ?i ????e ? ??
??????ay ??a, ???th ???yth?y ae???y eth?e. *? ? ?? ? ??ay? A????a ???ey,
???????a ?, ??a ??????a. I?th?, a ????e ???e ??a ???i ????, ?? ??????
???th ???y??. ss?? ??u y?? ???????i ??y?a ??e ??i ??th?oue e a ??????
???a e i??i ??? ?a ??iyy.
E ???e ?? ? ??? ??? ???y?ny. Ia ???? ??? ??i ??a?? ???a ?????y ? ??,
????ay, ??o ???, ???????i ???????? ?oe. O?? ?????y ???eytho i???? ??a; a
?o ?iy?y?ny, ???, ????i ???e ??, ??iy??y e ?????e?eth. A?e ?? ????y, ?i
??a ??a?? ??? ??? ??ay, ???e ??a ia .?????? e ???ny ?????i ??thae??i.
I?th?, ?oy ??? ???aa?ny ???e ?i ????ey a ??ayo ??????? ??e, ? ?????
????, ?????o n ???i, ?a ? ??o a?ue ????a, ?e ??????? ???????y ??? ??ay.
“I?? ?? ?????th?e ??? (????e) e ?e ????? ???o ????a e ??????” (Kierullf,
11).
Iu ????ue ??ue ??e ??? ???u ?y?? ???? ??a. A?e ???, ? ??e e ? ???
??th???, ?? ?? ???, – ?a ? ???a ??o ??a? ?????y e ????? ?????e ??o?y?,
?o?? ??o ???e a ???, ? ?a ? ???e? O??? ???u ??????i ?o. A ??? ????? ????
??a, ??i ??????ny e ??? ???ath?a, ??i ???oth?a e ???th?a ?iyo ??? ?y?i.
I????? y?? ???a n??? a ?i, /oi ??a ????o ? ??? ??i, ???a ? ???? ??????i
(positives Recht), ? e ??? ??? ?a ??? ???ath?? ??a, ?a ??ath??ny a ??i
????e, ? ???? ?i ??o e ? ???e. A ????e ? ?y?a ???oth?a ??i ?? i????ue?a
(Adickes, 30)Y? ?????ue ????? e ? ??y?a ???? ??. N??a ??e ? ??ei ???y?
?a ?????y e ??????? ??i, ? ??? e ?? ????? ?i ??ue. I???a ???? a ?o
??ayo, i ???o ??? ?????, aei?? ?? ??? ???? ??, ?i ? ???? ???? ?????? e
???. Iao ????? ???, ?i ???u a y?o ??ayo ??? ??iy? ??i ????? a??; ?e ??e
e, ???i, ??????i i?????ue ????th ? ????th, ???y a? ? ??? ???e a ?????i?
???. Eo ??? ???a, a ?????a ???a, ??iy? ??? a ??? ?? ??? ???a ???? ? ???
???????ny, ???e ???? ???? n ? ???e ????y?.
A??n i ????o ??ay ??? ia i???e. To ?e ??? ????a ? ??? ???ey? e ????a
??????y e ??????o ????o. A?e ? ??o ???ey?ny ? ????i ????y, ???a ?
??????e ???ny, ?e ???, ?e ? ???u ??, ???y ????ey?ny o??io??o ?o ??a ???,
? ??o ??? ??o ???a e ? ??o a ??iy?e ???????y a ?i ??i???e ??e ???? ??a,
??a ??? ????ey? ????????; ? ??o ???a??y ???e ??????? ??? ?? a ???u, ??a
a ii?? ?? ??????? ???????a, ?a ? ???? ????? ??ay. I?a ??i ??? ??? ??y e
?a ? ??? ???e ????? a y?i ??iy?e ??????e ???e???e, ?????ny a ???????
???? ??????o ??e ???ai ??a e a ???a ???????i ???????y. Ae?a a I????i
?????a ? ???a?ny n ?iy??ey? ???e ????e, e i?????? I????? ?????a ???i
?e???i y? ?iy??ey e a ??o ???eyo ???????i ?.
I????? ??a a ??oth ?o????th y?? ??o ?? ?????a ?????e, ???th?a ?o y?? e
? ????y ? ??i. N??y ? ???a ???e i??i ???e, ? ? ??? ??? ???a y?i ?????yi;
????, ? ??? ??? ???u ??? a ?io?i ? ? y??ey, e ???i ???? e a ???th?e ?n
????????. O?? ????e ???n ??iy?? a ??i ????a ????ny o ?o ???????, ???a
????a ?i a ?????i th????? ?? ?iy?y “???” e “????????” ?ei?ytho e
?uy??eth y??? a ???e ?????y ??a XIV, XIII e ?a ??a ???i?o ??a.
O? I????e, a ??e ???e ?aay??o ???????a, ???? ??ue, ?i a ??? ????e ????
i ?? ??y??o ???, ?????ny a ???? ?????e ???e: “?y? ? ??? ??, e ??i ??
??o, e ???uey” ?? ?ae?ue ???? ? ???a ??a ? ???eth ?i ?????, o.a. ?i
????oe ???i???? ??ue ??i ??ath, e ?i ??y??a ???a ?a ?e ??? ????? ? a
???eth ??e ? ??? ???, ? e ???. I???y ? ?, ?i N???a ?a a 1842 ?? ???e. ?i
“I??? I???? ??? ??? e ???ey ???o ???? ??”, ??yae I????? i????o ????y a
??e ??? ?????. E. E. N????? ???ee ?i e ?uy??eth ????y I??? ???? n ???e
911 ?? i ?y?a ????: “? ? ?y??y… ? ??? e ? ??? y?? ???”. Ii ??? e ? ???
? ????? ????? ???? ?iy?y?: lege et conbuetudine. O?? ???i, ?? ??? n X ?a
?? ????ytho ??i ??i a ??ea ???? ???????e ?y????e; ?e ???tho ?i ? ??ay
????? ?e, ?e ? ??? y? ???.
I?? ??? ???, ??u ?e ?? a ???????? ??u n X ?a ?? o ?n ?????? ????i?y
????o??ay ???, ???y ???a ??i ? ????eth. Ii ??i “??i” ??????i ????y?ny a
????? ?iy??? ??e ???i??e ?y?i n ???i. *? ? ?i ????.
I? ???? ? ? ???. I? ????e ????oe ????o ? ?? o??i “??? ??a”, ? e “???
??a”. N??: ??? e ??? ??iytho o ?? ?? ???. I???y, ??? ? ??a, ? ?c ???ey
???? ? ??ay?, oi ????. Y? ??? e ??? ?atho o ?? ?? e ?o ? ????: ?y????ue
??a.
“Eiy? ? ??? ??, ???o ??i??, e ??i ?? ??o, e ???uey, e?? ?? ??. I?y? ?
??o ?? i??e ?? ??? e ?o, e ???? e ??? ??i, e e ???i, e ???yi, e e ????i
??i, e ????i e e ???yi ??? ???? ??o. A??? ??? ?y?… A ??ey? ae?y? ?????
???i, ??? ????, ?e?? ?? ??a, yaey? ?a ???i… E ????, e ay?? e ??? ??
??? ?y?: ?ay? a ??, y? ? ?y?e ??ue y?? ?a ? ??i, ?????a ?? ??e e ??
n???, – ??e ? ??? a ?o, ? ??? ?? ?eu ????y ? ???, ? ?y??a, e ia ?y ????y
???. A ?i ??y?, o??y? ??? ?ae ?i ? ? ??y? i??y ???e, ??? ???e, ? ???
c??a A?uey, ? ??y? ?? ?? ??i”.
A? i?? ???? ????ey? ???? ??ue ??????i ???? y?? ?????y. E???? ? ??????ny
?????: “??ey? ?ay? ????? ???i”, ? ???y?: “??? ???e”; ?e ??a, ???, ?i o
????e e ??? ??? ?? ??ua ??o ?e, ? ??? ????ue: “????y ? ???, ? ?y??a”, e
??i ?a ?c “e ? ?y ???e? ???”. I??? y??, ? ? ???o ?????i ???ue, ?i o ???i
??y?e?i ???e ?? ?? ???, ? ???eyao: “e ??? ?? ??o, e i???y, ???i ?? ??” ,
a ??a: “?ey? ? ??o ?? ??? ??ue”. N?????ue y?o ?? ??? ?o ????i e ?e????
???eth ?????i ?? ??y??o ???. A y?i ???? ? ?ae ?yae, ?c ?y?? ???ey, ???o
i ??? ?aayi, a ??? ??? y?? ??a, ? ??? ? ??e, i ??, i th??/??o ??ayo
(??y?e ??a) e. ???oe, i ?????o ??y?o. Ii ???? ?a, ?i ???? i ?? ??yi, ?
?c ?y?ai ?????y ???e ????? ??e ? ??? e th????? ???a o, a y?o ????o ?
?????o ??y?a. A? ????a ? ??u ?? ?y ?? ????i ???, ??? ??a e ???uey. I??
?, ?e ??i ???? ???, ?a? e ???e, ???, ?i a ???e ?a? ? ????o ?a ??? ? ???
e a ?i ??? ???, ?e ??i ????ue ? ??
N?? ??i, ?e e ??i ??i, ???y ????i ???, ????yo ? ??a “?i”, ???a ??? ???,
a ??? n ?i ???, ???o e ????a ?????? ??i, a ????o ????, ??.: ?n??? ??e ?e
??? ? ?i, ?youe ??o n ??. I??? “?” n ?????i ???i ???? ??? ???ey, ??.:
??? ???? ? ??; ????y?? ?e?i ? ???o ??o ???? ???u, ?a??: ???, ???a e ??.
I??? “?” ??o ? ? ????: ? a?? ?? ???ue; ??????? ????a – ?o?y. I?th?, a
??? ??i ?e ??i i????y ???a ?????? ?y????e ?e ???u; ??i e ??i ?? ?o
??yae?, ???? ???e ??? ???y?ny a ??o ???eyo. Ii e ??? ?? ? aea ??y?e,
????? ???? ?y????; a ??? ???a ??i ????ey?? ? ??e ????? ??? o.a. ???u, e
??o ?? ???i ???i. E? ?e? ??i ???, ?e ??n – ???.
A ???a ??y ?? a ?????ee ??? e ? ????a ??i, ? ??e, ?? ????e ???. N ???
n???e ?????y a ???e ????? ??a. I???? ???? ?????i ??? e ??? ????u ?? ?
???e ??tho ??? ? lex salica, a ??o ?i ? a ??e ???? y?? ??? ?o ?????iee,
?????oth?o ???i. ss?i, ?i a ????th?a ???? ?????i ??? y?o ??i ? ???e ??
?c ???a, e ?i ??? ? lex salica ?atho a ?? ? ???a ??i, a ??a ???? ???,
???a ????e ????? ?y ????e ????i? ???, ? ? ????u ?e ???. A ?y? n y?i ??o
?o ??? ?y ?n ??, ?i ??i lex a ??????o ????? ?iy??? ????y?ny ??? ? a ?i
??? ???, ??e ?i ??i a ??a A ??????e ?o?e ?i ????? ? ??? ?e?, ? e ???.
Lex salica, ?y??, ? ?oue ????? ??i ?e ???a ??i, y? ??e ???? ???, ??a ?
????ue (Pardessus e Zoepfl). To ? ??i ?? e o ?n. Y? ??????a ? ??th?? a
?? ??? ???y??i, ?e ?e e o ?n ?iai ??i ?e ? ???? ???, ?e o ????a ????a
??i – lex. Ha y? ??a, ?? ????a ??? – ???? n ???e e ??ath?y.
I??????? ??? ?????ny, ???i ???i, ? ???? ??? ????a i ??? ? ?? ??i ?e
??i-?? ???i, n ?????oth?? ??????y? ???? I??u. Ii y? ????, ?? ????? ???
???? I??u a ??i ? ???a ? ??uey? ????a, ??? ? ?e ???, ??u ??i ?? ??? a
???? I??a ???? ??????e ??ai?a. Ii ???? I??e, ???? ??o ? ?? ??i ?????y a
?i ???, ?? ????e ? ???? ? ????? ?o ?????a. Ii ???? I?a?, ???, ????e ?a
???; a ???o??th?e ? ??? ????a i ??e ??a ? ?????y. Aea?a, a ????o ?? e
??a ??? ? “???e ??i”, ???a ??a ? ????ath?y ???i?e ?i ???ey? ???? I??u.
O??a, ????, ??uey ???? 945 ??, ? ???e ???e ???e, ?????? ??a n ??aey,
?????? ? ??, ii??? ???????e ? “??? ????” e ?????. ???ay I??a ??? ? ??o i
??i ???. N??e ????a ? “???e ??i” e o ?n ?? ????o ???? ???? I??u, y???
????? ???e?? n ?i, ???a ????eytho ??? i?y??? ???? ????? ??a ? ????? ??i.
“???? ??i” ??a?? n ???e e ????e ???? – y? ???e ???, ? ???? ??? ??ue ????
??i a ???? e ???oth ???oth I??o.
E?? ? e ?e ??i ??i ????ue a ??? ? ??? ????
Y? ????ue, ??a ? ??e ??? ?????iy?ny ?????? ??i. I????? ????o ?? ????e
??i “nomos” .a ??ea ??????o ??????e. I???ue y? n?? ? ???e y?e “???i” ??
????, ?e ?e a???? ??i ??? ??a ???, e ???i o ?n ? ?? ????; ??i ??i y??
????? ? ????ey?, ? e ??e ????? “nomos”. E????a ? ??????e ????? TH????
??o a ???o ??? ??????: “TH???? ??y ??i”. N???e ??y E?n???a ??? “?????
????? ???”, I?????o ??eth ???y?ny ???? “??? A?ey”, ??? ??????i; e a ??
??y ??ae ????: ??y? ??i, ?? a ??? o.a. ???? a ??, ??iy? a ??a. N?? ?
ii?i ? ?o ?? ??ae ?o ????y? a ??? ??ay. Ii, ???y ???o ?y????e, ?i ??o
????y?ny e ?y ?????y ?y??? ???y??e. A y?i ??? ??a?? ?i a ???? I??a. A 7
?. O???? ??? ????y, ?i ?e ss???a ?ee ??a-? “??? ???”. A n??a A?????? a
?. 42 a y?i ? i?? ???? “???” ??? “??i”. Y? ???y ???. A ??a ? ??? ???: “?
? ?? ss????”, o.a., ???????a ??? ??? ?????u ss????.
Aeey ?????y ???? ??a, e?? ?? “??i e ??i”, o ?n ?? ??????? ?a ????y:
???a e ?a??. “I???e” ????ny ?a ?, ?i ??i ???a, ? ???u: “a ??y?i ??i,
?y?, ??? ? ???a, ?? ??i ?i??”; a “? N???? ??? io? ?. ??e, a ? ??? ? ?
??oe, ? ??, a ? A??a, ?? oi ?? ??i”. Y? ???a ??o, ???i, ?? ???. Any?e
??y?e ??e ? ????? ??ay; ????, ?????? ?o ?e ??? ??? ???ey a ????i ???, ??
?y?? ?/iay ?ey, i?? ?? ?? ?ey ?ycy; ? y?o ??y?e ????ny ??? ? ???, ?i ?e
??? ????a ??, a ???, ?i ii ??th??y ??i ?y?i ?oe. O??i a ?? ??th??y ???ny
? ?y????i. N??th?y ? ? ??, ???a ?e ????i, a ? ??th??a ? ???u. Any?y ???a
?? ???a.
A?ue ??y?e ?y??y a I???? ????ey?y ethaeyi ?? ???e ???? e ????. Eiy?y
?y??th?y ???ue I???ae a ???a, ? ???a. Any?a ?????a ? ???u, ?oy ? ?i
????i e ? ?? ?ycy, ????? ?????atho, ?e ??i ???????a, ?e ???a, e ???th?y
?????y e ??????ny ??ayi. A ? ????? ???a n ss???? ss????? O???i ???: “A
??a (n???u), ?y?, ?i ??i ?? e ??i ??i, ? ??; a ?i ?e ?uye a?o ?? A????
??a, a ? ?, ?y?, ? ???”. E ??i ???eytho: “A ?i, ?y?, ?? ?? A???? ??e
???a a I????a, a ?? ny, ?y?, ???e”.
E???, y? ???a ?????ay, ?e e ?y?a ??i. ss???ea ??? ??a, i ???o ???o
????e ????oe, ????? ?ae ?ey?? ??????. I?????ay ???a ??a ??? ?? ????ny,
?e ??i ???y ?yae ?y?e, ???????i ??????o ???? a ?? ?ycy A????a, ? ????
??thony ?????.
A I??a ?? ??a ?iy ???a. Eiy?-????e, ?aey? ? ?y??a, ???e ? I??o ??o ? ??
? ????o ???? e ? ?? ???? ????o.
Ii y? ???, ????a ??i, ? ?? ?????ue ??? I???? ?e I?i?. I? ?? ???? e ??
???? ??a. “I????u ? ????, ???o ????oe, e ??y?, e ?y?, e ????, e ?y ???
y?? ? ?? ? ?? ??y?y”. To, ?i ?? ???? ? ?? ???yo, ??, ???i, ? ???a, ???a,
i??e. O?ay ???a ?? ? ?ao ???yo.
Any ??ue ???o ?y??e ???ey?nue ???i. *??? e ???????a ??a ???y?? ?i
???eth: ??a ?y?e e ???, ??i ?????ey, ??e, ???, ??i ??????e e o.ae. ?a ??
???? ? ???.
E a I??a ??? ????? ?????ue, ? ??? ???yy ?, ?i ??? ????ue, ? e y?yy?
????ith ??th, ???y ???? ??ue ??u ??a.
I????a ???? ? ??aey?y ?c ???u. A??? ?y? ????? E?i A?e???, 4 ???y 1498
??, i? ??????i ????? ????? ??i ??a Ae??ey, ????y a O???? ??? e ?????o
N??o n ??oth?th ??th: “I?a ????eo! A??i ?????, ? ??o ?????? ???o ?y?e
???a ?? ??? e aei ?o ??: ?? ?? ???a eiy?y ???yi ??i ??? ??? ???a ?y??a:
e y ?? ??? ?? ???i, E??, ?e ?? ?????e ???i ?yae??i; e A?ey ?ey ???ue, ??
??i E?? a ??? ? ??i, o ?? ?o?ny ?i ??? Ae???, e y ?i ?? ?????yth ?e na?
e ??a ?ay ???i ?y??? A?????i, I??a?? e I?????i, e ? ? ?i, ??, ? ???a
?y??a ?????e”.
I??o ?y?, ??ue ???????, ?e E?i A????/, ? ??????ny ???i ?y???i ?? ??e i
??y?a ???????ey, a ???o ??? ?????ue aa ???e ? ???o? E?i A????/, ?i??, ?a
????ue ??i ????? ?? e ? ??ay? ? ???o. Ii ??a ?c???a ?? ? ??? ????? ?i
?/?e ??. Eiy? ??e ????ue ?? ??i?y??a ? ?ii??e ??a ???i e ???i; ??i ?????
????ey?? ?o ?? ???a, i ???e ? e ????e ?????? a ?????e ?????a e ??????
????a. N???, ??????i, e a I??a ?? ???? ??? a?e ?ycy.
E?i A????/ ? ?????? i???. N? ?i, ???e ?y? A???, ??aey? ?e ???, ??? ??
??e: “A??n??e y ?? ??? E?? ?????? e ???i ?y???, a ?? ???e a ae???e ???a,
?e ???? a ???o ???? ??a ??o e ?????ae, ?e ???o, ?e ???i ???i ?y?iyi ?i”.
I? ?a ??i, ??????i ??? y? ??a ???e ?y? ?e ????oe ???? ?i ?e ???ue. E a
?i, e a ??? ??? ??ae ??: eth? XVI a. ???tho ?????th?i ?? ?, ?i ???? ?
?o; e? ??? ?????e, ?e e ? ??? ???o.
E?i A???, ???a ????a ???ueny ? ???i, ?e ?uy?e ? y?i ?o???? e ?y?i: “Ii
???, ?? ??? ?????a, ??????th, e n ??? ?y??? ???, ?? ??? ??e ???? ?e??ue
???????o ??a ?e ?oe ?????e, ?? e ???a ?y?y, e ???e ?o ???e ?y? A????
A????/ I??? ? ???i, ? ???a ?y??a ????; e y ??a y?o ?i ?? ????ue e ? ???a
?y??a ??ue”. *?? ???? ? ????, A???o ?????? ????? e ? ??e ????e ????e, n
A???? I???a. E?? ?? ???e y? ??a, ?o ?? ??i 16 ?o; ??i ???, ?i ?e ?? ?o
???u. Y? ??? ? ??iy? a ??n?a ??. A?e ?? ???e ?ae ??-?ai ?ey??, y? ???ue
?a aea ????i, ?i a ??????e eth?e I????? ?????a ?iy?a i ?????th?i ??
???y?? ? ????. I???ay e ?????th ??? N????, ?? ??????y o ?????a e ??i
?ay???i ???a “??ai? ????e ? ???a”. A? ????? N???? ????ey?ny E?? A???o
?????i ???i, a ??a ia ??i ?i ???i ????ey. O?? ? ?????i ???i ????ey?ny ?o
e ?y ?i ?????ay ?y????ue. A ????a n E???i ? aea? ??a ?uy??? ??i ??????
???eyi: “N??????a ??? ??i ? ???? ?ycy A????”, ? ???? ? ???a, a ? ??a
????”. ?????a ?????? ???? ?? ??atho ?? ????, a ? ?y? e ????. Ae??a ???a
ae???e ? ??? ??? ???, ? ???? ?? ?????o ??o ???? e ???ue, a ? ???? n ?? ?
??ae ?i”. O?? ???i e E?i A??? ? ??? a I??a ?????ey: ?? ii ????? ?????i,
??? ? ????eth, ? ??? ??io, ?i ?e ?? ???e, ?e ??i ? A???? Nay??.
O???y ? ??a ???? ??ay, ? ??a ? ?????, ?i a I????i ?????a ???otho ?? ???
???. Ec ????? ???o ???, ?i ???? ??a, a ??? ?y????e ??e ???, ????ny ???
??i ? ???i: ??? ????y ?, ?i ?ay?? ??thae??i. Y? – ??????? ????a; ? ?i ??
?a e a XVI a. I???? ? ??e ????y ?????e ???ue ??iy??? ????a, ?i ????o ?
??? ???e e ?ca???y ??? ????. A? a XVI a. ???a ?y?y ????? ??aeyo ???
?????ue ?? ???y??y ???th ? ???o. ss?i, ?i ?a ?o ???ey i ?i, ?i ?ey ?, ?e
???? a???? ???, ??? ??i. A I????i ?????a ??a ?aei??a ???u ???????? ?? ?
?? ????? ????. I????a ???a ?y?y, ??a c?? ?? i ????????, i ??? ?ycy,
??ath?y ? ???o, a ? ? ??a. To ? ?? ???ue e i ??y?a ????????i ????ey. He
??? ?yae??y ??, ? ?? e ???y ? ?atho ???. A?e ?y?y ? ??? n ??? ?????y? ?
????, ?e ??? ? ??th??y, ? ?i ? ???ue i ??ae??? e ????i ??a? I?y?a
?????n?, ???? ? ?????ey e ???, ?n???a, ?a ???? ????y ?iy?a i ??????e
?y????a ? ????a e ???????, ?iy?a i ?i, ?i o???i e ??? ?? ?????ey e ????
????th, ?a y? ??a ?iy?y, ?o?? ???? ? ???a e ?????? a??? ??a, ?i ?y?ee?
?y?y ?th????.
II. O???y ?y????ue ?y?e
A??e ???? ??a ???eytho ?y??? ???. I?? ? ???o ????a ?y????e ?y?e ?e ?ae.
Ii ??? ??e? ?ae ??e ?i ?y?, ? ? ??? a ??iy?e ??a ??? ?i, ? ???e ??o ??e
?y ?????? ??, a ?i ???eye, ??i ???i ? ?ae?ue, ??a ??? ????y e ??. A a?a
??th??y ?y?y ???? ????a ????? ????i ??i, ??., ?????e ? ? ?? ??o ??e e ?
??e. Ia y? ????? ????? ???u. E ??o ??????e ?y?e ??ny?y, ??a, ? ????
????y, a ???o ?e ???y??? ??i ????? e ???ey? ??y?e ????a ????. I???, ?y?,
?e ??????ue ??, ?????o ???e e, ?e ?????, ???? ? ?????o ???y ????ey, ????
? i????y?. O??u ????, ???o ???ny ????ay ?y??ay ???ay ?y????ue. ????y??y
?y?e e ??e ? ?nyo ?a ?????ey ???, ?y ?o ????tho ?o?y ?ca?ey: ??a, ??,
???a – ??, ????.
O?? – ????? ??i. Ii ???? ?a I??, ?y e I????, “???? ? I?a ???u e ??”. I?
?, ???a ??eyi, ???a ? ??ey??e ??a, “???yth? ??? e ??e”. Ii ??? ss??a?
???y ?i ????ue e “????” ??? ? ?o ? ????yo, ? ??o ??e e ?? ?.
N?? ?? ?????y a ???? I??a a ??? ?????ey. A A?????? ??? ???i, ?i ???
???o ?? “?? ss????”. A ????? ???a ?e??i ?ycy ?y???? n ??? ??ai: “A ?a,
???? ?ycth, a ?????a e a ???… ??o eth?e ??? e ???e ?ey ? ??. A ? ?i ??
?i yc, ???e ?y?, ???e ??? ?????, e a ?i ??a ??? ???? ??ue”. O??ue –
???ue = ????ue.
O?c – ?? ??? ?ycy, ???? – a? ??????. I?????? ??? ?? ????a ???y??y ?y?e.
N ???????? ?????e ? ??e ?????, ? ?y ?iy?, a ? ???, ?i ????ay ??a ??
?????. Io ????? ??u ?ni?y??yi ?y?e ??i ??y?ny ???i??a ???. I?th? – ????
???u, ???i?a ???u, ?iy? e ??. Ii y? ????? ???? ?y??? ???? ?y????e ? ????
???a ????? ?????? ???. C?? ????o ? ?i ??ea??e ???, ?y??? ? ???u, ???? e
????uy, ??ath?y a ???????? ??????yo ????? ?? ?ycy, ???i ?e ??. C?? a ??
??y ?????y ? ???? ????; ?y??? ? ??? ????? ? ???ey ??? ?o ?oe, ???o ?e
???????i ????. Ae????a ???ey ? ????eth ?? ? ???a XVI a.; ? e a y? ??y
?uy??? ??? ??? ? ???ey? ??? ???a, a ???y?? ??? e ????i ? ???. Ii ????eth
??o??? ???? ? ?n io ??i??? ???e ?y??? ??? ????eytho ? ??a ??u ??a,
?ath?a ?????ue ? ?????? ??i ?y??y, a ???a ??i?y??y, ???eyth?a ??a e ???
????o ?oe ?e ????o ??i. O??i n ??a XV a. ????ny ???iyth?a ?????a
????????. I??a ??i ?i ????? a ??? ???? ???o ???a I??a e I????, ??i ?a e
a i????o ????? 1497 e 1550 ??a. Ii e ????e ? ????tho ??? ??? ???? ???, a
???atho ? ??????a ? ?y? n ??e. N???e ????o ??? ?i, ?a ?o ???? ???, e ?
????, ? ?????i ????e.
Ii ????e e ???u ??? ? ???? ??i ??a, ??????? a ? ??y.
I????a ?????i ???y?? ? ????, a ??iyu? ??? y?? ?i?, a ?????i; ? ??? e
???ey ????e ?????tho ????, a ???? ???i. A ???ey e ????e ????y ?, ?i ?a
?????? ????e. Y? e ???e E?i A???, ??a ?? ???e??? o ?????a e ??i ?ayu???
??? “????ue ???? ? ???a”.
Ie ?? ???? ? ???? ??i ??????? a ??? ??y ??a. Aea ? e ??? ? ??i, ??u
????ia ??????i ??i ?? ??? ??i i????ue a ??i-?? ??? ??? ??e ?y????e. Y?
???? ? ?i o????a, ? e ??y ??? y? ??? ? ?? a ?? ???e. *?ay ???a ???ey, ??
??? ???ue, ?i ???ny ?a ????e ?thn, ??????e ? ???? e ?????i ???y?? y?
???ey, ? ?i ?????e. I??e N??i?, ????, ????o ???, ? ? ??ae?y? ???? ? ?o
????y. C??o ? y?, ?i ?y?????i ? ?????? a XV ??? A?a ?. I????i ????ue,
??u ??e ????, ?e E?i A????/, ?e ?i ?i A???, ? ??y?y, ??a ???e i ????e
?????y ??ue ???, e ? ????e ?????. A??e N???e ???ey? ?a e ????y ? ??y?a
???a. Iu ???, ?i y? i???ey ? ??ue ?????u ??? N???e?, a ??????? e ??a
???i ????a, ? ? ?? a ?? ???iu.
Ho ?c N???e ????e ????y, ??? ? y?, ?i ? ????? ??? ????e, ??? ??????o a
N????? Iiy? – ?? ?. N???e ???ey? ? ?y?a ???a, ??o ???, e ???oth ??ue, ?
?y ??? /?? ????i ????a, ???y n ??y??; ?y? ?, ?y? e ????? ???? ??e ?
????e. A ????? ?????tho, ?i ?e ?? A??a e ?y?a, ? ??????ny ????i ??????i
???, ??? ? ??? e ??e, ???? ? ? ?th ??e ? ?y?ith (N???a, VIII, 61). O?
???? ? ?? ?y?a, a ??? ?o, ???a ? ?????? ??????i ???. I?th? ??? ??th??,
?i ?e ?????e ? ? ????e ???-?? ?????? ?i ???ey, ?????i ??????y N????, a ?
????e ????ey.
I???i ?a ???. I? ??? th????? ???e, ???ay I??a, ??e ??? ? ??o ???????o
??????. Ae????? ???e ????, ???i ???i, ?????ey, ?????? ??? ?? ???o ?oe.
Y? ????? ?iy?i e ?uy?y?ny ?i, ?i ??? ?e ??i ??????e ?????i ? ??? ?a ???
e n???th ??o ?????o ????a e ???oue ? ?????? ??? ?? ?y ? i???ey. N ????
???e, ???, e ?a?i ? ?? ?ai, ?e ?????ue ?ay ????????e, ??y ??ay ??? ????.
N?????y, ?e ? ?y??? ?? ???????o ?????? e ?????? ?? ? ??????? I??e ? ?y?y
n ?????ey ???a y?o ?????? e ?????y ????e ? ??? eo ??? I????. Eiy?y
????tho ????e?a y?? ?? ? ????eth, ??? ? ???eyy ???????i ??i. C?? ??????
??e ? ????, ?e a ??a ???a a ???e ??e. Aeey ???a ???a?ny ? ???????o
???ie?eyo a ??? ??? y?? ??a. Ii y?i ?????eyi e ?ae-? ? ??? ?? ??i. Ae?i
???i ???? ?c ?y?o ?? ??: ?y? “??y?y” e ???? ? ??? ????eth ????a.
I??a ??a ???? ? ?????ey y?? ?? ??i ??? o??i ao. N????o. Ii ??ny??y nth?
?????a N????a ???i ?e ? ????i; ?i ?e ???, ?i ? ?? ???? ?iy?y i ???????
????e ??. I ?n?????? ?????eyo N???? ???yo, ????eyy ?????ey ??? ??i? ?oe
e ???. “A ?????? ??? e ??????, ????? ?oth, e ????o, e ?????, e ??????,
???? ??? ????, ??? ? ??, ???e ?i ???ith ??eth.”, ???o ??? N???e. “A?????
???” ? ?? ??? ?ycy, y? ??? ??? ????a, ?e ?e ????, ? y?? ?? ???e, ???ao
??? ????a. E ???????i ???i??yi ??i ???? ??? ?? ????a “?????e”. Ii e y?
????a ? e?? ??i ??????i e ?????? ??a?y ea??-?? ?? ???????o ??????.
I????e A???o ???a ??????ny y?i ??? ?y ???? ??a turba, ???a ? ???e ?e:
?????u ?e iy?ae ??y?a. Ii a XVI, a, ??o ??, e a XV ?? e ?? ??a, y? ??i
??i ???aey?ny ? a ??i ??? ??? iy??. A ??a 1582 a. ?a?? ????y?ny a ???
y??, E????e ?o, ?i ?? ? ??, ???o ? ? ??, ???o ??? ????ey, ????? ??, ?a
????, e ?. A?e y? ??o ??e ???e, ?? ? ??ano ??? ????ey e ?e ??o a?? ??,
?i ?i ??iyo, a ??i ?o?a ? ???? ???? ??e. N?? ???a ? ??o, ??????i, ??????
???ey iy?? ?e ???, a ??? ????o???i ?????ey; ?i ????? e ????e ??i?i
?????i, ?????i ??oth ?o ??????. N??th N????a ??i ???? e a y?i ????i ???,
??a ? ??ny ? e ?????eyi ???????i. Ii a ??a 1582 ?? ?? e ??a ????a: “a
???o (y???, ????? ?e ????e) ?? ??i, a ???? ?e ???? ??? ? Oe?y A???y ?
???o, e ?? ??? ???e ???th”. C?? ???a ????? ?y?i n ???i, ?-??, n ?????. A
?aeo eth?e ???i y?? e ????eyi, ??i ???, ?i ???a ?????a ??ue a ??? iy??,
a ??i ??o ??? ??? ?y ???ey y?? ?iy?y.
O?? ???i, ?? 1582 ?? ????i ????y? ??i ???a ?y ?????y ?e ?????? ??? ???o
?oe, ?e e ?????? ??? ?????a. A?e ?, a ?? y??, ????, ?i e N??i?e ???tho
?ae ???? ? ??? ??o???a ??? ???o ?oe, ? e ????o???, ??? ??? e ????a ???
oe??? ???, ? ?a-?? ?iy?a y?? a???????i ?????ey y?y?ny ? ???e??i ? ???
?n??o ????eth e ???ny ????i ? ???. A??e N???e e “??????” ???ey? ?a
“????i ???”, o.a. ??????a, ???? ??ae ??? ????y ?? ???a ???. A? e ?a.
I?????y ??? ??e ??u ?????a, ?i ??iauey, ?/?e ?????????, ?????a ?i ??? e
o. ae. – ??a a N????o ? ???ath?y. A XV e ?? XVI ?? ???????a ?a????y,
?aey ? N????i, ???th?y ?????i ??? ????i. Oa, i ???o ???atho N????,
????thony ? ???, ?i ??a ? ???ey, ?????a ??? ???o ?oe.
O? ? ?? a ????????? N????i ????. Ae???????ue ????ey? a??????? ?????ey a
?????? ??e?e, ? ? ? ????e ???a, a ??i ????. E aei, e ??a N????a, ?????
?y?y ??tho ??a ???ey, ???a ??cy ???? ? ??? ?ae N????, ? ?? e ?ae O???a
1649 ??, ????a a y?i ????e ???a ???, e ??tho ??? ??y?, ???o ?o ? a ??i
???. I?e ??ie? ??u ???ey? ? y? ?????oth aeay????ue ????? ????e, ????y
???? ????ue ?????i ???a ?iy?a i ???????o ?????eyo, ???????? a XV e
???oth?o ??o. Iu ? ??i ?e??? ???? ? ??? ???iu ?????ey E?? A???i; ???????
? ????? ????. I????ny ?????e ????e ? ?????ey ????e, ?y???n? ???o ? ????
? ??? ??????i ??????a.
A 1471 ?? ???e ?y? E?i A????/ ???ny ia A???? e ?a o?o ?????a e ??e
???ue ? ???th ? ?, ?i ?e ? ??ey ????ny ???. Ia ??i y? ????e? I????u ?? a
????? ????yo ? ??? ?y?y?. Ia ????e ????a, o ?o ?y?? ? ????, ? ?????
eiy?y; ??e ?y?? e ????a, ?e ?e a ??? ?ycy ?e ?? ??? e ?y????? – ??iy?i
????? ??? ?y?y? ?y?e ????i ?e ?????i ?? – ? ?ay ? ????e. A??? ??a
?y????? ????i a ???? n E??i A???a??, ??th??? a 1471 ??) ?a ??a ??, ?e ??
????? ????a A???o ???ny ? ??ey. Ii e a y?i ???? ???? ??e ? ????a ????ue
? ????? ????e ? ????. I??o ? ???? ?? ??? ????? ? ????a ???ny ? ??ey, e
??? ???ith ??ueth? O? ????ue ???? ?ycth, y? ?? ?i ????ey.
A 1499 ?? ???e ?y? E?i A????/ ??th?e a oth?? ?? ????o ?????, ??? a ??a
??? ? I??a, ? ??? ????ey ???i ?yc? ???i ?ycy I???? e I??o a ?oea ?? ?i
A??ey.
I?? ???e ? ????ue I??o ???i ? I??u ?ycy. A ?i ?o ?n???e ???? ????
??????? A????? a ???? ???? ??? ?i ???y??y. A?i ? ??i-?? ???i ????i
????ue ?ycth? I???. I???o, ? ??i, ?i ?o ? E?i A????/ ?? eth?e “???”
*(1). A ??ue ????? ????e ? ?????ue ?o, e ? ??e?y. Y? ?y? ?? ?i ????ey.
A 1497 ?? ???e ?y? ??? ??o???e ??y?, i ???o ? ??o ???? ? N???e, ?????a
?? ??? Aa??y e ?????a ??a Ae??ey, a a 1499 a. ????, ????? Ae??ey
?????ath?y e ?a??e ??e; ?? ?a ??oy, e ?i Ae??? ????e ????e ??o?a,
??th??ny a oth??, ?a e ???o. A ?i ??a ??iy? ?i ?? e ??e ?ae ??? ?i? A?
??? ?????i ???? ?ycy *(2).
O? ? ?????i ??atho, ??th?tho a oth??, ??yo ???ith ??ueth e ??tho ??e
??????a A?? e ?y? a ?????i E?? A???i. E?i A??? ??n a y?e ????. I???e a
????e ???????o ?????? ? ??? ?e ??????ue, ?e ?? ??a ????i?a. A? 13-? ?o ?
?????o ??yi ??i ???? ????? ?o ??????? ????, ?ycy A??y O???i. I?? ??e
O???i. A?a ?a ??oy, A???th A???? ??o y?e ca ????? n??. I?????y ????? ???
? ??o ?? O???a. I? ?? O??? ????th?y ??? I?uey ?? ??? ???u, ????? a ????
e ??th?? a A????th ???ue ? ??????e ??? ? ??i ??i, ????i Ae???i, ei???,
??y ??i, a ???? ???e ???e, ?i ????y. Iiy? ?????? ????i? ? ??? ???eth.
Oe?ue A?? ???ny ? A??? A???? e ??e ??? ??o ???ue ?i ???th e ??oth ???.
Ca ?i? ???? ? ?atho (N???a, VIII, 64). Ii a ?i ? ? ????ny A???e, ????a,
???? ? ????y, ? ?????i ? ??i ????i. Y? ????ay ????. A 1547 ??; a I??a
?no ???? ???e e E?? A???o, ??a ?a 17? ???o th??, 10 ???e ??? n ???e ia
O???y, ????? ?????. AE???? ?? ??i ????th ? ???, ? I???a. “E ???? ??e?y ?
???/ ?o, ?????? ????oe, ??????, ???th? ??i ??y?i, ??e ??? e ???, ? ??e
???e, ??e? ? ???? ??o ? ??e”.
N???? e O???a 1649 ?? ???ytho ????i ???a ?????ey ??e, ? ??a ? ???yo i
????? ? e ??????th ?????? ??????; a ??o ?i ?a ??iy?i ???y?ny e ??i y??
?? e a ??o ???, ??a ??ei ????e a ??? ?????? ?i???????. A??? ?ae ???a. A
???e?a ??y ????ay ??a ??? ? ?? ?????. Ae???i ?? ????? ???a. N ???? ???e
? ??e ????? ?y ?iy?, e ????? ?e “?iyoy?” ?e “a????”. I??? ?ycy ?
?????ue. I????? ?????ny ?ye i???e ???o. A ??? ??ayo ?????ee ???. Ia
????o ?y?e ??o ??e ??? ?????ny ????? *(3).
III. Ae???u
O??e ??a ??ue ???? ???? ??????y ??a a ???a ??y ???ey? ????? ?????th??y
??? ????? ??e, ?ath?o ???ey? ? ???? i???ey. Ae??? a y?i n??a ???o ? ???u
????o ?i a ?????i ?????i ?? ????a. Y? ????a ???eytho ????y ??? ? ????e
n???oth?? ?a ??a. I??i ??a ?e ia ???tho, a ??? ???ytho ???oth?a e ????i
??i e ????yi. A ???a ??y ?? ????a ?? ???? ??, ?e ? ???y? ??? ???i? ?a
??i, a ????y? ?i ??ue.
Y? ????y ?? ????a a ?a?? ??y ??o a ??? ?y? a ?n???? ???????e ???, a
??iy?i ??? y?? ??a, e n ????ath?i ?????? ??a ??i ??ay. I??e, ?e ? ???,
?? ? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????. Oa ? ????ay ?ey ? ?? ?o ??ayo, ???a ?
????? ?a ???i ?e ?????? ???o ? ? y?i ?e ??? ?e, ia??oe, ??a ? ? ? ???ny,
e ?a ??? ????ue ? ??, ???ey? ?? ????y ?????i e y?i ??i ??? ??a ??i. Y?
???a ?? ???? ???? ????e e a ??iy?a ??y, ? ??? a ??????o ???ieyo. C?? ?e
? ?aae?? ?i?yo ??a ??i. E ???a, ???th?y y?, ??iyy: ????? ???????e ???.
I??? ???ey ????a, ?e ????? ?a?, a ???a ??y ?? ???i ??. I? ???ath?y n y?i
????? ????i ? ??? a ??????o ??a?yo, ? e ??? ?????a: ??? ????a ?i y???u
???eytho ?? i???ey ??i ????a. A A???e, ????, ??a ???? ??th?th?y ??o
???ey? (Landstande) e ????y? (Landesherren), a A??e ??o ??ey? e ?????, o
?n ??o a???e e ?y?y?. Ii e y? ?a ? ?a. Ae?a ????a ??, ???eyy ?? ???a
????y ??i ????a, ???e ?y ?ay ??a ??i, ? ????a ??ayi e ???i.
Ii ???? ?atho ?y ?n e ?o?a ????. E??a ?e ???eytho ???iey ??? ? ????e
????th?? ?a ???? ??a. A y?i ??? ?a ????? ??? ??a; ???? ??? ????otho e
???ytho ?????i ?a ????th?a. Ii ??i ? ??i ???y? ????th?a ??i? I?????? ???
??????ey e ????ey ???????y ????e ?????? ?y?? ???? ??o ????????th. I???
??i ????y ? ???i? ????, ? ??th??y, ? ?i ? o?????? a ??? ????y. I? y?i
???e, ?????i, ????a ??e ???? i??a ??o ?? ???. *?? ????ue ?i ?a ??? e
????, ?i ??????y ????? e ???y?ny ?ith?? ?????i ???. C?? ? ??i ?? n
?????? ?? ?????: ??ay e ????ey.
I???, ???? ???? a ?? e??a e i??i ???ey ? ????thu? ??y?e, ??? ?????? ? ?
????yy.
A ??o ???o ?iy??? ???? ???th?y: ??i, ?y?i, ?????i, ?????. I?a ???? ??e
??o “????e ??a e ???? ?yae ?ae ??th e ??u”.
Iu ??i ?n??? ??a ??a??: 1) ???? ???o ?y?e, ?e ??????? ???e ??e, n
?????? ??????e; ??a ???? ???th?y ???????; 2) ???? ??o ?y?y? ????o ???o
i???e, ???? ???iy???; 3) ???? ??o ????? ????? ??e e ?e ? ???e, ??o ???i
e ?y?i.
IV. A??? ??????y
*???? ???? ??a ???eytho ??????y ??. Ae????a ? ?o ? ?n ? ??e; ??? a
???nyo ???i ???a ???ey ? ???a ??????y ?????? ???e ????y ?y?e, ??th?iey
??? ????a e ??. Ae?? ? i? ??? ???a ???u I??a e I????a.
O??a ?????a ???e ?????y ????e ??? ???u ????ey? ???a ?????y. A ??? ???u
???i: “Ny ???a ???? ? ?e. ?. A?????u ???u, e ? ?y? E??y???u ???u, e ? ??
????a ???? ??? ? ??????th ?? ??o, ??a ?? 5 ???a e ?y?????a, e ?y??a, e
?y????, e ??i ??y ?y???a, ?? I??? ? ??, a ?? 6905”.
6905 ?ae ?? 1397. Ii iy?e ??? a In?? ?e ???? ??? a 1462 a. Y? ?i????a
??i ????ue ??y ??????y?. Ai-2-o, ?i, ?i ????? OI-? ??, ????e ??th n ???u
??a 1462 ??, ??a a I??a ?? ?a 5 ?a??, ?? ???e ?, ?i a ???a ????y i ???i
??a ?, e ???e “5 ???a”. Ai-2-o, ?i, ?i ???a ??a ?? ????? ??????i ??a
????ey 5-? ??? e a ?ae ????y ???u ???? ??ea ? ?????e ?????a. Ii ???e (
***) ??? ??, ??u ???? ( ***). A i??i ??? ?ae ?????y ???u ??o 1397, ? ???
1467.
C?? ????o ???, ?i ?? yoe ?y?y, A???? e E????i, ???u ???o ??e a ???
????e? A I??a ???ath?y ?a ?ycy A????a: A???? I??? a 1263 e A???? I????/
O???e a 1399. A?? ??y?y ????ue ???o ???o. I????o E???, ??? a XIV ??, a
???? ??i ? ??????, ???? A????a, ??y??? a ????e ???a, ???i ?y?i. Y? e ???
????? ?y ??th??y, /oi A???? ???u ?? A???? I???. I?. E???i ? ??? ? A????a
????i ?a?i ???? ?ycy, ?e ?e ? ????y ? ????? ????yo n ?????e eiy?y? e ?e
?e ??i e ?????. Ae????a ??? ????e ???u ???yo, ??i ???i, e ?iy??o ???
???? XIII ??.
I?????i ?ycy E????? ? ??i ?a ??a ???a ???ey. Y?o ??o ?? E????i Ae????/
1433, ?? ?e. ?. ?????i A??ey Ae?????.
O?? ??a. ?ae. ???u ??e ? ?n a ??i ??? ???. Ii ??i I?????i ?, facsimile,
?????i n ????ey? a ?????e A???a. A A?. Y??ae. ????? ????y ??ue ???u,
?????y ? ????, ??y??y a ????? ?i???? ?????. Ii ????? ?a ia??a ??????e
???th i ????i ?? (o. I, N 103).
I???ay ???a ???? ???e ?o??e ?y ???ey ?????? ??a, ????? e ????????.
I????a ?????? i ?????o ???o ????e ??? a??? ???? ??. Y?????.
I?????i ????o a ???i ??i?? a ???a ????? ??e ??y?e: “A ???e ??? ????e
???u ?o, e ????? ???? ??? I??a ? ?/a, ? ?y ??? ????. A ???y ??? a ?e
???a ? eth? ??o ????o I??o, ?i ? ??? ??? a?? ???? ?i ? ???u” No. 108.
I?????y ??ay ???a ?? ??a??a ?? ? ??. Ia y?i ????y a ??i ? ???: “Ae??a
???u ???o ?y?e, ???? ?ycy E?? A????? ?ay ??e e ?? ?i, ?e??i ?ycy E??
E???? ?ay ??e, e ? ?a????eth ?????i ? ???????i ???? I????a e I??a
?y????? O???, e ????a ????e ??????, e ?ny?? ??????, e ?y?y, e ??e eth?,
??e, e ??? eth?, ?y iy? ???, ?? ???? ???e I???ae ? ??, ? ss???? ??a”.
I??y ??? ?????e ???e ? ?????o e i??????? ???o ???u. Y? ???ue a?a ???a
??a 1471 ??. A 1471 ?? a Ii???a ???? ??ue ????ny ? ?e. ?. ?????i e ???ny
? ?e. ?. E????i. I??ay ? y?? ??? ??a n I????i ????ue a ??? ?e. ?. E??
A?????. A ??th??? ??a y?e ??u ?? ???i ??a ???a: “A ?i ???a ?????ay a
I???? ??? ?ay i ??, ?i o ?e ???u ?? ??e e ??? ???o ?y?e”. A ??????? ????
??????e ??? ???u, ??????i, ??e ???o ?y?e ? ??. I? ?? ????? ????ae?? ???
“??? ?ay” ?c ?????y ???o ????e. I???ea ???u ? ?y ???o ?y?e ?????ue a
1471 a?o ?e a ??oth?i. Ii ??a ?? ?n???a ???a ? ??, y?? ? ? c??. I?? ???,
?i y? ????i ??i ???? XV ??. A?e ? ???a ?? ??ue ??ay, ????? ?y? ??-? ?
??a?e ? ?a ???? e n?e ????ue ????e ? ? ?? ?y.
I?????y ???a ??a ? ?n ?? a ??i ??? ??? e, e ????th, ????. I? ? ??o ??a.
Ae???y ? ?n ??ue ???? ??????y ? ?????e e ??y?a ??.
N??e, ?????? E????i, o. V. ?. 404″ e a A?A?. Y?i., o. I, N 92″ ??o a
??i ????e ?? e ?o ? ????.
V. A?????a ??i
I?iy?a ?????? ??i ??i ?????i ????? ???n a ???th ?iy??ia ??????i ?????
??a. Aeey ?????? ????? ????ey e ?i ???? ??? ?a ????o ?????: a 50 o??? e
a 14. I???? a 50 ???a ????i ? ?? ????a, ??????o E??o N????o (VI a.).
I??e ? y?o ????a e??e???i ????ey: y? ?? ????o ???, ??????e a 50 ???o;
??? – ???e ???? ???a ? ??i oe????; ? ??th?? a ?? ???o ? ??? ??? e ???o ?
8 ??. A??e, ????? ? ???e ????i a 14 ???a, ???u??? ????o O?eth (883), ??a
???o ? ???a e ???? ???a. A IX ?? y?o ????i ?e ?e?i ?????i e ????
??????y? ???i e ???? ????? ???a e ?a??, ??? ?e O??; ??????oth ? ???eth
?i ???o ? ??? ?o??e VII a.
A ?? ?????e ??e ??? ? ?????????e, ?a ??? ?? ???y?ny ?i ? ????, ??a
?????e a ??? ????e, a ??? ????a ????? e ?????? o ?n ???oth?i oe???? ???.
???? a???u ? a?o ??ayo, ?????o ? ? ???a, ????? ? ???i e ?????. Ii ??i? i
??? ??????i ????? E??? ???e: “e ?, ???a ?? a ???i?, ? ???e ?? ???i…”
I?e ????u ??tho, ???, ?i ? ???i?? E??? II a ??y??i ???? o ?a ?????? e
????y?? ????i a 50 ???o e ?????, a 14 ???o, ii a ????? ?O????e ????.
O??a ? ????i ???ny o ?n ???? a ??y??i ???? ??? ? ???e ????y ? A???e ???
??? ???e, i ?i ??. E??e e ?y?e ? A?????i ??? 1274 ??. I??a, I??????e
??y????e ????i.
I??i ?iy??? ????? ??????n?a, o ?n ?? ???? e ?????? ???? ????i ??a: y??a
e ????.
Y??a ??? a 741 ?? ???. E?? E??y??i e ??i ?i, E?????i. A ???e ??????i
??a E?o E??y?? ?????o ?? ???i ?????a (A??ue??? a AE. I. I. I?. ? 1878
a., N 10-e). I??????y ?i ??e i?? a ???e ?????e e ?????e. A ???e ?????? ?
? ???y ????, a ??ei ???? ?iy??ey ?????? ???a: e?i, ??e, ?????. Ii ????e
??i ?????, ?iye o ?????a ?????? ???? e ???? ??i ia??i ????a ????a. A
???e ?????e ???????? ?i ????ue ???yi, ????a ???o ? ????, ????i ??a,
??????y ???? ? ???ny ???? a ???? n ????y? ??? ? ??, e, ???oe, ????? ??a.
Aa???i ?iy??? ???????? ?i. E?a y?y?ny y??a. I? ??o o?? ????: “E???a
???a ???a, ??a?? E?? e E?????i, ???e e ??i????e ??y?, ? ?????, ???, ???a
e ??o ??????e ???? TH????, n ?????? a ??? ???? ????eth?y”. I?? e ???th
y?? ???? ?uy?? a ?????e ?e: “???????y ???o ??e ????ny ? ??? ??? e
??th?th??y a ?o ??i ?y ??o ??? ????, a ?y ??? e ????? ????ai… I??o ?
??e ????i, ??u a y?e (??e) ??a ??ueth ????i n ?i, ?i ????ny a ?o ???
???????i, ??ueth ????i n ?i, ?i ? ??ue ?????e, ?? ??a y?i e ??? ????
???y ?????? ?e, ?? ??i ???ath??y…”
Y??a ???o ? 18 ???a ?e ???. I??a 16 ??y?? ?????? ??o. I?a?a i ??a e
???? ???? a ?ao ??? ???o, a 4-i ?? ?? i ???e, a 5 e 6 – i ?????? ?
????th e ?c ????y, a 7 – ? ??a e ???????, a 8 – ? ????e ??a ? ?eth, a 9
? 13 – ? ?y??????, a 14 – i ????yo, a 15 – i ??????o ???o, a de
castrense peculio vel quasi castrense. O???? ??i ????ny a 17-i ???, a 18
?? ?? i ????? ??i? ??/e.
I???a ?????y, a ???i ???a? ?????a ???? ????????, ??i ??a ??????y
??????y? i ??a. C?? ??th??ny ????a ????? ???e? ????a ?? a ??a: ?y ????ey
??e a ?? ????? e ? ?a??a. I??y?ny ?????: n ????? ?? ???? a ??, ?e ????ue
aa. N??e ???a ??ue ??iyth?y. I???, ????u ??e ??o ??? ??? ?????e. A??a
????y ???ath?y e a ??????? ??a. I?? ??? ?? ?a ??a ?i, ? ????th e ????o e
?oyi, ???aeyo ? ????oth ?i ??: ?? ??? ??iy? a ? ?? e ? ?? ? ???y?ny.
????yi ae?i ??i ?????ue ???e ???o ???a???. O???? ??e ????o ????e i???ey?
e ?? ??ia??????, ? e a ?i ????ny ????a ???? ???: ???? ????y ??iytho ???
???oth ??ue, ???y ?????ue ???? ????.
???ey ??? ???????i ?????y, ??????y a ???????? E?a E??y??, ???? ?a ?e
?i. E?a O????. Ai ??a ??? ??????a ??? ?????y ????a ?i. E??, ?iy?ay ?
???a ??y???, ?? e ???a. Ii ???u ????? ???????a ? ?e ??i ??? ??a. I??e,
???e ??ae e ???? ???u n ??? i????? ? ??????, ???a, ???? ?, ????e ??a ???
?????? ??.
A??a ???i n ??i ?????? ??i 100 ?o. I????e ??? ? ?????? ???????i ????ey
???: ?e ?e ??? ?? ?????? y??e. A ?????? A??ey I???y?? ??? ? ?o ?? ? ???
????, ? e i???u. A ??? y??e A??? I???y?i ??e ??th ??oth ??o ???a, ???ii.
I??u ???y ?e ?uy??u ? ? ????: “N??o ?i-???: ?e ?e ?? i??e ???? ?i ??i
???ia, ? ??? ? ? ?????y ? y?i ????? e ??i ?? ????ue ?i ? ???o ???eth?..
N??? ??ue, ?i y? ??. ????? ?????i ????i ? ???i ????, ???i ????? ???
???????e, ????? ????i ?????i… I??o ?a ??? ??????e?? y? ???a ?????i ??
?????, ?oy e ? ???, a ???i y? o?????”.
Y?o ??? ???e, ?????? a 870 ??, ?? ?????a e ???i TH????? ??a; ??? a ???e
????? ???????? ? ???y? y??o.
I???i ????? ? ???y A???? ???e. Ho ????y ? ????oth ??? y??e, ath ?????
????????y e i?? ???y ????a. A ????o ????o ??? ????o ??????e ? ?y? n
????e ?y?o ??a e ???? ??? ????? e ?a ???a ?????a: ???? e y??a. C????e
??????e ???, ????? ????e ????i. ??th?? a ?? e ??? ??? y??e.
A???? ???, n ??? ???e y? ???? ????ue ???? o ?n? A ????o ????? ?e, ???i,
????? a ??o ??? ????a ???. *oi ???ny ??y??o ????a y??e e ????a, ? ??
???y ???y ???? a ?? ? ??? ???? y?o ?iy?e?a, a ??? ???? ????o ???? ? ?o.
O?? ??iy?a ???? ? ?n ????? ???o ? ???, ???, ??. I??? ?????, ?i a ???
???????i ??y?-???? ????? ????? ???e y??a E?a E??y?? e ?i??i A?eeey
I???y?? (81). Y? ??????a ????? ???i ??????ny e ???? ?????o ???a ????
I??u, ????a ??? ???o ??o ?? ?uy??u ?? ????i a ??e ???? ?i????th?o y?i
??ueyi ??? y??e. A?y?a ? i???? ????o ??a ??????e y??e ??i, ???, ????ue e
?e ????? a ??? ??y ??o ????o ???a.
I??e ???ae ????a ????y a ???? ???e, ????? ??. E???i ?o. A???e. A ????
???e ???? ??e?i ?ae ????i ???? ???a e y??a ?ae ????i: E?? ??y ????? e
E????? ??ith ??th ???? i ????e ????y, e i ???, e i ?? ????o ??o. I???i
???ey? 48 ??o ???? ???e, y??a – 49. A ?n?? ???? y??e ?? ????a ?????y ?
????a. I??? ???o ia ? 18, a ??? ? 16 ???? ?e ??e?. Y? ???a ????a ? ??,
?i 12-e ??e ? y?????o ???i; 17-e ? ?????i e 18-?. C?? ?? ???a e a ??y?a
?????ey o???.
A?y?a ???? ?????? ????a ? ???a ??i, ???i ???i, ????e??? ?????ueth ????
??i ???? a???i ??a e ??a ???????i. I? ???e y?o ???? ?????i, ???i, ?????
? e ???? ??ayi, a e ??????yi ?????? ?????a. Y? ???? ????o ??a e ???? ??
?? a ?????o ???o ???? I??u.
E?? ????o ?????? ????a a ???o ???o ????y ?a th????ee ?iy??, ????e ?ae
??? “??? ???i ethaeyi” ?e “????a ??y E?n???a”. N???otho ?a ???? ???
??i?: ?????y e ???y. E??ay – ?? ??y??y ?????a 17-? ??? y??e n ?????
??????y? ? ??? ???a. I????ay ??th?? a ??. ??a ??, ?a ????ey ? ???a
I????.
VI. O??? y??e
E ??o ????? ??a ??ny?y ??a ???a y??e. Eiy??y ???a ?? ????u ????, ?ae
?ey?? ???o ????e ????y a ????o ???yo ??a. O??u ? ??y ??? ????? ???e
???th ??th ??i ????i e ia y?i ????e ???y??? ath, ?e ?o?e. A?th ?ith ?e
???? a y???, ???a ??? ?y?yi e ?????o. ss??e, ???? ?y?yi, ???? ?????y ??
?y?e ? ????e ??. Eiy?y ???i ???e i ?y??e a ?i ?e ??? ??? e ???y? ?? ??a.
He ?ay ?????e ???ue ????? ??? ?????? ???, ?e ????? ? ???th a I?o. I?a
????? ? ????i ?y?i ??i ? ????e ?? e ?aea?? ?o y?? ? ?y??a. Ia y?o y???
????y ? ??? ??? ????, ? ? ??? ? ?o e i? ? ??i. Ae??e ?ae y??? – y? y??e,
???? ?????o (?????o, ????i e o. i.). C???a ???oth ??th, ???, ???, ?
???aei?? ?????a e ???a ?????i, ?e ?????????e ?o e ???e ???i ???ny A?o ?
?o. A????a ??? ????y e ?????o, ??? ???? y??e ????i e ??????, a ???o
?????e ? ? ??, ????? ? ?? ?a? ?? a ??????o ? ???eyo, ????e ???? (????i
?????) ?a??ue a ??ey ?????a e ??. ss??e, ???? ?????o, ?????ue ? ???
???e. I? ???u e ????? A?????. I???i ?y ???a y??, ??? i?????o E?a: “O????
??i. A? ?e E?a ?????, ????, ? ?n ???y ? ??? ??? ??? e ???, ??ae e ??
????a ???u, ?i ? ??? ? ????y ???a e ? ?etho o ?o ???, ??? ?e ???o ??yo ?
?n A?o”.
I???i ??i y??, ??? ???o ???? ?????o, ??????o ??a ????y E??, E???,
?????o ????a?th ????th a ???a ??a; ? ???e ? I?? O??a ????oth ???o ??ai
????ey: ??? ?????i e ??a, a ??a ??auey e ??uey ????? (???a a ??i ??)
????ath?y ? ?y?o ??e e ?????e ???? e ?????o. Oe???? ??e e eth?
?uy?ythony ???????e. Ia ????o eth?e, e ???i ????? ???a e ?y?a ??e e
????e, ? ??o ?oue ?c??? ???a ??? e ??? ????e ??oy?. A? ??????? ?????ey
?uy?a? ????????e. Ca ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????a ???ay ??ue. To ? ????a ????
e ? ?y?a ????a ???????o ?????o ??ee??. ??. N??. II, N 2. N ??i y??? a
??o ???? ?????i ? ??? ?? ????? ? ???e ?y??? ???, ? ?? ?????? ?. He ???
????a ???e, ? e ???a ?y?y ? ??e ???? ae????? ????oy?, ? ??e ?na?ny ?i
?ae e ???, ? ??e ?iy?y? ?ith ??? ?ae ?i ???e e ?????e. I????? ?????? ?
??? ????o n ???? ?????i ????y ??? ??????e ?????a ? ???e ???? ???. Y?
????????a ??ae?? a?????ue ??? ?????o ?a a XVI a. E?? ?e ?e. ?y? E??
A????? ?e ????i ??? i ??ey???e ????o ????, ???? ??? i????? y?o ???, a
??i ??? ??th, ??o ???, ???o: “I?? e ? ???? e ????uo ??e a n?? ???? ? ?.
???e e ? ?yu. ?? ??i ? ? ??o, e ????? ??e ? ??e ????, e ???, ?e ?????…
e ?? ? ?. ???o ?a??o, ? ??i a ??o ???o ? e a ?????i ??i ????, e y??e
ae??e” E??cei, VI, ?. 622). I????? ????a, ????? ? ?????? ???? y???e XIII
??, ??? ?o ????i a ??? ?. ?????e ?e. ?y?y? ?? a OVI-i.
???ay ???
Y?o ?iy?? ?????i ???? ?a? ?e ??? O???? a I?????e ???? ??? ??? XV ??.
O??? ??? ?i ????, ???e ? ????, ???e, ???e ????ey? e ????? a 1738 ?? a
A???th I?e. O? ???ay I?a? ????? ?c ???ey ??e a ???a 30-? ?o, e oi?? O???
??e ? ???a e ???a ????e a 1767 ??. N y?? ???e ?a ????ue ????i ???ey.
N??e ???? I??u ??aey?y ?, ?????? ???nyo, a ???o ??? e a ????o ???i ??
???, ???a ???? ?, ??, ??o ???, e ??e ?yae th????? ?iy???, ????: ???? ??y
E?????, ????? ? ?? I????, ???? ?????i ?ycy I???? n ???e, ??a i ???? e
?., a ??o ?? e ???oth I??o I???ua ? ????a y?? ?? ?nyo ia????? “I??i
I????”.
A ??iy?a ??y ???? ??a 50 n??? ???? I??u. I????i ????a ec ?????? a ??y?a
????e ??? ?o ????e, a ???o y? ??? ?ee ???u.
N??e N????? ????y a ???e, ????ae?? ????? N????? ?????. Ec ?????y ???e
??i, ?i ?a ???? a ??a XIII ?? ????? ??????i ?ycy Ae??ey e “?y???
??eth??? ?????? ??????i E???a” e ???? ?, N???? ?????? ??? “? ????a
?y???? e ? ????? ???y?i e ?? ? ???? ??”. A y?e ???e, ??a ???a ????? e
????o ???a, ??aey?y ???, ??ny??y ? ???e; ??e ?o ???? E ???ay I??a ?ae
????i: N? ss???? A?????a. Ca ???? I??? ??: ??a ?. A???? i ????o ??o e
??a ??????? ?ycy Nay???a i ?ny??o. ????ue N????? ???e ? ??? ??nyo e ???
XIII ??.
Y?o ??? ????i a I ?? ???? Ae???iy???e ? 1815 a., ?????? ??.
I??e-Ae????? a ?i E?????yo i ???? I??a ?i. II, 1885 a., e ??yo a ????a
???????? ???y E???a a ?i ?????? i ???? I??a 1846 a. Y? ????? ??? I??u ?
???. Ii ??o ???ue ??i ? ia??? ????? ? ??? ? ????, ? ??? ? ???. I????e
y?? y???y? ?? ?ae ??? ???? n ??????e ???? e ?????e e ?i ??a.
A??? ??a y?? ??? ????a ?????. Ec ?o ??ny?y e ?? ? ?? ???a: O???e; ?
????y a ????, ????i ?ae ??? “I??a I????i” e ??????i ????? O???-N?????
??u. N??? ??i ???i ??a XIV ??. ???ay ??? ???? ??ue ?e? ? ???th “i ????o
eth?o e ?ae?”. N??e yoio ????i E???? a ?i ???e 1847 ?? ???? I??u ? ???i
???i.
N??e I????e; ? ????y a n???a ??? th????? ???, ??????i ??o I??????, e
???i ??ue ?ae ????i: “N? ss???a ?ycy e ??a i ?y?o i???o e i ???”; e?? ?i
???????i ????y n ?e ????? ????? ??y E?????. ????ue y?? ????, ? ??eth
E?????, ?????o XIII ??, a io ??eth N???, e ???? ??????y e E???, e ??o
XVI. Iia ???oa? a ???? Ae???iyo??yo o. II, 1843 a., Ae????, ???e ???? e
??? ???th e ?uy????? ???ue ???e I??u. Y?o ??? ????y e ??e ???? n ??y
?????th?? e ?????i ???e ?????, ? ???o ???? ??i a??? e ?. i ??????, ???e
?? ?? ?????ue ????i ? ?????ue.
A??a ??? e y?? ???, ? a ????o ????yo ????a ?i e ??a e ???????o ????o,
??? A???????e ????, ????? a ???? XV ??. Ii ????y a ????, ????ae a ??
????ey ???o ?y?e, ??? ??????o ????? e ?ny??, ??? ???o ??????, ???? A??,
???ia ??????i e ????i th????? ??ae, ??e ???o e ???oth I??o, ???y ????
??o ????i ???i A???? e ????? ??y E?????. N?n? y?o ????i a ????? e ??????
???? ? N?????o ?????o ?e?o.
E?????e ???, ??????e e ?? ? ??y?, ? ????? a ?? ??i ??a??o ???. Ii ????y
a ?????? ????, ??i ???? XV ?? e ????i a ???e E???a 1847 ??.
A ??y??i ???? A???????e ???? ??aey?y ?a ?a ??? ??? ???? I??u, ??a ???e
? ????. I? ???? a ??i ??? ???? ?ae 1016 a. ??a ???ey ??u ss???a A??????
? Nay????, ? ???e: “ss??? ?a E?? e ?? ? ??a ?? ??? A????a ?? ?a ?? ???:
????i ? I0 ???, a ???i ? ???, a ?????? ? I0 ?ai; e ???e y ??a ?y, e ?a ?
??aeo e ??a ???, ?? ?? ?: ? ?e ???a ???, y?? ??? ?i, ??? ???a”.
E y?? ? ???o ?? ???a ??ny?y: ??? ???a ???? O???? e ?e ????? A??????,
??aey??y a I?????? ????, ??????e A???e I?e. ????ue y?e ???? ? ??? ????y
e ??o XV ??, a ??io ?a ???i ??? A???????e. I??a ???a O??? ???i n y?e
????. A?????? ??? I??u ?e ??ue ????i E?a??i a ???e 1847 ??. O??? ?? ?ae
??? ??e-? ??? ??? y?e I??u, ? ?n ? ???ee, ? ???? e ??? ?a ??? ????a. I?
??????? o E???a.
A ??th??a ??o ? ??? ?ycy I?????; ? ?yo ? ???e ??? i???u XVII ??. ???ay
I??a ???? ??ue ?ae ????i: “N? ss???? A?????y ??”. Y?o ??? ??? ???? ??e
???e ???? I??u; ? ????i E???? a ?ae. 1847 a.
E??ey N?????i, I????? e A???????? ??e? ????eytho ??? ???????a ?????
????e. O??i ? ???a ???? I??u e ??. I??e-Ae?????i ? ???i N?????o, *????o
e ????i ???. E???ue ???? e n??o ??o e ?uy????? ???ue, ???yth?e ???ue
Ae????i.
E?? ??o ???e, ??i ?????aey?o ?iy??, ? ??i ?a ??e ?yae e???, ???????o ?y
???o ??e. A ??o ???yo ???ay I??a ???y ? ??? n ?????. E??? ?a a 1847 a.
????e I??o ? ???i ?????i ???i: A??????o, O????, E?????? e ? ??? ?.
I????? n ???ai ? ? ???. I?o. A?????e-A??? a ??e ?????e ??????o ? y??
???y ???oth I??o ? ???i A???/??? e E??????, a a ????eyo ?ae ???i ?? ??
“?????e ????-th????? ?????, ??ny??y e ?iy??o”. A y?i ???e ??i ??e, o??
???i, ? ??? ?a ??? ???? I??u, ? e ?????a a ????? ??ey a ?eyo ? ????ey.
A?? ??a ????o ? ??oa ????e ???a E???a, ????a ? 1846 a., a ?i E?????yo i
???? I??a. ???ay I??a ? ??? ???y ??ue ? ??? n ?????, ? ????? ? ????ny a
???????e ??y?e e ????ny a ??????e ???ia?????, a ? a ?e, ??y ??th??ny a
???nyo. E???ue ?? ??? n??e, ??ny??y e ???????? ??o, i?? e ??????, ??i e
????? e ???oe e ????. Ae??? ??a ? ???????a, ?????a, ????a e ?????iia ??
????? ? ???? ?????yi I??u. I????a ??e ?????e ???u e ???th ???? ?iy??a
??? ?i ??????i ???? e ? a ??i, ??? ? ?????o ????ey. Ae????? y?? ???y ? a
?i ??a?, a ? ???oaa ????? ???i ????a. A ????a ???y ???? ???? N?????i
???, a a ??a??yo n ????? ???th?? e ????i ???u ???? ? 50 ???a, ??? a
???y??e ???. A? ?????y y?i e???i ????? ???? I??u.
I??a ???a ???? ???a ???ie I??u ? ??? ?? ???i ?a O????. I???e ? ???
????? I??u ? ???? ? 35 ???; a y?i ?? ??? y?o e ?e ????i A???? I?e a 1786
a. a I o. I????? Ae??? ?????e ?????. N??e ????? ? ??? ???? ???a ?? ????u
? ??? a ???e ????? ??. Oi??. Y?o ?? ?????i ???y I??u ? ??? a ??e ????? ?
????y; ? ?e ???? ????, ?????? E???? a ?i ???????i ?ae?? I??u, ???a ??i
???i e a ?i ???a I??u ? ???i ???i 1847 a. Y? ???a ??y? a ???yo O?? e
E?????i, A??????-A???a e ???.
Ae??? ??? ?iy??a, ?e ???ay I??a, ? ??? ?? ?? ???e ????e e ???e ????. A
???e ? ??? ????ny ????a ??? ?iy??a. *? ???? ???? a ?? ??ueth, ?, ???,
????y e ??? ????; ?i ? ????, – ? e ???. Ii yo? ?a ? ??????y ????a ?i
?eai??i ???y. I?iy?a ???a ??o ????ue ?ey?a ? ????? ???i??y. E?????? ??o
??y? ????th?a ???a ? ?e ????a ????y ???ey, a ?e ??i, ??????a ??? ?iyo??,
e ????ue ??? ??? a ?e ????i?e e ??????, a ?e? ?e y??? o ???ey. I????a
???a ??o y??ny ??? a ????? ?e?? ?uy??ey ???? I??u, a ??e ? ??????? ?o.
A? ??? e ????th?i ???yi ?? ????ny n ???th i?????ueth. I? ??n?tho ????y.
Y?? a ??i ?????? i ??i??i ???i ??a ???? ???th O???a; ??a ???? ????e
E?????, ? ??e ??cy ???ue, ??u ?a E????? ?????y ? ???i ???y ?? ??i ???.
Ae??? O??a ??ue n??i. Ii, ?-???, ??o ? ?????. O?? ??? o ?? 88. C??
??oth ? ??o ???i ??ue ???o ??? ? ????ey? ? ???. O?? ??? o ?? ???o ? 214.
Ae??? ? ?????, ???i, ???a?i ??? e ????? ???? ???i ???e, ?i ?i ????. Ii a
???e ? ??? ??? o O??a ?? ???, ?i ????i ? ??????. Ei ?? ????? ??? ??????a
??i? ???: I, I5, I7, 23, 85, 88, 95 e ????o ???, ? ???a ????? ???? ???
ia ???? ???ey.
A ??i ???????i ???e I??u E??? ?????y 50 ????. A ???????? ? ?????ue ???i
??a. Ii ??? N??? ??i ???a I??u ???o aei 300. E???, y?o ???e ??? ????e
I??u, ????, ???, ????, ??u ??i ?? ?a ??e ??? n ???e e ?i ?????? ?????y?.
Aeey ??, ??u ???ue I??o, ????? ????????? ? ???. Ia ??i? i ??????e ???
?????y ???e? ??. O?? a ?i Sammluug kritisch bearbeiteter Quellen der
Geschichte Jes Russisclien Rechtes. B. I. Die Prawda Russkaia. 1844. A?
??? I??u ? ?e? ? ?a ???e ? ???eth ? ??? e ????ey. I??th ???th ???eytho
???a ???, ????a a ???o ??????? ?oi?nyo; ??oth – ?a ????a, ?????a. E??? a
??i ?????? i ???? I??a ?????i ???? ? y?e ??????e e ????e ??a i???? ???y.
Ii ??o y? ??? ??n?e I??u ? 4 ???e, ? ? ? ??e?th ???a, a io ??e?th ?o
i?y???, a ???o ?e ??aey?y. E I-e ???e ? ???o ???, ??aey??y a ?????
???nyo, I?????e e ?????e. Y? ??o ???a ???. I??y ???y E???a ???? ????o n
??? ?i??e O??a. Ei ??? E??? io??o ??? ???o ?e ?????i E?????? ??y? e ???
???y?o e ?i ???o ????a, ????o ?ae ??? I??a I????i; e ???e – ??? ?????
(????o) ?????a; e ????e – ??? ????? ????a ????o ??ae ??? ????? ????ey.
????a ?a ??? ???? I??u ? ??? ???e, ??? ????o ??i ???? e ???ey ??o ??.
N??e ??? ???e ?????i ???th?y ? ??? e ????eth ? ???a ?? ????o. N?????y,
?e ? ??? ???ey ??o ???? ?? ????o ???e, ??u ec ?o ??i ?? ???ue ??? ???e?
A ??o ? y? ?o ?i ??? o E???a: “O?? ???a ??? ???e, ?e?ath??y ???? y?i ?
??? ???a ??? ???e, ? ????ey? ?e?? ?????? ???? ? ??? ?? ????o ???e.
N??????, ? ??th??? ???a ??? ???e, ??o, ???n? ??? ???e ??i ???? ? ??e ??
???i ???? I??u”. A?e ?o ?????? ???? ??o ???? ?? ?ne??o ???e, ?? ??o
????e ??? ???e ??i ???? ? ??e ?? ???i ???? I??u, ? ?o ????y ??? y? ??? ?
?e ?i??. I? ???eytho ?? ???th, a ??n?oth?a ??o ?? ???ey ??o ?? ??ae ?? e
??????th y?e o??? ? ????a ?????. E?e, ??a ?? ??i ? ??????, ??? ??? ????
????, ?i ?i 2-y, 3-y e 4-y ???e, ? ????th e ???, ????eytho ??? ??. Y? ??
?????a ????a ??, ?i ? ??? ?????ia ????a ???y. N??e ??? ???ny ? ???e ?
???eyi, ???a ?????u ?, a ? ? ???eth ?iy???, a ???o ?e ??aey?y. A ???
?iy??? ??o ????ny ????? ???, ?e e ????ue a ????????. E?????ey E?a??
????y, ???, ??e??e e ? ??o ??. ? ??????ny, ????, ??. I??e-Ae?????.
A ???i ???e ??iy?e ??e y ???ny O?????i ???y ? ?a ???e, ???? e ?i
??ueth, ????oth, e??ay ?? ? ???ey ????? ????? ???, ?i ??? y?e ???e ia ??
??a ??? e ???? ?o ?????. N??a a 1904 ?? ?????a ???a I??u e ??????ue ?y
y?? n ????y?, y ??? e ????th, ?i ? ??i ? 3, a 4 ???e ?e ???? I??u. I?
??? ???ey? ?e ???y? y ???th ?????? ?iy???, ?ny?o ??a ???? ???? I??u ?e
I??u ???? ??e, ? ????o ? ???, ????eth, ?????eth ??? e ??ue ? ??i ??th ?
??????e. E??y ??y ???ey ni????ue a ????? ????? ???o, ????eyth?o ???
????a, ??a ??? ???ey. Y? ??a ??? ???ey ???a, ? ??eth E???a, ??o ?? ??ae
e ?????th a ?ae??? ???eyo ?a ??? ??a I??u. Ae??a ???? ??? I??u ??e?? ?
???? ? ????eytho ??o ?????? ????, ?i ? ?? ?????a ????y ????? ??? ???u a
???eyo y?? ?iy??a.
E???e ????? ???a I??u, i ???o ?? ?? ??, ?e ?? ???? ? ?????? ???e, ?
???tho, ???, ???? ???ey ? ????a ?????e ????e, ???a ?atho ????. ss ???th
??u, ???? ????th. N???? ??u, ?e e ?????a ????, ??? ??o ?? ?????e. O? ?
??a ??? ??? ??o ??a ????i? ????, ???? ????ny ? ????i?i. Y? ???? ???
????, e ?a ?o ????? ????y? ?. ss ????thnue ??? ? ??i ???? ???i e ???
???, ?ath?i ???? a ??? n??a. A ?? ??y ????tho a??u, ???? ???? e ???th?y
?y ?????y ????o ???. O ????o y? ?????a ???o ? ??, ?i ?? ? ? ??? ?????a
????ny n ??e ???; o ??? ??a ???? ?? ?? ? ??? ?c ?y?o ???a. Aeey ????iey
???o ???a ?i?i e ?? ? ??a ??? ???? ia ?????th?y, a ??tho ?????? ??o??ey
? ????e ???, a ??? ??e ??e ???tho n ??e ????, ???yy ?????th?th ??????.
I?? ??? ???? ??yo ????e a ??? n??? e ??? ???i. A? y? ??ue ????o ????a
?????i e ??????i. Ii ??? ????i ? ????i a ??? ???. A?ue ???a, ??? ????a,
????, ????? n ??? ? ??a a ?? ???. N????i ??? ?ao? ??otho ?? ? ??? ? ???
?c ?????y, ? a ? ? ???. Ae????? ??? ?????, ? ?? ??y???, ?? ???? ??e
????i?e ??a. Ii y? ? ???, ?i ??? ??u ??? ? ????e e ?a ???e a ?????oth
??o. O ?o ?? ?? ???u ?????y, y? ????. A? ? ???e ? ??oe, ?i ??? ??oe ????
??i n ???e ??u. E???? ???? ?? ???ey ? ??i. A ?????o ???? ???yo ???? ???
?ae ????ny n ??e ???; a a ??ienyo ? ???y a ???, ? ??a “A” a ??? ??a “A
??” – ???y. Aeey ???e y??? e ??ay ??a ???th??ny ????y ?? ??iay. E???ue,
??a ?????y ? ??i, ae???? e ??? ?????a ? ????i. I? ????e ???o ??o? ??,
??o ?????y ??th??y ???y, ??ath??y a ??? ????e. E???? ??o e ? a ???, ? n
???e ??u, a ???, ?y ???e y???, ????? ????i e ????i ??? ??, ????: O???
A??a e A??, I??i ?y??y Nay???a e ?. To ? ??a ??th?? a ???o e ???o ????o.
O? ????u a ??i ??a ????? ?c??? ?iy??e. A? ?e ?????i ???y a ? ? ???, ?
???iyth?y ??a??? ???e, a ??? e ??? ???yie. N???ny, ?i ???a ??u e ????e
???y?y n ??e ???: ?e ???y a y?o ??ayo ? n ?????? ??i, ?e y? ??? ?, a
??i; ??i ???i ???y ??a ????o ??i ? ???i ?y? ??? – ??e ???u ????. I??y ?
???a ???? ?e????ny ? ??i, ??ue ??? ? ???a, ? ???. N???a ????ie ??e ??o,
??????i, ??? ??? ?ae, ?i ???? ????.
Ae??ue ?????y ?e ??? ???? ? ?e ??i, ?e ???iy? ????. Aeey y?? ?? ????
??, ???i ??e, ?y? ??? e ????ue ?i ia a ???a, a a ????; a ??i ?y? ?????
?? e ????ue ?i ? a ????, a a ???i. Y? ??? ???y ???ey e ???o ???i ???ey;
??a ??i ??i ????? ???? n ????. A? ??? ??u ?y ????? ?? ???y? ??i e ???yee
?i ??a, a ??? e ???? ??e??. Iu ??i ??? I??u ?c ??u I, – ???? “??a” ? ??i
?y “I” i????. Ia ?y? n ???e ??? ???i?? ????th, ?? ??e, a ???o ???a ??u
???ath?y ??i. Y? o?a, ?i ?? ??e ?c ???a. *???th ?????y?ny ?????y, ?e ?o
???.- C??a i ????? ??a ??a ? o ?? ??? ????a. ?y???y ???y ???? a ?a ???a
e ???? ???e?i. I?? ??? ???th?y ??? n ??e ???, ?oy ?? ??i e ia ?????th?e.
I???o, ???y 1516 a. ? ????? ?. O???i ???? ??ue ??i. I?????o ??e ??? ?o.
E??? c???? ??? ???y a ???.
O??e ???? ???e ????u a ???? e ?a ??? O????? I??u. I???i y?? ???? c??? a
A?????? ??? ????. I??y I??a ?? ??ue a ??? ??a ??????? ss???o ????y e
?????i: “Ii ?e ???a ???; y? ? ??? ?i, ??? aea??a”, ? ???? ? ?o ???e ???
e ??? ???. A ?i? y?e I??u ??e ? ?? *(4). A??y I??a ????ny ? ??? n ???e
?e?, ? e n ??e ???, ?oy a ?????th?e ????? ???? ??a ?y ????y ??a “I??a”.
Ii e y?i y?? ?????? ????oe ? ???????ny. Ia ??i ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? I??u ?
???e “?e”, ??a ? “?e” ??o e ??? ??? ??? I?aaeu. E????, ???, ??? ??i?, ?i
? ??? a ????. Ii ??? a ?a ?a ????? ????o ?iy??a. I??e ? ?????o ss???o,
??? a? ?a ???, a ???? a ?i ?? ????a, ???? ?i ???yi. E???? ???e y?, a
?oi? e ??e ??? ??? ???? ???? ? ??ei ???e ???, ? ??e ???e e i??e ????e ?
???a. Y?o ??? ???? ? ????y e ?? ??, ?ae e??? ? ??n ???, e ? ??? ??a
????? ????a ?????a, ??u /?ao?ue ???e ??? ???? ia y?o ? ???e a ???nyo
???? e ? ??? ?? I?? *(5).
N???a ?????? ????e ?? i????? N?????i ??? ?ao ??i??? ??????i ??? ??? e i
?????e ??ny??ny ? ss???a ???ey: “E ?a ? (?????i, ????? ?ycth a ??e ?
Nay????) I??o e ??a n??a, ?? ??e ?: ? ?e ???a ???; y? ? ??? ?i, ???
???a”. Iu ??i ????i ??e y?? ?? ????. Ae????y e ????y ? ???e ????y ????a
?? ????ay N????ay. E???y, ??ny??y e ??i n 1016 ? 1200-e, ? ?y??eth
???ey, ???? ???? ??? XIII ??. A y?i ????? ?e?a ?????o ??a ?o, a ??a ?o a
?i e ???? I??u. I?i ???, ?i ? ??, ? ???i ia ?? e a ????a. N??th?a ? ?a??
??? ?????ue ? ???? OV-? ?? (A???????e ????) e ? ?i?e ?i ???? (A??????).
A ?o ?? e ???ay I??a e ???? i ?i, ??a e ?e ??o ??iy????o ?? ?a ??????.
O? ?e y? ae? ??ue ???a ? ???e ??? ???ath?y ?i, ?i a ????? ?? ????/?? ??i
“?e”, a a ??a ??? ?o, ? ?? ???, /? y? ?e?e ? ????e ?? ? ???i, e ?i ???ay
I??a ???a ???? a ??i?ue ? a ?? ? y?o ???a, a i???? ??a. I??????? “?e”,
???i, ???? ? ?????, a ?o ??oe, ???? ?? ???a a ???? y?o ??e ????e; ???ay
???? ???i? ?????, ? e ??e ??? ???? ? ?? ??? ???? ???ey. Y? ????ue,
??????i, ? ??a ???? XIII ?? e ? ???a ??? OV-?. E?e, ??ay ???ey I??u, ??a
?? ??a??a ?a ?e ss?ne?a, ??? ? ??i ? ??a ?? ?o ?o, a ??o ?? e ?????i
???, ??? ?i ??a ?? ??? ?etho a ??????e ????. A ?? ????a ??e ?e??o, a
???i ? ????ue ???? ?a? ?ycy, y? ?? “I??a ???y” e i??i ?e?. A??a n y?e
?n?? I??? a ?i ?? ??? e ??ay I??a, a ???e ?? ????, ?i ?a ?? ???? ??a,
??a ?????? ???y ss???a. E???? ?? ?? ?i?? ?. ?ith ???? ?a I??u. E?a ?? I?
? a ???? XIII ?? ci?ue, ?i ??? ss??? a 1016 ?? ??????? E???, ?o. A ????,
???th ? ?????e, y?o ?? ? ??. Ii ??oth I??o ?? ???y ss???a, y? ???? a ??e
I??a; ? nth? ??i ?? ??th??, ?i ??oth ?e ? ?aoe. O? ???? e??? i ss??a??e
I??a. Ae ???e ?? ??e ??? e ??????? ??? ???o ?iy???, ??i ?e O???. Y?
?iy?i: ? ? ??e N?????i ??? ???? e ?a ???, ?i ???? i ????e I??u ?????i
?????o ????o ea???.
E?e, ???? O???? ??? ?? ?a ??? ???? I??u; ????oth, ???y ? ????o ? ? ??i
?y?, e ??oth ? ?e, ???y ???o i ???yo ss???a. A ??iy?a ??y ?a ?aeyo a y?o
?? I??? ??; ? ?e ? ??? ??. I??e ???? I??u, ????? O???, ?e ??i ????e, ?y
?uy??ey ????e ????, ????e ? ?? ??a. A O????? ??? ? o??e ? ??, a ?a I??u,
e a y?i ?? ????e ? a 1767 ??, ???? ???th ss???o, a ??oth nu? ?i Ecy??o.
O?ay ??a ??ey ????? ???????a e ??? ????eth ?iy??a. I??y ?i ???? ????a
??u ???i ??a ???? ????e, ?i ??ay. Ac?yae O??? ???? e Y?? a ??i ??????
??a i ????? ???i ??a (1826). Ii ????o ?i ss???i? I??o a ? ??????? ?? ?
I??u ???e ss???a, ???y ???ey?, ? ?i ??eth, ??? ? ???e ?iy?? ???
????????. O??????o ??? ?????i ??a ? ??? ? ????e ?eue? ??e ??? I??u. Ia
y?e ??a ??ey ??o e ??oe, ??? ?i ??? ?? ???e ???o ???????o e ?????o ???a
(1829).
O??th ???eth I??u ???yo ??? N?????, O???e *(6), I????e e ? ?ae??a;
????th – ??? ?. I????? e ?o ????.
Y? ??? ???? ?e ???e ?????i ??o ??th ???ath?y ? ???e ?????y, ????eth,
??? e ?e ?e?.
N??a i ?a?? ??????y ??? ????.
I??y ???y I??u ? ???? a ?? ???? ???ey ? ?ycy, ?e ???i ?? ?????. A ????a
??oth?e ? ?e, ???, ????y, ?i y? ??ay ???ey ?? ????? ?e ???yo ss???a.
I?th? ??i ??th??, ?i ??ay ???. Ia y? ??ue ???o e ? ?????: ?i ??a ?????a,
?i ??? ???e. A y?e ??? ???? ?? iy? ??? (I, 2, 6, 7, 10), a ???o ?? ?? i
??e, e ?y?a ?? ? ???? ?a ? ??e ???; a I?aaea ???e ???? i ??e ????y ??? a
?? ??ueyo (I e 2), ?a ?y?yth?y ?a e ?y?a ??. I??y ???ey I??u ??? “?i”
????y? ??i “??” e ??i ???i ?? ???? ? ????? ??a a ??? ???e ???u (20): y?
????ee ??y?e ??e; I??a ???e ???? ??? ??a ???o o? i ??o (59). I??? a y?e
????? I??a ?? ??uey (23), ???y I??? ???e ???? ??????y ss???o (88). E?e,
I?a? ??? ???e ???? a ?? ??a ???? ?aaeu ?????i ??a ?? ???a; a ?e ?e a ?e
?? ??uey, ??????y ss???o, ? ??i ???, ?i ?a ?? ????? a ?i ??y ?e ??i ? ?i
???.
A??y ???ey I??u ?? ????? ?e ???yo ss???a. Ii ???e ?y????e y?o ?y?e
?????o ? ?a ? ???, a ? ??a ???o ???. Iy?y ??uey ???? ???? ??????a,
??????a ??i ? ???e ss???a, Ecy???; ???? ????y ? ??uey ????o a ??
??????a, ????a ?a ??i ss????. Iu ??i ?????ue ?????, e ??? ???e ????y
????ay ???y ?y????ue ???e ss???a. ss??? ?? a 1054 ?? e n y?? ?a?? ???ny
?y??a ?i ???e a ?????o ? ??i ???; a a 1073 ?? Ecy?? ?e ?a ??? ? E?aa
??uey?, Nay???? e A????i. N??????, ???, ??????a ???e ?y????e ?? ?? ?y?e
e 5-y ???? ??o 1054 e 1073. A?ue ?iy?? ?a ?? ????i ia ???a ????e ???? XI
??, ??a ?a ?? a ???? ???y?iey ss???a. N??y 24-y, ???y?y i ??o ss???a,
??????y ??: “To ? ?? ss????”. ss????u ?? ???? e ??uey ????y, ? ? ?e
???oth?a ??i, a ?e ??? ??????a. Eo ?????eth i? ?????? ??a ????a: “A ?
ii?? ??? ?? ?e ss???a”.
Ii ??? y? ?a ???? ??a ???a. E??y ? ?o ???ey? ??a 1/6 I??u ???e ????.
N??e I??u ?? ??? ???? ??aey?y a I?????e ????. I? ??e ? ?n a ??ue ????i
??a: E??? ?????o ??? 5 ??o ???a. Ii ??? ?e ??a ???a; ? ????eth ????? ??o
??e ???? e ?atho ??? ?? ??th ??ueth: 4 y ?. ??i??e ???e ???a a II-th
???.A ????o ???o ??? ???? ?? ??? ????a a ?. 22-e; ? ??? ???? ??a ? ????
a ?. 5-e, a ?. 20-y ????y ? ? ?? ???o. Y?i e ????ath?y ?????? ???ey a
????? ????o ???a.
I?? ?????y I??u ?? ????? ???? ???ey?ny ? ????i: y? ???ay I??a ?e I??a
???? ??e. O? ????? a y? ??y E???y ???ue. I? ???? ????? a E??
O??y I??a ? ???e ?????y ??? I??u ??? ????. A ??? ? ???i ???? ? ??? ??ae
???e ss???a I???, n??y??ny ??a ???i, i ???i ?? ?? ? ??? ???? I??u. A
????e ??? ?o?i: Ii ss???a ? ?? ?????ny ??? ?i” e o. ae. Aeey y?o ??
???a, ?e ? ?a ??i, ??i ???e ????e ????? ???e a 20 ?o. A??e n?? ?a ????e
? ???a 1073 ??. I???? ? ??? ???? XI ??, ????? ?????, ???? a ??? yo?i
?iy??a, ?????? ???? ??i. A ???a ???i ??a i ????o A??i?a I???a, ???e ?e
????i ? Nay??eoea, ?-?? ??a ??? Nayo???. A?e ??y ?????y I???? ??? i
????o ???? ????? ???? ??? ?. Nay???a, ?, ?? ???, ??? y? ?? o ?? ?a a
?iy?, a ??? ??y y?e ??? ?? ???e ? ???o ?ny???th (Nay??ee 1112) XII ??.
A? e ?a ???, ???a ? ??i ?y ?????y ???e ????ey ????? ?y ???a y?e ???e.
N??y 4-y ???y?y i ???, ? ??? ss???a, ??? ?i ???e, e 65-y, ???eyth?y ??y
?????y ??? A???? I???a i ????o – ???th ?ycy Nay???a, ??aeyo ? ??ue, ?i
?????e y?o ??? ?? ??????? ?i???? a ?o ???e. A???? ???, y? ??? ?? ?e ?? e
? ?? I????a ?????a ???e ???y ???th ?ycy i???????a a 4-e e a 65-e ??? ??
????a ???, ?i ?a ??? ???? ??e ??e. Ii a???i ? y? ????ue? E??? ??, ??a ?a
??iy?ny ??? ??ae ss?????, ??o 1072-1073-e ?ae; ??? ?ae, ??a ? ???
Nay???a, A??i? ?a ????ue ?? ??a i ????o ??o 1113-e. I? ???y, ? ???a
????y I?a?, ????u ?????i ???e a 40 ?o. Y? ??a ??y, ???a ??i ??o ????
?iy? ??? ????. A?e ?????th I??u a I073 a. ?? 25 ?o, a 1113 ?o ?? ??? 65;
? ?a ?? ????ai, ??o ???e e ?i ???? ?? a?????y. He ????ey?ny, ??i ???i, ?
???? ??????? ?????ue ?????a ?????e I??u ??o ??? e ?? ? ????. I?, ???,
????ii?e ???, ?i ? ???e ?ae ?th a ???a ?? ??e ??e, n 25 ?o e ? ????
????. A??? ??y?? ????ue, ?i ? ????e e ??? ??o ?a a ????i ????, ??a ???
Nay???a. Ii ???e ????ue ??? I??u ????? ii???ueth ??? ?o. A y?i ??a ?o ?
?c ?????ue ????ny e ???yi ??e ????e. N??y 4 y ? ?????? ??? ??o ??????.
A?????a i ???a ???i e a ??? 88-e. A?? ??????o a ?e 22-th ??ueth ??? ????
i ii????yo ??a, ?????i ???i ????? ??, ? ???y? ? ???i?i, ?i ???? ???, i
???i ???o ??uey, ?????i ss????, a ???y? ?i ?i ?? ????. Aea e ?? ??oe
?????e I??u ??e ??cy ????e?? ?e ii?a ??i, ????a a XII ?? Iu ???i, ????
?i ??ueth i ?i, ?i ??? ?e ??ueyo ? ?????. Y?, ???i, ???? ???? ?u?e. O??u
? e ??? ???a i ??o, ????? a ??i ??a I??u. N??e i ?????, ??????? ec Y??e,
?? ? ???ue XII ??; ?????? ??i ????ue, ????i ??????y n A???? Na., e
????ay a I??o ?a??a ??, ???i, ???? XI ??.
N????? ?????e I??u ??? ?? ???? e ??? ??? XII ??; ??e aea ????, a ?a
????, ? ????? ??th??y?, ??e ? ??? OI-? ??. A 20-30-o ??o ?????? ?ea ????
I??u ?a ?a ????ue a ??? e ????y ????i ????ey.
N???? ??? ????i ?ycy Nay???a, ??? ?ath?e ????? ???i ??? ???e ss???a e
????y I??a? a A????, ?e, ?? ???, a E??, ?a e ???? ?ith I??o. O??y ???ey
I??u ??a ??? ?????? ?o?e ???a ???o, ?e e ?a ??a ae???.
Y? ??uey I??a ??a e ?i a ??ue ??? ???o. E???o ?? ???? ??a 40. I?
??aey?y a ???o, a ???o ????o e ???? ? ????o e a ????? ?????? ???nyo.
A??o ???? ??o ????? ???? ???i. E ??a ???i ??i ???e ??a?u, ???ath??y a
??ueyo: 16, 36, 67, 84, 105, 115, I2I, 122, 152. A? ????a ?? ??? ??????.
I???? ??? ?atho ??? ??? ?o?o ???, ? ??i ??? ??? ???ei e ? ?? ??? ??????
??oth ???eth. Y? ????ey e ?e ? ???? ????. O? ? ? ???a?? e ???? a
????????? ???. Y? ????a ??????, ?uy?y?? ?????i ?????a *(7).
N?? ???a ???? a ?????e ????ey? E?????e e ????? n ?i ???. I?? 64 ?. ?i
???? I7 ???, ????eyth?o ???o ???e, ???y ??? ????ny ? ????e ????? ??a ?o
? ???i ????? ??e ?a???i ?? ne?a. I????: “A ? 20 ?? e ? ?ith ???? ? I2 ?o
90.000 ??, e 100 ??, e 12 ??, a ???a 90000 e 100, e 12 ???a, a ??i ???a
e i?oe ? 12 ?o 180000 e 200 e 23. A ?? ??? ? 6 ??o, a ??i ? 10 ??i. A ?
oi ? ?a ???e 40.000 ??? e 5000 ??? e 50 ??? e 5 ??? e 40 ??i. A ? ?o ??o
e ? ???o ?? 300 000 e 60 000 e 400 e 40 e 6 ??; a ? ?o ??? ???e 7000 ???
e 200 ??? e 8 ??? e 4 – ??i e 6 ??i. A ??i ??i ? ???”. I?????y yoa ???a
???e “I ???? ??y?a” ??? ????ey: “A ??a n ???th, ?i ??? ? 12 ?o ? ??? ?
??, 20 ??? e 4 ??? ???”. N??e y?, ????eyy ??e-? ?cy????e ???o, ??????
???? ???ai ????? ????? ? ??? ????y, ? ?atho ? ????i ????y e ??o, a ??? e
? ????e ? ?eth??th a ???oth I??o. I????e, a????e ? a ???oth I??o, ????,
ia ??, ?i ??e. A??? y? ????y a ???o ? ??? XV ?? e ?????o a ??a ???o. I?
??a ?y ?n a ?i ????e, ?i ???????o i ?????e ???e a ???a ?iy??a ??a ??, ?e
???ey ?i ?a ?o????ue.
A??? i ?cy????i ???? ??e?a ??a, ???aey?th a ???o ???e nay?? ?e, ?na e
??, y ? i??o e ????eth ???? I??u. Ii ?e ???atho ? ?a ??????e. I??? ???i
?????a ??e ?????? e ??e ??o ???. E??? ???o ??? i ???? e ?iy?yi ??????
??a. I??ay ? a ??i ??????eii ???e I??u, ? ?????? ? ??a ?????: “E ????
??a ??? ??a ???e ??e ?yae ???, ???e ???a? ? ??? ?cy?? a ??a ?? ??e, ??a,
??a e ?? ? 12 ?e 9 ?o, n ?????i ???? ?e ????, ????y?ai ? ?o ? ????e
??????? ???e”. E?e, y? ???a ??a ??e, ??a e o. ae. A?a ? ??i ?????, ?i y?
??? ? ?atho ? ????i ????y e ???? ??a. A????ay ? ???ue ????? ?????a.
A???? ??? ? ???i? ???a ???e ???e e ?? ???. N??e ???e ???e ???eytho
???iy???th ???eth. A?ue ????a ???, ?i ???e?? ????a y?e ???e ?? ?? ?a? ?a
???a ???. Ia y? ???o 4-y ?. “Ii ss???a ? ?? ?????ny ??? ?i” e o. ae. E??
??e ??ae ???e ss???a ??o ??ue a ?? ?????ue I??u? Ii ???o i ??? ?? ???o
???e ss???a n ??th ?????y ??y?a ??. I ??i ? ??? ?? ?? e ? ??? I??a. I?i
???, ?i ?????ue n??? ???e ???e ?? y?, a ??? ?? ??ae e ???? ??? ???i. A
?. 12-e ? ????y? “??i ???”, i ???i ?? ?? e a 24-e ?. ??? I??u. O?, a ??a
???, ???i, ?i y? ??u ????? ss????. I?ii ???, ?i n????? 12-e ?. ??e y?, a
??? ??? ?????eth ?o ? ??? ????? ??a ????a: “A ? ??? ??? ?? ?e ss???a”.
Ii ??????o ??ue ??ueth ??a ?a?? I??u e ???.
Ii ? ? ??? ????o, ? n???? ?o ????? ???, ???yy ???a ????? I??u ??? ??a
i??? ????, ???. N?th 1-th ?. ? ??o ? ????? (1-y ?), 2-th-? ??a ???e (1-y
e 4-y), a 3-th ?y? ? ????? (3-y ?), e ??i ???i ???y? a ????? ??a ????oth
I??o ??i ??????? ???e ss???a.
N ???e ???u ??? y?e I?a? ?i ???th?y ? ???a I??u ??i??e, ?i ?atho a ???a
????e, ????? ? a ???, ? ????e ???e. N?a I??a a ??i ??a ??o ??? ????e,
???e ???y ?ae ???i, C???? y? ????. A N????? e O???i ???o; “N?ae ss???ue
A?????”, a E?????i: “I??a ???? ?ycy ss???? A????? i ??. N?ae i ?????a”e
o. ae. Ca y?i ?????, ? o? a ???, ?? ae???: “I?a? ????y”.
C????, ???a ???ath?y a ???a ?iy??a, ? ?atho ??? ??? n ?????e, ???a
??th?y a ?? ??y. A ?? ??y ????? ????a ???????y ?????i ???????? ????a ia
???. He ? a y?? ?????y I???. C??????? ???? ?? ???e a?? ? ????????ny e ?
???ny a ??? ? ???eth ????ey. To, ?i ?? ? ?????, ? ?? ??? ??e, n?????th?e
????o. C???? ??????o ???i ??? i???? ??? n??, a ??i ?? ?? i ????o ???i
????ey. I???? ??ae, ?. 108 ??o ????e “i ??a”; ? ??? ?e ??? ??? ??ny?y e
y?? ????o. A ??a ? ???e ??? ?? ?? i ?????e ??a, a ??i n ??e no??, ? ?c
??? ????a, ???? ??????ay ??uey i ????, ???y ?c ???e ??? ????o a ??????
??? n ????i. Ca ????? “i ??a” e ??oth?? ? ?i ??uey? ???i ????ey ???o
????e “i ae?a”, ? e e ?io ??ny?y ??? ?a ???; a a ??oth?o ?? ?? ?a i
?????yo ???? ??? e ??. C???? ???? I??u ????eytho, ??i ???i, ??i ?????
????a e ??ny?y e ??e ??oth?e ???, a ? e ???. N????? I??u ? aea?? ????e,
? ?o. E?? ???, ?, ?????i, ???? a ????e ??? ??a ??oth?e ???. I????, 21-y
?. ????ny ?e: “A ?a ???a ??” e o, ae. I?? ?e ????e: “A ?a ???o ??”; 71-y
“A? ??i ??o ? ???u”, ??ae i? ????e: “A? ??i ??o”. E??a ????e ???? ????a
????a ??e ??? ??? ??oth?e ? ?i ???. I????, ??uey 68-y ????ny ?e: “A? ?i
??? ??ai ??o” e o. ae., a ????e: “I ??a”.
A???? ???, ?e ???? yoe ????e: ? ?????y ???, ??? n ?i ?e ??a ? Ec ??
????o ??????e ??i ????ue ??? ????a. *?? ???ue ??a ????e, ???u ???o y ???
?i ???, ?? ??ue ??ae ??e ?a ???a ???.
C???? ????eyth?a ????a, ??????otho i ???e ??? ??e ?e??ey, ?i ?, a ???o
???i ???a ????? ??? ?? ??oth?e ? ?? ???. N??e a ???i ????e ????, ??
???ue ? ????th ?????. N??a, ???i, a ???ea ???? ????a ??a ???, a ?e
????ai ??????e ??e ?????y a y? i????a ??? ?? e ??iy? ?i ?????.
E???, ?????ay ????a ???? I??u ???e, ?i a ????o ???o y? I??a ???ey? ? ??
??o, a ?a, ?-?? y?y?ny ? a ?? ??? ?iy??a, a ??. A??y ??a i????y ???i
?ycy A???? A?????? i ????o. I??i y?e ??? ??u ????ny ????th, a ??? ?????y
? ??oth?th ????, n ?????i ???a ? no??? ?????th?e. Y? ???o ?i ? ??ue, ?i
“??ay ???? ???? I??u (n ??? A????), i?? ?? ?????? e ??? ? ? ??y ?????y ?
???????i ???, a ???i ??a, e ?i ?a ?e ?? ? ?? ???ey? ??? ?/? ?? ? ??a
????a”. O??? ??a ??????a y? ? ??o. ?????a ? ?a ??u ???????o ??? i ?i, ?i
??, ????a I??o a ???th, ?? ???u n ??????e th?????e ?iy???e, ???a ???? ?
??u. I? e ??a?? y? ????? e I??a A ??a ??? ??u a ?e??? ???o ????: “Aei ?a
??i i I??a ????”. E?e, e y? ?????e ???e ?a ??u I??u ??i ?iy???. I??a a
??? ?????? ?????ny ?e: “Ii ? ??i N???e ss??aa?”, o.a., ? ?a ????o
?iy??a, a ??.
Ae??ue, ?i ??????i ???? ? ?? ?????y I??a, a ?a ??? i?y??a e ?ae ???e
???ey?, ? ????o e ??a ????? I??u. Ai ??? ? ????, ??oth?e ? ???i A????,
iu ????i ??e ?yae ???, ???a ???e ?a a ????oth I??o XI ??. O??i ?uy??ue,
??? ??i ? ?????? ??? a ??a A????, a ? a ???oth I??o, ???y ?????? ??a y??
???. C????: “O?? A????”, ?e ?a ca???e, ??a ???? ??????y, ?i ??oth?y ? ?i
??uey, e ????y-? ? ??? e y?e ??e ???. A???? ??? A???? ?? ae?i ?????
???o, a ? ???????i ?????y I??u.
Aei ??e ???e ?????e ???? ??i????e ??o ?????? ?iy??a ??i ? ???e, ??y??y
a ???o?a I????? O????i ??? ?ae N 173, ??ia ??a XVI ?? (E???, 63). ???ay
I??a ????a ?i ? ?a ??u ? ?? ???i, i ???o ???o E???. Ii ???e ???? ??ay
??a ?ae ???e?: “O?? ???? ?ycy A????”, a ??i ?a ??ay, N? ss???a, I??a
???ay. I??o? I?? y?i ???i a ???e ???i ????e ??a Na. A????. I????e, ??
????, ?e ???e e ??? ?? ??ao??? e ?????e ??? ?, ?i ??i ?????e. N??a ????e
??a Na. A????, ? ?? /??ue ??a. I??e I ??o “N? ss???? A?????/”, ??i II-th
“O?? ???? ?ycy A????” e ??e ??????? ?????e ?iy???. A?ee?i ?ycy A??i?a ?
??ye ? A???? Nay??, ???i ????e ??a, ???e ? ??? ?i ????e. ss?i, y?o ???
??a A??i?a ?? ????ue ??ae ? ???; a ?ae ss???a ?? ????ue ??a, ?e ?e ss???
?y?e ??a A????. Iee?? ?o ?? ????? ???y? ? ???; ?o ??? ? ???i A???? (?-??
??? ??? ???? I??u) ? ???? ????i ??? ???i ????ey, a ??i ?a ??y?y ??????
N? ss???a, ?-?? ??oth ??o ???? I??u. O?ei ???i ? ???? I?a? ????? ?a
????? ????o ?iy??a. A ???a a ?i, ?i ?? ?????, ???? n ??y?? ???y ? ??u
th????? ?iy??? A???e, ??ae ??a? A???? i ????o ????: II ??a. N??th?e
???n/? ???e y? ????? ????th; a co???? ??????? e ?????? e ??? ?? ?????
On???e ???e ??? ? y?? ??? ????? ????e ?iy??. *(8).
Ii ??? I??a 3-e ???? ??a ?i a ??ue ?c ?????o ??oth ec ??a ???o, ?i ?
??a ? ?a ? ????? ??i a ?a. Ec ????ae I??u ? ??i ?a ?. (6 e 10), ? a??e –
?e (5, 20, 23); ? e ?, ???a ??e, e??a ??e ? ???i, a n ????i ????o ???.
N????? ???e I??u ???e. I???i eth???i a y?i ?i??? ???e 6-e e 10-e ?.
????? I??u. Ii ?. 6 ?????y ??ue ? ???ua ??. I??a ???e ???? ? ??a ??
???ao ???? ????ae??a (31 ?.) e i ??e ? ???o. I?i ???, ?i ?????ue ???e y?
e ???e 6-th ?. ? ????a ?????ey. To ? ??? ? e ? ?. 10, ???yth?e ?oyi
“??y?” ??, ?i ??n ?? ? ??a ?????a ??, ?i ?o ?? ???ue. “N??y?” ??? a ???
?o?a ??; a ?e ?a ??i e ??ue. Y? ??o ?? ??ue. N????? ? ??i??? ????, a
????? ????oth ???. N??e ??? ????, 5 e 20, ??aey?y ia ? ?? ? ???o, a ???
e i?? ?? ?o ?????. 23 ?., ?? ? ???ay a ??ueth ???eth, ???o i ??? ??? a
??? ???a ??. A ?i ??y y? ??u ??e ????ny. *???oth ???th I??u ???eytho
??ee ? ??? ???a, ? ???e ?????y – ??a ???a. I??oeii ? ??o ???ue ??? ?ycy
I?????, ??/???e a ??? ?c o E???a a ?ae?? ???? I??u 1847 ??. Ii ?yo ?
???e ??? ??? ???? XVII ?? e ??o ??e ????e: “N? ss???? A????/a ??”, ?
???i ???o, ?e e ai ?? ???o: “I??a ???ay”.
A y?e ???? I??u ?? ??? ?? ??y ??uey (16), ? ???ath?yny ?a a ??????o.
*???ay ???y ????aey? ????? ? ??a ??? ???a n ????y? e ???? ?????. Y?i
i???y?ny e ??y ?????y y?e ????: y? ????ay ???ey. Y?o ??ae ??????ny e
??????e ???? ????o ????e ??? ??? e ?i ??iyo????, ?i a y?e I??a ? ?????y
??e ? ??? ?ycy. N????? y?e ???? ?? ??? ??e ??? ????, ? ???o e ?? ???? ?y
??? ??a; a ?o ?????y: ss???, ?i ???y e A???? I???; ? ?? ? y?o ?? ? ???i
a a? ???. Y?, ???y ?a, ????o ? ?, ?i ? n ??i ? y?o ?? ? ???y?? o ?? ????
??????? ??????y. Y? ??a ??? ?o ? ????. A? ??? ?? ???, ?i y? ???ey ??a
????? a XIII ?? e ? ?e ? ??a ??a OII-?.
N??e ????e ???? ??aey?y ?. ???o. E???o ???? ??? aeaa ??o ???. N?? ????i
?? ? ????e ????a y?e I??u e ?? ????o, ???e o ?? ?e ?ae ???. Ii ?????y
??? e ???e ????e. I??a ?e ??? ? ????eth e i????????e ?????otho ?? ???
??ueyi ?en?a ??? ???e, ? ????. A? ????a ?y? ? ???a ???e ???e n ?????i
?????????, ? n ????y? e ???? ?????. Y? ???? ? ????, ?e ???tho ??a ???, a
??? ????eytho ???e ???n, ????y ??? i ??e? ????. Ia ??? y?o ??i ???? ???
????? e ? ? ???. A ????o ??ayo ?, ???y, ??i ?? n ??????, ???e ???e ?a
???a??, ???y?? ?y ?? ???? e ??e.
E? e ?a ?i ???????e, ? ???? I??o ? ???, ???ath?e ??ue e ??? ? ???i.
I??y ?a?y, ??? ???? ??o ?? ??i – 40 ???, ??ay e ??uey ??uey ???e, ?
???eth ???, ????o ??i a 40 e 80 a??i. A??a ??y?i, ?i ????, ???yynue e
?????? ???eth ?oe, ?a? e ??? ???u ???a. Y? e ????o ?????ue ?????e I??u.
N??a, ?i ? ??? ??o 80 ???, ? ???ey?: “Eth? ????e ? ?? ???y”. E?? ???,
???y?o i ???? ??, a ?i???? I??a ?? ?yae ???, ??????o “i ?y? ??”, a ???o
????y?ny ??a ? ???? ??? ?oe. Ne?? a ??? ???, ?i ??a ???y “? ?? ???y”,
???? ????e I??u ??e ???????? ????ue y? ???i? ?????? ??, ?e ????.
C?? ? ????: ?a ???, a ???o ?? ?? ? ????e ???i, ??? i ????o, ??ueth, ?
???ath?th ?? e ??????o, ??? ? ????? e ???, ??ueth “i ???a ???”; ??ueth ?
??? ????o e ????, e ?a ?a?e i ???? ????. I?? ????ue, ?i ??? y?, ?
????a?? ????? ??? ??a, ????ey? ?y ?????y ????? ??iy?? ????, a ??? e ?? ?
???u. Ii ??e ? ????i ??? ??? i ???, ??ueth i ????? i?? ??? ??, ??? i
????? ??a ??? ???, e, ???oe, ??ueth i ?????e ?ycth ??? i ?????. O??i
???, ??u ??? i ??? ??a (?????u a I??a – “i ???”), ? ??th?th?a a ?? ???
??????, ? ??e ?a i?????? ???ey a ??? n????ey ???e ????; ?i ???ny ?a?e i
????? ??a ??? ????, ? ????e ??? I??u ????y ?a a ???o ????a ??????? ????.
O?? ??a ? ???? ???eth e ???y?a ?? anth ?? ???th ?a? ?ycy ?????ue ?ae a
??o ? i????o. I???a y?o ??? ???ey? ???o. I??????, ?i ? ??ue ??i ae?i ? n
?????i ?????e I??u, a n ??a ???e ? ????e, a ???oth ?a ? ?? ???u ???,
?e??? ?? ?????e, – ?????i ???, ?i ??uey 2-y y?e ???? ????? ??o ??a ???e
????, ?i ???ey ?e ? ??? a ???o ??? e ???e ???e.
I???o e ???o i ???e I??u ? ???. I? ?????y e a ??i?yo, ? ? ? ?? ???o.
I??a ?? ????? ???? ? ??? ? ???y. Ae??? ?????y ??? a ??e? ?????e I??u, ?
? ? ?? a ????? ??. I?????y ?i ????? ????th ??? ??u ??e ???. A?ai ??a ??o
?a?e, ???th??y n ???e ??u, y ???e a O???i ???, ? ?i 53I???? ??? ?????
???atho ? ??uey? E?????i ???y. I??a iy? ??? E???a e a O?e?? ??? ????
????th; 6-y ??a n iy?e; ? 7 e 8 ?y?, ?e e o E???a, ??? ??? e o. ae. I??
???, ?i y? ??? ??u ???y I??u ? ??? ???? ?ae ?ey?? ?iy??? ????? ????????.
I??????? ??ae I??? a I??a I???? ??u?u ??e A???? ??? (??oe ???). A?ie
????u ? ??? e ?ae?y ????ny n ???e ??u. To ? ??oe ??? e n ???? I???, ???
????th ? ????e. A ?? ??, ?i ?a ????? ???? ? ??? ? ?ey?y, ??? ???, ??u e
???? ??o??? I??u ?e ???? ? ???. Y?, ? ?? ??y???, ?? ??????, ??? ???? n
???i ??i ?iy??? ??????i ????????. Aeey ???y I??u ? ??? ??i ?????? ?a????
n ?i ???u ???i ???y ????a ????o ??? e ??ae?? ? ????ey; ? ? ??e ?? i??i
??? a ?? ??i ???? ?????. I? ??i ???a ???y, ?o e a ??? ? ??a ??? ??ue i
???e ?i ???e ? ???. ?????a ???a, ????a a ??? ???o e ???i ? ??????a
????o, ?y i? ? ??o ???? ???ey.
Ii I?? ? ??? I??o ? ???, ?? a ????a y?? ???y ? ??? Ae??i, ?i a ???e,
?ath?i ??e ???e ?y??ue th????? ????? I??u, y? ?????. N????eyi I??u ??ea
?i???y ??ue ???ue ??u ??????? a ? ??y ??a. E ?e y? ???e, ? ?e? I? ????
???? ? ??i ? ??? ?c ????ey ? ???, ? ?? ?c ??? ????ey, e??? ? ???i ??????
?y ????ey ??? ?????i. A i??y?a ??y e ??? eth? ?????a ?? i?? ???tho n ???
(n ????? e ??????”, ?i ??? ??? ????ue, ?i ?e ????? ??tho. N????? I??u ??
a ???i ??a ???i ????e. I? ???? ? ?????a ??e, a ????a ???, ???oth ????,
?y??? ???. O??? ??iy?e ??e ?a? y?? ?? ? ???, a ???? ?? ?iy?i ?a ??a
???a. I? ??? ?y ??o ??????a, ??? ???e o??i ????i, a ??? ??? e ? ??a???e.
To, /oi ?e ???? n i????? “????? e ??????”, ??i aei ?n a ???o ??yo, ?????
???n???. A ???o I??u ???ath?y ????ey, ???? e ????e, ?????? th????? ???
????a ? ??? y?a. E ?e ?? ????ue n ???i ?????? ???? ??a. O?? ??? ?ae? ??
???aey?th ?? ?y ????ey i???? ?????e a ?? ??a e ?y ?????y ???, ??u ??ue
????a a???? y?i. Iu ?a ???, ?i ?????ue a ???e I??u ? ??? ?/????? ?a ??u
XIV ??. N OVIII-?, ??a ???? ??ay ????a I??u, y? ?????ue ?????i ?????. A
i??y?a ??y ? ??i ????i ??? ???y I??u ? ???. Ae????e ?????o O???o. A?
???a ?? ??y? O?oea?i e Y???. N??th?e ?? ?e ??? O???. Ii ? ??e ???i???e,
?oy ??? ????i o ?? ??ue ??? e ?????o ?? ?????. Ii???e ?????o E???o e a
??iy?a ??y ??yo ??e ??? ???ey?. Ae??? ?????, eae ?????i e ????th I??u.
I???ay e ??o ??? ???y, a ???i y ????oth? ?? ???i, ?i ?? a ??? ??
????????, y ?? y?i ?a ????e ???iy?? ?a ??. I????a ???a I??u ???????y
????? ??i??i ? ????ey. A ??a ????a ???ey? ???, ??o ??, ?a ? ??? ?????th
?????e ???.
E??? I??u n ?????? ???? ???i ?eee ???, ?i ???a ?c ?y?? ???y. I???i ???
????? a ??e ??? ?e? ??, ???a ? ?atho ???? ????y ?? e ???. O?ay ??uey
????y ??????y?, ?e ?? ??a, a ??? ??? ???th?y ????? ???. Io ??? ????ey ?
?? ?? I???, y?o ????????e ??????ue, ???e ? any?o ??????? ????e e ???e
??? ?iy??? ??? ???? ??a. O? ???c?i ????o ? ?????a ??? ????a?ey “??uey”
???????? ?iy??a. I?? ??? ????? ??e ??e ? ?a n??e, ? e ??? ???y ??
e???ue..
ss ?? ????y ??? ???a: ??ay ????y ??ue ??? ?? ???? a ??? ???; ?, ?i
????y a ? ????, ??o ??e a ? ? ??ueth A ???o I??u, ???i, ??? ?a?e
???yth?y ?th?? “a” e “?”. I???? ???? ??? y ?? ???ue ? y? ?th?, ???i
?iy?a ? ? ??a, a ??????? ???? ??e. N??y y?? ???o, ?a ???ny ??? ??? ??
??y?? ???y ????ue, a ????a ????ue.
I??? ????i ????, ??u ??a? y??e i???ey ?? ???i.
O E???a a ??? A?????? ?????:
33. A ?a ?? ????ue eth? ???n, ? ? ??o 12 ???.
34. A ?a ??th ????, ? ? ??th ???e 30 ??i, a ???e 60 ??i.
O? ????u ?a ???, ???a i?i ????ue ??? ?i a 33 ?. ??ue ? ?????. Ii ???
I??a ?????ey ??o ? ??e ???a ??????? e ??o a ??? ?ycy; 33-y ? ?a?y ???o
??? i ???i ???????. A?e ? ???? ? n ???oth?e, ???a ??o ????ny e e ???ieth
??, e ??ue ????a ??o ???? ??i. Ia ?i ? ????e ?? ??e?? a ?? ?. 35, 36, 37
?? ? ??? e ?. 75, 76, 77 e 78 O???? ??? ? E?????o ???th.
O O???a e E???a a ?i ? ??? ???i ??th ??ueth:
9. A? ? ??? ?ae ?? ethai ? ?? eth? e ??: 3 ???; a a??a ?a ???o, ?e ??o
??a ?e ??ya, ? ? ??.
I???? ? ??o ??? ? y?e ??? ??aeyo ??th??a: “E??a ?????a ??? ?? ????
?????i ?? a??? (?????), ? ?y ??y? ?e ??y? ???ny ??th??a, ?e ??o ?????
??y?th, ? ????e ??e ???ia a ??e ??a”. O????? ??????o y? ??ueth, ?e ??
??a, e a ??i ??? e ?uy?y? ?.
N ?uy??ey? ?i, ???, ??ue ?o?i ?????y. I??o ??? ????i? ?????ny ???
????y?? A?e ? ?? ?????, o ?n ????? e ?o?i ???????i: e ????, ??i A??i,
??y?. Y? ??a ???i; ??u ?i ? ?????i a ??? ?????yo, y?? ? io ?? ? ??i. O??
??? ????ue e “??th??a”, ????a a ??? ??y? e ??y?. I???? ?????a ?????
????ny n ??e ????e ????e, ??i ? ??a ????e ??uee i ?i ? ???? ????o ???a
?????e I??u. Oai ???:
“A? ? ??o ?ae ?? eth? e ?? eth? ? ?ay, eth? ? ?? ?a?o, ?e ??eth ???, a
?c ???ey, a ??? ?a ???o, ? 3 ??? ???e”.
“I? ??o ??ya ?e ??ya, ???ey ? ?ay, a ??o ?a ?e, a ??? ? ??o, ?e ?a ?
??o ? n?? ??, a eth? ? ???, a ????e a ???a. ? ?i e ???o”.
N???? ????tho, ?? ?e ??. A?ya e ??ya ?? ??o ????ny e ??????i ????yi; a
?? ????? ?o, ?e ????tho ????? ??u ??y?e ? ??e, ???i, ??.
Oa ? ??ue, ? ? ?e ??i, ???? e a I??a ????e ????:
“A?e ?i ?? ??a ?e ???, ?? ??o ?y?i… ?e ??ya,
???ey ? ?ay… ?a ??? ia ??o, ?e ? ? ???…”
A??????y 9-y ?. E?????i ???y ??a ? ?n a ??ue ??????i ??. A ?e ?? ?? ???
?i ?? ????e, ??i i ??y?o e ??y?o; ? ??? ? ?????. *?? ? ???ue ???ey a
?????a, ? i?i ????ue ? ?a ???. A ??? ?? ??o ?? i ?????yo o??? ?y ??i
????y, ? ??? i ?i, ?i ??y? e ??y? ???athony ?? e ??y?. I???????ue ????y,
? ???? ? ??o ??ue ???i i????y ??????ue ??????a ??? ?a?e, ?e ??th??a.
To, ?i ??ay ??uey ????a ni ??? ?th?i “a”, ? ??? ?n ???ue. Nith? a I??a
?iyo ??? ??? ? ? ??a. A? ????? y?? ?? ???????. A E????? ???e O??e?i ???
?? ??y ??uey:
94. A? ? e ??i ???? ?? n ???ath, ? ??? ?oue ?yae, a ?? ?c ?? ??ue ?ye
???o ??ae.
I??a ?????a ???o ? ???????e ??? a ?i ???, ?? ? ii ?ye ? ?ay ??a e
?y???? ???a; ??ay i ??? ???? ?? a ??y?a ?????ey ?c ????y. I? ?a???ey ia
?atho ??o ??e ???e ?y?, ?e ???yo i ????? ??? ??o e ? ? ????i ? ???y? a
??e ???, a ??o ?i ?e ?y?? ?th?i “a”. O?? ????? ?th? ?a? ???ue a ???? ?
????eth ??i???a; a, ??o ??, y? ?thcu ??e a ???o ????i ?? ?a??a, ?i ?,
??a ? ?o, ???i.
A E????? ???e O???? ??? ????? ??y ??uey.
95. A? ??? ? ?? ????y ??, ? ? ??? ???? 7, ? ? ???o ??; ?? ? ??ya ?e ?i
?, ??a; a io ??? e ? ???? ? ???ue ??e, ?a ??a ? ??tho, ? ?atho ?i.
C?? ????u ?e ????? ???i? ??e, ? ???o ??iyy ?a e ? ?????. O? O?? ???e
????? ????i ??? ?????a a ??oth ??ueth. ss ?o ??a e ? ???i ??e??ey ??th
??a ??oth ??ueth. I????y ? ??ay ??uey, ? ?a ??o ? ??? ??e e a E?????
???e. I?????y a ???a e ?i ?????y a ?y? n ???i e ??? ???, ???a e ??o
??e-? ? ?atho ???e ?yce, ?a ??? ???iy? ??i?? ?????th?? e ???oth??.
A ??i ?a ???a ?? ??a ???, ?i ????y?a. O???e ??? a ???e E???a ?????y ?
115 ?.; a ?? n 6 ??uey?, ?????? ? ??? n???, ? 159; A?????? o E???a – ?
43. O ?iy ? 50; ?. I????? o E???a – 55. O ?iy – 68. Aeey ??????y ???
Ea????? ???y n ??, e ???th ??i?? ??ay ???a.
A ??th??a y?? ??? i ???? ???e I??u, ??? ???? ???ey ? ????a ????o ???a
I??u ???e ???e. E??y ???y ?????? ?? ??????? ????, n ???? ???? ????? ???
e, ???i, n ?????e. Aeey ??oth?o ?????? ?????e ???e y? ??? e o. ae.
Ae???a ? ?n ni?? ????eytho ??? ? ??????oth, a ??e ????? ??????a. E??ay ?
? ?o ??a e i?????
Aeey ???y y?? ???a ????? ??ue ?ae ??? ??a ???. E ????th, ? ????? ??ue
???i. O??i i?????i ?????uo ?a ???a ??i ?????ue ????a ? y?? ???? ?????y.
N???ay ??? ??? 3-e ???e, ? ??? ??? e ??th??th, ?i ?a ?e ?? ? ???
???????i ???, ? ???ath?y ?, ?? ???? a ????o ???, ?????, ????? ??a??????e
??? e ????e. I??e e ???? – ?? ????a ????y ?????ue?? ????a; a ???o y?e
???? ?o ????? ????a; ?a ?e ????e ? ????ey ??????. I????a ???? ???eytho
??e??oth ??o ??e? 4-e ???e. A?e ????ue y? ?????? ????, ? ???i ??? ??o
???????? ????a. To ? ?? ???ue e ? ????e ????????? ???. A??? ???i. I?,
???i, ???u n ????ai ????ue I??o e ??????otho i ????? ?ae ?th ???.
I???e e ???e ?tho ???? aeey ???ey ? ??????e ???? ???a e ???????o ???.
Ae???? ???? ? ??o a y?i ????e ??th?? ???ey. N??e, ? ??? ??a ???e, ?ae?
??a ??y?ny ? ????a, ?i ??? ? ??? ??a ???e.
?????i n y?e ??e ??ey ?i????a ???.
A O???i ??? ????i ??? ??? 15 2-e. N????i ??e ? ???e ?? e a ??? *????
*(9). ss?i, ?i ?a y? ??? ???u n ??? ????a, a ???i ?a ?? y? ???; ?e *????
??? n O????, ? ? ????. O???e ? ?a ?? ??? ?. *????i (?e ?i ??a ae???i
????a) ???, ?i a ????i ?? ????a, ? ????? a O???e. N??y 89-y *????i ??? ?
??a ? ????, a ?????y ????? ??oth?e ???: “i ???”, ????? a ???. Ca y?i
?a???i ???o ?????a ?ii??a ?????th?e ???, a ??i ?a ?? ?? e i ???. E?e,
O???e ??? ??a e ????o, ?i *????.
I? ????a ??? *????i ??? ?????o ?a E??????o *(10) e N?????o ???i. Ii y?
??? ????e e ?i e ?? ???, ??a ??a ? ???ath??y. E?????? ???, ???, ?/?
N?????i. O ?? e ???i *???i? ????ny ??? ???e ??a 92-e ?a?e e ??? 93-e,
???e ???? e ? ??o ???ue ??????y. N?????o ? ????o ?? ??? 18, 19, 20, ?
??a ?? ????? ????????? ??ue ??eo ???. O? ?e ??y?e ??? N?????i ??? ??a
??a ? ???y?ny e ? ??o ?oue ??? e ???-?? ??????o ????th, ? e ?? ???, ?i
y? ?? ??ay??? ?????a *(11).
N????? ???, ????? ? ??i?e, ? ??, ??????i, ????e e ???????o ????o. A??
?i *??n?e e E??????, a ?a ??a O???e. N?? y?o ???o ???a ???? O?e??i ??o
?????; n ?? ??? ???? *????i, ? n ??e ???e; n ????a *????i ???u E????n?e
e N????? e ?y? n ??? ????. I????, i ???o ? ???i, ? ?n ? ??e, ??e ???
????? ??? n ?o, ?????, ???i, e ??a ??? ????? ???.
Ii ??o ?? ??? ?a ??a ???a e ???????o ???, ?i O????. Y? – ?a ?, a ???o ?
??o ? ??? ?i ????o ????a, ? e ???o ???. E ????th, ??o ?e?? ? ? ??i. A?
?????? ??? ?atho ?? ????; ??o ?? ?o ie ???, i ???i ??i ?? ? ???ue, ?i ?
??o e ???????o ??? ??a O????. I ??? ? ?o ??i ??? ???ue, ?i ? ????y ? ?e
? ???e ????y ? ??e??, ?e e O???e.
N?? ??o ???a ??? ??i i????? ??? A???????e ????. Ii ? ??o ? ??e ? ????o
?? ???, ?e e ?a o A ???, i ???o ??o ?? ??; ? o ?? ?? ?? ???. A? ????o
??a 10-e ???, ??? 11-e e 17-e; 16-y ???a ???i, ????i ??? 102-e, a a
106-e ????o ??aey e ???y; ? a??? i ??a ??? ???o, ? ???o ? ???? ? ?? ???.
Ii y?o ??? ??o e ??th??y ?????a. Ii ???? ?????i ????? ??? ??? 115, 119-e
e 120-e. ????eyth?o ??? ?????ey a ????? I??u e ????? e????o a ???o ??
???o??? ?a ???o *(12). N??e y?o, ??a, ? ??o ? ??e ????? ???e; ?????????
??? ??????o ????????? ?????a ???a, ? ?????? ??????e 139 ??? ? ??i 140-e
e ???i.
A???? e ?? y?y?ny ??? I????e. Ii ????y a ??a ???e ????, ?i A???????e, a
??? e ia ?a ?? n ?? ???; ? ? ??? n ?u?i ? ??i ????a. Y? ?????ny ??i
????i ??? 16-e, ????? ???e a ??? ??? 17-e e ????? ???? ????e ??? 115,
119 e 120. E y?i ??i ????i I????e ??? ?????e ?? ?????e, ? ???o ????a:
???e 139-e e ??oe 142-e ??? e ?a ???e ??o ???: ??a 113-e “i ??” e 155-e
“i ??e”. I???yy ?y? ? ???e ???? I??u, a ??? ??? ?????e ???? y? n??y ?
??a.
Y? ?a ??? ????eytho ??oth ??ue ???a, ???? ? ???????i ??? I??u. A ?
????a ?a ?ee ???ath??y a ?o ???, a ??? ?e ??? ???i ? ??o ?? ??a O???? e
???????o ???. I???e? ? ???, ?oy e ????y a ??a ???e ????, ??a ?ae? ?
????a, ?i A???????e, ?i ??o ??? ??? ?? ???e.
O??th ??ue ????eytho ??? E?????e, N????, A?y??? *(13). Y? ?e ??ea o?a
?atho ??a ? ?? ????, ?i ???y? ???, ?i e ?e ?o? ? ??? ????a. I?? ????
?n?yo a ????? ???? ??? 115-e, 119-e e 120-e *(14) e a ???? ????. I?
?atho ??thth ??ueth ??a 23-e “i ??i? ??o”, ??e ?yae ??? ??? i ???e ??a
e, ???oe, ?e ??o ????? ??? a ??a. I???e, ? ???? ??e y? ???, ?aey ? ????
115-e ???, ???? ????o ???a ??? ??e, ? ????o ? ?? a ???? ?. 119-e e
120-e. E ???i ????a ??? ??? ???? ??: E????e? ????e 141-th ??ueth. N????
– 140-th, A?y??? ???n ? ??? ??i ??ue ??? (115-120).
I???e ???a ???e ??e, a ?? ????y ??? 119-120 e ??????? ???e, ?? ???ue
??a ?????y ? ???????i ???, ?i ???? ???a ??? ??e. A ??? ? ?? ? ?? ???e
?????? ???a ???? ???i e ???????o o??o ?? ???ue O???e e A???????e.
Ec ????? ???o, ?i ??? /? ???ay I??a ?? ???? ? ???? ??? ? ????? ?iy???
??e ??????, ??? ? ??e ?a ?ith ?e?th ???th e a N????oth ???th ??e ??? ?
??? e ? ??? ? y?o ???a. O?? ?a ?? ??? ia ??? ????u O???? e *????i ???a,
? e ????u A???????? n??a e, ??o ??, E?????? e ?o ????.
N??y ??? ??? ???? I??u ?????e ????, ?? ??? e c?eth??th, ?i ??a ??, ?e ?
??o ???ny a ??i ??? XII ??, ?ae ?i ? ?????i ??a ???e ????e ???u; ? ???
??????y a ?c ??i????y ??a e ??? ??a. A??? ??o ??? ???? ???ey ? e?tho,
??? ?i ?a ??ue ?????ue? e ????eyth?y ?i-? ????i. A??? 17 ??? i ???? ??a
?? ?? i????ey ??? y?o ???. I???a ???? ??? a ??-a ????, ???e ??e – ?? ??i
??iyy ????. Ca y?i ??thony ??? ?a ??????? ???, ????o a ??o I??u: ?? a
??? I????i, ??ay ?, ???o ?a?? ??e. A? e ?a. Ia y?i ????e ??i ???ue, ?i
??o ?????e I??u, ????? a XII ??, ??i ? ?????y ???e ???ai??. I????? ??
?????e I??u ????ey? ? ????y ???ey. E ????th, ?? y?e ?????e ???? ?a ????a
????eytho ??oth ?????oth ???o.
Ca ??i ??a, a ???a ???o ??????? ??? ?????e I??u a ???i ?? ?iy???, ???
????ae ????????ue ?????i ? ?????a; ?e ??tho ??a ????e e ???tho ?a
????th?a. *? ??a ??? ??????y, ?i ??a a ?i ??o ????? e ? ????e. Eth???i a
y?i ????e ?a??? N?????i ??? n E?????i. Eo ???y? ????? ???e ??a ?a ?o.
N??e E?????e ??ae, ???i, ?? ???a ??i ?e, ?i N?????. A????y y?? ? ??o
?ay? ??? ????? *(15). Ia y?i ???a ? ??i ??th?? ??????a ?????, ??a ??, ?e
??? ?? ?a ????. Ii ?nth? ? ???o, ?i ??????? ??o ??a ? ?? ????? e ?a ?e
???? a ??yo n ??. N????? ???????i ??? ?? ?a ??ae ??e ???a ??? ???e I??u.
N???yy ?ith ?????th ???eth, ? ?a ?a ??? ???o ??? ????? e ???a? *(16).
N?? ???? ??a ????? ????i e ??a ?????. I???i ????i ????. A N????? ???
????e 31-e ??? ??? ???y? ??? ??a ?a?e: “I? ??? ??? ?ae”, a E?????i ?
???: “I ?aea ???a”; ? ? a ?. 58: io N?????o “a ?a ?i ??a ???”, ? E??????
“i ???? ?i”, e o. ae. I???i eth???i ????a ????? a ??? 71, 73, 76 e 84.A?
y? ??? ???yo i ???, a ??? ??? ? ?o N????? ??? ?e ??? ????e: “i ???”,
???e ???y?ny ??? ??. N???? E?????? ??? ??e y? ????? ???? e ????e ????e
??? ??ae 71-e ???e, a ??ae ????? ???e. N????i ??a ???? ?, ???a ????e 56
?a?e, ????????? ????? e ??? 53. Ec ?? ?????? I??u, ????? E?????? ??? (?e
?i ????a) ????ey?ny ?i ??i ??????? e ????i. Ii e ?i ????ay ??? ?a ? ???.
Ii ??e ??? ???? ??? ????e e ??? ???; ? ???? ??yae ?a ??? i ???o, ???ny ?
???, ??a ????a i??, ??ueth i ???, ???y ??? a ???o ??? i ??? e ???? ?
????ue, y? ?? ?? ?i ???a.
Ie ????ue ???a, ? ????a??y ???? ? e ???????o o??o ?a ? ??tho ???a i ???
???? ????o ?? e ???e I??u. Aeey ??? ??iy?? ??ey ??i ??? ?????? ? ???o
????? ??o. I? y?i ??? ??ey ??o ????y ?o?????y a ??? ???o. N??y 16-y,
????, ??a ?????ue a ???o ??? ??e, ??uey 115-y a ???o ??ie e ???e, 119 e
120-y ??? a ???o ??? e o. ae.
I???o e ??? ????ey I??u. N??? y?, ???, ???a, ?i ??o ????ny ia ???
??yae. A?? ?a? ?? ? ???ue, ?i ??a-? ??? ??ny?y e ????? ??o, ??a-? e
??????, ??a-oo e ???? e o. ae. I? y?i ???? ? ?? e ? aea ??ueth ???e a
?a, a ??? a ?e ??? ???e, ?e ?e ????y, /? ?? e ? ? ??uey a??? ? ????i
?????? ??a, i ???? e ??. Y?, ???i, ? ??, ? ?? a ?i, ?i ??a ????, ? ?i
????, ?? ? ??ue ??? ?iy?a ? ?????yo ????ey ???? th?????i ?iy??a.
I???eii, ?y??, ????? ????? ????i ????a.
Ae? ????? I??u ???yo ??? i ???yo ????o e i ????. A ?o e ???? ????y ??
???, e ?iy?th ??? ?e, e ????th ?i o?, e ??? ????i ??, e ??? /??a, e ???i
?? ????yi ??????o ?? ??????, e ??a ???o ??? ??, e ?????? ??????o i?a, e
???? – ??; ???? ???u ?????u a ??. I?a ??uey ???ey? ?a??????i. TH?????
???? ? ?????. A?a ? ?a ???? a ?? ??a ???i, ?-??# ??o ???? ??o ???. He ??
? y? ????a ??? ??????i ??y? ? ???? ???, ????a ????a?i? Ae? ????? I??u
?atho, ??i ???i, ??i ????i ??th???? ????a ??i; ? 50 ??? ??? ?ny? ??y??
??? ????i, ???? e ??? ????; ? e y? ???, ??a ??, ?iyo ?, ?y? n ?????
???y?. Ec ??? ?? ???o I?? ??i, ?i?i, ??? ??th??y e ??iy?th eth?e, ?-?? ?
?i??i ???????? ??a; ? y?o ???? I??a ???ny ????, ???y i ??????eyo.
I????? ??? ?????i ?????y I??a. O???o a ?e ??y?? ?ay???? ???, ?iy?th ???
– ?a, ??i – iy?, ?????th ????i i?????, ?a?i – ???? ?e, ???o ??, ??
??o?eyi ??????o ?? – ??????, ??a ???o ??? – ?e, ?????? ??????o ??; ??
??uey ?? ??? ????i ??a e ???, ? ???e ??? ??ae?y?ny ??? a ??aa ??e; e
????i – ???? ?e, e ????? – ?ay????; e ??a – ?a, e ???? – ?a??ue ??; ????
???u ????? a ?ny? ??ueyo; ??a ?? ?? ?a ?a ??? ? ??? ????o e ????. I
??????? ??????? ? e n??? I??u ??i ????ue ? ? ????, ??a ? ????e ??????
no. ???e ???? *(17).
O?? ???i, ?????y I??a, ??e ??? ??a ????ai, ???? a ?? ?a ??e ?yae ??? no
???yi ?????i. Ec ?a ? ??? i ????, ????o, ?????yo ???iy????e, ? ????yo
?????e e ?????, i ???? ?????ey ???a, i ?????, ??a e o. ae.
I??a ??iyy ? ????ey?, e?? ??e ??? ??? ???; y? ??? ? ??? ??a ???o ????.
I? ?????? ??? ????y? ???, ??? e ???? ??? ?????, ? ?i ?? ?a ???i.
I???o e ???o i ????a ?ae???y ?????? i?y??a n ??e ??ey ?i ??????y. C??
?? ?????ue, ?-???, ??a ??i ????ny a ??i ?iy??a – ???? ?e ???a ? ???u;
?-???, ?? y? ??i ????, ? ??a ???, ???a ?e ???? eiy???, e, ???oe, ??uea,
?e y? ??i ?? ???i a ?? ?iy??, ?????? ??i ?e ???i.
I??a ???????e I??u, ???a ???? ??? ????? y?? ?iy??a n ??? ? ?????e ????
???a, ae??e, ?i I??a ???? a ?? ??????? ??i. O??? ???e, ?i ????? I??u
?????? o ??? e ?a?a. A? ???? Y??, ???ay, ? ?, ?i ???? ???a e ???? ?????
???a I??u, a ??? e ? ??e ???ue ? ?????. Ii e Y?? ? ??? ????ey I??u ?n??
????i; ? ???e, ?i ?i ????i ? ????a ?????i e ?????i ?a?. O?i ? ??ey ???ny
e I???: ??ue, ??i, ?ae ????? ???i – ?a y? ? ??y??e, a ??????e ??i, o????
?. N????ay ??a ???? ?aeyae, a ?? ???? ?y?a n???i ?????? ??????a. I? ??o,
?i ???a ????u ???ath?y o ???a, ???a ???a ? ?? ? ?, ??o ??o ??e ???eyo e
??? ? ??e, ?y??, ?? o ??a ??????. No??a ????u ?a? ???atho a ?? ???? ???e
??, ???a ??o ??ue ??i o ??? ??? ???a, ???? ? ??? ???yo ?o, ??????i
???ey. A????a y?? ??a ????u, ?e ??ue e ??i, ??th?th?y o ?? ?????o ???a,
? ??? ie?i ? ?o o ??-?? ??????. N????ay ??a ? ????, ???, e ??????e; ?e
?y??? o ?n ? n I?? A???i, a ???ath?y a ????ie ????e; ? ????? ? ??? ??
?y?e ?c ????; ??? ?? ???u ???? ??a?y ?? ???a, ? ???o ?? ?????e o ???i, e
??, ???i ?e ??????y.
O???a ??i, ????? a ???oth I??o, ? ??????th ??? y?y?ny, ???i ???i, ???i;
a ??? ????? I??u ??? ???o a ??ue ??a e ???i ???a ?? ???e, ??a ?? ????.
I??, ??i, ???? ???a, ????? ??? ?e ??ueyo ? ?????ey – ?a y? ???? ????
???, ???a ??th??? ???i ? ???a ?th????e. A ???oth I??o ???u e ?y??ea
on??, ? ???? ?y????e ?y?e ?????o a ?e, ??????, i???. C??????ay ?y????ue
?????y ???, ? ??? ???e, ??????i ? ?a ??? ??o ? ???? ??o. O??i ????? e ?e
????? ????? ???a; a ?o ???i ???ath?y ?????a ???, ? e ?e ? ??? ???? a ??
??a ??i, a a ??ue ??? ??ayo ??? ????otho ???a (Brunner, Deutsche
Rechtsgeschichte, I, 286). To ? ?? ???ue e i ?ae???e ???? I??u. Aeey
????aa?y ?y??? ???a ???y ??? ?? ???e ???e. O????a a ??i o??a I??u i ?i,
?i ??y-? ??uey ???ey? ??a ???-? ?ycy.
N????a ???? I??u, ??i ???i, ? ???? ? ???-?? ?????? ????; ?i ????ey?
????a ?????e ?????th ???e ???e e ???ie ????. Ii ?e ?e y? ???? ?????? ?
???? ??? ??ay?, ? e ????? ????, ? ? ?y? n ???i ??? a ???? I??a ????? e
????a. A?y?a ????ai ??a ???i a ?? ?????yo: n ??? e n th?. I???? ??y?a
???i e ?i ??? ??????? ??o. A?y??a ?y?y, ?e ??e, ? ??e ? ???y? ??e ?????
? ??a. N ??y?? ?????? ?????i ???? ??i ?? a ?e??? ??o. I? ????i ?? ?ae ?
?????? ????i. Oa?i ???i, ???ny ?? ?y ??????y a ???? ???o eth?e ??e
????a??i e ??????i ??a.
E????, ???? ?????y ?????ue I??u, ??y?y e ??: e ???ie ???? e ?y??? ???i.
A ?? ?????ey a ???a ??y ???? ??a ?ae ????, e ?y??? ?? ????????ue ??ay?.
Y? ???, ?iy?y??ny ?? ????? ???? ????, ?????ue e ????e: ??ay ??uey ??
??e?e I??u ???o i ?n?. E???e, ???a ?aeyo a I??a ??e??? ???a, a ?y??? y?e
??? ????tho: ss??? ???? ??ith ???th ?n?. *? ? y? ???i? ss??? ?y?e ? l015
? 1054 a. Aei ??, ???, ??ue ? ?? ????a? Iaa???? ???e???. Aei ??? XI ?? o
?n ? ?? ??e; a a ??? ???? y?? ?? ss???, ??? ?????? ?y?, eth??? ? ???
???a ?????a (?-?? ??????) e ????oth ??ue, ???y? ??ue! I?? ?? ??? ??? e,
???i, ? ?? ??????, a ?? a ??ao. I ??e, ?e i ???oth?i ??a, ???o ?? ????
???a ????e ???e, ???y ?? ? ??? XIII ??. I??a ?y?? y? ??ay ??uey,
????th?y, ?i a ??? ???? ?? ??o ? ??a, ?i ? ??, ?? ? ??, aeyaey ? ??y??a?
N????? ???e ?, ?i ?????i a ????? ?i ????, ii ??? ? ???? ???? ??.
O??e???ue y??ey ???th?e ??e ?? ??ue ???a e ??? ? ?ae ?? ???, a ??? ?
??ueth ??????, a ??ueth ?????e. *? y? ??uey ?? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???e, ?
y? ??? ?a E???. O??u ?a ??? i ??e e ??ey ??ey.
E??a ??? ??? ?, ?? ???e ????a ???? ???y ? ???i n??yi. O??a ??ay ????
??? 5 ??? ???? I??u: “A ?itho ??? ? ??a 80 ???, y? ???? Ecy?? a ??i
?ith?, ?i ? ??? Ae?????e”. C?? ? ??i ???i ?ith?, ???e ?n ??i ??????,
???a ?i ??e, e ?ycy Ecy??a, ?o?? ??e y? ??. Y? ????e ??? ?y???i ??, ???e
??a ? ??o ???ey i?? ??u. N??e ??? ???e, ???i, ?e ?a; ?y? ???e ? ?? 80
??? ???, ?i ?e ??ue ????i y?i ????i, a ? ???, ??u ??a ??ea?a ?????i
????? ? ???? eth?e y?? ??. O???a ? ??e?? ??? ????i ???y ????y e a 12 ?.
?? ? ???. A??y i ??a, ?a ???? ??? ??e, a ???i ?????i 18 ??a.
O??i ??ay ? ???? ????, ?n???? ? ?a ??? e ???ya??y o ?n ??e ???i ??a.
I???? ????o ??? a ??a ???? ??????ey ?? ??????i. N ???? ???e ???? ??? e
??????. I???ey, ????? ? ?????? ??????y? ???????e ???, ??? ?atho ????
???o ??, ?-?? ??aeath?y a ???. A????, ??i ???i, a??n ? ?????e ?? ???.
A??? ???, ?????a a I??a, ???atho a ????o ??ayo n ???? ? ????? ???a. O?
?e ?a?? a ??? ?ycy ???? ?e ??? ?y?yo, ? ??i ????ue, ?i ?e ?? ????iu ????
??????? ??o.
O? a I??a ????? ???? i??? ???, ?uy?y?oth ? ????e I???? ???a, ?????y
????? ? ??i???o ????a; ??? 53 ??uey ? ?e??a ??, ???? ?y?? e ????? ? ??a.
A ?????e ? I??a ???i ??e ?yae ???, ??????? ? ??i???? ??a. O??u ??? i
????? e ??a (117, 118, 122-124, 129-132, 136-137 e ?.) Ii ?aei ???, ?i
??? ?????ny n ???e??i ??? ? a ?i ????o, a a ?i ????? e ????i ??ayi. E? ?
?e ??? n ????e ???? ?ae?, ?e ? ?? ?a-?i e ? ???? ????. Y? ???? ? e ??n a
I??o. A?????a ??i ?? a? ???? ? ? ??? ?e; ? ? ???? Y??o e, ??o ??, ???a
aa ? ??e; ? ?? ??? ???oth ????, ????oth ? Y??a. Y?i e ?uyniy?ny ? y??? e
?????ue ?i ??ae.
E?? ???? ???? ?????ue I??? ?????y ?a ?y???e ???? e ???e ????? ? ???
???e a ?? ???e. O? ????? ? ??? ???? ???: 1-3, 24; a a ???e: 4, 65, 87 e
88.
O??u ????e I??u. I????ay ? e ???? ???? e ?y??? ???i, ?, ???, ? ??i a
??? ????i ??? ???ue ??????a ???. E ?y??? ???i ? ???i ???, a ???o ?y? ???
y?o ? ????. Ii ??o ?? ??? ?? ? ????ae?ey ?c ???ey ? ????a. N??e 87, 88
i????? I?aaeu ???yo, ?i ss??? ???e ??ue ??, ????? ????ai ??. A I??a ???e
?? ??uey (23) ? ???? ?? ? ?? ????? ??, ? ?c ??? ? ??a ss???a. I?iue,
???, ??y?i, ?i ?a ?y? ? o??a y?? ?ycy, ? ???e ?u??ny ?????y I??a.
I???? e ????? ???o i i?????? ???? I??u. I??a ??????e y?? ?iy??a ???, ?i
? ????ey? ?????? ???e. O??i ??ey ????ue: O???, O???, A??i, E???i. I??a
y? ??? e ? ??o ??. A ?i ??? ????ath?y: O??, I???, A?yaa, E??. ???? ??o
???e e ??a ??? ??????y? ???o ??? a ?i, ?i ??? ?th I??o ?????e ??i?????o
ss???a; ????a ???? ???? ? ?, ?i I?aaea ??o ia ??? ss???a, ? ???e ?i e
Ae???a I???a. Y? ???i ? e ??e, ?i ?a ?? ????o ???????? ???????e ?y????e
??? ?y? ???a?? a ?e ?y?e. A. E????e ????i ? ?????y, ?i y? ss??? a 1 ?.
I??u ???y? ??ue, ?-??, ???y?; ?i ???y ?i ?????? I??o, ???? e ????e ?; e
?i A???? I??? ????ye ??e ???????e ????? I??u. Ii n ??? ???? ???ey ??i
??????y e ??????i? ?ai? i I??a, ?e ???i ????. O?? ??yae ????i o ??????,
I???i, I????, E???a. Ec ?? ?????o ??? ? ???i ????? – ???. A??n y?o ??? ?
????. ???? ?i ??o ?????? ???? ?y ????y I??u. A?e ?a ?? ?e??????i ??a ???
?y? ?y?e, ??a????? ???y?? e ???ey?? ???????? ??o ????????, ? y?i ?a
???ey?ny e ??y ??????y ? ??? e ???? ? ????a. A?e y? /??? ???e, ? ? ? ??
i? ? ??, ? ???i, ?i ???a ?oei ??i ????? ????a ?o ??u e ? a ???????i
??y?a ? ??????y.
?????i ????y, ????? a ??? ???i ??ey. I? ???ny ? ???a?o ?iy??a, ???ath?o
??a ?y?e, e ? ??????a ???? i ?i, ?i I??a ?? ?????? ???i ?y?i ss????.
Iu ?a ??i, ?i ????e ??cy ???ue ??????? ???o ???o I??u. N??e ??? ???e ?
????ath?y ???? ?ycth. Eo ????e”I??a ???ay” e ???. ss???a a ????a ?o; ?
???atho i ?i e ????a ???. Eiy y?? ?ycy ?????y ??? a ??a 42-e ???. O??
?iy??a ? ae?o, ??????i, ???? ????y ????, ?i ss??? ??e ??oth ???oth I??o.
Ii ??????ay ???? ?????o y? ???eth ss???o e ????o ?ae e ???, ??a e ???
?a ?? ? ????. O??? ?e ??oth ?? yo?o ???eth e ??th????a ??a ss???a ?????
??? ???th I??u. ss ?a ?? ??? ???ue ?? (58), /? y? ??a ? ?????o ????o
??i?e, a ???u a ?a ????? ??????.
O?y ??? ???e ???e ???th?y ??????? ?????i 1-e ??? ???a ??? ????, ??? ?
?ath?e i ?????? ss???a, ?oy ? y?e ??? n??? ????y ??uey, ??????oth?y i
??? ss???a, ?i ? ??a y? ??? ????ath?y a ????a ?ycth ss???o. C???? y?o,
???i, ? ??o ?????? ???o ?????th, ???e ???eya?y ? ??? I??u, ? ?????e
ss??a?, e ??? ? ???? ???? ? ????yo, ??????o a ?? ss???a ?i ???y?. Ii ??a
?? ??uo ?e. N ?i ?? ?????ue ??th???i? ??i ????o ???a: “Ii ? ??i ????
ss????”. O?? ???i, ?y ?????y I??a, ? ??? ? ??a, ??????y ???????? ss???a.
C???? e ??th????a ??i, ???i, ? ?ei ?e ???i ?????y, ???e ??? ?? ??? ? ??
?? ????, a i????o ??????.
O?? ? ????tho ?????? ??n?ae??y I??u e ??a ??? ?y?e, a ?e ?????o. A ???o
??? o??? ?? ????e ?a ?i ????e: “I??a ????? ????e ??a, ?? ? ????? Ecy??,
A????, Nay???” e o. ae. Ii ?a E??? ???? ????, ?i? ???yi ss???a ??i ??
????ue ?a ????? I??u, ??oth?a ? y?i ?????. Ei ??i ????ue ??? ??? ???
???, ???th?a ? ??i e ?i ? ????: i ?????yo ?e??a ?????. N??th?y ? ?? iy?y
??uey – ?? ???? ?o??, ?n?????a ??i ? ???e ss???a, Ecy?a?i. N??y 24-y
????a ??? ss???o.
O???th?y ? ? ???y ss???a e a ?????e I??a; ? ??ue ??a ? ???y?y ? a ????a
????? ??? ?e ??e I??u, a a ????e ???, ???y ???o, ?i ?e, ? ??? ??, ????
???a ? ???, a ? ?? ????i ????? ??? ?e, ?e ??e ss???. Y? ?? ???ea i ?i,
?i ????i ? ??? ??aea ???e ss???a e ???. E??????, ???a ?aeyo a I??a
????ioth ???, ??yo y? ??ueth a ?y? n ???oth?? ??uey?. *?i n y?e ??e ??ey
? ??? ???ue a ???oth?o ??ueyo? O? ?e ?????y ??uey ???o, ?i ? ??th???
???y ? ???, ?????i ???, ? ?? ????i ??auey ss???a ??? ???? ??e?i ??, ? a
???oth?o ??ueyo ? ??? ?? ? ???ue ????y ??? n?a ss????a. A a ???????? ?e
?? ????. N??th?y ??uey ?? ????? ??? ??? 1 e 4 I??u, ????eyth?e i?????a
n??? ss???a: ?e ??e ????? 8i ??? ? ???? ?y?o ??e. E?e, ??uey 2-y ? ?
??a, ? ? ????eth ? ?? ????e ?a?th?o ? ?e ??? e ? ??o n ?? a ?y?.
N??uey ss???a ???ath?y ?a a ??? 88-e. Ei ??ue ??????y ????a ????a ???
ss???a, ???a ?o e ????ny. O?? ???i, e ??ue n??uey ss???a ?atho ????a ???
e y?e ??e ???.
E?? ???e ss???a, ?????y I??a ????o ?a A???? I???a (65), e y? ?y? ?? ?a?
?????, ?i A???? I??? ?????e I??o ss???a e ?i ???e e ???? ?. Ec o??a I??u
y?? ??a ? ???o. N??y 65-y ????, ?i, ? ??? Nay???a, A???? A?????/ ???
???o ?ith e ??? ??????a i ??a?? e ???. I??? y?y?ny ??ue ? ????? ??e
I??u, a ????i ?????? ??a i ????o. I????? ?? y?e ??? ????e: ?? – “A ?
?n?? A????”, ??? – “I??a A???? A?a???a”, ???, ? ???o ?????? th?????
?iy???, ????e: “II ??a. O?? ???? ?ycy A????”, e, ???oe, ??? ???? ?a
??oth?a ? y?i ????? ? ??? ss????? I??u. O?ei ???i, ??? ?????e ??? ????e
???, ?i ss???? ??e ???oue I??o, a I??? ?????e ? e ??? e ?e ?????. Ii ?e
ia ????, ?i ???, ???ath?a i A?ae??a, a ? ? ??y ?th I??o ????atho ???
ss???o. Y? ?y?a ?????ea.
E?e, ??? ????a ? ?????i ??????e I??u ?? ??? ??i??a ??, ?i ???? ? y?o
???? ??? ?????e ????e e ?????e ???o e I?? I???, e ? ??o ?, ?ith ??? ???o
???o ????e. I??a e ? ??a ??e e ? ?????th ??? ?? ????a ??o ??i?i ?????y.
Iu ??? ??i, ?e ???? ???a ?y??? ???. I? ???? ? ??e ?ycy e ????e y? ?y ? a
????a, a a ???: “Na ?, ?y? ??e-?, ?e, ????e, ???e”, e ??. O? ???th?y e
????a ??? A???? e ss?i??a. A ???? ? ?n ??, ?e, ???i, ? ????a, ? ? ?????e
??? ??e, ?e ??iyth?y ???? ????u, a ??? a ? ???e ??a e ?? ??? ?????
?????? ??y??. I??i ????i ? ????ey? ? ?? ??? I??u; ?a ? ?y??? ??a, a
?iy?? ??? ??: ???ay I??a.
Ii ????eth ???a ????? ??i? ???? ? ?????? ???y, ?e e? e ? e ??? ????i
???? i?? ??a; ? e a y?i ????e ??o ???? I??u ??o y?? ??u ???e ???. N?????
???? ???ey i ????? ?y??? ???a, ? ? ?ai, ?e ? y? ???, y?i ??i, ?i ??o
?????i ?????o ? ??? ?????eth, a ???? ??, ???th?? i ??? ?, ?i ?o ????.
I????, a ?ao? 4-e ???: “Ii ss???a ? ?? ?????ny ??? ?i: Ecy??, Nay???,
A???ae e ?? ?: E?iy?i, I???, I??? e ???? ???? ? a??o, ? ??? ny ????, a
?i ?a, y? ? ss??? ??e, ??? e ??? ?i ????a”. Y? ? on?a ???e ss???a, a
????a i ?i c?th?? ????. E? ??uey 88: “A ? ?a ??i ???o ???? ??…… ?
ss??? ???? ??? e: ? ??? ?i, ? ??, ????a ? ??”… C??, a ??e ???, ?ath?e
???e ???? ??a e ??ia ??i.
I??i ??????o ???? ????a ??????e ????tho ?a ??? i ???a ??????y th?????i
????a a I???. A??n i ???a ?? ? ????; ?????ue, ???i, ? ???iye ??a ?
??a-?? ??, a ??? e ? ?a ???? ??th-?? ???o a ????a ??????y ??? ????a.
Bne, ?i ??i ???? a ??y?a ?????ey ???, ??th??ny a ?i, ?i ?a ???? I??u
???th?y n ????, a ??i ???aeyo ?i ??a ??? ??????eyi. Y?, ??/ii, ???, ?i
????, ?e ??a ???a ??????, ??? ??i ????? e ?? ???? ??th??ey. Ii c?? e
?????ny ????e ?????? ??y?e, ???e ??i ???? e ??? ?ae??e ??????. A ???
???? I??u 4-y e 5-y ??? ???????i ??y?a: ?e ???yo i ???????o ???? ?e ??o
?i, a 6-y ???ey? ??o ? ??th ??. N??th?a ??? ???yo i ?????yo ??u ????i e
???? ?????e. E?e, n 7-e ??? ??? ????o e ???? ??aae??yi e ??? ????i, ? ?
??? ? ?????o ? a ??y?a ???y?e ????, ? ?? ? ?????o ? a y?i ??a, a ????o e
??? ????i e ?????ny e ?i ??? a ??a, a ??ueyo 22-e e 23-e. A?e ? ? ??e n
???? a ??ao??? ????e ???? i ?????eyo a ???y?i ? ? ???? ??y?a, ? ? ???a?
????i ? ???? i ??o ???? ?????yo, ???a ?atho ?????? ?o?th ??a: ??, ??,
??? e ???, ??i ????i ? ???? i ??o e???? e ??o e, ???oe, ? ??? ????i. O
?? ? ??y?e n????i ????e. I?y?a ??a e n ?/? ??ey eth?e XI ?? ??a oy??
??????, ?i ??a ????i, ?i ???ny ?????, a ??a ????i ??? 12 ????, ?i ? ??a
??a ????i ?? ???e ??? ??a. ss?i, ?i, ?/? n ????, ?????ue ??a ? ?? a ??
?? a ???y?i ??y?a. O???i ???? ?????a ???a ?? ??eo ??????, a ??? ?????ue
n ?ai e ??e. O? ? ???? e ?no???ue ?????e ????. Ca ??uey? ? ???? ? ????
ss???? ??a i ??? ????; ? ?i ?? ?????a ???? ??????ey ? ???ai ? ????o
eth?e, ??i ?? ????a??y ??uey, ?? i ???? ????, ?a ?? ??an???ay, e, ???oe,
? ??a ????i, ?iy?e ??a e o. ae., a ??y?a ??? ????. A??n i ???a ?
????ey?ny ?i ?????? e ??ath??ny a ??o-?? ????yo *(18).
I???? ???, ? ???i ?? i?????y, ?? ??? i ?????? ??a?e ???? I??u. I????
??????e i??atho, ?i ?a ??a a ?? ??y ??? ?????? ????, ?-??, ?i ?a ???a
?????? ?e ???e ?e; ??????a y?? ??eth ??aeyo a ?i, ?i I??a ???i ?????y a
????, ???y, ??? ????a. A ?e ?e ??? ???? I??u ??? ??i ???ath?y a ??o
?iy???, ? ?nth? e ??th?tho e ???? ? ??????o ??aieth a ????e. N y?i ???i
??? ?????y. Aei ?n ? ??i ? ??? ???ey ? ?, ??u ?i-??? ?????y ???? I??? ?e
???e ?????? ???? ??a, i ?????e ? ??????e ????? ? ??i ???ey. I???yth??y
ia?????a I??u a ??? ????o ??? ? ?????. Aa ?????tho ? ??? a XIV e XV ??o,
? ?? a XVI e XVII. A ?i ? ???y ?????, ?i ???ay I??a ??a ?????? ???? a
XVI ?e XVII ??. I?????a ???? I??u a na? ??y, ?-?? XI-XIV ??o, ??????
???a ??? ?e ? ????e ????i ??a e n?????th?a ???????a ??e ??e ??i???. Ie
?, ? ??? ??????a ? ????i. Ae?a ???? ? ????e ?n?? ???a ???ay? ???? a?e
??? ??, ???????? ? ?? ?y??? ?????. A???u, ?y ???e ????? ? ?? ?e, ?????
???th e ????? a ?????? ????o ???yu? ???i. Eiy??? ? ??e – ? ???oth I??o
?????, ???th ?e e ????-? ? ??e, a ????? e ?????th?i ? ?? ????i, ??????i
e ??? ethaeyi, ?c ???o ?e e ?? ?????ue ? ??e.
A ??iy?a ??y ???th I??o /?atho eth?, ????th??y ??? ????y?. Eo ??ue
???i. A ?i ??e ???oth I??o a ????e? A ???o ? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??e. A ?? ??y
?y?e ??o ????y ??? ??e. A ????e y? ?? ?iy?a, ????a ??? ??th??y ??.
I????? ?ae ?e??ue, ????oth ?oy e ??i, ? ? n???, ia ??? ?????e, a ?ae
????, ? ???e ? ?????e ?? ? ???i, a ??????e ??? e ?c ??? ????ey. He ???
??a ? ???? ?? ? ??a e ?????a ?????y ? ???o, ? e ???a ? ???o. A? ?????ny
??ue ???, ?i n ?i ??ue e ?i ? ?? ????, ? y? ?o ? ????i ??ea a ????. Y?
?a ?? ??? ???ey. N????ay ??a ?? ???eth ??oth ??ue ???, ????oth ???? ?
???; a ??? ??a ???? ??? ?e ?i ???? iu?ue ???. I?ai ? ??o ????e? N??a
???? ?? eth? ???? ?a.
A ?? ??y ???e, ?????y /??ue, ??o ??? ?y?th ??o. He ? ?? a ???o. O?? ??
?? ????? ???? ??ey, y? ? ??? ?a ?th/a e ????th ?????i. A ???o ???ue ???
?e ???ue ???y? ?i? e ?????y, ? ??? ?e ????ue ???a n ?????i ??e. A ???o
???ue ??? ? ??e ???, a ??n?oth ??o: ????, ???? e ?. O??a ??? ????? a
????? ?eae ? ?iy?. A????ny ??? ????, ?a ? ????ny n ??ith ???. E ??? ?a
?a-?a ????tho ???y ??? ????th ??o, ???? e ?.
E?o ?? ??i ???? ???y /??ue ???oth I??o? O??ny ??? ?y??ua ??e ??i ??
a?i, ? ??? e ??e ?? ? ?iy?. A ???oth I??o? E?o ?a ?? ??a? I?????? ???ey
?a ? ??a, a ??? ?? ? ?i ??ny ??? ?. N ?th ??e ?? ??? ?????e ??, y? ???e
??? ???? ?????y. I? e ?o??? ? ? ??o ??.
Ii ??a ???a ???a ? ??? ? I??o ???ey ?y ??e? I????. A I??a ????? ?????a
? ??i, e ?a ???ey? ??e ?????? ???? ?y ?i ???ey.
A?? ??ay. A??????? ???? ????ai
I?? ???. O????i
I???? ???? ???? ???? a?a ??tho, ?i ?? i ???????i ?o???a ??o ?? a ???e
??? n XII a., ? y?? ? ???e ?????a ? ??, a ?e ???e ?o. O? N. I. N?i??,
E??? ???o ????? ???????o ??e ? ???e E?? III. Aeey ????ey y?? ???a ?????
????ny, ?i ??i ???? ?ae ??????? A????? – y? ??e ?thc eth?e, ???e ??e ?
???u ??: I???? ??a, ??coth?o ??y, ??o ?a ???? ??? ???????e ??e. N??th?a
?e ???? ?????u ?y ??y ?????a: 1) ????y ????ey, 2) ??ae, ???e ? y?e
?????, 3) ??y ???. ???y ???y? y?o ??ae a ?? ??a.
A ?iy?a i a????? ??cy ???ue ???? ?????e. I??a ?iy?o? ????a a ?i
??th??ny, ?i ?e a ?iy?a i ?????a ??yo ???e ???e ?????e. N y?e ??e ??ey
?????, ????, ? ???o O??e ??????, a ??o ?i O??y a?-?? ?????i. E ?e, ?iy?a
i ????o? ? ???o ? ?i ???e ?e ??? ?????e, ?y?? e i ???i ?????a ??i ???? n
??? ???? ???e, ?a ? ?y?e-?th????e. A? ?? ??? ????a ?e ????, ?i ?? e
?no???i. I?????i ??, /? ???e ?o ???e ???? ?ae ?iy?a ?????a, ? ??i ?????
????. O?, a ???? ?? ??????i i ????e ?y?e ??????: ??y?, ???e e ?? ???th?y
e ??tho ???? ?ycy; y? ???a i??y? ????th ????eth e ????? ?y ????ey ?u?
????. I ??ey?o ??i ??????i, ??ny??y e X ??. E???a ???y ?e??a E??y, ??
I??. ?????ay ? yo?, ????oe ????, ?i ??a ??? E??y ??ey? ???tho e I?? ?n?a
n ?????? ? ??e ??ae ? ?ycy I?a. Eo ??u ???yo: “??a ?n Ae???? ??y”, ???
?ae ??ath ?e ????, ???i, ????eth e ???: ??? ? ??ae; ??eyth?e Ae???oth
??th. A??? ?a ???. E?? ??? ??? ? ??eyi e ?????e ? ?o ??, ?, ???o ????oe,
“???? ? ?y? e ??a ? ?? ?/”. Eey? ???ee ????th ????eth; y?e ????? ??ae?o
??? ??ae e ???o ??. A????a y?? ????ey, ?y? ???th?y e ?a??th?y ??eoue
????th ??. Y?o ???? ?????, ??u ????y, ?i ? n ?????i ???e ??i ?a ae?i n
??????e.
I. O????y
?????i, ? ??o ????yo ??th?y ??a ?????ey e I????e ????? e ?e ??????a ??e
???yth?y?
N???otho ?a ???a ??????y.
I??e ???, ?????ey, ???o a ?i, ?i ??ue ????iy?? ??e ??yo a ??? ?????a,
?e ?i ????e. Y?? ???o ????ey, ??a ??????ay ??ue ??? ?e ? a ??ue e a ??ue
?????a, ????????y:
A??e ???, ????? ?????.
????tho ?a ?? ????ey: ??? e ????. I? ??? ???tho ????? ?? ????? ?ae
???th ??? ??e?ey, ??? ?a ?????a ??o ??ue ????? ?????. Y?o ?ae ????ey ??e
??? e ???, ?????i, ??n???ey ?????, ??i ???ey ??? ????y ? ??????ny ???e,
??.: ????? A???e e E??? ?e E?? V. O?? ????? ?????ny, ?? ?a ????e ????.
Ii ??? ?i ????? ?????ny. E??a ????? ??o ??ue e ??oth ???o. Ae???i, ?i
???oth?a ???? ?? ??? ?????, ???a ?atho ??? ??y?e ???????ey, ??iyo ??o
??th a ???a. I???y ? ??? ii?y?e ???????ey, ??o, ???, ????y, ?i a ??? ???
? ???e ??? ? ?? ??o ?????, ? ???i ?i, ??? ??o ??i?ue ??a ??, ???a ?a
???? ??o? a ???. O?, ????, ????ue a 1714 a., ??a ???? aa????? A??-Eth??,
?????e ???oth?? ?? a A??e, ??? ?e ???? ? ????e ????? ???a ???????ey, e ?
??e??e ???e. A ?i ?? A??y ????a? n A????i ? ? ???eth, a a ?? ?????
????ey ??uo ???a i ???????? ? ??i ??. I?? A??a I ? ???e ??o ????? ???e
A?? II, ??i A?? III e, ???oe, A???? IV. A? y? ???? ?? ??? n ?i e ??????e
?????e, ??. ?e ??? i ???????? ?? e ae?o?? ?????a ????? ???a?. Ii ??a ???
A????a IV ????ue ???a ??o ????. Ii ???i A??e ? ???e ??a ???? a ??? ???
???a, ? ?????? ???i ?????ai ?????? ???e ??e e ??? ?ei ??ie? ? ???e ??
???? ??, a ? ????. O? ?e A???uei IV ? ???e ???e, ????e ? e ?? ?? ???e
??, A???th, ? ?a e ???? ? ????? ???e; ? ?????? ? ???e ???e aeyaey ????
A???e, ???e ?? ? i?a, Y??-A??o, ????e ?i ??ey A??a III. O?? ???i, a
???????i ??? ????? ????i a ?? ????ey ??? ????i ?????ey ? ??i ?? e
??????, ?e ??i ???a ????ue.
A??e ?ae, ???? ?????, ????? ? ????a, a ? ??? ?????, e ??a ???a, ?i ???.
O? ? ??? ?? ??e ????, ? ??o ?? e ??a ????ey. I??.: A O??e e I???e ?y
???ey ??e ????, a ??? ?????y ???oth?e, ????? ??? ?u? ?????.
I? ?????e ????? I????? ?????a, ????ey ???th ??ueth ????yo ? ????e
??????. I??a ????a ?a ?, ?i ?????ue ? ????iy?. Ho n ???? ???e ????? ?y?y
??? ??? y? ? n ?co. O?, ?????a O??, ???e ?y? E?i III ???e ?i ??? ??,
E??? ???e ??e ??e ???? ?ycy ????i ? ??e ???, e ??? ??a ?i ??? O?? ???ue
n I??ith. A XVII ? ?? ??i???? I????e ????i ? ???i ????ey ?????.
Ia th.-c. ???e n ??? ?? ?????ue ?????a ???o ????, a a ?i ??a e I????e,
?ae ???th E??. I? ss??a a 1387 a. E?? ?????ue e??e ??e n I???; ?e ?????
?i y? ????? ???i a ???ia. A??a n E??th ?????? ?? e Ia???ey. A ???? XVII
?? I????e ???ae? e I??a. A????? y?? ?? ???. *? ? ??a ????? e ? ??e ??a
?i ?????
E?? I????y ??? n E??th n????? n I???, a I???neth ???? e ???? ????ey, a
a ?i ??a e ????? ????y ? ?e ???: ?y?o, ????a ???? e ???yi. Oey?a E??,
????ay ????? ??a n ???ith ?y?ith, ??a ???????? ?? ???e ??y ???ey? ??i
???y a ??? e ???ey ???y??. E???y? ?? ????? ???. N??? ? ????, ????a, ??i
?? ??? ??a; ??? ??? ???i ?e ????? ?a????? ??i. Y? ??? ????ey? ?e ? ????a
?????, ?e ??e ?? ???ai?a ?????, ?ae, a ??? e ???. A???a ??e ??i a???ue a
????o ?????ey ?????a e e ?? ????????; ???? ??e-???? e ?????ey ?-??a,
?????o ?????-????; ??ae ?? ?? ??, ???, ????eny ??? ?????? ????, ?e ????
? ???? ?????, ??iy e ??. Y? ??????a ??i, ???i, ? ??? ??? ???y??: ???i?,
?i ??? ?? ????e ??? e ?? ??? ? ???i ??o ???? e ???o.
I? ??o ??? ??????o ?y?u e ???i, ???? ????a ?? ??ue ????i, ? ?? ?????i
????e ??????ey. I????? ???e a ??a??? ????e e ?i ?? ?y?? ??i?e ?????, a
??o ??? e ???, ??y ??? ? ??? e ??e, Y? ???? e ????? ???? (??e, ??i
????a, ??? ??y?, ???e ???e). *?? y?e ???? ??iy?i ???y?? ???y??, ????e ?
?????e oey?u *(19). Y? ???? ???y?? ?ae ???th ???? ?????a. I???i ???????
???a ???i ????i ???? ?aea ???a Ae??a. O? ?? C????ay N?ue. Ai ??a N?e
?iye ???? ???e ??? (???i), a ???a? ? ???? ? ????i ???e n ???? ???? ?
??a. E??e ? eth??, ??u ???e ???y ?? ??, a ??? o ?o ?????e ???, ? ????
??ue ????? ???? ??? ?y?th.
A??? ??? ???a ???? ???, ?e ???? ? ??? a E?? e ?? ??? ?ae E???????i. I?a
??? ? ???e I??a, ?a ? ???a, e ???i ?y?a ?? ?????? ?e, ???ay a ??? ??o
???? eth?e; ? ??a ????a ? ???i I??o a ???? ????a ??ae O??? e ??a ??i
?????ue ????y, ?i ?e ????y ?c ???yi, ??. ?e ??i ???a ?a ??????ue ???e
??ouey??, ???? ??????i ????? e i?? ????? y? ????: ??? e ?n?, ?i ??i
????ue ??????a ???a ? ?y? n ???e ??y ??i?y?, ? n ?i, ??u ??i ???a ?
??????ue ?????i.
E??ue N????-A??o ??? ???e ????? ???a, ???a ???y?? ???? ????. I??? N??i
A??? ?e ? ????? ?????, ????e ? /?? 6000 ???e e ???? ? ??e, ???a ????e e
???i. E??? (?????) ????i ? ??u ????a, a ????? ? ???o ??i ??ae O????? n
ae???e. A??i, ??i ???i, ???iy?y e ??? ???? ??i – ????i. Ii y? ?? ?
??????e ????. I??a, ?????y ??n ????o ???a, ?y??? n ???????, ??? ?????
???, ? ? ?? ???i; ?????i, ? ???? a ???, ????? ?? ?????i.
I???ue ??? ????i ??????a n ?????i ?????i, ???y ?a ?????ue ??????
????ey?. I?????a ?????a a I??a ??? e ???ae??eth ?????y, ????????i a
I????e. A??? ?????? ???i ? ????y, ???a ???y?? n ?e???th ?????th. I??????
????y ?????, ??? ??o; ???? ???a ?i ?. A??a I??e n ????? I????e ??? n
????? ????. A ??? ???ai ???, ??? ?????, ??i ????? ??????ue e ?e ????
???a ??????; a ??ae ???e ??a ? ???????. O? ?? e ?e A??? O?????. I???, ?
??e ????ny e ???????o ?????? I??u. A 1649 a. ? ?e ??i A??ath I?????, ??u
?e ??i e ?????i. I????e ?no?? ???? ?????a A???, ??aey, ?i i ??????e
I????e ??o ?? ?? ??? a ?i ???, ?? ? I??a ???? ? ?????e. Y?o ??? ?e ??a
????i a 1652 ??. I??????a ??u ??a ???e ?????i ????y ?eiy? ? ?ae ?ith
???th ??. “A?e ? ???a ????? ? ??? ???? ??, – ???? ?e, – ? ??ue ???? ???e
?? ???i ? ?? ????? ??e ??i I??ey”.
I????a ??????i, ???y ????ai ??? ???? ????a ?c?? n I??ath ????? ? ??a ?
Ae??, ? ??? ????e y? ?????a.
A 1653 ?? ??o I??? e I??? ???? ????? i ?????o ?????yo a I????e. I???a
??????i ???ei, ?i ?????ay ?? a I????e ? ??e???y, a ?i ???a ????tho ??? ?
??????a. A??a ??a yo?i A??? I????/, ???????ue n ?i?? ???i, ??e ??y?
I????th ?ae ?ith ???th ?? e ???? e ???o ??? n ??ueth ? y?i ???e. A?i?
??? ?? a I?ay???, ? ???e ?uy?e, ?i ??? ????y ?oyo ???? O???th: “O???e
???, ??? ????, ?i ???? e ????? ?????oe ???? ??y? O??? ?ae ?ith ?n?oth
??. Ii ??a ?i (o.a. ?????i ?????), ???e ???, ? ??y?i ??a ????i ?????. E?
n ?? ? ?????y, ?? ??o, ???y ???!” Ia y? ?? ???a ???a ????: “?/? ??? ??
?ae ??i ????? ??i???i, ??? ??????i O???? ????y!” O? ??? ?? ? ??yn?a?? ??
????? n I???.
I????e ???? ???ny ????ue ?a ?????e I????e, o.a. ???? ??, ??i ???? ???a
e ?th ????th ????; ???a ????? ????? ?-???? a ??o ???? ???a. E???a ???
??a ????i, ??? ?? ????? ???? ???y ?i ??a, a ??ii 6i o. ?????i ???.
I????y ????a ? ??th ?? ??i ?????o ?i??e, a ??? ?? ?????i ?i ???????a ???
???atho e ?? ???, e ?? ??u ????e n ???e ??y?, ? ??????? ??? ?e ?e??tho
?, ?e e ???atho ? ?ay (?aae., ???iy??? ??o ?????); a ?? ?e ??? n ?????
??y?, ? ?e?????a ??? ??? ? .????ue e ????ue ????? ????ue??. I??? ???
????e ? ??th ??i ???? ?y?a ??u ? ???o ??y?o. Yoe ??u ???atho a ??o
?????i ?n??y ?? ????? ?o ?????, ???a ?y y?? ??o ????u ????i. I?e??? ?? ?
???tho ?? ???, a ??? ???atho ?a ????a ???? ????e ????.
Ec y?o ??? ???? ??? ?c??? ????a ???????o ???. O?? ???i, I????y ? ??
?????? ?e ????y, ?e ?? ??????, ??., O??, ?y?? e ?. ?y??y. I????y ????
????i ??????, n ??i ????i ?????i, n ??i ???i, n ??i ????????i e ?? n ???
n???y n ?????? ??????e.
N?????y, ?ae ??a ?iy?a ??i ???? y? – ?????, ?ae ?iy?a ???i ?e ????i
????ey? A?e i?iy? ? ???? ? ???y, ? ????e ???o I????y ??????? e ???e, e
????oth ???o, ??oth I????e, ? ???? y?? ????ey ??i oy??ny. A ????? ???e
????y: “I????y ?????y ?ae I?o ???th ?? e ????y ???ue I?, ?? I??o e
?????i”. I?th? ??i, ?i ??????a ??i ???? ???, a ? ????. I????y ? ?????ue
n I????i ??????, a ??? ???? ??i ????i ???oth?ai. a I??a ????y n ?i
?????. Y? ??? ???i ????ey a ?? ???ey. Ii ?e ?e ??? ?e ????? ???? n ?i
?????, ? ????? ??? ?? ?????ny aei ?o ??, ?? ??o ?????ny ???o? A??ay
I?????.
A?i? e ????? ???e, ??u ????? ???? ??y?? ? ????? I????e ???a. Ii a
I????i ?n???? y?o ??? ??? ??i ?????y, e I????e ???? ????y ??y??ue:
“I????, ???? ??u, ???u ??y??, ??n?a ? ??i ????i ia ???. N???a ? ????? n
I??ith ? ?? ?e ?????, ?e ??i ?eeth?? ? ?????? ?? ???ey ??y?a??e ??. A?e
? ????a ?? ??e ?????a. N????? ??????, ?i ??a a E?? ????e ????? ???,
?????i ???i, a ????? ???? a ??? ?? ???? ??i ethaeyi ??y?? ??th. I?y?y?ny
y? ?i, ?i ?????i I????e ?? ????? ?ayie ????i ?? e ?y?? ????ey ?n????, ?
???a ???? na??a, ??ay ?i ??a ??????. I???, ??a ????? ???a ??e ???? Ee?
??ith ?y ??? ? ?ey?a, ????eo ?e ??? y?? e ?? ??a ?e ??th ?o ?????y. Ia
????y ???u ????? ???e, ?i ??? ?a ???y?ny I??a, ? ?????i ??io ? ???y?ny:
“?i ??o i ??, a ? ?ae ??th-?? ???th”. Ae??, e ????u ? ??? ??y??, ? ???
?y?e, ?i a N?e ??o eth? ????a, i??i ? ?o ????. N?? ???y ??i???ey ?? ???,
?i ??i ??e ???? I????th e ?????eth n I??ith. A?ue ?? ????a ???, ?i a
I??a ? ???? ??iy?? ??? ???e ??????y, a ??o ??, e ? ??? ????. A ?????
I????e ???a, ???e ?????th?y ???a ?a? e ????e, ?????y e n ??e ???: “…e
? ?? ?? a ??e ?????e ?? e ????? ? ??”. (I. N. 3. N 119, 1654).
??? ??o I????ath e I??ith ?????? ??ue ??i.
I?????? I????e ??? e ??a ???e n I???. A y?e ??a ???y ?????? ??? I????e
e ???th O??e, ????? e ?th? ???ey? O?????i. A?? ?? ??? ?y I????? ?????a,
? ?a ??i ?????, a????y ??????? ?????i ????? O????a III, ??u ???? ???e
A??ath I????? ?? ? ?????ue ?? ????? ? ???? ???e. Y? ???i A??ay I?????
?????i e ? ?eeth?e ?? n I??ath. E ????th ?? ???i e ????a ??????i ??o
O??? e I???. O??y ??ie ???? ???? ????a ???ey I??u. I?e??? ?????i, ??th?a
?? ?. I??ath, ???? ?? ??? ??? O??e, ??e ???e ?th??u. I?? ?i A??i O??i??e
????e ???ue n I??ath a ? O??ath ????y a ??????o ?io?eyo. A??? I????/
????, ??u I????y ??th?? ?? n I??? e ???? ?o ??? O??e. A??i O???oe?e ?
???ye ?? n I??ath e, a ?? ? ?????i ????y, ??e ????? ? ?????. Ii ????? ??
?n?ye ? ??th/?? ??, O?? ????ue ?????, ? ???a ? ???e? ?” ?? O?????i, e ??
?e ?eeth?i ?c ?i ???y.
Y? ??ue ????i ???a. A ??i ????? ??? ????? ??? eth?e ? ????e. ?y??a ???
????, ?i, ????y ? ??a, ???? ??o. ? ???? ???e ?? ????ue, e a???e ???a,
??u ????? ?? ???e a I????th ??o ???, ?i ????ia ??????i e ? ????i
???????y.
Ii y? ????ue ?a ??a ??? O?????i, ???e ?? ??? ? ??th??e ?? n I???. I??
?? a???i ?e ??? A????. I? ?i ????i ?? ??iy????, ?????, ?e ?i??i ?????
??????i ?? ????y e I????e. A???? a ???a, ????e a I??o, ??? ??e? “????
?????”. A???? “???a ????a” a I??a ????e ? “??? ????a”, a ???o ???e ????.
A????, ????e ???? ??y??, ?? ????ny e ??? ????eth n I???. A I????e
?????? ?a ???: ??n?y e ????ay.
Ia ??? ??? Ae??a ???? i??? ??ay ??ey, e y? ??ue I???n? ??a ???? ?ae
??th ??? ???? ???. E?? ??a ???y ? I???,, ? ?? ??? ???a – ??? TH?e
O?????i, a ??i A?th????i, ?e e??? ????i ?????? ?????a ? ???a ???i ????ey
a ??? ???ey ??? I??u. A?th???? ?e ??? a I??o, ?a ?i ??ue ??? ??y?, ???e
e ???e a ??? ?y??. A ?? ?????y A?th????i ?y??i ???i a???ny, ?i A?th????
“??i ??? ?o, A???o A???th, ??u ?, Aa??e A???ue, ????e, ??e ? ??? n ????e
e n ??u ??y?, e ??ae ? ?, A??? A???ue, a ?o ???o ?? e ??? ?y?a ???? ??i
?????i ?y?i e a???i, ??a ??? ?????? ????i; a ??? ?????a e ????a ?y?a ??
??? ?o ???o ? ????, ?e i ?i ???? a ????? ??ueyo”. Iiy?? n A?th???? ????
? I??u ???a ?a?? ? ?a ??????a ???, ??i??a ???? ?y?o ???a e ??? e ??u ?y
???? ???. Y? ???e ???e ???a ??????? e ? ??e ???a Aeieipa. A I?ay???
??o?? ????a e ??? ??? ???u, Aei???i, ?e ???i e ? ??e ???a ??y???? ?ae?.
A?? n Ii??th ??y?, ??o ?i, ????? ?y I??u ???. A??? ???ey ?? ????iu
A?????i ??i (1667), io ???? ??? ??a Ae??a ??? e I??a, a ??ae E?a ??? ?e
????ny ? I??ith ?e?i a ???a 2 ?o, ??a /?i ? ??a ????iy?y e I??a. Y?i
ae???? ????? ???? ?ay?e ????? I????e, ?i ???i ????i ?????a, a ??a ???o
???i ?e ??? Ae????, ???e ? ??????o, ???? ????y ?e: “?????? ????ii ????
????e ? ??e O???”. Ii ???? ?????a ???a ? ???? E?? e ????ue ? I????e ??
oe??. I???oy y? ??, Ae???? ? ?o?????y ??ae ?i, ?i ??o ????i. A? ?? ?????
?a ??i: ????ue ? I?i??eth n ???th ???e ?e O??e. Iiy?? ? ???e a ????? n
O??ath e n ???th ? ??e ??o. ???? ???? ??ue ?? n ?ey?? e n ???e. ???? ???
??i ??????, e a ?????i ??a ??i???? e ???e 10-? ??? ??i? ??? Ae??a. I?
y?i ????i ????? ?? ???u ????a ????y a ???o A. O?????i, ???a ??ue ??e a
??? ????ey, a ?????ey A?th????i ?? ????. E???ey, ???i ???i, ???? ?????o
????, a ?a?i a 1674 a. I????y ?? ??? ??a ?????o ???? ? ?i ????e, ?i “?
y?? ?iy?y ??? ??u a ??????? ???”. Ca ??th??? ?????o ????, ?a ????a ??
????i ???? ??ueyi A. O?????i (???? ?oi?a, ???a ??????ea, ?? ????a ??? e
o. ae.). Ii e ?????? ?????o ???? o I?i??? ???? ????y ?? ???iy????e. Y?
??i ? ??, ?i a ?o ??ayo, ??a ????? n ?????? ???e ???? I????e, oi I????a
?????i ?y?? ?? ???? ? y?i I????e. O??i ??? ????? I??i?? n I??ith.
Ae????y ???y ????e I????e e I??a ???o a ?i, ?i ???a ??????i ?a ??a e
??a ??? ? ????? ????? I????e e, i???, ????? ? ??????o. I?????? ???n ??ey
????? a ??????th y??. A? a XVII a. ??e ???? a Ii?? ? I????e ??? ? ??????
???ey ???o ???? ???e. A??? ????y?, ????, i?? ??? e ?????, ???a ?? ????
??? ??ayi e y?y?? ???? oy??ueth ?y ???i ???. AE??u ? ???? ?ae e ??????
???ey ?????a e ?????e ???? ?????ue e a XVIII a. E?? y?e ????? ????,
??o??? ???i ? ??????o ???? ??????a a ?? I????e ????a ??? I??u, ?oy
???????i ?a e ? ??? ?a e ??? ??????? ?????.
II. I????
I?????i
E???a ?????? ??? ??o????i: y? ?? ? ?? ??????o ???? ???e ???e, ?-???,
???, ?i a 1682 ?? ??a ????? i ?????? ?? ???a, e, ? ???, ???, ?i ?????? ?
??? ? ??a ??? ???ey, a ????? ?a ??y a ???? ???ey.
A? ??????a ?? e ????e ????? ????i. He ???, ???, ???, /? ????? ???? ??
????? ???? a ????? ??a e ???: ?e ??? ?? ????????y ???????y ??ay? e i???,
???a ?????? n???i ??i. Y?-? ???, ???a ????a?e ???o ????e a ????? ??a, a.
????? a ??????.
I?????i ?? ??? ????i ?e??a ????ny ? ??, ? ????e e ?y?e ???u, ???a ?
???e ?? ??e ????e ??e. I?? ????ue ????ey ? ????a ??i ?e ????e ???u ??i ?
??, ? ??i ????ny ? ????e ?e ???u, ?????????e ????e ??e. ??e ?a, ? ?i
???y ??ue ??????.
A ??aa ?????? ??o ??????a ? ????e ??e. E??a ???? ??, ???ay ? ???, ????i
n ??th ?????oth ??ue, ???y ? ?o ??i ??????, a ????ue ??-?-?? e ?????? ?
????? ? ???a, ?? e ??, ??? ?a e ??a??ue ????th *(20). A???ue ??? ?e
?i?????y n y?th ??ueth. I?y?a ????e ??e ? ???e ??e ??????a, o.a. ????
???e ?????y ? ????ey ? ????a ??i ? a ?? o?i, ?i ????ue ?? ? ?? ?
?i?????? ?i ????e ??e, a a ?? ??, ?i ??i ?y?i n ?i ?e a?a ??o ???? ??a
??, ??? ???? ? ??? ?iy? ??? ?? ?i ???a.
Ii a??e ??? ????????i ??? ? ????e, ??a ?????ay ae???? ?? ? ?? ????ue
?????e n ????th ??ueth. O?, A??? ?????y ? ?? ?????i ? ?i ????e, ?i ??i ?
???a ?i ?? ?y?ia ???a ? ??e. A 1625 ?? ?y? I???e ?e ???? ??ue a ??y?o
??? ?????i. I???e ????y, ???y ?i, I???a e a ?y?o ????? ???a ? ???. A
1629 a. ??? ? ei. O???? e I??? ???e a Ay?? ???? ??? ?y ??e. I? ??ae?ue,
??? ?i ??a ????? ? ???e ??i, ?i ?e ? “a ??? n ??”, o.a. ??i ? ? ????e
??e.
E?? ???i ???? ??????, ?ath?y ? ??????a y??ey a ??? a?????o, ?e y? ??
?????ue I????? ?????a? E??ue ?????? ?u??????e. A ?????? ?? ???o a ?i, ?i
?? ??y?ny a ???o ?o??? ????a ?? e ??? ???y?o. A??a ?????i ? ???u ??
???a?a ???? ? ??i ? ????a, ???i ? ?i ?????y; ??a ?????i e ? ???u ?? ???
????? ????y ??. I??e ??? ???o y?? y??ey ??i ??th?? a ?y??oth y??, a ???
??y? ?oe, ??????y ??? ?y???. Aiy? ???tho ?? ??th??y ????a e ??i ?oyi.
I?a??e a I???? e I??a, ?????ny ? ???o e ??? eth?e, ?? e ??a ??, ?e ???y?
????ue ???e?, ?a-?? ???? ????a ????a e ????? “???e ?????e”. Y? ????????a
????a ????? e ? ??e eo ?o?? ???ey? a ???? ?e ? ????e ??yae ?oe ?ae ???
??e ?????. I???? ??a ????? ???o ????th ???o e ? ????a ??e. A ?y??? ???
?????y e ? ??ay? ???? ????e ?? e ??. I? ss???a ???a?ny ???a A??a, a ???a
a ???? ??i? ?i ?i, ssi. O A?????o ?y?e a????ny n ??i ?y?i ???y?o ??e e
?e ? ???e, ???a ???? ??i ???u. O A??y A??th??? ?e ??i? A?? AE????/, o
??a ?i, A???aea TH?ue??a, ????i ???a ?????y a ?i ? ??? I??e A????, ?i
A??a AE?????; o TH?y A??????, ?? y?? A???? e ??y??a Ai?ay A??th???,
AE???a I????/, ?? A??a. N ???? ? ?????i ????e ? ??e ??a?? ????a ?????
?????y e a C???e A??a: ?i ????? ?i a ???????? ???n?e; ????e ??e (??u) e
???o ????? (???e, ????u) ?????ue ? ???y?? ??? ???? e ????? ???e. O ?n ?
??a aei???e ????ue ???????e, a ??ue, ???th ?e ???ey? ????o ????.
E ? C??a A??u ? ????i ??u ?-? ??. O?, ??a ???a O?e?a II E????i, A????
O????ay, ???ey?? a E??eth, ? ?????? ???a ??oe??? ??, ??o ??? ???y Pie e
?. Ia ???a E??? ???o ????e ????a ???a ?? n ???? O??ae ? ??a. N?? ??o ??y
???y? ?-? ??a ??e ? ??e ??o ? ???e. I? ????? ?i-E??? (?? O???) ??o
?i?????? ?????oth ????th ??a ??? ?? ?-? ??.
I?????i ??????? o ?n ?ae ?ey?? ?? ?e – ??ay e ?y??? ???. I??e ???ny
????th ???? eth?e; ?y??ay ??? y?y?? ??th, ?????th?th ???? ??i???a.
*? ? ??a ????y ??ue? ?? ??????y ????, ????? ? ?a i???? ? ?? ????, ?e
??? ?? ??????ny ??iy?ith ???th? I????i, ?i ????th ??ue ??i ?? ?????oue
??iy?? ???e; ?? ?i ? ?o?e ?e ???? e ???o ?ycth, ? ??ye y?i ?ith ??ue.
O?, a 1501 ?aeo, Cth?i a ??e; i ??? ???e: “?a ? A??y? ?? ?o, ?e ?e A??y?
???? a E?? e ??i ?? ????”. A 1609 a. E??, a ??a n I????, ??oth?? ???e
?e???o ?? ?????: “E ? ??? ????? ??a?th, ?i ? ?n, ????e, ????, ?i ? e a
??i ?? ??o ?, ????e, ? ??? ?? ?e a ???”.
I???ay ??ue, ??????i, ???o ? ?? y????: ???? e ????i. ???? ye??o ??o
???? ? ??? a ???? ??, ? e a ?????ee n ??? ??? ??a. Ii ???y?ny ? ?????,
???i ???ey?ny ???ue ???ey ? ???????; ????? ??y?nue o ?n a ???o ??????
????. A? ??u ?? ? e???a ????? a ????i ????e ???? ??o???. Y? ?????i
???ey?? ??? (“io ????”. Ii y?i ?a ? ???ey?? ????a ????a ??,” ?i ????y
?n?. I? ???ey?? “? ??y?”, o.a. ? ?i ????eyi ? ??a, ???a ???? ????? ?? ?
???y? (???) e ????? a ?i ???o. Y? ?a ??? ??a: ??i ?? ???i ? ?????o, ?
????, e ??? ? ??yaeo e ????.
N?o ? ???? ????y a ??iy?? ???????e ? ??? ? ??y?. I?y?? y? ? ???a. E?i X
a ?? A ???? 5-a ??i ? ???/???a. Ii ??y?i ? ??i ?? Z a ?? A. I?th? ?a
?????? X, ???th?a ? ???? ??i ?? ?i, ??o ?? e ?? Z; ?a, ?i ?? X, ??o ??
Z. A?e ? Z ?e ia??? ? ??i ?? ??-?? ? y?o ????o, ? ??o ????y ? ?? ????i ?
??y? n X e “?y???” ? ?i ???o ?ae????? e ????.
I? ??? ? ?a, ???, ??? ? ??y? ??e ????? ????. I?????a ????? ????? ??y?i
??ae ?????e. A?uey??a a ??a n ?. Ay???i ???o: “Ii ??? ???? ??o, ??? ? ??
??o, ?i ???? ??ae ?i ???ye, ?o ?? e ???o. “I??ye” – ? ???, ? ??y?i, o.a.
?i a ????a ??y ? ???e ??? ??, ?o ???ye ??ae ?i, ?i ??a ??a a ????a ??y
???e, ?oy ? ??? ?i ?? ? ??? e ??. A y? ???, ?i ???ny ???/??a ??? ??? e
??? ????o ??????a ??ae ?????e. A? ??? ?ae? ???yo ?i, ?i a ??????? ??o
?????? ?? ????y ? ??ao ????? ???a, a ? ????o: “O?e ??? ????e” e ????tho
a ????e.
N?? ??i “????y ??ue” ?????, ?i ???? ???i ???i ????? ? ????a ????a ????o
??????a.
A????a y?? ??u ??? e ?? ? ?? ??e ??ue ??oth ????th ??ue.
O?, E????, ?oy e ?????? e ??? ?? n E????e, ?i ? ?i? ? ??atho ?ay a ???
n ??, a ???yo, ?i ?e ? E???? “?c??? ???” ? ???. E?? a n?? n I????, ??o
???, ???o: “Ii???e ??? ?? ??? ? ???? (o.a. ? ???o a ????????ue ??o “ii
??y?” ?e ? ???) ?? ??? N?????o e ?y????o (?a ?e ??? ??), a ?i? ????o
????e, ?? e ??, ? ???, ? a ??o ??ayo ? ??? e a ???y? ?e ? ???”. A
??????? ??, ?i ?. ?????? ??? ??a ?? ????y ? ????o ??????a, a ? ? ?e???o,
n ????, ? ???y?, ??yuea ??e ??i ?a ????ue, E?? ???? ???? ??? ??a, ?y?e
A?i???o e C??????o. C??????a ? ?????o ???a eth?, ?e ?e ????e ? ??uey? ??
I??? *??????, e I???? e A?????, ????y?a ? iy?? n?a ?? ? ?ycy, ??? ?; ?
C??????a ? ?o ? ??athony, ?e ?e a “??y? ?? ???? ???y?”. Iiy?? e ??????
??i: “??a ?? n ???e io ????? ????th ? oy??y, a oy??y, ? ??ayi, ??y?ie”.
N?o ? ??y? ?eo?? ??? ???n ?? ??? ? ????. N?o ? ???? ????, ? ? ??o ?e? e
?y???th: ??ath?y ??? ????? ??ay? ???. “O?? ??” a ?????i ??a ???? ??a ?
???, a ? ? ?????; ? ????? ?e ???, ii ? ??y?i ??. E ????, “??? ??”, i
???o ??ue ?? ??, ?? ??? – ? ??y?, a ? ii ?????. I ?y?yo C??????o ???:
“C??????a ? ????? ???, a e???ath A????? e I???? ? ???oyo e a ??o ?e ?
oy??y, a oy??y ??? ???? ? ??y?”, O?a e a ?????o ?y?yo: “I???? e A??y??
????th E????e e A????? ? oy??y”. I???? e A??y?? ????yo ? ???? ??a ?.
O??a, a E?u?? e A???? ? ????, E??ai??; ? ???? I???? e A??y?? ???, ? ?
??y? – ???, a ?o?o e ? ?y??tha ??o ?????a ???e ???. Aeey ?o ? ???i ?
???? ?a ??? a ?????? ???. Eiy? E?? ?i ????, ?i “I???? ??o a ??y?o aa?a
??? ?”, a ? ? ???? ???, ? ? ????? ?? ?. I??? *??????, a I???? ? iy??.
????a a ??e ??? ??? e ?? ? ?? ????? ??ue ????? ????e. E?? ???a e
??????i ????y ? ???, ??a ???? ?????i ??? ? ??????, ????? ????y? ??? ???
??? ?? e ??ai ???i. A ??a XVI a. ?y?y E?i N?e? e A???? ???i I????e ?????
a ???e ??o ??e ??? (?? ???a ??e). A 1598 a. ?e ?a ?? ????u ? ??? a ??e e
N??e ?? I?????. I????e ? ??? ??ye y? ????? e ? ?e ??i ? ????a, ?oy ?i
y?i ?????i e ?? ???i. Ae??a ??u ?? I????o ? ???? ?????y n ??i ????i ?
???eie ??e e ?????? ?ycy O??a I???-I????? ?? ??i ? ????a ? ?? ?y?e
I????o. Ia y? ????a ?????a ??y ??eth?y: “?i ?y? A???? ???i ?e ia ?????
??? a ?i ????? ??? ? ?y?i N??i ? ??aa e ?y? A???? ???i ?ycth E?? a???
??, a ?? ?i, ?? ?y?yi I????i, i ?i ??? a ????a ?o ???”. A????y y?? a ??
I????o ?????? ??ue n ???th ????th /??th.
Ia ??????, ???a a I??a e?? ???e???y ??? ??ae ?????ueth ??????y, ????o e
?? ?. A????? n A????. I ?????e ?y?e A????o ? ??o ?? ???? ???ey: ?e ?? ?
iy?? ?? I??? *a?????i. A???u ? ????y? ? ??a, ????i ??ae?. A ??o ?? ?
????a A????? ?????a ??y ??eth?y: “Ii ????? ??o ??????i ethaeyi n ??????
?? e ??o a ????a ? ???”. E? ? y? ?e, ???e I??? *?????? ???ny ??a ?????i
???a ???a ?a?, ???e e a I??o-? ??? ??i a 1391 a. Y? ?????ue ? ? ????, a
no ??y?. I??? ???a – ??i ? ??? ?????i ????y, a XVI ?? ?e ???, a ?????, a
n 1616 a. ???atho ?a ?y??a. A A????a ?y?yth?y a ??iuo ??o ??? a XVII ??.
A O?????? ??a ????i ??? a 1616 ?? ???i A?????, A???y E???????, a ???
?????i. A? ?i ??? ??????ue A???? e ???????ue A??i??. A????a, ?? ???, ?
??ue ?aoe? ??ue a ?y? ????? ???? eth?e.
I?i ???, ?i ???ay ??ue ?a??? ????? ? ???e ??? a ?e??oyo ???. Ia y?
????o ?, ?i ?e ??? i ??e, ?????i ????ue ? ??? ???a a ??? ????: ???y ???
n???y? ????a ???ie ??e. N ????i ??a ????? ????e ???? ?????y e ????ay
??aa.
*?? ??? ??a ?? ?????i ????.
I??e ??yae ???eytho ??, ??u ???o ??? ??? ?y??.
A??e ??yae ???tho ??, ??u ???o ??? ?y?? e ?????e.
O??e – ??, ??u ???o ??? i????? e a ??? ????yo *(21).
*???? – ??, ??u ???o ? ?????ue ?? ??? ????? ?????-????? e ??y??.
Iy?e – ??, ??u ???o ???e n ???i.
????a ??o ?????y??e ??? e ???e ?? ?e ???? e y?i, ?i ? ?????ue ???o ???
??o ethae?e ???? e ?????e. I????: I???o, ???e a 1613 ?? ?e ??i ? Ie???,
?i ??e ??o: “I??? ??ue ?e?, ???? ??a ? ?????a eth?, ?? ?y??a, ? ??o
?????o eth?e ? ?? ??i”. I???u n XV ?? ??? o? a ????? e ?y?o, a
I?i??????a ?? ?y??a.
I???o ? a 1616 a. ???? a ????e ? ?. A?y???? ? ?i ???i?, ?i ? (? a ????,
? a ???o, ??a ? ??e, ? a ??o ??o”.
Ei. ??????? e ? ?ae ? i?? n E????e ? ?i ????e, ?i ei ????? ???ny n
E?????, eth?? ? ??????, ???y??. Ia ?i ? ????e I???u ? ???? ????i ???? ?
?? I???i.
*?? ??a ?????y?? ???a ? ??? ?????e, ? ?????e e ??y??e ???. Ii ?????
?iy?yi y? ?????? ??? ????? ????e ia ??y? ??e; ????ue ? ?????i ????a ?ae
? ??? ??yae. A?ue ??e?e, ??? ? ??? ????? y??? e ?iy? o ?th? – ??a ? ?? e
o???th ??e e ? ??? ?? ??ea??? ????? e ?? ?y??i. O?, a 7183 (1875) ?? ?
??i ???? O??a I???? N????, a ??oy 8 ?o ? ?e ?a ?y??i. Ia ??? ? ??e ?y?
TH?e A???? N??e, a ?? e???i, a ??? ???e n 7067 ? 7152 a., ?? 6 ?y?, a ?i
??a ?i ?? e ?i.
I??? ??? ???ey ??o ??i ?????i e ??oth?? ? ?i ???e ??? ?y ?iy ? y?a.
A?e ?i n ?i ??? “????i”, o.a. ?c ?????, ? ?o n ?i “? ???ue”, o.a. ??
??o ?? ? ??n??y. N?? ???? ??? ??o ???, ?? n ?i “???ue. Y? ?? “??i?e” ??o
??e. A?e, ? ?????? ?i?, ???ny, ?i ?e ??u, ? ??ny “????ay ???a”. O?ay ?
???a ??ny e ?? ?????o, ???e ???o, ?i ? ??? ??? ??ea??. Oae, A??? I????/
????e I??? I????? N???? ????? ????”, ? ???e ?ae ?i ?????y ?? ?? N??o
“???e ???e”.
Ii a I????i ?????a ?? e ??a ???? ??, ?y ???o ?????? ?? ?????. Y? – ?y?.
*? ? ???ny “??i”, a ?e eth?? “????i??e” e ??o ? ? ???: ?e ??? ?? ???, ?a
???? ??? *(22).
I???? ???, ?e ??n??ue ??????i e ?????? ???. Aeay???n? ??????a ?? ?iy?y:
1) ?i ?????? ?????? ????y ??? ???e, e 2) ?i ?? ??? a ?????? ???.
N?????e ???a, ???ey??, ??y ???ue ???a ??o ?? ??? e ????i, ??a ????a ??i
?? ?/??a ???. Ec ??? ???a ???e ???ny ??th ???ueth ?? ??oth?? e o.ae.
N?????i n ??i ?i ?iye ? /???? ? ?? ??a; ?, ??????i, ?e ??i ??? ?????
aey?. A?ue e???a, ?i ????a ???i ?????i ??? ??y E?? A?????.
I?????a ??u ?????e, ?????i, ? ??a ???e ???. Iiy?? ???e?a ?? ??ue ??? e
?? ???. A???a ????a ??? ?? ???: ??? ??i ???e “???e ??”, ??? – “??ay ??”;
??e “?????” e “????e” ???? ??? ??i e ?? ??u ?ae? ??e; ????a ??i ??????
“??e ??”. ????? ?????i ??a n ????i ?????i ??a ??? ??y E?? A?????. Ii
???? eth? ? ??? ?? ???? n ??i ?????ai; ? ????, ?i ??? a ????i ??o ????
??? a ?????.
A ??? ??o ?? 2-3 ???u, ??a ?????? a ?????? ?????a. O?, ??? ???a ????
??a ?e ?i? ??? ?? ???i ???u ??? ??, ??y ???e – ???i ???u ????? ??a e o.
ae. Ca ???e ???a? ?? ??? ???u a ??e ? ?n?????. Aeey ????ey ??? E?i
A??ue?? ????, ?i ???o ???a ???? ??a ?o ae?a n ???e ????e ????? e ?????i
???, ???? ????? e ?????i ??? ?ae ??e ??o ?o e ?. Ii ????y ? y? ??u, ???u
????? ????y e a ?????o ???yo. Y? ??? ?????i ????ue ??u ??y E??. Iie ??
??????u ?e ???oth?o ????yo. A 1603 a. ??i A??? ???i ?? ?c ?? ?e ???? e
???o (?uy??? i ????? ??-??? ????e). O?? ? ?????i, ?i ? ??? ?? ???, ?? ?
??? ?aeyo ? ???e ???e. *? ?????? e a XVII a. ????? ?a a ???a ???ey, ? y?
???atho ??oth?a ?????.
A 1616 ?? ?y? Othoy?i ??? ??ue ?????i ????i ???? Ae?? I??a e ??o, a ?y?
A????e ???? I??a ??th ?e ??????e. Othoy?i, aiy? ?? ?? A?????, ??e
????oth. Ia y? ???? ????, ?i “?? i?????. ???e ??, ? ??, ???e ????, ??
?o”.
Ae??, ???a ??u ??i ??yo e???? ?? ???? ???o eth?e. A????ny, ????, n ??i
y???i: a ??e ???ath?y ???u ???a, ? 2 e ? 3 ????, a ?? ? a ? ? ??e
???ath?y ????a ?? e ????, ???a ?oy ????e e ? ???u, ? ????? ?? ???o ???.
I?th? ????e ?????ey ??o ???? eth?ie e ????. Eiy? Ay???e ???o: “a ?i
????? ?ey, e ? a ?? ??? ??o n ???; A????? ??? n ???” (o.a. ?? ?), O????
a 1613 ?aeo ????y, ?i ? ?o ??i ? ??e ?? N????. Ii A???ue ???, ?i ?
??ai?? O????o ??i ?? n N????.
Oe?e ???yo a ??? ?y? ???? ??e ??o ???????. O? ??e A??, ?i ???? ????, ?i
?o “?ey ?? ? ???? ??o ????”. I???a ??? ???ath?y e ?e ?????. A 1614 ??
E?? ?y?e, ?i ? ??a ??a ???ue ?i ??ue ??? E?? I?e?? ????a: ?? ? A???ue
???o ????ue ????a ?? ?i ? ???o, ? a ?i ????? ?ey. A???ue ? ? ???e ????y
? ???i e ???, ?i ????? ??i ?? ?? Eue?? “? ??? ??i”. Ii E?? ? ????ny, ?
?i ?e ???i a ???.
*?? ????? ??u, ?? ???i ? ???o, ???? e o. i. ?uy?ytho ????ey ?c ??.
O?oth ?? ?e ?e??? ?e ??, ?e ??a ???????? ????y n ?y??. Ii y? ?? ia ???
????e ??. O?, ?y? E?i A???, ????y ? ???e ?? “?? ?c ??”, ? ???e ? ???e
???a ??ue ?? ?y?e E?? O???i e Ae??ey O????i, ? ?i e ?e ??? n ???? ???? e
???.
E??????u ???a ?????? ???a ? ??. A O???e ???i ?e?i ?? ??ueth, ???y ????o
i ??i???a A ?. 24-? ??u X ????y: “?? ???e ??y ??? ? ??? a ??ac ??i
??y???, ? ?oy a ?i ???a ??, ??a, ????o ?e e ? ? ???e, ???ue ?o ????a, ?i
???? ???”. “I???? ??” e ?? ?????? ??u, ???a, ??i ???i, ??iytho ?y?o ?
????ue.
Aeay????ue ??????a, ??a ??, ??iy? a ???a ?????? ???. I??? e ??e?????
??? ????ay. E? ??i ?????i ?????, ? ????a n ??-?? ????th ??ueth, ????e ?
?? ? ????ue, ? ?e ?????ue ??y e ?e ??i i ?? ?e ?i??. *???? ? ???a ?????
a ?i ???, ??a ? “??i?”. A y?o ??ayo ? ?? ????? ???ue i ?? e ??a; ?ae, n
?i ? ???ue, ?e ????i; ????ue ????i ???ue ??? ? ???a. Any?y ????ay ?????
???? ????e ?e, ?e ?e, ?? ??iy?? ???, ? y?y?? ????aea?a, ?i ? ???? n
i????? e ???o ?ay ??? ?i.
I??? ????oth i ??, ??????i ????i ?ae, ???e ????? ????i?i ??? ??y??.
N??e ???i ??e ?i ??; ?????i ? ?y ?? ????ny ?y?i n ?y?i ?e ?????. A XVII
a. ?ae ???i ????y ???? ??? eth?e.
I? ???e ?????? ??? ???? ??y??, ??e ??? ?? ????ue cay??ey ???, ????ue ?
? ????e ??? ??y? e ???e ???a e ?i???e ???? i ?i, ?i ec ?i??? ?? ????e
??ueth, ?i ??. Yo? ????, ??? ? ? ??? ??i ?? ???ue. N??? ???i eth?, ????y
?y????ue ???o ? ??????ue. A?e ? ?a ??????ue, o.a. ?? ? ?i??e ????e ??? ?
?? ?? ??a, ? ???a ??a ? ????ey? au ?????e. Eo ????a ?? ? ????? y?i: ?e
?e ??u ??o ??e e? ? ??u, e ??????? y?? e ???? ??a: ?? ??, ??? ??. A?e ?
? ????e ? ???? n ??n?oth?e e ?? ???iie ????e, ????? ?? ?? ? ??i. N???i?
a ??? ????e ????? ??e, ?? ? ??? ???? ??i, ? e ? ?i ? ? ??????a ? ?iy? ?
??? ?y?i, a ??? a ?? ???? ???e ?oe ??o ???e, ?e ??????a ?aiuey, ???y?? ?
n i?????e. A 1602 a. ??? ?? ??o TH?? I????i, ?? N????, e ?. O??? E?i, ??
?. I????o. I???a ????e, ?i ? ???i ?? E?i. Ia ??ii ??a, a ??????? ??? ??,
? ???? ??? ??ai ????? E?? O????a N???a. Ii e y?o N??? ? ??? ? n ?i ? ??
E?i, a ???o. a 1477 a. ?i ???e (/????) ??, ? ? n E?i, a n Aa??? O?????
N??? e ? ??y? a? ?? ?i ? ?? ??i. I?th? ???o. ?i E?i Na??a ?e ?? N???i ?
5 ??. A. N??? ??? a ?i ? ?? ??? n O. Ae. O???-N???? e ?e ?? ?i ? 2 ??a.
A y?o O???-N??? ??? a ? ? a?iy n ?. E. A. I????i e ?e ? 4 ??a ?i ??.
I???? ? O??a E?i (????a), E. A. E?i, ?e ?? a ?? ??i ???? ??o y?? A.
I????? (?????) e, ??????i, ??y ???e ?? ??? ???? ??a. O?? ???i, ?? ????ue
?a “??”, ????ae ??a ?e ? 12 ?? *(23) ?? ????? ????a. E y? ? ??????
??????? I????. Ae?? ? ???? o?? ? ???a ??????y ? ??? i??? ???, ?? e ??.
I???e ??ao ? ?. I?????a yo? ????o ?????, ???yth?o ???a TH. I???? n ????
O. E?i, ???? a ???ii ???e ??o 16 ??. N???? ????a ? y?? ?? ?o. I? ????
??ath?y ? ???y? e ??yo ????ue ? ?u?e. A ? ??y ?a, ???????? ???e ??e
????e ??e, ?? ?? ??y?? ??? e, ???i, a ??o ???o ? ??e. O? ??e ?? ???, ?e
e ? ?y?o ?????? ??o; ii a ??i e ? e ??ay ???a a???a ???; a ??o ??ayo ?e
?? TH. I???a, a ??? O. E?i. *? ? ?a ?????ue ?ae? N?? ?/?e ?y ?? ??ae ?
y?? ??????i?i ????y, oy?? ??. Aei ?n ??i ????i ??o ? ????? ?e.
A? ??? a XVII ?? ??i a ?u?e ??? ?i ????ue ?ae ? ????ie, ?????ue ? ?i??
?? “??? ?y?i”, o.a. ?????ue ?? ???????? ?????eth n ??th ??? ??? i ?????
?i ?????e. A ????ay ??? ?? ??a ??th??ny: 1) a ??? ?c ??, 2) a ????? ??,
3) a ???e ae?a ???. A ????i ??? ???? ?? ?????i ?????, ?e ?e ??e ?
??????e ??????a, ????uo ????e, a ??? ?? ? ????e ?o ???e, ???a ?? ??? a
???y?. I? y?i ?e ??e ???? ?? ??iey ? eth?o ???. Y?o ??y?e, ???? ??? ????
????o ??e, ? ???ny ??i ????????. I? ???i ???e ? ?, ?i ? ?? ? ???, a ???
?? ???.
I?? ???, ?i ?????? ??u ?? ? ??ue ???????u, ? ?a ae???e ? ?? e ? ??ue
?o?aeiy? ??????i.
A??a ??? ???o ????? ??i ???a ?????? ??? e ???o, ?i ?e E?? A??? ?????ue
?e ??ay a ?ae. A ??y?o ??a XV a. ?? ????, ? ???? ??i, ?i ?y?y, ???ay ???
? ???, e, ?a?y? ??? ?th-??? ????th ??ue, ???ey?: “a ?? ???-? ?? ??ue n
??i-? ????i, ? ??ue ???, ?a ?o ???a”. Y? ?????, ?i a ????e ?y?e ?? ??
??i, ?y?y ?? e ? ???? ??? ??i ???ey?, ?a ?io n?? ? ??i ??y?i. A ??i
????? ??? ??a XV a. ???: “A ? ???o ?y? Ae??? n ??? n?? ?y?i N??? ?? ???
a ???a? ??o, e ?ycth Ae??eth ??, ?a ?e??, ?e: “A ?ycth N??o e ??o ?i
?ycth E?? I??????o ?a? ??a ????? ??a ???i ?e ??ai, ?a ??oyo”. Ec y??
??i, ?i a XV ?? ?????? ? ???i a ?ae ?e ???o ????a.
He ???? ??? ??i ??? e a XVII a. O?, a 1627 a. ??? ?? ? ?? ?ae 10 ????e;
? ?o ? 5-? – ?y? ????; ? ??-??? ?? ?ae ??a ???; ? ??? ?? ???y??? /?????
???? a oth?? ?c ??; ?io ????oth ??? ???? a ???y?. A 1628 ?? ?? 13 ?e, ?
?o 9 ?????? ????; ? ?? ??i ?i ?ae; ??? i???? ???ue, a ??a ??? ?ae; e ?
??? ?? ???? a ???y?. Y? ? ? ?e ?? a ?ae, ?i e a XVI ??. ???? ?? ?uy?y??
???? (???). N??a ???? ? ??i ? ??? ??? ?e ? ???e A?a???ey.
E ??i ? ?????yi ????e ??u i ??????? A?e ?????ue, ?i ????? ?e ?? e ?i ?o
????i ?? ???ue n ??i-? ??? e??, ? y?o ?oe ????e, o.a. ?? i???ny ? ???
??a, a ??? ???e ??? ?????. A?e, ???? ??, ?ac???ue, ?i ????? ? ??, ?
?????y ????th. I???? y? ?? ?iy?a, ?e ?e e ?? ?? ?iy?y. I??y ?? ?i ??iy?
a ?i, ?i ? ????y ????y; ? y? ?i ??th?? a oth?? ?e ?? ????, ??? e ???
????a e ?o/?, e ???ey? ???ue a ??? ??o. A??y ?? ??th??? a ?????e ?? ??,
n ???i ? ? ??e ???ue; ? ??? ?e ?? ??????? ?????. Y? ??????? ??iy? a ???
?i??? ???th ??????o. Y? ? ?? ??? ???th a ??iy?i ??? ??a, o.a. ??? ???? a
????e ?y ??????ey ??a. C?? ? ?? ??o??ey ? ???, a ??? ???th ??iyea a ?i,
?i ???? n ?????i ??? ??? ?e ??? a ?i ????? e ???ue o ?? ???ey. I?????,
???e y?? ?????i ? ?e? e ?i ?y???i ??e ??th a ?i ?????. N??????e ????
???a ???e i ???e ??, a ????e ????? ????y, ?i y? ???a ????y e ??????ue.
I?i ???? ???? ? ? ?????ue ??????, ?i ?? ???? “i?ey?y” ? ??-?? e ???e ?i
a e??-??? ????e ??ae ???ith, ??e ?o a ????a ??i, ???a ?? ????? n ?i
????th ??ueth, ? y?, ? ????? ?iy?yi, ? ?? e ???eth /??, ?e ?e y?, ?? ?
???y ???, a no ???o ????y. O?? ???i, ?e ?????? ??? ?????ue ? ???? ??? ?
???, ???y ???ue ?????i, a ? ?, ???th ??? a ????a.
???? ?? ??? ???e ? ????ey a???y. E?i A???, ????, iy?i ????y e ??????
??? e ?i eth?e ? ????ue; ???e ? O?ae?, ????, ????y ??ue ??? e ???? ????e
?c ??. Ii ????? ?eo., ???i, ? ???eyi A??a, a A??, ????a ???ea, ????y
??e?i iy?i e ????i. A XVII a. ????? ? ??? ????tho e ??? ??? n??i, ? ??
???tho ????y? ? ?i??eth e ?i ???a. A 1615 a. A?uey??? ???e a E??o ???ue
??????? ?y ??e e ??ue ?i ?ycth *a????o e O????o. Eiycth *????? ? ?? ? n
??????i, ?e ?e ?ae A?uey???o ????i ?? ?? *????o, ? O????o-? ??e; ??a
????e ???ue A?uey???, e a ??i ?? ii ??? ???? e ???ue ???????.
I?????i, ?????, ?????? ??????i. ? ?? ?i ? ?e ?e ??e, ?e ??? ??tho.
I?????? ia ?? ?y?? ????ue ??o-? ??? eth?e ? ??a-? ????e, ?? ??? ?? ?o ?
????ue, ?i ??i ????ue ??o eth?e; ??a eth? ??iyi? e ?????ue e ??i ???? ?
??o ??? ????e ????. I????a i??a ?? ? ???: ?????ue a ?? e ?o ? ?? ?????i
2 – 3 ???; a?e ?? ?????y, ????? ???. I?? ???y ?e ??i ?????, ?ei ??? ??y
???? ??????y ???. I?????i ?? ?? ???i. Y? ??? ??iy? a ?i, ?i ??? ? i????
????e ??e ???y? ???? eth?e e ??iy?? ???. O???a ?????o? e ?????? ???
?????? a aiy?eeo ??o ?y? n ?????ii e ???y? ??e ? ????ue ? ??a a ???o ?o.
N??a I????? ?????a, ?i ??? ????ue n ??ith ?ae?ith e ???? ???? eth?e. Ii
a i?? ??? ? ???, ?????e n ??ueth, ?a ?e ???e ????e ?ee ???? eth?e, ?i e
???? y?????e ???o ? ???u ??????a, ???a??y a ???e ?ae ?????e. A ??i ???e
? ?? ? ???? ?????. I?i ?? ??? ????? ??? ???y? ?c ??o ?????. Y? ??? ? e
eo “????th”, ?e ?c ?y?o ???e e ?? ??? ? ? ?y?a ??? ??a. Ii ??a ? ???e ?
???? ?. He ?ay ??i ????ny n y?i ???i, ??????i ????i ?? ?i??ue ?i a
???????i ??y?a, ?i e ????ue ?e O??? A?e???a ? ???i ??? a 1682 ??.
Eth???i, ?i ???? ? ???e ????i ???? ?????? ??? ???, a ?? ?????i ??????ny
n ????e eth?? e ??????; ? ?????i ??e, ?i ?y ??? ??? ??ay ????? ?a??a ??
???? eth?e, ?o?? ? ???y. Y? ????ue ??i ??c?. A 1681 a. ?ycth A?. A?.
A???o n ????e eth?? ???? ?? ?????ue ??ey???? ???a ???? e ??? a ?? ????a
????? ?, ?i ???ny ????. E?e?ey y? ??? ??? e ?i ???a ??? ? ?? (die Rotte)
??? ??i, ??ay a ??? ??o ? 6 ?o, a a ?? ? 6i ???e. A ?? ?????? ?? ??ue ?
???? n 25 ???. I?????e ?o ????? ?? ?? ????? e ????i, ?an? ??a, ? ?????,
??y?? e ??yi. Y? ? ??? ?????a ?? ??y? e ????i ????ue ???, ?? ?? a ?????
e ????o. E?? ??? ????e, ????ue, ?i ? ?? ?. O????, I????, E????, ????o,
O??o, O?ae???, E????-?????o, ??????? e ?? ??? ? ???? ca ??????. A????a
y?? ?y ????? ???? ????, ?e ? ??? a ??o ??o ? ????a ? a ???? e ? ????a
???e. Ai ????a yo? ????e e ???? ???a ????, ??u ?e y? ???, ?e e ?a ??? ??
?c ??. Y? ???a ? a ??a ????? ?? ?????? O??o A?????, ???e ???e ?i ? ?????
?y? e ?????a e ??? ? ??????i ???ue, ???i ? ??????? Aiy? e ?????i ??a
?????ue a ??? ???. A????a y?? e ????? ??, ???i ?????? “?y?o ??a ethaeyi
?? a I??a a ???ao e a ??? e a ????? ??o e ??a ?c ??”. N y?? ???e ?n????i
????i ?a ?oue ???. Ii, ?e y??? ??i ???a, ?i ????? ?a ??i ?? a ???. Aei
i??u ?????? ??? ???i ???e, ?i ??a-? ????? ?o ????i, a ?n? ??? ????ue ?
???ue e o. ?ae. ???u. Eth???? ??? a y?i ??o?? ??i ?????ue ? ???e ?????ey
????e E?? e I??. A 1691 a. e ??o ???o ????e ????i ?oue E?o E????? I????
e ?ycth A?a?eth A??????o E?????. He ?ay ?y? i????y, E????e ???e, ?i ???,
a ??o ?i ???? ????a ??y, a E????? ?a. Ai ??? ?iy? a ?i ??, e ???e e ??
??a n ?????i, ??u ????? ??. Ia y?o ?c E????e ???e, ?i ? ???ueth ???? ?
??o. Y?i, ???i, ? ???????ue “? ??o”, e ai?ae?e ???e ???? ??a n ?????i
???? ??? e ???? ?i ??e, ?? ? ???o ???? ?????i. Ii E????e y? ????e e
???y?e ??? n ????, ??o ? ???, ?i ??? e ???e o ?? ?o, a ?i ? ? ???e ?? ia
??o. A???e ???e ????? ??a n ?????i i???e ?i ?oy ? a ???. E????e ????ny e
y??, ? ?i ??th ???? a ???. I???tho ? ???, E??a?? ??? n ???; ?i ? ??o
?inyo; ? ??? e ? ??o ??, ?i ??o ?ae ??. I??aeyo e ?i?, ? ? ??o ??? ? ???
e ???y ? ?e, ?i ?????tho n ??o ???. Y?, ???i, ? ??? E????? ??i; ? ?e ??i
????a e ?y??a e ??? a ????? ???e.
A???, ?i I?? A???, ????? ??a ???? ? ??? ???e, ????e ??? ??e ? ??? ??.
N? ????? ???u, I???a, ?e ???? a 1689 ?? ????, “? ??ay ? ?i ?n??????? ?
??? ?i ??”. I??a ?????? ??o e a ???th?i ?n ?u??a, ii ??? a ?? ?????.
III. A???ay ???
O??a i ????e ??? ?? ?a?a i ?e ??a ????y, ???y ???n???a a ???????th y??.
I?????i y?? ???a a ??e ????? ????tho ????a ??ey. I??? ??????y ??ue, ?i a
???e ???e ???a eiy?y ??e ??th ? ??????oth ???, ??y ?????o ??? ?????i, a
?n??? ??? ?????? ????? ??yi. Y? ????a ? ???a; a ??? ?i ??o ? ???, ?i
??aae???e ???nyo a ???a ??y ?iy?y ?i?i ???e. A ???????? ??eth?ay ??????y
??? a ?i ??, a ??i ?a ?????? ?????i ? ??? XX a., a ??? ????? ??yi, ???a
? y?y?ny ? ??? ???yo ???ey ??aea??, a ??? ?? ????o ???????? ??????i
????. E?? y? ??????i ? ??? ?????? y?a?e: a ???a ??y ?o ?o ???e, i? ??
??o ????? ??? ?? ???. A??ue ??????ay ??o a ??i ???y??e i?? ???a,
???????i ? ?a ??ny?o, ??o ???, ? ???a ??o ??? ????y, a ????e ? ??ae ?i
???eye ??? e ? ?e ?y?i ??? ?????? ?ycy.
Aeey ??, ??u ???ue ?iy?? ?????e ??e ???e ??u ????y, ????? ???ue ????i
?? i ?i, ??a ??tho ??u ????y ???. O?? ?y??ey, ??th??? a ??????? ??e,
??tho ??ue ??????. *?? ???????y a y?i ??????, ????? y? ??u ????????. I?o
???oe??e ?i ?e ?a A?????. N??y ? ?i, ???i a ????a ???y /???? ??? ????
????e ???, o.a. ??, ?y ???? ????y ??? ???ey? ?i ???iy???a ??i. O?? ??a??
????e ??? ??o ??, ? 1-o, ??eue?a ????? ??, a ??o ???? ????????y ?y ???,
a y?i ??? ? ??i ??????th ??o ????y; ?-2-o, ?????? ????? ????? ?oe, ???,
a y?i ??? ? ??i ????????th ??o, e, ???oe, a 3-o, ????y a??ue ??o
??a???ue ??o ???, a y?i ??? ? ??i ?? n ???????th ??ith ????y. O?? ???i,
????y ??? ??o ???ey? ???iy???a ??i ?e ??? ??, ?e ?????, ?e, ???oe, ??i
???. Ii ??i ????, /oi ? ?y?a ?????i ???? ?ae y? ??u; ?e, ??., a A??e
????y ??? ?????o e ??eth, e ???, e ???? ??????yi, ???th?i a ??? ???.
I???a y??ey ??tho ?????i ???e? e ??????i, ???i ???, ?a ???a, a ???o
????y ??? ?????o ? ???, ?????? y??i?, a ?????, ??., ???o e ????a?e ???,
?e ???o, ?????? e ??? ???. N??? ??u ????y ????eyth?y ??????? ??, ??a
???a ??iu a ?o ??yo. I? y? ??? ????y ??i ???? ?a ????th?a a ????????.
I???y e ????? ??o ???o ?y??a, ??i ???o, ?i ? ?????y ??ue ? n ???th, a ?
????th ??ith ????y, a ???e ???otho ?a y???a, a ???: ??????e, a ?? ?ycy,
e ????, ???????e y??io, a ?? ??.
1) A?a. Ni. o. II ???. th??/. ????ae, ??. 1 – 160.
Eiy?
I?ay ??????? ?y??? ???. Ai ?? ???o ???yo ???a ?o????ue a ??? ??????a
???. O?? ??????? ??? y?y?ny ?y?. I??i?a ??????e ???yo, ?i ??i ?y? ? ????
??????y, a ?????? i?e o ?????a. Y? ??? ? ??o ?? ??y?. E. E. N????? a
???i? “I?? ? ???e ???? y??”, ??. 131-135 ????? y? ?????a. Ne?i ?y? ??i
??y??a e ?????y a ????o ???eyo. Eiy? ???? ???e?, ????y, ????, ?y???a e
?., e ??? ?a a ??? ?????o ???tho ?y? e ?y?iy. A ???a i ??? ?ycy ??
??????e ??a ???y?y. I???? ? ?o ???nyo ?????a ??????y a ??? ???a e ???yo,
?i ?? ?y?y n ??o ??? ??? y?yth?y ???????e ????y?. O??i ??ey ???ny, ??.,
N???a *(24). e ?. A ??????a ??ath?y ? ????y ?????, a ???o ?????y ??a
??i: “e ??ue ??e-? ?y? ?????oe a ???e ??e”. Ii?? ????y ???o ????? ??cy
?iy?, ? ????, ?e ??o ??iy????o i? ?? ?????u. Y? ????a ?????y ?a ??, a
???: ?? ?c ????oe ????y? ?i ?????? ss???a I???, a ??? ?c ?????? A??y
A??th???. Ae?i a ?i, ?i n?? ?????oe ?? ?????i ?????e ? a ?i ???, ?. ??i
????y?ny ??? ?????. A ??? ?c ????o?i ?e ??? ss??? I??e, ?i A???? ?., e
?o ?e ??o ??iy????o. A ????a ?aeu ??e ??e ss??? ? ?? ?y?e a ???? ??a, a
??? n ??? ??i I????i. I???a ??? ?e a O?????, ? ?o ? ????ue y? ???ue, e
???, ? ??y ????ey ss???a ? E?? (? ??e a I???ae), I???a ????e e E?? e
?????, ??u ??ey? ???? ?i ?y?i. E??y?, ???, ????? ?i ??y?, e I???a, ?
???a ??ue E?a ??th, ????ny a *???a, a? ?i ??? ??y?, “???? ???” e ???? ?
??a. O?? ???i, I???a ???ny ??i???? ?y?i e ??? ???i ???i ss???a. O??? ?
y?i, ? ?????e ??i ? I????, ss??? ?uy?e ??o I????, ???y ????ue a ???
?????. Ii I???a ? ???e ??? ???????y ??th ???th e ???e ss???o Ee?. O??
???i, ss??? ??e a E??, a I???a a *????. E?? I???a ??, ?i *?????y ???ue
???a a ?? ss???a. A?, ????y y?-? ????, ???n? e ???o: “e ??ue ?????oe a
???e ??e”. O?? ???i ????oe ?i??ey? y? ????a a ?i ???, ?i ss??? ???y ??i
?y?i a I?????a. “N?????” ??????o ??ue ??? ss???a ? ????th e ????? ???
I????, a ? ? ????th e ??? ???: ? ???th I???? a??ue ss???a ? n??y?ny ??a
???th ???i ?ycy; ????y ? ?i e ??? ???? ???a.
N????i a ??i ? ??? ?????? ??i ?????oe e a ???? ? A??a A??th??i. TH?e.
??ay, ? ??e, ??u ???e ?i ?i, A??e, .?e ?i ?????, e ??? ??? ???i, ??u ?e
???? ??? ?y?y? ???o ?i ???e. ????u e ????u ???e y? ???ue, ? ??a ??? TH?y
?n??? ? ???i ???ey e ???? ?y?i ???? ?? ?i, A??y. I???y yoi ???a ?ae 1162
a., ?oi??oe a???, ?i A??e ??? ??o ???a e ???? E?? ? N??ey: “? ? ???e,
?oy ?????oe ??”. A y?i ??a ??i ?????oe ?????i a ?i ? ???, a ??i ?i ??
?????i ? ????th e ss???o. A??y ???tho ?y?i e ii ??iy? ??o ????e?, ???a e
??y???, e ????, e ??e ?? ???, ???a, ? ?? ??y???, ???y? ??? TH?y e ?
eth?? A??y; ??iy? ? ?y ??, ??u ????? ?? ????a. Ii, ?????i, ??a?y, ??u ?i
??uey e ??y?e? ? ???? ?o ???, ? ???? ?i ? N??ey, a ??? e ?????e ?. A y?i
??? ????oe e ???o, ?i y? ??? A??e “?oy ?????oe ??”, o.a. ??y ???ny ?? a
???? e N???, a ??a ? a ??? ????y ??e?? ??e ??? ? ????th e ???. Ii ????y
??? ? ?????, ???a ??e ????ue ?i ??? a ????e ??????, ???? ????i ???a, ?e
y? ??? I???a ?e ss???a.
A ??????? ??e, ?i ?y?y ?? ?????? ??????ith ???th, ?o ? ???e ???? *(25).
?a e ??? ????a ?????, a ??? ????y ? ?, ?i a ????? ????y, ?i ?y? ?? a
??i-? ??? “? ?? ??e ??”; ?e, ??., ????? ??y? ss???a “? ?? ?i ??”, ?nth?
??aeyo, ?i ??ae ??ye ?ycy ?e ??eth??i, ???????i ????y. Ec ????o ?? ?????
??i, ?i ?y?e ???atho ? ??? ? ?? ? ??, ? e ? ?? ?? ???. Eiy? E??, ??
A????, ? ?? ?????? ?y?e, a? ??yo a E?? “? ?? ?? E??yi, ?e ???o ????.
I??? ????a ????a ??i ???? a ?i ???, ?i ??ey?i ?????o ??????ay ???, ia?o
?i ?e ?y? ? ?a? ???? ???ey? I?y?i, ?i ?o. Ec ????? i ?? (II o. Ae????e)
??? ?? y?i, ?i ? ??? ?y?, ? e ?y?e ???e ???e, ?y?e “eth?i” ?? ?ith ?eth
e ?i a ????e ??cy ?? ?????ue ????? /?i?? ?c ??, ?y?e ?? ?eth e ????i ??
???? ????eye ?. I? ??i ??y?a ??e ??cy ????ue, ??u ?y? ? ?? ???? ???ey.
N?????ii, ????a ????a ??o ??e-?? ??? ??e. I?iy? ?ycy “? ?? ?i ??” ??? –
??y? ?ycy ? ?? ?o ???yo, ???a ? ????e; n ??? ???u, ??ue “? ?? ?? ???i”
??? ????y ?y?i, ??y?e ?c e???ey ???y, ?????? ???i.
A? ????? ????a, ?a ???y ????? ???e ????? ? ??i?ey????e ?????th ??eth??
???. I?a ?? ??ae ?e ????, ?? ??? ? ????????? e ? ????i a ?????a ?ycy, ?
??a ?????ny ??eth?ay ???. I?? ???eye ???th ?? ?y?e, ???a ?y?? ia???? ???
?? ???? n ?i a ????ea.
A??yy ????? ??e ????? ?y?e ?? ?i ????? ? ????? ????? ?ycy eth?e. Iu ??i
eth???? ??????i i Nay???a, ????? ???e. Nay??? ?e ??o n ???e e ??????i
???, ? ??i ???? ????a e ???? ?e ??th?? ????? ??. Ii ??th??e ?? ? ??
??a?a n E??? Oe????. A? ?e ?i i????ny. “I? ????ue ? ??? Ae?ay. Oe???e
y??y ? ??, ???? ??i i????? ?i????, a ? ?i ???? ??yae ????a a ??oy?o
?n??o; Nay??? ? ???e a ??a, a ???e ??e ???, e ?i ?? ??? ???a n ???e
????. A?? n ?e???i ???? ? ???? ?ycy. Ii ?e ???? ??a e ???, ? ??? e ?e
??i; ?? ??ue ???th, ?th ???th, ???a ??a; ??e ???, ?n ???e, ???a ?u, ???
??oth e ? ??? ?? ?? ??n a ?? ?i ??????; a ?a ??? ???y ???, ????ay ??y
?????e n ???i. E???? ??e n eiiy. Nay??? ? ???e ? ??e, ? ??c ?????a
?????e n Oe???? e ??i ???e”. A y?i ??????a eth???i. ?i Nay??? ?? ???a n
??? ??i??e e ?? ???th ? ????y ? ?o. Any ????? ??e Nay???a ????o ia ?o,
???e e ?? ???a. A? ?i ????y ? y?i ?y? a ????: (I??u ?? ? ???? ???a, ??e
???, ???i ??o; ? ? e?e ? ???, ? ???; ???y ???th, iy?i ??o ??? e ?i ??e
?i ? ?eyo, ???? ??ae e ???uea, ? ?? ??a e ?? ?ae ??? ??; ??? ?????? ???
?o ??? iy??i ??, ??i-?????”. Y? ? ?????? ??? ????ey ?????y i???ey ?
???y?? To ? ??a ??i e ? “???ey” A???? I???a, ?????? ei ??i ?oyi. I?????i
???? ??e A???? I??? ???o: “A ?? ??i ? ???ny, ? ?a ???… ? ?y ? ??u e ?
???, ? ia ??ath?y ???y?a e ?i ?? ??? e ??o ???”. Eiy?y, ???, ???e ? ?a
??? ????i ?cyen?a. I?????i ???e ?y?e ? ??e ???e ?y ??a ?? e o. ae. A????
???o: “O?y? ??i ? ??i ??yi ? ???a ???e ?y? ???i, ? ??i, ? ??i, ? a ??o,
? a ??o, ? ? ?y? ?n ???”. A ???? ?????y ?? ?ycy. “I??a, ???o A????, ??
???ue a ???ue, ? ? ???? ?n ??? ? ???e. O?i ? ?? ?e ?y?o ????e e ?e ???
?? ????e, ????thth ??a? A??e ??o”. Ca ?i, ???o ?, “???? ??? n ???ith ?e
eth?e ???ea?e” (o.a. ?????ue ?ae). I?? y?? ??i ????ue: “??? ?? ? A?a
????? ???a, ? ?? ? ?/??o e ??ue, e ??a, e ????”. Ae?? A???? I??? ???o i
?y??? i?? “?? o ?n ?o ?e, ? ????a ? ??”. I?? ?? iae?i ? eth???? ?iy?e
?y?e. I ??e i?? A???? I??? – ????, ?i ? ?? ??o ??? ??? ?y?e a ??o ????”.
“O?a iy ?a, ????e ?, ?o?a ? ??o e n ??i, ??ue iy i?i ?e (??e) e ?a ??,
?? ??? ???, ??? ???e ?e, ??ue ? ? ??a ?/ ?ye, ???ue ? o ??? ???? ???,
eth?e ??ue ??? ? ?a ? ??a e ?? ? ?ith ???a… A? ?? ???e ??? ??o, ? ?i
?? ???e ??, ? ??a e ? ??o, ?? e ?? ? ?ith e ? ??, ? ?y ?aa ??iy, ? ????e
? ?y, ? ? ???, ?i ???, ?i ?? ??? ?? ??yae e a ?? ??i, ? y ??? ??, e a
??? ??? ??yae ??, ?? ???, e e ?ith?o, e a ???o e a y???o. O?a e ??? ???
e ??? ???a ? ?e ?? ??iui ???e e ????? ??y? e n??u ?i ?? ????”. Ae???e
??? ?ycy ?a ? ?? ???e ?????: ?ycue ?a ??e ?i.
A ??i ? ????e ????? yoe ?a y???a ???: ?y? e ??ae?
Ai ???? ????yo ?ycy e ?/a ?iy?y?ny ? ? ??a ???, ???a ? ??th?? ? ????
????yo ????o ??? ?e ??? e ?? ? ??, ?e e ??? ???a ????y ??e e ?e ? ???e,
???a e ?????: ??o ?y?i e ??i ??? ?? ????, ?????i *(26).
Ii ????th e y?? ??? ???ey ?e ????ey ??? e ?ycy ????? ????ue ?a ???a:
??? ????y ?ycy e ?i ???oth?th ?y????ue. A ??? ????y ??ae e ?y? ?eeth?tho
??o ??th ?yae. o.a. ????? ? ???yo, ???a ???ny a ????a ???? ?y??th *(27).
A ???a ??? ?y?iey ??i ????? ???o? ????, ?????o ???th ?? e ?ycy. Ii yo?
???? ?? ????? ??a ????ey. I?a ??iyy ???y ????ey? ? ?ei ??? ??o ?????.
N?? ??????? ?y?y ????ue a ?o. Iu ? ??ai e ??????a, ?? ???, ?i ???ue
????? ?ycy ?? a ?y?i ????e n ?????i “eth?e”, ?iy?? ? ?i ???a, ??? n ?i a
?????a, ??????y n ?i ??ey?.
I???i ????i ???? ??o ????? ??? e ?ycy.
????????e ?y? A???? ??a?y ? ??y?a ?????? ? ??a, ?e ????? ??? ?y? ??o e
n??? ???? e ???a ???? ?? eth?e. E???? ?e ?????? ? y?i: “N?? A???? ?ey?
?iy e ??? ???ee, e ?? ?: ? ????a ? ?a ???a, ???: i??? ??i ?o; ? ?i ?
????a ??e, e ? ??y? ??i ??; ? ?o ???a ???. Na ? ??a ? ???a ??e, ?ey? ?e
???, ?? ? ??y?…” e o. ae. I?? ?? i ????o ?o ?????yo ??? ??? ?????e ?y?
A???? ??th/a? ??i ????? e aiy?i e ???i: “? ?i ? ?a ???oa, ?i ????a?” “E
??,????? ????oe, ?y? e ???: ??, ?y?, y? ??ai ??i ? ??o, ? ???; ?a ???
???? ???i, ? ??e o ?? ?aee; ???, ???e ???i ? ??ao, e ?? ???ue A?o… E
??ue eth? ?? ? ?ycth e ?? ethaeyi”, ??th?? ????oe. I??, ?????? ???? y??
???th, ?? ?????? ????? ????ieth, ???a e ?? ??y?. Oa ???y ?iy?, ???th
???? ??? ????e ??????? ????o i ???? ?y? A????, e ???u, ?????a ?o ?????,
??? ?? ?uy?y?u ??? ?i ????i, n ???i y?o ?y? ????y e ???? ?? e ?i ???th
?????ue ???? n ?e.
E???i, ??e eth??th ?????nue o ??eyi ???e A???? Nay??, A???? I???, e ?i
?ae; ?uy??? y?e ??y???? ?? ?y? ??? a ?i ???? n ???i, ???i ????? ?iy??a
?y?y. I ???? ??????e ??? ???ey ??i A????i I???? iu ???i ???? ?ae 1096
??i. AE?ay ???? ??oe ??? n I??i ??e???i e ????ny ? ???a ???? c?? ? ????
A???? I??? e Nay??? Ecy??? ???tho e I?? ??a ?e????: “??e E??, ? ??y?e
???? i ???? ?i? ?? ????, e ?? ???u, e ?? ?? ?? ??o e ?? eth?? ????e, ?
??i ????e ???oth ??th ? ???o”. O?? ???i, ???? ??? n ?????? i???th?y e
???th a ?y? ?y?e.
Aeey ????ey y?? ??? ???? ???a?e e ????i ???ath?i ?i??i ?????? ??e ??
????? ?????ay ?ey ?????? ?e ? ???u ?ycy, ?e e ? ???u ??, ?????ue a ?????
?????e ??, ????? ????ny ? ?c ??????? ??, ?e ??i ??e??a ? ?? ?a???i ?c
????y ????th?? ???ey.
E???e ????e ?i ????i ??a?a ??e ????. O?, ?i ss???a Nayo???? ????oe
??????, ?i ? eth?e ????, ? ?i ? ????y “??? ??”. A 1015 a. ss??? ???? ???
? ????o ??e ?????? a ???? ? ?, ?i ?e ?????e a ????e e ??e ?????ny o ?? a
??ae?? ??y?a. He ??? e ?y ??a y?? ???ey, ?e ?o ?????? ??? ?o ? ?????a ?y
??u ? Nay???? ?a??i. ss??? ??? ??. ni ???e ? ??? ???? ??ay?a a ??i ????
???? e ??? ???i?? ??e n ?i e E??. Ia y? ??ue ?ycy ?? ????: “?a, ?y?,
??uey ?? ???? ??, ??i ? ?? ???e”. O?? ???i, ????oeu ?a??tho ????o
ss???o, ????y ? ?, ?i ??e ??? ?? ??oth ???o ?o?????y. A 1097 a. Bea????e
?y?, Ae?? E???/, ??ue ? ??e ???? ??o ????? a ????? A???a, O?y?, E??y e
A??y, ? ???e ?? ?aae????i ??, ??a ?i ???e? a ?????ue ? y?e ??? ?? ???a
???? Ae??a ? ????? ?o ?y?e. A 1102 a. A???? I??? e Nay??? ?????? ???e ?
I???? I???aa A?????? e ???? ?i ?? Nay???a. I???i?u ? ?????ue ia y? ??o e
?y?y ???? ?. I?i?i y??, Ecy?? I????/, ? ???a ????e ????i ?? a ??a n TH??
1147 a., ???ey?ny ? ??? e ?????ei ?y?yi n ??? ??? ?????, ? ????y ??ae e
???. A 1216 a. TH?e A?????/, ???? ? A???? ??a ????? ?y ?? E???e ??u,
???? ?? e ????? ????ueny a ???. A????u, ???? ???a ??? ? ???? ??, ?
??aeyo ????i ?????a ???. Eiy? ???? ? e ?i?o ???, ??u ?e ? ??? ?i ?????i,
a ?? ?o ??? ??e ? ???. Ia y? ????? ?????ue. A 1366 a. ss???, ??y???? e
?????? ?y?, ??? a I???ae n ????? ???e ?y ??, ??u ?? ??ith ? I??, ???e
o??i ?i ???e ??i ?y?i Ae???a E??n??. I????u ? ?????ue ? y?o ??ae, ?y?
???e e ???e ??ae ?? ??e.
I? ????i ?????? ?? e ?ycy ????e ? ??? y?y?y ????? ????: ? ?i ???a ??a
?? a?? ?e ??a ?????ay ??ue ??, ???ey?ay ?i ??eth. I? ???? ?????o ?e
?ycy, ??ue ?????e ?y ?????i ???a ??e ???e, y? ?????ue ????y ? ?? ? ???o
??? ???ey? ?y ?? ????? ???a ???.
En?ae ???, ???y ? ???ieth ?e, ???e ?e a ??? ?ycy e ?i ??? ?e a ??? ?
?????a. Ii ??? e ???i ??????yi ??o??e ??? ?e e ???? ????ue ?i???a e ???,
?? ? o ?? ??o??? ???a ????? ?? ??? n ???i a ??o. A?e ??a ???a ??????i
?????ue, ???a, ?????y ??ue, ???i ????? e ??? ????i e ???? a ??a ????.
*????? eth???? ??? y?? ???i ?ae 1220 a. Eiy? A???ae ?e ????i ?aa????
????? O?????i e ??e ???ue ?i, ?oy ? ?i e ? ?ei ???e ??. Ii y?? ???o
????oeu ?????ue: ?? ??e ? ???a ?ycy, ??? – ????a. O? ?e ??i ? o?? ????,
? ????? ????ue ? ss????? ?i?a, ?????a ?e ? ??, e ?????ue ?? ??? ??a a
??? ??y?a “Eiy? ?, ????? ????oe, ??a ?y? ? (?????a O??e??a), ?a ?oyo ???
??o ?? ???, e ? ??a, ? ??? ???o I???? ? ??e ???e ????e. E ??a e ???a a
eth??, e ??o oe??a e ?y? e O????a. A?? e ?. N?eth ??o ????? ??ue, a ?y?e
???, a “??uey ?a ??a ??”. A y?i ?? ? ???a ?ycy ?? ? ?ei ?????a, ? ????a
?????? ?a ??a, a ??? ??ae ????i? ??? ?a ?? ??? ?????, ?i e ????i ?ycy
????? ??i ??ei ?i ????th ??ue.
A?e ??ae ??? ?e a ??? ?ycy, ? ????y ? ????? ? ??a, a ?????y ??ey ??? ??
???e?ny ?? ????ey, ?n? ??ue ???e.
A?e ???n ?e ? ???a ??? ??, ????e ?ycth, ????e ???y ??a. O?, ??., ??a
Ecy?? ? ????ny n ???? ????i ??, ??????ny a ??? ?????y ??u n ????e, ??ey?
????? ? ??th??y ????i ?ycy A???a e ???? ?i ? ??a; Ecy?? ? ????i ?e ???.
A 1136 ?? ?????, ?????a ?????i A????, ????tho ?o ??; ? ? ??a ??tho ?e n
???????e a 1154 a. e n ss???? A??????i a 1270 a. A 1175 a. ???y? ??iytho
ss???a; a 1176 a. ????? e ??y??? – I???? e ss???a ??????? e o. ae.
E???a, ???i, ? ??? ?? ????i ??i ?????i ?????ey ?ycy n ??i. E???? ?y?y
???i ???? ????o a ??? ???yo e n ? ???th ??? ?? ??u. Y? ??y, ? y?o ?c
??iyy, ??a ???? iiy? e ??i ????eyi, ???y ? ????th ?e.
E???ue ?ycy, ?????i, ????? ???????ith, ?e ? ??? ? ???? ??ue ??o ?i e
??i. N?? ?a?? ???y ?????? ?y?i ?? ??iyee a ?i, ??u ?y? ???e ???ue. Y?
??a ???i ?????? ??? ??? ?????th: ?y? ?????y ??? e a????o ??th??th. Ii y?
???? a ??o ??????, ? ???a ??ai ?ycy ?e ? ??? n ???e eiy?y?, ???????e
???o ??iy??i; ?? ? ?ycth ?? ??????a ???a ? ??????? ?????ey ??? ??y?, y?
??i ? ???e e ???eth ?i ???.
I??y ???ue ?? ? ? ????a ?ycy e ???? ?i ????o ?????? e ??. E???? ??iy??i
?ycy ?????? ??? ???o. O? ????e, ??., ??ey? a ??? ?i ?????i ???a n ?????
?ycy Ecy??a. A 1158 a. ? ? ??ey?, a ???? ?ycth TH?th, n ???i ?e i??? ?
??e ???y, ??yo ? ?i ??? ae?? ?i e ???tho ?????o ? n n?ith ?????.
E???a ?? ??? ?????? ???i ???, ?????y ? a ??? ?ycy, ? ? ?????i. I???a
????a, ?y? ?a ??e a ??a ???? n ??i. I??? y?? ???i ?ae 1173 a. E?a?? ??u,
???a ?????e a A??a ii ??? ???i ???????a, ?????? ?y?i ss???? “I????” e
“*???e ?aee”. I???????ue ?ycy e ??e ?? e ?? ???a e ???o n ???i e n?????o
????o ?????: ?y? ?e ?yo, *??? ?? ???, I???? ???a, ?i ? ??? a ????a. Ii
??ae ? ??e ??a ??, ?i ?? ??i ?y ????ey ???u ?a, e n?? ???ny, ? ????th
????a, n eiy?i ss????. I?i? ???ey n ???i ??e ????? e ?????? ?y? ss???
A?????/, ??a ????e a? ??? ???ue ???? ???n ? ?/a e “???? ? ???o ?th ??
?i”. A ??o ? ????? ?? ???ue ec I????. ? ?? e ?? ??? n ?e??i e ??? ???:
“?? ??i ??ny (o.a. ??, ?i ?ye ???????), a ??o ??th ? ?? ?? a??”. I????u
? ?????ue, e ?y? i???? ?e ???ue. Y? ????? ?y?e ????ue ??i ????i ?????a ?
n ???i ????? ?uy?y? ? ???e a ??e ???e ???e ?? ????? ????y ?c ?a ?????
?ycy.
E? ?y?y ? ????? ????e a ??e ??? n ??i e ???i ???? ??o a ??e ? ???, ?
???? ???y?y ??ae, ?e ??i e ?? a ??? n ?y?i ???i ???? ??? a ??? ?y?yo. A
1068 a. ??ey?, ?????a ??i ?y?i A????, ?e ?n? i ?????e n ???ith ???th
??ei ?i ????? ? E?? Ecy??a ss??a??, ???eytho ?? e ?tho ?????a e ??ueyi
?????, Nay???o e A??e?o. Y? ?y?y, ????y? ? ??????i ? ??a, ?tho ??a ????
??ey?i. “Iu ??? e ??o ???: ?? ??ao ? ?n n ey? ??? ?n, ? ? ??i ???o ?o
??th, ? ??i ?a??ue ??a ?? ???; ?a ? ??o n i??, ? a ?? ??? ???a!” A ???a
? y? ???, ??ey? ?????ue e ??y? Ecy??a. A 1148 a. Ecy?? I????/, ??y a
I???ae, ???? ?? e ??? ??th ??: “Na, ???! ?i ?e e ? ????ny ?? ? ?a, ?a ?
??? ??e ?e, TH?e: ?? ?? ??? ??, ??ay ???oth ??th, ?n ?ey e ??o ?ey ??. A
???a, ???, ?? ?? ??e, a eth? n ?i ?? ???, ?? ? n ?i ??th ????”. I????u
???? ??u, e ???ue TH?y ?? ?????. I??? y??, I???a I????/ ???? a 1210 a. ?
??? I???? “??? ???a ? ?y?”. A 1211 a. Ae??e, ????? ????e ?y??, ??? ???o
???y? ???? ???? ?y?y, E????, ??? ??? ???? ????ny ? ?ith ???o ???i
I???ey, a? ?????ny ? ?????: “??i ??? ?e ?i ?y?, ?a ??a ?n ??i? ss ?o
?y?, ? ?? ???o ?i a ???”.
O?? ???i, a ????yo ?ycy e ?? ?iy?yth?y ? ? ??? ???ey e ??e, ???a
???atho ?th ?? ?a?thth ??ue. Aeey ?????i ????y yo? ????e ????? ???? ????
? ??oth?a.
Ai 1-o, ??a ???a ? ???y ??? ?ycy ???, ?e ??u ???????? ??, ?a ???y ???
??? ???i? ????e ?y???i ??; ??e ? ?e?? ?y??i? ????y ???ny ?????. I?? ???e
??a ? ???? ????? ?ycy e ???, ????? ????? ??????? ?? ??a ? ?? ?? ?ycy.
I?? ???o ?ith ??????ue ?o???y ?c ?ycy e ???? ??????ue ?? ?o ???a ????a a
??e ??a, ?c ?? ? ?? ? ??i?i ????? ??e ????y. Eiy? ?? ???ay ???.
Bo 2-o, ?e ?eth?e ???e ???e e ??? ?????? ???, ?e ??i ??i?? ? ????, a
????yo ??? e ?ycth ?????o ???? ???i ?a?ey. N?eth??a ???o ??y?? ?
????ey?ny ????i ?????i, ??u ?c ?? ? ?? ???? ???a ????? ???? ?ycy e ???.
Eiy?, ???th??y i??y???th, ??o, ??., ????ue ? ??o ? ??a ???? ??ae?? ??? e
?c ??????y ??. A? ??e?i ??????ny n ??? ?y?? e ?o? ???ue ???e ??ue ??ae;
?? ?y? ????ny ??????i ???, ??ae ??ao, ?oy ? ??a ?????? ??th???? ??? ??
?ycy; ?i ??a, ??a a?? ???? a ???? ??? ???, ??., ?y ????y ???? e ?ae. Ii
???? ??y ??a ??o ? ?? ???? ?? ? ???ey ??? n ?y?i, ???a ???ey? ?????a
???a ?y?? ?????i ???ey ?; ? ? ???u ??u ??ae y?y?ny ??? ?????? ??? ???y.
Y? ????n? ??e ??o n ???th ???? ?e, ? ??? ???? ???y, ??? ?ycth ???th ???o
???ey e ? ?? ?i?????a ???eth ?y??? ???, ???a, ??i ???i, ????? ? ?n?y??i
???ey ??a ????e ???iu ????y. I????e ?y ?????y ??i??y, ?y? ? ??? ??e, ? e
????ye ????u ??? ?? e ???u ??? e ??. I?? ? ?????ny ? y?i ???? ??? a
?????? ??ayo, ??a ii?????y ?y?e ???i??? ?i ?????? ???eyi. O?, ??.,
????ay ??? ??? e ?? ????? ???? ??, a ??? ????a e e???th ?ycy.
A???a ????y ?y?e. Ni. o. II ?o?e. th??/. ?????, ??. 150-335.
A??ue ????? ????e
Oy??ue ?i ??? a I????i ?????a ????ey?ny ??? ???i, ?e ?e ?????, ?th?o
??? ?????y ????? ???, a y? ??y ? ??, a ?a ????ue ? ??? ??i, ????i e ?
??i ????. A I????i ?????a ? ?a ?????y n ?????e ?????e ???i ??y?a ??e, n
i???? ???? ??? a ???????o ??o, ???a ????? AU ??a ???o n???. ?y?i n y?i
???? ???u ??? ????? ????e ??iy?i ?e???ny e ????o ?????? ???ey. Y? e
???iy? ??? ??????? ???a? ??? ????? ????e: n ??e ???u ???a ????i
????????a, n ??? – ???a ???? ?????e ???. Y? ????a ??ei ????, ???, ???n;
a XVIII ?? ??i ?a ?? ?????i n ??eth?ith ???th ?????a. A ?????? I?? A???i
?iy?a ??????? ??????e ??? ????o a ??i e ???? ??? ?????a.
I???ay e ?????yi, ?? ???ue ? ? ?ey?y, ?e ???o ?i o???a ???e ??? ?????
????e. Ia y?o ??? ??i ???? ???? ?? ???? e, ???y ?i, ????i ? ?? ????. Y?
y??? ???????. ??o ???e ??? ???????y: 1) ??e? ?????a i ?????? ?????i????;
2) ????ueth ?????a i ?????e e ????e ??oyi. Y? ?a ??o ???o ???u. Ae???a ?
???? n ??yoey ??????. N ??????? I????? ??a e y?i ???? ????iy?ny 1-y,
???n ????ey a I??o, ????e y?o ??ae ?????i ???i ???e. I????a ?????a a
I??a ???i ???? ?????i ?ycy ? ?? ???; a ?????ay n y?? ???e ???? ?i n
?????? e ??a ??o ????a ??? a?e ??????? ???eth ?i ???. A ??o ?????o ????o
????? ??? ?e ?????? ?e. ?ycy ?????i. A 4-o, ??o ???? e ???a, ????ay
E????i a ????i ????e: “I??a ?y?? ??i ???? ??i”. A 5-o, ?e??a ??o ???n?o
????e, ?e Ae??? Ae???, E?i A????/. ?i ?i e ??, ?? E?i. A????y ? ??th e
???????, ????o ?ay ?????e ???? ?y??y, ?y??ay ??a ???y?ny ????, ???u
I????? ?????a ?no?yth?y e ????ny ?????ue ????? ?y????th ?o?o ????e e
?????a. A 6-o, ?? ???? e ??ue N????: ?y ????ey ????? ?y?e ?ae ???e “??a
?? ??? ???? ???e: y?-? ???ey e ?? ????u a I??o Nio?th I???a”. Ii ??ue y?
?? o ?? ?????a e, ??o ??, ? ????? ??i ????: E?i A????/ e ? ??a ? ????e
???a ?????y ? ???th ???th, ?i ??a ??a; ??? ????e ???u ? ?a ???ue ?i
a??e. A 7-o, ?a???? ???? ?th????e e ?????a ???? ??e i???i ??oe ??? e
???? ????i ??ue ? ??? ?????a e ??? a???a. A????y y??, ??? ??e ??e ????
?????y ? ??? ?????oth ?y ??e ???? ?th??ae?e.
A??ue ????? ????e y?y?ny ?????? ???e ??? ??e ???e.
A ?y??oth y?? ??? ?ycy ?n?????? ?e ??? ???ay, ? ?a e ??a ?????i ?????i
??ue, ?i ?y??ay ??? ????? ? A?a. A I????i ?????a y? ????a ???ny
?????th?i e ???? ? ??? ?n?????a, ? ?? e ????a ???? ????yo ?ith ??? ?
A?a, ???y ?ay ??????? ????y?. O?? ??ey ?????a ??y: ?e ??? A? ?? ??aoe
??i, ?e ??i ??? ?? e ?? ????; ???o A?o ? ?? ??????o ??? ?? ? ??a. Oe?ue
???????ny ?e ?????ue ?????? ??. A y?i ??? e ???o ?????i. O? ????ny ?????
????? O??i ii ??? ???y ????oe? “???ny” ? ??ey ????i e ???? ?ycy ?????
E???a. A ??a XV a. a I???? ???? ??ey, ? ??a ???e n?y? I?? A???y, ??a
????a, ???a ??? ???th??y; ??? ????? ??i??? ??y??e, ?a ??? ?i??e a ??????
?y?y ????i ??ey. Y?e ??? ???ue ???? ???n ? ?? e ?a ????a ????? e ????o
??eth n ?????? ????y ???i??i ?y?i e ???? ??? ?????. Ii ??? y?? ????? e
??eth, ???aeoth?? ???-?????oth ??, ????? O??i ???e ???? e ?????i. Ii
????o ? ? ????? e e????o ????th, ??? ?i ?y?? ??? ????? n ??iy?? ??? ???
? ??ue”. E ?????ay ???ue ?????????y, – ????? ?, – ?? ????? ??ith
?????th, ?iy? ??????th e ?y?, ?e ???, a ?e ?????ue n ??iy??, ?e e ??a a
?? ???o; ia a ???? ? ??o ?a ????y e ??? ? ??? ? ????. ??? ???, ?i ?y?a
??oi??a ? ?? ??o e ????eth ?????a, e y?? ??o e ?????? ??????? ?n??th
(o.a. ??????o). A?a ???ue, ??y ??a, A?? ? ??a ??”. E?e, ????? ?????
?????i ????y, ?e ?e y? ???? ??????; io???a ? ?? ???? e ???ue e ?????i.
I???? ???? ???? ?? ?a ??? a y?i ????e: ?e ?????atho ???o ????e, ?e
?????a ?????? ?????????o ?????a; ?e ???e??y ???ue ??a, ?e ??i e ????
????, ? ? ??eth, ??? ?? ?ae ??e ????y? ????. O??i ?? ??ue ??????y, ??.,
a ???? ??? ????? A????a ????y. “?ei e E??????? ??, – ???o ?, – ???e ?
??e, a ??? ? ?? ???o. A c?? ??? ??? ??? ???y ???ue, ???a ???i. A ???i
???a ?????? e ????ue ?a ?a?? ?????a. ???? ?? ?? ???????? ?? ????a. I???
??, ?e i????y O???ay ???ue ?? ?? ? ?? ????e, oae ??i ??? ?? e ?? ???? ?
?? ???i?”. I????e ???? ????ey?ny ????? ???y e ??u ???o ?????a. A? ???
?????? “??e A??? e ???? E?????”. “O???a ?y?y ??? ?? a ??? o ?? ????ee; ?
??? ??? ?? ????i ?? a? ???, ????i ??? ????y ?? ??? ???-??? ???i ????i
?ycy”. A ?? ??o ????e, ??cy ??ey?ny, ?i a ????o ???o ?iy??? ??e? ????
?y? ????y?y ? ???o ???e.
I?? i ?i, ?i ?ae ?th?? ?i???o ? A???, ?????y a N???? ??a *(28). O? ???i
??th ?????th ?th??: “??????a ???a ?????a???, ?a ??ny ? ?th??, ?a aa ?
???e I???a, ? ?i ? ??e ???y ??y ????y; I??ue ? ?? ??ue ???????oth?? ?
??a ???? E??y A???”.
N???i n ????i ????? ?????a ? ???? ????y, o ?n ???o?ny a XVI a. ??e ??e
?????i ??y: “?????e, ???eth??e, ??????, i??????, ??????e, A?? ????e
??ae?ue, ????? ???, ???? ????e ?e????e ??, ???????ue ?y?o ??? ???e,
????a ?? ai???a e, ???oe, ??? ???e ???? ???y ??i ??”. Eth???i, ?i ????
???o???ny ?? ?e ???? ????e ??, a ? ??? ?e ?????ue ???.
Ii ?nth? ??cy ??? ??th??y, ?i ???a ?????i, ???y ??e ??y? ? ???? ????y,
???i ?i ??? ????? ?????ith; ???, ?i ???? ? ??o ???o ?y????e. N?ay ????y
? ??th ???, ?i ???i ?i ?y??? ?????ue a ?? ???e??e ???. A ????yo ?????a
?? ???e ??i ????y ? ?y?i??e ????y ?????ue a ?? ?????i? ??ey. A y?i ????e
??? ???a?i ???? E???, ????ey E???????e?i ????y. I??ay? e A??ueth
Ae????/o, ? ???o: “N????y ?? ???a ?a?e, ii ?? ? ?? ???e ?? ??o e
???????ue”; ?? ??e ????ny, ?i ?ae ???????ueth ????ny ??ue ???????ue ??ae
A??, a ? ??ae eth??. O?? ? ??e ???i e a ???? ?????? ?????i A???a, ????a
???ai ?ycy E?? A?????. A??? ????y e ???? eiycth ? ??? ????y A??a. A??
?n?i ????ny e I??a. e E?i A????/ ??e ?i ????ue n ???i, ? a ??a ??? ????y
e ??eth ?o, ???a ????? ?o ????y a ???n?a ??i, ???? ??? ??? A??a. E?y a
?? y? ????a E?? A?????, A??? ??o ? ?? ????, a ???i ???o: “He ??? ??
???a; ?i ?? ???tho? ?i ???e ?? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ?? e y?i ?ay?? i???
?????? e ????i, a ??a, ?e ???o, ????y a ??o ??yo! I???, ????, ? ?e? ??u
? ??? ????y ?oyo ???e ?? ???i, ???i ??? ????, n??? ???e ??? ????y ?????e
e ??????e. O??y, ? ??o ?e A? ??? ??ue eth?e ???o! E ?? ??? ???, ?a
????ny e ?? ???? ?? ???i? I??ue ?? ????a, ???? i A???, A? ??i e ? a ???e
??”. N??oe ????? ????y O??? ??o e A??eth: “I???o ??n?oth?? ????th ???ue
?? oe??? n ???i ????i. A?ny A?a, ? ??? ? ??i, ????i e ??o: ?a, ?i ??ue
????ny, ? ??a e ?o??y. A???? ? a ????? ??th??ny, a a ??? ??oth?i e
??ath??y”.
Ae????? ???o ? ??th ?yc???ue ??? ???ey ??yi, e ???? ????atho ??a ???ey.
N???e y? ?yc???ue ?????a e E?i A???; ? ?i?e N???? ??? “????? ?o ?c ?y??
???”, ?? ? ??o “????? ?????? ????: ? ?? ??o ?? ?i”. Ai ??y ????? ??? a
???i ??? ???? ???y?e: ??? ????ue ???o, ?y??o e ?y?? ?? ?????i. ???????
y? ????ue e ?????? e ????th ?oe e ??? ??y, ???e, ?e ????, ? ????y
nae?????th. N?o ? y?i ??e ? ?????a I??ey, e ? ????y e ????th n ??????i
????i, a ???i ???? ? ??? N??a e Ai??u e ????e ?o ??th?? ??? ?????? ????:
????ue, ????, ??? e ?????. Yoi ???? ?? ??y? E??i n ??????ueth, e ? n?e
??? ???? y? I??eth a ??o ???: “I?? ?e, ????a, e ?i, ??ay ?n ???? ? ??a e
????y ? ?????th ????, e ?, ????a, ia ?ith ???o ??i ?? ? ?????uo ??o
????”.
I???? ??????a ???? ????atho ??????a ????? ??? e ?????a a ???e; ?e
???tho, ?i ? ???e ?o ????? ??????, ??a ?? a C???e A??a, ??o ???? e ?o??e
??oy?. N ??i ?aey?i ??a??ny ???: e o ?n ?? ? ???nue ?c ????o ??????.
I???? ? ?????? ???ueth ???? ???????e ???, a ? ??????y? ? ???a ????e ???
– ? ??i ? ????ue ???a i ?i, ??a ? ????? i???? ??o y?? ??y ??oy?: ???? e
????. I? ??????e ?????y ??? y?o ??? ?? ???ny a ??? ????ey ???? ??? ????
?e ????. I? ???y ????u e ?y ???, e ?y ?????a. I? ????? ??aea??a ???,
???ue ??o ? ?ay ??????? ? ??ae??? ??? ?? ??; ?e ????? ??? ?????o, ?????i
????o ? ?ay ??ue ? ??????? ?o ?????a ??? ??. Ii ??? ?i ?? ???y ??? e
??????? ?o?eth y?? ???a, ?a ???? ?yae ????a?e ?? ???e.
N?e ?y?y ???e ??? ???? ??? ?? ????i, ????e ?i ?? ?y???i. I????? ? ????i
a y?i ? ?????ue. A? ??? ??? ?y?y ????th?y ??ae ???th a ????ai. A??? ?y?
A??? E???/, ???oy ?????a ???, ???e ??y? ????e ?i; ?? ?i, ?y? A??e E???/,
e ????e A??ey ? ??? ????ue e ?? ?????a ?y ????ey ??y? i????ey. I????o
Ae??e ??aea? ? ????? ?? ??ath??, ???e A??th ???? ??????y a ?e ??e e a
???e e ???? ??oth?a ??a????a ??a: “A ?? ?? o ?iy ? ?iy?, ?? ? ??ae ???yi
??i, a ???? – ?? ??a” I?iy?a ????? ?? y? e ?? ?????.
A ??????o ??ayo ?? a XVII a. ?????? ??y?, a ???o ??th ????? ????y ?? ?
????th e ????o. A ???th ???o ?? ??o ?ae ??u ??, ? ???i ??o ????; ia
????? ??? ?? ??? ??o????? ????o y?? e ??a.
Ae?????, a ?? ??????e ?o ??? “ay?? e ????ue”, y?y?ny ??? ?y?e. A?e ???
????y ?y?e ? ??? ??a ? ???. O?, E???, ???i ?????, ??? ?ycy A?? A??ue???
e ???? ???? ?? ?i ? ??? (1280). O?y ????? e ? ???? y?? ???y??y, ? y?i
???? ?? ????i ? ?????, ?e ?e ????? ?i ???e ? ????i ??i ??a?y? ?ycy ?e
??e.
O?y ??, ?e ??i ? ?????a??i ???, e ????ny ?????i i????ey, ? ? ? ?? e,
???i, a? a ???e ?? ?????o ?????o. I?? ?? ?????ey ??o ???? ?e??i ?? e
??????. I?, ??????i, ?????ue e ????ue ? ??? a ??? ?ycy. O?? ?????? ?? o
E?? III n ?????? A????. I? ?ay??e O????i ??? a I??a ??i??o ???e ???ue
??? ???, a ?e?? ?y? ????e, ?i ??i ??? ?n??ue. I????o ?????y e ??e ? I??u
a N??? ??no?ue. Oe?ue ??? ?e ??y?ny a ??e ??? e ?? ??i ?????o i ?????e.
Ae??a ??????, ? a ???i n????e ???e, ?? ??o E??i A??? e ?????? O???i.
O??i ????? ? ?? E????; ? ???e ? ?ay ???? ?? ???e ?y??ueth ??e. A??e
????i ? N????? ????y a I??o ?y ?iy?y ??????? ????, ? ???? ???? ?????a
????u. O????e ??????, ? ???y, ???, ??y? ???o ?e ??????e ????u, ? i????ny
?y?i ???i ?y ????o ???? ??y, n ??th ???ae?ue ?i ? ?????o ? ?????e e
????????e. Oe?ue, ????? ? ???ey, ???? ?ae ?ae ??????; ?ae ??e ?i ?? e
????? e ??th??th a. ????ue, ?a ?, ???y, e ?e ???i I?th?e N????i.
N?????a, ??i ???i, ????? a ??? ??y, ? yoi ?? ???a ???a ????? ??ay, a ?
???????; ????y ???? e ???? ??? ????? ????ny ??y??i?e. I?????? ni??y ???
???e ????e ????y, ?i ???? ?. I?oe I??? O????a ?e ?ayi ????? e ?? ???ny
???a n ??i ???i ????i. *???? ?ycy I?? ??i?a ?? ??ae I??? O????o ?????y ?
????e ????y??y e ai???th-????o: “??a ? – ????, ??a e ?? ?i, ? ?????a
????? ???a??”. Y? ????i ????? ???i ??? ?????a. I???? ????? ???e e ?
????ny ?c ????o ?????e: ???? I?? ??a ???y ?ee?i ????i. A??e ?a ??????
??????, ? ??iye ? ?????e ??e ?????a O??? a I??o. Oe?ue ??? ?e ? y??
??ath ???? ??????a ??y?a a ??? ???a ???, ??y E??. I????e a 1652 a. ?
????? ?an?e, I?? ??i ?????y. Oe?ue ?e ??ae ?i ? ??th. I??? ?i ?????e e
???th?a. N?y ? ??iyo e ???y? ???e, A??? I????/ i?? I??a ??y? ????.
I?????e ?????, ???oe, ???e ????o ???th. Ii ???ay ????? ???e, ? ????e ??
???y. I??ay? e ???iy?i, ? ???e: ??o ? ?e ???? ?i, ?e ?????y e ??, e ??o
? ?o ???? ???ue?” A? ?y??, ?i ??o e ??o. I? ??e ?????? ?y ???? ??? ?????
???e I?? ? ????? ???e. A?eyae ?i ? ??? ????a n ??ith y???th ????ny, ??a
??o ?i e ??i ?c??e ??????y. I?? ?e ???????. A ?uy??? ? ??????a ??? ?
??e: “He ? ??e ????? ?y???a i????ny, ? ? ?y???a ? ???i ???th?y. ss??i
??i ?c, ?i ?y???i ?? ???a…” I???y?e ?ae ia ??? n ???? ????? ????? ?
??ue ???? I??a. “Ae?? ?a ?e?i ????y ???, ???e ?, y ???? ????y ?i?o ?
?????aa; ?a o ?iy e ???a ?????a”. N? ??? ????a, ? ? ???? ???a ? ????e ??
???e. Y?o ??? ?e ???? I??i ?????? ?????o? e ?????i ??? ?????o.
N?????y, ??i ???i ???i?? ???? ? ????y a ?i ???, ??a ? ?e ?ay a ?????ue
?????yi ?????? ???? N??? ?i ??i?? a y?i ??? ??????a ???? ???? Ii ????th
e y?? ???o ????ath?a ??? ?????a ??iy? ?, o?, /oi ????th ??i ????ue
?????a ?????a, ?? ? ?? ? ?e ?ay ????? n ????ey? ??o???? ??ey. Ia ??? i
?i, ?y?e ? ??, ?? e ?????, ????i ? A?a, ????i ??e ??o: “I????? ??
???ey?ny ? ?ae????? eth?e, ? ??a ?, ? A?eth ????th e ???th. A?e ???
?????? ??y, ? ??ny, ???ny e ??e, ?i ? ????eth ??? ??i ???eyi ????y”. E?a
????a ???? E?? A??????; ? ???e ????i ??????a ia????? ??th e ???? a
??????? ??? ?? ?????o ???a, ???? ? ??? ? ????? ???yi ??y, ? ?? “??a
?????? ???? ?i”.
E? ?? ???? ???? ? ?ith ???? O????e, ???a ??? ? ?????? ?a?e, ? ??; ?
????iny ??? ? ???? ?????? ??y?? ????e ? ? ???. O?? ?y??ey ??i ? E?? III
e ??a ?i, E?? A???i. E?i III ????ny a ????o ?????o n I????i. I?? ????y
I???? ????? ia?e ??? ????: “?e ???? ??? a I???? ??ae??????” E?? ???e:
“?? ? ??, ????? ? ??; ???yi ??, ??i ?oe”. “A?o ? ??, ????? ? ??”, yoi
???? ??? ???i ???? ??y?a e ???? ??????ae ???. I? ????? “???yi ??, ??i
??” ????ny ?, ?i ???? ????, ??u a ?i ???th ??????ue ?? ???? ???e e ??,
???a ? ?a ? ????ue ??i ???? ethaeyi ? ???e ???. A I???? ???ath?y ? y?,
ii ??yo, ??u ???y, ?????? ???i ?y?i e ??y?a ??????, ?? ????u ???? ?????.
E?i III ?????ny ? ????i ????y: ???? ? ?y???ny ??ae ????? ???? oe????i
*(29).
A???ey ? ???, ???a ?? a???? E??i IV, ???i a ?i ????a n E???i. Y? ????a
?????a ??a ??, ?e ?? ??? ? ?ay ??o ???o ?????, N????a e A???. Eiy?
E???e, ??ay? ???, ??e a E??, ??? ??e E?? A???o ???, ???a ?? ????u ????
??th a ?i, ?i ? ???? ? ??? ???a e ?? ???y? ?????i ? ??ay ?y? e ?????. A
??? E???? eth???i ? ia?i, ?a ? ???o, ?i E?i A??? ??e ?? A?? ??? ?o
?????. Ii ????yi ?? ???e, ? ??? ???? ??ny A??, ? e ?y?, ????e ????y, ??
?o A??.
A ??i ??? ?? ???o ? ?e ?????? ??e, “?i ??y ?a??y A??i ?????i, e I????
A????u ???ueth, e ?? ?y?o ????e, e ????e ??o ???????, e ???e i?e, ????y?
???, a ? ??y? e ????e”. Ec y?? ??????i ??y?a ?c??? ?y ??????i ????y ???
???? ??????? e ???eth ????i A?a. O?? ?????? ??e ??y Ea?a A???i. Y?o A??
?????? ??, ?????th?e ?? ????i ?????? ?o?a, ?i ??i ???y? ??i ??????, a ?
???y?ny ??i ?????. O?e????e ???? ??i ???? e ???ue ??o ?????o, e ?e ???
?? ? ??e. Ii y? ??e e ???e ? ????. ???? ???? ??? ??atho ???, a ?? ??. I?
??yo ??? ???a, ? ?a ? ? ethayo e ??tho? I? ?, ???e e ?a?? ??????o ? ? ??
? ??eytho. Y? ???, ???y ??o a ?????? ?? ????????th ??, ?? ???? ??????e.
N?????a A???i ??i??o ???iy????ue ??? ? ????th e ?????, ?y?i e ????i, a ?
?aai ??? ?i ???, ?i ?? ??? ?? ???ith ??th. I? E?? A??? ???atho o ?n ???a
???. N??ey, ???????? ????eth ????u, i???atho, ?i ??th ??i ?? ?i-? ??a
???ey ??? ?? ? ????? ????u e ????e???a ????a ???i ??????o ??i ??? e
??n?. Oe?ue ???e y? ????a. Y? ????ue ?e.
3-? ???y 1564 a. ? ? ?? ??e??i ??? ? I??u a ?? E?????, a ??? a ??
O????a. A?? y?o ?e ? ??ae ? ???a. Oe?ue ?ye n ??e ?th ??o, ??u, ???
aiy?, ??yi e ????o eth?e. A I??a ?a ?? a ?????. ??? ??c ?nyoe y? ?????
?????ue: ?? ???e ? ???u ???, a ???i ???u ?? ??? ?y??a, ????? e ?y?o
????o eth?e, E ??yi ?, e ???, ????i ethaeyi e ? ??o ??????o ?????? I??u
?? ???e ??oth ???o e ??e ? ??ae ??e i???ue. A ?e ? ??e, ??u ?e ????
???ey ? ???e, ?i ??a ? ?o e ??u ???e ?o. E?? y? a??? ?? ????, ??o ??ae?
????ue ???y e ??e: “e ?? i????, ?i ???o ? ????y ????????” A?a ?????
???ay ???a, a ???e ??ae ??? ??y ? ???y? Ii??, a ?i ???ny ? ?????, “?,
????? a a???, ? ? ?o ? ??i e ??? ? ????ue”. A???ue ??ye ???? ????a, ? n
?i, ??u ? ?? ????? ??u ???, a ?? ???ue e ??? ???? ,?? ?? ???? ????o.
I????u ?? ??? e ???e, n ???o ??? ?e ia ????a ???, ? ????a ?y?i, ??y?i e
?y?i ethaeyi, ???a ??o a ????a. I????i ???uey ?? ?? a ?o ???o, ???a ?y?
a ????o, a ????? e ????, ???i ? ?? a ????a, ? y?o ???a ???? e ???? c?? a
ae??o ???. A ??e I??a ?? ?y? ????a ??u e ???u e a ?o a??i ?? ?? ???
?????. N??a ???? ???? ?e ??o ??? ????yo, ? ?y?? ?? a ????o ??ayo ????ny
e ??th ? ???e. O??? ????o, E?? ????y a A??????? ???a. I?? ??e e ?y?a
???ey. I????ny ????e ????e. ?????atho, ?i a 1567 a. ????a ? ????o ?y?:
?. A???e, I?????e, A????? e ?ith?e E?i I???/ O??? ???? ???u io ????i
??ey N????a n ????? ???? ?????o ????th. Y? ??? ?y? ?????e ??th n ???i,
???e ???e ???? ??eth. A?e ? y? ??? ??????i ? ????i ??ey, ?e ????u ??i
A???, ??u ?i??ue ?y?, ai ?y?i ???, ?i?u ? ???u ?y? ? ??. I???y ? y?, E??
?e ?ae ??? ??o. N??a ? ??y?y ? ?ith??, ???e ?i e ??, ??e ???y a ???o,
??ae? ? ?? e ??a ??? ??????a ?i ???e ?i ????. O?? ? ?? ???u e ??? ???
?y?: ?y? E???, ?y????e, ?e ?ycy ?????a, I???e e U?y?a. A 1568 a. ????e,
? ??a ???o ?? ?. Ay???e e I?th? N???a, ??? a I??a, ??th, ? ?? ?y? e ???;
???? ? ?i e ??oe e ??cee ? ??ae a ?ith ?iy?o; ?? ???? ? ?? y?i ???a.
I????? ???ue, ????o ???? ???i ? ??i.
A?? ? ????i ???e ??? ?y?yth?y e ??? ???e e ? ?????th.
I???y ???oth ?y????ue N????a e A??? a ??? ?? ?????ey E?? A?????, ?.
E???e ???o:
“I??y? (N????) ? ?? (? ??y) ?? ?????? ??th??? ???, ??/ue ????? e
????????a… e ????o?y? e ?? a ??? ???ay (I??ey) ??i ???? ???, e e ?? ??
????o e ?????o ??e, ???o???i ????o… N??atho e ?? ?????, ??e ???? e
?????, ? ???? ???? ??o, ?????? e ???i Ai?? ?????; y? ?c ? ??? ??? ? ????
?e ???e… E ????? ??y ?? ????u o ?? ????y ??. A???o ? ??i e ????a e??,
??? ?a ????a e ????a ?a?u ??? ?????e, ???: ?ae ????e, ????ey?i, y? ????,
?? e ??i?… e e ?? ???, ???? e o???o ??e, ???? ??? ???tho, e ??????a ??
??iytho”. E?e, o ???? ??y ?? ???u, ???a ???e ? ?? eth?e ???o e ???? ?i
????. Y? ???a eth? ????e “????e ?i ??o”, ?c ???? ? ? ???, ? ?? i??? ???
? ?a.
I????? ??e ??? ??? eth???e e “????e ??e”, ??? ???e ?o ?ay???, ?????? e
??. A ?i ??? ? ??? ???? E???? ???:
“E ?? a ??e ??a ? ?a ?e ????e, ???? ? E????, ???y ?????a, ?a ?ae ???th
?????i ?? e ??? ????y ????y ?i????o ??!” 162. “E? ??e ?a ?? ??e??
??????y, ?a ????ny ???o ? ?? ???, ? ???????, ???? ???e e ??th ??????o
???” 171.
A ??a, a ?i ? ???, ???i ??i ? ?? ????yo ?????th?a ?? ????th ???o ?
???ey E????:
“O?i ? N???? e ? A???i ????y e ??? ????? ?? ?n (??i), ??? ?n ? ????o
??. E ??, ??? ?o??o, ???y ??? ?????, e ?? ? ?? ?? ?n, ?y?, ??? a ??????
????e, ?? ? ??? n ?n ??ath? e a ??????a ?n ???y?, e ??eth ?? ?n ? n ??
??yth?… Ii ?i ? ? ?????? ??o ??oth ?i ??? ? ian ?uy?”.
E?e, ??????? N????? e A?o?? ??o ???e ???th ???, ?? ?e a ?i ??? ??????i,
????e ??? ?a ? ??? ????eth, ??ey ??y ?????? e ?????ue; ????e, ?? e ???u
?????ue ???i. Y? ???o ??, y? ?????? e ????e a? ?. E???e.
Ii ????y ?? ? ?????? ??e ????e, ? ???ue ???? ?? ??y??y e ???? a N???e
?????a ???e ???. A ??? 98 ???? N??i?a ?? ??????:
“A ???a ??o ?? ??a, a a ?i ????a ? ???, e ?e ? ??, n ????? ???o e ? ??
?y? ????o, ????, e ? ?? a ?i ????a ?????e”.
Aeey ????ey N???? ??? ???????? ?????y? ????y ???? “?? ?y?”. Y? ?????a
?????a ???e ??? e ???ue: ?? ??? ?????? ?y??e ???? e ?c ? ???ey ? ??o
???? ??o ???a. AE??u A???i ?? ????? ??????. O????a N???? i ????a “??
?y?” ????y e ???? e, ???i, ???a ? ?? ????i a ?????; a ??iy?a ? ??y ??y
?????e ? ??o ?? ?y?, a ??? ????o. A ?????e N???? ????e ???a ? ?a ?y?. Ai
????? e ?? ???i: “e ???e ?y? E?i A???ae/ ?y ??e e n ??th ???th e n ?y?
?e ???? ???”..
Ec ?? ? ??iye y?o ??o, ??????? ?????a ???e ???? N?y ? ??, ?i E???e ????
?i “????e ??e”, ?? ???, ?i a ??? ?i ???e ? ?a ??? eth?, a ??? ????a ?
?o, ????a. Ai ??a y?? ??? ?iy? ?i N???? e ????? A??? A??a. E? ??? ??u e
???i ? ??, y?? n ????th ? ? ??i ???ue. Oe?ue ???? ?a ??? ??: ?. A??y
E????, ?y?? n 1556 ??, ?. Ae??ey E?ey??, ?y?? n 1549 a., e ?. ??????
N??a, i ???i O?????ay ?y??y ??a ??? ? ??o. E???e, ??a I????? I??ey e
????? ?????a, ????o ??? i ?? I????, “????o ?????i ??i”: Ieo??, ??????
i??????i a 1548 e ?y??? a 1549 ??; A????, ????? ??? ?????i a 1550, e
E?a, ????? N???a, – ????i n 1550 e ????? n 1553 a. Aea. Ii ? ? ??i
?????, ?i y?? ???e e ????a?ny ??aa ??; ?? ???ey e ? ???. N ???? N????a e
A??? ?? e ???? ????e ??. N??th?y ??y ? ???a ????y ? ???e, ??????? ?
???th O??a E????.
A?ue ????a ???, ?i ?y? ??? ????? ?a A??a. Oe?th ? A??eth O???o ?e ????i
?yae ???a, ???a ? e ???? ??y?e. I??u y? ??oth?a: ? ?y??y ??? ? ??a??
???, “? ??y ???? ??i n ?y?”, e ? ???? ??ey o ????i?? ??????, ?? ?e ?
?????e a ??????. A? ??a ??? ?????y ?? ????? ????o ?????, A????o. E???ey
??? ???a e ????? ? ??? ?e ??? ? ?a?. ?e n ???ey ?y? e ?? ??e. Aeey
????ey ???a ?????ue ???? ??. I??u, ??y?a O???, ?? ??y? e A?????. N I???
O???e? ?? ?? ?y? ???, ? ?a ? ?n ? ??a. E???? ???o, ?i ? ?? ????? ??e ??e
???; ??ei n ??? A??ay I????? ? ?y?, ?e ?e “???? ?i ???i ?o?”.
A???? ? ??? ????y, ?e ia ??? ??eth?oth ?a ? ????ue ?????? a I????i
?????a. I?e ? ????e ????e y? ????a n ???e y???e, ??? ???, ? a ??? ?i ?a
? ?? ????, a ??? e ?? ????i ???? a ????a A???i n E???i. ?y?i n ???th,
??????ath ????th, ?????y ?a e n ????e ??e ???y ????o a ????e ???. Y?
???a ?iy?y?? a ??a ???o ???a, e ?????eth ???o ??? e ?????.
C??? ???
O????y ?????o ????? a ???a ?? ????eytho ??? ??u ????, ????y ? ???? ????
?????? ??e ?o ???a, o ???o y? ???? ??th??ny. Iu ????? ?????e c??? ???a
I????? ?????a n ?i, ?i ?i ???? i ?????o ?i???? ??? e i ??????? ?? a?????
????????a, ? ??? ?i e? ?i ??????y. N???a y?o ????ee ?e ??????e, ?i ??e ?
??o ?? ?????? ne?ath, a ?e?u ?? ?uy?y?u ????i. ???? ??ei *(30).
Ae???a ???? ??? ??????ny ?a a ???? ???e, ?e ???o ?c??e ???????? ?????y
a ?? ????o ??????.
A ???e ??? ???a ??th??ny ??e ???, ??a ????a ???? ???ey (????a, o ?n
???a) ???aeyo ai ??oth ??eth ??? ???ey, a ???e ???tho ???? ????????
?????. Y?o ??? ????o n ????i ????? ????? a ???? (??ae – ?e ?????? ????o
???) e ??????o ?????th ??a ???o ???????o ?e. Ii ?? ??, ?e ????ey ?????a
???y?ny, ????a ???? ???ey ??ytho ?ae ??e ??o e ??-?-?? ??a ??aeyo ?
?????ey. Y? ya??a ????y ???? ????i ????ey ??????y ????? ??? ????e, e
???i ??o ??????ny e ???a, ?n??yth?a ?????ue ???i ????? ????no?. I?? ???
????e ??ia ???? ?????o ?a ??? ??o i?????e ??a ???ey, ???a ??? ?? ?y ??i
??????i ?????a, e ????ath?y ?nth? ????????ue ????. Ii e y?e ???a
????iy?ny e ??ay, ?ath?y ?? ? ? ???a ?a ????. I? ???o a ?i, ?i ??e ???n
e ???? ???eyi ???y?ny. ?????a ?????a ???? ????? ?i ?????e, a ??? n y?i
???atho ??a ???u, ???a ??o ?? ?? ?iy?u ?? ????in? ????o ???e ??? ????e
????e. Y? ???u e ???yo, n ???? ???e, e ????th ???????i ????a ???? ????:
? ???, ? ???o ??? ?????? a ?? ??i ?o ??????? ??a, ?e ???aeyo a
????e???y, ??u ???o ???th?y ???o?y?, a ?? ???????? y?i ????i ??a ????ue
???a a ???? ??a?yo ?? ????? ??o ???? *(31). A???, y? ????a ?? ? ??a
???ey ???u, ?i ????e. A?e a ???a ??? ?????a ???ath?y ??, ???i? ???o
????o ????? ???a a ??o ???eyo, ?e ???ath?y e ?i ??i, ?-????, a ? ??
???????.
N???i ???eth y?o ??o ???, ???????? ????ey A??e, O??? e I????? ?????a
???atho a ??a ??y, ??a a ?? ??o ???e, ?e ???o ????ue y? ?????a,. ????
???ey ????ue ?????? a ? ??e?ie ??a. A ???e ??? ???? ???? ?? ???i ??i
1549 a.; ? O??? – a 1302 a., a A??e ? ? y??? ?????ue a ?a ???, ?????o
i?i ? ???i ?????? ?????i ??a?: ??? ???? ???? ? ???e ????y e 1214 a. e
???? ? ?????? E?? A??????; ??? ? ???? ???? ? ???a ????y e 1264 a. e ????
? ?????? A??? III.
A???? ???u ???ey ??? ???? ??th??? a ??oth?i.
???????? ???? I????? ?y??y, ????ny n XIV a., ????o e oe?????th E??
A???i ?????? ????. I??a ????o e y?? ???e ??e ?a ?y??y, ?????a e ? ???? e
????, ??????, ??? ???a ???????a ??. Y? ?? ???ia?y ?????y ????y ????i
Ae??ey Ae???i, A??ey Ae?????, E?? A??ue??a e A??ey E???? e ?? ??? ??y?o
a ??????e ??? ??o ??auey? ?????i ????y, ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??????ueth
Ae??ey Ae???i. A ?? ?????y ???e ??e ?y???a ???a ????e e ??i??a ?y?. He
???eyy ??????i ??? n ??????e ???e, ????? ?y? ?????ue ? ???, ???i ????ue,
????y ???????e ????? ????ae, ????ue ???a ?ey?a ? ?? ??a??y. A ?????i
A???i ?y??a ????a ???? ??? ???e ?????y e ??? ???????oy? ???i ???oth ?o?,
??i ? ???? y???a ???e ?ei ???a a ????? O???? ???a TH?y A????, ???i aey?
a???y. E?i A??? ?????ny ???? e?? ???????yi ?y??? ????y. A 1549 a. (?e
??i) ? ???? a I??o ???? ? ???a ? eth?e ?y?? ?? e ?uy?y? ?, ?i n ??iy?e
??? ? ??o ?i “??y e ??i?” ??? ???, ?i a ???????? ???????yo ???? ?y?, a ?
???i? a ???? ?e ??e. I?? ????y ????? ?iy?a. A ?????i E?? ?y? ?????e ?i
???: ??ae ??i ?a ????ue ? ???ey ?? oea?y e ?????y ? ??. *?? ?????? y?
????a ?????a ?y??? ??????a, ? ????o ??? ??iy?o ????? ?i ???? e ????
???ue ? ? ??i ?. I??ay? ? ?y?, ??, ?????i, ?? ??u a ???. O??a ??ue ???
???i ???.
*? ???e ???????e E?? A?c?? ?y ???e, ? ?? ???i ????a???? O??? E???? ?y
O???. I? ????? ? ???e A?i E??a, O??ey ???? ????? ???e ??????i ????ey,
?????y ? ??? E?? A???i. C???a ?????e ??? ??. Aae??????? ??? ???e E??
A???i ????? ??e a ???iy???a ?????a, ???a ?iy? ??? a ?????e ?????e ?
?????o ???e. O??i ??i ???i ???e???i ????, ?a???y y?????e ???????? ????
Oe??a-A??? e Eth???a VIII e IO-?, ?????i ??eyi ??a ???ue ????ue a ??o
??o ?????ay ???ey e ???? n???? ????? ???. ?y?i n y?i o? ????ai? ???a.
O????? ???, ?ya ?ae ?? ???????i ????? ????a, ??e ???? ?????? ?????
??????y ?-?ae ??a ????? ???, ???e ?????th ???? ???ey, ?e ??e ?????? ??,
??? ? ???e ie??? ???ey a ?????a. I? ????? ? ???e O??ia E???? O??ey
????ey?ny a ?????? ???e ?????? ??????, ????a ????a ???? ???o ? ? ??o
???e: ? ?y? n ?? ?????? ??e ???iy???noe ???th?y e ????a ???. O??i E???e,
y????? ?????? ???????oth ???? ??o ????????, ??? ???ny a ???o e ???e ?
??? ??????e ?????. He ?????y? ?i, ?i ???? ?o ?????y ???eie ??????e, ??a
oy??a ??? e ?????? ????a ???? ???, ? ???e ?? ??u e ? ????i ?????a: ?a
????a ???? ????e ?? ???? a ??? ???, a ????a ????i ?????a ?? ???? ???i
??aii. Y? ???a ?? ???? O??? a ??e???a n ??e A????i VIII. A 1302 a. ??
??e ???th . ??o, ???e ????y a ??a ??? ?y ?? ?ae ???i. A ??o ? y? ?uy???
??u ???? ??? ??? ????, O??i ???? ???o?, a ??? ???o ??yo o????a ???a,
?????i e ????. I?? ?????? ??ey ?iy?a; a ???iy?e ?o ??? n ???? ???th,
???y ??a ? ?? ?th??? ?? a ???ao ?i ?????? ?????a, ?e ??e ???? ???e??e,
?e e ??a???, ? ??? ????y ? ????? ??i ???.
I????? A??e ?????ue ???i ??a ?????y ???e e O???. O? a ??e ??? ????ey ?
????? ?a ????ey? ?????? ?????? ?ei. Ii ???? A??e ?e A????a C????? ?? ??i
???a. ?????? y???u, ???? a ??? ??? ?????a, ???ey? ?? ??a ??? ????y ????
?????eth ????a. *?? ??a?ay ??ue ???, ??? e ????a ????, e ? y?o /o?? ??
??o y???? ?????? ??ay ??y, ??i ?? ?????? ??y. Y?o ???n ??????y ??? ????
??? e ??????th A??? III. E y?? ???e A??y ??y? ???? ?????? ???y; e y?io
???e ???tho ????a ???? e ???, ?????ny, n ??e y?? ????ey, a ?????e ?????e
? ??o ????? ??? *(32). A????y ?? ??iy????, ?i ?????? ?????a A?e? ?????ue
??a ??????i, ??????ue?a ????ey y?e ??? ???? a ?a ???: ??? ?????ue
??????e ? ???e, ???a ?? e ???ey?, ? ?????o ????th A?i, ?????oth ??th
A??e; ??? ??oi?a ??y ??oy e ?i ??????? ???? ? ???a.
A ?? ???a ?????i ??a, a? ???????? ???u ??ey ??e ????ue ??i ???a a
???eyo ?????? ??a ?e ?y ??, ?e e ?y ?o?ey ?y?o ??? ???? ????? ????a. Ii
a A??e ???? ????? ???? ?? ???e ? ?? ?????i e ? ??????o ? ??o e ? ??????o
?????? ?????a. E y?i ???? ??i ??????? ?a ??y: ? ??e ??u ???e ????? ????i
??i? ???a, ???i, ?????i, ??? ?? ?????? ????ath?a ?ey?a ? ??, a ??a ???o
???o ??? ??? ???e. O?? ???i, ? ae?a, a ????yo ?????? ??a ????e ???a ???
???a ??? ? ?????i. Y?-? ???a ??? a N9???? n ??? ?????? e ??? ? ????oth
??? n E??i A?????i, ???y ?????ue ?y???i ? ?? A??? O??e ???u. A? a 1213
a. ??? ????ue a E??? ?y ???????? n???ey, ? ???i ?? i???? e ??y? n ????i
??i ???y ???a A??? I. A ??oth?i ?? ?e ?a??? ? ??? ?c e ??y? ???a ???ny ?
??ey ??????y ??? ?i ????????. O?? i ????? ?o ????yo ???a, ??? E?i ???? a
1214 a. ?? ?????e ?? a I???a, ? ???e ????? y??ny e ??????? ???i ????a, ?
??? ???? ? ????. Y? ??? ?????e ??? ????????a a A??e, ???ay ??ue ????
????? ?????a n ???? i??th ???i ?????i ???? ??? e ???i ???ey ?????? ??? ?
O???; a ?? ????eyth??ny ????y ???a, E?i A?????e ??e ???? ? ?ith ???o
???, ? ??????? ????i. I??? ?i, ???, ? ??a ?ia?. A????a a??u ?iy? ? ???
??????e a ???????i ?????; ?e ???? ? ?/?a ??? ?? ????, ? e ???? ??i
?????a; ? ? ???a ?? e???a ??? A??e, a ??? ??? ?a?? ??????? e ?i, a ? e
??eth. Y?i ? ?????? ????? ?????e ??? e ????o e ?uy?yth?y ? ?????e a ???e
?????i ?????, ? ???a ??o ???i ??????. Oe?????a A??? III, ?? e ????a E??
A??????, ?? ? ??a ??ii. Ii ? ?????e ???u ??o ????????, ? ???e ?. E?y
??iy?i ??? ?ay ???a, ?iy?? ? ??a ???, ? ? ?c, ? ???o ??? ??, ???e
??????? ???i ????a, ??y ????y ? ? ?????. Ii ???u ?i, ?? ?? ???a ?? ??i
??i ?????a, ?e ? ?? ??????ue, ?e e ???u ?i ??. A 1264 a. ??? ???e ?????a
??? e ????e a ?? ??? A??? III. A?o E????, ?iy?? ? ??a ????? ???a, ????e
??eth na??o, ? n ?i, ??u ???ue ?i a ??e??? ? ?ay ?????e e ???y? ?i ???.
Y?o ??? ??? ? ?a ??e ?? ????ey ?? ??e ???a. A?? E???? ???e, ?i ?o ???ny
?ae??? ??? n ??? ???? ??????. He ?a????y ??a ? ? ?ae???a, ? ???y ??? ??u
??e ?????i ????y. A ???a 1264 a. ? ???? ??? ??ey ????o, ? ???e ?e???o
??? n ??????y? ???a e ??????? ???a. Y? ??? ?????e ??? ?ea???y a ?????
????o ???? ? ???a. I???? E????a e ???? ? ???a ?e ? ?? ???i ?o, ?e e
????a E?? A?????? e ???? ? ????a. Aa??, ? ??y ?? ???i ??? ??e E????a,
?????ue n ??eai, e E???? ??? ?e ??ue. Ii ????a ? ?????? ? ???i ?y A?e?.
I??????e ? Y??? I, ????a A???, ? ?a ? ???? e ? ???ue ?e ??, ???th ????a
?????i ?o?eyi ?????ue ????? ? ????i ?a?i? ? ??i ?????a. A? ???, a
???????a e ?????a ?a?? ??? ?????? ??, Y??ae I ??iyi? ????y e ???eth
??????? ? ??? ???a, ? e ???a.
O??u ???y, ?e ???o ???? ???????? ????ey A??e, O??? e I????? ?????a. O?o
??????y ? ??? ??????. I????? ???i ? y?o ????? ?? ? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?
????e. Ii ???? ? ???yo ? ?????? ?e ??ae, ?e ? ????th ??o; ?e ?? ???o
??ayo ?e ?? ???th?y e y?? ???, ?e e ??e ??, e ?? a ???? n ?i ?i? ?y ??o
????.
Y? ????a ???? ???ey ? ?atho ???e ?????e, ?i ?e e ???th?y, ??o ???, ?
????e ??u, i???o? ???, ? ???e ??? ?????e ??eth?e, ??e ? ?a ?????a A??u e
A???. N????? ????? ????o, ???????i ?????y ? ?o ??? ???? ????, ???a ?????
E??i A?????i e A???i III, ? ??o e ??? ???? ???, ???e ????? ? ?i ??a. A?
???a ??i? ?????? ?i ??, ? ???a ?o ??? a ????, e a ??iy?a ??y ??th?y ?
????e ?????a, o.a. i?????? ???a, ?????ny a ??????e ????. He ?ay ?????e
????ny e ???i ???i, ? ??? ?a ?? ??? i ??? ???????, ??y?a ? ???ey, ???a
???? ????, i?y?a ?iy?e, ???e ?e e ?. ??? ?????i ? ????e ??????, ??ny??y
e ???? yoeo ????. A y?i ??th??ny ? ??y ????ue ?ea.
I ??e ??????e ???? ???e?? ??ue ???i ??????. I???? ? ??i ???? – ? ?n
????, ??i ??? ? ??oth?? ???o. N 1549 a. ? ?? ???u A??ay I????? a I??a ??
???i ? 17 ???a. Aeey ???a ??????? ? ??? ??e ??? ????? ???a ???u a ???.
*?? y?o ????o ??? ??? ?? ??? c?????. I??? ? ? e ????? ?e?i ?e: a I??
A??oth ? 1616 a., a A?e/ – ? 1619 a., ? a I???ae ?? ? ?aey; e y?? ?????
??o ??? ??. E??i ?????e ?a ?a: a O?th?o ? 1619 a. e a E???o ? 1651. Ho
??? ??, ?i ? ?a ??u ??i? ???? ??e ???e, ? ??????a, ???a ??e ? ?n, ??? ?
n ????? ???? ?????ath?y ? ?? ???? ???? ????. I?i ? ???o ?????, ??aey??y
a ??o ???, ???eytho ?????a ????u ???? ????e. Ca ? ? ??y ? ??i ?? ??o
?????, ? e ?e n ?no???e ???? ???yo ??? ????a ??y e ????e; ??? ? a???o
eth?e ??? a ????o ????? ???? ???, a ??? ? ?a ?? ??????ny ???e ????e ????
???. *? ? ???ny ???? i ??y?a ???a, ??y?a ????e, ??? ??? e ?., ? ?????a
????u e?ath?y ??i y?? ?? ????i. A ?? ??? ??iy?y ?????, ? ? ??i ? ?ay ???
?? ??oth ???o n???e ??e. I????eyy y? ?????o a???, ??a ?ath??y o ?n ?o??e
??o ?????y ??? ???ey?, ? ?????y ??? ? ????o ??i?a ?????? ????.
I?i ? eth???? ????, ?????? ???? ?ath??y o ?n ???? ????o ???? ???, ??
??? i ??a? ??o ??? *(33).
A??y i ???a ???o ???a, i????i ????ue ??? ? a ?? ? ???a ? a ????????. Ii
??, ???y ????? ?e ? ??y? ????? ????e ? ???, ?e e a ???? ??? ???, ? ???a
??? ????ny ?y ??y. E?i A???, a 1549 a. ?????o ???ue “?? ?????i”, o.a. ?a
?????i. I??e O???? ????ny “n eth?? ?y?o ??a *(34). ??i I????? ??ae???”
(??. ??. III 57), ??ay? ? ???? i?????, ? ???o i ????a “?? c??” (A. Y.
III, 68); ? ????a ?????y ?a???? ??a, Ae?? I??a, oe?ue ?a??, ?i ??? ??
??? ?c ??? ??i ?????a ??cy ? ? ??e n??a (N???a, IX, 125). I??? y?? e
A??? I????/ ???? ???? ? ?? ??ae? (??. ??. III, 129). Oa ? ??ue ? ???e ?
??? ??i ?????a i???a e ???eth ??? ???. Ii ???u??ny a ??o ??????o ???a, ?
e??? ????? ?? ??ae, ?c ???y ????y. E?????? ??? 1598 a. ????ny n???
“?????a, ?y?, ??yi, ????o ethae?, ????, ??? e ?? ?a????o ???yi ???oth??
??a I??u e ?ay ???a ??e” ?e a ??? ?n? “e ?? ?????? ???yi ? ?? ???i ?ay
??e ?????? ?????a”. I??? y?? ??????e ??? 1613 a. ????ny ???i “?y?o eth?e
?y?o ??a ??i ???? ?????? ???ey”. Ii ??????th eth?e I????? ?????a ????
????ny ????? “?? ??e”.
O?y ???a ?? ??e e ? ??? ??i ??i ? ??, a y?e ??e ??????y ??????? ????
y??, a ??? ? ????i ?????y n ?e e a ?iy??? ?????i e ??oe???i ??a. I
??????yo ?????i i????a 1275 a. ????y, ?i ?e ??? ???i Y???i ? ????e n
?????i ???i e n ???ey ?????a, ???a e ??i ????n?a. I??? yo?o, ??????e
???? ???ey, ????a O???i E???i, ???th?y e ?? a ??o ????yo: “I?? ???
?????a, – a??yo ?e ?o, – ??? ?n” e ?. *(35).
O?? ??yae y?? ??????y ??n?????o ????? ? ? ???: ?y c?ey ??? ????ue ?????
??? ??ae?th. I?? ????? ??ay, ? ?e ??a??? ?? E? ???ue ?a I????a ?????i e
????ny n i?? I????a ??????a y?e ??e ???ey? ????oth ??? ? ??? ?y ?????
???e, ? e ?y ?????e ??? ???????? ??a. E???i, ?i ??? i ??e ?????e
????????a, ?e ???e ?i ???i ? ??? ???ie? ??i ?????a, e ? ?o ?? ?a ? ??e
?????????i ????ey a ??a ???????? ??a. A ?? y?? iu ? ??i ??ey?ny, ?i ?e
??? ??i ??????e ? ????ny ??? ?????? ? ??? o ?n, ? e a ae??o ???en?o
??????.
A I????i ?????a y?o ??? ????ny ??oth?i ???i. I?? ??? ????????a, ?e ?a
?? ?? ????, ?i ? ??a ???u, ?i ????e; ? ??y? ?oe ???a ??e ????ny i????,
?????ue e ? ??e? ?a?u ??i, a ? ?e ??????e. N??a ???o ???a ???ey?y, ??i
???i, ? ????e ?? ??? ??e: ?? ??u ?????ue ???? *(36). ??? e? ??????e ??o
?????e.
A ??? ??? ??yo, ?-???, ?i ????. A ???? ????a 1653 a. ??ai: “???? ?e ?y
??? a ????? ???”. O??? ????y ? ??????ny ??????i ??, ???th ? ????o ????a
???; ? ?????o ? ??? ? ??o ???? eth?e ? ?ith ?? e ? ??? ? ????ey? e ??
????. A ????a ??? 1621 a. ???: “Aue o ????y ??? a ???e a ???e a ?????
???… A ???e ???e ???? ? ???… E ?y?o ??a eth? I????? ?????a ?? ??i ?
??? ????th…”. E? a ????a 1618 a., ??a ??? ? ???ey ?y? ???uo ???? ???:
“E ????? ????… ? ?y?o ??a eth?? I????? ?????a…” E??a ???? ? i?????o
??i ?e ????o ???? ???eyo; a ??i ??? ?i ??iy? a ????yo ??? ??i ?????a ?y
?? ??. Ii ???? ?? ? y?? ? ??iy?ny.
C?? ? ?????o ????? ??i, ?i a ??? ???o ???a ?????ue i????? ?a ??, ? ???a
?????ue ??a ????a ????a I????ai ?????a. I? ????yth?y a ??oth?i ??y?a:
1) Ae?????. A??a ?? ?????a: i???o, ?????u, ?????i, ???? e i?????a ???
?????? ???? *(37). e, a ?? ????ath?? ???ey ??? a ? ??y, a ??ue ??????
??a. I??a ?? ?????a ??e?tho ???a a ???? ???? eth?e. E yo? ????e ??ny?y
??u ??ai ?????a e, ???y, ?????? ???. I?????a ? ???a ??? ?????i ???i
?????ny a ?iy??? ??i ??? “??i ?ay???i ???”. O?? ???i, a ??? ???? ??? ???
“??? ?o????”, ??? ???? ?e??? ???i ???ey?y ????? ??ay? e ??????y?. Oe????
??? ???i ???a ????. I? ???? n ??? ??? ??y?y ??????. I?? ????ue, ?i ????
? ??a ???a ?ey?a ? ?y?ai? ???a ????.
2) N???a eth?. a) A??a ??y? ???? eth?e. Nth? ??????: ?y?, ???e?a, ???
??y? e ??? ?y?. A? ?e ????a ??u ?????e ??. I? ?????ue, ?e ??? ??, ?
????e. Ia ?y? n ?? ??a ? ????e ?????ue ????a ??? ?????a ??: ?ith?e,
????e, ????, ????, ???e e ?ae. a) I??a ??y? ???? eth?e. E y?e ????e
?????, ?-??uo, ???? eth? ? ??? I??a: ???e?, ??y??, ????? ??y? e ???, a
??? e ????? ????a eth?. Ai ???, ????a (o.a. ? ?????) ???? eth?. Nth?
????? – ???a? ??y?, a ??? e ????e ??yae ???? eth?e: ????a ????, ???e,
??? e ?. A? y? ?? ?????ue ? ???.
3) I???? ??yae ???eytho ??? ?? oy?? eth?e. E y?? ??y? ????ae?e, ?-???,
??? ?? ???? eth?e, ????a ?ae ??i ??? ????o. I???? eth? ?? ???? a ???u e
?o?, ???a ??? ??? ?????? ??? ??i e ???; ??? ? ? ?o ????? ????e e ????
???. O???a eth? ?????a ??? ? ??o ?????e ??u a ???yo, ???o e ?. E??a ? ?o
????? ? y? ??? ???i ??y. Bca ??y? ???? eth?e ??no?ey?? ??? ????e. Ai
???, e y?? ? ??y? oy?? eth?e ?????o ???y?, ?????a a ???? ??o ?ae ???
???o eth?e. I??ae ??????y ???a ????o o ?n n ???? ?????ey ???yi. C????
???y?, ???i, ? ??e ???a?ny e ???th a ???o. A?e ? ????i ???? ? ???a ???o
eth?e, oi y? ??????a, ? ?? ??y???, ??ny?y ??? e ?? ???????o ??o ???yi,
???a ????? ?a ????i. Aea e a y?i ?????? ni?? ???a eth? ??????? ??? ? ??i
??? ??????i ??? 1613 a. Ho y? ??th??a ???yi ???y?? ? ????e ???e
????????? ????o, e???, a ?????a ???a, ?? ? ? ???y?, ?e ?e ???i ???ey
ia?o ????? e ???? ??ey? a y? ??y ?a ? ??, e ????a, ??a ????, ????? ??a
?????i; ?e ??e, ??????i, ????eytho e???u e ??i ???y??a.
I????? ??u ???? n ??? ???? ???? ????i a ???a ?????i ????? e ?????o
????i? ???, ?e ? ????e e ????yi ????y, ?e e ? ????th e ??i ??y?i ?????o
?oe. Y? ???? ?i ??????a, ?i ????? ????a ?c?o ?????? ??i, ? ???a ?a????ue
????a A??e e O???, ??ue ?????ue ? ?????i ????y ??o ??i. N???a eth? ????
????? ?????? e ??? ??i ????? e???u, ???o ??a e ?y???? ? ????th e ??eth
???ey?? ??? ???, a?? ?????i ???e. A???? ? ????a ??i ??????a ????? n ???
???? ???e ??????ey, ?i ?i ??a ?????i ????? ? ??o ????o. I?????a ???
O???, ???y? ? ??o, a ?ith ???ue ???th?y e io ?????. I???y ? ?a y? ???ey,
? ??i ??i ??? a ???a ???????? ????? y?o ????? ??y? ?oe, ????th?a o.a.,
???a ?????ue ? ????? ???. Ii ? ? ? ? y??? ??th?? e ???? N????a ???iea
????? ??? e ?????i ???e ? ???y?ny ? a ??i ?????a A??u; y? ? ????, ???,
A??o, A???, E??e, I??? e ??? ??? ?????? A??u ???? o ?ay ????????i a ??a
????? ?????. I?ay ?ai ?????? ?? ??? ? ?o ?????y ?????, ??a o ?? ?ae ???.
A A??e ? ???o ?????th ?????ue ??? ?? ?????a e ???a ??? (barones
majores). A ?? ??e ???i ??a ?e ???ey? ??iy?? ??o ??ey ? ??i ????????,
????ey e ?? (magnum consilium e curia regis). Aei ??????y ????????a ?e
?? ??????e ?????e ??ey. A y?i ? ????a ???? n ??? ?y??, ?????e e ???e
eth??. Ai O??? ?????ue ii ????e ??u ???i ?????? ??? e ??u ???????? ???,
??????i, ?? ??iy?? ????e ??ey e, ??a ??, ????a ??? ?????a ??, ?e ????,
????, ???????e ????ue e ?. A? ??? ??y? ?oe i????? ? O??? ? ???i: ?????i,
?i?y??i e ??? ????, a ??? ???? ??yo ? ?? ??? ????, ? e ????a ???? ????a.
A???, ???????? ????????a ? ???e ?e a?ue ?? ??? ???e e ????a? ??????y
????? e ????i ????y ?-?ae ?????e ?????e ?i???o ???. I?????? ? e
????????o ?????ue ??? ?e ????? “???a ???” (les bonnes villes, les villes
murees), ???a ?????? ???e ????ey? e ???ey? ??n???e ?ae ????? ????y O???.
A A??e ??i ???a a ??? ????? ???e: ??y??i, a ???? ??????? ???a, e ????, a
???? ????e??e ???a. N???a ????a, a ?? ?i ??n??? ? ????? ?n?ae e a A??e
??????i ? ??i ???y a ????????a. Aea e ??i, ? ?? ?i ?????ey, ??i ?????ue
??a ??? ???i a ???o, e ? ?ae ????? ?????? ????i ???? ??y??a. I???o e
ai??o i ??a ??????? e ??y?a ? ???a. A ?y????e ??o ????e n ?????th y???th
????o ?? ??, ?o?oth ?e ??iy?i ??????. I? ?????, ??u ??? ?i ?? ???
????e?ey, ??u ? ???? a ?????a ?a?y? ????o ?oe ? ????e???. A? ?????a
????u ???atho ia ?????a ?y?o ??a eth?e. Ii ?? ? ??i ?????, ?i ??????i
???i ????? ?????i ??ue ??????ae ? ???i ?? ? ???i ????? ??? i???ey. I??a,
????e ???yo i ???? ? ?? ??a e ???a, ? ??? n ?i ? ??i ???u ???a, ? ???o
?? ?????? ??? ? ?a ????e ?????a. A?aey ?th? ??????a ????? ??y?e,
???a???, ?????i, ne??i ?? ???, ?i eth? ??? e ?? ? ?? ?iyo a ???? ???yo,
?a ? ? ??, a ??? n ?i ??e ??ey ????a ????? ??? ??i ??e ????ey? ????
????o eth?e ???, e a ???i ??? ??? ?a ??iy?ny, ?? ? ? ?i ?? ??? ????a ???
I??u. ?y?i n ???e i ????????a ?? ??a, ????? ?e??? ???? e ? ?, .??u ???
??a ????? ?? ???a ??????; ii y? ???iyy ??? ????ey?? ?a a ??? ??????i
a?a. O?a???? ???i-??? ??????i ????y i?? ??? ?????e e ??? ??????? ? ??i
?? ???e ?? ???e ?a e ???, ?i ???a ? ?????o ???a ? ?? ????e ??o ???o
???a.
N???i n ??????a?i ???? I????? ?????a, ??? ??ae n ??? ???eye ??? ??????e
??a, ? ??th??? ??? I????, ?a ??ay iy?? ??????? ???. A ???? y?? ??? ???
??????ue ??? ??i ??i. I????a ???aa????i ??, ??i ???i, ????i ?????????.
I????? ??a ??????? ???? ??? ?c ? ????ey ??????a e ???ey?? ?, ?oy e ? ???
??a??, ?, ???y, ?c ???? ??? ????e. A 1619 a. ?? ???na? i???ue ??????a ?
1 ????o, ? ??yi ? 2, ? ????o ? 2. A 1648 a. ?y ??????? ? ??yi ?? ??y? ?
???? ???? ???o e ??o ???a: ec ???o ?????ue ???? ? 2 ??????y, ? ??o ?
1-?, ?????ea iy?? ?? ????? e ??i ???i. Ii ?i ???? ?ae ???? e ?i ?ae ???,
y? ? ?? ????? e, ??y?i, ????ey??. ????eth ??? ?e ?? ??o ?????e. I????
?a????? ? ??? ???ny ???y??. Ca?oy?, ?a?? ???i, ??u ?ee ?????? ?a ??,
??????i ?? ????i ???ey ??o ????a, e ? ??i ?y?a ???? ? ?, ?i ?i ?????y?
??? ????eth ??o ?????e – ???? ??? ????i ?e ?? *(38). A ?i ? 1648 a.
????o ?????ue ???? ? 1 ? ???, a a 1616 a. ????o ???a ??????? ???? ??
????o. Ii ? ? ??i, ?? ? y? ??a ??th ?y ?? ??ae?, ?e ????? ??? e I??
A???. I?????i ??a ????o ????a, ???? e ??? ??y?a ??? ???? eth?e ? ??i
????.
I????? ??u ? ??ny?y e a??o I??a, ????????i ???? ??? ???ey?? ??i.
“Oe???th?e ?? Ii??” ?????y ????? ??? ????? a I????i ?????a ?e ? ??o
????y, ?e e ? y??????o ?i ?a??th. A?e I???ae ???e ???i ? ???????, ???i
iy? ??? ???a, ? I??a, a ??? ??ea?y ???e ???i ???a ??i ??a, ? ?? ??y???,
???? ?a ??a. A 1648 a., ??a ???a ??? ?????? ???? ii 2 ??y??, I??a ??? ??
????ue ? 2 ???? ? ?????, ??y??, ??yi e ???a, ??i 8 ????eo?? ? 2 ????o.
Ii ????th e ????i y? ???a ?a ???. A? ??? ??? ?? ???? ? ??? ????o; I?e? ?
??? ?? ??: 3-o ???, ? 2 ???? ? ???? e ???? ??e e ? ??? ? ??? ??? ??e e
???i ??aea. I??? e ???o ??i a I??a y?? ???e ?i ???? ? ??a 13; ??i ???i,
? ??ai ????? ????? I??a ??? ?? ???ue ? ???e ?? 20 ???e. Y? n?????? ???
????ue ????i ? 1642 a. I??? y?? ?? ?no?? ??e ???? ???? ? ???th?? ?i? ???
? 7 ? 20 ???e, ? ??eth?? ? 2 ? 6. ???a ?? ????? ???? eth?e, ?????? n
?????, ??, ???i, ???th??. Ii y?? ???? ??i ??????? ?????, ??y??, ??yi,
???a e ?. ????? ??a ??i ??i ?????ny ? 50 ???e e ?? ??a.
N?? ??? ?????e a ??oth?i ??y?a. I????? i ???o ???? ? ??e ????y ? ?y
???? ????ai ?????: ???u ?e ???i ????. Ii ????e ?????y ?o ????a??ue ???ue
?y?o ??a eth?e a ???ue, ????ue ???th ???o e ??i ??o ? ????? ??? ? ??i,
o.a. ??? ?i ??? ???ue ??????? ? ??e ??u *(39). I??????ueth e ?? ???y ???
?e ????i, ?e e ????? ??????? ??a: ?a, ??y?a a ??? ??, – e ?????, e ?????
*(40). I?????? ??i ? ?ay ??? ?????a i?????o ???a ?????, ???a e ?e??ue,
?????i, a ????o ???o ???? e ??? ??????? ?? ????y. Y? ??? ?? “??? e ????
eth?, n ???? ??i ?? ? ?????” (??. ?a. III, 11C), ?e “??? e ????a, ???i
????? e ???a ?? ca ???” (A. Y. IV, 2a); ?e ??? “??ue ????? ??u, ????? e
????a, e ?i I????? ?????o ????y, e ?o?o eth?e ????, e ??e ? ???? I????a
?????i, ??u i??e ?a a ?????i” (A. Y. III, 105), ??iy?e?y ???o ???ey?y
??? ??? (????), ???e ?????ny ??e ????ey? (A. Y. III, 105 e IV, 27) e
????ny a Ii?? a I????e ??? (??. ?a. III 113), ?? ??? ?? y??ny e ??
??????e (A. Y. III, 77)1 a ??? a ???yae. A?i??, ???eyy? a I??o, ??? ??
?y? n ??th “???” (A. Y. IV, 27), io ?? ??y??? ?a ??? ?y ? ???i???y. Ia
?? ??? ???? y?o ???a, ? ??i ????; ??y?i, ?e ??????? ? ?? ?????e, ?e
i????ue *(41).
N ????e ? ??y??e ?????? ?????y ?????????e e ?????? ???a ?????y e ?
C??a. Y? e ?iy?i. O?, ?e e o ?n, ??? ????????a ??i ??????? ?y?? ???o
???eth ????e, a ???, ?????i, ??i ??????? e ??y?e ? ???ey ???e ??????i
??a ? ????ey ????y. Ae?a a Ai?? ? 1406 a. ??? ?????? ??????ia ??i ???ey?
?e ??a ?????e, ?e e ???? ???????. N????i y?? ?? ?, ?i ? ??? ??????e a
??ia ??y ?????ue a ??? ??a, ? ?? ??a ??i ??e?ue ??????y ? ?????y?? ?????
??? ?e ????, ? ?a (N?. 81 ?.)N???i ? ?? ??? ??????? a?????, ????????i
O??? e A??e ?? ??a ???iia; a A??e ???? ????e ???e, ???-???i; ? O???
?????i, ??y? e ??? ?n??a ???? ??? ???? e ? ??e ??u. I?????a ??i ???????
?e? ??? ???? e ???: a A??e ???? ????e ? 2 ???uo, ???a ? 1 ? 2; ? O???
??? ???? ? c ? ??????e ??a. I????? i ?????? ???a ????? ? ?y ???? ??????y
???, a A??e ? ?y ???, ? O??? – ? ?y ???. A y?o ?????yo ????th?y,
????iii, e ?????? ???? ?????e. A A??e ????y, ??u y? ?? ??a e ?? ??a ??a
eth?; ? O??? – eth? ??? ??????? e ??i? a ??o.
O??a ???? ??o ???a ?????? ? ???a e ??y?a ???ey ???? eth?e. Ao, ??th??a
?i ???ny ???ue ?a ????i ?? ? ??? ??a, a ??i ???? eth? y?y?? ia ????
????y. Ii ????th e y?? ???o ?????y a ??oth?i ???: a???a eth? y?y?? ? ???
a ???i ??a ??? ?????y, ii ??? ?? a ???i. I??a y??? ??? ?????i e ???? ?
??? I????? ?????o. Ii ?? e a ??iy?a ??y, ?e ?? ????o ????y e ae?? a
????o ???o, ??? ??? ? ? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?ieo ?y????e, ? ?i ??a ???
? ??ey?ny ????? ??o a ???a ??y, ??a ???? ???y?? n ?????y?, ?i ??a
??????. N?? ??? ? ??? ???o ?e ??? 1648 a. A ?i ??y? ???a 73 ???, ?e??
143-o ??yi, e 77 ???a (? n??y ?????), ???a 83-o ????o, a n ?????e ????e
eth?? ?? ????e??e ???? ???ey ?? 98 ???e. Ii e ?e y?i ?????? ??? ???a ?
?a ??? ???????ue ???????i ei ???. I???ua ??a ? i???e, e a y?i ??a ?????y
n ??? ??????e ????, ?e E???a e N???a, ???a ? ?? ??yi, e Ie??-I???ae e
?y??, ???a ? ?? ????o; ??? ?oy e ????, ? a i??? ??a, ?i ??e. E y?e ????e
????e ??ny?y, ??o ???, I??, A???? e I??e-I????, ???a ???? ? ??? ??y??,
??a ??? ?? ???? ? ?a *(42). A ????e oe??? ???a a I?? A??oth ? 1616 a. ?
?n ??e ?? ??? ??????a ? ????? ???? eth?e: I??? e ?i ?? ???a ???ae ??,
??o a I?? I??e O????, a ??? ?i ???? e ?i, e I??a, ?y ??? ???? e ???? ??
? n??a ???ue ????o ??? e ???o ?? ???e, ??? e ???? e ??iy???o eth?e, ???
? ??ay ? ??. E ? ?o ???? eth?e e ?i e ii ny ??a ? ?????e *(43).
A ???? ??????, A??e e O???, ??i ?? ? ???ue ??a ?????i ????y ??????? e
???????i ? ???, ?e ? ?????? ???? ?????? y?o ?????, ?e e ? ???o ??ith
?????i ??e?y ? ???e. Ii e ?i ??a ???e, ??i?? e ???? ????a, a ??eth,
??/?, e ????? ?????? ??o ??? ?e ?? ??????o, ??? ?ay ???i??. Ae?a a A??e
??? ??? e ???? ?y? ?????? ???? ????a, ? ??y ??ue ? ?ay ????, ?????a n ?
????i. Iay?a ????a ?????a a ??o ????, ?i ??????i. ??i ?? ??? ????? ??o ?
?y?o. E y?? ????iy?? ?a c??????ey ???a: ?e ????? ?????e ?????? ?????y i
???? e ? ???ey? ? a ? ??? e ????, ?? ?e ?? ?????.
Eth???? ???? ? ???? ????a a ???i ??a, ?i ?? ?????, ???i a ??o ??? 1648
??. Ae??a y?? ???, ?????? ???ai ?i ???? e ??i ??????, e ??i y???ny, ????
eth???u a ??oth?o ?oo ????yo: ?e ?????tho ?? ????ioth ??ue i ?i, ?i
????? ?????o? ? ????i ???? ???ey ??o i??????e; ??a ?? ?e ?tho ?th/ e e
??y??eth ????o ?? ??o ??????o ???a. Ha ??? 1648 a. ???a ??? ??? ?? ????
? ?a ??y??, ??a – ? ???, ?????? iy?iu ?? ????? e ??i. A ??o ?i, iy? ???a
???? ? ?e ??y?? e a ? ??a ??. O??i, a???? ? ??a XVI ?? e ?? ? ?i??e e
1648 ?? ??iy?ny n ???? ??ae?e. I???ae, ??? iy?, ???e 7 ??yi, a ????a ???
??? ??e e ?a ??a ? ????, ?????? ???????: Ioe?? ???e iyoue ??yi, ?y?? –
???. To ? ??tho e ????a: ????ay ?ith??ay ???a ???? ?? ????, ??? ???. Ii
?a y? ??? ??????e ???ath?y e ???th a ???? ?y?e e ???a n ???e ???ytho
O?ae?? ??th ???ueth. Y?i ? ??i??? I????? ?????a e ??o ?? ?uy?y? e ?
??iy????, ?i ?????? ????a ???, ?e ??., A???, A???, E??, A??? e ??? ????,
???? ? ?a ??y??, ?i ?????? ???ue ??? ???a ???. Ii a?e ??y???, ??? i ?i –
???eo ???ue: ???, ?? ?e ???, ???y ?????th ????a ???ue a I??o. A?e ? ??
??i, ???? ??a, ?i ????i ??????i; ?? ? ?? ??, ???? ???, ?oy ??ae ?e e
??o?. A ?aeo ?????o ?????e ?i ????ny ?iy?? ??a ????? n????a, ??y?? e
??yi, y???ny a ??a 112 ???e ? ??????e ??? 1613 a. E????e ?????? ?????
??? ?y y?? ??? ? ??? eth?e “? ???i ???a”. A?e ? ?y?? a 1648 ?? ???e a
I??o 8 ???? ??? ae?o, ??i ? ??ey?ny. ?i ??e ????? ???? eth?e, ???a e ?c
?? ??? ????? a I??a, ?e ?????ii ? a ???i ? ?a ???y?e, ????ue 112 ????a
?? ? ?a?a, e ??? ? ??? ???o ???, ?e ???? ????y? Y?i ? ?uy?y?ny e ???a
?????? ????? ???? ethae? ? ??????i ??? 1598 a. ???ny i????i ??????? ???
1682 a., ? ? ??iy?y a ???e ??a ?? ??i? I??u. Oe?ue O?? A????/ ????y 27
??ey, a 12 ?? ?y, e a ?o ? ?? ??iy?? ???? ?o ????a. Ia y? ???? ??e ??
???? e, ???i, ?c ?y?? ??? ??? ??i??a ?? ? ? ? ????o, ???a ???? ?? a
Ii??. O? ? ??a, ???? I?? A????? ????ny “????i ??i I????? ?????a” *(44).
Ia y?e ??? ???e ??????i ???ey ???y ??? a ???????o ??o, ???ey ???????,
?e o ?n, ?e e a C???e A??a, ????? ? ??????, a ?????? ???i ??e, a ?y?e ?c
? ???o ????eth ????y e ??i ?? a ??? ???a, ??a ?????? ???? ????ey ?????ue
???????. O ?n n ???ee ??e ???? ?y????ueth ?????y a ?????? I??? O????a, a
y??, ???????i ??????th ? ???i ????, ??a ??????? ?????i ??y?a, ???i
??y???i ?????ie, e ??? n ?????, ?a ?????e ??? ??e ???e ?????, ????e
??y??y ?? ?e ?????a. Ii ?ath??y o ?n ???, ??i ??o ???a n 1549 ? 1658 a.
(?ae ???ey ????? ??? ? ?? ??a) ?????ny ? 17. I?? i????e ?????ey? ?e
????eyth?y ??oth?i ???i: ?e E?? A??? – 2, ?e A??? O??? – 1; ?e I???
O????a – 10, ?e A??? I????? – 4. I? O??? A????? ?? ???i 2, ? ? ?????o.
E?? ?ai, ? ??i ?a 6 e?????? ???a e ??, ?????? ????? O???i *(45).
E? ??i ???ey ??th???? ??a???i ????yi, ?e ? ? ? ????ey ???? e ????i?
???a, ? ???i ?e ???? ??? ???? a ????a n ????e eth??. O?o. o ?n, ?e e ?
C??a N?? ??? ??a ?? o ?n ?. ????e ??????e. A?? ?? ???th?y ??????e n ??th
???? ? ?o ???? ?????a ?y ????ey ????? ??u. A ?y? n ??????ueth ????
??????e ? ????th?y e ???u i ?? e ??a. I???, ?e ???th?y e ?y ?n???y ??
?????? ????y ??e ???; nth? ??ny?y e ???????a ???u. A y?i ??a?? ????e
i???i eth???u ????a ???u 1619, 1648, 1681 e 1682 a??. Ii ????i ???? 1619
a., ???? eth? ????? “???? I????a ?????i”, ?a ? ??????y ? ?????e ????
???e. N?? 1648 a. ?e ??? ?y ??, ??u “????? e ??e? ?? ????ue e ? ??
????ue, ??u I????? ?????a ?y?o ??a ethaeyi, ? ???? e ? ???? ??, ?ae e
???? ?? ? ?y?o ??o ?? ??a”. N?? ???? eth?e 1681 a. ??? ?e ????? i n????
????y ???e e ??a oy?? eth?e. I???, ??? ???? eth?e 1683 a. ?e ????i ??? i
??? ????e ??. Ii ???? eth? ? ??????? ???i ? ?????? ? ????i ???u. I?
????? a ??????, ? ?iy?yi ?? ???e, ??a ????y e n ???iy???? ?y??ey? i ??o
???. N?? 1621 a. ?e ??? ? ??? ??u n I???. N???a eth? ???????ue y?i ???i,
??u ???ue ????y “????ue ???”, o.a. ????? ???o ???? ethae?, ??u ? ??o ?
??au ? ??. I???? ??? e ??a ? ???????y ??? ???a ???? e ?????? ????ey ??
????i ? ??? 1642 a. *?u ??? 1648 a. ??a ???? ????th ?? ????uy. N ??i ?
???i ?????y e a ???? ??????. A A??e ??????e ???th?y e ??eyi n ???y?.
I?????i O??? ? ??i, ?i ????y ???? e ??eyi a ??a ??a (doleances) ???? ?e
n ?????? ??i. I? ??e ????? ????? ?? ????ua, ? ??a ???a ? ??i.
I???y e ??y?o ????e, ??? ??i ?? ????, ?i ?e o ?n, ?e e a C???e A??a,
y?? ?????iey ????????a ????o n y??e ??c??ey ????. Ii ??? ?????? ??i????
????th?o y??? ?????ue ??? ?? ????ny e ? ????????a. E? ? ?a ???, ??? ??
?eeth???? ????a; ? ? ?????ue ??e?a e a ??a ??? ????e e ????? ? ??y?e,
?oy e ? a ???i?e ?? o ?n e ? C??a.
I?e?? ??o ???a ?????ii ??y?a ????e ? ?????? a ?io ?????oth ??o e ??
??ue ???a??a. N??y ? ????yi ??????a ?n??ey ??o ??a ???? ? ?o, ? ??? ?ae.
N ????i ??????i ??a??ny ? ??? a ??y?a ???ey ???a. C???ey ??o ???a, ?e e
???i-?????o, ?????ue, ?????i, ?i?e ????y?. A? ??u ???, ?c ???ey ??a,
????ue ?y y?e ?? a ?? ??? *(46). I???a ?????ue ??th, a ???e ????? ???
???ey e ??i?, ????? ?i ???th. ??ue y? ??ae? ??????ue ??i ????i, a ???
???? a ?i ?????e ??i ?y o?i ?????i ??i. I????? ? yo?i ??y?a ????eytho
??? 1648 e 1681 a.: ??u ? ????e ????? ?? ???ue e ??? ??? a ?????e ???
????y.
*? ???ny ??? ?? ????e, ? a ???? ?????? ??? ???? ????i ?????ue ??? ????.
I??????e ??y?e ????e y?y?ny, ?e? ???i, a ??e ?? ????o ??o: ??? ?????a,
??y??a e ???? n???y. A A??e a ??? ??? ??yi ????i ???e ?e ???a ???,
?e???? ??i, ?e e ia?? ???e, ????a ? ???a. Y? ????? ??? ??i ??????ue
?????y? ??c??ey ???? a C???e A??a. *?? o???i ???ey, ??? ?i ??????ny
ec-?ae ??????? ??? ????? ???, ? ??e, ???i, ?y?youe ??yc?? ? ??a ?y?i n
??? ????e ????ey?. C?? ?i ??????? ?i ??iy????i, ?i ????? ???eth ?oe
???????i ???? ??????e e, ???a???, ?????e. A????y y?? ????? ???eth, ???
???ea ? ??i ????ue ???y a ????e ??yi, ?e ?e ???? ????y ?? ???, e ????.
O?? ???i, ??? i ???ii ?????e, ?? ? ???? ??? ?a?? e ???eth ???????, ? ?a
?o??y ??e ???, a ????? ???ae ????ey. O? ?e ??? ????, ????a a ??? ?????,
????i ??? ? ?ay, ? ??? ?y ???y ????, ????ny ????? ???ey, ??? ???????
????i ??????? i??i y?? ???ey. Ae?a a A??e ?????y n ????y? ???e ? n
??????y? ??? ???? eth?e, ?? ??? ???y ??? ? ????a, ? n ??????y? ??o ???e,
?? ?? ?i ? ????o ??yi. I????a y?? ??y?a, ??iy?? a ?i, ?i ? ???ey? ??e ?
?? ?ae? ?????a, ?????, ? ?e ?i ?????e, ???a ??y? ??????y ???y, ?e ??
????u. A A??e y? ????? ? ?e ??? ???? ???? ? ?a??e ??? ??i ???? XIV ??,
??a /?? ???i ?????a ??ath?y n a???e ???? a ?? ??? ???, a ???, ????a ?
???a, ??? n ??????y? ???a ???eytho ?? ??? ??i. Y? ????a, ????? ??? ????
?? ? ???? ?????? n??? ?? ??o, ???i ?i ???. ?i ??ea ???, ? ??????o ???
????th, ?? ???i ??a e ??????yi ???a, ?i e ???i ???i. Ii ????a y? ?????ue
? ??i: ??? ?i ???y a ?? ??a n ????e ???a, ??? ??? ???? ?i?a ???? e ? ?o,
e io ???a. Ai O??? ?????? ? ?e ??? ????? ? ??? ??eth?e.
A I????i ?????a ?????a n???e ?i ?? ??i, ?i a C???e A??a. I???? eth?
???a ? ?? a ?????e ? ??yi, a ??? o ?n ? ??i ????ey?ny ?????i, n ??e ??ey
????o ????, ????? ?? ??? ??? ?y ?????i ?a?a ? ?? ????y. *? ????a ???
??????i ???? ? ???u ????y ?c ?y?? ????ey, y? ?? ???e ? ???ath??ny a
??oi?o ???? ????? ?????y ??i ???? ? ?????? ??? “???ue”. A?e ?a? ???ue ??
?? ??? ?????, ?, ???i, ??a y?? ?????y ? ??, ?? ???? ?c ????ey. Y?o ??ae
???o ?? e ?y?a ??????a a ?????o ???eyo ????o ???uo ????e. A ???? ????a
1618 a. ? ????e ???e ?? ???; “E ????th ??th ???? ?ycth I??? O????? ????
? ??? ?????u, ?????? e ?y?… e ?y?o ??a eth? I????ai ?????a, ?i ?e” e
?. E? a ???? ????a 1621 a. ??a ??a ?? ????y ???: “E ?????u, e ??????, e
?y?… e ???? e ?y?o ??a eth? I????? ?????a ?? ??i ? ??? ????th” e ??.
Ii ? ??, ?i ??o ???y ??e ???, ?a ? ???o, ?i ? ????i ?e ?c ????ey ?
???ey. O?y ?????a ???? ?????ue o ??, ?e ?? ???yo, ?i ? C??a, ?i ? ??a e
o ?n ???? ??? ??? ????a ???ey, ???e ????nue ? ?ai ?? ????y. E?ia ??, ???
?? ?????a e ???? eth?e, ??iy?? ?????, ????y, e ? ????th ??? a ???? ?iy?
?e???i ?? ? ??? ????o, ? e ??yi. Ia ??? 1642 a. ??y? ????o ???a ?e
???th?y i ?y?o: aiy? ?? ??? ???a e ??????e. A ?? y?o ???? ??? ????ue,
?i? ??y? e ????a, ?oy ?e ?? e a ??e ???, ?iy?, ????? n ?y?? e ?????, e
??i ???i ??????? ? ??i ???. Ii ?? ??yoii?e, ?? ??? ???? ??a ? ???eyi, e
??? ??u ???i ???ey ???????? ??o ??e, a ??i ?a ?? ????, ?e ??a, ????ue n
???e; ?e y?i, ?? ???, ??? ??? ??a ??i ????ath?a ????. Ii ?? ??? e??ny
??? ????a ????? ???ey, ? e o ??. ????? ????ue ??th???? ????e ??o e ? ?i
? ????, ?e a C???e A??a. A ???????a ??y o ?n ?? ????? ???eth ?oe
n??????? ???? ??????e e ii????e. Ae??y? ??e ?? ?y???ioth ???th ???,
????a – oy?oth, ????oe ?????a, a ?ith ???ue, ????? ? ?????e ??yi e
????o. Iiy??, ?a ???u i ????, ????, ????i? e o ?n ??? ?? ???ny ??ui
????i ???ue. I?????? y?? ??? ???i a ???o ????, ???? ? ????e ???? ?????e.
? ???o ? ??i, ?i ??y?, ????a e ?????i ????? ??? ????: i????, ????, ?tho
iy?th ??? n ????a, ?????i ?? ???? e ???a ???, ??y??i ?y???ny ?? – ?i ?i
??o, ? ??? ???e, a ???e ??? ??y?i ????e, ?i ? ??o ??. A?e ??e ??o i ??a,
ae???i ?????e e ?. ??ny ??e ?a?a, ? ????e i ?i??o o??ey a ??? ??u
?????ue ??? ????i ????. I???e y?? ???i a ????a ??? 1622 a. I?? ????????
??? ???, a ????a ???i ???? ? ??? ? ???eyi: ?????i ?c???y ???ny A?o i
???iee ?ae ?? ????y ?y?? ??a e ????a, ???? eth? – ??ny n ???e, ia ?aey
??a ??o, ????a – ?? ??a.
????a ?????e ???i, ??i ????, e o ?n ?????i ????? ??i? i ???? ?????y
??????o ??ui n???? ??i. Ii y?i ? ??????ny ???? ??o ??y?? n ????e. ?????
?????? ????a ???? ???e e ??? ??a ???? eth?e, ? ???e ?????y ? e ????th, e
o ?n, ???i A??e, ?iy??? a ?i, ?i ??? ?y?a, ????? e ??? eth? ??? n ????e
??oy? ???eytho ?? ????a *(47), a ???? ??y? e ????a ?? ???. I??? y?io ??
??? 1648 a. Ec ?e????i i???? y?? ??? ??i, ?i ????y ?i, ??????ny ??a ??
?ny?a (???? 5 ?oy?y 1648 a., ????ue a y??a 1649 a.), ?????e a ?? ???
???o: a i?? ????? ????, ???? ???, ?y?, ????? e ?ii? eth?; a ???, a ????
???, ????? ?a ???? eth?, ?e ??y?, ?e e ????a. Ii ?oy ?a ???? eth? e
?o???ue a ??e ???, ?e ? ???ey?, ???, ??? ???: ?????, ???a ?e ???? ????th
a ???a y?? ?a?a, ???? ??i ? ??yi, ??i ? ????o, ?oy ? ????eth a ????o
???o ?e e ?? ???i? (A. Y. IV, 32).
N?????, ?????ay ??y?e ??o ???? ????e, ?iy??? ?a n ???th ????th ?. ?i,
?i ?y ????ey ??i?a, ??th???? ????ny ??? ??? ???ey, ????? e o ?n, e? a
A??e, ??? ??????e y?? ???ey. O???y ? ??a ???? ??? ????i a ?????? I???
O?????, A??ay I????? e O??? A?????. Oioy ? ???????? ??eth I??? O????? ?
?????a ?????i ??a, Ae?? I??a, ??cy ?? ???? ?c ??? ??i ?????a, ? a
???????? ??o ?e ?i ??? ? ????th n ????e eth??. Y? ?uy?y?ny ???i?
?????i?ueth I????? ?????a: e ? ??i ???, ?? ? ? ?e ??? ? y?? ???, ??? i
???? ??o ??e ?? ??? ????a eth?, ?e ?e ?e ???????i ???e?ue ??i ????. E? e
? ??o ?a?? ???? eth? ?????? ??a?ue ??? i ???o ????, ??aynue ? ?, ?i ?e
eth? ????? e ??? ? ?atho, ?e ??e ? e ?i?y?, ????? ??? i ???? ???a,
????ny ??? ?? ???, ??ay? ? ?, ?i ?e ????? eth? e ???uo ?e ? ?atho. I???
I??? O?????, e O??? A????/ ?y ???y ???a i ????o ????y ???e e ??a oy??
eth?e ???? ??? ??n????e ???a, a ?y ???y ???a i ??? ????? ???e ??? – ???
??????? ???? ??a, ??yi, ??ue??a e ?. Y?o ????e ??? eth???i a ?i ????e,
?i ? ?e ?, ?e e ??? 1648 a., ??iy?y a ??a ?? ??o. I?o ???ey? ???? eth?
???? ??a, ?????y 24 ?y?y (?e ????i ?? ???a); ??ae e ???eth ?e ? iauy??
??i ?????? ?y??e, ???i ???? ?? ????? e ????y? ????. Ae??th ??? ????e:
ae?????, ?y?, ????? e ??? eth?, ????a ???o ????ue 12 y??y a ?????e ???
????y e ?ny? ?a ???a ?a??ey ???? eth?e, ??a y? ????a ??? ?a e ???th
i?????? ? ???a. Ii ?e ? ??? 1648 a. ??y? e ????a ? ???ey? ??? ???, ?e e
? ??? 1682 a. ae???a ??? e ??u ?????e ?? ia ??ath?y a ??: ?oy ?/ue ????y
?e ??atho e ???, ? ?a? ? ?a ?tho ???ue.
Io ????o ???? ??y??, ???a ???ey?? ?????ueth I????? ????o? e a ???? ???
n ???i-????e?e, ?? ???? ??y?e ?o ???a, ??i ???o ?y? ?a?????ue ???? ? ??
????y”???ue”. O?? ?????y ? ??i ?y ???a 1566, 1642 e 1653 ?., ? ???o
?????ue ????? ???u ??i? ????: ? ??? – ????? ? ????th ??o ?e ?????y ? ??,
?????? ???ei ???i; ? ??? – ??y? ? ? ???o ???a ?y?e ?e o ??e A?a; ? ???i
– ??y? ? I????th a ????? e ???? ? ??o n I??ath? A ?? ??? ????e y?o ????,
??????i ????? e ??i ? n ??th ??? e ???i? ? ???th, a ??? ?y ??, ??u ??? ?
??ey, ???yy ca ??e ???iy???a ???a ???a. N?y ? ???? ? ?n ???i, ??? ???
???ue ??a ?? ?? ??a ???y ? ??. He ??? ??? ?i ?a ?? ?? ??o, ? e ??ue
?a??e, ??th?e ????? n ???e, ?a ??? ?? ??? ???. Y? ?? ????? ???? e n
????y? ??????a, ???a ??? ??? ??? ????a i??y. A ?? ??? 1653 ?? ????i ??a
????a: a “????e e ??y?? e ??y? ?????… ?????u ae ? ??i, ???ue”. I??a
??? ?????a, ??i ???i, a ??a ???a, ???, ???i, ? ??i ?? ???? ? ?? ?????. A
??ayo ?????y ???? ???ue, ??? ????, ?????i, ????i. Aeey y?e ?? e ??i
?????ue ??? ?y?, ? ???o, ??y?i, e ??? ????ay ???ey ???.
O?o ??????y ????? ???? ? ??o ????ue ???? ???eth. A ???e ???a ? 1615 a.
???: “Ii ??io ??o e ?? ??e ?e??? ??? ? ?? ???a ???e ???”; ?e a ???e ???a
? 1616 a.: “A n ?n, n I??? e n I??u e n A??y e n I?? (N?????), ??? e ??
???a ???? eth? ?????e ?y? 40 o. ???”; ?e a ???e ???a 1634 a.: (E a ?i??
1635 a. io ????? ??o e n ????i ???ey ???i ? ????a ??? eth?e…”; ?e a
??e? ???a ? 1637 a.: “E ?, ???e ????, ?????e ? ???… ?iy? ? ??e ???e
eth??… Ii, ????y ?? ???? ??????e, ????? ???ue i???o, n ??th ??? ?i a
???a ???u. Co??? ????u y?yth?y ??? ?n??? ? ?y?? ???; ?? ????o n???, ?
???y ? e ??? ??? ???th, ??????? ??e ???e ???. Y? ???? ???a, ?oath?o e
??? ??th?o ??ey, ???? ? ????? ??????a. A?e ???? ??e ??ei ???? ?? ???a
??ey? ??a, ? ??ey ????? a ??a ???a ????o ??a e ?? ?oe, ?e ? ??? 1642 a.;
??, ????, ????th ??i ?ei ???a ???, ????y ??/?e ??o, ??????? y?e ??: ???
???? ?e ??e ??? ????i ?e ????? ???ey?, ???y ? ????o ???a, ?e ? ???o
1621, 1648 e 1683 ?.
Ec ?????o ??? ?i ?? ???? ??? ?ae?, ?i ?????? ye???i ???y y?y?ny ???a a
?i ?? ??? ????y: “Iu, ???e ????, i????? ? ???…; ? ??? ??o e ?? ??e
????o”… I?th?, ?o ????a? ??, ???ath??y n ????? ?? c??, ?o e ?????
????a. Ii ?e ????o, ??e ???? ??e? I????ue ? ???, e ?? ?????, oi ??i
??y??? A?e ?????ue ?????a, ? ??a ??i ???a ?????ue ? ???a ?? ??e? I?e
?iy??e ? ???? ? ????i ???ey ? ?????ue ????ey ???a e ? ???? ??i-??
??????. I?i ???, ?i ???a ?? ??? ??????, ?i ?i y?y?? ??? ????ey ??. Y?
?a?a ??????ny ????th ??????o ????, ???y a y?i ??? ? ??a ?aaen??y?
??th??y ? ??o ?u??. A ?? ???ey A??a O????a ????y, ?i ? ?e ??? ?????i.
Ie?? O???? ??? ??????i, o.a. ?? ?????i, ?i a ??? ????ey ???a ???? ? ??i
?? ???i ???????. Na? ??e ????ny, /? y? ?????a ????? ? ??o; ?o ???????
??u e ?????a. Ec a?a ???ey I??? O????a ??o, ?i, ??? ?i ??? e ?????th,
“?y?a eth? ???? n ???i ??i e ???”. I?????i ???ey oea?y, ? ??? O??a
A?????, ?????? e /??? ?? ??? ??, ??u “?? ??a?th ?? ??i ????i ?? ??a
I????? ?????a eth?e”. N?? ???? ???i ??a ??????. I???, e a ??eo ??ayo
I????a ?????i ia ??i ???y ??????. A??u ??? ???o e ??????a ??????ue ??
?????i: ????? ?????? ???ue ? “??oyny ?a ? ??”. A y?i ? ??? ????ey ?? ??
???? e ????a, ??????a a ?? ??? 1682 a. Io?iyy ??????, O?? A????/ ???o,
?i ? ??? y? “??i n??? ??”, o.a. ???? ???? eth?, ?????i e ??u ?????e ??
?????ue a ??? ??? ?????? ?c ?y ?? ?????y.
A?e ?? ???? ?c ????ey ???a, ? ?iy?i, ???? ??a ???a e ? ??. A??n ????ny
? ?o ??, ?? ? ????e e ???-?? ????eth, e ??i y? ?????, ?e ??o ??, ????e ?
????? ????y. I????a y? ?????ue ??a a ??e???e ??a /???uey. Ia ??? 1621
a., ? ?? ??y, a ???e ? ??ae? “???? e ????????ey ??? ???i ??a I?????
?????o ????i e ????? AE???? ??ey”, ??u ??? “?? ??i ????th, ??u ? ? ?y?a
??e ??? e ? naith a????oth ??ue e ? ?? ?????i ??? ???a ??? ?iye ???”.
I??? ??, a 1682 a. ???? ???? eth?, ???i ?e ????i ??? i ??? ????? ???e
???, ?? ??i, ??u ??? ?? ?c ??. Ca ????? ??a ?a?a, ?? ???? ???? y? ????a,
???o ???? ????, ???ia ???? ?e ???? ????y ? ???a
E???, ? ??? ???? ?????uo ???? ??i ????i ?????? ??a?? ?i ????u ???a,
1618 e 1682 a. N?? 1618 a. ?????y ??th ????y, a ???e, ???a ??ae ???ey
???? ?????a e I??a ????i ????? A????a), ? ?uy?y? ?, ?i, ???a ? ?i?ue
????? ?????a, ???ny a I??a a ??a ??? e n ????? eth?? ??ny. C?? ????
????ny n ??oth?i ????i e ??i: “E ? ?, ?????u, ??????, ?y?, ????ea,
????e, ??y? e ?y?o ??a eth? ? ?????oth ??, ? ????y e ca ?ay a ??a ??? e
??? ???? e ????o eth?e ?iyee ?a?i e n ?? ???”. Ia y? ?? n??a ???tho, ?i
?e “?a ????? ?? ?? A?o ? ?????oth ?????oth ?? e ? ??, ????y, ?iy? e n
????e e ????? eth?? ??ny ? ???, ? ?aey ??a ??o”. Ca y?i ???i ???o ni???
???i?: “E ????? ???? ? ????, n ?y? e ? ?y?o ??a eth?? I????? ?????a: ??
? I??a a ??a ?y?i, ????? e ??? ethaeyi”… O? ? ??y?? ?i e ???a ???a i
??? ????? ???e ???. A??n yoio ??? ?e ????i ???? ? ???? eth?e. O?o. ?e ?
? ?a ?? ??i ?????, ? e ? ???ny a ??i ???i ???e, ???? ??????i ?? ??y ????
?i e ? ??? ? ????i ?? ???? a???th. E? ??i ???? ?? n??? ? ??i ??? e ??e e
????th n ??????i ?????, ???? ???? y? ????a ???? ??oyi e ?a?i ??e ??. Ii
??y?e ?i ?? e ???e ?????a ??? ?????? “? ??? ???”.
I????ey ???y ??iy? a e????e ????i ????a. Aeey y?e ?? ???? ??? ???a ???u
? ???e ? ???? ?????a. I???i eth???u ?a ???a ???u a A?? e I???ae ? 1619
a., ???ath?a ? ??? o??oth ?y????ue ???a, ?????oth e o??a?th ??e, a ?i ?e
????ue I????a ?????i ??a ???? n???i ???e. Y?? ???? ????e, ?n????? ?
????e ????i ????a, ???????: 1) ? ?a ???, ???a ? ?? ????, ???ue ???; a
???a a??a au? ????, a ? ???ue ????? ???, ???y ? e ????o ????th e ?a ?
??? ???, ??u ?e ??? e ???? ???, ?c ???a; 2) ????o eth?e ???? ???a, ???a
??o ? I??a e ? ??? a???, ???ay, ???? a oa a??a, ?a ?e ?? ?? ??, e ??? ?
??, ???y ? ????th; 3) ????i ethaeyi, ???a ????? ? ????a, aiy? e ?y?o ??a
eth?e, ?? ?-????, ?a ?? ???ae ??; a ? ?o ethaeyo, ? ?i ?e ??, ???,
????ue ?y?a ??oe ? ???a ??; 4) ? ???o ethaeyo, ? ?y?o ??? n??? ?y?i
??i-?; 5) ? ?? ???o ???ue e ????, ???i ??? ????ue ???? e ???o ???a ?
???; /? a ???a, ?i a ???a, e ?i a ??? ????, e ?i ? ???iuey ????i; 6) ?i
??o ?e e ???? ???i a ???uey e a ???u, e ?i n ?o ?? ??o ???a; 7) ?i ? ???
???? ?y?o ???a ???? e ???o e ? ??a ???u ? ??? ???u, e ?i ? ???? ????y;
???oe, 8) ? ?? ??i?a ?y ????e e ????y ???oue e I??a ???? eth?e, ??? e
????, ???a ??e ? ????? ??u e ????? e ????y e ???? I????a ?????i *(48).
I?????i ????????e ?y????e ???? eth?e ??? ??? e ??y?a ???ey ???a, ????e
? ?tho ???o ????. Iu ??i ??? ??? ????a ?????, ?i ?y????ue ???? ? ???
??????? ??i ???? ?????, ?i ??? ?e ????e ???a a ????? ???o e ?????, ??i
???i, a ??a a ???a ?? e ?? ??a, A ???? ????a 1634 a. ???: “A ???i 1633
a. ???? ?? e ???e ?y? I??e O???? ?uy?? ?i ? ??? ???…”. Y?, ??????i,
??? ??? ?y ?o ? ????. A??a ??y?i, ?i ??? ??? a ?????? I??? O????a ??iy?
? ???? eth?e ??????? ??? 1613 ??, a ??? 1618 a. ? ???? eth?e ???a 1616
a. *(49) -C???a ??? e ????? ???? ?????, ???i, ???? ? ????ey ????y. I????
e ???o i c???e ??o ???a n ??e ??ey ??a. ???? /??? e ??? ? ?a? eth?o ???a
?????y ??a e ?? ???i ???? ?? ???ey a ??? th????? ??u; ?o ??? ? ?? ?
th????ay ???ue ??? ??. O??a th????? ?????y ?a ??a ?? a ?? eth?e ?????
y??. Ia? ???? ????ue a ????? ???e ??e, ?e ?????? ? a ??a ???a; y?i ?a e
??????ue. I?? ? ??e ????ue y? ????? a ??a-?? ?????? ??u ???. I???? ?
e??????e ??e ???u, ??aey ? ?o ??uo ????e, ?i ???e o?c ? ?y??e ?????
????e ???? ???, ?i ?e ????? e ?i ??? a ???o ??ayo, ?i ?e ??e ??y?e ???a
e ????? ? ??, ?e ????ny ???, ???yo e ??th??th, ?i ?? ??? ??e ??ei
??????a ????, ?i ??????i, ???y ???? ????? e ??i ?ay ?? ???, ??? a ?o ???
e ??u, ? ????i ? ?y???? ? ??ey?. O?? ??yae ?? ? ??o ?? ??yo. I?y?a
??????? ????ey – ??a, ?i ????i ? ??? I????? a?????, ? e ? ??? ? ???? ?
?e ? ???e ???ey, e ? ? ??i ???? ????y ????ue, ??u eth? ????? y?? ???? ?
??? n y?e ??e ??ey. *?? ??ue ???i-??? ???th ??o ?i???ey ?e ???e y??
???a, ? ???? ????i ???, ? ???o ??i ??o a??? ??th??a i ??y?o ????? ??ae??
? ???.
*? ?????i ? ??? ???, n???? E??i A???? Ec ?y?e . y?? ??? ?i ???? ??? ??
??y, ??????y ? ? ??? ??a, a ?e???? ????? ? ?????a “? ???a ?y?? ??”.
I????? e ?????o, ???? ???: “I?th oy, ?y?e ???i, ?? ???? ?a e eth?e ????;
?ath, ? ???ue ??? ?e e eth?e. O?a ????, ???i, ?i ???y y ??a ?? ??i ???o
?o, a ??a ??? – ???; ???? ? ??e ???a? ?iy, a ???a ?e ?y? e ???aee ? ???
?i ?a e ?? ?????u, ?e ?e ??? ?? ????? ?: i? ????ue ???th e i??? ??ae. ss
? ?e ?e ? ?? e ? ???, e ? ?? a ??o ?? ????y, ? ???a th??e ?? e ???u. I?
? ?????e… I, ?????a ???? e ???e e ?????e ?ae ????a! ??e ??? ?? ??o ?i
? ? ??ue, ???th ? ?i??? ss ?? ? ?y ??e. I???a ??ay?y ???”. C??, ?????? ?
?a ???u, ?? ????e: “Eth? A?? e ?i ????? A??! ?eth ?? ?? e A?o e e ?i
eth??. I?a ???o ?? e ???i? e ???a ????ue ?????, ????ey ?a? th??e ?? e
???u e ??????a, e ???ae ?? ?y? ?? e ???e, e ????? ? ??????, e ????ey, e
???eth?y. I???a ?a??th ???. I??a ? y ?i ??, ?n??? a ??o ??, ??y ?i e
??i?”. A?e ? th?e ??, E?i A????/, ??e, ??? n ????? ??????y? ??e ???u, ?i
a ??? ??? ?y ?? ?o ??? ?y?????, ? ? ????y ? e ?? n ??????i ??y???i ???
??y?oe, ???? ??/??ue ????a ?????a a ?i ?????i; o ?? ? ?? ? ????? ???ue:
y ????i a ?e ??e, ???th ????e ?y?. A ??? XVII a. I??e O???? ? ?c ????y e
???i n ???ith “?? ??a” e ??i ???e ?????? ???i ?????a, ??ay? ia ?i ????.
Y? oa?a ???o ? ???u ???? ????y *(50). Ae??, A??? I????/ ????e ???????e
?o ??? ?????ey ???? a ??o ????i ???ey. Iu ? ?ae? ?i?ue ???????y ? ???a i
?i, ????e ? ?? ??? 1648 a. ???a a ?n???? ??o ??? O???y ?e ?o; ? ???i ? ?
?y????e ??? ?, ?i ??e ????: ?e ????e O???a. Ii ?i ??? ????ue ?i-?? ?e,
?e ??a ????, ????ue ?ith ??? I???? ?? e ?? ??? ??y? ???a a ?i ?????, a
??? ? ??? – ?????y. O? ??? ???? ???? ???e eth? I????? ?????a. Iu ??i
????a ??a ??? 1648 a., a ???i ?e ??yo ????y, ??u ?? ???? o ?????, ????ia
e ??a ? ???u, ???a ?e ????e ??a ??? 1580 a. (y?i ???i ??a ?????ey
??????). Iay?????ue ??????e ??? 1580 a. ?y ?????a ??? ???e ?e ?a?yo ?
??, /? “??? e ?? ????o e ?? ?ie ????e, ?i ? e ???, ?i ? ?o ?? ??? ??o,
???o ??? a ????e ? ??ue” (A. Y. IV, CC). Ae??e ???, ?????i ?? y? ???? ?e
?o? Ii ????e ?????? ????a ??? 1648 a. e ???? ??? ????, ? ? ??i ???? ? ??
n ????? ????. A?ue ????a ??oue, ?i ?y ????o ??a, ? ???e ??, y? ???? ? ??
??????. Iu ??i ?y??? ????a I??a, a ???i ? ?e ???a?y i ???a 1648 a.: “E ?
?? ???, ?i ??? ?e ? ? ??, ?y?e ?? ?????y ? ?? ??? eth?e, a ? ???? ??
???”. Ii y? ? ??iy? ???? ??: ??u ??? ??e ?????ue ?ae ??? – ?? ?ey?y?,
???a e ???e?e ?????a ? ??; ? ??e ?? ???ey ???ny ?????i. A??a n y?i, ?a
??a e ?, ?i A??? I????/ ???e ??? ? ???? ?y ???y O???y. I???, ??? ??????
?????ue ??a ?e ???e ???? “??i ???i ?ao”. I??, ???ae??y ??????? a y?i
???, ????ii ?iy?a. I?????i, ????a a ?? ??ay, ????? ?a ??y? ???? eth?e e
?e ???i ???? a ??ue, ?i ??? ?i ??a ??ue ????oth ?? ??? ????y ????eth
?ao. A ?? ?????o ???, ?? ? ??i ?????y, ?i ???? ????? ???a ? ??????y
?iy?? ??????? ?????y: ?i ?? ??a, ?oy ???e ?? ????i e ? ????e ? ?? ?ai
????y, ???i a ???????? ?e ??????. I?y?a ??eth?? ???, ? ?? ??e ??????e
y??? e ?????????, ?????? ????ue o ?n ??? a ?????? I?? I. I????y y?? ?
????th e y?? ???o y?y? ?a ????? ??iy?a. A ???? y?? i????e, ?a e ????ey?
??????a ??????a ??????o ??e. He ??o ????ue ???? ???eth, ?i ????? ????
???tho ? ??th ??i ?????ue e ??? ???a; y?i ??ii ?e ???th?y e a y?? ???a.
Ii ?y?i n y?i ?e ???tho /?-? e ? ???i, a ?? ?? e” i??ath?y ??? e ?i
???eth. N ???/??e ??e ??ey y? “?i-?” ?? ??? ???e ??y?? ?y??? y??, ??a
eiy? e ??ae, ? ?????yi ?? ?? ???e, ????? a ?????e ?oa ? ??a ?????e.
N ??th ? ????????th th?????i ???ey ????????a ?????y e a C???e A??a. N
??e ??ey ?????i ??a, ???a ??????? ????i ia ???? ? ? ????th e ????????, ?
? ????th e ???eth ?ae??. Ii ? ?? e ?i ???th?y n ????e ?? ??o, e ?e ?tho
???, a ??? ? ?????i ???th?y e ?e ???e ???a. Ai O??? y? ?i??????ue ????
??iy?? ????i ?yo???? ?????o ???. E?? a Aia?e. A????y ?????e ????i?
????a, ???e ??? ???ny ??, ?i ?c ??i a ???? ??e, ???o?a ?? ?a ???? ?????
???e ????ny ??????ueth e ?????i ??? ???a, ???????? ?????? ? ??i. O? ?.
1297 a. ??? Y??ae I ?e??? ? ?ay ?y????? ? ???? ???e ??a, ?e n ??? ???ey
??a????, ????a, ???, ???a, ???e, a??? e ?? ????o eth?e ?????a. A? ????,
Y??ae II, a 1322 a. ??? ?a o? a y?i ?????e. Ii ?????y ? ???? ???o
??????e ????? ?? ??ey e ?i ?????a, ?? ?????a e ??i ??? – ??a, ?e n ???ey
?????a, ???, ???a e ??????? ??i. A ??? ? y?o ???? ???a? ????a: “e? y? e
??? ?? a ???”. E?e, y? ?????a ???????? ????. He ?e?i, ???, ???, ?i y?
???? ? ??a ??th??e. E??ue Y??ae I a 1381 a. n????ith ???th ???e ??ue
??????? ???a, ????i a 1278 a. E y?, ???i, ? ?????? ???. O?? ???i, e a
A??e, ?e o ?n, ??? ? ???th?y ?????i ???, ? ?o. Ae?a e ??a ?????i ????y
??eyie ?? ???????, ??? ????y ?e y?o ?? ? ???eytho ????.
I?? ????? ????, ???????a ? ????e 1297 e 1422 a. ???i ???a ???? XIII a.
I? ????eyth?y ?? ????? ????i ??? ??y?? ????? y?? e ?????i ? e ??? ???
?a???????. A ?? ???a ??i? ??a, ?y???? ???? e ??eth ?? ????? ?e ??????
???? ???e ??? ????, ?e e ????i ?????y, ???a ?e ??? ?? ????ue ??i ????yi.
Ii ????? ??? ? ??? ????ue a ???? ??? ???a. I?th? ????o ?yae ?????? ??o
??ey? e ????. ?????? y?o ?????? y?yth?y ???u, a ???o ??? ?????tho ??a
??o ????. A ?y? y?o ??? ??? ??i, ? ? ???e, a io ???eth, ?????o ??? E??
A???e??i, ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?????. Y? ??ey, ????y ?ae ???
???e, ???? a ??, ?y?i n ??????? ?? ????? ?? ???a, ?e ?e i???y?? ???????e
? ?? ???e i??y? e ??ie? ?????? a????, ?a ??oth?a ??????a: ??? ?y???ny a
?o ??ayo, ??a ???u a? ? ??e ?? ???u ??????e ????, ?????y? ??? ?????e ??u
? ??a, ?e ? ??? ??????, ????a, ???, ??iia e ?? ??o ???????? ????. A? ?a
??? ????? ?? ????? ???????. E?? ???? ????????i ????o ????? ??i, ?????
??? ??????? y? ???a ?a ??? e ? ????o ????. Y? ? ??? a?i ???ue a ?? ????
??????i ??a ????? ???a. O? a ???e ??? ?e ???atho ??????y? ????a ? ???
??? ???ey, a ??i ????o?, e ?????tho ??? ??? ???? ??? ???u ?y ??i ????y
??ea??a. A????a ??? ? ??e??? y?? ???????th ?? ???a ? ?a ????????i, ?
???? ?e ??e ???ue ???a ??? ????ey ???e. A??????i ??i ????????i ??a ?y??
???o ???eth ????e, ? ??aeue th????? ???? y? ????? ???? ??? a A??e, e ???
????y ???o ??? ?????i ?a e ???o ?? ????? ???e, ??? ? ?eth ???e ???? ?
???i ?????, ???i ??????y ??????.
A ??th??a ?i ????? ?????ny ? ??? ?y????e ??o ???? n ??e ??ey ????. I??
??, ? ?? ? ????, ??ny??y ? ?a??, ? ?????y ??ue ??????? ?o?eth. ?e y?o. A
? ??y, ?e ?? ??????e ?aeyo a ??o ???o ??e, e ???? ??? ????ny ???????a
????ey, ??? ???yo e ??th??th, ?i ???a ??? ???a ? ??e ????y ?????? y????
??ae????? ??e, ?i ?e ?? ? ??e ?? ??????o ? ???, ? ???.
I? i??y ????i – ????e.
I?e ??? – ? ??e, ??? ?i ? ??th?? a ?o ???????? ????ey a ????? ? ??iy?e.
I?? ?? ?a ???, ??u ? ?o ?????? ????? ???????a ?????. Ii ??a ??????i, ?i
i? ? ??e ae?ue ??????o ? ???, ? ???.
I???ny e ???.
E??ey ??o ???o ???a ?????, ?i ?e ??i ?? ????? a ??e ?????e ??? ??e
I????? ?????a. N?? ???a ??i ???a ???? ? ?????ea I??? O????a, e?? ???y
??? ?? ???ny n ????? ??y??e, ??????e ? ???? ???e. A ??? ??? ???ey, ?e ??
????e ??? ????y, ??????i ? ????? ????ny e ????eth ???? eth?e. *? ? cay??
?ay y? ????? C????e ? ?e ?ae ?a??????? ?y????e? Y?? ??i ? n??o. A?e I??e
O????, a ?????a ??i ??? ?????ey, ???? ???, ? ? ??i, ???y, ??th?? ?nth?,
?i ?e ? ???iy?, a ???aee ?i ?y????ue. *? ??a ??i ? ????ue ?i ????ny e
???eth ????? E? ?? ?ath??y o ?n ??? ? ??i ???e ??? ?? ??th??a: ?a??a
eth? ?iy? a ???ue n ? ???i ????? e ??? ???? ?????e ??? ??aie; ?e ?c ?y?e
??e ?????ue o ???? . ????? ?e ????y e ? ??? ? ??e, ? ????a ?y ???ey
????a. I?? ??????? ?y????e ???o ???a ??? XVII a. ?a ????, ??u ???y ???
????? i ?o n ??iae?i??th.
Ii I??e O???? ????y e ???i ???i ? a ???a ??? ???, ??a ?y ???ey ????a
?????ue ??y??a ?? ?e ?????a. Ii ???eny e ??? ??e e ?y ???y ??i???o, ???o
???? ???????e ????. Iu ??i, ?i ? ?????a ?????i ??a Ae?? I??a ?? ???e, ?i
??? ?? ??cy ??? ?c ??? ??i ?????a. Ia ??, ? ?uy???e ?? ???a, ?? ???i ?
?a ?????i, a ??? ???? eth?. N?? ???? eth?e aue ??yo ????? e ? ?i ????e
?e ????i i?? ?????o ???????o. N ??e ?/? ??ey, ??i ? ????? ???, a ?, ?i
??????i ??y? ??? ???? eth?e: ?e, ???, ??e ?? ?o ???? ??o.
Y? ???ay ?y?e??? ???? eth?e ????o e a ?????? A??ay I?????. E ?????th
????? ?iy??a ??? ?????ey, ????i O???y 1649 a. y?o ???? ????? ? ????th
n????a, ??y??, ??yi ????? e ??oe?, ??yi e ??e ?y??o ?? ???a, ??? e ????
??e e ?y?o ??a ???? eth?e. Y? ? ??i ? ???u ??????? ???u ???o ???? I????e
iy?? (A. Y. IV, 27), ???th ?o ???????, ???? ???e ???a, ????? ??? ?y ?a?a
1648 a. Ai ???? ? e ???eth 1649 a. ????ny, ?i ????, ethiy 16-? ?y 1648
a., ???? ????ue ????, ???????ue ??? n ?????? ? ???e ??e ??. N????yy y?
??????i n ???????i, ?? ??? e ??? c?eth?ieth: ???? ????e ? ????? ?????a e
??? ??e ?? ????y ???uo eth?e e, ? ????e ?i ?e, ???? ????? e ?????th
???ey. O?? ???i, ??? i ?????e ???ey ????ny ?i ? ??y??, ?e e ??? ? ???
??????: ??? ?e ??????ny ????e ???, a ??i ?????? e ???e ??e. Ii ?e ??? ?
o ????, ?? ? y? ? ???iy???a ????a, ???? ? ?????? ????eth, ?e ?e ?? ???u
? ???, e ???? ????e ? ??e-?? ???, ???e e ??? ? e ??e ? ????, ? ? ??i
???ue. E? ? ? ? ??, ? ??o, ???, ????ue ???eth, ?i ??ue i ?????e ???
???ey ???? o ???? eth?e. Y?o ??ae, ? ??? ??yae, ??o ii???ny ????y??, ? ?
????? ???? n ????? ??y?? ??e. I????a, ????ath?a ? ?????i??e ???, ?i
????u, ??????????, ?y???, ??? ?? ??????y ???u? eth?? ???i ???a, ?i ?y??,
ie????e, ???e eth?? e ??e? ??????e e ????th ???, ???i ? ??? ?? ?? ?y
????ey ?ao ?????? ???i ????. Aeey ????o ? eth?e y? ????? y?y?? a ??a
????? ????, ???y ?? ?y ?o ?? ???n?? ???a. Iiiy?i, ?y ?o ??? i ????? ???a
a ??y?e ?e ??i ??iy???i, ??a ?e ?y ?y?, ????? e ??? ?e?? eth?e ?y?y
?y??? ??? a ? ??? ??y ??a ?? ?? ???a. O???a 1649 a. ??????i ??iy? i????
??????ny a XVII a. ??? ?????o ??? ??y?e, ???? ???i ethaeyi e ????? ??a e
ethaeyi ???.
Ii y?e ????? ???? ? ???????y ? ???a a ?? ?????y ???ey. I??????, ? ???a
? ???a 1648 a., n ??th ????? ???a ?ei ????ue e ? ?? ????ue, ????, ?e
?????i, ?????, ???a, ? i?iy?th ? ????i, e ????ue a ????. Ec 40 ??? XIX
??u ???ey “i ????o ethaeyo” – 17 (1, 2, 5 – 18, 39) ????? ??e ??a?? ?
????? ???? eth?e *(51). E??a a ??o ??ueyo O???y ???i ???ea ? ? ??????a ?
?????. I ?????? ???a ???, ?i ??aea? ??? ?o ?? ??i ? ????th ?????, ??yi e
????o eth?e. I??i? eth???? ???? ? ???a ???? eth?e a ?????e ??? O???y
???i a ?. 42 ??u XVII: “A ?? ????, ??o?? n ??i ??i, ?????, n ???ie?u e
????, e ???y n ??? ?y?, n ?????e, n ??y?? ?????e e ?????, ??? e ???i
???e…” ? y?i ??otho ????a ??uee. ss?i, ?i ??? 1648 a. ???? e ??y? ?o
???a, ?????i ???o ?? n???a ????u. N??? ??i ?ei ??? ????? ??? ??? 1649 a.
e a ??e ?? ??e ?e a ????, ??? y?o ?? ???? ??e ?????e. Ii ?i ?? ??? ????e
???a a ??i ?????e ??? ???ey, a y?i ? ??o ?? ???ey *(52).
O???a ? ?????? ?iy??, ??????oth?e i ?ey?e ????? ? ???th ?y????ue A??ay
I?????. A 1649 ? ?? ????? ???e ??, ???i ???y?? ????? ??? ????ue ?y ??a
??? a A?????, ??ae ? ? ????? ??? ?????y (??. ?a. III, 138). Y?o ?? ?????
a ??o ? ????a ???? eth?e ??? ???a ? 1646 a. (A. Y. IV, 13), a ???i ?e
??? ?inyo i ??i ?????e. I??a ??? ??a 1649 a. ?y? ???u n ????y ????
eth?e. Y? ????ay ????a 126 ????e ??? ??? ???a. C?? a?ue ???u, ?????u,
y????, ?????. ????u, ???u, ????, ????u, ?e???u e ?? ??? ???a eth?. I?
??o ???yo ???? ? ????a – ? ??i.
A ?? ?????o ???, ? ??ai, ??cy ?????, ?i ???? eth? ? ??e ?? ?????o
??????o ? ???, ? ???. N????e y?? ??ey ??ia ???? ??y?tho ????o ??? e ?
??? ?i ???? ???yo e ??th??th, ?i ? y?o ?iy?? ???ai ???a ???i ????; ? ?
??eth, ? ? ??? ??e ????? ???? ? ????eth a ?i ?????? ??e e ? ??? ????iui
y??o???i ????eyi ????. I????ny e iu ? ?y????e ??? 1642 a. *(53)
Aeey ?????i ???ey i ?y?yo ????i ??? ??? ??i ????? ???? ???? ? ??o, ???y
???a ?? ?i ????yi. A???ue ???? ??i ??? ???? ? ?i ?? ???ue. I??e O????,
???y? e ???, ? ??, ??????i, ????y ??? e ????o ????o, a ??e ??? ???? ??ey
???. Y? ??? ???a ?uy?y?ny ????ueth ??????i ?o ???a. Ae?i ?i ? ????e A??,
a o???? A?? ??? ?? ???ue I????a ?????i a ??o n O???, ???y ??a ?oy??ny ?
??i ?o. N??? ????? ????eye ???? ???, ??i ?a ? ??, ?i ???? A?a ? ???? ?
???i ?? e I?? A???o, ?e ?? ?i y???; n A??i ???e ???ue ???? ??? ? ???
???? XVIII a. E?e, ??? ??? ???ue ??? ??? 1642 a. ? ?? ???e o??a ????
??e. I? ???e??? ????ueth ???a e ?y? ?? ????? ???????. O??i ? ?? ??ou
???ue ????i, a ???? ? ??ayo, e ???, a XVI ?? (??? 1566 a.), e ?c?? (???
1653 a.).
*?? ??? ?? ????ii ae? ???a: ???, ??y? ? A?a ? ???o ???a? e ???, ??
??y?, ? ??? ????? ???ue ?i? I???? ??a ???a ??ue eth???u; a ?o ?????y ?a
y?? ???? ? ?a ????e ??. A? ?e: “??y? ? A?a e n?y? ? ca ??, e ??? eth?e
???? ? ??? ???o e ???eo, e ????o ???, e ??? n ?? ??? ?? A?? A?a ??ae
??yo, ? ??? ??? eth? ??o ???u a A?a, e a ????, e a ???? ???: e ? ????a
???? ?? e ??ui ethaeyi ? ????a ??? ???u ??o ???, e ???a, e ????, e ?y?a
??? ???u ? ? ?? ?ae, ??? ?i ??a ??? o ???o eth?e ? ? ?? ?ae, e ??a ???a
??? e ??? ??? ? ? ?? a? ??ue?”
I???y ? ??? ????e ??y?e ?iy?e ???, ???e ??a ? ??????e ??, ??u ?? ?????
??a-?? ?? ???, ??ey ?????a /??a ? ?? ?????? ???o ? ?e? ???e ???? ??o
??th, ?i ?i ??o ??? ????ue ???, ??u ???? ?nue? ???? ?????i ?, ??? ???
??????i ??y?a ??o?e. A?? ?? ????i 181 ????, ? ??ay ?????a, ??i ????
?????, ii, ?aey ? ??? ???i, ?? ? ??i ????ue ??o 25. I??, ???i, ? ??o
???ue, /?? ?a ??u ???a ????ue n ????? ????i e ??? ??; y?? ? ? ???? e ? a
??i ?????i ???? ???????; ??????i ??? ???, ??u ?????i ? ???? ?a ???u ???a
e ?? ??o, ????e n ????e ???? ?????a. Y?? ???th ?? ????i ??? ?????
?????ytho.
Ia ??? ??? ??y? ? A?a ? ???o ???a ?e ?o, – ?????i e 43 ???? (10 ?????,
20 ????? ??yi, 4 ??a ????? e 9 ????o ??yi) ? ?tho ??? ??????i ??ey,
???o?eyy ???a ?? ????y: “a a ???a ??? A??, a ?i ?i ????? ?ey”, ???yo ?e.
Ae????? ????? ?? ??o ?i, ?i ?o y? ?? ? ? ???. A? ????a ????, 138 ???e
(206 ae??yi e 32 ????o), ????? ???a??, ?i A?a ?? ??y? e n ???? ????
????ue. I??y 138 ???? ??ia ????? ??????,?oy e ? ??e ????? ????i. *??
?????? ???a ?e ???yo ?a. Y?, ?-???, ???? o???? e ????i ??e. Ia y?o ??a
???atho 43 ??y?? e 32 ??ae??. I???? ? ?o ???yo ???i: “E ?? ????th ???
A?a o ???o ???a ??y? e n ???i, e n ??n?i ??i ????ue, ? ? ??oth ??ae ??th
????, ?i ?e, ????a ?aa, ????th, ??oth ???? ??? e ?i ? ? ???? ???? ??,
????th”. Ae? ????? ??y??, I??a A????a e O??? AE?y???e, ?????ath?y ? y?o
????o n ???th ?????ueth: “A??a, ???yo ?e,???? ??ue ????th ??ue ?ith ??e
? ?i, ?i ??a ? ???? eth?e a ????? ??a ia ??, e ? ??c ??ue ?ith ??, ? ?y
?? ???? e ???? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???e e, a A?a ?????? ???yi ???y, ????e
a ?? ? ao????? ?? a ?????a, a ? ?? n ?? i??o ???u ? ?ay? ?ny?? ????; ? ?
? ???? ?? ?? ?ith o?? a ???o ??o, ?e ?? o ??ae?y n ???? ???i ????a e
?iy? ?i ????? ??? eth? ?ae N????i, e ?, n??a ?, ??? a ????? ??th ????a n
????e ethae?e ??ith” e o. ae. A??a ??? e y?? ????tho ?? ??? ??e e ????a
eth?: “A ?e, ????, A?a ?e ca ???i ??i, ???yo ?e, e a ? ??y a ???? ???o
???a, e ?uin?a, e ????a ??? ??? ??ith ? ?y ?? ?????e, e ?i? ???y??th
????e ??oth e a ??i ???e ???y??? ??? ??i ?, a a ?i A?? ????? eth?e ????e
e a ?ith, e a ?? ??ey ??e, e ???y??e ?????? ??a ?????, e a ? ?? ?? ?????
???? ??? e n ??u ???e”. A??e ??a ??iye a ??oth?i. I????? ?????o ?????
???ue A??i ?y ??, ??u ???ue a ??o ??o ??? e ??? ????? th?? ???. Ia y?o
??a oe??atho 65 ??yi. A? ?e ???th?y ? y?? ??? 63 ????o ??y??. “A ?oy e
??? A?a, ?i ????? ? ???ue e ? ???? e ??u, e ??e ? ???? e ? e?o ???o
????? ? ????. a ???o ????? ??? ?? ?th ???th ? ?ay ?????. A ??a, ????, ?i
A?a ?? ????th e ?? ??a ??y? e ??? ? ?? ?iy?, a ??e, ????, ??tho ?? ? ??e
?????e ??a ? A?? ? ???; a ? ?i ??o A?a, ?? ?e ??o e ???ue. A ???, ????,
ii ??o ? ???i, e ?e ??o ?ith ????? ???o ???ue e ????ue”.
E y?i ?? ????iy?ny ?a ?a?e ??a ? ??????i, a ?????? ????; ? ???o a ????,
?e ? ? ???e ???i ? A?? ? ??i???? ?????i ??a A?ey, ?e ?e ??? ?iy? A?a
????? ???i A?a. O? ????ath?y ?a ????a ??y?, ???? ??? a ??? ??y?y A?aa.
N??a ? ??a ??i ?????a ?????? ? ??? ?n, ?? ? ????i, ?i ?? ?????i a
????ai? I??? O????a, ?????? ????i ??i ?o ?e ?y??? ???? O?a?o. A???? ??y?
????e ? ??e a ????? ??????i ??? ??? ??a, ?? ? ?e ???e ?? y?o ??a, ? ?e
???yo ?i ??? n ???ie ??i ?e?????, ??? ????ath?? ??. C?y ??????a ?????
??y, ?e ??? ???atho y?i ?????i?i ???? ??o ?????? ?????e.
N? ???? ??? ????, ????o?ny a ??? ??u, ???tho ?? ??? a ??e iy?? o??.
I??a ? ?o, ??? ?i ????ue ?????th ?ith ??ue, ???yo, ?i ???a ???a ??n? ?
?????e ??. O? ???th?y A????a, AE?y???e, ??e e ????a eth?. I?? ? ???? ? ?
y?? I???o, ? ??i a y?i ???? ?ie??a ?o ???e, ??e ???o ?e ???? ?? ?????ue.
I??e ??? ???e, ??i ???i, ????? y?i e ??i ??????? ?o?? ??????i ?????a
??? ???. Ae??????a ??? ???e ??? ??iy? a ????e A??. Y? ??????y e ??
???oth?i ?????? ??e ????, ? ??a ????: I?? A??? ????y e A??, ? ? ?????y?i
?????y ??iy????i ??? ?e ????ny io ??; ???a, a ?i ? ?????e ae????? A????
A??ay e ?????? ????a A?a ? ???ath. A?e ? n ???????ueth ????y e ????eth
y?o ????e ? tha, ? n ??th ? ???????ueth ??? ????ny e e aeay????e ???
1642 a., ??ey ???? ??????? y? ?????.
I???? ? ???o ???o. A??n i ????o ????y A?? ?e ??a??i ???, ??????ny a ???
y?? ????y, ? n ???i ????i. A??n y?o, ?????i, ?????y ? ????i ????o. Ae?i
?? ? ??? ? ????e A??, ? e i ??a n ????, ???a ? ?iy?a A?? ?????e eth??
??e ???? ????? a ???u I????? ?????a. Ae??, ?y ????y A?? e ?y ??u n ???e
??u ??? e ???? ????. O?? ???i, ???th ??a ??? ????e ??? ?aea??o ???a. I?
e ??????i ?????ath?y ? ??? ? ?o, ?oy e ? ?a a ????? ??. I???? ?aeyo ???
i ???? ????o, ?e ?e ?? ???e ??? ? ?? ????. A???? ??y? ?tho ??? ?e i
???o, ?e e i ???o ne?o, ?i ?e ??o ??oth ???th ??? e ???tho ????. I?
????? y?o ??? ?? ??ue a ?? ??? ???y I????? ?????a e n ??e ?a?y y?o ???e
?????ue ?? ????: ???y ? ?? ?????e ????o ??y??, ? ea?i ??i ???? ??a ????i
??? a ?i, a ?i ?e ????i ? ????. I????a eth?, ????ay ?? ??? i ???? ????y
A??, ?iyo ? ??a I????? ?????? e ??????o a ?i ??y??. I? ? ??yo ???o ???
(a ?i, a ?? ??????i ? ???a, e ????ue ? ??cy), a ?????th?y ????i ?o ???a,
???a ?? ?ae ???.
Ae??? A?a ?e ????tho ?? aea ???? ????, ???i ???ue ??? ?i o ??e (? ?i
?uy?? ????? e ?? ??u), ??? ? ? ??? ????a ??? e ????a. Y? ?a?a ?? ????o
??yi, ??????y a ??? ??y?y A??, a ??a e 10 ??ue??a e 20 ????? ??yi,
?????y ? ?eth ????y. Ae??yi I????? ?????a ???tho ? y?o ??o.
A??yo, ?i ?e ???atho ? ??i?? e ???, a ?? ??e a A?a ? ???th?y. Y?o ??e
????y ???o??? ??? ??, ?i ???o ? ??, ?e ?? ???? y? ??y??a ???. Ethaeyi ?
I????? ?????a, ???a y? ??? ??e, ? ??a e a ??? ??? ??ue i ??iy?? ???? A??
??y??, ?e ?e y? ??? ? ???????a ????o ??y??? ???. Ae??y?, ??aey a ??ae,
???? n ??e eth?e ??o a ??? ????? e ? ?iyo. Ai ?a ??y ??? ?e ?eae? ??
????ue ?ay, eth?e e e??? ? ?? ?????a ????. N y?e ??th ?e ??e ? ??e ? ???
?th?? ??aeyo ?a ?????a ???????. A?e ?i ?????, ?e ??? ?? ???? ?i ? ?? ?
???. O?? ???, ?????i, ??i ?????ue ??? a ???a ?????? ????o ?????a ???e.
Y?. ???i, ???a ?????, ? ?a ?? ?????i e ?? ae??i ?????? C???e A??u, ???
???o ??, a ?? ??y, ??iy? ? a??a-????a. Iay???oue ????ey ????? ?? –
????ue oy?? ?????? ???? e ????ue ?i ? ??y ??? ? ?? ?? – ?????i ???????,
? ?i ? ?????yi, 40 ?y? a ??. O????ue y?o ????a-??? ? ??iy?? ?iy?a A??
???i i???ue ? ?c ?y?o ???a). A ?? y?? ??y? e ????tho ?y ??iy??i ?iyoey
A?? ??e ??yae ??e, ???e ?????y ?????i ???? e ???? ???i?i. Y? ????, ????a
a ??? ?????, ????? e ????? ???.
Ia ????? ??? ??? ??y? ????tho ?y? ???? eth?e, ???eyy “??? ??o ????? e
????o”. Y? ???? ?? ??yo a ??e ????i ??y?i, ????ay a ?e ???th ???? ? ??e
??. A ???????? ? a y?e ??i?? ????y ??? ?????? ??y?e I????? ?????a, ?o??
???e e a O???a 1649 a. Iay???? ???ey? ???? ???, ?????i, ? ?o ?????o e
????o, ???a ??i ? ??e ???? ? ???. Nth? ?i???ue: ????o, ????e, ??u, n??u
e ?.; ? ???? ????ey?? ? ????? e ????? ???. N???a ? ??y? ??? ??a ???
????, e?? ? ????th e ???y? ? ?? ???? ?? ????ue ? ??o. A ?i??? ???, ??aey
? ??o e??, ?e ???? n ??e e eth?e ?i?. A?? n ?o ???? ???i ? ??ue n ?o ??a
??? ???.
O??i ??? ??a ?????? ?iyoey A??. I?????i ????e ??u n o???, ????a ??y?
????tho ???ue ?a ?????i,???a??e ??? ???e ??ey?ey a I????i ?????a, o.a.
?e ????tho ???? ??, ? ?i ??? ???y ???, ??????i, e ?. O???y ? y? ??????
????, ?e ??yo ??????? ?????ue o ?? ??e ???ue, ???i ? eai ???yi, ??u ??i
?? ???i ???? ??a? ??????? ?i ??i. I????? ??? ? y?i ??yi N??ey e ???
???a, a ??a 41 ????, n ???i a n???a ??? e ??? ??yi ????o, ?????o e ???
???a, a ??a 63 ???e, ?????ny ??? ???e: “E ?o ??o ?y ?iy ????? ?iey ???
??? ??o ????? ???? ????y”.
I???, ?i ???ny ????i e o???i ????y, ? e ??ue ????a ??y? ???atho ?????e
??iy?e ???, ??? ????? eth?e, ???a ??o ???u a A?a, ? ?????? ??u, e??ay
??o ?????y n O???. Aeey ??????ey ??? ?????e ?e ????tho ???ue ?? n ????
???a, ? ?e??e ? e A??, “?y ???i ????ey”, ?e ?e ???th?y; a ??i ????tho
??e ??o ????? ??i ?????a, ???y ? ??, ?c ???: “A ???o ???a ??, ????, ?y?
? ?? ?????e ??e, ? ?? ?c ?a?a, e ?o, ????, ???a ??? ??i ethaeyi ??o ??i,
? ? iae? ?ae”. Ii e a y?i ??? ?e ????tho ?????ue ?? ????i ????i ???i,
???y ???o eth?e ??????? ? ??? ???ueyi e ???i. Oo ? ??ue, ??u ?a ??e
oy??e ??u, ????atho e ????a eth?. I? ??yo, ??u ???i?e ?? ???? “? ?th
??th e ? ?y?o ??a eth?e, ??u ??i a ?????e ??a a ? ??o ? ?e.
*?? ??? ???tho a ?i, ?i ?e ? ???atho, ???i ? ??? ?e?i n ?o ?y?, a
??ath?y ? ????? ????y: “?i ?, ????, ?a?oue ???? ? ?ith ????? ??th”.
Ae?n????i, ??a ???ey, ?? e ? ??o??tho ?????, ? ? ?y?i ??? ? ??ue ??. Ii
??? ?????a ??u ?? ???? ???iy?e ??u e ? ??i ?? ???i: ??cy ??, ???i,
???aea?, ? ?i y? ??a ??a ????. ??ay? ? ?a, ?? ?a?a ??o ? ?ay e ?a ????,
??oy? i ?i ???, ??u ?e ??i ??? ??? ? ?? e ??u ? ??o ? ??. C??, ??y?e
???y a y?o ????o ???i ????? ?? ? ??n?aey?y ethaeyi XVII a. a ??e ?a??
???????, ?e ? ??o ????eyo?y ?i; ???????e ??? ???y ?? a ????o ??u ? ??
???. I????a eth? a ?????? I??? O????a ? ?c ?????ue e ??? ???th.
I??????oay ???? ????? ?a, ? ????e ???e, e ???u y?? ???y. O? n ????o
eth?e ?i ???ey?? iy?e ???e n ???a e ????a. Ae??y? ????e ? ???e, ?i ??e,
?y ?? ????ey? ??? ???e. Y? ???? ???ue, ?ia?i, a ?? ??? ???. A ??? ?,
i???i ????? ??y??, ?????y ?? n ???? ?????y ? ????o e ???? ?????e. I?
??yo, ??u ????? ???, n ???? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ? ????? ?i??a, ??
????? ?????? ?y ??. I?ith ??? ?????y ?e ??yo ??y? 50 ???. O ?? ?? ?e?
y?? ?????, n ?? ????tho ?a? ???, o ?? ??a, ?? ??yo ??? a ??? ???? ????a.
Iu ???e ?????? ??u ?a?? ??a ??? ? ???a ???u, ? ? ????e ??i ? ????ey. E?
a C???e A??a, ?e e o ?n ???ey ??????? ??? ??? ??ae e ????eth ??a ? ?????
?????? ??y?a e ???????y ???a ????ey. I?y?e I????? ?????a a XVII a.
????ey? ??ue ??i ???, ???; a ???????yo ??????e ????? ??a ? ??. He
?????ay? ? ???i-??? ????e ??????? ?????a ????ey ????? y??, ?????y o????
? ??ithth ???????ue ?????e. A ? ??y, ?e ??? ????? ??. ??? ????a ???uey?,
??e ? ?????e oy??? ???, ? ????o ??yi ?y???? ??? ??? ??? oy??i ????. E?
????ue ????a ??e?o ??a, ??i ? ????? ???a? ??yi, ???? ?e ? ?ae ? ????i
???. Ec y?e ????? ???, /? ??uey, ??y??e, ?? e ??e ????o ??y?, ? ?oy n ??
?????e ??? ???ue e ???? ???ue, ??tho ?? ???uey e ???u e ?tho ??i a ?y??a
??u, ?????, ??ue??i, ??y?i ????? e ?? ethaeyi ?tho ? ?ay ???? ??? e
?iy?y a ? ??? ? ????? ??? e ???. O?? ???i, ?? ??y?, ???a ???e ?y ?ay ??a
???? ???e? a ????oth ?????ue ??? ??yi, ?i ?????ny ???uey? e i?? n ?o
????? ???. C??o, ???? ???uey? e ??? n ?o ?? e??a ??????. A ?? y??, ??i ?
??? ????o ??yi, ?i, ????y i ????o ???y ??u, ?e ???? ???atho ????th ? ?y?
e ???o eth?e, ???a ????? ???e ???uey? “??? ? ??e e ??, ????th, ? ???”,
???eytho ?e ?????i; ???atho ? ?ith ??eth ???? eth?e, ???a ???ath?y e
????? ??i; o???tho ? ?y?a e ??y?o, ???a “????? ?????i ???? ????? e
???uey? e ????e, e ??? ?????? o ?????o ?e e ???? ??? ?????, ?????i ??i
?????i, ???? ??? ???u e ?? ???e ?ia? ??? ???? ??a, ?i ???i-????y”,
???atho ? ?a y? e ??yo ???? y? ?? ??? ??a ? e ????, a n ??? e ???? ?y?
??? ??? eth?e. I??? y?? ?e ??tho ??? ???? ? ????? e ?????? ????a. C?? ?
?o e ??e ??i. N???i ?????? 1580 a. ?? ????? ???? ? ?? ???u a ????e.
I???y ? y?, ????e ????? ?????ue ? ?, ??a ???? ethaeyi. Ae??y? ?? a ??a
??a? ? y?o ???? ???????o ?a??; ?e a ??a ?? ???ue ?? ??a: ?e ??e ???ue,
?e ?? ??? a 1648 a., ???? ?a y? ?????ey, ????a a ????a ???, e ???ue ? a
???uey. Ii ??y? ????i ???, ????y ? ???iy?oth ? ??o, ????e ???i?a ??yi
?a?a 1648 a.; ?e ??yo, ??u ? ???, ?????, ?????? e ??????o ???? ??e ????
??th ???eth, ????i e ???? ?????, ? ? ????e ?????? ??? ? ???yo.
I??? ??, ?e ????a ??y? ae?oth?y, ?i ?e ???? ????ith ????th e ?????? ???
???, ?i ????e e ???? ?????e, ??th?y e ????a eth? ? oy??ue ??e oy?? ???,
? oy??ue ?????e, ? ?????th ?????a, ? ??u ???. “A ????, a???ue, ???yo
?e,??e o ?n ???i ??, ??? ?i ?y?a i?e ???? ? I??a e a ???o ?iy? ????; a a
???o ?y?a eth? ???? e ???? ? ??a ? ??o ?????o ???”. A????? ??o ?y?o
?y??? e ???ey? ?? ec ???o ??? ???ey ???? eth?e. I??a ? e ??? ?? ?????o
????th ??? i ????e ?e a ??????, ?e ? ? y?? ????????i ???y n ??????y?
??e? Iu ????e ? y?o ???? XVII a., ?? ? ??? ? ?? ?i?????u. Ii ??????? ?,
?aey ? ?? ?????i ???ey?, ?o ? ????i ????y ?????ue. I? y?o ???yo ?? ????i
??? ????e ? ????a, ?? ? ??? ? ??????a ??iy?a ????a ?e e ?i ??e ?i a
??oae?i?.
A ?? ????? ?????? ???iey ???, ???a ?????ue ??e ??? ???, ??? ?????a ?
????e A?? ????, a ??o ???, ???? ???a ????. A???e ??? ?e ??i ?e ? n
y?????? ??e ??ey ??e?a, ?i n y?e ??e ??ey ??i ??a ?? ? ????ny ? ????y
A??i e ??u n ???e, a n ??e ??ey ???? ??c e ?? I????? ?????a.
Eth???i, ?i ???? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ????o ??yi (104 ec 112), ? ????
??otho ?a ????a (32 ????). N???? ? (10 ???e) e ?a ????? ??y? (22), ?
??th??? ??, i?? ? ?? ???? ?????? ???th ? ?eth ????y. A ??o ?i y? ae?
????a ??y? ????? a ??? ??in? ? ??o ????y e ?? ? ?????? ?????u ????
?e?oy?. I????y ??ue, ?e ??i, ? ?ea a I????i ?????a e ???eth ?e????? ???.
I????? ?? ??? ????o eth?e i ???? ????y A?? ???? ????a??. Ec ?????th?? ?
??i, ?i ????a eth? ???i? ??? ??iy? ?? ? ? ??th???? ? ????? ??i. Aeey ?o
??i ????a ?e ???? ??? A??, ? ? ?????? ? y?? ???, ??e ?? ??i ??a ??????u,
??a ?e ???? ??u ??? e ? ?o. Y? ? ???? ?, ???, ??? ??? n ??e ??ey ??o ??
I????? ?????a, a ? ??o ???.
I???i ??e.
A?o ???, ???? ??ey, ?? 181, a n ?????? 206. Ec ?o:
1) Ii ???o i ??y?e A?? e ??a n ???e ? ??y?a A?? e ??o n ???e ?????ue
138 ???e. I????ue ?? ?? ??? 43 ???? ???? eth?e e 25 ???? ??, ????a,
??ay? ? ?, ?i y? ?? ? ? ? ???; ??i 68 ???e.
2) Ii ???o i ????o ????y A??, ? ????a ?i ???? ???? e ?????, ??iy?? ?
?????i ae????, ?????ue 136 ???? eth?e. I???? 13 ????ue ? ?eth ????y;
?????i e ????a ??a ? ????e ??? ??ey ? ?i ?i???, ?i ?? y?? ?? ? ? ? ???;
??i 70 ???e.
3) Ii ???o i ???? ???y ??u n ???e ?uy?? ????? ??i ?eiy? a ?e ???a 129
???? eth?e, ? ??a ???o 104 ???? ?????e ????a ??? i ???e y?e a?? ??? ??i
?????a. He ??? ??ey 20 ???? eth?e. ?a ????a e ?????i ? ?i ? ????e; ??i
77 ???e.
4) Ii ???o i ???? ????o ?y ??u ?uy?? ????? ??e ???? ??u – 163 ????, a
?i ??a ?a ?o???? e ?a ????a: 138 ???e ? ??a y?o 163 ?????ue, ??a ??, a
??? ?????? ??????y ???? ?e? ? ?a ?????i. He ??? ??ey, ??ay? ? ?eth
????y, 43 ???? ????.
A?e ? ? y?o ??? ??th?i ??u ?o ??? ???, ???a ? ?????yi ??? ????? ????y ?
??e ??ue ??? ??ey i ????o ? ?????? ??? ????, ? ???i ??oth?e ????o
?????y: ? ???o ???o 138 ???a ??? 43; ? ???o – 136 ??ea 13; ? ???? – 129
??? 20; ? /????o – 163 ??? 43. Ai ?? y?o ???o ??ayo ?????i ?? ? ??????a
?a?u, a ??? ????? ? ??? ??? ??ey, ???ae ???????ue e ??eth ??????a *(54).
O?? ?????a ??o ???ue ??ue ?????o eth?? ???ey ???????.
I???y ? ??????? ??o ??a ??? 1642 a., I??e O???? ? ??e ????i ?????ue
?????th ??? ????yi ??e ??u e ???? ???i ???i ???? A?a. ,Y? ???y??a ??y ?
??iy? ???? ??: ?????? ?????i ??? ??? ?????ue a ?? ???? ?? ???e e, a y?i
???, ???? ??? ???? ??in; ? ??y ? ????ey? ?????o ??n? ?y ????ey ???y.
I????y ???ea ??o ????e ?????o ??? ??a ????i ??? e ??? ?o ??? i???e.
C??? ??? I????? ?????a ????eyth?y ????? ????e, ?e ???? ????????i ???y
????y n ???: ? ????? ???? eth?e ???? ?y? ?????ue n ?????y? ???, ??????
????ey e ???????y? ???a ??????e. Ec ????????i ? ???, ?i ????? ?ai?? eth?
?iy? a ???ue n ?i ???i ?????, n ???i ????? ???? i????ue e ?i. I??i ? ???
??e ? ?????ey? I??i A??? I????/, ?????ny a ??? ??? ?o ??? i???????i
?????ey ? ??a ???o ?? e ????eth ???? eth?e, a ????a 23 ?? ? ??? ? ???
????
A?e ? ???? ??? ?e ?i ????i ?????? ?????o ?????o ???, ???a ???atho
????ny ?a a ??? ???? XVII a., ?, ? ???iyy?, ???e ?, ?i ?? ??? ??ueth e ?
??o ???? eth?e. A????y ??? ????????e e ?????? ?????? ????a, ?????a ??u
?a a ???? XIV a. ???tho ?y?y? ??y??y n ??th ???? ?ith ??? ??? ?????o ??:
?e i??atho ?????y a ?????a ???i ???a ?????? ??? ??otho. ??u ? ?????
?????ue ?c ?y?o ????e e ????? ???? ?? ???; ?e, ???oe, ???atho ?i?n i
???? ??????. Aeey ????ey ???? ????a?e ?e ???thony ??? ?????? ???? ??????
?????a, ?e, ????, a 1356 a., ??a ???ue ?e ?yo a ??. Y?i ??? ??i??? e
????eth ??e ??? ?e, ?????i, ???e ?????o ???e ? ??ao, ?????i ???e ?? ?
ae????a ???? ?????o ???, a ? ???, e ? ?eth?? e ?? ????i ????????a, ???y
????ue ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ??.
A-? E??i, a ??o ???? ??????, ?i ?c ???i, a ??i?a Eth??? XV, ????? ????
? ??? ????o ?????e, ???a ??a ????? ?????a ??????i. I?i ? ?????th?o ????
??ue, ?i ?????y y? ??iu ???? e ???eth ?????o ???. E??ue, ?????i ???iue,
?e y?o ??? ??? ???ny, ?ye ????a ? ? ?? e ??y? ??? ?o: “I????e ????, ???a
? ???y?a y?o ??. ss ? ??? ???e, ? ?? ? y ?? ??a e ? ?e ???? ?? ?a ????
??o, ?, ? ??y ? ???, y ?aea???e ? ? ?y ???ey ???? e ?????y ?????a”.
Eth??e XV ??ue ???ny. Aeey ???ey ???? ? O??? ??? ? ????i ????ue ???y n
??????y? ???. Ii ?? ??? ????ue ???o ????i? ??? e ????ue ? ???, ? ?a-??
??? ????, ?i e ??? ????? ??? ?e ?? ???u ???a?? ??????? ??? ??ey? a ??a
??o ?????o ???.
Ii ??? ? A??? I????/ ? ??? ? ??? ??? a ???a ????o 23 ?o ??? ?????ey?
A?e ee o ?n ????? ???e ??? ???? O?? ??? ? ??o ???o ???a ? ??. I????a
???? eth? ??? ????? ?????ueth ??????? ??? e ? ?????e e ? ????i ????ey
??e ? ?o ???, ???? ?????ue ? ??th ????e; ?e ??aea ?iy? ? ??a ??????ny
??y??; ?? ??? ?e ????e a ??e ?????? ??a. Eo ?y????ue ??e ? i?? ???ny
???th ??i ????yi, ???i ??? ?? ????? ??u ???, ?aoa??a ?????e ?????e ??.
I???, ?? I????? ?????a ???a ? ?????ue ?????e ?i ????, ???a ????? ???
?????a. Ae??????i y?? ??i a ??? 1682 a., ???e ??e ??? ??a ??????, ??ue
aei??? ?y ???o ????? ??a.
Ia ?????? ?? ??? ????a ???? ???tho: ??? ??e ? ?????ey ???, ?i ? ??? a
?? ???? ??e, ?e ???e ????? ?????i ??? ?????a. I???e y?? ?????y, ?y
??????? ??e ??e, ???tho ???? ??? e ? ?i ??ath?y ???????ue ???? y?e
?????? n??e. Iu ???, ?i y? ??ey ????. ???y ??o ????y ?y?y? ????i ???.
O??i eth? ???iyth??y ?? ?y?i ????o?ny ???, ??o ??? ?? ??? ????? ????ey
??th/???i a ????o ??? ????ey: ??? – ??? ? ??? a ?? ???e ?????e. Iu ?
???y? y?? ??ey, ?o?? ??i ????ue ?y?th ???, ??a ? ?? e ????ey ca ?e ?
?????. A?e ????? ????i ??????, ?, ???i, ?? ???u, ???a ???e ?i e ???. Ii
?nth? ?a ? ???o, ?i ?e ??? a ??i ?????e.
I????a ??? ? ?? ??e ?y??? ? ??, ? ?? ??e e ??c?. I? ???? e ??e ??th
??ae??; ????e ?????ue ???, ?i ???? ????e ? ????. A ??e ???a, ?e ? ???, ?
?? ???, ?i ? ??i ? ????y ??i ????yi. I???o, a ??????? ?y????e ? ?? ????
?aa? ???? ??a?? ?? ??i ??? ????yi. N??u ??? ?iy? ? ??? ??a e ????i?e
?????a. A?e ???? ????e ???? ???, ? ???o y?? ?? ??? a ????o ?ey?yo, ???i
?? ???i ?????ue ???, ?e o/???? ?????a. E? ? ?a ?ey? ?. y?i ??? ? ?eth
A??ay I?????? Ei? ?y????ue ???? eth?e ??a ?? ??ey?a?
Ec ??, ?i ? ??i i ?y?yo ???a 1619 e 1642 a. e ? ????? ???a 1648 a.,
?y????ue ???? ??? ?? ? ????y ?y?i, ?????, ???i e ????i ethaeyi e ?? ? ?
??i ??????i ??oyi.
A???a eth? ???atho ? ?????e?ey ???a ???i ?????i ??????a, ?e ???yo i
????? ???? e ?????o ????? ?ae?, ???a ?y ?o ?? ????? ???a. I? ???atho ?
??a ???u, ???a ????u ?y?? a ???o e ??i, a ???o ??o ? ?????a e ???? eth?,
????e e ????th ???th?y, a ?????o ?ae?? ? ??yo. Ii ? ????th, yoe ???u
???th?y ? ????y. Ae?i???i ??a ? ?? ????i ?e a ??a. I? ??a ???o ????e a
???o e ??i: ?? ??, ????y ? c????a ??? 1580 a., ?i ????? ????a? ???u ?
??. A???a eth? 1648 a. ??yo, /o?u y? ??a ?????ey ?? ???? e ???u ? a
??n?y. Ii ? ????th, ????a e ?????a ???u ????a, ?????? e ??? ?y? ? ????y,
????? ?????ue ???u ? ?? ??ue ?????? O????, a o ??????o oaea ???? ????i
???ue ???e. I?? ? ??y ?y????ue ??? ????o ??yi e ????o ????y ???i ???i
ethaeyi e ??i?o ?????o? Ia ??? 1642 a. ?? ????a ??i ????o ??yi (9 ???e),
???? ????a ? ???i? ??ey. I??y y?, ?e ?? ? .????e, a ?ith ???ue, ??????u.
O? ?????? ??y?? ? ??? ? ????e A?? ???yo; a ?i ??i ???? e ?i ?y?; ? ???,
?a ?y? ????, ???tho: ?a ???? ??? e ?i ????? aiy?; ???oe, ?y?yy i ??e
????, ?e ???eytho: i ???? ??? ??? ??? ?o, ????th, e ?i ?n???? ?y?i. A??
?y? ????? ?y?i n ????i, ? ?ey ?y?i n ?i ??th. O?? ????o ??yi ???tho ?y?
“??? ???e ?ni??e ????i???”. Y? ????a ???? ? ????? ?y?, ???a ??? e ? ??
?????? ??? ??y, ?? ? ??i ?? ?ey?? ???ey ? ? ???u. A??a ?? e ???? ??? ??e
???i i?? ???, ??u ????? A??ay Ieo???? ? ???ey ???? eth?e, a ?e ??iy??
????e ????y, ?e ??e e ??i ???a ?ae ???, ??u ????ue ???, ?e ?????, ? ? ?i
? ???. Y?i – ?ey?? e ?a?? ?uy??ue ?o ??, ?i ??? ???e ? ??e ????o???
????. Aeey ??? n ?y?? ?? ?e ???u a ??? ?c. Ia ???????y ?y? ???atho ?e e
?e A??? I?????. Ii ??? y? ??? ? ????? i??? e ? ?e ??? ???yo: ?y? ?? ??a
e ??th e ???, ???oe, ???ue io ?? ?i ??????? ??e.
I?y?e ????a ???? a I????i ?????a
I?? ????o ???eth ??????oth e ??????th. A ??????? ??i ? ???e ?????o ???
????e ???ee e ????o ? ??? ? ?o e ???o a ?????? ??y?a, ????? ? ????ey
???oth?? ????y. A ??????e – ????? ????y ???o ? ?ee ?????e.
Y? ?a ??y?a ????a a ??? ??e ???a e ??????? ? ??o ?y?yth?y a ???e. A??a
???????a ??y ? ??th?? ????th ??????? e ???? ??th?th??y a ?o ?/?. O?, ??
? ???? e ????i ?yae ??? ??e ???e, ??yth?o ?? ??a, ? y? ??a ????? ? a ??
??????y ??????i ??y?a ????a y?o ?oe, a io ??i-?? ??? ????, ????, a ??
????ey ???oth?? ????y ?e a ?? ???ey ???i. I????? y?o ?? ??y?? ?? ????o
???????? ??????i ????, e o ?n ?i ?????ue ??? ??ai?.
A ????? ?????a ????y ?a ??????a i ???????? ????. Y? ??????a ????o ????y
??, ?i I????a ?y??a ?? ??e ?yae ???a, a ???o ???e ?c ?y?o ??? ????o e ??
?e ??o ???oth?? eiycy. Y?o ?yae ????? ???a ??th?? ? ??? Ae??? A??????a
(1303) ? ??? A??ey Ae????? (1425): a ???a 122 ?o I????a ?y??a ???? ????o
? ?? e ?? ?e ??o ???? ?ycy. A????a y?? e ????y ?ay ia???????. ? a ??ue
??o ???, ?c ??????i ??y?a ???o?, a ??????i, e ?c ????y ? ????i ??i
???oth?e ???e ???iy???? ??a ? ???e. I????a ?y?y ???? ? ?? ?y??y ?e ?
??a??oth?a ??e?, ? ? ???, e ? ???y?i. Ii ?i ?? ??, e ???o ?, ?e ??? ???,
???o ???, y? ?? ??i ? ????ey e ???ey?? ?????i ???ith ???ith. I?? ?????
????y??, ??????i, ?i???? ???oth?? ????y. I???? ????i ? ??? ?ay ?y???
i??? ??o ?????a. I???o, ? ???a? ? ??th ??i ??? ??o ?? a??. Ii ????th
????? ?y?e, ?? ???e e ????o ? ?? e ??, ? ? a ?? ???iy???? ??a ?? ? i???,
a a ?? ?? ??; ?o ??ny??y nth? ???. O E?? A????? ?? ????i ???e. N??? E?i
?? ?a ?e ??e ?? (1490 a.), ???a ?? Ae??ey. N??? ?i, ?? a? ?a, ???ny
????? ????; ? a? ??? ????? ?e??y ? ?? E?? A?????, Ae???, a ?i ??? ?i,
A???. A ???a ??o ?n?e ?o E?i ??? ??? ???i ?? ?????i, ? ??i ???e ?? ????e
e ??. ??th?e ?i a oth??, a ?????i ???? ??a. Ii e ?? ???? ? ??th y? ??? ?
??a 4 ?o. E?i A????/ ????y n ??i; ??? ????? ????ey ?? ?, /?, ????y ?a
???ue ??a ?????i ?????i ????, ? ???? ?? ???i ?y?i ?????? e ????i. O?? ?
y?i, ????oeu e ???? ??? a ???? e ????e ????? e E?? A?????, ???y ????a,
?i ? ???? ??? ? I??u ?y?. I? ????ue, ?i ?????? y? ??o i??? e ??? ?????i
????y n ?????? ?y?i. E?i A????/ ?aa?e ?????: “??? y ? ??i a ?? ?e ??a ??
??, ?? e ?th ???i”. Y? ??i ????ue ?? ?a??? ???a ????a ?? ???? ?e I??,
?????i ??????i ??? ?? ? ????. I??????a, ???a y? ??a ???a a i??a, ????o,
?i ?ay ???????? ?. ???? ??? ??a ??a ??a ???? ??e, ?i a ???? ?????. E?e,
I????a ?y??a ???ey? ??? ???? ???? ?ycy A????a I???i, ? ??y?e ????a ?y?e
?c ???eyaony ?????i ???oth?? ????y. Y? ????? ??ae?y?ny ??ue ???e ???y?:
?????i n ???e ?y?y?, ???? a I?a e ?. Ii ?? ???ey ??? ????? ?y?e, ?i
????ny ??a e ??a ????i ? ?? ??? ?y?e e ? I??. A ????, ???ath?o ??ae i
????? ? ???e ??? ????y, ?????i ??ath?y ? ?, ?i ????ue ???? ??i ????????.
O? ?i A???i, O???, ???o: “N??? ?? e ? ?o ??: ?? ???yi ??i ??? ???i e
??e? ?y??a, a ?? ?e, ??ay, ?????e ?iy e a?? ??ue ? ???i”; A??? I????/:
“O???? ? ? A?????i e ? I??a?? ?????a e ? ?? ???o ?????? ???? ???ey ?
???o ?? ??? e ? ????o ????th ?y? e ?y?o ??a eth?e”; O??? A??a??: “A
??aey ? ?? ??a ?? ?o ????e ?iy? A??? A???ue A??? I????/ ????????? ??
????e, i???e ?? ????, ???e ???e, ?? ???, e ? ?i ??????th e ???o ?youe
???? ????? ?????e ?n ? ?o ???e ???e”. E?e, ???? ????? ???ath?y ? ???e
??th ??o ????e. A XVI ?? y? ?? ?a ???a.
A I??a, ??a ?iy?y ???? ? ????th, ?????y ?a e n ??????i ???i. E???a ??i
??i ? ??? a ?o ??ayo, ??a ???? ? ???ye ??a ?ay ?????, ? e ??a, ??a ????e
?e ???. O? A??? I????/ ?e ???? ??i e ??? (E????, ??. 4 e 104). Ii ???
O??? A????? ???? ?a ?i ??a, E?i e I??, ? ???o I?? e a? ??? ? ???i. O?
?????a ?? ???? ? ?????e ???? ????a; ?e ?? ???u: A?? A???, A??? O???,
A???? I???e e I??e ??a?a.
A I????e ???e ???? ??ae?? ?????i ? ???o ???o, e??? ? ??? ???o ?????
???? ? ?????? ???, ? ? ???, ???th ?e ??e, ?oy e ????, ?e ??? ? ?o ?????.
N??ath?y ?e, ?????i, ? ????i, a ?y??, e ???i a yoii ??? ????iy?? ???? e
??? ?????i. Ii ?? ????y ??ue ?????o ?????, ????ea ?? i ????? ??? ????e
?a ?????y. A??ay ?????ue ??????o ???a ??iy? a ?i, ?i ?e, ?e ??????a ?c
a???y, ? ???e ?i ???ey ?????? ??ith ???th: ?e ????e ?y?a ??, ?????a ?y
?????? ?????a, e ????y?, e??a, ????a ??????i.
E?????? ??? ???tho ? ??th ??i ????? ???y ?????o a???th. O?? ???y ??
????? A??eth O???o e A????o I???? e ?? ?e ??y?. O??? ????ny ? ?????ue ??
?c ?y? e o ?? e ??????a ??iy??i ? ???? ????a, ?? ?e ?????u ?? I???yy
??uey ??a a O???a. O??? ??ae ??th?? y? ???y, a ?i e ??a? ??o. I?iy?a ??i
???y ?? ????u ? ??o ?????o ??? n ??o????ith ???th. A? ??a ??? ???y ??
????? A????o, a ???: 1) ?y?e ?c, ??a ? ca??o ??? ??a-??? ????a a ???o, ?
??? ???? ???e ???; 2) ?e ???? ??o ???a ?????ue ???? ?y??e ??; 3) ?
????th e ?? ????? a?e ? ? ?????y, ?i e O???o.
O E????a ???: “E? ???a ??, ??a ??y E?? A?????, ???u ? ???i, e ? ?o ??
??u ???, ?i ? ?? ? ???? e ? ????, ?c ?? e ?c ?? ??? ? ???e ? ? ?i, e
???e i ?y?o ??o c ?y? e c ???e eth?? ???; a ??. ????e ? ?e? e y?i ???o
?e ? ???” (104). N A??ay I????? ??? ??? ? ?? ?y?. E???? ?uy?y? y? ?e: “A
????i oey?y ??? ? ???i, a ??? ? ? ?ay ? ?e ??e?i, ?i ???a ?? ???, e ?
?????, ??? ?i ???? ?i ???i ??i, e ??? ????a ???y “n??????” e ?????i ??
??? io ??e ??. E n ?i ???o ???e a?? e ??e, e ?i ?? ? ??? ???, ?e ??th
??? ???, ?e e ?? ?y?a ???a e ??a ??? ?n???? ?? ii??o ? ??e ??e ???e, 3
?y? e ???e eth?e ?????? i ?i ??, a ?i ?? ?i ??o, ? ???e ??o; ???, ?? ?
?y? e ? ??? e ? ???o eth?e eth?o e ???, ?????? e ??o??y n ?? i ?y?o ??o.
A ?? ?i ????a ?iy? ?? I??? O????/, ?oy “?????i” ???y, ???, ?c ?y??? ???
? ?a ??? i??i”.
Ii a I??a ???ey ? ??? ?????e ? ???o, ????i ??????. A ????o ????e ???a
??? ??i??a eth?, ??a, ???y ????? o E???i ???a ?c ?y?o ???a.
I?? ???. O????a
O????a ??o ???e ??????a ??e ???????e ??e; ?i ??? ?a??ue ?y y?? ??????y,
?e ??? ???yo, ????. Ii ?????i ??y?i ????????y ?y????ue ??? ???? ? ???;
?y?? ???yo, ?i ????ea ?????, o.a. ????i ???. A?e ???? ?y????ue ??e n
?y????ueth ?a??????? ???a, ? ??o ?? ???ny ????a ???ea. N?? ??? ???ytho
??i; ????????i ? ???i, ? ??????e ?a ????? ???i a ???e ????ey, ?????y?ny
????y ???a ????ey; a ????o ??ayo i????ey?ny ?? ??i ????y? ?y???i? ??u a
??n? ??e ?yo????. Ii a ?i e ??? ??? ?e ??? ????????y ???i. A ??? ????i
??? ? ?????, ? ???? ?e ? ??? ????. Iiy?? e ?a?yo: ????? ??? ?? ???????i,
?????i, a ? ?????i. Ii y? ??yae ??? ???e. Ii ?????y ??ie ?????? ??ueth.
I?????? ? ? ??a ??th?? ??e ???? ????a, o.a. ????? ?????? ?? ??, ?o ???
???? ?y?a ??a. Y? ? ??a?? ?e a ??????o ?????? C??a, ?e e o ?n. I?? ???,
?i o ?n ????? ????ey ?? ?a ???a, ?i ? C??a. A? ????eth ?a ??? ??
???y?ny: e ????i ???o ?oe, e ? ??ue. *?? ???ue ??-?? a I??a ??a ?
?????ue, ?i ? ????a ?y?? ?i?? ?? ????? ???i ?ae ???i ???? ??e. Ae???i,
?? ???e ????ue ???e, ?i ???ue ??i. O????a o? ???e ?y?? ???. I???
????????? ???e ??????e a ????e ??a ? ?e ??????? ?e??, e ???? ???? ?i
?y?e ?c, e? ??? ???? y? ???. I?i ??, ????, ???? ??e-??? “yi”, o.a.
???oth ???th, e ???e ???? ?????? ?y? ???th ??????ue ?y ????? y?. A???
E???/ ??o ??? ????o: “A ? ? ?? a A???a?? , ? ? y??i ??a ??? ??e ????, ?
??e ? ???e e y?i, y??? ? ??e, ?y ??y ? ??o, ???y ???? a ?? y?”. Ec y??,
e???, ? ???o ?i ???e ??????e a I??a ? ?? e a? ?????? ????th. Ec y??
???o, ?i ????? ?a ??i. I? ?? ???a ?y?o ??.
A??y ?????y ??a ?y ???? ????ey ???o a ?i, ?i ?i ? ?? ????????i, ?a ????
? e??? ????ey, ? ?????? ???i ??ay, ????? ?? ????? ?? ?????i ?????? ?
????e, ???e, ??ath. I???? ????a ?y?y?ny ??? n I?? A???i, ???e ???y
??ueth ?????? ????? ? ??a ??? e ??????o ???o.
A ???o, ????? ????a a?i ????? ???? ?e-?????i ????e?i ?????a. A ??a
???atho: 1) ???? ?????i, ???a ?????? ??? ??? ??a, e ? ??o ? ?ay ???o ??o
i ???i ?????? ????o, e 2) ?????a ?????i, ???a ? ??? ??????o ??u ??a, ? e
??o ? ?ay ??? i ?????? ????o. E ? e ??? ?????i ?? ??????a ????a, ?? ?o a
???e????e; ? ??????? ?????a ??a ?e ??a ????th?y e ?? e? ???o ??. I????a
?????i ??n??y? ????ue ???i ??, ?oy e a ??ue ??e ??a. Aeey ??a ????o ?i
????? ? ??? e ith?? ??e, ??ue ???, ?? ??o ??a ????e ??, n ?e ? ??th
?????? ??? a ???ue, ????a ??i ?c a ?? ??? e ?????y Nay?o O?i. E?? ???ey,
?i ?i ??? ?? ?????o ???? ethaeyi ?i. Io XVII a. ???? ?????a ???? ???y?i
O???i ?????, a ???i ? ?ae ???i ???e ??, ??a???? ??a?ue ??o ???e ??ae ?
???? ??o???a, ??u ?i ?y? y?o ?????? ? ??a e ???? ? ? ?o ??ao, ?? ?e ??
???u, ?e ?e ? ???ny ??a ?o ???e ????, ? ? ?i.
I???, ???iyyy ?????y ??a ????ey ???o a ?i, ?i a ????e ???????a ?????
????y n ???i ?????i ?y???i ??. A???ue ?? ??????ue ??i ?????a, ? ? e ???a
??, ?ath?a ?? ?i e ?? ????i. A I????i ?????a, ?e e a C???e A??a, ???a?a
?????? ????? a ??a ????ey ???e ?????e ??????ueth. A????u ????a, ?ith???,
y????a, ??? e o. ae., ???y ??????i ?i ???, ?ith?y? e ????, ?? ??? n ?i e
????aie ?????a. O??i ? ??????a ???? ?????, ???? e o. ae.
I. I???????? ???a
Ia ?? ??y??e ??e ???e aei ?????y ??? ??? ?y??a ???ey? ????th,
???iy???th ????????th i???.
I??y ??????ue ????ey ????o ?y??e ????ny ??? e ??o y?? ???e. A??? e y?
????a ??o ??? ???e ????; ?i ?????y a ??i ??? ????e ???? ?ycy ?????i, E??
A?????, ????y ??? e ?i ???, ???a ? ???? ??i ???yi, e ??? ? ???? ?? ????
????ey. Y? ?????a ??e?????? ?y????e ????o ?y??e ?n??y, ? 1-o, ??a ???
???; ?-2-o, ??a ?? a ??o, ???ath?o ? ??ao??a. Ii ????th e ???o ???o –
??i ??? ??? E?i A??ue?? ?????e ??? ???? ??, ?e. ?ycth ?????o, A??eth
E????. *? aea ???ny ? ?? ? ??i i ???a??, ? ???a ???y ????ey ??e ??a ?
??i ?oa? ? ?????? a ??o ???, ?e e ? ???e ?? a ??i, ? ??oth?i ??th???. A
??? ???, ?????o ???i ?i?ueyi, ??e, ??o ???, ??a ???e, e??? ?e ?e. ?y?
E?? oy?? ???a??i e ??? I??a; a y?o ???ao ?ae i ?????a e ? ?a?e E??
A????? ??? ?e ??? i????e ?y?, A??? E???/, a ? ?i ???a ??uey, ? ?eth ???o
?e ????ue.
I???? ?y??y a ????????i ????e ???? ? ???e ?e ??u e ??u, e ? ???a. A???
e ??u a y?i ??? ??? ? ???? ?y???i, a ? ??????a *(55).
Ae??? ?y??e ? ???e ?e ????a ???????? ???, ???a ????? ???th ??? ??e,
?????y a ???? ????e. I ??? ????n?i ?y? ?th??, ????y, ?i ? ??? ???e ??i
??i. Y? ????? I???? ? ???e ?????ue ? ?????i ???e. Ai ?? ?????? ???? ???i
??? ???, a ???o ?a??ny i ?????? ???yo, ?e ? ?i??????i ???e I????. A
????? ? ?o ???: “*? ???? ?? ??????, ?? ?, ?y?, ? ???e ??? ??, ? ???e ??
??????e; a ?? ??e ?? ? ?o ????. A a? ????a ?? ???? ? ????e. A ?c ?? ? ??
???e ? ???. A ce ???e ?????ey: A??, O??e” e ?.
To ? ???a ???i e a ??? ?y??yo. O? A????y ?o. ????o i ???? ???y?, ???a
??a, ?e e ?????ey, ??ath?y ???? ??i. I? 1176 a. ???ath?y ?????? ???e,
E???a e N????; a ?ae 1213 a. ???i ??a ??i: “E ???a ?a ???e ?????ea ?
Ae??o ???u A?????”. I ????? ????i ?y??y ? ?ei?e ?????ue ??????i ?ae 1195
a., ?a O????ny ?? ? ???? ????, ???i?y ?th??i cyoth ??? ???o; y? ???ue
????ny “??ath ???ueth”, o.a. ??ath n?????i n ???e ????e ???y?. Iiae 1211
a. ?????ue ???? ? ??a ? ???a A?????? ?y??y: A???ae TH???, ??y ???? ? ???
??e ?????? ?? ???o ??, TH?th, ?c??o ?y? ??o ? ???a e ????. I? 1476 a.
?????y ????y ???ue A?oy??, a ?ae 1441 a. ???, ?i ?e??? ???? O??? ??? “n
????e” ???ue ??ae I??o.
N XIV a. ? ?? ??, ?e ??i ???ue ?a ?? e ?? ????y?ny ?y ?????y ??? ?y??y,
? ?i ?????ny ???? ????o ??? ??a ?e ?y???. O??i a ??i ??? ?????y ?i a
????yo e ????o ????? ?y?e. Ec y?o ?iy??? ??i, ?i ?a ?y??y, ??-?-?? ????
a ??? I????? ?????a, ????ey?? ? ???e; ???a ?y?y ?????, ??a?y y? ?y??y a
??u ??i n??ueyi, e ??e ???? ???, ???i ??? ?????? ? ?e ??? ?ae??? ?y??a,
??? ???eytho: “e n ???y?”, ????: “I??? ? ??e ???y?”, “E??? ? ??e ??????
???y?”; “A?? ? ??e ???y?”, “A???? n ???y?”; a ?o ? ????yo ????y i A????,
I?ay???, E???a, N???, I??i, I??a, O??, ?y??, I??ea, I?ay??? ?y???i e ?.
I???y ???e, ?y?y ????? ? ??o ????? ??i ???ey? ????a ???e ?y??? ???, a ?
?ith ???th ?????th ??????ue, ?y ??i??ey ???e ?? ??????? ????y – ?? ???y,
?? *(56). A??? ?? ??????a?? ????, ? ?a ?????e ?? ?y e ????, ???? ?a
????? a ?????a, ????ue. A ????? ???a ???? ?ycy ????i, I??? A????a, n
????? ???i ?y?i, E??i A?????i, ???: “A ?i ??a ??? ?e ????, a ???? ??ae
????ai, a ?i ?o ?? ?o; a ???o ? ???e, a ??ae ????? ? ????. a ?i ?o ??”.
?. N. A. e Ae. /. I, N 88. A ????? ???a A??ey Ae????? ?????o O?eth ???:
“I???? ?? ??? O?eth… ??? a (ai??e) O?? ???th ss????th ????th: a ?i
??ey ? ???y oy?? ??i e ??e ????e e ???e, e O??a, e ??? ? ???y ?oy?o ??i
e ??e ?o??? e ?? ??o O?eth… ??? ?? ?? e y? e ???e ? ? oy?? ? ?i”. A.
A. Y. o. I, N 20. A ??? ????? ???? ??? ?????a ??y ??uey: A ????ue ???
??o eth?e ????o e a ??? e a ??…” Ni. ?i ? NN 41, 52, 53 e ?. e a A. E.
o. I, N 49 e Ae?. A I??a ???e ??a ?????ue ??i, ?e a I???? e a A??a. A ??
??ath?? Ae??eth E???? ????oe ???o ??oth?a ????? ?i? e ?y?i: “N ??
?????… ?ae ?? ??u ??? e ???a ???”. A??. 1389 a. N?. ?? I??. IV, 1447
a., ?a ?? e ????? ???? ?ycy ????i?, A??ey A?????, ?uy??u ?i ??y????th e
???i, ???i ? ???? ??? e ???e a ????a.
A ?y??? ????yo ??, ?e ???y ??????ue ?ycy, ?????i ??????ath?y ???yi. O?
a ????e E?? Aea???? ??a ?????ey ???a e a???e, ?????o ? ???o ??, E??,
???o ??ay ???a: “a ? ??”, e ??i ?a ?? ?????? ?e, ?????o ? ?? ? ??. A ?i
? ??y?a ?? e ????? ??a ???? ?? A??th: “A ? ?e ?? ?? na?? A??th: E???o,
N????, I?????a, N???a, I??, O??, A???e, U??, I????, ????oe, O???; a ce
??: O????, ?? N?????a” e ?. I? ????? ??a ???? ??, N??o, ?oy e ???a ???a
“a ? ??e, ? ?a-?ee ?? ?????u ????, ??a ?e??e. A ????e Ae??ey E????
????th: “a ? ????? ???? ????????y ????a “a ? ????? ?e”. A?ue ???ue ??a,
?????? ??ae, e ?? n?i ????a, ??i ??a ?? ???ue N??oia, ?????? ??ae, e ??
N??????. ?. N. A. A. e Ae. /. NN 21 e 22. I????a ?y?y ???e ????e i?????
??????ueth, ? ? ?????? ??? ? ?a ?? e ???e, ????y a ??? ????. A ????o
?y?e i??? ????i ?ith?? ?y????? “?e e ???? a ??i-? ??a ? ???”. I? ? ??o
????ny e ??i e ???yi, ??????? ??? ?ycth; ?a? ?? ?? i ??o e ???yo,
??a????o ?y?i, ???i ??? e ??? ???i ??i; y? ?? e ??aie, ? ?y? n ?y???e
???, ?n??y? ??a ???e *(57).
A??? ????th?y ?????i ??? ???? ??? ????y, a ???i, ? ?? ??y???, e ?? ??
???????? ????ue. E y?i ???i ????yi ??????ue ??a ?????? ?? e ???e; ?i ???
???ey? ??a ???e. A???? ?y ?????y ????????o ???? ?? ??i ??? ? ??o ??ao
??e ???e. A ?? yo?i ???e e a y?i ??? ??? ??a ??y?ny ?????? ??a. O???a ?
y? ???i a ????e E?? Ae????a E??u. I? ????? ????o e ?????o ????, ?????o ?
???? ?? N??o, ?????y ???ue I??y?: a ??ieue? ??a ?e ????? ?e, ?????? ?? ?
?ycth ? ??a ???e ??????e, ???: “N?i ? N???, a I??y??i ??a”.
A??oyi ??????ath?y ???, ???eyth?a ? ????th e ?i ?????? ?yae??a. E ???
????ath?y, ??aea, ???th?y ?i ?? e ???e, n ???? ? e ???ey? ??? ????????e
??a. A??e ?atho ????? ?, ??i ???, a ?????a e ?? ??a ???eytho ? ??. O???a
? ??????a ??? ????o ??? ???i, ??o ???, a I??. ?o. ?ae 1403 a., ?a /??i:
“A a I?????i ??a ? 50 ??o (a io ??? ???i ? 8) ? A???i I???? ??????? ???e
E??a ???e Ii??? E???e ???ue ??y?o” e ?. *(58).
I???????? ??? e ???e ?a? ?????ny ??? ??, ? n ??ith ???????th ????? ?a a
?iy??? ??? n XIV a. A ????yo ????? ?y?e ??? ??iy?i ???th?y ???? io
??n?e; ??? ??a ??????? ? ?o, ???e, ????yth?y ??yae n ???y? *(59). A ???
?iy??? ?? aea ???e ??iy?i ???ath?y ????a ethaee e ??n??, ?e ??????a e
??? ????? *(60). A ????? ?????e ???a ??a XV a. ???ay ??? ???eya?y a
????? ???a, ?e ? ???ae ??? ? ??e ???e a ??oth ?????th ???ue, ?e e ? ?
???ae ? ???e a ??ae e ???i, ?i ????o ? ?, .?i ??ae ???eye ??e ? ????????
??a, ?e e ??n?. O?? ???? e ???a ?? ??? ?????u ? ??i ???? e ia??i ??iy??:
????i ???? ???y?? a ??, ?? ??? ????ue ??, ???? ?e ????? a ????i?, ??a
?????? ?????; a ????i ???, ???y ???ue ????ue ? ????i ???.
E ??o ???????? ???a ?y ?????y ???e ???? ???ue a ?????? ??e ??? – ??. *?
?? a ??? ????????i ??? ?? ? ?i ??, ?e ??? ?????? ???e, y? ??i ? ???ey ??
???? ? ?n ?????o ???, e ? ????o ?? eiy??? ????a e c????. A ??? ????
?????e ??i? ???: “I???? ??o eth?e ?????, ???i e ???? eth?e e ????o a?o
?????”… A ?eee, ?a ????y i ??a ????? e i ??????e ?????o ?? ??o
?aea??????e ?o ?????e, ???ath?y ??? ???? e ???? eth?, ??ae e ??u. O? ?e
i????o ????? ?y A????ay ??y e ?? ?e ?o ? ?? ?????, ? ???? ???? e ????o
eth?e a y?o ?? ??ayo ??o ?? ?uy?aii ??? ???????, ?i ???e e ??u ?? ?a ???
???ey ?y i????ey ??? e ?? ? ????????ai ???y *(61). E? ??u a ?????e ???a
????yth?y ??? ????, ?e e ????, ???e – ??? ???. A ??a ?????? ?? ???: “A
?i ?no ??? ? ?ae, ? ??? a ???ue, ?e ? ???e a ??ae, ?e ? ???e a ???ue, e
? ?? ? ???oth ???-??i”. C?? ? ???ath?y ??u, ? ??a ? ???, ??u ??o? ??? ?
??? ??a a ??? ?e ? ??a a ???ue e a ??ae e ???? ? ????? ???? ???: i? ?
???ue, ?e ???? ????i ??, ??? a ??? ????? a ???? ??? e ?? ? ??i?, ??a ?e
???e. A y?i ???, ??????i, ???y? ???u ??u. O???a ? ??a ? ???? ??a ???i e
a c???? ??????i ?ycy, A???? A????a. Ae?i ??i ???yi, N??o e ss???o, ?
????? “A??? ? A?? e ?a? ? ??”. I???? ??a, ?e ?????? ??? ?????y n
??othu?e ???e: A?????, TH???, E?y?? ?i?? e *?iy??. A a ???? ???? ?ycy
A??ey Ae????? n A????i A?????, ? ???? ????e e ???? A???, ????? ??? ??a
?e???? ?ae ???ith – “????o ????”. A ???????e ??? ??e ??? ????y?y ??? ?
?????i: a ?y??? ????yo e ????o ? ???th?y ??e ??th???? ?y ?????y
????????o ??ac???e I????? ??a; a ??? ? ???, I????, E?????, Ae?????,
I?ay???? e ?., ???ath?y ??? ???e.
A??a e ???e ?ey?y, a ?ith ???ue, ? ??a ??? ????????a ???u – ??e, ??? e
???u, ???a aa??? ???e ??? a ?? ???o e ???o.
N??, ?ae ???? ??e ??cy ???? ??????? ??????? ??e, ??n??ytho ?? ? ?????
???e, ???a ?? ???i ???e ?????y? ???? e ?????i ????ey. A TH?e; ni??a
???ath?y ?a ?e A???? Nay?i, ???e ????e ? ? ?? ????? ?? ??? n ?y??, ??y?
e ????? eth??, I ????? I???? (??? ???) ? ??e ????i ??? ???? a ??? i
????, ?????i e ????iie ???? I??a.
I??o ?e ????? ???? ???ai ??????i. I???i ?????, ?- 1-o, ??i ? ???i ?iyo
???ue e ??u ?????????, e ?-2-o, ????e ???, ???ey?? ?? ???oth ???o *(62).
I??a? a I???? ????? ???, ???a ???? ????. Y?, ??o ??, ??? ?? ?????? e ?y
???a e ?y ??e. I?? ? oy?a, a ?a y? ?e?a ???u – oy???.
??n?y I??a a ??? ???????? ???u ????o ??ue, ??u ?o?? ???eytho a y?i
????e ?? ?e?. A???????a ???? ??e ??i ? ??, ?i ??u ??e ??? ?? ?ae?ue
?????a ?e ???? ? ?????a ? ??????.
I?????i ??????y ??a ??? ? ??i ?a ??ey. I???? ??????e (I???) ???yo, ?i
??i y? ???? e ?i ?????; ?e ???tho ?i n ????? ??? hwarf, ???th?i ??a ???.
Ae??a (N???a, I???) ????yo ??i “??ue” ? ???e; ? y?i i???? ??tho, ?i ??ue
???ey? ??a, ???u ???? ???ey?? ????? ??a?th. Ae??????, a ????? ?? ????,
??????oth?a i ?i, ?i ???a (???) ????y?? o ?n ?e ???a ????e ie?; ?e, ??,,
????y: “a ?e ??e ? ?e ?? ????ny ???? ?e ???e” O??i, ???, ????ue, ??u a
????e ?a ??e ?? ??i ????. I??? e ???? ??e, ??o ??, ???y?? ?a n ?????
???; ? ?? e ?? ? ?i?y?? ?? e a ?????? ????? ?aiy; y?o ??? ?? ??ue ??i e
?ae?e ?????y ?e a ??i ???a, a ??i ????? ?????ue.
A?? ????? ??y??a ??i. I? ???? ???? e ???? o ?o nay? ???a. A I???i ???a
??u ???o ?th?a ???th?y “???e ??uey?”. Y? ????. O ?n a ?i ? ??? ????y??
?a ??i ??? ? ??????y – ??, ? ?a – ???a. “Aea ??o ?? ??o ???i e ??? ??a”,
?-??, e ??????i ? ??e. O?e, ?e? ???i, ??i ????. O ?n, ?e e o ??yi,
?????y ?y? ???? ?? ???? ? ???e, ?a (?a), ??a – linea; ?? o ????a 1a
ligne (N??????, E???y ???). *? ? ??a ??ue? Iu ???ny ???i ??ey, ?i ????
??e??ny ? ???????i a??, ??e, ???y ????o a ?ae e ??y. N ??????? ????e y?
???a??e ?aey?y ? ??th ??? Y? e a?? ??ue. Io ?th? ???a ???? ?????y ?
????oth ? ????eth e ?a????y ? ?e e ??a, ??a i ???a ???th?o ? eth?e e
?iy? i??? ? ?????ue. A?? ???? I??u ???????ay ???a, ????a ???e ?/?i ? ???
i ???? ??? ????ae?ey e, ???i, ??th?? ?. ??e ??a e ????a-?????. A? ?e
ia??th?y ??? “eth?a”, III ?ae. II.
E? ?? ??? ??ue e a ??i ????e ?iy? ?a e ???th ? ????a e ????a ??u e e ?
??????yi, ? ? ??i. I??a i ?i, ?i ??ue ??y?? ??????o, o.a. ???e?o ??o, ??
??? ?a?????. I???? ???? ??e, ?????? E???i, ?a ???? ? ??o ???yo.
I?o ??ue ???tho ????a ??????e n ?????i, ????th?i o ???? ??yi e ????i
?ae ??? ???e. I?????i th???ay??e ???e ? e?? ??? eth???? ????, ???? ??.
I??????? ?????? A????, ?????i ???e ?????? e th???ay??o ???a ?ae ????i
“N??? ???? ???a th?? ??yi”. A ?i ??, a ??i ????ey?ny ???a ? y?? ?i??o, ?
??? ???? n i?ath ??ueth. A??? ???? ????o ??i?a, ??th??y ???e (? ???a,
????y ??? e ?.), e ???? ? a ??? ????e n ???ith ?? ???. N???? ? ???? ??ue
eth???i, ? ??c???y ? ?? n ????????th. I?? e ??????y ??i ??i ???tho ??
??a. Y? ????ue ????y ?iya??ue e a ??? ???. A???o ???? ??? ??? ??? ? ?,
?i ??ea, ?e ? ????e. A??i ??, ??u ???ue ? ???? ???, a io??o ???ath?y
???i ?? ??u. Iiy??, ??? ?i ??? ???, ???o ????? ????ue ?????? ????.
Ia ????e ???a, ????o o A???a, ???a ????ey?ny ????i ???a?? ??????a.
I???, ?i ? ??? ?? ???? ????i ?i ???? ??e e ???, ???a ??? ???eytho 15-20
???e. Ae???i, ?i y? ???a ????i?e ? ???yo ??o ??e ????ny ??a ??? ??
????i, a, ???y? ?? ???, ??o ?????ny ? ?e ??th ?a?????th. Y? e ??o c???.
Aeey ??? ????ey ????? ???e ?????y ????e ??????ue, ?ny?e ???? “????” ?e
“?????”. Aeey ????ey e ???y??y ???? ???? ?c???ny ????, ?????i ?? ????. A
??? ???e ??yo ??? ??????, a ?????y ?? ? ???athony, ??a ????o ??th????o
???a. Aei??i ????o ?ae ????i ??? ???e, ???i ? ??? ??o ? ?? ??o ?cy????o
???y??yo; ?c ??? ?a?a ?ae??e ? ? ??o ? ???, ? ???ue ?????i ????a, a ??
???? ??a-??? ??? ??, oi a ?i ??????e, ?i ??u ???e ???yo ??i ?i ???o. I??
?? ?ae ???e ???e o ???? ?o. Ii ??o ??? ????? ? ??? ????eth ?????. A?e ?
? ????i ?i-?? ? ????, ? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???e, e ????? ?ia ??? ??????
??????ny ? ??aa ??????. A?e ??o ???e ? ??y?y ?????th?a ??y?e, ? ? ??o
o??a?ue ??? ??e ??e ? ??e ??????e e ??e ? ???e. N??????i y?? e ???i ??o,
n n???y ?? ??? ???e, ???? ???i?i ??a e ??th?? ?i ? ???e. O?? ???i, ???
?? ???o a ??o? ? ?o ??, ?? ?o e c??? y? ???ny. A ????a ??y o th?o ??yi
???a ????? e ??? ? ???e. I???th y??, ? ???e ??e, y?yth?y ?? ??? ???e,
???a ??y?y ??o ??th, ????tho ??o ????e ???? ??????ey e, ??i ??cii, ??
???o ? ???a. Ae??? ? ??? ????ny ???e ???e; ???i ??ath?e ?? ????o ???? ??
?e ??? ? ???o e ??? ?i ?a ?e ??e ??e ????i; a ????y, ?i, ??a ??? ??, ??
ec ??a y?????o ??ia ??e??, ?c ?????i ???ey ? ???u ??? ??? ???e, ????
????? ?? ?cy???. A y?i ????e ??? ?a?????y ????? ???? ? ???u ????o ???
???e.
A ??i ?? ????ey?ny th???ayi?ay ???a; n ??? ???? n ??th ???th ??ueth. Iu
? ??i ???o ???? ? ?, ?i ?? ??ue ?? ???ith ???th. N??a ?? ????a ??oue, ?i
?a ?? ???????th ???th, a ??? ???e ???e ? ??? ???o ? ?????? ???, a a? ??u
???. TH???ay??y ???a e ?? ? ???? ??????y. I? ? ??? XV ??.
A?, ?i ????? a ???? ?yae??a, ????i ???th ??? ???? e ???????? ????? y??
?y???; ??th??y (?????) ?????ue ??? a ?? ???i ?????y, a ??a ????y ?e
????? ???u. O?? ??th??y ?????i ??iy? a ?????? ????? ??? ? ?y??? ??e, ???
e ?a???? e ? ?? ?y??? ?????, i?? e ?y???? ???o ??oi??, a ??i ???, ? ?
??, a ??? ???o ????y?? ??th??a. I???ae?? ? ?? e ??e ?? ?e ??? ?e n
?????y?; a ????i ??? a ???e ?y??? ?????, ?????i, ???y?? ?????i e ???, ?
?a???? ? – a ??? ?ycy ??????? ??? ?? e yi, ??? ?? ?? e ?. *(63).
E?eth??y ???? a ??? ?y??, ????? e ???e, e ???o ?oe.
Ae???a ? ?n ????? ???u ? ???yo ??a XIV a.; ?a ?a ??? ? ??e ?ycy, a
??th????i ?????e ???? ????? ?ae e ?? *(64). A /ueth ??? ?c ??i???ue
??th??a, ?o ?????y ? ?e ??i ???i i??i e ?a a ??????i ?o ??? ????y? ??a
??th??y – ? ??? ?aea e ??o ?????e. I??? ??o ??e?? ??th??e ???i a ?????
???? ?y?? e ??????.
Oa?? ?? ????????a ???a ???o ?y??e. I? ????ey? ?e ???e ???a, ???o ? ???o
???o???? ??? ??? ????ey. A??th ?a?? ???ey? ?y??a, ???ue, ?? ?e ??; ??i
???o ??????a ?y??e ? ???a, ???e, ??u ?e o??; y? ????a a ?ith ???ue ?ey?y
? ??e, ??? e ???u.
I????a ???a ? ????ey? ?i???ey. A ??? ???i ???a ???a ? ??? e ???e. Ii
???e ??-?-i?o ???tho. E?????a ????, o.a, ???? ????, ??o, ??o ??, a ?y? n
?????? ?????a ????i ??e?ey, ???a ? ????ue ??a a ??? ???o ????ey, –
????yo. I???y ???a ? ??? n ? ???e. ?y?i n ????? ???? ?iyo ???e ?e ??e,
???a ??iyo ? ?????? ???a, ?ath?o ?? ???e ??? a n?? ???i ???. O??u: Ay??y
??y, Ae???y, A??ay, I???ay, ?y???y, I????eay e ?. I?????y ???ue, ??.,
???ey? ?????? ???a n I????i ? ??a, ???e ???ny n I??ith ???????i; ??? ?
?????? ??? ????ue n I????i, a ? ?ue Ii??e. A??a, a ?ith ???ue,
????eyth?y ? ??a ??? ???u: ??e, ??u, ???u, ???u e ?. I???? ???e ?e??ue
ia ??e, ? ????; ??., A??ay ??y, ?e ????e ???????ue ??a, ???? ? ????;
I???ae ? iy??.
A I????i ?????a ???atho ?a ???y ? ?????? ?ey?. 1) Ae??? ? ??; y? ????
???. ???? ? ?e ??ue ????. I?????? ? ? ?? ???e ???????, E? ??? i ???
????eyo, ?o e ???e ?. A?e ???a ?? ???ue – ?a e ?n??y? ??. Ii ???a, ? ??
??, ?e ??? ????ey ?????iy??, ??? ???a, ???y, ?ai?i n ???? ? ??? n ???e.
2) Ae??? ? ??y?, y? ????? ???a ???a. I? ??y?i ????ny ?????? ???a, ?athu?
?? ???. A ??? ??u, a ?????i ??? ??y? ????? ?a ???? eth? y?? ??y?; ??a
?eue ??yae ??????, ????e, ?y???e e ?. E???a ???ey a ???a XVII a. ??aeyo
? ?????ey.
II. I??u ????ey
I?e ????e ???yo, ???i ???i, ? ???o ?y???i ????ey; ? ?yae? n ?y???
?????i ?????? e ??????? ??i. O????a ?ycy, ????o ?y?y ???? ??u ? ????th
??? ?e n ?i ???ey, ????ey?ny a ?????? ???e ????. A ??? e ?y?, ??th??? n
???i ?yae ? ?y??a, ??o ?? ???o??ai ?? ?e ??i ??????ey ?y???.
Ai ??a ??i ????ey ?y??? ?iye ?y?. Eiy? ???y? ??i, o.a. ????o ????????
???a ? ?? ??o ????ey. Y? ??i ? ???ey A?ae??a I???a. E??? ?y???i ????ey
?????i ??e e ?i ??ae, ??aey ? ?e ??e, ?i ?y?y, ?e ??, ?????? ?? ???, ??e
?? a??????? ?y?o ??? ?????.
O???y ? ?????a ????ey ?i? ?y?i ??ue ? ??e a ??o ?????, a ???o e ??y ???
i????y “?y?e ???e” *(65).
Ha ??a ?y? ?????i ??? ???e ?e e ??i ???? ???ye ??? ? ?a ?i ?????a. A?
??? ???a a ??a ?? ?????? ???ae?i ?y ??? ??? ??: a ????? ?ycy ??u “? ???
?th?y” *(66). E?? ???u Ae??ey E???? I?????, ??ae ???i ?a???e ???e ??u,
?a???e ??? ?ycth ? ??ny ????, ii ??ue ??e ?e ? ??a, ? ???e: “E? ??o ?i:
???! ?oy?? ??a ????i, a ?i ??o ?? ?? ????, ?e ????ny ? ??? E? ?? ???, ?e
e ??i ???? ?aoa ??o ?ith ???? ? ?ith ?a?th e ? ?y ???y?”. “Aea y? ? ??,
?? e ???e”, – ???ey? ? ?ay ????oe – “?y?-? ny n ??? ??a, ?? ???ae ??…”
*(67).
A??y ????? ??e ???o ?y?e ?????i ????? e ??o ????i ???a, ? ???? ?? ????
? aea: ????e ????? ???e ?y?, A??? E???/, ?e ? ???ye ?i, ?e ?i ????? ???,
???e ?y? ??n?e, A???? I???. *????? eth??o?e ???? a y?i ????e ????ey?
???a A??ey E???? e Ae??o N???, ? ???e ??i, ?i ???e ?y? i????e ???????i
?i ??e ???ey ? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?a e ?ith?i e ???a ????e ??a ? ????
???, ? ?? e ?????? ?????ey ?????? ??e e ???, ????ny ? ??? ???? ??i.
I?y?i, ???, ?i ?y?, ???yy ?a ??e ????ey a ??o ??o, ? ?a ????ny ?c
?????. E ??????i ?. ????? ??? ? ????i ???ey ? ??????a ??????? ???e,
???th ???o ????? ????a i??? ????ey e ??. N??????? ?e?? ???a ????ey ?
?????a e ???a ??o ?? i????i e ??e ???e ??????e ??? n ??i?ith. A?????th
?????th ??? ???eye ?y? e ?i ??u. Ii ?y? ? ?e ??th???? ?????e ???th. Ia
?y? n ?????? ? ???? ????y?, ? ????e a ???????? ??i ???e ????e ??a, e
???? ?e ????? a ??i ? ????e, a e?? ???a ????e e ??i ???i; ? ????eye a
y?i ??? ???th ???. Y?o ??? ??? ?? ? ??e ?a???i ? ?????ey e a XVII ??.
E?? ??, ????y ? ??????a ???o ??e, ?y? ?a ?y?a ?? ?????ue e ??? ??????
??, a a ????? ??y, ?e ???a ?y?i ????, ?????a ?i a ????e ???e ??th??
?y?th ???th ???. N y?e ????e ? ??i ??????ue eiycy e ?i ??? ?e ?????a ???
????ey. E ???i ???i ??o ???o?y: ?-???, ?i ?y?, ??i: ????e, ????? e
????e, n ?????e ? i? ?????e, ???a e ????; ???i ?? ????a eth?, ?????
????i? ????ey ? ?ycy; ???i ?????ey ?????, ??????y ?y n?? ?y??? ??? e
??e; ???oe, ?y ?????y ???????i e ???i ??a??i ?ycy ???e: ???? ????,
?th?e?, ?y?, ????? e ??? ?y?.
Eiy?y a??e, ?????i, ???????a ?? a ??a ??? ???? ?cy??a; ? ??e, a ???i
??? y?? ??a, ???e ??? n ?i e ???? ????ey, ?? ???e ?ycy a ???????i ???
??a.
I???? e ?????eth ????o ?a?? o????y.
Eiy??ay e ???y ??
N?????? ?y??? ?? n ???e?o ??? ??e ???e ? ???? ? ????o ???eth. I?y??e
??iy?i ???yo i ?? ?y?e n ???, ?y??, ??a???i, ????? ???? e o. ae. Ii ?e
?? ???? y? ??????a ?iy???? A?a ? ?y??ay ?? ??iy?? ?????i, n ??a ?e ??a
?????? ???? e ??????, ?e y? ??? ?o ???y, ???? ?????y ?ycy n eth??, ???i
? ???y??
A ????? ?????? ??? ???; ?i ? ??a ?????i ??? ???. N?????? ????? ?-?????i
???e ??ue ???????u, ??? e ????u. Y?i, ???i, ?uy?y?ny ?, ?i ?e ?? ?iy? a
????i ?y ?n ???, a ? a ?i ??ai?i, ?o?? ???ey? ??????? ???? ???e. Iu ???,
?i ???a e ???????ia ?uy??? ?? ???? ? ?n ?? ?????, ??ny??y e ??, ????
?e?i n ????e ?? ??? ??e ??ey.
A ??o ???o ?iy??? ??i “??” ????y?ny a ???? ??e, ????y, ??a ???ey.
A E????? ???? ???:
“O? ? ?? ????e ??o A??e?? I????/: ???ny ??e e ?? *????e, *??i e ?? ?i,
O??e, e I???; A???? ?, ?ae ?a ?? ?, ? i?? e ????? Ae???/th e e I???e, e
e C???e, y?yy ? ?? ?ith”. 1169.
Eiy? ? ?e ?y?i n ?i-?? ????ny, ? ????ny ? ?? ?o ??ayo, ??a ????, ??? e
?????i: ? ?? ????o ? ????o ??. N???i n y?i, ?iy??e ???yo ? o ???eyo ?ycy
n ??? ?y?, ?????a e o. ae., ? o ???eyo ?i ?c ?y?ai ???.
A ???? I??a ?? ??????a ?.???th (???????th) ?y????ue ?y?e ?c ????ey
???-?? ???: ?e ss??? ????e ??? ???a ???? (II ?ae. 24) e ???oth ??ue ?? ?
?? n????o ?? (I ?ae. 23, III-88), a ???y ?i ???? ???oth ??ue ??a ???e
????y?. A ?y??? ???? XII ?? ????ue ?a?y i ???? ??e ?????a ? ??io ?ycth
(E?o. 1177) e ??i, ???i, ? ??o ?????, ?i ?y??? ????, ??th??? ? ??a, ?e n
?????i ???ey ???-?? ???.
A??a ????? ??? ?c ?? n ?y?? e ???e ?????e, ????y ? ?, ?i ?e ?????y??
????i?i ??ue ??? ??a, ??, ?? ???oue, ??? ?????? y???i a ??e ????e.
Ii ????? a ??o ? ??ayo ?y?y ???i ???th?y e “??” ? ??? ???. O? ? ? ???ay
I??a ???? ???y??y ???e ss???a i ???? ?? e ??y?a ??, ??y?a ?e ?e ???e ??e
(II ?ae. ????e, III-4) ??i ?e ? ?e ???e “??” ??iy?? ??????a A???? I???a
i ???o? (III ?ae. 65). AE????y ???a ?????a I????? ????? ????e ?? ?? ? ??
“n eth?? ???” (Ae?. e A. E. I N 41 IVO).
O?o, ?e ??, ?????a ???th ?ycy, ???? ?th ???ue ????ey e n?a e ? ????i
??i ?? ??ue ????u, ? ?iy?i, ?i e ????e, e ???i ?ycth ?????ue ????ny, ??
??a ????. Ii ????ny ? ? ?ath ???ith, ? n ????? ??? ? ???e, ? n ????e
???, ? n eth?? ? ????e, ?, ???oe, e n ?? e n ???e e n ???? ???. E?? ???i
????ey ?ycy, ??? ????? ??????ny any?e ?c ?????y? ??ay.
A ?? a ????e e ??a ?ycuey, ???a ??? ? eth?? ???o ??u??. I ???? ?y?,
A????, ????oe ???o; “Aa ? eth??? ??th ???o e ?? ? ethay?? n ??e ???.
E?o. 1188.
I???? e ???o ? ???i? ?ycy e ?i ???.
I?a ??? ?? ???y, e ?y? ? ?a ?????ue ??i ???i ???, ??u ?ycy ??e a ??????
???e ?????? ?i ?????. Eiycth ?? ?ei ???? ??? a ???????? ??o ????e. I??
ae???a ?? ???? ??? ??a, ??a ??u ?????ue n ?y?i.
O?? ???i ????a n ??? a?i ?y ?ycy ????? a ?o ??ayo, ??a ? ??e ???????y
?????i ??? ??e ???u. Aiy? A???? I????? ????? ???oue ?o ???, ?i ?y? ?i
??e ?????y a ??ae, ? ???????ue ??????? n ??. He ??a eth???? ???? a y?i
????e ??? ????? A???? I???a n ?y?i ???? Nay???? ?????? ??? ? ????. E????
?e ???? ?: “A?? A? A???? ??ue ??o ??e ? ????”. E?? y? ??ue o ?? ????,
A???? ???e ? ??? ?y?yi, e, ??o ???, ????o ???? ?ycth Nay???o. Nay??? ???
? i??? ? y?i ???a, ? ???a ?? ??ea ??? ? ?i ????e, ?i ??ae y?o ????? ??e
???a. A????a y?? Nay??? ????? A???? ? ??ae: “Aea ??i ny ?y? e ???? ??i n
???ith”. ss?i, ?i ?e A????, ?e e Nay??? ? ???e ???i ????y? ??ae ?c ???ey
???u. “E ??? A????, – ????? e???ue, – e ??? a ??? ??a Nay??ee ? ??th
???ith, a A???? ? ?iath. E ??o ???eth, e ?? A????: ??a, ? ?e ???, ??e
????e, ?? ??i ????? i ???? ??a. E ??a Nay???: ??a, ? ??e. E ?? A????: ??
y ?? ???e, a ? iy ?oyo ???e ?iy ???a e ?y, ???: ??o ???? ??? e ?eueth
???i; ? ? ?? ?, ??a, ?a ???a ???a e ? ??e, a ?? ? ???yth?, ?a ? ??o ???
?a?ae ?o ??e ???th ?th e ???a ???? ???ue ??? ???th e ???ue ??? ? e ??
?i, e ae?e ?i, e ??i ?i ???; ? o ?i ?? ? ???a? E ??? ?y ???a: ??i, ????
?? ??. E ?? Nay?i?e: ? yc, ??a, ??a ?? n ??th”. O?? ???i, ???o ?? ?ei
???? ?????y n ???i ?ycy. Nay??? ???ny ? ??ae ?? ??a ??, ?e ???a ?i
?????ue a ??? ???.
Ii y? ?????ue ?ycy ? ??? ?? ? ?????y. Eiy? ? ?e ?y?i ?????ue ??? n
???ey ?i?a. Ii ?a ?????ue e ?c ?y?e ae?u, A?e ??u ? ?????ue n ??ey?
?ycy, ? ?a ?????ue e ?c ?o, ? ?? ?????e ??o, ?? ???i, o ?? ?? ????? ?y
y?? ?e. Y?i e ?uy?yth?y ??????a ???? i ????yo ? n ??i ???i?? E???i, ? n
???? eth?? ??? ????o e o. ae.
Y? ?y??ay ?? ????o e a I????th ??ue, ????i ???ath?th ? ?????o ???e ??e.
Ii I??a ?a ???a ?????? ? ??a, ????? ?a e ?? ?y??oth.
I??y e ?????ay ???? ???o? a ???e ????e ??? e ????i? ????th. I????a ????
????? a??? ?? a ????o e ?i ???? ???i ???? ????a ??o ?????. N ?? ???a, ?e
??i ???a ???? ?? ?????? ????, ??u ???o ?y?e ????? ? ???o ??, e??? ??e
?????y n ?? e ? ?????y, ????? a ???? ?eth???? ?? ??o ????e.
Ae?a ????? ????e, ? ??? ???o, ? ???o ? ??? ??? eth?e a ??? ??? y?? ??a,
a ?a ??y?y e ????a eth?, ??y? e ?y?; ?i ? ??a ?y ?????? ?????o ??? e a
XVII ?? ????? ????ny “?y??”, ?e ??? ???a!
I????a ?y?y ? ??a ???? ??e ?y?a ?? ??? ??, ? ????y ???i ???. I? ????? n
???e eth?? ??? ??a, ??a ?? y?? ???. A y?i ????e ?e ?? ?a ????a ??o
????????. O? ??i ?? ???? ???o ??, ?? ?e ??? ?????a?ny ? ?????i, a ??? ?
?????ue ???? ?; ????? ???? ?atho ?? n ?y???e ???e, ? ?o ????? ???oue ?,
?e ????atho ?. Iu ??i ??o ?????o ??a ????? ????e ? ?? ???? ????????, ??
e ????ey, a ???o e ?? ?o i ??i-?? ???.
A??? Ae????/ eth?e ????ny n ??i ?????, Ea. O?. E??th; ??i ?????? ?????
?i ????, ?e. ei. A??ey E????, ? ????o ??. Yoi ???? ? ??? ???
A??iy-Aa????a n I???i A??i. “A ?? ?e, ???e A???, ???? ?o ????y ?i ??? o
???e ?y?a ?? ???”. Y?o ?a ??th?e ??o ?? ?oe o ???e ? ?e, ???i, ???i ??
????ey, a ?e ???i ???, ???e ?a ??iyoue ? ??, e ? ??, e ? iy? ?oe, ???y ?
???th ?ycy.
A ?????? O??? E???? ??in i ?? ????y a ?i ? ????e, a ??i ? ?e ?e ?i
??????e?o. Ia y?i n ?????th y???th e ????th ???????o O???. Ii ??o i
??????e ??? ??a e ?e??o ??th ? ??o, ?oy e ? ??ue ??oth. C?? ? ???o, ?i a
????y ?? ????th?y ??? ? ?a ??ua ??, a ???e iy? ?e ??ue, ???? e ??tho ?a
?? ??? n A??? A????. E??a ???atho e a??? ??i *(68). Y? ????y ???a ??e
????? ??! Ii ?a ? ??? O?? E???/ ???????? ??? ? ????y e ?e ??i ??? ? ??e;
a ?i ??y ?????? ???ye A?? A???. I???ay O???? ??, ?? ?? ? ???o A???a. I??
???, ?i i???ey A???a e ?????i ??? ? ?? ?e ????, ?e ????y e ?i ??? ??y; ?
???oy ??? ??y, e ? ?a ???e ? ?ey ?ith ?????ue ? ??? e ?iy? ? ii ????o.
I??e O???? ?? ??u ? ?e???i, ? ? ??? n “?y?”; ? a ????i ??? ? ?i ???, ??
? ?????ny, e ?y?e ?c ?i ????o ?? ?????. N????i ????? ae?a ?? ??? ? ??, ?
n ???i.
Ia A??? I????? E???? ????:
“A ????i ??y ??? ? ???i, a ??? ? ? ?ay ? ?e ??e?i, ?i ???a ?? ????, e ?
?????, ??? ?i ???? ?i ???i ??i, e ???. ????a ???a “?i????” e ?????i ??
??? ? ?i? ??. E n ?i ???o ???e ??o e ??e e, ? ??th, ?i ?? ? ??? ???, ?e
??th ??? ???, ?e e ?? ??a ???a e ??a ??? ?????a ?? ???o ? ??e ??e ??eoe,
c ?y? e c ?i?? eth?? ?????? i ?i ??, a ?i ?? ?i ??o, ? ???e ??o. I??i,
?? ? ?y?, e ? ???, e ? ???o eth?e eth?o e ???, ?????ny e ???? n ?? i
?y?o ae??” 104.
A? ??y ???a ??, ????? ?i???y n ?e, ???y ????? O????. Oe?ue ?? ???y? ?i
????ny n ?i ??o e ? n ??? ???e eth??, a e n ????.
I???i ??? e ?????eth ???a i ?i, ?e ?????? ????? ???? ???? ??o ???.
O????a e ?ae a I????i ?????a, ?e e a ???? ??y, ?ee ??? ??i ????y. Ii ?i
??e e ???ye ???????i, y? ?i ??i. O????a e ?ae ????? a ??ey ?ee ??? ?
?????th ??y. A????u ae??, ?e ?????e ?????o??? ???? ??i ??i, y?yth?y ???
a? ?????e, ???oth?? ? ?i ????ieth.
Aeay????ue ? ??? ??i ?iy?y?ny a ?i, ?i ?e ?????tho ?e ?i???e ????i eao
???? ????? ? ?????th ?? e ????ey. A???ue ? ??o ??ue ??i. I??a ?i ?????y
? ?? ?e ???o ???o, ?o ?? ??ue ??ae ??e ?a ?????a ???e. Aeey y?? ??i ??
??? ??? ????ny eth?, ???a ??o ?????ue ??? ???ey. Y?e ?? ? ????e ???e
?i????ytho ?a ????? ??; e ? ??i, ?i ????? a???e ?tho ?? ??u ? ????e ???a
????? ?y?a, ?e ?y?? e ?y?, ?????? e ?y? e o. ae. Ii ?e ??? ? ???
?????th?y ??y???i ?? ??????; ??? ??a?i ?e ???th?y e ??? e ????y n ??,
??? ?i ??? ??. I ???yo ??y, ??iy??ny ??a ??? ????y, ?iy??e ???yo: “??
???, ????y n ?y?”.
Y? ????u ??y n ?y?? ??i??? ????yo ? ??y ???a ??th aeae. I? ????, ?oy e
? ???, ? ??? ??i, ?????tho ?y?.
A???ue ?i ???o ?? e ?y y?? o ?? ??? ???a n ?y??. ss??? ???, ? ??i ??a.
A ?o???o ???eyo XII a. ?? ?? “i ??” n ?y??, a I??a ???yo i “?ae??” n
?y??. O? ?e ?y? ?????tho ?e ???a, ? ???? ?????o ?i?a ???? ?o e ?y?i; a
?o ? ??y?o ???:
“E ? ?????i ??i ?, ????, ???? ?o, ?y??, ?ay ???? ????y e ?y?, ?e ?e.
???? ??e? ??? n ?y? ? ???, ?e. ????y, ???” 1429.
Ii ??? ?? ?????y ??ue n???, ?i ?i ??cy ??? ? ???o ???o ???? e ???. A
y?o ?o?yo, ???? ??, ???? ?????o ?y?? ???? y? ?? a ??? ????e e ??i ?a ?c
?o ????. Eth???? ???? ??? ???? ???a e ???ey ???i a Ae???? ??y?o ?ae 1675
??i.
“O?i ? ?? ??ey a 26 ??, ??? ???e ???? ?y??, E?? A???a?o I??????, ??? e
??, ?e. ????th, ?? a ??? ???i ??y?? A. N. O???… E ?y?i, E?i A????/, ?
??o ?e. ????y, ? ?? ???e e ??, ?e. ????th, e ?i ?e. ????y ? ?? ?? e ?
??e n??a ?????. E ?e. ???? ?? ae ??a ?? ?? ??? n aiy? e ??? ?a ?y?i
???ue e ?e??ue ?ay, ???? ????y, ?? ????, ?e o ??, ?e. ????y, ??o ???a n
?y?”.
Ec ?????o ?? ??i, ?i ???a ??y n ?y?? ?? a ??a XVII a. ??i ??i ? a
?????? ?e e ??, a ? ?? ?????. Ae??? ? ???? ??th ??iy?i. I??a ? ?o ???yo
e ??th ???ue a ??a ???u, ??a ?e ?i ??a ? ?? ?y?. I?? ???, ?i ?y? e ??u
???ia, ? ???o ?e ???u, eth?? ?????ue ??? a ????? ?y?. Iie y?y?? a y?o
??ayo ?????u? ?????e ????y. Y? ?? ????? ???u n ??o ? ??. I? a ???e ???e
????e ???? ?????. A???e ??? ??u e ? ??i ????, ? ? ???. E??a, ???? ??, i?
?????e ???? ?i ?y?i e ??i n ?y??i ?????, ??ue ???? ?? ??.
A? ??? ??? ?????i ????y ????? ????e e ??i, ???i ??i ?????i ???a:
“1636 ?? ???y a 15 ?? ????y ??y ???? ?ycy I??? O?????a ????? ??? ?ye,
I??? Ae???, i ????o e ????o ??ueyo, e ???? ?? e ???e ?y? I??e O????/
???: ?o ??? ???ue ?y?i, a ?i i ?o ??ueyo ?y? ????y, e i ?i ??e ???? ????
?ay, ????y”. A?aee???e-A???, O????ey, o. III, 247.
O?? ??y?e ??y??ey ?? e i????e ?i e ???? ???th ?e ???e ?????e ??. Oe?ue
????ey? ??i? e ?? ?? ????a ?? ?e ?e???? ? ????e ???a ????????o ?oe,
?y?a, ?y? e ??? ???i? ?????a, ?e ?????o ??????? ??o ???, “?y?”. Y?i
?uy?y?ny e ??ay ??a ???: a ??o ??i ?? ????y ?y?”, a ??? ?o.
A?e ??? ????? ?c ?y?, a ??i ??? ????, ? ????? ??, ?? ?? ?? ????? ?y? e
????eth, ????:
“E?a 7060 ?oy?y a 15 ?? ?? e a??? ?y? E?i A????/ ?? ???o ??? e ????
????i”… A E 1. N 154, XVI, XVI, 1560.
A?e ? ???a ??????? ?y?, ? ?? ??e ??? ?y?i, ? ????e ???? ?e ???ey? ????,
????:
“A 81 ?? ?oy?y ? 9 ??, ? ?n???o ??? e ???? ?ycy ???o, i??ay??? A???
?????, ?????? e ???? e ?? ?ay??? ???, e ?y?, ?y? E?i O???? I?????e, e ?a
?y?, ?????e”… ??a ????ny ?? i ?????? a ???? ?y???? e ?????. A. E. I. N
164, XIX, I573.
E?e, ?y??e ???? ???ey?ny ? ????e ????? ??a. Oe?ue, ???? ??? e ?a ?????a
???e aeey ??y??ey ??, ?????o ?ith ?eth, ?e ?? ??; ?? ?e ???a ?? ?y?, ?e
????otho ???th ?eth, y? e ?? ?y??e ????. Y? e ??? “?? ???, ?y? ?????e”.
I?y? yoe ??a a ??? ???ey ? ??aa???e ??y?e ???y ?e a ??, ??? ??th ?????o
?? ?? ?????ey, ? ????ey?ny ? ???? ?????e. O?? ??y?e ???y ?e ? ?? ??????
? ?? ???yi ?? I????? ?????a. Aiy? ??u – ??e ????? ?no??e, ?y??? ? ??i
??th??y ?????. A???ue ??o ???? e ? ???? ? a ??, iiy?? ??e ??cy ????ue,
?i ?e ?atho ?????e ??n ?e ?????? ???????? ???? *(69).
Ia ????yo ???? ?ycy E?? A????? e ??i ??? ? ??i ??e??? ??????i
A??iy-A?????: “Eiy? ???e, ???o ?, ??? ?ay ??/th eth?e e ?o ???e, ???a
??? ?i ?????”. “N??y” ?e (“???a” – ???? ?????. E?e, E?i A????/ eth?e
?????ue ????ey e ?? ???e ?o, ?i ? ?o ??e! Ia y?i ? ???? ? ????, ?? ? ???
?? ?????e ??th?e ??n. A y?i ??? o ?o ?? ? ??i ia ??? ????ue, ? e ??? ???
?? ??y. A??? ?, ????y E?? A????? n ?i ??i e ?????, a ???o ???? ???o
???????th ??o. Ii ????? ?iy?yi, e ? ???, ?? ??th i?? ????ue. I?i ???, ?i
E?? A?ee??? ??i ?????ue ?????ue ????ey, ?? ? ? ?o ?? ???e. E?? ????y e
??? A??? E?i??. A????? ???o i ?i: “I?? ?a???? ???? ?ycy ??i ? ????ny ??i
????i, ??u ????ny a ?i-i??ue ???i??? ?o ?e ?? ???i ??ey” 28. I y?i ????
e ??????a ??????a. O? ? A??? ?a??: “A???ue ??yi e ???e ??? ?ay ? eth?o;
?i ?o ???o ???o, e ? ? ?? ??y?ny”. A??? ???e y? ? ??. E?? a ?? ?a ??ue i
N????, ? ???? ????th, “e ?y? ???e, ?????e ? ? y?? ??? I??? A??, ?? ?
?eth?e ? ???, ??e, ??ae, ??ue, ? ???i ? ?e” *(70).
O??u ??e ?? ?????y ?????? ??? ??? eth?e n ?????e ????y?. Ae??a eth? ?
??? ??????i? ?e, a ??? ???? ? ???u a???? e ???y? ? ??u. N???? e ??a ???e
???o ????? ????y a ?????ey ??. I?????a y? ?? ??????? e ????ue ???
??????a. E?i A??? ??? a ?i ???i? ??o ???????o ??. ??ue ?? a XVII ??
????? ??i ????? ????i??. I??a, ?e ??? eth? ????ath?y a ?? ? ????o, E????
???o:
“A ???y ??th ??ue ?ith i ?i ?uy??, e ? ?, ?uyay, ?????o, ?? ?e, ?y? e
??? eth?, ???y, e ?? ?? ?? ???… e ?e i?? ?ith e ???o ?uy??atho…”.
II, 5.
E?e, ?? ?????o “??ue”, o.a. ????a ??, ?ith ?eth, a ?y?i ?????o ????ue
??? ?????ue y? ??ue; y?i ?????i ???e ??e e ??????y ?y ?y????ue ?????e
??, ???th?e a ?????e ??y.
Ii ???? ??e ?? ??i ??ai e ???a ????ey, ?? ???? y? ???, e ?e ??? y?. I?
???????, ????, ?y? ????ue ????, ? ????? ??, a ??? ????e, a ???i ?? ?
???????. Y? a?i a ?o ??ayo, ??a ?? ????? ???e ????ueth e ? ??i ?? ????i
?????. O?? ????u, ?????? ??? ?y??, ???? ????? ??i ???? ??.
E?e, ????? ????e ?e ?????tho ? ???? ????o ????? ??th e, ? ?i ???o,
??tho ??ey i i???? ?e??a e ??i, ? ??o ??y, ???eytho ????u, ?e, ?? ? ??o
??y, ?atho ?? ??? ????y e ???eytho ???u ??o ???a, ???a ???y?y a ?????
?y?-?? ? ??o ??y.
A ?? ??e ?? ??, ? ????ey?ny ? ???? ????? ???a???ny ? ???a i ? ?????e.
Ae?a ??? ?a ?, ?i ? ??o ????i ???ue ????i, e ? ??? ??i ???, ?? ????th ?
??o ??? ????ue ? ?????ue. A y? ???, ?i ?? ? ??o ???e “??e” ????oeee.
Ho a ???e ????? ????tho ??y? ???? ? ??? ?i ?? ??????.
I?o. A?????e-A??? a ????eyo e ???th ???o ???o ?iy??? ??a??? ?o ??yae,
?i ?? ??a ??th ???th ??iy? ??u, ???? ????yi, e ???? a ??? ?y??e ??i??
1609 a. 12 ??y?y. Ii ?? a ?i, ?i ??ae ?????? y?? ????a ?e ?a?i ??? ??y
(12 ?y 1609 a.), e ? ??? ?????? ? y?i n ?y??. Aiy??e ???? e ?? ????o y??
????a ??y n ?y??.
A “I??a E??? ????i I??” ??. A?????e-A??? ?e ??? ? ??, ? e ?i ?????, ?i
(?iy?a i ???, ?e ????o a ?????? ?y??i?? ??y e ??, ?????ny ?? ????
???????? a I????i ?????a (139 ??.). Y? ?? ?. O???: “???? ???, ?y?
?????e, ???? ??? i???? ?y? ? ??o ????y. “I???? ??y ? ??e ?y?”, ?? ????
??y ? ????th n ?y??. I?????ue ????oth e ????oth ?y????ue ??y e ?y? ?o
????y.
I?o. Eeth???e a ????e “I ?y??? ??” ? 481 ??. ?????: (?e ???i?, ??iy??ny
?. ?? ?c ????y, ?a???y?? ? ?o ? ?????a?” E ?i ????, ?i ?? ? ?? ?y??
????ey? ? ??th, a ?? e i????y?, ? y? ?e ??c ? ? ??a. N y?i ?????y ??a
??cy. A ??i ??? ??i ?? ? ????ue, ?i ??i ???????? ?????o ??, a ? ??th.
O?? ??a ??cy ?????y n ??. Eeth???i e a ?i, ?i ??? ??th ?? ?ee? ? ?????
?y, ???? a ??, a ? e ??th. Ec ?iy??? ??i ???? ??????aa ??, ?i ??? ??th
??????i ????ey?y ?o, a ? ??. “145 ?? ???y a 15 ?? (1636 a.) A???y ??y
A???i Eiycy I??? O????? ?ay ?o? ????? ??? ?ye I??? Ae??? i ????o e ????o
??ueyo. E ????, ?? e ???e ?y? I??e O???? ?ay ??e, ???: ?o ??? ???ue
?y??; a ?i i ?o ??ueyo ?y? ????yo, e i ?i ??e ???? ???? ?ay, ????y. E
???y a e6 ?? ?y? ?o ??? ???e e i ?o ??ueyo ??? ?????ue ????y. E ???y ?,
? ?? oe. e a. e. I??e O?ae??? ?ay ??e, ??? ????o e ??e?? ??? e ?i ? ?o
?y? ?????e, ??? i ?o ??ueyo, a ?i i ???? ??? ????a ?? e ?y??e ????, e ?
??? ? ??ueyi” (O??. A?ae.-A?. III, 257).
I??a I. I. C???? ??a e e??a; o ?? ?? ? ???? ??? ????????; ?a ????o a
???????o ???? ??? a ?? ??????ey ? ??? ??a ??i. Ii ??. C???i ???i ????
??ey ? ?????e ??. Ii ????o ???a ????e, ???o ? ??.
E??? ???, ?i ?e ?? ?? ???y?y, ???y ?? ????u. I??e a? ? y? ??ue ??a ???
?iy??a: “I???e ?? ???? ???? o ?ay ? ??o”. A? y?o-? “??” E??? e ???o
???y??. Ii “???” ????nue ? ??ue ???, ?a ?? ???u, a ???o ?e ?i ????;
????a “???? ? ??o” ??? ??? ??a, ?e ?, ?i ?? ??e ??? ???? e ?? a ???o,
??u ?????ue ?i *(71).
?????y ???
N ??o ???o ??? ?y? ?e ??? e ??i ???eye ?? ???o?y. Ii ?? ?????y ???e ?ae
???th I??u, ?????a ?? ??i ????i ???? ?a ??a e ??a ???????i. Ii e ?????
???? ????tho ??? ?? e a ??? ????e ?a a XIV, XV e XII ??. He ?ay, ???,
???i?? ????ue ?a ??, ???????a ? ???o ??, ?e. ?y?y ???atho ?? a ??? ?y?
????o, ???i ?tho i?? ??? ?? ?ae. O?? ???i ???? ??? ??, ???a ??? “?ae
???? ?ycy”. Aei E?? III ?e ??? y?o ?ae ?ei???; n E?? III ?e ?e?u ?? ???
?i ?i ?? n ?y?i. Ae????e ?a a ?????e y?? ??a? ?? ??iye a ????? ?y??e
?ae?e ????. E?? ??? ?? ?a ????a e a ??i ??, – y? ? y?i.
Io ??? ???? XVI a. ? ?a ??i ??????? ??????i i ??????e ???i ?y??? ??. I?
i????i ??a ??? 1566 ?? i ????o ??o ????i ??th ???ue: “A y ?y? a ?? yc,
A?? E???/ N??. A. E. N?? ?e ?ye, ? ???e ? ?i ???o, ?i ii ??iye ??? ?y???
??. Y? ? ?ae ???a, ?i ???? ?? ??i e a ??? ?? ?? ?y?; e ? ?ae ??? ?y??
?????, ?i ??? ???, ??u ?????e ?ae ?y?? ????? ????y “??i ?y?”. *? ? y? ?
?ae?
I??a ??i ?? ????, ?i o ?n a ????e ?ae ? ?e ???i ? ????ey: ?i ???ye, ?o
e ??e, e, ????, ?i ??o, ?o ?a ?n????? e ???u ????ey. Iiy?? ????a “?ae
?y?” ??cy ???? a ??? ??? ??? ?y??e ??th???ii ??? ????. Y? ??, ?? ae??ue,
? ??ay ???, a “????ay” ???ey, ???ay e ?ae e ?????.
O?ay ???ey ???? o ?n a 1564 ??. A y?i ?? ?? ???e ???e?.
“A????? ? ?? I????a, ???ai, e ?ae, e ???, e ?y?a ?? ???a ???? ??? e ???
?y?i ??i, ???i ??e ?? a ???o; eiycth E?? Ae????? A????, ?ycth E?? O????o
I??????, e ?? ?y?i. A ?ith??, e ?????, e ????i, e ?y?i, e ?? ????i eth?i
??e ?? ? ??i ???? e ??? ??? ? ???a, a o ???o ??o ??i?? e ?y?i. A ??? ???
??? ??e ?e ???a ???a ??, e ?y?i i ?o ??o ????e e ????th”. A????i-I??ay
?o., o E????, IX, ?. 137.
C?? ? ??i ae?i n ??ui ?????i ??? ?y??e ????, ??o?th?e ???iy??? a ????
???????e ? ?????e. Y? ???ey ??o ?? ??iy?? ???, ?????? ??? ??y. A ?a
????u ?y?, ???i ??? ?? “a ???o”.
E???y ???o ?y? ????ey? ?????th ???ue a ??e ???e; ? 1564 ?? ??? ????i o
?n ? ??. Ii e ?e ? ???? ?? ?a ????ny e ? ???i e, ??i ???i, a???i ????? ?
a ?ith ??. O?? ??? ???? ??i ?iy???. A 1570 ?? ???a ?y? ???? ? ????? ??y
???o, ???? ? n ????? y?? ? ???e e ?????? e ??th. A ??o ?e ???? ??e ???:
“E ? a i ?i ?????, ???a ? ?i n ????i ??i i ?i ????y, e ??? a N??ue ???i
e ??th ???i, e ?i n ?i ??ii, e a ???i ?? ???i? Aea ?i ?? ??o ??ue, e ? a
???? n?e e ?i ????”… A. A. Y. I. N 179.
I??c y?o ??? ?e ? A???ae???e ???u, ?a, ???i, o ??y ? ?? ????? a ?????;
? ? ??e ??? ??????ny n ???? aiy??, a ? n ????e. Y? ????? ?? ???e a ??i e
?i ? ??ae??e ??? ? ?iy? a ???? ??. N????a ??o e ? ????? ????u ?? ??o, ?a
???. Ii ?y?i n y?i ??ui y???i ???? ??a: ???ey ???o ?y?, ?????ay ?ae
????e; y? ? ??, a ?????y ???, ?ath?y ??? ??? ???a ?? ?? e ????ey.
Iu ? ??i n ????th ???ue, ? ??? ?? ?????? ?????y Ea?? A??? c??ay ?????y
???. ss?i ???, ?i ?a ?????? ? ??i, ??? ??a, ?i ??a ?ny? ?o. Ae????a ????
? ???????a ???a?a ???i ?? a O???e 1649 ??, e oi ???? ??????a. A O???e
???:
“A ???a ??, ???o a ?e??o ??i ???e ??o ???i, ???? ? ???? a ??? e ????th
??th e ?e. ?ycth A??ath I????? e e ?i ?????i ?y?i e ????? e ??? eth?i. A
?y?i e ????? e ??? eth?i ??? a ??? e ? ?n???o ?a? ????? ?y?a ae?a ??? ??
???”. X, 2.
O???a ?????? ??? a ???… “?y?i e ????? e ??? eth?i”. X, 2. To ? ???yo
e ????? ??u *(72). I?i ???, ?i ??u y?e ?y??e ??? ?????ue ??i ? ??? ??a
??? ???. E ? ??????i ??i ???ey ? ??a ????ey. I??a ? ?o ??i e ?i ? e68e
??. A y?i ??, a ?a ?ny?, ????u a ?????th ??? ?a???e e ?ycth I?. Ea.
I????o: ?? ?y?, ?? ?????, ?? ??? ??yi e ????? ??? ?ye?!
I????? a ??? ??u ????? a y?i ???, ?? ????ue ????th.
I??a ????? a ?????? ?e e ??.
I??a ??iy? ? ???????othu?i ??a e ?i ????e. I???????th?e ?e ??????i. A
???, ???eyth?o ??y?e ?y????e ???, ? ????y e??a ? ??e, ? ????o ? ???
?????, ?e i ?i ????o. O? a ??a 1681 ?? ???ny ?a???? “?y?i, ????? e ???
ethaeyi, ???a ?aeyo a ?????e ??? n ?y??i, ? ?y?i I??ith E????i I????, a
????o”… I???????th?e ?? ??? i????y ??a ??i.
*? ???ny ????a ?y??e ???, ? ?o ??a??e ???ey? ?i ? ????e ????, ?i ?????
a ???. Ii O???th ?a ???a ??, ???o ???-?? ??cy ?? ??? a ?e??o, ??y?y e
?y?i. O?? ???i, ?y??y ??? ?? ??? a ?????a n???-????????a ??a???, ??a???a
?ae ????e.
N???a ?? ????? o ?n ?a ?????e ???; ?nth? ???? ?????a ?????? ??ue ?????e
??? ?????e ???e.
N??? ??? ?????e ??? ??a ????? ???e. O???a ???o, ?i ?????y ??? ?a ?????
?? ???o ? ????? ??o. X, 2. O? ? ???th?y e ????? ??u. I????? ?a o?c ?
1680 ?? ?????? ???, ? ?? a ?a ???ath?i ??i, ??? ????a ?? “? ?i ????
????y ??o e ? O???th”. I??a, ?????ue?, ????o ? ????th?i ???. Ae i????? ?
? ???ue ???1 ?i ??aea (a a ????o ??ayo e ???) ?????? ????: ?a ?????? ???
?a ? ??, ???a ? ??? ??? ??i. I?th? ?a??, ?i ?? “?y?” ??? ???-?? ?????i
??? ae?i, ?e ??? ???? i ?i ????th. E??i ??a ???y??a ???i a ??a ? 1694
??. O? ?e a y?i ??a ???u ??? ?a ???a ???y??y i aiy??e ??? e ? ?e ?
???o?o ? ?????th, ? ? e ???? ? ?? ???a ??e.
“A??? ???? ???e: ??? e ?y?o ????o ?e, ? ???i a ???ao ??yi ??o ??i ???ue
??o ? ??i, ?e ???a e ???u, a ? a???y ??o ?i… ?? ??i e ???uey ?i ???ue,
??a e i ?? i ??o ??o ??o ?i… ?? ??i, e ?o ? ???? ?e e ????i ???ue…
?y?i e ??? eth?i ?? e ? ?i ??i e ? ????? ?? ???o ????e ?? ??? ? ??? ???o
????e ??o, ? O???th e ii ?????i ??ueyi… A ???o ?e ?, ?y?i e ??? eth?i,
??i ?c ? ???o ????e ???? ??a ???ue ??o ? ??i, e ? ?i ??i ?????ue ???o
????e”… I. N. 3. N 1491.
A y?i ??a ???i e ????th ???? e ??, ?i ??? ????nue i ????a ?y??e ???: ?a
??? ? ?? ??? e ????a ??, ? e ?? ??, i ???o ?i-?? ??o ??i ??. I? y?? ??e
???, ????????? ???, ?? ???? ?a ??, ???ath?a ? ???? ????ey.
I???
I??? ???tho a I????i ?????a ? ? ??i, ??a ???a ?????ei ???eyi, a ???
?????o ?????a?. A?????y a ????? ???? ? ??. Ae?a ? ???o ??? ?e ?? ??? ?
????u. I?e ?? ??ue ??i ?????, ???, ????, ??e ?????? ???i ??? e ??? ?
i??o ??a. A ??o ???? ?y?, ??ue??a, ??? ??y? e ?y?; a ??? ?????, ??y? e
?y?; a ???o o??i ??y? e ?y?, a, ???oe, a?e e ??a ???u, a ???o ?n??e ??
?y?. O?? ??? ??? ?e. I?th? ? ???o, ???, ??th??, ??u ??? ??? ?e ?e ? ??i;
????, ? E????o, ? ??th?e ? ??i ?e ? ?? ??? ????eyo. *? e???y ???e
?ci????y ???ia, ? ??i ????? ?i ?????; ?oue ????a ???, ?i ?e ??e ????ue n
??a XV a. A???? ?e ?c ?y?ai ??? ????ey, a ??i ???o ??a?a: ???-??? ?? ?e
????? ???a?y ???a ????o ?e, “????a?ny” ? ??? y? ??, e ????o i??c, ???e
??? ????ny ?? ??? ????, ?? ????i, ????, ??? (??) ?y? A????y. A ??? ????a
????y: “I??? ????a (?????a) e ??, ?? ???a eth? ??a?? ???”. Y? ??? ???? ?
?, ?i ???u ?a ??????. Ai ??? ????a ???: “A e ???? ?y?? ??? ???? ?i
???o”. I??? ?????? ???u ? ?? ????i ?e ????? ????; ???? ??? ????ue
(??/e?) ????? ?? ????ue e ? ????ny ? ??a ???a. Ii ???e ??? ???u ???? ???
??? ??i ??a ??y, a ? ??????e ?????e ???, ??a y?e ???. Ii e a y?i ? ??i
?????ey, ? ???e ??? ? ?a ???u ?? ????u. I??c A???i Ae??a ?? ?ae ?i? ????
N???e ???, E???e ???, O????, AE???e. O?? ???i e ??? e ??? ?????
???????c. ?y?i ? ??? ??? ?y ?????a ???ia ?? ??????? e ??? a???ey: ???e
???, ????, ??yae, ???? ?? e o. i.
*? ???ny ????a ????, ? ??i ????, ?i a I????i ?????a ???eyth?y ?a ???
???e ?e e ???th?y ???th ????o ????. O?, ???ath?y ???? ??a?, ?????, ???a
e o. ae. Ii y? ?e ?a ??ue ??? ???o ???????? ???y ?????e ? ?? ?e. Y? ???a
? ????ny ??? e ???????i, ????????a ???u ??tho e ?ae, I????e – ???y? ????
e o. ae.
A ??? ???? ?????i ??? ????i ???; ?? ??? ?e, ? ?? ??y???, ?????i *(73).
Y?? i?????eth ?????? ????a, ???ath??y a ??i ? ??? I?? A???i. Ii ???
????ey ???? I?? ???o, ?i a ???eyo ?a ?? ??o ??o?y ? ???i, a ? ?e, ?e ??
a ??? ????, ?a ?i ?y?i ?????, ? ?i ???? ???y?. I?th? e ??aeyo, ?i ???a
?e a ?ee?? ???? ? ????ey ???? ?y??. A ??? ???? ???e ?? ??? ??a e ???i
???ey ? ?? ???th, ???i ?????? o ????y. Ia???a eth??u ?????ue ??????i a
i???? ????. A??a ?iy?i, ?i ??a ??e? e ????th eth? ????e ? ?? ??th?a
?ey?a. Ii y? ia ??a ???i, a ?????a ? ?? ??y?a, ???e ?? ?????? a ??
??????? ???a ????. O?c I?? ?? ???? ?e ??? ? ???????y ???o ??i ????ai
eth?e.
Aeey ???? ?????ey ????o ???? ????? ???????? ?. E????a?y ???? ????ey?
???a ????e. O?y a ?????e ? e ????ny ????a ????? e ????eth ?e ? ? ??, ?
y? ????? ? ?? ????i ???????i. Iiy??, ??????y ???u ? ?? ?e, ?? ??? ??ue a
??, ?i ???u ??tho e ?a ?i-??? ???, ??a ??, ? ?i ?a??? ? ??i a ??????e. N
y?th ??? ????th e ??i ???ue ????e?eth ? ?? aeae. Ii y? a? ? ?a. A??a n
????e, ????i ???o ? ????e ???e ????????nue, ????i e ??a, a ???o ? ????ny
???e ??????e. O??u ????a ???u, ???a ????? ? ???e ??? ? ?? ????yo e ?
any?? ?? ??i. O??u, ??., N????e ???, E????, N????, I?????e, A?????y ??,
E????ay e ?. Eo ??i ???? a ????th ??? ?ae ??a?? ????o ????.
E?e, ??oth ??? ???? ???yo ????a. I? ?????ue ?y ?????y ??th ???ueth ?c
?y?? ???y ????a ????a: ?e e ?aeyo, e ??? ??tho, e ??? ???tho, e ???ytho.
Y? ???u, ? ?? ??y???, ????e ? ?? ??????y e I????? ?????o ??o ???. N
???ai ???e, ? ?? ?????i ?ey?y n I??ith ??o ????, ????i y?o ???? ????ny:
????a ???? ? ????a ???aeyo e ?????i ????. O?, ????, N???? ???, ???e
??????i ??e N??ue ? ?? ????yo, a ??a ?????? ?? ??tho ?? ??u e ?e ?i ???
??u n ????a, a ?a ??? ???? ?i ????a ?? ?????? ??o ?????? ???a?.
A? ????a ???u ??i ????ue ? ?a ???: 1) ???????? ???u e 2) ????. N??
???????? ???? ??i ????ue ?a ??a ??? ??iu: 1) ????? ???u, 2) ???a, 3)
???? ??? (y??e), 4) ?????? (????), 5) ?????e ???, 6) ????e ???, 7) ?????
???u e 8) ??? ??? ia??a.
A ??iy?a ??y ?????i ??o ? ?ay ? ??? ?????? ??a e ?i ????a, ? e ??? ?
???i?i e y?????? ???? ????o, ?i ???o ??u, ????, ????o ??? ???, ????o ??
e ???eth ????, ????e ??????? e ?. I????a ?????i ?oy ???i ?????ue a
/??oth ??ue ????, ? ??o ???o ??e ? ??i. Y? ????? e ? ????. A I??a ?????y
n ???i ??e?? ????o ??o ????, ???i a i?? ?????ao ?????o ??? ???ay ??.
O??i, ??., ????? ????i, ???? ???? ????ey?? ???th ????e. A??a ????a
I????? ?????a, ??????y e ????eth ?? ???o ???, ????? a ??? ???? a???
?ee??, ??i ???o ?o??i ? 10. He ?? ?? e ????? ???ia, ?? ?a ????a ???e
????ey a?e ?????? ??? ??i. N?????a ae?i ????? a ???e E???? ???a, ???e
????e ????? ???? ??? e ?? ? ia a ??e Ii?? O?? ??a ??? A?????i ???a, ???e
????e ????th e ?????th ??ueth, ?? ????? ???i I???. “ssiu” ?????? ?y
?????o ???e, a ? ?y ?????? ????y ???.
I???i e ??? ????o ????, ? ??????? ???i, ?i ?e ??i ?, ?e e ????i ?? ??ue
ia ??iy?u.
O????a ???u: ??? A??? ??u, ???e ??? e I?ay ????. Y? ???u ??? ??? ????
?????e ??u, ????????y ? ??a ??a???. Nth? ????e ???u n ???, n ???? e ????
??e, n oy?? a???? eth?e (? ? ? ??), ????? e ???? ??u, ????? e ?. A????
???i ? y?o ???? ?????? ?????? ????yi. O????a ??u ??? oi A??? ???, ?
A??ay ??a. I?ay ???? ??? ????a ??u. I??c A??? ??u, ??a ???a, ??e ???? ??
?y ???e ???, ii ????e ???yo e ? ??? ???a Ae???? ??. A? y? ????? ???u ???
e ?ae ?o ?oe, n ???o ???? ???. O?? ???i ????, ???a ???e ????? ???. ??
??? n ?i e ??y?. Ia ??y ??u ????ny ??? ??? Ae???? e ???? ??a; ?????y
?????e ??? I???o ???. Ai I???e ??? ?no??e ???u ? ????? ???? ??? ? ?y??
?? ??i. N??? ??? ????y ????th ???a e ?n?? ? ??? ???? e, ??????i, ??e ??
???ey. I?????? ????? ???u ???, ???, ? ?a ???; ???? ??eo ???? ????ey
i????ey?? ??i ???? ??? n ?????o e ?i ???a ?y ???ey ???? ? ? ?????i ???.
A??? ???u. ???yae ??e ?y?th ??? ???? eth?e e ?e ??y?? ??e, a ???a
?????? ????ey ? ????e. Ii ? ?y?a ????? ? ????ue ???? ? ??y?, ????a ???u
?????ue e ???e ????e. I?a??e ??? ???i e ???i ? ?i ????e, ?i ???uey, ???a
? ??e, ???e ???i ????i ?????y ???? ethaeae. Ii y?e ???e ??? ??ey ??? ?
??????y ???? ????? ???a. Ii ? ??? ???o i???y e ??? ?y?a ??u, ???ath?a ?
????y ?e, ? ??? e ???u e ??? ?y?a ??u ? ????? ??o. A? ??i, ?y??, ?ia?e e
e ??? ????. Ii a I??a ?a ???u ??? ?ae. N????e ??? ??e ????a (?????
???u), ? ????? e ?????; a ??? ????a ??ay ????ay ???. Ii ??e ????a e ??i,
??a ??iy e ????a n ?e??i. E???? ??? ??e ?????o ???? eth?e. ?????e ????e
????. I????e ??, ?i ????? e ????o ?? (??a ??e, ??????a ???a e o. i.).
I???? ??? ????e ???, ?a ????ey?? ???. A??? a?? ??i???? ??e, ??? e ??.
Ie ???a, ? ????? ????? ? ?? ?????. Aeey ?e e ??? ?? ?????? ????i ????o
????, ??o ???? ? ???i, ???, ????ey; ?y?e ??? ??e ?? ?? ???iy???, ??iy
??? ?, ?????e ? ????y e ????? ???.
I????e ??? ????e ?????? ???ey? e ?? ?ith ?????th ?cy?o??oth ??ue; ?y
????ey ????a e i?o ?? ????i iy? ???a, ???a ii ??e a ????? ????e.
Aeey ??? ???o ?e ??? I??y??? ???; ? ??e ???o e ? ??i.
A????? ??? ????e ????th ??ueth, a ??? n ?i ?????? e ?a ??? ??, ????ny
??? e ????e.
E???e ??? ????e ?????? “???? ae??”, ???i ???i ????ith ???a e ???e. Aeey
????e ? ???a ???ue ? ?? ???a, ?a ??? ????? eth?, ?ath?a ???? ??.
ss??e ??? ??e ???? y?.
Aeey ???a ? ?? ??i ????y ?e ????, ?e A??? I?a???a, O??o ?e ???; ??iy??
??? ? ?y?a e ??y?o.
I????a ???u ????? ????i ????i. N?? ???e ? ????c A???i ???: ? ??e ???u e
???u, ? ?????a, ?y ????ey ????? ae??. A?ue ????a ???, ?i, ??a A???i ???
a I??a, ?? ??? e a ??????? ?y??yo, ???a ??????i ??e ?? ????a ?????; ? ?e
I??? O????a ????? ? ???ue n ?????i A???i ???. Aeey ??????ey ??????
?n???a ??a, e ???o ?? ????i ??a 40 ???a n ? ???e. I???? eth? e ???y? y?o
???a ??? ?? ??e ??uy ??? a ??? ???. N y?th ? ??th e ?? ?? ????u ???
?n???o ???, ???? e ?????o. I??niua eth? ??? ??, ??? ??o ?y ???; ???ey?
?a ?????a ?y ??e ????. a ?????? ?????e ?a ??? ???. I??c A???i ?i?a ? ???
????e ??e y?? ??ae?e, ? e ??e ?????o e ?? ethae?. Ai ??a A???i ??? ?iye
????e; ?o ????????ue ????a ???? ???a. I??? A???i ??? ?ei ????i ????i ??a
??? ?????, ???a ????? ???e ????? ??y? ????ey ????? ??a. E ??i ?????i
????eyi ?????: AE???e ??, ?a ????ey?? ???a ???; O??? ??, ?a ??e ??;
E???e ?i?, ?a ????ey? ???a; N???e ???, ?a ??? ?y?? ?? ???e. Ai ?a? y?o
???? ?iy? ?th??e. A I??a?? ?????a ???a ?cy??i ????y ??i ???i ??a ??????i
???ey, ?i ?i ??o ???. Any?? ?? ???y e ???e ????ey?? ??a ? ?y ?????? ???
????y e ?i ??e, ? e ?y ???? eth?e. I??a eth? ???? ???a ? ??a ????y, ?i
????ue ???th ??ueth, ???e ??ue ????. Y? ????? “i??ath”. O?ay ??? ????? e
“?????i ???”, e ???? ???i ethaeyi, ? ???o ?? ???? ?? ? ????y ??iy?i, ???
?c a ?nyoe, a ?????i ???a, a a??? ????e. Aa?? ??? ??e, a ???o ??????, ?i
?? ??. N???a eth? ???? ?e?? ???? ? ?, ??u ?????a a ??? ????? ?? ? ?????.
I?????? ???? ??ae i ???i, ????th e ??.
?????atho, ?i ????i ? ????? ??? ?i a ??? ?i ??? ?? e ? iy??o ??? ?? e
??; a ????e y? ??a ??????ue ?c a iy?. O? ? ??? ??? ?e ??ue ???? ??? ?y
???e ???. I????a ???? eth?? ??????? ? i????yi e ???? oth??; ? ?? ??? ??e
n ???e ????, ?e ?? ????e ????th. I??c A??i? ??? ??e, ???oe, ?ae ?????a;
O???a ???? ?y y?? ??? I????e? ???.
E?th??? ???, ? ??a ???? ?iye ?ith?e ?y?i. I????i ?ith?? ?e y????e. Y?o
??? ??e ?ith?e, a ?e ?e ? ????? ?ith?i ?? ???? ??a ???e e ???, ? ii
????e ??a e ? ?????i e ??i.
E???e ?? ????y ??????i ?y?? ?? ???a, ???o e ???yi?, ???ith ???a, ???,
??a e o. i. ?????o ?y ??? ????a.
A? ??? C??? e N???y?o ?e ?y ?????ey ?????o a ????i ???a ???o e ???y?o
??e.
I?????e ???, ? ??a ???? ?iye ?????, ????e ???th i?????e. Oe??ay I????y
e ???? Ia???ay ??? ????? ??????i ??uey.
I????e ??? ??e ????y ? ???i ??? ???? ????a.
N????? ??? ???u ??tho ?ae ? ?ae ??e ???. A ???o ?i ?i ???ye, ?o ?? e
??e; ?a ????????a ???u ??? ?o ?oe, ???a ??iy? a ? ???e. Ii ?ee e ??a
???u, ???a ??? ??th?o??i ?ae. I???????? ???u ?????e ? ?y?e ?ae; ????a
???i? ?? ? ? ?????y??. O????a ??? ???? ??? ??oth ???o ?????y ?????? e
????? ??. Aeey ?????o ?e ?????? ??? ??? ???a: A?????e, Ae?????, ?y???e e
I????e. I?? ??o ??, ?i yoe ???u ???? ?a ? ??y ????? ??y ?o ?y???, ????
???o ?e ?nyo. a ??i ????? ????a ??y ?????? e ??a ????ey ? n I???. N ????
???e ?a ?e ???ath?y I????i ??? ????. N??a ????aony ????a ??a Ae?????i e
?y???? ??? ????, a a 1685 a. e A?????e ????y n I????i. Y? ???u ??? oy???
?ea ???? eth?e, ????a e ?????a, ? ??th??? ??? i ???ueyo e ????, ???a
???? a I?a??i ???a. Aeey ????o ?e ?????e ??? ????? ???. Iu ??i ???th ??o
?????i ???a, ? ???e ??i, ?i ????? ??? ??? a ???? XVI a?a, ?e E?? A???.
Ii ??e ? ?a ????a ??, ?e y? ? ??? ?i?aai, a ??? ????a e ????a ???? ??.
I?? ? ??? ?a?????y ???????ue e ???e ????e.
I??c O???? ?? ??e ?? i ???o, o.a. ??u i ??? ? ???a, a ??? n ?i, a ?i
?????ue e ?? ????ey ?? ? ???a. C?? ? ???? e ?? i ??? ???y?o. Ii ????? ?a
? 2-e ???? XVI a., a ? 2-e ???? OVII ????y n ???e.
A ??th??a ?? ?????ny ? C??? ???a Ii ??e ????? ??? I??u; ? ???u I??u e ?
??a ?i ??? ? ????. Ii a yo? ???? ? ??e ?a: ???th, ?ae ?????e e ????e e
?cy????th ??ue. Ia ?i ?y???? ??? ????a ?????? ??? ? ?iy e ???????a. A ?i
???e ??iy? ????a y??e (????) e ??o??a ???a. Ii ??th?e ? ????e ?????ey?,
???? e ???? ???, ????e ??u. Aeey ????ey ??o ?y????e ?? ?? ??? ???. C???
??? ?e ???i ?y ??? I??u ?????i, a ? ?i???? ???????i, ?e ?????i ????.
I??? ?????-????a
I??? ????e, ???th ???o ????? ????a ???e, a ????? ??y ?????ue ?????e. Iu
????i ? ?e ??? ?y?yo ? ?? ???e. O? ???? ?y? ss?i?e, ??a i ?a?? ? ??
??????? ?ycy A????, ??? a I???? ??o ?????, ?i e ????ny ??????a I???? e
a? ????o ?y??th. O? ? ????o ?????? ?y? I?a; ?iya o A???? I???a ????oth e
????th ???e, ? ???? ??? y?o ???? ??? ?????e. A 1175 ?? ? ???i N??e??e
??e ????i ????? ?????o ?y?e ???????; a ????i ??a, a ?y??a ? ???????a,
A??y A??th???, ??? y? ???? ?i ii????e. E? a ?? ?ycy ?ae ? ?e ???i ?
????ey, a ????? ???a – ? ??????, ?e ? ??i ????? e ?ae ?? ??u e a ?? ???o
??????? ?i ???. I?a ? ??i??o ?y????e ????a ??th??? a ????e ?a?e ??? ?ycy
?ae ????th ?o ???ueth. Aeey ??? ? ii ??? (???a” e a ??? ????y ???e
??ey?ey ??e. E?? ??, ???i ???ey ? ?????a ?????e ??. I ?????, ?????o
???????e a ?????a ???, ??i?? ???o, ?i “?e ??o oy?? ethaeyi ???? ????e e
???”: ?e, ??????i, ???. A?? ????a ???ey ?????ue i n?a ?????? ?????.
I???????ay e ???ay ?y????ue ????a ??a ?? ????? ???? ?yc?; ?e ??i ????e
???? a ??ae, ? ???e, ?????i, a ??? ?????a ?a? ???. Y?i ?uy?yth?y ?????a
?? ??a A???? I???a: (?i ?? ???? ??… ? ????e ? ?y, ? ? ??th?…” E???,
????? y?? ?aa?a e ????i ??ayi ??????ue ???ueth ??? y??? ?ycy: ??, ?e
I???, ??? ?a ??, ???, ?e Ay/??a, ??iy? ?ay ?????e ?? e a ??o ???o, a
???o ??e ??iy?? ?????.
I?? ???? a ????e ????? i?????i ?y?yi. I????? ?e ????e ??o ??e. E??????y
???? ????a ??oth?th ??????? ?oe, ?????o a ????e: “E?? (A???? Na.) ??
??u, ???? e ???, e ??ay ei ??u”. O???? e ????? n ???i ae?? ?? ? ??e ???e
?????? ????? ?????, ?i ? ????e ???i ????? ????e. O?, Ae??e A???e ??? ???
“?y?i e ?a??i”. I??? y??, ?????? ?y? ss??? A?????/, ???a ? A?uy E?a.
???? oo? ????? ???o ??? Ae??a. A????a y??, ??? ????a, ????? ??? ???
“???a”. A ?e??e ??u ???? ???e, C?????, ??????? ?y?y? ?? ?i ??a ??i: “E ?
o ?o ???a, A????ue ?ae, Ea? O????…”
“I?e” ???ath?y ?????e ?????i, ? ? ??th????; ?y? ?e ??i ????ue ?? ??e, e
???? ????e ???u ????ey a y? ????e ??? ?? ?ycy, ?i ???o *(74). E?? ????
eth?e, a ????e ????a ???ath?y ??ue ??i ???y ?ycy. Ii ???o ?????? ??y????
???? ?? ??? ? ?? ?e ???, ?e ?i ??; a i??o ?iy?i, ?i ???y ?????ue ??
?a?????? ??ae ???.
I?? ?ycy ????ue ????? ??a??? n ???? ???e ????i ????yi a I?????e ???e.
A? a XII ?? ?????? ????e ?????ue ?y?y?, ? ? ??? ???? y?? ?? ???ath?y ???
???a?y ? ??i I????i, a a ??? OII-? ?????? ??ae?e O????a, ???y? e ??,
?????o ??a ??a ????a: “A ?, ???, a ??????a e a ?y?o ???”. O?? ???i, n
XIII a. e ?? ??a ?????? ???? ????ny ?a ? ?y?i, a I????i, ?e e ?i ?y?.
A??a n y?i ?????ue ?????th e ??i ?ycy ????ue ????? a ?????? ???e. Ii
????o ? ? ??, a ?a?a n ?????? ?????, e ? ? ??o ???? eth?e, a ? ??e
??????.
O????a ????? ??a ???? ? ?ycy, ?e e ? ?????a. A ????? ?o ? ????i ???ey ?
oi, ??u ????e ?????ue ? ?????ue ??; ?e ????? a ??e ????e ? ?o ??, ?? y?
????ue ?ycth. I????y ????n?y ???y ????ey? e a y?i ????e ??? ?????a. N
??? ??? XIII a. ? ?????y ??ue n ???i ???y??? ????? ??a, ?e ? ??. A ????o
I????a n ?y?y? y? ??? ????? a ??oth?e ???a: “A ?c ?? ?, ?y?, ?? ???e ?
???”.
A??a n ?i ?e ???? ?????? ? ?y?? ?? ???ny a ??? ??? ??a ?????? ??i, ?y
???i ??? a ?????? ??a ??????. N ??? ??? XIII a. ??????e ?ycy a I????
???th?y ?a ? ?????e, a ?????? ?ycy. I????, ?e ????? ??a ??i, ???? ??i
?ycy, ??iy? ?i; y? ?o ? ????, ii ? y?o ?c ?????? ? ???? ????ey?? ? ???,
a ? ? ??o?th ????y ?i ?y?i.
I?? ?y, ?????ue a ???i ??????i ???????ue ??? a I?a??a, ??-?-?? ????ue
??i ????. N XIV a. ? ? ????i ??a ?????: ?????a ?y?i ??? ???? ????ey n
y?? ???e ?nyo ??th???? ?????? ?ia???a e ?????. A??????a ??????a ?? ???
???e, ?????a e ?????, ?uy?y?ny ????th ?a ?? ????????ueth ??? e ???e, ?e
?????ey ?y???. I????? ????? ?????ue a ??? e ? o??, a ?ei??e – a ???e e ?
??u.
Y? ?????ny, ? 1-o, ?????ey? ?????a e ?????. I??a ?????nue, ?????i, ?
??? ?????? ???a, ????o ???i ???????? ?y ??o ?y?e; ? ??i ?????a: ????,
a?????, ?????, ??y????, ?????, ?????o, ????o, ????o, ????o, th????,
????, ?????, ??????, ?????o, ??????, ?oth??o, ????o, ?????o, ???? e ?.
A??a ? ?e a?? ? ?????? ??e? ??????? ???, ??., “????? ????? e ????e…”,
o.a. ????e ????? ??? e ????, ?e ?????? ? ??e ??????? ????e, ???ey??
????ue???? ??? ???e; a ????i ??? ???ath?y ????e: ????a, ????a, ?????,
???? ?e ???a, ????a, ?????, ????, ?????a, ????a, th??a, ????a, ?????a,
?????, y?????, ?????, ??????a, ?????, ??????a, ?????a, ????a, ??oi??a,
?????? e ?. Ai 2-o, ?i??????? ????o e ????o eth?e, n ??e ???u, e ?????a
e ?????, n ???, ? ???? ??i, ?i ????a eth? ??o a ???, ???????? ?????, a
????a – ????th. A ????uo ???? y? ???????? ????ny a ??oth?e ???a: “A ?? ?
??o, ???o ? – ????e ???e ?e ????e, e ? a ??? e ?? i????? e ?????”, o.a.
????e – ?????i, ????e – ????yi. A? n ???th y???th ??a?? y? ????????ue a
?????. A ??? ???: “A a ???e ??ae ?e ???ue a ???th ???o ????e n ????ith,
e ?o i????th y?? ????? ?e ????th”, o.a. ???y ? ??, ?? ???o: a
??aea-?????, a ???e – ???aeth; e ? ???: “E?a 1550 ?ny? ethiy ?? e ?e.
?y? E?i A????/ ?ay ??e ? ??th ???th e n ?y? ?? ??a?e ???, ?e ??? ?y?i…
e ?y?i ????i ethaeyi, e ? ???i ?????i, e ? ???? ?????…”
E?e, ????? ?aeatho, ?????i, ???, a ????e – ???e. Ii, ?e a?a ?? ????,
??? e ???e ? ???ey? ?????i, ??????? ???y ???? ??e; ??u ???a e ???? ???i
??????ue ?e ?????ue, ???y ii ????eyi ??? ?io?. Aeey ?????y ???? ????ey
????yi e ?????i ????i ???? ???y?? a ?? ?e ??????ue e ??? e ?????e ?i ??.
A ??? ???, a ?????th ???ue ????ny ?? ????ue, ? ??? – a ??ae e ?????a e
?? ???e ????ny ?? ????e e ????i ??e ?e ??ae, ?e e ???e, ???a, ????y ? ?,
?i ????? ???? ???iy???o ?????o??? ???a, ?????, ???, ????ny ???y?.
E? ??? e ???e, ???ey? ??c???a ?y???, ? ???? ?? ? ??a, ?e ??i ? ?? ????u
?? ???o e ?????? ?e ????e. A???? ?????y ????? ?????i ????? ? ????? e ?
?y? n ?i ??iye a ???????? ????? ?ycy.
I???u ????a ?????a e ????? ? ????? ????e ??o n??. I????e ???? ?th ?
???th, ???y ??? ?????? ?????: ?e a??e ?ae ??ue ?????e, ?e e ???i?, e
???a ???a ?????. A????a y?? ???ie? ?e ?, ?e e ????e, ????? ??? ????e.
*?????i eth???? ???? ? y? ???i a ????? ???? ?y?e. A ???? A??ey Ae????? n
A????i A?????, a ??ueyo, ???eyth?o ??y?e ?????y a ??ae ???: “A ei? ?
???e ??o ???, ? ???o ????…”. Ec y?? ??a ???o, ?i a ???o ??? ???u, ???a
????? ??? n ???i a ???? ?i ??????e. I? ????? ?y?? ????ey ?????e ??? ?
???e ?o ???e ???i?? ????ue, ??u ?y?i n y?? ????e a ???o ??? ?a i????e –
?y ?? e ??? ?????o ?e. Y? ???u e ?? ?????. A??i?a ???u, ???a ??a ??u ???
?a e ?????a ?????, ?????i ??/??ue ? ???, ?????o n ?eeth????e ??th
???????? a ????i ???. Y? ???? ????? e ? ? ?????eyo: ??? ????? “????”,
??? “???e”. E ??e ???? ???u, ?e ?????, ????iy?? ?????? ? ???, a ???ii ?
??e. E? ??? ????e-???u ???e ???, ?e ??? y? ??tho ? ????e, ????ee-???u. A
A?????? ???? ?ae 1408 a. ???: “I????i ???? ?ycy ???i ??ue ??? ??ae, a
???a (???: a ????e) ? (?e ??i??) ?y? TH?e E????e ? TH?e A????/”. O?ei
???i, ?y ????? ?? ??a ??o??i ????? n ???i ??i, ?e e ?y ????a. N???i n
y?i, ????e ?????a ??a ????? ??? ????, ?e ??? ????e ?????.
A????, ??a ?e e ?????, a??e ?ae ?????e e ????e. I????ii ? ?????e ???a n
?????? e ??? ????e ?ae a ??????, ??iyo e ?. Ii ??? ??? ????e n? ????y ?
? ???y e ?????yeny ????eo. Y? ?uy?a ? ????y?, ???, ????ey ????y ?????,
?i ??? ?????? ??i ?y????e ???i a ??? ?????. *? ? ???ny ? ???? ????
????ey, ? ? ? ??i ???o ???? ? ?, ??u ?i ?????? e ????yi. I?i ???, ?i
???a ????? ??th???? ????????ue a ??o ?????a, e ?i ????e ? ??e e ?? ????
????y. Y? ???? ?y????e ?????a ? ?y????e ????? ????a?? ?i, ?i ??? ??? a
a???, a ??? e ???ey? ??? ??i? ???u.
E?? ??, ? ?????a e ????? ?????ue ?a ?y???? “?th?e” eth?e e ????a ???
??? ? ??e ???????a, ?e ??., ??th??a ? ??e??? ???? eth?? ??????o ??? ????
? ??? ????a e ???o e ??.
I????e e ????e ?????ue ?y?i e ????? a ??o ????yo, ?? y? ?o ????ue
*(75). A?? ?, ?e e ??? ?????, ???i ???i ???y ? ???i ??y? ??, ? ?y?, ?y?i
n y?i ???ath?y ???ey e ? ?c???a ??e ?y??o. *?? ?????a e ????? ? ??
????i: ??? ????ny ??, ??? ????i. O? ?e a ae???e ???e ?e ???e ?e ??????i
??y?? ???a ? ?????o ???a ? ?? ???????, ? ?e ????? ????? ?????a a ?? e ?o
? ??ae, ?? ?????? ?e ???? ?e n “???i”, ?e ????? ??? ? ???e, ?oi?a e
?????y?? ??o ????? ??????, ?e ???, ?????a ?? ? ???i ???. A I??a e ???
???o, ??iy?? a ?????? ?????e ????? ?y?e, ??? ? ?????? ???? ??? ?????. Ii
??o ?????ae ??a ????? ????? ??? ?????; ?? a ??o ??? ?ycy ???y?? ??a ??e
??e, ?i ??????ue, a ???a ? ????, ????ny ??? ?????i ?e ???i ?????i.
I? ?y?yo, ?e ???o ????yo, ?????, ?????o e ????yo ??iy? ????e. Eiy?y,
??i ?????a ? ???a, ???a ?e ???y? a ??i ???????? ???e, ? ???, ? ???? ???
???a e ????, ?, ???oe, ???i ??i ?cy??? ??e a y?o ???o ??? ??a??a, ???th
?y????th ???o ?? ?????a ??. A ????? ??y y? ????e ???e?ue ???e, ???a
?????? ?y?i ?y ?ay ??i ?ae ?????y ?????i a??eth ?y?.
“I?e” ?y?e, ???i ???i ????nue ??? ????ue?a ??u n ???a?? a ? ??o ???e e
?????e ???, ??a ????ue a ?????. Iu ??? ??i ????i ? ?e ?????o e ????yo
??a ?ae ??? ???. I ???i ????? ??? ?o ????; ?? ???, ?i ? ?o ?????nue ???
?? ???ay ???, i ?i ????y ? ??? ????? ????. *? ? ???ny ? ?????? ???? ???
???, ? y?i ???? ??cy ?n??? ?? ???i ??????y. O?y a ????? ???? i ?? ???
????y a ?o ? a???eyo, ?e e i ?? ?????a e ?????, ?c ?y?? ??? ?o ?????y, ?
?e ?e ?? ???a th????? ?iy??e ??? ? ????atho ?o ????a, ???o ? ????ny
???ny, a ? ???e ??e ?????th?y ??? ???? ??a?y? ? ?, ?i ????y ?a ????i, ?
? y?? ??????i ????ey i ?? ??? ???a n ??i ?????a e ????? ??e ?a ??cy
??th?? i ?i, ??u ????a ??e ??i ?? i?????? ? ?ae ????? ? ??o i????a
*(76).
I?? ????ey e ????ey ??? ?????? ?i ??i, ?e ???o ?e ??iy?: ?y? ???? ??o,
????? e ????e – ??o; ? a y?i ????i ??? ?y? ??? ???eye – ???i ??? ?? ???
?e ?i ?e ??? ? ?i ????? *(77). O?y ??u ?ycy e ??e ??i ??? n ?????e, ?,
?e ????? ? ?y, ?e ?????ue ???????i ? ???i ??y? ?y??? ?? e ?? ??a. *?
???ny ? ?????a e ?????, ?e ?? ???? a ??? ??o ??? e ??? ? i???eth e
????eth ????e ??? ?????th, ???i, ??th???ii ?????i ????: ?e ? ??e ?iy?
??? ??a ?? ??a ? ????ey. O?? ??? ?ae ??? ?????a e ?????, ?e ??iy? ?, a ?
???ey? n ?? ??e ????.
O????a ????e ????? a ???????? ?????e ?i?i ?ycy. Aeey ??a ???? ???
?????ue ? ??? ????e – ???e, ????e, iy???? e ??? ?????, ???a ?iy? ?a ?y?e
?????e ? ?????a e ?????. *? ???? y?o ??? ? ?? ?ae??? ???i ????yi, ?ae?,
?-1-o, ? ??, ?i ?y?? ?? ????????a ???y??y ???? ?y?i ?y? ? ? ?y; ?-2-o,
????? ?e ??? ????ue ??? ?ycth ?e ?? ? ?????; a 3-o, ??? ? ? ????ue?a
???ey ????? ?ycth ???????i.
A ?iy??? ????y ??? i ?????o e ????yo, ?e ??o, ???th??y ???e ????o ???a.
A y?o ??ayo ????? e ????e y?yth?y ? ?????e ?????e ?ycy, ?y???? e??? ???o
a ??a ?i ???a, a ????y?, ei??i ?y? ???e ?o ?e ??? ??ae ?y ????ey ?
????ey, e ???a ???e ? ? n?y. Y? ????? ???u ????? ? ???y ?y??? ?????a e
????? ???e ????? ? ????eth ??o ???o ?????.
O???? ?y??? ??? e ae?? e ???th ? ? ????eth ?ycy ????? ??? ????e, ???a
????i ??? ????i ?ycy, ?e ????y, e ?i ????i, ?e ???? ????. I??a ??i ??o
y?? ?????e ???tho ???? ?e ????a, ??i n??tho – ?th??e e ?y?.
N ??? XVII a. ????? e ????e ???yth?y ????e. E a ?y??? ??n? ???a ?????
??? ?????? ?a?ae; a ???a ? ??????? ?e ??a??ue ???? ????e. N ??? OVII a.
??? ????e ?????a e ????ae ???ny ??th. Y?e ???? ??atho ??? ???i ???a
????. Ia ?????a ???yo ?e ? eth?e, ????? ??? ??ae ? ????e, ? ? ??? ???o
?y????e; ?iy?a i ????e, ?e ? ?y????, ????o, ??i ? ??? n ?????i ???. *?
?iy?a ????e n ???? ???e ??a e ??a ????y ? ??? ???? ??i ???? ????a, y?
??i; ? ??u ????ue ????? ???? ??? a ???i ???? ????i ????, y? ??ii?ue.
I????e ???tho ??ae, ii ?????? ???? ???i, a ? ???i ? ???. Y?o ??ae ???tho
?e ???, ?i ??o ????a ?y????: ?ae??? ???yo i ?? ?????a; ? ??i ??? ???u, a
???o ?ae ??????i ??o ?i ????e. A n ??? ???u e ???? ?????i ????ey ? ??
???? ?????? ???? ?????a. C??? eth? XVII a. ???eytho ?y????ue ??? a ??i
?????y?? ??a, ?i e ? ?o ??i ???ue, ?i i? ??????e ?ith aei???ue i??? ???
n ??e ??ey ??o ??? ????a.
A????a ????? a ?????a ???a ?? ? ?????i, a ??????i. A ??? ????y ? ??
???a, a n ????? ?e n ?y??. Aeuey? ??e?? ???a a ????? ?????. A??a ? ???
????? ?e ?y?? a??? ??? ?e ??? ?? ?????i, ? ???????: “??? ?? ??? ?c ?y?e
??e”.
N??? ??? ??? ? ?? ????a; ?a ?iy? a ????e ?????e ? ???a ?????i ????ey.
A???, ?e ???o ?? ????, ??e ??? ???, ?i ?, ?e ???o ??iy? o??i ?y?. A???
??? ?a ???e ????ey. I??th ???th ? ?? ???a ae?i. I???y a ??ae, ?e ?????ue
?/????e ???? e ?? ???? eth?e: ???a ?? ?th? ? ????, ??th?e ? ?????ueth ??
e ?? e ???e ? ??ey?; ? ? ??th?e ? ????i ??iy?? ???? eth?e. E?? ???o ??o,
? ???? ??? ??oe??ay ??ue. A??? ??? ?? ??? a??, ?????a e n???ue ? ?i, ??
? ?? ????e ? ?iy. A ??o ??????ey ???a a y? ??y ????e ???? ?????? ??. A
e??a ??y ?????? ??? a ??o i?e ?y ??e ???y, a ??? ?a ?? ???????. Aeey
??????y ???y ???y?? ??? ?? a ???ao. Ii ??????i ????? i ??????? ???a a
??o ????? ????i, a ? ??????i ????. E y?? ??th/?eth ??i ??? ? ????e ??,
?i a ?o ???o, ?a ? ??, ??., ???? ???? ?e ????o ??ae?, ?i ? ????e e ?? ?y
???a???y ???a.
A??? ??? ?? ????ny i o?, ??u ? ?? ???. Ae??, ???u ?? ??y?; ?ae ?????e ?
a ??ue ????o ????. A ???o ???o, e?a ????? ???u n ?????, ? ?????y?? ???
?? ? 100 ?. e ?? ? 500 ?. Ii O???th, ???u, ?e e??? ? ?? ?y?a, ??a ? ??e
??? ????o, ????o e ???? ?e, a a ????o ??o ??? ?ae ??? ? 20 ?a. A ???e
????o ?e ?an? ??? ?? ??a ??? ????; ?????i ? ??i ??a ??????ue e ???? ??e,
? ????i ??i??ey?? e y? ??i, ????, ???? ????o ???a, ?? ?e ?????i ??a??? n
?????. I???, ? ??? ?????ue oe???ay ???y e ??oeey ???. I? ??? ?? ????ny i
?i, ??u ?????i ???y? ?? ?y????, ??u ??????, ???u e ?y??e? ???e ??ae, ?
????ue ??o ??e e ? ??; ??u ????a ???? oe??? e ??? ???a??i. A ?y? n y?i ?
??? ?????ue ?a????? ???a e ?y?o ????o y???? ???a: ???ny a ??, ???? ? ??
a ?? ????y, ?? ??i e ?? e ?. I???a ??? ?? ??a ?ae ? ???ith. I? ??? ??
????ue ??oi?a ???: ?? a iy/, ???u e ??u, ??a ? ??i e ??a a ???, ????a
??e e ??i? ? ??eyo.
A ??? ?????, a N??e, E??e, A????, ???? ?????y?? e ??i???a ???o ???a ?
???a ??u: ????o ????e, ???o ???a, ????a ???? ethaeyi e ?.
Aeay????ue ??? ????a ???eth. Ia ?????? ??a ?e ??? ?? ????ey? a I??o
???, ???a ?i ???y??. E?? ??????? a ???o, a??n ? ???????e ??? ?a ?oue
????i a ?? ?????ey ??ae??a ??a e ? ??? ???o ???e. A ????, a ???o
???ey?ny ??y?e ?y????e ?????a, ????th ?????ya?y ? ??? ????ue ??? ?
???e??a ???ey ???o ???e, ? e ??a?oue ? ??e y?e e ?? ?y ??? ? y?i ???i.
I?y?a ???? y?? ??a: ??? ??i ?????? ???? ???e ? ??o ?? ???? ? ???????
??e. A ???? A????? ???a 1488 a. ????: “A ?? ??o ????i e ???? ethaeyi e
????i ??a ? ?????a, e ? ????ae, e ? ???, e ? ?????, e i? ?? ??e ????tho
? ?????a e ? ????? e ? ? eth?e”.
*? ???ny ?????e ???????e, ? ?e ? ?? ??i ?????, ?a ?????y?? ????eth
????y; ??u ???tho ???? “???th ??ith” e ??? “??ith”. A?e ?y????ue ???u
???? ??a ???i ??i, ?, ??a ????? ????y, ???a ??? ?e ?????? ???, ??? ??a.
I???y ? ???????ue, ?i?????ey ?????i ????ey ?? ???? ??u.
I? ????e ?iy? ?????a ? ????a eth?. Aeey ???o ?e: 1) I??? ???; ???? ?
?????, ?i ?e ??? ?a ?, ?i ????y ? ??u. 2) C???a ???; a ???o, ?e ??e???
??ey?ey ??? ?? ???u ??iyei a ??a ??a, ? ??? ??????e. N y?th ??th ??????
???. o.a. ??? ???y e ????? ???. I?iy?a y?o ?? ??? ? ?y???? ???? ??a. 3)
N????a, ????? e ???? ???, ?e ?? ?????? ?????, ???a, ????. 4) Aeey ?????o
?e ?? ????a ???? ???, ???a ae??u ?? ????ue ??u e ???? ? ??y??; ????? ???
??? ?? i?eth?? ? ????e, ???? ???????? ii ??i ??u.
A ? ??y ??? ??? ????ey ? ?? ????? a ????oth ???i?? ? ??o ???; ??? ???
????ue ???????i n I???, ??aey ??? ???? ?????.
E?? y?o ??iy?? ???a, ?? ???? ?????iu ????a ? ?c?i ????. E??a ???a ???
????nue ? ???, ?i ?e ? ???atho ? ? ?????a, ?i ?e ? ???yo ? ?i, ??u ??? ?
?? e o. i. Ii ??i ???i ????? ??? ???, ???a ??? ?? ????? ?? ??a, ?????a e
???. Aeey ???? ??? e ???a ????? ??u ???i ???. A ??? ?????e ???? ???e ?
I??u ????? ????.
I????? ???u ? ????? ??o. A????y ??? ?? ??ue ???ith, “????th” ???th, a
??? ??? ?? ??i ????o ????? ??. I??? ????a i ?????, ???? ?????i ????e a
???y?? ???a, ?? ? ?i??? ????? ??i. I? ?????e ??? ??e ????a ?ey?a e ???u
???o ???e: ?e i???e ???, ??u ???? ???? e ?i ???-?; ???, ??u o ?o ???? ?e
???e ???a, ?????? ?? ??. Ii ?? ?e ????? e ? ?? ???????e: ???i y? ????ue
????? o ?eyo??? ?oe.
N??a ????ay ?? n??ith, ?i ???????ue ? ?????th. I????? ?? ??? ?e
???????i – ?ae, ?a, ??? ? ?? ?o. I???y ? ??i??i, ??????i ??i a ??, ??u
y?th ???th ??e ???????y, ? ???i??, ?a ?????a eth?, ?eo??? ? ??a ??, ???
a ??o, a ??a e o. i.
I? ????? ???u, ?o ???y ??c, a ???i ???ey?? ?i ?y????. A?e ? ???a ????y
??? e ??i ????? ?th ?i ?y????ue. ? ???eth ?? ???o ???e, ?????ue ?????, a
??o ??ayo ???a ?????y?? ????ue e ? ????eth.
N????a ???a ????? ????ey a XV e ??? ???? XVI ??, ??? ???? e ???? ???a,
???a ?e ??/?e a ???? ???? eth?e, ??iy? ? ??? ???, ???a ?? ??ue ?????u, e
? ????? ???e ?e ???a ????? ?e ????y e ??i ???? a ?e ???o ????a (?????
O???i, N??? ?????a e I??a ??). ???? y?o ????? ???ey?y a ???? ???o. I?
E??a A??? ?i??? a y?i ????e ??ay ????; i? ?? ???a ?i, ?i ??? ?????
????ey ?????ey? ??th ???th e ??e ??u ? ? ???, a ???i ???, ?i ???o. A ??
??a ? y? ???????y, E?? A??ue ???e ????e e ????? ??; ? ???e ?a y? ????? ?
??? e ???? ????? ? e ????? ??o. Ii y? ????ay ??? ? ????? ??? ?????ny
??ay ??? ????ey ????i ethaeyi. Y? ????ey, ??? ?a ?a????? ???? ???u e a
XVII ??. E???? ????i ?? ???, ? ????? ?? a ???. E?? ???ey, ?i ??????i ?
??? ??i, ?i ???u ???tho ????ey, ? ?? ????i Y? a ?????a. I? A??? I?????
?? ?i?y?i ???o. i ?????. Oe?ue ??e ??? ?? ?o ??i e ??? ??? ???y?: “?? ee
????e ??ae, ?a ? ??i ?? i??ue 500 ?e 600 ?.?”. A? ????, ?i ?? ??e ??ae,
E???a. Oe?ue ?e ????th E???o. I???e a E???a ?? ??, ???a ?y? ????y e
????th n ??e ???? i ??????? ?o ?????i ??a, ???y, ?i ??e ??i 400 ?a.
A???ue, ?aey, ?i ? ?? ?e?i ?, ?i ?o ?????i ????e, a ? ???e, ?e ?o ???
??ae. O?? ???i, e a I??a XVII ?? ?oue ???ith ???i ????y.
A???a ?????
A??n, ????i ??????? ??? ?? o ?n ???i, ??? ???e. I?i??a ec?????e (A?y?)
??tho, ?i ??????? ?? ???i a ???o ??a?o; ???, ????, ?a ????? n??tho ?y???
(????i) e ???tho ?y?th ???iy???th ?y????ue ??i.
I???oth ?eth ??????ey ??i ????? ????, ?oy ? e ? ??i ??i ?y??ue ? ??????
???, ? ???? ????a ????i ????ey. *? ??? ?i-? ??? ??, – y? ???a??y ?i, ?i
?a ??e ??o ???? ???a, ??? ???? e ???a. I? ????? th????? ?iy??, ???ay
I??a, ?? ??ae ???, ?i ???i ?????? ???y ??i???e. 19 ??uey ?a???e ????
???? I??u ???o: “A ?i ???u ? ??a ??a, a ? ny ???? ???, ? ?e ?o ? ??ae
??a 12 ???e…” Y? 12 ???e, ??o ??, ?? ???? ??e. O?? ? ???? ??e ??,
???y, ??? e a 12 ??o, i ???o ???o ss???? ??a? n ???e. Ec ??? ????? ??i,
?i e ?ae ?y??? ????? ????ee a ?????e ??? eth?e, o.a. ??? ???. E? ?e
???ue ? ??? e ??y ?? ? ?? ? ??, ? y?i ????e ?ae??tho. I?y??e ?n???e y??
???atho ??a ??a ? yo? ???.
N ???? eth?e ? ??? ? n?a ????? n ??? ???? ???e ?????y e a C???e A??a. A
A???e ? ??a ?? ?iy? ?????a ?????i ????e (??u), ? ???a ??c??? ? ?e, a
???????? ? ?? eth? ? ???. I? ???ath?y ?ae ???? ?????ey?. A ??a ???a ??y
?e ????? ??????. Y? ???? ? ????e y?e ?????? ???e boni homines, o.a., y?
?? ??? eth?, ?e e o ?n. I??? y? ??????e ??? ????? ???e, ? ???o ??i
?????? ???u. A?ue ?????? ???? ??o ?????? e ????e; ????? ?? ? ??iy??e
??y?, a ???, ?c????e ??? ?y ???y ??n??i ??; ?y ???i ?? ?e a?? ?????.
I???a ??, ???e ????? ? ?y ???y ??? ??? ??, a ?y ??, ??u a ???a ?????
???e ??????? a ?? ?e ???e ?? ?e, ??a a y? ??y a ??? ????e ??o ne???y.
Ia???? e ?? ?????a e ???? ? ?????? ??th???? ? ???, ? ??o, a ?? ?????i ?
?????i ae???y. O?y ????? ????e e ??? ??o, ? e a ?o ? ?a y?i e ??????e ?
? ?? ???i ???iu. Ii ? ?y?i ??? ? ???? ???eth, ?i ???e ????? ?ae ? ?e ??i
??th???? ?????o ?i???a.
O???a ? ???a ??? eth?e ia ?? ??o ?y??? ????? ???i a ???? I???? n ??ith
? 1229 a., ?a ???, ?i ?ae ????? “??ae ??y? e ???e eth??”. He ??? ????
???? ? ????a ???? ????e, ? ??i ?uy??ue ?th ??th, ???th ae??a eth? ??? a
????e ? ??: “?i ?e, ? ??? eth? ??? ?e?” ?e “?i ??? eth?e ? ???o, ?o A?o
???e” e o. i. N???a ??? eth?e ???ey?? a ????e ?e: “??? eth? ??th ?y?,
???i ?????”.
A ??? ??????yo ?y??a, ??yo, ???? ?e ???o ????i ???o e ???o. Y? ?a ???
?????ey ?o?o ?y ?????y ??e e ?e aea ???. I??a ? ?o ?????? ? ?????i ????
???y ? ??e; ??? ? ? ???? ??o ?oe, ???a e????ue a ???e ?e a ???a: y? ??
???a eth?, ????. *? ???e e ???? ??? ??? ?e????y ??e e ?e ? ???, y? y?i ?
????? ??? XVI, XVII a., a ???o ???i e ????i ??y?ny ????? i???y ?y????ue.
I??????y ?y????ue ???o, ?y ???o ?????? ????? ????? n ??? ?ny??, c????o
??? ??a ?ycy ??i a ???e ??????e, ?i???ue, ???i ???i, e y?e ????e. ???e.
N ???? ???e, ? ?? ??i?ey a ???a ??? e ???ey a ?i ?y???i ????i y???a ???
????i, ???y ?y????ue ???o e ???o ??? ?? ?????i ?????y. I??? ? ??????
???y, ????i ? y?i ???? ??i ????ue ?iy?a ? ?iy??? ??? ???? ???????? ???e,
???ey?: 1) ????? ???i ?? ?????o e ???uo ????o?, ?e, ??., ????? ????o
?????, ????a ??? ?y ?ycy, ????? e ????y, ??yae ??? ?y ?y??? ?ae??, ???
?y ? ????e e ???e, ??yae eth?e ?y ??? ?y???i ??, a ??? ?y??? ??? e ??.;
nth? ? ????y ?? e ??n ??? ?????i, ????yi e ? ?????, a ??a ????a e ??
?y?o ?????e; ? ?? y?i ? ???? e ??? ????, ??????; 2) ???y ???y; 3) ?????a
? ?? ?y??? ?????.
N??ea e ???? ?? ???? eth?, a ? ?????ue ?y?y? ?e ? ?????e I ??y?a ???a e
?i? ???? ??? ? ?????ue ????.
N XVI a. ???i ??a ???? i ???? ?????. N ????e eth?? ??a??ny: 1) ? ??
?????a e ????ae. Ii N???? 1497 a. y? ????a eth? ? ??? ?? ??? ?c ???? e
??? eth?e. Ae??a ?iy??e ???yo i i????? ? ?? ???o e ??????a. E? ?e
?????ue e ?? e ??th ??? ? ?? ??, y? ??? ???. I?ii ???, ?i ?e ????nue
???? ??ey?; ???? ????? ???? ???e. O?? ???i ?????a ??a?ey ???, ?i ?e ?? ?
??? ????y? ??????? ?e ???ey? ??a, ? ????e ???a e a .??i ???e ?e. O?? XVI
a. ? ???? ?ae ???tho ???ith ??ueth ? ??? ?eth???i. ????i, ? e ?????th?i
? ? ?? ??????i. Y? ??????, ???, ?aeyo; ??th??, ?i ? ? ???ea ??????
??????i e ? ?? ????o eth?e. Ii ? ??i ooa???ue, ?i ?e ?? ??? e ??a. E???a
??? ???u ??iy?i ???yo ?a? ??? ??e, ??? ? ??, ? ? ??i ??? ? ???tho ? ?
??a?th ?y????ue. A Ae???e ???? ???ony: ? I??u I??? (??? XVII a.) n ?a???
??? ????, a y?o ?a?? ? ?? ?? ? ? ??e.
2) A???a eth? ??? ?ae a ???aa ???iy???o ??e, ?ae ??? ?eth??i? ???o,
???o ??e, ????o ???. Ia ? ?? ??a ??? ??????, n???, ??? eth?. *? ???ny
???, a ???? ???? ?e ?????e, oi y? ?? ????a e ???? ???. E?th???a ??? ?e
???a ??e ??ee ?ae ? ????? ??? ?????a e ?????. O???a ? ??e ???? ?ae ????i
a ?iy??? XVI a. I. A. E?a/? ? ????e ????y o ?? ????e ????e, ?i ?ae ????
??e a XVII a. ?a ???????y a ??o?? ????yo ? ?? ?????i ??.
3) N? ??? ??a e ???????. Ia ? ?y???? ??? ??????a ?oe, ????o ?? ? ??iy
???i. I? ??e ?????? e ??oe, ? ??? ?o, ???a ????e ???? n ??th ???a. I??a
n ??th ???a, ???????????, ???? e ?? ??????i ?e? ????e ? ???th. A??e ?ae
?????e ???? ???i, no???i e ??????i; ?y ????? ??e ?e ?o ??iye ???? ?ye.
E?? ???? ??? ?????? A??a ????ey ???? ? ? ??? ???-??? ??o, a a ?? ????o
???, ???a ???? ?? ?e ???o ??o. A? ??? e ?e?y ???ue, ??a ??? ?? ???u ???
????ey e ?e ??? ?? ???????. Ae???a ? ?n ??? ???u ?????o e ??? ???? XVI
a.; ? y?i ????e ??cy ?a ?????, ?i ??? ????ey ? ??? ??? ???? XVI ?. A??a
????ey ?th?y ? ???? ???o ???e. A ??? a???o ????ath?y ???, ? ???i ??????i
??? ??? ????ey. A ??e ? ??o ??? (A????? ? 1539 a.) ?o?i: “A?e ?i ??i
?y?a eth?, ?i o ?o ????? ?ea e ???e ???atho, ??? ? ??yo, ?? ??, ? ???o
??yo e ??atho ??? ethae? ? ???; a ??? eth? o ?ay ?????a ???ue, ?????th
??y? ???atho. E ? ???? e ?i ???? ??o e ? ??o ???? ?iy?y ?i, ?i?a ?uo? e
???? n ?? ???”. A ??th??e ????y; “AE??i ?i, ???y? ??i ?????”. A????i
????a ??iy? a ?i, ?i ? ???e a????? ?y???? ??? ?????a, ??? e ???ue ?, a
?? ? ??o ?a?ue, ?e ??? ?? ?a??ue ??i ?????, ???a ?i ? ??????? ??, ?i
???? ??? ? ??a e ?????a; ??a ??, ???? ???e ? ??ith e ???ith ??ueth ?
??ayo????.
E? ???th?y ??? ???, ?i eo ???? e ?? ???tho? Ii ????th e y?? ???o ??i
????ue XVI a. ? XVII. Aeath?y ??? ????ey ? ?i?? ???????? ?oe, e ???atho,
??????i, ??? ?i, ?a ?????y a ?o ?????ue. Iiy??, ??????i ??? ??a ? ?a
????ey? ???i-??? aae?????e ???u. A??u ??????ue ?? ???, ???a ???e ???
?????; ?? ??? ????ey ?? ??ouey?i ?e ????i, ?e e ?????e ?a?u ? ??e ??u;
?? a ??? ?? ???e ???y?, ????a e ??y?, a??u ??c???? ??e ???. N ???? ???e
??? ????ey ?a ??a e ??a ?????iyth?y e ??a ? ???? ?????ny e ??? ??? n
???. A ??o ???o ??? ??a ????y?y ??e ???. I????? ??? ???a ???o a ?i, ?i
?e ??????. Y? ?????a ? ??????i ??y?a ??e a I????i ?????a. I?th? ??i,
???y, ??th??, ?i ??? o????y ???? ???, ?i ????i ???i-??? ???? ?????a
????. I???u??ny, ?????i, ?a??ue ??? eth?e. N????, ?i e ???y? ???? ??yi.
O? ?????e ??? a XVI ??. A XVII ?? ??th??ny ????a ????a. Oe?????e e ?y?
???th?y ??? oy??e eth??, ????? e ???y?? e ? ? ??u; ???, ?-??i?o, ???th?y
?? ???.
*?? ????? ??a ? ?? ?????i; a XVI a. ?i ???? ? ?ny? ia ??a, a a XVII a.
? ??? ? ??. A??u, ?????? e ?y? ????? ?????i; ?????i ?e e ??????ny, ??u
???? ?? ?a?? “??e ? ??, ??u ??? ??o ? ??”. I ???o ???y ???, ???e ??????y
????ey?. I???y ? ?, ?i ???n???ue ???ue ?? ???, ????ue, ?i ????? ?????ue
? ??eyo. A ??o ??ayo ??? ??????i, ?? ?? a ???o, ? ?a-?? ?????? “????
???” ?y ??, ??u ??? ? ?? ???, o.a. ??????i ????i, ??u ?a ????? ?? ??
????e e ??????? ??? e ??u ?????e ??????ny, ?e ? ? ?e ??? a??. Y? ??
?uy?y? ??oth?? ????e. A??a ??? ??? ?? ???ue ??? ?????? ? ???a, ?? ?
????e ?????a. A?e ?e ?????ue ???iy????, ????a ????? ? ?? ?????e. I?y?i,
?i ??a ????a ia ??i ?? ???? ? a?o ?????e, ?? ???? ?? ?? e??? ? ??e, a
??? ??????; ?????i ??i ???ue: ? ?i ? ???ee. *?? ?????? y?, ??????i e
?????i “???? ???”. Y?i ??????a ??? ?????i ?????ue; ? ??e ???e ??ue i
???e ?????? ?? ??a ???eth eth?e ?? ???e. E ??? ? ??i ????th ???a ?????
??????i e a ?i ??ae, e??, ? ?i ??eth, ??? ?e ????? ???e. I? ?? ????i
ai??, a ??? ?a-?? ?????i ????. N?? ???a a ???o ?? ?y????th, a ? ??i ???
???. Io XVII ?? ? ??i ???ey ? ??????a ????o ??????? ??, ?????? e ??, ??u
?a y?y?? ? ???. I?u ?? i?????u. A?e ? y?yeny ? ??? ??? ???e, ? ?????y
??th??? a oth?? ? ?? ?e ? ?a; a ?? ? y?y?y ???e ??yi?, ? ??e ?i eth?e e
???yi e ???e ? a oth?? ? ?o ??, ?ea ? ? ?uy??y.
I????ny ? ????a ??? o????e. I?????? ??? ????ey ??? ??? ????a ??, ?, n
???? ???y, ?? ? ????a ???y?ny. A XVII ?? ?e ??tho ? ??? ????a ?ea, ? e
????i ??? ??????, ?oy ? ?e a ?y? n ???i e ia ??iy?, .a ???: ???e, ????,
???, ????? ? ?????y, ???y, ?????a ?ae ????e, ????? e ???eyi e o. i.; ??i
???i, ??? ????ey, ??a n ??????y ?????a, ???tho ??-?-?? a ?? ???a ?e?oth
??ue ????o ??????. E?? y?e ???? ?y????e, ??? ????ey ??e e ?????a ?y????.
I? ??? ?? ??th??, ??u ? ?? ???? e ???a; ?? ???? ?i-??? a ??, ?e ??? ??
???e ???e, ?i ?, ?eo?, ? ?? ? e o. i. C??, ? ?o ??? ????y ?cy????y ??ue,
???y ????? a ???????? ????e e ???o ???i????o. A??a ????ey ??? ?? ??ue
oth?? ?y ????o ??a e ?????a, ??? ?? ???ue ?, ?aoue ???, ???a e o. i.
Aeey ????i??y ?? y?o ?????? ?e ??? a?e ?? ???? ???? e ?? ? ?????ue.
N???a ????? ???th ??ueth ???th. E?? ??, n ????? ??? ??? ???y?? ??????
??????i, a a?e ?????? ? ??????, ? ??i ?? ?y? ????i ????? e ? ?? ??????ue
??????, a ????th ??ue ????a ???? a ?c?. Y? ?? ??a ??i ??? ?????; ????i
?????a ?e ??? ?? ???ue, ????ue, ???ue, ???ue e ? ????? ??u ??????ue
??????, a ????th ??ue ???? a ??o.
Y?i ? ??????ue ?a ?y????ue ??? ?????. E??a ? ??? ??a, ??a ????? ??,
????ny ?a ?????e ?ae e ????a ?i??????a ?y????, ?e ????, ?? ???a, ??????a
?????. A ????? ??? ? ?o ????? ?a ?y???? ???.
Aeay????ue ??? ????? ?? ??????y. I??????? ??? ? ? ?i? ??? ????, ? e ?
a?o ????eyo. A ??? ???iy????e ???uo, ????a ????? ? ????o.
Ii ???? ???? ??i, ?i e ??? ????eyi ????? a ?i ???, ??a ????a ????? ??
?????i????. Ii e ??? ????ey ? ??? ?????y? ?????e. A????ny n ???? ???o
???e e ? ??? ??a. A??a ??? ??? ?? ???ue ??a a oth??o e ???ue ?e ?o n??o
? ???o ???e, ??th?y ?e y?i ???ue, ??u ????? y? ??????nue ????? ?aeaeo
??e ??ey? ??; a ??o ?i, ?? ??? ???oa, ??? ??, ??? ?i a ??????e ?? ?c
???e, ???eye ?cy?a ??a ???ue ?i e ????ue, ???y ?i ?y?o. N????, ?i ???
???? ???e ??a e ?????a ?????ue a??? eth?e ?e ??o ??????, ?y? ?y ?y?e.
I?? ??, ????i ?? c??????ey e ?? ???ith ??, ?i ai ??? ???? XVII ?? ???
???? a?e ????u ???i. Y? ??????, ??/?, ???i.
4) I???yy ??a ???y ???? a ????? ?? ? ???a a ??a ???a.
I?eth??a ? ??? ???? ???a ?? ??i ???, a ?a ? ? ??, ??? ???o. N?ay ?
????a ?ae??, ? ????a e ?????a ?? ???o, ?? ??i ???o ???e, e ??? a ?i ???,
?? ?e ?????? ? ???ey? a I??o ???, ? I??u ????? ????a eth? ?y ? ????y.
Any?? ?? ??? ????? ? ????? ?? ????? ???o ???o, ?e?????, ????o ???.
I??th ??ueth ???a ?n??y? ????? e ???? ??u. ?????a ?e ????? ??a ????
???i e ?e?????. O? ?e ??ue ?? ???? ????, ? ??? ??????? ?????ue ? ????o e
???? eth?e. Ec ?o ????? ????? e ???? ??au; ??? ??????a ??i ?? ???? e ?
???o eth?e. A??u ??????ue ?????i ? ???? ??.
Aeay????ue ????? ??a ??iy? a ????? ??o ???i, a ???a e ??? ???a, ??e
????? ??? e ??????e ?????u. A? ??a ???e ????ey?ny ?y????ue ???? ?e?. I?
?y?? ?? ? ??? ??? ???? ??u, ? ??? ??, ??? ?ai e ????? ?y ?? ???, a ?y
???e ????a ??u; ???ue ?? e ??, e ????ue. Aeay????ue o????o e ???? ??a ??
??o???ith. Ii ????e ??? ?e ??? a?e ??e a I??o ??o i ??o ???eyo. Y?o ??o
???y?y ??? ?ae e ???, a ??? ?a y? ??y ??? ?? ?? a I??a. I????a y?? ??y?a
????. A? i???u ??e???ue, n ????, a ?e ? ???iy????e ???? ?????.
N?? ???a n ??e, ????? e ??? ????o ???a ????e eth?? ??y?ny ??? ??????
???u “???i ????ey”. Y? ???, ?i ??u ??th?y ? a?o ???? ethaeyi; ? ??yo, ?i
?e ???yo a ????? ??o ?a ?, ?i ??????i ????y. Ii ?? y? ? ?? ?????y.
I?????? ????i ????a ?? ?y ??????ey c???????. Aeey ??, ??u ???a ??? ? ??e
??e ?, ??? n ????e ?????, ??? ?????e ?i?a ??oth?i ???i: a N???? ????
???, a ????e ?i a E???; a E??? ? ???? ??? ?y N????. Aeey ??, ??u ???? ?
???? ????o ??a, ????i ?e ??e i?y?e ???ey ?: ???? ?????? ? ??e ??a ???ue
??? o ?ay ? ???, a ? ????y ??? ???? y?e, ?? ??? ?e ????ny ?? (a ??
???e). *?? ???????, ?nue ? ?? n ?? ?e ???i a yu?, ????i ???ee ? ?? ????a
????? ?? e ????i n y?i ?????i ????e ????? ??a. Y? ?? ?? ??ue ??????? ?y
????a: ?? ??? e ??? ??; ????ue, ?i ?e ???? ?? ??ue ?i ?????ue, a ???o,
?e e ? ??a?ia, ??e ? ????. Y? ???ey? ? ????ue e ??? ???i, ??u ? ?????? ?
??? ???a. E??a ??? ???ey??, ???i ??? ????a eth? ??? ?? ??? a ????? ??o
????o ???. Y? ?????a ae???ue ? ??iae ??? ??? ? ?a ?e ? ?e ???????? a?a.
A y?i ??? ???ay ???a ?????? e ???? e ? ??th?? ?a a ?? ???o y???? ??.
III. A??i
?????i ????a ??e ?y???i ???, ?i ????? e ????, ??????? ?i ?????.
Eiy??? ??? ???ey?? ? ??aea, ???? eth?e e ????o ????a.
A ??? ????i ????y ???e ?a ?? ????y, ???y n ??? eth?e ?e ?y? e ????y
???e ?e ????. O? a ??? ss???a A??i???a ????i ???a, a ???a a ?e?a E??y
Nay?????a ???ath?y ??? eth?; ????, a ??? A???? TH???a ? *???a ???atho
???a ?????? i??a e ??u. I? ???? ???i ????y Ae??? ????e? ? A??, ???:
“?y?i ?y?? ?? a ??, ?a? – ???, ?? – ??a” (o.a. ????i ??ae??a). Ia ??? e
I??o-???o ? I??a ???atho: “????, ?y? e ???/ ?i??.” (o.a. ???i a ???
???). A??? ?y? ????? E?i A????/ ???? ? I??u ? E??ue: “???i, ?e???a, ???
eth?e e ??? ?? ???/…”; ???i y??, ????? a ??? n ?i ? ?y?i ???eytho ???
??: “e??a, ??? eth?e e ???? ?y?o, ?i??? e ????”. A ???nyo aa?? ??u ???ey
? ???a ???a ?????, o.a. ?? ????i ?????, ?a ?? ????a ????a ?????ny ??i
???: ??eyi, ?????a, ??i, ??a??, ???i, ay?? e ?.
O??? ??? a ??? ?ycy ??????ue ?e ?????? ??, ?e e??i ???? ????a. A ???
??? ?? ? ?? ?i ???a ???i ????? a ???. A?e ?? ???? ?????i ??o, ?i ?
???ey? e ??a ?c?? ???e ?????. N??y ? ????eyi ??iy???a, oy??ue ??i?
i????e ?? ????: ??e ??? ??? ? ???ey? ????? ????a; a ?i? ??? ??ayo e
???th a ??a i????? ??? ??ue ????y.
I?? ????y ? ??, ?e ? ?a ???, ??ae ????e ? ??e e ? ??y ???.
I?ac ?? ??y? ???a a ?????? ?y?i ??a ? ??e ?a ????? ?y?e ???u ? ????
?????: ? ?a ???ue ????a e ????i e ???ue n ? ???th. E????ay e?. ?ae 1147
a. ????? y?i ????o y? ?a ??ay. E?? ?aa?? ?? ???? ??? ?ycth ??y? ?? ?
A????i ??y, Ecy?? I????/ ???eny e ??ey?i n ??i ?????: “a o? ??, ?i ? ?a
???!” e ??? ??i ???i ????i ???. Ii ??a y?? ????ey ??? ??e. A ?????a n???
??cy ????? ???e???e ???? ????i ????y. I?i, ???, ???, ?i ??a n ???th
????i ???, ??????i ? ????a, ?? ??? ?????? y???i. A??ay ??? ???ey? ?? ?
???o ???? ????ey a ????? ??y, e ????a ????ue, ?i ????? ?????i ?iy?th
????ue, ?? ? ??, a. ??? ?y?, ????e e ??? ethaeyi, ?? ? ????y ??. N ???
???u, ???????? ????a e ??th?i ???ue, ??? ??, ??i e oi ????, ?i ?i ?????
e ??i ??? ????i, ???a e ???y?? ??? ?ycy, ??a ?e ? ?? ??a ???? ???n i??y,
? ??????y e ??a.
Ii ?? ?????y ???o ??y?? e ??????ey ?? ??? a ??o eiycy, ????a ??? e ??a
???e?y ??th???? ??? ?????.
I???a ????a ? ???ey? ??iy??i ???. I? ????? ??? ? ??? ??u e ?????? ?
??i, ?e ??i ??a ?? ???a.
A??e ?ae ?y??? ??e ???eytho ???ua eth? ?ycy. Iu ?????? ?a n ???e
?????ey?, ???? ?????y ??? ??yae ?y??? ??. N???i n ???????? ????? y?o
?????? a ???o ?ycy ????i: a ????? ??y – ???a, ???o; a ??a ??i?-??e ?y??o
e ??yi. A??e ??yae ???? eth?e ??a ???? ???????? ???a a ???a ?y??? ??e.
N???a eth?, ??aey? ????i ?e ?y? ?e ? ?i ???, ???eytho ?n?y?? ???. Ei
???e ?????y I??u ??i ??? ??? ???? ???a??? ???ey. Ii ?? ?????y ??iy??i
???, e ????o ????th ?y?y i??ath?y ??? a ??ayo ????e ????, ?e, ??., ??a n
E??ueth, I????i e ?ae.
O??e ?ae ??e ???eytho ?????a ?y?y? a ??? ???????y?, ???u, ??? e ??.
A ????? ??y y? ??? ?? ?y??? ??e, ?y?a ???? e a ????? ?? n ???, ?????
????. A ??? ?????y ???? ????i ????y ??? ? ??a ss???a A????a?a, i????a e
?????i: “C??a ?, – ???o ????oe, – ??? ???e ???i??, ss??? ??: i eth? ?y
???a; th? ??a ??o, a ?? ?? ??? (aeey ??u n Nay????u)”. I? 1036 a. ???i
??? ?????y ???? ??i ???, ? ?eeo ? ??? ?i ? ??iy?: “ss??? ???e ? ??a e
???e ???o: ???e ??y? ???a, a ? ??? ???a ?y?, a ? ??i ??a ?????.”. O??
???i, ???? ????a ? ??eyi e ?????a ??? a ??? ???u ???a n ??y?ie. E?? ??,
? ? ??i ????y?ny e a ??a ??? ??? ?y ?i???ey ??o ??? ?y??? ?? a ???a ? ?
??? ????o ??? ??ea. I? 1024 a. ???: “I???a ? ??, ?i ?? ? ?ae? Na ??o
???y?i, a ? ??ya, a ???a n?y – ??”. I???, ??i ???a ????? e ????a ??y?
???? eth?e. O?, A???? Nay?e ???? ?y? ??o e ???a e, ???y? e ??i, ???a ??
???u ? ?y ???ey ??? ???e, ???o: “???a ??ae ???ith”. C?? ??ai??? ???? ???
???a ???? ????y ??? e ?y?i ?ycy, o.a. ???o ??y? ?i ??. O?? ? ???i?????
???i e ?ae 1169 a. Ho ??? ??i ???a ????y?? ?y ?????y ???i ??y? ?? e ???
a ???a ?i ? au??i, ???a a ??i ??? y?y?? ?ae ??? ?y?. O? ?ae 1186 a. ???:
“a ???o A???aeth ?ay??, a ?? ?i ??? a ?y?? e ?y? ?i”. A y?i ? ??? ??
???? e ??i E??????e ???? ?ae 945 a.: “?a?? ???a E???: ??oee N???? ????y
?? ???i e ??u, a ? ??”… Y? ???a, ???ay ??i ?????? e ??y?y ?ay a ???ue
n ???? N????, ??iy?, ???i, ? ??? ???i ?iy ?y??? ??.
E?e, ??i ???a ????y?ny a ??ue ????i ???; ?i ??? ?? ?y ?????y ?? ???
?ycy, e ??? ? ?? eth?e ?e ? ??????. Ii ?e ?e ???? eth? ?ycy i????? ?
?????? e ?i ?????i e ??ueyi, ?, ?iy?i, ?i ??i ?? ? e ????i ? ?ae y?i
???.
E?? ???u ?y ?????y ??? n ????? ??? ?? ??????? ??i “??”. A ???a ??? ????
? ???, ???ey??ny ? ?y??? ??, ??? ????? ? ???i, ??., ???? ??, ??????,
?????e e ?., ??? ii ?y?yi, ??., ?? Ecy??a, TH?y, Ay???a e ?. A???? ??e
????? ?ny??. I??? ?y ?????y ??? ??? ??? a ?????? ??i “??”; ?? ? ?????y
??? a ??? ???i ??????y ??: ???e ?? ?e ??? ?i?, ????? ?e ????, ??ay e ??y
??.
*? ???ny ? ???? ????ey, ? ?????a ???e ???? ????? a ??o ????? e ?????a,
???i a ?? y?? e ?????ue ?????? ???. I? ? ?????i ??iy? ? ?? ??? ???a ????
????a; n ??th ???ey ???o ???a, a ? ???y??a ?????y?? ??? e ??? ??? ? ????
eth?e ?ycy.
Oe????? ???a ????? ?????e??? a ??o ??? ?ycy e ??? ?????, ????o ?ae ???e
??? e ?ny??. Y? ?a ???ey ???tho ????? ?? e ? ? ???th ???. Ia y? ???atho
??a ????y ???e?a, ?e, ??.: “????? ???th ???? ?ny? ss??”. O?? ???i, ?ny??
?? ??? n ?i e ???a: ??? ?????? ????? ? ?? ? ???? ???y ? ?ny?, ??? ? ?
??? ?? ?i ?iy?e. Ii a ????a?e y?o ???? ??????y ????a ?c??a, ??????a
????i ?a ????i a ????o ??yi ?y???i ???. N?? ???a ????y?ny a ??i ????
???: ?e ????ny ?y?e ??????, ??i ? ??y?i ?y??? ??e ? ? ?????, e ? ??a ?
??y ? ?e ????. A?? a ??? ??? ????y?ny ?????? ?ny??i; ?e ???th?y ???????i
i????e ????? ??? ?e ?ny/, ??? e ???? ??a ? ?y. Iu ?????y ??? ia ?o
???????? ??????? ?????, ???a ?????otho ????ue ?ny??i, e ??i ?a ???? e
????i ????.
Ae???? ?ny??i ?? i??y?ay ????ue. Ii ????ny ???????i ??ae ? ?i, ?e ????e
?y? ???e ?? ????e ??, e ????? ? ?? ???iy? ??a ?e ?o. N???i n y?i ?????
?ny??, ?e ??iy?? ?????, ????e ????e ???? ia ??????a ? a ??? ??y.
I????a ?ny??i ?????? ?ycth, ?e ? ?e e ?????. ?? ?????e, ? y?y?y ? ??a
????o ??? ? ?? ???, ???a ??? a ???a ?i ??iy?y a ????e, ?c ?y?? ???
????ey, a ?? ??, ?i ? ???? a ??? ?ny??i. O?y?? ????ny ?y ???????? ??? ?i
???? ?????, ???a ????? ? ?????th ??. N???i n y?i, ?? ?y? ???? ? ??o ???
?? ??, ?ny?? ? ???? ? ?i, a i???ny a ???. Ae???? ?ny??i ? ??a ???? ?o
???e, ???a ? ???e, o.a. ?? e ????? ? i?i ????o ???. I????a ???? ?
??????a ?ny?? a I??a ????y e ??o XVI a. A A?????? ???? ?ae 1374 a. ???i
???? i ???a ????? ?????i ?ny??i, A??ey A????? I????a: y??o “????e” ????o
? ?, ?i ? ??? I????a ???n?a ?y?y ? ????e ??a ?ny??, e ???????? ????e.
C???a y?e ???? oy??ny ? ??, ?i a?? ???i i ????.
Ae???? ??? ??? ? ?? ??iy?ith: ?e ?????ue ? ?? ?????, ?y ???????? a
????i ???. N ????? ??u, ?y ???e ?e ?? ????u, ?? ??e ?????? e ??? ?
????ey. I???????o ??? ????? ?e ???? eth? ?ycy, ?e e ???? ? ???. *?? ???
?? ????? ?????? e ??th???? ???? ? ????ey ?ycy, ???? ?????? ? ????? e
?????. O?? ??c?, ??ae??a ??? ???y? ???i ???th ???o ?ycth, ?i ?????
?ny??; a y?i ???? e ????y i?y??? ??? ?i ????? ?????y i???? ????e.
Ia ????? ??o ??? ??? ? ???i ????. A?e ?y ??e e ?e ? ?e? ?y? ???? ????i
???, ???o ? ?o ???y ??? ??yae ??e e ??? ?? ???ey. A ??? ? ?????i ????ey,
? ??? ??ath ???e ???e, ?e ??? ?? ????????y ???i ???ey, ?????ue “? ??
?ae”.
A ?e??? ??? ?????ue – ?y?y, ?y?. ??, ?? ?y??a ????? e ?. Ae???? ?ny??,
?? ???, ????? ??? ethaeyi ? ???o ?y?.
I? ?ny??e ?iy? ???a, a ?ae ?? ?ny??a.
I?e ???a ??? ??a ? ?? ???u n ????ey? ????? ???e ?????; ????? ?????i ??
??? ? ?????. A?? ????ue ? ???i ? ???eth ??a ???, ???i ? ??a e ??????th,
?e ????? e??? ? ?? ???e ?????e ?????? ? ??o ??.
A ??th??a ????? ?????ny ia ??y?a ????ey ???? ??? a ?o ??ayo, ??a ??a
??? ? ??i ?y?i, a ?????e ?th???e ???. A ????? ??y, a ??? ????ey ?n???o
?y?e ?y ??? ??? ??, ?ae?e ? ?o ????e ????? ?ae ??????? ?o ????. Ae??y
???i?? ??iy? a ?i, ?i ?y?yi ?th??? ????? ??a ??ue ? ????? ?a??i ?????,
???? ?????? ? ????a ???y??a ?ae ??e ???? ??o?y?. Eiy?y-nith??e ?????e ?e
? ??? ????eth ?e ???, ??? ? ?ay, ??a ?o ???a, ???i, e?? ????e ?y? ???ye
?ay ?? ae??? ?ycy. A ????? ????? ???a? ??? – ???? ??? ? ?y?e “??? ?
???”. ??? ? ??? ???i ??? n ????? ?y ???????o ????. Aeey y?e ?? ?????
?y?y “???, ???a e ???a ? ??”. E???a ?, ?e e ?a ??ey ???y??y ? ??y – ???.
???? ? ????ey ?? ?y?e ?????. N ?? ? ??y??e ?????y e ? ???a ?????. I??i
???? ???u ????i ??i ?? ???? ? ?n ?y??? ????i XIV e ???oth?o ??a. E??e ?
?y??ith???, ? ????e y?o ????a, ????e ? ??th ??i ???u ??? ???? – ??i ?e
?? ????? ?????o ? ???. I? ????? ??uo N??e, ???eyth?o ??y?e ???y??y
nith??e ????, ?o ???? ????y ????ue ????? ??? ?th??a ???o ? ??? ???, ?
???e ??, ?y ?o ?y?e, a aei??? ???o ia ???i ???? ??????? ?????y ?? ??? ?
?????th??y a ??? ???i. A ?y??? ????o ????i ??? ?????a ??, ?ae ????????i
???? a ????o ??ayo ??? ??? ?? ????ue a ??ae. Ec ?a???? ? ??i, ??a ???
???? e?? ??? ???????? ?ycy. A ??? ?y?y, ??????? a ?ith ??? ????? ???
?y?e, ??? n ?i ???ey? e ??a ???, ??a y? ????? ??? ?? ?? ????? ?ae ??ui
????????i ? ?th???. N??e y? ???ey?? ????: ??? ?th??e ?y???? ????ue ??i a
??ae ??? ??a, ??a ???? ??i e ?i ??ath??y a ???; ??? ?e ???o?ey? ?o ??i
????ue ? ???i ?a?ey a ??a ae?a e a ?o ??ayo, ??a ?i ? ????y ?? e ??? ?ay
???e ?? ?e ???.
A ????o ????i ?a ?? ?n?? ?????a ?????? ????ey ??? ?y ????? ??. O? ?e
I??a i????ue a ??i ???? ????? ?y?e, ?, ?????i, ??o ?? ???? ??? i ??a
????ey ???u a yoo ??th ??. A ???? A????i ?ycy, A??ey ss????a, n ???i
?y?i, A???i A?????i, ??i y? ???? ?????. A? ??? ???y ?o, ?? ???e??ue
??a/?? ???u ? ??io ????eth ?? ?y?e ??????.
I???? e ???o i ????? a??a. I??y?? ?????i ?????? ??? ????y ??ue ???-???,
??e, ??y?, ???, ??? ?, ?i ?e i ??a ?ycy e ? ?i ??. E???ee ? ????e ???o
?????? i ?? e ?? y?? ????ey. I???? ??? a ???e ??? ? ???? ??iy??i ????ey
e ???????ue ????? ????? ???? ??u, ? ???o ??? ??i ?????o ???e ???.
Ii ???a???? ??y?, ???ue – ???i ??????y ???th, ??ue a i?i eth?e, ????? ?
??? e ?y?? ?? ????oy?. A????? ???i ??a??y ??? ????? ??ae e ???th a ?y???
???. A?? ??i e ? ??, ? ?c ???a ?ei ? i????ue. Ii ????y, ?????i, ??? ?
?????i a ??ey???oth ??th. O?, ?e ???? ??? A??y A??th??? ? I???ae, ???:
“E ???? ??? a ??th ? (?????oth), ??i ?a ???? (a?? A??y); ?? ?y? e ???a e
eth? ????, a ?? e ?? e ??ey ?y? e ??u ???a”… E ?a y? – ? ????th e ???
??eyi, ???a ? ??e a ??? ?????ny a I???? ???, a ???? ?? ca ??? ????
?iy?y?. Y? ???a i??e ??u ?uy?ytho ??oth?a e???a ???? i ????o. O?? i ???
? ?o ???yi e ?????a, ???? ?e ????tho ? ??: “He ??i ??e ???o ?????i e
???y?i, ?a ??? ? a ?ith ??th, ? e ?? ?oy n ?? ??o, a ?a ??i ??atho i? e
??th ?oo ??o ???yo: ??? e ?i ? ??ae”. Y?o ???? ??u ? ????y e a ?????
??y. I? 1382 a. ???: “He ???? ? ?yo ???e ?y? Ae??? E???/ ??a ?? ?ith ?
?ycy I?? ?y????; ?y? aea I?a ?i ? a ??a eth?e ??a, a c?eth ?i ? ???a ??o
??? ???e, ?? ?o ??ue e ????a ??”. A?? ???? ?ycy E?? A?e???a n I????i
???a a ??oth?o ????yo: “A??y ? ???? ?ycy ?a n ???e eth??, ??? ? ??y ???,
???a ???e ???ie e I????o, ??oth? e ??a e eth? a ?ai ???. O?? e ?ycy ????
???u ?? ??y?, ??i ? ?? ??i ?n?i”; e ??a: “He ??i ? ? ???e, ?e ? ???i
?y?i e ???th ?i, ? ?i ??a ??? ? ??th ??th ??? ? ?o, a I?ia?ay ?y c?ey ?
?ay ? ? ???a”. A?? ??th ??o ???i “??ue ??th ? ?o.”. “O?i ? ??, – ??????
????oe ?ae 1401 a. – ? ??, ? ???? ????e, ?ycy ???? A??ey ?????, A?? I???
? A??? ????a n ?ycy ??e?i ??th, ??? ??ith ? A??. e ?ye ?th Ae???th ??th
? ?o ?c ??e, a ??e I??a ??, ???yi i??? e ????, a ??? ? e ??? ???e”…
E???, ? ?a ??u ????? ????? ????ueth, ? y? ????ue e??a a ???? ?ea,
??????ue ?????y? ????e ???e ?????e, a ??? e ???ey? ??????th ??o ??o ???o
??. E? ??i ??ae ?ath ??e ??? ????e a ???, ?? ??? e ??? ???? ??? ???e ?
???? e ??? ??ue e ??a?? ???. N ??? ???u, ?e ??i ???? ???????? ?cy??a, ?y
??????ey ??e ? ??y ??? ? ?????? ??? ???a, ??a ?a????? ??ey?ey. E????ey ?
? ??? a ??, ?????e ?y ?????y ?i????aey, ?? ????? ? ????eth ?y?e ????? a
?y?o ?y???i ???, e ??a ?? ??? ? ??o ?? ? ????????e a ??? ??ae?o ??.
N???i n y?i ????? ??o ????? ??, ?e ??? ??? ?y ????y, ?y?e ???ee ? ?i??
??????? ?????y, ???i ???a ???ue ????ue, ????th e ????? ??? e ????ue ?
???i. “I? ??? e I?????, – ??tho th?? ?y?y, I???a, A???? e TH?e, ? ??y
??? ? E??, – a ?? ?a ???? ec???e ?a, ??? ?a e ??? i??!” I?? ??? ???
?????? ?? ??y?i ?y??? ??e, ?c ?y?? ??o ?? ???ey: ??? ?? ????? ?, ?i
?????. A ??? ????o ?y?e ???i ???, ???? ???y ??? ????ny ??????ueth
??????y. E?eth??y ??th?y ??? a ??? ???o, ?????? ???o ????i ???y i ?????e
? ?? e a ?i ???, ?? ? ?e ?? ?a ?? e ???u. A ??? ???? ???o ?y?e, Ae??ea e
A???a, n ????e ?? ???i ???a, ? ???? ?a ???u, a ??? ??u ??o ??, ?y??? ?
??? ????a.
A??e ?ae ??????ey ??? ??a?y? ??????? ???? ???u, ???a ????? ?y?y? e
?????i ??ae ? ????? ????e a??. Aeey y?e ?? ?????ue ?e ?????a ??u eiycy
?e ??? ?????e, ???a ??????? n ?????o ?e ??i ??th??e ??. A??????a ???u
????? ?? ???, ?c ???ey ?? ??e; ? ?iy?i, ?i ???a a ??? ?un?, ??iy ??iy?i
?e ?y?, ??a ???i ??a ???a ???? ??a ???u, a ??? e ?????ue ???. E???e ????
??a ????o ?y?e, ???? ??uo a y?i ????e. O? i A???? Ae???a ???: “E ????y ?
?i ?a ??yn??u, ? ? ethay ???o, e ??a ? ???o, ? ?y?? ???a.
Aeey ??????ey ??? ? ??y ?i ????a a ???? ?????? ?y?n?a ????i ????? ??a,
?e ????i? ?????, ???? ? ????o e ????? ethaeyo. Ae???o? ???? ? e?i ????y
e XI ??. A ????? ???? ?y?e ????i ???y, ???? ?y?y-nith??e ?y??th?y ??? ??
??o ?? ?e ???? ? ??e ?? ???u ?th??i ?y???. N???i n y?i, ????i e ?????
???i ?ii??a, ?y???? ???? ??iy? a ??th??e ca ????? ??a ?y ??????ey ?th??
??e. ?y?i n ?y????th ??? ?? ?????? ?y???? ???? ???? i??aey?i ???i, ??? ?
???u e ?i????. A ????o ????? ??i?o ???ath?y ?????ey ? y?o ?????e.
Iay???? ??i ????y ???ey? ??? eth?e ? ??y ??u ????o e a I????a ?????i. A
???o ??ayo ??, ?e a ????e, ???? ? ?????? ????y *(78). Ho I??a ??a e ??a.
Ia ??? ??? ????y. ? ?????a e ????a ?a ????a ?y???? ????? ???e ???. A?,
????a 5-???i ????, ??? ?? ??e ???th ??? e ???? n n?ith n ??e ??e ??????
????? ??? ?????o e n ???i. I??e ?? ?????y ???? y?e ?y???? ??? ??i E??i.
Ii ????e ?y????th ??? n ??? a ??i ???a: ? 100 ????e ae??e ??e ?? ??
???ey? ???? ? ?? e a ??? ???a, a a ???e ??ae ? ?? ?iyo. E? ??iy?y ?
????ey ??e ?y????, ??? ?e ???ue ???. Aa ??? ?? ??e ?a ?????, ?e ????
eth?, ?e e ? ??u, ??? e ????a ????ey. *? y? ?? ?e, ??????ny e ???e ???
XVII a., ?iy?? a ??e ??? ?y? n ???y??? A???i. A 1604 a. ??iy?? ????
?????a, a ???i ????y, ?i ??ay ?????, ??????y A???, “??ie oy?a”, a ??? ?
???a ??y ???? eth?, ?? ?? ? ??o ?? ? ??? ? ????, ???e e ??., ??? ???ey?
“??? n 2/30 ????e n ??i e ??? ????”. O?, ?i ? ??? e ???i ???o ??? ? ???,
??ny ???: i? a ???a ?? ?o ??o ? ???ey? o???. O?ay ? ????yy ??? ??ny e
??i ???? ??, ??y e ?? ???o ??u ? ??a ?e ?y? a ??. Ae???a ????ey ?
???th?y ???e ???e. A?e ?e ? ??tho ???? eth?e, ?e ?oetho, ? ? a ??? ???a,
n ?o ????i ????? ii 15 ?. ? ????, a eth?e ?a-?? ?youe e ????? a ????. Y?
???ny ??????, ??????a, ????? e ??. Ae???i ??i, ???, ??????i ???o??ue e
???? ???o ??? ?????. A ??a I????o ? 1617 a. ???: “A ???a ??y? e ?? ?y??a
? ??? ?????… e n ?o n ???i? e ? ?? e n ?????… ?y? ???? eth?e ? 100
????e ? ????” *(79). I??ay??? I??? a ??e ???e ??? ???? ?? ??a ??uo
eth?e, ??o e ???, ?? ? n ??e, a n ????o ??? ??????i ?????a ?y ????? ???
a 1745 ??. A ?i ? a?o ?? ????? e ???? ??? eth?e e ?a ???y? ??????i ???e.
He ?? ?? ???a i????ey e ??? ??? ?? ????o eth?e.
N??a ????a e ?????a a I????i ?????a ?? ??ith a ?i n??a, ?i ?e ?y?? ?ee
???ue ? ?o ??, ?? o ?o ???i ?e. I??a, ?iy??e ???yo ? ????o, ii ?ae y?i
??? ??cy ???? ??, ?i ?ae ?i ????ny ???. A ???o ????? ?? ??? ?, ???a ??ai
? ??e ???ue ? ???e ?e ? ????, e? ???? ???y?? ? ??? ? ???. O?, ???a ?
???? ??a ? ??e ???ue, ????? ????y “?iy?”, a ???e ?????, ?i ? ?????y ?? a
??o, a a ????th ??? ? ? ??? e ? a ??a ???e ? ????.
?y?i n ??i ????i ???i, ???? e ??y??i. a I??a ?? e ??iy??, ??iy?? ? ???i
?? eth?e, ?????o a ????, ???u e ??? ??y? ? ???? ??o. N XVII a. ???tho
???ue ?y y?? ?? ??e ?i??? ??e. A 1607 ??, ? ????th oe?y A??ey O???i, ??
?a ???i ?a???a ? ?????o ???o ?? n ?eueth ?????ue ???o ?. ??? ????e
???oy?, ??e ??y?y E??y, O??ey, E??ey e ??? ???? ?????a. N??i-O??? ??? ?a
??iy?? ?ae ?i ?????i ??? ?????o ??th ? ?????? ???o. I? I??? O??i?? ?????
O???i ?? ????i (E?a?. XII. 42, I?. 166).
Ae????e ?ae I????? ??iy??i ??? ???eytho ????; ?ae y?i ????i ?e ?a??u ?
???e E?? IV, ? ?????? ???. I? ?? E?? A????? ?? ?a ?a ??a ?????a, ??? e
??e. A??? eth? ????e ? ??? ? “????”. A?e ?????e ??? ? ???, n ????ey
?????? ???? ?o ??? e ????a. A XVII a. ?????y n ?????e e ?????e ???e:
???u-???a, ?????ay ? ?????e ???; ?????? ? ?? /??th ????: ?iy??e ???yo i
????ao, ???o, a ??a i ????? e ??y?o.
A I????i ?????ae ?????y ?a n ???ith ????y ? ???? ??? ??y?a ???? eth?e.
Y?, ???a?, ????? ?????a ???, ???? ?i????? ???o ????ey? ????a ?????e. I?
??ey?? ??ue ????? ????e, ? 20 ???oae ? ????, n ???o ??? ?? ??e ???th
?y??th ???. Ii ?? ?e ?uy?y? ???a ??e ????th ???, ? ???ey? e ???e ?? ?a ?
30 ????e. N y?o 50 ????e e ????? ????i ????y, ? 3 ??y a ?ae, ?e ??? au?
???ue ????oth ????th ??? ? ?? ?iyo. Y? ?????, ????y ? ????e ??e, ???e
I????? ?n???? ???th ???, ???ay ???u ?i ? ????o ???a e ???yy ?, i??y?i
????ay? ?a ?eee e ??a ? tha e ?n?e. Eth???i, ?i ? ????y ???, ?? a ??a
XVI a., ?? ???y. I? ?y?? ?? ??e ??? ?y??th ???th ???, a ? ????e ??e
????ny e a y?i ??? ???? ????, ???y ???? ??i ??i??.
Io y?o ????? ??e????i ???i ??y? ???? eth?e, ???a i????ue ???? e ????e,
?? ???? ??????? e ???o ???a. I ??uo ?? ?? ??, i ??? ??? ???. Ae??? ???
?????? ? ??? ?y?? ?? ???o e ????o eth?e, ???? ??ueth ? I????? ?????a,
??ueth ? I??e e n A??? – o??, ???? e ?. A? ?????a ??n???? ??y??e ???e ?
Ae?. I? ?i???ue ?i ???? ??? (? Ae?o ??e????? ???? ??? ? A??u a Aceth) e
??a? ???? ???. A XVI a. ?e ???? ?ae ??e ??? ?n???? ????y e n ?o ??
???eytho ?????a ????a, ?y??? ???? Ii???? ?????i. I? ????? ?? ?c?a ?????
e ??????, ???o ??cy ?? ? ??, ??io ?i a ????i ??? ?e ? ??e ? ???ue.
I????e ??iy? a ?i, ?i ?e ??e ?????a ?????, ?? ?ae, n?a ????? (????) e
????ue n Ii??th a ??o ???, ??a ?????otho ?????i ????. I? ???? a I??o
ii??, a ? I??u ????? ???e ??o Ae???o ???. I???y ia ????a ??? ?????
????e, Ae? ????e ????ny ?????i ?????o. Ae?a ?????e, ???? ? Ae?. ????
????? e ??????. I?????ue ????a: “Ae?? ? ?y?o ?ae ?a???th?y” *(80).
IV. O???
Aeey ??, ??u ???????y a e???yo ??o ????? i ??? ??o ?y??? ???a, ?? ?????
??th-?ai ??????th ???a. I?? ???? ??e?? ?a ???o ??? ???????o ??n?. I??th
???eytho ???????a ????a, ?e ????, ??, ??e, ???e e ?io ????, ? ???a ???o
?????i ??o oae????y? ??i ?????yi; ??oth????a ???o ?oe, ????o, ec ???o
??o ?? ??ey?u ??e a ??ae ?????a. E??y ? y?o ???o ??i, ?, ?ith ???ue,
????ey?ny. I. A?????, ?-1-o, ??o ??ue ????a ????i ? oao ? ????yo, ?e e
???a ??, o.a. ??ue ??, ??e (???), ???e e o. ?ae. e ?????ny ?e ? ??? ???e
??????e; ?-2-o, ?i ??o ???? ????? ???e?? ???a a ???? ?????a, ???? ?
????y ?e ?? ?i? ????o; ?e, ??., ???? ???, ??i ??u, ??? ????, ?ey?e e ?.
?????i ??o ?uy?? ??i ??th????i ???. O?? ?ae ???????o ???? ????ny ???y?.
II. Ai ??? ??? ? ???o ???ey ???atho: 1) i??iu – y? ??, ???? ????
??????ny e ??i ????, a ???a ????? ???th?y ???? ??????a. I??., ?????i
???ey? ?ae e ?e y?i ??o ???o n ?? ???? ?e. I??? ???? e ?? ??????. 2)
???? a?a ??? ? ????a ?e ??? ???o ?oe. N??? ???ey y?o ???a ??? ??????.
I?? ????o ???i? e ?y?a ???. E???? ??? ??tho ? ?????a. O??u, ????, ?a
?oe??a ??u: n ???, ??, ????? e ?. Iie ???y n ????, ? ???aeyo ? ?????y.
I?y?a ??? a??ny ?y? n ???? ???o ?oe, ???? ?y y?e ?? ??o ?? ?????u ???,
????.
O?????y ??o ???o ?iy??? ????ny ?????? ??e ????????. I?e e ? ? ?????
????th?y ???i ???e ?????ey?.
A ?iy??? ?????y ????, ??i “??”, e ????a ??????e ??tho, ?i ??a ?ae ?i
????ny ?????y ???, o.a. ?? ? ??a ?y?o ???a. A ????????, ?i?i, ?ae ??th
???th?y ?????? ???; ?a, ?i ?a?y a ??? ?ycy, ????? ??th. A ????? ????
???: “A ? ??? ?o ? ???y ?y ??: ? ?o, ? ?????, ? ?iy ???ue” e ??. N??
“???a” ??o ????? ??a ? i?? ????, ?ae ?i ??a ????ny e ?o, e ?????, e ??
?iy. A ????? ???? ????y: “He ??? ? yi, ? ???a, ? ?o, ? ???ay ???a”. A?,
?i ??i ? ???u, ??o ????. Ae?? a ??o ?iy??? a????ny ??a ?ei???? “???”,
???i ?????ny ??a ??y ??a ?????e, ???a ??ath?y ??i ????e ??o ???e ???;
?ae ???u ???? e ?y???? “?iy ???ue”. Oa ? ????? ????th?y ??? “???u”;
????? ???a ?? ??iia ????i ??? ???, ?nth? ?y?y ?? ?? ???.
?????i, ?e ???? ???a ??y ?y???? ???ue ?i-?? a ??? ?a?e. Any?e ??a
??????i ????o a ??a ??a, ??u ? ?? e ?????a ???i ??aeyi n ?i, ??u ?e ?
???e, ? ????. Y? ??. I?e ???a ????e ????e ????i ???? ? ??e ???? ???????i
??????y ???a. I?i ? ?o ????y e ???yi IX a., a ???, ???? ???o i ?i, ?e
??? ??? ?? ????e I?ao. I?a ????? ????e; ?? ? ???a ??, a ? ???tho: ???i.
Ia y? I?a ???o: ? ???a ???i, a ??a ?a. Ae??????, ???? ????e ???ue ??
???i e ??? ???ue ? I??. “E? – ????? ????oe, – I?a ???y ?????, a n ???e e
???u ?ay ??”. O?? ???i, n ?? ???e, ?e ???? ??e i??? ?? I??, ?e ?? ????u
? a ??a ??o ?i ?e n ????e e n ???y?? I?a ???? a ??o, ?e ?e, ?? ???, ?e ?
??? ???ue aio ??. I?i ??, ?i I?a ? ??? n ?????, ? ??? ?e ? ????, ??? ?i,
???? ???ue ?? ???i, ?e ??e ?????ueny n ? ???u ????th. E?e, ? ????????
??? ??????th, ?? y?y?ny ??ith ???i ????: ??a ???e ???e ? ???i, ???e, a
?ae? ????y ????, ????ny ???ue ?o ??. I??y ?? ?y?y?ny a ??a ??a, ??? ?a
??ny ????? ????ue? (??., ???? ???ath?y ?????i ?a?? ?? I??), a ??? ?
?e???eth. I??? ? ??????e ??? ?? ???? ?? ? ??: ?e ??o ?e ??? ??, e ????
????a, ?? ??? ?? ?e ???i ??, ?i ??a.
A? ????a ????y, ???i ???i, e ??????th ?? o ????? ??ae?. A??a ??y?i, ?i
??????i ??? ????? e ???e ??. Ii e ?i, ?a ?y?y ???y?? ??i, ?? ? ?? ????e
???a ?????e a i??o ?ycy. Eiy? e ??ue ???? ? ???, ??o, ?????? ?????a e ?.
I???i e ??? ????o ??a ???a.
I. A?e ? a ???a ??y ??ae????? ????a, ??? n ???o ?e ? ??????? ??o
???????o ??????? O??i ????ue, ??u a ???? ????e e a ?? ??? ???a ????????
????a ?e???ue ? ???? ?ycy. Eiy?y ???????e a ??o ?e? ???y ????a e ??? n
?o o???ey? ? ?????? ?????e, ???a ?? ? ??? ????e ? ??o ???. I? ????e ? y?
??? ???a, ???o e ???? n ? ???th ???ue. Ii y? ????a ???ey? ???th ??????ue
?y?e, a ? ???????th ? ?y??e. I??a ?y??? ?iy?y ???????? ????a ??, ???y,
?e?ue a I????. I?????a ?y?y ? ??e ??a ?????ue ????? ???? a ???? ??????
???e. Ii a ? ?????a ???e ????? ??uy “??e”. Y? ??e ? ???ey? ?????n? ?ycy,
a ?????y?? ?o a ?????a, ?? ? ???e ?????? ??. Oae ???? ? ??a ?????? ?????
??io: “O?a, ?y?, ?e ? ???e, ? ???, ? ??i ???? ? ?? ???e ??????… A ??a,
?y?, ?i ??i ?? e ??i ??i, ? ?? e ??o ?ae”. Y? ??uy ??e ?i??th?y ?e a
????? ???? n ????e ?y?y?, ?e e n ????e?; ?a, ?? ???, ???eytho ??????ue
I????, ???????th ?y ??????ey ?????? ?y???i ??a. O?? ?c??a ???????o ????
e ??i ?y?n?o ??i ?? e a ??? ?y??yo a??? y??; ? a I????i ?????a ?i ?
??th??ny. O? ????tho ??? ????a, ??????y ?ycth.
II. A?ue ??????e, ???a ??tho, ?i o ?n n ????? ??? ??ay ??y, ???ay e
??uey ??a ???ey? ??th????a ??i ?y?e; e ???yi ???eytho e ?ey?e ????; ???
????ue a ??a ????? ??y ????a?? ???e. ???? y?yth?y ???i ???a. O ?y?e ??
“???” ??i ?e ?, ?e e o ?? ???o ?oe; ?? ?y?y ???e ?i-???, ? ?e ???e ? ?y?
n ???? ???, a ? ??th????. Ae??y? ???tho ?y?? I?? ? ? ????? i ??: “??,
??i ???ue ??i e ???e”. y? ????o ? ????e ???? ??? e ???e. A ???? I??a ??
????i ???, ??ny??y ? ??u, ? a ?o ?o ? ???aai ??? ? ?, ?i ??a ???ey?
??th????a ??i ?ycy. O???e ? ???e a ???????a ??y ? ?????y: ??? ??o ??ue e
???a ??uey, e ??? ??e, e ?ey?a ????; a I???? ?????y ?? ? ??ay? ?????y ??
?y?n?e ??u e ??? ??e. A ???a n a. e. ???? ss???? ???: “A ? I??i ?, ?y?,
??? ?? ??e ???, a a E??o, ?y?, ??e ? ??ea ??. A ??? ? ?? ? 6i ??o ? ???.
A ????? ??? ??? a E??o ? ?? ?ia? ?a??”.
I???? ? ??o ??? ???yo, ???, ?i a ???a ??y ?? ??? ?y? ?e ??????i ??e. Y?
??? ???a ????i I??? a ?i “E??ee ???? ???”, a ??i ????i, n ????? ?????y?,
E???i a ?i ?????? i ???ueyo e ????, ?????i I????? ?????? I????i e ??. O
?n ?? ??? ????ey ????, ? ?? ????e ??a ? ?tho ??? ??th??, ??u ?e y?i ?y
??y ????? a ??????ue ?y?e. Oa?e ???e ??, ?e ??ay y?????ey ?? ????e
??????e a ?e?o ?y?e, ? ?a ?? ? ???i ?o????, ? ?a ? ???ue ??a e ??????
?y?y?. I?? ? ????i, ??ei, ???? ? ??a-?? ??? ?e ??i????y; ????, ??/??
???a???tho, ?i ???i ?y??? ??? ?????y ???e ??ey???th, ??, ???i, ? ??i ?
??, ?? ? ?????a ?ycy a ???e ??????? ??i ?????i. A ??i ??a ?? ????u ???ey
?????, ? ???o ??i, ?i ???? ?? ??????? a ????e ????o ??? ? ?????e
??ey??i, e /? ?y?y, ???a ?????? ???? y? ??e, ???? ?? ??a. Y? ???a ???i a
????e ????o ??? ?? ? ??? ??iy?i, ?? ? ??e, ? ????e ???o ?? ??, ?n??y?
??????ue ??? ?ycy. A ???iy??? ????o ????i ???, ???? ?y?y ???i ?y??th?y ?
?????ue ?i?ue a ???? ??? ?y??y. Y? ???a ? ??i ? ???, ?? ? ?a ??e ?e????e
??? ?ycth.
???? ?y?yth?y a I????i ?????a; ? ? ??? ? ?e ??i, ?e ????a ??tho. A?a
???ay ???y, ? ??????a ??? e ???? ???? ???? ???eth. I???y ???y ??iy? a
??th????i ??a ??????a ??? ?? e ?ae, ??? ?? e ????ue ?. *??? ?? ??e ??? a
????o ??ayo ?????ny ??? ??????y y?o ????a ?y ?ay (? ? aeey ???e) e ?y?e
?c n ???i ?c???y, ???a ? ?????ue, ???y, ??ei ?y ??yi e ??e ?y??o. I????
e ??? ??? eth? ??e ??? ?? e ??? ?? ??? a ??????o ??ayo, ?e, ????, ?y
??ue?, ???? ????? ??????a. I???y ? ????? y?e ???, ??????i ?ae ?ey??
?oi???a ?????? ??? ?????a ??. A?i ?????ue ????ue a ???e ??, a ????e, a a
??? ??u ? ??? e iy???. N?? ??i ??a ???e ?? ?????: ???a ?? ????? ? ???,
?e ?o?y c ?? ??a ???a ??oea, e ?????? ??? ? ??? ???. *?? ???a ??a
???????. Ii ??o 1651 a. ??? ??i ?? ????? ??? a ???o ???o e a ???o ?????o
??o, a a ????o e ??eth?? ??o ?????o ??cy. I???, ??e ??? ???e ?e ????i,
???o ???? ???y?? ????ue ??? ? ??e ??a ??; ???? ??o ?e?u ?? ???ue; ??? ?
????o ??? e ?? ??? e ?i ??????.
III. I???. Y?o ?ae ???????o ???a a ???a ??y ?e ??ue ???, e ? ????i ???
?? ???, ??ny??y e y?e ????e.
I. I??a ??i ??o ?? ???tho ???? ???u ?, ??? ???a ??. I??a ?????a ????
??? ?????y a ???? I??a. I? ???ey? ??e? n ?????o e ????o ?e. An? ?? i
??a, ? ????y 50 ?i, a ????? 12 ??, a co ?? ??? ?e, ?? ???o, ? 4 ??. Y?
??a ???a ?????? ???, ? n ???? ???e e a ?????e n XIV e XV a. y? ???u
?????i ?c??e. A I??a ?e ??e ????y n ?? ??, ??o ?i ?e ? ???? I??a, ???y,
???u ????ue n ??, ????y ? ?i ??. Ii Ae???e ??? ???a, ???y ????y e ??o
XIV ??, ???ue ???a n ??y ???a. Y? ????y ??eia. Ii ????i ??i ??a ?? a??a
?????? ???u. O?, ? ???? I??a n ???e ?? a ??e ??? ??y ???e ??? ???, a n
???e ??, o.a. ????ny? ???, ??a ??a, 16 ???. A?e ?????? e ?? ???y ???u e
a? ????? a ???, ??e “????”. C?? ? ??y?i e i ???o ????o, ???ey?? ??????
??ae ?y??? ??u.
I????? ??? ???ey ???? i??? ???atho a XVI ??. I? ???? ?o?? n ?????o ?e
???? ???? ? ?, ??i ???i ????? ?ei: ??i ?e ????i. N?ay ???y ???a ???ue a
?i ???, ??a ???u ? ??????y ??????? ???y ??th/?e ???th ??? (y?i ??? ????
i??? ???): a ??? ?? ???ue 10 ??a n ??ey, o.a. 10% n ??o ??ii ???. Y? ??
?a ??? ???y ???a. N?? ???e ??? ???u ???ny a ?i ???, ??a ???u ????? ??
????i: a ??? ??e ??e ???i ?, ???i ???e ??oe, “????ue ??? ??a”. E?? ??
?????? ???? ?? ?c ?ey, ? ??e 1/4, a ??? 1/3 ?? ??. I??? n ????o ?e ??a
???? a XV e XVI ?. ???a ????; a ??? ?????a, ?a ????i ????i, ? ??th???
??e, ???y ?a a ??? ??????, ????i a ??? ??e. E????ey ??i ????a a ??? ??e,
a ? ?ycy, ??i ???, ???? ???i ??? XV ??, C?? ?? ???u a ??? ???a e ?????:
?e ???? ? ??a ????a a ?ae. A?e ?e ??? ???, ? ? i??? ???a, a ?? ??? –
???a. ???? y?o ??? ???e ? ???y?y ?i ??? ?? ???y?a, ?i ???th ???? ?e
???o. I? ? ???? ????, ?? ?? ?? ?? ???? a ??. Ai ??? ???? XVI a. ?????
?????? ??ueo?? ???a ??? ???, a a XVII a. ???? ? ?a ??a ???. O???a ????y?
?a ???? ??i ??a y?o ???, ? ?a ??? ? ???atho ?o ????, ??a ??e a XVI ??.
2. I??? n ??a. Y? ???a ??e?? ?e ??th??e ??a, ?e ???ei, ?e e ???? ??oyi.
A??? ???e ??? ?? ? ?, ?i ???e ?y?i?? ???oth ?iy?, a ???e ??????nue ?o
????? ??e e ????ue. A ??? ?????a e ????? ?e ???u ?ae ????i ???? ???.
??i? y?e ???u ???e ? ??, a????ue ? ???a a ??oth ???ue ?ai ? ?y??y ?e ?
??ae, o.a. a ae??a ?y??a. A?e ? ?????ue ???ny a ?i ? ?y??e, ? ???e a
ae??th ???ue, ? ????ue ???e ??i ? ???oth ???; a ?ee ? ?? ?? ???ue ?
??ae, ? ????th ????ue ?a ???. N ??a ????ue ???a e ????? ?ny???o, ? ?e??
??n – ????a; y? ???a ??? ????ue ???e, ? ??i ? ???? ? ??? e ????e ?ny??
?? ???oue o?e ???.
3. Ae???y ???a ????ue ?e ????a ??c ??u, ?? e ??. A ???a ??y ??u e ????u
?????? ?n??e ???, ???a e ???? ??ae ? ?????a ?e. Y? ? ????? ?c ???????e,
???a ???? ????i ????? ? ??? ??? ????y. C??????ey, ???a ???y?? ? ??? y?e
???u, ???e e ??, ?i ???? ? ?? ?y? ??????? a ?? ??, a ??i e ??a ????. A
1594 a., a ?????? O??? E????a, ?e ??i ?ac, ???i ??????? ???ue ?? ?
????y; ? ???? y?? ??a ????? ?????. A?a ? y?o ?? ??a ???y?. Ii O???th, ??
y?e ???u ???y?ny ??? ??, ?? ? ?e ?????? ?????e ?a???. N ?oe, ???a
?c????ue ???i, ??ue ???u ?? ? ????i. N???a eth? e ? ??? ?? ??a ?????u ?
??u ???? ??a. A 1654 a. ?????i ??a ????? ??ue ???? ???u.
4. I??? n ?? e ??a. I?????? ??th??a ? ??e e ??? a?i ??????i ?????o; o
?? ? o???e ????? e ????? ?? e ??. I??? y? ????a ?? e ??a ????o a ?? ????
???. E?? ???? ? XV a., ?i ?y?y ???? ???? ?? ????i e ??????i. I? ??oea??
???ue ???a, ???y ????? “?ae” ?e “???a”, n ?? ???o ?e ??e ???? ?e ????.
???? y?e ???u ?e ????? e ??a ? ??????y ?. ??? ????a e n ????? ? ????a
????? ??a. O? ? ??i ??aiey ? XII a. i ??? n ?? ??o, ???e (??ae) ???e ?y?
A???ae I????/ ??? E??a I???e ? I??o. A???e, ??y 20 ??a, ???e 1/2 ???
???a. I???y ???a ?? ?????? ???, ?e, ??., ? ????o ?? ???ue ae? ???.
5. I??y ???a ???ue a ??? ??a, ?i-?? ??????i ? ??e ????e. I? ???ue ? ???
??ayo. I????ue, ??., ???: ???a ?????? a ?i?th ?y ?? ??o (?????ue ?y ??,
???a ???, ???u ???, oe?o ??? e o. ae.) e ? ??? ???ue ???; ??oe, ?????e
?a y? e e??, e ???e ??oth ???o, ? ???. A?e ????y ?a, ??? ???u ?e ?????i
???, a ???, ??ue ??a, ??i.
6. ss?a ???ue a ?i ???, ??a ?? ?? ?i-??? ?uy?? ???i ????ey. E??, ?????e
???, ??? ?e y??ny e ??????e ??? e ?uy??, ?i ? ???e ? ???-? ??a e ???
??e-? ???; y? ?y??? ?????? e n ??a ???ue y?a. ???? y?e ???e ? oi?, ???
???e ??oe. A?e y? ?e ???e ?o?ue, n ?? ??e ?????? ????th i???, a ?? ?
???? ????, ? ??? ???. A?e ???? ??oe ? a? ?????a ??? e ??? ?e n ???i ??ue
???i, ? ?e ?y?i ??a y?oueny e ????ue ??th ya?. ss?a ???ue ??a e ? ???
?o?o ??ayo. Eiy?, ??., ??e ????oth ???o, ???th ?????ny ?i-?? ? ??o-??
?????e; ???? e ?? a ??? ???e e ???o ?? ????y, ??iae e o. ?ae. A???oe
???o, ?i ??o ???oth ???o, ???y ?o ? e ??uy?y?ny, a ? y?o ???u ??ny ???a.
N?uey, ?????e a ???th, ??????th ? ??, ??a ???e y?o.
IV. I???? ??e ???eytho ??? ?y?a e ????a. a) ????? ??????i ????a ???. N
??? ??o ???a ?????y n ?????i ???e. Ii ?e ?e ?? ???a ????o ???a n ?????
????y ?????ue ????th, ? ??? ??? ????, ?i y??nue ?ae ?ey?? ???, ?i ??.
I????i ??i ??? ?? ???ue ?o. N ????e, ? ????, ? ?????y ?a ? ????ey ???.
I? – y? ????? ?????? ????i ?e?a; ?i ?? ?a a ???? I??a, ?a ?????y i ????
? ???, ?e ???o ?????ue ?y?a o???a ???. A 45 ?. III ??. ????y, ?? ????ue
??e ?i ????: ?iy ?, ??uea ?e ???o, ? ??ue ???o ?a ????o ?? ?e ???a, ???a
????yo, ?i ? ??????i ??e, a ? ??e. E?e, ??? ?????a a ???? ee?, ???,
???i, ?i ?e any?e ???a ???ue ??. I?i ????ue, ??a ??, ? ???i, ?a ?? ???iu
???u ?y ??a. Aeey ?????y ?? ??a ??, a ????o ?y??? ????? ?????y n ??i
????: “a ??o ??a ??, ?yaea, ? ????”. N?? ?? ??? ???e ??ae e ??i????eyi.
O?, ? XVI a. ????i ???? i ?i, ?i ?? ???ue ?? ?e ???a ?? ???? ??y, e ???i
? ??? n ?i ? ????e, ?e ?y?e ??e ??; a ???a, a ???e ???ony y? ????, ?? n
???o ?e ?e ????. I?????i ???a. a ???i ???ue ??, ???? ? ??i.
C?? ?????y n ?????: “?o e ???”. Ae?atho, ?i ??? ?? ????? e ??, ???a
???ue ?e ???a ???; ?? n ???, a ??? n ?????, ???e ?e ?e ???, ? XIII a.
?????ue ????, ?i n ?? ?a? ?a ??e.
A????, ????, ???? ??. O ?n a ???o ????? ?y ???? ??? ??a, ?a ??? e
?????ue. Yoe ??a ????? ????e ???e. Iie ?? ???? ?y ????ey ???a ? ???ath.
I? ??? ??? a ????? ?y y?? ??i ??ny ????e ??, ???e ??a ????y ????, a ???a
??e ??? n ????, a ??? e ? ??, ?? ????a ?? ??i e ??n ? ??a ?e ??e.
C?? ??i ???ey ? ????a ?????a ??u n ???e ????o ???a, ??., n ??, n ???e
???e e ?. Ia ??u n ?? ??i ???? ? XII a.: ? ?? ? ??a e ? ??e ??e ? ??. Ia
??, o.a. ? ???i ??ao, ?a ?????? ??; ?? – ????a, ? ???e ?????? ??, ???
???; ??a – ??e, a ???i ay?? ??; ?? – ??, ???y e ??? a????ny; ??? ?a ??a
?? ?????; ?e ?? ?a ??? a ? ??y – i????i. N ??o?i ??a ??e “???a” ?e ???a,
a ????? ?? ??a. I? ???a ?? ??e ??ue ?i?.
Co ???e ????ey ???? ??e ???? ?? ????a ???, ?i ?? ?e ??? ????? ???, ? ?e
???? ?a ?a ????? ??ue ??. Ne?i ??a ????y?? ??? ?y ????y ?? ???? ???, a
??a ?? ??i e ?????a ????. N????i ??a ???? ??, ???e ??ny ? ????e ???, ?
??? ???, ???y ???? ? ???a ???, ??? ?a, ?i ii ?e ???: y? ??i ????e ???
*(81). ???? ??e ??????y n ?i, ??? ???? ???, e ?? ??? ???? ?i-??? ? ???o
???e, oi ??a ???ue a ??i ??i ??a?, a ??? 1/2 ??? n ??y; a n i???o ? ???i
?y??y ???ue ???, ? ???o ??a. A ?iy??? ????y, ?i ??? ??e ??o n ???? – y?
??ay ?? ??e, ?a ???? ? ??e ??a n ??y e, ???i, ???a? ?????i ?? ???. A
???? ??? ??ith ???th?y ?a ??u, ???a ???ue n ????: ?ae, ???, y?a, ????
??, ?e ???a, ???, ???a, ???a ??? e o. i.
E ????i ???i ??ny?y e ?a ????a ??? ??u. O?, ??., ??oth?e ??i ?y?i ?e
???ue “????a” (? ??a ??a); ??oth?e iy?i ??? “????a” e o. i. O?? ???i,
???ey ?? ???? o ?n ????? ??? ???, ???a ??????e ???? ? e??i ??. Y? ???a
????? i???? ??c ?th ??ithth ???th e ??? a ??a ?????i ???e, ? ???a
??oth?o eth?e, y? ??a ??? ?? ???? ??? ???i.
A ????? ?iy??? ????i ???a ?????? ???? ???. I???? i?????a ? ????ny a
????? ????, ???a ?????ue a ???i ??/??a. Y? ????? ???u, ?y?i n ?n???e
????, ????ytho ??a ???i ??a ??u, ???a ???yo ?ae ?iy?a ???u, ?e, ??.,
y?a, iy?i e ?. E ???? ??? ??ny?y: oa?a e ?o, ?e ????? e ??a; a ?iy???
????y “? ?o e ??a” ?e “?o e ??a”; “????a” ?e ????a (?a?? n ????a, a ??a
n ????); “??y?ay” ???ue ? ??i ??y??? ? ??? ?? e ??i ????? ?y y?? ??ycyi;
????, ????a e ?. N?? n ???? ???ue n ???? e n ????ey, ?e ???a e ?e ???
???a, ?e ???? e ?e ????a e o. i. A ??e ???a ????i ??oth?a ?????? ??? n
??: “A ?i ???? a A???? ????? ni? ? ???o e ??o ????ue, e ?????? o ?o ??e
??e n ??y ? 4 ???, ? ?o n ??y ? ??e ???, ??? n ??y ? 1 ???, ? ????i n 10
??a ???, ???i?i n ??a ? 1 1/2 ???, ? ???o n ?? ? ??e ???, ? yaee n ????
? 2 ???, ? ?????? ? ??o ? 2 ???”. A? ??th ??o ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??, ?i
??e ???ue ?oy ? ?ny? i?? ??. ????, a ???i ???ue y? ??u, ?e ??? ??????: ?
???eyeny ?e n ?? ?e ? ??e (??a ????ny ?? ?e iy?). I???o? ??? ??a n ?? ??
??? n ??y.
O????a ??? n ??? ?????i ?e ?? ????? ???? ?oe, ?e ?? ?????; ??? ?????y e
n 3-i ????, a ???, ???? ??? na? ??e a ????i ??a ????yi; y?o ?? ???y “?
????a ???”, ?e ????? a ?iy???, o.a. ??? ?o ???? ??/, ???a ???? ????yi ?y
???e ???, a ??? e a ?? ??u ? ???u, ???a ????e ??? ?? ne??ue.
E? ???? ???, ?e e ????e e ????e ??? ?? ???ue ???u ? ????e ????? ???, a
???o ??? e ???, ??a ??i ?? ?e??, ?? ?????.
I???? ??? ????e ??y?e ?e ???i a 1667 a. I?????i ???i, ???e ??? ?????ey
??? ???a ????e ?? ??e ?? n ??a, 10 ?i? n ??y, ???a ?????i ????ue n ????
?e ???a. A ????o ??ayo y?o ?? ???ny a ?a ???, ? 7 ??a ? ?c: ??? 5 ?i.
???ue n ????a ?e ???a, a ??ua n ?? ? ?? ?e ???a ? e????i ???. Y? ?????
??? ??i ??i ? ????th e ?i ???? ethaeyi, ???a ????e ? ??e ? n o???e, a n
???e ???? ?y ???e ???; ? e a y?i ??? ?y ?o ? ?? ?y???? ????ue ?e ???a
????? 5 ??a, ?e ??e e ??? ? ???ue, ? ??a ?e ??a? ??? ?? ???? ??i 10 ??a
n ??y. A?? ? ?e ????? 5 ??a ?e ???a, ? a ??????a y?? ???? ????th, ei??th
e ??uy?yee ?e ???a a ??????? ??, ?i n ?o ?? ?y? ??? ???? ?i?.
I?????e ??a ???ny ?a ???? ????a e ??? ????a ?????a a ??a ? ????e ???e.
Ii I?i????o ??? ????y ???ey a I??a e ???o ?? ????a ????i. E???? ????
eth? ??e ????ue ??ei n ???? ?????, a ? n ????e; ??? ???? eth? I??u ??e a
y?i ????e ????eth, ?e ??e ????ue n ?????, ?a ? n ?? ? ????enue.
a) I?y?a ???. Y? ??? ???e? ??ue ????: ??ueth ????, ??ueth ???th e
???th. I????? ? ????o ??o ?y?o ???a e ??y?a ????y ???? a III o. Ae????e
??. 164-384.
A?? ??uey. O???? i??
I. I?????a
I?y?a i ?????? a ???a a?iy ?????i ????ny ? ???. O??ue ? ?????? ?????y
????? ??yae: ?ae ??????i ????ny ????, ???th?a ??????e ?????? ??y?e, a ?e
?e ??y?e y?o ???ey?ny ???i, ? ?????? ?? ????a ???. I????a a ??i ???
?????? a?ue ?iy?a ?????. A??yy ??a ???i?? ?y?y ?? ??? ???a ?e ??i. Ii
????th e ????, ??? ???? ????? ?y?a ?????, ???i??a y?y?ny ??? n ?????
?????y. A ???e ?????a ????; ??i a?ue ??a ?????a ??, ? ???????a. I?????a
??y?ny ???? a ??; ???? ??o ??i ??a, ??a ????a ??? y?y?ny ?????i ??????
?? ??????, ??a ???e ??e ????? ??? ?o ????? ??e, ?o?? ???, ??a o ?? ??
?????a ?????e ??????. N?? ????e ??? ???atho ????a ??????ey e ?aae???a.
*???, ??., ??o ? ????ue ??a ???, ? ???ue ??, e ?? ? ? ???? ?y??y. Y? ??
????a ??a, ? ?i ? ???o???ny ?e ??????; y? ?????a ???????. O???? ???????
??o e ????th, ?o?? e ???ey? ???o ????? ??a; a ?????a ??????ey e ????yi ?
??o, a ??? e ??????eth ???a. A? ?, ?????ny, ???a ??o ????i e ?????i
???????i? Y?o ??? a ??a ??ue ?i??. I?i ? ??ia ??????i?o ??y?a ? y?o
???o, ?????e ??????i A???, ???o a ??oth?i: ????a ??????? ????ny ?
?????ai ????i ?? ????. A ?????i i??????e ???e ? ????o ????i ??y?a a
???ia. O? ????? ?? ??? i ????e ??a. ss ? i?? ???, ?i a ?th ??? ???yo
??y-? e ??y-? ??iy???? e ??a-? ??? (? ???e ??, ?e y ? ???th); a ????e ?e
???o, ?i y ??? ????ue ? ????e ??o-? ??iy???a e ?e ??i-? ????e ???. N??yo
i ??a ??????e: ?ei ???o, ?i ????a ?? ?????o ?o ? ????th, a ???, ?i y?
?a??? ????i, e ?i ? ?????e y?o ??e ? ????e ?????ey ? ???. I? ??ath?y ?
???? ??y?e. O??a ?????ue ?????o ?????a?e. A ????o ??????eyo ?? ?? i
?????e ????i ??y?a a ????. *??? ??e, ??, ???e ??-???, ie ? ??e ??i ????y
? ? ??o, ?o ??y?e, ????a?? ??????, ????ny a ????.
A ???a ??y ?????y n ????? ?? ??y?i ? ??????, a ???, ?????? ???????ue ?e
?????? ?i. N?? ??i ?????? ? ?? ?a ????. Ia y?? ???? I??u ????a?a ??o
?????? “??u”. A y?i ?????? ????ny ??yae ? ??????, ?e ? ?????? ??. E?-???
??? – o.a. ????e ??i ??ey??, y? e ?? ??????. I? ????? ? ????e – ??????
??o ?? ?y?? e i??o ? ???i. No. 6-y 1-e ?ae. ??? ???? ????a ?i.
O???? e ?????a ??????ey a ????e ? ?????ue; ?y?a ???????, ?e ????, ?e e
???? ??a, ????i ????? ??ith. No. 20 1-e ?ae. ??? ???? ???? ??a e i???o ?
y? ????a.
I????y ? ? ???? a ????e ??? ?????? ??? A??n y?o y?y?ny ??? ???i. Ii
????th e ?? ????tho ?a ????y, ? ???o ?? ??o ?? ??? ? ????i ???ey ???,
?o?a ????y ?ae ????i: Ueber das Gerichtswesen der Germanen, 1820. Y?i
????? ? ???? a ?? ??y ???a ?????a. Ii ?i ??eth, ???e ???e ???e ?? ????
??th???? ? ?????? ??, a ? ? ???a a ?y?e ?? i?????a; ??????o ? ?????ey
??a ? ?? ?? ? ??, ??e ? ???? ????ue ????? ???? ?e ?o. Y? ????a ???ytho e
e ??iy?th ??? ??a y?? ???? I??u; ?a?yo, ?i a y? y?? ????? ? ?????ue
??oo??ey, ?????a n ????i ?? ?????? e ?c ??? ???ey; a ??a ? ?????ue
?????ey, ?????a ?????e e ????????e, ?????? e eth??, ??aey??ny a ???i
????; ?i ? ? ?? ????i ???a ?y?a e ?e ??o ? ? ? ?? ???yo, ?i ????i ??? ?
??th ????a.
I??????? y?? ????a ???? A??a a ?????i ??? ?y ???e ??a ????e: “Das
Strafrecht der Germanen” 1842. A???y ??? ??ae??? ??ey ???, A??a ???o, ?i
??cy ???? ??, ?i ?i ?? ???e ??o a ??i ????, ?i ? a?? ??ae ? ???a; ?e
??????i o????i ???? ? ??o ???? ?? ??????? ?? ? ????th e ??th, ? ???e
??y?i ????y. Ii, ???ae?o A??a, ?a-?? ????? ae????, ??u ?? ??y, ??a ???e
??a ? ???? ?y?e ? ????o ?a?ey a ?o ??. Ia ??e ? ??? ???e ???e ? ?iye, ?
? ?a ????? ????ue ?y?y ????a e ?????a. A??a, ???, ? ?? ???, e ??a ???y
?i ????y ????a ??? ????tho ??????y a ??? ???; nth? ?????o: I???y?? a
???? ? ???? O????, A??? e ?. Aea?????i, ??? ????? ??, ? ??? ?i ??? ??i ?
??oa?th e ??e ???? ????e. I???? ???ey, ????a ????????e i ???yo, ?y?
???atho ? ?, ?i ??????i ???e ??a ? ???? ????o ?y?e ? ?y?e ? ????o. O?,
??., i ????o ???yo ?????tho, ?i ?e ?oyo ? ??? ethaeyi, ? ???? e ??
??????? ????i. A?e o?? ???? ????, ? ????i ?i ????y ?????i ? ?o ??, ?? ?i
? ???? ? ??? ?????? e ? ??o ??a. A?e ??? ??? e ??o ??-???, ?i ??a?ny
???? e ?????ny ????th, ??iy?? a ?i, ?i ?i ????atho a ??e. N?? ??o ????e
???yth?y e ?e ????e ???e ???ey ?????? ??e. Oe?ue E???? ???? e ????o ???
??th ? ?, ?i ?a ??i ???yea naith ?y???? e ???a a ?e ????. Ii ???i C????
??ea ? ???? ???ny ???i ?a, ? ????? – ???, a ??i – ???, ?? e, ???oe, ??e.
O???y ? ???e ??o ? ????e ??aeyo e a ?y??? ??? ???. Ii ???i I??y, ?e,
???e ???e ??-???, ????y ??y? e iy? ?i ? ?i a ??. Ii y?? ??? ???? ?? ?? i
?i, ?e ???ue ??: ??o ?i ??ue ??? ?e ???o ?i ???, a ??i ?????ue ????th.
O??a ????? ??? e ?? ????th, ?i ??? ae??i ??iy?ny ?ae. N?? ???? ????e
???ath?y e a ????? ???o. A ???o ????? ???a ????ny ??e ???: ???? ????
??-???. Io ?cy?a ?????ue ??? ??e ??? ??, ?e ? ????: ? ??? ?e ???? 3/4 ??
?e l/2, a ??a ?? ??? ??a ????. A ??o ???o ????i? ??? y? ??uey ?a ????, a
???, ?cy? ?????y ??? ??? a ?i ???, ?? ? ??, ?i ???? ?a?i, e ? ??ye ??,
??u ?a????? ????? ???. Ai O??? a 1313 ?? ?e, ????? ????, ?e ??i e ?????
e ????th. O? ?, a XVI a., ???? ?? ??????e ???oe, ???ey?? ???, e ???eth a
???a 6 ??, a a ??? ??????y ? o???e ??ey??. O ???? ?a ? ?e ??i ?e ??? ??
???: ?o 70 ?e 80 ?? ??ae, ??? ??o ??e ????????i ???a, ???e e ?? ? ??;
??o ? y? ?e ???. Oa?a a ??? ???? (XVIII) ?? a A??e ??iy?? ??? ??ay, ?
???? ???????e ????? ?? ?????nue ?? ??????? ????, ?????a /???o ??e-???
??. Ii y?? ??ath, ??., ???, ?????a ???, ????? A?o, o.a. ??????? e
?????ue a ??? ???. Y? – o?? ?????y, ????? ???e ??ue ???? ??, ??? ???? ??
n ?????? ?? ??ay? ???e. E?e, ??? ????, ?i ???e ??e n ?????? ?????y i??
?????e e ????? ?y?y?. I?yn??a y?? ?? ???ue a ???a??? ??? ?????? ????
??????ue ??th??? ? y??ey. Ii ?????ye a?, ?i ???th?a, e ????, e ???ey, e
??, e ?? ??e. Ii ?i ??eth ?e ?? ???? e ??i ? ???eyi, ??a ???? ?, a ??? ?
e ? n??e ????e. I?y?y ? ?????? e ?????e ?? ????? ?a ??u ?i ????y. Ii ??o
?i????i ????? ? ?? ????e y?o ??yae a ?????? ???a, ? ???o ?????ue ?????
th????? ?iy??e. A A???e a yii?, e ???? ??ny?y ????? ???, ?y?y?ny ?a ???
?y?e n ??e ??ey ??, o?y ?a e a ??ue ??? ???e. A ???? I??a ??a ??a ?a
???a ????ue ?y?y ? ???e ???y a ?o ?? ??. O?, 5, 9 e 10 ?. III ?, ???y ia
????, ???ytho ??? ?????y n ????i, ???y ? ??, ??a y? ????. A y?o ??ueyo
????y i ?? ??o ????, a ??? – ? ???? “a ???” e ? ???? “? i?o”, “a ??e”,
o.a. a ??a (?. 1-y II ?ae. ???o ? ???aa “a ??o” a ????????ue e ???? “a
???”, i ???i ?? ?? a ?. 2-e). I? ????i a ???, ?c ?y?e ??u, ????? ?????
????, ?????a n ????th ??th. O?? ???? ????ue a y?? ???? I??u ??a oy??
?a????? e ??? ? ??th ??a ??? ?????y, ?i ???? ? ?? e a ??a. A y? ???a ??y
?? ??????? ?????i ??????i ??y?o ????. ????y??? ??i ??th?a ???i ???? a
??o, ???y ??? ?????? ni??th. O?? ??n?i ??? ? ??th ??a ??? ????a, ?i ????
a ???, ??? ?i ??? ? ?? ????y ????ue ????, a ??? a ?????? ??iy?e, ???ny e
??y?i ??, ?????i ???. A?ue e ?a ??? a ???? I??a, ???ath?y ? ???? ?????
?y?e ? ???e ???y ?? ??, y? ???, ??ny??y ? ??e ?iy?? ???uo (53 e 54 ?.
III-e ?ae.). ???ay I??a ??e?? ??o ? ????i ????y ? ??e “a ??”. A ??? ???
??a ??c??ony ???, ?e ?e, ?? ae??ue, ??ue ??????ny ??? ???????e, ?ey
?????a ?? ???a, ?i ? ???: ?? ?????ue ???ue ????a ??y??ey ?y ??, ??u
???ue ? ?a? (?? ??o, ???ue ??e, ??ue e o. ae.), ??o oai ?e ? ?i?i ??? ??
??e ?iy n ?ey, ??? ?i ? ?? e ?? ??y???.
I?????e ??yae ? ?????? ???? ??iy?ny n ??y?? ??????. Ae????? ??? ??a
????a – ?????, ?????? ????ny ????? ???n??, ??? ?????e ????o. Y?o ??a??e
??yae ? ?????? ??e ?? a???? ???a ??? a ????o ???o A???? ?. e ss???a. A
??? A???? ???ath?y ??? ?y?y ??? ??io, ?i ?e ? ???ath?y ????? ca???, ??.,
???a o ??, ????? e ??. I?????? ????ue ?????a ??y?a y????i ?????ey. Y?
??y? ? ???y?, ???i, ??? ???a??? ??a, ? ????? ? ?????? e ?????? ???, ?i
?e ?? ? ??an? n ???i ???. Ae???y ?? ? ?ey?th ?????a, e ?c??eth ? ??????
???? ??????y ??i ?????e ???e: ?????? ???a?y “???”, a ????? “?????i ???
Ai?y”.
I???a ??y? ? ?????? ?????? ??? ? ??i. O????e ?aeyae ?? ??????ny ?a a
????? ?iy???, ? ??? ? ??e ????ue i???o ????e, ???a ?a ???ny a ???
???????o ??? I????? ?????a. A ????? ?a ???i ?????? ?aeyae; ?????? ??o
?????? “??? ??e. N???? ???yo: ???, ?????i e ?? ??a ??. A y?i ???ny ????
? ?????? ??. I????? ?nyo ?????? “??o eth?e”, a y?i ?y? ??ey??? ?????ay
??a ??ey. Ii a ????? ?iy?e?o ??yae ? ?????? ???? ??i ????? ????; ?ae
??????i ???tho ???? “?????? ???e ??”, ????a ?????e ???. A ????? ???o,
??a ?????ey ?????o ?y?e, i ?????? ????y: “a ? ? ?????? ??? ? ???? ????a,
??u, ???y ? ?, ??? ????ny ? ???i ??”. A O???e ???: “A ?? ?i, ??a ??o A??
e ???a ????a, ??o ?o, A???th, a ??? i ??o ??o ??o ?? ??i, e o?i ?????a ?
? ???e a oth??” (I, 9). Any?a ????a ???e ?? ?? ??o???a.
I???? ?iy??? e ?y?yi ???i?, ?????? e ?????. *?? ?iy? ?, ?i ????y a ???o
?iy??? i ????? ????, ????? ?y??ue ??? ?????ey e ???ue ? ????, ?e ?????
???o ????a ?y?a ????y ?????. Aeey ???a ?????ey ??i: 1) ???o ?????ey,
o.a. ??, ?i ?????a; 2) ??? ?????ey, o.a. ???o, ? ????th e ???io ????i
??????, a ??a ?????? ???? ????? ????, ? ?ae ???? ?? ???? ??u ?????i ??a,
e 3) ????? ????? ????. Y? ???? ??o ?? ??????? n ?? ???: a) ? ???u ?????,
???ue? a ?i ?iy??? ?ay ?ey ????, ?????ay e ????eth ????? ??, e a) ? ???u
???e. ????i ??a ???? ????? ? ?a (??? ? /??? ???? ?, ?i ??e ????ue, e? ?
? ??e ??? ????y ? ??a). Y?? o??y ????? ??ae?y?ny ??? ?????ey, ?e ?????
i??i ? ?o ?????ey ? ??o.
I. I????ny ??? ??i ? ????? ???a ?????i ???ey. Aeay?a a?iy?ny ???? a ??,
?? a ?i o????? ?i ?????ay a?y. Aeey ????y ???? ????, ??? ??? ?? ?a
y???a: 1) ?????ue ???? ???oue ? ?????a e 2) ?????ue ?i e ?????? ???eyi.
O???? ??i ????i ? ?i ??????e, ?i ??o ????e ?? ??a ?????ue ? ?eth ???? e
?????? ?i ? ????ey ????? ????. A?e ???e, ???th?e ?????e ?????y?, ?
?????y io ?y?y, ?????? ?ae ???i ????y, y? ?y?a ???????y ?e ???o a? ?????
??, e ? ??o ?? ???i ????? ???????e. N??a??ue ??????ue ???ey ????, n ??e
??ey ????? a ?o ????? ??, a ??? ???a ?? ????. A th????? ?iy??? ???? ???e
??? y?o ?a ??ue ?? ???, a O???e 1649 ?? ? ??? ?????? c?????a ???.
Aeay?y ??o ??: 1) ????a, 2) ?i????a e 3) ?????. Aeay?y ????a ? ???th?y
??????e, ?e ?e ?e ? ???eytho ?????y ?iy??ey ?????? ??. I?????a aeay?y
y?yth?y ?????? ?????????, ?????e. *??? ??a ? ??e ????ue ???????, ? ?e
???????, o. a. ? ??ye ??, ??u ? ?i ???ey ? ???? ????? ??????ey. E?-???
????e a ??, ??a ? ?eay ??ue ?e ??? ??-??, a ??o ?i ?? ?i???. He ??y
????ue ????, ???e, ?i?i, ? ??ye ?? ??, ??u ????ue ????a ?????y ???
???ey. O? ?e ?e ????? ?????? ?y?e ???e ???i a ?i, ?i ? ?eiye ?? ??, ???a
? ????e ?????ue ?????ey, ? ??a ???? ???? ?y?y ?????e, ? ?????e a ???
??e, ???y ? ?? ?????? ????. Ai-1-o, ???e ??o ????ue ????, ???a ?? ? ??
????? ??iii, ? ???a ??i ?n????i ????a ??-?? ??. Y? ??y ???y ???ue
???????, ???y ???? ? ?????ueth. O?? ?y?a ??o, ?????? e ???? ???o ????th.
Ai-2-o, ???a ??? ?????ny ??????oue, y?ythuayny ?????? ????, ???a ?? ? ??
?????, ?e ? ?????. N???a ? ?? ?? ???ea ?? ? ?? ?????a a ??o ????y ??????
??????. ??u, y?yth??y ?????? ??e ????, ???th?y ???a, ?i ?, ei??a y?yth?y
i?????i ??????? ????. I???, a 3-o, ??o ?? e ??a ?????? ?yiey, ???a
y?yth?y ?????? ????? ????. *???, ??., ???ny e ?????i ??e ?? ???. Y? ??e
oy??e ?ae ?????? ?y?e, ????ath?e e ???? oy??th ???????ue. A???e a
??????, ?????i ? ???????, ?????ny ? ? ????o ??? ???ey, ?i ? y?? ????? ?
??e e ? ?? a ??, a ? ???????. I?i ?a ????, ?i ?in????? ???? ? ?e ??
??o???yo: ?????, ???., ?????i ???ue ?e ????.
I???thth ????th ???? ???eytho ???ey ????uy. O?????ue ???o a ?i, ?i o
???? ?? ???a ????? ?e ??, ???th ? ???; /??? ??e ??ue, ???ue e ??????i
??, ??e. N?????e ???e ??? ?aea ???? ?? ??? ?????? ??o ???? e ?????i
?y?y. ????tho ?a ????e ????? ?y?e: ??? ???i?a e ???????. A ??? ne?? ????
???? ???? ??ue ????ue ??????; ? ??? – ? ??i? ????? ?? ?????ey. Y? ????
??? ?ey? e ? ?? ????y. Aeay?y, ?????a ? ????? ???, ????th?y ???, ?i ?y?y
???????. A aeay?yo ???i ?? ????ay a?y ??o ???i ???a ??y??a.
???ay I??a ?a ????o ?y?y ? ???th a ?o ?? ??. Ii ??? I??u ??ue ??. A ???
???ey ?a ??? ??i ???a ????: ????? ???? a ??? e ? ?? e? a ??a. C?? ??i
??? ???? ???? ?????i e ??????i: a ?c?a ?????, ? ?? ??????. Ii a ??? ??i
??ue ??i ?????? ????, a ? ?? – ?????. ??. I??a y?? ? ????o.
A ??? ???????o ?iy??? I????? ?????a ??? ?????i ae???y, ? ???e ???y a ?i
??, ??a ?a ??ue ??. N???? ???atho ?y?y “?????uy” ?e “??????y”; ??a ?y?y
?????u. Ii ???o ?????e i ?i, ?i ??i ???? ?ae ?y?y? ???????, a ????? ?o.
I?i, ???i, ???, ?i ?ae ??????ie ?y?y? ???th?y ?y?y, ?????a ?c ??i ???.
I???? ? ?y?y, a e??? ?? ?? ???. Y? ??i ? ??, ?i N???? ???tho ?????? e??e
eth?? e ???? ??ay?. Ii e ??ue ?????ue e ???o ?n????e N????a ??ue ?a ??a
e ??? ??????y n ???th ? ?????? ?. I??u. ?. I??a ??o ??iy????, ?e ???o
?????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?ea??y, – y?, ?ee ?i ????i a ???; e ????, c??
??iy????, ?e ???o ?????? ??? ???? ???e ?? ????y, y?, ?? ?i ????i ? ?? ?e
a n??. N???? ?atho eth?e, ?????ey ???o ??? ???? ??? ia? ????y. Y? – ???a
??a eth?. I? ? ???th?y e “???? ??????”: y? ???, ?i a ???? ?e ???? ?
?????a, o.a., ???? ???? ????e eth??; y? ??? e ??, ?i ???ao ?. I??a, ???y
i ethaeyo, ???a ??e “? ???” (III 5). O?? ???i, a ?. I??a e a N????o
?????o ? ??????ay ??? ?????i ?y?y, a ??? ?i ? ????i ??i ????i, ???a
?????th?y ????e ????? ?? eth?e. Y? eth?, ???a ??o ???i. A ia?? N????
???: “A ???o ? ?? ???, ?e ???, ?e ?????i, ?e y?????i, ?e ?? ??a ??a ??,
e ??o ???e e??, ??? ???e ???ith ??eth” (8). A??y ?? ????y ???y?ny ???,
?i ????? ???? ??uei? ??eyi ? ??? e ????i ?e ? ???. Oa ? ??a ??ey ???ny
?a e a O???e: (fA ? ???o eth?e y?? n ??e a ??? ???yo, a a ???o ? ???
eth? ???o ??? eth??, e ?o eth?e ? y??? ???i e ?????? ???i ??e? ???th”
(XX, 41). I?ay ??????? ?????? ??? e ??i??ey e ????? ???e ??u eth?e,
e??ay ?????? ? ?? ??e ?????n? e ??????, e ??, ???i, ???ie, ????? ??th
???oth ??? eth?e n ????? a??.
A ???? ???? XVI a. ???i ?a???i y?? ???? ? ??????? ? ?????y ??o ???e, a
???o ?ey ?????ay ?? ? ???: ??i ? ?????ny ???????e, ?? ???e ????o, ???,
???, ???y, ??y n ???, ?? ??i ???, ?e ?? ??o, ?e ??ue ??o e ?. A. Y. I. N
181, 234. 240, 324. Ai ?? y?o ??ayo ??? ????i ????ny “??i ??????i”. O??i
? ??ue ???e. A?????i – y? ?????i; a ?????a ? ??????o y?a?e ? ??? ? ??o
?? ??? (? ??th??? ???a), ? ?o e ??th??i?e. I??????ue ??i ????ue ??? a
??? n ??i, ? ?? ??? e ????i ?o: ??? ?????a ? ????? ?????e. O???a ???u,
??????i, ? ??o ????ue ??????? ? ??? ?????e. O?????y ??ue n??, ? ???a
???? ?y?. y???, ???a ? ??? ????ue n ?????ey?, ?????o ???ey. I?? ???, ?i
?i???e e ? ??u e a y?o ??ayo ?? ? ??ue ????? n ??i ??o ? ???.
A O???e ?????y ?a ????a “??a eth?”, ? a y?i ?iy??a ???i ?a ????? ???e e
??????? ??? ????? ??.
I? ????o ????a ???ey, ??o???a e ????uy, ?oy a ????noyo e ????yo ??? ?i
?a e ? ??ue ??i; ?????ey ?? ? ??ue ??ay.
I ?????eyo ????? ????y o?: “A ?i ?? ??o n ????y, ???e ???th” (XXI, 72).
Ho ? ? ?iy?a ?????ny e ??a: “A ??o ?i ? ???? ??y?? ??i ?y ???… ??
??o… ???e ???th”. O?? ??y?? ??i ??? ??ue ????i. A ?y? n ??i ?????????
a O???e ????y i (??y?? ???o”, o.a. i ????? ???o: ??ue ?? ??? (IV, 4). Ho
??? ????uo ?y?e ?a ??ue ??. O???a ??? ??o ???, ???????o ?i ????eth
(???????) e ?y?yi ??????i (????i), ? ????i, ??u ?i ????i ?y?y ??????? ?
??? ?????. O??i ???, ??u ???? ? ?a ae?? ??u O???y.
O???? ?????e – ???????. A ?. 18 ??u XXII ?? ?? i ??i ???: ??? ???? ??,
????ue e ???? ??-???; a y?i, ???o O???a, ?? ?o; y? ????ue ?c ????, ?c
?u??ey. N??y, ?aey ii ?????? i???, ???o i ??i ????i ?y?e, ? ???? y? ?y?a
??????i, e ??????i, ? ??? ????o ?i ? ??????, ?i e ? ??????y. E ??????i,
a ?. 20 ?e ? ??u ??i ??? ??? ???ey ????aei?i ???? ? ????i. N??y ???o: “A
??o ?i, ??eyth? ? ??? ?e ? ?? ? ??th, ? ??a ?e ? ???a, e ???e ?e ???e
??o ?? ? ??th ?e ? ????th, ?e ?i ?e?-??? ???i ??o ? ??? ??-??? ???i ?e
?i?i, ?e ?i-??? ? ???? ? ??i, a ???e a??u o ??, ?i ??o, n ?i, ?? ??o, ?
?? e ???y ?i ? ? ?y?, ?i ??a ???? ????ue ? ???i, ?c ????y, e ? ??a ??n?i
? ?? ???th ? ???ue e a oth?? ? ???, ??? ?i ??a ?? ????ue ???i ??i ?c
????y”. N??y ????y ??? i ?i, ??u ??? ? ??, e ????? ? ????a?, ?i a ????o
??iy????o ??o ?? ?????? ????. A?, ??a ???, ??uey ???o ???i e i???o
??????. Ii, ????y ? y? ????, O???a ?a-?? ??o ?????? ?y?y e ?uy?y? ? ???
?????e. A ??? 223 ??u X ???: “…a ???y ?i ? ? ?y?, ?i ??e ??? ? ??
???ny ???? ??i ?e ????? ia????i, e ? ?o ethaeyo ? ??a ???? ????a ?y?
?ith e ????ue ???. A ??o ??a ?? ???ny ?c ????, e ? ?i ?? e ???a ?? ?
??e”. I???? ?????, ? ???? ????e ??? a ??, ???? ?? ???? ???????e. A???e
?????ny ??th e ??? ?o?? ???. C?? ??????? (?????) ???? ? ??ay (??????), ?
?? ???a n ???i (???? ??i): ?? ? ????th, ???? ?????ny ????e i??o, ?????ny
e ?o, eoi, ? ????, ???? ??i ??? ?n. Ii ?? ????i ???, a ???o ????? ??o
??? e ??? ???a; ?? ?o, ?i ?????i ??? ??e ??, ??? ??? ??? (227). O???i a
??a ???????ny ?e ??????, ?oy e ? i??? ????i ? ????eth. *? ?i ???
???????ue, ?e ????ay ???????, ???o ? ??, ?i ?i ???i ??????, a ??o ?i
???a?. I???? ?i ? ? ?????? ??e??o. Ca ???? ????? ????ny ???ay ?c?, a ?
???? a ??a – ??.
Aeay?y ??????a a O???e ??????ath?y ?????; ?i ??i ?????? ????, ?????a ?c
????y, ??????i, a ?????e ???? – ????? (X, 224, XXII, 18). Ii ??????a
?y?y ? a??a ???th?y ??????e, ?e a ?? ?????e ??? (X, 223). A?e ??y ???o
??-?? ? ? ?? “?c ????”, ? ???? ????th, ?i ???? ???” (X, ?). Y?, ???i,
??uey ??th????y: ??y ?????ny ? ? ??, a ? ia?????ue e ??. A?????? ?y?y
??o ? O???th – ?????, ????a – ??????e, ????uy, ???uy, ? ???? e ??y?ua –
?????e.
??????y ????? ?y?y n ?????e ???u, ????? ???? ???? ia ????a ????a ???y,
????? ???o ?e ????? ???y? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?e ??? ??a?? ?? ?????i ?
???????a ?yi? ????y. Y? ???y ??o ??? ?e ? ???o ??iy????o, ?ae ?ey?? ???o
???e ?????, ?e a ??i ????, a ??iy?e ?i ??.
E ??? ??o ????ny: 1) ??iy?a ?????e ???u, ??a ???e, ???y ?ay, ??o ??
??ue ???i, e y? o???i ?o ? ??y?ny a ??. I? n??y?? ?????e ???u ???tho ???
?ay e ??? ??? ?y?? ????i? ????y. I????ay ???a ??o ??ue ??i ??a, ??a ??
???????a i????. N??????, ?? ???? ???a ????? ???o ?e ???o ????i ca ??e,
??? ?? ?euecy ???y?ny. Y? ??? ???e ?????e ?i??. A??e ???e ???o a ?i, ?i
??? ?? ????? ????e, o.a. ??i?? ??? ??? ?ae ???th, a ? a?ue ?a-??? ???.
A?e, ????, ?i-??aeue ???o ???o, ?i ? ?i ??a-??? ??o, ? ?y ????y ??e
????e ??cy ??ue ?????, ??? ?i ?i ??? ????y e ???????o ????. A ??? ???a
??? i n???? ???u ???y ????. A XVII e XVIII ?. ????a ???yth??ny ????
????o???a ??? ??ue ??????i, ?o ??????? ????? ?ith ???o ? ????? ???th??.
Y? ?????y ???e e a ?? ?iy??e XVIII a., ???e??a ?ae ?ey?? ???? ????, ???
???? e ???e ???. I?? ????o, /? ???a ??o ?? ?? ? ????ey ??? ???th??, ???
?? ? ????a ? ?? ???i, o.a. ia ??? ??a, ??a ????a ?????ny ? ??ue ????, ?
e ? ?i ????i, ??ue e o. i.
A ???a ??y, ?e ??????e ??? ?n?, ? ??i ?????? ?????e ???u, ?e ???i
th?????i e????, ??? ?i ??ue, ?e ??a ???? ?iy?a, ??th?? a ?? e ??i ?????e
???u. E? ??o ??i ???, ?o ??o e ???y?ny. O??i n ?e???? ??e ??a ????y
?????y ???a, ?e ???iy???e ????. I?????? ? ??ue ????a a ?? ???o. Y? ??i ?
?. 3 II p.: “A? ??th? ????? ? ??e, ?e ? ?iy, ?e ? ?ay?, ?e ? ???a ??u, ?
??? a ?a ??i”. Y? ???ai ?? ?? – ??ue ??, a ? i??? ? ??, ?i ?e ??a ????
???, ?? ???ue ?? ????? ? ??i, ??., ??, ??? ?cy?a, ???y? ????oth ?? e
??o. N??y ???y? ?????a ???? ??, ?e ???. O??i ????? ???? ??i.
N??e 27 e 28 III p.: “A? ?i ?? ???o ???i, eth? ??th, eth? ??i, eth?
???eth, ? 12 ???; ? ??y ? ???i ?? ???? ??i, ? ?? ?o a ?i ???” – ??a ?
???a, a ??ue. I? ?? ????a ??a ???e ?. 7, I p., ? ???e ? ?? ???i e ?.
????ny ??a a ?i ???, ?? ????e “? ????o” ????, o.a. ? ???o ?i e ? ????,
?e ?i ??o ???ue ??i e ?? ??ue. O?? ?/ji ? ???a ? ??a ??th, a ??ue ? ??o.
Ii ?? ?????ey ??o ?a?? n ??????e ?????, y? ?????a ??i ???ue ?? ??i
?????ny ?????th. A?e ?cy? ???e ??i e ??? ?i .?????, ? ? ?a ?a ?i ??ue
??????. O?? ???i ??a??ny a I???? ???o: “A? a ????? ????ny ??, ? y???
o??ue, ??ue ?o ?iy. A? ???ue ??? ??, ???i ?? ??? ? ?? ?e?e ?i”. I? ???i
a ??. I??o a ??e ??a: “A? ??th? ?oy ? ??i ??a, eth? ? ??e, ?i ? ??a, ?
?e ??o; a? ? ? ??a ???ue, ? ??e ?i ? ?y? ?i?; a ?a ? ??tho, a eth? ????
??? ?y?i, ? ???e a ?i”. II – 20, III 49 – 51. A y?e ??????e ??? ???y
???? ??a ???? ?? ??u. A ????o ???o ???e I??u ? ??a??? ???e ???o ??y: “I?
?e? ??, a ???o ?? ? ??a, ?i ??; ?e ???? ?? ? ???, ? ? ???e a ?i”, o.a.
????, ?????? ? ??a e ??????y a ???i, ??cy ???ue. I???? ???a ??? ?, ?a
????ue ?? ???i: “? ????” ?e (?i ??a”, ?? ???, ??o ??, “? ??a”. Y? ?a ?
??ue, ? ???? ? ?a ??i, a ???a: ??ath?? ??cy ???ue.
O???a ????o ???o a ??? ???i ???; a y?i ????e ?i ??o ? ????ii ????? ??a
??ey. Ii O???th ??i ??iy? ?y?? ??a ??a: ??i ???y?ny ?e ????e ? ??ue (X,
201), ????i (XXI, 88), ??ue ???u (XX, 16), i? ????e ? ?i (X, 200); ???a
??o ?? ? ???? ???th?? ? ??? a ?i ???, ??a ??iy?ny ??ue, ? e a ?i, ??a
??iy?ny ???o?. Ii O???th ? ??? ??o ???y?ny ?o, ??? ?? ?????i ????a, ? e
??? eth? ??o ???? ?o, a ?i eth? e ???y? ?y?? ???? ?ae ???i ????y. N?????
a ??iy?e ?????e ???u ???? ?y?i ?e ?y?? ? y?i ????? ??a. A? y? ?????
????i. Ii 89 ?. XXI ae. O???y ???o ??ue ???. I? ?????y? ??i ?cy?o ???i
?i-?? a ?? ??a, n ????? ?e?i?ue y?o ?? ??, ??ue y?? ????, ?? ?, ?????e a
??, ? ?? ?ay ?y?. Y? ?a ????o ???u ?????e ???u, ?e ?e ?? ?a i??????
??????, n ??e ??ey ?i??, ?? ?, ????e ?y?a ??, ??ae. N??y 88-y ?? a y?i
????e ?a ??a. I? ???y? ??, ??/??? n ????, ??ue ?, ??, ?a ?i ???e. Y?
????? y?y?ny ?????i ?????i ??? ???? I??u i i?? ??ue ????? o ???? ???.
A?y?a ??????i ?aaa, ????a?a ?a XII a. ??i ???ue ?? ? ??a ?????ey, n ????
???e ???i ?c ??a. O???a ?????ny e ????o ???? ??ath, a ???i ??i ???u
?????y ??a ???i ??? ??e. A y?i ?? ??ue ???? ? XVII a. O? ??a ???ny
?????? ??? ? ??? ??e ?a a XII a. ??auey? ss???a.
I??, ?i ????ey? O???a ?????? n ?. I?., ??th??ny a ?i, ?i ? O???th ?cy?
??, ???e ??, ??? ????? ?y?? ? y?i ???? ethaeyi e ???ue i ???a ???y a
???a.
O???a ??? ? ??o e i ???e ???? ?????? ??ath?? ??, ?????y ? ??a ??????i
??a. I????ay ??uey ???y? ?????? ?? e ??ue ?i ?a ??, ? ???, ? ??, a ?no,
?? ? ??o ???e?y?ny ??? e ??? ???y.
2. ?y?i n ??iy?? ?????e ???u ???? e ??? ??iy?a, ?e ???i ?????a ?????? ?
??y?ny a ??: y? ??iy?a ???e ??????e, a ???i ???e ????y ?????i ?y ???ey
?ay ?e ??? ??a ???? ??a; ????, ?y ???ey ??e ?c? ? ???? ??? ???e ??? ????
???u. A??? a ??i ???????aa ?y?y?ny y? ?iy?a ??? a A???i ???; ? ?? ????i
???, /oi ?? a ???? I??a ????y ?a i ???e ??????e. I? y? ?iy?a ???yo ?.
66, 67 III ?. ???? I??u, a ??? ???: “A? ???e ??oe a?-?? ?ae n ??? ???
????y, ?ai ?? ???, ?? ??, ? ? ???oe ?o, ? ??aoe ?i; ? e?i ???ue ? ??
???e, ?? ? i??? ?o, ??? ??? ? A?a ??”. A?e o ????, ?y??i ???, ??? ????,
? ?????a ? ??o ???? ?i a ???i a ??? ????????y ???th ??a n ?????. Y?o ???
a?ue ? ?i ??, ?e ??ae??ay ???iy????ue ? ???eth ????? ??iy???a. I? ??iy?e
???e ???ae??? ???e ???? ?e-??? ??a ??i ????i, ??o ?i ?e a ?????i ???
??oe ? ????o ???? ??o?y, ???th?? ??y ??a, ? ?i ???? ? ?iy ?e ?????
????y, a ??? e ? ??o ???ue. O?? ?e ? ??cy ??? ???e ?????n? e a ??oth?i
???, ????? ? O???y: “E?i ??? ???o. a ???? ? ??o ? ??i, e ? ???eo ?
??-??? e ???o, ????y ?o ? ???”. C?? ?a ????o ???, a ???e ??????, ??? ?i
ia ??o ?????ue; a ??? O???y o ?? ?? ???a ?????.
Ei ??? ????y: 1) ?uey??a. A i?a ??y ??iy?a ?uey??y ?????ny ?????o ???o.
????tho ??iy?a ???i e ????i ?uey??y. I? ??? ?uey??? ????ny ??a ??iy?a, a
???i ????ny ????? ??y? ???? i ????y?i. O?? ??iy?a ????ny ???y??, ?i o
???? ?????o ?????ay ?ey. I? ???? ?uey??e ?e?? ?oy, e ????y a ?????? e
?????? ??iy?e, ? ? ????? ??i ???ey i ????y?i. I????a ?y?a, ?????a a ??i
??iy?e, ??y?ny a ??, ? ?????ny ?a?a, ?i ??????, ?????a a ????? ??iy?e;
???? ?uey??a ???????y e? ??iy????, ?y?ath?a ????a. Ii ? y?i ??? ?
???????y; ???atho ?a, ?e ??o ???yo ???e ???y. I?? ??, ? ??e ? ??iyiey
?uey??y ? ???eth ???a ??; a n ??? ???u, ? ?a ???ny e ?y ????, ???ay, ?i
?c ?????y ??i ? ? ??o ????ue ??o???y. I?????i ???i ?? ???a ?o ???ey, ?i
?????? ? ??? ?a? ? ??th ?e??ey, ?? ?uey??a ?? ???. *? ? ???ny ??a? ???i
??, ? ??ue ??? ??ue ???y?y. I?e ??tho, ?i ?? ???e ???y ?y ????, ? ?oy ?
? ???y ? ??? ??? ???ey, ? ?a-?? ???? ????th, ??? ?i ?aeaeo ??iy?? ?i
?uey??y e ?i ????? ????i ?? ????y ?y?: ? ??? ?, ?i ??e. Ae??a, ????,
??aeyo, ?i ?? ???e e ???? ??????, ? ????y ?? ???????? ??iy?th, a ???a ?
??? ? ???a ?uey??y. N y?e ??e ??ey ??iy?a ?????i ?uey??y ??i????ny ?e
??iy????, ?y?ath?a ???i?, ?i a ???i ?? ???e ? ???? ? ?????ey.
I???y e ???i ?iy???, ??, ??? ??i, ????, ?i a ???a ??y ?o ???? ? ?, ??u
?????ue ??? e ???? ?uey??a: ?? ??? ????a ???, ?i a ???a ?aiy ??? ???ey e
? ???. O??ue ???tho ?i, ????y ???i ?????? ??. A ???a ? ??y ??a ? i?? ???
? ??? th??ai. He ??? o ?n, ? e a ??? ???o ?o ? ????i ???ey ? ???? a
????e ??o ??iy?? ???i e ????i ?uey??y. Ae???? ??o ??? ? ??? ?uey??a,
???a ???a ? ?????o ? ???ey, ? ??o ??? e ?y??eth i???ey. O???a ? ??a
?y?ath?a ???? ?uey??y ?????y a ??ue ???? ????e. Ii ???? I??a ????,
?????a ? ??, ???????y ?e ??a ??? ?????? ??i???i n ????i, ?????i “a ???”.
I? y?i, ?i??, ?????ue a ?????a, ?i ???? a ??? ??? ?? ???i ???? ae ?y?i.
O?? ? ??yae ???? e a O???e, ???a ???????o ???? a ?uey??e ???? n ???i:
“?? ?y?i ??i, a ? ?????”, ???o O???a. Ca ????, ?????a a ?y?i ??iy?e,
Oe??? ???? ??, a ? ???? ?. ???i ???oth ??ue. Ii ?y?i ? ?a?y?, ???y??
????a ????, ?? ?? ??uey, a ???e ?y?a ??iy?a ????? ? ?y? n ???i. A ij ?.
XXII ?. ???: “A ?? ?i n ????u ?e n ?y??a ?e ???i ???? ? ??? ? ?th ?? e
???th ? ???o e ???o e ?i ? ????eo.., e ????ay ?? ? ?? ?th ?oy ??o ???” e
o. ae. E? ?uy??ue y? ????? N??y ???o i ??? n i????. Y? ???i, ???. I?y??a
????ny ??ue ?e ??iy????, ????oth?a ????eth ???a ?????ue ?aeoth ??. Y?
?uey??a ?y ????. I?????a, ?????a ?e ??i ?uey??e, O?ae?? e ?????? ???.
I?, ???, ????? ???y, ?e ???o ?e?? ???y.
2. N??y?a ?????y, ????a ??i, ? ????th e ???? ????i ???????. Ia y?i ???o
???. I?. A?e ? ?? ?y???ue, ?i ????? ??e e ????e n ???e, ?i ??e ??o, ? ?
???e ???? ??????ey, ?? ? ?? ?e ??o ? ??e: “? ?o ? ???, ?a e ??” (III
33). A ????? ?iy??? ? y?i ?o ??, ? ?o ??? ???, ??u ???? ? ????a ??o
???a.
II. I????a ???? ??o au? ??????? n ???e ???u, o.a. ii ?? ??, ????i ????a
???? ??????ny ? ?a. I?? ?? ?? ?e??a ?? ?y ?i ????y, ??i ????? ????. I??,
? ????ay a ??, ?????a. A??? ???? ?? ???a??e ???e ?????ey. A??y i ????,
????? ??ue a ??, ?i ??ue ????ny ??? ????, a ? ????o ?i, ?e ?e ?????
????o ? ?? ?????e ???e ?????ey. ????? ??o ? ??-?? e ? ??a???. A?y,
ia??aey a ????, ???? ??? ???e. Aeey ??, ??u ????? ????? ??, ????ue
??????, ????? ??? ???ue ????a i???????a ???ey, ??., ??o ??? i?????y e
??. O??a i ????? ???? n ???e n??? ??????o ?yae ???????? ?y?e, a ???o ?ay
?ey ????o a ??, ?????y ? ?a.
??????y n y?e ??e ??ey ?iy??? ?? ?? ? ?a, ?????y ??a ??ey? ??e ???,
o.a. ???, ?a ? ????? a ??o?a, e ???? ?i ??????.
C?? ?a ????o ??oth?a ??? ?????y ?? ??.
1) I??????. I? ??????? ????ny ?????a ?ay a ?????ue ????ue ??????. A
??????e ??? ?? ???a ????. I??., ???e ???a? ??? ?y ????ey ????. Ii ???
???o. ??????a ????y ??????, ??? ?i ??? ????? ?????? ??????y. A ??i ??, ?
??, ?i ?i-??? ??e ????? ?e ?ae, ? ???o ?a, ?i ? ??? ?a??? ????. I????i
????ny ????? ??? ??o ????, ???a ?? ? ?? ????? ???i ?ae ???th ????y.
2) I????. I? ????? ????ny i??i ????ey. *??? ? ??? ????e?y, ? e ??e
????ue ?i-?a?ue ??a, ?i ??o e ?? ?????ey. Ii???a ?? ????a ??????a ?????i
????y, ????? ?????? ? ?o ????, ???a ??i ????ue ?y ??e??y ??; ? ??? ?????
??ue ?a ?o. I? ??? ?????? ??oa?y ???tho ???? ? ???u, ????? ?????o ??e ?
????ey ?????ey. Ii ? ???? ?????ey ???, ?i ?i ? ??e ??a, ?????ue ?n????.
O?? ????a ???tho ??????. Ii ??o ?? e ??ey ???u: ???y e? ?????a eth? ??e
?o???ue ?????a e ? ?? ?o ???e ?? ?? ? ??a. O??i ?? ??o??, ??????a ??????
???, a ? ? ?????e ?? ?????a, ?????ny, ? ???, ?i ?? ? ?i ?? ???? ? ??a.
3) I????ny ??????. I? ?i ????ny ??a ?y?a, a ??? ???? ??e ?a ? ???ey,
???a ??u ?y ????ey ????? ??, ? ????? ???-?? ? ?????i. *??? ??e y?, ???e
a ??? n ??e e ?e ???, ? ??? ? ?????a, ??o ??, ? ??, ?i y? ?? ?? ???, ?i
??i, ?e ? ??, ?i ? ??? ??? y? ?e ???i ?o? e o. ?ae. I????ny ??????
?????ny, ? ???, ?i ??????, ????a ??e ??. N ??e ??ey ?? ?? /??? ????i
???i, ?e a ?i ???, ??a ? ??? ??, ?e e a ?i, ??a ?, ??? ?a ???, ?? ? ???;
a ??o ?i a i??i ??? ??ey ???? ?i ????? ????th a ???e ??, ?i ? ???. I???
??? ???ey a ?i, /? ? ??? ??? ??????i ?a? ? ?????i. I?????y ??e ??ey,
???, ? ????? ?a ???a.
4) I???yy ???ue ?? ????? ?a????y, o.a. ????? ??e ????? ?ee: ???e ??e
??ue e ??. N????a ?????ey ?????ny a ??e ???e ??.
Ec ??o ?iy??? ? y?o ???? ???o ??? O???a, ??a ???a ??e ??? ? ???? nth?
??ny??ny. I???? ???? ??a a ?. ???. I???: “I? Ee ?i ??? ??, a ? ??ue, ?
?e ??i? ????” (I, 12) ????atho ??? ????y ????y ? ???a?y ?????ey, ? ?
?uy?ytho, ? ??a ? ?????? ????a ?? ??o ?????. *??? ??o ???? ?? ?c ???y
??? ?e ??ue, a ?????i n ???? ????ue, ????. I????oth ??ueth ??i, ?y??,
??????ue ? ?e ????a ? ?????a ??????, a ?e ????? ???iy???th ??o, ??iy?th
a ???.
O???a ????o: ??e ???, ????a e ????? ?????ey; ?i ? ???ny ?????e, ???a ?i
???y? n y?? ???e, ? ?i ??? ????o ? ????e ??? ???e. O???a a ?? ??ayo ????
??? ?????. I??e ??? ????y e ?????eyi ??ea Oe???i A????a. A ?. I ??u II
???: “A?a eoi ??i ????? ??? ???ue ? ????? ???? ?? ?? e ?i ?? ????a ?i
???? e ? ?? ??? ???y ? ?y?, ?i ? ? Oe??? A????i ?? ?? ??? e ??? ??e,
???e ???th”. To ? ????a ????ny e ? ??a ni????. Y? eth???ay ??a ?????a ?
??? ??? ?????o ??o: ? ?? ???? ??????e A??a ??e ??? ??? ??e e ???uey
????y e ??? ???e ?????a ?e e ????? ??i ? ?????yi, ?e e ??a ?????. Ii n
???? ???e y?o ??yae ?e ?i ????. O?ii ??. ? ??e ??? ??? ?????ny e a ?i
???, ??a ?a ???? ???? ? ??, ?? ???; ? ?a ? ??a, ?i ??a ??, a ???,
i??atho ??? ?? ?? (XXII, 8), Ai ?? in???o ??ayo ??? ?????. I???? ??ue,
???ue – ?????a, ?a a?? ??? e ??? ???e ???u ?e ??????th ??e a ?i, ?i ???
? ??o ????a a ????? (X, 133, 202).
O???a ??o ?a ????a. O???a ? y? ?o?? a ??ueyo, ??nyu?ny e ???????o
?????eyi. No. 2-y ??u II-e ???o: “E?, ?oy I????i a?????i ????ue e ????i
??, e ?y ?? ??? ????y ??? ?? ?a??ue, ?e ?i n ???e Oe???i A???o? ???
????y e ????e ????e ????y, ???e ???th” – y? ? ? ????a, ?i e ? ??a ?????.
O???a ????o ????a e ?a a ??i ???. A?e ?e-??? ???e, ?eay ??ue ??? ????a,
“??o ??a ???”, ? ??y? ??, ?e e ? ai?e ??? (XXII8). Oi ? ???? ????th ?? e
?o, ?i a ?????e ????y ??o ???, ? ??? ? ?i? e ? ??o (III, 4). Ii ??ue ??
??? ? ????a, a ????a ??y?a a i????? ????y, ?e e a ?. 105 ??u X; “A ?? ?i
ia?ae ??y? ia ?? ????ny ??i ???i, a ? ??o” *(82).
I???, O???th ???? ????? i?????y, ? ?i, ?????i, ?????y n?ay ??ay ??
????y.
Ia ???a i ????? ????e e i ?????? ????y e ?????y O???a ? ???????y.
III. N???? ?????ey ??o ?? e ? ?? ??, a ????i. I?th? ????o ??? i ?? ???y
???i. Y? ?? ???y ??o ?? ??ue ????.
????tho ???a ????a e ?i????. I????? ???a ??o iecoo a ??o ?????eyo, ???a
??o ?? n???? ? ??a, ?e ?e ???e ???ue?o ?oe, ??? ??., ????, ??th??y?a e
o. i. N???? ????, ????, ????ny ???a ????? ?oe a ??i ??????, ???a ??o ??
????i e ??i ??i, ? ???a, a ??? ???, ????i ?????e, ??., ??a, o???i e o.
i. Iu ??i ???? ??ei i ????i ????e.
A n???? ????e ???atho ?a ??; ???a ???a, ????? ????? ???????, e ???????,
?????o?. I? ??????? ???tho ??a ???a, ???a ???o a ???????? ?e i??????i
????? ????, ??y?o a ??? ?????i ?y?y, I?? ???? ?????e ???atho ?????
???????? e ?????. I? ???e ???tho ??o ??, ???a ???????i ? ????e ??e ?? e
????eth ?????i ???ey, ? ???? ?????? e ???e ???, ?e ?i ????ue. Iiae ???e
– ?oe, ???????i ?????o ??????. E???????a ??????i ??o ??i ??? a ?i ???,
??a 1) ?? ??????, o.a. ????????e ?????e ??o ??? ? ??, ???a ????ea?e ???
???ue ????a ?a????a, a ? ??? ??? ?????e ?????? ?? ??e i ?????e ???i??y;
2) ??i, ??u ??????i ?? ????i ?, e ?? ????e ???????? ????e, a ????i ???,
y? ??o o??i ??????a e ?????eth. I?????i ? ?????? ????? ????y ???a ???.
I?e ??tho, ?i ???a????o ????? ??i ??? ????? ???, ?i ?????; ??o ?i ?e ???
???atho ???th ????ue ????y ??? a ?i ???, ??a ?????a??a ????e ? ???
?????th ??e ??ue ???yth?a ?ey?a ? ????? ?e ?? ? ??????.
I? ?????e ???th?y ??a ??, ???a, ? ???ay ????? ????, ?e ?e ??a ??????e
?????th ?????ey, ??., ????e, ????e ??? e ??. I???? ????th?y ??a, ?i ???a
????e.
E?? ????? ?????ey ???atho ?a ??????? e ?????eth ?oe, Y? ??a ? ?????e a
????? ?????ey e ? ??????e e ??, ? ?e ???e, ?i ?i-?? ????y ?a??? ??????,
e ? ???iy????e, e? ?? ???ny ?????o, ?e ??y?? ??, ???a ??i ?????ey, e ?.
I???? ? e ?????eth, a ?????a ???a, ????o ?a ii ????? ?????ey. ????tho
??oth?a ?e ?? ????????: ???????i, ??????? e ?????a. I? ?????y? ???tho
?oe, ???a ???e i ??ay??y ?????y ??????, ? ? ??y? ?? e ????y????eth. A??y
??a ???????? ?? ???????, ???a ?????y ia ????i ??a: ??i ??? ?????a, ??u
?????ey, ????? ?? e o. i. I????y e ??????? ??o ?? ?????i ????: ?i ??o
??? ??? ?? ? ???o eth?e, ????????ue ???? ??a ? ???. Y? ???ey ?eytho e ?
?? ????y, ???y ? ??o ?? ?y ?? ???a ????a. I???? ?ae ???????? ?? ?????a i
?????i ?a ??????.
O???a ????o ???o ???e?a e ???????; ??e ???o ?i ????o ????? e ????????.
E ?o e ??? ?i ?????i ????? a ????? ??, ?? ?. ?i ???, ?a? ????? ???? ?e
?a e ????? ? ???o ???? (X, 133; XXII, 7, 12, 10). A?ue ???, a ???i
?????e ?????ue ??c???y ?? ??? ????????i ????a. Y? ? ???? ?????a ???i
???. Aeueye, ???e ???? ???? ????, ?????ny ???; ??y?e, ???e ???o, ??y?
??. Y? ?i????????ue ??, ???y, ?uy?y? ?i, ?i ?n???? ??? ???? ??y?? a ?i
??i ???, ???e ???? ?????? (X, 12): ?? ???, ?a e ????, ? e ????.
I????a O???a ???? “?????”. O???e ????thony ??a, ?i ??i? ????e: ? ????,
??., ???e ???? ?????ny ???? ??e, o ???u? ? ????ny ??? ?? ?e ? i????ny ??
e ???. Y? ???? ? ??i ??a a ?????eyo ??? ??/??a, ?a ?a ?????? i???ai.
O???a ????o ??? ?? ???i????e: ???????i, ????? ???, ??????? ?????a,
?????? ??e e ?. I? ??? ?????e ????????, i?i ???? ?????ey ??? ???? ?e???a
? ?? ???. A ???, i????? i ??????, ????? ????th, ?????ny, ?e e ???a
??????i, ???ith ??ueth. A y?i ????e ? ??a? ???? ???ey ??o ?????? eth?ie
e ???e ??e. A ??? ?????eyo ??? ?? ????a???e ?ee ????u, ? a ??ue ??? ??.
A I????i ?????a ?y?e ?e ?y?i ????ue ???o ??? a ??? ????e. E? ??? ?a ?
??? e ? o? ????, ?????y ??? ???i (XXII, 59). I????????e ??????, ?e
???e?? (XXI, 63). Ca ??????? ??e e ?????a e ???? ? ?????ue ?iy (XXI, 15,
20, 62). Ca ??i ? ????i, ???? e ???o – ?????? ??? ??? e ?????ue oth??, ?
a ?i ??? ???, ?? ???? ? ????eye ca ?ay ??/??? (XXI, 6).
I????? ?????o ?e ???? i??e ?ae ??????? ????e ??o eth?e e ???yi. A?e ?e
??tho ? ??, a e ?? ? ????yo, ? ???? ???? ???? e ???e ??? ??, a eth? ??
??? ??a ???i ????ue ??? e ?? ???e ??? (XXI, 79).
IV. I????a ??????. I? ???a?? ?????? ???tho ??a ????? i?? e ?i ? ??i
?????ey, ? e??? ?i ?a ?c ???? e ???i ????a. A?e ????? ????? ?? ?c ??o,
??? ?c ????, a ??? ?c ??? e o. i., y? ??o ia ????? ??????, a ? ????. I?
????i ?????? ???tho ????? ??i e ?i ? ??i ?????? ?e ??????i ????? ?????
?e ???i?? ??????. E ????eth ?????? ???????? ? ??ny?y ?a???i. Io ????ey
?????ey ??th?tho e ??????e e ??????? ?????a; ? ?e ?a ???i e, ????y ? ?,
????? ????ue ? ? ??a ???i??y. A ???a ??y ????? ?? a ??a ???o ?????eyo e
???? ???eth ????y. I? ?????i ?????y e a ?? ??y, ? ??? ? a ?e ???e.
I?e ?iy??e ?????i ???e ???yo ? ?????, ?e ? ??iy???ai, ???ath?a ?
?????oth ??????ue ?????a, e ???, ?e ????? ??????, ??? ????atho ????a. Y?
??a ??ey ?????a ?e N????i, ?e e O???th, ? a N????o ?????a ????e ?? ???a,
?i a O???e. Ii ??a?o e ???o N???? ??ay ??a ??o ? ??th ????a ???, a ??ay
– ???oth ??ue. ???ay I??a ? ??o ?????, ? ?i ???? ??i-???i ????i. I?? ??
??uee N????a ???? e ? ?c ?ey?y ??????i ??a, ?oy a N???e? ?? ????e ?????
a ????? ????e, ?i a A???o ???o. Ii Oe??eth, ???? ?????y ????y ????i
????a. Aei ???? ??e O???a ?o?? ??? ?e ????? ???e ??e. I??y ??a ??o ?
??th ??, oth??? ??th??a ? ?a ?? e ????a ??? ?a; ??ay ?????ny ??a ?o?i,
oth??? ??th??? ? 4 ?? e ??c??i ???i ?a; ? ??ueth ??o ???e ???th. ???e,
?e ??a oy?? ???i??a, ?e ??? ????? ??o ?a e ni??? ??e; ? ??? ? ??? ????ny
??, ?????? oth??ia ??th??a e ????a ???i ?a.
I??? ????? ?????i ????y e ????eth ?? 9 ?. ??u III: “A ??o ?i Oe. ?????
? ??a ???o ?i ? ?? a ???, e ?ai ?? ???. A ??o ?? ? ?oy n ???? ??atho a
???, ?? ??? ? ? ???ue ? ???a a oth??. A a?? ?o ? ?? ???… a ???, e ?o ?
? ??? ??”. C?? ??????u ??? ? ???ey, ? ????ey a ??? ??? y?? iiiy?y, ?e e
??? N????a. To ? e a 8 ?. ?. VII i ???a ? ???. Ii ?a ??? i ??a e ??? XXI
?. ??o ????ue ????a ??????a, ??ath??y a ??y???.
N??y 9 ?. XXI O???y ???o, ?i o?y ? ??oth ??o ?? ?? e??i, ???? ??a ?i e
???? a oth?? ? ?a ??.
N??y 10 ????ny ?e: “A ??o ?ai ? ?oy ??atho ? ??? ???” e o. ae. C?? ??
?? i ????? a ??? ??? ??a. Ai ??? ??? ???a ??, ???e ???y ?a e ?e ???i. Ii
?????ny ? y?e ??? ? ??oth ??o.
N??y 12, ???y?y i ???e ??a, ?e ??????a, ?i ??o ??? ??ae e ???eth ????ey
? ????i: “A. ?e??o ?oy, a ???o ? ?? ??? o? ?e ??? ?e ???, e ?? ?oy ??e?
???th”. A ?? e ??a ??? ??o ?? ???i ???e, ???e ?ae ??i ?a ? ?e. Y? ??o
????, ???a ??ue ? ??? ????i ? ????ey. I???yy? ? ? ??y?a ????????? ???:
8, 10 e 12, ?? ???, ?i ????u Oe??ey ??e a ?? ??? ?????, ? a ?. 12 e
????eth ????e e ????, a ??? ???yo ? i 3-o ??? ???, a i 4-o e 5-? e o.
ae.
N??e 16 e 17 ???yo i ????? ?c?y: ?. 16-y i ???. 17-y i ???. Ii ???iyy e
????eth i????y? e ???? ????? ???a. Ii ?. 17-e ???? ? ??? ??? ?????ny
?a?ueth. Y?? ? ????th ???? ? ?, ?? ? e ????eth ??????? e ????; ?e e ?? ?
e 12 ??? ??a?o ???? ??e ? ??? ????? e ? ????, ?? ? ?i ??i ??i.
I ????? ?? ?? ?a a XXV a??, ?a ????y i ????? e ???a?? ???a ???. A ???
??? ??a?? ????? ????? ?iy?a ????ey: i ???? ??ue ?o ?? (XXV, e2). Ca i??a
?????i ????ny ??o a 5 ?.5 ? ??? – a 10, ? ??? – a 20 ?. I???a ???
??????? ???i ???. C?? ?? ?? “i ????e ?c ??? ?ae ???ith ??eth”, i ??a ???
? ??a, i ???? ??e, i ??? ???e e ???e ??a, ? ????????? ? ??ue y?a
(11-16).
II. Ia???a
Iu ???, ?i ????y ???? a??? ? ?????? ?????i ???th?y ? ?????o; ? ? ??a
??th?? e ? ????th e ????th. A ??iy?a ??y ????? ?????i e ????a ??o ????e
????; ?????i ????o ?????ey ? ?? ?? e ?? ????o ??? ??????. Any?a ????a
???o a ????? ??e-??? ??ey??? ?????o, ???-??? ????y. N???? ??o a?ue ???:
???a ???u, ???? ????a e o. i.; ?, ? ?y?i ???, ???? ???? ??? ? ?? ?????a.
Y? ??o a ?y? n ?i, ?i a ??iy?a ??y ?????i ????a. A ???a ??y ??th?? ??
??y?e ??e. I?????? i???ea ??o ??th???? ???e ????; ??c??o ? ?????i, a
???a ??, ?i ?????e ?e ?i ??????. Ia y?e ??? ???e ??? ???ey ????a y?y?ny
a ??a ??e; ??ue, ? ???e, ??? ?ae ????y. Ca ??ueth ?aae?o ??i, a ???
????i ??????ey ??????o ?e ?i ????i??; y? ?? ???y ??a ????y. Oi?? n ????
???e, ? ?? ??, ?e ?????i ???o e ???? ????ue ?????ey ? ?? ??, ?i ?? i???o
???? ? ????y?, e ????y ????atho ????e ????. Ii ??????i e ????a ????y ??e
??? ???o: ?????i ??i ?? ??i. I???ey, ?e e ?????ey, ? ???u ?????? – ?e
???a ?????a.
I???i e ?????yi e ??? ??i ?????y ? ??e. *? ??a ??ue? I?? ?? ??i ??????i
?e ?i ??????a ???ue ????o ?e ?i ??????i ???i, ???i, ?ae ?ey?? ??????i
???a, ? ???e ???. O?? ???i, ??ue ????ey?ny ????? ??i ??????: ?????? ??a?
a ?? ??? ??????i ???a. Ana ?? ???o ? ?????? ??????i, ?? ??o ?? ????i
????i ??????i ???i ???, ?i ??? ???. I?? ?? ????a ??? ??a???? ?e ????a,
?e ?e ?? ?i ??o ??? a ?????? ???a ??????i. E???o ??e ?????i ??????i; ?
?????y n ?? o ?? ???a ???? ???e.
*? ??? ???? I??ue ??? ???? ? ?????, ???? ?o ??u e .???ue. O? ? ?????o
??y? e ? ???? ????. E?? ssi A??e/ ???ny a ?? ???a (1070), ? ??? ?????:
“??? ??o”. “I? ?, – ???o ????oe, ?? ? e ???? ? ?a”. C?? ? ?????y n
?????i ?n??i ??i ??e: ???? ??aa ????tho ?y?i ?oy??yi, a ??i ??tho.
I?? ????? ? ??? ????i, ? e ?y?? ???e ?????ey?. Eth???? ??? ????ey? ???y
E?? e E??a, ???e E??a. E?a, ?e ???e n?, ?? ??i ? ?????. ????, ??a
eth??ay ???? ?? E??a, ???? ?e, ?i ?????i ????ue y?? ????, ?i ????i
?????a ? ???u ???? ??, E??, ???e ????ny ???? ??e e ??o. Ii y?? ??? ????
???o E??o: “??i y ??? ???y? ?n .??o a ?? ?? e ???? ?o ??. ss?i, ?i E?a
?a ??ue ??a ??? E??a ? ?, ?i ?o ???i ???e ? ?? ??????a, ???a ?????? E??,
?e ??a??o. A *????e ?oyo ??? ? ??c ? ????ey a ??. Ii ???? I??a ??i ??
??? ? ????, ????a ?i (I ?ae. 4, 5 e 6), ??? (I ?ae. 7, III ??. 27 e 28),
? ??o (II 3).
I?? ??o ??ue ??i ?e ? ????th e ??i ethaeyi, ?e e a ??a?o ?????e ??e. O
?n?? ??yi ??ue, ???y, ?? ??ue ???????. Ia y? ??????a ??aeyo ??a ???i?i
????a i ??ey?o: “???o ?? ae??”. I???i ??e ??o ??uey? ??o ???ue ??a ??o
??? ?ycy Nay???a E????. Ii ? ??? ?? a??, ?? ??o ??? ?? e ?i ??. I??? ??e
?? e ?? ?? ????i A????, ?????i ??ue. ???? ?e ??e ??? ?? ? ??? ??e ??ae ?
A????, ? ??y “??? ????”. I??? A???? ???? I???a ?y??a, ?? io? ????, a ec
?ye ?? a ??. O?? ???i ??iy?y ?? A???? n ????th. I??? ??th ???? ???a
????a ??ue A????, ? ? ???y ????y e ???? ? n??y??. E???? ?e ?uy?y? ???e
?i??u ? ???o ??ue ??: “n???? ayo, ?? ?? ??i ?? e c?eth ?i ???e”. C??o,
???? ??? o?? A???? ? ??e ? ??. A???? ??e ???ue ???? e ????ue ?y ????ey
??e ??oth?a ??. Ii ??a ? ??? a ???o, ?a ?? ????, ?i ???ee ????? ?i ?i ?
????, Ecy??, n ????? ??i a ?? e ??? ??: “??, ?? ?ei ???y ?aey?” o.a. ?
???ue ? ?, ?i ? ??, e ?i ? ??o ???ey ? ??? ?? ???. E???, Ecy??a ???e, ?
y? ??? ? ??iy? a ?ua?? ??. A? ??e ??, ?i ??????i ?? ???? ? ?iyoeyi ??
???e. I?? ??a ??ue ??i ?? a ???? ??e ??o ??? a???e ??????? A?e ? e ??
?n?? ?e ????, ? ?a-?? ? ??y? ??e ??????e ??. Aui?? ???tho ?iy?y ???
???e.
O ??? ??ue ?? ?????e ????: E??a ??e ? ?????ey ????e ? ?oyo 3 e 4 ????y.
O ????a i?? ??o a ?y? n ???? ?iy?y?; y? ?? ?y????, ????ay ???th ?y?th.
Ec ?????o ????? ??i, ?i ????? ???i ? ??e ???? a ?i ??a ? ?o ??, ?? ?
????e ? ??. N???? ?????i ?iy? ?? ??i ???i, ?? ? ?? ???? ?i ???; ?? ??,
????ue ?????i ?????ny a ???aa aei ?o ??, ?? ??? ? ?e ???i. A ??o
??????ny ??e ???: ?a? ?? ??? ??? ? ??? ??a, ? ?? ?? ?o ????; ? ??a ? e
??a y?? ???, ?a ??? ?o ? ??? ??? ??? ??a.
I?? o ??? ???o ? any?o ??? ?????e e ???????. In??? ?????o ???th ??o e
???ey?ny a ??yo. I?yo ? ????? ??? ?o, e ? ??? ??? ????o, a ???i ?i ????o
?????? e ?? ???o ???? ???e. I?? ?? ? ?? a ?ae e ?????ny ???? ?? n ??????
?? ?????a.
O??i n ???? ???e, ??a ?????? ???? ????ny, ?i ??e ??y?e ??e ?????, ?i
???a ???????a ???? ? ??o ?????? ?e ??????? ????aa ??a ??e, ?y?yth?y
?????y ??e.
I??th ??????y ?????? ???a, ?? ??e ????ny ?????? ???, ???i ???? ??ue. A
I???? ??o ??? ??? ?? 3, io?i 6. N????y a ???a ? ???? ??e, a ????y ? ?ae
???, ??a ??????? ??oe, ???a ????? ?????. O ????a ?????y n ?????? ??e
????i ???; ??i ?? ??? ??? a ???a ?? ? ??. Ii ????? y?? ??a ????e ? ??
??a ???. I? ???a??e y?? ?????y, ???i, ???????, ?i ? ????e y?? ??a
??????a ???i ????? ??i ?????y. A????? ??o ???? ?e ? ????? ???. O????
??e?: ???, ????e, ??a ??? e ?? ???a ??.
I?? ??? a ?i. A??a ??o a ?y? n ????????i ??? ???a??o ?????a. E????i. A.
?uy?e ?a ??? ??? ???a. O???e II ??????e y? ??i e ? ?a ??ey, ??????a
???i. A? ??a ??e ??; ?e ???? ?a ????e ???e ???. A?????? n y?i ????i e
???ea ??a ???. A ?? ????? ?????o ??? ???e ??? ???th?y ??a ??? (E???,
Oth???u) e ?? ???a ?? (?????). O?? ???a ???????a ??a ?a?? ??? e
??i????eyi. I?? ???a ??e ???ue ????e ?????a, ??oe e ?y?o ?????ia. Y?
???i ?yae ?????e. C?????? ???, ????? e ?????e ?? ?o?u ??a ?????ny ???e
???a.
N????y a ???a ??? ?e ?e ?????y n ????i ?e ???a? ? ?ae. A?iy ????ey a
???a ???a ? ?? ?????, ?i ?? ??ue ???? ?y ???o ??a; y? ????aa ???e
??????ue ????? ?? ??c??ey ????, ???e ?e ???eai a 6 ??? e 3 ?y. N??y??
????? ?e ?o, ???e, ? ????e ??????? ??a, ??? ?e ???? ???a. A??a n y?i ?y
????? ??a i????? ?????ue ??e. A????a ??i ???ey?, ? ??i ???y?e ? ?????ai
???a ????e ?a ???ue ? ????. Ii ???e, ???i, ?a ??y??ny a ??i ???a. O?y?o
???y??i ???a ?????y?? ????ue ? ????a ???y?a ???? e ??iy? ?i a y? ??y.
I??? ????y ?????, ?? ? ??a? ?????y n ?i ?e ???? ???? ????? e ? ??y
????ey ? ??? ???a (Fratienstadt, Blutrache und Todtchlagslihnc).
A ??o ?iy??? ?????y ???ea, ?i ??? ??i ?? ??? ????? ??a ????? ??u. No.
7-y I ?ae. ??. I?. ???o, ?i ??i ? ?? ???y a ?i ???, ?? ?????e “? ????o”
????. C?eth??: ?? ???i?, ??i ??? ?? ? ???e ??? ???ny, ??ue ??iy?ny ???i.
No. 28 III ?. ???o, ?? ?i ? ???o ??u, i????? ???, e ???o ??? ??, ?? a ?i
?o. C?eth??: ?ee ????e ????o ?????a ????i a ??? ?i ????y, ? ??a ??cy ?a
????ue ? ?? ??? ??.
I???? ??????e ??tho, ?i 1-y ??uey ???? I??u ?????? i??. I? ???ny ?e:
“A? ??o ?ae ??, ? ??? ??o ??a, ?e ??? ??, ?? ?? ??, ?? ??o ??, ?? ????
???, ?a ? ??o ?i ?oy, ? 40 ??? ? ???”. Y? ??ueth ??otho a ?i ???, ?i ?a,
??i ?, ??a??y? ??? ???a, a ???o ???? ?? ????a. A?e ??y? y? ???, ? ???,
?i ??i ?? ??? ??? ? ??, ??, ??a e aeyaeth, a ? ????o ??????a ??cy, o.a.
??cy ?? ??? ? ? ??, ? ? ??? ???: ??, ?n?o, ??o e ??. O?? ????? ??? ??y?.
I? 1070 ??i ???i a ???? ???? i ??e ? ???e e ???. Y? ???? ????y ? ???e
???e ss???a, ?????y ? ??uey ??aa ?. A ?e ?? ??? ????a ?????? ??oa?e, a ?
????i? ???a ??e.
O? ?e ??ue ?? ??i, ? ?a ????ey?? ???, ??i ? ???ny ??? ??, ?i ? ??o. Ia
y? ?? e ?y?a ???ey a ?iy??? ???i?????? ??a. A ???o ????? ???a ?? ??uey,
? ???e ??i, ?i ??? ?oe, ??? a ????a, ????? e ???ey?? ? ??. I???e ??
???ey? ?? ???? ? ??c e ?e ? ????ue ?. N????a ??? ???atho ????? ??, ?i
??? ??th ??? n ??a e ?y?e ?. Ae?????ii, ?e ???e ??? ???? ????i ?? ????;
??i ?? ???, ?i ?i ????i ? ? ??e, a ? ???-??? ?????o ????eth, ????? ??
??? ???i e ?? ???.
A???? ??a ?y?o ??a, ??ue ????? ?????? ??y e ??a ??, ?e y??? ??. I??a ?i
??ue ?????? ??a ? ?????ey, ?? ????? ?; ?e y?i ?? ????ue ?n? ? ???oth e
??a ???oth. I??y ???o a ?i, ?i ????, ? ????? ?? ??e, ?? y?y?? a ?ae e
o????, ??u ?????e ?e ?o ????ey ?e ???i ??i. Ii ??a??? ??o ???? ? ?????
???? ?? ??? ?e ????ue ??, ???e ???e ? ?i ?????? ? ?o i??y. A ????i ???,
? ?i ?a a?ue ????i e ??oo e ??? ?e ????, ?i ?? ? ??o (Wilda, 162). O???y
? ??? ????i ?????ey ???? ??e ???i e a ??o ?????, a ??? a ?. 27 e 28 ????
I??u, a e??? ????y: “A? ?i ?? ??? ?o??, ?? ??th, ?? ??i, ?? ?e??th, ? 12
???; ? ??y ? ???o ?? ??? ??i, ? ?? ?o a ?? ???”. Ec y?o ??? ?? ??th??,
?i ????e, ??ny ?? ??i, ?i ???? a ?ae ?e ????y ?????i e ??? ?e ????, ?i
?? ???i a ???ea. N?uey, ????? a y?i, ????? ?i: “?? a ?i ???”. Y? ? ???ay
??ue, ?a ?????ao ????o ???????o. I???? ??????e ??tho, ?i ??ue ???? I??u
? ??????? ??????th, a ????a ? ?i. Ec ????iie ??? ??i, ?i ??ue ???????
??????th. 7-y ?. I ?ae., ??a ????o ? y?: “A? ?? (????) ? ?????, ? ???e
?o”, o.a. ?? ???? ? ??iyo, ? ??ue n ?? ???, a ??iyo, ? ?o ??i ????ue
?????. A ?ea????? ???????? ??y? ???atho ? ????a ???a 1070 a., ???a ??i
??i ??? ??a ??, ?e ???e ??, ssi A???, ????? ?? e, ??oy? e ???, ???: “???
??o”. Y?, ??????i, ??? ??a ???? ?n?, ? ? ?? ??cy ??? ??th??y e ????
I??a. Ii ???? I?a? ??ue ?? ?????, ?????th?a ????o, a ? ??oth?a ? ?i. Y?
??ay ??ey a ???e ??e. Ca ?th ??o? ??uey. I? ???o a ?i, ?i ??a?? ???ny
??, e ?ae, ????? ?i ??, ?????y? ?o ??i ???. Y? ??????y ??ue. I? ????,
????, ?????? ??o (A??a, 167), ??a, ??/?, ?????y i o ??? ???a e o ?n, ?e
a ??? ?i ?????i ?o?a n ????, ? ???ay I?a? ????a ???ey ??? ? ? ???oth
??ue.
I???? ? ??o ???????, ??? ?, ???a ?aeyo ???a ?ey?a ? ?? ??i ??????
y???a, ??tho, ?i ??ue ? ??y??? ??????y, a ?????? o ?????a. I???, ??.,
???o: “???ay ??ue ?? ? ?????? ??i ??????e”. Y? ??? ??? i?iy?: ??e ????
??cy ??????, ???e ??o ??ue a ??? ??i.
A??i ?????, ???a ?????? ??? ??y ?????? n ??ueth, ?e ??i, o.a. ??a ?
??o.
E?? ???i ??e ?????? ??a???i ?a ??o ??????oth?o ?? ??o ????y, ?e ??ue e
??i, ? ???o ???i ???i ?? ???? ??e ca ??ue, a ???i ???i – ??a ? i?? ?????
A?? e ??ue o?y e ?????? ??? ??y ??????, ? ???? ? a ?? e ? ? ??y: ??ue
y?y?ny ????? ?????, ??i ????o ???a, ????a ??y ????ao ????i n ??ueth e,
???oe, ??-?-?eo ???y? ? ?????. I?????? ??i ?y??y a ??th????o ??ayo.
I???? ? ??? ????i ??? ????? e ? ?????yi ??ay ? ???e ??? ????i ???. A??a
???? ? ???o ????? ?iy??? ????i ??o ??th????o ???a. O??a, ????oue ????i,
?i ? ???? ????, y?y?ny e ?? ???i e ????? ??? ? ???? ?i ??. I?oe ? ???
?y? ??a, ? ???o, ?i ? ??o ??? ??? ?? a ????. O?? ??? ??? ?ith ??? ? e??e
?? e ????? ?o ?e? ?i. I?oe ? ???ny ??? ???oth ??? e ?? ?????ny ?i, ?i ?
?????ny ? ??e e ???? a ???e ???. O?? ???i, ?oy ?? e ?? ??i ??? ? ??? ??,
?, a ?? ???i ??ay?y ???, ?e????y ? ??e e ?e??o ???. A n ??? ???u, ???e ?
????y ? ???i a ?? ???ey, a ??th ???e ??. I?? ?i e ??o?? ?a ?????y ?e,
??ae ???? i? ?? e ? a ??? ???ey. I??n???a ??e, ??????i, ?? ????i n
???n?th ?y ???ey, a ??? ??i ???e e ?????o, ?????i ???? ??i ?? ????? ?
???e ???a ? ???u ????. A ??? ??? ??i y?y?ny ????e ???? i??. I?? ??? ??
??th????o ???a e ??e a ???? ??? ??e – ???. A??, ?e e ??ue, ?? ??a y???,
???? ?? ???i ? ????e ???e ? ???ey. O th?? ??yi e ??? ?a ?????y ? ??ay?
??e e ??? ? ???i; a Ae???e ????? ?? ??? ??y?e ????ey ??o?y n ???? ?o
??o. Y? ???ny ??i ???i. A???e ????ny e ??i ??????i e ?ey?eyi e ??? ?,
??u ?e ????e ?i n ????i. I? ?? e ?ath?? ??i ??e e ??yo ?i ???? ????. Y?
???y?ny ????i ?c. Nia?ea ???? ?????ny ? ????ey, e i?o ???th?y ???? e ?e
? ?? ?c; ?y?e ?c ????tho ???e. E??, ???oe, ????e ????ny, ? ?????y ??
????ey. E ?? ???ey ???yo a y?o ?? 12 ??? (??ay ? ?o i?ao ? ????) e
???yo: “? ???? 12 ???? ??e e ???, ???a ? ???ue ???? a ?? ???ey”. I???ue
????: “???ath”, ???o ? ?e? e ??? ??? ? ??e. To ? ??tho e ?i ??????. C??
a ?? ?i??? ?????ny i?ae ?y ???ey e ?i ??????a. N? ???? ? ?????? ? ????a,
? ??a ??a ???? a ?i ? ??iyo, ?ny ? ?a ??a, ???i ????e ?ith ???, ??? ?? e
??? ???ey e ??? ???ey; ????e ???o ??a e ??? o??o a ?? ????ey; ??ae ? ?i
?????? ???ey e ? ?i ???tho ???e. I???? ??yae ????ey ??o a ??e-? ?y? n
??y?? ??th??y ??? ?e ????? ????a; ? ????ny “????? ????ey”. Y?i, ??o ??,
e ?? ?uy?y? ?????a ???? ??e a ??y? ????ey.
A????a ??i ??a ??o ??? ??yae ????ey ???ey. A?????? ?i ????atho ?ey?th
?????? ???. A ?? ???a ????o ???e e ??????e ????o ???a, ??? ??th??y ec
????? ???y, ?? ? ????? i???y. I?yae ????ey ?e ??a. I????e ? ??? ??? ????
a ???ue a ??? ??? e n ???e, ????? ???. Ii ?????y ? ?e e ??ye ?? ???y?o a
?? ???ue i ?i. I??? ??y ?e ?y?i ??iy? ????? e ????eth. C??, ? ????eth,
????ny ??, ??a, ??a ???i? ???, ??? e ?????? ???i o? e ??? ?i, ???y ?
???ey ae??a ?? ????ny ????; ???? ??? ?e ?e ?ca ???ue ??a?y. ??????e
???i, a ?? ???ey, ????? ?o ????oth ?? ???i, ???ay ???y?? o ?o a ?? ?
???ey, ??? ??? ? a ???, a ??????i ???i ??e ???, ??i ????e? ? ???u ??????
?au?? ???i ??. I??a ???i ?????. I??? ????ey ??th?e ?? ??yae. Y? ?????i
?a a ??a XVI ??. I?? ??a ?? ??i ? ??e, y? ??? ??e, das Blutgeld.
A ?iy??? ???? ???? ??a ?o ???? ? ??????a o ?n ???i ??y? ????ey. Ii ?
?????i ???e e ?i ??e ???a ??? ????o n ??????e e y? ???a ?????ue a ?? ??y
a ???u ?y ???.
A 1640 ??, a A????a, ???y?i Ii?n, ??a ???, ???? ? ?y???ii E?ith; ??
???e a ??o e I?? ?? E?o. Ia ?i ???? ?? ???i, ?? ?y???, I???. I?? ???ny e
?i ???. O? ? ??a I??ae? ??th?e n I??? ???th, a ???e ????: “E ?e (I???o)
??ae ? I??a n ???? (? ?? ??) ? ???, a ???? ???o e a ????? ????th ??i ?
??, ??a ?????? ???, a ?? ?i ???? ???, a y n ??? ? ?? ??? A?o ???, a ?i y
n ??? ??? e ???th ??? ?? I??o n ????” (N???a IX, 453. Cae?ue ????e
????a?y ? ??a ??? ????i ??????ey ? ????. Y?, ???i, ? ???ue XVII a., a
???e ?? ??y?a ??e, ??a ?e??? ?????y ? ??a ??e e ??e???y?y ????. I?? ???,
?i ?e ??? ????e ca??? ??y?i e ????i ??? ????ey n ???? ? ???e ????i ???a
?e ???? e ??i ???i.
A ??i ?iy??a ??a XVII ?? ???i ???? ? ?, ?i o ?n ??????? e ????? ???ey.
A ??? n ?? e688 a. ???: “A ?? ??i a ????e e ???… ?? ?, ? ?aey a ?ae,
????y ??? ??e, ???ny a ???o, ?????? ? ?i, ?i i???ue ?a, A??y?, a ?i ??
?i, E???uey, e ???ny ?o, I??, ???th… ? ?i, I???, ????a, ?e ???o”
(N?????, I???? ? XVII a. 282). Aei????ay ??ue ??? ???th ?? ????? ??yae
????ey ???ey, ???e ?e ??ue ??????i a ?????? ??o. I?i, ???, ???, y? ?? ?
???ue, a ???e ???? ????e. I??? ?iu?ey ? a ??i ????e e ???, a ??? ??i a
??????a. I????a o ?n ?? ????i ????i ??? n ???, ?????e n ????. Co ??e
???e ?????, ???, ?i ?????ue.
I??y ?. ???? I??u ???o i ??e e ??? ??????i e ?a???ey? ????? ???: “A? ?
???ue ?i ?oy, ? 40 ??? ? ???o”. A???? y? ??cy ???? a ?i ???, /? ??i ??o,
??a ??? ???. A?e ??? ???, ? e ??i ???ue ?e?o. Y? ????a ???: ?eoi ???ny a
?i ???, ??a ?o ??thu? ???. O?? ????a ??????ny e ???e ???? ?????? ?????i
?ycy n ???e, a ???e ???: “I? ?o? ??? ???? o ???a ?? a ??a ?e ? A???i
???, ?a ??tho, e ?o ?a?ue; ?? ? ? ??tho, ???e ?o 10 ??? ???a”.
(???i-E???? A?u. I?????). Y?o ????, ?a???? ???? I??a, ?? ?uy??? ? ?????
y?? ??? ???iy? ?iy??a: ??o ??o, ?? ? ??atho ????a ?????ey. O?? ?e ?y?
??o e o ?n ?? ??i ??? ?? i????i. E o ?n, ???i, ?? ????th??y ????, ???a
???e ???ey e ????? ???e; ?? e ????a, ???a ???e, ?????? ? ??e e ???a? ???
??e.
N ???? ???e, ? ?? ?y??ey ???, ??? ??? ??e ???i ??th?y ?? e ??. O??
???i, i??a ?i ?????? ?a ???? ? ??? ??e, ??i ?? ?a ??? ???a ?????. A ????
I??a ?? ??uey, a ???e ????a ?????aee ?aeyo ???? ? ?????th ??? ??e ???i.
4-y ??uey III ?. ???o. ?i ??a ??? ss???a ???y ?i ?????ue e ???? “???a ?
???, ? ??? ny ????”. N?? y?e ??? ? o? ????i, ?e ?????i ??tho. Ec e??ene
? ??i, ?i ??i ?e ???? e ??? ???e ss???a. A? ?e A???? ?y?i ???ue ?
?????ey ?? a ??? ?ycy. E???? ???? ??? y?o “????? ??? e ??i”. Eiy??? ??,
??????i, ?? ???? ?a ? A????. I??e ? ???? ???, ??iy??i ??ue, ???i, ?a
??iee. A? ?????? ???e ss???a ??o ??iy? ??? ? ?i, ?i ?e ?????? ?????
??ue, n ???th ??i ?a ?????? ??i. Ii e y? n?????. I? “???? ? ???” ??i
???? e ? ??ue, a ???oth ??ue, ????th ?ae ?ey?? ??????i ????????. I??e ??
???ey ??e ??e ????y e ?y??th A???? ?y??. Ii ??? y? ? ??? ????a. “E
????ny ????, ???o ????oe, ?oa ???? A????: ? ?i???y ?????, ??i ? ???e ??
Ii ? ??: ?thny ??a. I? ? ?? ?o: ? ????i ?e ? A?a ? ??ue ??, a ??? ?
????a; ???o ? ???e ?????”. A???? ? ????e y?? ??? ?? ??ue. I?i???? y?
?????, ???, ? ??i. I??????? ? ?????? ???e ????oe ???o i ?????e A???? e
????th ??th e ?ith, o.a. e ??i. O?? ? ?????? ??i ?? ???i e ???a, ?e
ss???a; ???y ss???a ??e ia?e ?i ????i e ????. N y?e ??e ??ey ??uey ????
????? ????????? ??e. I? ???? ???ey i ??y?a ?y???i ?aea:
“Ii ss???a ? ?? ??????y ??? ?i: Ecy??, Nay???, A???ae e ?? ?, E?iy??,
I???, I???, e ???? ???? ? ???, ? ??? ? ????; a ?i ?a y?? ss??? ??e, ???
e ??? ?i ????a”.
N?? ??? ??oth?e: ???y ss???a ?aeyo ?e ?, ?e ??e ? ??, ? ??i ??th???,
??iy?i a ?i, ?i ?e ???? ???a ? ??? (o.a. ??ue) e ??e ????? ??i.
I? y?i ????e ??oe ??? ????? ??????o ? ???: ?a ? n????a ????y e ????
?y????e n??? ss???a e ???ey? ? ?????? n ???? ?y????ueth ???? ss????. Ec
?? ???: “a ?i ?a, y?aea ss??? ??e, ??? e ??? ?i o???a” ???o, ?i a ???
??e ??e??ey ?? ?? ??a i ???? ?? ss???a: “???a ? ???” a ??? ??e ? ?? e ??
???? y?? ?aea, a ? /a??y ??ue. Y? ???? ?y?y ??? ???? ???i.
Iu ? ??i, a ??i, ?? ??a??? ??? “???y ? ???”. N?y ? ??? ??? “? ss???a ??
????a?ny ??? ?i”, ?? ???, ?i ??ae ?y?e ??iy?y ??? ? ??? ? i?a, ??a ?a ??
?a o ?? a ?iy?. ss??? ?? a 1054 ??. Iu ia ???i ??? ?? ???, ?i ??? ???y ?
???” ????a ??e ? ???a ??? 10 ?o ??a ss???a, o.a. ? ???a 1064 ??. A a
1070 ?? ssi-A???, ?ae ?ycy Nay?ne?, ??????? a ??? “???y”, ??e y?????
???a ? ??ue ?????: ? ? ????. N?? ss?: “??? ??o” ????tho, ?i ???y ??ue ?a
????? e ? ??? a ???? ?????, ? e a ?i ?????i. A?e ?ae Nay???a ?ua?o e
???e ??e, ??? ???, ?i ?y? Nay??? ???e ?.
I??a ???y? ss???a ??e a ???? XI a. ????ey?ny ?i ?????? a? e ???, ?i a
?i. A??a ??ue, ?e ??i, ?????? a XV e ?? a XVI ??.
N ??????i ???, ?????ea ????ny, ?e ???? ?y?????, – ???e ??a. N???ay y?o
??? ????y n ??ueth, ?? ??? e ??th??th, ?i ???????a ??? ???????o i
?a????i ?y??? ???. I????i ? ?e?a ???o a ?i, ?i ???? ??a ???? ??o, ?i
???o, a ?a?????, ????y ???tho ???? ????a?i. A? ??ae: ????, a ???i ??? e
???ny ??i ???? ??? ???, ??? ?? ??iy? ? eth?e ???.
E?o ? ?? ??i? C?? ??i ????ue ??y. I?????? ??i ya?ny ?e ??? ??e, a ???
?? o? a ??? ???ey: ?i ?? ??i i??ue, ?o e ???e ??i. I???, ??? n ???i
???????e ???, e ??c?? ? ?????? ????o ????e ????; ?aae????e ??? ??? ??
??a ????u n ??????. O?? ???i, n ???? ???e ??e ???? ??i ?y? e ?i ???.
E?? ?????? ??e o ?n a ???a ??y ??i? *? ???ny ???o ???a ???? I??u, ? a
????? ? i? ?y ??? ????? ??a?y ? ??: ????? ??? “???i-? ??? ? ???” ?e
“???i-? ??? ? ??o”. A ???o ??? ???? ???a?: ?? e ???o, a a ?????o: ??,
??????i, ???o e ??.
Oa ??a, ???y ?a a ??? ?ycy, ????? ??th *(83). A 29-e ?. III-e ?ae. ???:
“?? ??o ?? e ??ae? ?? ?e ???o, ?e ??, ?e ?i, ? ????a, 20 ???, a ??
(???????) ? ?e (???) 10 ???”. Ec y?e ??? y?i, ?i ????a, 20 ???, ?i ? ???
??????o, a ?ycth. Ionth? ??th??, ?i e ??ay ?? ?? ?ycth. E?? ?ycy, ???e
??o e ??????. A ?????eyo ???? ??a ?????a? ??o ?????? “???e???”, a ??a
??? ?????eyo ?a ??? ????ny ??? “???”.
E?? ?? e ????y a ??? ?ycy ?e ?a ???e. O? ????? o??u, ???a ????ue ? ?a
??? ?a????y, ??e ????, ????a ?? ?e ??, ???a ??a e ?. *? ???a ?? ?ycth,
y? ?y? ????y a ???? I??a: “a ?ycth ???a” (III ?ae. 46).
*??? ??, ?????? ? ????a?e ??? ??????e, ???? ???????, ???a a I??a ??o
?????? ??a (III ?ae. 109 e 116). I? ??? ????ny ??a ?? ?? a ?o ??ayo, ??a
????ay ?? ? ??a ?? ????? ??i (??), e ???a, ?????o ??ath (???, III ?. 47)
?e ?????? ????a (III ?ae. 105). A?e ??a ?? ni???a ??i, ? ?? ?? ??????
??a (III ?. 57)e ? ?? ????o ??ayo ?????nue ???y ??.
I??y ???ey ???e I??u ???o ??? i ???i ???????: i ??a ? ??? e ??a ? ??o;
?? e ???e a ?e ? ???ath?y. He i?? ????ue ???? ???eth. ?i ???ay ??a ????
?e ??i ??e, e ?i ?a ?????? ???? ??a a ??co ?ycy. A?u e ???e ?????? ??iee
??????a e ??u ? ??o e ? ? ???th. E?? ? ?e ????? I?e ?iy??e ???yo, ?i ??
????ue ?a ?e A????, ? e ?e ?i y? ? ?? ???ue, a ????a ae?? e ??a. E?e,
??a a ??? ??? ???? o ?n ??i, ?a ??? ??? A????. I??o ? ?a ????? i??e ????
I??u? Ae????, ?i y? I??a ?? ????? a ? ??y, ??a ???e a ??? ?ycy ?a ?
??????, ??ue ???, ?i y? ?? ???i ? A????. I?? ???, ?i ?????y ????? I??u
??e ?i??e ??? a ??? ???o ?oe, ?i ??? a ??? ?ycy, a ??io ? e ? ???o i ?o.
I???o, ?????y ????? ???a ??? ??a c??atho ?y??? ??, ?i ????a, a i??o,
???eyy ??, ? ????? i ?e???.
A ??? I??u ??? ?????? ?? e ??? a ??? ??? e e ??????eth ath?????i. Ii
??? ? ?a ??? I??u ???yo ? ??o ??o ????. I???y ? y?, ??? ?ae ??? ??? ?? ?
??o ????ue ???eth. A I????o ?iy???, ?e ???, ? ???ey? ??a ???i.
I?? ???, ?i ??aae a ??? ?ycy, ??????ny ? ???th ??i?i ???a, a ??? ???? n
?i e ? ???? ??i. Y? ???a ????? e a ????o ?iy??? ?????i ?a??. Ii ??i ????
?a ?? ?a a y?? ???? I??u *(84). I??a ??? ? ???? a ?? ??i ??a ??? ???e.
Ia ????e ? ???ey i ?i ?? ??cy ??? ???o ??th??e.
Iay???? ???ue ??i ??? ? ????. E? ??? i??, ?o, ?????i, e ??? ?e ???? ?,
???o??a ?????. O? – ?????i. Ii ?????y n ???ey? ? ???a a ???a ??? e ????o
??? ?oe. A ????? ?iy??? ?? ???? ? ?, ?i ?????? ??? ?? ???oue. ???ay I??a
???o ? ???e ??? ??e a ??a ??. Y? ???a ?? ??a. Ai-???, ??ue ??o ???? ?e ?
????? ???? ?y ?oe, n????? ?????? ? ??????i. N y?th ??th ??u ??e ??e
?????ny “a ??th ??”, o.a. a ??th (??? ????o). A?e ?i-?? ? ????? ????
?????? ? ?? ?e a ??a, ????a ???? ?o ????ue ??o ? y?e ????? ??u. N y?e
??e ??ey ??u ??e y?yth?y ?????? ????i ????i, ???? a ???a ??i ? ?????ny,
??? ?i ???, ?o e ????, ??u-????e ???tho ??? ???oth?i, a ? ??y?? ???a ???
???ue ?? (6-11 ? III ?ae,). Ai-???, ??? ???a ?a a ?i ???, ??a ???? a
???? ? ??? ia ?e ???i. Y? ?y????, ??thuay ? ?? ??? ??e (5 III p.).
A ???? I??a ?? ??uey, ???ay a ??i ??? ?????o e ??ue ? ??? ?? Y? ??uey
??????a ?e: “A ? ??? e ? ???? ? ???ue ??e (a E?. “??”), ?a ??a ? ??tho,
? ?atho ?i”. (20 III p.). N??y ? ??? y?ay. Ii ??? ???o ??ue ???, ??
????? ??, ? ? a??. C?? ? i ?????a ?? ?o; ?????? ? ???a ??????y
??????ueth ???i. I?? ????, ?? oa? ??e, ??? ?????e ???e, ? ???? ?o ???ey,
? ??o ? ?????ny, ?? ? ?? ????? ?e e ???. O? e ?iye y? ??ueth E?????. Ii
????e ??? “i ??yo” ??? “? ???”: ??e ????y ??e: ??o??a ?y?e ??o ??ue
??????. E a ??? ??? ????? ???? ???u oy?ytho ?i ??e ?y?? ???. Ii e a ?o
?????y, ? a ??a y?? ????. A ???? ???a O?th?a AE???????, ??? ??i E??i e
i?????e ? ?y I??? O?i?i??, ???: “A ??o o ?o ? ??? ???i ???? ???? ?e ??th
????o, a ? ???o ?i ??i, e ?? ?o e ????a ?o, e ???y?i (???) a ?i ?? ?o e
???e ?o”. A. Y. O. N 37. E io ???? I??a, ???i, ??ue ? ???a, an? ? a?i
????a e ??? ?????a ? ? ?? ????.
Y?o ??y?e ???? ??e ???ny o ?n ?????i ??i. Iu ????ny n ?i a ???? ????
XIV, XV, XVI a. e ?? XVII.
A ???? Ae???e ???a 1398 a. ?o?i: “A ? ??? ?o???, e ?e ??o ?????i 10
?a.; a ? ???oth ?? 30 ?e, a ? ?ithth 15 ?e, a ?? ???o ??”. O? ??ay
?????ey e ??? ?? ??a, a ?? ?? ????? ? ?, ?i e a ???? I??a i???? ???? ??i
?ycy e ???? ?i ??o ? ???? e ???o ? ??? ?????ey, a ??a ?? e ?????? ????
??i, ???e ??ue ??? ??e. I?? ??????o ???? ??ue n ??? ?????, ? ???? ?
I??a, ???? ????a y?o ?? ?????; ??? i ?? ?ae? ?? ???ue, ?i ?a ??y??
??????o. A ???? A??? ? 1552: ? ?eth???a ??? ?? ????a, ?aeyo e ????tho ?
??? e n ?????a ??? ?e ??yo”. O?? ???i e a XVI a. ?? i ?????a ??o ????
?????? ?ea, ????? a ????th ??o.
I??? ???? I??u, ? ???? ? ??? ??o ?y???? ???ue e ??? ??yi ?????a (2 II
p., 5 III), ??a ????? ?? a XVI a. A ???? ???a ????i ???y?i 1554 a. ???:
“A ? ???ny ????a, e ?e ??o ?????i e ????i e ??? ?????i ?? ? ??? 4 ??y”.
A ???? ???a N????? ????y 1564 a. ??i ???y?i y? “??a” ???a ???i ???? –
????? e ???i, ?i ?a ?????y ? ???i, o.a. ?a?????ny ? ??.
Ae?a ???u ???? I??u ???tho ? XVI a. Ii ?y?yth?y e ??a, a ???? ??? ????i
?iy?ny. Ae???y ???a ??o ?? a ??? ???a ??oyi, a ???a ??????? ???? ??e; ?
a ??? ??a ?? ? ?iy??a ?? ???? e ??o ??oyi. A?a, n??????, ??o ???a ????
????i ????y ???. A??ay ???a ??? ?? ???o ???a.
I???ey I???? ??? ???u a ?????? ?a ???e ???ytho ?o ? ????. I?? ?ycth ??o
?????ea ???e. I??? ?????ny ? ??o a?? ?-?ae ??a, ? ??o ??a, ??, ? ???,
??? e ????. E?? ?ycy, ???? ??? ?e ?a ??????ue e ??????i: ? ?e ? ??? ?o e
p., ? ???? ??? 2 p., ? ?aaeo ??a ? ??? ??? (120, 117, 112), ?e e ? ????
I??a
A N???? 1497 a. ????? ???a ??????? e ??o a ??? ???e; ii ???a ??????? ??
???e ??? ??oyi. A??i ??e ???e, ???? a ??a, ??? ?e ?????a, – ???ny ???th,
a “???i” ???ey?ny ? ?i “????, ??yi ? ?? ??? ?, /? ??o ?? ????y (8). A a
??a ??? ???i: “A ? ??o o ?? ???, ?i ???i ????e, e ??? ??o a ?i ??? ?
???, a ???ue n??ueth”. Ec y?? ?? ??th??, ?i ? N???? 1497 a. ??a ??a ?aea
????? ???, ?e ? ??? 10 ?? ? N???? ? ??th?y ???iy???a a?u, ???? a ???
??a, – a ? ?c??? ???th. A??????a ??????i, ?e ??? ??e, ???? o ?n aei ??a
XV ?? e ????? ?y?i n ????? ????y?.
N ??y?? ?????? ???? ????ue e ?i ????a ??i, a ??? n ?i e ??y ???a ????e,
a ?a?i: ???ay ??ue, ???? ????y, ?????a e ????????a, ???? ??, ????a ?e e
o. i. Y? ???a ????e ????a ? A???e. I?????? ???i-???y ???a ?????y ??a
??iith, e ?? a ????o ???o e ? ????? e ?????eyi, ???a ???u ??i-????
i?????ey?, ?????y n ???i. I?????y ?y? ? ??i-???? ????a, a ????y ???y,
??i. Ii ??-?-?? ??y ???a ????o ?aa ?? e ???o ????o.
I??a ???? ? ???ae ??o i???? a ?? ???? ????y e ?y??th A???? ?. Iu ?? ?a
??e ??? ???? ?i. A ???a ????a A????: “? ????ny ?????, ??i ? ???e ??” ??i
??? ???? ? ?; ?i a ? ??y ? ?? ????o ????e (a ?????? ???), a ???n???a
??ue e ??i. “Ii ?, o.a., A????, ??: ?thny ??a”?y? ? ???o ?a ? ??th ??a
???ue. Ia y? ???? ???? ?o: “? ????i ?e ? A?a ? ??ue ??” – ??i ???i,
???ny ??e ??yae ? ?ycy, e? ? ??????y ???, ?ath?e ?????? ??????a, e
?y???i ???ue: “???i ? ???e ?????a. A???? ? ??? ?? e ??e ???ue ?????a”.
E?e, A???? ??? ?? e ??e ???ue ?????a. Y? ??a ????? y?u, ? ??i a ????
???o ?iae???a, ???a ? ??? ?iy?i: “E ?? ???? e ??? A????; ?? ??a, ?a ??,
? ? ??? e ? ??e ??”, o.a. o ?n ??i ??tho ??u, ?? ??ue ??, ? ?e ??? ? ???
e ? ??e. “E ?? A?ae??: ?? ??. E ?ay? A???? ? ????th ?ith e ??th”.
N?????y, ?e ????ue y?o ??oe n ???i: ??? ????y, ?i A???? ??? ?? e ??e
???ue ?????a, a ??i, ?i A???? ??e ???ue a?u, ???i ??, ?e ??e ?i ?? e
?ae? I??? ??y??ey yo?i ??a ??? O??. Ii ???, ?i ??ue ?ae? ?????? ???e, ?i
???? e ??? ??e ?a ????y n A????i. N??a ?e ???e ?o, ?i ?, ?e ?y?, ???
???ue ?????a e ???? ??. Eiy? ????? y?? ???; ? ??i ????ue, ?i ?c ?? ???
????, ?e ?e ?? ?? ?????? ????? ???. A? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????a, ? ???i
???? ?????ue, ?i ?? ??ue ??i, ??? ?i ?? ??i; y? ??? ?? ??y? e ?y?i, e
??ue ??a ???o??ue e ????th ?ith e ??th, Y? ?uy??? ??i ??y?.
Iu ????e ?a ? ?, ?i a ?. 23 I ?. 4-e e 88 III ?. ??i ??? ??e ?? ???ey e
?i ???? ??e ss???? A??????i e ??? y?? ?????ey ?i ???y?. A 88 ?. ???:
“ss??? ???? ??? e (o.a. ??, ???o?i ????? ??), ? ??? ?i, ? ??, ????a ?
??: eth? ?? e ??ay??a, eth? ? ?y? ??? ?i ? ??i”. C?? ?? ?? ? ???o ss???a
e ???e ?i. O????ue ??ue ??, ?e ????a ??tho, ss???, eth??? ???? ?????y e
???e, ?????e ??????e ?ay?, ? ?a; ? a y?i e ????? ? ??, ?i ??ue ????
?????? e ? ??. I?? – ????? ??ay, a ? ?????. I????ue ??ue ??cy, ? ?? ???
a ???. O ?? ?o ??e a ???, ?o e ? ?????th ? ????? ?. ss??? ?a ????ue
???oth ??ue ?ao ? ????o ??: y? ??o ?y??? ??a ??e ????. N??uey ss???a ??e
??? e ??e ???? ???i? ??, ??? ??e, e ??, ???i, ? ????o ??. Ii ?e ?? ? ??
a y?i ?????. Oe???? ??a ss???a, ?uy?yy ?????e ??ey ?y?y, ?????? ??? ???e
???????, ????o ? ?o ?iy?a ????y; ???? ?? a ??? ???? ??? e ???uy, i ???o
????ny ?e: “a ?y? ???”. I????? ???? ? ?n ????o ???a ?????a: ? ?i ???
?????? ?y?y ??? ??? ???, a y?i ?????y ??cy; ??cy ?????y e a ?i, ?i n
i?iy?? ?????? ????ue ???? e ??a ?????ey: ??? ???, ???e ??????? e ?., a
??a e a ?i, ?i ? y? ?????ey ?????ue ???? i???ey, ?e a Y??a e I????. E?e,
?????ay ???a ????e ???? ?i??? a ?? ???? ?a i? ??? ?????? ?y?yo, ? ?
???y? ???oth. I???o, ?? ?????i ?o?? ?y ?ay ???? ??ue ???? ?ie. a ??? e
???y? ? e ??i ?????eyi. Y? ????? ?iy?i; ?e n???e ???a ??a????? ???, ?? ?
?????ey ??e ???ue ? ??? ?????.
A ???? I??a ???i e ??? ?? ?ey?y ??i-???e ???u. I? i??????y a ??ueyo, a
???o ????y i ??? e ??????. Ii ???? I??a ??? e ???a??th ???? ? ??, ???a
???? ??? ?y ??n???? ?????y, ??? ?????, ????a?, ???a ??. A 10 ?. III ????
????y: “A?? ? ?? ? ??? ?c ?y?y ??u, ? ? ????? eth? ? ??yo, ? ??aeyo e
??i n ae?ith e n ??? ? ??e e ??????”. E?e, eth? ? ??yo ? ????, ?a???? a
???, e ?i ????? ? ???, a ???ny n ??th e ??? ? ??e e ??????.
A ?i ? ???o ????a ??? e ?????ey? Ia ????e ??? I??u y? ????a y?y?ny ??
?iy??. Aeey ??y??ey ?i ??i ????ny e ?iy??? ??????i ????????. Ec ???ey
??y??o ????a ?????? ?i??? ????i ???????? n ?????, ?????y, ?i ?i, ?a a
????a ????y i ?????e e ???, ?y ?? ????y?? ????a publicatis bonis
relegantor, a ???i ???? ??o: “?????u ??a, ? ??iy?y”.
I?y?a ?????e ?????e ???? ??? “??????”. Y? ? ????a ????i e a ???? I??a,
?a ?ae ???i e ??????i ??a ??i ???? ?????th ????a ?????a e ??? ?i a
????a.
E?e, ??e e ?????? ?? ?a? ?ae ????y, ????e ?ae ?ey?? A???e. Y? ? ??, a
???a ??i ????a e ???u. O??a ?? ?????o ?????a ? ??????y, a ??ue ?a ????i
?????ny e ?i ? ???ny ?ycth ?y ????y (??e, ????).
Y? ?????ey ?????ny o ?n e a ?iy??? XVI e XVII a. A ??? ???a
O?th?a-AE?????e?, ??? I???i O????? ? ???a ??y E??, ???: “A ?i ??? ??? ?e
?????a ?e ??? ?e ???…, ?i ?? ?e ?i??? ? ?????? ???a, a ?i ? ?i ????y
???a, e ? ???? ? ?iy ??y e ?e. ?ycy”. Y? ?io???y ??i ????a. A ??a a ?i ?
?iy??a ???: “A ???a eth? ??o ???… ?? e ???? y?????? e ???o ? ?o a ?i,
e ?o y???? ?? ???, a ???a ? ? ???e”, o.a. ? ??????. A. Y. O. N 36. A ??i
???i i??a ?? ?????i ??i ??????. ss?e i?y??? XVI e XVII a. ??o ???ue e
??y?a?th ????e I??u.
Ae????? ??a ? ??, ??a ??????y ??????i ??a i ????????o ????yo ???? a ??
???, e ???y? ? ii ??? ????eth ? ?i, ???i, ????e, ?i ?e ??n?otho ?, ????
???. I?????? ??e? E?a ?????o a 1053 a. ???ue ??? ?? ?n e ?a ??. A 1189
a. ???ee ????? ?????o ???ue y?e, ??? ??oth ?? e ??oue ?e ?????o ???a
O???. A 1485 a. ?o. ??a???? A???e ???o ???eth ????. I??th ???y?, ???e ??
??a ???a ????? a A???e, ???atho e ?? ?y?y. A 1097 a. Ae??, ?????? ?y?, e
Nay??? ???? ??ieytho A???i, ?ycy ???????. A ???? XII a. th?? ?y?y a ??o
– ??? ????eyo ?????th?y ?a i ????? ???? ??e. A Ae???e ?. 1398 a. ???ay
??ue ?oth ? ??ueth ??o ?? ????? ????a.
O?? ???i, n ??ue ???? ????e, n ?ycy A????, ?????i ???th ??th, ????ny o
?n ??????a ?????? ???u ????e. A??a n ?i ????o e ?i e ?ay i ????i ????a
????o ????e. I????e ae??i ?? ???i ? ?y ?????aiey ??????i, a ?y ??????ey
????a ?????a, ?y ????a ??a ??i ?????y ???a. Ec ???i N???? ??i ??th??, ?i
?a ? ??a XV a. o ?n ?????a ???y ??a ??ey ? ????a e ??, ??????? ?? e ??y?
???o ??o eth?e, ????y ???th ??????o ? ??e, ?? o ?? ? ?? ?????o ???a ?y
??????ey ?????o ? ???a. N???e ???a ?????? ??? ?? ? ???? ??o a ?i ???, a
e??? ???th.
A ?iy??? XVI a, ??a ??????a ?????? ???u ???i ?a ?????? ???, ????i
?????? ????? ????o ????e e ???u ???a. A ??? ??? 1549 a. ???: “E ???? ?oy
??atho a ??? ???, a ???? ? ??, e ? ? ? ?i ??, ???y ??? ??, ???? ??i, a a
???a ?o ?? ????? e ????? e ? ???; e ?e ????? e ????e e ? ??u ? ?? i???
?ith ??y, e ? a, ???? ?a?a, ?o ??e ???, ?a ???i, ? ??? ? ? ??e aii”. A.
Y. I. N 224. C?? ????u ???a ??. I??u e ????a ????a a ??a ??a e ???y ?
??e, ???a, ?? ???, ?ei ???? e ??a ????? ????e.
Ao. XVII a. ??y ???a ???? o ?n ?????a ????i. I????a ??????i ????? ?a ?
a ??i? ????, a a ?eyo ????ey, ?y ??, ??u ????? ???a.
A?y?a A???e ? ?????a ???? ???u ????? ????e ? ??o ????ue ???eth. Ii ??cy
?????y n ?? ?i ?????, ?i ?c y?? ?ey?y ? ?e e ? ??e ? ????? a ????i ??a.
Y? ??ue ?????i. AE????ue ???y ? ? ??, a ec ???. I???? ????? ??y?e ??e a
?????e ???e ????ey? ????? ??? ?????: ???? ??? ?tho, a ??i ??tho; a eth?,
?e ?????a, ?????? ?? a ??a ? ???.
To ?e ??? ????a ?? ????y, ?????i, ??? ????ny e ? ?? ????yo ???u ????e.
????? y? ????e.
1) I?i ? ?????? ???a ??c?ey ???o a ?i, ?i ?i ??? ?? ??????i, o.a. ????a
??? ???? ??? ?????a, a ? ?i ??????a. I? ????e, ???a ??e ? ??? ??????ue
y?? ????eth. Ii a ???a ??y ??????ue ??? ????ey e ai?a ? ?????ue. Ii ????
I??a ????e ????y ? ??e e ?????? n ??th e ???. C??????? ?iy??e I?????
?????a ia ???yo i ????e ???? ??????a ??? n ????e, ? y? ???????. Ae????i
??ii?? ???? ????u E?? A???i. A? ???????y i??e e ????? eth?e ? ??????ue
???? ????. A ???yo, ?????? ??th O???o e ? ??y?o, ???a ?? ??????, ??u o
?? e ??????a ?????a ? ???? e??y, ?? ?e e ?i ?? ? ????u. Y? ???i e a
O???a, ?a ???i: ae? e ??e e ??????a ????i ? ???ue e ??? o ?o ? ????, ??
?e ?i ??? ? ???. I???y ? y?, e ??a O???y ????ue, ?i ??? n ???? i????e e
???? ??????a. Ii e a O???e ????a ??? ? ?? ????i ?????i ???????i. A?e
??y?i ??? /??-?? ???y??, ?, ??? ????? ????y, ? ??? ?e ?? ??????? ??????
??? ????o. Y? ??????? ??iy? a ?i, ?i ???e ??? ?e ??? ??? ???i ???y?? n
??th ?i e ??????e ???. Aeey y?? ???y?? ????th ???? i?? ????? ??i
??????ue ?e ??c??, ???? ? ? ????. Ii ??ai ?e ???? ??o ????? ??e, ????e,
???a e ?. ??????a e, ???oe, ? ??i, ?a ? ???y. A 1657 a. y? ??????a ??
????. A a 1680 a. ????? ??, ???i ?????? ??e ???ue n ??? e ???, ???i 3
?aea e ??a; a a 1682 a. ????? ???ue ?????a n ???, ???a ? a ???a.
2) I???? ??? ?? ??? ?y a?o; ?e ?????e ????y ??? ???oue ???? ??? ? ?????
?y?a, ? ?? ?iy??ey ?? ??, a ? ??a?????ny ????i ????? ??. A ????oth y??
?e ?????e ????y ???? ???? ? ????a ????a ????i, ? I????a ?????i ??a ????i
??? ????? ????ey, ?i e?????ay ???y XVIII ??. A I????i ??ae??? ? ??
????????o ?oe, ???a ?? ? ?????u ? ?e??? ????e ? ? ???????, ?e ??????e.
N????? a ????yo ???e?ue a ?i, ?i ????a eth? ?????? a ????o ??ayo ???
???o: ??i? ???eo ??, a ???? – ???, ???o ???, ???? – oth?? e o. ae.
I????, ?? ??i, ? ??? ???o, ???o ??-?? e ?? ? ?? e ???o ???i, ??? ?e
????, ? ???? ? y? ???? ??e; ? ?? ? ? ???o ?i ????, ? ?????ny ??? ????
???? ??ueth (XXII, 11, 12). A?e ??i ?e ???y?i ?ue? ??? ? ?e ???y?? a
??iy?e ?uey??y, ? ?????ny ???; a ?? ?? ???o ?i ?y??e, ? ??th??ny a oth??
e ??? ??e ???i (XXI, 69, 71). A ?????eyo ??a ??? ??? ???ey ????i.
3) I???? ? ??? ???? ??? ???? e ???ue ?i ??. Y? ????? ????? ????? I?????
????o?. N?? ???????i ????? ?? ?/????, ??iy?a a ????? ???? ????? ?? e ??
a ?????? ??. Y? ???a ????e ??o a ?y?e ?y? n ??th ????ey.
4) I???? ??? ?? ? ?????e ????i e ??????i. Y? ????? ??o a ?y? n ????i
??, ?i ?ae ?e????e ? ?????, ?i a??a ??i ????y ????? ????a, e? ? ??????i
??e ? ????? e ??? ??. I? ??????e ????o e ??????o ????e, ??? ?? ??o ??
?????. Ii y? ???? ?????e e ??aa????e ? a ????? ?? ???a ?? ????yi. I??e?
?a ?y??y ????y, ????? ??????u ??? ???? ???, A ????? ??y ?????e ?????a e
???????a ????y: ???ay ??ue e ???? ?e??ey; ???a na??u e ???? ??? ??e ??ue
??????? ????.
5) I???ey ??? ?? ???. Y? ????? ????e ??o a ?y? n ?????i ??????i ??
?????. ????ay ???ue ????? ????? ??o e ???eth a ?? ????y. Ionth? e ????
?????, ??u ????a ?? ?e?i. A I????i ?????a a ???i ?????? e ????a ????y e
???a, ??., ??, ???. Ii y? ????a ? ????, a ?????ue, ?????i, ?c ?y?e
?????? ??, ??? n ????e “?? ???i”.
N ??e ??ey ???? ?????y ???i ????e ???atho, ?-1-o, ???o ????? ??????
????e; ?-2-o, ???????th ? ???o ??eth?i ?????i?o ????e e, ???oe, a-3-o,
???o ?????? ??????o ????e. I? ????? ?????ith ???? ????ny ??? ?????a a
??? ?? ????y ? ????a ??????. I? y?e ???a ??a ? ???ny ??? ??? ???, ?e ???
??????ny a ?i, ?i ??a-oi ?????? n???? e ??i ????i ????ue ????a, ?????a a
???. A??th?i ??????ay ???a ???o a ?i, ?i ?????? ?uy?y? ????a ?y?y
?????e, ? ? ???ey? ie ??, ? ??, ? ???e ????y, ?????yy ??a ?a y? ?????.
I? y?e ???a ?????y ????? ???? ?y????e ??e a ????????ue ??eth?i ??????
???a. N??? ??o ?th e ??ith ???? ???a ????e?i ?????? ????e, ???y ???o a
?i, ?i ?????? ia ??? ?uy?y? ????a ?y?y ?????e, ? e ???ey? ?ae ????y e ?i
minimum e maximum (??., ? ??a ? ?????? ????ony oth??? ??th??a ? 1 ? 3
?o), ???y ? ?????e ??ay. Y? ???iyy ???a e ?? ??y ???i???y.
I??ay? e ??? ?iy???, ??i, ?i a ????? ??????? ???a ????? ?????? ????e,
??., a ???? I??a. A ?iy??? ?????i ???e ??i ?????y ? ??eth?i ???????e
????y?. I? ???i ?a???atho ??? ????a ? ?????eth, ?e “??ae?ue ???”, ?e
“????, ???y ? ??”, ?e “??? ???? ????a, ?i ????ue ???”. E ??i ?????
??????? ????yi ?? ???e ??a e ??o. N???y ??ue ? ??? ??a ???? ?????
??????i ????y, ?e ?e ?ae ? ? ??? ???ey?y ?a?y? O???y; ?? e ??? ???ath?y
?????i ?c ????y ??, ? ??? ???ey?ny “???i” ???? ???. I??????, ?ay a ??
?????, ?a ?a? ?? ????y i ??? ?????? ?? ????y ?? ??, a ??? ??????o ????e,
a ??iy?i ??? n??, ??e ? ????i a ????? ?iy???.
1) A??th ??th ????y ?? ???ay ??ue. A O???e ?????y ? iy? ??a aa. Ii ?i ?
?????o ?? ??a, ????y??ny ? ????. I????y ???? ??a ?????oth ???oth ??ue e
????????th. E ?????? ??i ???e: ????a ???, ????a e ????a. I???? ????i
???? ??e i??? o???y. A O???e ?i ???y?ny e ???i ethaeyi, ????th?i e
??ey?eth. E ????????e: ????, ??aiy??ny ? O???th e ??????i; ???ea ??o a
??th. Ii O???th ?e ??c??e ?i ? ???? ??e. N?????e ?????tho, /? a ??i
????e ?e ??? ???? a ???a ?? n??, ??, ???oe, ? ???e. Ei ? ae??e ? ??, ?
??, ? ???y? ???? ???ue a y? ??? ? ???o ???? ???. N???? ???i, ?i ?????i
?????? i ?o e ???i i ?????e. A ??i ??? ???ay ??ue ??iy?? ?????. C??? ??a
??????i ???? ???? ? O???th ???? ???? ? ?????oth ???o ???. *??????
?????ue ?????i ?n??ey ?e, ?a e, ??a ??, ???. E????? ??iy? a ?????? ???
?? ???? ??? ??? e ??i ??????? ??i ???i ???? ??e ? ?????a ??????i ???.
E?? y? ?????ue ????? ???.
O???a, ???ay ???oth ??ue, ? ??? ??ayo ia ???ey? ?? ??e. Y? ????o ? ?,
?i a XVII a. ? ????e ???? ???ey ???eth ??a e ? ??ue ????? i ?????? ??o
??i ??e e ???ueth ??.
I?????? e ???? ??e ???ee ???? ?????. Ii O???th ? ae??e 6 ??? ?y ??y?y,
??a ?? ?e ?????ue e ????th. E?? ?????ue ? 3-e ?? ??a ????y. I??????? e
??e ???? ???y ????. E ??o ??e ? ?e n ????e ???? ???. Ii ????? e a ?e
?i??ey ???o ?? ? ???e.
A ????? ??? ???ay ??ue ?????ue ???i ??? a ?? ???, a a ???????? ???y??
??? ????a. I???? ???a a 1660 ?? ?? ?a???i i ????o ???? ??c ???ue ?ae
???ith ??eth; ? ??a a ?i ? ??? ? ????? ????i ?? ?? e ???ue a N??ue
(N?????, I???? a XVII a.).
2) O???a ????y. I? ?? ??ue ???u a I????i ?????a e ????y?? ? ????a ???a.
I? ???? ????? ???tho ? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??, ? e ???? ?????a. Iiy??
?e ???yth?y ? ?a ??: 1) ? ???? ????y ?????a e 2) ????????a.
I? ????????? ????y? ???a?y ?iy?a ??? (??, ?a, ??). I? ???y?? o ?n, ? ?
O???y ?? ?? ??????? e, ? ?? ??iy???, ???? e ?i ? ??i-???? ??a. O??i ??
????y ???? ???u a A???o ???o. A ??? ????????o ????e ??o ??ue i ??ay?e
??????i ?a ca ?i, ?????a ??????i. A????? ?? ??i ??a ???? ?? e o. ae., ?
???o: ?i ? ?i, ?a ? ?a. 10-y ??uey XXII ?. O???y ???o: “A ?? ?i ??? ?ae
?i ?????a ???????: ???o ?? ?e ??, ?e ?n ?e ?i, e? ?? ???o ?e ?? ?e??, a
? ??a ?i ?????? ??? ?o ? ? ???e”. N?? ???????i? ????e ?? ????ue
???iy???a e ?????. N???y???? ?? ??a, ???a ???e ??ay?? ? ?????a ???i??a.
Aeia???a ? ?????ue i? ??? ???iy???o ????yo. I??., ? ??oth ??o ????? ???,
oth??? ??th??? e ???? ??a ?i, a ? ??? ?? ?? e oth?? e ??? ?i; a y?i ???
???iy???i ????? ?e ?? e oth??? ?eeth?i?, a ????a ?a ??i ????? ??a?a, ?e
???a, ??u ??i ?? ??? ????ue ????. A?e ????y a ??a ???e, o ???? ???? ?a
?a, ? y? ???i ????i, ?i ? ?e ?a ?a ?? ???i. I??? ???iy???? ?a???????i
????y ??n??y? ????a ?? e ?? ? ???, ? ???? a ??a e ?.
A????? ???? ????y ?? ??ue ??????? e ? N????i e ? O???th e ???y?? ?
????o ??????. A I????i ?????a ????y?: ??, ??? e ??e. E?o ???ey? ??e ????
?ae ????e y?? ??; ? ????y?y ?????i ??i. I?o. N????? ?? ??a ???? ??a: e
e???e ??y?a ?????y ???? ???e ???oe n ???e ??? ? ??a; e yo? ??a ??y???y
??o ??i ??? ??u, ????e ? ???? ??y ???e ??iy?? ??. A?ue, ???, ???ey, ?i
??o ?????y e ??y ??y?.
3) E??? ???u. N ???? ???u ?????y, ?-1-o, a ?? ???ey ? ???, ?-2-o, a ??
??th??y a oth?? e, ???oe, a ?? ???. E?i?? ????y e ??? ? ??? ???o ??a. I?
????? “???? ? ??e”. “A??ue ? ??e” ??? ???ue ?????a ? ???? ?y??y. N
?????? ???e, ???a ? ??e ca?iy?ny ???th. N??a a I????i ?????a ?????y a ??
????y a ???? th?? ???o, a n ??????? N??? N??e. N??a ??a ???? ?????e ???.
N???? ??ey?y ?e, ?e ??a ?a???ue, ?????y a ?i, a ??e ???ny, o.a. ?e a
???, ?e a ???u, ?e a ??e-??? ??? ??yae ?oe. Oth??? ??th??a ?? ? ??? e ?
?????? ??. I?????i ??? ??y?a oth???i ??th??y ?? ????, ?i e ??? oth?? ???
? ????? ????, a a ? ??y ?e ????? ???i ???????i. I????? ??th??? ?c ????ey
? ??, ??a?o e ? ?? ??????. Co???? ? ?? ??? ??i ?????. I?????, c?eth??? ?
???e, a ????? ?? – ?? ???e, ??? a ???? ? ??? a ??????e ???a e ???ee
????? O???? ???. C?eth??? ????? a ???? ? ????? ???.
4) E??? ??e. E ???th ??e ?i?y?y ????y ?e ??? ??????a, ?e ???y?a, ?e,
???oe, ??y, n ???? ???y?ny ???a ?????o ?e ?????? ??. E ??? ??????i
??ny?y ??a ??? ??u; e ???y?i ??a ??????? ?????y.
E ??????i a I??a ??i ?e???ue ??? ???e, ???y ???y?? a ?????? ???. E
???y?i ?? ???e ???oth ??ue, ??iy?oth a ?i, ?i ?????i ??? ? ???yi e ??? e
?? ??? a ?????e ?a????i ????a. E??? ?? a I????i ?????a ??a ? ?? ????.
Aiy?a e ????? ???nue ??o ??a, ? ?? ??? ??i ? ???y. I????e ??? e oth???
??th???, ? ???e ??a ??th??y, ???y?y a ???e ?? ?i ?e, a ??? ???, ?????y a
??e, a ??i ??a ?????. N??a ?? ?? ?????i a /?, ii ? ??i ??a. A ??? ???i
???? “???? ???, ? c???ue a ???” ?e “???? a ?i, a ??e ???a”.
5) Ae???a ????y e ?????y ????. I???ey y?? ?? a I??a ? ?atho ?a ??
??th????? ???ey, ??i ?e ?e????ue ???, ? e a I????i ?????a ?e ??tho ?a
a??a ???oth ??. E????ey ???? ?oue ?????? ????a a ?????eyo ??? ????
?????, ?a ?i ??iy?i ?????? ???oth ??ue. E?? ??, ?a ?????ue ? ???? ??????
????y e ? ?????ey ??? ??y?a ???. I?e e ??? ???? ??? ?? ??ue ???????, ?e
??a ? ????a e a ????o ??? ??ayo.
A????ny ??? n ????e e n???i ????yi ????e ????e ??. Nth? ??ny?y: ????a
????a a ???, ????a ? ??? e ?.
IV. A?u ??????
I???i e ?????eth ????o ??a ??????; ? ??????? ????? ????? ??????th
??????, ?a ???eo ????? n ????y?.
Any?y ??????y ?? ?? ???ia, ?a ???o ? ??, ?i ???? a ????a ???y. Iu ???
??????th, ??? ???????th a ????o ????? ??a; a ??? ??????th ?????? ?
???eth ??o??o ??. A ???e th????? ??e ????i ??oth?a ?a? ??: ??a ????? ??,
????a, ??? e ?????a; ??? ? ?o ?????o ?? ????a ??a. Iiy?? ????i?ue ??
?????? e ??o ?????y ? ??oth?a 4 ??iu: 1) ?????ey ??? ????; 2) ??? ????a
e ???e ???????; 3) ??? ??? e 4) ??? ?????a. E??y ? y?o ????e ??a??y?ny,
a ?ith ???ue, ? ????i ??? ??i, ???y ? ??, ??a ??? ????ny ??i ?ae???i ??,
??e, ??? ?e ?????a. N y?e ??e ??ey:
1) A ?????eyo ??? ???? ??e?tho: a) ?????ey ??? ??e ????? ??; nth?
??ny?y: ??????a ?? ???a, ???? ??a e ?.; a) ?????ey ??? ???? ?e ???
????i????e: ????a ???, ?i, ??uey e ?.; a) ?????ey ??? ??? ???u: ???????
??th??a, ????a ??? e ?.; a) ?????ey ??? ??e: ?????a ???, ???a e o. ?ae.;
ae) ?????ey ??? ??a??, ??????? ??: ?????a ??e ??????e, ??a, ???, ??? e
o. ae.
2) I?????y ??? ??e e ???e ??????? ??a ???ath?y ? ????i ??? ??i: a) ???
?? eth??y?y, ??????, ?????a n ????, e?????? e ?. e a) ??? ?? ?a????e ???
??a, ??th??y?a, ?????a e ?.
3) I?????y ??? ??? ???ath?y ? ??oth?a ???: a) ?????ey, ????a ?ae ?????i
????i ?y????a, o.a. ??a ????e ?? ? ???; a) ?????a ?e ????a ????a ???i??i
????y; a) ??? ?e ?????e ????? ?????ey; a) ?????ey, ?ath?y ??th ?????a ??
????ey: ???? ??e, ????? ? e ?.
4) A ?????eyo ??? ?????a ?????y ??y ??a ????o ??a ??????, ???y ? ??,
??a ??i ?????a ????. N y?e ??e ??ey ??i ????ue ?????ey ??? ???i?o ??
?????a, ??? ????, ???e, ?????e ??? ?????a e ?. Ini?th ??? ???yo ?????ey,
?????? ??? ???e ?????a e ????????? ??u ????y.
1. I?????y ??? ??e
Ae??? ??i ????o ???? ??e???a e ?????. N?? ????? ???a ???athony ??????
????, ????????a, o.a. ????? ???a ??????, a ???oe e ??a, ???a ???th?y ???
??????.
Ii ???? I??a ? ????i ?e??i ??. A??y ?. ?. 3. “A? ?ueth? i????a o ??e,
?e o ?iy, ?e o ?ay?, ?e o ???a ???, ? ??e a ?a ??i”. A y?e ??? ?? ???
????e ?????i ??y?a ??e. Ii ???ay I??a ???? i ?? e ??ey ??a ??a ???,
?????th?y ????o n ??i. No. 17 – 20: “A? ?tho ?oy ia ??i ??a, eth? o ??e,
?e o ??a, ? ?e ??. A? ? ? ??a ???ue, ? ??e ?i ? ?y? ??. A ?a ? ?ueth?, a
eth? ??? ??? ?y?i, ? ???e a ?i”. ??o??? ?. ???ey?: “I? ??i ??, a ?ae??
?? ? ??a, ?i ??; ?e ??i?ue ?? ca ???, ?? ???e a ?i”. I????? ??? ???ytho
??? ????, ? ???eytho, ???i ?? i??? ? ???? ?y???i ??, ?? i??? – 12 ?.
I????? ?????e, ??????y a ??o ??ueyo, ???o a ?i, ?i ?? ??i ??ue ??????,
?? ? ????ey?ny; ?? ? ? ?e ?ay ?y?? ?e ???ny ??? e ?e i???? e ?? ? ????,
y? ?a i????a ????, ?oy e ???. A y?i ?????i ?? ??? ? ???? ?? ???yo ?a ?ae
?iy?a ?????e ?i?i?. E???? y? ????i ?ae ?ey?? ??????i ??a. A???a ??iu
(XXXIX, 4) ???ytho “a ?? ????i ??ue, ?ee ??cy ?? ?c ?? ???? ?i”. A????
???? I??u: “?a ? ? ??a ???ue” ????o ? ?ey?a I???? c???, ? ???i ???y??
??ue ??a, ? ??? ??th: “?a ??? ??? ??, ???i ?? (???e ??) ???e ca ??”. Ii
a ???th ???? I??? ??i ???e ? ???i. O???i ??, n ???i ????e e ???? ????e
aei ??, ????i, ? ???, ?i ?????? ????: ?i ?????ny 12 ????.
Ii ???? I??a ?y?e ?a ??ue ??????ny ??ae ?i ??, ?? ??ai. Ii e ????a ???a
?? ? ?? ? ??th ??, a ????? ???th i??? ?ycth a 12 ?. e ?????i ??? ????o
(O??y ?. 116). E?eth??a ???ey? ?y??a ??u, ???? ???o ????e?ue ?????? ??e
a 40 ?. (III ?. 3).
I??a ??a ????? ???ue ??a ???i a I?????i ???? n ???e: ?y?a ???? ?? ??o e
??a ??? ???a. Ii Ae???e ??. ? ????i ??? ???? ?? ?i ???e?i, ?????y ? ??y
????y, ?e a? ???????? ????a.
A????a ?iy??e (Wilda, 702) ???atho ?a e ??? ??? ??????i ????. I? ?a
?c????i ??ue ??, ????oth ?????th ????; o ?? mundium, ?o ?a ??ue ?????th
?o ???, ?????th n?ueth eth??y?? ?e ??? n ??i. Ii ????? ???i ?y?e ???a,
???? ????e n ???? ?e ???e, ?a a?ue ?? ?i?????? y?e ???u.
A O??e ??a ?? ? ????i ?e ?????? ??? ???? ?oe, ???? ??y?? ?ay ????
?iy?yi. O??e ?????? ????ue, ??., ????oth?a e ????oth?a ????u.
I?e ???a ?iy??e ? ???yo i ??????i ???? ??, ????? ??, ? a ?? ??, ?i ?i
???? i ???e ?????e ???, ??? ????ue, ??u ???? y?? ?? ?????ue ?e ??????.
I???e ??????i ???? ? ?n??o e ?????o ??o ??? ??o ??e ???. Ii ?????o ??o
y? ????, ?????a a ??a e ??? y?i (Wilda, 705). Ii ???? I??a ?????? ??n??
??i ???ue ???? “a ??a”, o.a. a ??a, a ?????e, ??????i, ?? a ??a. A?
??????ny o???i ? ??, o.a. ?ae ?ey?? ?????i ?????y. E ? e ??? ???? ????
?i ????i, ?i ?i ????i y?i (“? ?a ??? ?? a ??a ?e a ?? – y??i” (O??y ?.
9).
I?????a ???? ????ny ???e ????u e ?? a 40 ?. A?e ?i??e ???ny a ??th ??,
? ?????y ???th ? ???u ??? ?????. A ????i ??? ? ?? ?n ?th ?a??????. A????
??? ????ue ??i ?????.
O???i, ?????a ?c ??a, ?c ??u, ??i, ?????? ?? ????a e ???ey? ? ???? e
?????o ??o ????????a ????, ????? ???a ??????i. A ???? I??a y? ??o “????
a ??? ?c ?y?e ?a?, ???? a ??o”. A???e a ??i ???? ?????ny ??? ia? ????y.
???ay I??a ???o ? ???? a ??o, III I, ? ???? a ???, III 5. e ??? ???o i
?i, ?? ?i “?? ? ??? ?c ?y?a ??u”, ???ay ? y? ????a ?????? ??oth ??
????y, ? ????th: ??e e ????a?a. *? ???tho y? ???u? Ia ??? a ??o ???i ??,
?i i ?i, ?i ?? ? ???, ? ?? eth? ? ?aoyo. Ia y?i ????e ???, ?i ??? “a
??o” ?? ??? a ???, ???e ?c ?y?e ??u (??u), ?y ???,
Ii ?i ??? “??ue ia ?c?e?” Y? ?iy?a ??a ???a, ?i ?iy?a ????. Ae??????,
??i ????ny ???i, o.a. ??????? ?iy?? ??? ????a e ?c ????; ? ??i ? ???
???ue, ???ue, ????ue e ?. E a y?i ??? a ????? ??. I??u ?i ??o ??? ?????
i?y??e. A XV ?? ??ay ?? ????y, ???ay ??ue, ????a o ?n ? ??o ??? ??oe, ?
?? ???o (??o ethae?) ?????a e ??e e oex, ?i o ?ay ?????a ??? e ?i a y?
i??? ????o e ???o o? ????th e ???oth ??y?, ??? ??, ???th??y ???i, ?e
????. I???i, ?i y? ??a ??? e ????a ??. I??u: “??ue ? ???”. I? ????? ???
e ?????eth ? ??o ??oe, ? e ?????a, e ??a, e ????????ae, ?e y? ?? e ???a,
o.a. ?? ??o eth?e.
I ??? e ?????? ???o ??? ?????y I??a. E??ay ? ??o y?? ????y. Ca ???? a
??o ?a ????o ??? 80 ???, ? ? ????o ?y ??o ??oe ????u. I? ??? ?a ???ue
??. A ??? ???iy????e, ?e, ???i, ????? a ???y??a ??????; y? ??o ??? ???e,
??? ??. I??a ?????e.
A ????? ??a ?y?a ??? o???i ?????? ??? Mord; a ??? ? ??? ??i Mord ??/?o
????, ?????th??y ????i ?? ???i. E ????????? ???? ????y e ???? ?? ?????.
C?? ?? ??a.
O ?n ? ????? ???o ????e ??a A???? e, ???i, ?ae ?ey?? ??????i ??a. A???a
??iu (XXXIX, 77) ???yo ? ?????: ?i ?? ??a ?? (si quis potionem dederit)
??i ????ny. “C??????” Ae????a ??? e ????i, ???i, ? “??y” A???o ???a.
I???? ? ????? ? ???i a ????i ???.
O???i ?ae????? ? ?????o ????o ??o ? ?? ????????a. I? ????ny ??i ??? n
?????? (Wilda, 714). To ? ??, ???y, e o ?n. ???ay I??a ? ???? y?? ?? ??a
? ???a. I??a ???? ? ?? ?ae? ??? ? A?ae. ??. ???, ?oy e ? ??ue ??????:
“I?a ?e ??? ?? ?i ?e ?e”. “A?o” ??o ???? e ? ????, a ????a i??a. Ii ???
“??” ????y?y e a ??? “??ue”. A y?i ???? ????i ?i a ?. 23 I ?ae. ????
I??u (?. no. 88 O?o. ?ae., ? e ??? ???yo “?? ???o” a ??? ??ue). Ca ????
???y?o A???a ??? ???atho ????; ? ?? ?? ?e ??? I???u ??? ???atho ??? (2
?. XXI, 15). Oe???ue ??a A???? ? ???ey? ???? ?ea??y. Ae?? ?? ????e ??a
ss???a: “A? ?i ?? ?? ?e ???, ? ??yo ?i ??????th ??eth, a ???? a ??”.
A?????ay ??ue – yoi, ??o ??, ? ??y ??ue, ???th ???? ????? ??? ?a A????,
o.a. ???ay. Ii ana ?a ???ny ? ??? y??, ? ?i ?a ????ony, ? ???? ??? ?e,
???? n I????e ????, ?? ? ??e. N????i y?i ? ???? ?? ???o I???ay ??ay ???a
(97); ? ?a, ???y, ??????o y? ??????, ?e ?ue???? ????. Y? ?? ??th?? ?
?ai, ?i ???ay ? ???? ?? ???o ?ycth, ?a ? ???ey? ???a ???e e, ??????i,
???? ?????oth ??a?.
N ????i ???? ????? ??i ???y? ??? ?????y, ???y ? oi?, ?i ?e ??, ?ae turn
??, ?i ????a ? ?? ???. AE?a ??iy? ? ??? ??, e ? ?a ? ???ey?, o.a. ??.
A?e ? ??? ? ?c ??, ? ??? ?ith, ?e e ? ?y?th ??oth ???o. A?e ? ?? ???a
??, ? ?a ?????? ??o?e ??e.
I?e ???a ?iy??e ? ???? ???? ? ???yo. I????a ????tho ????? ??i. I?? ???,
?i ?eee ???a ????a ??, ?i ??, ?? ???a, a ? ?????? ?????i ???e.
O???a ???o: 1) Ia ???? ?n?aey?o ??????a: ?? e ???e, e ? ???? ???y?o: ??
?e ???. I????? O???y ???o a ?i, ?i y? ?????ey ?? e ??ue ????i ?????yi.
A?e ?i ??? ?? ?e ??, ? ?????y ???? ??e “?c ?y?a ???”; ?? ? ?? o??e ??, ?
? ?????y ??? oth?i?? ??th??th ? ?ae e ????? ??y?th a ???. A A???o ???o
?e ca ?, ?e e ? ??? ?????? ?e???ue ????? ????a – ???ay ??ue. ss?? ??, ?i
???a ???? i???? ??? a ???e ???e ??cy ?????ue ?ey?th A???e. I????a i?y??e
??tho ??th??a ??? ?y “?????o ?i”, ???a ????th?y ???th, ?? ??o ???? a
???? ????i ?e ?a ??a ???a. 2) Ia ???? ?? ?iith; y? ???? ???????ue, ?e
????a oy?? ??????; ?????nue ?i ?????? ???? ??th a ??th ? ??ue. Ia ???? ?
?? ??i O???a ?????. Y? ? ???, ?i ?i ? ??????. Ec ??? ?iy??? ? ??i, ?i
iii ??????, ? ? ??? ??a, ?i ???? ?? ??th, ? ??a, ?i ?? ?????? o???i. A
1664 a. ?ae ?? ?ith ?? ? ?, ?i ?a “???? ???”, ? ?e ? y? ????? ????th
???; a 1674 a. ?? ?ae ?? ?? ? ?, ?i ?a ?a?a ?a ??? ??a, ?o ???e ??th ??
e ??oth ??,???? ????a, ? ?a-?? ? ???ay ??ue; e ??? ?? ?????: “? ?, ?i ??
?? ? ? ???a ??”. I?th? ???o, ?i a I??a ????e ?? ??ue, ?i ? ???th ?? ?ae
ii?o ??ue ?? ??????.
I??o e ?????o ??o ????i ???? ????????a ??, ??ue ???o ?????? ??ath ???th
?????? n ????i ?????. Ii ???i ????? ???a e ??i ????????i ??i ??????
?????a ?? e ????e? ?????u: ? ? ???? ?????? ??a ??a, ?i ? ???? ?????i
????i. Ii ???? I??a ???y ?? (80 ?.) ????ue ? ???? ???i, ?y?o ??e, ?y?o
???a, a ? 5 ?. II ?ae. ???y ?? a???a ?? ?? ca ???? ?ith?-???a. Ae???
I???? n ???e, ??th??? ?e ?. ss???a, e ??i ????????o ??i ???o: ??a, ????a
e ??. *? ???ny ??? eiy??? ???u, ? ?????a e ?ycth ??iy? ???a e ?? ?ith?a
(? ?? ??y???, ??a) n ?y?? ???. He ??i, ???, ????, ?i ???ay I?a? ?? ????
?y??? ??a e, ???, ??o ??, ??ue ????th.
I???? ????? ???? ??a ??nyo ???? ???u e ????????i e ???atho ? ?? ?????i
??oth ??, ?i ? ???? ???u; ??? – o???atho ???? ???u e ???u. A ?o??e I??a
???i ? y?? ???o ?a?th, ???y ????? ??????a. No. 115 io O??. ?. ???o: “A?
?i ??o ??, ? o? ? ??i ???, y?? e ??: ?a ??o ???o, ? ???u, 20 ???”. Y?
??ueth ???tho ????a a ?i ???, ?i ? ???? ?? ???y ??a, ?i ? ???? ??. Ii
?e? ????a e ???o ? ????. Ec ????? ????? ? ??i, ?i ? ????a ???u ??????
??a ???, a ??ue, ????, ??a ???. E??ey ??? ???? ??a ? ????ey? ??? ???a, a
??ue ??? ?????y ??e ???. A????a ???, ???a ? ???, ?e ? ??? e ?a ???, aa??
????? n ???, o?? ??????tho ? ??? ????y. A?e?o, ????ey?? E?????i ?., ??
?????ue ?????ue ??ueth ??a. A??i “???o” ?i ??o “????”. A?e ??y? y? ???,
??uey ???o ??e ??e: ?? ?i oa?o ???o, ? ???ue ???? ?? ? ?? (o.a. ?? ?
????th), ?e ?? ? ? ?? ???o; ? ?? ???a ?? ?? ????, a???e ??? ??? ???u. I?
??th ae??? ?? ???? ??a ? ????, ???i ?a ???a ?? ???u e ??????a ??i ????.
I ???? ?? ???o e ??uey i ??yo (III ?. 33). O?? ?e ? e ??? a ??a ?a,
???i, ?????, ?i ??? ??? ?i ? ??o. A?e y? ???????, ?? ???, ? ?? ??? ???u,
?e e ? ???? ?i??, i ???i ???o ??? ?i ?????y ??uey. I????e e ????e ???
???? I??u ????? ?uy?y? ? ????o e ???????ue.
I?a ????? ??i ?????? ?e???? ????? 115 ?. ?. I?. Ii O???th ????a ???
?????? ??? a???uey ???. AE?a ??? ??a ??? ??, a ??? ???? ??? ?? X. 99.
2. I?????y ??? ???? ?????????
Ae??? ??i ?????i ???? ?a?? i ?????yo ??, ????? ?a ????a ???; ?????a
???i ??a ??o ?ith ??oth ??. A??a ???, ?i ?????e y?? ?? ? ???eytho ????
????e; ???i, ??i ?? ??i ???e ?y ??, ??u ??? ?????ny ??????ay ???? ???
????n?? ??.
???? ?? ?????y ??o ?? ????u ?ae ??oth?a ?e ????e: I. ??u, ????a ???i,
???? ??. II. O?? ???, ??e, ??y ??. III. I?y?a ??a, ??, ??, ??a. N??????
y?o ?? ????e ???i ?e a ??? ??a, ?e e a ????? (Wilda, 729).
???ay I??a, O?o. ?ae. ?. 31, ????ue: “A? ??? ??? ?ae ?e ??”, o.a. n
???? ??e ?e n ???e ???. Ae??? I???? n ???e 1189 a. ????o “oy?o ?c ??e”,
o.a. ?? i ??o ??o. Ae???y ??ay ???a ????o ???oth ?? e ?ithth ??.
I??a y?o ?????e a ??? i???o ????o, a ??? a ??i e ?i ?, ??ue ????. I?y?e
??????y ???? ???a ????? ??y?y? y? ???ey.
I???y ? y? ???ey, ???a?, a ?? ???ey ???? ???, e ??? ???a ????.
I?y?a ??a ? ?? ??? ??a?ny ??i oy?? ??????i. O? e o ?n. Ca ???th ??, ??,
??a ???ay I??a ????o ?e-??, ? ??????o ? ??? 10 a?a. (O?o. ?ae. ?. 29).
O?? ?e-?? ???atho ? y? ?????y e ????? ???; ? a ?o ???i e ????? ??ae ?
y?? ??? i???: ? ?iy?a ?? ?a ???ny ??ay ??. I?y?a ??? e ???a ?? ??????
??a: ? ??oe ?e?a, ? ?a 12 ?. ???e, a ??????o ??? *(85).
I?? ??? ?????th?y ??i; a ??? ??o ? ??e ???a ??? ?yi ????a. Y? ?uy?ytho
?i, ?i ? ???? ??y? ???? ?? ??, ?i ???? ??. Ii ???? ??o ? ?? ?????ny ??a
??? ??. O ?i???? ???? ?????ny ??a ???, ?i ??. O?a e o ?n. Ca ?? ?/?, ? ?
?????e (?? ?????? c?? ??aaoth ??), ???ay I??a ????o 3 ?. ???e (III ?.
34); a ? ?? ??i ? ?????, ?e ?i ??y?th, ?e ???, ?e ??i-??? ???i ????ny 12
?. ???e *(86).
3. I?????y ??? ??? ???u
A ????? ??? ??????ath?y ??? ?? ???y ???u: ???e ??o ?? ?y?i, ??? a ?i
?????i ae?a e ?. Ec ??o ????? i ?????eyo y?? ?? ???atho ????? ???u I????
e N???? n ???e: “A ?a ?? ?y?o ?c ??, 12 ??? ? ??i ??? ?i”. I ????e ???
?? ??o ??.
4. I?????y ??? ??e
I????? ??e ??o ?? ???i ????i e ???. A????a ?iy??e a y??, ????e ???i ???
???o, a ?o ????y?ny ????i ??o ????, i ???o ? ???atho ??.
E ?i, e ????i ???? ??othu? ?????y ????i:
“E? ??c ??, a ? ??ue”, ??? ?i. ???ay I??? I ?ae. ?. 12, III 26. I?????
???o ??ue a ???, ????a??y a ????e ??.
O???a ??-?? ? ?ay ?e e ?? “A? ???? ?ae ?? ?? e ?? ? ? ?ay, ? 3 ???
???e”. ?o?e. I?., O?o. p., ?. 41. “I? ???o 3 ??? ???”. Ae??. 1189 a.
N???a ??uey. O???a ? ????e y?? ?? ???i a ???? I???? n ???e 1189 a. O?
????????y ??? ???ey ????a n ??? ??e ?? e ????a iy?? (??a). I??a ???e??
???ny ??ueth ???e ????, ??? – ??y.
I???, ??? ??n n ??? e ??. Ca ? e ??? ???ay I??a ????o 12 ??? (I ?. o, O
109). Ii ?????o ??o ??? ???y, ???, a ???? ??? ??n ? ???. I?i ? N????o
????a n ???e (???. E?ii. Ae., Anhang N 11) ????o ??? ??????i ??a?a ?
?y?? e ????. I??y ?????ny 3 ???? (= 12 ???i ???? I??u), ??ay iy?th.
E?? y?o ?????e, ????? ??i ??o ?a ???? a ??, ????a ?ae?, ?????a ??, ??
?c ????ey a ??e ?i e ????i ??a ?????y ???e ??e ?? ??????a e ??, ??o, ??e
e ??.
I????? ??? ?????y ? ? ?? ????? ???, o ??? y?? ????a ?o. I????i ?i e
???ie I??a I??a ???? ? ?? ???i a ????o O??? A???? e ss???a. A????a ??a ?
???ey? ????y; ss???? ???o ??? i ?????e ?a? ??o ?i e ???ey? ? y? ??o
?????? e ????, a ????? ???a. I?????o ?? ???? ?y??, ??a ??u ? 5 ??. ???,
???ao ?a ?y??ay ??ue. I?????ue ??e e ????i ??u ???? n ???i ???????i ?
????? ????; ??cy ?? ? ???ue i ??i ???a ??u e ????? ?y??? ??e, ?? ? ???i
???.
Ec ???? ?iy??? ? ?????e ??? ???o Ae???y ???a: “A ?i ?? ??? ?y??… e
????? ?aeyo ?o ? ?i ????o ????a”, o.a. ? ???? ???????, ???y ? ?i ????e
??e.
5. I?????y ??? ????a
a) E??, ??? ???? ???????a ?uy?a ??e ?? ? ????a ???i ?? n ????? ????ue ?
??, ???? ??i ???i ?iy??? ?ae ??? ???.
I??o ???? ??o ????? ???? ?? ? ?? ?????i, ???eyth?a ?????ue ?????i ??a.
A????a ??i ????o ???a e ??a ??e ? ???eth ?? ?????i. A??? ??o ???? e ???
???e a ??? ?a?o ???ey?ny ????. A Ae?? e O?oe? ??a ? ???? ???ey? ??th, a
?? – ???th. N y?i ???e? ???yth?y e ??? ???ey a ?????yo ??e. A ???o ???
???a ?c?????a ???o ??? ? ??? ?ay? ?i ????? ??; a ??o, ??a ???e ?? ??,
?a??y ?iy, ? ? ?? ??e ????a. Ec ????o ????e n ??? ???o ??? e ???i ???
???y?ny ???ay ??ue, e ??i – ???? ????y. Y? ????y ? ??th?tho ????
??????ey.
A ???? ????????o ?????y ?????a ? ??? ???a, ? ?o??o ????ue ????y
????y?ny n ?iith ?????i. Y? ?????a ???ny ?? ??a e ??a n ?ey. A ????o
????????o ? ??a ??e ?????y ???ay ??ue, ????y ? ?? ?????i. I?e?? ??e
????e a e???e ??e n ?ey e ??e ?????? ????a, ??aey??ny a ???? ??.
*? ?? ???a ??i ? ??o ???ey ?? ? ???eth ?? ?????i, y? ??i ? ???? I??u.
*? ? ? ?? ????: ?ey?i, ??, ?o?a, ???, y??a, ??e ?e ?n, ?a ????o ???oth
??o – ?e ??? (I p. 15, 17, II ?. 16) ????a ?? ?????i ??o o ?n ???
??????? ???? *(87).
A?e ??? i ?????yo ??? ? ??i ??ueyi ?????o ???a I??u, ? ?ath?i ?? ???? a
????? ???o, ? ?e ????eyth?y a ??oth?i ??. I?????e ???? ??? ?, ?i o ??
???? (??? ?e ?i ???i), o.a. ???th ?? ?????i e ?? ??? ???, ?y? ? ????
i??? (III ?. 45, 54, 55, 102). O??i a ?i ???, ?? ?? ?e ?a, ?????? ???e
???th ?? ?????i, a ?y? – ???, ??. ?e ?? ? ????e ???a (III 5 7).
Ii y? ???? ??e ??cy ??????ue ?e ??th. A ????? I?????i ???? n ???e i
?????yo o??u ???: “A? ??i ?e ???ue ??ue ?oy o ??? ???, a ?i ?i a?y, ?i
??o ???e” (23, 33). C?? ?? ?????y?ny a ??oth ?eth ????a??; ? ??o ?? ??
??. Y? ??uey ?iy??a XIII a. ??? ???ny ? ??ue? i ?? ?????i ??? ???? I?a?
(II 31). I? ??? ??????atho ??th????e ???, ??? ?? ? ??a ?????ey. Ii ?? a
y?i, oioy e ??th????i, ??? ??i ??????i ????? ??th?? ??i ?ycy, ? ?a ? ???
????ue, ??u a ???, ???a ??????? ??a ? ????ey, ?????? ??? ?e ?????ny ???i
???????i ???a. I?? ??? ?i??i?e ???? I??u ?? ? ???tho ?a ???a ??i.
E ????i, ??????ny ??? ???e, ?e ? ????, ?e e ? ?????o ??o, ?????? ???. O
????a ??a ??? ?? ??? e ???? ??e ????i ??y?. Ii ???? I?a? ???? ?oth
????ny ??ay ?? i???ey, ??e e ??????. I???. ?ae. ?. ???? ?oth ???? ???ith
??ueth; ? ? ??ue ???? e “????o ?oth”. “E??” e ? ??iy?a ??y ????? a E??
??o; ?i ???? ??i “?e?i” – ?? ?y ???ey ??a. Ii y??, a ????e “???? ??” ?a
????? ?oy ? ????i ????y. Ia ?? ???? ??? “????” ???? “????”. Y? ?? ??ae
???, ?i ???a?? ?? a ?? ????? ?oy. I???ei y? ??i, ???ny ? ?i ???????e.
E?? ? ???? ????e e o ?n, ?e e o ????a, ?????? ???a (III 52, 54) 55).
O???e ? ???? ???e e ?/?e ??e a ??o ?iy??? ?o. O?? ??. ? ?? ????? ?iy??e
? i??atho ???ey ? ????? ??. A??? n ?????i ?????y a Ae???e e a I???? ???
????. Ii ?i? ?iy??? ??uey ??a, ????? ? ?? ?????i, ??o e ???? ??e.
a) A??ae, ????a ?? ?????i ???????i ????y ? ????, a ?? ??y ???????y ?e
?????? ??a oy??, ?i ??a, e ??? ?????ny ???. Ii ???e ??yae ? ???, ?e y?
??i ? ????? ?iy???, ?e ??. A???? e ??? (Diebstrahl, Raub) ??o ? ??e ????
?e??ey ?e, ???, ????i ?????ny ?? ??aea, ?i ???. Ii ???i ???? ??? ??o e
???e ??a ?? ?????i, a ??a e ??a 9-? ?i. Ai O???ae? e a ?i, e a ??? ???
?????ny ???y ?? ?????i, ? ? i???ea ?? ????ue ??? ??? 12 ????a, a ??
??oth ??, ?e e ? ???? (Wilda, 860, 9A4). Y? ?????ue ?uy?y?ny ?i, ?i a
??? ???e, ??a ??? ????y ??? ? ?? ??? ??, ??? ?? ????e ???i ???a ??a??a e
??a ???y ???i, ?i ?o, ?i ???i ?e e ??e ??. N ???? ???e ??yae ? ??? ???
?e ????ny. Ii ?? ?y??ey ?a?a, ??? ??? ?e ?????ny a ?yi? ??a ????ath?a e
??th?a, ?i ?????. A??a ???, ?i yoa ???? ?????ue ? ?c ?ey?y ????y ?????
A????, ????i a ???? ????? ??a: “???i ????y, ?i ??i ????, ? ?a ??a ??? ??
???i, ?i ??? y? n ?y?i ????.
I?e ????? ????e ? ????e ??a ??? ??y? ? ???. ???ay I??a ???? ?????i ??i
??? ?????, ??a ??? ? ????, ?o?? e ??????i (III 10). C?? ??i ????a?ue
?ey?a ?????a, ???a ?a A????o ????? ???ue ?????a. Ii I???? ??? ???a “???,
??ae, ???” ??th?y ????, ? ???, ?i ??a.
a) I?????? ?????a ??i ?????. ???? I??a, ?e e ????? i?y???, ???? ??????a
?????a ?ae? ???th: “A? ?i ??? ? ??i ??, ? ??? ?i, ? ???? 3 ?e?u” (I 16).
O? ??? ?atho ??ue ???? ?n??i ??????ey. Y? ??uey ?c ?y?o ????e ???a a
?????a ??? ???? I??u. Y? ????o ? ?, ?i n????? y?o ???a eth????y ??ue
??????i ??i ?????, ? ??? ??y ?i e ???-?? ????: a ??o ??ayo ? ????o ???e,
a ??? ???a ???????.
A????a ?iy??e ???yo ?a i ??????i ?????e ???e e ???e ????oy?.
a) C????a ??????th. ???ay I??a ???o i ?o ??ayo, ??a c????a ??e ??????th
???y?ny ?. ??ath ???o ???. Y? ???? ???ny ??ath ??th ???e, 12 ??. (III
96, 98). I ???i ??????? ???ay I??a ? ????o. I???o, a ????o ???? ?????
????????o ??????e ?? ????y ??? a ?eth ?????? ??e, e ???e ???n ???ye ??i
???i ????e. ??. I??a, ???i, ? ????a?o.
ae) I????? ??o ??e ??o ?e ? ???, o? e ? ?????o ??o, ? ??? e ??????eth
???a, ? e e ???. ???ay I??a ???o i ??????i ?????e ??a ???i: “A ?i ????
?? ???o ?e ???o”, e ????o ? y? ??oth ?? ???e, 12 ??. (III 109). A? n
?e?ath ????ueth ????y e ?y?yi y?? ?? e????a ??i. I? ???? ????o ??i?i ??
n ?????? ???.
A????? ??o ???? ?a ???ae?? ????e e ????: ??, ?? e ??? ????. ???ay I??a
????o o??i i i?? ???o ???? e ??a ????o ???o (3 ?.) ??o ???? ??????ey
(III 100). No. 24 III-e ?ae. ???o i ?????e ??? e ??uey.
a) I?????a ?y????a ? ???io ??o ???????ue, ?e ??????, e ?? e ???. Ii
???? I??a (I 20) ???e, ?????i ????? ??, ??? ?e ???ue ? ??o 3 ???. Ii
???io ?????o ??o ????e, ?????ny o???ue ??e ???? ? ?i ????e, /? ??? ? ??
? ???e, ??? a? ???? ? ??? ?? ??, ? e ??o, a ??? ?c ???ath?th ??, ??
?????ue, ?i ? ??e ?n???i.
ae) I??a ??? e ???? ???iey ??o, ? ???? I??a, e ??? i?a ????y: “A? ???
??i, ? ? ??e ? ??? ?i ?i, ??? ??? ??a??th, a a ??a ?ycth ???oe ; ???a ?a
?i ?? ???” (III 108). I???ay ??ay ???a ????o ????eth ???oth ??ue. Ii
?????o ? ??o ??? ???????y ?e ???? ??? ?????? ??? a ?o ??ayo, ??a ?
????eye ????ue ?y ??e, ?i? , ??? ??th ??, a ???i ??e eth?. O?? ??? ?
?????yi ??????y ???o ????, a ???? ????y Mordbrenner. I??a ? ?c y?o
?y?ath?o ??iy?e?? ??????ny ??? ?e ???????a ?a???? ??????e (Wilda, 940).
A?? ??? e ??? ??o ?????, ? ???? ?????ue ???ny ?? e ??y? ?a ?? ????i.
O???a ??a ???o i ????a, ???, ??a, ??????a, ???a, ???, i???, ??a ??,
???i? ????? ?????oy? e ?????e ??e ?????n?.
O??? “????i e ??” ? ?atho a I??a ?????? ????y e ?????eyi ??? ????a: ?ae
????? ????ny ?????? ???, ?ae ??i-?y?e ?a???e.
I? ???e e ??? (X, 222) O???a ???? ??? ????a ??? ????a.
Oe?a ?????i, ?e e a ????ai ??i ??a, ? ??o ???ey ?e i??a ?????e ???.
O???a ??o: 1) ?????oth ???, ? ???th ????ny (? ??oth) ???y ?ai? ?a, ??,
oth??? ??th??a ? ?a ??, a ??i ??? a ???? ??? a ??e ?i ????ny (XXI, 9);
2) ????e???oth, ? ???th ????ny ??a oy?? ????a, e, ???oe, 3) ????i ??o
??a ???, ???a ?e ??a ? ????th?y, ?e ????th?y ??a, ?i ??????.
E ????????e ??? ????y oe???ay ??a, ? ???th ????ny ???ay ??ue (XXI, 14),
e “?? ??? ? ???, ???y ???ny ????? ?? (VII, 29). I???? i?????? ?y? ?
?a??o ???a (XXXIX, 53).
E ?????? ??? ????y ??a ? ?? – y?? e ????; y? ???ey ??o ??? e ??????eth
???a (X, 221).
E ???, ????? ??a, ????y: 1) ??a ? ??a ???? ????? (III, 9); 2) ?a? ??? ?
???a (X, 211); 3) ??a n i?y ??a ?e ?? (XXI, 89) e 4) ?? ? ??a ?e ??a
(XXI, 90). I??y e ??uey ??e a?? e ????th ???, ????y – ????, i ??? ???i:
“? ??o ???e ????a, ???y ? ??”.
A?i ????i i??a, ?i ??? ? O???th y?y?ny, a ????????ue ??a, y??, ? ?
??????? ???? ??? ????a; ??? ? ?? ????a ? ?? n ??th ???a ????a. Y? ??? ??
? ??i ??y?. A O???e ?? ????i ???, ? ?o?? ??i, ?i ???a ?? ???e ? ??? ???
??iy, ? e ???a. O???a ???o: “????ue ?????i” (X, 222, XXII, 5). A ?. 30-e
??u VII ???; “A ??o ?i ??? eth?, ??e ? ????? ???, ??o ????y ? ??i ?y
??ano?, e ??? ???e e ??yo ???? ????, ?e ???? ?? ?n???i, ?e a ??? ??
???yo, ?y ? ??? ?????i ?? ??ayo, ?e ?? ??a ????? ?? ??atho… e o? ?
???? ???? e ? ????? ???? ?? ???e ni??th; a ? ?? ? ?y?a ????? e ? ??? ???
????a, ???y ? ??”. I??? ?ae ??i ?????o ??ue ???o: “??? ???ue e ??y? ????
????”. To ? ???o e ? 32 ?. ?e ? ??u: “A ??o ?i ???? ???e, ??e ? ?????
???, ???o e ?? ? ?? ? ???? ???? ??i ?y ???, e a ?i ?ae ?? ?e??y ??ue e
?e, ? ?th ?i ?o, ???e ???o ? ??e ?? ?????i, ?? ??o, ?e ??o, ?e ????…”
A??ae, ??i ?e ?, ?e ???? e ??, y?y?ny ??ue ????? ????a??? ???. Ii y?
???a ? ????ii ??? ????ny a ?th ?e ????? ?i. I?? ?????th?e ?? ?i ? ?ac
??o ?????? ?y?a ??????a, – ?th ? ??o, ? ??o ??? a ?u?a ???iey ??? ????a
?ae ???e ???y. A y?i ??? ?? ???? e 176 ?. O-e ??u, ???y ?? ?????ue ????
????? ?e e ??? *(88).
To ? ???? ???y ??o ??? e a I???? ??? ???a, ?a ?o?i: “A ??oe, ???a n
????i, e ???o ?i ? ?? ?? ??th, ? ?oyae? ??? ??a, ?i ?? ?o ? ??a?…”
(a7).
E?ay ? ???a ??o ???? e ???i?
O????? ???e ????? ?i??y o ?n n ??e ???? ????e. Ii ??. I??a y? eth?,
???a “??e” ? ???; ? ?iy??? XVI a. y? ???a ?? e ?????, ???a eth?e
??e?tho, ??? ????a ???u, ???tho e ??atho ????th e ???oth ??y?, ne??, ???
?y ?o ???i; ?e ???otho ???. Y? ??a ??ey ???? e a O???a. A?? XXI “I ????o
e ???? ??o” ????ny ?e: “E??? ????? ???atho e eth?e ???tho e o?e ???… e
??a ????a e ????i?a ?? e ?oa?? ?? ??? a ????? ???a”. I??a ??? O???y
???yo i ?????o, ?e i ??o ethaeyo, o.a. ????o ??ayo, ? ?c n????? ??????,
a ??iy?i ???ath?o ??e, ???e e ?. I????: “A ? ???o eth?e a ??? ???, ?i ?e
??a eth?, ?? ?e ?????”, o.a. ???? ? ???o. XXI, 35. E?: “Ae?ue ?i ? ??oth
??? n ???th, ?i ?o ??? ? ??? e ? ????e e ??i ethaeyi, ??i e ?????i, ???o
e ?? ? ???e”. XXI, ???e ???atho ?????, o.a. eth?, ?y ???o i??????a ?iy?a
??e ??????e ???ey? ?ae ??e, ????. E??? ???? ???a a ????e e ????i ????ue
???, ?e ??? ?ae ???????i ?iy?y ????a, ??? ???e ?y ?????i? ????aey. Any?a
??? ??????? ?iy?a ????a, ?????a ? ??????, ?? ???. O???a ???o, ????, i
???a ???? eth?e “??y?? ??i ?y ???”, i ???a ????e ?o?e, – y? ? ????, ????
eth? ? ??o ???i.
A ???, ?e e a ???a, ?? ??? ???y e ??a ???a, ? ?y ?????? ??iy ??i ?
???a, a ?, ?i ??? ?? ????. A ?iy?e?o, ???????? O???th, y? ??a ??ey ????o
?a n ???th ??th. N???ee ? ???atho ?o? ? ??i???, ?? y? ???a ??a eth?,
o.a. ????a ???? ? ??? e ???a. A N???? 1497 a. ???: “A ???o ? ?? ???, ?e
???, ?e ?????i… e ??o ???e ??e, e ?y?? ?? ??? ???e ???ith ??eth” (8).
Yo? ??? ????? ?????otho 59-y e 60y N???? 1550 a. I????a ?????i ????y
????? ???o ??o eth?e, e??? ??o ? ?? ??? ?????y?y, a ?e ?e ?i ???tho, ??i
(??a) ?e y?i n ???? (???), y? ????/ii. A?u, ? ? ???a ??a eth?, ????th?y
??a; ? ??i ??a??i ? ??oth ??o ?e ???? ???? ??e (1-e N?. ?. 10, II-e ?.
55).
Io y?? ???????i ?????y o??u e ??iy ??o eth?e, O???a ??ao ?????a. O?y ?i
e ???y? a ??e ??a ??? e ???, ? ??? ??? ??? ???. I??e ??? ?ae? e ??????i
?a, ????th ??? (XXI, e ? ???o i ??a, y?, ???i, ???) e ?????o oth???o
??th??th, ? ???i ???o ??? a ???? ???; ??? ??? ???ny ???ith ??ueth. O??a
? ??? ??uey ??o e ???? ??e, ? ??? ? ?a ????y ??, oth??, ????a ?a e ???.
A??ae ?????ny O???? ??a ???. Ae?e, ?????a ?????? ??? ????e, i???ath?y
??? ???i, ? oth??, ??? e ??? ?a ? ???? (XXII, 5). I???? ???? ethaeyi ?
??? ????ny, ???y ? ?? (VII, 30, 32); ?ae y?i ????? ??????? ????? ?? ????
?? e ??oth?a ? ?i ??a ??? ??. Ii 136-e ?. O-e ??u a??ae ???e, ?c ????
?y?ath?o ??iy???a, ??o ??????ey ???a, ???ny ??? ??th, ?i ???? ???. Y?
n??y ???a a O???a ? N???? 1550 a., ???e ??a ??? ??? ??th e, ????a??,
???i ??a ???. I??? ?? ? ?? ? ??? ? ?y??? ??? ????ey ??? ????a, a ????o
?. A y?i ??i ??? o???a ? ?, ?i e o ?n, ?e a ???e A???e, ??ay ??a ?????
a??oth ???th, ?i ???? e ?a???? n ???? ?iy?a ????a. A?iy?i, ???????, ?i
???e, ?y? ??? e ??e ?? (? ? ???e ??e), ??o ?????a ???u ?iy? ??th ??th
??. A ?????e ?? ??? I?. ?ae. ?. y? ?? ?y? ????. Ii y? ??ii???a ????y e
?? ?????o ???e, ??a ????ue ??????? ????a ? ???, ?e aeay?a ??a ?????, ?i
??a. O???a ????i ??u y?? ????y, ?e ?????a.
N????yy ??? O???y i ???a, ?? ??? e ??oth?? ??th??th. O???a ??o ?????? e
??????a?? ???. I?????e – ??o e ???? ?? (XX, 136), ????????e – e ??a oy??
i???eyi. E ????? ?? ???a ????y: 1) ??? ????e eth?? (VII, 30, 32); 2)
??aae ??? ????e (XXII, 5).
I??a ??a ??o e ???eth, a ??? ?? ??? e ??? ???a e ?? (X, 228, 223). I??y
??uey ?y? ? A???o ???a, ? ?i ???? ??? a ???a e ?a ???; ? ??? ?a ???
?????y ? ???ay ??ue, a ????a ?? (XXXIX, 18). A O???e y?? ???ey ?o.
6. I?????y ??? ????a e ???e ???????
A ???? I??a i ?????eyo i??a ??????? ? ????y. N?uey ???a ?????a. I?i
???, /? ?????ey ??? ??e e ??????? ?? ???? n ?????i ???e, ?a ? ??. I?. Ec
????? ?iy??? ??i, ?i ????? ???? ??? ?a ??e ?? n ?????ey? y?? ??, ?oy ?/?
??ey ?? e ????? ?ay, ?i ?, ???y ???a ???a ??????i. Ii ???i-?????o ????th
???a, ???? a ????? ?y? n ???ith, ????ny ????, ? ? a ?e ???e, a ??e
????ny ???ith ???a; ???a ???????y ???i ??a ???ith, ?i ?ae/?a. I?????y
??a ??ey ??a ? ??a ??a ?e ????? ?????? y?? ??, ?????o ????e. I?????a
???u ???? ??ue ? n??? ??????a ??????. I??? y?e ??e ???y a ?i, ?i ????
??a?ny a ??a n???? e ???e ??a, ???a ?????? ??a ????a. AE??? a ???e A???e
? ?????? ???iy????ueth: ?a ?th ??ue ????? ?ae ???th ???u, ??? ?ae ???th
??, a ? ??? ??ae – ?ae ???th ??, y? ? mundium (Mundschaft). Any?a
?ny????? ? ???o ?? ?ny????? ? ??a ????. O?? ???i, ???? a ???i ??????
?????ny ? ? ???a?????, a ? ?, ?i ???e ??a ??e. N??i ??? ??yae ? ???o.
An? ?a ????a ethai?y?a, ?, ? ???? ????yi, ?a ?? ???? ????? e ???? ????a
?? ?i? ??a. Aa ???i ? ???u ? ?ae????? ???? ????a. I? n ???i, ??y, ??iy??
? ?? ?e ?????? ???? ??e. N?? ????? ni??? ??e ??i ??? ???th ???. N?????
???? ??y?a ??e, ????a ?. A????i; ?i ????y e ???, ?a ? ?????? ??? ??????i
??ey. A???th ???? ?e, ???a ? ?y?, ?? e ??? ?? ??? ? ?o ??, i?a ????ay ?
????a ?o. A y?i ?oy??e ????e ???a ? ??? ??u ??e, ? ?????? e ?????y ???u.
AE???, ???ay a eth??y?e, ????? ?????a ?e a ??? ?????e ??e, ?e e ??e
i?????. E?? ???ia ??????a ????? e ???a. C?? ???y ??o???ue ??? a ???? ?e
??e, ? ????th e ???e ? ????i ????a?a: ?oyo ??u ?? ????a, e ???io ?????o
????ay ???a. N?uey, e ???e ?????o ?i ????, ??a ? ???ey?ny ?i ????i. Y?
??? ????? e ? ???o. Ii ????i ???i ??i ??ue ???oth ?????? ? ??? ??, o ??
mundium, ? e ?i ??ueyi, a ???oe e ???i ???. Ii ????th e ???a ??? ??????y
? au?. Y? ??a ??ey ???? ?iy?ny ?ae ?ey?? I???a ???????aa. Ii y??
???????? ???a ???????y, ?e ?????ue, a ??? ? ??? ?e ???ny, ?e ????ue ??o.
Y? ??y ??a ??ey ??a ??? ?? ???a a ?ei??o ??? O??e.
A?e ???ay I??a ? ???o i ?????eyo ??? ???e ???????, ? ???o ? ?nth?, ?i
??a ?????ey ???i ??y?i y?? ??. I??u ? ?? ????? O??i ???. Ec ???ey ??.
I?. ??cy ?a ????, /? ??o ?????? ? ??. Ii ?? ??iy???, ?????ey ??? ????
??????? ?? ?a ????, ? ???? ? ?o ?????a a ???? ??e e, ?ae? ??, ???; ? ??
? ?y???i ?? ? ????, a ??? e ??? i ?o ???ay I??a, ?iy?y a ???????? ????e
e ???? ?y?n?? ??. I?? ??y?y ?????? ?????ey y? ?? ??????u ?? ?????a, i ?o
?????y a ???o ????o.
*? ?????ey ??? ???e ??????? ?? o ?n e???u e ? ??y?y ??????, y? ??i ???
ia ????e ????o ???? ???a, ??a???ny e ? ??o ??, ??., ???ath??y e ??? ?
??? ??? I????e “??????a ?????” ???u, e ? ae???y ????, ???th ??ytho n ?e
e ? ?????? e ?????e a ??? ???????e ??? ?????. Y? ???, ???i, ? ??????i
??n???ey.
Ii ?????o ??o eth??y?a ?? ??? e ??e, a ??i e ???. Aea??? ??????? ?i ?
??e ???a, ?e ?e ?a ?? ?????, a ?io, ? ??? o ?? ?a ?????, o ?? ?? ??i
????. I?? ????ue ??????ey ? ??? ?????? ????o. Ii ????i ??? ??? ???
etha?ay?a ????ue ????? e ?? e ?c?????th, ii??oth?y ? ? ?e????ue.
N ??y?? ?????? ?????ey y?? ?? ????ue o ?n ???? ??i??o ??. A????a ????e
??a ????o “???? ?????”, ? ? ???ey? ?????e. ss???? ??a ??y?? ????
eth??y?th ????i ??? (4, 5, 9, 11; 15 e ?.). A ??? ???o: “A? o ?? e o ???
?e ??ith ?oy? ???o, ???a th, ?iy? a ?i ????e, a ?i th ?ae ???ue”. Ii y?e
??? eth??y?a y?y?ny ??????i ? ??ae ???? a??ueth, ?e y? ?ei ? ?????o
?????o ??o, e, ? ?? ??yo??e, ???, a ??ae ?????? ???th; ??????i ? ?????y
? ???a, ????? a ????oth ?y?, a ??y ??oeu, ???y ? ???? ??? ? ????. A ???
??ueyo ?? ??a eae? i ????i ????e. I?y??e ????i ??a ???yo i ?????eyo y??
?? ??? a ????? n ????, i ?i ??o ???i ??. Eth??y?a ? ??th ??th ? ????
I??a ?? ?i???? (III 128).
I?eth??y?a ? ???? ?????o ??o ???ey? ??o, ????th ?? ??th e ? ??????i. I?
? ????th e ?? ? ???? ??th??y?y; ?o ?????y?? ?? ??ue ????o. I??i?e ?ae ??
??i ??ue ?? e ??a???y. Ii ?? ?y??ey ??? ??? a ?????ea ??i. N?????ue ???
?e ????ue ?ith ??oth ??. N ???????? ?????? ?a ???u ????th?y e ?y ??
????o ?e ??? ??, ?????i ?????th ????. Ii ????i ???i ?a ??o ??i ???? ????
?????ai? n ??,. ? 3 ??e ? ??oth ?????; ? ??? ?????a a ?????? ?? ???ny ?
?y ??e. O?????a ????y ????ue, ??i ???i, n ????e.
Ii ??? ???? ??o ??a ?e?i ?? ?? ???? ??ae ??i a ??th??y?e, a ? ?ae ??ae
??e. I????ue ?? ???o ? 128 ?. ???? I??u III ????. Y? ??uey ???o i ?? (a
??? ??? ??i ???? ?e ????, ?e e ????i ????), ??iy?i a ????? ?y? n ??e ??e
e ?ath?i ? ?a ??e. N??y ?????? ??iy?oth ?y?, ?????othny ? ??? ??. Y? ?y?
? ??y?ny a ?? ? ?o, ? ??. Ii ??? ????a ?? ???? ?? ???o ? ??e ???.
I ????? ?? ?? ??i ?? ??th?? ? ????? ????a n ???e. A ???? ?????? ?ycy
(?on. E?. Ae. I?????a) ???: “I? ??ue ??? ???? o ???a ?? a ??a ?e ? A???i
???, ?a ??th?, e ?o ??o; ?? ? ? ??th?, ???e ?o 10 ??? ???a; ??? e
???oeth N????a”. I?en??a ???? ? ???o i ??a ??ue, ? ????y? ????? ?o ? ??i
a 10 ???, ??yth??y ?????? ??. I ??a ?ycth ia ????y; 10 ???, ??iyth?a
??ue, ??, ???i, ??. Ia ???? ?? ? ????ny. Y? ?iy?i, ?e ?e a ae???a ?? ??
? ?????e ????e ???o e ???, ?ae ? e ?? ?????o ??e ???????. Ii ?? ??ay
?????ue ????ue a ??? ??? e ???? ??.
N ??y?? ?????? e o ?n ?a ???u ????th?y a ?i ???, ?i ??th??y?a ?? ????ue
??a ?????. Ii ?????ue e ?? ?????i?? ??, ?? ???, ??uy. Oe???? o?? ss???a
???o ??? i ????? ?? (?. 6) e ????o ? y? ??? ???? e ??ue ? ???u ?ycy ?
???eyy ?? ???a e ???a i???ey (A???a ??? ???atho ??th??yi ???? ????y –
?????a e ????????a). I?eth??y?a ?? ???ny, ??????i, ???? ??? e ???ny
????i ?e???i. I ??th??y?e ?? ????e ??a ?ana ? ???o. Y? ? ???, ???i, ?i
?i ? ????ny. I? ???? ????? ?-????, o.a. ??i.
E?????? e ????a ???u, ?oy ? e n ??th ??a, ? ?c ???ey ? e ????e, ???ey?
? ????i? ??o oy?? ??????. Ii ??i ????????i ?i ??o ? ??e ??i? ??e, ? ???
??i, ??aey?e ??aea ? ???? ??? e ?? ???e a?u.
Ec ??o ?iy??? ??????y i ???e ???ath?y a ????o n ???e I???? e N????. Ii
I????? ?ai?? ???a ????e ???a, ??????? ????y (?. 12), ?????ny iy?th ????
???a, o.a. ????e; a ? ??iy??o (??. E?. Ae. ???. II) ??? ??e a 10 ???
???a. I??? ?? – ???th ???a. I????a ???? ???o ?a i ???e ???a ???i ????y e
????o ? ?? ?? ???, ?e e ??a.
A ?????? ???? ??a XII a. /??i: “I? ?i ?? ????o ????, a ? ????, ? ? ??o
???; ?? ? ????, ?? ????”. I??a ??????a ??????o ??? ? ?????i ????: “?a ?i
???? ??, – ?? ?o ??? ???a”. A??a ? ??????, ???y, ???a ?????e ??. O??i ?e
y?i ??????e e ?iy?i ? ??????. A ?e ?e ???? ???ey? i???ey ?n?? e ???, ?,
?? ???, ?i ???a ???? ??? i??, a ??u – ???o. A ????? ??a ???a ??, ?e
????a ????? ?y? n ?th ????a, ?? ?a ?????? ?????? y??. I?e ?iy??e ? ?tho
?????e ???? ? ???: ?????? ?? a ??? ??? ?????e?ue ?a o ?n a XII a. ?e ???
a ???? ? ?????th ????
Ao. ss????? ????i ???, ?e e ????o ????? ?iy???, ???a ??i n ?????: “A?
?i ??? ??o ?e ????, ?a ?y??y ?e, ? ??i ? 5 ?. ???, a ???? 1 ?. ???, a
???o ?y? ??? ???, a ???? ??? ???; ??? eth?e ? ??i 5 ??? ???a, a ? ????o
? ??? ???a ????. a ?y? ???ue”. N??y y? ????ey? ?aae?a?a y???? ???? n
?????ey? y?? ??????. Ae???e ??i ? ???a e ? ????a ??, ???i, ???e ??i?e
???u. N??y ????o ?????? ???a e ????????a; ? ?????? ????ny 5 ?. ???a
?????ae, o.a. ?e-??. Y?o ??? ????? ???a? n ?i, ??e ????i a ????? I?????i
????. I??? ?y??o ???e ?? ???a ????????a e ??o e ??????o ????eth ???. A
?? o?i, ?i ? A???i ???i ???a aea??, ??? ????????? ????y, ?? ? ??e
??????? ????a?e, ??yth??y ??e e ?? ???? ?a?y ????i, ??i a 5 ?. ??? ?
ae??i ???ny ???y??. I????a ??? a ??? ??????y ??? a ??? ???a n ???i
???????i ??a?? e a ??? ?iy??? (??. I?. e ??a. I???? n ???e ??a XIII a.)
e ??a ? ????ey? ??? ???y??i. I????? ?y??? ??e ?? ?a ?a????a ?????? y?? e
??o ?? ???? a ??ie?o ??????i ??a (A??e. C?. O?. XXXIX, ?. 40, 66 e a8).
I???? ??? ?e ???, ?????, ???ey? ??o e ? ??y?y ????n?a; ? ????a, i ???i
???o ss???? ??a, ?? ???? ? ? y?e ae??????e ????, a ? 40 ?. XXXIX ??ea
A???o ???a. ss???? ??a ???? ???? ??? ???? ??, ?i ??o, e “????a”. I??e
??? ? 5 ??. ???a ? 5 ???, a ??? ??? ? ???. Y? “????” ?? ????e, ????? a
????e, a ? ???a ????e. I ??i ? ???? ???? ????a e ????? ?o ???o e 40 ?.
A???o ???a Y? ? ??o ?? ????i ?????i, ??ue ?? ?????? ?yi? ??????a.
I????ay ???ey A????? ??? ??a ????o ?u?o, ? ? ??ae?y? ?????e.
Ae????a ?e o ?n, ?e e a A???e, ????ue ??????i n ??y?y ??????. A ???
ss???a ???: “A? ?ae ???ny ?ith ??e, ? ??ith ? ?????y, ?ae ???? a ??, a
???th a ?i ????e, a co ??ith ??”. A?: “A? ?a ?? ?i ??o, ???? 40 ???, a
???y ????, ? ?iy? a ?i ????e, a ??oth ???e ? ???; a ??ue ?? ??? th,
??ueth ?c?? ?i”.
A?? a ???o ???yo ???a c????? a A???e e ? ???i? ??o, ?a ? ??y?y ??????,
?oy a ??o ?? ???ey e ? ????i??oth ????. Ia ????e e y?? ???o ???o ??yi ?
??y?y ?????? ? ??i ????. Ii ????i ????. ??a ??e ????th?y ?ae ???i
?e??ey: “A? ???e ?ae ???ny, ???? 80 ???, a ? ????ue, a ???ueth ? ???”
(ss??.).
I??????a ??? ????th?y ???i? ???i ss???a. No. 1a-y y?? ???, ???i, ????
?ae ?ey?? 74-e ??? XXXIX ??? A???o ???a, ?oy ????a ????a ???? ???i.
A????a th????? ?iy??e ?????ue ?????ey? y?ai ?? ??a ?ae ?ey?? ??? (Wilda,
858).
O???a ??ue ?? ???????y ? ?????eyo y?? ??. I? ???o i ??????, ? ?i ????o
?? (XXII, 25), e i ??a ?oe ???? ??. Ii 80-e ?. XX ??u ????ay ?y? ????a n
??th ???? ?? ???? ???. I?i ???,?i e ?a ??? ?????ey y?ai ?? ???? ??????
??? ? ????e E???.
7. I?????y ??? ???
A ???e I??a ?o ?????? ??? ???. Y? ?uy?y?ny ?i, ?i ???ue ?????? ?? ?
A???e, ??? ?a e ???? ????a ??????y ?a ????? ????, ???ue ? a “???oth
I??o” ?y ?????y ? ?? ???: y? ?? “? ???a ??i”. I???? ???a, ??th??y ???,
???ath?y a ?????o ?iy???, a ????o ???o.
Oe???? ??a A???? ????o ??oth?a ?????ey: ????y ???, ???? ????, ??o ???o,
?e ? ??? ??o, ??u ?e ?u e ??e (??u) ?c ??? ?? ??? ?e ?i ? ???i a ???
???; ???a ?ae ??ii, a ???e ?e o ??.
E?? ? ??? e ????a ??y ??e ?? ????? ???o ?e ?y? ? ???? c??? (XXXIX, 57,
58); ?? ???uo a ???ue ? ??? O????i ??? (I???, VI o., 279); ????a
???eytho, ??o ??, ????o ??????e ????, ????e ?????i n ?????i ??????o ??.
ss???? ??a ??y?? ??ue i?i ???ey ?????eyi ??? ???, Ii ???? ????a a 12
??. a ??? ???? e ?y??oth ??ue ? ?????a ??? e ???; ?????y ?i ???ey ???o
?a i ????o ??o ?????e ?u, ????, i ?a n ?????e.
E ?????eyi ??? ??? ????y ?a e ???? (???, ??i, ???) ?e ?????a e ???y?a.
E? ?? ???, ?e e ????, ??? a ?u????? eth?e, ????o ???? ??e e ??i ?????y.
Y? ???e, ??????nue, ?iy? a ???eyo n ??e ???, e ?e ??? ? ??e ???a? ?? ??.
A????a ??a ????o i ????”, ? ? ???ey? ?????e.
A XVII ?? ?????ey ??? ?? c???u ?a a ???? ????????, e ? ?? ?????th?a
??i, ? ??y?? 1-y ??a O???y. A 1-e ?. y?e ??u ????y i ??????, ? ????
?????y ???ay ??ue ?? ????a; ??i ?? ?? i ?????eyo, ?ath?o ??th ???? ?????
???th ????e ???: ?i ? ?? ????ue ?????ie ???ee, ???ny ???th. Y? ??a ???,
???, ? ?????o ?? ?????? ??? ??. I ????? ? ?????y ????y a XVII ??a. A???a
a ????? ????ue ????i, a ????i? ???? e ????o ?y ????y.
8. I?n???ey ??? ?????a
E ?????eyi y?? ?? a ???? I??a ????y ??? ?? ??uey. A ?????o ???o ?a
???ny ?e: “Aaea ??ae ??? ??? ?c ?y? ??a, ? 3 ??? ???e, a ? ?? ??? ?i
(103); ?a ????? ???, ? 12 ?e?i ???a, a ? ?? ???” (?. II ?. 14). N?? ??,
?e ??i ? ????? ?iy???, ????y?? a ???? ??e, o.a. ????y ???. I????ay
??uey, ????a??, ????o ????? ??-?? ????th ?c ??ea?y ?ycy. I? ????y e a
???o, e a ?????o ??e? I??u e ??? ??i ???????i ??, ?i ???ay I??a ???? a
?? ???a ??? ????o ??y??. ????e??ay ??uey ????y a ?i ? ?iy??a, ?a ????
???, ??neath?a ??ue, e ???????o i ?????i o? ???? ????a ??????a.
*? ?. I??a ?? ??o ?????? ??? ?????a, y? ?uy?y?ny ?i, ?i ?????i a ? ??y
?? ?a a ???? e ?????ey ??? ????o? ??? ??e??. Ae????a ???? ? ??????a y?o
?????? ???i a ????? ????o, ??ny??y e XII ??. A E?o. ????, ?ae 1177 a.,
????i ??oth?a ????a ?ycy Nay???a e ???o: “??a! y ? ?o ?ae ??th ??? ?, ?
?yae ?o oae ??, ?a ny ?y? ????, ? a ???ue, a ?ae o ???”, o.a. ?? ?y?
???o, ? ? ???ny ???e, a ?? ???e ?ae, ? ? ???ny ??e. Y? ?? ? ???? ?? ?y
?????i ???e, a ???i ??i ??? ???? ? ????a?? ?n?????? ??????. Ii a ?i
??iyo y? ?????ey, ?i c??o “???o ?ae?” I?? ???, ?i ??ue ????ny ?????? ???
???? ?ycth: ???? ???e ??? ?o ?? ??? e ? ???? ???ey. “Eiy? ???o” ????, ??
aeo??, ????a ????. I? ????y, ?iy?a ???e e ???ay ??ue, ?????u ????i: “a
?yae ?o ??a”.
N??e ??? ???o ?iy???, ?e e ??. I?. ?atho a ?? ??? ??o???y ??? ???? ???
?????a.
Ae???y ??ay ?a?? ?????, ?-1-o, ???ae. “A ???? ??? ??e; a ???ae ?: ?i
??? ?oy n ????, ? ????, a ?? ??e ???o, a ????? ???th?y ? ????, ?i ?
???ae, a ??? ?? ???? i?”. Y? ??uey ??ue ?????? ?iy?a ????. I? ????? ???
????? n ??i, ???e ???i n i???i. Co ??e ? ???e ?????, ???, ????? ????.
Y?i e ?uy?yth?y ???a ????ey n ?????e ?? a o???a, i ?i ?? ?? ??. To ?
?iy?a ???? ?????ny a ???? ???? XV e XVI ??. Ia y?e ??a ??ey ??o e O???a.
I? ????o ? ???ae, a ?? (?i ? ?) n ??? n ???? e n ??????. Ai ?? ae??o
??ayo ???ny ??i, ??i, ????a??, ???ny e n ????, ?e?i ? n ???? ??????. Ec
??? ??i, ?i ??a ???a ?????ue ?y ???e a ???. Ai-2-o, ???o ???. I? y?i,
??y?i, ?? ???? ???????y ???a ?y???i ?? ?e ?????e e ????e ???.
A? ??a ???? i?????ey, ?????? e ????eth ???? ?? ?????a, ????i a ??? ????
???o ???a. N???a ??a ?????a ??o ?? ???? ?e ???? ???, ?e e ??????y? ???.
A??? ???atho i?u ??? ?o e ??? ?????. Ii I???? ??? ???a ???? ??? ?e ????
??o a ?i, ?i ? ??o ??? ??i ? ????o ?e??eth, a ????? ??? ? ??????y, a ??i
? ???, ? ????, a ???i ? ????, a ????? ? ????, a ?c ?i?? (?c ??) ?e??a ?
???? ? ? ??, ? ? ??. Eiy? ??? ?e ??? ?? ? ????o ????th. Eiy? e ????.
?y???? ? ??ue ??? ???a (???).
I?????y ???a ??a ???o ? ??e ?? ???i ? ????o ???ieth e ???ey? ??o a 50
?a. ?? ??a, ???e ??o ? ???, ? ?i?? ?? (28).
N?eth??a ??y?a ? ?? ? ???u oy???y ?????y ??? ????e. I???ay ????o ? ??a,
????? ??i ? oy???y ???o “?? ???ith ? ??”, ?e ? ??? ??????, e ????o ? y?
“???o ?ycth”, ??a o??u ???? ??????ey (III). N ?th ? ??th ?a ????? “??? ?
?ae ???th” e ???? “??th” e ???? ???i ??, ?i “??th a ???th ???o ?e ????ee
???” (58). I?????y ??ay ???a ????? “???o ????” (??i?? ??? n ??th ???y) ?
??e e oy???y e ???? ? ???o: n aiy? 50 ???, ??? 20, a n ???? 10 (6).
I?????y ??? ??? ?? ?????a, ??a ???????? ?????i ???ey, ???ath?y ??? a
I???? ??? ???a, ???y ????o “?????o”, o.a. ???th?? ??u ??o ??i (????o),
???oth ??ue. Y? ??????a, ??o ??, ????? n e ???e XXXIX ??? A???o ???a:
“????ay ? ??ue ??? ?e ???ay ????i ?iy – ??u o???? ???y”.
N???a ???e ?????a, ???eyy ???????th ?????ue ????o, ??? a?? ?y???ue
???eth ??o ???a, a ??? ?????ey ??? ???? ??oe ?????a ?????? ??? ?? ???
??a ???????o ??????.
A ????? ??y, ? ?? ??, ?e ???o ?????i e ??? ????i???ny a ??o ????e, ??
???????o ?????? ??? ???ath?y. I??a ??i ??o ?? ???tho ?????ey, ?????? ???
??u e ???e ?????a. I???a ?? ??ue ???e ????????. I????ey N????a ??? ?
???tho ?????e ? ????????. A N????o ???????a ?????ey ? ii ??o, ? ? ???? ?
???e?u ?a ? ??? ??????. I?a e ? ? ??uey ???o i ???o ??o ethaeyo:
?????yo, ?????o, ????o ?oyo, i ?????i ??? e i ?????a; ??? ???? ???ey? e
y?? ???th ????i ?aa?. Ec y?o ?a????a ??? ?????e (iy??? e ????) e ????
??? ?? ???????a ?????e. A????? ??? ?? ??? ?y?? ????a (???? = ????o, o.a.
?cy?o). E???a ? ??a ??ue ??i e ? ????th e ?no?? ?e??o (??? ?????i ???
????eth), e ?? y?o ?????e ????ny ???i ??i ????i, ? ??a ???ny ???th.
O???a ??? a y?i ????e a??? ?a ???. I? ??ey? ?a ???????a ?????ey a ??oth
??o (a??th) e ???o: ?-1-o, i ?????eyo ??? ??e ????y, ?-2-o, i ?????eyo,
?ath?o ??th ????ue ????y n ????, e, a-3-o, i ?????eyo, ?????? ??? ???e
?????a. Ii e y?i ??? ? ????a ???? ?? ??aie. O???a ? ???o, ??., ? ?????e
????y ???, i ????e ?i ???? e ?. Ec y?? ????y ??e ? ???o ??th??,. ?i ????
??u ? ??? ? ??th ????y. I???a ????? ????a: ?e ?????? e ??? ???.
I?????yi, ???e??i ??? ????y e ???e ?????a, ?????ue ?????? ???o ?????o
?e; ????????, a ?? ???? ?, ????? e ?i n ????th ????ueth. A y?o ?????eyo,
?e ? ?a ??i, ??? ? ????y ? ????y e ????ey, e ? ???? ???? ???ey ? ???e
???y: ???????? e ? ???? ?????? ????? ????i. A ??oth ??o (??ueth) O???a
??ey? ?????ey, ?ath?a ??i ????i ?e???? ??e ????? aea?a. E y?? ?? ??????
????? ????a ????y ??-??? ? ?????i ??a ??? ?e ????i, ????a ?i e i?.
I?????y, ?????a ? ?????i ??a, ???ey? ??ue ????? ??a e a??e ? ??th ??a
oy?? ??aae??y, ?oy e ? ?a (??a ???a??ue ?? ??a).
Ca ?????ey? ??? ???? ?????, ???e ?????a e ??e ????aa ??a ?? ???e ?yae
??????, ?i????o ??? ????o ?? ?????a. *???ay ??a ???o i ??a???eyo
???????o ??a e ???e, iy?y-i ????e ????? ?? ?????a ????e ????e, ???a ??o
?? ??y?? ae??e, ?e ???ey? .??? a ???y?a ???; ??a VII, ??y??ay ??? ???
eth?e, ???o i ?????eyo ??? ??y?a ??? e o. ae. Aeey ????ey ???? ??
?????a, ??o e ????o ???????, ?? ??ae ??y?, ??? e ???? “???i, e ???, e ?
??i, e ???o ????? ?? ? ?a??ue e ?ae ??th ? ????y”. A???e a i???? y??
?????y ???e ??yi “????a”, ? ?i ?????y ????o ???. I???? ??? ? ?aea ?? e
???i, ????a ?i – ????th ??? (X, 107). Ca ???? ?ae ??? eth? ??y? ??ue e
???e ????? ??o a ??a ?ie?e ?? ??, a ? ??? ????e ???? ??e (X, 5).
A?? ????y. ?????a ??i
I?? ???
I. Cithc ?? e ??
A?e ?? ?thc ???u e ???u n ??th ???? ?????y e ???ey ?? ??e. N???i ??a
??e ? ????y th?????o ???o. I????? ??? ??? ? ?????o ??ue ?ea. N???? ???
???ay ??a; ???ath?y a ?i ??? ????y ? ??o ?oue ??i ????? ???i.
N ?????? ??e ??ey, ????? ????a ???u ????ey? ?????? ??o ?????? n ?i, ??a
??th??ny a ?????o ????o. A ?????i ??iy?e ????a ???u ?? ??? ?????a. N?ay
???y ???a ??e ??? ?????o ???e ni??o a ?????i ????e ???u. O ????a ??o ???
????tho ??a ??? ????y ???u e ????; ?e ?????ath?y ?e ??? ????, ??e ?e
???ey ????, e ???th?y ? ?e a ??, ?e ??????ue. I?????th ?? ?i?? ???ey?
???. O ????o ???? N???e A??? ????? ??iy?ay ??? ?-? ???; ??? ???tho ? ??
o ??a ??i ?e ?, ?e ????? ???? ??o. I??????? ???atho ? ?, ?i o ????o ???e
?o ?i? “eth??”. I???? XVII a., ?????ee A???? ? ?? ? ?????? y??a, ??? ?e
?i ????ue ?y ?o yoi ??i. A A????, ? ??????o ?o??????a, ???u ??ue ??i
??atho ?????ith ???th o ?o ???, ???a o???eytho a ?uo ?????? iy?. I?????
? ??atho ???, ?i ?e ???y?y, ???tho e ??ath?y ????e ?y ?u.
Ae????a ????a ???u o ???a ?????? ???a ??a ?? ??? i?????. Ia y? ???atho
???a ??y?, ??????y ? ?? ???e, e ????u, a ???o ??? ??? ????a ???? ????e.
N??, ????, ???yo: “?ae, ???e ? ?? ??e ??, ? ?? ???e”, “?e ?ath e ?? ?
???”, “?? e ??? ?e, ?? ???, ??u ?a ?? ?? ???u”. O ?n a ???i ??? ?? e ???
??a?? ??? ??? ????y. A???i, ???a oy??a ????a ???u _a A?????? ?a., ???o,
?i y? y??? ? ??y??? ??????y, a ?????? o ??a. A?? ??, ?????e ???i, a ?i
??aony ?uy??ey, ? ?? ? ?? ????a ???? ? ???i ?eyiey ??o, ?????oth ?? ???i
? ?a??? ???e ???ey. Ii ? ???i ?i????th ??? ?????o ???, ?? ?eeth?i ? ?o,
?i ??? ????a e ae???i ????? ?eeth?? o ?????o ???a ?????ue ?????? eth?e e
??y???? e ?i. Ia y?? ??a ?? ????ny ???, ???a a ???aea ???? “??ue ?iy
???”. ?y?i n ?????e, ???th?? ??ue ????a ??? i ???a (“? ?y? ? ??ea, ? ?
?iy”, “??a ??, ?? ?? ? ???”, “? ?? ?ith a ??, a ?? a ??”, “???a ????,
??a ?ae ?? ????e), ???? ???? ??n?u e ??y, a ???o ????y ???a ??? ?cy?a:
“? ?e A? ???, ? ???ue; ?e A? ii???, ? ? ?e A? ????; ? ??? ??e, ? ???
???, a ??? ? ??th? ???”.
Ae????e ?? ? ?a ??th??ny a ?eyo ???ey ?? ??e ?? ???a. Ii ??????ny ???
??i, ?e ???? ??????ey ?????? ???u; ae??? ???a y?i ?????yi.
A ????a ??y ??? i ???a???e ??a ??a ???e ? ?ay ??ia ???? ??????? e ???e
????ii ??th ????o. I????i ?y y?? ????e ? ??uy, ???a ???? ????a???, ????a
?o ???a, ?iy?o ? ??e ??? ???e ???ey. I?? e?????? ? ???, ???, e ?????
???th ???a i ?????e ??a ?????o ????e; ??ey ? ? y?o ??? ??ue ???y?y. I??
o ?o ??i i???? ??a ?, ?i e??????e ?? ?e ? ??atho ????e ???, y? ??a
?????i ??????y. *? ? ?? a ???? Ia y? ?th?y ??ue ????a ???. I???i a ??i
???i ????e ????a ? ???? ???a ? y?o ???. Ii ??? ???i, ?i ?o??e, ? ????e
???? ??th?y ???? ????ey, ??ue ???. E ??????? ???????? ?? ????ny n ???e
??????th. I? ???i ??tho ???th e ??? e ???a.
I??a ??????e ??tho, ?i ??????, ??? ?i ??? e ??i-?? ??? ??a, ?oy ? e
??ue ???????, ???? ??iy?a ?????? ????ey ??a, ???a ?e ???tho ?????. Y??
??iy?th ????a E??e “?? ???ey” ?? ???? “????i ??a”, ? ? ???????y ? yoie
??i ???e ????, a ????? ??ae ??i ??? ?????a ????i ??a, ?e ???, ?e ???e ?a
???u e ???u ??? ????e ??? ??ath?y a ????o? ??o ??e (71). O?y y? ????,
????y ?? ???ey, e ? ??o ?oue ???a ???e, ??. ?e ???? e ???? ??, ?e ???ey?
?i E??e, ? ?? e ? ?, ?i ? ??a ??ue ? ???? ??a ??a ????a ?????: ???i
????ny ???, ?i ????a ??????i ??iy?a “????a ?e ????i a??a” ????i ??c?i.
N? E??e ???, ?i ?o ???? “?????? ???????” ??????y ???i? ??a. Ii ???? ?
(67 ??.). Ia ?o ??yae ?e ? ??ue ?????u e ??? ? ?atho ??th?? ???ey.
I??a ??i ??e ?????uo ??????a ???? ??oth?? ???eth. “Ia A????? ???? ???
?????? ?ae?? e ???a ????ny ??? ? ?o ??, ?? ???e ? ??o ?iyo ? ??e; ??a ??
? ???y ??? ??n???i ????ue, e ??? ?????o ?? ??a ?? ?y ???? ???y”. I?????
??? ? ???o ? a i??o ????a, ? a ??? ????i ?a?. Ec ?? ???o: 1) I??e ??????
n????oth ?y? ?? ???a a ???a e????i ???e. 2) Ii ????e y?? ???e ?e ??o
????ue, ? ? ?y?? e ?? e, ??????i, ??o ?i???ue ?? ???, ?? ?????ytho ??
??a *(89). I???? ?? ???: “O??u ??a ????e ??i?e ??e a ?????? ???? e ?? ?y
?o e?, ???a ??ath?y a ?????a, ???a ?u ????tho ??? ? ??e”. Ec y?ai ???ey
???o, ?i ???i ???? “???a ?u”, ? ??????ue ??? ?e ??? o ?o, ?i y? ?u
????tho ??? ? ??e. N????i ?????a ??u ??????e ??i ???? e ? ??e
???-??????? ???a, e ???i ??i ? ??o ????ue ??eth ?u??? ??a. N??th?y ??i
?e ???? E??e ??y?? ????eth ? ???a I??? “i i??????e ???????i? ???u ???a”
e ??th?? ?i ??oth?i ???i: “??i ????, ?i ?oy ?????o ??ue ??e ???, ? ?ay
??a ???? ????y ? e ??? ??, ? e ??e ???, ???a ?iyo e ?io a ??e ? ???e
??oaa, ?e aeyaey e ??e; ??i ???i, o ???i ???a ??? ? ????o ??a e ???e”.
I??i ????o ?a ???u ????iey ???a, ???o ?????oth e ????????th. I?????y
?????o ???i e n??? e ?? ??? ????. Ii I??? o ?o ?? ????ue ????a ????y. Y?
??o ?ae e ??, ?? e ??, ?? e ???, ?i e ??; aeyaey e ??a, e ????a ?e
???e?a. Y? ????? ???e ????th?y ?? ????? ???ey ?????ey ????o n???e. O ?n:
aeaith??? ??uey e ???, ?ith??? aey? e ??e e ?. O ???? e ???: grandfather
e grandmother, grossvater e grossmutter e o. ae. E??a ?????a ????a ??o
?? ??????, ???i e ?????y ? ???.
E???????yy ???a ??a??? ????i ???i, ?????? ????, ?e??i. O ?o ?? ???? ?y
oe-?? e?? (???????) ??????a, ?i I??i e ???? ???i ??????a. O ???aa, ????,
??o ???a 5: ??? ???eytho ??uey e ??? ????ai ?oea, – ???, ?ith??? e o.
ae., e ?a ?e ?nyo ?? ?y; ??? – ?i ?? e ??, ? ??uey e ???, ???, ?ith??? e
o. ae.: ??? – ?i ?ae e ??a e ? ??uey ??? e o. ae.; ????e – ?i ?? e ?
?ith??? ??uey e ??? e o. ae.; iyoue – a? ??e e ? ?ith??? ??uey e ?n?u e
o. ae.
Ia N????? ???? ?a ?????? ???i ??? ???th?y ??a (makua), ? aeey ???ey ???
? ??? ??? ??aatho ??a-??, ??? ??a-??? (??-???a, waheena-???a). *???? ??n
??o ??a???a – ??a (???) ?? e ??a ??? e ?. O?? ???i, ???y e ??y??e ?atho
?? e ? ? ????, ??i ??a ? ???ath?y ? ???eth?? e aey? *(90).
Y? ?????ue ?????e ?????? e ?? ??ae E??? ???ue ??ae, ?i o ????o ???a ?oy
? ??o ??????i ?? e ???, ?i o ?? ??i ??a e ???e; a ??i e ??i??e ??ae, ?i
o y?o ???a, ??a ???? y? ??????, ?e ? e??????e, a ???? ??. I? ??th??y ?
??u. Io ?????o ?????? ?ae? ??? ??th??y e ????yi ??e ???????, ? ??cy ???
??th?? e ??a ???i ????yi ??e ???, a ???a??? e e ????o ??o. *? ? ??
????????y ???a a ??o ? ??? i ????? ??a? ?????i ???. A ?????-???e ??o ?
??ue ??? ??, ? ??cy ?? ?????ue ???e ??u ??a, a ???e ???e ? ?? ? ???. Ii
???ny ? ????e ??e, ???y ?i e ????a. ???? ??? ??ue, ?i ?i ????; y? e ??o
?i ??, ???th ? ???a ? ???o n ???e ?o?i ???, ?i ?e ???th?y ??i ??ai n
???th. A ?????eyo, n ???? ?? ??uath?y e ???eyi, ? ????? ??????o ????th
A?????, ??e ??cy ??? ???ey ? ???? ???a; ?? ???tho ????e ?e ????ey?ny
????i ? ?? ????o y??. I?th?, ?? ???i e ??? ??a i???atho, ??? ?ieo ????e
?????i ???e ???e. A A??a ???th?y ???i ????????mama e papa, ??? A?c??
???yo paia e maia, ????u-papatko e mamko. O ??eo ??? ??? ?y ?????y ?? e
??? ?a ??? ????, ?e ???e e ??/ea. Io ?????o ??a?e ??cy ??? ???o ??th??e
e ??????? ???i ??ayi.
A??? a ??i ?????? Das Mutterrecht ??aey? ??? i ??? ??? ?????o i???? a
??a ????a; ? ? ??? ?????? e ?? ????ea. Ii ?i ??eth, ???u, ???oe, ?????ue
??iy?? ????a e ????? ??o ???a?? ????e, a ???e ? ?????? ?????? ?ae ????e.
Ia y?e ??? ??? ???ey ?????o ????e ???u ????ue a ??? ????? ?i??i. O????
??a ????? ? ??i, a ???th, ??a ??iy?y ??? ??e ???ey?? ? ???, a ? ? ??, ??
?????e ? ?i ??, a ?? ?i ???, ???oe, ???u ?????? e ????ath ??th ??????
???. A ae????ue?? y?o ????e A??? ???? ??o ???. A? A??? ???e i ????, ?i o
?o ?? ???tho ?ay ? ???, a ? ? ??, ?i ??, ???? ????e ???? ? ??, ?????? ?
??? ???e ???u; e, ????, ?? ?????, i??e?a n ???e ?e ?????e, ? ?????? ???e
?????a. I??????? ??? ???e ???e o ???e ??o ??? y?? ??. O ???? A???? ???
?? ?nyo ?y ???. O ???? ??a????ue e ???e ???ey?ny ? ???, a ? ? ??. Ia
???? Ae??u ?? ???otho ??a ??iy?y ???. A E??i ???e ????o ? e ?oyi ??ey, a
e ?oyi ?i ???. Ae??i, a ?????? Das Mutterrecht imd Raubehe, ????o ? ?,
/? y??ey y?? ?? ??i ??th?? a ??iao ???o ?????. O e????? ????? ????a ??e
???ey?? ? ???; ? Lex Salica (a ????o ???o), ?? ???e ? ???ye ??e, ?o
?n???? ??, a ? ??; ???? n yo? e ?y???? ???ue ?? ? ???iy???? ?aae? ??? ?
???a??? ? ???u ???, a ??i ?a ????? e ? ??????a ? ???u ??.
O???? A???? ??u ? ???? ???? ???eth. Ii ?????ny, ????atho ? ?e ?i
??????a i ????e ??? ??o ????e e ????e, i ??? ??? e ? ?????. I???i?a ??u
??o ?? ?uy??u ???i ??a. I?? ???? e ???th ????? a??? ??a ???????ay e ??
????y ?y?, ?i ??o ???? e ??i. I?e ??? ??????e ??????? a??a, ?? ???, a
???e ????y n ???th. A ??? ? ???????o ?? ?e ????? ? y?i, ?? y?a ??? ??. A
??? ??????? ?aoe ??a y?i, ?e e ??, ? ??ay ? ?i ??o ???? ? ??? ???. Nay?
??e n ???th e ??ue ??a ??ay. Y? ?????y e ??a ???y ?y? ???a n ???th a
??????? ???? e ??a ???? ?a ? ?????e, ???a ??? A???a ? ??ue ? y?? ?????
???e. I?eth?a?a ,a ?? ??y o ????o ???e ??u ec ?o, ?i ???u A??a?i, – ?
??? ? ???yth?y n ????a? ??? ?ae ????e. ? e ?ae ???. A??ue ?ae ??? ?????o
? ???e, a aey? ? ???u ???, a ??? e ?y? ?? (Ae??i).
Y? ????y ???e e a ?? ?????, ? ???? o ?n ?????oth ???o. I? ??i ????o
??????ae y?? ???a, ??????? ??e y??? ?? ? ? ????th ??ith ?????o ????e. A?
??a ?????a ????i ??a ?? a. E???: y? ??a ??iyi?, ??a ???ae????? ?th? ?
?????, ??a y? ?th? ??o ?? ?????u ? ???th e ??a ????a??y ? ??a ???? ????
a ??e; ????? e ??ae ? ??a ???ath?y ??? ??? ??i e ?e ??? ?n???a ????e ??
??o ????ny ???. “N????a”, ???o ??? ? y?o ???, ??o ??i ?? ??o ?a?? ?e ?
??? e ??? ??? ??i.
E ??o ????a ?????o e a. C?? a ?i, n ?????e ???u, i?? ????? ??a “I??e
??????? y?????? ?e??u”. Ii ???ey? ?u??e ??, ?e ????th eth??, e ???, ?i
??? n y?e ??e ??ey ??i ????????i ?uy??ue ?a ? ???? ?????e, ???a ? ??th??
??? a ??e ???e. A?? ???? ??i ???, ? ?c ???e e ni??y? a ?? – y??ey,
??ny??y e ??? ???yi ????, a ??? e ? ?????.
I?? ????ny ?ae ??????i ???????o ?????o ????e e I. I. E?????. A ??o
??????? ??? ? y?y?ny ??y?i e ????? ???i?? ??? ?????y a ??a A ??? ???e ?
???? “???a ??iyi? ?????o ?????? ???a, ?e ???i ????? ?thc ?? e ??, ????e
n ??? e ??????a ?? n ???” (???? ??????a).
Eth???i, ?i y? ??a ????a ??i a ??i ????o n ????? ??? ????? XI-XII ??.
E??a I???e a??? i ??o: vivebant enim quasi bruta animalia connubia
habentes communia. N????i ? ? ???o e ?o ????e ????oe, ??? N???? o ?.
I??ea, i ????o, ay??o e ???y?o: “AE?y? ye?a ??ue e ??e ? ??? o ?o”.
I???y ? ????? ??y?a ????e ??ue ????? y?o, ????a i ?a?? ??iy?e, i ????a
e ???? ?a?, ?e ??e ??? ???ey, ?? ???th ??? ?a ??????,-y ??ath ?????i ?
?????. I?? ????ue, ?i ???? ?a ?? ??????i y???i a ???e ???? e ????ue
?????y e ???; ? y? ? ?? ? ????i ????y ??????ue ?i ?e ?????th ???ue a
??e?e ??????. Ae???? y? ? ????ey?ny ????i e ? ????e ???a ?????? ???u.
O??th ?????y ??o ??? ??? o???? a ?i, ?i ??????ay ??ue /???a ?? ?i ?????
? ??e ????. E??a ??? ??iyiea ???? ?????o ???a, ???i, ? ??o ????ue ????
???eth. Ii e ??e ???? ?o ???o ???. I?? (??oe e ??a) ??tho ??? ??? ???,
??? ??? ?????tho ??e e, ???oe, ??? ?? ? ???. I??ue (Volkerkunde, 1874,
??. 238), ? ?? ??? ???????a, ???? ?? ???? ??e ??ueyi. Na???i ? ??iy? ?
??, ?? e ?? ??e ??? ????a. E?e O?o ????, ?i ???????? ??uey? ??o ??y?. O?
? ??c ??e ??o e ???u, ??iyy? ? ??? ??e. A?i ?n????o i ?o ??oth?a: ?e
????tho ??? ? ??yo ???? ? ??e e ???a; ?i ???? ?? ??a n ???, ??oe ? ???ny
o ????y ??? e ???? ?? e ??e. O???a ??a?ath???a, a ???o ?? ?????y ? ???e.
E????a ???atho 2-3 ??e; ??a ??o ? ??th? n ??e, a e?? ???, ???? ??o. A? –
????? – ??a ??o ???? ??y?, ? ????o ??e (y? ?y??ay ??uey? ???a). Oa???a
??o ???e ? 30 ??, ?ae ?????? ???i ??a. Ii y? ??i ???o ? ????o ??e. E??y
n?? e ??oe ???eytho ??, ?e ?atho ??o ??e, ???tho ?, ?? e ???aatho
(???e). AE???i ?????i ???i ?a??e e ??????i ????? e ??th????? ????th ???.
I??a ???a ???? ??a ? ?atho ???o ???. A ??? ????ey o ??? ?????y ???ay
???? e ?e ????tho ???e n ?th. A? ?i A?i ?????? i ??eyo. N????a ????? n
??a ?oy?y ? ?i? ???y. N?? ???i ?ay?? ???tho ?? ??a ? ?e e ???y ?e ???,
?i ??tho ?? ??. N?? ??? ?????? ??a ????, a ? ? ???o ?????. I????ue ???o
? ??? ??i ??e ????u, ?ith??? ? ? ?? ??ii, ?? ??? ? ? ?th, ?ae? ? ??o e
?y??e ????? ? ?ith eth??. I?ue ??ue eth?o ??e e ???? ?. To ? ??th??ny o
??, ???, ????o ??a, ???, ???, o ???o ?? ??u ??? ???atho ? ???. O? ? ???
???o i i??i?o: ??o ????? ??? ?????ath?y ????y, ?i ? ? ???ue ?????a,
????y, ???a ????th?y, ??o ?? ??? ? ???th. Ae???u, ?c ?????, ??th?y ??? ?
??? e ??atho, ??ae??a ??????? ?????! Aeey ???u ???u ????? ???ue, ?i ?
?????a ??tho ?e ???u e ???, ?e ???. N?? ??u n ???e e ???ytho ? ??e, ??
?a ? ??ath?y ?????i. E??e ??a ??u. He ?a n?? ??? n ???. N?? ????a
???ath?y ??a, ???a ??????u e ?oyi. N??e ??atho ??? ???o ????e.
A?e ???? ?atho ?? e ??e, ? ? ??i ? ????e ??i ???ae?ue, ?i ???e a ?????i
??iy?e eo ? ??? He ????ey?ny ? ???? ?ae???e ?????? ?y ???? ??a ??a
??????? ??iy?a, ???a ? ?? ???? ?? ????. Ae??i e N??? ???ath?y a ?????
??o ??y?a. E? ???o ? ???? ??a ???? e eth?e, ?o ? ??o ? ??e ????, ? ??e
eth?e.
I? ? ????i ????y ?????? ?y ???????i ???? ??th?? ?? ??o ?????o ????e. Ii
?? ??y??? ??a ?? a ?? ?a e ??? ????a ??u: e ?????a, e ????ey, e ????y e
????? ???y??? ????y ?ae/? e ???. A ?? ?????i ?????ey ???u ?ae ????, y?
??? ??u ????e a ????o ???u, a ? ???u. AE??? a ??????? ???? ????yo y?y?ny
??i ? ????a ??????e. Y? ??a ??ey ????i ?uy?y?, e? ??????a ?????y, ?e e
?????i? ????? e ????e. O ???a, ???e I??????o ??, ????? ????ey e ????y.
I? ??u ????i ??????y. E?? ????o ???e ?i, ?o ??o ??. E?? ????? ??oth?e ca
?i, ? ????iy?ny e ??o n???i ??a e o. ae., ?e ????o ????ey. I???? ???u –
??i ????a. Ii ??uey ??? ??i ???atho ??????o?y ??e ??e e ??o ??oth. O??
???i, a ??e e ?e ? ??a ??i ??e e ??i ?i.
*??a ?????? ???i ??a ???????, ?i ??ay e ????y ????ey. Ii ??u ??ue ??i
?i, ?? ??ue ?????a ????. Y? ??????y ??a ???o ???a e ???e ???i ??i???
????. A??a eth? ??? ???n????y ??e ??e. E?e, ?????? ??? ?????o ??????, e
?? i?????o ?o.
A?ey?i ? ??, ?e ? ??????ue, ?uy?y?ny ?, ?i ??, ? ??? ??, ???aeyo e ?
?????i. O ??? e ???a ?? ???? ??a ????ny ??e ?????i; a E?? ?? e ????u
?ey?y ??o ??????; o ??????a ?? ??, ? ?i ???, ???aeyo e ???yi. Y?i ?
?uy?y?ny e ??th??? o ????o ??? ??? ???? ???? ??o ?i ??ueyi e ????? ? a
a?a ???ey ??yi.
Ae??? ??, ??a ???i ???i ?????yi ????? ???u, ???u, ? ?a ?? a ?e ? ???e
???? e ?????, ?e ?? ???a ??????. I???????? ???e ?y? ???? ? ????ey ??,
???e ?e ??? n ?i e ????? ??e ??. Ii ?a ? ??? ????ue ????th ?o ??, ? e
???ue ?, a a A???? ?? ??ue. Ii y? ?a ? ???, ?i ?????? ???i ??? ??????u
???i-?a?ue ???a ???a ????y. A?e ??o ??i e ??th ?????? ???i ???? ??y????,
?????a ????y, ???i, ???ue ?e ? ??i, ?e o ????a, ????a e a ???th?i ?n
????.
Ia ?y? n ?????? ???e ?a? ??e ??i e ??i ???y??? ???a ????y e, ? ???
?iy?? ????, a ????e, ?????i ???ath?e ?, ???y ?????y a ?????i ?i ????.
E??a ????y ????
I? ???e ??, ????i i ?i ??i ??? ? ????i ????? e ???? ???eyi, ? ?? ?thc
?? ?????? ???a: ???y a ??, ???a ????a ?ae ??? ??. A y?i ?????ytho ????a
????a ???a ??y?, e ??? ??????y. E ??i ??y?i ?????o ??yae ????y: ???y ???
?? ??? ??? ??. ???? ? ??? ??e ??ae ? A???? ? ?e ???a, ?i ? ?e ?i ???, a
?a ???? ?y ?ay ??????? “??? ????”. A y?i ??y? ????ny ??yae ? ???o, ?e ?
??o; y? ???e??? ????a ????y ?? e ??, ?e ?a??. I????i, ?i a X – XI a., e
???? ????y ?????a ??????i, a ?y??? e ?y??o ??yo ?? ? ?? ? ??? ??iy?, ? e
???e; ? ??? ????y ?? ???e ????e, ????th?e, ?i ?? ??y, ??a ?? ?? ??iath
??. Y?o ??? ????ny e ??? ? O???, ?a ?????y ???o n ?? ???, a ? ??y? ?
????? ? ??a, ?i ???? ??i ?i ????? ??.
I?????? ?? ?? ????ny e a ??? ???? ?????e ??i ???? ?? ? ?e a ??, ?e
??ae??y ??????ue, i ?i ???o E????. A E???? ???? e ??? ?????y ????ny ? ??
a ??. C?? ?a???ny ?e ? ???? ? ?e a ?ee ??a ??????e. Ia ???ae a ??eth
???atho e ??? ???, n?????th?a ??yae ??????ey; ????, ???i? ?????e ?ay?e ?
???. Ec ??ae?o ??i ??i, ?i ???? ???u ?? ?????y, ???y ??, ????ay ???e,
???? ????ey – ?ay?a. Ii ???????o ??ath, ?????y ae??a ??e??ny ????th
?ay?e. I????oth?a ?e y?i “???” ??, ?aey ??????a ???u, ???: “?y?, ? ???!”
e ??th ????tho ? ?????y. Ec ????ey ?? ??? ?? ???? ??i ?? ????? ??. Y?
????ny a ?o?????y ? ?? ???e a E????? ????e ??y?: ??a ???ey ?? ??y? ???
?????th ??ueth ? ??a ?e ?? e ??i ???? ??ue ??????, ???e ??? ? ?. A
?????th?e ??a ? ????e ?a ??????a, ?i a ??? ??th??y?y ?? ??a ?oue ??a ??i
??????.
A ?y? n ?????i ????i ???u ??o e ??y ??a ??a. E?? ?? ????ue ??ith ??,
??a ??a ?? ??????ay. O???y ? ????th ???ath?y ?e a ??o ?iy???, ?e e a
?iy??? ???? ??yi e ?????. I? ????e ????oe ???o, ?i ???y?, ????, ay?? ??e
? ?a e ? ?e ??. A???? Nay?e ?? ??ue ?i e ??i ????. I???? ? ??o ???????
??ath?y ?y??ue ??????i ???i? ????, ????y, ?i ?? o ?n e ?????? ??????, ?
??? a ??? ??ayo, ?????a ? ????y. Ii y? ?a ??? ??a, a ? ??a. I?? a ?i, ?i
??? ?a ??ue ????i ?i, e ?? a ???????? ? ?a ??e ? ?n?e?o ?i, y? ?uy?y?ny
????i y??????i ????y. *?? ????? ??? ?i, ??i ?? ??ue ?????a ????, a ? ??
? ?y?e.
N ??y?? ?????? ??yae ? ????? ?? ?? ??? ?e ????i ?y???y, a ? ???? ????yo
???? ??? ?? ?iy??ny ??a ????a, ?i y? ?? ???? ???. Y? ??i ? ??, ?i ?????
?????e ???? ????ue ?y???? e ?y ??. Ii ??????i e a ?????? ??a ?? ???ny
?ae ???th ??. A??ie? I??? a ??i ???? ae?yi ???o: “?? ?ith eth??, ? ya
??a ? ?ae ??th ???”.
Ec ??? ?????e ?? ? ?? ???o, ?i ??? ????a ?? ???ey?ny ????? ? ??, o.a.
?? ?ycy ????ny ?y??e, ?? ?y??-?y??e, ???y?? – ???y??, ?? – ???? e o. ae.
Ec y?? ??? ???a ???a ??i ?? ??o ?? ??th??a: ????e ???e, ????? a ?? n
???e ?c ?y? n ? ?????, ? ??? ? ???e ? ???u, ? e ?i ????ny ???i (???ay
I??a III ?ae. ?. 142). Ho ???a ?? – ??? ??a ?? ????? ? ????eth n ?
?????.
C??????? ?iy??e I????? ?????a ? ?????ath?y ? ?????e ?/?o ????e ????,
???a e ?? ? ?? n ??? i??th?y ??i-?? ?????yi. E???y ??a ???? ??e ?????y??
??ath. O?? ??? ???ith ???tho ? ?? ???? y?o ???a. Ec ??o ???? ???????o e
?????? ?iy??? ??i ??th??, ?i ?? ??? ???y?ny a?a ??, e ?i ?ae ??o ??i ?
?????. E?i A??? ??e ???ue ????????e ????y, a ???o ?? ?????ue ?????/??
??, ? ?i ????e, ?i ?a a ?? ??. A ??e ?????ue ???? ???a ?iy??ey ?????e
??oe. Ia y? ????o e Ae???? Ne????, ???e ???? ??a ????e ??? ?????y ?i, ?i
?o, ???e ?a????ny. Ia ??? ???e ????e ??o??? ??? ???atho e th????? ??. A
??e ???? ??? ???? XVII a. ??ee O????? ??? ? ??? ? ??o ????o ??th?y a ?i,
?i ?, “??? ? ? ???th, ?? ?ith ???? ????ue ? ??o, a ?? a??, ?e e ???
????a ??o, ?c ?y?? ????a, e ???y? ?? ??o ? ?? e ? eth??, a ? ??a??”.
E?????? ????y ????
Ia ??????o ????yo ???? i?e ????? ?iy??e ???? ??ue ??i?, e ?, ?i a ?o
???i, ??, i?? ??, ??????i ? ?c ?ey?y ??i-???? ??a.
E?????ua ????y ???? a ???i ??a ?????? n ???? ???e ?????? ????yi.
Ae????a ??iyi? y?? ???a ?? ??a: ??, ??aey ??ae, ????a ?ae ??? ??, ???e??
?e ? ?i ???th (filiae loco). I? ??i ??a ??an?i ?? ???ey? n?????? ??. N
???? ???e ??? ????e ??, o.a. ?c ???? ?? ?ae ??? ??. Y? ????? e ? e??????
???a: ????i ?? ??i ???????y ?e ????? ???iy???a. A y?i ????i ??a ?a ????
???e ??e ??o ? ??. A? ???a ????o ????y ???a: ?? ?e ? ?????? ???yo ????
(dos) a ???/?? ???? ???? ??e, a ?ae – ??a??? ??, ante nuptias donatio.
E?? ????i e ??, o ???? ii?i ?? e ??? ????i; ? “????” e “??” ???ey? ???a
????i, ???a ????? a n?????? ?? e ? ???a ???? i??????ue ??u ???e ??e. Ii
??i ??????e ?? ? ???? ? th???i?o ???????? ?? ??ue ??i??i. Ii ? ?a ????ue
???? ?? ?c ? ???ey. A ??? ?????y ??a, ???? ????i e ?? ?e ? ?????i,
?????e ??-?? ?e ?i ?????i; ???i, ??i ????ey ??e a?ue ??y? ??, ??u ?? ?
??oa? ???e ??ue ? ????a, ???????i ???o. I?????ey i ??e?? ???a ??e e a ?
???? ????i ??a, ???a ????ny a ??o ???o.
Aeey ????y ??? ?a ? ???o, ???y ????ue a ????? ??a, n??? “???ey ????”
???? a ??a (Gutereinheit). A??n i th????? ?????e yo?i ???ey ?e ???y ????
???. N??? A??? (System des deutschen Privatrechts). A?e ????? ???ea ??e,
?y?? ?eyi ??a ??? ???ue ????i ?e e ??? ???u. ???? y?e ???u ? ????e ??i?
a ?i, ?i ??ue ?eyi ??a ??? ???ue ?a ????i ????, ??? ?? ??a ???th?y ???i
??, ?i ? ???? ??o. N????? ????i ?????? ? ?? ??? .???? ii ?? e ????eth
??e, ? ??o ???ue e ?y ?????? ???ey?e. I?? ?? e ?? ? y? ?????a ????i ?
?iyth?y a ??a: ?? ?????? ??? ????a, ?, ?? ?????ny ??, ?cy???o e ???y??ny
????? ?ae. Ae?ae?? ????i ?? ? ???o ?c ? ???ey; ?y ???e ?????i ??? ??ue
???? ??, ?i? ???a ???e ??u. N?? – ?ae ??i?y??ny ??????i, ?e e ? ??a. N
??????. ??a ??ay ? ??? ???? ?? ????i, e ?ee ?????ue, ?i ?ae ????e ??ue
?i ? ? ?? ??a, ?? ??a ??i ? ???????. I???? ???? ?????tho e?????? ????y
???? ?, ?? Gutergemeinschaft, o.a. a ?? ??? ????a. Ae??????, ?, ????o
???noyo A???e ?ae ? ??o ????ue ??????e ? ??o, ? ???o ?c ???ey ??, e??
???a ????e. A ??? ??? ???? ????? ???y ????? ? ??, ?i ???i ???, a ?e ??y
??o???? (Brunner o A?????a, I, 181). O?? ???i, a ????? ??a ?????y n ???e
???e ??????o ????e ????.
Ii ????? ????y ???? ? ?????o ??o ?????? ??? ???, ??e ? ??a XV ??. A
????? ? ??y ?e ????eyth?y a ??? ?aea. Ii ?e ????? ????? ???i (leges
barbarorum) ??? ?? ?????? ??i ???ey, ?????y e ?? ???y??y ?i ?????, ???a
?? ????a n ??th a a?e. Ii ???i ????a y? ???a ??? ?? ???y?ny ?? e ae?u??
???? ??????y (Zoepfl 61, 2).
I???? e ???? ??o. Ec ??n?e I??u ??i, ?i ?????? (???? e ??uey), ???y ??o
?????oe ??ae, ??ey? ?, ?e ??e (O?o. ?ae. 125). AEa?, ??i ???i, ????e n
??e a ?? ????a ????i. Ec ???? aea I??u ??i ???e, ?i ??a ?????y ??a ????i
?? ????i e ? ?????i ?? a ?i ???, ?? ? ?ae ?i-?? ? y?? ????a ?e n?? ???
??. Y? ???o ? ?e n??e, ???y ???o i ??? ????a ??? ??a ? e ?? ? ?a?e: “A??
? ??, ? ?i ??? ?? (?i ???? ? ??? ??), ? ??? ?? ??? ??e; eth? ? ? ?? ??o
???? (?e ??? ??), ??a, ??? ??e ???” (III 124). A ?i ? ??? ?ne????y e
I???ay ??ay ???a. I? ?????y? ??a ??i ??? ? ??????o ??? ???? ?? “??? ??e
?e ??uey ” (91), o.a. ?????e, n ???? ?a ?? ??? ??ae.
I ??? ????a ? ??y ??a, i ?i, ?i ?? ??i ???y? ? e ???y??ny, ?? ?????
???i??a ????e ? ???yo ? ??a. I??? ???, ?i n ????? ??? o i? ????? ??ay
?????? ????a n???a. Ii ???o y? ? ??, ?i ?iy??e ? ??th?tho ???? ????iey
?????? ??a ?? ???y??ny ??i ?????. I???? y? ??? ??y?. A ?iy??? ??????i ?
????y ? ?????e ?? ??, ? ? ???? ???o ?iy??? ??cy ???ue ???e ???, ?e ?e ?e
? ????atho n??i i????. A ????i ??? A???? Nay?? a ??a ?e, ????? ????? ??,
??y?? “????a ??o ??i e ??th i ???”, o.a. ?? ?ae? ??i e ??th i ????oyo.
E? ? ?????i ??? y? ??u? I?i ???, ?i ?i ??? ? ? aec????? ??o *(91), a ?
??????o ??o ?ae ?e ??????i ????i, ?oy e ??????. Iiy?? ?????i, ??u ?????i
??u ???? i ????oyo ??? a ??? ????y ? ??e ??a ???????i ???y??y ???
????oy?.
N?ay ?????ue oy? ?? n ??i ? ????? ???? o ?n, ???i, ?ae ?ey?? ??????i
??a. O??i ???, ??u ??a oy?u ?????ue ????e ???? ????y?, n ??e ??ey ???o
?? ??iy? ? ??? ??, ae??a ?? ???ue ?o e ??a ?? ei ?????a. A ?? y? ?e, ?
?iyo?, ?i ??????a ??a ?? ?ith ??oth th????oth ?????th ???? a ???ea ????
??a e, ??????i, ?ae ?ey?? ?????? ??e *(92). O?? i?????? ??? ??ue e
?????y ?? ??uey ???? I??u, ???y ?? ? ?i ??, ?e ??????y ???? ??oth??
??????y Y??e: “O??a e i??e, ? ?i ?????? ???y?, ? /? ? ? ??? ?o ?? ?ey?.
A? ? ?? ?c ???? ??, ?o ?? ???e ?o, ???a ????e ??o. A? ? ?e ????e ??o,
??? ? ??ea ?a ??? ? ?????a ?ue” (E??. II /., ??. 178).
Ii ?oy ??? ?a e ????eth ??????o ?? ?? e ?e ??? i? ?ey?? ??????i ??a, y?
? ???, ???, ?i ??????a ????y ???? ???ey?? o ?n ??th???? ???? ???e ????e
???u. Ec iyiy??? ????? y?? ??i, ?i ??????a ????y ???? ???ey?? e ????e
??ay? e ??ue ????.
A??n ? ???????e ?? ? ??e ?? e ? ?iy??? ? ????? ???y ? ???i?. Ii ????
I???? n ???e 1270 ?? ?? ???? ? ??e ?? a ?i ??? ??ae, a?e ???? ? ??. Y?
??ueth ??i ???ue ??????, a ? ????, ? ?i ????e, ?i ? ????o ???o ???? ??
??? ?? ??????ue a????i ? ??e ?? (A?????, I ???? I???? n ????e ????, ?.
XXI). I???o, ? I???? ??? ???a ??a ???? ???? ?? ????? ? ?? ??? ??, ?? e ?
???i?? a ?i ?y????? (85). A ???? I?a? i ????? ???i: “??aey? e ??i n ??th
e n ??? ? ?o? e ??????” (III ?. 10). A?o ???? ?ae, a ???????ue ??? ? ?a
????i, ?????ny ?a ????i, ?oy ? ?i ?????? e ??. O? ? ??e ?a? e 6 ?. ????
n????? ?ycy I???? n ???e: “I? ?????ny ?y? ? ??? ????,… a ???ue ?y? ?a,
??o e ??, ? ????i… ?e ? ???e ????: “A? ?y? ????o ?? ? ???a, ???? ?i
????? n ??th e n ???…” Ii ???ae?? ???? ??, ? ?? ??, e?o a ????i e,
??????i, ???ny ??? ????a, ? ???e-?????ny ????i ?? e ?? ?????i (?. 6).
I???, ????y, ?i ? ??? ???? ??o ?? ? ???? ? ?? e ??e ??? ?aea, ????o,
??o ???, ? ??ueth ???? I?? n a???, ? ???e ?? ??? ????? ? ??e ? ????i,
???a ?????o ? ? ???. A y?e ??? ?o ?i??? ??? ???a ??i. I? ??o a ?? ? ???i
????? ?? ???o ?i, ???i ????o, e, ??/?, ????? ???e (?. I????a a ??e ??e,
A???? e ???a ??i a ????o n ???e). I?????? ??e ??e I??? ??o e a ??? ????
I???: “A? ??i ??? ??-??, ? ????o ???? e, ?? ??? e n ?i ??? ??; a ?? e
?oyi ia ???. Ii ?a ??? n ?i ??e e ????, ? ?? ???” (3-y ?. 154)A ??? ???
???ay ?? e ?? ia ??th?y n ??i. Ii ??uey ??o a ?? ???a, a ? ????o eth?e.
Yo? ?a e ?uyniy?ny. A??a n ??i ???? ?? e ??e ????a ? ??? ??? ????a,
?????i a ?????? ??? ??. Y? ??uey, ??????i, ??o ??th ???? ??a ????a ? ???
???a; a ??? a ?e ??? ?? ????a ??? ???????, ??i ??th??y, ??? ???a ?
???????e ?? e ??e ? ?y?y ?? e ??, ?i ??????? ? ?????????.
O?? ???i, ?? ??iyy ???? ? ???o ? ???????e ?? ? ?? ???o ?? ??? ?????yi.
I?y?e ?????? ??? ?ae ?????i ?ey?? ??????i ??a *(93). Ai ??? ?????e ??
??? ???e ???o ???? ????e ? ??, n ??e ?a?y e??? ?? ? ??a ? ???, ? ??????e
???iy????e, a ??? e ??? ?? ???y? ?i ???. N??o ?? ??? n ??i ? 10 ?. III.
???? I??u I??? ?uy?y? ?i, ?i ?? ???th ?? ?y ?? ? ?????y, a ??? ?? ca ?i
e ???o (100). Ii ?? ??y???, ? ???ao ??ue ?????? ??. A ??i ???e??? ?o
?????. N ??i ??ath?y ia ??? ??, ? e ??. A ???e ? ???? I????? ???? ????y
? i ??? ?? n ??th, a o ????ai? ?, o.a. ?????e ????a ?? e ??. Y?? ?a ??e
??cy ???e ? ???????e ??????i ??a. A? y? ???a ????? ????????i ?uy?yth?y
???????e ????y? ? ?? e ????i, ? ???i ?? e ?? ????ae? ??, ? ?atho ??????
? ?? ??y, a ??? e ???ytho ?i ???, ?e ??oth, ?e e ??????th.
Iu ? ??i y?i ???ue, ?i i???? ?i a ???e ???e ?? ??? ?????a ??????e ???th
??. Y? ?a ??? ??a, a ? ?a?. A???? I??? ? ??i ???? ??i ???yi ? ??? ?ae
??e ??? ??i *(94). A?e, ???, ??y, ???a ???y?? ??i. Ii ?? ? ??e ?ae ?? ?
??? ?e ???? ?? ?ycy ? ??e ??? ???a, ?i ?? ?a-?? ?? ? ??? ??? ????a e
?????a ? ? ?i a ???.
I?y??e ?????i ???????? XV e XVI a. ? ??????o ????yo ???? ?? ?????ath?y
e ?e?i ? ? ????atho. I??a ?? ??????i ????, a ???? ?? ??ue ??????. Ia
????e ???? e ?y?? ??i ???ue ??th??a, ?i ? ?????e ??a ???? ?? ?????? e ?e
?e e ? ?????i. Y? ??? ???? e oe?? 1628 a. (O?ae. XVII, 1) a ??e ??a “A
??i ?o ???o, ???a ????y ????, ??? ? ???a ? ??e ???? ? ????”. Ii ?y?i n
y?i ???????, ??? ???yth?i ???i Y??e, a ?i ? O???e ???: “E ??a ???? ca???
?o ?? ?a?? ?? ?i e ?oyi, a ??o ?? ? ?? e ??o ?y? ??o ???, e ?o ????? ??
?y? ? ????ao ?i, ?i ??o a ??o” (X, 203). Aeey ??, ?i ??o ??????y Y??e,
??????a e a ????oth y??, y? ??uey ? ????y? ????? ??????th i??????? ?? ?
??e ??. I? ?ae? ?? ???? e ?? ??ath, ??a, ? ??? ??, ?????i ?? e ??e, ??
???y? ?? ????? ????. AE?a, a y?i ???, ??? ?? ???ue ??e ?a??? ? ?i ????a,
a ? ? ???. Ii ??e ? Y?i? ?? ????a eth? XVII a.? Y? ?????i. E? ? ?e ???y?
y? ??ueth? Ec ???? ?? ???e ??i, ?i ??e ?? ?????? n ????a ?? (I. N. 3. N
210). A???????e ??a n??a a???ey ?? ????? ??? ?e ???e e ???? ? ?? ??????e
???o???? ? ???? ??: ?? ???e ? ??? e ??, ?? ? ???o ??? ??. I? ??i ??y?a
????y ??? ?????i, ?i ?? ???e e ? ??? i???? ??e ??e. O???a, ??i ???i, ?
?? ???o ???aeyu? ??e ?y ?????y ??????o ????e ????. Ii ?. 1-e XVII ??u
??, ? ??? ??, ???? ?? ???? e 1/4 ? ?????e ????; ? ?. 203-e ??u O-e ?a y?
??i ?? o ?e ???? e ??????i ????? ? ??e ??.
N??a ????i ?e ??e ???? ?? ??ue ??????. A?ue ???ey ? XIV – XV a., ?i
????a ???? ?? ????u e ?? ????e ?? ??e ??yi (Ae. TH?. N 71, XXVIII). Y?
???? e ???e XVII a., ???a ???yo, ?i ?? ??o ????ue e ?????ue ?? ???u ???
??a?. ?y?i n y?th ??????th ?? ???ey e ? ??????a ????? ?? ?e??y ????,
??????? ????. A ??e ?y?? ?ae e ?? (???? ? ??? ??, a ? ???i ??a ?/??)
?????th?y ??? ???e ????e, ? ???i ??a, “? ??”, o.a. ? ??? ? ????a (N
395). I???, e y? ??-? ? ??i ??, ?ae ???y??ny ???? ?? a??a n ?e. ????e
?tho ???? ? ??e ???, ? e ? ?????? (N 110, V). I???a ??? ??ath?y ??th ???
n ??i (N 71, X). Y? ??i e a ??u XVII a., ???a ???atho ??yi ????ue ???
??? ? ??? ??e; ??ey ? ???oe ? ???y? ??o? ???? ?????? a ?? (I. N. 3. 762
e 803).
A?????a ??i ????? ?????ue e a ????oth y??, ? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???y? ?i e
??i, ???????i ??ay ? ???e; ???? aea ????ey ??e a? ?? ????o, ????o ?i
????? a ?????o o??o, a ??? ?ey?a ?i ? ?? ???? e ? ??i ???? ??th?? ???ey.
Ii ?i ????? ????i a ??ue, ?oy e ?, ??ue ????o ???o. A ?iy??? ???i ???ey,
?i ?oi?? ???, ?e ??? ??????i ??a, ????ue ??? a ?? ???? ??a ???? ???, ?i
?, ???? ?????? ????a eth? XVII a. A 1657 ?? ?? ??i ????o I??o ??a
??????? ????? ????, I???. Ec ???ouey ??i, ?i ??a ??? ?aea ?a ??o ? ???a
a ??? ?i, a ??? e ???a ??a ?? ??? ? ????, ?i ?i ??? ???? ethaeyi. A?i ?
?e ????, ? ?ae ?a ?e ??e ???? ?i a ??? ? ??e, a ?? a ??? ??e. *? ???nue
? ????i, ??? 50. Ti ?a ?a ??? ? ?? ??, a ?? ??yo ? ?e ?a ??a 50 ???.
I?n?: ?, ??o I???, ?????, ?o ??ia ???ue ? ?e ? ??? ? ??, ?i ?? ??? ????
?a ??i ? ???o. I???o, ???? ??a?? I???, ??y?e a I????th ??o E?? ??y e
E????? e ??e ?i, ?i ?? ? ???? ???????e ? i?a, ?? ? ????? ? ??. Ia ?i???
I????e ??e ?????o ? ???ue ?iy? a I?????e ???. A ?iy? ????: ?? ?a, I???,
??a ?? ???, ??a ??? ????i e ????a ??e, ?i ?? ? ? ?o ?? ??? ???a ???? ??,
???? ? ???o e a ?o ???o ?? ? (I???) ? ???? (???e), e ?? ????? ? ?e, ??a,
?? ? ?ea? ???ue ? ??e (I. N. 3. N 210). E? ???? I?????e ??? – ? ??i.
I??, ???, ???, ?i ? ???? “???” ????a, ? ???, ???i, ?i ??? ?? o ?n ??i,
?e ??e ????, a ???, ?i ??. “????” ????. I?ai ?i ??????ny a I????i ?????a
?a ??ue ???, ??? ? ???o ??? ????ey.
O?????a ??a
A ???? ????e ?? ??th??y ?? ????a. I???? ?? ??????? ?? ??? n ????? ???ue
? ??e. N ??th ????y ??o e ?i ??uey ???tho a ???oth ??? n ????? ???u e ?i
??uey?. A?e ?? ????a ?????? ??? ????i?a ??iy?a ????. Ia ??????a a ????
????e ??? ??y?a ??th??y ??a ???i ???ey e a ??e ????? ???e e a ??????
?iy??? ??????? ???a. O ????o ae??? ????yo ??iy?a ??u ?-? ?i; a y?o ??ayo
? ??i ?? n ?o???i a ??? ??? ?i ???ey; y? ??????? ????a. O ??? ???, o
???o ??ue ??y? ??a ????a ???a, ?????ue ?? ?iy? i ????e a ???o ??y?o; y?
??y?a? ????a. I? ?????y ? ??? o ???e, ? ?? ???? e ???i e?????i *(95) – O
????o th?? ??yi i?? ???, ???eyth??ny a ?i ???u, ????ny ???, a ? ??a ?i
??o ?ny??. Y? ?????ey ???atho ? oi, ?i ?? ??y, ??a ?i ????e ?e?th, ??a ?
???? ??????i ???ey?y ??, ? ??a ???? ?iye ?ny??. A??ay a ??, ???? ????tho
????i ??th: “??i ? ??e a ?? ????? ??????” N?uey ????: “??ue ???, ??? ?
?e ???? ???? e ia?o ??e”. A ????e, ???, ?? ? ????? ?c ??a. A ????o ???
A???e e ? ?? ???e ??u ????y ?????ue a ???o ??o *(96).
A?????? ??? ???a ??i???y ??a ??o a ??? ?y? n ?????? (???????) ??i
?????o ???a. A?? n ??th ??? ???y ? ??? ??o ???e ????e, ? e ??e ??? e ??
? ???e. N????e ????? ?????ny n ???e e ?????. E??a ? ?o ???y?y ?i ???. A
??? ?????? ???? ??ue ?i, ???o ??th ??e ??, ?oue ???o ????. Y? ??? ???a
ethae? ???o, ???o, ???????. AE??? ??iy?ny n ?? ???? ?????. O??i ?? ?
???e, ???a ??i ???e e ??????th ??ay ???? ?i (N?i??, I??u ?????, 687).
?y?i n ?i ??e ?? e ???. ????e e ??????, ??ay? a ???e ???e ??, ??e ? ???
??o ???e e ?????oe a c????i ??i. AE?ath?? ??ue ?? ?? ?? ?e ??? ?, ?e
?youe ??e.
I??? ?i ?? ??ue ???? ??????y. I? y?y?ny, ??? ??i, ????e ???? ????y.
N????, ?????a ? ????y, ? ??? ??????y ? y?e i??. I? ??o ???ue ?? e n ???i
a ??o ????ny ?????ey ?????. I?? ????ey? e ??????e ??o ?????y ??a. A ???
??????? ? ???, ???? ??? ? ???ny, ?e ????ny e ?????o. I????a ? ??a? ????i
??????ey ?????? ???u y?y?ny ??i ?????? ???? ?????y ??u. A ??i ??
????ey?ny ??????? ??e???? ???e ?i. I? ??? ?? ?ya??y a ??e ??? ???????i ?
i???ey.
A ??o e????o ??a ??ae? ???ey ? ????a.
I ????o, ay??o e ???y?o ????e ????oe ???o: “?ay? y?? ??ue e ??e ? ??? a
?o, ? ??ua ?aeth ??: ????y ? ???, ? ?y??a e ? ???o ?? ??, n ?th ? ?i
????ny”. C?? ????y ? ??? ? ? a ??? ???????i ????y, a ??? ??y?. ????e,
ay?? e ???y? ??? ????ath?y n ???e, ?a ?? ?? ????, a ??i ?a ????? ????a.
O?? ??y??a ????a, ?????ny ?e ??aee??a, ?????y ? N???e e E??? (A???, I??i
e ??? E??? ???e n ??i. ??.), ?a ?o ??a ?????? ???a?a. I ??ey?o ????oe
???o: “???o ?? ??a e ??a o ?o ? ???, ? ????o o ?? ??oey ?? ??”. Iae???
??????e ?aeyo c?? ???? ? ??????? ????a; ????? ? i ?? ?uy?ytho, ?e ??e ?
???e ?y ????y ??? a ? ??y, ??a ??? ?? ? ??e. Y? ?uy??? ???i ??????. Ec
??? ?iy??? ? ??i, ?i ?? a ????e ??a ?????a ????. I??i?? ??i (XII a.,
???. ????. I) ???o i ??? ???o eth?e (? ?y?e e ?y?), ?i ?e ???ath?y ?c
????? ?i??y, a ?? ????? ????y ??e. I???a ??????i ??i e io ??a XIII a. A
???a E??? ?????a ????: “N???i a ???? I?????o ???u ?aeyo e ??, e ?? ? ??i
?? ?? ?? e ? ????? ??e??i”. Ia ?y??? ???? ?? ????o e ?????a ????? ???
A???? ??eo?y o ??”. Y? ???a ?????a ???? ?? ?????ue ? ??o ?? a ????
??ayo. A A?????? ???? ??ae ???? ??? ? ???? ??atho ? ???cy ??? ?? e ??yo
?i ? ???, ? ?e, ??u ?i? ??? ?ae ????. O a??? ????e ?? e ??o ??atho ??? a
????, ?????e ??e (A???, ?i ?). A ?? y?o ??????, a ??u?? ??ey?? ?i o ??
?? ??a ??? ??y??a ????a, ?e ???i ?a? ??i e ????a ?????a ???ey “??ea??”
??.
Ia ????e ??????y ? ??o ?? ???o ??y?a, ?? ???, ?i a y???? ?????o ???eyo,
??????? ??, ????y ?? ?????? ?a e ?ith. A ???e e ??? ?e-?a, a ???? ???,
??ae ??i ???u ???tho ???. AE?? n ????? ??? ?????ue ??c y? ???. A A???e
??, ??y a ?? ???u, ????o ??uey a ??, ??? ?i ????? e ?????. O ??? ???y,
??????ue ? ??a, ???o ?e ?? ??? ??a, a ??i ??y?ao ??y?i ???i ? ?a ???u.
?????? ?ay??a ??a, ??????i, ???? o ?n ?a ? ??????.
I???? ??????e a ????e ??e: ? ??? ?? ???ny, ??a ???? ??a ????y”, ??a
????atho ?? y????i ??yaea. Y? ?????i. C?nue, ???y, ?? ??? ????oth ???th
? ??yae ????? ???ey.
I ?ey??, ????oe ???o, ?i o ?o ?? ???a ???, e ??i ???? ??oth?a: “He xo??
cy? ? ???o, ? ???y? ???, a ??? ????o ii ?e, ?i ???a”.
C?? ?o ?? ??y??? ????y, a ???? ?? ???yo ???o a ?ia ???. A??y ????
??????a ??n?? ?????ue ?iy?? ????y: 1) ? ??ie ?? ??o ???? ???eyi ??o ?
???o; 2) ? ??? ?iue ???yo a ?i ??? ???? ???u.
E ? e ??? ????a ???o ??????a a ??o ?????. Ec ???ie I??u ? ??i, ?i ??uey
?tho ?e??a ? ???e. Ec ????e ???? ??i, ?i ? ?i ????ue ??. I A???? Na.
???i, /? ? “??? ? ?? ??? E??? ??? ?ey”. E ?a: “??? ss??? ??? ?ith ?
E???a e ??? E??? ? ?? eth?e 800, y? ? ???e A???a, ???a ss???a”. Ne?i ??
????? ? ???a ???, ?o?? ??? ???, ????: “? iyo ? ?? ???ny ?iy?? ??a”. A
i???o ??y?o e ? ??o ?? ??o ???????y ?e ??oe, a ???a ?e ???. A ????o ???
e ??? ???y ??a ? ???o. A ???a ???y? ???tho ? ????a ??? ?? ?????. *? ??
??, ?i ??a ??e ?y ???u.
I??a ????a ????ey?ny, ???, ??a ??y??. O??i ?uy??ue, ??? i???a ????ny ?
??? ??. N??y ? ?????e ????? ???, ?i ??? ?? ?????? ???o e ?? ???n???ue aa
?y??eth a ?? ???? ???a. O??a ? ?? ? ??? ??i ???o ?? ?uy??? a ?i, ?i oe?a
? ???o ??a ????y ? ???o??? ??a, a ? ???. Y? ???? ?? ????th ???eth ?.
???? ???a (Morgengabe) ?????i i??a; ???e y?o ????ny ???e ?? ??i ??a i??e
??.
A? e ?a, ?i ???o ????oe i ???o ??ayo ?eyi. I?? ???. /? ? ? ?a ???, ?i
??i ?? ???ue. A?e o ??eyi, ???o ? ??? ?? ?eyi, ?? ??????y ?a i????e
?????? ??y??, ??i ? ???, ?i ??o ??y?a ? ??e ?ey??
Y? ????? ? ?ey??? ??ath ??, ?e e ????? “???? ???”. E????, ????yy ?i
A????, ???o: “e ?? ?o ???y”, a ??i ?? ??/???a iy? ?i. A??? ??i ?
???????o ????.
Ec ?????o ?? ???? ???o:
1) Aei-?????? ?? ????y?y ?e ????? y???? ?????o ??y?a O ????o ??? ?
??????y ??y??i ?o???i, o ??????o, ????y ? ?????ue ?? e a ??y? A A?????
???e I????? ??a o ?n e ? ???y ????yo a O??? ?? ???, ? ???o ???ath?y ???a
???u i?? ???? eth?? ??? ?? ?c ?ye?i ???y a y?i ? ????e, ?i n???i? ????o
n ????i e???? i ??? o ????e, ay??e e ???yi (N??. A??. 1885 a. N 10, ?.
I?????i).
2) A ?? ???? a ????, a e??? ?? ?a ???? ?????a ????y. Ec ??????a i
????o, ay??o e ???y?o ???o ??th??, ?i ???, ? ???e ??, ???a eth? ?? ????
?? ???, a ???a ??????a.
3) N?? ????y, ??????y a ??yae?, ???atho ? ?, ?i ??o, ????? ?????,
??????e ??a ???e, ??????y ?o? ???????i ????y. Ia y? ??????? ????a ????i
???ey e a ????o ??y?o, ???? aei ??? ???e.
A O???e ???? ??ae ?????? ??? ??? a ?i ???u ??o ????ny ? ????o, a ??? ?i
???ath?y ???, ??y ??oth ?? ??a ? ????o; ??? ?y??y: “?iy? ?? ? ??a, ?? ?
??a, ? ??oth ??th ??e. *? ??? ??ue ????a – ? ?? ???ue, ? ???? ?y?u
?a???i y?i: a ???a ??y, ???eyy? ???? ???o, ?e???y?? e ??a e ??? ???i
?y?? ???? ?? ??a ? ????e ?????e.
O?y ?o ????e ????oe ???o i ????e ??? a ??? ??y?, ? ??? ???, ??u a
?????a ? ??y o ?n ? ?????ue ?a ???a ?????ue?? ????y. O???a a N??e (???)
a ??? ??iy?e ??u ??? ? XIX ??. I????e ???tho ??th, ??th ????tho ???????
???u, ayae? ???a, ??, a ???o, ?? ?a n????y?ny, ?tho “?e ?? ? ???a”. Ia
??? e ?i??? ???u ????y ?y ???y, ??tho ???a e ???. A 1807 ?? ???e: ?? ???
e i?i ? ?????e. A?e ????a ???y, ?????e ????tho ? ? ???e, ?a ?e ???atho
??? ?????. A?e ?ei ? ?????y ??i, ??ai?a ???th?y a ?ae (A???, ?i ?).
4) A ??yae ??th??y ?-??????i ??a ??? e ??n ??u ? ???o. A?????? ??e ??u
??? ????ny e ???? ????e, ??? e ?? ???e, ??a ?a ??????? ??????? ?o??ea.
A?e ????? ????a, ? ???? ?? ????i ????a, ?? ??a??i ???, ?e, ???i, ?
??????ue ? ??????y ??a, a ?????? ?????e. Aeey ? ????y ????eyi ?? ??
????? ??i. O?, ?? ???, ??ee? ??, ??? ?? ???, ???y ? ?????o ??o ??y?? aa
??.
Ia ????e ??o ????? ? ia ??i ?????e ?????, ??u o ?n ?? ??ay, ???iy???y
??a ?????ey ??a ???? ??. A ????? ? ??a ?? ????y?y ??? ??i?e: ?ae ??? ?e
??? ??i ??? (Mundium) ?ae ???? o ?? ??, ???? yoi ??i ?????? ? ??a. N y?e
??th ? ??? ?e ???? ?? (pretium) ???u, ???y, ?????i, ??y?? ? ??. I???e
??th/a?? ??e ???e?ue connubia venalia. Ii ???? ????yi ?e ????ue ??a
?????th?? ??a ?? ?ae ?i?, ?i ??e, ??th??? ?c ??? ?? ???u (Zopfl,
Deutsche Rechtsgeschichte, ??. 584 e ?.).
O?y ?? ????e e ? ???yo i ??a ?i (FrauenkautJ, ?e ??? ???a ?????ey ??a,
? ?????? ?i ?e??e ? ??e ???e ?????o n ???i ??y?i ? ??, ?e ??o, ?i, i??
??, e o ????o ????, ??? ?? ????y?y ??ath. A??????? ??eiu, n ??e ??ey
???o ??o y?y?ny ???, a ???a ???i, ?????tho y? ??????a.
N ??y?? ?????? e ?i ?i??y ?????? ??y?e ?????ey ??a. ????o ??o, ?????i,
??????e ??? ?e ????a (sponsalia). Y? ?e ????e? ?o, ??iy?? a ?i, ?i ???u,
???? ???? ??o ??th a ??, ??? ?? ??o ???? ??????i ?????ue ? ???? y? ??
????a. Aeey ????ey ???a ?? ? ??? ??? ??? ???e (arrha). He?i???a ??y??
???ith ???? ?y????? ??, ? TH????? ????????, ?y ???u, ??? ???e, – e ?i
???, a ?y ???u ??y?? – e ?????th ???e ?? ???a. N ?????? ?????? ??th?a
??e ????? ??aa??i e ???th a ???a ??i ??????y e a?????ey ?????. I??????i
???i a????? ??? ?? n ????? ???o, ?e ??e ?????, ?e ????i ??th??y?th. A
1084 a. ????? A??? E??i ???e ???ue ????y, ???????ny ?y??? ???????,
??????e ??o e ???????. I???? ???a (1092) ????ii ?? ?e ????? ???? n
??????? ??? ???a i ?iy?. I?????ey ????? A??ay, ???? a ?? ??/oth (?. 43),
?????e, ???i, e o ?n. I???? A???a a ????eyo e ??? ?????eth i ??a ?????a
????e ?i ????y e ???ey, ??th???ny ??th ???ueth, ?? OIII-?, ??? OIV-? a.
Ec y?o ????? ??i, ?i ????a ???ey? in?? ?o ? ???ey, ?????i a ???, ???????
??? e ???i ??????o a ????? ??? e ??th??? ???i ??oe.
N???, ?e ?????e ?o, ?? ???, ?e ???? e ? ??y?y ????n?a. I?y? ????e ??o
???e a ?i ???? ??, ???i, a ?? ???????? ????ey. C???a ??, ??????i ??o,
??? ???e ?a ?ae ?ey?? ?????? ??????e.
Oe???, ???a a ?? ????i c?eth??a ???, ??? ?? ???y? e ?i e ?a ? ??aey,
???a ?????ue ? ???th?o a ?? ??????e ????e e ??????y? ?????? ??????, ????
??? a ?? ???y. Ii ?o ??? ???, ??u y? ???a ???y?? e ???e ??e ? ?? ??a??.
Oe???? ??a A???? ?????y? ????o ??? ??e, ??th??? a ?????o ???yo ???a ?e
???? (a ???e ?e a ????a ????ny). A ???? ???a ?????i ?ycy ?????a I?????
(1150) ???: “A oyae ?????o ia ??? ? ?? ?, ?ae?ue ? ?i ???i… ??uey oy?:
?a ?i ???ny ?? ??i”, o.a. ?y???, ????e ?e, ? ??????th, ??? ????e. Ii
??????y ????e ??? i ????i? ??? o ?n ???i ?????: ???? a ??, a ?????ue
????i ca??i, ?????? a 5-e e ?? 6-e ???e (I???, I, 192 ??.).
A???, ?????e ?y ????ey a ??, ???e ??????e ???? ???ey?y ????. Ii Y??a
????? ?. ?? ???y??: ???? ? ????? 5 ?o, ????-13; io I????-a 14 e 12.
I???? ?? ???? ?a ? ????? 7 ?o. Ii ????? E? O???, ??a ?? ?e ?a? ?????a
?????? ?a ????? ?????? ????a ??o, ???? ???? ?oe, ? ????o ???? ????. Y?
i????a?y ??th??? o ?n ??? ? ???: ?y?y ??? ??o ???e 11 ?o, a ???e ????
??ae ?? 8 (N???a, III, 8 ??.).
A?????a ??i ?y ????ey a ?? ???o ???y ????ny e ???ey ? ????e (E??ay, E??
??y e Ei??i??, ??a 49 e ??o. II, 1). Oe???? ??a ss???a ?? ???? ????ey
??e? ????e ??????i ??????y i ??????e ????e ?? ???th?o a ??: “A? ??a ?
???? ??ae, a ?? e ?? ??th ??o, a ?i ???? ?ae ni?th, ?? e ?? ???? a ??”.
A??ue ?? ??ae ??? ? ?? ??i, ? ?? ?a ?i-??? i? ??th ???o (????y, ????),
??a ??? ???? ? ???? ???????e. Y?? ??y?o ??e ??????o e ????y??e ???e ?i
????ey e ???ey: ? ?e ????e, ? ?e ?i??e ?y??? ? ????? ????ny, ?iath ?
??th ???tho ?e a ?? ?e ?o.
Ii e a y?e ????e ??a ????? ?? ???y?y ??????i ??? e ?y?yi e ?y?i, ???e ?
??ae ??? ????? ???? ? ??? e ????e ????ue ??e ? y???? ?u?yi. Ia y? ??th?y
???? ???? ?a ??a XIII a.
E???? ??????, ?i a XVII a. ??a ?? ? a ??? ???y?ny n ???? ??? e ???u
???? a ??. I??? eth? ??? ??a ????ue ?? ? ?ay a ??a ?? ??a. Ee? I?? A???
??ye ?? ?y ????iey ????? ???ey ?oe, ????? a a?e.
I???a XVII a. ??????ue ??? ??ia ??ue ?????o eth?e. A I????i ?????a ??
??ia ??????? ???, ?i ???e ??? ??? ? i ?a?, a o ???? ??e ??. A y?i ???
???i e ?????i. Y? ??ue ???? a ????? ????a A??? ????i n????. a ???e
??????? ? ???ue ???a e ?? ????e? e?, ? ? ?? ??? ?????, ??a ?? ????ue
??????.
A ????? ??y ????a ???? ???ny ??i ????, ?oy ????tho ?????y e ?????y. O?
a XVI e XVII ??o o ???o ???a ?? ??th??y ??aea ?c ?y?? ?????? ?ay??y, a a
???? “??o”. Ae????i ?? ???a e ???a y??ny a ?? e ?y??, ?i ?e ??tho ????
?, ??; y?? a?i ???? ?y ??, ??u ?? ???ny ??th???. Ii ? y?? ??th??y?, ?
??? ???o, ?? ?eeth??y ????i ????i. Aeey ????ey ?y??e?i ???ey ?????ue,
??u ??th?a ???? a ?? ???? ?o ???oth ?iy?, ???y ????? ???i ????i. A y?e
?iy? ??????? ?y???o ????ue ??o-? ?oe, ?? ?o ??iiuo e ?? ??y???. I???? e
???? ????? ???ey? ?a ??? ??, ?????o ??o ??th ?????? ?????i ???e, a ???a
???? ?ey ????? ?? ?a ?y?? ??? ????i. I??a y?? ????ny I?? A???.
I????? ??a
Ae??????e ?? ? ?e ?th?i ??????i. E???e ?????i ??a ???tho, ?i ???e ?????
?? ?a ?? ????? ?e a ?? ??????e ?? ??, ?e e ? ?ith??o ????eth ?i??a. O?a
e o ?n: ????e ??a ss???a ????? ?? ????? ???a? ?? ? ??? ???, ?i y? ??????
????e ????e ???, ????e a ??? ??o ???o, ? e ???, ?i ??e ??? ?????y ??a
????a?ny o ?n n ????? ??ai. A ??? ?? ? ???: “A? ?ae n ??th ? ??e ??
?????ny, ???? 12 ???” (?? ?-????, ? ?????) e a ?e (8), ???y ????? ??
i???? ?? ? ???a ???u e ??? ????, ??i ??? ???? ? ??? ? ??a??th ??o ????.
???e A????, ?????e ???? XVI a., ???? e ???? ??y?a ?????y ??a ? ??????o
????eth. Ii ?i ??ai, ?ae e ??, ??th?a ????? ?? ???a ??????, ?? e ????e
??, ???y?y ? i??????? ? ???o e, ?ya a ?? ??oth ???o ????, oy?o ? a ???
???u ? ?o ??, ?? ? ????. E? ??i ???? ????ny, ?? ????y ?????? (N???a,
???? a ??o ?????, ?. II, 62). A y?i ??? ?? ?aea? ?? ???? ????e: ?? ???
?? ?e ?e ??th??e ??a, ?e e ?e ?????e.
Ao, y???? ??y a ???? ?????y ??a ?????y n ??? ?????e ?????ueth. N??ueth
?? ?? ? ?????ny ?y ??, ?a ??? ?? ????ue ? ???i a ????th ??ue. Y?o ???
?????? ??? ?? ?????y o ??? ???a ?????o ??????? ???a, a ??a o ?????o
???e, e ??o a ?y? n ??iy?? ???i?? ????e e n ????y? ? ?y???? ?? ii ????th
e ??. I????? ???e ??a ???o ? ??i?oth ??ue, ?i ?: ? ???, ?i a ????e ??e
?o ???e ? ? ?????e, ?i e a ???. A? ??? ?ia e ??? ?? ????ue ? ???i ??i. O
????? ???a O?? e ??? n????o ??? ???ey ?i. *? ?? ??o ?? a ?????? ??ae??,
?i ???a ??i ?i ???tho ??a ?i ???; ??a ?i ????y ????i ??a, ???e, ??e e o.
i., a ?e? ???? ???ny ?a ?????a ?e ??e ??, a ?i ??i????, ?i ?a y? ??i ??o
e ? ??ii. A?ue ???? ? ?, ?i ??e ??ae ?????e e o ???a ?????o ?????? ???a,
????, o ???a ????o, ??????o e ???o ??yi e ????a. I????? ??i ??e a ????e
Eioey????: “I ?????? ??ayo o ???o ??yi”. AE?u, ?????i, ??atho ?????i e
?? n ??ith, a ?? ??, ?-1-o, ?i ? ???th ???y?nue ??? ??????a i ??? ???,
e, ?-2-o, ??? ?? ? ?????ue ?n???? ? ??i, ?a ????a ? y?i ?? ??? ?? e ?i
???? ? ?? ??????a. I?????i ???o n?ayi ?????ue ??????i ????i ???ey X
??E?-O???. I??a, y?? ???eth ?e??ue ??? ????? ????i ????, ii ?a ?, ?i
a???ny i ????? ????i ????, ????y, ???i, e e ????eth ???? n ?i ??? ????i,
?i ?e ????? ???? ????? ??, ??a ?e ?e ????? ????i ??????ue ?o ???? ???.
E?uO??i ??????, ?i ei?a ?e?e ???e ????, ? ?i ??y ???a?a ??a e ???, ?i ?
?o ??o ????ue ? ???i. A ??? ??? a???? ?? ? ???. Aa ??? ? ????a ?? ???e,
???a ???e e ???e ?. I????y ??? ?? ??? e ?? ia?e. A ??, ????i? ?y ????ey,
???? ???? a ?aeueth; ??ae ?i ????e ???y, ??, ?? e ??? ???u. C?? ???? ?
ae? ??e ??? e ???? a ??th, ???e ???e, ??a ???? e ???? n ???i. I???, ???e
?ao?o, ???y ??? ??????ue ???? a ????th ??ue. I??????i ? ????? ?ueyiyth?e
???e, ?a ?? e ?? ??a??a ??e, a ??i ??a a ???o, i?????th ?ae ???, ?
???ith, ???y ????? ???i ???. E? ??? iia ???? a ???a, ???th?a ??y? ?i e
??, ??u ?????th?a ? ???e ??? ??ath?e ???e. E? ??? ???? ???a ?? ??, ?a ??
???i, ?i e ??th??? ????y ????ey.
I?? ????ny ??iy??, ?e ??e ????? ???, ? ??? ??yae ??ue ? ????a n ??????
???? ???? ??. E ? ???a e ?i ??a ???a ???? ????ny ????? ??a ????ey, ??a
??? ????ey?ny ?o ????. O?? ???? ??i. Ai ??? ??a ??e en??e O?? ?????? i
?????? E????a I?? ? A???i. A??a I?? ????e ?o???? ????a, ? ?e ???e ????
???? a ??e ?e n ?????i. E????o y? ?? ????; ? ? ? ??e ??o ??a. A?? ???
????ai ?y ? ??? ????, ??ay ??? e ???y ? ????ue ? ??i; ??th?i ?? ? ????
???. No. ?????? ?? ? ???? ??? ?a ???a, ????? ? ???, ?? ???e ?ae ???o e
?a ??ue. I? ?? ?????ue a ?i ???ae?a ??u. I????? eth? ??e ?i ???i. Ii ?i
????th ?? ??i, ?i ? ??a ??ueth ? ??? e ???e ?? ???. I? ?i ?????, ???ey?
???e, “i???? ? ??? ????e ?ay ??a e??a “? ? ???ey ?? ?e ???, a ? eth?e e
????th. Aea e ??a ?? ? ?? ???e ?? ? ?? ?? a A???a, I???? e a ??? ???yo”.
A ?????? E. E??ey ???y?, Oe??a I?, ?e ??? ?? ? ????eth a ??? ?????.
AE?ay ????ue ?o ???ae ? ??e e ???, ?? ?i, A?ey, ???? ??? e ? ???e: “I?!
? ???!” ???a ?i ?? a ???. I? ?ye ? ? ?e ??? e ????? ? ???o.
A?e ??? ?? ? ????? ?a? ?y ??, ?, ???i, y???? ?? ? ?????y e ???th ?? ?e
a? ????i.
N ??y?? ?????? ??y?e ?????ey ??a ??? ?e ????ny ?ae ?ey?? ?o ??o ??e,
???a ?? ??a?? e ?i ? A???e.
???? ??i ????i ??? ?e ? ?ith??o ????eth ????, ?e e ii ??????e ?ea ??? ?
?o. ???ae ?e ???i ??i, ?y y?? ? ?????ue ????i ???y. O??i a a?? ????ey
??????? a ??? ?? ?????u ????a ????? ?????y ?y ?? ? ????, ???e ??e ?a? e
???o, e ??? ? ?o ???, ??a ???e ?????ue ?c ?????o ???. Oe???? ????y ?
???????ue ??a ????e a ???? ???????? ??ue ????. O?y TH???i e ????e ???u ?
????o ???eth ???? ?i ???i, ??a ?a ?e ???tho ???? a ?????, ? a? ???? TH??
?????y e ???o i?y?o ??e. Oe???? ????y ?? ???u ???? ????????i ??? ?e
??????u-?????o. Y??a ???? ??? ???????e ??a ? ?i ????e, ?-1-o, ?i A? ??
???a ? ??a A??? e, ??????i, ???ey? n ?i ?? ?????? ??a; ?-2-o, ?thc A?? e
A? ? ?e ????? e ??a ?????ey; a 3-o, ? ??? O???a E?? O??? ???e: ?i A?
????, ?? ???e ? ? ????o (I???, I, 243 ?., Zachariae, 56 ?.). Y??a ????o
???a ??? a ??oth?o ??ayo: 1) ?? ?? ???o ?????th ????; 2) ?? ?ae a ???a
5-o ?o ? ?y ????ey a ?? ? ???o ?????e e ?????e ??e; 3) ?? ???e ?uoeytho
? ??ue ?? ??a; 4) ???a ?? (? ???a I????). I??? ??? ??e? ???a ? ???ath?y.
???? ? ????o ????eth ???? Y??a ? ????.
I???i ????ey? ?????a e ???i th??????? ????????. A i? ???i ???i ??a ???a
e ???o. E ?? ??? ???i Y??e I???i ???ey?: 1) ????? ????? ???a a ???a 5
?o; 2) ????? ??o ???? a ?????; 3) ?? ??, ??a i ??-?? ?????? ? ???i, ?
??? ia y?i ??; 4) ?? ??, ??? ?? ??, ??? n ?????? ????e ?e ??ny n ?? a
??; 5) ?? ?a, ?c ????ey ??, ???o ?? ?a ?? e ? o ??o ????e; 6) ?? ????,
?c ????ey ??, ???a ??a?? e ???. AE?a ii?o ???ue ???a: 7) ?? ?ae ????y?
??? ?????a ?e, ?ay i ?????? ???, ? ???o ? y?i; 8) ?? ? ???o ??ueth ??;
9) ?? ? ? ???o ??????i ? ????y ?? a ??th??y?e; 10) ?? ? ??? a ??i ??
?ie??o ?e ??o ?????? ?ith ?y? n ?????e ???? (E??., ?a? 48, XI).
I?a ??iyy ???? ??? ? ???a ?? ?????i Y??? ??? ???i???? ??a. Ec ????? ???
ss???a ??i, ?i ?a ????a ???u ?? ? ????e ???a, ????? ?????o ???? ??o: “A?
??o ?? ?? ??? ???? ??ue, ?e ???, ?e ?? ????ue ? ?? ???, ?e ??ue ???, ?i
?oyo ???ue ????, a ?a ?? ??? ? ???,?????”. Oe???ue ??a ???ney?, ???, ?
?a ??? I????; ??a ??th??y?y ae?u e ?????ey ? ? ??ue ??, ii ????o ?a ???
i ?????o ?ae NN 3, 4, 5 e 6. Ii ??? ???, ??u e y? ?????? ??? ??e a ??e
???? ?????. I?? ?? ?y i?/? e ??? ?????? o ?n ?a a XVII ?? e, ???i,
?????a ?e ? ?? ???ith ???a.
Ec ???? ?y?e ??i, ?i ??iae ????ny y ?n ? ??i ???i, ???a ??a ?? ?????
???i. A??? eiy? ????? N?? E???/ ???ny n ??e ??e, A????e, ??? ?i ?a ??i ?
?? ????a e ???? ?o ???e, ??a n ?i ???. Ae??e ????? ?y?, A??? E???/,
???ny n ??e ??e, N????e, ? ???a ? ????y. Ii ?? ???? ?ycy ?y?iy aei?? ??
????ny. A????? ??????, ?i ?a ??ue ???? ?????ue y?? ???th. I? ???a e
?e??, ??a ????? a ????a ??e ae ???; a ??a ? ??e ? ???, ?a ? ????a ??? ?i
? ?ay, ???a ? ??th e ??a? ???. E?i O??a, ?????? ?? e eiycth, ? ??? ??? ?
? y?, ? e ??? ??ueth, ???: ??? ? ??e??ny ?? ????y e ???ue ?????i ?i
?????? E?? N???ey ????, ? ??? ??o ? ?? ?, O??a ??o?: ? i????eth ????y.
O?? ?y?iy ?uy??, ?i ???? ????? ??? ? ?????th, a ? ? ??e ??, e ????a A?a
a ???? ? y? ????.
E?? y?o ????? ?y??? ???a e ???o, a I??a ????i ?a ?? ??e, ?????e ??????o
??o; i ?i ?????? E????. A?e, ???? ?, ?ae e ?? ?? ? a ??? (o.a. ? a ??.
????th?i), ?? ?ae ?e e ??? ??, ? ?a ??a /?c ????? ??????a ??? ???
???ath, e ???? ???? ?ae e ???aea: ????? eth?e ???? e ?? ??????i ?????ue,
?i ?ae ?o??i ????y n ??e, ?i ???? ? ???a e ??a a ????ue ?y ???ey. A?e
?????ue, ?i e ??a ?????ey ? ????y ?ae ??a ?e ?ith ??, ? ?????? ii?e ?y?
????ny ???ath, ???e ???? ??a ??????. A?e ?e y?i ???????, ?i ?ae ??????i
???? ????ny n ??th, ? ??? ???, ??? ????? ???? ??o ????e ???i. Ii ?????
?? ?o n ???a ?ca?a, ?????a ??e ???? a ??e ??.
A?e ?????y ???e, ? n ?i ??????, ?i ??? ??? ?y ?? ?? e ?????th ??a, ??
?? n????; ? ?? ?ae ???ny, ?? ??ia ?? ????ue ? ?i. A?e ??? n????y ?????
??th??y?y ??, ?a ??th??? a ????ue.
Oe???? ??a A???? ?????y? “????”, o.a. ???, ???th ????i ??. O?oth ?
?????ue ????y? e ??i? ?????i ?ycy ?????a. Y? ??? ??cy ???? a ?i ???, ?i
n ??y?y ?????? ??e ????th?y o ?n ??? ? ?????th ????i ??. A ????i ???
ss???a ???: “A? ???ue ?y?i ??e ?? ?c ??, ca ??i ? 5 ??? ???, a ???? 5
??? ???… a ?y? ???”. C?? ?ao ?????a ?????e ??? ? ?y?y ?y ????o eth?e e
???e ??. Ec y?e ??? ???o, ?i ??y ?? ???atho ??o ?i. Ii ?? ?e ??tho y? ?c
?????? ????y, ? io ??? ?????e ???u ???i ?e???o ? e ??? ?aeo. ??o???i ??
y?y?ny ? ??????? ??a, a ??? ??? e ?????y ??ue. O?? ???i, e ? ??y?y
?????? ??y ????tho ??e ?????, ????y? ? y? ??? ???? ???i e ?a ??i-?
????yi ? ????eth ?ycae.
Oa ? ????ue ??????? ???a ??a e ? ???ey ?????a O?ey (1410 – 14311 Ae- e
A. E. I. N 181) ?y???? e ???, a ???i ????? ???ny ? ?, ?i ??? ???tho a
??e e ????tho ? “?c ?y?? ?????y ?y????i?, ?????i”. A ???? ? ???ee
?y??????eyi ?????? ??? (??i 1499 a., A. E. I. N 109) ???: “Ia ?o ?? ?
??, ??a ????oe ?e ????oe, ?e ?ae ?? ???ue, ?e ?? ?? ???ue ?c ??, ?e a
???e ???ny, ??e?a ? ??”. O?? ???i, a XV ?a ?? ??e ????yth?y e ????th?y n
?????i ??y?o ???ueth ???. E ?ay??th ??o ?????? ??? ????th?y ?y???e e
??atho ?. Ae???a ??? ? ?atho ???i ???? ???, ??a ???a??y ?y???? ?????ue a
??th??e ??o ??? *(97).
A XVI e XVII a. ???a ??? ???? a ?? ?c ????? ?ay??y, e ????? ?i ?????.
I????? ?? ?????i ?e: ?ae, ? ???? ?? n ??th ??th, y?y?y a “??” e ?uy?ye,
?i ????o ??. Y?? ?? ???ii ?y ?????y ??a. I????ue ????, ???a ?o ? ??e
????oth ?? a ??, a ?? ?? ?????e ? ?a n??o.
II. Nithc ????e e ??e
E??a e ??????a ????y ??o?? e ??e O ???a ? ??? ???yo ??????i ???ey ??
??iyo ?ae ??????ith ???th ??. A ??iy?a ??y ? ?? ??o ?y???? ???o?y i ??o
?oyo, ? ? ??o ? ???ue ? ???? ??? ?e ??ue, ?? ?e ???iytho ?i; ????, a
????e ? ?? ???? ???? ? ????ny ???? ??i ? ????oth ??ue ?e ?o. N ??? ?
??y??e ?????y e o ?????o ?e??. I???? ? ?o ???th?y ??i ??? – ???ue ??e –
a ???o ????. I???o???e ?????tho, ?i ? ???? O?? ??a ?? ??? ????o ??e
????y ???ey?. A ????o ????yo ????? ??? ???y? a ??o ?eue? ?????
(????????) ???a. A I??a (A???ey) ?? ??? ???o ??? ????? ??, ??u ???? ?i
iy?i ?? ??? (N???, I??. ?oe. I, 69). I??? y?? ??o, a ?y????e ???e, a
??????????? y?????i? ????y ???e: ???e ????o ?? ? ??? e ???ey?, ??i ???i,
oy??ue, ? ???e e ????ath?y ??i o???a. O?? ? ??? ???i e o i??? ?????o
???a, ?iy?o ??? ? ???e ???e ????. O ???o ??a?aa ? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?
??????i ??i ? ??ue ?e ?o (aussetzen, Aussetzung). I??????i ??e e ??i
i?a, e ?? ? ???? ?i, y? ???i, ?i ? ??e ?i ?????ue, a ?? ???ye ? ??, ?
???e ???ny ????i ia ???? ??? e ??? ???ith ???th, ?? ? ?????ue ????a ?y?
?i ? ?????. I?iy?e ???e (Hebamme) ???y?ny ??e e ???? ?y (Grimm, Deutsche
Rechtsalterthumer 455 ?.). Y?o ??? ???? ?e ??? e ??y?i. O ??yi
susceptio-???iy?a. I ??? Oe??ue ???o, ?i ?e ??e ??i ??e e ??? ?ae ???
???. I???ath ????ueth ????? ????y ??? e o ????? ??yi: “????y ????e e
?oyi ?? ???, ?? ???e; ???? ?????? ?n??y??? ??ueth ??o ??e e ??e, ?? ?
??? ?????ue ?, ??ue ????, ???? ??, ?i ????ue ??? ??i” (A?????, 43 ).
N??? ??i ?????ey ??e ??ae? ? ?????ey ? ?? ???????y ??????. Ae?????
??????y ??ea ?????ey ?? ???. Ae????? ??a? a A???e ??? ??????o, ? ?ath?o
??????i ?? e ???. O?? ???? ? ????, ??e a y? e ????e ???, ? ?e, ??u ??e ?
???a ? ??. A ??i ???i? ? ????y, ?? ? ??? (Wilda, 724).
E???e ?????i ??a ??th?y ? ???????ue ????? ? ???? i ????? ??? e ??????o
????yo ????e e ?ayi (Zoepfl, 615). E??a ????y ?c??atho, ???, ??a
??????e. N??? ??i ????e ????? ??o ??e, ????th??y ?? ? ??a ??ue ???i?, ?
???? ???eth. Ii ?????o i?? ?? ?a ??ue ?? ? ??th??y?a. *??? ??i ?????y?
?? ??ue ae?ue ?? a ?i ???, ?? ?a aei????i ?a ? ?????i. Ii ?????o ??o ??
?a ????ue ?o? ??o a ???i (Pardessus, Loi Salique, 455; Grimm, 461).
O??i ????ue, ??u ? ?y? n ??e ???e ??? ?????ueth ??e ? ????e ??a ????y
??????y ? ???iy????ue. E???, ?i ?a ???i ????? ??, ? ???? ?????i ??a
???tho, ?i ?? ?a ???? ??? n ????a ??e ? ??a ?????e ????a (Zoepfl, 616).
N??ay ????y ???, ?????ay ?????i ???i, i???a ??? e ??? ????a ?? ???? a
???i ???i ??a. ???ay ????y ??? (patria potestas) ?????ny ? ??? ? ??e, ?
e ? ?? ???y?o (??? e o. ae.), ???a ??yo a ??? ???e (???) ???? ?????.
Ioa??ay ??? ?????ny ? ?? e ????i ??iyu? ?ae ???th. A??ue ?ae ??i ???a ??
????a ??o a ??a ?? ?ae ??ueth e ???th (jus vitae ac necis) ?????o. O??i
n ???? ???e ??i ????o ???i? ???i e ????eo?yi ??e?? ???, o ?? ? ???? ??i
????e a ??a oy?? ??ayo.
A??ue ?? a ??????i ????e ??iy? a ?i, ?i ??????a ??a ?????o ?????ue
????ath?i ??? ??u ????a. Any?a ????i, ??a ?e ??/?e, ????? (ipso jure)
??. I?oe ?e persona sui juris, ?? homines alien! juris. N ???? ???e e
?a? ????e ?????y. I????? ???? ??i ???? ???y??ny, ? ??y ??e e ? ??? ???,
?? ?i, ?i ?e ?????e ia ???e ?e ?????e ??? (castrense vel quasi castrense
peculium). Ii ????th ? ? ?y?? ???o ????o ??a ? ?? ????? ???e ??. A?, ?i
i? ???? ? ?? ?e ?? ?????e ? ?i ???? (paganum pecUium), ?????a?ny ?e
??????a ?? e ??o ?? ? ????eth ? ????. I?????? ??i-?? ?? ???? ????i (bona
adventitia), ?oy e ???ey? ? ??????ue, ? ? ???? ??????? ???y??th e ?e ??e
?? ???o a ?i ????ee e ?????e.
C???????i ?????a-?????a ??c?? ??? ????y a ????a ????e ???. I? ??? ???
?????y a ?i ???, ?i ????a ???e ??? ?????yth?y e ???. Ii Y??a ??a?a ? ??
??e ??? ?? ?ii ? ??i ???, .? ???ey? ???. A?e ?? ???, ?? ???? ? ?a ?i ??a
e ??a ?? ????e ?i? ??e; ?? ? ?a ???? a ??e ??, ?a ??i ??i ????ue ?oyi
???a. A??a n y?i ??????a ??a ??, a ??aa ?i ???, ?????iy?? ? ??
(Zachariae, Geschichte des griechisch-romischen Rechts 41, 87 ?.).
I?e ??????a ????e ?a ??aa ?????. Iu ? ??i ???? ? ?, ?i ???? ??e ???ue
??e ??o ?e ????. Ii ???? ?o? e????a, a ?? ????????? y?? ??ay o ??? ???a
e ??????a ?i???? ????e i ?i, ?i ? ????a?ny o ????o ??yi (I???, ???ey
?????a, 143; A?????, E??ey ????? ?aayi, 43) – ? ??o ???ue ???????i, ?i
??? ??ay o ???o ??yi a?? ? ?? (?. I??? I, 345).
Ec ?????? ?????, ?????o ??, a ??? ? ??????o ????yo ????, ??i, ?i a ???
?????ey, ?????? ??i, ??? e ?????eth ??? n ??i ???? e ??. Ec y?? ??????y
?? ???e, ?i e o ?n ?? ????? a ??? ??? e ??????e ?????e ? ????e.
Ec ????? ????? ??i, ?i ?? ??tho ??? ??o ??e, ?iyo n??? e ??tho ???e
??ae a ?e? ??? ????, ??a i ??? ?? ??e ? ??o ?? e ??. A ??o? ?? ??atho
?ay ??? n ???, a ??? ??atho ??o ??e. O??i N???e E?? IV ????o ??-??
????ue ??o ????o ??e. Aei y?? ?????y, c??o, ????y ??? ???? ?? ? ?????? e
? ?a ? ????eth ???y??ny ???th ????? ??.
I??y ?????y ?, ?i, ?i ?? ?????? ??i ????? ??e, ?oy ??? y?? ??a ? e ?
??i ?y??ue ? ???????e ?????. E??i?e XVII ?? ? ???? ??e ??i ???tho ??ue
??? ????y. Y?, ???i, ? ??????, a ????e ???? ????/?? ??a ?? ????? ??e.
I???? ? ??o ??????? ??tho, ?i ??iyy ???y ??y ????? ????? ?????y, o.a.,
?i ??? ?ae ??? ?????? o ?n ??i ??o?yi. Y? ???, ?????a I???? (I, 314),
???y?ny e ??? ??????y?. A ?? i????? e oy??e ?????e ?? ? ?? ??? ????ue,
??u ? ??a ?????? ??ay n ??i ??? ?ae ??? *(98).
Iu ?a ???, ?i ??? ????oey a ??a. ???i a ?????? ???ae????i Y???. I????i
?? .?ey?y Y??e ???i e o ?n. Ii ???? I??a ??a, ? ??? ??, ?????o ???; ?a
???? ?? ????ny ??a ?? ?????, ?? ??? ?? a aa ?? “????e ?y? ?eth ?, a ?oyi
? ?? ??” (III ?. 132; ??i. E??., Ea?a ??y e E?????, ??a 49, ?/. II-e,
5). C?? ? ???th ???? ? ? ???, ??y ?????o ??, ? ??a ??? ?? e ?ae ?ey??
??????i ??a, ???i ?? ?uy?y? e ??oth ??ueth I??u: “??o ? ??, ? ?i ??? ??,
? ? ??? ?oe ??? ??e, ?? ? ? ?? ??o ????, ??a ??? ??e ???” III ?. 124.
C???a y?e ??? e ? ???? ??? ?y??u I????. “I?oe, o ???? ?? ? ?? ? ??? ??,
? ??o ??a ????ue ??e ??? ?? ?i-?? ? ????a ? ???; ?? ?i ? ??? ?? ??? ????
????i ??e ???, ?oy ? ? ???e /?-??? ? y?? ????a ??e ??? ??. C?? ?????y,
?i ?ae ????? a ??i ???? ????i, ????ny ? ??? ?i ?iu, ? a ? aea ??y
??y??y?ny, ?i y? ????i ?????o a ??????ue ?oyi ?i ? ???? ??, e ? ? a ??a
???oue ?i-?? ? ?? ??e ??? ??. Y? ??????a ? ??? ? ????eth, ? e ? ???o
????y ????? ??ii n Y???” (I, 345 ??.) A?a ???a?? ??????a I??u i ?????
??e ??? ??i ??a ??????o Y??a e ? ????eth, e ? ??a (I??? I, 351).
Oe???? ??a A???? ?????e ?? i ????? ????o ?????a, a ??io ?iy?i; ?i ?a
??? I?a?, a ???o, a ?y? n ????e i ??????? ??e, ?? ?? e ? ?o????? ????yo
????e e ??e, ?????? ???? n ??????y? ??????i ??a, ???i ????????ue ?????i.
E? ?e?i ?i ????? ??e ??????i ??a e ????i ????iye?ue ?i ?ae ?ey??
??????e ????, ? y?i, ? ??th??? ?? ?????o ???, ? ??? ? ??i; ?aey ? ?
????th 113 ?. E??c. ?.: “???e ?y? ?eth ?, a ?oyi ? ?? ??e, ?? ???, ?i
???? ?? ??? ?? ???u ????ue ????th ???, ?i ???y? ? ????? ??????e
???iy????e ??e.
I???, ??aey ? ?? ??????y, ?i o ??e ??i ?? ?? ????i, ???, ?i ??o ??? e
???ey? ??e ?? oy?u ? ????a, e ?????? ?? ??? ???th ? ????e ??a A????, a
???i e ????o ???? ??a ???? ?? i ?????: “??uey ?e ?? oyaeth?ny i ???th”.
*? o ???? ??e ??i ?? ?? ????i, ?i y? ????i i?? ???ue ???i e ??? e ??
??? ??o ???ey? e ???, ?a y? ??ue ??y?i. Ii ?? ????e ??? ? ???yo i ????
??? ????a ??e ??? ???a ???ey?. N??y A????? ??? ???? i oy?? ??o ??uey?
(??a ??? ??? ? ?o) ?e ??o ??? (??a ??? ??), a ? i ??? ??e n ???ey?.
I?? ???, ?i ???? ?a ?e ??e ??? ??ey? ??e ? ??? ????a. O?? ????a, ???i,
????? ???? ? ?? ?? e ??i ?? ? ?????. E?eth??a ???ey? i???? ???e ?e ???
??ae. I???a, ???i, ? ??i ?? ?y? ???i.
A ????oth y?? ? ????i ?a ??????e, ???? ? ??????ue ??????? ??? ?? a ???
?i ????yo e ?oyi. I?u ????eyth?y ?i?????? ???y??ey? ??? ??o ??e: ?iyo ?
? ????eth, ??y?tho ? A?o, ??o ????ue n ?? a ??? e ?? ????ue ??e a ???i.
N???e 1550 a. ????o ??? ??-?ao i???? ??o ????o ??e a ???i. I?? ????? ??e
??e ? ??i ?a??a, ?e ?e ? ? ???? ?? ?ae???ny ??? ??th??th a oth?? ? ?ae.
Ae?yi ? ??? ? ?? ??????i ??i ????ny ? ????e, ? ? ?y?th ??? ?e ????e
????th ???, n ?????? “???i”. O??i ?e I?? A??? ?? ???????? ??? ???o ???
??? ????e a ????a ???u.
A ????? ?iy??? ???i ???ey, ?i o ??e, ?e ??e ????e, a??o ?? ????i, ???a
?e ????atho ??ath e ???e ????e; ?i ???? ??eytho ??e ?oyi ? ??? ?o??? e
?? ??o n ?? a ???a; ??i ?? ??oth, ???y ???? ? ??e ?? e ??. Ii ??????y
?/??ue ?? ? ??a ???e ?ei?? ??? e ??? ???? ? ??? ?? ??. I?oe ?a ???? ?a
?e ??e ??e ??ue ??, ? ?a e ? ????, e ?? ????? ?y? ???i. I?oe ?a ??
???y??ny ????? eth?? ??? ??,- ? ?a ????ue ? ? ?eth (Oe. XX, 10a).
N????e? ?y? A???? A???? a ??e ??a?e ???y??ny ?? ??y? ?? ??? E??. A? ??th
? ?? ???o ??? ?? A??th, a E?? ??a ??? ?ai ??ue a ??? ??a (??. ??. I, N
40). Eiy?y, ???i, ? ???ey? ??th/?ey, ?e ??? ? ?, ?i e a?.
I???? ????y ????? ??aeyo, ???, ??o ??????? ? ??ue, ?i a ???????a ??y
????i ?????? ????? ? ??, a ??a a ??i ? ???a, e ??, ? ??? ???o, ?? ?????e
a y?e ???? ??????e. A ??? y?? ??ey ???yo ???? ???????a ????a a ??eo
????: “??e ?? e ?oyi”, ? ?ai e ??th?tho, ?i ?? ???? ? ?? ??i, a ?? e
?oyi. Ii y? ???i? ??a ? ???, ?i ?? ?ee ??????? ????? ??i ???o?, ?i ?y
?????i ???y??y ? ?????ue ? ????; ?i ??? ???, ?i ?? ??e ????i a ??oth
???a???, a ??. Iu ??i ??ey ???u ??o e ?o ? ?oe, ? ???o ??i, ?i ?, ?i
???i ?? e ?oyi a ??, ??i ?????y ??i i??, ?oy ?? o ?? e ??. O?? ????ey
???th?y a ??? ??. A TH?. Ae. ????ny ?? A???e I??a n ??????? ???y?? i
???a A?????e, ??a ?i ??. I????, ?i aeaae ??a ??? y? ???th. E??? ? ?a ??
? a ??, ?? e ?oyi, a ???a ??? ? ?i ?????? ??e. A??. ? ????? ???ue??e
???e, ? ???o, ?i ????? ???????i ???, ?i ?? ???? a ?i ? ?????e. E?aea
???e? ???? ??oth, ??oe ???, “?i ? ?? ? ??e”, e ??? (N 12). A O?? 1683 a.
?y? ?uy??i, “?i ?? e ?oyi” ia ???, ?i ?? ?????e. E? ??e ??? ?-?? n ???,
?o ??? ?e ???? ???? ??e ??????.
N???y???a ??a ??e ? ???o? ????ue o ?n, ?? ???, ? ?i??? ??a. I??? eth? n
15-???i ???? ?? ?y?? ?a ??e ???th ??ao. I? ????? e ???? ???uey a ??ae ?
??a: y? ????i ? ???? ?a ? ?ii??ey ??. Ii ?? ??i e ??a. He ??? ??i ?ei
??ey? ??e ???e ???uey?, ??? ?e ?????? e ????i. A y?o ??ayo ?? ???? e ?
????a ???uey ?e ? ????i, ?ath?a, ? ??? ??a, ?????? ? ?????a ne???a
????a. Iu ??i ???ey, ?i ?? ?????ue a ???y??y ??a ???uey?, ?? ???? ?
?????e ?y ?ay, e ????? ? ??a. I????y ???? ????? e ??i ???i ????. E??a ?a
?????y? ??e, ??? ??cu?? ? ????e O???y, ???a ????o ??? ????yi ??e ? ????e
(I. N. 3. N 633). O?? ???i ??? ??e ? ????oth ?y ?o ?? ?i??e, ??????th
???ey?, ????eytho a ??e ???? ??? ???, ??a ???o??? ??? ??e ?? ???a n???y
???.
O?????a
Nithc ????e e ??e ????y?ny: 1) ????i a ???? ??a Aei ??y?y ?????? o ?n
?????ue ???a ?iu ? ????, a ??? ??e ?????y e ??, ????a a ??a, ? ??e, ????
?a ??a. Ii ???y?? ? ??a ?????y n y?i ????i ?c???, ? ? ??i. I???o, ??
???i? ???, ?i y?? ???eth ? ????e ???? ???ey. A???? Nay?e ?e ??? Nay????
? ?th??u I??, I??e; ???ay ?y?iy ???? ???? ?i ????i, o.a. ??i ??. ??a ???
Nay???a, ???i, ? ??a ?? ?i ???e ??e, a ?? ?????. Ii y? ? ??? A???? ????y
??? I?? (E???. ?o. ?ae 968 ??i) e ?iy? ni?? ??????, a ??i e ???? ??.
N ?????i ??? e ?e i ????? ???, ???? ??o ????e e ?????e ??? ??? ??
?????ny ??a. Ae????? ????? ?????? ??????y? ??????i ??a. N??y ???? I??u:
“A? ??o ??e ?? o ??, ? ???e ? ? ??e; ? n??? ? n ???th” (III ?. 128) ??,
???i, ?? ????ey ??o ??e e ???e ??e. Ii e ?????? ?y?y ? ??? ?????? ?????
??e e ????, ? ?? ??? ei ??????. Nay??? I??e ???e ? A???? ?? I???? “?a ?
?o ? ????a” (E??. 1097 a.), a ss??? A?????/, ???? ?y?, ?a ?? ?y??a ??e
?????o ?? I?? I????o, a ????o, A????, ?e ??i ?? ??ae I???? (Ei?. 1187).
Y? ??????? ???? ??? ? ??o ?? ?????ue ?a-?a a A????n?e ????, ?a ????? ??
?atho ??oth ?eth a ?????? ?. ????e (Ao??? 53).
A ????oth y?? ????ey ??? ???tho ?a ??a e ??a ???n?a; ??, ???? ?a ??a,
??th?y ?c???? e a ?i ???, ?? ? ??o?e ? ?????? ???? ?, ??, ? ? ???y??
???ey?.
2) O?????i. Y?o ??? ?????ey ?th? ????e e ??e, ?? ???, ?e ???? e ? ??y?y
??????. I ??y?a ?????y e ??? ????i?o ?y y?? ?????i ???e a ??o ????? ?a
????. A y?? ? i?? ??y?y ?????? ?????i, ?e ???? ???? ? ?????e, ????????ue
????e?ey? ??????i ??a, ?e y? ??i ? ???u ?????a E??y? ? 1404 a. (A?. E?.
I, N 255). Ia ??? ????e ??u, O???e, i ??? ??????i ath n ??i “????a”, ?
???e: “E yc, E??yi ?????, ???a ?? a ????i, ? ???e ?? ??e?:… y? ????
????o ?? e ???, ???? ?i; ?a e ??? ?? ??o o ?o, e ?o ??i n ??? ??u?, e ??
??? ? ?ey; a ? ?ae? ??e ???, ????o ?? e ???, ???? ?i, ?a ??o ?i ?e ?e
??ii?”. N?? ?????a ????i ?c ?y?? ???y ?????a. I?? e ?? ??iye a ???e ??ue
??a??a, ???e ???e ? ?? ????o n???a. O????? a ??? ??? ??o a ?y? n ??????
????y?, ? ? ??? ? ??th??eue? n ??????e, ? ?? ??a n ??????, ?i n y????e.
I? ??????e ??? ??? i ?? ??i ???? ?, ?i, ?????i, e ????. A y???? ? ??y
????? ??a ???? ???ey? ??th????th ?y???? ?i ??e. A i????? ??? O???? ???
?????y ??i ??? ????e ???? ????e. ????????, ???? ???e, ? ??????i ?? ????
??e, ?? e??i e ??? ?????e, ??i ????? ???????ue ???i ???? ??ayi. Ii ????
??o ???yi e ?i?ue ?????? ???th?y ??e ???e ?e??o ??e (A???i, N??. th??/.
?. A?a?. ?a., ??. 53).
A I????i ?????a ?????a i???? ??? ??? ?????th: ??cy ?? ???ey? ????? ??e.
Ia ??i???? ????? ?a ??a ???? ?? a ?i ???, ?? ???eyth?e ?? ?a ??e. N?????
??? ??yae ????iey ?e ???e ???.
I?????
A ?????i ??iy?e ???? ??, ????a ????, a ???i ??o ?? i ?? ????ny, ???i
??yo ? ??o ????e. O?? ??? ?????y ?th? ????e e ??e ??th?tho, ??e??, ??e
???e ???a A??i (N???, I?. ?oe. I. 69). Y? y??? ?uy?y?ny ??i. ?????
?????e ??an?e ???, ???y ????ue ? ???i a ???n? ??e ???i a ????o ??. Ii ??
?????y ??e e ?y??ey a ?o ???ey ??? ?e, ????y ???, ??? ???y?ay, ??a ????
???????a n ? ???u, ??a ????ue ???ua ?????ey, ???a e ???e? e ???eth.
E???e ????i ??a ???tho, ?i ????ay ????y ??? (mundium) ?????? ?y ???e n
?????i ???????y, a ?y ???e n ???i ? ??ae. Ii a ????? ??y ???????a
????y?? ? ?????i ?????? ?o, a ????? ????th ?????a (Zoepft, 583, 517)) o.
a. ?????i ??e ????? e ????? ????, ?e ???e ???y ????y ??oue ??a ????y
??????. I??? ??e???e y???e a??y ???????y ?? ????? ??? e ? ?????e???
???y? ?? ?? ???? ??i a ????o ??ayo ?????? ?eth ??.
Ec ??o ????? ??i, ?-1-o, ?i ????? ??i ???i ?????ey, ???a ?? e ??? ?e
???o, ? ????i ?th? ????e e ??e: ae?e ????e ? ??i. Ae???a y?? ?a??
???y??, ???i, e ?oyi, ???a ?? n ??i, ? ????? ? ????a e ? ?? ???iy????
?cy??a.
Ai-2-o, ? I???? ??? ???u ??i, ?i n??uey, ???a ???e ? ?? ??????i e ?
???e ?oea e ?? ? ???, ???? ????? (53). Ec y?e ??? ?? ???e, ?i e o ?n
???? ???y ????? ?thc n ???ey? ?????i ???. I???ay ??ay ???a ???y? n ?eei
??? ????? ?y ??e ?????y, ? ??, ?i ? ??a, ???ny ??????y ???. E ???
?????th ?th? ??a?? ?? ?y?y, ???yy ??o ??a e ???yy? n ? ???e (?????
TH??e/). O?? y?? ?? ??aeyo ? ??ue, ?i e o ?n ????? ??? ????? ????, ?? e
? ?????, ? ??? ???o, ????e ???, ? ??? ?? ??e e ? ?????th e ?y??eth:
???eyi, ?? ?e ??? ????ue ??e a ????a, ?????ue ????y n ? ??th. Ii ???ue
y?? ?????y ??? ???? ? ??? ???a ???: ????u ??? ??e ? ??o ??n ????ny ?ae
??????? ????e ???th, ??a ?e y?????a ?e ?????e ?? ?????oth ?eth
???iy????e, ?e ???y? ????e ?i. ss??? A?????/, ?aey a I????, ? ??? ??e ?
?????y ?? ??, ? ?? ?????ny ???? ?i ??th, ???a e ?? ? ??? ??y?a. O??i ???
A???? ????? y? ?ith?? ??????y e ??a (E??. 1015). N??e ???a?o ????e ????e
e ??e ??aea, ???i, ???ey? ??th??a, ? ??y ?????ue ? ??? ?? ??yth?i ??c?
?????ue ? ????y ????e e a????? ?oyi.
A-3-o. Ii ????th e ???yi ?a?ue ????y ?????? ???th ? ??ae. Y? ???o ? ??,
?i, ??aey ??ae, ?a ????e ?ae ??? ??, ???y, ???i, ??th?? ??? ??.
A I????i ?????a ????o ?ae?? ??a, ?????yth?o ???? ????a ?oe. N ??? ????
e y?? ?????y a 1660 a., ??a ?? ????? ?????o ???e ??e ?y ?????y ????, ???
e ???. E??ny, y? ?????a ? ?? ????i a ?????.
III. I??
Ae????y ???y ??o ??o ???o?o e ??o ???. I?? ????? ?? ????, ???iyth?e
????? ????e ???. A ??? ??y ??? i ????? ?? ?? ??e, a ? ?????a; ?????i ???
n ???? ???e ???? e ???eth ?y???? ????ny ? ????? ? ??.
Ii ?????o ??o a i?? ??iy? ? ??? ????? ???, ? e ???? ???u (???y ??a).
Aeey o? e ??? ??a ?? ?????a ????e ??? (mundium), I??i ????eye ????o ?
??, ???ye ? ?????, ???e ?a? ??ae e ???e ? ?? e o. ae. A ??a ???a, ? ???
??, ?i ??e (tutela legitima) ???e ????e ??o (Zoepfl, ??. 61, ?.).
Ae??? ???a ??i ??a ??i ??o ????? e ??o ???. I?????ii ??a ?? ???? ??i, a
???a ????y ??? ? ?????ue. I?? ????y??: 1) ????? ?? ????? (tutela
testamentaria); ????ue ???a ??i ?oyi ?? ?a???a ????a ?? ????e ???. 2)
A?e ?????i ???y??y ? ???i, e ??a ?????y ????e ??o (tutela legitima). Ii
?? ??, ?e ?????i ???? ??????y ???th ?????, ????o ?a?e ??? ?????ey ??e:
????? ?a?? ??????? ???, ???? e ??. (tutela dativa). Ae??? ??i ? ????o
??? e ??e, ?i ?a ?? ni?iyo ?ae ???. A ????? ??a ?oy ??aay ??a e ??a ?
?????ey, ? ae??? ?a ? ? ???ath?y e ??a, ?e ?a ? ???ath?y e e ????i
????yi. E?eth??a ?? ???i ?y ???e e ??e.
Y? ?????? ???? ??a ???e?ue e ?. ????? ???????? ?o ???a, e ???i ???a ??
?o? ??? ???. C??u ????a e ??a??, a ????a ???? ????? ???a, ???tho ? ???th
??i ?? ????e ??o ??e (Zoepfl, 620).
Y??a a ??y?e ??e ??? ??i ???: 1) A?e ?? ???? ??, ?a ????? a ??e ??? ?e
?? ????, ?e e ?a ????i, ????ny ??a ??, e ???y? ?? ??i. An?o ????o ??? ??
???a ??ay ??ue; a ??ue ????ue e ???? ?? e ana ?, ?i ?a ??a ??ue ??o
????i. Ae?e ? ?atho ??a ?????y ?? ??? ?e ????ue ??? ????? ?????. I? ???
????ue ? ?????a. I??e ?????o ??i ?????ue ??e, ???? ??ae e ????? ???e
???ui io ??? ????eth. A? y? ??a ?????o ?, ?? ?a ? ???? ???? a ??e ??. I?
????? ? a ??a ?????i ?a ????? ?oyi ?a ????i ?? ?c “????ey” (E??. E?? ??y
e E?????, ???e II, 5, cp. Leunclavii juris graecoromani o. II, ??. 103).
Ho ?? ?? ???ny ???, ?a ??o ?????ny ??? ???e ? ??e ??? ??e. Ii ?????
???????y ??e ???, ? ?????y?ny ??i ???: ?a ??o, ?ya ?ith ??ue, ????? ??e
? ?i? ??? ?e ?-???? ????? ???y? ?? ??i. O?? ???i, ? ????ey ???????y ???i
? ??e, ?? ?? ? ??o ????ny ? ????ey ????? ????i ?? (Zachariae Gesch. 69).
2) A?e ??, ???a a ??a ???a?ai, ? ???? ???a ?oyi, a ??i ??? ???????ue ?
?a ???, ??a ??o ????y a ????a ??e ? ???i ??a, ??? ? ????i a??? ???a
(E??., E?? e E??., C??. II, 7. cp. Leunclavii II, ??. 105, ?. 21).
3) A?e ??? ?? e ??, ? ???? a ????e ???a, a ??i n??a ??a ?????o ????i
????eyi, a ? ???i ?e ??i-?? ?? ???i ??i (Zachariae, 106).
E?? ??????e Y??e o ?n a?e ?a ???? ??????y I????. O?? XXXVI I???? ???ey?
?? e ?i ??ny ??? (?e ????). A????? ?a?e y?? ?iy??a ???o i tutela dativa.
O??i ???iyy ??uey ??o, ???y, a ?? ???oth ??o: “???e ???e ????? ???; ?a ?
??e ??o ?? ?a n???, ?e ?????u ??tho” (Proximus cognatus tutor est; et si
plures eundem optinent gradum, omnes tutores fiunt).
N??e ???? I??u, ??ny??y e ??a, ?nyo ? ?? ?????e ?? a?y?y ??????i ??a.
Ec ?o ??i, ?i ?? ???ea ????????ue e Y??? e I????i e ?a ??i ??a?? e ?i ?
?ay.
Ii ???? I??a, ?? ? ??? ?? ???? a ??o ??, ???? ???a ? ??i. I?ue ??
???y?. Ia ???a ?????y ?? ??? a ?i ???, ?? ?? “??a? ??ae” (III ?. 129). A
??? ????ey ? ??? ??, i?ue ??? ????? ?oyi ? ???i ??a ?a ????i ? ??. A?e
?i ???y?, ??? ????? ? ??? (III ?. 131). Y? ?a ? Y??a.
Y??ith ? ?? ?uy?y? e ??oe 129 ?. “Aua ? e ??i ???? ?? n ???ath, ? ?? ?
?? ?yae”, o.a. ??i ??? ???? ???? ?a, ?i ???y? ? ? ?????. Ii Y??a ??? ?
??o ?? ????. Ii ?a ???????o ?o ???, ??a ?? ???o ? ??? ??, ? ???ea? ???a,
e ????o ???????ue ? ????i ??? ? ?a ???, ???a ??o ????ue ???e ? ??y ???i
??a ? ???. Y? ?????th ??o ??? e ??o a ?? 129 ??uey. Ae??ue, ?i ??i ?
???? I??a ?a ?? ???? ? ia?? ???o, i????i. A ??? 129-8 ???: “A ?? ? ???ue
??ae, ? ?i ? ??? ???, ?? ? ?? ? ??…” A ??? a??? ??a, ??i ???i, ??
??th?y ? ?? ???? ??????, a ? ??io.
A???? “?? ? ??” ????? ????i y?e I????, a ???i ???: e ??? ??ny ?????” ?e
“???u ?y (omnes municipales magistratus) ?????e ?tho” e o. ae. Iiy??, a
??? 93 ??i ??? ?a??a ? ???a a ?????? ??e ?a?? ??? (tutela dativa), ?i
??????o e A???i ???i e Y??a, ? ???e ??, a ??i ???, ??? ????ue ???a.
E?? ??? ??? ??? ??o, ia y?i ??i ?????ny. A?? e ???n???a ?? ???? ??
?????o; ??a ?e ??? ay??y n ?? e ?o??, ?i, ??i ???, ?????i ??? e ??o. *?c
?i ????? ?????? ??? e ???e a ?? ????, a ? ???? a ???oth I??o.
A???? ??e ?????? ??, ???, ????? ??, ?i ?i ????i ?a??a e ??????i ??? ? ?
?y????ue, ? ?? ????e ? ?tho ??? ????ue, ??u ??a, a ????o ??ayo, ??????
Y???, ?????? i??????? ???? ????eyi.
A??? ?????? ???atho ???? ????i ????? ?e ????yo: “a ??? ?? ??ae eth??”
(III 129). Y? ???????? ? ?? ???? ?? ? ?y?a ???? ????a ?????, ??e ?????
Y??? ?y ???.
I???-?????? ??? ????? ??y?a ????i a ???e ? ?? ????i ? ??a e ??a. Ii ?
???ue, ??th ??? ?a ????, ??ay ?. ??? ????? ?????, ?a a ?i ???: “a ?i
???ue ???i ?i ? ?????, ? ?o ??, a ??e ??? ???? ?, a ??? ?o ??, ?? ??? e
?????y ?e” (III ?. 129).
A??????a ???a ???? ??o ?????, y? ?? ????. Ae??? ???a?a ?y????e ???a a
??? ?????i? ????e o ?n, ?? ???, ? ?a??? ????i ????.
A?iy ?????y ??e ???ey?? a ???? I??a ia ?????i ??????i ????, ?e ?
??????o ??o, a “??? ? ????ue”, o.a. ?????i ????? ??e ????, ??a “??o ??
??e ?????” (III ?. 129).
Ia ??a ? ???a ??????? ? ??i ??ue ????. A ????? ?? ??? ?? ??i, ?y?
??ny??y e ??a: “??oth ?th???, ???? ?y?i? ?? I??e, ? ?? ?o ??, ?? ?o ?i
?? ? ??, E??y, ??ue ? ??? ???” (E??. 879 a.). C?? ??a ?????a ??i a
???y??e ? ??? ??oe. I???i ?????i ???? ?????e. Y?o ? ?????e ???e ?y??a
?th??, ? ? a ???? ?a?? E??y, a ???iy???. I?a ?i ?y?e, a ? ???ye ? ?????i
E??y. Ae??? n ???e ???i ? ??e I??, ???? ?ycy ??ei?, a ? ????y.
A ???? I??a (III 129), ? ???e mtela dativa ?????y ????? ? ??????a, ??i
??? ?? ????a ???a, ? ???i, ?? ?? ? ???? ???a, ??a ?????? ????i ??????i
(tutela legitima).
Ha ??????a ???e ??e (tutela mulierum) a ?o? ????? ?o ????.
N??e ???? I??u ? ???ytho ???ey a ?i, ?i a ??o ? ??a o ?n ???y?? ??????y
??????i ??a. Ii ? ? ??i ?????, ?i ?e ?????? ???y?? a ?? ?y??yo, e ?i
?y?i n ?????? i??i ??a ? ?????e ???a ???? ???.
A ????? ??y ??a, ??????a ???o, ????i ?????ue ?????? n ??, ??? ? ?????y
? ???? I??a. Y? ???a?a ???o a ?i, ?i ??? ? ??? ?e ?y?i c????y ? ????e
????a ?????, ? ?a ????ue y? ????i ?y ??? ???. I????, ? ????? ???????y,
??e ????ny ? ???ey ???a ? ???a.
I?? a??e. A??a ??i
A??a ??i ??o ??i ????i ????a ??, ?????a ????? ????? ??. I???? ???? e
??i ??o ?? ????: 1) ? ??o ?? ??????i ??, 2) ????? e, ???oe, 3) ? ??o
??ue ??i a ??e ??. A? y? ?e ????a ?????? ???i ???athony ??o ??th.
I? ??????ueth ????ny ??i ???? ???i ????? ???? ?ae ??th. A ????? ??a
??????e ???atho ?a ???u: ??????th e ??????th. I?????ay ???o a ??a ??????
??? n ??th, ?i ?o ???; yoi ??i ?? ? ?????y ??. Ao. i?i ??? ??i ???y??ny
??th, o.a. ? ??o ????ue, ???, ?????ue ?ith ?? e o. ae. I?? ??????e, ???,
? ???ie?i. A ??o ??n???? ??a ??o ?? ?????u ????? ?????y ??????: ?e ? ???
??????o ????a ????? n ????i??; ? ? ??o ??ue ?? ?i, ?? ??? ???? ????ueth
??? e ?. I?????ay ???a ?aaa ??????e ???o a ?i, ?i ?????e ?ae? ???y?
?????a ? ?? ?? ?y?? ?????? ????.
N??????, ?e ?y?a ??i, ?? ????y ???. A??yy ??a ??????e ?? ???? *(99),
?oy ???? e ? ?????o e ?iy?th ??????e, ? ??eo ? ?e ?????a ? ????a. N?????
? ??? ????? ???o ??th, ii ??o ???? ???? ???o. Ii ??a ? ???o ?i, ? ???o n
n???? ??, ?i y? ?? ?i ??????ue, o ?? animus rem sibi habendi; ?ey ?i
????? e ??, ??u ???ue ??th ? ?ay e ???y? ? ??????a a ?i ???? ?y?a ???
??. A???a y?y?ny ??o?? ????i?? *(100). Ii I?eth??a ?????, ?i ???? n
?????th ?? ???ue ? ?ay, ?e ???o ?????e, ??o ?????y e ? o ??????. O?
???ue ??o ? ??? ?o, ?i ? ??? ???o ?ay ??????i, ? ?? ??. A???a, y? ?????a
????? ??????e, ???o ??i ???i ca ???u ??????e, ????? ????? .e ???? ? ?a.
Ii ??. ?e ???? ?? ???i ????ii?e, oi ?????e ??? ??o ?? ??????i a ????e
??? ????. Ae??????, ???a ??i ????? ??? ??y?e ??? ???ey, ???? ? ??y?a ???
??????e. A???a, ? ???th?a ? ??????e, ? ???th??y ?i?e ???e, ????o ?? ???i
???, ?i ???? ???? ???? e ????ny th?????i ????i. O??i ????a ?? ???? ?
???? ????y ?? (detentor), y ???ai ?????o animus rem sibi habendi.
Aeey ??, ??u ???? th??/??a ????, ??u ?a ???y: 1) ?????? ????? ?ae ??th
e 2) ??a ?????a ??, ?e ???i ???? ??? ???ue ??th ? ?ay, ?e ?????e.
N?????? ??????y: 1) ??i ???a???o ????, E?? ?a ???a ????o a ??o ?????
??. Nth? ????y ????? ??? ? ??????? ??ie, ????, ??? ????e: ?i ???? ?e, ?o
e ????ny ? ??????i; nth? ? ????y ????? ? ??y ?e? ?? ?i, ?i ?????o
??ey?eth, a ??a ????? ?i, ?i ???i ?cy??. E ?????i ???? ??ny?y ?a ?, ?e
????? ???o ??????ue, ??aey?yny a ??o ??o, ????o a ??? ??i ???e, ???y e
o. i., ??? ?????y e ??y ???? ?a?????-o???ey (traditio); e ?????i ? ????
????y e ???ae ??????e a ??? ?? a ?? ????i ??iey.
I???, ??????ue ??o ?? ??a??? ?a a ?? ?????i ???ey. Ii????i ?????i ???ey
??????i ?e??y o?, ?i ?e ????o ???yo ??? ??th ?????? a ??? ??y.
Y? ???y ??oth?a: 1) ????? ????? ???e, ???i ??????i; 2) Justus titulus,
o.- a. ???? ????a ???ey. I? ???? ????? ????ny ?y?a ??a ??a??, ?e ?????
????, ?????i, ?e????ny ?? a ??????ue, ? a ???i, a ??? ???, ?e ??e-???
????? ?e ??e, ????? ?? ?????n? ??????y ? ??? ?, a ?? ????e ??. O?? ??e
??o a?ue ?e a ??, ??., ?? ???ia ? ? ??????i, a ?????i ??i, ???a ? ??i
??a ??????e a y?e ??; ?e a ??i ?? ????, a ???i ??a ?? ???a ??y-??aeue
???; 3) ???? ?? ??? ?? ??i????i ??ae??, bona fide; ?ae ????a???ueth
???ey ????ny ?, ?i ???? ? ??, ?i a ??? ?????ey ? ?? ???y ??e-? ??e; ?
??? ?? ???, ?i ???? ?? ????i, y? e ?? ??????? ????. I? ????? y?o ??a?
???? ?? ???ny ? ??????i, ????y ? ?, ?i a ?? ?????ey ?? ??y-??? ?????ue.
I?????a a ?? ?????i ???ey ??o ??th ??? ??? ????e a ?????e ???.
I? ????? y?? ????a, ???i? ??????y ?? ? ? ??? ??ayo ??? e ?c ?i ??, ?e
?e ? ?a e ? ?????ue, ?i a ??? ?????ey ???? ???. Ii e ???? ??????, ???e
??i ?????i ???ey ??y? ?? ??a, ??a ????ii ????u. A?e ii ????? ?cy?. ? ?
?? ??? ???e, ???a ????? ?y ??, ??u o ????a ???? ??i ??????e. A ????i
n??a ? ??o ?????? ?????y ??ai ????ey e ?????i ????i.
O??e ?ae ????e ???? e ??, y? ??i ? ??a ?? ?e ????u. I? ??? ? ??th ??
?c???y ?????a ??th ??th a ??i-??aeue ???i, ?????? ????e. Nth? ?????o,
??., ??i ???a ? ??e ??a, ??i ??ue ?? ? ???a, ?????u?i ??aeo e o. i. Ao,
y?o ??ayo ? ?? ?????? ??i ??eya?y a ??? ?????? ??. Ii ???a?th ???, ??i ?
??th ?? ????ey?ny ????th ??ueth ??a ??????e; ?????? ?? ?????y?ny ??i
?????ny ??th ??th a oii ????e, a ??i ????ny ath e ?i ???a??. O?? ???i,
??a a ??e ?? y?yth?y ?????? ??a ??????e. Y? ?????a ?iy?y?ny ?e a ?i, ?i
?????e ???: 1) ???ue, ??u ??? e?i a ???? ?i ???? ??? oi, ? ?i ? ??o ??i
?e ?????e, ??., ??i ?? a ?i ??a, ???y? ?? ?? ?i ?ey e o. i.; 2) ?????e
?i ??? ??????ny io ????o ????, ? ???a ? ??o ??i ?e ?????e. E??e, ??.,
??o??? a ???? ??o ????, ? ??o ??????e, ??o ????? ??ey, ??? ??? ???a e
???; ? ??? ?????e ?y???ny ? ????? ??? ?? ????e ???, ??u ?i ? ???ue ??a
?y ??? ??? e ?.
O??u ?e ?? ????e ?ei?? e ??i, ?????a a ?? ??y. ????? ? a ????oth y??
??????ue, ???? e ??a ? ??a ??? Yoe ???ey ??????otho i ???e ?????e e
????eth. O? ? ??? y??, a priori, ??? ???, ??u a ????e ?e ?ee ????. Ia
??? ???yo ???ey, ?e o ?n, ?e e o ??? ???a, ???? e ??????ue ????ue.
N????? ?e a ? ? ??y e ?????, a ?i ???, ?o ?e e ?a?????. “A ??? ???e,
???o E?? i ???i ??a, ?????n? ??? ? ????; ???a ???i ???? a ??iy?e ????
????? ??????e ??? ? ????i ???ey; ?? n ???? ???e ????ny ???e ????
??????ue a $y ??? ?? (Cursus, 329).
ss?? ?? ??, ?i a ????e e o ?n ? ????e ???ey e ??????e, ???i ?? a ??????
???o ?iy???, ??? ???o XV a. N??? ???ny ? ?, ?i ???ue ? ???? ???. N?uey,
???? ???, ?????: “?e ? ???e, ?i ? ???e ????” I?? ia ??? “?e ???e?” ???
??iy? a ??y???, ?? ?????o ???e, ?i ? ?????e; ??? ? ???: “?i ????” ?? ???
i o?? ???ey. Ii a ??? ??e y? ae? ???a ? ???ath?y, ?e ???eytho ?y ?? ??
???, ??io, ?i??, ?i, ? ?i ??y?, ?i ??o ???e, ?? ?a e ??? ??????.
A????? ??????e e ???ey a????ue a ?i, ?i ? ?? e ??? ??? ???ey, ????e ?
??? ??????e. E? ????y i ?????, a n?uey a ????a ??? ???a i ??????e. O? e
? ???? ????o ??o ? ?? ???i ???ey ??o ??????ueth e ????i e ? ?? i??e ???
???ey. I???i ????e ?a??oe ??? ?e ???? ?? ??i ???ey, a ? ?? ??? ??
?n?????? ???ey (Brunner, o A?????a, I, ij6).
Ii ?????o ??o ???ay ??????ue ? ??? ????? ??eth?? ??i ??? ???i ????
????a. A?e n????? ?i ??e ?ith ?? ???o, ? ?? ?e ??? ??? y?? ?o??: “Hand
muss Hand wahren” ?e “wo du deinen Glauben gelassen hast, musst du ihn
suchen”. O??i ?e ??a ?e ?e ??eth?i. O?y? ????? ?? ?a ????ue ?????y ?,
?oy ? i? ????? e o ???????i ????a, Y? ????a ??eei ????, e ???? I??a. Ec
??? i “N??” ???o, ?i ????? ?ith ????oth ?? ??o ????ue ?????y ? ? ???i
????a e ? ??, ?i ??e aa ? ??o (I ?ae. 18, 21; III ?ae. 41, 45; ?. I?.
?ae. ?. 46, 54 e 56, ?a, ???y, ??a).
A ?iy??? XIV-XV ?? ?????y ?a ?????a ???? ? ??????e e ??ay ??? ???ey.
I??a ???? ???a?ny a I???? ??? ???a. I????? ???? ?a ???? “???th”.A ???
12-e ???: “A ???? ???? ??o ??ey ???? a ?????e, e ??i?? ???ue ????e
??o… a ???o ooth ??th, a ???o ?? ????, ?i ?o ??y ? ????, a ?ith ??eth
i??e”. *? ??ey ?? ?????a ????, y? ??i ? 88-e ?. ???u: “A y ???ai ????
??? ?? ?c ?????ey, a o ?e ????y ???, ?i ?? ? ???e ?th ???th ? ??ai ???,
??? ? ???ny; a ???ny, ???e ?o ?o”.
O?? ???? ??i ????? ?? ??e, ????? ? ???-?? ?????? ?ey?y. Ii ??cy ? ???ue
??ue ? ???? ??? I???? ??? ???u i ??? ???? n ????i ?? ??????? Y??e, ?
????, a ????i ???, ????? ??? ?a ????? ???ue ?? ????? ????.
A I?????e ??? ???a ??i ?a ??ueth, a ???e ???i ???? a ??? ??????e ? ???
??a?y. 10-y ??uey ???o i “???” ? ?aeoth ??th (??????a) e ?????? ??? ??
?ae i ???, a ??i ?a i ??a (i ??a ??????e): “A ?i ia ?i ??? ??? ?e ???a a
???i ??, ?i ??? ???ae ??ae e ???, a o ??e ??a ?ae”.
N?? ??i ??????ue a ???a ??y ? ?? ????. A??i ?? ?i??ey?? ?????? ????y:
?y, ?iy c?ey, ?y ??y, ??e a ??, a ??ue (? ???? deren-firmus,
manderen-terra firma; ??i ????ue). A??e ??? a ???a ??y (?e e ??? o
???yi, ??., a E??? o??) ??? e ??, a ??? ?y ??i??ey ?????ey a ??????ue ??
?? ????ue: ??e a ??, a ?ee, ?? e ?oyi, ??e ?c ???. O ??? ??a ??i
Eigenthum ?????? ???a, a ??? ??????ue ????? ???e: eigen, Were, Gewere, ?
wehren ? ????ue, ????, ??? e Gewehr, ???. I?????? Gewere ?? ??????ia ,
???? ??????e e ???ey, ????? ??i. N ???? ???e a y?i ?iy?e ???tho ????ue
?????a ????, th????? ???? e ?? ??a????th ??????ue (Zoeptl, ??. 733 e ?i
Warnkonig, Franzosische Staats und Rechtsgeschichte, II, 295 e ?.. 324
?.).
I?i ? ????? ???? ?????ey ??????e ???o a ????? ??th, ???a ?iy?y?ny a
????? e ?? ??????i ??a. Ae????y ??????ue ??th???, ???i, a ????oyo. Ae??i
e ???, ???????a e ??????eth ?????? ??????, ???ey? ??????ue ??, ?i ?
????e; ??a ??i ????: ?i ???? ????, ?o e a? ?i ??????i. Ii ????th e ??a
???? ?iy?y?ny a ??????? ? e ???i?oyi ??e e ???i?cy????i ???. *? ??e ???
?????e o ?n, ? y? ?? ???ey a ??? ???o. E? ???e ????, ?i ? ??e ?e ??e
????th ??th, ?o e ?e ????? ??ath ??????i ??e. N???i n y?i a ????e ??????
??a ????a: ?a ?a, ?? ???, ??, coxa ???, o.a. ?a y ????? ??????e, ? ? y
?iy e ??i.
E?? ??????? ???? ?????y e n ??????: a ?? ?????y, ? ????i, ? ????? e a
?? n???ai ???y. Ii a y?o ??ayo ?y ?????ey ??????e ????ny ?a ??ae ??e ?
??i, ??i a ?? ???? ?e ?????i ??a ? ????. I?????? ???e ????y a ??? ? ??i,
??? ??? ????ue ??e e ???? ???a yiu.
Ec ??? ???a XV a. ??i, ?i ?? ???? ?a e ?????? a ?? ?????i ???ey. O?o
???ey a ?o?a ??a, ?????y ????y? ??????, ???a ?y?y?, ?i “???e ?e ??”, ?e
??yo, ?i ?o 20, 40 ?e 50 ?? ??ae y?o ???e ??e ??a-? ?? ?e ??e ??th-?
??th. Ii ??, ? ????e ???? ????? ???? ????? a ??????ue, a ????e ? ?e ?/?
????i: ?????i ??ath?y ? ??i ?o, ?i ???i ???. He ???i ??a ????, ??u ?y
?????ey ??????e ??i ?????i ???ey ?????ue ?a ??? ?????? ???i ??? ???y,
o.a. Justus titulus e bona fides.
?????i ??? ??u ???? ??a???ey. Y?o ??? ???ny ??? ???ii. I???e ???? ??u,
???y n Y??a e ???, ??tho, ?i a ????e ? ??e ? ?? ???e, ??? ??o????, a ??
??? ??????ue ???y. E y?? ??eth ???atho e ????a ??a ??????e, ???a ??tho,
?i a ????e ? ?? ??? ?a?????, a ?? ??????ue ???ay; a ??a ? ? ?? ?e
??????i, a ?y ??y, ?e ?? ??a. I??? ??a???ny ??? ???e ??????e; ? ?i?o, ?i
???a ?? n ?????i ???e ?? ???????. Aeey ??????i ??a?, ??a ???y ?????ue
?n???, ??? I???a ????? ?????i. E?? ?? ????y ?? e ??????e ? ???a ??a
?????, ? y? iu ? ??i ???o ???? a ??o e????o. A y??, e ???e ??ny?y ?????
???ae??a, ???a ??y? ?a ??e ? ???? ?? e ??o???? ? ??? ?? ????, ?e y? ??i
? 140 ??? O??? ???? ???ie I??u, ???y ???o i ??? ???n?a ??o ??uey?: “?a
??ay ??y??ny ??ae ?y?i i ???a”, o.a. i ?????, ? “???e ???e ?? ??? ?” e
o. ae. N??????, ??uey ?a? ??? ?, ?i ? ????ue ? ?????; ??????, ???, ??o
??ue ?ith ????th ??????ue. O???ay y?, ? ??a ? ??i ???ue, ?i ??????ue
i????i ???? ???y? ??a ??? ? ??. A??y, ???i, ??e ??, ?? ???, ???; a ??i
??? o ?o ??o ??y ??????ue. O?ay ??y ??????ue ??o ?? e ? o ??????a, ?? ?e
??aeyo y? ?y ?ay ????. Ii ??a ???a ??y???? e ?????ny, ?? ???ny. A?e
??uey ???, ?i ?y ?o ???aa ????y ??????ue, ?e ??o ????ue ???a. O?? ???i,
??u ??e, ? ????o ???eth, ??e ?? ??? e ? ??? ??, ???i ??, ?e e ????? ??a
eth? ??e ??eiy?ny a ?????? ?y ?????i ?cy?o?, ?? ?e ???? y? ????.
Ae??a ??? ???o a ?i, ?i ??????i ?????i ???? ??????a. ss ????a ?????ath?
? y?i ??ine a III o. Ae??i??.
I???, ?? ????ue ??o ??th ??????ue, ???th ? ???o ????ue n ????. Ae???
??y ??o ??? ????ey eth?e ?y ??e ????ey ??i ???y e ??iy, ??? ??????a
?????; ?i ??a ?? ????ue, ?i eth? ???y?? ?y ??? ?? ????? ????? ??o ??e. A
??o ??o ?????? ????a ??y ??????ue n ??? ??uey?. O?? ?????u a I?i??e ???
???a ???th?y ny??e (106). I???? ? y?i a III o. Ae????e.
Iu ?ae?e ?a ? ????ath?th ??, ??y a I????i ?????a ?????? ????eth, e ?e
????? ?? ??y?? ???e ???o ?oe. I???a a I??a ???u ????ey ??????a e ???
???e ??????e ??? ????o ??o ?????a?e ? ??ue, ?i a ???e ???e e ????i ???i
a I????i ?????a ???e ?????e ??????e ??a e ? ??, e ?y ??y ?????? ?????o
????th. O?? ????a ???? E??? a ??i ?????? i ???ueyo e ????. “A? ?????i, –
???o ?, – ?? ?a?? ?y??? ??????e”. O??i ? ??y? ???ny e I???i a ?????? i
????. Ii ?i ??eth, ?a, ?i ???ony a ???? ?y??y, ?? ??????ue ?ycy, ??a ???
????o e ?????eo. I???, ? ????e ???e, ??iya?y e ?? ? ??y?, ? ? ? ???, ?i
y? ???? ??y?e; ?e ??i, ? ?i ??eth, n ????. C???a ???oth ??th, ???
??????e ?, ?e ?ith ??????ue. Y?o ??yae ?e ????i e ? ????eo ????e, ???a,
?e ????e ??a, ?? ??e ?oue ??????? ??????? ?? ??e. I??y ????, ?i ??? ???
?a ??c??e ????a ? ??y?o ?y?e ? ?e?i ? ???????th ???, ? e ? ???th
??????ue, ? ?a-oa? ?. ????? ??? ?? ?????? i??????. A?e e ????? ??i, ?i
????? ???? ? ???e ???e ??o???? e a ??? ??u ???? ? ? ???????a ?????e, ?
y? ??a ?a ? ???, ?i ?e ??????e ?th c?eth, ?e ?ith ??????ue. I?? ????
???e ??????e ?? ?????? ????a ???ath??ny ??eth??a. To ? ??a ????i e ?
C??a, ?a ??i ??eth?? ??? ?????y a ??a ???o ??????a ?????ue e ??a????
??ey? n ??th ?????n?th, ? ???th a ??e ???e ?o ???o ????. Eth??e XIV,
????e “?????i – y? y”, ???e ?????a ??? ???, a ???i, ??o ???, ?????o
??oth?a ??e: “A?, ?i ????y a ???? ??o ae??? ?????o ?i; ? ??? ?? ????, ?i
??? ?? ??eth?? ????e e ?i ?, ?????i, ?????o ??? e ????a ???y??a ??e
?????e, ???a ?????o ?e ???i, ?e e ???? ethaeyi, n ?i, ??u ?????ny ?e, ?e
?e??i ???o ?cy?o”. Y?, ???, ??? ? ??? ????? ? O??? ??a ?n?? ??????e ?? a
?????? Eth??? XIV. O ?n ?, ?e ?????i ?? ?i??i, ? ?? ?? ?? ??????????i ?
C??a ???a, ? ???i? ??y, ??i ? ?iy?y, ?????o ??eth. O ?n ??i ? ?iy?y ??y
?ea ??y (res nullius), ?? ?ycth ? ????ny ??uy?? ? ?a ?? ??a. I???? ? y?i
a III o. Ae????e.
N?? “??????ue” a ????? ?iyo??o ?a ? ????ey??; ?, ?i ??? ????ny
??????ueth, ??a ???e?ue “??i ?????”, “a ??” ??-??? ??????i. Any?a ??,
???a ?i-??? ???o “a ??”, ???a ?i-??? “???i ??” e ???y??ny ????i, ???o,
?????o, ?? ? ?? e ?., e ?? ??????i. I??? a ?? ??? ???ue ? ??a ???
??????e. A?e ? ?i-??? ????e ?? ????i ???o ? a ??, ? ?????: “a ?? ?? ?
???ue, ? ???ue, ? ????, ? ? ?? ???”.
A???
N?? ???a ??ue ????a. ? ia ??? ????y?? ?, ??i e ?i ? ???. I?????? ???
???a ?i????ue ????i, ??????? ??; ?? ????i ?????? ??, ???? “???”. A?e
????a ????i ????ue ?oyi, ??i ???a ????i ? ??? ?????ey. A y?i ??? e
?y??a, ?????y ? ??, ?? ???. O? ?e ?oe ???? ? ??a ? ??? ??e a ??a, ? e
????a ??u, ??e e ?., ? e y? ????a ????? ai???e, I???, a I????i ?????a. ?
??? “???a” ???tho ???y? ?th ?????? ??, ???a ?????o ?????i ? ????th e
????. A?n? n y?i ??i ???a ???? ???yo?y ? ??? e ??yi, ???a ??e ? ??, ii e
e ??i, ???a ?????u ??i ??e, ???y, ?????y, ?? ????o, ????? e ??????o,
?????? ? ? ??a, ??a ?? o ????? ? ????th e ???a. N????i “????y ???a” ??
?????a, ?ee ????ue ??i ???a a ????? ???; ? a ?????i ????e ??i ???a ????
??o ????o ??, ????? ? ???a ?????ey. Aeey ?i???ey ? ??? a ??????? ??? ??e
???? “???a ???u”. E?? ? ??i ? ?? ?????a ???a, ????a ??a, ? ?????
??th??y?, ??? ????u.
A????? ?????? ??i ???y??y ????e. I? ??e ????ue ? ?y?ie ????e, ????? e
????i, ??e ?????ue e ?. A XVII a. ??? ??? ?e ??e e ????? ? ??? ??? ?a ??
????i ?????i ??i ???e ??a ????, ?i ??? ??????i ?????ey. Ec ??? 1679 ??
???, ?i ?????, ?ath?a ??e, ? ??? ????? ?? ??ey ?????, ? e ?e ??e ??e
??ee ? ?????i ethaeyi. O?? ????a ??e ???? ??? ? ???u ??e e ??? ??????a;
y? ??? e ??? e ??? ?????yi ??????o ???y??e e ???e. Ii ?????y y? ????ue
??ei ???o e ?????o ???; ??e aea ??i ?? e ??a ??? 1679 ?? e ??? e ???? ??
??ii, ?e ????? ??e.
I??a ?????a ??? ???u e ???y??ny ?e ? ??? ??? ???i?? a 1679 a. Io y?? ??
??i ???, ????e ????th, a ???i ????y, ?i ????a eth? ??tho ?? ?????a e
???a ???u a ??a ?? ?????, a ??a ? ??? ?? ? ?tho ??i, ??u ? ? ???u ?????.
Ae??ae ?????ny ????, ?e ????ue a y?i ??? ????? ? ???u ??????i ?e iao?
Y?o ??? ?e ??? ????th, ??? ?i a O???e ? ?? ???? ????ey ??? ???u. Ia ???
?????a ??y ??eth?y: ?? ????? ??ey ?a ????u ? ??, ?? ????, ? ? ??ae e
?oyi ? ??????, a ???? ? ?e????ey?; ? ??? ???y ???? e ?????o ??? ?
????ue, ?? o ????e ?? ?? e ??e. I??i ???y, ??????i, ?? ????? ?y ?o, o ??
?? ???y?a; ?? ? ?? ??? ???a ??????, ? ??? ??i ?-??i?o; o ???o ??????a
??? ??i ???. A ?i ? ?? ??iy?? e ??? ?????a: ?? ????i ???? ???a e ?????a
???u ?????i ??i ? ??? i??i ??e, ? ?? e ??? ???o ??????a. I?? e ????eth
?ee ??a ? ??? ? ???u ??e e ???o ??????a. ???a ?? ??a??u ?i, ?i ???a e
?????a ??ey ???aeyo ? ????yi a ??a ??. O? ?e O???a ? ?????? ???y??e ?
??? ???, ? e ?e ??? ????th ???, ? ???e e ?????a ???????y ??eth?y. I??
???y??y ????? ????e ???? ? ?a?? ????e, ?c ?y?o ?????e. A?e e ??? ?????y
??a ???y??y ????e, ? ??a ?????? ????a. O?i?: 1) C???iea ???? ?? ???u “?
??”. I???y ? ????ey, ??a???? a XVI a., ??? “io ??” ??????. AE????a ???u
? ???u ??? XVII a?a ?????ytho ?? ?????? ??i ?a? ???? ?????? ???u ? ??
N????? O???y ??e ??? i????? ???a ????ey. 2) A??a ?????a ???ny ??a
???y??y ?y???e ????e. N???i ?y?yi ?????? ????ue ?? ?????a ???u ??? ???a
e ??y??? e ???? ? a ???? ? ???? e ????. A ??y?a ????i ?????ey ???u y? ?e
??? ?????i ????i ??, a a ?e?? ??e ? ??a j-e ???e ???a. I? ????? ??o
?????a ???u o? a ??? ????y. O?? ???i, ?? ??y? ??y ?????? i? e ??, ??u
?????a ???u ???? ?y?e ???e ??-?-?? a ??????ue ?????i ????y. 3) I???,
????a ???a ?????a ??iy? a ?i, ?i ????a ??, ???a ???u a ????o ???noyo, ?
??e ??a ?????ue ? a ????o ???. O?, ??., ????ai ????i ?? ????ue ?? ???u
ae??y?i ??? ???a; ???? ethaeyi ?????i ??a ?? ????i ???e?? ???u a ????
???o e ?. *(101). ?y?i n ??? ????ey ??? ?iy? ??i ? ???. ?????, ?? ??????
y? ??i ? ???, ??o ??? ???? e ?e ??o ???yo ??i ??i.
I?? ??? I?????i ???i ??????i, ca ??th??? ?o, ???a ?????ue ????y? a ??
???e. I??? ? ?? ???????ue, ?e ??c ? ??a ???. I??aey?a ? ??e ??a ???, ?e
e ?i ????. A??? ?????? ?????ue e ??o ??? a o? ? ??y?a, a ??i i? ae?????
e ?????eth. N???e 1550 a. ???o i ??? ???, ? ? ??? (85). I? ????e, ??o
??, ?? ??ue ???oue ???a e ?????a. Ii O???th ??e ??? ??a ? ????, a ??o
?i, a ????? ???? ????: “A ao? ???o a ??e ?ae ??a??th ???o, a ?i ? ??
???o ? ???o ????, e ? ???? ? ???? ???eth, ?e ? ???a e ????a ???u
???tho”. I?th? ??, ???y, ??th??, ?i ?????y e ??i ???.
*? ???ny ???e, ?e ???o ???? ??i, ? ? 1679 a. ??i ??n??y ??? a ???
?????i ????ey, o.a. a ??? ???e ???, a ?? ?i-??? ??e ???o, ? ??cy ??
????. Y? ???a n ???? ???e ????; a 1679 a., a ??a, ???uath?i, ?e ??????e
???y?o, ??? ???u ?????i ??i, ???i ????i?? ????i ?? ???? ????? ??e?. Ii
N???? ????? ????i ?e a ??? ??????a ???y. A????oth a??? ? ? ?a ????ue,
????a? ? ?a ??? ??i ??????i. N?? ??i ? ??? ?e ???ue ? ?? ???, a ? ?
?iy?a. Y?, ???i, ?? ???i a ??o ????ey i?a ???i ????a, ??u ??i ? ???e a
?????o ? ???. I??????, a XVI a., ??i ai?? ?????, ???y, ? ? ??, ????? a
?i?e, a ? ???, a a XVII a. ? ??, ?i???e a ???, e, ??o ??, ??????? ? ???
? ? ????y e ????e, ???a ?? ???u a ????i ???. N?e, a ???a ???? ??i a?i
?????ue ??i, ?e ???? i???????, a ??? 40-???. Y?o ???e ?? ?e ??ue ????i
?y ????a, ???e a ???a ??o 40 ?o ? ?a ??ue ?????e, ?i ??? ????y ? ?i
(I??? III, 76 e ?.).
E????a ???a ??? ?y? ec N???? 1550 a. ??????o ? ?i ???. Y? “???e” ????.
O???o ??? ??????? ???ay ????. A ?????? ???eyo ???o ??a ???i eth????
???ey ? ???th ????, ???y ? ??? ????o ? ???? ???.
O??? ??i ???a ?e ???????i a ???i N???? 1550 a. N???e 1497 a. ??? i ???
? ??o. A??? ? ??i ??????y ?a ? ???i N???? e, ???i, ????y e y??eyi ??ue
????e ???u. I???i ??ue ?o??a ? ?n ???ey ? y? ????.
O???e ????e ?y?, I??e A??a?/, a 1479 a. ??iy?y ??? ???y?, ? ???i, ???a
? ??th ??i ????? ???? ???e a ???y ?? ?o. A?e ? y?i ??? ? ??????y, ??a
????y ???a ?????o ???e a ??. Y? ?o ? ??i, ? ??????e a ??? ??? ????, a ?
a? ??????a. (A. ? TH. A. N 156, VII).
O? ? ?y? a ??e ???? (1486) ????? ????yi e ???i ?? e ???e, ? n ????e: ??
? ?? ??o ???u ?e. ?ycth, ? ??o ? ???? ? ?????th ?? (??. N??. N 121).
O?a ??tho e ???a ??. A?? I?ethae ????? a 1700 a. ?ith ???o ?. A??eth, ?
?? y? ???a ?????y ?i ??? ?e ????, ?e ??o ? ???? ? 40 ??i. I???o, I???
???a a 1517 a. ????? ?ith ???th a ????ue, ? n ?????i ???: “?e ?? ?oyi, ?
??y??? ? ?y??, ? ??y??” (??. E?. A?e. XVI, N 1 e 4).
N ?????? ????ey? ??? ?eath?y ???e e ???i ??i. Io ??? ???? XVI a. ??i
????i ??? n ???? “??? a ??, ?c ???” *(102).
I?e ????? ???? ?? ??? a ?? ???y??y ??i ????? ??a ??? ???y. Ae?a ?y?e
E??? ??? o aey? ??? ???o n ?i, ?i ?? “??o ? ? ? ??e, e ? ?? aey? ??o ?o
??? ? ???ue” (A. TH. N 13. 1708).
Y?o ??y?e ????? ?????ue e ??a ???y oe???i N????, e ?iy?i ???: ??a ???
???i ???? ????? ???a a XVI ??.
Aiy?i E. A. O???? a 1554 a. ??e ?? e ??i ?oyi “a ?? ?c a??a” o I?u
E???a ??? ?i ???oth ???o. A???e Aiy?i E. A. A??? O?a??a, ???i, ?? ?????
??? N????, a ??? ?y ????ey ??o ?? ? ???? ? ??th ???o ??oth ????oth ???o
(??. N??. I N 170).
Eth?, ? ??ue ???a e ???? ????? ????e, ??? ??ey n ??ie ? ???y? i??i ?
???eth ??o ???a. A ??? 1568 ?? ???a: “Na ?, A??e I??, E??a ?i, Ae???, n
??i ??i, n I??ith, ???e ?? E??, O???o ??, I????… ?e ?? ??e… A ???e
?? ?o a ??ue ?c ???… A ??? yc I?? n ??i ??i ??e ??? ??a ? I??a Nay?e
A????u 7070 ??, e ?i E?? ?? ?ae ? ???e ? ??e ??? ??a ? I??a ? Nay?e
A???e?, ? e ? ?? ?i ??, ? ??ia, E??, ? ??o ? ?y?th ? 17 ??i ? ?o ? ??, a
E?? ?ae?e ny ??ay ?i ??ae e ???y; a ? ???i ? ?o ??a e ? ??i E?? ? ?o ??,
?i ny ?oa ??ay a ??oth e ???ay a ??ue, ?c ???” (A. TH. N 86).
C?? ??i ??? ????? ??? ?y ??o ????a, ? ????? ?????? ??ii.
He ??iy?? N????i e eth?, ???? ? ??? ?????o ??yo. A??y N?e????u ???e Ii.
A???? ?? ??? ???, ??th ?e. ?ycy, a ??? ???ey “a ?? ?c ???” a 1571 a.,
o.a. ??? 20 ?o ??a ???y N????.
O? ? ???? ???ey?? ???y e ?e ??????i ?????, ? ?o??i e ?. A 1563 a.. ?.
Ae??? E???/ I?? ???e A??????o ????th ?? n ???y? “a ??, ?c ???, ?c ???”.
Ii ??i a ?????e ?? ?e? ???y: 1) ?? iia a ??e ??? ? ???; 2) a ?aey?y o
?iy ??, e ? ?? n ???y? ?, a ????th ?e ??o 700 p.; 3) a ??a ??i ???, ??
??, ??o, ??y??? e ??o ?? ? ?e ???u ?? ?o (N 115). C?? ??i ??? ??????i
?oyi ??oaey, i ???o ? ?i ??????o e ?? ?y? ???i, ?i ? ????ue ??? ??a ?
?????y?.
O?? ?e ???e ??i. Ii ???a?? ????ny ? ??????. Oe??? N?a?? ???a ?????y?
????i ??i ??i ? ??i, a ??? a y?i ??a ?????. Ii ???? ??? ??i ? ?? ??i ?
??i; ? ????eth ? ?????? ???, ?i ??i ?? ??????i ??? ????, ?i ?oyi e ???
??????i, e ?? ?????, ?i?i ????o, ?e y? ??? ????e ?ycue, ?????a ??i ???
?e. Eiycth, a ? ??.
N???e ? ????o e ??? ?ae?????, ??????y ????y? a ?? ????ey; a ? ??ath e ?
??i ?? ??????i ??i ???.
N???e ???o i ??? ??? a???? ?????o ????, a ???y ???? ??o ??i e ????
????? a ???? ????ey.
O??? ??i ??o ?? ???? a ???a 40 ?o; ?? ???? ??? ?y?e ?c ???ey?ny a ??
????ey.
N???e ????y? ??i ??? ??? ?y ???, a a ???? ???? e ??? ????? ??e ??ath?y
n ????e a ?? ?c ???, a y? ?????? ?????ue ???e ? e n a???.
O??? ??i ??? ????ny n ???i. Ii ?????? ????? ??a ?a??, n ???????? ????e
? ????a. N???? ?? ????a ??? ?? e ???i ??? ??? ?????o ?????a I???? ???? a
????e ???? ??? (67). Iu ??i ??? ??i ??a?, ?i ???e ??i ? ??? ?? e??ey
???? N????.
*? ??eo ???a ??? ??? e ???y?? ?? n N???? 1550 a. o??? “??e a ??, ?c
???”? A ?a?? ??y ?y ??th??y ??? ?????? ?? ?? ???ue ??e, a ?? ?? ????ue
“??e ??e, ?c ???”.
Y? ???????ue ?i, ?i ?i?: ??? e ??y ? ??e ??????i ?? ??????i ??????
???ey, ??a ? ??? n ?? ???y?(?iey???a). A? ????e ???? ??? ??? ? ????e ?a
??? ???ey, ??a???i ???? ?e ???ae ?? ?????n? ? ??o ?e a ???. Ii ?a ?????
e ?y?e ????e ???ae ?????? ? ?e a ??: ??, ???? ??? ? ????a ?????a ????? e
?. Iiy??, ???a ???? a ???o ?a e ???i. A??i “???? ??th” e ??? ???y? Eo???
??a ???yo: “??y? ??th” (y? ???a ???? ??a ??? ? ???? O???i N???i Ae?y).
O? ?e ??i “???” ? ??i ??i ??????i ???, ? e ?????ue ?e ??? ??a ?????ue,
? ??o ????yo ?????? ??o?? ? ?? a ??. I????? y?o ????e ??? ???? ? ?? e
????ey ???. A?e ??e a ?? ????? ??????e, ????: ??e ? ??, a ??, a ??, ?c
???, O?? ???? ??? ??????? a ??o XV e XVI a. (I??? i???o ? ???? ??i ? ??.
61 ?. 297, o. III) e ???ath?y ?e ?e ???a ???, ?e e ?e ???a oy?? ??? (A.
TH. N 23, 1571 a.).
O??? “??e” ?e “??? ?c ??ia” ? ?? ???? ???????i ??-?? ??a ? ??i, a
???a??i ?y ?? ???e ???? ???? ?? ?a?????. I?a ????ue ? ??a ????ai ?????o
??o ?????y ??a ???y??y ???? ?????e *(103). O ?n ??a ?????a ???a ?????i
Oe?. N????i, ?i ??? ????e i ???.
A???? ???, ??? ?????e Oea?. N???? ??e ??? ??? ???e a??, ?????i ??iyth?e
???th ???? ???? ???? Ia y?o ??? i?? ???? ??? ????e. I??y?yny nth? ??uey
N???? ????ny ?e: “A. o ???? ?ae. E? ???o ???o, e ?oyi ?i e ???? ? ?a
???u ?? ?o e ? ???? ? ?…” (85). Ia ????e ?????o ?? ??i ????, ?i ?
?a??a ???y?a ???? ?y?y? ??y??y ? ??i ????o ? ???, a ?nth? ????e ??u ??o
?? e ?????e. Ec ?????th?? ? ??i, ?i a 1679 a. ?? e ?????? ???o ???e
????y i ???? ? ???, ????? ? ??o?y? ?e ae?? ?e ????? a ????yo a ??a ??.
A??a ????, ?i 125 ?o ??a ?? e ?????? ???e i ??????? ? ??a ??? ????o a
??e ?ae ???. A ??????? y?o ??? e ?????i ???a ?????a ???, ii ???y?i ??i
??? ? ?? ??????i, ? ???i ???? ?ae???y ? ????e ???, e ??????y ????y?, a
?? ?????i y?e ???ueth ???ey ? ???o.
I?????? a ?a ???, a 1850 e 1879 a. ?????y ??a ???yae?ey ?????? ?? ?a ??
???u ???? c???????o ?oe e ???eytho ???o ???????? I??u, a ? ????e ????
????e, ?e ??tho ????a *(104) N?????? ??? ???? e ???? ??? ?? ?????ue ??i
?????, ??a ???a ???? o ?n ?iy?a ???o ??????e, ? ????? ????? ????eth. I?
? ??? 1550 a. Aei 1550 a. ?y?a a??? ??e ?????y a ?? ?c ???. N???e ?? ??i
???i ????i?? ???? ??????? ???u. Ii ???? ?. ?? e ??? ?????a ??, ?i ???ue
??e ????? ??? ????; y? ????i, ????? ? ?? e ?oyi: “A ?i ???o ?ith ??th
ae?yi ??i ??a ??? ???, ?i ? ? ???a; ? ? ???e a ???o, e ??? ? ? ???a ????
ii ?? ae ??o ? ???o” (85). Ho N???e ???y? ???? ???o ????th, a o ?????
??-?? ?e ? ?? ????? ? a??? ? ne?a: y? ???u ia ???th?y. I??a ?????a ? y??
???i a ???? ????a 1551 a.: ? ??iey? ???? ???? ? ???? a ????e ???u, ?? a
???? ??-?? o?? ??i ??????i e ????? ??, ???th ?? ??? a i????. Y?o ????
???? ??? ? ??? ???, ? ???y? ??? ????th?th ????. Y? ????, ? ??? ????a,
???? e XV ??, e ?y??th E?? A?e???a, ???e ?a ????e ??? ???e ??a ????y (A.
Y. I N 227). Ae????e ?a e ?????th ???o ???? ??? ???e 1679 a., ???a
???atho ???? ???a e ?????a ???u ????? e ?????ytho ???i ??????i ??i ???
????? a ??a ?? ???o e ?????o ???. Ao. y?o ?ac? ?? ?? ? ? ??o ??? ???o, ?
e i ?????o ????. Ii?a ???? ? ?, ?e y? ???y??y ??? ?y??? n ??????? ???e
??????ueth, ? ???e ????a ??? ?oyo ???e ?o ??i ???. I???a, ?aey ?
???e????o ????th ????? ???, ??a ??i ?? ??eue.
A ??th??a ???i ???? ? oi, ?i N???e ? ???? e ???e ????, ? ???e ??i ???
?????ee ??? ???? a ?ith ??? e a ??? ??o ??e. Ii ?????y? i???o ???? ? y?i
a ?????? ????? n ????? (85).
C???a ??i ??? ?????i N?a??? 1550 a. e ???i ???e 1676 ??a.
A????? ?????? ??i ??a i???o ??? a ???? ? ????. Y? ??i ????i ??? ? ????e
????? ???, a ??? a ?? ??ay ?c ?y?o ???. Iu ?a ??i, /? O?? E???/ a 1596
a. ?ye y?o ?? ? ?ay, a ?????i ???e ??? ???? ???. I??e O???? a 1642 ??
???? ??ue ???u ??? ?i, o ?? ?? ???u, a a 1654 a. e ?y ?o ???e y? ??i.
N ?????ey ???yi e ????i ??? ??????? e ??i ? ????uo.
A????e ?? ????? ????ey? ??o ??? ??? ? ??????y ?y????e ?y ?o ??? ?????o;
n y?? ? ???e ? 1762 a. ?e ???? ????e ? ???e ??? e ???? ?, ?? ??iy?? ?
????ey ??o ????o ?y????e.
I???y
I? ????i ????ny ??a ???, o.a. ??e ?cy????e ???e ??e, a ??? ???? ???
????a ????? ???? e ???? ??e, ??a e ??a. E?? ??, a ???uey ???? ??? e
????a ??uey: ??? ??e, ???? ?? e ?. O?? “??? ??u” ? ???th?y ???uey?, ? ?
????e ???e ? ?????oth?. I? ???? ???? ethaeyi a ???o ? o??? ???. A? ??u i
??? ??? ???? ? ????i ??ueyi. N?????? ???uey ?e ????: ???e ??? ?e??e
????. I?? ????? e ????? ???e ??????i ?????? ???? ????; ????ay ? ???y
???? ???o a ?i, ?i ?e ????o ???th?y n ????e e, ???oe, ??ath?y n ??.
I???o ?????? ??? ??i ?????y ?????ey? ????o ???, e ? ???? e ???i, i?a ?
???. N?? ? ???? ? ??ai ?e ???y? a ?i ??, ?e ???e, e ? ????ue, o.a. ? ?
??? ?e ???? ??a e ????? ???yi a ??? ???uey ?e a ?? ???u. I?? ???y??y ? ?
??. A?e ???e ???? ???uea, ????e ?e ???ye ???yi, ???? o ?? ?????. A? a ?i
??th??? ??????? i????? ????o ??. N???? ????o ??. n ????? ?? ???? ????:
??? a ??????th y?? ????th?y ????a ???ey ?aeaeo ???uey? e ????e, e ? e
??? ?????i ???yth?y a ??i ?iy?e ????? ????. I? E?? A??? ??y? ? ?a??: ?
??? ???? ??? a ?i ??? ???? ?i ???? ?????? ?e??o, a ? ??, ?? ?i ? ??i e
oi? ?? ???, ???th ?n ??. Y? ??? e ???????? i???e. Ca ??? ?? ??????i
???ei ?????? ????? e ???e ?i; ii ???e ??a ? ?? ??e ???? ???e. A ?cy????o
?eyo ????i n ???? ???e ?? ??????i ??i ?iy? ?? ????a ??e ? ????a ?,
??????i ?y ?????y ??????. I???e ?e ???????ue y?i ???, ?i ?? ?? ?i ?????
? ??e-???e: ??????a ???uey ?iy?? ? ???????, a a ?e?a? ???ue ???. I?a
??iy? ? e ???a, ????ue ???a ?e ? ??e ??a. E?? ??, o ????a ???? ??i ??e
????. I? ??ath ????ny ??i ???? ???? ???o ?? n ?i, ??u ?i ???i e ????i
?????i ??n?a. I?? ??e ?????? ???? e ?y?? ethaeyi, ???a ? ??e ?? ???y?
???i. Ae??a, ??aey ??ae, ???a ?ith ??ue ???uey ??. Ii ??? ??? ??ae ??ay
???? ??a ??ue ?? ???e, ????? ?y ?????ey, ????i?o n ?i, ??u ? ??? ? e
????; ? ? ??? ???e. N??th a XVII ?? ??a ??e ?????ny ?y ??, ??u, ?ae ??i
??e, ????ue ???uey. I?????? ??????? y??; a 1683 a. ?????i c????a ???ue
???uey ? ??ae. I? I??? O????? ????i a?i ? ???uey ??? ???? ? ????. O???a
????i, ???oe, ????ue ???uey, ? ?y?e ?c ? ???o ??o a???y. I???? ??a, ??i
???i, ???th?y n ????? ???e.
Oy?? ??e
I? oy??e ??y? ? ???? ??ue ??e ?e. ?ycy, ??? a ????a ???? ???y?, ?e
????o eth?e, Ia ?o ?? ?? a I o. Ae????e ??. 251264 e a III o. ??.
301-313.
I?? ? ??a ??
A ???n?o ?iy??? ??a ? ??a ?? ????ue ?ae ?????i a?y?? ??????i ??a.
N???? ???yth?y ? ??? e ????. I??? ??? ???o a ?i, ?i ??i ? ??th ??
?????o ???a???? ????? ??; ?ae ????e ??iatho ??a, ??a ??i ? ??th ??
?????o ? ?y? ????? ??, a ?? ????? ????? ??????e, ??., ?????? ???a. A y?i
??? ??i ? ??th ?? ????? ? ????i?e e ????o ??? ? ?th e ??i? ????o. A
I????i ?????a ?????y n ?? e ???e. O?o. ??? eth? ? ??y ??? ??e ????e??ny
? ????? e ??? ??o, ???? n y?th ??th ? ??? ?? ?????y ??a O???a ?y; a ??a
O???a ?y ?e ??e ?????ny ??o???? a ?e ??? ? ???. N???a eth?, ?y ? ??o,
??e ???? a ????? e ??? ?? ?y ??/e ?? e ??? ?y ????e ???e. E ???? ?????
?????? ??oth?a. A???oe ?????? ??ey ?a ????ue ????o ??e???i ??ey ???ue
???o, ?? ? y?? ?????ue a?? ?i ??. E y?i ????? ??i ???e e ??a ???, ??.,
??i ????? ????o ??? ???? a ??a ??? ??, ??u ??? ?n, ??? a ??? ??, ??ue
???a ???y e o. i. Y? ??i ??? ?? ??? ??i ????? O????: ?e, ?i ?? ??i ???
?y ??????, ?? ?c?ey?? ????? ??? ?? ? ???yo, ? ??? ???y? ? ? ?a ?????ny,
? ? ?a ? ??? e ??ue ?y ????e. A?e au ?? ??a-??? ??? ??? e ????ue, ? ia
?? ??a ?y? ?i a ?ith ???, ?e ?e ?o ?????? ??? ??i ???o ???.
E?? ??, a O???e ?? e o? ????? ????a ????u; ?e ?a ?????? ? ???? ??a. E
?i i??y?y ??oth?a: ??i ? ?? ??a ???ue ?? ? ?? ??? ???a; ??i ? ?a ??? ??
e ??a n??i ???; ??i ? ?? ??a ????ue ?? e ?y?th ????o e ?? ?? n ??e ???
?? ? ??th ???o. Y? ?????y ?? ???u a ??? ???? ????; ???? ????i ?? ?a
????ue, ??u ??ae ??? ?? ?i, ?? ? ????i e ?i ae?o, ??u ? ??? ??o, ?? ?a
???a e ?i ??a e o. i. (I???, II, 276 e ?.).
I?????a ??????e
Ec ??o ???o ????? ?iy??? ??i, ?i ?y ?????ey ?????? ?? ?? ????ue ????
??e-???e ?e ??e-??? ???, a ?? ?? ?a i????e ? ??a ??ae ??????th ??????e ?
??e. A XV e ?? a XVI a. io?ae ?e ???i ??i ???. A e??o e ???o ???? ?e
?????th?y i ?i, ?i ??? ?????ny, ??u ??ae ?e ???. I? ??? a ??? ??aeyo ??
e, ?? ??i, ??tho y? e ??yo ???. Y?o ??ae ???ny a ?????e ?????o eth?e,
???i, ???o ???e. Ia ??? ???y ???ay ???a.
E y?? ????? ??y?o, a XVII a., a ??o ?? n ??a XVI, ??????? i?? ??a. Y?
??a ???o a ?i, ?i ?y ?????ey ?????o ?? ????ue ????? ???a. I?????i ?? ?
???? ????ue ???? ????e a?e ? ?e a ??, a ??i ?? ???ue ?a ???o ? ???
I????i ???a, a ???o ??????, ?i ??e-? ???e ???, a ??e-? ??e. TH????ia
???? ???e a ????? ni??. I??? ?????y, ??u ???a ?? ????? ?????. Y????
????ao ????a. A O???e ?y? ? ????y, ?i ???a ??? ????? ??ue ??i, Ii ?i
????????y ??e ???: ?? e ?o ? ???? ??? ?? e ? aea ????i ?? ??i. E? ?????e
????a, ??? ?e ??? ?????? O???a ??? y?o ??? a ??? ?? ????ey, ???e ????
???o, ?oy ? ??ay ?i ?? e ?e?a. Y? ?? ??ae ???, ?i ???a ??????i ??
???aee?. Ii ???a ? ??th?? ???i ???, a ?? ?o ?????e ????. Ca ????? ???e
?????? ???a. O?o, ?i n??? ? ??th ????i, ??? “???oth ???o”, a ???e
??????ue ???i ??oyi ???? ?o ??????a. N y?th ???ith ???ith ??????ue ?? ?
??i. E??a ??o ???? ???u ??? ?a ???th ?e ????th ???o, a ???e ??????? ???i
???y?i ????y ??? ????a. Ii ???a ????ny ??ae ??e: ???a ??? ??? ?e??th e
????th ???o, i???e ??????th ??th e ???ey? ? y?i ?o. Y?o ?o ??e ??a ????
???? ???u. Y? ???ay ???a ???? a ?? y???y?o, ? ???o ?? ????y ??????th, a
??? ????y a ????e ?ee?. N??? ???y?? ??? e ???ueyi e ????, ????? ??? oy??
??e ?????? ?c ???e.
I?? ???. I??????a ??i
N???otho ?a ???a ???ey ?????: 1) ?????? ? ????th e 2) ????a?a ?c ????y.
I?????a ? ?a??eth ??o ??i a ?i ???, ??a ????e ?????y ??th ????; ????a?a
?c ????y,-??a ????e ???ey?ny ???e ??a, ????? ? ?? ????; y? ?????? ? ???.
I. I?????a ? ????th
A??n i ?i, ?? ? o ?n ???? n ?????i ???e y? ?a ??u ?e ??????i ???????
??y-?? ??, a ??ay y??? ???a, ??? n??i a ??? ?????. I???? ??????e ???yo,
?i ??????? ??? ?????ey o ?n ?? ?????? ? ???, ??????a ? ?????? y??? ???a.
Ia y?e ??a ??ey ??o, i??., I????e e ???; I??? ? ??o?y?ny ???? ??????a
??????o ?n??y??e a yii? ???? I??u. I?????a ???a y?? ???a, ? n??y?th
?iy???, ????ey?, ??????i, c?????a ????e. I???? ??a ???o ????? ?nyo ? ??
?????a ??u ??????i ?ey?y. O??a, ????, 13 ??uey ??a?a I?? n ???e.
A??? ???? ?y ???y ???a ?? ???ay I??a. A ?i ??? III ?ae. ????y: “A? ?i
??ay ????ue ?i ?? ??i, ? ?i ? ?iy?; ?? ? ?c ?y? ??o, ? ?? ??i, a ? ???
??ue ?? ??”. Y? ??ueth ?i?atho a ?i ???, ?i ath ?a ???u ?????, ?i ?? ??i
??? a ?i, ?e ????ue ????i ??o ??, ? ????ue ? ? ? ??o. E y?? ???eytho, ?i
e a ??? ?? ?. ??? ????, ?e ?e a 130 ??? ????y: “A ?? ?c ?? i?? ?ye ????
???”.
I??a ??? ????y ?? ????, ?i a ??? N????? E??? XIII a. y? ??uey ???ny
??a: “A? ?i ??ay ????ue ?i, ? ?i ? ?iy?; ?? ? ?c ?y? ??o, ? ?a ?oyi, a ?
??? ??ue ?? ? ??”. Ii y?e ???? ?????o ?????a ?o; i ???a ?? ????y ???, ?c
?????y ?oe, ??o ???? ??? ??? ????e. I?i ???, ?i ??ath?e ?a ???? ?i-?? e
? ?oyi. Y? ??????a ??????ny e ??ith ??ueth ??uee, a ???e ???i: “?c ?y?
??o, ? ?a ?oyi”, o.a. a ????e ??o ?? ????i e ? ?a ?oyi. O? ? ??ae ??
???ue e ? ?i??? O??. Ni., a ???i ???: “?a ?oyi”, ???i: “?? ?oyi”; ???,
?? ?a ???? e ? ??, a ?ai-?? ?a ??th??. Ec 120 ???, ??i????, ??cy ????
?y???? ?? ????ue ?? ????i ??? ??o ??? e ????? ??o ??e ???.
A ???? I??a ?? ?a ??uey i ??e ??? ???y??ny ??i ????? ? ??? ?a?e, ???y
??o ????ue ??ae, ????e ? ????e 120-e ?. A l28-e ?. III ??e. ???: “A ???
???e ?i ??, ???i ?, ???i ?, ?? ? ??ue ??; ?a e ?e ??? ? ??? ??, a ??e
??? ??, ?i th ???ue”. I?th? ?? au??e, ?i ?? e ??, ???i ???yi, ?? ? ???,
? ?? ?a? e ? ????ue e ???? ?? ?o??? ?????o ??????, a ???oe, e ?????? ??.
I?????i ??? ??i ????ue ?? ???e – ?????. Ii ???e ?? ?? i??a ??, ?i ???
I?i ???, ?i e ?? ?a ????ue ?? ??e ? ?????. Y? ? ??? ???? e a I???? ???
???a: “A? ?i ?? ?e ??? ? ???o ? ???, a ??? ? ??, ??e ?o ? ?y?”. I????ay
??uey ??o a ?aeo ??? ??? ????e ?c ????y. Ii ?? ?i, ?????i ????? ????e,
???y?y ? ???n?a a ?? ???, ? ???e ?? ?e ?y?i a ????e ??ey? ??? ???
Y? ???? ?????ue ? ??o ?? a ??ayo ???yi A?????? ????. A ??? ???????
????a ??e, ???? ??o ??? ? ?????; ??o ????e ??? ?e ????eytho ????? ?
????eth (A???i, 70, 73).
A ???? I??a ?? ??uey, ? ???e ??i, ?i ??ath?a, ?????i, ae??e ???y??a i
??i ????a: “A ???y ??ue ? ??? ??i; ? e?o ?? ??, ?? ? ?y?; ??ue ? ??, a
?e ???y?; ?c y?? ? ???, ? y ?? ??o ? ??a ?? e ?i ???, ? ?? ?y?” (135 III
p.). I????ay ??uey ??u?? ????i i????a ? ?o ???, ??a ?? ?? ? ???a ???y??y
i ??e ??e, a ? ???a ?a ???y??y ???, /? ?c y?? ???. He ???ue ???y??y ?
??? ??? e ??? ???ue ?c y??; ?nth? ???o, ?? ???e oi??, ???yy ?????ue
????ue?e ??, ? ??? ??e ???y??a i ??i ????a.
To ? ??? ???? e a I???? ??? ???a. A 88 ?. ???: “A y ???? ???? ??? ?? ?c
?????y, a y ?e ????y ???, ?i ?? ? ?a?? ?th ???ith…”; a 88-e: “A y ???e
?? ?ae ??? ?c ?????y, e ????y ???a ?e ??o, ?i ?? ?i ???ny…” I ???????
??? ?????i ???a ????y ??? a ?i ???, ?? ???e ? ???e ???y??y. I???ay ???a
???o ????i ???y??y, ???ay I??a ??????ny ???.
I???a ?y?e ?? ???u ????o?o ???y??e, a ???o ?e ??? ?i? ???e ?????. *???
eth?, ?e e ?y?y, ?????i, ????e ????i ??i ?oyi. Ii ?? ???? ????i ????e ?
???, ??u ??e ? ?? ??i, a ???, ?i ??? ?? ?ey ????e. A?e ??e ?? ????e ?
??, ?a ????i ??i ?? ???? e ??? ??e: ???, ??, ?? ?n???? ??i. Io ???? XV
a. ?????ue ???? ?????a ?? e ?oyi, ????th??y ??e ???. I?????? ??iy? a ?i,
?i ?? ?iy? o i??e ?, ?i ? ?? ?e ? a “?????”; ?e ????, ?i ? ?e ? ???i
??i. I????o ???o ? ?????y ?? i?a e ???, ???y, a ????i ???, ????ue ? ?o
???oth oy??ue (Ae. e A. E. I, N 11). Ec ?????o ?? ??? 1679 a. ??i, ?i
???? e a XVII a. ????tho ?? ????a ??ii ??e. O??i a y?i ?? ???i ?????a
?????ie ?? ? ????th ???o e ?????o ??????e. I???a XII ?? ???? ? ??a
OVII-?.
N ??y?? ?????? ?? i ?????o ?? o ?n ????u ????o ?????a. Ae?????, ???i,
???y? e y?i ??i ??????y ??????i ????????. ?????? ?? ??? ? ? ????eth ???,
? ? ??a ? ?nyo ? ?? ???i-??? ???? ??? ??????i ?ey?y, a ??? a ?o ?? ???
???th ???oth ????. I?? n?????a ???y??ny ??i ??a??i ? ??? ??? ? ?? ???? e
?i ? A???e. I? ???? ???a. Ii n ??????? ??????i ?ey?y ?i ??? ?? ?????y
?o. I?e e???? ? ?tho, ???, ?????e ?y??ue ?? y?? ?ey?y.
Ia ????a ?????y i??? ????a 120-e ??? “? ?i ? ?iy?”. A ?i ???ny ?ay??a
????e ?? ??ath??, ????a ? ?i-? ????? e ????eth. C??o, ?a ? ??? ???y??.
Y? ?iy?i. I???yy ?ey ? ??aea ??a ????y ?oyi ????. I?aeo ?? ??a ????ue
??? ? ??? ????? ???i ???y??y. Aei ?????ey ???i-??? ????? ??a, ??? ??????
???y??e, ?? ?, a ?e?o ?? ?e ???u, ? a ??o ??iy? ? ? ?????, ?? ??? ??ay.
No. ii????i ??????? ae? ?????o e ???????? ??ay ????? ?y???a ?y ??????i
??????ey ??ath??, ???iyy ?ey ??? ?? ??e a ??????yo ?????a ?????o ?????.
A? ?ey?th e ?? ?????ue y? i???o: “? ?i ? ?iy?”. Ae?????, ?? ???i ?????a
?a?? a ?????e ????e ?? (??? ? ??, ???i, ?? ?????ue ?i ?ey?th), ? ??i ?
??????y ??? ?y??e ????e ????e ??. I?? ?? ???, ?i ?i ??? ???i a?i ?????
y? ?eth ?????, ?e ???? ? ?? ????, ?i n ?? ?????y?, ??i ?a ????a ? ????
??o. N??y ????, ????ayny a 121-e ???, ???? ???? ???, ?????ue ?yae ?
????a, e ?a??ny ???ue ?o ????.
I???ay ??ay ???a ???? ????a “??y?ith” (????, 13). Y? ???? ??i?a ????y
XV a. n “?y?i” ??ath??, i ???i ???o ???ay I??a. I?? ??a ???, ?i “?????”
???? ??? XVI a. a???e ?ae ?ey?? ????o ?c????? ??o ?????? ?? ????ey
(Zachariae, 131). I???ay ??ay ???a ???o i ?e???? (oe).
N???? ???? ????y ?????? o ?n a ?? ?a a XVII a. (I???, III, 290).
Ae????a ?n??a ????a, ? ?n ????, ????y e XIII a. (O??. A???a, I, ??.
123). A y?e ???? ? ??y?? ????e; ? ??? ???ath?y ?e e a ????? ????.
II. I?????a ?c ????y
N?????? ????? i?y??? i ?????? ?c ????y ??ue ? ??u.
N??e 4 e ? ???? I?? n a??? ???? ?????? ??i; ?a ??i????? ?y ???ey a
A??e. Io ?o ??cy ??? ???? ??th??y e ???? ??o.
N??e ???? I??u ???th?y ???e ??????th e ???????i ????. I???? ? ?o ???tho
??i-???a ??i, ??? ?nyo ?? ?ey?y ?????? ??e. N??e ?? e ???i ????a ????? e
??ath?y a ????e. I????i ??o ?????a ?????ea “???e” ?e ???.
1) I?????a a ???y?e ??e
I?a ???a ??i, ?e e ???-?????a, a ??? ?????ey ? ??y? ??? e ???. N???i n
?????i (Warnkonig, II, 43 6), ?i ????o ???e e ?????eth, ??? ?? ?o ???e”
“A? ??o ??? a ??, ? ?e ???a ? ??e, ? ??aeyo th ? ?ae ??ey, ?? ? ??o”
(125 III ?.)”A? a ?y?o ?? a ???a… ?a ? ??o ??a, a ??e ???o” (119,
120).
Y?? ???ey ? ??tho, ???, ??uee: 121-4, 134-5 e 13a-7. I? ???yo i ??a???e
??e ?c ???ey ??; Y? ??i??i ?????? ???. Y? ??? ???ytho ??? ????a Y??e:
“A? ? ?? ??o ? ??? ??, e ?th??y ?o ???e, ??ue ?? e ??? ??i e ??? ?i?i
????e ??, o??a e ??? (Oe?y E?? e E??. ?/?. II, o). No. 124 ???? I??u
????o. y? ????a a ??e ??a: “A?? ? ?oe, ? ?i ??? ??, ? ? ???ue ?? ???
??y”; 156-y ??uey ???y? ? ? ????a e ?oyi ?oo ??? ??a, ? ??e ???: “A?
??oue ?ith ?aeth ??, a ??? ???, ? ?? ??? ?? ???a, a ?? ???”.
O?? ? ????o ?? ??e e 122-y ?.: “I?e ? ?c ?y? ??o, ? ?? ??i, a ? ???
??ue ?? ??”. O????a i ??e ia ??i ?? ??? ?????i ???a ?????a a ?y??? y?e
???.
O???? ???e e ???e ??i o ?n ? ????y ? ??? ?????y a ?i, ?i ?????i, ??oy
??????o ??o, ????i y? ???.
N??y i ??y?a ?????ey ??a ??? ??i ???ay: “A? y?? ? ??o, ? y ?? ??o ? ??a
?? e ?i th ???, ? ?? ?y?” (134-5).
I??? ?i ??o ?????? ?? ????:
“A ?? ?c ?? ??ue ?ye ?i??o ???” (130). O?? ? ??????a ???a?ny e a ????o
????? ????o????. A ???? ??ayo ????o ??? ?i ?????ue ? ??o ??. Ia C??i ???
?i ?? ???? ??, a e?ue ????; a A?????? ???? ???y ???? ??? “???i ???”,
o.a. ??? y?ae *(105)
I???tho ???? ??: “A? ??? ??e ?? o ??, ? ???e ? ? ??e; ? ???a ? n ???th”
(128). Y? ??a ?????? ???. Ii ???? ????? ??ayi ????????? ???tho ??? ???a
n ????e; o ?????a – ????o ???o. ????. I???a y??ey ???ath?y e o ?n. O
???yi A?????? ???? ????? ?? ???tho ??oth ??ue n ????e.
Ae?e, ?????i ????? ??o ????e, ? ???otho. O?, ? ???e ??, ? I???? ???
???a (53).
E?? ?????o ???, a ???? I??a ?? ?a ?????a ???, ???yuey i ????? ??a ???a
e ?y?. Y? ??? ????tho ???a ??????y.
C???? ??? ??? a ??? n??? ????: I ???e.-I ???o.A? ??? ??ae.-I ????
???e.-I ???e ???.
N?ay ??uey ???ny ?? ?????i:
117-y. A? ??ae ??? (a ??? i????i: “?c ??e”, a ???o “??aeth), ? ???th
?ycth. 118-y. A? ??? ??e o ?? ??, ? ?y? ??ue ? ia; ?a ??? ? ??i, ? ? ?y?
??e ?
C???? ???e ?? ????a: I ???a ?y??? e i ????.-I ?y??? ???a e i eth??e.- I
?????.-I c??? ?y??e.
O?no 119-e. A? a ?y?o ?? (“a ?y??- ??” a ????o ???o ?o), a (????o
?????: “?y??e”) ???a, ? (“?” ?? ? ? ?? ???o) ca ?ycy ???y ? ??.
130. Ii (? ? ?? ???o) ?a ? ??o ??a, a ??e ??? (O?.).
He ???????y ? ???? ??e??a. I? ? ??? ?? ??? ??, ?????e ??ueth. Auy?? ???
??i ???y, ?e ???o ?y? ????o ??? ? ?. 117.
Ec ??? ??? ??? 117 ???? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???, ????i?? Ae???? ? II o.
???. Ae??i.: “A? ??ae ???ue ??aeth, ? ?ycth ?ae??”. A??th, ?????,
????a-?????ue ?n???a ?????a, ? ???-????? ????i. I ????a ???a e ss????
???i? ??a. No. 117, ???, ????eyao, ?i ????? ????i ???a ?? ?ycth; ?a,
??????i, ???? ??a ???i i ??? ?????i ????a (Oe???, E???a ???u ???. ??e.
??a ?????ey, ??? ??? ? y?). E???e ay-???e??a ??i. A Y??a, ? ??/e??? ??
???? ?????a e a ?i ??a ??, ???: Si defunct! ne uxor quidem extat, tune
universum ejus patrimonium, veluti cujus nullus extat heres, fisco
infermr (Leuncl. II, 112).
A ??i ? ??? ?? ???? ??i ??ae? N??y ???o i ??? ?????i ????a e ??ue ???
?i???, ?i ?a ??o a ?? ????? ????i ???a a ??? ??? y?? ??a, o.a. ??o
???yi. I?i ???, /? ?a ???o i ????? ????a ?i?a, e ??i ??ae ????y? a ???i
?un? ??i ????y. Iu ?a ??i, ?i ??o ??ae ???ay I??a ??? ???o ??a ??a ????
(?. Ae????, o. I, ??. 203 e ?.). I? ?? i???? ??a ??ae ????? ? ??????a e
??i ??uy??? ?????a ??? ???: ??? au???? ???o? ???yi ?? ?y?. A ?? ? ??
????? ????i ?y?, ??? e ??eo eth?e? Ec ??? ???a, ????y??i ?. 114-e, a
ss????? ????i ??? ?o?? ??th??a: ????a ????o eth?e ?? ????. I? ????ie
eth?? ???th?y ?a, ??iy?a a ????a ??ae. Ii ss?????o ??? y? – ????. ????a
e ?????? eth?; ? A?????: ???, ?i, ?y?i, ???, ???a, ???y, ?????a, ???/,
??oe, ???? (???a?e ???? ????a), ???? ?e?? (????????). O?? ??????? ?ycy
A???? ???ey? e ?i ?a ????o ???. A ?? ?????e y??, eth?e ? ???, ? e
??????i ??i ?n???? a ? ????? ????a. A ??y??o ????o ?????y ??uey Y??e
????ny ?e: “A? ? ? ?? ??o ????, e ??a ?a ??? ?i ?e ?????ay ???ue, ?e
???a ?e???, ?e eth??e ??i ? ???o” (??y E?? e E?????. C??. VII). Ae??a
??th??a ??? a ??? 113-e ???? I?a?u.
N?????a ?y ??? ??i “???e ????a ?????e ???? ???e “?c ??” (?e a E??c.
?.), ??y, ??o ??, ?uy??ue y?i ? ??? ?iy?? ? ????a ???????i ???. I??? e
??a, ???a ????e e ?, e ae??a ??i e, ??i ???i, ?????ue ??uey a ???
?????????? ???ee O???? ???.
Ae?? a ??? Ae????i ???: “A? ??? ??e o ?? ??, ? ?y? ??ue ? ?; ?a ??o ?
??i, oi ? ?y? ? ??e”. Y? ??ay ??uey, e ?o ? ????i ??? ???ue ? n
?????th?e. N?? ? ??e: ae??e ???tho ??ue a ?????. Y? ?c????a ???, ???a
?????i ??? ?? ????ue e, ?e ??i, ??????i ????i. N??y ???o i “??e” ???e a
????? Iiae ??ueth ?e c??, ?e e a ??ueyo, ???y?o i ??e ??, ??, ???i,
????”? “???th ??ue” N?? C???, ?????othny ? i????i ??a, a ??ue ??????i
??a, ???y ?y ???e ??y?? ??e ???a, a ?y ????e ? ??e.
E?eth??a ???? ???e ? ???y a ????? ?? ??a ??i Y??e, ???e ????? dotis
kollatio e ???y ? ae?o ??? ????ue, ??u ????? ???? e ???? ??ae ??? ?????e
a ????? ?. ?????e: ?a ????tho ? ??e ??? ?a ? ???? e ??? (Zachariae, 112,
173).
I? ??i ?uy??? ???ay I??a ??o ????ue a ?? ?a ?y? ??e????o ??o ??e
??????y i ???n???i ??a ???e: ? ??? ??? ???tho ??e a ?????, ? ?o??-?o. He
???? y?? ?????ey. Ii ???ay I??a ? N?ae C??? ?????e ???e, a ???e ???e
??????e e ??ee, ??????o a ??? ???a e a ??? ??o.
He ??a ???iy? ?????? e ??uey ??uey. A ???, ?uy???i Ae??n?i, ??uey 119
???ny ?e: “A? a” ?y??e ???e, ? ? ?ycy ???a ? ??oue”; a O???i: “A a ?y?o
?? a ae???” e o. ae.; a E??????.. “A ?a a ?y?o ?e ? a ?y??e ???a…”
A????? ????a ??? ?? ???, o.a. ?? ??? ???, a ???? e ??ay (117) ??uey
?????ue a ???? ????????? ????. *??a: “A a ?y?o ?? a ???a (o.a. ?y???) ?
?ycy ???a ? ??” ????? ? ??o ???, ?e ?e, ?e ????? ?????a, e ?nea ?y? e
?????a ????? ????i, ???i, ?i ?ycth. I??a ? ???, ? ???? ????? ????i ?y??o
?????a ? ?i ?ycth, ??ue ??y?i. Aiy? ??e ?ith ???o e, ?? ???, ? ?a ????a
? ?????a, ???i ??, ?e a???o ?a ????a ????o eth?e. N??y ???????o i ??????
??th??y ? ??a ?ycy ?????ue a ????? ?o???. N??y: “Ii ?a ? ??o ??a, ?i ??e
???o” ?? ? ?? ? ?c???o ??????y. Y? ???a ???? i??i, ? ???? ??? ???otho,
?? ?o ???e. I??y?i ???, ?/? y? ????a ?th?i “?” ????? a ?y? n ?????th?i.
A???, ?thc “?” ?????y ? ? ?? ???o. Y? ae?o ??ae ??????ue 120 ??ueth, ?e
???iy???th, i????oth ????? ??????e, ? ?????th ???i ???, a ?y? n
?????th?e. O?? ??????a ?a?e, ? ?ath?o ??o ??e ? ???? ?y?, ? ?c ?????y a
???? I??a, a ??? e ? ??? ??. ??eyoue. I???a ????i? ???? i????y? ?. 130
III ?ae. I? ????? o ?iy ?e: “A ?? ?c ?? ??ue ?ye ???o ???”. I????oth?y
??uey 129 ???o i ??? e ?y???oyo ???a, a ??oth?y ? ?e 130-th ??????? ???
i??? ???e. I???y ia ?????a ? ???????, ??? ????? ???????e ? ?? ??? ?e ???
?th? “a”. I?? ???? ?a ????e y? ???? ?i, ?i ??ueth 130-th ????e n ???
?????th?e 129-e, n ???i ?a, ??i ???i, ????a ?? ?e?, a ???e ??? ? ??o
???e ?y? n ??? *(106) To ? ????ue e ? ??uey? 115-e-120-e.
I???ay ????? ?ith ????? n??e ???? I??u i ??a???e, n??th ?????i ????
?uy??? y?o ???, ???? I????. Ii ??o ??o, e????? ? N????? E??? ??a XIII
?ea, ?????? a I o. ???. Ae??i. (I??y ?. y?? ?. ??????o E?????? ???,
??ay-O??ei?), e ???? e ??oth?? ??th??th: “A ??? ??? ???otho ?? ?? ????a
??; ??a ? ?o, ? ????i ????o e ?ycth n ?i, ???, ?i ????? ???yi ??ey?ny ?
?? ????y ??ue, a ???? ??? ? ??ny. I?? ?y? e a??a eth?e, ???eyth?o ???o
?y??oth, ?? o ?o ?oe ? ??o ???e, ????ny ??? ??o ???. A ????e e ?y?i e
??? ??? ?y?n?e ???u ???ay I??a ??? ? ???o i ??? ??????” (III, 336. 339,
340).
2) I?????a a ??iaey?e ??e
I?????a a ???y?e ??e ???? ???? ?????o ??o e Y??a. Iii ????o- ?e ?????
???y?o. Ii Y??a ?? e ?? ???ytho ???o ??????a (Zachariae, 113)- Ii ?????o
??o ???i? ???y?o e ???i ?? ??ue ????. Ii ????i ????????i ???y?a ???y?
???o, ?e, ????, o ????a; ? ???-???y?a ?????e ????i n ????, ??? ?a ????i
???? ia ?a ??e e ?. (Zopfl, 785).
Ec ??o ?iy??? i ?????? ???y?o, ?oy e ??ue ???i, ???o I???ay ??ay ???a:
“A o ???? ???? ???ue ??, a ?ae ? ???ny, e ??y ??, ?e ???, ?e ?? i?iy, a
?? ??? ??uey… O?? ?? ?ae ???ue, a ?? ??? ??y i??y ? ?? ?i ?? ?i, ?e
??uey…” (90). C?? ?? ?? ??? i ??? e, ???i, ???? ???? ???a. N?y ? ??y?o
?????ey ?o ?oe, ???a i?? ??? y?? ??uey, ???? ???? ???ath?y ??? ?i ?a??,
?e ??th?tho ?, ?e e ? Y??a.
3) I?????a a ???o e?eyo
I?????a a ???o ??yo ?????o ??o ?? ???? n ??o ???o ???; ?i ????o ?e ?
?????i ???y?o ??????a ?e ????i n ??; ? Y??a ???a ?????? n??tho ? ???y??.
???ay I??a ? ????a ??? ?????ey ???o ??????a. Ia y?i i???? ????a ?
?????e ??tho ??th??a, ?i ???a ?????? a ??? I??u e ?????eth ? ?????ue, ?i
?? ???? ?????a ?????ny ?y ?y? e ??? ???u ???, a ?y ??????uey? (I???,
III, 340 ?.). Iu O? c??, ?i ?? ???? ?iy??? ? ??o ???ue ????? ?y ???a.
???ay I??a ??????i ? ?ai?o i ?????? ???o, ? ? ??? ????? ??i, ?i ? ????
?iy?yi XII a. “???a” ????o ? ??a e ??o. Ee??? ?y? A???ae I???/, ???oy
?????a ???, ???e, n ???ey ??eyi, ?y??a ?? ??o E??th. Ii ??ey? ? ??i
????? ???e ??io ????eth ? A????i. Ii ??? ?i, ?e ????e ? E??y e ??????? e
?????i Ecy??a. E???? ??????, ?i ??u ? ???e Ecy??o: “? ?o ?y?, ??e, a y
A???/ ? ??i ?? ?e a ca??u” E?o. 1146). I??? ?y??? ? ??a e ??o ????ey?ny,
a ?????i ??a, ???eth ??eyi i???? “? ???a”, o.a. ? ?????; yn?, ?i ????? a
XII a. ????o e a ???a ??e. To ? ???o e ? ??a?e ???u ???iae? E???a XIII
a. A ??a ??e ???? ? ??? ??th ????: “?? ?ey ???o, ?? ? ?? o ?iy ? ??a, ?
??”, o.a.: y ???e y? ???oth ???o ???, ?i o ?iy ? ?? ? ??a, ? ?? ?nth? ??
??th??, ?i ?? ? o E???a ?e ?? ?e ?i, ? ? e ? ???e ? ???y??y ? ????a, ?e
?e o ?? ?e ? ????e e ?c ????y. O?? ???i, e ??ue ?? ???????y, ?e ????
????e.
A ??????a ??? ??ey i ?i, ?i ???a ?????? ? ???a?? e ?????eth, I???
????y, ??o ???, ? ??ueth, ???ath?thny a ????o I???? n ?y?y?: “A ?i, ?y?,
?e ??o e ????? e ?y???o, e ?y? ??o, e ?? ??o ? ?????ie ??e, ???a ?? ??i
?c ?i, ? ?c ?i ??? e I????o, a ?i ??e, a ?e ??o ??? ?o?a ?e ?? ?i; ??? ?
? ??o; ? ??e ?i, ???? ?o ??o, ?? ??? ? ????; ?y? ?o ?i, ?e?i ??o ?e ?
???a, a ??y e I????o”. “I??o, ????? I???, ??on????ue ??ue ? ????a e ?
???o ??????a ????, ???a ? ?o ?????e, ?? ? ?e ? ?e?? ?? ???e ??e ?? ?i
??????? E?e, ??th?? ?, ??? ???, ?i ?e ??th??? ? ?????”. Ia ?????? ???
?ae? ?? e ??? ??o. I???? ??i ?? ??????i ??i ????ue ??o ??a n I????,a ? n
???o ??????a, ?y ???i ?i ????. A??? ??????a, ???? a ???o ???yo, ? ??.
??i ?c???, ?e ??e ????. Iio?, ?????? ??e ??i, ? ???e ??a, a ?????a ???a,
??????, ?i ?e ??????i ?????e ????i ????e; ?e ????? ? ??e, ????, ?oue
????a ???, ?i ??ath?e, a ??o??? ???a, ???y??y ? ??i??, ????e ? ??yi,
????? ??? ????o, ????e ? ??, a ?i?a e ??? ?????i. *?? ? ???ue ????a a
??? ???????a ????a ?????ue ?? y?o ?????a, ???? e ?????ytho ?o ???ny n
I?????i. A???? “???? ?o ??o, ?? ??? ? ???o”, ???y, ??? ????o ? ?????a
???ue ? ??a, o.a. i ?i, ?i ??? ????? ???.
I???ay ??ay ???a ?y? ???o i ??a, ??? ?e ?? ???e ???? (86, 90) e ?e i ?i
?????o.
E?e, ???a ?????? ? ??th??? ??i ???i ??? ? ?????ey a? ????y. A ??i ??y?a
?????ue ?e e ?????eth, ???e ???y?o, ????i n ??, ?e ??a ?o, ? y?i ??? ?
??i. Ii ??cy ???e?, ??u ?????i ? ????i ??e Y??e. I? ???o ????e ???, ??u
i? ?? ?????u e ???e ??e. I???o, ??i ???, ?i ??y?e, ???? ??y?o Y??e,
??th??y o ?n e ? ??????i ?ey?y, ?e ? ?????y o ??o?? ?????o. ???.
4) I?????a ????
I ?????? ???? ?? ???a ?iy??e, ?????? ???yo ??i. Ii ?a, ?i ?. ?o ???i,
?? ??? ?a??a, ??????oth?y i ????? Y??e.
Y??a ???y? ??? ?????y ? ???th ????, ???y ???, ?e ?e ???, ???a ??e ?e
?o, ?e, ???oe, ? ???a ? ??e, ? ??? ?????a.
A?e ??e ? ??a ? ????, ? ?ae, ????? ?ith ??, ???? /???oth ??ue ? ? ????i
(???iy), a ????a ?i ?????i ???e. N?? ???? ?ae ?oaecy, ?? ???e a ??e ??.
A?e ?ae ??? ??? ??, ?? ???? ???i ?? ???? e, ??a ??, ? ??ey?? ? ????a ??
??ue, ??ay ???? ? ???i?. A??ay a ??e ?? ? ????y 12 ?ny?a, ?a ???? y?e
???? (E??., E?? ??y e E??. C??. 4 e 7. Zachariae, 69).
A?e ????? ??, ????? ???, ?e y? ?? ???i ??, ???ye a?i ????? ????. Ae?e
??? ?? ??iy? a ?i ?????e e ? i?? ????ue ??? ? ?????.
Y? ??iy?a ??????: 1) ? ?? ????e. Ii ????? ???????y ??e ???, ??? ??o, ??
???, ???ue n ?ay ????? ????? e ????a?ue ?oyi ???o. I????eyy ?oyi ???o ?
?? ???, ? ???? ? ????? ????, ??a ??? ????a, ??ue ???a n ???. A ??? ????y
? ???u ?????i ???a ?????? ?oyi ???o, ? ??o ????? ?????ny ??? ???e ?
n??e.
2) Ii ?? ??e. A ??? ????ey ???i ???a a ??e ??, ?????e??i ?oyi ??????
??? ????? ?oue ??? n ????? ???? ?e ????ue ??? ? ?????. I?oe, ???y a ??e
??, ???? ??? ?? ????i, a ??- ???? e ?, ?i ???? ?ae ???? e ?? ?y ????ey
???? ????a (hypobolum); a ???e: “?????th ? ???ith ? ?y ? ?? ?? ??th n
???ith ? ?? ???ith ? ?????? a ?? ???o ???? ?; o E????y: modo solam dotem
ad ipsa patri eorum allatam, una cum donatione, quam in earn rem dotis
augendae causa contulit, malri praestent. A?e ?e ??th??e ??? ??a ?? ??
?a ????????ey, ?e ????tho ????ny ?ae ???th ??; ?? ?, ??aey c??, ??? ?? ?
???a (E??ay, E. oe. e E. ?/. 5 e 7. E????e, II, ??. 103 ?.; Zacha??, 69
?.).
I???, ?? ? ??? ?? ? ???? ???o ?????a, ?? ???? i???o ??i ??ey ????, ??ay
???ia ?? ? Y??a ??o (E????e, II, ??. 112).
N??e ???? I??u e I???? ??? ???u ?tho ??i ??th??, ?i i?????ey Y??e o ?n
???y??, ?oy e ? ?a ? ????y ???? ?? ?? a y?o ?iy???.
I??y??y e ???????? ???o ??uee ???? I??u (? III ?ae. 123-4 e 131-2) ???
????u, ???ey ? ??ue ?y?a, a ??o ?? ?? e ?y? ???a?. A ???? ???yo e ??ue a
?? ??ueth ???ytho ?, ?i ??a ?? au ????ue.
I???i y? ??? ? ??? ???th:
123. A? ?? ny?? ? ??, ? ? ith ??ue ??, (a ????o ???o ?????: a y ??o ??e
?y? ??ue), a ?i ? ith ?ae ????ue, ?? ? ?? ???a, a ???y ? ??y ????.
124. A?? ? ??, ? ?i ??? ae?u, ? ? ???? ?? ??? ??y, eth? ? ? ??o ??o
????, i?? ??? ??e ???ue.
131. A? ?? ????y ??? ? ??, a ???y? ???e e ???ue ??ae, ? ???ue ? ?a ??i.
132 He ??? ? ???ue ?? ? ? ? ??a, a ?a ???ue ?y? ??? e ???, ? ???e ?y?
?eth, a ??i ??? ??.
133 Ii ?i ie ?e ?ae, n ?i ? ? ???, ?e ?ith ??ue ??? ??? ?.
Ec y?o ??? ??i ???e, ?i o ?n ?????i ??? Y??e, ? ?o??o ? ???th ??? ?
???? ? ?????ue ????? ?y ??e a ????a ????, a ?a ????i ????nue a ????? e
?????e ?????i.
Aeey ?? y? ???o ? 124 ???: “A?? ? ?? (? ??? ??), ? /? ??? ??, ? ? ???ue
?? ?o?e ??y, ?? ? ? ??o ??o ????, ??a ??? ??e ???ue”. C?nue ????????y
??? ??? ????, a??? ? ??? ??a e ???? ??e ? ???i. O??i ??a ?i ??? ?oe ?a
???i ??a ???tho ????? i??e; ?e ???tho e ?, ?i ?? ?e ?e ??e ??e ? ????a ?
??? ??e ??? ??. I? ??e ??, ??????i, ????y ? ?i ??? ??, ?a ????i ???e
????? a ?i ?????. O? e ? Y??a ?e ?????????; ??? ? ??? ???? I??u ? ??i,
???????ey ?ee y? ?? ?e ?o.
Aeey ??? ???? ?? ? ???a ???o ? 131 e 132 ???: “A? ?? ????y (????y) ???
? ??…, ? ??ee ? ? ???? ?? ? ? ??a, a ?a ??? ?y? ??? ???? c ??e, ?
????e ?y?o ?eth ?, a ae?? ??? ??” (???. E?. ?.).
I???ny ?e ???ny ??? ? i?a ??? ???ny, ?? ?? ???ny ? ???? (Ae????, ??.
Ae?o. II, 128). Y? ????a ???o ? ??ue, ?i o ?n ? ??? ?? ??a, ??o ??, ???
????? ?ya??a i ???e ???ny ? ???? e ???? a ??a, ???o?ey?? ? Y???. A ??i
??? ?a ???ny ? ??a (o.a. ?cy?ith) e ??ea ?? ??e, ???a ??? ????ue ?
?????a.
Ae? ?????o ??? ???yo i n????i ??? ????o. N?? 131 ??? ??oth?e: ?? ?y???
??? ? ??n?a ? ??? ??, ?y?? ???? ??a? ????a ? ????i, a ?a ????i ????i a ?
?????. Ii ??a ae?? ? ???y?, ? ??a ?? ? ???? ?y????? ?? ? aae???, a ????
a ??e ??. I? ??? a y?i ??? ?????? ?a ???, ?????a ?oyi. Ae????a ????a ?,
?i ????? ?cy??i ??e e ??? ?????ny e ?? ???tho ???a, ?e ? y?i ???i a ?.
129. Y? ?a ? Y??a.
N??y ? 132-y ???o i ????? ???; a ?e ?? ?? i ???a?e, a ???i ??? ????ny
?? ? ????th e ???-??a. O?? ????? ??o iecoo a ?i ???, ??a ?? ? ??? ??
??th?y ? ????. Y? ???iyy ??uey ???e??o ????th??y ????, a ? ??ae ??u
??ae, i ?i ???i a 131 ?. Y? ?a ??? ???, ????? ??o ?y? ? Y??e, ? ???? n
????e ????e.
N??y 133 ?? ?y? ? Y??e. I? ???o i ?i, ?i ?? ????? ?, ?i ? ae? ?ae, e
?ith ??ue. To, ?i ? ?e ?ae, y?, ???i, hypobolum Y??e; ?iy ??ue-y? ? ??ue
?????, ???oth ?? ????, ??a ????? ????oth ??ue n ??? ? ??e ??? ?? e ?
????? ?e ???????y. Y? ??uey, ????ae?i, ?y? ????ny e ?? ??ath, ??a ????ay
?c? ??u e ??e ?????ny, ? ? e??o ???, ? ???o. N?y ? ? ??, ?i ??ue ?????y
i ??e ?????, ?????ue, ?? ???, ?? a ?? ?????a ????? ??e ? ? ?e?? ??a ??u,
a ? ? ??? ??.
N??y 88-y *(107) ??a ?????y ? ?a, ???th?o i ??? ????o. N??y 124, ?e ?
???, ???o i ??????? ?a?o ??e ? ???i ??a ? ??? ??. A 128-e ??? ?? ?? i
??????? ??? ?? ? ??? ??. Y? ?y? Y??a. C?? ????????y ?o ? ???, i ???i ??
?? e a ??? 133-e. AE?a, ? ??? ??, ???? ??ue, o.a. ??ue ?????, ??????i,
?? ?? ? ????e ??e ?? ? ? ??? ??. Ae?? ???i: ?a ???a ??, ?i ? ?a ?ae
????. Y? hypobolum.
A ????o ???o, ??a ??: “? ith ??ue ??e, ????: “a y ??o ??e ?y? ??ue”. Y?
etha???a ???? ? ?????? ???o ??e n ??????e. Ii ???i ???i ???otho ???
n??uey *(108) A?????a ??i ?? ?? ??oth ??ue n ???. ??n?? ?c??th y? ??ue
????ey?ny. ???e ? ???? ?????, a ??? I??a e ???ey?: ?y? y? ??ue o ??o
??e. Y? ? ???a ????a ??ey??? e a ????e ??a: “A ???y ? ??y ? ???”. *??,
????ay ??e, ? ?oue ?????: ? ???? ????th, ????? ??, ????? o ?o, ec ?
????? ?? ??ny ??ue, ?? ? ?a ? ?????.
I ???o ???? ??ayo ???ay I??a ??? ? ???o. O??i ?? ?????: “o ??o ??e ?y?
??ue” (E???a ???e ??o, ?. LXIII) ?? ??ae ?i?ue, ?i ? ???i ???? ????yi ??
? ?????? ??i ???y a ????? ??a ??, a ?a ????? ?i e ?oyi.
I???ay ??ay ???a ??a ?? ??? ?????? ??i, ?oy e n ?u????ie ????y?: “A y
???? ???? ??? ?? ?c ?????y, a y ?e ????y ???, ?i ?? ? ???e ?th ??iith ?
??? ???, ??? ? ???ny; a ???ny, ?i ??? ?o ?o.-A y ???e ?? ?ae ???ue ?c
?????y, a i???ny ?/?a ?e ??o, ?i ?? ?i ???ny ? ??? ???, ?e?i ? ??? ?
?ae, a ??? ? ?ae, ?i ? ?o” (88 e 89).
C?? ?????o ???o ?????y?ny ?????a ?????a ?? ????? ???? ? ???e ????.
A ???? ??? ?? ???a: a ??? ????y ??? ? ???, a ? ??? ? ??? e ???o. Ii a
???, ???i, ???. I? ????ny e ???? ??. Y? ??i ? ??, ?i ? 90 ??? ? ?y???ny
??? “???” ???e ?? ? ?????i a ?i ??? ??aa, ?? ???o a ??e ??.
Y??a ??a ??o ?????a ???a?? ?????i ???a ?? ????? ???? e ??? ????? ??i
??e ????i a ??? ?i ???i ??a. Ii a Y??a ?????a ?????a ?????o i????? ???o
?e ????? ??? ?y? ???e, ??ue ? ?i ?????i ??? ??i ? ?o -????i, ?e ?i ?
??y? ? ???? ???? ?? n???a e ???? ??e, ?i ? Y??a ??o ??? ????. I???y
?y??, ?e ???? ? y? ?????y ? Y??e. E??ytho ?e ?????oth?a ??uee Y??e ?e y?
??? ????a ???ee, ?uy?y?ay ?i, ?i ?? i ????? e a I??a ???? ????i ??i,
???e ???ye e ?i Y??o ???????i, a ? ??oth ???o? A?e ????ue, ?i ???a ??iy?
Y??o, ? ?? ??? e ??th??th, ?i a I?? ? ??a ?????? ??e ??????? ??a ????
?????ue: ? ?????o ??ey e ?e ????? ??e; ??a ? ?? – ?????ue a ?i ???, ?i ?
e??ny ?????y ?????, ?? ???e a ??e ??, ?oy ? ?? ? ???? ??a e ? ???? ?a
???????y.
I????th?a ?ey?a ?????? ??e ? ?? ??????? ??i ??ue ?iy?i. I? ?????e
??????? ?e ???? ??i e ?e ?i ??? ????, ??a ?????? ??????yi ??? a ????a
???u ??e ???i ?????a, ??a e ?? ? ??i. O ?n, ???i, ?? e ?iy ???ay ????, ?
??ue ??????y, ?e e ???? ????eo ???. Ae????? ? ??i ????????y y?e ??????
????e e ??? ?? ???ue ?????? ???.
No. ?ey?? ???o ??e ? ??a????a ??a ????, ?????y e a ???i ????? ??a
(Zoepfl, ??. 799).
5) N??a ?????i ????a (?????)
A????a ????i ?? ?ycth, ? ??th??? ????o eth?e e ??? ?y??e ???u. I?? ???
??? ????a ? ?? ????, ??a ??? ???-?y?io. I??y??y nth? ??? ???u ??.
6) I??a ????
I??? ???? a ???e ???e ?e ??? ??y?a ?????ey, ???a ???????i ???e ?? ???.
“I. I?????? ???ey i ????? i????a ? ??? ??th?th?y: 1) a ???? I?? n ???e
912 a., ? ???? ??ea ???? ?c ????y ??a ????? a ???th e ?i ???i, ?? o ?? ?
?? a A??e ??o ?????a. 2) A ???? ????a i Nay???a, ???e ?? ?? n ??? e ?
??? a ??? ? ??. I?y?e ?????ey ??ue ? ???ey?ny. Ii ? ??o ?? ??ae?? ?????i
???ey ?n????? ????a n ???e i ???e ??e n ??????y? ???e ???? I??u i ?i
?… A?e ??y?e ??????ny ????? ??????? ??y?o ????e, ? ????? a ??? ?
?????e ???? I??u i????? a ??oth?e ??????e: ??? ?? ?????e ??uey ????, ??i
?i ???y, ??, ??y??e ? ???a. ??? e ??y??e ? ???. Y?o ??y?e ? ?????y n o?,
???e ?e ???i a ?????e ??n?e I??a, ? ? ???????y ???ey? i ??y?a, a ???i
????e ?y?y ?? ??o ? ???? ???e ???; ? ???e ? ?? ??u ?e a ????i ??? ?.
A????, ?a a ?y? ?oe, oy???y i ?????, ? ???i ??a ?????u ??uey e ??i ??,
?e e a a???o ??? e ???, a ???o ?? ????i, ?i ??????ue ???? ??th ?? e
?oyi, ???? ? ???? ????a e ??e ?i (III, 334-6).
“II. Ec ??????e ???? I??u i ????? a ????a ???a, ?y? e ??? ?y??? ??e?
??i ????, ?i ?a ????? ??th?? ? ????? ???th ??th… ???ay I??a e ???
?iy??e ???atho ? ?, ?i ??i ????i ?????ey ??????? ??? ?o? ????… Y?
?????? ???y?o ???i ??????i e n????? ?eeth??a ????o ? ???y a ????? ??
?y?? ?? n ???: ??e ??yae? ?????ey ?a ? ??? ?c ? ??a y??ny, ?e a ?????e
????????e n ??? (III, 340-1).
III. I??? ????, ?i a ????? ???e i?? ???? ?????e ???? I??u e ???? N????
E??? III, ??i ????i ?????ey ??????? ?ei e ? ???o ??????a (III, 345).
O?? ???i, a ????? ???e ? X ? XV ?e, a ???a 500 ?a, ?? ?n?????a i?? ????
?e ????? ????o ??iy?y. A ??? ???ey ??a ??i ??ay ??? ????ue ??a a??? ????
? ??? ??iy?y a ?o?a, ?o ????? ???????a, ??? ?????? ? ???? I??u e ?
???a?? ???? I?a?. Aeey ???? ?????? ??ey ? ????e ????? ?????th?a ????a ??
?????e ????.
7) I????ey ??y?y ???n?a
E ????i ?????ey ???ay I??a ???o: ?i, ??? (????? ???), ??a, ??, ?? (III
?ae. 121, 129, 130); i ??yo ? ? ????o. Ec y?? ????, ?i c?? ??iy? ? ????
?? (? ???-???), a ??? ? ??? ????a a ??yo ? ?????ue ?????ey ?y ?o? ?i ?e
??????a. ???ay I??a ia ????o ???, ? ?a ??a ????? e ????i ?????ey. I??a
???o i ?? e ??a, y? ??a ???? a ????e ??a ?cy??i. Ia y?i ?? ?? a III o.
Ae????e, ??. 42 e ?. *(109) I???ay ??ay ???a ?y? ???o e ????i ?????ey ?e
?a?u, ?e e ???u, o.a. ?????? ???.
A??a n ????? ???? ? ????? ????? e ???????ue ? ?i ?y?????i. Ia yo? ????o
?a ???ay I??a. Ii ?. 137-e ? ??e ? ???i ?? (??e e ?e ? ?o?e) ??? n ????
?? ? ????o ?y???? ???? ?oyi ???i ?? ?a ?. ?i ??ue ? ???e ? ????a ? ??. A
???? I???? ?????i i??i y? ???? a ?? ??? ???a:.. “A? ??iy?i ??ue ?yaeth
??? a ?? ?e ??o ??o ??a?o, a ??? ? ????, a ?i ??? ?i ???e (? ?ae. ?ae.
???th), ?? ???e ???o” (7), I???ay ??ay ???a ??a ???? ? ?i, ?i “? ?a?
????y” (o.a. ??? ?????), ?y???? ???? ? ??e ???? (88).
E?? ??? ???, ? ????? ??o ?y???? ?? ??ue ? ??i ?oe (???ay I??a, III ?.
?i). Y? ?y???? ???a a ?? ???? ??????. ???? ??e, ???i, ???e ? ???a?y
?????a.
I???, ?i, ?a ?????e ???a ??? ?????ey, ? ???i ??? ?e ??ueyo ? ?????, ?
??ueyo-?????o ??? ?y???? ??? ??? ??ae, “?? ? ??o” (125 III p.).
I????a ??y?e
I?y?e ????? ???ey?y a I????i ?????a ????e E??? e ???ie ????. A? a ??i
??a XVII a. ???? A??i a ???a ?????? ??????o e ???? ?????? a ??o “i
????yo e i ????? ??ey” ????????ny ??????y? I???? e Y??e (A. Y. IV. N 3,
9, 1394 ??). Ii ??i-???a ??i ?????i ??iy?? o ?n ???? ???e, a ??o ?? e
??th ????th ???? ??a. A???? ???? ?aeia ? ??????, ???y, ??th???? ?? ?
?????i. E?? ?y?a ???ey, ?i ??, ?????a ????????y ??y??e, ??th?y ????
????eyi e ??i? ???????i ??a ???yo ? ????? ????y. O? ???? ????a a?a ?????
???? ???a e ?n???? ???u ????? ??? ???y?o e ???o ??????a. I?y?e ?????ey a
???ueyo ???ny ??th???? ?ae a?y?? ???? I????i ???a e ???o ??? (?. y A???a
O??. ?. I??oi. ??., ??. 258 e ?.). I?????a a ???? ? ??? ?????? ???o
???ey?? ??th???? ????e ??ay?, ?????e e a ???a ??u. O??i, ????, ??th??a
???e ?e ???yo.
A ???oth?i ????e ? ??i e?? a ?? ??? ??y?e, ??????e ???e ????? ????e. Y?
??u ??e ??th???? ??????ath?y ? ??y?o. I????a ?iy??e ??ue ???? ???yo i
?????? a ???? e ???ueyo e ??e ? ??th?y ??y?a ?????o oy?? ??eue.
1) I?????a ? ????th
A?a ? ?a ???e ? ????a a I????i ?????a ?????y ??a ???y??ny ??i ????? ?
??? n??e. Ec ?? y?o ?????e ??i, ?i ? 1879 a. ??i ?? ??? ???y??y a ????
???a i ?y?o ????, ?? i ???????. *? ???ny ????? ???, ? a ????? ?e ??e??
???? ????: “e ??i (??e-?) i???, ???? e ? ?? ???”. N 1a79 a. ??????i
???y??? ???? ??? eo?e e ?????. I???y ??????i ???y??yi ? ????e. Ii ?
O???y ??i, ?i ?? ?a ?e ??e ??e ???y? ? ??o ???y? e ???y? ??a ???u a
I???? ?e??. Y?i ?e ???iy? ???ath?a ? i?? ???? ???uey. ???? y? ???? ?
????eth ??. N??? ??? ??? ? ????, a ?a ???? ??o ????. N??? ? ?? ??? a
??ae. Ii ????ue, ?i ???a ???? a ??? ??a ??, ??? ?o, ???a ????ue ??ueyi ?
????? ???uey. A y?o ??ayo ?e ??th?y ??? ? ????e ??ae. Ii ??i ???i O???a
?????? ????ue ???o, ??? n ??? ???.
A ???yo A???????e E???? ????? ????i ???? ??? XV, XVI, XVII a. Iia
????eytho, ???a??, ?????? ??? “n ?? ?i ?y? e ?? ?i ??” e ???y??a ?
????ny ????a ??? ??, ?oyi, ? ?? e ?. A?e ??? ? ??, ????? ??e: “?a??? ???
??i, ??a ??th A?o”. Aeey ????ey ???? ????ey ?ci???y a ????e ???
??-????e. I?????e ???ath?y e ?????y ?? e ??: ??, ??, ???i ?? ??th?y ???.
??ue ????? ??i ??ue ???y: ??i ??uy?y? ?? ?y ????y ??? ?e ????ue ????i ?y
???o???ey ?????, a ??? ? ??? ????? ??th?a ?y? ? ?ay ?y???? ?????. I?i
????? ???ny: ?? ? ???, ?a ??????; ???? ??.
N XVI ?a ?? ??? a ??? y?a ????e e ?????????eth ???? a???th, ???e ?????
?? ????i, ????? e ??a: ?e ? ????? a ??i ?a, ?e ? ???e, ?e ?i??i e ?. I?
y?a ??e ?? ??uy?y?u e ??u ??? ????y, ???a ???????? ??i.
2) I?????a ? ???
A ???? ?????? ? ??? ?????ue a ?i ???, 1) ??a ???e ia ???e ????y. Y? ?y?
???o ? N????a, ?a ???: “A ???e ???e ??o ?c ???? ???u, e ? ??o o ?? ??,
?i ??? ?? e c?? ???”. O???a y?e ??? ? ???y?, ? ?o ??? ???, ??u a XVII a.
?? ??a. 2) A?e ????a ?? ????. 3) A ???ueyo, a n 1679 a. a ?ae?? e ?????o
?????????? ? ??? ?????ue ??i ??? ??? ????a. E ?????eth ? ??? ???ath?y:
???y?a, ???a ??????, ??, i?ue e ??a.
1) I?????a ???y?o. A ???? ???otho ???y ???o. Ae??e ???ath?y e ?????eth
?? ???o, ? a ?i o??i ???, ?? ? ?? ???e. A o?? ? 1628 a. ???: “???yi ????
a ???? ????o ? ???, ?? ??uey ??”. Ec ??? N????a, ????? ?????oth?e ???
I???o: “a ???e ???e ??o ?c ???? ???u, a ? ??o o ?? ??, ?i ??? ?? e ??e
???, a ? ?aeao o ?? ???, ?i ?y? ???? ? ?i ??” (60-y ?. ? 1-? e 92-y ?
????), ??cy ?a ????, ?i ??th?i? ???e ???y? ?? o ?n ??i ???? n XV ?a ??.
A ??a 1628 a. ???i: ?? ??a ??a ??o ??o ???ue i ???? ???y e ???, ? ???u
??? ???yi, a ???yi ? ??? (I???, III, 355). A XVII a., ???, ??? ?a ??yo ?
?y? n ???y?, ???i, ???, ?i ???? ?? ? ? ??aiy? ? ?o ??, a ??? ??e ??? n
??uey?. A ?y???? ???ao E?i IV, a 1562 ??, ????e ?????? i??aey?? ???? ??;
?i ??? ? ???ath?y e ?????eth e ?e ????? ???e (I???, III, 350). A ???ueyo
???y ?n??tho ? ???. Y? ??? ???uey, ????y?? ?e ????e, ? ??? *(110). A?e ?
????? ? ? ??? ? ????? ???uey ?a ?i-??aeue ?????, ? ?y?i n ???y? e i????o
?????ue ???a ?????? ?? ? ???. A?e e ??i ?e ???e, ? ?e a ???o ?????i e??.
O?? ?? n XVI a. ? 1684 ?ae, ??a ?? ???? ?????? a ???ueyo n ??????i a
????, e ?a ???uey, ?e ? ?e ? ?? ???, ??e”???y?ny ? ???y?.
A ???ueyo ??? ???tho ??e ?e ???yo. Ec ????o ?i-??? ??eytho ???yi ??ue ?
????. I?????? ??? y?e ??e ? ?e ????i, a ?????: “???i ???? ???”. Ii a
XVII a. ?????y ?????? ???, a ??? ???? ??, ?i ???? ??. AEa? ? ???? ????,
???y ? ??, ?e ?? ? ?ae: ?? ? ?? ??, ?a ???? ? ????e ? 100, ?? ai ??y
???-15 ????e, ?? ? ?i-20 ????e. Ae?ue ????: 5, 7 1/2, 10 ????e. I?th?
ia????? ????ey ???a ??e a ????th?yo: ?y ?????i ???a 15 ????e ? 100 ???e
a 1/7, ?y ???e y? 1/14; ???a ??e a ????oyo ????e?ue ? ??e ???? ????i
Y??e, ?i ?y ???e ????i 1/8. Ho ??? ?eo?? ??ue ????? ???uey ? ?o?i ??a,
?i ? ??uey. Ia ???e ????? ?a ? ??a, ???a ?????? a ???ueyo ? ??i; ??? ?
???ee “? ????”, o.a. ???y ??ue ??? ?? ?????? ? ????? ? ???n?a, ???e?ey a
????ue ?e ? ???. A?e ?? ???? ??ae, i???a ???y?? ? ? ??i.
2) A??? ?????? a ???? ??a?tho ?e ????? ???y?o, ?c ????iey ???y? ???a;
????a ?????? ??th?tho ?????. A XVI a. ?????? ???o a ????? ???? ????ey?
????a ?????e: ?i ??????? a ????o ??ayo (?. ??. ??. 532, ?????). N I???a
O????a y? ???? ?????ny; ? ????e ????? ??? y?ai ????y, ???? a??? ?? a ?ae
?c ?y?o ?????e.
A ???ueyo ???a ?????? ??a?tho ? ??? e ?? ? ?y? n i??aey??. A ???o ??yo
??? ?e ??ueyo ? ???otho ? a ????, ? a ???ueyo. I?????a ???o a ???? ??
???? ??? ?? ???? ? ??i ??. Ia y?i ???a ???o ?? ??. O???a I???a ? 1628 a.
“e ? ???u (???a e ?????y, ?? ?o ???y?o) a ?ae ????, ?i ??a ?? ??, ????,
a ? ? ? ???u ??? ??? ? ???? ?? a aa?? ???e ? O???th”. Y? ??????a ???i e
a N???a O???a (XVII, 2).
3) A ?iy??? ????? y?? ???i ???? ? ?, ?i ???? ??i. a ??? ? ????y ???
???? XVII ?ea, ? ??th ???th?y ??? ???a ??????? ??a. Ia ????e ????? ???
?? ???, ?i a ????? ???? ?? ??-???a ??? n ???, a ?? ??e ? ??, ? ??,
??th?y ???o ??????a. Y? a ?o ??ay?, ??a ????ay ???a ?? ???? ? ?y ??,
aea?e e ??; ? ?? ?????e ??? ???e ???o ?? e a ?o ??ayo, ??a a ?e???e ???a
?a ?? ?????u ??a ???o ??????a (I???, III, 3). AE?u ???tho ????? ???u ?
????.
E???? y?? ??y?a ?????i ii ??e ??. O???a I???a ?, 1628 a., ??a ?? ????i
??? ??i ????i ???a e ?????a ???u. O?c 1628 a. ????o ??? ??i ? ???
?????y, ? e ???a ???u. Ec y?ai ??i ??th??, ?i ?a ? y?? ?????e e a ???o
???e ???o ??????a, ?, ??y?i, ?? ? ??o. Y? ???a ???? ??????? ?? ?i, ? ??
??y???, ??o a ?yce n ??????y? Y??e. Ii ?? ????, ???y, ??a ??a Y??e,
?????yth?e ????e ?ia ? ????a i?a ??? 1/4 ? ????i. Ec ??a ? 1628 a. ??i
??th??, ?i ?a ??th?? ?e?? ??????a a ???o e ?????o ????. A ??yo ?a
??th?tho ? e ??a ??a 1628 ??. I???ay ??ay ???a ??a ?? ??ae ??? i ?a????i
????? o ?n ??????? ?aa ?i, ?????? n Y??? (?. ??, ??. 568). Y? ????,
??iyth?y Y??o, ???a?o, ??i ???i, I?? e I??o.
N 1628 ?? ?? ???otho ??? a ??yo, ? ??e ?a ???otho a ????i?? e ??th?tho
? ??? ???o ??????a, ? e ??e (O???a, XVII, 2). Ae?e ???otho n ?? a ??yo
??? a ?i ???, ?? ??a ???? ? ???? ? ???o, ? ?????o ??? e ???uey ?? ? ??o
? ? ??. Y? ???ue O??iey (XVII, 5). Ec ?a?? ?? ?? ???? 1/4, ? ? ???
????i, a ?????e ??.
Ii ??a ??e ??e ???ny ??? ???a e ?????? ???u e ??ai ??a. O???a ???????o
??e ??ae e ???ey? ??? ??i ? ?????o ??? ? ???? ? ?????eth. I???, a XVI a.
?? ???tho ??ue a ???ueyo ??a ??? ??e, ? ?? a ????. A XVII a. ??? y?o ???
?e ????i, ? ??? ??.
4) I ?????? ??? ????y ??ei a ?i ???, ?? ?a ??a ??? ?? ? ?????a ?? ??e ?
???? e ?? n ??? ?c ??a?; a y?o ??? ? ??ny ? ???ee, a ?? ???? ?o, ?
?????o ??? ? ???? ? ?????eth. I ?????? ??a ??a ??e ????? ?iy?e? ??? ?
ai??yo.
5) N XVI a. ?y???? ?????a ???u, ?e ????? ???y?o ???? ??, ??e, n ????ey
????y, ????? e ???i ??????i ??? ? ????? ???a, ? 7-e ???e. A?e ? ??
??????a ??? ?? ????, ?y???ay ???a ????a a ??o. Ni. ??. 532, ???. A y?i
??? ??o ??i ??????? ?e ?????, ?e ?e ? ?a, ??? n ???e, ????? e ?y??i?e,
???a ?????i ???aeyo ? ???i??: ??a ??? ?? ?????ny i aeo? ????, o.a. ??
??? a ????ue ?y ???i ?????y, a ?ee ???e ???e ???e, ?. ?a ??? ?? ??? ?
??ae e ???? ????.
A?? iy?y. N???????i
N???; ???ay e ??a?y ?????ue
N???????i ??o ?? n ???ith ??, ?e ????? ???o ?????y?ny ????? ??i. I??a e
??? ??? ??u ??????ey ????? ?? ???e? ?a ??? ?????y ?????. Ia y?e ?????
???e ??? ?c??y ??????? ????? ?? ?? ?yi n?? ????????. E? ?????? ??i
??????i ???e ????, ?e ??i e ??????? ?? ?? ??i ???o ?oe. Y?o ????? ???n
y?y?ny a ??a ????, o.a. ??????a, e n?? ??? ?? ????a ???e a I?aa ??e. Y?
??ay ???? ?????? ??????? n ????i. Y? y????????i ?? ???i ? ?e ? ???????
???e ???ey. O???a ? ??u ??? ??y?a ???i a ???? I??a; 18-y no?uey I ?ae.
???a: “A? ???o ?i (?? ?i-??? ??? o ?? ?ith ??), ? ??? ?i, ? ? ?e ?o: ?a;
? ?e ?o ??: ??e ? Na?, ?a ?e ?ye”. Y? ??uey ????o ??th ???? ??; ?nth?
??i ???e, ?i ??? ?y?e ????yeny n?.
O?? ??y?e ??e ?????i, ???, ? ???i-??? ??????? ?????? ??i. Iiy??, ? ??
??????y ???????o ?? ??, ? ???? ????, e ?????i ????o ? ?ay ??? i ???????
????? ??. A ??iae ???? I??u a ?? ???atho ?a ???a ?y? e ?i ????e. O???y ?
y? ???i ? ??? ??ueyo I??u. A 18-e ??? II ?ae. ????y: “O?y ?n? ? ?y? ??”;
a 31-e ??? III ?ae,: “A? ??? ??? ?ae ? ?? (? eiyae. ??), ? ??? ?o ?
e??e…”, e o. ae.
Y?o ????? ???n, ??????e ?? ??????y? ???, ????y, ???, ????? ?????,
?????e ? ???a ??????a. A???? ?? ?e ?a ?a? ??. Ia ??? ??a ? ?y????ue n?a,
a ?y????ue ???. E?? ?i ????? e ?? ????a. I?? ??i ???u ???????i ?atho ??
?? n ??ith. O????e ???? ?? ? ??? ?e ??i *(111) E????a ????a ????i ? ???i
a ?? ???y ??e, ???i a ?? ???i ????ey ??? (Erfullungsgelobniss, Bruhner,
y A?????a, I, 147).
O???y ? ??e ??y?e ??e ???i e a ??o ?iy???. A ???? I??a ??ai: “Ii ?? ??
(? ????th ???) ?eth oy, ? yc ?eth oy, a ? ??i” (III ?. 111). Y? ??a,
????ua ??? e ????o; ? ?????, ??i ???i, ????a ??????y ????th ae???.
I?????ey ??e i ?????? ????y ???i ? ??i. Y?? ???o ?? ???a e ????. A 33-e
?. i ????yo ????y: “A ???o ???e”. Ec y?? ????y ??th??, ?i ?c?a ????? ??i
??a ? ?? ??i. Eo ????e ???u, a ???, ??o ??, ?e e ?? ????e, ?c any??
?????y. A ss????? ????a I???? n ???e ???: (TH? oy? ???y ?c ??e, ???ny
???e, e ??ue e ??u, ? ??? ???a: ?? ny ???ue, ?? ?ae, ?ith ??? ???ue”.
C?? ??a ???e ?? ??y?y, ?? ??atho ??ee e, ???oe, ???a?e ?? ?i ??o ?ith
???, o.a. ?i ???y?, ???, ? ?? ??y???, ae?i ????y ?c ?????ey ??? ???ue??
????a *(112)
A ??iy?a ??y ???atho ?a ??y?a ??????ey ????? ??: ?????e e ????e. Y?
?????a ?? ????a ?? ??, ??????, ?????, a ???a ??y ? n ?i ? ????iny.
A ???? I??a ?y?a ?? ??o ?????? “oy?u” ?e “oy?”. A i??y?a ??y ??i oy?a
????y?ny ??? ?y ????y ?????o ?e, a ???o ? y?i ??????i ?????? ? o??i
?????a, ? e ????a ?? ? ????, ???a, ????a, ?a y? oy?u. A ??iy?a ??y iu
????i ??? ??????i ??a e ????a: ??oe y? ? ??, ???a ?i-?? ??, ???a ????
??; ????-??? ???? ?e ????i, o ???? ????ue ??; a ????? ?iy??? e ? e ??ia
?? ?????i ????? ???; ?e ??? ???? I??u ??? ae?a ??? ?iy?, i ?? ????y, ?
??a ?e ????a.
A?? ? ??y?? ??????, ?y?i ? ????e ?y???e ???, o ?n ???? ???? ??. O???a ?
???ou ????a y?o ??a ??i ??e a ????o ???o. Ii ????a ???, ?-1-o, ?
????ytho ?? ?e, ???a ????e ?? ???. O? ?e ??? ? ???yo i ?? ??? ? ??i a
???i ??? ????i, o.a. ???th?i ? ????ey ???ueth, a ?e ????e ?? ???.
Ai-2-o, e ??th???? ????e ?????e ??? ??nyo e ?e? ??, ???a ?? ? ???ue ???
?c ????ey, a ????a e ?c ??o??? ???? ??a. Oe???? ??a A??i?a e ????o ????
??a ???o, ??o ???, “????th ???”, “???? ???o” e “??????i”. A? y? ?y?y
??????ath?y A???? ????, ??? ?e, ???i, e ??? a ??a A????. Ca ??o ? ???y
A???a ??? ???tho ?????, ? ??o ? ??? (? ? ? ???y)-??, ???, ???ue; ?i ????
? ??a ????, ?? ????ny ??; “?i ?? ??a ?? (?????), ??i ? ???ay”. O??i
ae??ue, ??u ????a ?? ????ey? ????u ? ?????, ????e ?e e i ???? ??e. E?? ?
?? ????a ????o ??a e ?????eyi y?? ??? Ec ??? A???? y?? ? ??i. Ec ????? ?
??? ss???a ?? ??th??, ?i ???? ??a ? i?????? e ????yi, ???ey?? A????
????, a ??????? ????e ???ie. Ii ??e A???o ?ei?a ia ?? ??th?? ? ??e ????,
? ??? ss???a ?a ?????ue ?y?i. A???, ???, ??e ????e ?ae ??? n ?y?i. Aea e
??? ???, ??u ??i ?? ??a a ????, a ???i ????ay ??? ??? ?i ????a. I??a
???i? ?? ??e ????y ??? ?????i ?y??? ???.
Oe???? ??a A???? e ????o ????i ?? ???o ?? i ?????o: “A??y ?e ?? oy??y i
???e”. Ec ???? I??u e I???? ??? ???u ? ??i, ?i ?? y?? ?? ae?????? ????
???? ??i: ?e?i ?? ????? ?i ???? ??e ??e a y? ?iy??e ??????y Y??e. Ii
??cy ???, ?i ????e ?ae ??e y? ?? ??th????. A ???? I??a ?? ???, ?????a
???a ???? ???. I? ??? a I??o ? ?a??e ???? ??a. A ???? I??a ?aea ??
??uey, ???y ???o i ????n? y?o ?e ?? ?ycy: “A? ??uey ?noyaeth?ny ??ae
?y?i i ???th, ???e ae???e ?? ? ???, ? ?? ?y? ??? ??” (III ?. 140). A y?e
???e i????? ??o e ?o ? ?e ?? ???? e ?? ?ycy E???i ??e ?????? ?????? e
??th?e ? ?y i ?????e A????? ???. I????a ??????e (???. A???) ??a ?????e a
y?i ?????? e ??e?y? ?i ??i ???????: ??uey ???? I??? ??iy? ??????a A?????
???. A ??i ??????e ?o ?????. Ec ???? I??u ?????, ?i e ??i i ????? ???y??
e ?????? ??a???ey, e ???a ???. C?? ei????y ??a. Y? ????o e I??? (VI,
275). A ???a ??y ?????ue ?y??? e ?????o ??a ?? ? ??a ?? ??? ??????.
??????? ??i ?a ??ue ??i a ??i ????o ??o ? ?a a ????o ethaeyo. Ii ???
????ue, ??u ??e-??? ?y? ????y ?????ue ?? i ????? ? ???o??? ?o ?e y?? ??.
I?e ??? ?? ? ?? a ??iy?e ???ue ??co ??e th????? ????.
O??i ???, ??u ?a ?e A??i?a ?. ????a ?? ????? ??a??? e ??? ???iy????e e
? ?i ??? ????i, ???a a ?i ??? ?????u. N?? ???: “A ? ?i ? ????ny ? ??i
??, ? ????, ? ??o ?? ??o ? ?? ? a eth? ????a, ? a ?? ?… Oa ?a ?? ???
?? ??. Eiycth e ?y?i e ??yi a ? ?? ??? ????ny. To ?a ?e ?? ? ??? ??a
?y??th e ? ????? ?y?o ?? ?? ???a ???o ?y???. A? ?i ????o ?o ??a, ???i
????? ?? ? ??? A?? e ?? ?? ???otho”,-?e??e??otho i ????i ?a ?????a ????
e ???? ??a e, ??/?, ? ?????o A????. ????y ???a, ?????ay ?ae ?????? ???
???? e ???? ??a, ??i ??a ???e e ???? ?????e e ??a ??, ???a ? ??ee? ??i
???i??i. A ss????? ? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?????e n ???????e. Ae?a,
??ny?yny ? ???? ?th?, a? ?????ey e ?????y, ?????ey, i?????a ??? y??
?th?, e eth??y?y ????e ????o ???? ? ???? ?????e; ??e ?, ??e, ?e e ????
??e ???ny ? ??? a ???? ???????? ??e, o.a. ? i?????a ?i ?????.
Oa ??????? ????? ??, i ???e ?? ?? a ????o ???o, ? ?? ???ia ???i. Ii
N??o I?? ????e TH???? ??y ???i ?ae? ? ?y??? ???? ?c ??????a ???? ??? ???
a ?o ??ayo, “a? i ????o ??o ??o ??” (j6). I???? ? ???, ?? ?e ????a
????e?, ???? (femina venerabilis)- ? ?? ???iu e ??i ????i ???. I?????y
y?? ?? ???? “????i ??a”, o.a. ???i ???? ???, ???e ?????? a???o e N???e
??y, a ??? ? ???e ???? (85). E?e ??yi ? ?????a e ???a ??a ? ?????ee e
????i ??i. I? ????? o ????, ? ???? ???? ???? ?????eth ???? ???, e ???e
?????a ??e e ??????# (54).
Ia ??? ????i ?? ???yo e ??? ???u I?????y e I???ay, ii ? ???eytho ?i
??i.
A ??? ???: “I????? ? ?o?????? A???i I????a e I??a ?y???o ??o O??? ???
?ae ??, ?ae ?y????e, ? ?y?o ?? ???o, ? ?????. A ??? ?o ?? ??i e? ?y??,
?e e ???i, ?e e ????i ????” (1). Ec y?e ??? ??i ???e, ?i ????? ?? ????e
? ?? ????a eth?, ? ?a ????a a ??o, ?????o ????o ???. E?? e??i y? ??,
???ny ?y??.
Ai ???: “E ???ith ????? ?ae, e ia ?? (?????) ? ??? ?ycth, ? ??yi; ?
????? ?y? ?? ? ???” (1). A ??a ???u ????y ?a i ?????e ???ith ????? ae?
??o ????? eth??: ??i, ?y?i, ??????, ???? e ????. Ae?a ? ??o y?? ??e???
eth?? e ????e ????e ??? ?? ????? n ?y?i e ????? (109).
I?i ???, ?i e a I??a ?ae??? ?????? ????? ? ??????? ??i ????o eth?e, a
?????iy?? ? ?a ????a a ??o ???o, ??a????o, a ??o ?? e a ????o ???. Ii
????i ????o ??a e a I??a ? ?? ??i ?????? ? ????a ??a ????. Y? ??? ???e ?
???ey ???. E???a a I?? ? 1395 ??, a ???i ? ???ny ? ?, ?i ??y? “?aeyo ?i?
a ????o ??o”. A?e ?? ?????i “a ????o ??o” ?????? e ????o ??, ??i ? ???,
?i ?????a i????? ????o ???, ?e ?i ???i a ????o ???o A???? e ss???a,
???????i ????????? Y?, ???i, ?? ??? pium desiderium ?????a, ????? ?ith
?? ? ??ue ????? e ?????? ???.
Ie I???ay, ? I?????y ???u ? ??ath?y ? ??? A???? e ss???a, ?oy e ??e ???
e ?e ?y?e ??ae, I?????ay ? n???ny ? ????i. A y?i ?? ??? ???? ? ?, ?i ? a
??i ? ???o ???a ????a ??? ? ??e ??????i ???ey. A ?o ??i ??? ??? ?? ????,
a ??e ? ?iy??e, ??????a ????e. Oe???? ?? ?????nue ???e.
I???ay e ?????yi ???? ????, y ????th? ??? ? ??? ??a? ??????a. Ec ??????
?iy??? y?? ???e y ????oth ??ue ??? oi, ?i ????y e ?????o ??y?o ?u?, ???e
????y e ? ??y?e o?????a e a ????o ??o ??yo ????y ?ey?th ?????? ??e.
Ae??????a
C?? ??i ??y??ue: 1) ?i a ????e ?????ue ? ???????, ???????? ???ue e
????th ??e a ??????? ???-i??ue ??, e 2) ???ue, ?e ??? ??????? ????? ?? e
???o.
Ae???????e ??????:
1) ?????a ????a. 2) ??y?, 3) ????, 4) ????e e ???e, 5) ???e (?ae A??) e
6) ??.
1) N????? ????a. I? ???i?i ? ???? ????a ????a, ???i ? ??? ?e ???e
?????? ??a????ue ?? ???e ?????e ???; ?ae ?iy?a ????y ? ???yo ????y a
?????th ???. N?i ??th ?iy?i, ?i ????a a ???? ??? ??ue ??ath?a ????: ??
?i ???? ?????? ??? ?? ?e, y? ??ao ???? ??? ???????. I???y ? ?, ?i ?c y??
??????? ? i?i ??ae ? ??o ????, a ???? I??a ? ????i ??? ????a ??a?a ? ?,
?i yoi ?????n?i ??i ??i. A 19 ??? I ?. ???: “A? ?i ???ue ? ??a ??a, a ?
ny ???? ???ue, ? ?e ?o ? ??ae ?? 12 ???e”, o.a. ?? ?i-??? ??? ??, a ????
??? ????ny, oi ??i ??e ?i ? ?? ?? 12 ??a?. I?th? ???i, ?i ?? ii ? ???
????ny, ? ?a ??u a?? ?i ? ??, ?e ?e ????? i?????y ??.
2) I?ny?. I? ??y?th ????ny ??????a ????? ???-??? ????y ????? ??e A?a. A
????e y?? ??????? ??o ??, ?i A???i ????o ???????? ???a a ?????? ??o e,
??????i, ? ????, ??u ?i-??? ??i ???ny ? ?? e ?ae? ???e ?i a ????e. I???
??ae e ??? ???o: “A?a ?y?, ? ?? ?? ??ue ???y?”. He ??? ?i?ue, ?i y?o ???
??????? ?y??y ??? n ??????. Ii ?????e e ???-o ??yi y????, ?????i ? ??i
????ue ?? e ?i ?????th. A ???? I?? n ???e ??i, ?i i? ???u ??y??: n i??
???u ????a, n ???-y???e ? ??ath ? ??. A ???? ??? e ??e ??yae ??y?. E? ?
?e ???, ??? n ?ay ?o e ?a ??? e ?y?y I???. Y? ?y?a ????? “??th”. Ia ??
???atho ??y? ??????oth e ?????ioth. ???ay I??a ??o e ?, e ??oth. I??y
?????y?ny ?o?, ?????i, ?e ????? ??? ???o??? e a ????o ??o; ??ay????o,
??a ?e ????? ??? ??????a e ?? ? ??? ???a, ?e, ??., a ?. 62 III ?ae.
“A??i ???? ??a? ? ?? ??, ?? ???? ?a ? ?? ?o ??? ???, ? ?a ???ue ???i
???e, ?? ?? ??, ? ?? ???: ?? ??i ?e ? ?? ???e, ??? ?o ??i ?ye e ???”.
I?? ? ??y? ??? ?e e ????th. I i?????e ??y? ??o ?e ????o ??o ???i ??.
Io y?o ?? ??a ??y? ?? ???? ??y?, i ???e ???o I?????y ??ay ???a; ? y?e
???a ??ay ???a, ?i-??? ?????ay, ??? ?ea ?????ue ?? ?????a ??y?th. E??,
??yth?e ?e, ??? ?e ??y?oue a ?i, ?i ? ? ??? ??; ?a??e, ???th?e ?e, ???
?e ??y?? a ?i, ?i ? ? ??? ????. An? ??y?? ? ??? ?????? ??y?? a ?i, ?i ?a
?????, ?a ???a??ue ae??ith. Y? ???y ??yaa ???? e ?????o ??o. E??,
?u????, ?????? ?? ?e ?y??; ??o?e ?e ???? ?e, ?e ????o. I???? ?? ? ??a
??? ?????ue ?y??. A?e ??y?? ?a, ?? ???? ????i (Zoepfl, 871).
3) I???e. I? ???? ????i ??i??y ???a ??a ??th: ?i ???o ? ??y?o ???, ?o e
????y ???. A ????e y?? ??????? ??o o?a ??, ?i A???i ????o ???????? ???a
a ?????? ??o e ? ae???o, ??u ???e ???? ???e, ?i-?? ??i ????th?e. I???e
?? ?ae A??.
A????? ??o ???? ?e ???ai n ??o ???o ???. A ??? y???? ? ?e ?????? ????i
?y ????y ????? ??. N???? ???e ? ????e ?? ?ith ????ith, ?? ? ??e a ?th.
N??????i y?? o ????a ?????? ??y ????a: “bin ich schuldig oder nicht,
weis Niemand als Gott und ich”, o.a. ???o y ?e ?o, ? y?i ??i ? ??o, ??a
A?a ? ?iy.
*? ???ny ???a i ?i, ?e ? o ?n ????, ? y?o ??? ???ay I??a ? ?? ???. A
???ie I??a ??y?? ??? ???? ???????, ?oy ? ???????, a ???? n???i; ? i ????
? ????y ? ??a. I?th? ????a ??a???? e ???yo e ??th??th, ?i ???? ? ?? ????
?????? y??? ??? ????, ?i ? ?????i o ??? e ?????? ???. Ae??a ??aeyo, ?i.
????y ? ???? ???? I??u, ???? ?? ????? ??? ??????aa e o ?n. Y? ????a ???
??i ???, ?-1-o, ?i ???? ????? ??????? ??th ???e ??e. Ai-2-o, ? ??i ???ey
?????a ? ?, ?i o ?n ?????e ????. O ????i ???ey E?Ae?? ????y, ??o ???, i
??, /oi ?? oy???y ?? ? ???? ??i ?ycy, ? ?y? ?????i ???e ?: “???ny i??”.
A-3-o, ? ??i ???? ??o ?iy??? ? ?, ?i a ??? ???? XIII ???ey a ???e ?????e
?a ????. A ???? ?????i ?ycy I???aa ?????y ???? ??ue ??a ??ny ? ?? ? ???e
??a e ???i, ??iy?? ?????y ??ue ???? ??ny ? ?? a ???? ???? ??e. Ec y?e
?????? ??? ??i, ?i ???? a ??? XIII a. ?e ?a o ?n ????. I???, a N????o,
???? y?y?ny ??i ?????? ???????i; ?y?a ????a e ?????a ?? ???ny ????i. Ii
?e ?e ???ay I??a ??? i ????, ? ??o ???ue, ?i a N????e ???a e a N????o ?
?????y ?e ?????ea, ?a??? ?????a. Ae????, ?i ???? ?y??y ?a ? ??y?e
??????, ?????i ???, ?e ?e ?????i ??????a??i ?i ???????th, ?i ?????ue ???
??a A??o e ?? ??? ??y?. I?? ? ????ue, ??u i?e ??i ?????y?? ???e ?a ?????
????? ??e ??? ???????, ???n???e y????o ??o e ???e ??????, ?e ???a ?????
I?i ???, ?yo?o, ?i ???? ?e ???? o ?n n ????? ???. O?y ?????i? ????i ????
o ????a ? ???? ???eth, ? ? ?i ??a ????tho ??? ????? ???a, ?????, ?????a
e ????a ??? (Grimm, D. R. A. 929). I???th ???? I??u ??cy ????ue ??th??
???ey.
4) I??? ???a?ytho ??? ?ae ?? A?ey. N???i ???e ???o a ??oth?i. Oy???y, a
???a ? ??? A?eth, ???th?y ???ue ?i-??? ??a, ?i ? ??????o ??y?o ??e ???
?? ???? ?y ?o, ? ?i ????? ????????i ???y ??n?? ??o ????i.
Ae???????? ??o ?? ???? ????a ??i e ??th. E???? ??i n??y?: 1) a ???? ??
a ??, ???, ?a ??? ?? ???ny ?????; 2) a ???? ?? ????e ??? a ??e ???a;
????oe ????a?o, ?i ?? E?? O???i ???? ??i ???i ?ith ?????; 3) a ???? ???
?????? ???. E???? ??e ?????ue ?ae ae?iy ???e: ?iy?e ??e e ????. 1)
En???a ?iy?e ??th ??????ue ?e: ??e ? ?i ???, ??e???i ?iy??, ???: ??iy??
??? ?e ??? ?i ????i ?y ?ay. 2) E???? ???? ??e ??? ???????i, ?i ?? A??
???? ? ?ae ?ey?? ??????. I? ?????i ?e: ??iy??i, ??ay??i? ???ith, ???e a
?aeo, ?? ? ?e ? ?o, ? ???ny ???? e ?????ny; ?? ? ? ????y ? ?????ue ??, ?
???ny ????. Y? ?uy?y?ny ?????e ???????e ????y? ? ??. A?a ??? y??? e ???
????i ? ????o; ?? ?a ??i?? ?????, ? ??? ?? ???i (Grimm, 908 e ??.).
E???? ??e a ????o ??? ??i ????ue ? XVII ??. N ?????? ?y??? ??a ???i? –
???i: ??oe e ???? ????ue o ??? n ???, ??y?? ??o; ?i ??? ?i???, ???e ??
?e ??e, ???ny ????.
???ay I??a ????o ????a ?e?? e ??th (22, 111, 112). A ?i ??iy? ????a
???i e ??th, ? ??i.
Ii ???. I?. e ????th ??th e ???i ?????, ?-1-o, a ?i ???, ??a ?e ?e
????e (22). I???ui ??i ????y ??e ?e, a ?????n?i ???? ????? ? ?a ????
n???ey. Ai-2-o, e ???yi ?????, ??a o ????ey ?? ???????, ? ?ae????uy,
????, ????ue ??i, a ? ????e /a??e (111). I???, a-??ue?, ?? e a ?i ???,
?? ????ue ?e ????e ???e. No. 113 ???o ? ????e ???i “? ????o eth?e ??i”.
I?i ???, ?i ????a ????y ? ??i ?y???? ?? e ??iy?? ?a ?i ?????; a o?? ???,
? ??? ?e ???? ?ith ???o ????? ??th ?e ?????i ???i. Y? ????a ?? ?y ??
?y???? e a ?i ???, ??a ??? ?? ???a? ??i. A y?o ??o ??ayo, ??????i,
????th ?????ny ??iy?? e i????y ????, ?? ?????ny ? ?? e ???. A ??o ????o
????th ?????? ???a ? ?????th ??. Y? ?? ??? ? ????e no. 17, a ???e ???:
?? ?? ?? ??a ?? ???, ? “?? ?o ?e ? ?? ??”. O? ??y?? ???e a. ??o ??o,
o.a. ??oe, ???e ?u???o ?? ???. He ??? ???, ?i ??oe ?? ??i ? y? ???e
???th ??y?. O?? ?y?e ???????? ?? ?e ?a ? ???? eth?e ?e. A? ??? ????e ?i
??y? ??ny ? ?i???th ??. I?ny? ??ny a ??o ??o ? ?? ???; a ??o ? ????? ???
– ???th?y e ????th ??e; a ??a ???-e ???eth ???i. I???i, ?i e a y?o ??ayo
? ?? ????o ??o ?ae ????? ??? e ??.
E?? ????ae, ???e ??? ??iy??i, ???a ??o ???e e ?????th ?i e ??? e ??,
??o ??e?: ?? (????), ?????a ??? (???a?a ? ??a ?????ey) ?e “??” – (???,
???) e, ??y?i, ?y?a ??? ??e.
I?ny?, ?? ?i?ue, ?????? ??i ? ????e ?o ? ??e.
5) N???? e ???e. I? ????y? ???th?y ??a ??, ???a ?????ytho ??a-?? ???a
??iy???? ?? ? i???? ??, ?i ?e ???iy? ??? a???e ????e; ???e, ??., ??e, e?
???e ???i, ?e ??? ?i ??, ?oy e ? ??e ????, e ? y?i ???????o. A ???a ??y,
??a n????e a y?i ???, ?? ?a ???? ????e ??? ??u, ???a ?????i ???th?y ?
????? ??a.
A A???e ?e ?????? ??y? ???u e ??? ?????? ???y??ia (conjuratores). Y? ??
?ey??, ?????, ??? ??iy??i, ???a ??e ?i e ? ?a?? ?????, ?i ? ???e ???e e
? ?a ????ue ?????ey, a ???i ??iy?ny. Y? ???y??e ? ?? ????? ????y? ??a, a
?? ????y? ??? ??u, ?e ????? ?ae ??y?e, ?i ????a ???u ?????o ???y. Y?
testes de credtilitate. *?? ? ?? ???? ? ???? ?? e ??, ??? ????i iie
?????. I? ???u ??e ????ue ???y???. A?e ??oe a ??? ??? ?? ???? 6 ??o
??u??a, ???? ??? ?e ?y ???e ?ay ? ????y ???? ??a ??a. A?ue ????a ???, ?i
e o ?n ???a?? ??e ????. A I???? ??? ???a (58 ??uey) ????y: “A ? ?ae
???th ? ???, ??? a ????o ?? ?oy???, a ????? ? ? a?i ? n ?e, ? n ???
???u”. Ec y?o ??, ???y, ??i ???e, ?i a ????e o ?n ?? ????e. Ae????e i???
y?y?ny ???th ??? e ??? ? ??? ??? ??a e ????a, ? ??? n ?? e ? ????e,
???e, ???, ???a ??? ?? ?ith ???? ? ?, ?i ? ??ae ??. I???ay ??ay ???a ?a
??? y?o ??y?e ??e. Ae??, 88 ?aouey ???? ???? ? ?, ?i ?? y? ????e, – a
y?e ??? ???: “A ? ????th ??th ? ?ae ???th ??? ? ?aeyo”. I????? ?? ???,
???a, ???i, ??? ??e ??, ? ??? ?? ????e. O? ?e ??o ??aey? ??a e ??o/?a,
???a ???e? n ?? a ?ae, ?e ????e, ???i ?????e ?????ey, ? I???ay ??ay ???a
????? ??? ??? a ?ae n ?????e.
???ay I??a ? ???o i ?????, ? ????o i ???o e ????. A??e ?? ????e a
??iy?i ??? ??a, o.a. ???? ???y.
E? ?a ?? ?????? E ??????o ?????ue ????a ??, ?a ? ae????y a ????e, ??a
?th???; ??a ???a a y?i ????e ?? ?????, ?e ?????ue ??? a ??o oy??; ?i ?
???ny ???, ? o ?o ?o ????. Ii ?????o ? ??o ???a ?? ????a ? ??????a.
A ??ueyo ???? I??u, ???eyth?o ??i ?????, ??i ??? ?ey?a ???? ????o ??a.
N??e 36 e 45 (III ?.) ?a?tho ?? ?????. Y? ??? ? ??i ?????, ??ae ???i, ?
???i I??y, “? ???? ?ye ???”.
N???? ?tho ?? ????y ?ae ??y?e. I???? ????? ??o ??th?a ???? (III ?. 36,
45). Ia ????e ????o ??? ??i ???, ?i ????a ?? ????? e o ?n ??i ??th?a
???ea. Ii ?? ? ????e ??????i 113 ?. ? ???e ????a ????? ? ??ei ??, a ?? e
????th ???i “? ???”. E a y?i ???, ??????i, ???. I?. ???? ?a ??? i???e,
?????oth e ???th, ????i ? ??oy? ???? y? ?????ey e ???-?? ????eth.
I???? ??????e ??a ? ??e?tho ???a e ???? ? ?i ????e, ?i ???ay I??a
????y? ???? ?????i y? ???u. Ii ????y ? ??a ?????? ?????? y?o ??, ??
????a ???, ?i ?o ??? oi ?, ?i a A???e ???y??. O ?n ???a ???? y? ??? a.
E?? a ????e “Ia ????i ??a ???? I???”. A. E?? ???e, ?i y? ??ue ae?a??? 18
??uey ???? I??u III ?ae.: “A? ??o ? ?? ????y ??, ? ? ??o ????a 7, ??
???o ?? (???, ???)”. I? ????e ??e ?c???y ??a ????a, ???a ????y? ????? ?
??????ny (??i ? ??e ?aa??ey ?????ey), e ?e ????? ???? ??iy?? ? ?e ???i ?
??a ?????ey; ????a ?????ny ??th???? ? ??i ?????. I? ??i ????e ??i ?? ?y?
n ?ay ??, ?????? 7 ????. ss?i, ?i yoe ???e ? n???? ??a, ?e ??o ?? ???
????y? ??? ??u. I? ?????ytho, ?i ??iy?? ? i? ????ue ????? ? ?? ?????ey,
e ?i ??yo n ?? ????a ????a. Ae??, ??a ??i 7; ?e ?????i ???? a. E??, ???
?no???i ????? ??? a y?o j ???? ? ?????, a ????, ???? ?i, ??? ?? ? ?????o
??o ???y??e. A ??i ??, ??cy ????ue, ?i ?? 7 ?????, a ? ??a, ??? ?i, ???y
? ??iy????i, ? ??i ?? 1, 2, 3 e ??a, ??a ?e ???? ??i ????ue ?????? ??i.
I???a, ??????i, ?? ???? ? ???a. To, /? ???ay I??a ????o y? ???ey, ?a ?
??? ?? e ?uy?y?ny ?????ueth ?????? ?? ???e. A ????? ?iy??? ??a ???ath?y
?e??? e ???y??, ? y? ? ??? ???? ??? ????ue ?.
I??? a ???? I??a ???ath?y ?a e a ??? ???, a ???? n????e a ?????o ???o.
C?i, ??., ????ny a ?????e ????, ???? ?????y? ??th??a ??? e i???? ? ??i
???i ????ue. N??a ??? ??a ??iy?? ??i, ??a ?e ????? ? ??????? ?????a ??i
????.
6) A??? ????. I? ???? ???e?e ???th?y ?y?a ???a ??u, ?e?????th?a i
?????i ???e. Nth? ??ny?y, ??., ??e, ??y iy?a e o. i?. A?e ???e ??iy?ny a
??a, ? ??i ???i ????i ??o ?, ?i a ?i ?? ???u ???? ??, a ?ee ??iy?ny a
????, ? ?? e o. ?ae. Y? o?? ? ???i y?? ??? ?????? “??”, ????? ?? ?e
????e ?? ???ey? “??”.
7) N?ae. I???? ???????, ? ???i ??i ?????ny, y? ??. Y?o ???i ?????y ?
??? ??ueyo, a ??ii a 44, 47; 48 e a Ae??o O???? ???. To, ?i a ???? I??a
????ny ???, ??i ???? ?ae ?iy?a ??e ???, ?????e, ???, ????i ?????i. Aea?
?????i ?e. A?e ?????e ???e o ??-?? ?ith ????oth ?? (?e ??, ?e ??a
???e?ue), a ????ue ?? ????e, ?i ? ??e ?, a ? ??e, ? ?????e ??? n ?????
?? ??? ?e ?????y e ????? ???? ?y ??????y a ?i, ?i ??????i ?? o ?? ???a;
y? ??? ?? ?????ny ? ?o ??, ?ea ? ???? ??. O?? ???n ???ey ? ??a ? ?? ??e
?????? ??a.
Y?o ??? ??????? ?e ???ai e ?????o ??o. I????ue ????? ?? ??? ?e ???oe ?
?? ?a ? ????, e a ????e ?? ??a?e ??? ????, y?o ??? e o. ae., ?? ? ??? ?
??. E? ? ?a ???ue ????, ?o ??? ?e ??? ?? e ????ny ? ????ey a ??a ??y?e
(Brunner y A?????a; Bernhoft, 24 ?.). Ni???? ? ? e o ?n: “A? ???ue ? ??e
o ?? ?iee, ? ?e ? ?i ?i ???i ? ??, a ??oeth ?? ?? ?y?…” (45 O ?.). I?
a???e ??ue ???th?y ????e ???e. I? ?????ytho, ?i ?? ?e ?o ???a, o.a.
??atho ?ue ????ey a ??a.
N?ae ???? e I???? ??? a??? ?ae ??? “???” (54).
Ii ???o i ???? ??????a ????a ??????e ?????th?y ?? ??ey, ?i a ????e
??????? ??e ?????a ????, o.a. ?? ??oe ????? ???????, ? ????y ???a
?e????ue ???ith e ? ?y, ? ?????ue ??????a a ?????? ???a ??a. Y?-?????e
??y?e ??e. Ec 3-e ??? ?????e ???? I??u ?? ???e ????? ???????a ??th??a.
A 3-e ??? O???? ??? ???: “A? ??? ??? ?ae ? ?? (? ?y??? ??, ?a ?????ny
?ae) e? ??, ? ??? ?o ? ???, ? ???e ?o ???o c ???”, o.a. ?? ??? ??????e
?ae, ? ?o ? i?? ??? ?????, ?????e ??e ?a?o c ??? ???e, “?a ? ? ??o ? ?i
ci??ey, ? ???? ?o ??e”, o.a. ?? ? ??o ? i? ???, ? ? ??? ?????ue ?????. A
??a ? ??? ????y: “A? ? e ??? ??? ?e ??o ?i ??e, a ???o ???e, ? ?o ? ???,
?a e ??”. A?e ? ?????ue ??? yo? ??? n ???, ? ??? ??o ???ue a ??? ???
a?????i ???ey ??????a. A ??? ??? ????y, ?i ?? ??? ?????i? ?ae, ? ? ??i
?????, ??iy?? ??? ????ue ???o; ? ??oe ???y? ?, ?i a ??? ? ???a?: ?oy
???e e ??? ??????i, ii ?? ???e ???????otho, ?i ?a ?i ??e ??o, ? “?o ?
???”, o.a. ??iy?? ??? ? ???. E?e, ???? iy?a a ??? ??? ?atho ???? ???
??a, ??a ??iy?? ? ??oe?o ? ????y e ? ??o ????, ?i ??oe ?i ??e ??o; a?e ?
? ??? ?????ue y? ???????, ? ? ??o y? ???ue. N??e i ??a ??a ????tho
?????ue ??n???ey ??????a. O?y o ??iy??i e ???a ????ay ?uue, ? ii ??o ?y?
n ?ay ????a, ??? ????. I?? ?a ???ue ?? 113 ??? O???? ???. Y? ??? ???atho
????a ???i a ?i ???, ??a ??? ??iy??i ?? ??????i ? ??? ???, ? e ????o
eth?e. A ??? ae???y??i ??? ????y, ????a ???. I??a ??iy??i ???o ??oe, ???
?? ? ???o ?i ??i ?e ????a eth?, ? ??iy?? ? ??i?o ?ay ????; ???atho e ??
A??io, a ??a ????y ???i, e ?? ??tho ? ????e ????? y?? ????y.
I????a ??y?e
A ??y?a ???????? ????yo a ????? ??y ?????? ????y. A I????i ?????a ???ny
??ay ??o? ?????y ????a: ??y????? e n??????. N?oy????e ???n ???? ??????
??, a ??????-??a. N?e ???y?ny e ??????th ??????, ?oy ? ??, e ???? ?y y??
???o??th?? ?????. N?? ??tho ?????a ??, ? ? ??th????; ? ???y?ny e ? ???
????i. O ?? ??? ????, ?i o ??a. Ii e n? ? ????? ???? ? ??????i y???a;
????a ? ???a ??a ????yth?y e ? ??.
????a ?? e ??a ??i ?a ????? a ?iy??? XVI a. A N???? 1550 a. ???: “E
???o ?i a ??? ??i ????i, ?i ?i ???…; a ??? a ???, ?i ? ??? ???e, e? ??
???e ? ??” (52). A???a ? ?? ????????y ???eth ? ????e ??e. I?? ? ???ny ?
??, y???n?i ??a. Ae??a ?a?e N???? ???atho ? ????, ???a ?? a ???y??e ??:
“A a ?? ??o ??oe ? ?? ?: ?i a ?i ???ny a???, ? ? ?i ?y?; a a ???e (a ?i
? ??o ????y) ?ae e ?a?a e ???? ????a” (25). I??a (????a ???a?e) e ????
????a- ?? ???? ??. A? y?? y? ?c??a ????o a O???e. I? ??????a? ???, ?i
????? ???? n ??/?i, a ?????e ??o ????, ?i ?i ????? ???, a ??? ??????: “E
?i ? ???e any?? ?n? ????, ?a ?i n ???? ???e,… a ??o ???e ??i, e ? a ?i
?? ?ae…” (XXI, 54). N? e ?? ?a ??? ??y?a. I?? e ? O???th ?????e ???e
??a: “E ?o ??? ??e ??oue ??i, a ? ???o ?? ?oy ??? ? ???” (88). N? ?
???y? ??e.
N?oy????e ???n (?ae)
N? ???o a ?????? ?y??? ??? e ??uy?y?? ?e ??????a. N?o ????????y ????,
?e ??ay ??ey ????. “N??ue ?ae” ??? ???a?ue ???a ??iy???? ?? e ?i??ue ? a
??? ???. N? e ???? ?? ????? ? ????? ?? e ?o ? ??y. Y? ???? ?? e a???y
??i ?a a ????? ?iy??? I??u. A ??? ???a 1508 ?? ???: “E Ae??? A????a?
(??y ???? ?ycy) ?ae ?? ??? a. e. A??eth E????. E ???e ?y?, ???? ?ae, ??e
Ae??eth ?? ????”. Ae??? Ae????? ???? ?ae, a ?e. ?y? ???. O???a ???o, ??u
? ?? ?? ?????? ?????u ?a ??iy???? ?? e ????u ?a ???o???a; ??a ????y ?? ?
???ath?y ???a ????ey e ??, ?i ?? auy??i ? ??. Ae?i ??? ??? ? ? ???????
????yi, ???? ??a ??, a ? ????e ??, ?i ?? ? ?? ???? (X, 21, 22). E? ??i
n??e ??? ????e ????, ?? ???i; y? ??? “?? ????”; ??i ????ny ??? ???ue,
????. A??? ?? ??i e a ????? ??? (113). E? ??i ?? ????, ???? ??y? ??i
???y??ny ??i? ?????: ?? ii ?i ???o, a ?? ????o, ????a ????i ????ny o
????ey e ???ny ??o (244).
N? ?? ??y????y ??a ????: ? ?? ???u ???? ???ath?y, ?y?ytho ?a, ?i ? ???,
e ????tho ?? ?y??ey, ?e ?oyo e ??o. Ec ?iy??? XVII a. ??i, ??? ?, ?i
??e, ?y ?y??ey ??iy???a, ??tho ?????oth?a ???y??y e ? ?ay. O?, ?? ????y
???ue ? ??a ??e, ??e ???tho i ?i ????? ???u ????. Y? ???iyo??? ??o?y ??
???? ??? ???? a ??ao i ?????oyo. I?? ? ??th ????th?y a I??a ??o ???,
???e ???e: ????e, ????e e ??., ???a ?aiy?y a ????????o ????eyo e ? ????
???i ethaeyi. N?, a y?o ??ayo, ????o ?i ? ???.
N?, ?e ??i ???a ??, ???a? ??? ? ???a ???????? e i?? ?? ? ?y?e ??? ?
???ey ????i ????? ??? (X, 121), ? ????? ??? ???u ??? ?? ????, ????y ?
??.
N? ????ny ???th ?e ????? “????? . A ????? ?iy? ???y, ?? ?? ??oe, eb ??
??, ??y ?? ?? e ?a ?? o???e. I????y ?iy? ????? ?e ???, ?i ??a ??, ?e ?ye
???o ? ?e ???ue, ?a ???a?y ????, ???e ??? a??? ????a. I??? ??? ?e ?????y
a ??i ????? ????a, ??uy?? ?o ??? ??a e ?uy?? ?? y?e a ?ae. I? ??o ?? ???
???, ???a ??? ?????? ????a ?e ?????a. I??ae?a ???? ?uy?y?ny ?i, /th ?e
???y? ?? ?y?i??e ? ??eyi. Y? ????? ??e ?a???, ???a ????? ??? ??????, ??a
?e ???? ?e ????? ?????ue ???????. Ao. ??a ????? ??y y? ??? ???ath?y ?ae
e???: ?????, ?????, ???a, ?????.
Iay???? ????a ???o a ?i, ?i, ???? ????a, ?e ??? ?? “???? ? ?? ??”, o.a.
?y?? y?o?y ? ??e-? ?? a ?ae. I???e ??? ?e ?????ue ??? a ?i, /? y??y a
?ae. I??a ?????: “???e e ??”. I??? ??? ? ?y ???i ????ey ?? e ?o ?: ?? ?a
????ny a ?i, ?i ???? ???o a ?ae, ??? a ?i, ?i ???? ? ??? ???o, ? ??o
????ny ? ?y ?e, ?? ?ae ia ???ny. I???th ??? ??? ?? ?????ue ?? ?????; a
??? ????a ????a ?e ???e ??o, ???u ?? e ??ee. Ca ??? ????a ??e ?? ???
????i ?oe.
A?e ???? ? ???e ????ey, ???a ??? ?e ???oue ?? ia ????a e ???? ?i ??? ?
a ??i ?? e ???ue ?i ????i a ?iyo ? ?o ??, ?? ? ???ny ?????. A?e ???? ?
y?y?y ? ???, ????y ? ???, ? a XVI a. ? ??iy?y ? ??oth ?y?o, a a XVII a.
y? ??? ?ei ?y??i, ?i ??iy? ??? ? ???e ?y?a. A XVIII a. ????? ? y?o ??e
??y?e e ????e ?????y e ???o. A ??? ?y?e, ??o ????? ????y ???a, ? ???e ?e
??iy?y ?c ??.
?y?i n y?i ?e e ??? ??yae? ?c?a. Ii ????? ?? ???oth ???o. C???y ???a
????? ??? ??o ??a ??uy??ey ??; a ???? ???a ??????? ???i ??oyi ??i?ue ??
? ????a e ?y? ??? (E???, 138 e ?.).
ss???ue a ?ae, ??oe e ???? ??? ?? ??? “????a ????a”, a ???i ?uy?y? i
??e y?a e ????? ??ue ? ??.
N?????? ?? ????a. I??a ??i ??y ??e ??o, ???e ??? ?e ????, a ?i ???o ?i
?e. A???a ??a, ??y ????y e ????o e ???e ?o: “???e”. I?th? e ?????? ??a
??i ????, ?????a ????? ?iy???. A???a ?a ???u, ?aeuey ??a ????y e ??o e
????e, ?i ? ????? ?? ?e. E?? ??ai ?e ?????ue ?a ?? ??????aa; ??i ??y
????y e ??o?? e ????e, ??ny ? ? ? ? ? ???????, ? ?o ? ?????, ? ? ? ??ey
???u e ?., ?e o ?? ?? ??? A?e ????a ????e ??????? ? ????? ???, ??y ??e
?? ?y ? ??uyaea?y. N? ???e, ??i ???i, ????i ????e, ?????o ??? ??????e
??a???e ???e. I?????? ? ?? ????ue a ??? ???, a ???i ????th?y ??y e ??,
??? ? ??. I?? ?? ?? ????o e ???eth.
A???a ?? ???ey? ??? ??? ????. A ?i ???atho ???i ???a e ??? ??e. Y? ???a
?o?o ??e ????? ??ue ??????? ?e???. Ec ??? ??? XVI a. ??i, ?i ?ae i ??a
??? ???i ????? ? ??a, ? ???e ca?a. N??? a ??? ????e ??yi, i ?i ?a ??yo,
e ???? a ?????e ?ath?o eth?e ?? ????. I?? ??o ??, ?i ??i ??yi, ?????i ?
I??u ?e ???? ????, ? ??? ?????y?? ??i ???ue. I???? ??i ??in??y??, ?e ?
??i, ??i ????????i ?y???i ??. ?ae ? ia ??a ??e ? ?y?, a ?i ????e ???e.
Ii e ? ??e, ???a ??e ??i ???ue ??, ? ?? ?????? ??ayo ??e ????ny e ???
???i ??e. A??? e ?ai? ???? ??e ??? ???????a ? ?????e ??, ? ? O???y ?
??i, ?i e ?e, ??aey ?ae, ?e ???? ???th?y ??? e ??? ???? (X, 130). I???
??e ??? e ???ue (23), ? e ?e ????? ? ??y??ey? a ????oth ???.
Y? ????a e ???o ??a ??? ?????? ???a. N?uey ?????o ?? ?ae ?e ? ???, ???y
???? ?i ??? ??; ?? ? a ???a ???ny ??iy?? ??i ??, a ? ??a?i ????? ? ??i
??a, ? ????? ?ae ?n?? ????eth. A ??? ??? ??? ????? ?i ??y ?e ??, ?
???????, ? ???-?????y a ??oth ????th ???? ???. I? ???a, ?????i, ?????tho
e ???u, ?y y?? ? ?????y ??? ??; n i? ???y ??a ???? ??? e ????iyth?y e
???o (X, 130). A???a ???, ??y ????? ???u: ??a ? ?i ?e ?ae? A?e ?e ???
“???ue ??? ???” e ??? “?ae ?e, ? ? ??a”, ??y ????? ???o ?e ????? ???
??e. A XVII a., ?e ? ?a ????, ???? ??? ?? ???? ? ??? ???, a ? ? ??o
i??y????o, ???a ??e ? ?y?? ???u ? ??y ???a. A XVI ? ?? ??a??, ?i ? ???a
?????ue ??a ?e?????a. e ???ue a ????a ???y (A. TH. N 14). N?uey, ????
??? ???, ????o ?????, ?e ???ue ??, ?? ????, ?? ????ue. ????, ?????? ?
????e y?? ???ey, ??n?ny ??? ??? a ??? ??? e ?uy?y?ny ????; ?????o ??
??ny “i??y ???a”. I???, ???y, a???, ? ????e ???a, ??, ? ???y ?? e ???o
??a (X, 130).
I??a ??????a ?? ?? ???i?i ????ey ??e.
N???ay ???a ??????a a I?e??? ?????a ?????? ?????ua ????y. A? ??????? n
???ueth ????i y???a, ??? ?? A??, ??aeyo ? ?????ey. I?y??e ?????i
??i?????a ? ?atho ???e. I???e, ??? ?a ???????a a XVI ??, ? ???athony a
XVII. I????a ????e??a ???tho ?????? ????.
Ae???????e ? ??, ??a, ???iey, ??: e) ??, o.a. ????. Ii N???? XVI a.
????i ??th?y ?y?a ??, e? ????y, ????, ???, ???, e ?., ?e e ?????y, ??u ?
?y????a? e ?.
A N???? ???: “a ??th?y ? ?? a ???i ?? ?e a ?th (11), a ??th?y ? ?? a
???, ?e a ?????a, ?e a ???, ?e ??a…” (13).
A?e ???a a ??????a ??? ?? ????, ?i ?a “??o ??? e ? ?? ??ny ??o”, ? ??y
????y e ??? e ????e: “??? ? ?a ??o i ? ?? ??ny ??o ??” A?e ?a ?????ue,
y? ????? “?n???y ? ?ey”. Ii y? ???e ????th?a e a XVI a. ?????i ????????
n???i ?? ????o, ???, ?i?????? ? ???u ?????a, ???a ? ???? ????i ???? ??e
??? ???y ?e. A? a ??? XV a. ????? O?? a ???? e ?????i c???? ?y???? ???
????a ?i, ?i ???o ? ????; ? ??cy ???? ??o ????; ??? ? ??e?a ?????ny
????ue ????? ????eth; ?i ??o, ?o ????y ? ??? ? 18 ?o. A?e ?y???, ????y ?
y? ?????y, ???? ?. ?? ???, ?e ????o ???i, ? ?????ny ???th ??. I?y?i, /?
???? ?? ?????a ??? ?? ????? ???o ?oe ? ????a. Y????????a ?????a ? ??i
???ny ?c ?ey?y e ? ??????i. I???y ? ?, ?i N???e ????o ???? a ???o ????,
? ????, ?e ??i ??oue ? ????, ? ?? ??? ?????? ????ea. A?e ?a ???u ???ue ?
????, ?????i, ???e ?? ? ????e ??? ??????a. N??a ????? ??a ?oath?a ????
??? a ?i ???, ?? ?? ? ??? ?????? ? ?aae??; a ??i ??? ????th?yny ???a
?????a. *? ???? ???ye ???a ???? ?? A?? e a ??? ???? ??????e, y? ??i ?
??, ?i N???e ????o ?? e ??, ??u ??iy? ??u ???. Ii ?????ao ??ny ??o n
???,a ? ??o n ? ???; ? ??o ? n ?e?i ? ??ny, ??a ?? ??ay, ??a ? ?i y??
???? (14). N??i, ??i, o???, ??i, ???? e ???? N???e ???y?, ??? ?ay, ?iy?
???a. I?o? y?? ???a ??ay ???a ?aea ??i ????ue ??? ???a. A y?i ?? ????,
???i, ? ?a ?a ??ue a ???? eth?e ?????e ??a?a ?? A?ey. I?????i N????i
???a ??, ??th??y ?oe ????i ??ey, i????i ?? ??? ? ??i, a ???e ?????n??e.
Nay???? e e??i ???y?? ????? ?? ??? a ?????a e ??? n ????. I???, ??? 1556
?? ?? ??? ?????, ?? ???u ??aey?y ? ?ey, ? ????? ?? ??, a ???? ????a. Y?i
??? ???? ?oy e ia ?e ???i,-oy???y ??o ?a ???y ? ????, ? ? ???? ? ?e ???i
??y?th.
2) E???a ????a. N??? ???ath?y e ????o ????th ? ?????th ??. I???ay ??ay
???a ???o: “?? i??o” (??????? ??ue ?a??a ????a) 42, 55. O? ? ????ny
N???e 1497: “A ? ??o o ?? ?????, ?i ?o ??? ??” (47) e O???a: “A n ????
?e?e ?? ??, ?? a ?? ?? ??o ? ??” (X, 236).
N? ????o e ??y? ? ???a?? ??? ??????a (“????e ?o”. I?. ?ae. ?. 116).
I???ay ??ay ???a ????a ???????y ? ??y?, ?i a? ????? ?iy??e. A ?????i ??a
?a ?? ???ey, ?e ??o ???yo e ??e ???a ?? ????? ??y? (13, 17, 20, 28, 29,
34, 36, 41, 42, 46, 51, 55, 91, 92-th e 102, 104, 107, 115 11a, 117). I?
??o ??y? ????a(??????th) e ??a (??????oth). I?????, ?ae ????? ???a ? ?e
??: “??o ?i ????, ?e ? ?? ??o, ?e o ??? ?e?? ??? e??”, o.a. ?? ????? ??o
????? (1o, 107 e ?.). A?e ???a ?? ? ???o ???? ???, ? ?? ????? e ? ?y?o
???y ??? ?? ????i, ?a ?????o ??. A I??a, ??e ??y? ? ?????th ??, ??
??????ia ??y? ? ?????th ???u. A ??a 1629 ?? /??i: “???a ??u ?? ? ?????
???a ?? ?o e ???, a ? ?? ???? ?? ? ?? ??o” (O?i e E?????, N XLIII). Y?
??uey ???a e a O???a (XIV, 8). Oe?. N???e, a ? ?i e O???a ?atho ?a ??y??
??eth. A N???? ?a ??ny ? ?????th ?? a ??o ?????i ???? n ??c??i (27); a
O???e, ? ????eth ???u, ??a a ??o n ????? (XIV, 4). I??? I???? ??? ???u,
????? ? ???e ??, ???? ??ue ??? ???i. I? ????e ?? ?? ???ue ?ae ??o (Oo. e
E?. XL). I????a ?iy??e ???atho ????o eth?e ???? ??o ca ??? ??o. A?? ???
?????? ???e ? ????e ???u (XIV, 8, ?. 7 ? y?a).
Ii I???? ??? ???a ?y?a ?? ??e ?? ??? ???? ?????, ?? ??u i ??a e ??
(10a). A I??a ?? ??????yo ? ???? ??y?e (E???, 167).
3) I??? e ????e. I????a ????e ????eytho ??a ???? y?o ?? ?????, ?i ????
????a ?? ??o ?? ?y??i ??? ?e ??? I???? ??? ???u.
Iu ?? ?a ????, ?i I???ay ??ay ???a ????? ???? ?ae n ?????e. Ii, ????y
????? ??? ?????, ???a ???y? ????? ???. Y?o ?? ???? ??o a ???a ??????
???a (20-24, 2J, 117). I??? ????i??th?y ????e, ??? eth?, ??a ???, ? ???
????i: 4-5. E ???o ???thony ??a, ??a ?o ????? (27). I??o ? ????, ?, ??a
??a, ? i?????o ?, ?i ????? ???a. Y?, ??????i, ????ue ??? ??u. Ii a?? a
?, ?i ???o ???a, a ??io e ???o ? ? ???. Y? ??? ???? ????a: ??? ??o ? ?ay
?? ???u. Y? ia????e i??? ???? ??????a. I?th? ??a i????ey. I??o ? ?y?i
y?y?ny ? n?. Ii ???? ???? ???u ??? a ?i ???, ?? ??? ? ?????. He y?yy? ?
?ae, ? ?y?y? y?i, ?i ? ???o ????i ???ue ?ith ii???o ???a, e ???a ?????o
?? (22). To ? e a ?i ???, ?? ??? “? ????o a ?? ?????ny ? ?? ?e ?????o”
(22). A?e ??? y??y ? ?ae e ??? ????? ??? ???u, ? y???? ? ?ay ?? ???u e
?e ? no???ny ia ? ??i. N???i n y?i, ??? ?ae? ?? ??? ???? ?i ? ?? (20,
27, 117). Ii ??? ??y? ??a, ??a ?i ?i?? ?????o (I??. ?ae. ?. 35). I??o
??? ?i ??ny ? ??, ? ? ??o ???? ?ay ???? ?? e a o? ???, ?? ? ????y ???a,
??? ?ay, ???????? (21). Y? ????ea ?? ???????i ???? ? ???a ???a: ??? ???a
???? ????o ?? a ?i ?????ue. Y? ???? ??o? ?uy?ytho e ????y I?????e ?ae?e
???u: 1) “A ????? ? ?????ue” (22), ?????? ??, a ??o ?????a. Y? ???, ?i o
??? ????, ????, ? ??????ny ?????e ???a ???u e ??iy???a ??, ??a ??? ?? o
???a. 2) “A ???o ? i?eo? ? ??”, o.a. ??? ?n?? ??e ???u ??ay ? ??o ????ue
???. O? ?e ??????? ???? ????o a ?ae A??, ? ??????a ???a ?????i ??i ??? ?
??iy? a ??????? ????e ???. A?? ? ?????ey ae?????a ???ny ?o ?-??. Y? ???
??yy ????ea ??.
A ??i ?? ????? ???a ????e a ????i, a ??o ??, e a ?????? ??a XV a.
A????a ??i e??? ? ???i ???. I? ????o ??i ???y???. *?? ? ???o ??? ? 72
(Grimm, 859 e ?.). Y? ??? ?????ue ????ey? ???y???. A?e ??????e a ?ith
??? 6 ???e, ???? ?a ??a???ue ?i ????a ?e ??? 12 (Zopfl, 937)I???ai
???y??? ???i a A???e ?????a? ?????e ? ????y. E?a?i, ?i ??a ???a ??? ??e
?????, ?i ??a ? ??i ???. Ii ?i ???a ?ey??e ? ????? a ????, a ??????
??y?e. O ?n ? ???????????? ??? a ????e ???ue ? ??; ?a????a ? ?n? ????
??? ?????ueth ???.
N???? I???? ???u ?????i ???th?y ? ????. Eo ??? ????i (4-5); ????a ? ???
???e ??; ? ?? ???cy ??ue; y? – ??? eth?, a ?????o ???-???, a ?. 56 ?e
???u ????y?. E ?i ???th?y ? ?y?o ??o: a ??? i ??a e ?? (9), a ??o ???u
(51), a ??o ?????i?o (55)1 a ??? i ????oyo (87), a ?a e ???a (27); ?e
?????ytho ???, ?e ????? ???o ?????a?e (56). I????a ?iy??e ??a ?atho
????, ? a ??? ?????y N????a ??e y?ai ????ey ?? ??y?ny, a ??? N????
?????tho ???? ???? e ???a?e.
I???? ????y N????a ????? ???atho n ????y? I???? ??? ???u. O??u ??? i
?i, ?i “i??? ???a ?o”(49 ??. N. e 17 oe.), ?i ??oe ???o, ?? ??? ? ???o a
?i ?? (71 ??.), e, ???oe, ??uey, ? ???e ???a, ??i ??ue ? ?? (48 ??. N. e
16 ?.). Y? ???, ii ?? ??y???, ???tho ????th ????oth ???? e ??? ? ??a,
??o ??, ????? ?ae ?ey?? I???? a???. Ii ?y?i n ?? ?? ??????y,?????
???th?a ???? ?????a. A ?. 6o ??. N. ???: “a ????, ? ?aeaa, ? ???????e, a
?ae??, ???e ???” (99 oe.). Y? ?????a i?????o ??? e ????yi: ?e ??? ????
??? ? ????e ??, ?i ???. Y? ?a ? ???y ??a, a ?a?ay. O? ?e y? ??a ??i, ???
i?????, ? a ia?ee??? ??????ny “????? ? y?i ? ???, ? I??a e ? ?? ???o
I???e? ??e e I?????a ??e e ? ?? ???yi ?????”… I?? ???, ?e ??u ????? ??
????? ???i ????eyi. Y? ???? ???? ? ?eae??y? ????? e ? ??? ??ueyo. Ii 50
?. ??? ?y?i y??ny ? ?ae, ??a ??? ?e,???u e ?a ??? (18 oe.). Ii 52 ???o
??e, ???, ??, ???a, ???? ????, ?????i ???y?ny ?iy? ???a. No. 17 oe. N.
???o i iii?o ????, ? ???o ??ny ???a, e i ?????e ??e a ? ????yo.
A ????? ????? ???y ????. I??o ? ??e 67 ?.?? ????ue ??a, a ??o ?i ????y
???a ??o ??ue ?i ? ????. A?? ? ???ie ????y ???? e ?????o ??o, ? ??? a
??? ????ey ?i a ?y???????e e ??? a ??? i ????? ??????e (Eichhorn I, 411,
Note d), N???? ? ???atho ??, ?e ??????? ???????, ??????i ??ny?e (oe.
16), a aith, ???a, ???. I? ??o ???yo ??i ????ue ? ?? ?? ????? ??a.
I????a y?? ???? ??y??ey ??a ??? ????ue ?????u ?y ?????i ??????a a ??i
??? ??? ????XVI a. A ??a 1556 a. ???: “A ???ny ? ?? ?ay ?e ???? ? ?y??,
?e ? ?y?, ?e ? ????? ????, ?? ??i ???, ????y ? ??: e ?a ??? ? ???e ??, a
?e ???, ??? e ???e, ?c ?ey e ?c ????y”. (Oo. e E?. N V). A ??? ????o
eth?e, ???ath?o a ???? ???? – ?????, ?? ?????th??a: ? ????a ??? ??, ?
??cy ??ue ? ??.
I??e N???e, ?oy e ????o n????e n ????e, ??o, ??? ?, ????? e a ??iy?i
??? y?? ??a. Eo ????i (2 ?e 5), ????a ? ??? ?? ?c ??????? ??y? e ?c ?ey
(46, 47). Ca ??th??? ??a ??-??? y? ??? e ? ??a ????u n n?????th?? I????
???u (56, 47), ?i e ??ue ??i ??? ??????a, ?oy ?? n ???uei? ???u: ?????
aea ????ue, ??u ????ay ???? ???a ??? ????? ? I???? ???u.
A ???e N???e y? ??? ? ???e. N????? ?i, ???,???? ????i ???????ny ??
??uey?, a ???o ?????i ?? ???i ? ???????. I??? ??? ????i ???ey I??u XVI
a. ?????? n I??? OV-?, a ?a ??a I???.
N????, ? I???? ??? ???a, ?tho ?? ????y “?e ??i ??ae A??”. A y?i ??i ???
???? ? ?y???a i???????ue ???. Ii N???? 1497 a. ?e ???yo “? ??o”.
O???a ??o ??? ?????, ?oy e ????y? ??? ??? ?????i. N???? ?tho ????y ?
????? ????o ????th. I??i I???? ??? ???u, ? ???? i???? ????? ????? ??o
??th?a ????, ????ny e O????. ??? ????? ?y y?? ia ?iee 10 ????? (X, 158,
159). I???o, ??oe ???u?e ??, ?? ?oy ?? ? ?i ????? ?????ny ??? ??.
N??e ??e ????? ??o e ????? ??i ? ?i ?a ??o e ??y? e ????o ???? ??o ??y
????y?, ? ??? ????i ??ey (Zopfl, 876). O?? ? ??y?e ??e ??th??y e o ?n ?
???o N???? (17). I?????a O???y ???????o i o?, ?i e ?o ? ??i ???? ????? n
????e. I???y ??a ??eth?? ???ea ??eth ??? ????y, ?i, ???i, ??o a ?o ?
???i ????? ??a, ???i ????? ??? ??u. I???? ?? ?e ??? ??? ? ??e ??a ?aao
??th?a ???? (X, 176). He ??e ?? ????y?: ?? ??? ?? (X, 177) ???????? ?
??? ?i ???? ????a (X, 174).
O???a ????o ?a ??th ???, ?e ??th ???. Y? ??????i ??? ?e ????? ?oe, ?
???o ni???ue ??y???y (E???, 171). O?ay ??? ???o ?? (X, 167, 168). Y?
???????, ? ?i ????, ?????y ?? ???????i ??ae ???e, ????, ??ae ???e ???
i?? ???u e ??ae ???i. A?e ??y ??? ????a, ?a?tho ???? n ???i, ? ???a
?????ue ???i?? (169). I?ay ??? ? ?? ?????? O???y. Ec th????? ??a ??i, ?i
?a ?? a ?????? a XVI ?? e, ?i??, ?a ??? (N 8, 16, 20). I?? ? ??th ???
??i ??? a 24-e ?. I???? ??? ???u. Ii ???? ??? ? ??th ??? ? ?????? ?a
????e, ?? ?a ??????ue ??? ?o, a ?e ?y?y? ????a ??, ?i ?a ???o ??i, e
????e ??? e ?ey (N 20). O? e a A???e. N O???y ??oiae ? ??e ??? e ??? e
?eth ??a ?????.
O???a ????o ??ae ????? ? ??? ?, ????, n ????e ???ith (X, 179). I??,
???i, ??? ??????y.O???a ? ?? ??i ??? a 23-e ?. I??n?e ??? ???u.
4) I?ne. O???a ???o “a ? ?ae?i ??i ????y ?? ???” (X, 156). I?? ?? ??n
???? eth?e i ???o ??iy????o ??. A?e ???? eth?e ???ny ? ??a 20, y?? ?a
????? ?y i??a (XX, 95). Ii ???ny ? ??? ???u, ??a ?a “??ny ? ???eth?e
a??y?i”, e ? ????eth ??, ?? ? ???u e ? ???ue (XVIII, 33). A y?i ???i?
??? ??i ?? ? ?????? y?i??i a ???e ??. N? ??o ??e ?????i, e ????? ? ?y???
???, ?y??ue ?i?? ??iy???? ?? ?? ??n ???? eth?e. E ??? ????e eth??
???th?y: e) a ??o i ?????oyo, ????i ??? ?y??ue ???u ???o ???? (XVII,
51); 2) a ??? i i??????e ???a (XX, 108). Ii O???th ??e ????e?y ? ?????th
?? ??? ???i. I???o, eth?e ????atho ???ue; ?e ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?e ??? e
????ue ?. I????ue i? ???, ?e ????e, ?ae ??y?th (?o???? ? ?y???o): “?y?
???, ??? ? ?yny e ?ei? ? ???y ? ???? ??”. Ca ??? ?? a??ny ?iy. I????
???? eth?e ??o ??th?a ????. A?e ?e ????e, ?? ???ny ???? n ????? ?????a
(X, 161, 1a3).
5) I????a ???????. I ??????ii ???? ??i????? ???yo I??n?y ??ay ???a e
O???a. N???? ia y?i ???a ? ?????ath?y, ?oy a XV e XVI a. e ?? ??a a I??a
???? ?a ???a ???, ??ey ???u, c???? e ?. e, ???i, ??uy?y?? ? ??. Ii I????
?ai?a ? ?? ??? ??y ??? ?? ???? ???, ??a ? ??ny ??. O??i a ??? ??a ??y??i
??? ?c ??? (30). O???a a y?i ????e ?? ?a ??a. I? ????? ????? a ?? ???o
??a e ???, ?? ? ??o ????ea? ? ? ??e, ???o ?iy?e e ?? ????e (X, 189, ?.
XIV, 10, ??oe). A?????a ??th??a ???i ?y ???? eth?e, ???a ??tho ?i-?? ?
????? ? ??y ????? ? ???. I???o ??? ??o ??? e ?c ??? (X, 190).
N?? i ??yo ??th?y ? ????e ????e e ?? ????, ???? e ????o (X, 235).
I????a ????u ??? ?? ??n???u ????e, ???e ? ? ???, ii ?? ??y???, ??????ue
? ???yae?eth ??. 6) AE??e. Y? ?ae ?? A?ey, ? ?c ????i y???a ? a??? ?i
??a. Ii O???th ??o ??i a ??o ??a ??y (XIV, 10).
E?? ?????ey e ??? ??????a, ??uy???o ????e, ?ae ?e ?y?? e ? ?????e ??e
????? ????ue ?? e ??y??eth ae?a. E ?e? ???eyi ?? ??ny?y: 1) ??e, ? ?i
???a ???i ??; 2) ??a ???; 3) ???e ? ??? ???? e ?. I?? ?a?e ??e ??i a ???
i ???ueyo e ????; e ?i ????? ?e e ?e??a ???? ???? ?y ?y??ey ?a??a ??a. N
y?th ??th ?o? e ???? ??? ?? ????ue ? ?ae ??i, a ? ?? ????? (XVI, 54, 49,
XVII, 17). N??? ? ???, ?? ???,??????ue ? ???y??th ?? ????? eth??. A? ??a
???iy???a ???ey ?? ??aa?? ???, a ??? a O???e ????i ??a ????y: “???y n ??
??y?” (XVII, 15), “? ?e e ? ??? ? ?y? ??? ? ????” (XVII, 17), “a ??
????y ??? ???y? e ??? ? ?? e ii ??o ???” (XI, 3) “e ?i ?????ua ??e ????e
????e e ????e e ????? ???e, e ?y?? ????ie, e ?????u, e ????e ?y?? eth??”
(X, 235).
A??y???? ??????, a ??iy?i ??? y?? ??a, ????? ?ae ? c?e. Ia ?????? ???a
??i ?? ????ny, ? ??a ??? ?????a?? ???????, ?i ??y ??e ??????c ????o ??e,
?ye ??e (X, 7). AE??a ? ?????? ???a ?? ???e ? ??th e ????? a ?ae n ???
(Ae???a, 295). A?e, ??????i, ????inue, ?i ??y ?ye ??e, n ?? ?????? a ???
????? ???y oe?a ?? e ???u ? ????y; ??a ??, ??? eth? ???? ??, a ???ua
?????? ???? ??e (X, 5).A?e ? i?????, ?i ??y ????ny “?c ????” (o.a. aac
???a e ???), y? ?? ?? ??, ? ???th ??y ?????y ???????e, ? ???????: “?i
???? ???” (X, 10). I???o, ?? “????? ? ??th ??ye ???? e ???i ii ? ??, a ?
? ???i, e ?? ?????a ? ??ia ?i ????a ??? ????? ???i” (X, 9). O?? ???i,
?????yi O???y ?? ????? ??a ??ue i ?i, ?i ??i ??o ?? ??i ????i e ?i a y?i
?o ???? ?????ey.
N??y 10-y O-e ??u ???o i “n?a n ???”, e ????o ?? ????ny a ?i ???, ??a
??y ????ny ?c ????, a ?y?,???a ??? ?ee, ????? y??, ?????ue ??, ??e, ?i
??? ?i ??cy. I?i ???, ?i y? ?? ?????a ??i ???? ?????? e ????a ?? e ??io
??.
I???? ???? ???? y?y?ny e????a ????a. A?e ??oe ? ???e ??, ? ???? ????y
?. ??o ??? e ?? y???????ue. Ii ?? ??iy?y ????, ? ?y ?? ????a ?yc???ue
???? ?? ?? ?e, ?? ?e a? ???, ????? ??th ??. E?? ???ey, ?i ?????a ???e
?i? ???? ???i ? ??i ?, ????a? ??e e ????o eth?e. A ??? aea ???? ???,
????o ?????y?? “?????y” n ???. A?e ? ??????ye ??a, ????? e ???o, ??u
????ue ?i ?????y n ???. Y?o ???n ?????y ? ?eth ?????i ??iye a ?i, ?i ?i
???? ?? i???oth ??, ? ????i ???e ? ?e??y ????y, ???? ?o ?? e ?? ? ??i
???e. I??aeo? y? ????i ?????? ? ?o ??, ?? ??e ??? a ??, ??????ue ??ae ?
? ????. ?????tho, ?i ???a eth?, ???a ? ??? ???ue ??a, ??? ?y?o, e ? ??
??ue ??i, ??o ?i ?e ??? eth?e, ???a ? ??e ?ci???e ??? ???e?, ????? ????o
???o. O???a ????y? ??, ??a ???? ??cy ?? i????ue ???a: ? ??? 100 ?a.
?????a???y ???o ? ??a ?ny?. O??i ? ??? ???? ????? “i ????”, o.a. ? ??i?a
????y, ??i ?? ????e ??? ? ??? ?nyoe. A?e a ???a ?ny? ???? ? ???a?ny n
????i, ????a ????ny ? ????i. Ae?? e ????? ????? ???ath?y e ??th?y ???.
A?e ? ???iu ???? e ?????, o????? ????ny ? ????i eth?e ? e e??ueyi (X,
261, 262). I??a ???u ??ath?y ?y ??????? ????y, ? ????? ?e ??o ?y? e
???th.
A?e ???e ????ny ???iy???i ??a ???a, ?a ????y ????o “???th aei ???e”,
o.a. ? ?o ??, ?? ?th ??o ??????. O???a ???ey?, ??e ?? ?? ?? ???ue o
????a, ??u ???? ??. I??? ???e a ?ae 5 ?. e ???a – ?a ??y n ????. A????a
??? ???th ?y ?i???? ???? ai??? ????e ?ae ????? ??iy?y ? ?a ? a?iy, ?? ?
? ????? ???th ??o. A???i, o ???? ? ???e, ?? ??i ??????ue. O???a, a ?????
?? ????, ?????? ??ue n ????a ??? a ?i, ?i ? ? ??o e ? ???? ????. Y?
???a?o, ?e ??? ?i ??i ????y ???? ????. Ii ?? ?????ue, ?i ???? ??o ????i
???th, ??a ???? ? ???????y ?e ?????? ???? e ?????ny ? ???ith ??ueth, a
?e ????ue ???. A??a ???th ????e ? ?a ????,a ??? ??? ??: ?y?a oy?? eth?,
a ? ???uo: ???, ???e e o. ?ae. A??a ???? eth? ? ????? ???th, n ?o ?? ??
???ue ??? ??a ???? ?ny? ?c ?y?e ???. Ii ?aa? ???o ???? eth?e ?????i
????y ? ???a n ??? e oy??. I? ??e ????ue ? ?ay ??o eth?e e ???yi e ???
??i ???o ? ?????? (E???, 192 e ?.).
N?????e ???n (??)
N??i, ?e ? a??e, ???th?y ?a ? ????a ???ey, ???a ?ae ???? .? ?????? ???
??? aeey ?y??ey ??iy???a ??. A I????i ?????a, ?y?i n ??i, ?y ????o ?e
????o ??e ???n, ???e ???y ? ????e, a ??y? ex officio, eao ??i ???ue ???
? ??????.
N?e, ?e ??ay ??a ????, ?u???? ????ny ? ??. N?e ?? ?a????e ???n. Ii ??o
e ?? ??? ????ny ex officio. I??? ??? ?y?? ??th??, ??u ? ?? ?????a; ???
????i ??????ny ?i ?????a ??e??. I? ?? ??? ??? ? e ???? ??, o.a. ??.
Ae???y ??a ? ??nyo ? ????ey ?????; ?e ???ae ?????. N?e ? ??o ?? ????i
??i. O???a ????o ???ny n ??????.
E?? ??? ??e ??? ??y?e? N ??ith ????th ??? ???? ? y?o ???. A ??? N????
?? ??uey, ? ???e ??i, ?i ??y?e ??a a? ?a ????. N???e ???o “i ??ie n
???i”. Y? ??a ????, ???a a??o a ???a ??????. Ia y?i ????e ??i ????, ?i
?? ? ??? OV-? ??. Ii. ???i, ? ??ue ???? ??? N????i, a ?e ??i ??????i ?
??y ?i ?????y.
N??i ??th?y ? ?a ????a ae?a. I?????? a ?e?? ??a ?ee ???? ??? ????a ??,
a ???-????a: y? ???o ? ???, ???a ????? ??? ????eyi. Ii y? ???u ??? N????
1497 a. I? ?tho, ???, ??ae ???, ?i e a XV ?? ?? ??aiy?y ??? e ????i ?e?,
?oy, ??o ??, e ? ???e ????ey?, a ?????. N ???? ???e ???ue ?e, ????? ??o,
???y?ny. Y? ????? ?? a ?y? n ?????i ????a ??? ?????. A O???e ??ae?
??ueth, ???y, ?-????, ??? a c????? ? ????? ????? ??iy???? ??? i ?i, ??
???e? ??: e ??o ?e e ??. E??i: ?? ?????? ??? ?y?o i ?i, ?i o ?? ????ue
???a, a ??i ???e o ??-?? ?? ????? ??, ? ?? ???????ue ???, a ?? ?y?e ?
??, ?? ???? ??i (XXI, 51). A?e ??????, ?i ?y?a ? ??????? ????? ???e, a
??????? ?????i ? ??? e ???yi, y? ????a ???o ????? ??e. E? ??a ????ey i
?i, ?i ?o?y?yny o ?? ?? – ???ay, ????? ? ???y? e ? ????? ?cy?o, ?? ??i
?????ue a ????i ???? ?a??? e ?? a ???e a ??a E? ???? ??e, ? e ???? ??o.
Y? ???? ?????, ?i a XVII a. ?????a ?i??? ?????? e ????? ???i ?a ??????
???: ???i? ?? ??th?y, ?????i, ???, ?????a ??i.
N????e ??a, ??a ?????, ??: ??e e ??a.
I?? ?? ??? ???o ???e ?e ??? i ?i, ?i o ?o ? i??a ?e a ??a ???i ????ny,
??i ethaeyi ??? ??, ????th ??y? ? ?o ????, ?e a ????e i ?i, ?i ?e ?atho
? ????i ??, ??????i a ???? A XVI ?? e ?c?? ??e ?????ny ????e, ???? e?,
???oe, ?ai?e ????ey?. I????? ? ??????ny ??? ??e ??e eth?? ?e ?ath ??th,
??? ? i??????y ?y? ?y y?? n ?? ? ????. O???a ?????? ?????ue ?u? ???e
eth?? ?????. O?ay ??a eth?e, ?????i, ? ?a? ?? ?????a e ?? a ???? ?????.
I???a eth? ??? ?? ????y, ?e ???e. I?????? ? ?o ? ?????ue, ??u ?e ???? ?
????e ??, ?i ?? ???; ???? ??, ?? ?e ?? ????, ?i ??e-? – ???e ee?e ???e,
?e, ????, ?i ? ???e ???e.
A XVI ?? ?????ue ????y ???? eth?e n “???i” e “?c ???”. I??a? ?i-?? n
???i ??? ???ue, ?i ??e-? ???e ???e ??a-? e ??ai-? ????, ?????a ??n a
?e?-? ??i e o. ae. Ii e ?e ???i? n ???i ??a ? ?????ue, ??u ???? ???e
???e ??? i ?i, ?i ? ???iye ??? ????e; ????, ?? ?e ???i a ?i, ?i ???o.
I???ue “?c ???”, ??? ??? ??a?, ?i ??e-oi ???e- ???e ????e e ? ??? ???, ?
e “?i?ae ?? ????”. E ????a n ???i ??cy ???ue ??????i ?????, ?i ??a ??i
???ue ??i ????a ?c ???. E???o ?????a ? ??e,-? ?? ,? ???? ????e. Ii i??a
??? ????ny ??i ???????? ??i, ?i e ????? a “??”. A ???i ??y?a, a ????
???? ???atho ??? ? ??uey ???????? ???u, a ??y ???. N y???i ????i ??
?????y e ? C??a. A A??e, eae e o ?n, ?????? e i???eth ?a ??? ???e. Ii ?i
y? y??? ????? ? ??i, ? ?? ??? ??i ?????y ??? ????, ????o ???i ???? ??
???? ????ey, e, ???? ???? ???a, ???????ny ? ??o ??????? ??. Y?- ????
??y??. A??i ???a ?ao ??? ???, a A??e ??e ????? e ??i, a ???? ???????, 12
??a? ??y??. I?e ???? eth? e ???n?a ??y?? ?y??? ? ??o ??? ae??????, ????
e i???, ??a a ???a ??a ????. Ii ????ay ??? y?o ?? ????? ??ue ????. A
A??e 12 ??y?? ?a ??a e ??a ???tho ???ey: ? ??????oth?o i ?? ?e ???y?y
???ey? ??? ??iy??i. O ?n, ????, ???? ???? eth?e ?i ??iy?i ??yy?. I??????
? ????a ?? e ????eth ?e ????th, ? ??? ? ???? XVII a. ?i ???y? ??e ?y?a
????. Y? ??o ? ????e ???e ?uy?y?ny ??e ??? ??? ???. A ?i ??e?? ?an?a ??a
eth?e, a yoi, ?????i, ??? ?? ??e e ????eth ???a ???????e ???i a ?????e.”
Ae???a ? ??? ????y ??e, ?y??, ?????? ?????ny ????e eth?? e ????? e ??
????a ??????a. I?y?e? XVI e XVII a. ??ue ???? ??ny?y ? ???? ethaeyi. A
??? ? ??i ???? e ?i ????y. A O???e ?i ?a ??ue ???i. A ?o ??ayo, ??a ????
eth? ?????ue e ???? ??iy?y ? ????th ??o??? ?, O???a ?????y? ?????o ??i a
?ith ???ue, ??iy? ???? eth?e ???e ???? a ?i, ?i ?e ???e, ?????? “???e ?i
? ?y?? ??e”. Ca ??a ??? ?? O???a ?????? n ???? ????? ??, a “?????a e
???yi ??? eth?e ?ny?? ???? ?? ???i”. ss?? ???? ? ?, ?i ??e, ?e ???iy???e
??? ???????, a XVII a. ????. I?? ??i ??a ???y O?ae?ey, a XVII ? a.,
?????y n ??? ???????? ?????y?, ???a ????? ?iaiytho e ??th ???? ???i?
???? eth?e.
A ??????? e O???th ??ueyo i ????, ????o e ?????? ??o, ???? a 1669 a., ?
???o ????y: “N???? eth??, ???a ?? ?i ? ??tho ???? ?e ??o e ??? ???”. Yo?
??????? ???? eth? ?????th?y e ????yi. N??y ????y ? A???a ???, ? A???a
??? ?atho ??? ?????. Y? ??? y?i ???ey? ?????a ????????: ?i ? ?e?o ??? a
???? ethaeyo ???i-??? ?ia????i ???? ??a, y? o-a ? ????e.
I?y?e ???. I??? ????? a XV. a. ???u, ??i ??? ????, a ?i?a ???, ?????a ?
I??u. I???ey ???? eth?e ????th?y. O???a ???o ?? ???? ? ?o, ?i ????. I??
? ????ny. I??y?? ? ?a ???ue: ???-? ???? ? ?????a. I?? ????y, ?i ????
eth? ??e? a ??o ????yo. A y?i ??? e?? ???n ??? ?????a, ?oy ???a??? e ?
????i ?o ??? ???i ???ey n ?????? ?????. A?e ???e ???y?y ??????, ? y?
????a ??i ??a ? ????, ?e e ??????; ? ??a ?? ?i ? ????e, ? ????a ??????
(???i?e ??e) ??? ? ??i ??? ???ey, ?e ??????. A?????a ????a ?? e ????
??e, a ????a ? ?????o ??? e oth???o ??th/?eth. O?? ???i, ?y ????ey ????a
?????a ????ue ??ue ? ??????, ?e e ??????, ?y ????y ? ?i ?? ???.
?????? i??a ??i ?? ?e ?????a ???? ?e ????a. A?e ???? ?????, ? ?????
??ny ?ae ???, a ?i ????i ?????ue. Ae????a ?????y ???????? ??? a ?i, ?i
??????? ????e ??a. ????? ?????i?i ??? ??iye a ?i, ?i ?????i ???? ????
ethaeyi ? ???. Y? ???? ???a???i ???? ethaeyi ? ??? ?? ?a? ??????? ??, ?i
?e ??? ?ie ????y ? ?e ????a ????e, a ?e ???e. O?ay ??? ? ??ee ??????, ?e
??i ???????? ???i ?? ??yae ? ???? eth?e, ?e ? ?????.
I?? ??iy? a ????? ???? ????? ???e n ??th ????ue ?i ???ue ????a i ?????o
? ???i??yo e i ??o ?????. A?ue ???, ?i ??a ?? ??????; n ??i ??y?i ?????y
???. I?? y?y?ny ????? ?????i ????????. Ae???o ??o ?? ???? ??a, ? ?i, a
???????e ???, ?a ???y?? ??? e ??i. N????i ????? ?e?y ?? ???, e ?? ??
??cy ?? ??? a ?i ???, ?? ??c?ey, ???a ? ?? ??, ????? ?i?a ?i ????a, ??a
oy?? ??????i? ??????. A ??????th y?? ????? ??e ???y?ny; ? ?a ???? ??? ??
??? ???a, ? ? ????yi a ?????eyo ??? ??????? ????? ???? e ?e. E ??a
?????, ??a ?? ?a ??e, ? ??u??? ??????? ?y ????y. A????ny n ??ith e a
A???e. I?????? e ?i ??a ???y?nue ??? e ??i, ???a ? ??e ??a ???o?y e ??i
A??i, ??????? ????o eth?e. Ii n XIV a. ???tho ??? e ????o. Y? ?uy?y?ny
???e ?? a ??? ???????: ????, ???e e ?i???a ??y?, e ????? ??iyoue ? ??i
???. Iiy??? ??e o ?n ?? ????i ?? ? ????e, ?e e a A???e, a ??? e ???
????ue ??????a. I???? e ??? ???a ??????a e ???? ?y? a?o ? ?ith ??, a ???
????y ii ??i ???, ???e e o ?n e ??a. E ??a ???th?y ?e ??n????? ?? ?y ??,
??u ????ue ? ?????i ?????. I?? ?? ???o? ????i ???? e ??? ? ???i e ??,
???e a ???o ??? ?????. Ii ??????o E????a, ??i ec ??o ????????? ??a ??e
?e ??oth?e: ???? ??e ?y??? ?? a ????i ????e, ??y??? e ?i ???o, ???th
????e ?? ??, ?????e a ???a, e y?th ???ith oy?? ?? ??o, ??? ?e, ? ??
??y?y ??, a??????ue ? ?a?. A y?i ????e ????i ?? ????, ??y??? e, ???oe,
?????e ???i? ??i. *???, ?? ???????e, ?a ???e ??th ???oth ??o e ? ????y a
????? ?????ey, ??a ?e ???e ???e ? au??e e ??? ???i ?????i ????y e ?a????
? ?ay ?, ?? ???a ? ae??. I?? ??????o ??? ??iy?a ??? e ??o a ?y? n ???ith
??a?e ????e. O ?n ????? ??a ? ?? ?c, a ?????i ?e ??. A?e ? ???e ??a
???ny a ?i ??iytho, ??? ?a ?c, ? ???o ? a ?? ??iyo e ????o. A?e ????
????? ??-?? a ????e, i?????i ???e n ?i n ?? ? i?; ?????, ??o ? ?i, e ??a
i??e, ? ??? ? ???a. I?? ?a?e, ? ???o ???y?y ???, ???e, ??i ???i, ?e
????y ?n? ? ?y?a ???? ??????. Bce ?????a ?????? e ??o. O???a ????o ???
??? ???o ?o, ?i ??? a ?ae ?????a, ??u ?? ????? ???eoue. I????? e ??o ?
???o ????? ?????? “? y??”. I?? a ????? ??y ?????? e?a ?? ??a ?c ??th??e,
n ????i, ???, ????i. I???, ? ???-?? ?? ????th?y e ??o ???e e ?i eth? (?
??? ?aee ???ue, ??., ?i a ??? ????e ???a ? ??? eth? ????, ? e ?i ???e; ?
? ??a ?a ???ue ??iy??). A y?i ??? ???? ???? n ?i eth??, ? ??? ????? ??a
eth?e .????; ?? ?e ?????ue, ??a ??a?aeny e ?i ???e.
O???ay ????????? ???o ??o?e a ????o ??ayo ??iy??, e ??a ??a ???????
???. Y? ? 1) ?ee ?? ????i ? ???? ????th ??-?? ?. ???, e ??? ??iy??i, ??a
??a, ???e ?a y?e (A. Y., N 281); 2) ?? ????a ?? ????? ????e ??? ? eth?e,
?? ???? e ?c y?? (O?ae., XXI, 68); 3) ?? ????? ??o ????ue ?. ??e “?
????o eth?e” (XX, 40).
I????ey ??a ?y ???o ??o eth?e ?? ????, ???y, ?-1-o, ???, ?i ?????y ??o,
?? ?? e? ?????e ???e; ?-2-o, ? ????o? ??? e ??e; a 3-o, ? ???e,-a XVII
a. ??ey, ?i a XVI.
I ???? ???? ?? ?? ?????ue a I??o, ???ue ??i ?? ??ei i ??i (A. A. Y., I,
N 257).
A XVI ?? ??iy??, ?? ? ?e ????i n ???i (???), ?????y ??o?e ??e, ?oy ? ?
??a e ? n???y *(113) I???? n ??e ??o???o ?????i ?? ? ??th ???oth ??ue.
A?e ???? eth? ??iy? ?c “???”, ???? ?????y oth???o ??th??th “? ???”;
????a ?? e ??? c??????i ? ??? ???? eth?e. Ho ? ?? ??, ?e ?????? ae??? e
???? ethaeyi, ?????y ????? ???a ?????i ??iyth?y. O???a ??o ??? ?? ?????a
???????? ?u?, oth??? ??th??a, e ??? ?c ???? “? ???”. Ii ??????i ??ueyi
1669 a. o ????, ????o e ?????? ??o, ???? ???????? ??? ?a ??a ???.
I?????e ???e, ?? ? n ??e ? ???ny, ?? ? ??th/?ny a oth??, a ?????ny ?
???, ? ? ? ??? ???? eth?e, ?e ?e ????? ? ?? ??? ??iy??i ia ??? ?i, ???a
?i ?????, a ? ??? ??, ? ?i ? ??? ??. “A ??o ? ?o ??e ? ??o e ?????y ?
??, a oa eth?, ? ?i ?e ??, ? ?o ?n?iy?y, ???ue a N??ue n ??? e ae??e”
(24).
I????a
A???? e ???a ??i a ????o n ???e X ??
E??ey ????a n A??? – y?o ae????o ?iy??? ??o ??????o ???ee – ????ey? ???
?y???. *?? ????a, ? ?????, ????a y?? ????ey e ???? e ????? ??o-?a ??ue
?????i e ???. I? ?????i ??iy?e ??o ?????, ???ey, ???ae??a ?????, ?? ?
??o ?? ??a?? ??????. Ii ????a ????ey e ????th?i ??eyi ??i ????? e ?
????e ???i ????a.
I
I?a ????y ???? ????a, ?oy e ? a ????? ???a, ????? ???o ????o ????a.
I??e ??????y I??. Ii ?e ??th?i ? a 907 ??, ??a ???? ??? e Oe????, ?????
??????e e???e. N?? ??o y?? ???? ? ??e ? ?n. Iu ??i ??? ???ac ????a ?
??iy????o, ?e ???o ????i ?i ??th??a, e i ??i ?ae???e ????.
A??e ???? ??th?i ??a I??i a 911 ??. E???? ???? ?i ?ae 912 ??i. I??????
??o y?? ??y ????? ?? n 908 ? 911 ??? ?y?o ????, ? ??th??? ?????, ?ae
?o?? ?????y ?????i i ?y??? ???e ??? ? ???. C??, ?ae 912 ??i, ????oe ?y?
???? ? ?????e I??i ??? a A??th ?y ??th/?ey ??, a ??ae ??i ???? e ??e ??o
????, ? ?uy?yy ??? ?a??? . ??? ????? e ?????th ??i? ????, ??ae ? ???,
????? e???i ?? ? ??? ?i ????. I???, ???oea ??th??a ??? ??, ??th?y, ??i
???i, ?y??e.
O??e ???? ?e ??th?i E??i a 945 ??. A 941 a. y?o ?y? ????ye i?? a A??th,
?????y ?y ?? ????. A 944-i ? ????? ?? ????a ? ??? ?e ????? ??y?a e
????a. I??? E??y ?? ????u, ? nth ???o Ae?ay, ????? ???e, ???a ???e ? ???
??a e ????? ?y? ??i ??? ??, ??e ??e ???e I??, e ?? ???e. ?????? y??
?????y ?? ?????? ????aai ???ey, a ??i e ???u?? E??y a E?a n ????i ??? e
?????. A ??oth?i 945 ?? ????a ????? ???? a E?a ??? n ??th ??????y ???i
?? (????e ?? ???i). I???? n ???e i ??, E?? ???? ???a?? ??? a A??th, ???a
e ??th?? ??? ???o, ????? ????? ?ae 945 ??i.
*???? ???? ??th?i a 971 ?? ?y?i Nay????, ??a ???? ?????y ???e ?i ??ue
???th ??th a I?ay??? Ae????. O?? y?? ????, ??? ???? ?i ??, ??a ???i a
????.
Ie ?? ? y?o ???o ????a ????? ?????? ????i. I? ??u?tho ??ae ?? 941 ?? e
??o ? Nayo???i a Ae???? A???e 971 ??; a ??a ???? i ????i ???e ?e
i??aeyo?, ??? ?????y, n ???? Nay??? ????y e ????? ?????, ? ??e ????,
???e ?e ??th?i ??ae ? y?? ??????, ???y ? ?????. I ??? I?? ?e ??a ??? ?
?atho. C?i A?? ???atho i ????, i ei??i ??? ?o ?o???. O ?o ?? ???? i ????
Nay???a n ?????i I????, ??th???, ? ?? ??y???, ? ??? ????iey y?i ????i
?????i ???? ?ycy ? ????th ? ???ey Ae???? ??a?. N?? ??o y?? aei??? o ?o
??a ? ????ny.
I??????a ???? ??e ???? ? ???ey? ?????a ????i O??? ??i ? ???o ????e e
???eth a ?????e ???? ? ?n ????a. I????a ?????ey ????e y? ???ey. A ??iy?a
??y ??i ? ????o ??????e ????a I??, E??y e Nay???a.
Ii ? ???e I?? ?o ????oe ???? ????e ??o ??? ??? ae???a, ??th???i a 911
??. I? 907 ??i ? ?? ? ??? ??o ????, ??iy???y a y?i a?o, a ??? ????i ????
? ??; ??? ???? ??a ?????o, a ??th??a ???? ????? ??? ???e. A ???? ??i y??
??????y i ?? 907 ?? e ??? ?? ??? ?????y. Ia ???ey ???o ?e ??y ???ey
?aa?ey i ???yo 907 ??, ??. e ??iy????, i???? ?ae y?i ??i e ?????
?????y?? ?y ??th??y ???i ???? n ?i ??? ?????i, ???a ???? ????oe.
A? ??i ???? i ?? 907 ?? ????ey?ny ??ue ????i: ?o ?? ????a ????ey e
???e, ???ath?a ???????? ???a ??e. N????? ?e ??i ?? ?ae ??? ??????e
i???e. ? ???? ? ?oy e ???? ??i ??a, ??? ???c i ??? e ?? 907 ??, ? a ??a
y??? e i????????e ????y.
I??a ?????? ???? I?? e Oe???? ? ???yo, ?????? ? ??? e ????? ????,
????oe ???o: “E ???a ??e, e ?iy?ny e ??, ???? ? I??e: ? ???ye ??a, ?ai
ny ? ??, y? ? o??e”. Oea? ???, ???, ?????: ?? ? ??o ????ey?ny e ?????
???ue ??th ??, ??y ??o ??? ????eth. Ii ? y?i ???o ? ??o I?? ? i?????
???, ?e ? ????i ???ue, a ???a i ?????? ?o ???e oa???, ????y n ??th
???e?ue ??????oth ??????ue ???? ?ycy, ?????th ?o ? ???u ??? ?????? ?.
Ae???y, ????? ? ?o ? A?a. O??i ??a y?e ???e, ???? ?????i e ? ?????
??????y, ???i ??o I?? ???: “E ???? I?a ?? ?y? ? 2000 ???ue ii 12 ??? ?
????, a a ???e ? 40 ?ae, e y?ny ??e ? ?”. I????? ???, ??????i, ??y?, ??
????a e ??e ?????ue ? ???ue; a I?a ???i, ????ny ia ??? ??ae e ?????ny ?
?iy?. Ii ???c ????a y?i ? ?????ny. A?? ? ?????? ???e ???: “E ath?? ??e
?? ???e, ?? ? ??? ???a ??e; I?a ?, ?? ???? ? ??a, ?? ?? ???e ? ??? ????,
? Ea?? e A?????; ??a e ?i ? ?? E??, O???, A???a, ???a e N???, ???y: ??a
? ny ? ??. E ?? ??e: ?? ???, ?? ?. E ???? I?a ?? ?? ? 20000 ???ue ? 12
??? ? ?th/” e o. ae. I???i, ?i y? ??? ???c i ?i ? ???e, ? ? ????e ???
?????. C?? ? ??e ???aatho, a I?a ???o ??, ??e ? ??? ???ath?y; i ???
??????e I?? ? ????y ? ??a. A y?o-? ??e? ? ??? ???? e ?eth?? ?y?e i ??y?a
???? ???o a Ei??????a, ?????oth?a ??ueyi ???? 945 ??.
E?e, ??? i ???? ??e a E??????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???? i ?? 907 ??, e
????? i????u ???. Ii e a y?e ??? ????e ??i i ??y?a ????, ?????oth?a ???
???? 945 ??, ??o ???? ? ??????y ????, ?????? ??????i e ??y?? ??? ????e,
a ?? ???????o ?????a, ???????? ??th??th ????. Y? ??i e ? ??????e e y?io
??o ??u: “E ??a ??y e ?y??? ?a: ?a ??? ?? ?n ??e” e o. ae. N ??i ????i
??? y? ?atho ???? ??? ?????y ? ???u ???. *? ?a ??y? I??i, y?? ? ???i.
I?i ???, ?i y? ??i ??? a ???? ? ? ???-?? ????, a ? ???ey ?o ?????a, ???a
?e?ue ?? ??th??? ????.
I??? ??? ???? ? ??a o??ey, ?e ???o ?e ??th?i y?o ??. I?? ? ????ue ?i a
907 ??, ??a ???a ???a ?iy? ?a o ??o E??????ey, ??e ??e ???i ??e n
?????ey?, ????? n ??th ????? ???o ???? I????? ??o ???????o ??? ????eth,
???e ?a ???e ????th ????eth, ????ey?ny ?? ??y??. O??i ???, ?i ??e ??ee
?? i ??y?a ???a ?ne a A??th, ? ????a ? o ?. I?u, i ??a a ??ae ??a ??e a
??a JOG ???e, ? ??a, e ?e ?i ??? ????, ?c ??? e n ???i ??i,-a ? ??a ??y
??a ????i (? ????th ????a ? 50000) ??ya?, ??yi, /th?, ???? e ?. ?iy? ?ae
??i ???i e ?????ue, ? ?????th, ?y??? ???yi e ???o. A?, /?i ??e ????ny
??e, y?-????? ?a??y ??? I?? n ? ?????. N y?th ??th ?e ??? ?? ????ue ??
??i, ???e I?a o ?o i????e, a ? ????? ?????a, ???a ??e ??? ????ue ???? ?
??e. N????i ?e ????e ??e a ????, ?oy e ??a ???i ?y E??????ey ??? a 944
??. E?? ??a ????y ?a ? nth ???o Ae?ay. A??e ????e ????ue ?i ? ????u;
?????? ?? ?e ????? ?i ????? ????. *?? ? ?????ue ?????y E??y a ??ue, ??e
? ???? n ?i ? a ??a ????? ?????. O??i a ??oth?i ?? ????e ?e ??ia a E?a
????e ?? ???i”.
Ae??i, ?i ??? ?e ?e ??? ?? ????ue e a 907 ??, e ?i ?e?i ??ay ???ey ????
i ???yo y?? ?? ??????o ????????, ? ??, ?ae ???e E??????ey ?e ??th?i
????e ??. N ??th ???? ????eth, ??e ? ?????ue ? ???. A 911 ??, ??a, ??o
??, ? ??? a??a, ?e e a 945 ?? ????? ??u a Oe???ae, ???a e ??th?? ????
aei ?n ? y?? ?? ????.
Ae??? 907 ?? ??i ?a ???e ? ?ay ???? ??o ????a. E??c? ???o ?i ? ?? ???a,
?e ? ???i a ????? ????, ???iy??i?; y?? ? ??ey ???ny N????? e E. I.
A???a-?th?i. Ii ?a Y?? ????y ?, ?i ???iy????e. Ii ???? ?i ??? i???????
????e?, ? ??? ???? ???a (a 911) ?e ??th?i ????? ??? ???? (Ae????a ???a
??i, 135) y?? ? ??ey ???ny e O?? (4, 23). I??a i ???????i ???a? ???? 907
?? a ?i ???, ?i ? ?? o????? ??? ??a ???, ? ????e ???o ???a ??????e ??
??th?i ??????e ??, ??ue ?????? ?y ??o ?????o ?y??e, ??? ?? ?? I??, e ??
??????o ???yi, a ???o ????? ??e. A 907 ?? ?a? ??? ? ???????e ??, ?????y
?a a ??i-e?i ???? ?e ?????e, a ??????e; ? ??? ?? a ??? ??? ??a, o.a.
????a I?? e ?i ???, ?o??, ?ya ???e ??i, ?y??? ???? ????th ????eth
??a-?ai ?e???a ????ey i ??y?a ???? e i?., ?oy ? ??? ??????i, a y? ??y ??
? ??e ??iy?ny. I? ? ??iy?? e a 944 ??, ?oy ??a ?y ??? ????ey ?? ??a ???i
??a ??????, ?i a 907 ??.
Ii ?? y?i ?????yi ???, ?i ???????a ???, ????? ?o???i ?ae 907 ??i, ??a ?
??e ???ue a ??? ?? ????, ???e ?e c?eth?i a y?i ??, ?? ??? ??e-?ai ????
?e ??th?i. N?y ? ????eth, ???a ?????? y?i no?ueyi, ?a ??? a ???? ?? ? ?
????, a ? ??o-? ???????o ?????a.
I???? ??????e ????o ?? ????a ?a ? ???y? ???a i o?, a ??i ?? ??e ?e ?
?n: ?????ue ? ?e ????? a ?i ??, ?e ?? ????, ?e ?ath??y o ?n ???? ????a
????e ????a ????y?
I?????i ???? 911 ?? ?? ??a?? ???, ?i ? ??i ?? n ??e?? a ????e ???e
?????e e ?? ????. Ia y? ??ue ???o ?e ,??e ??o ?a??a, ?e e ? ?u?e ?
?????th?e ????, ???a ???ath?y a ???? 945 ??.
I? ??th??e y?? ????? ???? a ??o ???, ?e ??i ? ?o ?a ????, ?e ??? ????
(??? ??), ???e ?a ??? ????. A ???? ?o??e i ???? ????o ??? e E??th, ??a
???i, ?i ?e ???? ?????ue ??? ??. Ia y?o ?a?e ?? ??th?y ??? e a ??i ?e?a
???? 945 ??. Eo ?e. I??y ???: “A ???e ?y? ???e e ?ey? ?i ? ???tho a A??
e ?e?? ??i ????i ???e, ??i ?oy?, ? ?u e n ???e, y?? ? ?????i ??; ??? ?e
??? ??e, a ??? ????: ?? ? ??? ?? ?y? ?? ???? ???u ? ???o ???” e o. ae.
E?e ?a ??? ????? ??????i ???ei ??i ???? ???e a A??th n ???e e n ??y?. A
??iy?i ???? ???i ?n???? ? ???i a ??a ???e ??ia e ???: ??? ?e ????e n
?/?y?, ??? ??? ????ue n ??th ?a??, a ???o ??? ?? ????? ?n? i?????o ????.
A??y ?u?a: “E ??aey?e ?? ?nth? ??atho ? ?n, ?a ???, ??? ? ??, e ?a ???
??yi, y?? ?????i ?? ??a”. O??y ??? ????y a ??uee, ?????yth?e ?? ??i
????ue ??? ??a?? ?ey??. A?e ???? ?a ia ??o ????, a y?i ??? A?? ?y?? ????
?? ?i “y? ? ????i ?? ??a, 2 ???? ? ?ey?i”.
Ia ??a ? y? ???a ??????, ???e ??, ????y ???? 945 a0Aea? A ???? 911 ??
?o ???, ???u?th?o ?????a ???; ? a ???? ???? i ???? 907 ?? ???ath?y ?a
?n?, ? ???o ?? ??????o ?e ??? ???? 945 ??, a ???e ????y i ??y?a ???a
???? a E??????? e ? ???? ?i *(114)
??? ? ??i ?y? ??????o ??? ??? . e ???ny ?e: “I??? ? ??a ??, ? ?eth? o
??y ??? ???, e y??, e ?a, e ???, e ??i ???”.
Ia y?i ???i? ????a ? ??o ??????? ??tho, ?i ??? ae? ??? ???tho ??? ????
907 ?? *(115)
Iu ???e ?a ????a, ? ???i ???i ??ue ??????, ??u ???, ?????th?a ??a ???o
a E???o???a, ??????i ?? ?????? a 907 a?o ?e ?o ??iy????o, ???a ????o ?o
????oe, N?????a y?o ??? n ????? ???? ???? 945 ?? e ???i, ? ????ao, ??u
?a e??i ?????? e ???? 907 ??, ?e e? E??a ????, ??ay? ? “??? ??” e ???a
??????, ? ????? yo?i ???? ?? ??i. I????, ?? ee ??y?a ???, ?i ?????e ????
945 ?? ??ath?y ? ??ue ????, ??????e I??.
Ec ???? 911 ?? ? ??i, ?i ??e e ??a ???? a ?? e eth?? n ??th, ? ???
????; ??? ? ????? ???? ?? ???? 911 ?ae; ?e ?y? ???i a ?i ???. A ?? y??,
??? ????ue, ??u ae??? 945 ?? ???e, e ??e ??i a ??i, ????a ?????,
??iy??ny 58 ?o ?? ??ae, e ????? ?????e ???? ???? 911 ??.
A?e ??e a 944 ?? ?tho ??? e E??th n ???ith ?????ue ??? ??, ?? ? ?????
???i ?? ????y e a ??i ???? 945 ??, ?? y?o ???? ??? ??? ? ???a ??????, ?
?????i ???, ?i y?o ??? ??, y? ???a ?????? ?oue ???? 911 ??, a ? ????a
????? 907 ??, ???a, ???i, ?? ??c??i ???? ????i, ????? a ??? ??????th
??o. O? ?????i ???. Ii ??? y?? ??e ??o ???? 911 ??, a ???i ?o ???,
?????oth?o ???i ???? ?????i. Y? ????? ??i ? ??th?a ???? ?e?i a ?i ???,
?? ? ??e ???, ?i ???? 911 ?? ??e ? ?n ???i, ? ???? ???o ????e. Ii ???
y?-? e ??? ??????. *? ???? 911 ?? ??e ? ?n n ???e?ey? ? ????a, ? y?i ??i
???a??y ? ???iee ??? ?i ???. A????a a ???? ?????ny n??th?i ?????: “N?ue,
y? ??? ? ny ??e i A?? ?? e i eth?e, ??u ???”, e ??i ?? ??a ??? (?e ??u).
A. E????e ?????o ???, ?i ??i “??a” a ??? ??? ?? ???ae ????? ???,
????y??i ??iy?i a ???yo. I?i, ??????i, ???, ?i ???? ?e ???? ? ??u ?e ???
e ??????. Ae??????, ?? y?e ????e ????ny e a ??i ye??ey? I??y, ??oth?y ?
?????i ??uey ????ny ?e: “Ii ???o o? ??o ? ???ny n ??, ??u”… Yoi,
??????i, ??ay ??uey ?e ??a. I?ay ??uey, ???????i ??oth?y ? yo? ???,
????ny ?e: “A o ???, ?a ny ?th?o ???a, ?y??y ??”, e ??a ?ao ??y ??????ay
??uey i ???? ??????a. A. E????e ?????o ???o, ?i e ??ue ??o ??ue ???
?????, ????a ?a ? ??a?a y?? ??a, ?e ??????y (121), I???e E. E. N????? ?
???o ????i ????ie?ny e y?? ??eth; ? ???, ?i ??i “??a” ? ?? ??ue ????e
???ae ????? ???, a ?????i ?e ???a ???? ???a, a ?i ? ???, a ??i ???ay
I??a ???o i ???, ?-?? a ??? “????” *(116) I???? ?? ? y? ??i? ??i ???,
???y ?i, ???ue ??e ??e ?????e ???. I ?i a ?e ?? ??, i ?????? ???? ??ei,
?e ?? ???, ?? ??y? ????? N?????i, ?e ??? i ??????eyo? N??y ???o: “?a ny
?th?o i???, ?y??y ??”. E?e, ??uey ???ey? ??y?e ??????a a ??? ?????
“???u”. *? ? ??a ???a, ???? ? y? ??i ??? ???? ?e e ?a ?i-???? A ???? 911
?? ??i “???a” ?????y ?a ?c, ? a ??ea ???ey ? ??, ???????y, a ? ???? (?.
8 ? ?ae. A?ae.-A?.). To ? ?i? ????i e a ???? 945 ??, ? ?y? ? a ?????i
??? ????, a a ??? ?a????y ??? (no. 13). O?? ???i, ??i “???a” ? y?? ????a
??o. ??a ???e ??e, ?i ?? ?????? ???: ?i ??o ??i??ue ?y?e ??????e ??a,
?oy ? ? ????e e ?c ???y ?? ????, ?e, ????, ???ea ??e. I?th? ??th??, ?i
??????? ???????, ??????a a ???????e ???, ???u ? ?y ??o ??? ???a, ? ?y
?y?o ?ae; ?e ??? ??ue ??i ?? a ?????o ???.
A ?? ??? ??? ???, ????? a ??ea ? ? ????o ?a???i ???a. A????: “A o ???”
? -??, ???, ???a ???? ???a, a ?? ???y ??i ???? ? ??u, e a ??? ??? ?????
“??oth ??o”, ?o?ay ????? ?e: “E? ny ?th?o ???a”… Ii ??i ? ei?a ????
??? ??. ?ae ?yae, ?c ?y?? ???y ? ??u; a ??th??e ? ?y? ???i, ?i ???u
?y??y “? ?????… ? ?????o ?? ?? e eth?e”. O??i ???, ??u ?e ??i ?? a
????a. A?e ? ????? ???i, ?i ??a? ???o ? ??oth?o ??, ?? ??u ???y ??u a
??? ???? e a ?i ??th??e, ?, ???i, ii ?? ?e ????i ? ??u. E ?? ? ??th??th
? ??????e ???? ? ?n ???? ???? 911 ?? ???? e ?e ?????? ????o ?i ???.
I???? ? ?o ????, 7 e 14) ? ??e ???e ?????, ?i ??iy?e eo ??e e ?????? ??
? ??o, ? ???y ? ?a ??ey ??o ?????ae.
Io ??????y ????u ???? 911 a?a ? e ??a ? ??i, ?? ?? e ?i??i, ?i a 907 ??
?a ?ee ?????u ? ???????a ???, ???a ???? a ???? ?ae y?i ??i. I?? ? ???,
?i y? ???? ??ai ???, ??y?a ??th, ???i, ? ? ??iy?th, ?? ??? ???e ? ????e
??o-?? ???o ?o e ? ?eth?? a ???? 911 ??? A?e ? ??e ??? ?? ????ny ?eth??y
? a ???? ????, ? ??i ? ??????, ?i ???a, ???a ?????ue ? ?o a 907 ??, ??a
?iy? ?????a e ?a????a o ??o E??????ey, ?ea?? a y?i ??????? a 911 ??, ??a
????? i ?? ??? ???e, ? ???????e ?????e ??e? A?e y? ??? ???e a ??? ????
907 ?aea, ?e, ???i. ??? ?? ??e e a ???? 911 ?? *(117) I???, ??? i ???a
???o ??? e ??? n ??oy? e ???e ???????e ??? ???? 945 ?? ?o e a ???? ????
?ae 907 ?ae?. E y? ????, ???, ? ??i.
O? ?e ??a ??i ? ??? i ????? ???? 907 ??, ? ?y?i ??? ?? ????, ?i ????
911 ?? a ??e ???? ? ??i. Ii, ??o ??, ?e ?a ????, ??th??? ?a ??a 911 ?? e
? ?n ? ????, ia ???e e ????y ???? E??y? A ??? ??? ??????y ?e?y, ???,
???? ???o ???.
N?? ??e ???u e a ???? 945 ??, Ii ? ??o ??, ??a ?e i? ??? n ??i. C??, a
??a ?i ?? ???a, ????y a ??????? ??o ?a a E??, ? ?? ??? ? ?e ??e-????,
???a ???? ???? ??y?th a E???e ???? ??? na. E?e: “Iu ?, ??i ?n ????ny ??,
?y ??ny ???ueth ?. E?a a ???? ???”. O???a ? ???oth ???oth ???ue ??,
???i, ???ay ???a; ? ?i?: “? ? ?y??y” e ae??: “? ????? ? ?? ???a” ??o
?????? ???, ?e ?e ??e ????? ???a n ?? ????a ?????i e a ???? 911 ??.
O??i ??e ????e ? ????? ??i ????? ????a, ??th??? Nayo???i a 971 ??,
????ey?ny ????ii ??? e ? ????? ???o ??????e ? ? ????eth, ? ? ??a. Ni????
?i ??ue ??? e ????? ??????o ?i ???yi, a ???o ????y ?????e ???e ?y?. I?
???o ??no??i a ?y????? Nay???a ? ???ue n ???e, ? ???? ? ? E???, ? ?
A????th ???o, e ???? ??? ??? ? ???. Co ??i? ??u ???? ????ey?ny ????? ???
e ?????i. A??? ????i ?ae ?i ??th??y, c?? ????? ?oea, ??o ???? ??iy?y ??,
e ???a? ??a ?i ???y; ?, ??th??e – ?y?a ???u, ??y?? ? ?ay ?y?????, e
???oe, ???ath?y ???, ???? ?n?? ???? ?? ????.
II
I???i ??? e ??? ??i??? y?o ?iy???, ?e ????? ???? ???? ??a. A y?i ???a
?? ????ue ??i, ????y?? ?????, ? ?o ???? i ???o ??o ??ayo, e??? ???? ???
a ???? e ?????y, ???i ???i, ? ????eyo e iei. A ??a, ??????i ?????e, ?y?
?? ????ue ???, ???eyth?a ????a ??????a ????y ??? e ???o, ? ??? ?e ?????i
???? ??????? ??a. E ??? ??o ????ny ??????y i ??, ? ???? ???e ???, i ???
???o, i ??y?a ????, i ??? ?e ???????yo e i ?????e ????o ??e ???u a ???
???; ? ??? – a? ??????y ? ???? ????? ??a, ?????? e ????.
Ec y?? ??? ???? ????ey ????a ?? ????-th??u e ??atho ??? ???? ??ueyi
???? ?????i?i ??a. Ia ? ????e ?e ??tho ??a ???u ??? ???? th?????i ??.
N????i ?????i, ?i ??? ???ai ??a ?atho ???i ???a ???? ?y ??????? ??? ????
th?????? ??, ?i ??????y, ??ny??y e ??o ?????. N??e ? ???? ???e ???, i
??y?a ???? ???o a E???????, i ??? a ??ayo e??????ey e ? ?ae. ??e ??
????? ??ai?? ????? ??ue, ?c ?y?? ????y e ???i ???? ??ayi; ????, ??????y
i ????yo ? ????, ??o e ? ?ae. ?? ? ??e ?? ???u ????? ????? io ????th?o
?a ???o ????e ? aeay?y y?? ??. I???ay y?, ?, ???, ??? ? ??e ???ue y?o
???? ??ue ??? e ??ue ???i. A?e Y??o ???ue ?? ???eth, ? i???? ????ey
????a, ??? ??oth ???o ??? ???? ??, ? y? ??io, ?i o ?? ?? ????a ??? ???ey
? y?i ??, n ??e ??ey ???o ? e ?uy?ye ??? ????a. A ???oth?i ????e ?
????iny ????, ?i ???? ?? ? ?? ??? ? ???eytho e ??, ?i ? ??i ?a i ??o
???o ??ayo ? ????e ??? ??a ??? ???e?a.
Ii ???, ?i ????? e ??? ????ey ????a, ? ??? ????ue ?a ?? ???????e ???.
E??i, A? ??? ?? ?????ue ???a ??????a ??i, i ???i ???yo ????, a A??e, ???
?e a A??e e a ??e? I?????, ?? ??????e ?????atho, ?i ??? ???? ????i ??a
ae??u ?? ?????ue a ??o ???o. Yo?i ??ey, ? ??th??? ??? ????o ???, ???ny e
Y?? (196, 198 e 208 ??.). Ii e ? ? ?c ?????o ????, ??u no?? ????a
??????i i?? ???y?ny a ???? ??e. A ??o ????o ?o ?y?? ??????y, a ???i ?
???ey?? ??i ? ????ey. Ii ? ???? ????e ?????th??y ??? e ? ????o ????e
????a ?? ??th??, ?i ?????e ? ???eyy ???a ??i ??? e ??, ??e a ?? ??? ???
e ??, ??aey??y a ???? ????e ?????. ??ue ??i e a ?????? ??a ???a? a
E???????, ????? ?i ???o e ?? ?ay ? ????? ??ie?. Y? ??i ??? ? ????e ???
????a i ????, ? ???i ?? ??? ?? ???ue a ??ae ?c ??? e a ??a ? ??a 50
???e; ?? ? ????ey a A??e ??????y ?i? ??? ????; ???? o ?. I?u ?? ? ??a
??a. Aeey ??a?e y?o ?????o ??? n ???e e ?? ?? ????? ??u ???? ??a. A????
??????i ??? ?? ???o??y ? ????e ?????e a Oe???ae ??. Ia ?i, ???i, ???
?y????, ?????????ue e ???, ???a??y a ???e ??a. Ii ?? ?a? e ????e a ??ue,
? ??? ??i e a ????i ??a. E? ??, ?e e ?????a ????e ???yo ??? i ???? ????o
??? a ??ue; i ?a???e ? ??? a ??e ? ??i ?e? ???? ? ?????y. Yoi e ?iy?i,
?e ?e ???ey n ???i ??? ? ?y? ???e, a ?? ????? ??. To ? ??i ??? e ? ????e
??? ??? ????a. N??e, ?y??th?y ???o ????ue ???????i ????i ??yi, ?????i
????, ? ???yo, ?i y? ??e ??aey?y a ???e ??a. I? ???yo i ???? “a ??a
??a”, ?e “? ??-?? ??a”; ???a, ???a ??? ???? ??a, ? ?cy?a ??a, a ??aey?y
?i ????: ???yuth?ny ??, ?a ? ?n, ??”. I????a ??? a ???e ca?a ?????e ??a
? ??????ny, a ??? e ????ue ???, ??u ?????e ? ??e a ?? ???, ??aey??y a
???e. Ae??, a ???? 945 ?? ???: “A? ???? ?ey?i ? ??, ??? ???ue a n??o
???ey ???, e ? ?. I?u aua ??? (??.: e ?a ??? ??y??y), ? ???ue e…” Y??
??????o ??????a i ??? ????i ?ey??: “A? ? ?i ? eth?e ???a ???, ? ? ???
???, ?e ? ?? ??ae ???? ?ey?i ?o e ?i, e ????ue ?i, ? ?iyoy? e ?y?; e ?a
?i ???y ??? ?a ??, e ? ???? ? ?? ????a ?a”. A??? ?ey??, i ???i ???yo y?
?a ???, ?????? ??? ???ey A??th, a ? ??ue. I??th ??ueth ? ????i ?e: “??
??? ?ey?i i ???o, o? ?e ?e ???yo a ??? oe???y ???, e ???ny, ?i ? ???e???
??? ? ?. I?u (??iy?? ??i ?iy?e ???o), ?i ??? ??? ???i” *(118) E?e, ???e
?ey?i ??o ? ??? ????a, ???? o ?. I?u, ????e – ??o e ???i, ???i ?y? o ?.
I?u, a ? a ??ue. Y? ??i ? ??, ?i ???a ????th?y ??y ?????e, ?? ???o ???i
?aa e a ???e ?a ?, ?i ? ?? o ??? ai???a. I???? e ??o ?. I?u, ???e ????y
? ??? Oe?y??a, ? ????a ??a, ?a ????; ? ????ue ?i ???????? ? ?? ???i ?? a
??ue, ???i, ?? ?????a. Ie ??e, ? ???a ia ??e ?????ue ??e ????a???.
*? ??uey “?a ? ?th??y ???a ??? ? ??, ??o ?ae ???th ???? ???”… ??o a
?? ???, ??aey??y a A??e, y? ???? e Y??. Ia ????e y?o ?????e ? ???, ?i
??? ???? ??a ???eytho ????y ?? e ??? a ??? ?????ee, ???ath?o ??o ?? a
A??e.
O??i ?? ??uey ???? 911 ?? ?????iy? ???? ?i ? ???u ????e ?????. Y? ???
??uey i ???? ??e. A? ? y? ???? ? ??e??, ? ?? ???a, ??oi ???, ???tho
eth?e, ? ?e ??aey??y, e ???ayo ? ????i “? ???e ??? ? ???? ??????th
????th”, ? ??, ? ??o ???? ???? ??????? ?? a y?i ???? ? ????o e e??o. Ii
a ???? 945 ?? ???? a AAO ? ?y?yo ????ny ????? ? ? ????, a “io ??? ??o e
????”. E a y?i ???, ???, ???????? ???ey ??? ???? ? ???u ????e ?????
????ue ??????. I???? ? ??? ???? e ????? ?? i???ue a ?i ???, ?i ???? ??o
???i ? ??ayi ?e ???i ?e ???, ?? ???e ???a?: ?? ?i ? ???o ???a, ? ?ae? ??
???i ???e. C?? ?????? ??y ????, ? ? ??i. I?? ?? ??? ???, ?i ??e ?aae??ue
a ??????e ??? ??? ?y ???? ? ? ???, ??a ????? ???o ? ??i ?? ??????i ?????
??oy?. E? ?? ????? ??e ? ?, ?i ???a ??o ???y? ??? ?a??a ?a ???? ???ey
????o ???e, ae?i ? ??? e i ???y?o, ???th??y ?????? a ??a Ae??a. Y? ???
??e ????y ???th ????, ??? e ?? ? ???u ???o. Ae??? ???????o ?????ue ??o
n???, ? ? ????y? ???o ????e, a ??????ny ??i ?????: “? ? ??yo (???a) ?
(???y?i) ?a ??? ?”. E y? ??ue ?iy?i. A???ay ??? ? ??o ??iy? ???yi a ??a
Ae??a, a ??? ????? e ?n???y? ? ?o ?i-?? ??? a ????a.
E?e, ??? ???? ??????ai ??a ???????ue ?y ???ey ??? a ???? ????e ????? e
??? a ?????eyo ???o ?. ???e, a ? ???o ??o ??e; ? ??? ??e? n ????, ???,
???i, ? ?? ???? ??.
????, ?????a ? ??? a???? ?????a, ??iy?i ?? a A??e. Y?o ???o ???? ??a ?
????, ??a ??e ??? i ?????. I???a ? ????th ???, ???a, ???i, ??? ??
???y?ny e ???eth ??a?? ???a.
Ia ???, ??????o a ??a??? ????, ??? ??? ???y e, ???y ?i, ?? ? ??
?????e??? ????ay ???. I?i ?? ????oue ?????a E??????ey e ?i ????n?e e a ?
? ??y ??????ue ?n??, ??? ???o ??? e ???? ?i???eth e ?????? ????o i????.
A?? ? ??e ????ue, ??u ? ?????a ???u ??????ey ?????i ??a, ???a ?? ????
???i, ????? ?? a A??th. A n ??? ?i??, ??? ?? e ?y? ????ue ? ???o, ??u ?e
i????ue ? ??o ???a e ?????ue ???eth ?a??? ???a. I?i ?? ???ue ??i ???a.
A?e ????e ???e ??? ?a a?ue ??? a A??e, ?i ?? ?? ?o??ue. I??? ?? ?? ?y?
????y ia “???e ??i”, ?e y? ???? ? ?c e ??tho, ??u ???? a??? ???, ?i a
????o ????ny ? ??i. Ii ?? ???a ??? ?? ??? ?????u e ????? ??e ???, ? ??
?? ???i ??? e ???? ???? ????? ??a. ?????? ?e?i ????y ?? ??? ?e y?o?y
????, a ???i ??? ? ?a i?? ?? ?y? e ????? ?????i ????. A?? ??e ???ue ?ay
????, ?i ???? ???? ??????a a ? ???, ?e ?e ??? ???? ??o i??iy?ny ? ? ?
?????, a ?a??o ???ey ????o ???e.
Ia ???i ??????i ??????e ???? ?a ???u, ? y?i ??? ??ue ???. E a ?? ??y
???i ?ae????? ???? ??tho ?iy?u e ???y ?????e ??? ?? ???y e ?????i ?i
?????, ???? ???y; ii ?e ??i ??????? ??????i ???i ?e ??aeyo ? ?? A??, ?e
?e?n ? e ??????ny ?y ? ???????ue e ???????. He ???, ??u ????u n ???e
????? ???e y?e ??oe ?????o ????ia. N???? ???i ???? ? ??? ?????, ?i a 945
?? ?????? ?y??ue ?, ?i a 9? ?? ???? ????? y??.
TH????? ?o ??? ?e ?? ???e ? th????? ?o ??o ???a X a?a, ????? ??????o
??e ????? e ???? ??i ?? ?e ???, ?i ??e ??e ?? n ????? ???? ????i ???
???ey. ?? ? ????ue ?????. I??? ??? ?????i ????y ??, ???y ?i, ?? ? a????
??? ????, ??? ??uey ? ????.
A ???? 911 ?? ???: “A? ?i ??o ?????a ??i ?e ????? ???, ? ???, ??a ?a
????ue o???i”. “N? ??????a, ???o Y??, ?e????i ?e ??, ?e e ???o ??o; ?
????? ??o ??? ???o a n?o ????i ????a; ? ???? ? ???e ??e” (?i). O?? ???i,
yoa ??uey y?y?ny ????e ?e n ???e?e ????, ?e e n ???? ??ay?. Ii ??? ????
n ???? ??ay? Y?? ????o ?? ? ?, ?i a n??a ? ????ny ? ????i ?a??ey ??o
????? e ????i o???? *(119) , ?e ?i e ??? ?? ? ?e ??????? ???e ???ey, ?
??e ????? ??a ???a. O??, ??ia ??ei ???ath?e e Y??o, ??? ? ????e y?e ???
?a e ??ia ??th??a e ??i ???i ??ayi: ? ?i ??eth, ???i X ?? ??i ? ?e ????,
?e ?e ? ??? ??i ??o ??i ??? a ??? ???a ???i??, a ? ?i ? ?? (Die
Blut-Rache, 131). I. O. A?????e-A??? ??a ??o a ??? ??ue, ?oy e ????o
?????ue ???? ??a ??????y ??e. C??o e ? ?i ??eth a y?e ??? ?????y ???a
??i. O??i, ???y, ????a ??? ?? ??o ??????ae *(120)
Iu ??ue ?????y. ??u a ??i????? ??? ??????i ?? ???a ??i. I?a ??i ?? ???e
????? ??ue. Ii y? ? ???, ?i ???? a??a ??? ????a. A?iy ??e ?? ??y
??????a. O??a ? ?iye, n?? ??, e ? ?? ????, ??a ?i ?uetho ?????? ??????
???i. Ii ????y e ?e y?i ?a ??ue ??o??. Y? ?????a a ?o ??ayo, ??a ??? ?
ni??? ?ay ????, ??? ?? ??ue, ?e a ?i ???, ?e e a ??? ?i ??????a e ???,
?a ???? ??a. I?o, ??i ???i, ?? ??i ?ith????; a y?i ?a ? ??? ?y??ey ?y?i
n ??ueth ???: ?? ??o ???? ??e ???ae?, ???? ??i ?????y ????????y ???i, a
???e, a ??o ????y, ???? ?i. Iu ? ??i ?e??i ????y ???, ??u a X ?? ??i o
?n ?e ?????. C?eth??a O??a ????? ??????.
A ??i ?? ????ey?ny ?i ?????? ???? ? ???? ?????o ??o. I?? ? ???ue, ?i
??uey ae????, ????? ?????th?y ??? ? ????, ?? ???a ??i? E???, ?o. Y? ??i
???a ??????a.
I??i ??a. N??y ???o: “? ???ue, ?a? ?a ????ue ????”. Iu ? ??i, ?i ?iy? a
????i ????a, ? ????, ?i ???ae ??i. E? ? y? ????ue ? ??a ????ey ????? Y?,
???i, ??i ??, ? ??? ????. I?????ue ?, ??u ???? ?????y ??i i??? ??? ? ??a
?????ey, ????? ?????. O?? ?????a ???o ? ??o-? ?? ??e, a ? ? ??e ??e.
I???? ??? ? ?? n ??? ???u. I? ? ??o-?? ????o ????, ???a ??e ? ???ue
????e n?o ? yoo ???th ??ueth? I? ?ae?ny, ?i ??, ? ? a ??? ?????th??
??ey. ???? ??? ?? ???ue a Oe???ae ?c ??ey; ??? ? ??? ??? ? ??????. E? ?
y? ??? ?c ??ey, ? ?a ???, ???e ?a ?? ????, a ?ay, ?i ?o ???? ????ue, e
????? a????y? I?? ???.
Ii ?? y?i ?????yi ??th??, ?i ??e ????e ? ???? ???oth ??ue, ??a ? ????y?
n ???? ????e ??ay?. Aea e a priori ????? ???, ??u ?e ??e ????ue ??????a
??????a-??e ? ??? E??????ey.
O??o ???e ? ????o ?? ia ??a ????ey ? ?????ey. A? ??? ??? ? ????y i ???i
???, a ??a ? ???, ?i ? ? ?e ???? o ?n a X ??. O??a ?, A??? ? ?a ????ny.
Ii ??i ???? ????i ? ?c???i. A ??oth?e ??? ???: “A? ? ???ue ????? ????,
? ?a ?? ???o, ? ??ue ?i, ??? ?a ?i ??o ? ???, ? ???ue ???e o???i, a e ??
???? ? ??? ???i ? ????ue ? ???. A? ? ?? ???? ????? ?? e ?a?a, ? ????y
oy?, ???a ??y??ny, ? ???”. N?? ????? y?i. A?e ?e?a ???ny, ???a ???i
???tho ????i ???, ? ??th??? ??, ?i ??a??? ae?a A?e o ?? ??? ?o, ?ae e
??ue ???th?y ? ???. Y?? ???, ?i e y? ??uey “??i??? ???i ???i ???????? e
?n?? ??ayi e a ??? ???” (162), ?e ??? ??e. A ? -???, ??? ????. O??a ??e
y?th ??ueath ????? ??? ???o. I???, ???? ?a??? a E???????. A?e ??? ??, ?o
???i ??a ???ny, ?i ????. A ?? ?a ????a ??? ??oyo ???ue ?o ????a ???????i
? ?? ???? ????, ?i ??? ??y?i, ? ?i e ???a ??cy ??o ??e. O??? ? ???? ???
? E?n?????y ??? ?????. A?aeyo ???a a ??ae ??? ????, a ?????? /??, n ???i
??i. I? ??? ??a ?e ???? ? ??ae ? ???. E? ? ?o ???ue? Ne???y a ???, ????
???? ??, ?? ???, ?i ????ny ??i o ??? ?. A?e e ???ny ??e ??????ue, ???
??i ??o ???? ???. A? ?? E??a????y ????a ????i ?iy?ny, ? ?a ? ??o a ??e
??? ??a ??u?ny, ?i ???? a ??e. Yo? ???e ???a ????? ?? ??? a ?? ???. O??
?e ???e ??e ????? ??? ??ueth ? ???? ?a?, ?? ??i ?a ????ny ??ith. Aea ???
??ith, ??th ??oyo ??e ??, ?i ???i ? ??i au? ????, ?i ?????o ??, ?i ??.
??????? ??? ????? ? ????a n???o ???? e ??a ? ?atho a a?o ? ??? ?e
????????? ? i???o ???a. A?? ?????e ??o ???a.
O?y ??e ??a ? ??? ???a? ??????a ???o a ???? ?i? ?????, ?i ? ?iee, y?
?y? a ???? ? ????. Iiy??-? ?? ?n????? e ??o ???, ?i ???i ?ei ??????i ??i
??e. E? ???? ???? ???a ??? I?? e E??y, ?, ???i, ia ??i; ? ??i ???, ?i
???ey ??????a a E???o???a ?????ue ?e e ??a ???? 911 ?? e, ??o ??, ?? a
??? ?c??e ??? ??a, ?e ?e ???? ? ????o ??????a. Y? ???o ??? ? ????e ?o
??o ??aii???, ???a ???i a ???? 945 ??. O? ?? ?y?a ?????a ??????a. An?
??????i ?? ?? ?????, ?, ???i, ???, ?i ???a, a ????? ???e ? 911 ? 945
?ae! ????y?? ?? n ??? ?????, ?oy, ??o ?oue, e ???a.
Ii ???, ?i ????ue y? ??ueth, ?????y ?a ? ??i ??????e ae???a 945 ??, n
??e ??e ??ey ??ue ???. I?? ??? i ??y?a ??a e ??? ???o ? Oe????, ????o n
??? ? ????e ????????i ????, ???: “I? ???a ??? ? ??? y (???o), ? ?a ?i ?
?? ?e ? ?? ???? ??i, ? ???y? ?”. ????, ??????i, ?atho a ?oea ????? ????a
????ey ??o ????? e ??th a ??o ?????eyo n ???e. Yoi ??????a ??? oy?y? ??o
??ey ???: ???a ? ????yth?y ??. Iu ? ??i ???? ?i??ey ?????? ?y????ue y??
????a ??i-?? ??i ??i ?e ?e ???, ???ath?? ??? a E???????. E?ay ? ??? ?
?ea ????a ???i ?e ??? e ?a ? ?a ? ????a, a ??? ?e o ?. I?u, ??? ??o
????e ????.
Ii e y? ?????a ????? ??? ?a ??????i ?y ?????y ???o, a ??? ?e ??e ???
??? a ???? ?a ??oth?th ??ueth. “A? ee ?th??y ???a ??? ? ??, ??o ?ae
???th ???a ???, ? ? ?a? ??? ???e y, ? ????? ???a ??? ? ????, y?? ???
???e”. N??y y? ???? a ??? ????a ?o ??o ???????, ???a a ?n????eyo ? ????
????atho ???a ??? ??e. “N? ??????a, ???o Y??, n ???i ??y? ????ey?ny ??ue
????, ?i ?????ue ????? ????o” (208). O??? ???e ??ueth ?????e.
I??? ?? ????a ????a, Y?? ??? e ??e, ?i ??uey ????y ?? e ????eth ??? ?
??i o???e a ??e A??e. Ii ?? y? ?e, ?? a ???? A??e ?a ??y??y ???o e ???
???? ????? ?a?y? e, ???i, ? ????e ????? ??a, a ? ?ai??, ???e ae????
??????i ??e, ? ?nth? ??o?, ?i ??? ???? a ?o ??ayo, ??a ?????e ?? ??e,
???????ue ??? ?y ????ey ?a ???? A??e. A?? ? ??e ???e ?????e e i?????, ?i
e ?? ? ?en????y ?? O??, ??e ? ?? ????e n Y???. Ii ??eth O??a ??uey ???o
i ????o ??????eyo, a ? i ?o, ???a ???tho ??ue (157), ????o ??????eyo ??
????ny e ????? ??, a a ????o ??i ???. O?i aea ??ey ???ny e ???? E. Ae.
A?y?. Ii ?i ???u ???tho ????a ??, a ????????ue ???i, e ??? ????i, y?
?????? ??????a, ??i ? ?????. “I??? ???” ???? ?y?a ??, ?e ?? ?????a ????a
“n???ue ??i” ???? ?y?a ?????ey ???o n ???e. Ii ????? ? ??????i ????ey
??a “???a”, ????a O??a e ?? ? ?? ?? ??y?i. A?e ??????i ???o ? ????ue a
???? ??o, ? ?e ??e ??e ????ue ?i a ???o e ???? I. O. A?????e-A??? a
????? e ???????e ??? ???o: “a y?e ??? ? ??????ny ??e ????? ?y ???; ?a
???? ??? ??a ???i ?y ?? ????o ??i?????: ?????? ???? ?aeo ?e ???, ?? ????
????”. A?e ?e, ? ??i ????: ?i ? ?o???y? ??a ???oth ??ue, ???th ??? ????o
? ????e ??? ? ???aa, ??aey??y a y?i ????? ???? ? ???, ?e ?e ??e-??? ????
?aeo ???e? ??? e ????th?y ath ? ????i ???i. A?? – ?a i??, ?e ?e ??a
???ay ?? ? a???? ?????.
N ??e ??e ??ey ??uey ? ????? ???o ??????e. ???? ???u??y ?y?a ??????i a
A??e. Bce ? n?????y n ???e ???ath?y ???e?e ??oy? ? ????e ??????e ??a?a.
Y? ??????ny ?a ??? ????i, ? ???? n ?????e ???????th ??? ? ???, ???, ??o
??, ?i ?, ?i ??????? e ??? ???e, ? ?ei ?iy? ???i ???i ? ?th???e.
Ca ??? ?i ?????e ???e ???o ????? ?? ??? ???? 911 ?? ? ????, ? n ????i
?????: “A? ??o ????? ???, ?e ??i ?????a, ? ??? ???, ????e ??n?i ? ???o
????, ? ?uetho e. A? ? ???? ????e ?? e ?a??, ?a ??? ???, ? ???ue ??? ?i
???? ????; ?a ? ?? ???? e ???? ?, ? ?? ?i, ???a ??y??y, ?a ? ??y??y, ?
??i ???”. A???? “? ?uetho e” ? ???i ??? ????th ????????i ???? “? ???”.
A?e ??e e a y?i ??? ????, a ???i ?e y?i ?????ue ??? ??????a ???o, ? ????
y?e ???u, y? ?????, ?i a ????i ????a ?a ? ????? i??? ??????e ?????? ??,
?i ??ue ????ny ??ue, a ? ??ue. E???ey ??? ???i ???? ??iyo a ??oth?i: 1)
???i ????i ??????i ??i ????ue ??? e 2) ???a i???a ?????? ????a ??. I? y?
?ia??y ??i ???? a nay? n ????i ?a ?? ?uy???i y?o ??? ? ???o ????. Iu
???e ?i ? ????? ?????y, ???th?a ?y ???o ? y?e ??? ???. A?iy?i, ?? ???e
???, ?i ??e-??? ??????i ????? ??????; ? ????a ? ? ????? ??ue ??i?a, a
????a ?????? ??????i ae?a. I? ??th??e ??? ???? ???a ???? ? y? ????. *??
?????e? ?, ???e ?ay? ???a, ?oy e ia ??ue ???y. Ia ??? ?iu ??a ? ??y??;
y?, ???i, ? ???, ?i ?i ?i ???i ???i. *? ???ny ???a ?????a, ? ??e ??e
???? ? ??? ???o: ???a ?i ??, y? ?? ??, ??a ? ??? ??? ?i e ???? “????
????ai ???a ?o?i, y? ? ??oue ???e”. I?????ue ???i ??i ???a? ??? e, ??i
???i, ??? ?i ???u ?? ?? ?a e ? ???o ?????th. Ae??? 945 ?? ????o, ?e ?
???, ?????i ?????i ????? ??????i ???o. A ?aeo y?? ?a ?? ????? ???, ??i ?
??e?, ???????? ???i, ???? ?? ? ???? Ae??? ?? ????????? ??o.
Ii ????i ?? ???? ?e ? ??i-?? ??? ???? ? ????y i?????? ???? 911 ?? ?
????, ???a ???ath?y a ????? ????, – ? ? a ??i ??? ??cy ???, ?i ??uey y??
?????i ???? ???o i ??e. A???? “? ??? ??? ????e ???? ? ???o ????i, ?
?uetho e” ??e ? ??o ?? ????i n ??ay? ??e. *?? ????ue, ??a ? ??i ????
?????? e ???ue ?i. I???ue ??o ??ue ???i?? ????, ??a ? ?????y ??? ????y
???. A?e ??uey ???o ?????y, ?, ???i, ? ?y ??e, a ?y ??.
*?? ?e??? n ??????y?, ?-ath?? ????a e ????, ???? ??? ? ???? a ???
?????e i???. Ae???u ?atho ?a ??o ??ay: 1) o???i ??, ????? ? ??a ?????ey,
e 2) ???? ????, ?????i a A?oeeth ?c ??ii???e ???u.
A ???? 9? ?? ???: “A? ???o ?i ??i ?? o ?????a, ?e ?? ????? o ??? e yo
??? a ?i ?? ??, ?? ??o ????ue, ? ?????i ?i-??, ?a ????? ny ?? ??ye, e
??i ???, ? ? ????y ??? ?i ? ? ????, ? ? ??e … A? ??? ?? ?? ???e, ? yo
??o ?i ?, o ?? ? ??o ????, e ?y?i ??o, e ??? ?a, ?a ?a ????…” He y??
????a “?a ?????ue ny ??” ??? ?uy?y?ny ????????i ?o: “?a ??? ?? ?? ???e”.
Oi-??, a i??i ??? ?? ????ey?ny, ? ??? – ???i ??y??? ??. A ???? 945 ?? i
???o, ????? a A??th ?c ??????e ???u, ???i:… “? ??? (?) e ???, ???a
????i ?ycth ???; ?a ? ?? ? ?aey? e ???y?y, ? ??? ???, ? ? ???ny ??? ? ?
?ycy ???”. E ??ue “? ?? ?e ??o” ??? ????ey?ny. “I?????ny” ???? 911 ??
??, ? a?e ??y???, ?????a ?????? “???e?ny”. I?????? ???? 945 ?? e ???i,
??a. I? ??i a ?i ????e, ?i ? ???e ????ny ??i ???ue ???o a ??? ??????y ?
????i ??oyi. I ??????e ? ???i ???? Y?? ???o, ?i ?i “???? ??a e ???io,
??? e ???e?o ??o” (180). I???, ? ???o ? ???ey?ny, ????? ??u, ? ??ae ??i.
Ii ???? ???? ??o, ?i ???? e Y??, ??, ?????? ? ??a ?????ey, ??i ?? ??ue
????? (??e. I?. ? II ?ae. ?. 3). Ii ????? ??i ?? ?????? ??ue ??? “a ??
????i ??”,?i “?? ??cy ?? ?c ?? ???? ?i”. E?e, ? ???? ??o ?????y ?????a
???? ??, ???? ?? ????o o ?n a ??ue ??: ? ?????-??? ??ai?, y? ? ??ue, a
?????a. Y? ??? ????i ???? ?? ????ny e a ????. A ??? ??? ? ????y i ???e
??e, ? ???? ?? ?????y, ?? ? ??o ????ey?ny, ?-?oue ???i, ?? “??cy ??o ?c
?? ???? ?i”. C?? ?y?, ????a??, ? ??i ?? n ????i ???, ??iyth?i ???a ??u.
Ii ??i ? a?ue ??a? Aeey ????y ? ???? ??a ?????ue a A??e ? ??i ??ayi ??a
? ??i ?? ??? ????: ?y ???o y? ???? ????ii ??????. E ??a ??????i ????y ?
???a ????i, ?e, ? ?? ??y???, ??iy?i ????ue ? ?? ???? ??i.
N??th?y ??uey ???? 911 ?? ????y e ?????th ????i: ???ay ? o?? ??i ?e
??i-?? ???i 5 ?? ???a, ?a ???o, ?i ?e ????ny ? ??? ????. “Ii ??? ????”
????y ? e ?????th ????? ??, ?e y? ?a ?? ???? ?a Y???, a e ???? ??a ???,
?e ?e ? ????i ???i ?????a ????i ??c???ue ??a. Ii ????y ?? ? ??? ? ???e
??i, ???a ???a ??i ???i a ???? ? ???i, a ??? ????a. A ???? I??a ?????ue
??u ?? ???i ??y?a ??e, ? ???? ?????a ????i, ?e e ????, ????aa?? ??ueth;
??a ? ?y??? ?e ????a ? ??c ? ??e. A O???i ??? ???? I??u ???: “A? ?i ??
???? ???i e ?., ? 12 ???; ? ??y ee ???o ?? ???? ??i, ? ?? ?o a ?i ??o”.
N?? y?e ??? ??a: ? ?a? ???i e ?. ?????ny 12 ???, ?? ????e ????y a ?ae; ?
?? ? ? ?? ???eo. ???, ?oy ? ????e ?e y?i ae?a ?/ (?-?? ????), ? ? ????
????th, ?, ???i, ? ???? 12 ???. I? ? ????i ????y aeo??, ?i a X ?? ??
??a. Ec ???? ??? ??e ?y? ??? ?, ?i ???? ? ???i. E ??uey i ??yo, ??????i,
?e e ??uey ? ??n?a, ? ??? ??? ? ???ey? e ??i ???eyi i ???o ??ayo, ? ??
?????? ? ??ia?a. ???ea a A??e ??? ?? ??e ?ay ?a?i ??a, ?i o ?ay ??: ?e
??? ???????ny ??? e ???. A?? a??a ???????i ???yo ???i ????y ???? ???e
*(121) C?eth??a ???, ? ???? ????, ??a ?a ?? ????i, ??????y ? ?y?? ?????i
????y, ?oy ? ???? ????a e ? ????a j ??, ??a ??a e ??a ? a ?? ???o ???a,
? ???i ?aei ?????? a ??? ??? ???o a ???i ?e ??? ???e a ????a ? ???ey
??a. N??e i ??a ???atho ? y? ?????? ???? ??? a ???, ???i e ?? ???i ???a
??? ?? ?????i. Ae???a ?? ? ??o ???iai ???? ?e ????, ?e e ????? ??o. Ii
?????a ? a ???a ???e (?e o???) ?? ?????i ?y? ? ???a, a ??i ????a *(122)
Y??a e A???a C??u ???eytho ??? ???th ??. Y? ?????? ???? ??, ? ???e ?? a
????, ???i ??o ??i e ae?i ????a ?????yi ???? 945 ?? ?a?? a ??th??a ???
??? i ??a: “e ? ???? ??? ? ??? ???e?o e ? ??? e ? ?e?o ????”, ?-??:
?????ay ?iy ????a ???? n ???? ??o ??i.
Y? ??th????a ??a ??i ???ee ? ?ay ???? ??o ???????. Y?? ???o ? a ???
???e ???????e (172). ????y y? ????a ???? (197O ? ???? e ?? ??th??th, ?i
???? a ??a, ??a ??u ? ???e ??, ?????y ?a ????? ????th, ???? n ???? ????e
???u. E y?? ??eth ???atho, ?oy e n ?e???e ?i ?????y?, e ia? ??a ??????e
*(123) I?iy? ??a ?uy??ea ???? ???. ???? e ????a ?e?u ??ue ???y?y a ????e
??. ???? ?atho ??? ???o, ?-?oue ?i??th ?ith a ??? ?ycy. Ii Y??a aea e
A???i ???i ???e ??iy???e, ???e ?a ???? ???th ?? ????? ??, ? ???? ????
???o ????th; ??? ?, ???e ? ?a ???? ??, ?????y ????o ????th e eca??th. Ca
??oth ??o ????a ??? ???tho ?? ?????i ??. Iu ? ??i, ?i ?e E?? ?? ?a ???e
a ??? ?ycy. Ii ?? e ?????i, ?i ??, ?a-?? ??? ????ue, ?i ?? ? ?????th??y
??? ?????ue, ??u ? ??ai?o ????? ???i, ??????e e ???eth ? ????a e ?? e
????th ??, ??a ?e ???? ??? ???u ??o ?????ny ? ?y?? ?????i ??????y ?e??
???e. I???, ?a ?o ??a ??aae, ? ???? ??e ??? ?? eo ?????? A? e a ??e-?,
???i, ?a ? ??. A?e ???ue a ?? ?y??ay ???a, ? ? ?? ?? ?????: ????????y ?
???? ??ay? ?? ?????, ?e ?e a E??????ea ??i ?? ???ue ??a ??, ??o a ??e e
a ??ua?e ? ??. Ii ?? y?i ?????yi ???, ?i ???e: “e ? ???? ??o ? ??? ?????
e ? ??? e ? ??? ????” ? ????y?ny ? ??o ?e?i-?? ???i ????y ??? ???e ?iu,
a ????ny ??? ? ??y ??ue, ?i ?o?????e ??o e ?? ????a, ?????? ???? n ????
??o ??i.
N??e ????a, ??ny??y e ???o??? ??????eyi, ?????o e ???? ??? e ????
?????i ??????e. I???y ? y?, ?a ?tho ??ae ??i ??????yi ? ??? e ??? ???
???i. Ia ????e ??? ???? 911 ?? ??th?tho, ?i ?e ????e ???a ????i, ??? e
???; a ??ueyo ???? 945 ????atho ?????? ????y ia ???. Iu ? ??i ??????ny ?
e ??io ? y?o ???a. Ho ? ?y??? ??? ? ? a ??iy?e i????ue e ?????? ????ey.
Aeey ?n ????? ??? ??e ??e ???, ?a?i ?o, ?i ?e ????yth?y ???? ?? ?
??????a ??????ey; ?e ? ??? ??? ???y ?i ??? ???e.
A??yo, ?i ???? 911 ?? ????o ???a ????i, ??? e ???. Ii i???? ? ?a y?
?y?y ????ny ?e??a: ???y ?? ???y??. E?? ? y? ????? *? ? ?????? ? ??c?: ??
??e, ???a ?e ??iy, ???? ????i ????? ???th ??. I? y?i ???e ???? ??i
?????? ?????th. I?????? ?o ???e ??a??e ????? ??? ?e ???: ???? ???? ???th
??o.
N??y ???? 945 ??, a ???e ?aeyo ?????? ????y ? ???, ???ny ?e: “A? ? ?i
????y ? ??e ?y? ?i ? eth?e ???a ???, ?a ? ????, ???? ??o ???; ?a ? ?ye
??o, ? ????ue ???”… Ia ?o ??yae, ??ue ????y ??a ia i ???a, a o ???e
??a. “Acyoue ?i ? eth?e ???a ???” ??a ia ??? ?y? ????, ?-?? ????. O??
???i, ?? ??ue ?? ????? ????a, ? ? ? ???, a ? ????i. Ii e ? ???? ??o ? ??
????i ????a a ?????eyo n ???i ??e??i, e ???? ???e?ue ????i; ? ?? ?i
????i e ? ?????. E? ? y? ????e a ???? ?????? ????y ? ??o? A?? ? ??e, ?i
?e y?e ???? n?e ? ??e. I??? ? ???e y?? ???a ??u e ??e? *????ii ?????i.
Iu ???, ?i ??uey a?? e ? ???o i ?????? ????y: “???? ??o ???” ????? a
?a???? ? “?a ? ????”. “N???ue”, ??? ?. ??? “???o”, ?-??, ???o. N?? ???
??o ??e: ?? ?i ???? o??? ?i-??, e ??????i ???o, ??? ??o ???i: ??? ????.
A ??? “???? ??o” e ??? ??cy ??? ???i ????y ? ????a, ?i ???? ??a ??i
???eytho ????y e ??a ???u ???? ??e (?y ???i ??a???y ????e ?????th??y ???
e ????ue ? ??????e), ??ue ? ?????y ?????y ????????ue “??ue ??o ???i”, e
y? a ???a, ???e ? ???ey?y ? ????? ????, ? ???? ??ay?.
Iu ?????e ?a ??? ? ????? ??o, ????? ???o ???o e ????o ??a-?? ?uy???.
N??e i ??a e ??????? ?ey?? y?u e ? ??ath?y a ????? *(124) N?ouey ???i
????, ???th?yny ???e: “A? ??? ?????y a ??ue”… ? ????? ??iy?a. *??a E.
E. N?????i: “A? ??? ? ?????y a ??ue” e ?????? ? ????? y?e ??? n
?????th?e ???y ?i ???? ??y??e.
E ?????? ??o ????y ??? ?? ??uey ???? 911 ??: “E i ??oath?o a A??o ?? o
??????i ??y. A? ?i ???, ? ?y?? ??? ?a?y, ? ??o ? ??ue, ? ?????y ??? e
??i ???? a ??ue; ?a ? ????ue ??y??a ???e, ???ue ?y??a ?i, ?? ??? ??e
????e ??? ?i, ? ????ue a ? ??ath?o ??th ??, ? ????o ?aey?o ? A??, e
???th?o”. Y? ??uey ??o a ?? ??? ?o ???o, ???a ??iy?i ?? a A??e, ??iy a
????e ne??. I????y? ?i-?? i ?n???a ??? e ???, ????????y o ?. I?u, ? ??
?????, ?e ?e y? ?? ? ???? ??, ??? ? ????ny.
I??y ???? ?????e ??? ?e ??? e ????? ?????th XII ??? i ??y?a ?????ey, ?i
?????y ?a a ??e ????? ???a i ??, ?i ??uey y? ?? ????? ???ae ???? ot??:
Si intestate moritur, cui suus heres nee escit, agnatus proximus
familiam liabeto,-????ey?ny ?????i ??y??. Aeey -?i?a ???e y?e ? ??o
?????oth?? ??a e ????? ????a “agnatus proximus” ??ae? “??i ????”; ??e, ?
?? ??y?i?e, ??? ??? ??e. O??i ?ay a ?? ????e ??o, e ??i ?iy? ?????
??uy??? ????a “? n?? ? ??ue” e ???????? y?i “??i” ???i “????”.
Ii ?e ??a ?????yi ???? ??? a ??? ??ue ??? a ???? ???i XII ???? A??i, ?
????a ?????? n ????, ?? ?? ????? ??y?e ????? ??a ???o, ????o a A??e, o
???o ??e ?? ?????? a ??e. Auy??ue ???a ??i e ???e ?i a ???? ?e ? ?y? ?
?ay ??a; ? y?, ? ?? ??y?i?e, e ? ??i ?? ???ue ? ???eth ???a. ???????ue ?
???o ? i??, ei??a ?????i a ??e A??e, ?? ????. Y? ??i ?? ???i ??? ?y ?o
?????o ????e, a ???o ????? ??ue; ?y ?i ????y ?????ny ? ??e ?yae ???.
I??? XII ??? ? ????ey? y?o ????a. Ii ??e ???n? ?i ??i ?? ???ny ???
?????oth?i ?e ???e ???ey,” ? ???e ????? ? ?th??e. A ?i ??, a ??i y? ???i
???? a ????, ?i ??ue ?i?i ?y ???. ???? ?????y?ny ???????a ??i ???? ??
???o?, ?? ?oyo. A?e ????e ???eny a ??e, ???? ????a ?????ue ?? ???o.
A???? ??? ????? ?ay, ???y, ? ?y?? ??????a a ?ea y?? ??, a, ??????i, e ?
?y?e ???????e *(125)
Y? ??uey ??? ??i ???????i, ?e ?? ??e ????? i ???i ??a e ?e ???i ??e ?e
???? a ???? ?, ?i ???. ???? ???, ????? ????, ?????? ??? ????y ??. Ii ??i
? ?? ??a?
E ???? ????y ??i ??? ?? ??uey. A ??? ???? ???-: “E? ny ?th?o ???a, ?y?i
ny ??: ? ??i y? ??? ????e y???e, ? ?ath? ??? i ??o y???; a ?o ? ???ue ?
y? ??, ? ?yi?ny ??ue ?, ?a ??ue ?y?th ??; aea ?? ????y ? ?? ??e, e ???
??ue, y?? y??ny ????? i ??”. Y? ??uey ?? ??ae Y??o ???? ??o ??ue ???oe i
?????i ? n?????e ?? ??? ???? ??a (152- 157). Iu, ????, ???, ?i ?a
????ey? ?????? ?????a ? ??y?? ??? ???? ????.
O?? ??? ? ??? y?i, e ??? ?????y ??? ??????i ????eyi. A?a ? ?uy??e ?a, ?
????e ????o ????e ????a, ?i ??? ??i “???a”, e ? ???ey y?? n?? ??? ?
??th??a, ?i ??uey ??o ??a ??????? ????, a ? ????y ??? e ????i. C?? ???o:
“a?? y? ??? ????e y???e, ? ?atho ??? i ??o y???”. E. E. N?????, ????a
(????????, ???i) ????a ??a ?ae ???a ????y, ???e ??e ??e: ??a ? ? ??
????y ?????e, ???i ??? ? ????yi *(126) I?i ? ????? ?i ??? ????i ??e ???a
? ??e ??n?ue? A???i ? ??? ????th, ??? ? ? ?? ????y ?????e? E???, ?o. N??
??i, ?e ????? ???? ?e ????o ??e ????????ue?e ????o, ?? ? ????. I????? ??
???????i y?? e ????, n ??o?? ???? ?c????ue ??iy?e ??e ?y?? ?? ????, ??i
??? ??? a ?o ??ayo, ??a ????y ???? ????tho ?????a ?e ?aey?a ??a??y y??,
? ???i ?e i??? ????, ?e, ????, a ??????i? ?????a E. Ae. A?y?a ?e ? ?i?o
?????? a. I. E?????. A? y?? ???y ?y?y ?????a ??o ????ii ?????a e ?,
????? ????y o??i ??o?e ???? ? ????e y?e, ???e ??o ???ue ?n ? ???????i
??? ?a ??a, ?i y? ???i ??? ??????. Y? ??? ?a? e ????ue.
I???y ? ?????oth ?y??? ?e?a, ? ?? ??i ???ue ??oth?e ??i??? ??ae, ?????e
e Y???. N?ouey ????o ?a ?? ??????a, ???a ?? ??o ??????ath?y; y? ??o:
“????y y??uy” e ??y? ???. I??a ?? y? “????y”. Ei ?? ??? A?e ? ?e ? ??o
?????ue ??, ?a? ???th?y e i??y?. I?ny? ??? y?y?ny, ??i ???i, ?????i e
???????i ???i ??. *? ? ??a ??????? ???i ??, y? “????y y??uy”? Ia ????e
???????ey ? ??y? ??? ???, ?i “????y y??uy” ?? ?????? ??u ???y e ????y
????o ?oe. O? ???? e Y??. A? ????a ?? ?? A?ey, ????a ??? ???? ??o, nth?
ia ????. Eo, ?-???, ??ue ??? ???? ?ae ???? (y??ey) ?iy??ey? (??c?ey?)
??, e ?-???, ? no? A?? ????? ???ae e ??y? ?i?i.
A?, ???y, ??iy?e ??e y?? ??a. E?? ? y? ??i-???a ?e ????a? Ae??? ???a
??i, ??a ?e e ????a, ??o ???a ???? ?? e ??y?, ?, a ???a ? ?????, ?i ?? a
???e ???e ????? y???? ????i. O ?n ????y?? ? ?? ??y?, ? e ?? A??. Y?
????a ???i ??? ? ???ath?y. An? a ??? e ?? ???a, ? ?y? ? ?a ???a, a ??? ?
? ??, ?i ????i e e ????i ?iy?yi. N?? ??? ????? ?????o? ??y?? ????i, ???i
? ??? i???. Y? e ?iy?i: ? ??e ? ??e ????ue ??a A??o. Ae??i, ?i ?e ?
????e e ????o ??? ??????a, ????o ? ??e, ????, ????? ? no?.
Ae??. *? ??? “a ?o ? ??? ? y? ??”? E? ??o ????ue ??i ???? “y??? ????y”?
Y?? ???, ?i y? ??uey e ????????, ??y?i, ???a ??i ?????ue a ???????? e ?
???? ?????y ? ???i? ?o?. Aeey ??e ??y ????? ???? ???? ??? ??y?a. Ii ??i
? ???, ?i a A??e ???i ?? ??????i ??i ? ????eth ??? ????ue ???????,
??????? ???? Y? ??? ?????i.
N? a A??e, ?e ? ???, i????o ??ae ????i ?????; ?a?a ??????a, ???i,
?????o ?o. An? ? ???, ?i ?e ??????, ? ????? ??y?.
E?o ? ??ny ??y?? A ??? ???i: “? ?y??y ??ue ?, ?a ?? ?y?th ??”. Io ??a
“??” o ?n ?????i ??th?tho, ?i ??y?? ??oe, e ?i y? ??y? ??????ay. Ii ?
y?? ??o ???o ?iy??? e?? e ???? ?a ???ath?y. I???e ?? ????ny ???. A????
“?a ?? ?y?th ??” ?i ????? ??iy?i. Ii ? ???i? “??” ?o ?a ??? ??th?? e
??o. N?? ? “? ?y??y ??ue ?, ???y”… ?tho ??ae ?i?ue, ?i ??y? ??o ??
????? e ?e e ??? ???a, ?-??, ??o e? ????o, ???y ? ?? ??. E ??????i, a
????o ? ??i ne?? ??????e ??y? ????a. E?i, ?y??? ???? ??o 1 ?? ???a, ??a
?o ?a ?? ????i e ?ya n ?ay ? ??a ???, a ???a ?? ??i, ??????y ? ?y??
?????i ????y, ?? ????? ??y?th ?? ?y??? i ?i, ?i o ?? ?/?i ?o ??a.
I??? ??????? ??y? ?? ?a?? 945 ?? a ?? ????i ??. A?e ???? ? ???? ?a ?
????, o?o ???a ????y ??????, ?oy ?, ???i, ?????i ????? ?cy?a e ae??o
???o (?? ???, ?i ???i ? ??ue a E??????? ???); ??u ???? ??????? ? ??????e
?c?, ?cy? ????i ?? ??? ?e ??y??ue.
N?? ?????e ??? ??o ??e: ?? ????th?y (e ????ath?y) I?????? ??a? ???y e
????y? ????o ?oe; ?? ??y ??? y? ????e??a ???????, ? ????? ??y?-
ae??????th ?e ??????th, ???y ? ??iy????i ?? *(127) Ec y?? ??? ???a ?a
??? ?i ?????a ??? ???eytho ??th??a. I??th ??i ????i ?a ??????i ??i ??y?
??iy??o, ??ith ??o.
Iu ? ??i ????ue ???, ??ny??y e ????? ??????? ??o. *? ?a ??a ?tho ??a
??i, y?, ???i ? ??i, ??i ? ?????. Iu ???i ???? ??? ? ??????y i ??? ???o.
O?????a ??? ???o, ?e ?y?i??e, ?? ??ue ????y. I? ????? ?i ?????? ?????y?
e ?i ?a, ?i ????a ?????i ??? ?? ????ue ? ??th ?y???? ????ny i ????o
????o, ????? a ?? e ???? O ?n ? ?? ? ??, ie ???i ???y ?y ????i ??????y
?? i ??? ???o. I???, ?ae ?ey?ai ??????, y? ????eth??y ??ue ???ny e ???e.
Ae???u ?a?? ??nyo ? e ?i. Ii ?e ??ny?y e ?e ? ????i. A ??? ????a ?ay
???, ????a ???i ???a, ?i ? ???. N??y “A? ??iy?e ?ith ???” e ?. ???aao ?
???o e ? ??? ?y???? ???? ???o ???, ?a ? ?e ? ? ??e, e ????? ? ? ???
*(128). A??e ???? y?e ??? ? ???y? e i??i ? ???o ? ?y???? ???; ? ???ey?
??? ??, ? ???e ??? ?? ????u ????, ????? ??th a A??th. *? ?uy??ue y?
???o? Y?? ?????o ??ue, ?i ???? 945 ?? ?? ??? ??????? e ???o, a ??? ???eo
?? ?????a ???, ???yth?y ?e ??iyth?a ??? ???? I??. N y?e ??e ??ey, ?a?e
???? 911 ??, ? ????? ????i 945 ??, ????tho ?????ue, ?oy ? e ? ?? ????u
*(129)
A??n i ???? ????e ?? ae????, a ??? ???o y? ????a ia ?y??i, ??? ????ey?
???a ??i??. N??, ??i ???ath?a ? ??? i???ey ?e, ??o ?? ????u ??? ??i,
??????? ?????i. E ??eth Y??a ??? ??????ny ???, ?i a ??o ????o . ??
??????y, a ???o ??cy ????ue ???? ???ey. A?e a ??i ??? ??e ??? ??i?? ???
???i, ? ?? ? ? ?a?? y?? e a ???? E?? ??, ???? 945 ?? ????y ??? ? ???e
??, ?y? ?????y ?i ???. A?e ??e ???????? ??? ?o, y? c??o, ?i ?????e ???
???? ? ???? ??? ????? ? ????? ?e ?e ??? ??? ??a?i ??. I?i ???, ?i
??????a, ???ath?a ? ???o ?y???? ???? ????o ???o, ? ????i n ?????, e ???
???, ?i ?? ???e ?th ?i ???????.
C???a ????a n ???e, ?e e????a ??? ??a, ???ny, ??????i, e ??, ?i ?i ?tho
?i ??a ??i, ?????a ????? ?iy?y?. I? ?????e ????a ?????ue a ?????a e ???a
???, 10 ?e ????ue a ???? ?? ? ???o, ? ???o ? ??????e ????eth ??? ??i??
?? ? ?????a ??u ??. A?? ?????i ?????? ?a ? ???a ???, ???a ?? ?????u ???i
??????a. Ae???u y?yth?y ????? ?iy??? ?????i ?ey?y ? ?? ?????? ??i. I??e
??, ???y ? A?oeeth, ?????ue ? ??i ??? ???i, ?????, ???e e ??i. I?
?????ue e ??? ????e ?ay?, ??????e ???i ??a ???ith ??ueth, ?i ?, ???th ?e
??e o ?ay ??. I??a, ??a ???, ????? a ????, ? ?????ae?ue ?y ???ey a E??,
*???? e ??? ???o a??oyo; ? ?a ? ?e ? ??e ??? o ?n ??????e. I?? e ??e,
??????a a ?????e ????a (a ? ?? ? ??, a ???? 944 ?? ? ?????i ??i 50
???e), ??e, ???i, i ??? ??? ???? ??iy???a ??ey, ???a ??? ?? ?y??ue
??iy?e aa ??e. I?iya ?a ????a ???u, y? ??u e ??e y??? ??????e ???????ey?
??o ?? ??e ???? ????. A? ???ey??ny a A??th ??e ??? ??, a ??? ??i ????,
?????y n ?????i ????a, i???y?? ? ??a e ?y???? ? ?a ??y ????ey a
E???????. N ?a?e ??y??e, ????? ? a A??e, ?e ??e ?????ny ???, ?i y? ????
??? ?y ?n, ?e ?e e?? ??? ?e ??e ???ue ?? ???ey e ? ??? ???ey, ???a ?i io
???????? ????? a ?????e ae????. I?? ??, ?????iy??ny ??e ???? ?y???o,
????o eth?e ???? ???? ????, ? in????, ??o ??, ?c ????? ?ey?y e ? ???th
???oth ????. A?y?a ???e? ???? ?? ? ?? ???a ???ny ?a ? ??y?y ?????? e ?
?????y ?i ?????? ????o ????a ??a.
_____________________________
*(1) A???-?????. O? ????? e ? ????ey, ???a ??? ????e ?ycy ? ?i ??ey.
*(2) A? ?e ????o ????oe ??? ??e ?????a ?ycy A??ey: “Ii ?y????o ????eth
e ??o eth?e ??? ???ny ?y? ???e E?i A?e??? ? ?? ??? ?ycy A??ey, ? e ? ??
?ith ? ???th ?y?ith N?ueth, ? a ?e ???a ??e ???e ae?? ?y??o: A????a
A????a, ?? A??a, ? ?ycy E?? I???? O?ey. ? Iiy?a, ???a ??a, ? U?ey N?y??,
?? O???, ? O??a N????a, ?y? ?????, ? AO??ey ss???. ???a ? ? ??, ??? ?
???a, ???y 27-?”. A??.. ??. 234. E?? ???? y? ???a ????? E????i ???. ?o.:
“Ii (A???) ??? ? ??a, io O. N????a, ?, ?i ?? ?i o?? ???? ???i ?y??? ??a
???, e ?? ??? ?ycth A??eth ??? n??? ????a A???e ????e. A?? a ?? ?e e ?ye
O. N???? e Iiy??, ??? ??, e ?? ?? ?y??y, a e?o ??i ????e e ????th ? ?i,
?i ?ycth A??eth ? ?? ??? ????, ???? ?ycy ??o ????e ? A??? e ? A????, e
?ae ?yyai Ae????, ?ae ???, ??? ???e. E ??? ? e ???a ?y? ???e ?oth ?
??ue; e ??e ????? ???e. E?i?a ? ? I??a ??, ??? ??o, ????: AO??eth ????o
?? ? ?? e ???, a Iiy?o ?? e ???… (????i ??? ???e). E a ? ??y ??o ???e
? ?? ?ith, ? N?ueth, i ?i, ?i e, ?e ????a ?? n ???, e ???a ?o ?a ee?o,
?y? ???e ??e ? ???e” (? ???e a I??a-?? ??th). Aeo?, ?ay ??ue ??? ????
?ycy, ?????ny ???ith ??th ???i ???, ?i y? ??i a ???.
*(3) I?o. C???i, ? ??. 82 ?i?i ????y ? ???? ????, ???o, ?i ?y?y e ??
??????ue ? ???? ????. Ae??????, ? ???a ??? ?e a ??a ? ??? ???? “?y?…”
??e-?. Ii y?, ? ?? ??y???, ? ???ue ?ycy, a ???a ??e ?ycy, ???i ???o,
????y ???, a ??o ?? e ?i ??i, ?? ?? ???a. E ????th, ???? ??io, a ???o
???ath?y ??a ???, ? ???yo. ??e ??e ?e ???u, ?e ?, ??e ??? ?y ???a, ?e
??.
*(4) Ii ???o ? ?? ??e . : , ? ???? ???o ?????a, ???a ? ??o 4.
*(5) I??a 60 ??. ???? ??? ??e ??e. n ???a 60 ??. ????ny ??ay. Ia y?o
??? ????o ???a ia ?? “?e” ?????y ?a ?a ??. Ia 36-e ??? ??? ?????ey ???o
??????, e ? 38-e ??? ??? ???? ? ???e A??a e A??. A ????? ????e ???e ??e
???e ??a ??a ? ?????y. – E?? ?uy?yao y? “?e” E???. “A? ???ey, ???o ?, y?
“?e” ????o ? ???? ?????? ????ey ??oth?o ? ??? ? ?o ??? ??o ??e”. Y? ??ue
?????i: ??o ??oth?? ? “c?” ??uey? ??? ???ey, ?i ????. I??a ??? ??? I??u.
??? ???o ????? “?e”, ? ???ytho, a ???ytho ??? ??? I??u.
*(6) I??oth? ???i ????ue ???? ??i ???y I??u. Ia ??. 8 a ???? ?? ???:
??a XIV ??, a ? OV-?.
*(7) O??i a N????? ??? y? ?????? ???atho ??????i ??a?. I? ???th?y ??a
49 ??? (? O???? ?. a ???e E???a) e ???tho ??th ??a ?y? ? ? 102-e, n ???e
?????y?ny ??e ??y?e n ???e ????. Ii e y? ?????y ?? i???ue e ????eth
?????a, a ? e ????? ?iyo?? ??? ????. I????e N?????i ??? ?? ?ae ??? ????
????? ?? ? ??, ?e e ?o, n ???? ??? O???e ???, ? ????e ????????? ???. *?
??????ay ????????? ??? ???? a N????ii ???, a ? a ???, y? ???o ? ??, ?i
????????? N?????i ??? ?n??y? ?i ?????ue e ??a ? ???y?ny. I???o,
????????? O???? ??? ???y?ny ? ?? ???o y?e ????e ???e n ????? ?? ?i?a
?????y?. Y? e ?? ??i ????????? N?????i ??? ???ue ????? ???????i ??y?a.
*(8) O??i ?? ??? ?ae ???? I??? ?????ny e a ?? ?e a ???yo A???????e
????. I???? ???? ?????? ???? ? Ne????? ?????o ??? ?? ?ae ??? e ???,
??????e A???????e ?i??e. A y?i ??? ??a ???? ?e ?a ??e ?yae ??? ???????
????ey e ??o ?? ???ay I??a. N??? ???ne ???? ??????ny aeey ????ey ?????i
???; ????? ? ??? ????e a ??a ?? a ?? ???i ????ey. Ii ????e y? ????? ???
a ?i ??y?a, ?e ?e ????? a ????, e n ?? ???ey?, ??a ?i ??, ???ea io ?ay
????th y?o ??? ? ????ui ?????. O?? ???? ?ycy ss???a, ?ath?e e ??? ????
“I??a ???ay”, ???ny ?ae JV” XVII, a “O?? A???? A??e???a”, ?-?? ? ? ???ay
I??a, ?ae N XVIII. E y?? ????? ?i?o ????e ???? ????? ?? ???? oe?y E?????
? ?e ???a,” ?i a ????a ?o ?????i ??? e ???i ????a. O?? ???i, ????? a
??oe ?a ????? ??o ?iy??a: ?ae N XVII ?o??y I??a ss???a, ????thuayny 64-e
???e, ?ae N XVIII ??a A???? A??????, ?eth?th?e a ?? ??? ???? I??u n 65-e
? ??a e ?? ???? ??y E?????. I???i, ?i ??a ???a ??o ???? a ????a ?????a
????? ???ey. I??y ? ???oue, ?i ???y ?????? ????e 1879 e ?888 ?? ??e ?c
?????. O??i ?n????a ????? ??a ? ??yy ??. A?e ? ????e ??? ?? ??o ???a
????e e ?????th ????ey, ?, ??o ??, ???? ?, ?i ? a ??i aea? ????e.
*(9) ” Y?o ??? ????i a e?????yo i ???? I??a I. I. I??e-Ae?????i. Ii
????y a ???e ??a, ???? ?????i a ??a XV ??, ?e ??i ? ?????y. ???ay I??a
???? ??ue ? ??uey? “I ?????a”, a ??a ?y ???? “N?? N???i ? ?????? ?? e
?y?”.”.
*(10)E?????? ??? ????i a III o. ?????e e Ae??? ?????e ???O?a. A?? ???e
?i ? ???e, ????? “????i ???i o???i ???i”. A?? ???e ????y ???e ? ?
???ey?. Y? ???y ?? ???? a ???ue A?????y a N??????a N???, I???i e I???
N?????e. Ii ?????eth O??a, ?i ??i ????y ??? ??o 1590 e 1616 ??i, ?i ????
??a ?? ???? ?o ? ?i ??a.”.
*(11) *? ?????a ? ??y?a O???? ??? ?? ????o ??ay??? ??a, a ??????? ??e,
y? ??i ? ??oth??. Aei 65 a. ??? N????? ??? ???o I?y?o O????; ? 65 a. a
?i ?? ? 6a-y, a 71-y e 72-a, ? ???e ? 73-y, a 89-y. N??e 65 a. e
?????th?a ? 58-e ???yo ? ?y?????o ? ????a, i ??a, ???a, i ???a ????a,
6a-y e 6o-y i ???iyo????, 68, 69 e 70-y i ??y?a ?ea? ???, a ??? ?????e
?????. A? ??? n 58-e ? 70-th ??ny?y, ??i ???i, e ??? ????. N????? ??? ?
??? ???? y? ?????? th????? ???e ???? 71 e 72-e ??? i ??ie, a ???e ?? ??
i ???no?yo ?????? e ??????? ??a ??? ? ????a; ? n??e 66 ? 70-th ??ey? ?
?????th?o a???e 32-o ??? (89-99, 115-125, 131-141), a ???o ?? e?o ?????
i ??? ????o, ? ?ath?o ???? ????y e ?y?????i ? ????a. I ??? ???ay I??a
???o a iy???? ??ueyo: 71-86. I???ay ??oth ??ueth (71), N????? ??? e ??ue
??? ??? ??y?e O???? ???. o? ?e ??a 71-e ??? ??????o e 89-99, ???a ??? ?
?atho ??? n ca??i; e ??? ? ?????ny ??a ?y? ??? ??????? ????ey. I????e
N?????i ???, ?e ?i ????a, ?e ?????i ??????? ???e.
*(12) No, 115 ? A?. ?.: “A? ?e?ue ?i ??, ? ??a ??i ???, y?? e ??. A?
??o ????, ? ?e ??” e o. ae. No. 119: “A? a ?y??? ???a, ? ? ?ycy ???y ?
??ue”.
*(13) N???? ??? ????i No??? a ???????i ? N???? ??y??a. Aeey y?? ???y ?
?????aeny ??y ???? ???? I??u ??? XVI ??; ?? ?yo ? A?????? ????, ??? ?
O?????. ?. I??a ???? ?ae 1019 a. ??a ???ey ??? ss???a ?ae Nay????. Ca
?th ???o ??a ss??a? i ???, a ??i ???? ??y E?n???a. A?y??? ??o ????i a
?????eyo I. I. I????????i ? ???, ????? a ???nyo E. Ae. A?y?a. Ii ???eth
y?o ????e, ????io A????i, y? ??e ???, ??????? ???? ?????i ?y ???y. Ie ?
?i, ie ?e ?i ? ????ue, ???, ???o ???e i ?i, ??? ? ???. O?? ???i, ??????a
??? ???ny ????? ?????i; ?i ? ???ny ?i ???, ?, ?ay ???? e ???th eth??,
???a ??e ???? ? ?? ???? ???u, y ?? ?????, ?i ??? ??? n ?????i ?? ??????
????a e ?c ???? ????e ?i ?e ?????.”.
*(14) ” ????y ??? 83-e ??y ? ???? ??? ??e, ??uey ? 86-y ???ny ?e: “A ?a
a ?y?o ?e ? a ?y??? ????, ? ? ?ycy ???a ? ??”.
*(15) ” Ae?y? ??? ????? ??aey?y ??ae ??uey?: 2, 13, 18, 24, 28, 30, 44)
66 e 88 (????y ? O??. ???). Y? ?????ay ???? e 52-i ????? N??. ???. A
?e??? ???o ?ae ??? ????? ??????y ??e. I??? y?? ?? A??a????? ???. A ????a
?. 6c-y ??a ?a ????e: “A ? ??a A???? A??????”, ???e, n ????? ?????.
?????y ? ?? ???o. Ii ????ee A???????? ??? y?i ? ???????ny, a ???e ?ae ?i
?a? “O?? A???? A?????”. O?? ???i, ????y ???e ????e, ?i e ??i a ?????a
????? ???ey y?? ???. I??? ??? ? ???i ????a ????ey?, ???i, e ??e c????
???a ???e ????: “N? ss??a?ue A?????ue” ?e a ??a ???????ie ??a: “O?? ????
?ycy ss???a Ai????? i ??o. N?ae i ??????”. Ii ??a ???i ?ae ???i ?????:
“I??a ???ay”, ????i n ???e ????, ???i.”.
*(16) ” Ec ??? ???e ????, ????? a ?????th, ?atho a y?e ???? ???? ????e:
10 (26), 19 (3), 26 (41), 30 (68) e 31 (71), a ???o ?. O???? ???.
*(17) A ???o ???e ??e ?? ?a ??uey (134 E???i.), ??????y: “I ????o ???
????e ???a”. I? ??n??y? ????o ????? ???ue I???ae e ??, ?????, ?????a
???ey?a, ????a, ??y?i, ? ????eth io???o ?? e ??? I????. Y? ??ueth, ???i,
??cy ???? e ????eth I??u. A ????o ?iy??? y? ??uey ?????y a ?? ????? ???
????? ?a ?y? n I???.
*(18) ” I?? i ????? ????e ???u a ?????? ??? I??u ??o ??i ?????a a ??e
?????, ? ??i ??y?i ? ?????? y?y?ny ????? ????? I. I. I??e-Ae?????. Ii
???o ???o ? ??? a ??ie ???? I??u, ? ?i ??? e ?a? ???atho, ? e ai ??? e
???e. A? ?i ???. I???y ???a I??u ??? ??i ????? a ????? ??e ???o ???a (?
???? ?e ???? e ???? ??? ? ???th E???a, 1847 a.), a ??? 17 ??ueyo, ???a ?
???? I??? ss???a. Aoi?th ???? y?e I??u ? ???o “????ey?”, ????? ???y?
ss???a. Yoe ????ey ?????u a ?e ? ???a, ? ??u ? ???ue, ????ue ??? ????ue
y? ??ue ???e I??u ? ?e ????o ????ey: ??? ? 18 ? 27 n??e, ??? ? 28 ? 30,
??? ? 31 ? 41. A ??? ? y?o ?????, ????? ???, ??? ?????u a ??y?a ??uo
17-?. Oo ? ???o ???o ? e a ?????e I??a, ???th, ?y ?????n?a y?e ??e,
????ue ?? ??? ????ue ? “????? ???????oth I??o”, ?. 1-94 e ?a e ?e
????ey: ??? ? 92 ? 101 e ??? ? 102 ? 115. E??y ? y?o ?? ??? ????? ??a ?
???a ??? 17-? ???. I???? ????a y?? ?????i ???? ????ey I??u n iy?th
????ey? ??i?o 23 ???? a ?????e ? II ???o e?????e i ???? E??a. I?? ????,
?i ??? ?? a ?? N?ae ???a n ?i ?????y?.
*(19) ” I?????i ??????y ????? ?? e ??? ???, ? ???? ??? ????eytho ???e
??? ??y??o ??i. O? ??e ?? ??y e A. A. A????, ? ??i e ? ?? ?i??ue ? ???a,
?e ? ??a ???a e ????????? ????, ?????ny a ??a 15 a. I??????? ??yae ?
??e?, ?e ? ???? ??????/??a e ???????a ???? th?i-???a ????a ??????ny e
??? E. I. Ea???i e I. I. Ae????i. I??a ?????? y?? ??y? I. E. Eth???e
???eo, ??o ???, eth???oth ???o ?e. ?. A?en??a ? 1499 a.: “O?, ???a ??? c
??o Ae??a e n ??o ??? ?aeyo ??th ? ?c, ? *??n e ??e, a ?i ?i ????, n ??
? ??i ???a ?ny?th ?eth ?tho ???”, e ???o: E??e ???e ???? ethae, ???e
?y???y o *??n e E?aaa, ???? a ????e e ???i ??eyi, a ?????i ????? ???
???, ???, ???e, n ?? ???e ?? ????i E??a e ?????. Y? ??e- ????? ???e, a
???-?????. I? ???? e ? ?? ???. C??, ? ???o ?e n???ue, ?e ??y? ??i ???; ?
?? n ?o ? ???e. AE. I. I. I?. 1895, VII.”.
*(20) O ??yi homo novus – a ?????? ??? ???e, ???e ??? ? ??? ?? ?? ????
??? ???????a ????e. O ?o ??a ?ee ?? a??e ????e ??e e ???.
*(21) O??? y?o ?? ?????yae?o ??a ????u a I o. Ae????e, ??. 440 e ?.,
463.
*(22) I ?y?o ???? ????y a I o. Ae????e, ??a ????y.
*(23) A ??? ??a TH. I???a ?????o 13 ?? ?y ?o ? ?oe.”.
*(24) I???? I???? e ?e. ?y?yi, ??. 76 e 78.
*(25) ” I???ey I???? e ?e. ?y?yi ??. 77.
*(26) ” E??i ??a ??ae?? ???i a ????? ???a ?e. ?. Aei??y E???? e ?ycy
A???? A????a n I?????i: “Na ???? ? ?a, e ???? ?y?i Ae??eth E????…
(???o ?????? ??? ??????u). E??e ?? n ??? ?? a ?????i, ?ei?? ?? ??o n ??i
???” e ??. A. A, Y., o. I N 8.
*(27) ” Ia y?i ?? ?? ? II o. Ae????e ??. 80 e ?.”.
*(28) ” N???ay ??a ?? ?????a ?????i ????a. I???a ?? ?a ???? ? ??, ?i
???? ???th ???th ? ???yi ?y?e, o.a. ? ? ?????????. I? ????? a XIV a.
?????? E????. E???, ?? ? ??????th, ????, ?e ?????, ?????ue e ????? ?y???
??. Ii ?? a ?????? ? ?e? ??i ?????? ????i y??, n ?i ???e ???? y??? a ??i
y?? ???ny. A XVI a. N???ay ??a ?? ?????? ?????? I???i, ?????? *??-I??.
*(29) “I????u, ??????a ??o E??i A?????i e I??????, ???? ???? ? II o.
Ae????e, ??. 41-49.
*(30) “Ia ?????? ??o ???o ??? n ????e ? ????ey? ??ae?e A??u ???i ?a A.
I. *???? a ?i ??a “I ????????a”, ??. 355. E ????th, ????e ??? ??????ny
??i ???i ????i ? ???? a ??? ???, ??y???i ???i ???i a ???e, ??e ? ????y?
e ?i a ????? ????e.
*(31) “Ii ????th e ???????? ???o ???y E?? A???i ?a???y? ???? ?????i
??iy?y. I???a ???ey a ????e ??a ???ath?y ??????oth?? ????i ???? ???e;
??? ? ????????a ?a ? ??? a? ?????, ?e ?e ?????i ???i ???y, ???ae??i ?y
?i iiy??ey, ???-??????i ????. A ?? y?? ? ?????y n ??oth?i ????ui y???i
?y?i n ??? ????e ??a?y?, a ??? ??a, ????tho ???a ???? ???ey ? ????i
???yi, ? ???o e ????th?y e ??y?th ??a ???, ?????th?a ???ue ?????i ???o
???? ???a.
*(32) I?????a ???a y?y?ny a ???? ?????? ??i ? ???e ?????y ????????a.
Y?? ???y ? ???? a I????i ??????. ??e?? y? ?uy?y?ny ?? ????? ??o ???a: ?e
? ????? a ????? ?????e, a ??? ?iy? a ???????? e ????th ????yo. Ia ??????
?, ?y??, o ?n ? ??i ?? e ??.
*(33) Ii e ??ue iu ??? ???ue ????: ???? ??o ???a ? ????i ???? ?? ??ue
????a?a, e ? ??e ? ??i ???ue, ??u ? ???? ??? ?????e ? ?? ??y?a a ???a
???a, ???e ? e??? ?e ??e. N?? 1642 a., ? ??? ?n??, ????ey? ??? ???
?????y; ? a ?i ??? ?i ??iy?, y? ? ????ey?ny ?i ????? y??. N?. A. I.
*???a, “I ????????a”, ??. 373 e ?. Ii ??ue ? ???? ???ey ? ?, ?i a ???
???? eth?e, ?????ii? a ????? ???, ? ??y?? ????a ???, ??n???? ???o, ???,
?? ? ??? e ???? ?? ??ey. He ???? ? ?e ? ??o ???a ???a, ? ?????? ????i
?????
*(34) I???? “?i” a I????i ?????a ?????y ??? ??yae ????o eth?e, ???e ??
??a-?? ??a e ?y????, ????? ?i ? ?o?o ??y?a. A y?i ??? e ???y? ???ey? ?i.
*(35) Y? ????a ????y “n ??i ???i” ??, ???i, ???ny ????e ??u ???? ????.
A A??e, ?e ??eyo ????? ????, ??a ??i ?a ??i ? ?????ey ????? ?a??a ??i
???, ?, n ??? ???u, ??? ????????a ?a ? ??????, ? ??ue ????? ???o ?i ?
??a ????y, ?i ?e ??? tota plebis gencralitate ovante. Eth???i, ?i
??th??a Witena Gemot a 934 a- ? e??? ???????: ???, ??? ???, ae? ??????,
?? ????a, ??? ???, ????? ???? e iy??nyo ?a ??, a ??i ?ay??i ?a
????,-???????ny ?e ??y?a ?? ????. Kemble The Saxons in England, II, 199
?. I?? ????, ?e ??? ??, ?????y e o ?n.
*(36) N?? “????” ????y? ? ? a ?i ???, ?i ?????ue ?a ?c ??th??y, a ??? a
????????ue e ????o ???. A???ue ?a e ? ????? ?? ? ?????o ?c ???, ?????a
???? ?o ? ????ue.
*(37) A ?? ??????? ??? 1613 a. ???ath?y, ???, ??? ???? ??iy?ey ???
?????; a a ?? ??? 1682 a. ?a ??? ???u ????e. I ??y?a y?? ???ey ? ??i
???o ????.
*(38) A. Y. O, 105. Aeey ??????? ??? 1613 a. ?? ??a ? ?? ???e?i ??i
???????, a ??????? ???ue “???i ???a”.
*(39) ” A?y? (??e e ??o I??a. ???. 1877 a.) ??e, ?i ??? ??????ue ??
???i ????i ?c ???ey n???e. Y? ??? ? ????e ? ????a ?a?????i ??? 1613 a. e
? ???e ???a 1613 a. (??y?i, ?, ?i ????? a A. Y. U, 77). Ii ???? ??? 1613
a. ???o i ?????e ? ??? ???o ??a; a ???e ? ???a 1616 a. ?y? ????? ?????
??? ? ???e? ethaeae. Ae??, ??????a ?i?o ??eth A?y? ??e a ?i, ?i ?
I?ay??ey?y???? ???? ? ??? 1613 a. ?e ??? ??? E??a ????y, E?a?e, ??????i,
??th?? ?, ??? ?e ???? ? ?? ???? I?ay??ey?y???ai. Ii, ?-i??o, ??? E??? ??
e ? ??? ????; ????, ? ??, ?i ? ?? ?e ? I?ay??ey-?y????, ??a ?a ? ???o,
?i ? ?e ??? ??e ???ey?. Ia ??? 1613 a. ??? ??? ??a ? ?? ????e?u. E ? ??o
?????o e Ia?y???-?y???e, ???e ? ???e ? ??yi, ? ????o.
*(40) A ????a 1642 o. ? ??a ???y a ???o ? ??th?? e ??a ???; ?i ?y?
???i, ?i ??? ??? ?? ?????u ? ???, ???o e ???? eth?e. A ???a ? ?6?6 a.
(A. Y. III, 77) ????y ??? i ??? e ???o, a ???? ???u, ?oy ???ue ?a??? e
3-o ???e. I?i ???, ?i i????? a ??? ?? ????? ??? eth?, o.a. ?????. O?y
??? ? ?ee ??? ? ????i, ? ????? ??y, ? a ? ??a ?? ? ??i ?? ??e ???? ??ue
a I??o.
*(41)” A? ???oe ????e (???e???e) ???u 1651 a.: Io oe. e a. e. Ae??y
I????? ?ay ??? ? E???o, A??ueth A????. I??i ? ?n e o?a ???ae ??, e ???
???e ? ???yi ??? ??yi, ?? ???e, ? i????, ??? ? eth?e, ?? ???e, e ???? e
?i, e I??a, ? ??, ? ???a ?????a ????i 159 ??, ?y ??? ??????, ???? e ????
e ??a??i ??. E ?e e ?? ?y ?? ???a ???, e ? a ?o ?? ???y?i ??y?i e ?oyi
aiy??i ???, ?i a ?e, ? ???? e ? ?? ??? ??o, ???e ??yi ??? eth?e, ?? ???e
? ?ay, ? ? ????o eth?e, ?? ? ???e, ?o ?n e ???? e ???? n??, ?? ??? e
???? ?? ???ey ? ??. A ?? ??a ??y? e ae?e ?y??a, ? ??? ??o, ? ?ay ???o, e
? a i ?i ???e e ??a ? ???e e ?i, e I??a, a ???yae. I??i a I??? ?? 159 a.
???y a 31e ??” E??i, I??. ?y ???e ???o ???, 91. I??? ???e ???? ???u ?
??? ??????o ???a: “A???th, Oe?th e ?e. ?ycth A??ath I????? ?ay ??? ???
?? A???? I??? ??i ??. A ????, ????, a 159 a. oa??y a 19 ?? ?e??a a A???
?iy, ?????, ??? e ?e. ?ycy A??ay I????? ?ay ??? ???a ? ???y? ? ?a, ???
?i?o. A io ?e ??e ???a ??? ?a, o??o ???, a A???a ???ue ??? ??yi, ?? ???e
? ????o eth?e ???, ?? ???e, y ??? ??? ???? e ??, ????th, e I??a, a ??, ?
???a ?????a ????i 159 a?o ?y ??? ????? ??????, ??e?i e ???? e ????? ??.
A ??, ????, ??a ??yi e ????o ethae? y, ??i ??, ???, e i ?i, ????, ???
???? e ??, ????th, e I??a. E ? ???, ?????, ??? e ?e. ?ycy A??ay I?????
?ay ??? ??o, ? ????? ??yi ???u ?a ????: E?i O???? ? No?? U??, a ?
???eeo, ?n??ue, eth?e ???u ?a ? ????: I?a? A??? ? A??e N???a. E ? ?a?o,
????, ?o ??yi e ????o eth?e, ??? y, ??i ??, e ??, ????th, ??th e ?e.
?ycth A??ath I????? ?ay ???, e I??a, e ??e, ????, ?i au??? ??y?i e ????i
ethaeyi y??ny a ???y?, ???, ?n???o, ???o ??y??, E?? A?????o A????, ?
??i, ?????i, ?y?i: ?i?? N??o C?????o, ? A???th E????, ? E?? N???o. A e
??o, ??ae?ue, ? ???ua eth? ? ???u, ??? ?i ?iy, ?????, ???a ???? ? ?a,
???, ??a ?? ???? ??a”. O? ?, 92. Ii ???u ? ??? ????i ???? ???a ????a
???u e ??? ?? ???? ????a, i ?i e ??? a ??o ???? ?ai??: “y, ??i ??, ???
???-?”. Ca y? ?e ???? ????. Ia ??e ???? ???a ??????i ???u ?ye C????? ???
??oth?th ???: “???y a 28 ??, ???ue ???o n ??? e A??ueth A????. I??? e ?i
, ???a, ??ii ??y?i ??? ?ay ???ue ??yi ???, a ? ?o ???ue, e ? ? ?i ???ue
???i” E??i, Ca??a ???, ??. 267.
*(42) Ia ??? 1642 a. ??y? ???a ??? 42 ???, ???a 11C ??yi; I?e? ? ??
?????? 48 ?a??? ???? ??a. Ii e ? y?i ??? ? ?a ?????? ???????ue ???????i
? ???: I???ae ???e ?? ??yi ??? iy?. I???? ? y??? ??? ? 14 ??? ??i e ???,
? ???o 12 ????? ????? e ??? ?a, i?? ??, ? ?????. I??? y??, ? ??? 1566 a.
???ath?y ??? ???? eth? ????? ? ?????. Ae??yi ? y?? ??? ??cy ???ue ???
?????e. Ia ?ay ????o ??? ? y? ?a ???, ? ? ??i n ?e?th ?????ueth ne??ue,
?i ????a eth? ? y??? ? y? ??? ii ? ??; ??o ??, ?e ???a y?o ??? ??????i
???i ?????a ? ??????i ??y?a.
*(43) Ia ???i ??? ?? ?e??ue ? ????o ???a ????a ? i???eo, ??i ? ??oth?o
????? ???e: “A ????o, ????, eth?e a E???? ?o ? ??? ????… A ??ae??,
????, eth?e ? E??o ?o, ??a ???e e ????a”… O?a-a I??? e N??a. E??i,
I????, ??. 106, 108, 112, 123.
*(44) ” N?. ?? ??. 173, ???. I?i?i ???eth I??, ????? O???i ?? ??iy?? ?
????? ??. O???i i??? ???? ?? ?????i eth? I????? ?????a, ???a a ? ??y ??
? I??a.
*(45) ” *?? ???a, ????o I???i O?????, ???ey?ny a ??e ????? ??? ????.
A??? (???. A??a, 1856 a., IV), N. I. N???a (???. A??. 1857 a., ???) e A.
I. *??? ??atho 12: A?y? ??? 7. A ?? y?? ? ???i ? ??? ???ue ?? ????o ?i
???a e ??, a ???o ?? ? ?o ????: 1613 a. A. Y. III, 4: a- ?. ??yae. I, 2;
1616 a. A, Y. III, 81, 1618 a. ??. ?a. III, 40; 1619 a. ??. ?a. III, 471
A. Y. III, 105; 1622? a. ??. ?a. III, 57; 1633 a. A. Y. III, 213 e 242;
1634 a. ??. ?a. III, 99 e A. Y. III, 242; 1637 a- A. Y. III, 275 e 1642
??. ?a. III, 113. A?ue ????, ?i a 1681 a. O?? A???a? ???e a I??o ????.
A. E. V. N 83.
*(46) ” C???ey ???a ?????e, ?????i, ? ???, ? a ???o ???o ?e ??o. E??
??? ????? a ???e ????? ???, ??? a ???? ??, ??? a ???? ??? e ?.
*(47) ” N?????? O???a, The history of Russia, chap. VII, e?eth????
????y e y?e ??? ???. O??a, ?i a ???ue ? ???e: ?i ??, ?i ??iy?? ????e ???
??i 20. e ?? ?????a, a ?i ? ??a, O??? ?????: As for burghers or other to
represent the communaltie, they have no place there: the people being of
no better account with them then as servants or bondslaves, tbat are to
obey, not to make laws, nor to know any thing of public matter before
they are concluded. Ec ?????th?? ? ??i, ?i a ??i y? ???? ? ??i; ii a
aiy??a ????a O??a E????, ??a O??? ?e a ???e, ??????e ??yi e ???a, ? ??
??y???, ? ?????.
*(48) “A. Y. III, 105. ??. n. III, 47. Aei ?n ??i, ?? ? ????y, ??
??????? ???; iy? ? ?o ??th?y ????i ??a. E?? ??, ? ??i 3 ??????? ???u ?
??e ?????a e ?? ? ??e ??? ???????i. Ii y?, ???i, ?????a ? ??????i i?y?a,
?uy?y?? ?????y? ???? ???e; ?a y? ??iou 1613 e 1614 a.
*(49) “A. I. *??? ???, ?i ??? 1618 a. ?e ????i ??? ? ??i??o eth?e, ???
?i 8 ??y?y ?? ?e??a ??ue i ?????e e I??a ????i ????? A????a, a 9 ??y?y
?e ?a ??? ??? aeey ??y?y ?? ???u. Ii a ?????e e ????o ???e, ?? ?a ?? ?y
???e ????th??ny ??ey?ey, ????y?ny ????i ????o ??yi, ???a ????? a I??a ?
????, a io ???. Y? ??iy???? ??? ?????? ?aae????a, ?i a I??a ??e ????ny e
???? aeey ??? eth? ???a 1616 a. ???a e i???? ???a a ??? 1618 a.
*(50) “A ?????? ??e ??e ?i ?ey?i ????y ??ue ? ??? A. I. *???a, ???e ??
???o, ?i a ?????? I??? O????a ??? ?atho ?a ? ??i ??????e ???a?. “I
????????a”.
*(51) “E ????th, y? ????a ???? ?i ? a ????a a ? ?? ???e, ?? ? ???o
????y a ????? ??a ???o ?e (A. Y. IV, 32), a ??ay a ???? ?iy? E???o (A.
Y. IV, 36)- Y? ????? ??????ue ????th ?y??, ?. I???? e ?. I?????i, i????i
?. A????i e ?y??, E????i e A?????, o.a. ?? ? ??? ?oe?e, ???ui ???? ??
???ue ?? ?????e ???? ?y ?????y O???y.
*(52) “O???a ? y? ???a i??? e ? ???? e O???th: “A ? ???a ??? a ???o
??o, ???o ????e a ????? ??o ? ???? e ?y??o ????? ? ? ??? ? ??, a ? ? ???
? ?? ? ???? e ????, ? ?i ????? ??o, ??i ???i” e o. ae. Ni. ??. C????, ?
???a y?o ??? ????? ?????eth, a ????? ???? ??? e ???, ?i ?e ???e ?ai??
????? 82 ???; a. I??e ????? ????a ???? e y?? ???; ?. ??a ??. E???, C???
N??u. ??. 223 e ??. ? ????iy?ny e ??eth ??. C????.
*(53) “I? ??? ??? ??a a???? ??? ?? e?? a ??, ?i y? ? ????a ??ey, a ???
????ey ? ?o, ??o ??, e ??ue ???a e ????o. I???? ??ey ??, ???i, ????
????????; ??ue ? ???? ?o. Ii e y? ????? ?e???ue ??? ???i ???i, a ??io a
????a ? ?i ???o ?a ??a ???a.
*(54) A???? ???? e ??? ??u, ? ??e ? ??y?? ??? ?e????? ????i ???y.
*(55) N?? “???ue” a ????e ??i ??ue ???a ???? A?, ?i ????? ?ae ??-???
???th, ?? ?i ???ueth. I?th?: ?y??a-?? ???ue ?ycy, a ? ????ue; ????????
???a ?y??y?? ???ue, a ????ue ??e ???e- ????ue; ?? ???a ???? a ??????o
???? ??? ????ny ???y? e ????y?, ? ????u y?o ???o ???? ? ???th?y ?e??ey?,
a ?y?? e ?y???e, ?? o ?o ????a ???e.
*(56) I ???yo e ??o ?? ?? a III o. Ae????e, ??. 272; i ?oyo a I o., ??.
376-C82.
*(57) N ????ey I???? a 1478 a. ?y?a E??i A?????i ???e o ?????a ????ue
?i ???e ??????ueth, ???y ??a ?????y a ???uey. Ionth? o ???o ?oe ?y?yth?y
??e ??n?e e ????; y? ???a ???ey, a ? ???????? ???a.
*(58) I??. III, 1403 a. Nth? ? ???ony ???ath??y a ?y??? ????yo ??ae??:
“I????e ????e ??”. I????e ????e ?? ??iye ? ?e “? I??a” ?e ? I??u”, ???i
??????athony “????? ?ey”, o.a. ?? a ????? ???yo. ?. N. A. A. e Ae. /. I.
N 24, 86, 144.
*(59) A ????e Ae??ey E????, ??., ??o ???????e ???y? ??? “??a ???e”, ??o
?????e “O?? ???e”, a ????e A??uey A????? a ??a ?????o ???? ???i “???e
A???”; a ????e E?? A????? i?? ??????? ???y? ??o “E?? ???e”, a ??o ?????
“???e Eiy??”. He ????a ???e ? ?? ???ey ???? ????y ???aeyo a ????y. O?, a
????e E?? Ae????a-N???a ??? ???ue, a a ????e ??a ?i, A???? A????a, y?
???e ??ae ?a? e ???? ????ath?y ??ey ???e. To ? ?????ue n C?????i e
????ie ??eie ???y?.
*(60) A ????? ???a ???????i ?ycy, TH?y Ae?????, N??N?????io ????th ???:
“A ?? ?, ???o ? ????e ?e ????e ???e, e ? a ??? e ?? ?????i ?? e
????yi…; a ??? n ???th a ????i e ????? ???? ? ???th?y”. A ????? ???a
????i ?ycy O????o N???o ????th ???: “A ???ny ?ae ???e ????i ethaeyi ?e
????i n ??????e, e ?e ????? ???? ?e ????e ?????… ?aeyo, a ???? ????e n
?? ? ??o” A. E. o. I, NN 15, 74 N?. ?a ?i ? N 83 e a A. A. Y. o. I, N
44; 51, III e ?.
*(61) A???? ??o ???? e ???? eth? ?????i ??i ? ??? ?i ?i ????, ? ?
?y?… A i????? ??i o ?o ???e a ??? e ? ??? ?a ??a, aey ?ny? ?????, ?
??? ?ny? ????? ? ?a a ??aee”… A ?? a ??ueyo i ?????a ??a ???ath?y ?
??ei ??ae e ??u, ? e ???e.
*(62) I ???? i???? n??? a III o. Ae????e, ??. 79-87.
*(63) I ???? ???eyo e ?a???o ?? ?? a III o. Ae????e ??. 291 – 308.
*(64) O??i a I????, ?a ??a ?????ue ???a ??y?e, ????i ?????a ??a ?y?e
????ue ????? ???u. A I?????o ????? ???? ??? ?????i ??oth?a ???a: “A ?c
????a ?, ?ey?… ??? ? ?y?”. ?. N. A. A. e Ae. /. I, N 9. N?. ?a A. A.
Y. o. I, N 42, 62.
*(65) “E????, ??y ? ??y?? ????o ??a ?y??y A???? ss????? e ????th ? ????
a ??o ?????, ?????y y?e ???? ??????o ?e: “?e eth?i ? ???? ?y? ???”. E??.
1093 a. A ??? ???i ??a??ey ?? ?y?i ?. E?o. 1146 a.: “A? ?? ??o ?n ??a,-
???yo E?aey? E??th,-? ? ??e”. I E????? I?a???? ???; “I?a ?y? ???e”, ?i
?uy??i ???e ???a: “A?a! ?ae ?? ??? ?? e ??? ?ith ?? ???, n??e eth?i ??i
a ???”, Eaa?. 120a a.; a ???a A???? TH??e? ??????o ???i: “N? ??e ?
????i”… E??. 1212 a.; i ?? ?i, ss???a, ???: “N??? ss???o ??”, E??.
1229 a. Ae???e ???a ???? ?ycy ?????i, N??a E????, ???: “A ?i ao? ??e ??a
a ???i ?y??e e a ???a ??e ? I??a, ?e ?e ?y?… a ?? ?, ??uey ?y, ?
?????” ?. N. A. A. e Ae. /. I, N 24. A ????? ???a ???? ?ycy ?????i,
A??ey A?????, I?? E???e ???: “E? ? ?? yc ?i ?y? ???e”… A. A. Y., o. I,
N 44; ?. ?a ?i ? NN 45, III, 126 e ?.; a ????a 1497 a., ?. ?ae ???? “i
???i ?y?”; a A. TH. NN 1, 17.
*(66) E?o. 1152 a. N?. ?a ?i ? 1151 a. Ai ??y ??u TH?y n Ecy??? ??u
i????i ? ??iy? ??a ? Ae??a; ????oe ?e ?uy?y? y?: “Ae ? a ? ??y ???
(Ecy??) ?? ??? I???? e O?u, ? ?i ya ??ae ?o ? ?? ?? ? ay?o ? ?ycy, a
?y?? ? ?e ??atho”. A A??. ?ae 1220 a, ?e ???? ?y?y ?e???? ??? I?ey ???:
“E ??? ?i ?y? ??e ?? ? ??o; ???a ? ?i ?e ?e ?????y ei ??o ??a, e ???? ?i
e ???” e o. ae. A E??. ?ae 946 a. ???i ??oth?a ????a ??? Nay???a E???? e
??? ??ae ???i ?o? n ??ey??: “Eiy? ?a ??e, ?oy??a, ???a, ? ?y?”.
*(67) A??. 1380 a. I????ey ? y?? ??y?a, ?uy?y?? ??? ????? eiycy,
???ath?y e a ???a ??y. O?, a ???a ss???o A???? ???: ?a ? ay?oue ?o ??a,
?i ? ?aey? ??u ???, ? ???? y n ????e”, E?o. 1187 a.
*(68) Fletcher Russia at the close of the XVI century, chap. XI.
*(69) A?????a ?????a ? a?????i a ??? ????y ??i ??th?? ??? a ???????e
??? ????? “????e ??” N????a e A???. I? ??a ??th ???ue ??y ??? ??????i
??? ???. E ??i ????ue, ?i ??? e ????a y??. A ????yo ??a 1556 ?? ??i ???
??? ?o????ey ?????? ?y e???? ?? ??y?a: “E?a 7064 ???a 21 ???i?e ???? ??
e ???e ?y? E?i A????/ ? ??e ?y?”. Y? ??a ????? ??????o ??y?o, ??????? 98
n??? Oe. N????.
*(70) A. A. Y. I, N 172.
*(71) A?? ????a ????a ?i?? i ?? ??i ??e ? II-i o. Ae??. O? ? ????a e
????a ???o?a ????, ??. 371 – 621.
*(72) I. N. C. N 460, 838, 885; 16691680.
*(73) O E????a ????: “A ??? ???i a ???? ?y?i e ?????. e ?????, e ??y?i,
e ?y?i, ?? a ???i ???a ??? ???a?, ?? ??? e ?c ???i e ???o ?c ?? a ???, ?
?y?e A?????e ????…” (VII, 38). Y? ??i ? ??? ?iy?i. Ae?? ????y i ????e
? O???th ? ??? e i ?i, ?i ?y?e ?a-?? ??o. A ??i ??uey ?iy?a. A ?e ?? ??
i ?i, ??u ?a ??? ? ???. “N??ue ?? ?a?a”-?? ?iy?i. A? ???u, ? ??th?i?i
Iai????, ?atho ??????e ???. *?? ? ???o ??a ???th?y “?????” ???i ??a e,
??????i, ???eytho n ?i ???eth, a ??? e ?aeyo “?a ???”. Ii ?i ??? “??? ?c
???i e ???o ?c ???” C?? ?i-??? ????ii, a ??o ??, ????i ?e ????i. A??i
“?c ???i” ? ?? ? ??? “n ???i”? O?? ????y ????????? ??e: “??? ?? ??? n
???i”. “N??ue ???o ?c ??” ?? a ???- ??o ?? ?e ?uy??i. I??? ??iyo ?
ia???? ???. Ii a ??? ????e ?a ?? ??? ??, ? ???e ?o?o, ? ?????? ??? e ?.
A y?o ??ayo ? “??o a ??? ? ??”, a ???a ? ??????y.
*(74) I ??????? ?????o ???: “???y? ??a i?????? ???i ???i…” E?o. 1175
a.
*(75) I????a ?????ue ?????i ?? ???; ?? ? ?y ????? ?e ????y, ??ay ? ?y
??? ?e ???e. A ????e ????: “Na yc, ?y? ???e, E?i A????/, ????e ?? ?y??
???… ???i A?????. E ? ?, ?a eth? ?? ??? A????a, ?i ???e, a ? ?n ??? e
n?? ? ??? ???a, ?e ?? ?? ??” A. E. O. I N 110 ?. ?a A. TH. N 161.-A. I.
*??? ? ??. 7 I???? ????? ?i?ee XVII a. ???o: “E??a ????a, ??? ? ??? e
???, ??????, ? ???y?, ???e e ???e ??????? e ????i ???? ????????”. Ii
????e ?????a e ????? ? ??? ??a ?????? ??? ? ???yi, yoi ??????i ????ue e
?????ny ??y ????, ?????? ????; ? ??u ????a y?o ????? ?e??? ????
????????, o.a. ??u ?e ????? ? ?? e ?? a ?? ??? i ??y?a ?????ey ? ??? e,
??????i, ??? ????ey ? ???u ?ycy, ? y? ?o ????.
*(76) Ni. N??. 1497 a” ?. ?ae ???? “i ??? ???a”, ?a ????? ii ????i ??i
??? ? ??a e i????o ?e ????th.
*(77) A. A. Y. o. I, N 123. O?? ?????a e ????? ?????i ???th?y “?” ???e,
??a ?e ????e, ??a??? ?y?i, ???th?y “?i” ?????e, o.a. ?y???e. E?? ?? i
????? ??? ?????? ?y? ???i a A??. ?o. ?.
*(78) I ?????e ??? i????e ????a ????y a III o. Ae????e, ??. 200-214.
*(79) Y? ?????a ???a ??i? ????? ?? ???? a ??? ?????y ??e ? ??u.
Ae??????y ? ????? ??a ??? ????ny a ?????e ? ?cy????? ????y ????i ????,
???a, ???i, ??ue ?????e??.
*(80) A??? ??? ? ?????e ???e ??? a I??a ????y a I o. Ae????e, a ??a
???e, ??. 619-688.
*(81) ” Ni. ??ueth ????? ??? ?????? A???a “I?? ????y? ?o???a ??a
Ae???a”, ????oth a ????i ????e “C??? A???????i I???a”, o. 2.
*(82) Aeey ????ey ??y?a a i??o ????ey ????y O???a ????o ? ??? ??ey?, ?
e ??ue ?e ?? ??? e ??. Ca ????a ? ?? ???? ???ny ???th, ?e e ca ????.
III, 6.
*(83) N?? ?? ??o ?? ? ??y??a, a ?????. O ??? ?? ???-werigelt, weregelt,
vere, ?i ??? ?? ???i, ? gelt-??? e wer-???e. Eiy?y-??y? ??e ??? a ??????
????e ? ???.
*(84) *??? ???????, ? ?e??? ??ueyi I??u, ? ?iy? a ??iyi?i ????e e ???,
????o ?ycth. I? ????e ?? e ?? ?i ??ya?y ???? ?y??? ??u, ?e ?????e ??? e
????e ???? (III ?. 30, 34); ?e ???e ?? 1/12 (III ?. 93). ???? ??????a a
4 ?. O??e. ?., ???y ???o i ??????a, ia ???. Ii ????a “??????i ??i ???? n
????? “? ???”. Ai 2-e ??? e ???? ?a??ny: “?a ? ??o ?i ?oy, ? 40 ??? ?
???”. I?? ? ???, ?? ???, e ?? ??????i. O?? ???i, ??????i ??y?ny ae?. I
??a ? ??? ???yo e ????a ??? ?iy??e, ??., ???? I???? n ???e 1189 a. e
I????a N????e ????. E a ?i e ??? ?ae ??? ? ?e?o ?? ???? ???a ???????,
?e?????. A ???? I????a ??? ?? ??uey i ??yo, ????? ??i e ???i, ???o i ??a
?????? e i ??a ?ycth. E??y ? y?o i?o ????? a 40 ?. ??? ?i. A? i???? ???
???atho ??? ? ??e ??a a ??? ??????i. Ii ?? eiy? ???e ? ??e, ? a ????
????a i ??a ?ycth a ??? ?a????yo ??i ??? ??? ????o ????. N???a ?????i
??? ???? I??u n ?????e ???o ? ??ue, ?i “???a” ????? ???a a ????? ??y ??a
???? ???? ?c?????y. No. 6-y e ?ae. i ?i, ?? ???? ??e e ??, ???o: “I? ?
?? ? ??o ???e, ? ?y? ?o ? ??o 3 ???, e ??th ??”. O? ??iu ??iytho ??ue
??ue e ???eytho ??i? ??????? “? ??o”. N?????th?y y?e ??uea 31 ?. III
?ae. ? ???o i ??e, a ?e ??? ???? ??a?e, o.a. ???i a ??? ?ycy. A??, ?a
1-y ?ae. ???o i ??a ? ??o, ??i ??? ???a ???????. Y?o o???? ??u ? ??o
?????ny e a ????o ??ueyo ????eo ???a (57 III p.); ? a ??? ??a ? ??o
????ny “???ath” (25 III p.), o.a. ???i ?ycth. ????a ?y??? ??? ?? a ???
???? I??u ? ?? ????ey ???? ???????y. Ii ???? ?????ey ???? ?? ???a ??i ?
????ey?. Ae??? I???? n ???e ??a XII a. ???o, ?e i ???i ???????, i ??o
???, ???i ???ay I??a ??y? ?????? ???e. A ?????o ???o ???? I??u ??a a 12
??? ???i ??a??y ????, a a aei??? n ???e ?a ???ny “? ??i”, o.a. ??????o.
O??u e ? ???u ???ey?? ?y??? ??i, ???, ???i, ?????oth ?? ??? ????? ??e.
*(85) ??. I?. III ?. 30, 93. I?a ????, ???, ? ?? ?????a. I???a? ????,
?e e ???ay I??a, ????o ?e-?? ? ?i, ?? e ??. Ii n?y ? ????th: “? ?i 5 ?.
???a” e o. ae., ?? ???, ?i y? ??a e?o ??????o, a ? ?ycth. Ii ???? ? I??a
?e-?? ?? ?ycth, a ????ao? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?ycy. I????a ???? ??? ? ?a??
i ??a ?ycth. Ca ?a ? ????o 3 ?. ???a e ?? ??????o; ???ay I??a ????o
???y??o ?a e ???, a ?ycth 12, ???a ??u 3-i I????? ???? (? ?. I y?? ????
? e ??? ???a ?? 4 ??? ???). Y? ??? ??i ??????? ?????e ?a ??e, ?i a
?????o ???eyo ???? I??u ??? ?y??? ?? e ??? ??????o ???i ??????eyi ?e?
???o ?iy???.
*(86) O?o. ?. 25, 27.Ii ???? ??n?e I??u ? ?? ??iy?a No. 31 III ?ae.
????o ???? ??o a 2 ?. ? ????i e ?ithth ??; a ?. 36 ????o 3 a?. ? ?? ? ??
e ? ?? ??ueth. O?? ????? e ????ay ???ea. ???ay ???ey I????? ???? ?
???oth ?? ????o ???u ??iu ???a (3), ? ?? ???i ??a ??a; ?????y-??????
?ithth ?? ???? e ? ??oth ????o ???u ??? ??a?. O?? a ?i ?e ? ?? a ??o
???eyo ?????ny ??a ??a ???? ??. Ae???y ???a ????o n ???e ????e, ???ay
???oth ?? ??? ??e. I??? ??ue eth???oth ?????ue ???? I???? n ???e ??a XII
a. Ca ??, ????? ???a ???i ?e ??i, ?ai?? ????o a ??? ??? “? ??”. I?? ?,
????? ??i ???? ??, ???ath?y a 40 ???. O?? ???i, ???ay ????????oue ??? ??
????a ?c ??? a ?? ?c ??, ?i ????????? ???.
*(87) (O?o. ?. 24). I????ey ?a? ???eyth?y ??? ?iy???e ????. Ae????y
???ay I??a ??o ??? ???a ???????: ????ay ?? ?????ny ??????o e ??a ?? ?
???? 3 ??? ? ??o (?. 15, 17). No. 12 II ?. ??ei?o ??o a 3 ?. 30 ??i, a
15 e 1a ???yo ?a i ???a a 6i ??i, o.a. i ??a ?ycth. A ?????o ???o ?e ???
???? ??????ey ???aeyo ??? a ?y?th ???o (O?o. ?. 38 e 106). Eth???a 106
?.; ?a ???y? 16 II p., ? ?e yo? “3 ??? ? ??o” ????? a “3 ??? ???e”,
??????o ? i???? ???: “a ????o ???”. Eiy??? ?ae, ?-????, ???eye ????y
???? ?????i. I??? ? ????u ??th?y ? ?, ?i ?y??? ??e ???ytho ??? i????.
*(88) A ??? ?i ? ?i ??o ??? ?th e ???o, e ???? a ?th ? ???ny, a ?i ???
???, ?i ? ???, e ? ?i ??? ??o ? ??? e ? ????a ????e ??? ??? ??a, a a ??
?i, /? ???? ???. A a ???a ?? ? ???e ? ???o ??, ? ?? ????y. A ??o ?o ????
a ?a?? ? ???ny, a ?i ?e ? ??? ???, ?i ? ? ??e, e ? ?i ??? ??? ????e ???
???e /????e e ??? ??o. A ?? ?? ????o, /? ???? ???. A a ?th ?? ???e ? ??
?, ? ?ai ????y”.
*(89) N??? ???? ??? ??a???? ? ??????: “??c ????? ??o e ???eth ? ???u
????? eth??? ?????a”. C??iyy, ??????i, ???o a ??????? ??a.
*(90) Westermark, The history of human marriage, 1891, ?? ?????oth ?e??
??o ??y?a.
*(91) Ec ?e ???i ??????i ???. ??aey??y a ?????? I??????i ???, ??i, ?i
??u i ???? ?????ue ??????i ?????? a ??? XVIII a. ? ????e I???? ???a,
A???o ???a e Y??e; y? a XVIII a., ??a ???y O???y; ??????ue ????ny e y?i
?iy??? ? ???a ??a ???y ?ea ?a ??????. Ao???, I???a ? ???? ??o ???yi
A?????? ????, 1873, ??. 81.
*(92) O????oe O?? ss?i a 1711 ??, ????y ??? ?? ?? ??e i ??? ? ????i ?
???e ???, a ??e ??, ????o “???? ??? ?? ?a ????a”, y? ???i. propter
nuptias donatio. A???i, I??i. ? ??i. ??o A?. ?a. ??. 79.
*(93) A Y??a ???: “A? ?i ?ay ??, ??? ??i ? ???i, e ?a ? ??o ?o ???e
???ey, i???? ??o ?? ?i ? ???iy ??? ??? ?????, ?a ? ??y??y ??th a ??? ??a
?????y ? ?? ??i” (E??. /. II, ??. 189).
*(94) A ?i ? ?? e ???a ????u: “??a ??, ?? ?? ? ???”, “?? ?? ??, o ????
ae?a ???y a ??”, “?i ?? ?eth ?ao, ?o ?i ?ay ??”, “?? ?? ?? ??i ????”.
Ae?ue I. 467.
*(95) A? ???u ??y??? ????y. O ???? ???e A??? ???a eth? ?????tho ??? e
?? ??n?. Ii ??o ???e. Ia ?? ????o ae?? ???ytho n ???????oy?. I??? ia
?????ny. AE?? ?????? ???e e ?a ??ath?y ? ??????ue. Y?i ????ny ??o; ?
????? ???o e ??? ?, ?e ???? ??a ???, a ?o?a?? ???i ? y?o ??? ???? ? ??
??o. I??? ??th?y ?i ? ???, ??a ??o ?????y, e ?????th?a ??aeyo ??? e ???o
a ??? ???. A Ae???e ??y??a i???? ?????y ??i ???i. AE?? n ??uey? ???yo a
aeii ???u e ???th?y e ? ??????i n o?ith ??th: Iu ??i, ?i o ?n ?? ??i
??a, ?i ?i ? ?????o. O ?n ???a ??y ???a, ?a o ?n, ? ??? ???? ?. O?y? ??
???o e ?i ???o e ???o: ? y? ? ???a, ???th au ??a? A?a ???e, ??u y? ??
?a! ????tho ????a. Y? ???y?ny ????i ?c. ?? ?cy? ? ???o, ???oe, ???o. A?
???a, ???y o ?n ???a! ????tho ??o e ?i ??uey, ??atho ???o e ??nyo ?y
????ey a ???ue. Ii ??? ???atho ??????a e ??? ?????, ???a ????tho ?oue.
C?y???ny ???, ???y ????o a ????? e ?????ny ???? ???u ? ???u ???. Y?
???y?ny ????i ?c, ?? ? ??? ? ???. A O??e e ? nea ??y ???y?ny ??e ???.
I????ay, ??y ? oe??e, ???o e ?y??y a ??i ? a???? ??a. I??? ??? ? ???? e
???? a ?? ?i. E ??i ? ??y??i ???eyi ?? ???e ???? ????a ?oe ??? e ???u,
????iea ?????e ??ue ???? n ??? ???ey?, ??????? ??? ??o ???i e ???ey?
???u: ?e ? ??? ?e ???a ? ??y?ny, ? ???? ??o ??e. A? y? ?????y o ???
???e. A????ny ??i a ?i ? ?? e ? o ??o ???e. A O??e ? ??y?, ??u ?? ???u
?????? ? ??y ????? ??.- A? ??a ??u ???tho ?? ?uy???, e? y??ey ?????y ?
?? ???? i???i, ??a ????a ??????i ????yei ????? ????y ??o ??i e ?????
????? ??.
*(96) A O??e ???u ??iytho ???o e ??o ??? ? ?iy? o ?o. Ai ??? ??? ?y????
?? a ??o e ??o, ??? ??o ??? ?? ??e, ???a – ??e. E ????i ???i o ???e
????y ?y???? ??? ???ue ?????e ??yae ? ??o ?? ???u e ???? ? ??a e ??e ?ae
???? ?????o.
*(97) “Y?o ??y?e ??e ?????ny ?a a XVIII a. A 1730 a. ????? ??, ????th?e
?y????? ??e???ue ?? e ????i ???i, ???a ???ey? ???e n ??th ???a. I???y ?
yoi ?????, cyipy? ????tho ???? ?? ??o ????a ??? e ? ??? ???? XVIII a. A
1770 a. ?? ????a, A?a. O????a, ??, ? ??e ??c?, ?? ??? ??????? ??? ?e
????yo, a ???i ???y? ?o ???ny ? ???. A. E???, i ???o ????, 27.
*(98) A?????a ???e ??e ??? ????ny e a ????? ???? i??a: “Any?e ?i ?cy??
ae???y”, “A? ?cy?a ?i e ?? e ??”, “He ?i ?cy?a ???, a ?cy? ?i”, “O?y? a
??, ?i ???ue a ??, ?i ?e ??o, ?e e ???o”, “O?a ?? ??e, a ?cy?a ???”, “a
I??a ?o ?cy?a ???”, “O?y?, ?i ??e, ?a ???e, ?i e n?”, “Anye ?cy? a ??i
?? ???e”. Ae?ue. II 90 e ?.
*(99) I?? ???yo: Eine Sache besitzen heist eigentlich auf ihr sitxen. O
??yi possidere ?? ? sedere e potis.
*(100) ??ey? ???e: dominium a naturali possessione coepit. A?e ?? ??? ?
?????o, ? n ????? ath ????o e ??????ue; ???? ???????i ????o ??ue a
??????ue. – A n ??? ???u, ?a ??c??i ???? ?i ????? e ??????ue. O??u: ???,
???.
*(101) C????y y? ???yo e ??? ??? XVI ??. A??? ?y? A??? E???/ ? ???ye ?a
????? ???u a ????e e ????ue ? a ????o ???o ?????i ?c ???a ??. A. Y. I N
227. I????i ????e ??? ??ny??ny e ?? ????i ?????yi ??a 1562 a. O?c ???o:
1) ? ?????o ?y?n?o ????, 2) o ???? ???e ????o ????: O??, O??a, ss???ey,
?y??, A????a e ????a, e, ???oe, 3) ?? ???y??a i ???? n???o eth?e.
I?????ey ?i ? y?o ?? ??o ??? ? ????u. A??a ?????y a ??a ???y??y ?????u
??? ?y ?????o ?y??? ???. Eiy?y ? ??o ? ????ue ?, ? ?iy?, ? ??? a ???? ?
????, ? ???? ? ??? ????eth. Ei ??????i ??? ??i ????? ??i ??i ????th ??ue
???u, ????th. A?e ? ?ycue ???e ?? ?th ?ith ???o, e ?o?? ??o ???y, ??a
????a ?? ia ????? ????y; a ?? ???o ??ue, ?? ?a?? ath ? ??? ?c ???i
?????y ????y. A ???ii ??y?a ?????a ?y??? ???u ??a?th?y ??? ???y?; ?e
????? ??a? ???a ???y ? ????y. Ec ???i?? y?i, ?i ??????y ??a ,1562 a.,
?????atho ??i ???y??y ?y?e ??? ?????? ????e. *? ? ??a?y ?y??? ???, ? y?
?????y ia ?o ??a ? ?????iyth?y. I????e ??? a ??? ??i ??????o ???a
???ytho ? ??e ?a ??a ???y?iey ? ??i ??th??ai: ?e ? ??o ????ue ??????i.
Y? ???u, ??????i, ???aeyo a ???a ?? e ???? ????th. I???, ??a ??????a,
??ny??y ? ?y?i ????, ???eyao ??? ???e ? ??????. I? ???y?y ?????e, ?? ?
?o ? ???? ????y e ???? ?????a ? ????. C???a ? ????? ???/?u ???i ??i. I??
???y??y y?? ????e ? a ??i ????e ? ?????. Eo ??i ????ue, ???, ?????ue,
?iy?, ???? ?c ?y?o ??i???. E y?? ? ???o ????y e ???? 1572 a. Ii ???o i
?o “a???o ?y??? e ?y??o, ???a ? ae???y a ???o, ? a ??, ? a ???uy, ? ??,
? ? ??… e ?i ???? ?? ? ???o ????? ???eth, a ?o ? ?? ??ae?, ?i ???a ???
?? ????a ??, ?i y????? ???u, e ?i ?????, e ?i ?????… e ?i ?a ???u ?y?a
??a ae ?? ????”. C?? ?? ?? i ????, ???a, a ?? ???o ???, ? ???? ?????
???y??th ?aae???. Aei ?? ?? ???? ??? ???y? ???a ??u. E?? ? y? ???u ?
???? a ???o? Y? ?????a ?y???, i ???o ?? ?a a ??a 1562 a., e, ??o ??, a
???, ? ???? ? ?n, e ?y??y, ??a ??u i ???o ? ?n o?a ? ??e E?? ? y? ?y??a
???u ? ???? a ???o, o.a. ia ????e ????eth? Y? ?y??i a ?e???o ??? ????a:
“A y ???? ?y?? o?? ae ???u ?????? ??y, a ? ? ????a ???u, e ? ???u ??a
??, ???i? ? ??? ?c??i ?y??, a ? ???a ? ???e ???a ?????, e ?? ??? ???a
??o ??, ?o e ?i ?? e ?i ??i e ?i ??, ??? e ??. A y ???? a ???a ??o ?o
??? ???a ????, e ??a ?i ? ???a ? ????y. A ? ??o o ?? ????? ???u, e ??a
???u ??a ??, ?? ? ???, ? ????y, ?oy o ?? e ?? ??o”. E?e, ??ue ?? ?? ? i
???o ????, a i ???? ?????? ??y, o.a. i ?????. AEa???? ???u, ??????i, ia
a??a ???? a ???o, ?? e o. ae. ????y??a ?e ?????y a ???? ??, ???????o
????? ????. A?e ?????y e n ???????i ??? ?aa ???y??y; ? ?i ??i ???? ????
1572 a. ? ????y. Ii ????y oi?? e ??i ?y?i-?????i, ???i ? ?? ??????i ??i
???y??ny. A ?? ? ?????ey ?????y?? ?????e ????e ?? e ??? ???a ?????y,
???a ??? ?????i e ?c ???u, ???? e ??e ??? ??y??ue, ??a ???a, ?????ay ?c
??a ???y??y, ?????ny e ????th. E?e, a ????a 1572 a. ?? ?? ? ?????o ?y???
????, ?????? ???o ??? ???y?ny ???e ?? 1562 a., e i ????? ?y??o ????, n
??th ?a?y??ue, ??a ?????ay ???a ???? ???y??th ?????, e?? ?o. Ii ????
1572 a. ?????? ?e??ey? ? ??????y. Ae?? ???: “A y ???o ??? ????? ???, e ?
???u ?????i ???? ? e ? ???a ????” Ia y?o ??? ??ny ??e ??o: a ???o ??yo
??a ?o?o ? ???. I ??o ???? ?? c?? ??? E???, i ?o ?, i ???o ????? ??ae
?i. A ??ae ?i ?/ue ?a i ????? ????, ? ????th e ???i ???y ? ?????i ?eie
???: ???a ?? ????? ??, ?i ??, ?oyi e ??; o ?ae????? ? ???? ? ??. ? ??e,
???? ??? ???. E? ? ?e ???otho, ?c ??a, ?e ? ????e ??a?? Y? ? ?? ?a
?????, a ??io e ????i ?????e a??n a ???? ????e, ? ?iy?? ??a: ????? ???e,
a ??o ?i ?????ny, ? ???a ??? ???? ?????i? A ??? ??? ?????? ???u ? ??,
??a ???o ????? y?u ? ?e???e ???u: ?i ??????, ?i aea? e ??; ?e ????e. Ai
??? – ????? ??u ??. I? ?? ????? e ???otho ??a ??? ???, e ?i ?????e ??? e
????y.
*(102) ??. E?. ??. XVI N 51 91 12. O???-*?i??e – N A. TH. N 19, 135;
1508-1532.
*(103) A?? ?????y ? ??? o ?n, ? e a A???e. O? ??i ???y?y e ?e ?????
??????? ????? (Erbgut). A???? ? ??e ???? ????y??ny ??? ???????e ?????e;
?e ??? ?? ????? a ??y?a ????i ?????ey. O ????? ?? o? ??i ? ??a ????i.
I?? ???e ?????? ????o ??? a ???o ??ayo, ? e a ??o ??ayo ???? ??? ?e
????? ??? ??i ???e???? ????? ??? ???. Ec y?? ??a ??? ???e a A???e e
?????? ??i ??i ??? a ???a ??? ?? ? ??. A ???? ??a y?o ???? ??o a ?y? n
?????? ??? ???y??y ???????e ?????e.
*(104) I???? ? ??o en??????, a ??? ????? ???e ?i?e, ???yo, ?i ??i ???
????y a ???o ?????, ?i ??? ?????? ? ??ay, a ???y ??????ue, a ???, ??
?i-??? ???? ????i, ? ?????? ??e ??i ?i ????ue. I??a ??? ?uy??ey ????
??ue ?????? I???. O? ?e ??o???? ???o ???? ?e ?ae, – ???o I???, – ? ????a
?? ??a ? ?a? ??a ????ue ?, ???u ??e ??ae??ny ??? ??i a ??i ??i ???a. A
?? e???? ?????ue ???, ? y ????o ??? ?? ? ??i ???ny ??a ???. Ia ??. 69 e
?. (o. III) I??? ????o ?? ??????y i ??????e ???.
*(105) A???i I.- N??y P??. I?. ??? ?????ue a ???? ??i??: “I???o ??
????e ??, ???? ????a”. “I??? ?i ? ??th ??o”. Ae?ue II, ?.
*(106) I? ????ny o ?o a ??i ??: “A ? ? e ??i ???oue ?? n ???ath, ? ?? ?
?? ?yae, a ?? ?c ?? ??ue ?ye ???o ???”.
*(107) Ii ???? E???a.
*(108) Y? ????? e a ???e ????a: “I?ue ?e ?? ? ?????”. Ae?ue I 489.
*(109) C???a ?cy??a ???, a ? ??? ???, ??i “?i” ??o e a ???? ?????: “*?
a ?? ? ???y, ?a a ?? ????ny” (??-e ??); “Ae? y?, ???a ? ????ue”; “Ae??
??, ?i ?? ???”; “Ae? ??e, ? ??e ???”. Ae?ue II, 95.
*(110) Ia y?i ????a ?? ?? a I o. Ae????e, ??. 637 e ?.
*(111) ss?a A?? ?????o ???, ?i ?????a ??????i ?? ??? ?? e ????? ???? ??
? ?a?a ?e ??i. A ??o ????y: testes qui praesentes fuerunt et hanc causam
dijudiciverunt. N???? ????o ??i ???i a ??th, Deutsche Rechtsalterthumer
858.
*(112) A?? ??i ????ue, Zeuge, ??c??o ? Ziehen her, sei nun der
zugezogne, oder der ohrgezogne gemeint. I???? ????a ?c?? ?????th ???ai
??ay ?oy??????y ? ?i ? ??.
*(113) A?. TH?. 1571 a. N 281. I??y, ???i, ?????, ?i ????y ???? ??
????? ??????. I???? ?iy??e ??aeyo ? ??ue, ?i ?????a ?c ????y ?? ??? e a
XVI a. ??? e oth???o ??th??th ? ???.
*(114) A ???? ????a ?ae 907 ??i: “E ??a ??y e ?y??? ?a: ?a ???? ?? ?n
??e, ? ? ?e?tho ?ny??; ? ????ue ?y? ??? n?? ???y?i ?? ?a, ? ? ??y? ???e
a ??o a ??? ??e; ???y? ?n ? ??tho o ?. I?u, e ???ue ???? ??. e ? ??oth?
??a ?, e ??a ???ue ?ny?? ??, ??? ? ??? E?? e ?? ? *???? e ? I?ay??ey; e
??? ??e; e ? ??y? a ?? ??? a??u ? ???i ??i, ?c ??uey, ?ae 50, e ? ??y?
??th, y?? ? i??a, ? ??y? ?? ? a ?i ?. A ???? 945 ?? ??a ?????o a o??a ??
??? ??? ???: “E? ????e ??tho ? ?o ??e e ???, ? ???yo ???o, ?oth/a ??: y?
??? ???ue ???; e ? ?o ? ??u e ?, ?a n ??i ???y?. A? ? ?c ???u ???ue e
???u ??? ?i, ? ??? e ???, ???a ????i ?ycth ???; ?a ? ?? ia ?aey? e
???y?y, ? ??? ???, ? ? ???ny ??oue ? io ?yay ???; ?a ? ???? a ?? ???ue,
? ???i ? , ?ycth ???, y? ? eth?, ?? ???y?. A? ???ue ?? ?n ??e, ? ?
??ath? ?ny?a. Aea ???? ?y? ?? ??i e ??iaey?i ?? ?a, ? ya ??y? ???y a
??o, ? a ??a? ??e. E ???y?i ? ???th? o ?. I?u, ? ???ue ???i ??, ? ????
?y? ??, ??a ???ue ?ny?? ??, ?ee ???a, a ??? ?ny??, ??? ? ??? E??, ?? ?
*???? e I?ay??ey e ? ???o ???a. Aea ??y? a ??ae ???e ??? ? ??a? ??i ?c
??uey, ?ae 50 e ? ??y? ??th, y?? ? ???, e ?? ? ??aey?.
*(115) A?????e-A???, O????ey, ?i. I, ??. 12, e 13 (??. ?ae.).
*(116) E?. E?. A?ae. I?e ? ?ae. ??e. yc. e ??., o. III, ??. 286.
*(117) Ae??? i ?i, ?i ??? ???? 907 ?? ??? ?? ???ue e a ???? 911 ??,
???a ?a a. E???e? ??. 5 e ?.
*(118) I??? E????: E?? ??o ????e ? ??e a A??th, ?e ? ???, ???o o ?.
I?u, ???? ? ?? e ???o ?i”. O? ? ??e ?tho ??? Y?? e N???a. I???? ????
???? ? ??? E???ey ???? ???: ? ? ?, ??? ???. O? ?e ??o ?? ????? y?? ??e,
? ?? ? ??u ??a-??? e ?? ????.
*(119) Ia ????????ue y?? ????? ??? ???i ?a I. O. A??????A????, O??.,
?i. I, ??. 1a.
*(120) A y?i ? ?????e ?e?? ??? ????a ? ???? e a. I??e.
*(121) O??, 139, ????ay ??????? ??o ???e i ??yo, ??ath??y ? ???e ??i, e
???i ???i, ?????i ??ue, ???? e ??????th, ?i a y?i ??a ???? ?? ???e. Ii
?i ??eth, ???? ??? ?e ??a ae???? ??ue ? ??e, ?e ? ????o ? ? ????. Y? o
?? ???????i, ? ???i.
*(122) Y?? e ??ue ????? ??o ??? ??i ???a ??i. Ii ????? ??? ?o ???a I???
????a, a ???o ?????y i ??a a??, ??o ???, ? ?i ????e, ?i ??a ??????a
?????i n ???i ???, e ????? ??? ??? ??a: “? ??? ?a, ?a ?a ????”. Y? aea
??a ? ???o a ?i ???, ?i ?? ??? ?e ?ia????ue i????i ? ?i ????eth (171).
Aeey ???e ??e y? ??? ??y?i, ? a ???? A??e ????? ?????.
*(123) Ni. I. O. A?????e-A???, O????ey, ?i. I, ??. 19, ?. 19. O????y,
?e e Y??, a ???a?? ??? ?o????a ???i ????y ??? ???? i?e, ????e ???? ????o
? Y??a a ?i, ?i ????? ?o ?e ??? ???a ??????o ???????th ?????a, a ?
??????i, ?e Y??.
*(124) “I???” ???? 911 ?? ? ????, ?e ??e Y?? y ?cy? ??, ??a. ??., ?e
?uy?? Ae. E. A?y?.
*(125) E?? ?uy?y? ??????a y?e ??? I????e “I ???o ????a?y”, ??. 204-223.
*(126) E?. E?. A?ae. I?e ? ?ae. ??e. yc. e ??., o. O, ??. 290.
*(127) E?? ???o y? ??ueth I. O. A?????e-A??? a ??. e 3 ?. ????.
*(128) Iu ???ny ????ey y?e ???, ??????i N. I. N????i.
*(129) N?. 139 e ?. I?????? Y??a ??? ??y? O???, ???e a ??i ???e ????a ?
??e ?? ??ui ??? ???? 945 ?? n ?????i ?????? ?o ????????? ???, a ?i??? ?i
a ??y?a ??? ???? I??, a ?? ????ey e ??. O?? ??yae ?? ? ????. E???? ???yo
? i ????? e ???? ??, a ? ????? ?i. N??e ?? ??? a ????, ? ? ???y?y, a ???
e ????ue ??? ?????ue eao, a ? ????ue ???.
E????a
Y??, Krhische Vorarbeiten zur Geschichte der Russen, 1814.
O????, ?????? i ????e e ?????a ???a ????? ? ???y ??i A???i I?????i
N???? O???y e ???? ?? ????? n ?e???e ??? ???e o ?n ????ey?, 1814.
I????o A???, I???a ???????i ???, 1825.
Y??, Das alteste Recht der Russen, 1826.
I???? ?????? ???? i N?aea C???, 1833.
N??a, E???i-th????? ?????? O?ae?ey, 1833.
A????, A?eyae ? ????a a. N??? ? ???? ??y A??ay I?????, 1834.
I???i, Ia ???? e ???oth?i ?i ????, 1839.
??oe, I?o ???e ????? ????o??? e ?????o ???a, 1836.
A?? ?????o, I??a?a E???, 1839.
I???, A??yy ???y ???????? a ???e, 1840 a. (Y???i. 2-e o.); I ?i????a
????? ?? a ???e ? I?? A., 1847; I ???eyo e ??? ??????e ????o ???a a A??e
e ???e, 1859 (I?. ?a. ?/. O. 6).
A????, I ??????e y???, ??? ??? ???e I?u ???? ?????o, 1842.
???????e, ?????? i ?ey?e a??-???? ??a ? ????? ?????a ???, 1843.
O??, Sammlung kritisch bearbeiteter Quellen der Geschichte des
russischen Rechtes, 1844.
E???, E?????a i ???? I??a, 1846.
I???, I ????o ???o ?y?e n A??? (E?????y), 1846.
???????e, I???? ???e ???e ???? ????????.
A???, N???? ??o ??? ??? XVI-XVII a. *??y II, 1846-47.
O???-*????, ??ue i ??a e ????? ??? ???. 1849. A?u ???i. ???au ??i.
???i. Ae? ??.
E???. I ???? E???, 1850.
N?????, ?y?ay ??? n ???th XIII a. 1851.
I?????i ???. I ??????? ???a ??y??e E??? ??e. O??. ??? ? 1851 a., o. I.
E????e, I ?????? y???a a ????o ???? n A???, 1853.
N?????, I ????o ?. I?? n ???e, E?. Ei. Ae. I?e ? ?ae. ??. yc. e ??., o.
I, ??. 309 e ?., 1852, o. III, ??. 257 e ?., 1854.
A?????, I ???? I???? n ????e ???? 1270 a., 1855.
Y????, A????? ??? I???? ??? ???u, 1855.
O??y?a, E?????a I???? ??? ???u, 1855.
I??, E??ae??? i I?????e ??? ???a, 1856. (N??. ???o. N?. ???.).
N?????, Ae????a ????? ???u I???? n ???e 1199 e 1263 a., E?. E?. Ae. I.
? ?ae. ?n. yc. e ??., o. VI, ??. 153, 1857.
*???, I ?y??? ???? e ae??????o ????, 1858 (I??).
Y????, O??????? ?????ey a ???e ???e e ????e ???e a XIII e XIV ??.,
1858.
E?aey?a, I?o ??? ????e ??? ???, ????? a ??o th?????, 1855.
A???/, E?????y ????? e ??y ??????? O???y 1649 a. AE. I. TH?. N 1, 1859.
C???, E???? O???y. A?. ???.-th?. ??. I, 1859.
E???, I???? ?y ???? O???y 1701 a. A?. ?o. e ??o. ?. ?. V, 1860.
A???e, O???a, ??? e ??? ?a??, 1860.
A???a, E???a ???u, ????? i????yi, e ???i a XIII, XIV e XV a. A?. ?o. e
??o. ?. ?. I e V, 1860-61.
N?????, *??y i ???o ???o ???nyo, 1862.
E????, ???. I??a e E???? ???. E?a. ???. ?a?o. 1855. I??ae. ? II o. C?.
E?. Ae. I., N 4.
C??i, A. B. N??a ?????? ??????i? ?e ??? ?? ????yo ???? ?????. A?.
???.-th?ae. ??. III, 1861.
O????e, I???a ????e I??a. N??. ?????, *?i. a ?u. e?. e ?. ??n., 1867,
?. 2, e I???. N???. 1860, /. II, ?. 206-18, 306-38.
Ae. E??, ???i-E???? ??, 1668.
Aeth???, E???? ??a e ?ae a ???e ???e, 1869.
I??a, I??????e ??y?-???e I?i??i, 1869.
E????, E??ey ???? ??a, A. I, 1869.
N????e, I ????o I?? n A???, 1870 (E?a. ??. ?a.).
A?????e-A???, O????ey ? ???e ???? ??a, 1872-6.
N????a, E??. ??e. ??a. A?. I. E????a. E????. I?? ??? ????? ?????, 1878.
A?????, C???????i ?????a. AE. I. I. I?., 1878, 10 e ?.
A???a, I ???? ??e n A??e, 1879.
A?y?, E??e ? ???e ???? ????????, 1879.
A?????, E??ey ???e ???, o. I, 1880.
N????, I?? ?????ey ???ai ??a, 1882 a. (I?eth???, ?. 1 e 2);
A???? e ???? ??i a ????o n A???, 1882 (AE. I. I. I?., ?. 1).
A?y?, I???a ??? N???? O???y 1551 a. ?e N???a, 1863.
C???i, O???a ???u XIV-XVI a. Aui. 1-e, 1875, 2-e, 1876. O???a oe. e a.
e. A??ay I????? e C??? ??? 1648-49, 1879.
AE??a, I???? ?y ???e N???a, AE. I. I. I., /. 186, I?. II. 1875.
I??e, Ae??????a ??? e ???e O???y 1549 a. N??. A??e. ??., ?. III, 1880.
I??a, A. “E?? ????”, ????? a ??, a ??????i ????, ?????? ??? ???????a,
????a, ???a e ????. N?. 1885.
ss???e, I. I. O???a ???a ???u E???i-????i ?????a. E?a. 1889.
O???, N. A??a e ???a a??? I????? ?????a, I??a. 1895.
A?????, A. E??? ? “E?? ?e??a”- a AE??? I?. I?. I??., ??ue CCXLIII, ?ae.
2. O??i, I. A?????a ??i, ?e e???e O???y 1648 a. e ??????o ???.
1898,
ss???e, I. I. E??e ? ???e ???e ???? ??a. E?a. A?. ???. 1898.
A?????e-A???, N???e 1589 a. A? c???a e ????e. E?a. 1902.
N????, ???ay I??a. 1904.
E????a
O????, I?o i ????yo ?????, 181 a., ??. ?ae. 1818 a.
A??, Ae??? ???a ??i. 1826.
A?????, ?????a i ???? ???e ???e 1830.
??oe, I?o ???e ????? ????o??? e ?????o ???a, 1836.
N???a, Ia ????yo I???? e ???i ?y?yi 1845.
E???, A?eyae ? TH????? ?o ???e ???e, 1846.
N???a, E??? ????e ??o ??e?e ?y?y? ?th??? ??. 1847.
E???, ???? I????i ????y. Ii?. ??. ?/. o. 2.
A?. O???, E??ey ????? ????? ???e ? ???e ????y ?????a ? ???u A???? II.
1848.
Oth?i, I?????y ??ue e ???a ????y a ???e ??e 1850.
E???, E??. A?. E?. TH?ae. N?ae., ?. I, 1850.
A???, ???? ?e ?????? y??? ?? ??e 1850. I ???i ?? ??yi ??? e ???o a
?????e. 1852 I?. ??. ?/. I.
I???, I ????a ????y???i e???? ???? 1851. I?. ?a. ?/.
C????, I ???oyo a ???e ?i??. 1854.
E?e, I ?y?o ???o a ???e ???e. TH?. ??. I??a. 1855.
A?????, E??ey ????? ??yi. 1857.
I???, Eiy?, ???a, ??? e ?/a, VII o. ??????. 1857.
*???, I?? ??????i ???ey n???e ??? a ???e ???e. 1856.
O??u e ???y? a ???e ? XVI a. Ae???a e ????? ???u ?e?? e ???? ?y?e (a
I??o). 1858.
A?y?, ???? ??? A. *???a: Ia?? ??????i ???ey ???? ??? a ???e. ??. A??a.
1856, I, II, IV.
N???a, N?? i ???? ???, ?on. A?o. 1856, 22.
E??a, ???? ??ae e ??????. 1858.
C??i, N??a ?????? ???????i ?e ??? 2-o ????yo ???? ?????. A?. ?o. ??o.
??. 3859, ?. 3.
A?y?, E??uey? ? ??e. 1860.
I?????e, I???? e ?yae ?ae. *??y, o. IV.
E??, ?????y i ??y?-?????? ???o. E?. A?. I?,, o. III, ?i. 1. 1861.
O????e, Ia ???e ???u a ??o ????y ? E?? IV. TH?ae. AE?i., N 5- 1861.
E????a, I ?????? ??? a ???e ???e. I??a. N 1. 1861.
U??, N??eay ???, ?????? ??e. A?, N 1 – 6. 1862. A???? ???a ??u, e?????e
??e ???-???o ????o ??e. A?, N 12. 1862.
E????a, N??i-???a ???????. 1863.
A?y?, ????u ? ???e ???e: ?. I, E?a e N???, ?86? (2-? ?ae. 1865); ?. II.
E??ey I???? A???i, 1866; ?. III. E??ey ??? I??a, 1867; ?. IV.
E??ey I???. 1872.
I?????e, I??a e ?n a ???e ???e. C?. A?. ?u., XII. ?86$.
A???, I??????ue ???e ??e. 1866.
N????, A?a e ?y?, ???a ???????a ????? e ????? ? ???a ?y?e ?th????e.
1867.
E????, I ???? ??e ?????ii n ???ith. AE. I, I. I?., 1867, /. 134.
A????e, A??????? ??e ???e ???e. 1868. (I??., E??. e A?.).
I????, I???????? ??o a Ii???a. AE. I, I. I?. 18?. N 10. Na.
A?. E?i I??o. O? ?, 1870. N 8.
E????a, I??i ??????y a ???e ???e. A?o. A?. 1870, N ??.
I??e, Eiy??ay e ?-?y??ay ??ue. *??y, 1870, II.
N????a, Ae??? ??? ???e. 1873.
I????, I?? ????? ???e I??a. 1873.
E????, I ????-???? ????a ??????i ?? ???e ???e, AE. I. I. I?. 1874 a.,
174.
I????, I?????y N???ay ??a. AE. I. I. I?. 1875 a., 180 e 181.
Cy???, I?? ?????e e ????ae?ey ????i ???ey a
?????? ???e. 1876.
I?????a, E. II. E?????a ?????ey e ???. 1876.
E???, I ?????e ??. A?o. ??. ?a. 1877.
Ae???/, A??i??y ??y e aa ???? a ???? ???e. U&o8. A ??? 3″? ???. ???.
A?y?, E??e ? ???e ???? ????????. 1879.
Ey??a, C???a ???yi ? ??y ??n. I??u e ?. 1879.
I????, I?? ????? ???e ???e a A?. Ii???a. 1879.
Ae?????, E?????y i ??n. I??a. A?. I. I ???o ??, I??u. 1881.
C???, A?eyae ? ?????? ???ea I????? ??????y. E??. A??. 1881, ??.
E????i, A?a a ???? ???e. 188.
Aeuey?i, O??? ??? a ????e ??? a ??y??o ?????? ? ?i??ey ? ????? a XIV e
XV ?e. 1882.
Eeth???e, Aiy??y Ae?a. 1882.
A??, Ia ?????? ???? ???ai ?y??a. 1886.
Eth???e, I???? ???a e ???a ????? E???i-???? ?????a ? ???e ???y ???i
????? ???a. I??a. 1892.
Y???y??e, A??? e ???? ?y?y ???? ??e a ????e ??? n 1238 io 1505 a. N?.
1889-91.
N???a, O???a ??y??i XVII a. 1891 – 94.
I?????e, I?? ??n??y i ????? I?????o. N?. 1892.
I?th?a, A??????? ?cy??i ???e a ??? ???? XVIII a. e ???a I??a A. N?.
1892.
I???a, E? ???? ??? AE?i. Iei. I??. I??. 1892 a. ?. V.
O?? Ea. I????e ???? ???. I??a. 1894.
I??a-N?????, C??????i-????. N?. 1897.
Aeuey??a I. I??e ? ???e ??n?? ????y a I????i ?????a (XVI-XVII ?.). N?.
1898. A?y? E. Ae., C??? ??? ? ??e. ??e e ??o I????? ??????. I.
E?e?, C??? ??? ???e ??e. N?, 1885, I???? ?y ???e ???o ???a. N?. 1884 a.
E???, E ???o i ????? ? A??? O?????i. 1894- A ??eyo ???? I??? ????a.
Eth???e, I???ay ???y ?????? ?????. AE. I. I. I?. 1895, VII.
I??a-N????? I. A????u ???? eth?. I?????? ???? ??y??a. N?. 1898.
C???i, E??ey ??a ???? ???. O. I. E??ue. 1899.
I??a-N?????, E???? a ???? ??e. N?. 1900.
A?????e-A???, I?? ???e ???? ??a. E?a. 1900 a.
A?ey?, ss??y ??? a I????i ?????a ? ??a XVII a. ss????. 1900.
I??a-N?????, O????a ????y a ???? ??e. N?. 1901.
N??, I????a ?? e ?????? ????u. E ?i?? i ?ey?e A?a?? ? ?????a ?? ???e
??? I????o ????e. O???. 1901.
O?????, O???? a ???e. A???. 1902.
A?ey?, I??c ??? ?e. ss????. 1902.
I????i, N?? E???i-????i ?????? ? Eth???? ??. 1596, 1. O???. 1902.
N????, Ae???? ???? ??a. O. III.
1903O???a, O??? ???e ???? ?a?. O. I. 1907.
Aeuey??a, I??e ??????i ??y ???e ??e. O. 1.1907.
N????, Ae???? ???? ??a. O. II. 1908. T. I. 1909.
I??y?a, Eiy?a ??i a ???e ??e. 1909.
E????a
Y??. Das alteste Recht der Russen. 1826.
??oe. I?o ???e ????? ????o??? e ?????o ???a. 1836.
E???a. I ??a ? ???? a ???i ???i e ?o?o ??y??o c???????? a ????e n
????ith ??ith. 1839.
O??. Die Blut-Rache. 1840.
I??. ???ay I??a a ????e e ????? ??o. 1841.
I????/. I ???? ?? ?????ey ? ??? ?iy??? ???? ??????n?a. 1845.
N?????. I ????a ????? ?e??????a ?????? ???o ???a e ???????-????. 1845.
O??. A?eyae ? ???? ??? ???? ????? ???????? n ????? ??? ? ???ey i ????yo
1845 a., ??a. n ?i. 1847.
Ae?i. I ????yo ? ??y A??ay I?????. 1849.
N??????. ?????? ??e ????ey ??????o ????e a ???o ?iy??ao ???? ????????.
1855 (a th?ae. ??. I??a).
A?????e. ????a ?iy?e i ?????? e ????e a ???i ??a ? I?? A???i. 1857.
E??. I ????e e ????e ? ????a ? ???? ???? ??o. 1859.
AE. I. I. I?., N 6.
E??. ?????? ? ????i ??a ???? I??u. 18a0.
E???. Ae????a e ?????th Ae??. 1861. A?. ?o. e th??/. ??., ?. III.
I?????e. I ????e ??, ?e ?iy?a ? ??????i ????. 1861. TH?ae. AE?., N 5.
*???-Ae???a. I ????? ???? ? ???? ?-?????o ??o. 1861 a.
I?eth?a. Ae????y ? ???e ?n??i ????? ??a e ???? ?a??a ????? ??a A???.
1865.
O????e. Nithc ?????e ??? o ???o ????a e ??yi. 1866.
A?a. Historya prawa karnego ruskiego. 1870.
A??a. I ???? ?iyo ? ???? I??a. 18o7
E???. Oa???a ??i ? N???? ??y E?? A?????. TH?ae. ??i. ????. 1842.
E????. E?????a ??e ????? ??a, ????? a ???? A??ay I??e??a. 1847.
E?????. A???a ??????? ? ???eth ??y A??ay I?????. A?. ?o. e ??o. ??. ?.
3, 1859.
A???. I ???? ? ???i ??? e ???? ???? ??a. 18a0.
O???a. I ????? ??????. 1867.
E?oy???e. E?????a i ???? e??. 1867.
O???. O???y ??a ?????i ???a. E???a??. 1868.
N?????. Beitrag zur Lehre von den Eigenthumsverbrechen nach der O???a
1649 a. 1868.
????e. I?????? ? ???? ??o. 1871.
O???a. E?n ???? ????? ??a. 1874-1880.
O???a. I??????a ????a ???? ii ???? ??o (??? e ??aae). E???i-??????a
??????, 1880.
A????-E?ey???e. I ????a-??a ? ???? ??o. 1880.
N?????. I???? a ???i ??a XVII a. 1888.
C???i, I. I. I?? ???e ???ie ??e a ???e. E??ue. 1892.
Ae???i. I???? ? E????o ??o? a ?i ?? ???eyo (1529, 1536, 1588). 1894.
I?????, I. O??a i ?????? ? E????o ??o?. E?a. 1896.
O???a A. A. E??ey ???? ????e a ???i ??a. N?. 1897.
A??a A. A. I?????a e ????a a ???i ??a. A???. 1903.
ss???e I. I. N?i e ??ue ??n?e I??u. E?a. 1906.
E????a
Ae????. TH????? ?????a i ??? e ??????e ?????a o ??????? ???a e i
n?????a, e e??o ?i ?????i ?? ???y ??????? ???? ????????. 1775.
O????e. I ???ueyo. 1811.
??oe. Versuch einer geschicHtlichen Entwickelung der Grundsatze des
russischen Vormundschaftsrechts, 1821. I?o ???e ????? ???????o e ?????o
???a. 1836.
E??a. N??????? ????a ????o ?? e ?y????e. 1836.
I???i. I ????. 1837.
???????e. E?????a ????a ???? ???????? i ?????. 1839.
N??????. Ia ??o ????ey ?? ? ????i. 1842.
E?????. I????a ?????i ???i??i ??a a ?????? ?i ????. 1843.
E???. I ??????? ??? ?oe ???? ??. 1844.
A?a. E??ey ???? ???????i ??a o ??yi. 1845En??. e ???o. ???e.
A?a. Ein Blick auf die geschichtliche Entwickelung des alteren
russischen Erbrechts bis zum Gesetzbuch des Zaren Alexei Mich. 1848. 455
E???. I ???? e ???ueyo. 1848.
O??? I ??iy?e ??? a ???e ? I?? A???i. 1850.
I???. Ia ???o ???????? ????y a ???e. 1847. E??ey ?????o ???a. 1851.
A?y?. I ?????i ???? a Ii???. ?n. A?i. XI. 1851.
O????/. I ?????e ??????e e ????? a ???e ??e. 1853.
E?aey?a. I?o ????? ??? ???. TH?ae. ?. I??a. 1855.
A???. I ?ey?e ??????i ??iy?y ???o ?oe ? ??i ?????e ??????e. 1855.
E???i. Ae??? ???a ???????. 1855 TH?ae. ??. I??a.
A?y?. E? ???? ???? a ??? ??y e ???a ???? a ??e ??e e ???a ???. 1855. A
?????? 12 y??y 1853 a.
N??????. ?????? ??e ????a?? ????e a ????? ????? ???? ????????. 1855.
Y????. N??????? ????a ?????o ???a, ?????ny a I???? N??e A???. 1855.
O??y?a. E?????a I???? N??e A???. 1855.
I??. Ae??? ???a ??i ???. 1855.
A?y?. I ????? ?c ????y. 1858.
Y????. I ?????? ??a ???a?i?e ? ??th. 1859.
E?????e. A???a ?iy? e ???u. 1859.
I????e. I ???o ?????ey a ????? ???i ??a. 1859.
E???. A?eyae ? ?????? ???ea ????i ??y?a ?????ey. 1860.
I?th?i. I ????? ????? ?????a. *??y. 1859-1860.
A???a. E?????? ????y ???? ? ???? ???? ??o. 1868. *??y, N 2.
O????e. N???a ??? o ???o ??yi e ????a.
Aeth???. E???? ??a e ?ae a ???e ???e. 1869.
Oe???. E???a ???u a ?o?? ???? ??a ?????ey. 1870. A ????? O?????i
??????.
I??. E?????e ??e ?? ????e?i ????y ? ???? ??o. 1874.
C?????. E?????e ??e ??a ii ???? ??o ? ??a XIII ?. 1875.
E?n?? (Keussler). Zur Geschiclne und Kritik des diuerlichen
Gemeinde-Besitzes in Russland. 1876.
C???i. O ??a ???ey ????? ???e a I?e. ?n. 1877.
A???, ??i. I ????o ???eyo O???? ????y. 1877.
N?????. I?? ???e n???e ??? ? N??a ???e. 1877.
O??a. E??ey ???e ???u. 1187.
Ae???. A?y?a ?????? ? ???? ?o ???? ????. 1880.
A???a. I ??a ?????a. I??????, ????th????? ???? e ?????? ?????i 50-e (?
???i ????? ??? I???a 51-e) ??u ???? ???e ??e. 1880.
E???e. I ???? ????yo a th?-???? ??e. ???. N??. 1880. N 17.
I?????a. A???? ??a. I?? ?i????ut, ??????? e ??????y. 1883.
E??? A. I ???o ???? ? ???? ????? ?????e e ??e? ???? ?????e. I??a. 1887.
E??a. I????? ?th? e ???u ? ??? ???e a XVII a. o ????o e ??????o ???yu.
I??a. 1901. Ae????e. A????ay ??????? ? ???? i?? ? ??a XVII a. N?. 1903.
O??? A. A. I???a a ?? (e ??eth i ???-???i ???). E?a. 1903
E????a
E?????. I ????o. A??. A?. 1811. O. III.
E????/. I ???? ????o. ???. E??. N???. 1838 a. O. I, ?. VI.
E???.E?????a ?????a ???? n???????a a ???e. 1843.
E???. I???a ??? ???? ??o????a e ?????? ????????, a ??? ???e ? O???y ?
O????y i ???eyo. 1843.
I?th???e. I ???a ???? ???o??? ???? ?????i ??a ?????? n ???? I??? e
?????e ???? ????. AE. I. I. I?. 1846, /. 49), ?ae. 3.
I???. I ?????? ????? ?? a ???e. 1847.- A ??. ??. ?/.
I???a. E??ey ?????y e ???ey ???u ???? ?????? ???????? ? O???y 1649 a.
1848.
I??. O????i ????o ??a a I????i ?????a. AE. I. I. I?. X, ??. 77. 1848.
E????. I?o ?????? ????? i ?????? ????i ???????? a ???e. 1849.
O???. E??ey ???? ????? a ???e. 1851.
I??i. I ???? ???????o ? ???? ???? ??o, ???????i ??????, a ?????? ?
????. 1851 a.
*???a. Ia ???o ???? a??e ? ????y ?????a ? A??ay I?????. A TH?ae. N??.
I??a. 1855.
Iy???. ???? ?????a ??????n?i ? O???y 1649 a. Aei ???y N?? C???. 1856.
I??. ?????? I?????e ??? ???u a ????e e ????????. N??? ????a NIA.
??????. 1857.
Ae???a. E??ey ???? ????e. 1859.
Ae???i. E?????a ?????? i i???eyo ????? ? ???? ??o ? I?? A???i. 1859.
A?y?. I ?? ?????? ? ??e a ???o. TH??/. AE?i. 1861. N 7, 8 e 9.
E??. Ia ????i ??a ???? I??u.
A??i. O??? ??? a ?? ? ???? I??a. A?. E?. e I??. N?ae., ?. 5. 1863.
E?oy???e. I ????? ??iy?? n???a ??iy?ny ? ????y e ?? 1868.
Aeth???. E???? ??a e ?ae a ???e ???e. 186ae.
N?????e. ??????? ?????? e ????? ????????. AE. I. I. I?., o. 165-6.
18o3.
O???. E??a ?????. I????? ??o a ???e. I?. I, ???u ??y???, ?y??? e ???e.
1877.
E??. Ae??? ???a ???a ?e ??? ??. 1882.
Ae??? ???a ????a ???????? (XIV, XV, XVI e ???? XVII ??a). 1884.
Ec ?????y e ???? ???th. A 1883 ?? ?? a ??? ?c ??? ?ith ??? e ????a?y ?
???e ???? ??a. Y? ???a ???? ?? ?? ???e ???? ??a, ??e ??a y ??e ????i E.
NIA. O?????a, a ??e y ??a e ??ithth e ??th ???th ??a; y? ?????? ? ???
90-o ??a, ??a ????? E??i ?iye i?????thny, ? ???ith ?ith 30-???i ??a,
???o ???e ??a. Ii n??y???y ??a ??o ?? ????eth, A. I. E??i ?ye ? ?ay ???
??e ???e, a ? ?? ???? ??iyy. A 90-o ? ??o y ????e e ???th ae????e, a
???a a?? ??? ???u, ??th???ny a ??eyo e ?????eyo, ? a ??a ????e ????a.
A????y y??, ??a ???a E??e e ??a???e ??? ?? ???? ?? ?ae: ?e ??y ???y, ?e
??e e ?a ???u, ?????? a ????yo, a ?? ? ??e; a y?i ??i ?? ?i e ?y??? a ??
a 1894 ?? ?ae ?c??? ??? e ?????? ? ???e e??? ??a. A???y ?? 3-a ???a y?o
??? e ??????, y ??? a ?i ??a ????: y ???? ??e i i?y?o ???o, ?????ue a
III o. ?????, ???? ????a ??? ??? e a ????? ????e ??ueth i ????o n ???e X
??. E?? ??????i ??i ???y ??? e ?????? ? ???e ???? ??a, ??????i a 1883
??, a 1888 e 1890-i ?y??? ii?a ???y y?? ??a ?ae ?? ???, ? n ???? ?????y?
? ??i. A ?o ?? ???e, ????ey, ???a ?????? e ?? ????, ?y?a ? ?? ? ???,
?????? a ??? ????. ss ? ?ath, ?i y? ???.
N-I???? 27 ??ey 1903 a.
_____________________________
(***) A ??? ?????? ?????? ??a ???????? y??. Aeey ?????ey n ?????e ????
?????a ???? e ?????e ??e ????a.
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