Чистяков О.И. 2004 – Конституция СССР 1924 года (книга)

*?oy?a I.E. 2004 – E????ey NNN? 1924 ??

A?? 1. A??? ???u

1. I?????a ????y

E????ey NNN? 1924 ?? – ?? ? a???? ????? ? ???e ??????? ?????a e ??a OO
??. Ia n???i ?y?? ? ??ey?ny a ???? ?????e ?? ?????o ?iy?e. Y? ?i?????
???????? ????o ? ???ea ????, ???e ????a ??a *(1), ??ai ????a *(2).

O?a, ??y??ay E????? Nith? NN?, ?????e ?y?? n ????e ?????th?o ????a, a
??? ???o ??ath?y ????u ?????y N????i ?????a e ?i ???????? ?????y, a ?i
??a e E????ey ?NON? 1918 ??. A??a ???? a y?e ?? ?atho e ??? ????a ???u,
????a ec ???o – ????, ????, ?????e – y?ythony ??? n ?i e ???e a ???e
?????i ??a. O???? e A????? ???u ?NON?, ???? ??ae ??i ????i?i NNN?, ?a e
??????? ??? e E????? Nith?, ???y ???, a ?o?? ??? I???e ??i y?? ?????a –
??? iy?. N??????, ?e ???? ??? ????? ??i ???ue ??a ??u e ??????? ???a.

2. E?????ey

I E????? NNN? 1924 ?? ?????i ???? a ????ai ?? ???yo – ????eyo, ????o,
????o ??ueyo, ??i?? ?????. I??a, ??? ? ??i ae?i ? ? ?????? ???e, ??y???e
????, a n ???? ??a ???? ??a. *?a ??i ???? E????? ??y?ny ???? a ??ao ?e
a??o, ???y?o ? ?????e NNN?. Ec n????? ??o, ??y??? ????i ???o I???? ???
Nith? N???? N???????o ?????, ??i ???ue ?? ??o N.E. ???a “E ???e E?????
NNN? 1924 a.”, ???oth a 1949 a. Y?, ???i, ? ????, ?i a ??o ???o ? ????
?????? ???u ??e ???e ????. I???u, ? ? ?????, ?????? ??i, ??e ??????i.
A??? ?, ?y e???y E????? NNN? 1924 ?? a ???? ????? ?????a e???, ???? ????
? ???? a ???e e ae???? ??a ???? ?????a ??ey.

E????a, a ???e ????? E??e??y 1924 ??, ?????i, ?? ?????ue a ?????e ?
y??, ????a ?????oth y?eth?th. A ????? ??a? i ????i I???i ??? ??? ????
??, ?e y?i, ?????i, ????ue ??y?? i ?? E.A. N??? a ?i ????. I?????i ?????
??? ???a N??? a ?????e NNN? e ?i ???????i ?????, ??? ??? ?c ??aa???e.

I???i ??? ????? ?????y E.A. N??? ??o ???ue ???e “E??ey N????i ?????a e
??a”, ???? ?ae ????e ??. A.E. Ae???a a 1949 ??. C?? E????? ??y?i ?????e,
?oy e ????e ?????o, ???th?e i??????? ????? ???, ?oy e n ????? ??????
????.

I???? ????? ???i ?y E????? 1924 ?? ? ???? e ???? ??i??a “E????? e
???????a ?? Nith? NN? (1922-1936)”, ????o ?ae ???e? E.I. O???a a 1940
??. C?? ??? ??a ??????ny ????i ????? ????ey E?????, ? ?????ue, ???i, ?
???a?y i “????-?????” ?????? ???? *(3).

E???? ????, ?i a ??????, ??????th?i ?y ????a ?? ???e ??a – “E???
A??th?? E???????e i??e (?????a). E??? ??” – ??? ? ??a ?o i ??? E?????
Nith?, e ?? i ??i ?????e NNN? ????y ??? ??i. E?ue a ????e ??a ??e, ?a ??
?? ? I???i ??? 1936 ??, ???y ?????? ????? i ????? E????? a ??a ? ??? ??e
*(4).

N?? ? ????a, ? ?a ?????a ????a i E????? Nith? ????ny a ????e ?????
Ae.E. C??????i “I????? e ???? NNN? ?e ?th??i ?????a”, ???? a 1954 a. C??
?a i????y “??th?yny ?? a ??????e ????? E?????” E.A. N???, ?????y e ?
????? ??u ?i ???y a ??? ?ae I???i ???i *(5).

?????? ????o a e???e ???e ?????y NNN?, a ?i ??a i??e E????? ?th??i
?????a, i???e ??a OO ??? EINN, ? ???i I.N. O??a ?e ???????th ??e?
?y????e E.A. N???, ?eth?y ?i o??? a ?????e NNN? e ??? a ??????e ??????
????. A?????, y? ? ??i ? ????ny a ????a ???e E????? 1924 a. I??????a ???
???i ?iy?? ??????? ??oa N???, a ??? n ?i e ?? ?y????e ??y. A ?????e
????ue N??? ? ??????? ??? ?????y NNN?, ???e ??? ????? ?? “??????e” ?th??
????e. E ?oy y?o ??, ?e ????, ?????e ? ??i N???, a ???? OeE, e ?oy ??a
????e ???e N??i ???????i ???y ? ??, ??ya ????th ?ath ?th??i ?????a, ?i ?
??a A???ue?? ????y OeE E???????e ??? ?a? ????? ?e ??i ????a.

Ia ??? y?e ???e n?? ?a ? ?y?y?ny e ????a ???a ???, ??? ???o ????? ??
?????th ???o ???e.

A 1957 a. a ?y? n th??? ??a ?????ay ????ey “N?? ?o N????i ??a”,
??????ay a E?????? ??????. A ???a i ???????i ??a ??ue ???y ????e ???? e
i E????? NNN? 1924 a. A??u ??th?y ?uy??ue ???o, ??? E????ey Nith?
???e?ue ? ??a e ????eth ? I???o ???a ?th?? ????e, ? ??tho y? ???? ??? e
??yoii *(6). I??? ???i e ? ???e E????? ? Nith??i ????. A??u ???yo, ?i
??? I???? ???, ???e ????ny “Ae??? ? ?????e Nith? N???? N???????o ????e”
?e ?? ????. A ???????? ? ????? ???? a E????? ?? /? ????. A ????? ???
??? e ????a ?e ????? E?????, ?i??i a eth? 1923 a., ?? ???u ????y ?e a
???o ????ey ?? Nith?, ?e e a ???o ? ????? ?????y.

A ???a ? ????e ??e ??i???a ???, ???a ?-??iy?? ??????e, ???? N.E.
ss????y. A ??? ? ?o *(7) ??y?ny ???a ???? e E?????.

A ??a 50-o – ??? 60-o ??a o ????a ?y??? ?????ue, ?oy e ??????y, ????y ?
???a e ???? ???, ???a ? ?o ?? ?? ??e ?????? ?y ???????. O?, ????, N.E.
ss????e ???ue ???? ?? ??e “?y?e” ??, ?e ????? “o. 3” (n??n ? ??????i) a
Oe????? ???i? ??? E???? ????a-????a ?e OeE EINN (??? ??a ?? ??????) –
??? o?ae N???. A???, ?e i???o e ???, ????o, a ?i ??a ????o, ?????,
??th??y ??, ? n????? ?? a ???o *(8).

A y? ??y, a ??a ??a a 1960 ??, a ??a ?? ???? ?????? ??????, ?y???
?????ue ?y ???a ???? ?????a ??y?, ?i e ???????ue N.E. ss????y. I??a,
???a y? ??a ?? ???u. O?, ????, ??? ??? ??e ???? ????ueny a ?i ? OeIA EIE
? ?????? ???? ?????a ??? ? ???c??? ?????. I? ???a ?? ????ua ??? ? I.E.
A???a ??????y ????? ????? ?? ??????i ?y??: “A??? ??? ? ???????y ?e ??
???a, ? ? ?a-?? ??????? y???”. Ii-???? ????? ????e ???i ????a ??u, a ?i
??a ?? E??a (o. 2). E?? y ????? ????? a ??, ????e ??? ??? ??c?: “A? ?i
??i ??ue i E??a – ??????. A ?i ? ?????? – ??ue ? ??i”.

N.E. ss????y ??i ???ey ???a ???????yi ????o ????e ? ?????y NNN?, ????
?i ?????y. Ii ?e ? ???a ?a ? ??? ??a. Oae, ??y ???oth ??? y?i ?ycyi, ?a
???? ???? ????o ????e “????? ?????”. Ia ??i ?? ??o ????? ?????? ? ??a
1922 ?? ia ?????? ???-?? ??????? ????a, ????th?? ?a ?????, ? ?a ?
???i-??? ??????o ??o ????. Ae?no????, a 1920-1921 ??o ?? ?eeth?? ??y
?????? ????a ??o ?NON?, O???e, A?????, C?????? ??????, ? ?e ?ith? ?
?????e ???? ?? ????e ??o y?? ??????e. Nay?, ?e ????? a ????? ?a aei
N.E.ss????e *(9), ?? a ???e ?? ? ???i th?????e, ???i ??????. E??e, ? y?i
???o ?? N.E. ss????y, ???y a ?????e ???? ????? ?????a ?????? ? ???u OeE
?EI(a). A ? ??a ????ny eth?????e ????, ??th??y ??? ????? ??a, ??a N??i
??? ?a?? ?????? ??????e n ??? “N???o I?” i ??a a ??? A???? ??y?o ???o??.
A ????a, ???e ???a ??? ?y? ? ?????y, ????y ??o ???, ?i ????a ?????
“y?yth?y ??????ueth ?? ????e” *(10). A ??, ??? ???y, e ??e ????e-? ?a ?
?? a ?y?a 1922 ??, e ?i ??a ? ??i ?oue ?? i ??????e ?? ?????y ?????,
???a ?????? ? ???y 1922 ??.

E N??i, ??? A????? ????? OeE, ? ???e ???-?? ???????? ??a (I???? a ???
??? ? a ??), n ???? ? ?a ? ??? ???ey ?????i ????i ?????i, ? ?y?i ???, ?
??ue ?????o ?cy????? ???o.

A ??a N.E. ss????e ?-??? ?a???y ???? ????? y?? ???ey NNN?. I??a ???
???? ? y??, ?i ??? ???? a ???? ???ey Nith? ?? ??ey ??o ?????e O??iu e
???e, ????a ??? 1922 ?? ????th ??? ????? ????? a ?? ???????? ??? e,
??aa????, ??? O??? a ??? ?NON?. Ii N.E. ss????y ???a ????i, ? ?? a???a
????, a ??a ????? ???? ?????a ? y?? ???. I? ??????, ?i ? ??e ??e E???y
OeE ?EI(a) ?ae ?????? I.A. O??a ???ea? ????e ?????? ????e ??o ???? e
O???e, ? ???yy ?? ?i i ??? ? y? ???u. I?? ????i ????, ?????e ? ?? ? ??a
3 OeIA EIE, ???e ?????, o ?? ???a ???? ?ay ???ey ??? ??????i ?u???ey
????o ????e. N???? OeE EI(a)O Ae.C. I????? 4 ??y?y 1922 a. ???? ???
N???, a ???i ???e, ?i ?? ? ???e ? ?????? ????a e ???th ???? a ???? ??
????o ????e e ??? ? ???? ?oao ???? *(11). A???, y? ?ay ?? ????? ?a
?????? a ???a ?ny? ???? I?ath? OeE ?EI(a) ?y ????? e I??? OeE ???a i
?????o?eyo ?NON? n ???e ?????? ????? ??????.

E ?o ?o ??i ???? ???th ?ath, ???e ??y?? ??a N.E. ss????e – ?????eth
?????? ??a “??????e” ?????o ????e e ?????th ???e?i ??a ?????y NNN? ?e
?th??i ?????a. N??? ????, ?i ??? ????o N??? ?c ???, ?oy ? ?????ny ?
?????? ?????y “?????i ????? ??a”. Y? ??? ???????i ?? ?????o ???, ???e ?e
?i I.N. O???i ? ????ii ??? ???? ????a, ??iy??ny ??o ?n? ???ey OO ???
EINN. A ????e ???????? ????? ? y? ??th “a?????eth” ??? ?? ?uy?? N??? ??
? ? ??? ???. I??a, o N.E. ss????e ?? ? ??a ??u ??y?y n ???e. I? ?????,
?i ???i ????? ??a ?e N??i. Ii ? ????? ??e ? ??e ??i, /? ?? ??iy? ? ???
?e. Ii ?u??o, ???i ?? “??????e” ?e Ae.C. I?????, ???? a ????e ?? e
i?????? ????o. I??? ????? I.A. ????o, ???e ???, ?i ?????? ??? ?? ????e
?? ? ?????a, a ????? *(12), Ae.C. I????? ????y e ????ue?e ??????e N????i
?????a.

Aea e ???ey I?ath?, ??????y, ??y? ???a a ?i ? ??, ??? ??i ? ???? ???
y?e ??e “??????e”. A?????e, ?i ???? ??? ???y, ?e ??????ue A??e A. I???,
? ii ???? ? ??? ???a?y ?th?? ????e a ??? ?NON?, a ????y, ??u A????y
????? ???a a ?????a ???iy???, a ? a ???a C?????e O????, ? ?? ? ???? ???
C?????e, a ? ?????y ??????i ?????y ?? ????o ????e.

I??o ??????y ?e ??????i ?????i N???i, ? 23 ??y?y ?i ?????i ? ??? i ??a
?????y ?n??? ??y? ???ey OeE. O? ??i ? ???? ?? ??? ???i ????? N???, a
?????y a ???? ????.

Eth???u e ????? ????ey ?i a ????o ???o ????e. C?? N.E. ss????y ???
?????oth ?oy?o – ? ? ????i, ?a ???????a OeE, ?? ??? ?e ????i ?y ????ey,
?e ??e ?a ?????ue ??? ??. Ia ??i ??, ?e ???o ? ??o ? ?????, ????? ???i,
?? ??iy? ?e ?c ????.

Ae??????, ?????? ????y ??a?e OeE EI(a) O???. I??i e ? cay?e, ?i ?? ???a
? ?????e ?ae? ??y? a I??a, ? ONN? ???i?i ????ny ?o. C?????e ???i ???
???e ???a ????o ???a A???ae?? e A???, ?????? ??? N???, e ??? ???th
?????i OeE, ?????? ?y? ? ? ??? NNN?, a ??? CNON?, ???? ?? ???? ? ???ey
??? ??? ?i ???a. *? ???ny A????e, ? ?i ??e ? ??????? ? ??? ? ?????e
???e?. A????? ?????i ??? ????? ????? ?????, a ? ??y ?eth??? a ?ay ??i
??ue ??ia I??? ????. O?? ???i, ??i ??a?, ?i ??? “??????e” ?? ??? ??i
????a. E y? ? ????.

Ae?i a ?i, ?i ?????a ???n?? ????e ?ae ??e ?????e O???? ???? ?a ? ??a
????e ??o ?????ie ?a n ???y 1917 ??. I? ?? ????i a ?? ?????e ??u, ??a
???y, ??ya ?ae ?? ??i ??a e ?????? ??? ?i ????a ?????? ?????a, ??? ???ue
? ? ??????? e ?????a. O?, ?a ?a ? ??? y? nae??ue, – a I????a, ????, –
N???ay ??? ??a?.

N.E. ss????y ?????, ?i A.E. E?? ??i ???e N??? a ?????e ?? ??????e, ???
??????a y?? ? ????. I???, ???? ????u ?e?????tho, ?i N??i ??? ? ??i
????ey?y. E ??????i: ????o ?aeaey a ??? ?e ?????i, a ?i ?n? e ?y N???.

N.E. ss????y, ?????i, ??????o “????oth ?ath ?????y NNN?” *(13),
?????oth E???. A ?? ??y y? ??a ???tho ?a ???a. Ai-???, ???i, ?ay nith??i
?????a ?? ? ??e ?a a ? ??y: ??i ?????? N????? Oo?u, O???ey. A ?-???,
???? ????, ?i y? ?ay ?? ???e ??????i e ????e ????, ??? e ??aeyi ??e ???.
A? ??????? e ?io ???e ?th?? ?????a a ?? ??iy? ???? ? ?????? ? ????? e
????? ????y ???. A ??e ? ??? a????y ?NON? ????? ? y?i ????? ? ??? ??o??
? ??? a ????i ?c, ? ?i????, ??e a ?ny?e ?c. Iiy?? ?oy ?????? ???ue ??
??? Nith? ??????e, ????? ????a a ??i nith?? ?????a ???ue ?ei ?o?????i.
Ae?a O??? ???? ? ??y ?????e ??u, ?i ?c ???e ?a ia ??? ? ????ny n
???????e ???? e ?????e ???e.

A? ?? ???? a “??????” e???? ??, ??y?? ?a ???y? ??? ???e: ??o ??, ?????y
?????a n ?????e ?????y? ????ue ? ??a ???e ??ae ???? ?????? a ??a 80-o –
??? 90-o ?. ????i ???

*? ? ??i ?uy??ue y? ???eoth ?ath? I???i ??????i ?????y ae a ???o Ea?? ?
? ???, ??a ?i ????a ???, ??th??y ??????e ?????. A ????? ??? ?n????ny
??ue i ?????e ??????y e Nith? ??o ?????. I?? y? ? ???y ?????? a ???yo
20-o ??a, ??a ?a ?? ?? i??? ia ???th ?e, ? ???e ??, ?????th ??eth?th.
A?ue ??? ???i ????e N??u a A???e, A???, ?a-?a ?a e a ??? 20-o ??a ?????
???i ?? ????y. A y?o ???yo ???a ia ??????a ??o ????o ????e ???? ?????
????. A ?? ?e, ? ???e ??? i ??a ? i????ey n N???? ????. E ?o ?o ?yae ?
?? ? ???, ????, ?eth??, ????, N???oth A???th a ??? ?????e O????. I???
Ae????y ? ?????e NNN? ???? ???o, ?i “??a ?th?? ?????i: ????: ?????i ??i
? ?? ?????y ??y??y ?? ??i a I??oth N???????th N???oth ?????o” *(14).

N.E.ss????y ????, ?oy e ?c a??????y, ?o ??, ?i a ????? ??a 1922 ?? ?a
?y?yth?y ????ey i E?????. A ????e, ?a ???a ???o i ?i, ?i 16 ???y 1922 a.
???ey OeE ?EI(a) “?????i ???, ?i Ae?e?a?y e Ae??? ???eytho ??? I???e
??i Nith? NN?” *(15). I?????? y?, ? ??????a ?e ?????i ??y?e ????? ????a
I A??th?? ???i ???a, ??, ?e ????, ? ??i ??? ?????? a eth? 1923 ?? ?e
????? E?????.

I??? ??? ???i, N.E. ss????y ? ???? ???ey e ? ?????o ? ??iy????, ?i a
1922 ?? a ?????, ??e a ??i e ?i ?, a ?ua a ???, ???ath?y e Nith?? ????,
e E????ey Nith?, a y?o ?? ????i ? ????????. *? y? – th????ay ????????ue
?????? ????? ?????, ? ?????? ????o ????ia, ??a-? ?????y ? i ????o ????o
????ey Nith? ?e ??? ?????? ??????a, ?i ??cy ??????? ??i ?a ? ????th??
?????a?

A ????e ??a ?????y i Ei????e ?????o ????e ???iyth??y ?????, ??iy??ny
i???a I ??? Ni??a Nith?. I??i th????? ??? ? ????? ? ??ny. Ia ?a y?i e n
?????e ????. Ae?i a ?i, ?i a ????o ????? ?????y i ????? Ae????e e
Ae?i?? ? 29, a 30 ???y, ???????i ??ae ????i ???. E??a ? ?? th????ay ?y?
??o ???? E????? e ???? Ii N.E. ss????e, ????ny, ?i ?o E????? ? y?o n?o ?
?e ??????i, ?oy a ?o???a ???y e ??? ???, ?i ??ue ?????i.

N.E. ss????y ???? ????e ?? i ?i, ?i ??ae N??? ??ye Ae????th e Ae??? ?
?????? NNN?, ? ??? a ????, e ???e OeEE Nith? n ??? ????e ????e ??y? e
??? ???? a ???? ? ????e ??? OeEE. Ii ??? ? ??????, ?i ? ??? ??? ? ??
???i i E?????, a ?i ??a e i ????e AOeEE ? ????, a ?i ??a ????ue.

A??a n ?i ?a ????o ??eth, ?i ??a ????a ????ue a ????? ????????? E?????
e ???, a y? ?? ???i, a ?ith ???ue, ?????ueth N??? e ?????e ? ????, ?
????o ???????a ????? ??o ???? a ?????o *(16). E???, ??a ???i? ???
??????y ? ?o ??, ?i ?? ?? ???ey-? ??iy? ? ??????? ????e.

A ??a ?????? ????ny ??? i ??? ??? ???????i ?ae E?????e. E?, ??a e ?e ?
??e? N.E. ss????y ????o e ?e??? ????: ?a ???o ? i ????? E?????, a i
“???? ??o??e??o ??a NNN?” *(17). O?oth ?????eo ??i ????ue ?iy?: ? ? ?e
????? ??? E?????, ? ? ?e ??i? ????o ???????o ????, ?y?o a ????e ??????.
A?e ???? ? ??? ??a, ? ??y ??? ?????, i ?e ??i ?????. *? ? ???ny ???i
??a, ? ?i ???a ??? ? ???? e ????. A ??a yo?i ?e ?c e ?o. I??a, ?????y i
??iy?? ?????e a ???a E???e ? ????? ????e i NIE, NOI e ????? NNN?.
O????ny, ?i y? ?ae???ey ??o ?iy?? ?????i ???a E????? NNN?, ???????
An?????i OeEE. Ii ????? y? ????. I??i ??i ?a ? ?uy??, ?i ??/? ????e
????, ? ?????e, ???o?y ????e, y?i ??aey?? ? ???u ?????e. Ia ???a y?? e
N.E. ss????y. Ia y?i ??a, ??? ?y?y ??? ?????? OeEE.

A ??a ????ny ????e ????, ??????e “?????a E????? NNN?”. I??i a ?i ????
?? ??ue y?? ????, ??? ????y. E ? ??ae?? ?? ??a ???u ? ??? ??? ??? ?ae
????, i ???a y???? ???? I????a OeEE e i ?????e Ae???a ? ?????e NNN? e
E?????. A?? y?i ???i ????, ??th??y ?e ????? ?????e ???? OeEE Nith? e ?
??? a eth? 1923 ??, ??????y ????i ????e??i ???a E?????.

N.E. ss????y ???? ??????e a??c Nith??i ???? e E?????, ?????i ???y ????
???? ????a e ?? ??o ?????. I? ????? ??a, ??a ???o, ?i E????ey ?a?a n ?i
????o ???? ????y Ae???a. I??i ????a ??yae? ??e ??????i. N ??e ???u,
a??o ???y ????, ?i ??? ? ?????, n ??? – ?a ????a ????, /? ????y y?
?????u. A??a ????a ????ey?ny ??a ?????. Y? ?e ?c e ?????? ???? E????ee,
?????e ???? N????i Nith?, ?i ??????, a ? ???????e ????. A??a n ?i ????ny
?o ??, ?i E????ey ? ??? ???a Ae???, a ???? ?i. N ???a ? ??y?y ?a?n
Nith? ?? ???ey?ny ?a ? Ae????, a I???i ???i, ?i ???ei ?????? ????,
????a ???? a?????.

A ??a N.E. ss????e ????ny o? ??????e ??, ?i E??????ay ???ey OeEE e ??a
??y?y I???? ?e?a, ??? ? ??a 1924 a., ????? ?ith? ? ?i??????e ????e,
????, ?????e ???????? ???a Nith? ? ????i ???yi ??a.

E????i ?????? ??? N.E.ss???e? ??a ? ??y ????ey, ???ay ??? 12 ?o ??a ???
– “????a NNN? ?e ?th??i ?????a 1922-1936 ?.”. Y? ??e, ?????i, ??oth?y,
?y?? ???? ?????y NNN? ???i ?????? ????, ? i E????? 1924 ?? ????y ?a
????, a ?y? n ?????? ???a Nith?. I??a, ??y?y ????a ?????a ??i?ey, ?oy e
????? ? ??a ?i?????o ???i ?????.

A?? a 1967 a. ????ny e ?? i????ey NNN? e ?i ??? E????? Ae.E. C??????.
Ii ????i ???ny e E????? 1924 ??, ???i, ? ??aey ? ???u ????a ??? ? ????o
?? N.E. ss????e. E??? N???, ???, ??ny ??a ??i. E????? “??????e” Ae.E.
C?????? ???o ??i N???, “??????? a ???eth OeE ?EI(a)” ?????e ??? ??eth?e
*(18).

A 60-o ?. ???? NNN? e th??u ?????? ?y ???ey ????? “E??ee
?????i-???????? ??????a a NNN?”, ?????e ?????? ?e ???y. C?nue ???? i
E????? 1924 ?? ???e A.I. E???. A?? ???ny ? ?a e???oth ????? e ????e, ?
??e ??? ?ith ????o ???. O?, ? ????e (?c ??? ??? ? ????), ?i I???? OeEE
Nith? 10 y??y 1923 a. ????e ????a ??ue ???? ?y “a????y ???e 1-e ??? OeEE
NNN? e ????? ???? ???? ????a E?????” *(19) (?????i ?ith. – I.*.). Ae?? ?
???e, ?i ?????y, ????y 13 y??y; ?? ??????a ?y ???????e ????? E?????
*(20). A??n i ?i, ??? OeEE e ?i ???? ?iy?? E?????e, ??a ??ae N??? ???e ?
???????? Nith?? ????, a?? ? ???.

Ai ??? ???e ????e ??e, ???? a 1972 ??, A.I. E??? ???? ?e??? ??u,
??th??y ???y N??? a ???e ???????o ???? ? ???????? ???, ????, ?e ????a
???a e ???o ? OII ??? ??? *(21). I??? ?? ?e ???a N???, ?e e ?i ???a ?
??i? i ?????e ?? Nith? e ?th?? ????e.

I???? ????y ?? ???u e a ???i ???e, ????? a 1979 ??, ?a?, ????, ? n. 291
???a ??? ? A.E. E??a, ??th?yny ??? n ???????i ????? *(22). N??? ????a
????i?a ????y, ???th?a ??o.

I?? ?????? n ??? ???? “E??? ?????i-???????? ??????a” a?? ???e ?i ?????e
“E??? NNN?”, ??y??? ???o “??? ????? ??? ? ????? ????? ????? a NNN?
(1921-1932)”. A ?i, ?????i, ?????a ???? ???i ?????th NNN?, a ??????i, e
??? E????? ?a?i ?????a. N?????th?e ???? ??e ??iye ????e ????a, a ???i,
????, ???th ?? ???e N.E. ss??a?ay e N.E. ???. Ii ???ny ? ??i?iy?e e ??
???e ??a e ? ?o???o, ???a ?a ???? ???eyi ? ???i ????o ???a. A ? ? ??y a
??? ?ath?y ?????? ith??.

O?, ??? ???tho ????th ???eth, ????th I????? OeEE Nith? 10 y??y 1923 a.,
?y? E???????. I??a, a ??? ?e ????ath?y: “O??a, ?? ???i ?n? ???? ?y ?????
????o ???????o ????…” *(23). I???i, ??? ??e??? ? ??ue ???atho Nith??
???? e E????eth, a ?y: ??????, ?e ????, ? y?? ???o ?????ue ??y?a ??u.

E??ny, ???a a ??a ????yth?y ??u ????, ??a ???o ??? ??? ????? a ?? ??,
?i ?a? ?o ?? ?e ?y?a “??e ???”, ?e, ? ???e ??, “??????a y???u”. I??a, e
a y?i ???a ???ath?y ??? ???????a ?y??: I.E. A????a, I.E. E???, O.ss. E?,
A.O. Iy???, A.I. Ii?i, A.E. N????e: N??e ???ony, ???, ?????? “e ?.”
*(24). I???i, ? y?i ??e ????ny e ?????a ????ey ??.

A ??a ??ny ??o ??? ?????ey ??? ?ae ???? Ei????e. A??u ???tho ??? ???
???i 1923 ?aea, ???eyy ???oth ???o OII ???i i??e. I???? ??? ???????y, n
? ??e ??ey, ???e ???????i a ??????. A y?e ?y? a ??a ????ny ???? ? ????a
?n??? e ???????o ????o. I????y e ????ny ????y ?????i ???a e ????eth ??
Nith?, a ? ??y ?e ??? ?????, ????, “oy?? ?ay? ? ?ay”. A??u ? ?????tho (a
???a? ? ?????ue), ?i ??? ???y – ??e ???e ?? Nith? – ??? ?? ?????y ???
???e, a ? ??y ?e ????a ????? ?e ?c ?y??ue ?ae ??.

I????y ???u ??? ????e, ??? ?a-?? ???tho ????? ??????? ? O??? e a A??e e
??????o ?????o. I? ? ??iytho, ???, ?i ?? ??? ?? ? i ???e ?????oth?o ???a
?e ?? ???aey?o ???a ????e a ??i, a ?? ? ?????? ???o ?????? a ? ?e????.

O?????y, ?i ?????e I??i OeE ?EI(a) ??? ?????th ???eth, ???e ???e ???e
???? ??????a ??? ?????a “????? ?????e E?n???e” *(25). N??e ? ???? ? ??i.
Y? ???ey a eth? 1923 a. ?????ii n ?e ????? ?????e ????e OeEE e ?????a, a
??a ???, ???a?e ??? ????a, ???e ??? ?a a? ??????i ??? E?????e NNN?.

A ??a ????ny ?o ????e o?o, ?i E???o?y 1924 ?? ? ???a? a ?? ?? ? ??????
??a, ??? e ?y???oyo ???i e ?., ???? ??? ?ath?y a ??? ?? ???o. A???ny, ?i
?a y? ???u ?? ?o??? a ?????yo ????e. I??i ?uyn??y ??? ??? ???a?y ??a ?
??ny.

I??? ????? ????a ????y ????e, ????? ????? ????, ??? E.I.E???i. I???eyy,
a ??i-?, ????a ??u, ? ??o a ?o ????i ?? ??e. O?, ??? ????o eth???oth
?ath i ?i, ?i I A??th?? ??ae Ni??a ??? ?e ?? (?e ?e?) ???i ????e *(26).
N y?i ?yae ? ??i ?????y. A?e E????ey ?????o ????e ????e, ??????y 29 ???y
1922 a. Ae????th e Ae??? ? ?????e NNN?, ?? ??? ???i ????e, ?a ?e ??????
??????e ????y?, ? ??ae N??? ?e ?a i??? ??i Nithca, ???? ???? ?????e ? ?
?a? ??o ????e, a ?a ? ??? ??????. E??e, E.I. E???i, ????oy ????u VII ???
N??? O???, ??? e ???, ?i a ????? ???a ?????y NNN? ??????u 2 ??? a Nith?:
A??th?? ??ae N??? e ??ae N?a?a ????? *(27). I???o ? y?i, ????othny a
??????e ?????i ???, E.I. E???i ???? a ?? ????. A??ai, ?????? ??i a y?e
???a ??, ?i ??? ?e a ?????? ?????a ?e ???? OeEE Nith?, a ?a ??a – A????
N?? NNN?.

A?yae ? ??i ?????y n E.I. E????i, ?i Ae??? ? ?????e NNN? ??? n Ae?????
???o ??????ue ?e ????th E????eth, ?oy ??cy ? ???? ??ue ??????i ??????i
??a: ??????i Ae???, ??y?e ?e, ???, ?????? ????i ???i ???, ???i ?????a
?a ????? ?? ?????i. Ii ????ny, ? ?? ??, ???i. Ii E.I. E???i a ??o
?????yo ? y?? ? ??e.

I??? a ??i ??? E.I. E???i ????? ??? i ??y?e Nith??i ???? ? ???. A?e ?i
????i ?iyoue, ? ??? i ???????o y??o ( ?. 14 Ae??i?) ????? ????ny ??ue
*(28). A ????????, ?e ????, ???o ??? ??a ? ??, e ??? ???, ?e e ???, ?e
??i ? ???????o ??eyo ????? ??????o ?????.

O??e ??? ???a ???? ??? a ????e ????a ?????a, ????y, ?i a ??y?i ????
Ae???a ????ny ??a ???y ??????, ?????y e a E?????, ?i y? ?????? I??????
VII A??????i ??? N???.

O?????th ??? ????o E.I. E???i ? ???o i ?????a ???ey Nith?. I??i ???,
???y E??a, ???yo i ?i, ?i ? ???? a ???i ?????ue ???? ???????e ???i
?n???? n ?????i ? ?i ?? ???o ???e. I? y?i ??? ????ny ??oth?e ??oe ????
E??a, ?a ? ???o, ?i ????????ue a ??? ????? ?th?? ?n???, ??th?o ??e? ???,
??o ?? “?????? ????? ????i ?????i” *(29). Oi ?? A.E. E?? ?? a ??, ?i a
?????a ?????? ??i ?i?a ?????ny ????? ?????e. E? ????, a ??a ???a ?? ?e
?i e ?????. I??a, ???????e ???o ? ?e ????, ? ??th?th ?? ??e ??? ????a
??iu.

N??? ????, ?i E.I. E???i /?ue ??a ????y?ny, ???y ??y??th ??? ? A.E.
E??a. I??i ? ? ???o ????th ??ue ? ??a. A?ue, ? ????, E?? ???e ? ??? i
????i ?????a, a ??? i ?i, /? ??? ??? ??? ?y? ? ?ay ?????? ???????a ???e,
?oy e ? ????oy ??e ??y?e.

A ??? I.ss. E??? “Ec ???e ??e N????i ???????? ??a” *(30) ??a??? ????ny
???? ????o ?? ?????ey NNN?, ???a, ???i, ????? e ? ????? E????? Nith?.
A??a n ?i a y?o ????yo, ?e, ???i, e ? ??? ???, ????ny y?? ?????i? ???y
A.E. E??a a ??? ?ae E?????e. O?, I.ss. E??oe ?y? ?????, ?i E?? “????e
?y???n?th ???? OeE ?EI(a), ?????ath?e ???? ??? ?????e Nith? NN?” *(31).
E???, ????a ?? ??e a ??? ?????y Nith?, ??? ????, ?i ? ?y? ????e ?????
????e, ? ????ny, ?oy ? ???, ?i, e ????th, ? a y? ??y oy?? ??e e ????y
???????i a A?e?.

A 1972 ?? a ?y? n 50-??? ??c??ey NNN? ??a ??y ??y ?? e ????? ??? ? y??
???. I??a, ?????o ?? i ??? E????? Nith? ? ?y???, ? i ?e, ???i, a?? ?e
??a ????? ????y a ?ae?eyo ??a ???? ???y. Iiy??? ??a, ????? ??y??ay
???????? Nith?, ?i ???e, ???y ???ny e ????th?e ?n ?? – “N????? ??a
??nith??i ????????”. A ??a “O?????a ???aey?o ??e ???th??i ?????e??a”
????ny e ???? ? I???i c??a NNN? 1924 ??. C??, a ????e, ??e??ny ??? i
?????e Nith??i ???? e E?????. I??i n ??? ??? ????e ????a, ???????
A??th?? ???-????????i ????? N????i c???????a (?a. ?ae.: I.A. E????, E.N.
N????), ????o ???? ?????oth ?????. I? ??o: “Ae??? ? ???a?? NNN?, ?eth???
a E????eth NNN? 1924 ?? a ???? ???i ? ???a…” *(32) Ae?i a ?i, ?i
Ae???, ??y?e e ?????? I A??th?? ???i N???, ??????i ????y ? ?????oth??
???a E?????, ?oy ?o e ??? ??? ???i?a ????. A???ue i ?i, ?i Ae??? ?e ???
?eth?i a ??? E?????, i????i. E ?? ???, ???y ??i ????a e ?????? ????a,
????tho ? ???o, ???y ??a ??i. I?? ? ???ue, ?i Ae??? ?? ???e ??y???
???a, ??? ????y ????e ??a, ? ? ??? ??.

A ??a ???a?y e ????ey I???? ??? Nith? a ??a ????????. I????y, ?i ??o ?
??a o????ey E????? II ???i N??? ???? ???y ??? ? ???eth ????? ???th??
???a. O? a 1924 ?? ?? ?????u OeEE Nith? I??u ??????? Nith? NN? e ?th??
????e, I???a ??? ????? ???????? Nith? NN? e ?th?? ????e, I??u ?????
???????? Nith? NN? e ?th?? ????e e o.ae.

I???a ??? E????? Nith? ??? ???ey ??y? Ae.E. C?????? a th???? ???, ?????
? a ??????, “I????? Nith? NN?”. C?? ? ??y?i ?????e ????, a ???i ??
??????? ???ey, ???, ?a ????a e ? ??? N.E. ss????e e ??? Ae.E. C??????i
*(33).

N????i ???e ????o ?????e ??y?? ??a TH.N. E???? e I.E. *?oy?? “I?? ???e
????e E?????” (I., 1980). I????y ??a a ?e ???a e I???? ??? NNN? 1924 ??.
A??u, ???i, ??ath?y ? ?th ????? ? ????, ???oth ? ?o, a ??a ? ?? ?????a
??? ???o ?o. A??a n ?i ??ue ???y e ??i ??a.

E? ?a ?????, ??? ??? ii-???o ???tho ??? ??? ?ae ?i??i I???? ??? Nith?.
I??i ?a i? ??? ??nyo ?i e 1923 a., ? ?y?i ???, ????u ?e ???u, ??y???
????? E?????, ??? ????atho ??y ??a I??? A??th??i ??? N???. A ? ? ??y
en??y E?n???e ?y???ny, ????ny, n ????i Ae????e e Ae???a ? ?????e NNN?.
A??yo ? y?i e ??y??a ???, ???, a ???a ? ????????, a ?????e ?????o ????a,
?e ???tho ???? ? ??? i ?i, ??e ??i?o ??????ny ? ?????y NNN?, ??i?a ?i –
Ae??? ?e E???o?y. N?y ? ??o, ?y ?????o ????a ??ue ?o ???e ????: ??y
???a, ?e ????ny ???? ?o, ?? ? ? i???? ??e ??? ???ey ?th??i ??ae???. Ii
?y th??a ??a ????a ??o ???a ????, ? e ? ??? ?y th??a. Ae?i ?? a ?i, ??a
?????a ????y, a y? ???o a ???e ?? ? ????ey ?i.

A??u ??y??e ??e ???tho, ?i a ????? ?????oth?? ???a ???ath?y ??????
????ey e i Ae???a, e i E?????, ???? ??? ?? i???i Nithc. Y? ??iy????
???? e a ??? ???, ? ? ????e ?o ???? ???ey. E???i e *?oy?a, ???a y?o ??,
??th?y ???????? ?i ??? e ???yo e ???, ?i ? ??? y?? ?? ??? ?????oth?o
?????, e ????o, e ???????o, ????, ? ????e ??????i ???ey ??, ?i ?e
??atho. I??i ?a ???? I??? ??? N??? ????ea ?iy?y?ny, e ? ??i, ?i a ???a
1922 a. ????? ???tho ????ey i E?????, a ??a ??? ????y ??? i Ae???a. E?
????, ??? ?????e ??y?e ????ey Nith? ?e ????i e ?????? ?????o ????e ?th??
????e 29 ???y 1922 a., e ???i N??? Nith?, ? ???o ?a ?o ? ???i ????ey i
E?????. A??a ??, ?e ????, ??ae ?? Ae??? ?? ? ??????i e ???? ?i ?
??????? ????? a ?????. I?th? ???? ???? a ??a: ??? ??, ??a E????ey, ??a?a
???e ? ????????ue ??????i ??i: ? ??? ???????i, ? ????i ???i. E ? ???? ?a
a eth? 1923 a. a ?? ??? ?e ????? ?????e ???? OeEE ?????? N???i? O??? O.
????? ????y, ??u ae?i ?????? ??? Ae????, e n ??e ??ey ??i th????? ? ?e
??eth?i ??: ??i ?? ? ???e E???e ??????ue ??? E????eth. Ae?a? ??, ?i a
????o ????ey N????i ?????a ??a ?? ??? E?n???y, a ? Nithc?e ????. A y?e
nay? ??? ??? e i ?i, ?? ? ??i OeEE Nith? ????ue I???e ??i e ?? ??o ???ue
?i a ????, ? y? ?a ??ay ????.

TH. E???i e I. *?oy?a ???tho ??? n ?i ??????ue e ??????oue ???y I???
OeE ?EI(a) 18 ???y 1922 a., a ???i ????? ??? i ????? ????? Nith?: ??cy
?? ???a??? ??c ????o e ????ue E????eth ?a ? ????th?? ?????a. Aei ?o ??
??i ? ???a ? ???e ???ey ? y? ???o ???a.

A??u ????e ???, e ? ?e ???, ??ath?y ? ????a ?????a I.A. O??a ? O?????
???a OeE ?EI(a) 1923 a., ? ???i ? ???e i ??? ?ae ???? E?????, y??
i????y?? I????? OeEE Nith?. I??i n???? ? y?i ??ue ???. Ii ????? ?? ??y?o
????i ???a.

N????y a ??a e ????? ? ????i ????e E???e I????a OeEE Nith?, ???????e
????y i NIE, NOI e ????? NNN?. O????ny, ?i ??? ? ?e ?? ???a ?????y, ???y
????? e ????eth ???a Ei????e, ???????i AOeEE. Y? ????a ? ??, i ?i ? ?c
?????ue a ?????. I??i ? ?e ?? ???ny ? y??, ??? ?y?y ??? E?????, ??????e
? AOeEE, ?i ae?? AOeEE ??a ????a e ?i ???e ????e ?????e ????ny ??ue ???
??i, ??? ??aeyuei, ? ??, ? ???u ? ?????e.

A ????? ??i ????? i ???? XII ??? ??? a ???e I???? ???. *? y?o ??ae
??????i ?? ???? ?y ????? ???????o ???i – ????i. Ii ??? n ?i ??u ???,
?????ny ?y??, ?i ??e E?????e ??ae ????i ? ????y, i ?e ??? ?? ? ?????ue.
Aei ?o, ????, ????ue ?????i ????ue n?o ?ath, ?i ????? E????? ??a ???? ?c
??? ???.

A ??a TH. E???? e I. *e?y?? ???a ????ny (e y? ??i ???yo ??? ???) ????
????ey Nith? ??? E?????e, a ? ????i: ???? ??i ?????ue a ??? ??e?, a
E????ey ?? ??? ???? ?e?? ?????a.

A ??a ?????y i ???? ????e ??y?y ??? E????? Nith?, ???th a ????? 20-o ?.
???? I???i ???i, 1923 a., ??aey ? ???ey aa a ???? ?a OeEE? Nith? 6
ethey. En??, e ???? – Ae?ue E????? ????y ? 1936 a. ??? a y?o ??. A??u,
?i ? ??a, ?????i ????tho, ?i ????? ??oth E????eth Nith? ???o ?a-?? 1924
a., ????o ?a ?? ?????? ????? II A??th?? ???i N??? ??? a y??a y?? ??.

A 70-o ?. a ????? ??i ??????y ????a i ??????e ?y? ???i I???? ??? NNN? e
??? N???? E????? – ?NON? 1918 a. Y? ?ay ???? a ?y? n ??????? ??????y OeE
EINN, ??y???i 50-??th ?????y NNN?. I? ???? a ?? e ????ua ????y, e ????.
A ??a TH. E???? e I. *?oy?? ???? ?a??a ????a ??e, ? ?? a ??e ?? ??????i
??a ??i ???????ue ????a e ??, a a ??e ? ? ??.

A??u ?tho ??? e ???????a ?????a ???????? ??????, ? ??? ???? a ?????, a
?i ??a e ??y??? ??? E????? Nith?, ???y ????i ?y?? ?? ??????? ????. N???
?????ue, ?i ?e ????i ???atho ?????ue ????e ?????? E????? 1924 a. I???e
??i ??i e ????i ????o ????? ??a ?th?? ????e e ??a ? ?a?? i ?????? Nith?.
E?? ?????i ?????, ?i ??i ???o ?????o Nith? ?? ??e ???th??y, ??? ??e??i e
? ???o i ?i.

Ai ??ia ???a ?????, a???e a 1987 a., ?a a y?? ?????y ????ey N????i
Nith?, ???, ???, ? ??? ??o-?? ??????? ????e. N??? ?? ????a ????? e ????
???, ???? ????a ?????oth?e a?? e i?????a ?????ay ae????.

E ????? th??th ?????y NNN? ??a ??a A.I. I???a e I.I. N??? “Y?? ???ey
N???? E?????”, a ???e ???y, ???i, e ??a i ??? E????? Nith?. N?e ???
???th?y, ?i a ?e ?o i??i ???, ????o ?? y? ?????a ?a ???e. A??? ????? ?
y??? ?? ??? ? E.E. A???a, ???e ?a a 1970 a. i?????e ??????a ??? i ????
i????ey NNN?. A?ue, ???, e ?? ??a??, n ???i, ???, a?yae ee ??i ?????y.
O?????y, ?i ??y?a E????? e ???? ? a ???? OeEE NNN?, a ? ???i N??? 6
ethey 1923 a., ?? ?????, ?? ????i ??y?a ? OeEE ?e ????e ??i Nith?, ???a
?????? ?a ???? ?????y NNN? *(34). A?yae ? n y?i ??i ?????y, ????o OeEE
Nith? ?e ?y? ?????i I??i ???i N??? NNN? ???? ????y ????e, ???ue ??e ??o
Nithc?? ???? e ????? ??? ?i a ???? *(35).

I?? ??? a ????? ???i ?????y NNN?, a ?i ??i e ??? E????? Nith?, ???i n
??a 80-o ?. Oe?ay ??? ???a ???ey?ny ? y? ????, ??y? ???ue ??i ?a? ? ???
????i, e ? ??ue ?a???, ???? y?e ??. I???e ??? e ????a ??? ????? ??? N.A.
A???a a ??????e ??a “E??ey ?????ey NNN?: ??e e ?????u ???ey”, ???? a
1997 a. N????ay ??a a ?e ???a e E????? 1924 a., ???, ??? ?????o ????? ?
?????ao n ????-????o ???e, ?oy ??y? ???? e ????-???? ???eyi. O?, ? i???o
???a ???? ? ???????th ??? ??? ?????e “??????e”, ????ay ??????i e ?e
?i??o ?????? e ????a. A y?e ?y? ? ??????o ??? ????th ?? ????th ???? “E
???o i ?????i?yo ?e ? “??????e”. A? N.E. ss????y ?y??? ??oth ???? ?
??????? ???a ??? Nith?, ?aey a??? ??y??? e ?????th ???a a ???????o ???yo
????? ??????a, ??????? ?e ?????i, ?????i ?th/a?a ??u a ?????o ???o N????
???. E??i a y?i ?? ????ny e ???y A.E. E??a, ?????? ??????i, ?? ? ???i, ?
???????i, n ???? ??? ???????? ????a e ???? ??????. Ae????y ???y ??e ???
????, ?i ??y ????? ???a ??a ????a. A??a ?? – N???? Nithc ?e ???? ??c 70
?o ??? ?????????e ???, a ?i ??a e a ?y?o ??e E?i?????? ???.

A ????e ??a N.A. A???a ???? ae??i ???o ? ??e ???e E?????. O?, ? ?????o
?????, ??th?thny ??? a ???? E???????e ???. A?????y e ????? “????? ??”.
A?? ? ???e ???? N.A. A???a ??????o ???ey ????? ???a??? ? ??a n A. I???
?e ??? ??? ?????y NNN?, ?oy, ?e ?a ?????, ??? I??? ??o?? ???????i ???
C?????e O????, ???, ?? ??? ????y A??e a CNON?. E???, y? ??a ??
????????ay ?ce?y, ? ???????ay a ??oth ???o. I?i ???ue, ?i, i???y ? ????a
I???, a ?????? e ?uy??? ?i e ??? “???e ???”, ?ay ????ey C?????e O????
???? ?e ????? E????? NNN? 1936 a. Aeyaey ?a ??oa, ??cy ? ????, ?i ?????
CNON?, ????, ????? e ? ?e ???? ????a, ?????e ?????, ???y ??? ?????ny a
C????a n 1988 a. Ae???y, ?i ?a ???a ???u a E???a, A???, TH?? I??e ?? ?
??a ??oue a ??? ??e, ?oy e ??????, C?????e ?????.

I???ay e ???o ????? i E????? 1924 a., A???a ????o ? ???? ?????ey ???
?????o ???a, ?o???? e ?????, ???y n 20-o ?., ?i, ???i, ?ithaeue ? ???
??. A ????e, ? ???? ???? ??iy?? ????, ???y ???? ?ae ???? n 3 ???y e ?
???? ?ny?, a ??i, ? ??? ???, ????? ?ith ?y????ue a ?y? n ??????? ?? ???
??? OeEE Nith?.

Ai ?? ???? ?????, ???y ?e ?e ??a ???? ???ey E????? 1924 a., ??? ????y i
????i c???e ?y ?a ???e OII ??? ?EI(a). N.A. A???a ??a ????i ??????o ??
??? a ????? ???a E?????. Ii ???o ?? i ?i, ?i ? ????o e ????? ????yo ???
??? ??i ?iy? ????? “???i ???????? ????a”. Ae??????, ? ??? ????ny ?????
??? “i ?????? ???? a ????i e ??????i? ??????a”, ii ???? ?????? ?????
??ey. E a ???a E.A. N???, e a ??eyo ????ue ???u ??????i ??????a, ???a,
???i, a ?e ?e ?? ?? ??e ???? ?y ????? E?????. I??i ?y? ? I???i ??? ??i ?
I??ia ? ???e. I???a ??? ?????? ???? ????a e ??????, ?????? ????, ??????y
?????e ??o ???a?? Nith? e ????e. I???i ??i ?e??y ??y?? ?e ?????o “?????o
??”.

I?i ???ue, ?i y? ??a ?? ??ue ???? ???a ????? ? i????? NNN?, ??? ??????
??e ??????e E???? A??e ??????ue ??ua ??e. I?? XX ??? EINN a ??a ????e
???e N??? ??e, ?????i, ?????? A. I??? e ?i ?????, ????y ? ? ????e ?????i
e ?????. I? y?i ???ay ???y ????? ?y??e ?? ???????a. Ia???u XII ??? ???
?tho ????? y?? ??o ? y?o ???.

E???, A. I??? ?ith? ? ????, ?e y? ?o ????atho ????a, ??? ?????y ????e,
??? y? ?????a ? ???e e ???? ?-???. E ?? ? ??? a ???e ??e ? C?????e e
???????i ???? a N???? Nithc. A. I??? ??? ?? i?? ???????a ???i?? ?e Nithc
?? ??????, ?? e ? ?e?i ??????, ???a ?c ???ey ????th?? a 1923 ?? ? ???a.
A ????e ??? OIII ??? ??? ? ??????o ???o ? ?? “I??o ?????e Nith?
N???????o N???? ????ee”, i. 1 ???? ???: “NNN? ?????ny ? ????th?o ?????o
????? ????e e ???? ? ??? ???o ? ???? ????????i ????????a” *(36).

I?? ???? ??i ?o ??oy ????e ? ??? ?????o ??? ???? A.Ae. N???. I?? ???? n
?????, ???, ???y? e ?? ??????, ?oy ?a ? ? ??? Nith?, a ? ??? ???e, ??a
1991 a.

Iiy?? ?????? N.A. A???? ???o ???? ??a ???e e ???. N?? ??????i ????
???u, ?ath?a ? ?e ?? ????a e E?????, ? ???????i ath ? ????y.

I??a, a ?????yo ????o ????a ? ??? ???, ????, A. I??ie e O. ?????i ??i
E????ey ????y??, ? ??? ? ?o ?????ye Nith?? ????, ??y?e I ???i N???, n
E?????e e ???? ?i ????y *(37).

I?? ??i ??????o ??? ???? IV ????y OeE ?EI(a) n ??????? ?????e ??????
????e e ????, ?????? a eth? 1923 a. N???? e ?????e e ??????? ??, ???i,
??i ?y?? n ???e ?????? ?i??e OeEE NNN?. E ????y ? y? ????? ???????a ???u
? ?i ???/?? ? ?????ue, ?? ? ???ue ??e?u ?????. Ii ?? e ?e ?????ue a ???
? ???a ?????e, ?e ???ue, a ?????. O??i N??i a ??th????i ??a ???ny ???i
???????? ???a i ??? ??? OeEE e ?????. I??o ???ny, ?i ?????a N.A. A???? i
????a ????? ??? ??ia??? ?y ???? OeEE NNN? e OeE ?EI(a) ?yae ? ?ae? ????
???.

N.A. A???a ?? ??? ??? i ?????? ???? ??? ? ???????i ???? a ???eyo OeE
?EI(a) e OeEE NNN?, ??? ??o ?ae ?ith ??? O. ?????i e I.A. N???ea, ?o??
????a ??? ?????i ??iy? a ?????a. Ae???y, ?i ? ??, ??a ???o n y?o ?y??e
??? “??? ???”, ??? ?yae ? ??o ????? ?o ??, ?i ?e ?????? ??? N???? Nithc
??a ???i, ?i y? ??einue E.A. N??? e ?i ???????? *(38). A ??? OIII ???
??? O. ????? ?y? ????e “????ue ??a ?????o ???a e ???ue ??a ?n??” (?ath?y
a ??, ???i, ???????a ???) *(39).

A ??i ???o ???? ???th oe???ue ??? A????, ????? ???a ??e ??? ??? ??y?a e
??? ? ???o i E????? 1924 a., ?oy ??cy ? ???? ??????i ??? ?o ?a??????
????e, ???a ????ue o i? ? ????e ???? a 90-o ?.

E????? NNN? 1924 a. ??ytho ?????? ???? e ??? ? ???e ????o? e ??a ?th??
????e, ?????i, ?o, ???a ?????? a ??? ?????y Nith?. O?, ???a ???ey ? y?e
???? ?th?y a “E??? ?????a e ??a A??????? NN?” (A?o, 1973). A?????, ?i
????y i ?ey?e E????? Nithca ? I???a ??? ????e, ????ny, e CNON?. A??u
????i ?a???tho, ?i ???? ???? a E????? C?????e.

A ??a O. I??ny? “E??ey ???????? ???ey ????e ????????e a A???” (A??i,
1968) ??ny ???e ?a? ???ey E????? NNN? e ? ???a?y, ? ???th?e ??? ????e.
A??a, ???i, ??? ????tho ???? C????e? O???? e ??e A???. A ????e, ?
?eth??ny a ?? i ???? ???a C?????e, ????y ?????a ?o ???a, ???a ??atho
C?????e O?????e ?thc ??????e. O. I??nyi ?????? ??a ?????a i ?i, ?i A??ey
a ???a CNON? ?? ????? ??????, a ? ?????. N???? ? ??? ????ue ??? ? ????
???ea ??e. A???, ??y ??/??ue ?????a ??? ????????: ??? ??, ??u ???? i
???? E????? A???, ???yo i ???????i ???ee A???, ? ?? ? y?i, ?i ? ?????y –
E????ey ?e A??ey?

Y? ? ????, ?, ?????i, a ??a ??? ??, ???tho e ??? ?????? ?????, ???????
a Ei???a ????e e ??a A???e ?? A??? a 1974 a. “E??ey ?????a e ??a N????
A???”. E? ????, ?????i A??? ???? ??a???? i?????i ?ath ?????y NNN? e ???i
???? ??? ?????? ????-?????. A ??a ?th?y ??u ? y?o ??.

E???i, ?i O??? ??a ? ???? ??????i ???????, ???? ??i??i ???? ??????e
?i??? ??o “??????” ????? ??????. A??u “E??? ?????a e ??a O????e NN?” ??a
???i ?????otho ??i ???e?e a y?i ?????? ????, ?e ???tho O??? “??i ?
?????a” (?????i ?ith. – I.*.) ??c??ey NNN?. I???i, y? ?? ??oe?e ? ??a
I.N. A????, ???? ? ??y ????y ??e ?????i ????? OeE EINN. A ? ???e, ?i
N???ay O??? ?? ?????i ???ey Nith? ??? n ?????e O????e e ???e ??????
*(40).

A ??a, ???i, ?????y i ??? n ?????e ????-?????e, ??? ???y ?????ey N????a
O??? O. ?a???? ?y? ????ny ????????e. E?? ??, ?????y a y?e ?y? O???, ????
a ????o ????? ??? ? ???? *(41). A??a n ?i I.A. N???e ?????ny ?e ????e
???????.

A ??i ? a ????? ??a i???a E????? Nith? ????ny, ???e, ?? ???, ?i a ???o
?????? a???.

??? ????ny ? ????e ????? ???a ???ay ??a I. I???? “En??y ?????a e ??a
O???”, au??ay a E?? a 2001 a. I? ??o y?i ??????e e ?????????? ????, ? ??
? a y?i. A??a, ???e, ?, ?i ??? ????ny ??????? ???e, ??? ?? ??e ? ??e
????ey ???, ???a ?i ? ????. E ??a?, a?? ? O??? a 1921 a. ?uy?y?ny ????e
???????, ?oy ?o ? a ??a ???y?y ??? i ???????? ???? ????? ???, ???y ???a
e ??, ?i ???y? ? ???e ?? ??, ?i ??y?. E????, ?e ??i ?? ???eoue ??????? a
???yo ????ey ??? ???a ??a??e? A?? ???? ???? ?????? i??i ?????i ??????a ?
O??? a 20-o ?., ??? ??? ? ??e ???c??. I??i ?uy??ey y?? ????? ? ??ny.
I????y, ?i ??????? ??e ??? ? N???? ?????i e ? E???????y ??ey, a ??y-?
????y ??.

I E????? NNN? 1924 a. e ?? a??a ? ?????e NNN?, a ???i ??a?th e ?????oth
?? ???a O???, a ??a ?? ? ?????y.

Eth???oth ?????th ? ???e A?c? ????? Y.U. I?????. E???, a ae?a ?????o
????? ?a ??a ??a ???????, ?????a e ?? ???????. Y? ?a ?iy?i. I??i, ?e e o
I. I????, o ?????i ??? ? ay?ony ??u n ???e. Ae????ey “Ia????i-???????a
???? a A???? A??? a 1921-1924 ?.” ??? ?? ???? ??? ?????i ??? ??? N????
???, ??? ???-? a ?e e ? ??i. N? ??? ????ny, ?i ?? ?? ?c?ci??a ????a
?????y, ???a ??? ???ue ?? ????i. I??? e ????e ????? ????e E. Oe???e
????y ????ue e ??, ?i ??? ???? ????? 1924 ??.

A?? ???? ??????? N???? ??? a A??e “????? ?????”, ??? ?i ? ???o i ????
E??? A??. A?th??a A??e a C?????th O???eth, a ??i a N???? Nithc, ? ?i
???, ?? ?????i ??e. Ii ??e ??a ??e?

Y. I????? a ??a ??e ??? ??? ?????a ?????a. I???a?y, ?i a A??e e ??a
1924 a. ?a i????y ??? ??? N???? ???, ?ee ?e, ?, ??o ??, ????? ????e ??ue
??e ?ae ??e ????a?!

***

I???a ???e ??? E????? Nith?, ???i, ? ??a ? ??c??y e a ???e ????? ???
???? 20-? – ??? 21-? ??. A 1962 a. ??e ??ue ???e ? ???e ?????a e ??a
NNN?, ????? ?????-th???e, ?ae ????e E.A. N????i. Ii ???i ?e ??i?ue ??e
??????y ?a ??i?, ?y???ny a ??a 40-o ?., ?ae ????e A.E. Ae???a. I??i ??e
???e n?? ?e ????? ? ????? ??? – a ???i ??????? ??? ??? – ???a “E????”.
I?? ? ???o (?? ? ???i) ???? ???e, ???, ??ae? ?y ?a, ?? ?, ?i ??? ?????
E.A. N???. A ??a XXII ??? EINN ? ?? ??a ? ???? ?c ??, ??u ? ey??ue ????i
??y. A ?o ??? ???? ????e ?? y? ???ue. ss ??? ????ny, ?i ??a ?????? ????e
? ?a ???, a ??, e ??? ??? ??iy?o ??e. ss ??ue ??? ????a (???-?, ??/?,
E??th A?????? N????i, a ? ?iy, ?a ?y ?? ? ?????ue). A??y E??y A??????
???? ???y? ?a e ????i ? ???a ?e ?eno, a y ??? ????i, n ?y?i ???i, ? ??
???? ?y?th N??? ? ?e ???e ???a, ?i ??? ?????i ??? ???? ??. E??, ???i, ?
???ey? ??y, ? ????y ???e ????y, e ??? a ???? ????iey NNN? e ??a? E?????
Nith?. A ????a ? y?i nth??i y i??i ? ?? ???? i ?? N??? a ?????e NNN?, a
?i ??a e a ????? ???a ? ??????e, ?oy, ???i, ???e ?????ue y?e ??, ? a
????o ??o.

“A??a ???” ???n????i ?a??a ?y?y ????ue ????a “????oth?e ??u” – A??th??i
th?????i ???? ??e??. A 1966 a. ?ae ????e A.N. E???a ??e ??e ???e, ?a,
???i, ??, ?i?a e n ???i, ??? ???ey a “E????a”. Ia ?e ?aeyae, ??o ??, ?
??? ?????e, y?o ???e ?e ??i ? ??a, ?oy, ???i, e ? ?? ????????. Ii ? ??
???i N??? e ????a ??????? E??a ?? ??ue ???? ? ???????e, a ??? ??, ?
?????o ???.

E???, ???e ??? ???e a??? ??e ?iy?i: y? ?????e ?? “??????e”, ???e ????ny
“???i ????i”. I? y?i, ???, ?? ??? ???atho ?????th ???, ????y, ?i ???a??
????e ???i ?????y ??oa?e a ????e, ???i y?? ????? N??i. O? y?ay ???????y
?????. E? ????, E?? ???? ?ath ?thc?? ?????a ?? a ?oy?a 1922 a., a ? y??
? ??? ???y n ?e ???? ????e, ???y ?????? ?e a ??e ?NON?, ?e e a ? ?ycyo n
???e ????? ??????, ?o?? ?e ?c ????ue ????? ? ???a ??????e. N??? ? y?
???? ?? ??e, ? ???e ??eth?e e ?????e ??u. Ae??a ??, ?i a 1922 a. i?,
????, ??? ?ay, /oi e ???e E??, ???ay ?ath ??e ??o??? ??????i ?????a. O??
???i, ??? “??????e” ?ith? ? ?e ???c n E???, ?e ??? ? ????? ? ??, ?i ??
????? A???? E?e/. A ?? ????? ???i e ????i? ???a, ?i ?? “?????oe?” ???e ?
?o ??y?e ????e, ???e ?a ???ny ??o ?????? ????ie ?????? (???i ??????). Ii
?e ?c ? ??? ??????? ??, ?i ?a ????ue ? ????.

I??? ??a ????i? ???a, ?i ???? ?????y NNN? ????y ?????e O???? n ??????
????? ?????? ????ue ?e ??????. O?y ???? 1920-1921 ?. ??y?? ??? ???? ?
????ey ???, a ???????? ?????? ???iay ???a, ?e ???e y? ????? ????? ?e ?
?ae ??e ???e, ????o ??? ??? ??? e ????ey ???e ???y?, ? n???o, ?????? e
???th ???????o ?y ??i ?????y ????e.

I???, ???i ????a, ?i ?? “??????e” ?e ??? ?????i N???. E? ?a ?????, ??
?? ?????i ???e.

A??th?i ???i e ?, ?i ?a ????? ?????ue ??? “??????e”. I???? e ?e ?? ?
?e-? ???, i ?i ?? ?a ?????. I??? ???????? ???? ??? ATHCE ???? ? ??
E????eth ?????o ??????? ????e, ???y ??a ??????? ???ea ?y ?????y NNN?. E
? ??a ??????a, ?i ??ae N??? “??ye ????e?? ? ?????e Nith? N?ao??
N???????o ????? e ???? Ae?e??eth e Ae??? ? ?????e NNN?” *(42), ?? a ?i,
?i ????a ??????a ????? Ae????th e Ae??? e ?i ??i ?????a? ?????a NNN?, ?
??, ? ????, ?a y? ?? ?e ? ????ue ???i *(43).

N????i ? ??i ?????a i ?i, ?i “???yy ???a I ??? N???, I???? OeEE NNN? a
??? y??y 1923 ?? ??? ???????th ???eth…” *(44). E? ?a ?????, ? ??? ?? ?
?????ue i E?????, ?i ??a ? ???? ???o ????e ? y?o ??, e I???? OeEE Nith?
? ???? ???e ???????e ????.

Ae?? ??? ???yo i ?????yo a ????e ?e ???????e ???? e i ?i, ?i y? ?????y
???? XII ??ae ???. E? ?a ?????, e ??ae ??? ??? ? ??e i E?????, ?oy ??u ?
?i??i ???????ai ???ey, ???i, ??. E ??a ???, ?a ? ????yo ?????? ????, ?e
???e ??: ?i ????ue – E????eth ?e ?????e Nith?? ????.

Iy? ?o ??oy ??e ??e ???????e ???e ?ae ????e ???a th????? ?? I.E. *?oy??
e ???a ??????o ?? TH.N. E????. A??u e ??e?? ??, ???i, ????oth ???o ???i
????, ??? ? ??e ?e??ueth ? ??? o ?????a. A??a n ?i ?e ??? ??i ??a e ?a
???i?? ? ???e ???? ????.

O?, ???a a ???e ????? iiy??y ??e ??? ?y ?????y ???????e ?????a a ??i n
?i ??y? – ?????y ?n??????i ???? e? ??a ???????? ????. O??i ?e ????i a
??a I.E. *?oy??i ?a a ?i ????? ?????e e ????? “N????? ?????e O????
(1917-1922)” (I., 1966) ?a?i ??????? ?iy?y “???????a ?????”.

E???, ??? ? ??? ?????? e ???e, ??th??y ?? E.A. N??? a ?????e NNN?.
I??a, ? ??????aa ????i ??y ?e ?a-?? ? ?????, ?? ?????? ?i, ?i N??? ?ei
?c ????e a ????? ??a ?e ??? ?? “??????e” (??ue ?e ????e ????th ???, ? ?c
??ey?e e ????????a). A??a ???? ? ?????e NNN? ???i a ????e ??????? ???.

I????a, ?i a ???? ATHCE, ?o?u ???e ? ????e ??o?? e ???o “??????e”,
???a, ?i ? “??? ?????? ???????a a ????o ???o ????o ????e” *(45).

A??? a ????? ??? ????e ??ue i ?i, ?i ??e ???aey?o ????? E???????e ??? e
?????? ?? ?a ????e eth?e, ???? e ????o e ??????. I?e ?? ??o???? ????e
?????? ????????a, ??? ? ??? ??????i ?????nue.

A 1981 a. ??i ??a ???a ???? ATHCE, “??????? e ?????a”, ?ae ????? ??? ?a
A.N. E???a e A.A. O???. A??u ??????i ????e ????a ??? ????a ? ?????e
NNN?, a ????e, ??ae ? ???????i ?a??? ?e ????, ?i ?? “???i???” ?th??
????e “???e ??y? ?i?o ????o e ????o ?????, ???a?o ? ??a ?????i-????????
???a??? ?NON?…” *(46).

I????e ??? ?e ???i e ??? ? ????e ????e e ??o “??i????”. A??u ???yo ?a ?
i ???i? ????e y?? ??a, a i ?i, ?i a ???????o ???????yo ? ???? ????a ???.

A??a n ?i ????a ???a ??? ?????ue. I???, ?i I ??ae N?a?a Nith? ??e
????ue ??y?a ? ?e??? ? ??????? ?????? ????e, ??? ??ue ????tho, ?i ??ae
??ye ??? n ?i ???a i ????? E?????, a I???? OeEE ??? E??????oth ???eth,
???yy ???y ???, ?e y?i ??? ?a “E??????ay ?i??y” ???y ??????? n ???e ??u
*(47).

A? ?c ????i e ????a ?????a ? ????e E??a e ????e. A ???? ????y, ?i E??
“? ???eye ????? ??u… ????e”. Ae????e?i, ?e ??????? ?NON? A.E. E??
????i ???e ??? i ??a ????e ????, iae?ay, ??u ? ?e ??i ??? ???e, ??? ?e
???? NNN? ?? ?e ?c ????: ??u, ? any?i ??? ????a, ??? ?? ??e ? ??????th
?th?? ????e, ??? Ea?i, e ??i ??, ???? ?ath ?th??i ?????a e ????? i???ee
? a ??ue.

A 1986 a. ??i ??a, ?a 3-a, ???a ???????? ????, ?ae ?????? ???o ??????o
?????. I? ?? ???i ??????, ?oy ? ????i ??a ? y?i ??? ? ?????. I?????
????ue, a ????e, e ???? e??? ??? E????? Nith?. C?? ???a ? ??y?ny ?????e
????, ???e ???i ????, ?oy ??? ?i ? e???ny. I???o ?????y ???? i ?i, ??i
????? ??o ???y?ny ???? O?????? ????o?. A??u ?????tho, ?i E????ey, ???i,
??a ?????? ?o, ?i Nith?? ????. A y?e ?y? ???????y ??? i E?n???e ?e
Ae?i?? ???? ?????y NNN? e ???ny ??ae, ?i ? ??? y?? ? ?? ?i ?????i ???y.
I??i ??a I ??? N??? ??ay ???? ??a ??? ?????, ???ue? ??????? y???u, ????
? O???, ??? ????ue ??a ??oth ??o ?????y, ????? ???????th.

A ???? ??? ??a ???? e???a ???y ???ey E?????, ???, a ???? ? ????i y??
y?? ??a?a, ?e ??? ?????? ????, E???e OeE ?EI(a) e IV ????y ?????? ?????.

A ???? ????ny ?a ????y ??ue i ???????e ????a e ?? ??o E?????e Nith? e
??? I???i ???i N???? ???e. A??u ????tho ? ??? ????, ? e ???ey ??o ??,
??? ???? ???ey.

Ai ?? ????o ?????, ?i E????ey Nith? n ??????th ???a e ????yi ?????e
????e. I??i a ??? ??a ???? ????i, a ??o i????eyo ?e y? ????y, ??? ?
?????a e ?????? ???u. A??e?y i ????? ???e ??o ???th?? e ????????
E????ey?. A??a n ?i ????ny, ?i I???a ??? ?th?? ????e ?????ue e ??o ??e,
?i ?? ?????i ???i?oy? ?i? y?o ?????? ?????.

E???? ??????a E????? Nith? e C?????e O????, a ?i ??a ??? ???? ????????
y??. A??u ???tho, ?i a ??? ?????o ? ???y ?-???o, a ?????e ? ???i?o?
??????i ???a e ?????uo ???????e. O?, ????, a CNON? a???????e y???
????????, ? ?ye? ???, ?? y?? ?? ??y?o a ?a ????e e ???e. Iiy?? ? ??a ?i
???? ? N???oth ??? ???o ??i?ue ?????a ??????ny ?. I?????, ?i N???ay ???
a A??e ???a e ????th ?????i y??. Ii ????? ???a n ???e ? ?? ????? C????y,
a a E????? ??e A??e ????? y?e ??? ?????y ?????? ???????i (?. 10 E?????
ANN? 1927 ??). A i ???i yc?a ??? ??? ? ????y. I ??e ? ?????e ??ue ??o ??
???

A 1990 a. ?y??y ?? ??? ? e??? ?????a e ??a NNN? A.N. A???, ?????? ?
????? Ai??? E???????i ????a, a ?i, ?????i, ???y e ????, ??y??? ?????th
NNN? e ??? E????? Nith?. C?? ??ny ????, ?a ????e ? ?????a, ? ????? ??i,
????o e ?y ??a ? ??? (15 i. e.). O? ? ??a ??i ???ue ? ?????e ???i ?? ??,
? ???e ??i ???, ???y, ? ???e ???ey: a E????? NNN? ???a ????y i ???? e
?????o ???o, ???, ??? ??? ec ?o. I??i ? y?? ??? ??i ???? ????oth ?????:
?? a ?i, ?i E????ey A????e NN? 1922 a. ???? ?????th ??o “I ??”, a ???e
?????th?y ?y ???ay ???a ????? e ?? ????a ??????? ??u.

I???i ?????a ??? i ?i, ?i I??e A??th?? ??ae ???a ?n?e ??y?a ? Ae????th
e Ae??? ? ?????e NNN? a ?th?? ????? ? ?????th *(48). E? ????, a
???????oe ????? ??? ?? ???? ??y?a ??? e ??? ?????y ? ? ?????????.

I?? ????ey NNN? ???e ?? ? ???e ?????a e ??a ?e ??????, ????i?, a ??
???e ??????? ?????a e ??a. Ii ??a ???? ? ??? ???? ?y??? ? ??o. I??e
????e ??ue ??a ??y ???o ???e, ???, ????? ??, ???? ? ????i ????. A ?i ??a
?????y ??a, ?nay??ay ???o iy? *(49). Ae, ?e e ?? ??e, ?e ??i ?? ????. A
??a a ??i ???y?ny ??o, ????e ? ????? ???????? ???th “E??? ????o? e ??a
NNN?”, ? ?ath?y e ????a ????ey. O?, ???a ????y i E????? ?????o ????e
?th?? ????e, ??iy??ny ???? I A??th??i ??? Ni??a. A y?e ?y? ???? th?????
c???a ? e ?????, ath ?eiy?o, a ??a ??????y ????i ???a Ae???a ? ?????e
NNN?, ???e, ? ??eth ???a, ????ny ??? ?a ? ???? ???i.

A ??a ???a a ???e ?o???a ????y e i ???? ?????e ????? ????e, ? ? ??????
???.

A a 1997 ?? ?????? “AAE” ???e? ??? ???e ? ???e ??????? ?????a e ??a. *.
II (??i ??? ??a ??ay ??ue).

A ?i, ?????, ???y?ny ?e? ??????e ???? ? ???o iy?, n ?????, ? ????,
??????e ????y?.

I?? ?e e ??a ?ny???a ?? ?????? ???i a ?? 3-? (a ? ????, 5-?) ???y ????,
??o ???? ? ?o??oth?? ?n ???o ?e???e ???ye ??o 1997 a. A?????a, ? eth????
????? – ?? n A.N. A???i ? ??? ?????? (????y!) ??o E??? e N???i a ????
????e.

A ????a ??y a ?th?? ?????o ?????ue i??????? e ??i? ???y ? ???e ?????a e
??a ?????oth?o NNN?. A ?????e O???? a ???????i ??a ???y ????? ??a
???????ue, ?oy e a ??ue ?????? ????, a ????a ? ???? ?????a e ??a ???e ?
??????, ?e ? ?? e ?????othu?i ???? ??a a ??o. I?? ????ey Nith? ?y???
???a ???y ? ?o?? ?????a e ??a ???e. A??? i??? ? ?o ?? E.A. E??. A? ???e,
???? a 1994 a., ???? a ?? ?a ??e ???? ??a e ??th?e ??e ?a ????a ??? ???.
*? ???ny ????th?e ?n ??, ? a ??a ???y ?????e ???? “E???o?y NNN? 1924
a.”. A ?i, ???, ???? ???? ??? ??i e e ?? ? n ????? ????. A??, ????,
o????o, ?i I ??ae N??? Nith? ??ye ???a ?a i ????? E?????. A ? ? ??y ?
???o, ?i ?a ?ea ???a a ???a 1922 a. (??o ??, ??? ?????). A???, ? ? ???
??i?? a ??i ???e ????, a???i a 1996 a. A ?i ?ath?y ????a ????ey. I?i ?
?o ??????: ??? ?y??? ?ath ???ey ??? ??? OeEE Nith? n N??? ???????e, ???e
?????e a ???a I????a, ?e ?? ? ?i ?????o ??????e. A ???aa ??????e ??u ??o
???oue ???? ? ???? A????i ?? Nith?, ?e a ?????? ?? ???????? ??.

A ???e ????, ???? a 1998 a., ???a ????i ? ???, ????th?? ?n nth?? ???
???ey ? ??y?ny. C?nue ? ????? ???a ???, ??th??y ?e ???e ???ey E?????, ?e
e ? ????ey. A ????e, ???? ???? ?????a i ?i, ?i AOeEE (An?????e OeEE) e
?? ?i I???? ??e ?iy? “? ???? ??? E?????” *(50). Oi ?? ?th?ay ????? ??a
??iy? E????eth Nith??

Ii-???o ???? ???? a ????o, ???? ?ae ????e TH.I. O??a. C?? ???? ???i ?c
???, ??? ?i n ???e ????oy? e ????? ??i. N??? ????, ?i TH.I. O?? a???o a
???? n ????? ?????? ????, ???a ????tho N???? Nithc ?e ????a ?????i.
AE?ue ???, /? ???a ??ny ????? *(51).

A??a ???a ???? ?????i ???y? ???, ?? ???? ? ????th?e ?n ????. I? ??i a
1998 a. Oi aea ??i ???? e a ???e 2001 a., ???a ??n??y? ??e ?? ??????ue
??ae ?????i.

I???? ???? ????y, ???i n?????th?a ?? ?????e y??, ??i ??e a ???i ???e
A.N. A???. O?, ??ue ?????ny: “E? ????, I??e ??ae N??? NNN? ??e ? ??a???
??, ???e ? ????e E.A. N???, ??????y ?????ue ?? ?? ???ey ???i ?????
?????a ?????i a? ???????? ????ey” *(52). N?a???ny, ?? e ??? ????, ?i
N?e? ?e ??? ?????i ????ey Nith?? A.N. A??i ??????a y?? ? ????. Ai ?y?i
???, ? ???? ???, ? ? ??i I ??? N??? Nith? E.A. N??i ?? ? ???? i ??i
??i?. Ai-???, ???a ??? E????? ????? ? ????, ?i ?????i ?a???y ????i, ?i
???ny ?? ??a ???e ?????. I???, ??? ??i, /? N??i ????? ???ue ????a ????a
?????i, ?i ??a a 1922 a.? I??a – ?, ? ??? ?y???? ??a??. E? ????, N??i,
??? ??? n E???, ???? i ?i, ?i ???????ay O???ey ??? ???? e ????????o ?
?????, ? ?? a ????? ?????a, a ?ith? ? a 20-o ?. OO a. Aeaaea e ???o
????ey NNN? ?? ?????i ?? ??? ??ei ? ?????. A??a ???i ?????a i ?i, ?i
“?????? O??? e A??e ??????e ????? ????? ???o” e ?i “???ey ??a a ??e”.
Ai-???, ? ?a ?????? O???, a ???i ???i O. ?????, ????? ? ??????. Ai-???,
????? ??????, ?e ?a ?????, ????e ??? ? ??? E?????, e, a ???o, ???? ??? ?
?? e ? ??i ??, i???? ??? ????a ????e ????? ????i E????? e ???i ?????ue a
?? i ??a ?????oth?ai ????a. E???i, ?i ?e ??yo ???o ? ??a ??????e, a ?
???? ???th?e ??? ?????????a.

A?yae ? ??i ?????a A.N. A???, ?i II ??ae N??? Nith?, ? ???i ?? ??????
????? E????ey NNN?, ?e ??y?i a ???? ?????eth ?iy? A.E. E??a. Ae??????, ?
13 ???a ???? ?y 7 ??y??? ??? ?i ???? ??th ???? ??????. I??i ?a ?e ?? ???
?a ? i??i ????e ???, 26 y??y 1924 a., a ????a ???u ?????ue ? ??y??e 3-o
?? (31 y??y – 2 ???y) e ?? ??y?? ?????? ???i ????i (??o N????a, ?????a
E?????, ?????y Oe???uei?i ?????y????? ??a e ?.).

N???i ??y?o e ?????a, ?i E????ey 1924 a. ?? “????e ? ??a, ????? ?
????eth”. E??, ?e ????, ?e ?? ?ath ?????y NNN? ?e ?th??i ?????a e ?????e
??e ia ??o??e a ? ????? e ?????. A ????? I???? ??? 1924 a. ??a ?yae ?
??i ???? ?????. E? ?a ?????, a y?e ??? ??o??? ??i eth?e, ?oy, ???i,
???aey?y ?? N???, ?a ? ????, ? ????? ????oa?ny ???i E???????e ???, ?????
y?i ???????ue.

Ii ?????? ???a N??? ??yu? e ???? a ????e ??? ???a E???? ????? ???e ?AI,
???? a 1996 a. N????i, E????? 1924 ?? a i? ???i ?????a ????. N???, ???,
?????ue ????oth ??? ?????e ?????y NNN?, ???y, ?u, a ?oa ??y ???y?ny ?
??e: “I????? NNN? ? ?? ??? ?ay??? ??? ?o? ???????i ?????a. Y? ?????? ?e
??a? ?????y, ??????? “??o” *(53). A y?e ??? ???? ????ey?ny ?? ?? ??i –
“???”.

A ??a ?????i ????ny, ?i ?ay ??????e ?th?? ????e a?a ?ith? ? ??? ?????i
E.A. N?e?a, ??ny ????y ?????y ? ??????y, a ??a ????y i ???e ? ?a a
?????? ???o, ?????ny, e ????th, ?c ??????a, ?i ?a ???a “??th ?????” ?
?n?o *(54).

A??u ???? ????atho ??oth, ?aoth, ? ??a ? ???i ????oth ??ue, ?i ???y o
E??a ? ???o ?????y NNN? “?? ? y??, ?????? ??????”.

Eth???oth, ? ?????oth ?ath ??i ???ue a ???? ? ???o i ?????e ?????e
C?????e e NNN?. C?nue ?????ny, ?i N???? Nithc “???ny ? ???, ?????? a
C????a”. Ae??????, ?????e ??? ?th?? ?????? y??? CNON?. I??i ?yae ? ?ae?
???ue ? ????? Nith?, ?e ????, ????y ?ay i ?th?? ?????a a?a ????a ?a a
?oy?a. C?????th ????? ??????e ?? a ???a, ? ???y? ? ????ey NNN?. I?a??,
????? ?e ?c ????: ?e ??????? C?????? O?????? Nithca a ????? ?????? ?ath,
?a ??????oth ?y N????i Nith?.

O????oth ??? ??i ???? ? n. 237: “A ??, ??a ??iy?? ?????a ?th??i ?????a,
??a ??? E?e? “Ii ???o i ??????oyo e ???i???”. Y? ??? ??????i ?? ???o??a
E??? 30-31 ???y 1922 a., ? ???a ?o????a ?? ?ny???y ??oy, ??a OO ??? ???.

O?a ???, ?i ??? ??i?a ???tho ???oth ??ue E??a. I? ????tho, ?i E?? ???
?????a NNN? ??? ??a ? ???? ??? N???, ai ?y?i ???, ???????e. A ????????
E?? ??ue ???e ? ?????e ?? “??????e”, a ? ?????y NNN? *(55). C???, ???,
?i ?? ?? “??????e” E?? ????o ? ???i, a ???o ?i ?? ???????i, ??ue, ???, o
??? A???? E??a ??o?ia ??????. Ii ???o, ?i ?oay n “???????” ?? a ??a ???a
e ???????. O? ?i ?: ???a ?e ??? ????????

I??? e ????a i ??y?e ?a? ?????e ?th?? ????e. A??u ??nyo ?i e 1924-1925
?., a ???????? ? y?o ???n ??y??y ? ??a 20-o ?. I??? ??a e ?, ?i I???a
??? ????e ???y? ????y E????? Nith?. E? ?c ?y ???i ???a ?????, ?e ?a
?????, ?????? ???????o ?????e, ???i, ??a ???? ?????e Nith? e ????e ??
?????e, ? ??? ???a ?th?? ????e e ? ????, e ? ??a ??ue ????? e ? ?a. Y?
??????, a 1937 ??, ??o ???u I???a ??? e ?th?? e ????? ????e, ????
i????otho E????eth 1936 ??.

***

O?ay ??ay ??, ?e ?????a NNN?, a ??????i, e ??ay ?i E??e??y ? ??e ??? ??
???ey e ????? ???a, ??????ny ? ?a, i??i ?-???o.

N???i e ????? ???? ?? o Y. E??. I??a, a ?i ?a?a ???ath?y ????a ??? e
?????, ????, ??? ????. O?, ? ??? ???? OeEE Nith? AOeEE?, ???, a i?? ??a
??????y, ?i ?ae AOeEE? ii ???? A??th?? Oe????? E??????e E??ao. *(56) Ii
? ??? ???i, ??a ??? OeEE Nith? ????ny ??i, a ??e ? ??a ?e ??? OeEE, ??a
N????i Nith? ?a ? ??? I??o ??? e A??th?? ?a?u n A???????. A?yae ? ??i
?????y n Y. E??i e a ?i, ?i A??th?? OeEE ? ????y ? A??????i. N? ? ? e ?o
? ??o i ??????? OeEEa Nith?, AOeEE ? ??? ?e ??????, ? e ?????y y?o ???a
n ?????? NNN? ??a ??i ????ny. A???, e ? y?? o AOeEEa ?? ????i ?? ????ey,
?i o Oe????i? E??????? E???a Nith?. A???i, /? y? ??? ?????o ? ???: Y.
E?? ???-? ????, ?i e OeEEo Nithca ???i e ?????? AOeEEa.

O????? ?????a Y. E??, ?i I???e ??i Nith? “?????? ?? ?i ????y ? E?????
?NON?”. E? ?a ?????, y? ??? ?? ?????i ?????e ?e ? ????, ?e e ? ??a.

Ia ??? ??i, ?i N????? Nith? ?? NIE ?NON?. Ae??????, a ????? ? 2-e ???
OeEE Nith? NIE ???e ? ????th OeEEa ???ye ???e ??????a NNN?. I??i ?a n
ethey 1923 a. y? ????a ?? ????i. I?a, ???i, Y. E??, ??a ???o, ?i ??u
?????o ???a ?????y ?? ?????? ?e ???? ???th??. Y? ?? ??? ?????i, ?i ?? ?i
??? ???i ??e ?? ?????.

I???? e ??? ???????a ?a?a Y. E??i ???? ???u N????i Nith?. Ii ????, ?i
?oy a ???? NNN? ?o ??a “????y”, ?i ? ??a y? ?????i ????i ??????, ??? ??u
????e e ?a ?? ?????i-???????a ???u, ?i ???eyth?a, ???tho ??? ???e, ???a
? ??o ? ?? ????, ?????? ?????i. A a? ??? ???? ???u ?NON? ? ??? ??a, ?oy
e ?? ???u ??e ???atho ??th ? ???. Y. E?? ???o, ?i ?NON? – ????a ?????i.
A??, ?i N???ay ???y ? ???? ???a ? ?? ?????. I??i e ????i ?????? iia ?
?ea, ???y n y??y 1918 a. ?NON?, ?-??o, ???o ???ue ?????? ??? ??u. Yoi
?????i n ?????e ?????y?, e ?a ?o.

Y. E?? ?????i ????, ?i ?????a NNN? ??i ???ueth a ???? ??????e N????i
a?????. Ii ???o y? ??iy???? ??????i, ? ?o ? ??iy? ?? ?????i, ?uy?yy ??e
???n ????? ?????? ?????e ?e ??? NNN?, ?e e ??? ??.

A ???a ? Y. E??, Ae. A?? a ??e ??a “E??ey N????i Nith?” ? ??ey? ?????e
??u i ??? E????? NNN?, ? o ?? ?? ??a ? ?????e y?? ?????a, a a ?e ????,
??????e “I????? Nith?”. I??i ???ey i E????? Nith? ?a? ???? ???a, ??? ???
???y? i???? ??? Y. E??. O? ?, ???i ??? ???????o, ???? OeEE Nith? AOeEE?,
??? ???o ?i ??????i. I??? Y. E?? ? ???? ?????, ?i ????u ?NON? “?????
????? ????th ??????ue ?ay ?e ??ithc?a i????”. A ???????? ?????, ?e e
N????o ?NON?, ?? ????i OeEE? Nith? ???y? ???e ???th?? ???a, ?? ? ??o
???u ???a.

Ia ??i ?????a i ?i, ?i ??????y ???a ? E????? NNN? “????? ?e ?, ?i a
1918 a., – ????i???e, ?e ??? ??? ????????a ?y ???o e ???yi”. A??, ?i
???o??? ???u ?th?? ????e ??a ?????y Nith? ? ?????. A E????? 1924 a. ???
????? ? ????y ? ?a????ii ??a. I ?i ??i ??? ??? ? ?????eth A??th??i ??aea
N???.

N????i ????? ??? e ???ia ????? ??????i ????? ?. I?i?. A? ? ???? a ????
??e e???. O? ? ??a a ??a “???y ?e ?????o”, e??oth ? ?????o 1924 ??i, ??
??? ? ???i ?????th NNN?, a i E????? Nith? ??? ?o ? ??a. I??a, ? ??y?
???? ?????i-???????? ??????o a 1917-1921 ?., ? ? ?????, a ?????o. E??ny,
?i ?oi? ???i ??????ue ???? n ???e ?????? ?? ??ae?????i ???? ??e ???: ??
??eay ???y, ? ???a ????y ???y, ?e y?i ?????a NNN? ? ??i ???? ???ey, ???
?e ? ?i ??? ia ????: “???y ?i?ey” e ?a ?o, ??? ? ?iy?ny.

A ??a ??i ??e ??? ?? eth???? ????a, e ????th, ? ????????a. ?. I??
?????o ??ue, ?i ?a ? ??eth?e ???ay e ???-????ay ???? ?? ???oth ??? ??e
????a e ?e??? a ?????e ?c???y ??????? ????e n ??th ????ey ?????e ???e
*(57).

O?? ???i, i E????? 1924 a. ?a?ny ????? ???y ?o???a, ?oy ???????i e ?
?????y. O? ? ??a ???? ??e ? ???e a ?e ?e ?? ?? ????. I??i ????ai e
????ath?? ??a ? y?e ???? ? ?????i ??? ?? ? ???i e ??? ???a ???u ??th?y a
??. ss ? ??eth ??e ???e a????ue ?a ???u e ????ue ?a ?e?e, ????? a ?????,
?i ??a ?i ??a ??o ? ?????? ???a ?ee. I??i ? ?? ?e e ?????? i???th? ?? a
??iy?i ???i ???e ?? ??yae ? ????.

***

O?? ????e ????, ?e ??ay E????ey NNN?, ? ?a ? ?? ???????. Ii ????y e a
?????o ?eyo, e a ???o, e a ???o. I?????? e ????u, ?????e ?y??? n ?i.
I??i y? ???? a ???i ?? ???e?.

A 1940 ?? ???? ??e a ??a “E????? e ???????a ?? Nith? NN? (1922-1936)”
?ae ?ae. ??. E.I. O???a, ???e ?a ????ny. N???, ??????? ???e?? E???? ??a
AI NNN?, ??o ???a ????. A ?i ????ny ae???? ? ?? ?????y Ae????e e Ae???a
? ?????e NNN? ? E????? NNN? 1936 a., a ?i ??a ??? 1923 a., ?athu? ????
?y ???e ?????y NNN? e ???ey ?i ???i I???? ???.

A?? ???? ???e ??e a 1957 a. ?ae ?ae. N.N. N????? *(58). Ii ???? i???? ?
??y?y 1917 ?? ? ?e?a E????? NNN? n ????y?, ??????? ? 1956 a. ?????y, a
??o ?eth?? e ??, ??th??y ???i I???? ??? NNN?. I??? ? ???? ????o n i?????
???? ??. E.I. O???a, ? ?ath?y e ???? ???y, ????iii, ?i ??ue ???u ????a
???o???a ??, ? a ? ? ??y ???oth?y e ??a, ??e ???o ????u ????a ???y ?th??
????e – O???, A?i???, C????y.

N???o ?????i ???? ????, ?a ????ny ???? ? ?o?? ????o E?????, a ?i ??a e
???i I???? ??? Nith?. N???y ??ue a ???? ??????a, ? ??? ?athony ????a
?????. A?yae ? ??i ?a???ny n ??????, ?i “???? N????i Nith? ? y?y?ny
?????i ?ei?-??? ??…” *(59). E???, ??????i Nith? ??o ?ith ???th, ?, ?i
? ?i?, ???-? ? ?e ??? ??i ??i – Ae???? ? ?????e Nith? NN?, ??y?i, ?e ?a
?????, ????a?? E?????e ?????o ??????? ?n??? e ?????? I A??th?? ???i
N???.

*???? ??? ????ey?ny e ?????a, ?i “10 y??y 1923 a. ????? e ??? E??????ay
???ey, ?????ay I????? OeEE NNN?…” *(60). E? ?a ?????, ??? y?e ???? e ?
??? yaeyth?y, ? ???e ??, ??? ????.

N?? ? ?????i e ?????a, ?i OeEE Nith? ??a XII ??? ??? ??ii ????e ????th
?????oth ???eth e ??? ?y ????? ??? E????? Nith? *(61).

*?? ????i ?o ??i ????a, ????? ?????a ???a – “N??u N??? Nith? NN?, ?th??
e ????? ????o ???????? ????e. N??? ?????. 1917-1936 ?.”, ??? ?i ????
??y?i n??? N??? Nith?. A ?i, ?????i, n????y e ?? ???i A??th??i ??? N???,
? ??? ?e, ????ny, nth? ??e Ae????y e Ae??? ? ?????e NNN?.

N?? ????? II A??th??i ??? N???, a ?? ?????? e ?????ay ???i E????ey
NNN?.

E ????? ???i ??? ?????u ???ey, a ???o, ???i, ?ath?y e ???ey i ???
E??e??e Nith?, a ?i ??a ? ???e ? ???ey. I???? a ???? ??????a e ??? – ??.
O?, ??? ????, ??ae ? ????????e ?????o ??? ?ae ???? I???? ??? ?a ????e
y???? ???? I????a OeEE e ???eo? ???eyi, ??? ? ethiy 1923 a.

I?? ??? ?y ?????? ??? ????a ???a “N???? ?????e”, ??a?? ???i ?????i ???a
E???? ?????a e ??a AI NNN?, ?ae ????e ??-??. I.N. ?????. A ?i ????ny
?e?i ??? ?? ????o E????? – ?NON?, NNN? 1924 e 1936 ??a, ??????? ??????e
????e. N??? ? ??? E????? NNN? ???? ??????e ????, ????? ???e, ? ? ????
??ie, ??th??y ????? y?? ???ee y?? I???? ???.

E???? ???e, ?????? ?????e Oe?????i ???????? ??? I?y???e ??eth?e, ??
AA?O, ?ae ????e E.E. A??? – “A???a ?????i ???a NNN? 1922-1936 ?.”. Ii
E????ey 1924 ?? ?y ?o ia y?y?ny ???? ?????? ???ey, ?y?? ???oth?y ???
????ey ? ?a. N??????, ?e ???? ? ???e ???????? I???? ???, ???e a??ny, ?
?i ??o ?? a ???o ?eyo ??????ny ? ??o *(62).

I??e ??o ???????e E????? ???y a “O????? ? ???e ????o? e ??a NNN?”,
?????? A.O. A???a? e TH.I. O??? e ???? a 1968 a. *(63). E?? ??????a
????? ?y ???o ??e e ??? ???????i ?y ????a-????a. E??-?? ?????? e
???????? ???? a ???? ?o. A?? ??o?ue, ?i ? ?e ??? ?????? ? ???e ?????a e
??a NNN?, ???????e ?y ????a-th???, ???a a ???i ????? ????ue ?a? ?
A??th?? th????? ???i ????a. A?????, ?i ???i E?????, ?e e ???e aei????e,
??????y a ?????e, ??e ?????ny ???? e ?? th????? ??a, ?? ? ?e?i th?????.

E?????? ????u ? ???e E????? NNN? e ?i ? ??o ????ny a th???? ????,
??????? E????i ???c?-????a ?e OeE EINN, E?o??? ???e NNN? A???e ?? NNN? e
A??? ???? ?????i ?e N??a I???? NNN? *(64). A ????e, ?????y ???a ? ????a
N 10 ????y I??? OeE ?EI(a) ? ???o i ???a Ae???a ? ?????e Nith? NN?,
???y i????o, ?i ? i ??e E????? ??a ?? ?a ??? ? ?????. I??i OeE ?????e,
?i E????ey ????i? ????e e A??th?? ??ae N??? i??o ??? Ae????th e Ae??? ?
?????e NNN? e ?i ?? II ??ae N?a?a Nith? ???? ?? ??????e ??o Ae???a,
??????? ?????? n ???? ?? ?th?? ????e. E??eth E???o?e ???e ???? n XII ???
?EI(a), ?oy, ?e ?a ?????, ??ae ?a i E????? ?y? ? ???e.

I?? ????i ?y ??o ??e ???e, ??????? ?????? ???? I????a A????i N??a NNN?
e ?? ? th??th – 50-??th ?????y Nith? *(65). Ii i????o ???e ??? e ?y??
???? ? ?????? ????a ????u, o? ? ??a ???i ?e ?????? ???i ???ey E?????
Nith?.

N????? ???e, ???? ?ae ??ii A???i ???????? ????a, ?????? A.N. A??i?
*(66). N?y ? ???eth, ? ??y?i ??? ??o ???e ?????a e ??a NNN?, ? ????? ??o
??i ????? ???, ?????? ? ???? ???e ??i??? N????i ????o?. O? ? ??a a ?i
????ny e ??? ??o ????th?e ?n E?????, ???e ? ???ey ?????ue ? ??? ????,
???y, ????, ?i ????? ????u ??i ????? ? ??? ?????, a ?i ??a e o? ??????o
??.

I??e ???? ???ey ???? ????? ????? ?y ?????o ?iy?e ?ei ???a ???y ? ???e
??????? ?????a e ??a, ???????i A.A. C????i e I.A. O????i. E?? ???? ???
??? ???a, ???????o ???e ????a, e ??????y ? ?y?th ?y? n ?????, ???, y?
??ay ??a ? ????, ?????o n 1992 a. ?a? ???? – ???y ??????? ?????a e ??a.
A?????, ?i a ?e ????ny e ??o E??eo?? 1924 ??, ? ?c ?y?o ???????o ?????,
?n??? ??? ???tho ???? e ???? *(67).

A 1994 ?? ?y??? “O????ey ? e??? ??????ai ?????a e ??a”, ??????ay
??????y? ????? ??a, ???????i th?????i ????? IAO, ?? ?ae ?? ????e. O????
???y ????e ???e ?? ?????? ?????, ???i, ??ue ?? ????th ?????? E?no??ey
NNN? 1924 a. A??????uo ????? ??ue ?? ?o, ??? ??aeyo ? ??, ?i ???e ? ????
?i?? ?e ? *(68). A ? ??y ??? o??? ? ???e i??????i ?????a e ??a, ??y???
????? ???o, ???e, ?e ?a ?????, ????? ?i???, ????th?? ????? ???u ???e.
I???a E????? 1924 a. ???????ue a ???a 3 “N???? ?????i e ??i a ??iae iy?
(1921-1929 ?).”, ?y???ny a 1995 a. a ?????? “TH????? ???ae IAO”. A??a
??i e ??? ???a y?? ????, ?a ??????i a ?? ??o *(69), ??i ???, a ??????
“TH??” (2002 a.). ss ????oth ????i ?????ny ??? y?i ????.

I?ay ?????y ? ???e ????a??i ?????a e ??a ??a a ???e??a “C???” a 1997 a.
I? ????? ????i ?????i ??ae? ???e ????o? e ??a th?????i ????? IAO ?y? ?
?ae ?? ????e. O????ey ? ??????ny ????e ?????o ?iy?e, ?, ???i, ?eth?? a
?ay e ????u, ?????a ?y ?o, a ?i ??a, ?o????, E????eth 1924 a. O????ey
o?? ??? a ???e ???? n ??? ?i ???? ????i, ?y?? ??ue ??o??? ?????e
???????e ???o.

A 1999 ?? ?o ? ????e ????a ??e ?????a ???a ?y ????a a ?? ??yo. A??y ?
?o ??y?? OO ??. N????? ????ath?y, ?i ???a ????a ??o ??y? ? ??i ????????
???? ?uy?y?ny ??????, a ? ???? ?????y?. A???? a???e ??o ??y? ??a ???ny
1917 a., a ? 1906, ???i ????ny ia?? ? ????? a ??a ????? – I??i? ???????a
??? ?????e ???e a ??e ????. E?? y?? ?? ?a ????a ??ny?y ?a e ????? ??i?,
a ?i ??a, ???i, e E????ey 1924 a. *(70)

Ii ??o, ? ????o, ??eth y? ???a y?y?ny ???? ???i ?y ??? a ????o – ?e ?y
????, ?e e ?y ??????y. I? ??????o ???? ???? ??o, ???e ????a, o??? ???
?????o ?iy?e. E?? ???a ?? ???a, ????? ???eth a ????o, ??a ???? ??????
???ey e ?i, a ??a ??????th ?????, ? ???y ?a i ??? ????? ????a. O?? ???i,
a ??e ??? ???o ??o, ? ????, ?a ?????a ?y ??? ? ?iy?yo. E???, ??????ny,
?i ???o ??o ?o ? ???e, ???o ???, ???iy??? ??a?ny e ????i. E???ue ?, ??i
? y?i e ?????y. I??i ? ??????i? ????, ? ae?a ???e ? ????atho ??i, ?i
???? ???o e??? ? ????. Ia ???? ? ?o ??????y ?????y e ??????ay ?o???a,
????th?y ??a ???i e ???ii ? ?e ?oth ??.

Ia ???? ??ny?y ???, ?ath?a ?th??a ???? ?y ??a. Iiy?? y? ??? ??otho ???
??? ?ae i?e, ?? th?? ??? ??ue ?????ny ???????i ???i ?????o ??a e o?? y??
?i ????? ?a n ???i ??a, ?i e y?y?ny ???? ??th ????a. Iiy??-? ? ?ae?e ??
?????u e ????tho ???????y ?a???? ???a ???y. O?, ????? ???a ? ??? ????e
E????? *(71), e E??? ???a ? ??o a?????i ??iy?y, ???i, ???? e ????? ??a
1918 a. *(72), O????o ???o ?NON? 1922 a. *(73), A?????o ???o ?NON? 1922
a. *(74)

I?????y ???eth ??a ????o a ???? ????? ??a a y?e ??, ?a ??? ???e ????ue
??? ????? ? ??, a ???e e, ??o ??, a ???e ?? ???? ? ???, ???a ??? ???o
????? ?y ????? e ????. Oi ?? y ?? ????ue ??? ???? e ??????y, ?a ? ?????
(e ??th? ????ath?e) i???e ?y ????? e ????.

E?? ??????o ??o ????: ?ae?y ??a – y? ??o ? ????? ??? ??a.

O?y ??o E????? ?????i a ??y??i ???e, y ???th ? ??? ????ue ?i ??a a
??iy?th ??o. Ii ????o ??ue ???o ??????i ????ey, a ?????e e ???e ???ey
E????? e ???oth?i ?????? ??oeyi, y ??ath ?????i ?????? ??ue e ???????
??o Ae???a ? ??c??? NNN? a ?e ????, a ???e ? ?e ??yo I A??th?? ???i
N??? 30 ???y 1922 a., e ??a ??????a ??? “Ia ?????e Ae????e e Ae???a ?
?????e NNN?”.

3. A??? ???i??e

I?? ???e ?????a e ??a ?????, ?e ???i, ????????e ??n, ?????e ?????e
???e. A ?o ??? ???atho ??u, a ?i ??a e ? ???? ??????. N y?i ????ny ????y
????i ??a. A??a n ?i ????-th??u ??e ?? ????u ????ny a ??o ?????? ?????
??. I????y e ?i ??? ????e ??ae a ???o ??o ???.

A? a 60-o ?. ????i ?? ?e ????i ??? i ???a, ????th?i ?????a ?????a a ??i
n ?i ??y?. A?ue ??? ?????i ?? ??i ????a, ?c ?? ?i ????o ?? ??????. N ???
???u, ?? ??a ????a ? ?o ????i ???y, ??a??y?ny ? ??a-? ??a ??? ??e, ?c ??
?????, ?e, ? ??i? ??, ??????? ?????. A? y?-? ?????a e ???o ?????? o???.
A ?? ??y ?i ??, ????, E.A. N??i, e ? ?e ????i a E????? 1936 ?? –
“???????a ?????”. O? ????? ??ay ??a I???? ??ia 1936 ??, e y? ??i ???i ?
??? n ??e ??ey ??a, ? e n ???e ??? ?????a e ??a. Ai ?y?i ???, ??i ? ???a
?e ??e E.A. N??? e ?????? ??i ??a ?i ??? ? ???y ??????ue ????? ???. I??
?i, ? n ??? ??? ?e ???i.

Ae?i a ?i, ?i a ???i y?? ??a “?????” e “??e” – ?? ????, ?y?? ???????e
??e e ?????a?? ????? ?? ??? ????ny ?e ?????a. O? e ?? ? 1936 ??, ??a ??i
??? ??u a ??? ?e ??a ??e, ???a ????? “A??????ia ?????”. I? y?i ????? ???
?????? e ???????? ????a, e ?????y ??? n ???e, e ??? ?a, ?i ????y e
?????o. Oi ?? ? ???? ?iy?a ai??????? ????? e ???????? ??y ????e, ?i ??
??? ?????i n ??e ??ey ??i ???????, ??????e.

Ii ?o E????ey (????ay!) ??a ? ????ue ? ??e ???th?? ?????y? ?y ????e
??e, ?oy ?y ?th??a e ?? ?y th??a-????????a ???? ??o ?????i e ??? a
?iy??? ??? ????? ??iy?? e ??????. Ia y? ???e ???a ???? a ??? 60-o ??a
????i ?? ??. I.I. O???a a ?y? n ?????th??y ???e ? ???eth ??e E?????
Nith?. I???? ??a, ? ????? ? ???? ???e ???e ? y? a???a e y (?? a ?i, ?i y
??e ?????oth?th ??? I.I. O???? ?a ??a ??, ?e ?i ???e ? y?i).

I???? ????e ???, ???i ???a ???? ? ?????ue ???a “???????a ?????”, ????e
??? ?? ???y? ??? “?????i-???????a ??i??i”. O?? ?????a a ???e ?? ???i
????, ????o ??????i ???? ??? ? ia????? ??a ?????a e ?i ???. N????? y??,
?i ?? ?? ?a ? i ??????i? ??a, a ?? i ??e ?i, y???a – ?y? ??? n ???e.
I???? ??. I.I. O???a ????? a ????? E????? NNN? 1977 ??, ? ?o ?ae?ue
????ue ??e ??? a y?i ???.

I??i ??a ?????? ??? ??e?o ?? ????. Ae?i a ?i, ?i ??e ??? ??? ????ny a
?????th ????????o ???o ?????. Ii ? a??th?i ? ???y ?y ????? ???????uo.
A?yae ? ? ????ny a ?????th, ????, Y????, A?????, A?y??e NN?, a ???o
?????? ???? a ? ??y ? ??????. Oi ? ??i ?? ???ue e i I??a, A???, A?o?e…
A?? ?e ??? ??i ???i, ?i ?y ???o ai???? ?????nue ???? ? i
?????i-???????i, a ? ???????i-???????i ?????. Ii y? ????i ??oth ????:
???e ??????e ???, ????? e eth?? ??ae???. A ???? ???? ??e ???y? ???th
e????eth: “?????i-???????a e ???????i-???????a ?????”. A?????ue e ?????
??? ?iy?y ????, ? ?i ?y? ? ?? ????? a E????? e ?oy ? a ?????, a a
?????e, ?a ? ??i ??a??i ???e???. I??a, ????e ?????a e ??a ? ?o ?? ??io-?
???ytho ????? ???.

A ?o ? 60-o ?., ?????? ????e ???, y ????e e ?? – “?????y ????????
????”, n ???e ?????y?. E? ?a ?????, ??? ?????i ?? ??a ????, ????ey?? ???
n ?i ? ??a-? ???????a ???u, ??o ???e e ???e ????tho, ??? ?????? ??????
??????ey, ???a ??? ?atho ??th-? ??o. Iiy?? ??i ???? i ??aie ????????
???? (y? ???y ????), ??a ???????? ????, ?????e ???????? ????, ??a ?????e
???????? ????, e ?a y? ??o i???? e ?????i, a ??a ??????i?i ????, ???i,
ia???i nay???ny n ??? ???????? ????a, ?e ? ??o ?????? ?? ?c ?o? e
???eytho ?? ??a.

A y?e ?y? ??cy ? ???? e ???? ????o ?? ???????? ????. A ?????i ?????????
??y? ???? ??? ?? i ?? o??o – ????e e ????i ?????a, a ???????? ? ???. Ia
????oy e??th ? ?o, ??? ?? i ?i, ?i ????y ?y? e ??? ??.

Oi ?? ?? ??? ?? i ?????e ?????a e ????? e i “??? ????e”. E? ????,
E????ey ?NON? ????a ??????th ??o ???????? ???? – ?????i n ?????e
?????y?. Y? ???? ??? ?? ??o ???e i ???a ?NON?. N?i ???? ?n???? ?y???
????? ?i ???a???. A ? ? ??y ????? n???ayny ??a ??????????o ????e ? ??a ?
a ??a ???a ?iy?y o????, ?i ? ?o ?? ????th ??e ?? ?e ?th?? ?????i, ????e
/?i ?? NOA, O???ey e ????a ???. O???ey ??????, ?i ??a ? ??? ????o ????th
n ??e ?????e ?????a e ?i y? ??u ??????. A ?NON? ? ?a ?? ????? ?-???o.
C?? ???e O???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????a (? ??? ??? e ???
?oee???i-??ae????? ?????y), ?????? ???o ??e ? ????a ?th ???. A??oth ?
??ue ???ey? ??i ???a ???e e ?ay, ???a ? ?????? ???e O???? e ? ??e ??? ??
n ????ue?-???????? ????e, i??????ny ?????e. Eth???i, ?i ???? ??? i ???
????o ?????o, ???o a ??i ???a ????? ?????a ?e ?? ?????y. I?e ???
(?????i) ????? ? ?? ??????e, ??? (?c ??? ???) ????ee ? a ??i ???. Ia
???yy? ??? a y? ??, ???o ?? ?? ??? ? ???o ???o, ???a ????i ????ny ? ??,
?i y ??e ??? ??. Ae???y, ?i ?NON? ???a ? ?? ?????? ??????, ?oy ??i ??a
???o?y ?e??, ??? ? ?? ?a e ????i ??????. I????y, ?i ?o ?o ?e ?c e ??i
??? ? ?????y ????e. I??i ???y e a ????a ??y, ? e ???, ?? ?n????i ???
??u. A ?? ??y ??e?? ????y ?? ??a ???oeee (??u ?? ? ????? ?????ey):
?th??i ?????a e ?????a n ?????e ?????y?. I???a, ?? ????ue ?????th.
N???ay ???y ??a ??? ??o ?????a n ?????e ?????yie, ? y? ? ??????ue ????e,
? ???e ?a ??? ????ny, a ?a?i ??ay ??a ???????? ????. Oi ?? ??i ???ue, ?i
a ????a ??y o ?n ?? ?e ???? ??u a???????i ????: 1) ?th?? ?????i (NNN?,
C?????y O???ey (CNON?); 2) ??ae??? n ?????e ?????y? (?NON?, A????y,
A??????ay, O???ay ?????, ?? ??y, ??a a ? ??? ???a I????y NN?, O???); 3)
????a ????o? (Y??ey, E??y, E?? e ?????i ???).

A? y? ??o ?y?a ????a e ???? ???????e ?????e ???e e Nith?. E? ??i, N????
Nithc ? ?????e ? ?????e O???? ? o??, ?i ?? ?????i ?e ?c ???i? ??a ?e
?????e NNN?. E ?? ??? ?? ??ue ? i ??? ??? ????e, a i ?i, ?i E????ey 1924
?? ? ?? ???a ??????a ?????oth ??o ???????? ???? ??e ???. Y?, ???i, ?
????, ?i ??y ??a ?? ??a ?????e. Oi e ??? ?????i ?? ?????i ??e y?? e ?
??e ?? ??e, ?i y? ?????. Eth???i ?? ????: ???y, ???a ? ??? ?????,
?c???ue ???e, a N???? Nithc, ?? ? ???? ??? N???? ?????? ??ae???i, ??a a
E????? ? ????ny ?.

A? ?? ??????a?? ??, ??y?e ??? ??y? ??a a ????? ????, ???? ? ??? ???
E.A. N???, ???e, ?e ???, ? ?????th ? ?e th???. Y?e ??? n ???a??i ????i
??otho ? ?o ?? ???????u, a ??? n ?? e ????o???i.

Ae?i a ?i, ?i a ?????e e????a ????ny ??? “???o ????e”. N ??e ??ey e
th????? e ???a???e ? ????? ? ???y e ?i ? ??a ?????. N????a ??????a ???a
a ?? ??y, ?????i, ????? ?i ??????a. E???ue ?, /? ??a 1953, a ?i ??a 1956
??, ??a ?a ????e ????i ??y ??e ?????ueny ??ue e ???e, ??? ?? ????ny e ?
y??, ?????, ????? ????. Ai ?o: ??o e ?????.

Ii ?i ? ?? ??? ??ei? E? ????, ???o, ?e e ???, ?? y??? ??????ey. Ii ??
????y – y? ? ???????, a ???? ??e?o. I?? ?? ? ???o, ????, “??a? ????”,
“???o ???”, “???o ??e”, ? “?? ????”, “?? ???”, “?? ??e”. N????i ?e ? ??i
? ???? “?? ????e”, ? “???o ?????? ????e”, ?o ??a ?a ??o ? ??a, ?i a ???
??? ? ??i ?? n ???? ?????, a ? ??? – n ???? ???????. Iiy?? y ?? ???y?,
?e ??i ???yth, ??? y?o ??? – “?? ????e”.

***

A?? ???? ??????ue ?? ????a e ??o A???? A????a O??? ? ??? ?a a ??? ?ae
y?e ?e?e, a ?????e ? ????y a ????? ???o. A????th ??a ???o ??? A.A. C????
e A.A. E??a ? ??e??a a ???a ???? ????? e ? ??u, ???a ? ?? ? ???? ??? ??.

A?? 2. I????a e ??yo? E?????

1. I????? ???ey E?n???e

A??? e, ? ????, ?????? ?????? ???ey I???? ??? Nith? N???? N???????o
????? ????o ?? ? ?? ??????a y?? ????o?. Eth?a ?????i, ????ny, ??o ???? e
?c E?????. I???a ?? ??a ?i ????? ? ??? a ???i, ? e a ?? ??y. A ?o
??????a E????? ?c ?????a ???i ?oue a ?? ???? ?e ??o-? ?????i? ?????, ??a
?o, ?i a ?? ??y ???? ?????. I??i ?? ai????i ??o ???? ?c E?????, ? ?a ?
???a ?, ?????, ???ey? ???????e ??e, ?th ???????th ???, ?????o ? ????a
??e a ??i ???. E y? ? ??????? ????. E? ? ??? ????i ??a, ?e ?c ?e ?????e
NNN?, ?? i ?i, ??a E????ey ?e ?o, ?? ??? ????a ?????? ????y.

Nithc NN? ?e ????i ???iy ????? ?????? – ?NON?, ONN?, ANN?, CNON?, ?????
a ??? ??y e ?-???o e ???? ???e ?i /???.

E ?y ?n y? ??o ? ??ue ??i, ?i ???y ????y ? ??o i???ue ?c ????, ?c ???.
A ??? ?????? ???? ?????y NNN? ??ii n ? ??????y.

????a ??? N????i Nith?. N?? ???i ? ?o ?? ?????y N???????y O?????y
N???ay ?????a. I? ???? ???, ? ? ??o ????a ??a ????.

E?? a 1917 ?? ???? ???i ?i???ue ?i e ??a ??? ?????a, ??????, ?i
?????ue, – ?e y? ???? ?????y. Io??i, ?i ?i ????? ? ? ???, a ? ???. E???,
??a-? ???o ???? ???e, ? y? ??i ??i ?????? ????????? e ?iy?a ???y, a ???e
?????u ??i ??e ?? ?????? ?????? (? e ??? OO ?? e aea? ??? ?? ?a ??? ????
a ???a ????y), ? ???? y????? ?? ???. A??a ??, ?i ?? ?????ei ?
?????????ue.

O? ?o, y? ?????????ue ????, ?i ???e ??ae e ????? ??ae – y? ??? ? ?? e ?
?. E ? ?? ??eth?y, ?e e ?? ??y??y, e ???th, ? ???? y? ???o ??? ?????a.
E?? a 1917 ?? ?? ?????y ???y, ??a ?????i ????i ???a ???? – ?????y. *? ?
???ny ????o ????a, ? ?e ?iy?? ?????.

I??a ??i, ?????, ? ?y? aea ? ??o, ??a ????y. E?? a ??a 1917 ?? I??? II
???y ? ????, a ?i ?? I??e y?o ???e ? ??ye, ???? ???ay ???ey: ???eth ?e
???? ??i ? ??iye, ? ?a?? ???ny ????i. A ? ? ??y e ????? ?a ??i ? ??????,
?e???, ?i y? ??? ???ue O?????? ????. O?? ???i, ????ue ???ay ?????y –
???ey ?c ???a. O??i i??th, a ??? 1 ??y?y, A???? ?a????? ??????i ??
?????i ?????e.

I??i ?????? y? ???? ?a ??a ?????ue. E?? 26 ?oy?y 1917 a. II A??????
??ae N??? ????e a ??? N???oth ???, ????? ??a ?????y ?????e N????.

A??a ????? e ??a ???????? ???? ???e. A y??a 1918 ?? ??ney ?? ??????a
?????, e y? ??i ????a a ? ????.

A E????? 1918 ?? ?? ????? ?a ??? ?????? ??? ?????a – ?????y N?e?????ay
O?????y N???ay ?????a, ? ?? a ???? a? ???i e ?i ?????a. E???, ?oe??????e
???y ?? ?? ?i ? ?a?, ? A.E. E?? ???e, ?i ???? “???????ay” ???? ??, e
???e ? ????y, ??? ?e ? ???.

I? ??????e ????i ??????ue ???????e ??e e ???th ?????e O???? ? ?????y
NNN?. Y? ?? ????y a ??? ????? ????a, ??y??? ??i II A??????i ??? N???,
??? N???? E????? e ?? ??? ? ????. Iiy?? ???i ??e???? ?NON? ? ? ????ey a
N???? Nithc e ???? e ???e ??? a? ???.

E????? ??? N???? ??????, ???? ??i a ??? N????i Nith?, ??a O????y N???ay
N???????y ?????a, ???? ???e ?? ????ue ? ??o: ??a a ???a 1917 ?? I ??ae
N??? O??? ?????? ? ?????a, ? ??? ??a ?????i ?? ? ????e, a ???? ?????e.
I??i ??a ?????? ?a ?ei?y?? e ?????, ???????e ??a ?????e ?????e ???????,
????e Oe????? ???. Iiy?? ??? ???-???y??a ?????a ?????i ??e ????ue O????e
N???? ?????e, a ??i, ? ???? n ?NON?, ??a O????e N???????e N???? ??????.
A 1919 ?? ?? ??y? E????ey y?? ?????a.

N??i ???y ??? i ???? O????? ?????a. A? ? I?y???e ??eth?e, ??a Oe????ay
??a ???? o A????i ??????a ????e O???, ?a ?????? ?? ? ????th ??ue ???,
???a a ?? ??y ??yo a ??? O????? ?????a. I????, ?i ????ay O??? ?eth?o ??
????, ???th?a E???th. TH?? ????? ??e, Ae???-E?????e ?n?? ????nue ?a ?
????, i ???? ????? ??yo, ????o a ??? A??i-A???, ? ??i ?? ?? ?i e ??.

N???ay O??? ??a ??????y ??????i ?? ? ???? ??a, ?e y?i 127 ???i ????o
????a I ??? N??? ????ey? ??i 49 N???. I?? ?? ?e Oe????? ??a ???ue ???ue
y?o ??ae, ???? ?????ue a O??? e ??ue ?????? n III ????i ???i N??? Ae????
e E?????? ???i?. O? ??i ????ey Ae???a ?? a?? ?ae th????th ???i ??? ???
O???. A ?????e ??eth?e i Ae???-E?????i ???? ??ae N??? ?y? ???e, ?i ? ??o
????ny ?eth??y Ae???a a ??i a ???u y?e N???? ????? *(75). Ia ????eth
ONN? ??i ??o ?ey? ???i ?? ???y: ??th??a A????i ?? e ?i ???othu? ??????a,
???????? ??? E??, ???e ???ny ? ??ueth O???, ? ?????e ?????e, ??, ???oe,
? ??e a ??? ?NON?, ??? ???? n I???, ??????e ???o ????? a????, ?i y? ??
?? ? ??eth?e.

Ii ? ???-????ay e ? ???ay ???ey ??? O??? ????o ?????o ???? n?????a. I?
????tho, ?i ???? N???? ????? ? O??? ?? ? ?i ??, ?e ???-??????? ????? ?ay
*(76).

Ii-???o ?????? A????ay N???????y N???ay ?????a. O??ey ?y ? ??????y
????ue ??? ??a ??????y A????i ??.

A ??a ?y?y 1918 a. ????u ?? ???u ? A????e, ? A????ay N???ay ?????a ??
??????a ????i ??a. A ??a ???y 1918 a. N??i-C???y ?????y ?EI(a) ?????
???? ?ath ???ey ANN?. E????ey ?uy?? ?ay I ???i E???? A????e e ???a ???
A????i ???-???y??? ?????o? ?????e. 1 y??y 1919 a. y? ??????i ??????
I???o, a ???i ???????ue ?????a A????? N???? ?????e. A ???a 1919 a. a
I??a ??u?y I ??ae N??? A????e, ??y?? ? E????eth.

A y?o ??? ???? e ????y ?????ay ??ae??????. Ca ? ???? ??? E?? ????
????ny ? ??? ??????? e ??????. A ?y?a 1918 a. ?y ?????a ????? ??ue ?e
??? A??i-??eth???e ???o.

16 ???y 1918 a. ?? ??????a E???ay N???ay ?????a. Ai ??a ? ??????a,
??????i a A??th?, ?? ????e A. I?ey??n-E???n. 22 ???y 1918 a. ??????ue
E???? NN? ?? ???? N????? ?NON?. A y??a 1919 a. ????a ??????i ????? e
???i e ??ouey?i ????? n ???? ????oue ?????i e ???i N???. A??u ?????ue ?
??? ?o ? ????a, ???a ???? e a E????? ?NON?, ? n ??? ???o ???e. I???ue
??? ? ?????eth ???????? ????a N???? E??.

N?????a E?? e A????y ?? ?y?? e ??e ??? ??????i ??e?i. A 1918-1919 ?.
??y??y y?o ????e ?n? ???? ????ay ??? ??? ??? ??a – ????? e ???e ????e.
Ana y? ??iy???? ????e ????ai ?y ?????y ?? ????e a ?? – A????i-E???oth.

E??y ? ????a ?????? e ????? ???a OeE ?EI(a) ??ye a y??a 1919 a. ???a i
??????e ?ey?y A????e n E??e. Y? ?ay ?? ????? ??y??ny ??o ???e?. A ???
???y 1919 a. ??? i ?ey?e ?e ????i ? ?????th OeE E???? A?i??? ? ????? I
A??????? ??? N???. N?? ??e ????? A????th n E??e. Ae? ??? ??oy y?o ? ?i?n
?e ?????? ??i e I ??ae? N??? E???? NN?.

A??a ???? e ?????? ???i?? ???a ??o ????e. 27 ???y 1919 a. ??iy?? ??????
????a ?????o ??????? ????a, ? ???i ?? ??c??i ?????? ??????i E???i-A?????
?????e ? ??a n A. I?ey???i-E????i.

A I????a N???ay ??? ???????a ???i. I? ?? ????a ???? ?????e ???????,
?????ny ? ??? ?????a. A 1920 a. ???? ?????oue ????th A????oth NN?. 31
ethey 1920 a. ? ????e ??????? E???????e i??e E?? e A????e, ????o e
???th?? ?????e I??a e I??? ???? ?? ??y? Ae????y i ??????? ??????e A?????
N???? N??????e? ???a??. A??ue ? ??? ??? N??? ??? a ??????e A?i??? ????ue
A??i-??eth???? ????. A????? ?????ue e ? ???.

O? a ??a 1920 a. a A????e ???oth?y ???????a ???. I??e ??? a ???a N??u,
e a ???a 1920 a. a I??a ???ny II A??????e ??ae N???. N?? ??????? ????
??????a ????? A????? NN?, ??? ? OeEE, ???? ??? N????a.

I???i ??i ???n ???ey ?????o ????o ????e ?e a yoi ??y a C????a, ?a ?
?????? ??? ??y??y ??? ??e e ????i? ????e e ????o ?a a ?a 1918 a. ??????o
?????? ???????o ??????, ?iy??o ???? e ????? ?oe??e-?????a.

A ?????i C????a ??e ?????ue ???th ?iy??e, ???????e, ????? ????????e ?
“???o” ????e 1918 a. O?? ? ???, ?i ?a C???c?? ????? 1918-1919 ?. ? ??e
???? i??????, ????o ????? ?ae ?????i n??? ???i-????, a ??i ????? ????? e
? ?? th???n? ???? N???? ????. E?eth??a ?n??y? A??y, ??????? ??????i ???e
a 1920 a. ?? ???? ???? de fanto.

O?aey??y C????y ? ????ue n ??i??? ??????a e ?????. Ii ? ??u 1920 a.
N???ay ???y ? ??a ???ue ?????? ???i e ??ouey?i ????? ???e e ???????
?i?e. I???? ????? ??a ???? Ae?e??, ??a E??ay A?ey ??a ? N???e E?eac, e
???? C????y.

I ??ae A??????? E???????e ??? (?????a), ??iy??ny a ???a 1920 a., ???ay
??eth???th ???eth, ????thny a A?????a, ???e ???o e ???yi e ????th ???
?????? e ???e ??eth ? ????? ?????? a???ey. Ii ????a ?????i ????? ????i,
? ????, ??? ??i. I??y? ? ????o E??? A??, ????? Ac????? ??uy?? ?????
???????o ????? e ??????o i ??a ???, ???? ?????? ??eth???a ??y? ?y ???a
????o ???a A?o. A ?? ? 28 ??ey 1920 a. ????o e ???o???a ??????i ??
????u, ?????a? A??????ay N???ay N???????y ?a????, ??? ? A???? ?a?eth???e
???o ?ae ????????i I. Ia????. A ?o ? ?? ???i ???? ??? N??a I???o E????a
?????. I?????i ???i ????y ? ???th e ??????o N???? ???e. O?ay ??? ??
???a, ?i ????i A??ae??o ????? e ???o ??????o. A 1921 a. ??iy?y I ??ae
N??? A?N?, ?????e E????eth ?????, ????th ? ?? I???? ??? ?NON?.

O?aey??y A??? a ?y?a 1920 a. ?aeiy? ????a ??? ?????i ???. A? ???
???th???e ???o, ???e a???? ???? e ??e ?i ? ???, ?????? ?????a A?y??e
N???? N???????e ?????e. A ???a 1920 a. ????? ??????i ?? ???i ? ???u
????? – Y???.

E???????y ??ey A??e n ??th ?????ey N???? ??? ??y? ?????a ????a, ???a e
???? o??ey 1921 a. ?a ???? ?th ???. 16 ??aey ?e ????i ???th???e ???o,
?uya??e i ????? ?????i ??????a e ???????e ?????a a A??e N???? N???????e
?????e. ???i A??e ??a ????y e N???? ???e ? ?????, ????y ?? a ??a ???y
??????? ??????i ???e ec O???. A?e ???u ????? ???, e ???? ???ae??i ?????
???????? ????a. A ??? 1922 a. ??? N??? A??? e A??e ??y? E????? A?N? e
ANN?.

I?? A??????, A???e e A??? ?????? ??i ??? ?????e ?????y y?????? ?y?,
????ue ? ?cy????o e ????? ???? ?? ???? ???, a ??iyy ????ue, ???ay ?????a
????a, – ???? ???e. Ai?? n ?i ???a ?????? ? ???? ?? ????? a C????a ???e
a? ????a ?y ????ey ?????? ?a?u ??o ???? ????. A ???a 1918 a. ???? ??iy?y
??a ??o ??????? A??? e ????? A???e. I?????u ?? ???? ????ey “??o” ???a ?
??e ?????. O?, ???o?? ????ue ???ue ?iyi ? A?????a, a ???e – ??????? ?
A???. A????a ?????? ????e ????a ?? e ??, ??u ???? ???? ???aa e ??? ?
???????a.

N???? ??? ???? ???ey? a??? ??u y?e ?????? ????. A?ue??? ????e ????i
???? ??ae??ue ?a ?????? ????a ????? a ?? ????th. N????a ????? a C????a
???????e ?? ??, ??????i, ??e ? ????o ??? ?????y CNON?.

I??a ?? ? ?? ???ey y?e ?????? ????? ??th?y ?a ??? 1921 a. A ?y?a ?? ?
?? Ea???? ath? OeE ?EI(a) ??y? ???a i ??????e ???ey ? ????? C????y
??????i ?th?, ???a ?? ?i??i I??ath? OeE ?EI(a).

12 ??a 1922 a. I????ay ?????y Oe????? ??????? ????a A????a?, A??? e
A??e ??y? Nith?? ??a? ? ?????e O?????? Nith? N???????o ????? C????y.
N???a ??? Nith? ?? ?????? ??? a ????i? C?????o ????e. I??i ? ?a???y ??
?? ?a ???. I???ey ????e – ??? Nith? n ???? ?????y ? ?? ????? ???e e
?????u?. O?, ??? ???i Nith? ?????y ? ??ae N???, ?e ? ?? ????o ?????o, a
I????ay ??a?i?y ??????? OeEE A?????a, A??? e A??e. Y? ????? ?? ???
??a??. A ???a 1922 a. O?????e Nithc ?e ?????? a C?????th N???????th
O?????th N???oth ?????o. I C?????e ??ae N??? ??ye E?n???th CNON?.

Ia ?a a C????a, ???, ???n???e ?????a C?????e O????. E? ?a ?????, ?????
?????u, ???i ???i A. I???, ????? ????e ??? ?a. Ae?a ??? ?ny? ??oy ??a
??????ey NNN?, ???ay ? ?e?e OII ??? ?EI(a), I??? ????? ???? ???? CNON?,
???th ??? “?e????i ????e” *(77). O? ? ??a ????? ??? Nith? NN? ?a? ???
Ca????ay O???ey, a ? ? ????a ??e. Y? ???y?? ??? ? 1936 a., ??a ??ay
E????ey Nith? ??? ???? ii-???o, ???a A?????, A??eth e A??th ?????e ???e.

O?? ???i, ?a ??u N????i Nith? a???e e ?????ue ?e i?????a ?????a. A ??
??y ???ea ?ay ????y ??? ???? ?????ey ????e. I???i ????, ?i ??? ? ???
???? ? C??. I??i ???? ????e ?????ue a ?? ???yo e, ? ?e ?aeyae, ???a
??e?u ?? ?i ????ue ? ???. A???i ?oy ? ??o N??a n TH?i a NOA.

I?? e E?? ??? ?e ?c ??e ????e, ???th ?e ? ???e ??? ??? ???????? ????,
??? a ???e ??????i ???a. Aeey y?? ????y ?????ue e a ??e ??ia, e ?????
???i. A?e ? ? ?a? a ?? ?? ????ey ?????? ??????, ? ????y ??? ? ??a, ????a
?????i ? ?? ?? ????yo ????ey?ny ??a ???i e ??????ui *(78).

A??????ey ????o ????e ? ??? y??.

A?????? ?????o ????o ????e ?ith? ? ???? ? ???y ???a?ny a ??? ???u. E?
?c ??i?o: ?a n ???a ??? ??????y ?e ????? ????ny, ??? ??? ?NON?, ???e ?
????th?i y??. I? ??i????e a ???a 1917 ?? O????e N???? (????) ?????e ??
?????? ?eiy? e ??????a ??? i ???e O??? ???? a ?????oth ?y? n ???? (???,
??y??e I. I???? ???i ? y?i ?????). A ?? ?????e ??u ? ?? ? ?? ??e e ???
????a a y? ??y ????a ?????.

A ??oth ???ue ?e ????e ?ua? ?????eth e ????eth, ??i a??i-??????? ??? ??
??e. O??? ??????i ?????ey e ????ey ???? ????e ????ey?? ???? ???? ?NON?,
a ?a-eth? 1919 a. ??e ????o ????e ?? ?????? ??u a a??th ??th N???? ???.
N??????i ?? ????? e ???a ????a nith?? n ?NON? ?????o ????e.

A??ay ??????ue ???a e e ?????eth ???i ?????a ????o ??o??. A???a ?NON?
???i ?? ? ??e??e O???, ???? – a A????e, a E??e e o.ae. Y? ?????i ???y?
??? a ??th ???i ??e ?????, ???ath?o ? ????? ???. Ai ?a??? ??o ?????e a
?????o ?? ??? ?????oth?a ??, ???? ???????ue, ?i a E??oth A?eth ?a?
?????y ???? ?? ????o ????e, ???a ? ????? eth?e ? ?o. A N???? O??? ????e
a ???a 1919 a., ?i ???? ?? ????o ????e ?????th?y e ????? ? ?? ??? e
?y???oyo.

N ?i?i ??? ????? ?????e a ???????? ????? ?????oth?o ???a ?NON? ????a
???ey?y e ??a ???e ???????, a ??oth ???ue oy??th e ????th ????th. Any
a??????ay ??????? ????e ???????ue ANIO ?NON?. O?y????a ?????a ? ???????
??? ??????. I?????ue ???ey?y e ? ?????th ????? ???, ?????, ????y. O?,
???o?a ??????a ANIO ?NON? e NIO O??iu “I ????? ??? y?????? ??oe?”,
??????? 12 ??ey 1919 a., ??????i ??e ?y ??o ????e ???i????e ??, ???????e
ANIO. A ?????? n ?i ???iy?? ???? ??u e ???ey?? ??? ????? ?? ? ??a.
A????i ????ue ????y ?NON? e n ???e “??????” ??????.

E?? 1919 a. ?e ??? ?a e ????eth ????e ??o ??????. A ?????? n ? ????y? 1
ethiy 1919 a. AOeEE ??e Ae??o ? ?????e N???? ??i??e: ???e, O???, E??e,
E??, A????e. N????? ????? ?? ????? a ?i, ?i, ??? ? ??a ??i ???i ???
???????e ??? ?NON? – A??????i OeEE, – ? ? ???? ???a?ye ??e ?e ? ???? ??o
????e?e. Ia ??? AOeEE ??????? ?????eue N????a O???, ??????e E??e,
E???i-A????? ?????. Ae???? ? A??????i OeEE ???e, ?i ?????? ????ey ???a
?? ?????a ?????. A Ae??? ? ???i ??i ???ey?ny ??a ?????y. A ??i ??? ????y
i “???i ?th?”, o.a. ??????-???? ????a, ??? ?? ??a ?????ny ?????a ??o
????, ???a ??? ???o ? ??e ??????o ?y?e.

A Ae??? ?????ue ? ??????ue ?????y ???e ?????e e ???? ?????ey, ???a
????i ?cy??a, ???? ??a, ???? e ??????a ??a ???e, O???, E??e, E?? e
A?i???, n ?i ??u ???????a ????o? y?? ???y? ?? ??????i a ??? ??? ???a.

I?? ??y?y Ae??? AOeEE ??ae ???eth ?y ????? ????? ??u ?????y. I??i
?????ue ?i ????th ???? ?????y ?????e ?????e e ??a ????? ?????e ??u.

A???? a 1920-1921 ?. C?????a ???e?e ????? ?n?a ?y? n ?NON?, ?????a ?i,
???a ?????? o ?a n ????e ????? ?????? ? y??. I?????i ??a ?y? ?????ue e
?????. A?e ??? ???????ue ???e ?????y ????o ???????o ??? ????o ??o??, ?
??? ? ????? ?????y ? ???????i ??? ???y?y ??a ?????e e ???e, ?????th?y
???ey ? ?????th a??? ????.

A ???a 1920-1921 ?. ?????y O???ey ??th?? ?th?? ???? e ????ey ? ??e
??????ny ?????? ????? ????????e ?????? – O???e, A?????, A??????, A???e,
A???. Y? ?? ???ey? e ???y? ?y?, ?????y a ??? ?????e ??u a ?? n????e
???u. A??a n ?i ??ia ? ??? ?? ?????ue ??y ??ay ??? – ??????? ????i
?cy??a.

I???ey ??o ????? ?????? a ??? ?????e ?????e e ???i?? ??u ?? ??????e.
N???u y?o ????e, ???y ?????? ???iyo????th, ?? ?y?? a ? ? ??y ????i ???
???a ??? e ?????y, ????i ?????a, ??e, ????.

A???i ??? ???a ??? e o????y ?iy?y?? a ?i, ?i ?a ??a??? ????a ????????
????? ?n??e n?? ????a ? ??????a ??? N???. Eo ??????e ???ue e ? AOeEE.
Iiy?? ???y ??? ???a ??? ?NON? y? ????? ????? c??? e ?y ?ay. A???i ?????o
?e, ?e ?a ?????, ??y? ??o ??ae??ey ????ea??o ??e ? a?a E??? A?? ?NON? a
??oth ??th N????i ?????a.

A ????? ??????ue ??? i ?i, ?i ????y ??o ?????? ??o??e ????????e ??????
a ?? a????? ??u ???o ??????ue ?e ????a??? ?e ?? ?e ??????a. I??i ???a
???? ???a ??? (e ?? ????ey), ?????o ?e, ?????a, ????, ???? ? ??o ?? a
e?????e, a ?i ??a ?e ??????-???? ?ycyo, ?????, ???o i ?????ii o???? ?
????e, ? ?e??ath??y a ??e ? ??????, ? ????e. Ii ??o ??eth, y? ????y
????e ????th, ?oy e ??ue ???th, i???th ? ?e, ???y ?????? ?????? ???
?NON? a ????yo n A???ae, O???e e ae??? ?????e ??????.

I? ???? e ???o ??????o ??ae ??? ?????? ???th n ??e ??e ??? ??? ????ey
?y?e ??o ?????? ????? ??????. O n?? ?EI(a) a ??a 1921 a. a ??eth?e “Ia
????o ???o ??? a ?????? ???a” ?????, ?i ????a ???????-???? ?y?e ????o
????e – ?????? ?? ???ey ? ????????? ??? e ??????i ??a. ????a ????e ??o
?????? ???? a ??e y?i, oa????oth??y ????? ?????i ??????o ?y?e.

N???ue ???? e y?? y?? ??th??? ??? ??i a ????e ?? i????ey ????e. A?e a
??? ????e? ??u y? ?? ?????a ???e ?a?u ?ae ???, ? ??? ? ??ue ?? ????a ???
??????ey ?????? ????i ?cy??a ????e, ?i ? ??y?, ???i, e ???e ??? i a???
?????? ???.

I??? e ??? y?? a ????yo ?????o ????e ? ??? ???? ????e a ??a ?y?e ??o
?ie. I????? ??? ???a ??? ????e ?????ue ????? ??, ?e ?i ?e????ue a ?????
???u, – ??i ???y ??????? ????e a ??? ??? ???a ??? ?NON?. Ia IX (???ue
1921 a.) A?????? ??? N??? ?? ?????? ?a ??????? a ? ??y “?????a” ????a
???????? ?????. Ai AOeEE, ????e IX ???i N???, ??e ??????e O???, A????e e
C?????o ????e.

I???? ???a ?????e e ????e? ??u ???? ??a ??u ???????e ????o ????e n
?????e ???? – ??? – ???????a e ????. ????a ????????? e y?????? ?y?e
????e ???????i ????i ? ae????? ????y a ??a ???a???o ????e, ?a ?????
????iey ?????o ????o ????e ?????ue ?a ??.

A 1921 a. ???y, O??? e A????y ??th?? ??? ???? n I???. I? y?i ?NON? e
ONN? ????e a ?????o ???iy???, A????y ? ???? ??? ??o ????a ????e N????
???e. A ??? ???? ?NON? n O???, ??th??? a ??a 1921 a., ???????i ??????ue
??a e ???? C??e??? ????o ????e ? ????i ??i?i.

A??a n ???????i ????/??? ?i ?????a ??? ????e a ?????e ???e ????,
??????e a ??? ??y ?a ???a ????. Aeey ????ey ???????e ???? ? y?i ????
?th?? ???? ?NON? n O???e, A????? e A?????? e ??? ?ou ???????e ?????a ?
???a ???e ????. I??????a ?NON? ?? ??o ??????? ?e ??????? A?????a, O???,
A????e. O???????, ?i ????? ??o ????ue ??th ???o???th ???? ? ??? ???i
e???i-y????? ??a. A 1922 a. ?e ??????? ???eyo ??y?y ??? ?y ?? ????o
????e ??? ????? ???. I?????i ???????y, ?i ??o ??? ?????? ? ??o ?? ???o
o????o ???. Nay??? ???e ??e, ?????a ????a ????? ??e a????? ?????ue e ?e
???iy???a ???? ? ??????? ???eyo n ?????? ????e.

A??a ?? ????i ?????i ??????ue ????ue ??? ???i. Y? ????? ?iy??? ia
A?oy??e ?????e. I???y, ?i ??ue ???ny ????ue n???oth ???, ?e ??? ????? ??
??. N y?e ??th a y??a – ???a 1922 a. ?th?? n ?NON? ????? ???? ??i ?????i
??????yi ?e I?????? N???? ?in?e ????ue i???e, ???yth?e ????e ?NON? ?
A?oyc?? ?????e ??? ? ??o ?? e ????a. E?? 5 ???????? ????e (ONN?, ANN?,
A??e, A?????a e A???) 22 o??ey ????e ???? ????e e ?a ???? – O??i e A??a,
a ?e? Ae??????ay ?????a.

I???e ??????, ?i ?????a ???????o ??? ????o ????e ? ??????ny A?oy??e
??????. ?NON? i????ue ??a ???a ????????i ????a ??? ????e a ??? y?????? e
??????, e ??? ? ????th e ???????o ??o ?????. Ae???o???a ?????a ????o
????e y??? ??i ? ???e ??? ????e ????e ? A?oy??e ?????e, ??i ??i ??? a
????? ???? ????o ????e a ??????o ????yo.

I??? e ??????o y?? ????e ???e ????? e ????? ?cy???i? ?y?e ????e. Y?
?iy???, ??? ??i, a ?????? ???i ?cy????? ??a. I??i ??i ??? ?e ?? AIYE?I,
??y?e VIII A?????? ???i N??ia 29 ???y 1920 a. I?i ???y ? ??? ???e, ? e
??? ????o ?????. A ????e, ???a ??? ????? ?????ue ? O???, a C????a (a
?????e a A???? ???a).

C??????, ?i ?????? ?eiy?y ???i ??a ?y ?? ??? ??o?? ?? ?????? ?????.
A?????? ??ae N??? a ???a 1921 a. ???e, ?i ???cy????e ?? ONN? ??? ??
????e ??ueth ???i ?cy????? ??a ??o?? ????e. A????? ???y ?? ??y? a
A?????a e A????e. A ?????? n y?i I???? i A???a, ???? a 1922 a., ??????i,
?i ???????e A??????? ?????? ????e ??????e ?? ????i ?cye??, a ??a
y???????e ?? ???? ?? ?????iyth?y ?e ? ?NON?, ?e e ? ?th?? n ?e ????a
?????.

????a y?o ????e e ?????i ?????a Nith? N???? N???????o ?????, ?????a
?????? y?i ?????i-???????? ??????a a ???.

N???? ?????, ????? ? ?a??a ???????y ?? n ??? ??? ??u, ????ue a ??a ???
a ??c??e e ?? ??????e ??a ??????i ?????y. E ?? ? ??a a ??oth ???ue
y????: ?????e ?????y ????? ??a ??o ????? y????n?? ????, ???? ???????e e
?ae?e ??, ????ue ?????? e ????? ???? ??? ? ????e a ????n?, ?????y ?
????? ?y ???? ?a?????i ??????y. E 1922 a. y?????? ?????a ????e ?a ?n??i
???o ???a. A??a n ?i ?cy????a ?y? ??o ?? ? ?? ?a ????? ???e e ???????.
A?????a?y ??o ?????oth?? ???? ????e au? ?????? e ?????e e ? ???y? a
?????e ?? ???ue ???? y?????? ????. N??? ???????oth y???? a ??o ???yo a?i
?????. I?i ?? ???ue ?-??iy?io ??? ???o ????ey, ?????th?e o???a?? ???i
?cy??a, ??????i ??i ???.

N?? ??? ?????y NNN? ??? ??i ???? ??a ???a ???u, ??ca ??e ???e ?????e,
y?????ay ??y?y N???? ???, ???e ???????? ??? C??a ? ????a ?????e. E 1922
a. ??????y ?????a ???? ??? ?? ???. I?????a ??? ?a?? e a ?????e ????e ?
??e ???????e e ???????. I??i ???i ???? ??o ?????? ?? ? ?ei. A ?????ay
????? ????a ? ??? ?? ??? y? ?????.

I???, ???? e ??i ??? ???????e ????e ?? n ??? ???a? e ??????ue ????ey
??? ???a, ????ey ?iy??? ????a e ????e?a. N?a ???a N???? ???, ????????e ?
??e ????, ????? ????? ???, ? ??????? ?? ?i??? ??o ??????, ?????y e 1922
a., ????i ?????? ??ey. I?? ?? ????? e ??e, ??a ?????e ??a ???????? ????
Nia??? ???.

I??? ??????ey ????e ??o ????? ?????? ???y a ??? i?y? 1922 a. A ????e
????? ??? ae?i ?????? ?e, ?i y?o ???n ?e ?????? ?????i ???????? ??a?y
???a. E???, ? 5 ?o, ????o ??a I?y?y, ??? ????ue, ?i ???ue?a ??????a
?????? ????e ? e ?? ???? ? ??o. A? ??a ?a?a ??, ?i ???? e ???? ??? ????
??? a ???yo ?????y ??????o ?????? ??i?. I??i ??o-?? ?iy??? ????????
???ey a ??? 1922 a. ?e ??i ? ? ??th???. Ai ?y?i ???, ????, ????, ??????,
?????e a ??? n ?a???? ???ue ??a ?????th ??o ???????? ???? ? ?i???y.
Ae???? ????tho, ?i ????? ???iey y?o ?? ??a ? ??o, a a i?????e ???e ???,
??? ??? ?i????. I??e ???? ? ??u, a ????e, ??? ?e ?c ? a ?????e e
??????e, a a ???o ????ey ?aa ???????o ???a ??a??y ? ???? I??u.

I??e ????e y??? ??ey ??o ?????e e ?????e ???? ? ??? I?????a. Ia ??? ?
??????o ???o OII ??? ?EI(a), ?????? a ??? 1923 a., ?????? N????a O??? O.
????? ???e, ?i a y?a? 1922 ?? “?a ???? ?ay ??????e ????o ????e…” a
I?????a. I? ??iy? a ?i, ?i ?????? ??????ue IEEAe ????e. A?e ??? ?????o,
? ?? ???a ?? ???ey, ?? ???e E.A. N??i e ??? ?????o ?e ???e A.A. *???,
???y ??? ?? ?????ue ??th ???eth. ?????, ????e ??a a ???eth, ???? ????th
???o a OeE ?EI(a) n ?????i ??? ???i ???ey?y, e ??? ?e ?oai ?-???o *(79).
I???i, ??o y?e ???? ????? ????? ??????a e 11 ??a 1922 a. I??ath? OeE
EI(a)O ???i ?????a ???a ? ???o i ???????yo ??o ?NON? e ONN? a ?y? n
????y? ????? ????? e ????? e N????o ???e ii ??? ????e ????? ????a e
????? ??o ONN? e ?NON?, ??th??y ????? ???a ????ey. Oi ?? ?? ?a ? ?
???ai? ???i?ey ????e, a ????, ?e ? ? i????e ??????e O???, a ???? aea ??
? ??e O???, a ? ?????a.

I??i ? ?? ?a y? ????? ??? ???a ?????, ??? ?i ?i?? ???ey ????e ??? ?e ?c
e ????? ??????e, ???, ? a ??? ?NON?, a a ???a ??? ?u???ey – N????i
Nith?. A ??o ? ?i?o O????? OeE I??ath? OeE ?EI(a) 16 ??a ??y? ???a i
???? ?????e ???? ? ??????? ONN? e ?NON? ?y ???ey ????.

A “E??? ?????a e ??a O?a??? NN?” ???y ????th?y ?e, ?e ??i ?????i ? ??
?EI(a), a ? O????e OeE *(80). A ????????, ?e ??i, ?? ??iy? ?e ?c ?i??o.
A ??? ??? ????? ???? ? ? I??u, a ? O???a – ????e ???u O???.

A eth? 1922 a. C?????e ???i ???e ???? ??? i ???????yo ?NON? n C?????e
O????e. N????nue y??, ?i ???? ???????e ????e ??? ?? ??? ? ?? ???a,
i??????, ? ?????y? ????? ???a? e ??????e ??????. Ii ??y ??a ????????
???? N???? ??? ?? ???a ? ??o.

I???? ???aey?a ????e ?NON? e ??? ????e ???e, ?i ??? ? ????? ?y?e ??o
?????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ??i ?o? ????ey ?th?? ????e a ??? ?NON? e ??
??i ?????i ?????y ?? N???? no?? a ????a ?????i.

E?? ??i e ?y? ???????y ??a ??ey: ???? ? ?NON? ????? ????? e ?? ? ??a
?th??. I???? ???????a ????e ?e ?a ???, ????y ????? ????a ????? ? ???
??????, ?i ???? ????? ???????? ???? N???? ??? ? ????th n ?a ?????i.

11 ???a 1922 a. I?ath? OeE ?EI(a) n??? ???eth ?y ????? e I??? OeE ???a
i ???????yo ????e. A ??y?a ????e ?e ?n???i e ??yo ???, ????????e ?eth??a
A?i???, O???, C????y a ?NON? a ???? ????? ????e, ? ?? ? “?o?????”.
I????a ?i a ??ue ???? ? ???? ?? ?th?? n ?NON? ??o?? ?????, ????? ? ???e.
Ia ???? y?o ??? ??? ????ey a ????o ???o ????o ????e. I???? ????ey ???a a
?????o ?? ????u ???? E??o, ?????i ?? y??? ??? A???? E??a ??ai I??ath?,
?a ? ??????e ?ith ?ath ?????y NNN?. A ???, ????? 26 ??y?y 1922 a., E??
????e ????? ????a ????? a ?th?? ??????, ?a ??u ???? ?? ? ????a??. Nith??
?????, ? ??e A.E. E?e?, ???y? ?????e, ????? au a ? ? ??y ?????? ????a
???e ????ey a ???a ????e, ?ny?e ???? Nith? N???? N???????o ?????. A
?oy?a 1922 a. I??i OeE ?EI(a) ??ye ???a i ??????e ???i?ey ????o ????e ?
??? ???e? ????a.

A???? ???: ??? E??o ???e?ue ????ny ? ?a ??????? ???u ??????e e ?e ???ue
y?o ??c? Ae???y, ?i ??? ??ue ??o ?? ae?y?e, e ??? ?a ?? ??th??ny a
?????a.

E??ny, ?i ?? ? ?a ?th?? ????? ??e a ??? ?NON?, ? ??a ?????i ?? ? ???a e
?i ???a ?? ? ????ue, ?e y? i???? n NNN? a 1991 a.

A ? ? ??y ?? a ????? I A??th??i ??? N??? ?????, ?i Ae??? i ?i ????
???ny ???? e ?y ??? ?????, ? ?? ??, ?e ?e ??? e ??oyo ?????ny a Nith?. A
1922 a. ???a ? y? ??a ?ae ??e ?????? ????y: ??? ?i, ???y n 1919 a., a
A??a ??e ?? ? ??? ????ue ????a ????? – a A???, A???e. Iiy??? ?e ????i
??a a I??e e E??.

I??i ??eth???e ??a ? C??a ????? ???, e ???? ??y?ny, ?i ? a eth?e ??io
??a ????. Ia ????, ???ay ? IV E???? E????a a ?y?a 1922 ??, I.E. A???
???e ? ?????? a ?i, ?i ??? ???? ???????? ??eth?e y?y?ny ???ii ????? ?o,
? ??e ? ?ny???e.

A a y?o ???yo i?? ?c???ue ???? ?????y ??o ??????n?o ????? n ?a ????th?i
? ??e ??a. E ?o ?o-?, ????, e ?? ????a: ?????ue ??, ???, A???th ???th?e
a ?NON? ?? ? ??????ii, a a ?th?? ?????a ?a au?y?? ? ??? ?????i.

A ?y?a I??ath? OeE ?EI(a) ???? “I???a ??? E????? NNN?”, ? ?? ???o a
???a 1922 a. ?????y ???ey OeE ?????a ???u Ae????e e Ae???a ? ?????e
Nith? NN?.

E? ??i, ?y ????? ???ey NNN? ????a ? ????i ???. I?? ???ue, ?i ???
E???????e ??? i??a ??i ? ?y?? ????i ??? nith??i ?????a. A??y ??ay ????y
?????y, ???iyth?y ?th ???, ???aey?ay ???e ?????? ????, ????? ???????th,
???????oth e ??oth ???o, ?????oth ? ???? Nith?. I? y?i ???, ???i, ????
?????? ??????e? e ????????? ????ey a ??o ?y?o. I???ay ?????, ????o ???
???a ??? ???y? ? ??? ????, ? a ?????o ??ayo e ????? ?o ????? ????e, ???a
??iy?? ? ????? ?????? ?? – ??a?y ??? ???i ?????a.

A ??a 1922 a. ? ????oth ??? ?????? e ???? ??u. O?y ??o-?? ??????, ???a
e o.i. ? ??? ???ey NNN? ? ?????ue, ???? ???ey, ???th?? ???e, ????????
??? ????o ???a e ?????e ???????e ?eth ????y e ???eth Nith?, ????o y?e
??.

A ???a 1922 a. ??iy?? ??? N??? C????y, O???, A????e, ? ???o ?? ??y?
??????y i ??????e ???ey NNN?. I?? y?? n???y X A?????? ??ae N???, ?????
??????i ?????a ???o ?????o ????e a Nithc N???? N???????o ?????.

30 ???y 1922 a. a I??a ???ny ?????? I ??ae N??? Nith? NN?, a ????
?????e ??a?u ? O???, Aa???? e C????y. I???i ??????i ??? ?e ????? ???
A.E. E??, ? ???e ? ???e ?????e ??????oue ? ?i. N?? ???? a ???? Aea???eth
e Ae??? ? ?????e NNN?, ?a?????i ?????a E?????e ?????o ????e ???iyth??y
????e.

Ae????y ??????a ?????a NNN?, ???????a ?????? ???y, a ???o ?????i y?
???a, ???ey? ???? ???? ?????y ????e. Ae??? ?????e ???? ? ?NON?, ONN?,
ANN? e CNON? ??? ?th??i ?????a, ???eye ???o ??? ???a ??? e ????ey NNN?,
???? ??u ???i???? ???a Nith? n ???? ????e, ??e ???u ?????a, ath???o
???i?, ???eye ??i ??? ?th?? ????e ? Nith?.

A Ae???a ????????ue ???a i?? Nith? N???? N???????o ?????. E ?????e
Nith? ?? ???? ??????a ????y, a ?i ??a e ???y??????, ?????? ??a e ??? ??a
??i ????i ?cy??a Nith?, a ??a ??th??a ??????o ????a, ??a??? ?????i e
?y?th, ?????? ?e?e, ?????a ???i ???????? ath??a, ?????? ????, ???? e
????e ???, a ??a ???u ???th??, ???????o e ???o ???a, ??o ??e ???????a e
???????ey, ????iey ???e, ??? e ??? ? ?? ????? Nith?, ??a ??????? e
????????, a ??a ?????a e ????a ????????, ?????? ??a?o ???a i ??a, ??o
??e ????i ?????y. A ?????th Nith? ???i e ???? ???????? a ???e ?th??i
?????a a ????e ?? ?????a, ??? ???th?o ?th?? Ae??? ??????e ???a N???,
?????o ??????? ????a e N??? ???? ????? ?th?? ????e e ????a ??? ???u.

A Ae???a ???????ue, ?i ???ae??, ????a e ????? ?i ??o ?i????ny ??th????
???i N??? Nith?, o.a. ????i ???i ?????a. I??? ???? i ?????e ???, ?????,
?i????ey Ae???a a ??? ? ???a??.

A y?e ?y? ????o ??? i ??a ??? ????e ? Nith?. E? ?a ?????, ??a ??i
??????y, ??ei ???? ?i ????? a ???? ? ???? e ? ?a ??y ?????iey ????o
?????e ? ???? ?? ???e y?o ??? ????????, ????o ????ue, ?i ???? ??aea ???i
???a ? ????o *(81).

I????? NNN? ???? ???? ?i??? ?????o ????o ????e, ????e?y ?a ? ??y A???
I?y???e ???e????e ??eth?e. I? ????, ?i ???????, ???? ??????a ? ??a,
?????a ????e ??? ?????? a ??? ???a ?th?? ?????i.

Ca ???? a ??????o ???yo NNN? ? ???? ????e N???? ????, ?i, ???i, ?
???????i ????????. E ????th, y? ?????? ??ue ?y??? a ???o ?????o ????a??
???a, ????, A.I. E??? ???o i “?????i ?????a, a ? ??y ??????? a ??a Nith?
NN?” *(82). Ae???y, ?i ??y ?????? ??o ?? ?n??y? a ???? ?????o ??? ???a?,
?e ?iy??? ???????? ????a.

N???a N????i Nith? ?????ue ??y?? E?????. A ?? ??? i? ????e E????? Nith?
??????ue ??u ? ??????? ????, ??th??y ??u ?????y ????e. I?a ??? ????o e
????o ????? ????a e ????? ??????e, ??ay, ???io, ????? ???e ???????e
N????i Nith?. E ?i, e ??ue ?? eth?, ??????i ??????ny, ? ???e e ??? ???o
????? e ??????a.

A ??a ???y 1923 a. I??i OeE ?EI(a), ???a ??? ? ??????o ?i?? e XII ???
???, ???e ? e ???? A.E. E??o. Aei ??ey 1923 a. a OeE ?EI(a) e a OeE
???????o ????e ?????ue ?????y ? ????yo, ???a ??????? ??? a Ae??? ?
?????e NNN?. N ??a 1923 a., ??a ?ee ?????? ??? e XII ??? ???, ????y ?
??????o ???o ???? ???? ??e ?????a. A ???yth?e ??a ?????e ???? ??? ???a
???y??. I??i ??????ue ??ey ?????a??i e ?????????i ????, ???? ??e ????o
?????a A??e e O???.

?????y N???ay ?????a, ?e ????, ?? a 1918 a. ??????a ????? ??????? – ??i
??y?y ?? ?i??????i ???ey – Ae????e ?? ??y??ny e y???????i ???. C?????th
Oa???th, ?????oth ? ?????o ????o ????e, ??????i ???? Nith?? ??a??, ??y?i
I????? ?????? ????e??e A????aia, A??? e A?c?. A ??? ????? ?????y NNN?
i?? ?????? ?y?yth?y ?? e ????i?, e ???????? ????ey Nith?. A ??????e I???
OeE ?EI(a) i ???i???eyo ?NON? n ?????? ????? ?oe??????? ???ee?? ? 6
?oya?y 1922 a. ?????: “I???ue ?????i ??th/?? ???? ??o O???e, A?????,
O????e C?????o ????? e ?NON? ? ?????e ? a “Nithc N???????o N???? ?????”.
A ????a ?? ? I??? ?????ue i ???? ???? “?y ????e ????? ?e????? (??? ?e. –
I.*.) ? ??? y?e ????u”.

2. E???? I???? ???

I??y E????ey Nith? ?? ???i ????????i ?????a a ?i ?i ????e, i ???i ? ?a
????, o.a. ???i ?????a ??y??ny ?????. A?????, ?i ?a ????ue ? ?????oth?a
??????? ???, o.a. ? ??eth ????a-????a. I?? e E?? ??????, ?i ?e ??????a
????? e ?i???a ??ao??o, ???? ? n??o ???? ?c ?????a. A ?c ????? ?????i,
???, ???????, ???ae?i e ??i, e ??ath?a ?i ??????n?i. I??i ?o ??ue, a ??
???ey N????i Nith?, e ???? ????: ???ae?a ? ?y ??ai, ?th??i ?????a
E????ey, I???e ??i, ?e ?ae? ???? Ae???? ? ?????e NNN?. A ????a ??????
??? ? ??e ??? ? ??, ????o I??, ?e ????, a ???? ?????? ????y e ????e, a a
????i ?????a, ???????e, ??????e ????? I???e ??i, ????, ??????ny.

Aeey E??a, ?????i ????th ??o??? ?y ??????i ?????a, ? ?y?i ???, ???, ???
i E????? ?a ? ?e ??ue ??o. Iu ???, ?i ?a a 1918 ?? A.E. E??, ?oy e ? ?e
?????i ???ey ??? ???e? E?????, ???? ????? ???? ???a a ? ????? e ??y?e.
*? ? ea??ny E????? NNN?, oi E?? ????? ? y?o ?? ? ?????ny. A? ???? ???
???? ???? ??, a ? ??u.

O? ?e ??a, ? ?????i-????a ?? i ?????a, i ?i ???a e i ????o ??e ?? ????a
a I???i ???. Y? ?? i ????a ??????, i N???, ?????? ????ee e o.i. I??a
????, ????ny, ??e ????a ??e i ?????? ???a, i ??? n ?????, i ??????
?????????.

E???, o ??? E????? Nith? ???ue e th????? ????e. A??ui ? ?o a ?????? ???
?? Ae??? ? ?????e NNN?, ?o??, ? ????, ?e ????o a E????eth. Ia ???o
???n?ey? Ae???, ?????? I??i ???i N??? Nith?, – ????, ???e ??????i ??,
??? ?a?y, ??????-???? ????, – n ????i, ???i ??ueth I???? ???, ?i ???i
????. I? ? ????eth ??i ???th?y, ? e ?i Ae???, ? ?iyynue ??????i ?
????eth, ??iye ?ith ???oth ?e??. E?? E????ey ?e???? ??????? ????e,
???th?o NNN?, 29 ???y 1922 a. ??y? ?i, a ? ??oth?a ?? ? ??u ????e y?o
???o? ?o, ? Ae??? ? ???? ?e ??i ??????-????, ????o ?e ??th?i ?????e
??????e e ???e ? ?a???th ?eth.

Ii ? I??i ??? N??? ? ???e ?ith ???o. A??th?? ??ae N??ia, ???e a ??????
n Ae???? ??? ???i ??? ?????a, ??? ? Ae???a, ? ????, ??i, e? ??? ??i
?????a ??o ?i?ey? ???? n ???e ??????e, ? ? ? ??? ??y?, ???e O????. E ?oy
??y?a Ae???a ?????? ?i ????? ?????? OeEE?e ?th?? ????e e ????a ???a ?
?o, a?-?? ????th?? ?i ??i ? ????y. N??????, Ae??? ?e ? ?????y a ??i.

I??a, ??y?e ???ey Ae???a a ???? ??????y ????i ???i, ?i ????? ??? e
???eth ????? ??? ???, e ?? ? ? ?e ???iy??i?i ???, a ?? ?e ???a E?????.
A???, th????ay ??? ??????e Ae???a a ??? E????? ??ue ??? e ??????a.

I??i OeE ?EI(a) 18 ae???y 1922 a., ?????e “I??o ???? n Nith?u? N????e
??????e”, ????? a “??? ????i” ??y?a, ?i I ??ae N??? Nith? ???: “A????ue
??o ????” *(83). E? ?a ?????, ???i ??e ??o ?e ????i E?o???? ?????o
????e ????e ???? ??aea. Y?o ??? ??? ?e ?? ???i ? ????a OeEE? ?th?? ????e
a ????? ??y?a. N.E. ss????y ???o i ??????? ?????e Ae???a *(84) ??????,
?i, ????, ? ??? ??i. A ???e ??? a????ue ?? ? ???o ????e ? Ae??? *(85).

Ia ??ue y?i a ??????e OeE ????y i ???a ????ey a ???? Ae???a: “O?? ????
???ny a ???? ????? ? ????e ?i OeEE?e ?????th??y ????e e ?????e ??oth?e
???e ?th??i OeEE” *(86). A?-??, ????? ? ????e ?????? ?e ??? ??a ?????y
OeEE? Nith?? N?? ??e ??? ??a ??i. Ec ?i ??????y ???o, ?i ????? ???
???atho i??o e ???th?y i ?i, a OeEE Nith? ????ao ??o Ae???a e “?????
??? ?i a ????”. N??th OeEE Nith? ??????? ???ue a ??? 1923 a., e,
??????i, ? y?? ???a ???? ??cy ???ue ??????i ???oth?i, ?oy ? ?a, ?e
?????, ?????y a ??i e ?? ?? ????y?ny a ??ue. I????, ? ?i ??? ??? ???a?ny
??? ??? ??? Nith? – OeEE, ?i I????. I??a, ???ay ??a ? ??o ?????? ?? ??a
II ??? OeEE e ?a ? ??? ? Ae???a, a E??e??e.

A ??? 1923 a. ??? ??? OeEE ??? ? ????? Nith? ????ny ? OII ??? ?EI(a),
???????i ? ?i ??? ? ??????o ???o. E ??ue ??? ?y?? ???????o ???????e
????? ?? ???? Ae???a, ??? ?? ?a ?? i E?????. A ??? ????ny, ????, ??? A.
I??? *(87).

O? ?e ??a, ? a Ae???a ? ?????e NNN?, ???i ?? ??a I ?a?a N??? ???i,
?????? ?? ??? y??? ???????? ??: ? ?? ????y i ???? ?i a ????. Ia ?? e ?
?y??? ??a, ????o ???? ?e ???i a ?i ? 1923 ?? E?????e. O?? ???i, ??
???? i Nith?? ???? ?e ????a E?????, ? ??i ????, ?i ???i ? ?e ??? n ???e
??????, ? ? ????, ????o i? ???? In???i ??? ??????y ?? ?e ????, a ? ?e
???iy???e ????, a ?e ?e ?? ?? ??????? a E????eth, ?? ? ?e e ? ??
???iy???i ???oth?i ???i.

A ??a ??i ????? ??i ?a??ue i ?i, ?i ??y?a Ae???a ?? ?????? ??? ???e
??a?y E?????, ???????? ??????a. I??i, ?e ??i ?y???ue, ? ?a ??? ?????y?
y? ?iy?y. I?? ??iy? ?? n Ae????? ? ?????e NNN?. I? ?????? ?c ????e ??a a
??? E?????.

Ii ????? th????? ????? E????? Nith? ??i ???ue ???????? ?i ??? ? ?
????ey a NNN?. I??a ???? ?atho, ????ny, ??? ?????e O????, a ??oth ???ue
???????a. I??y N???ay E????ey – E????ey ?NON? 1918 ?? – ?? ???? ?y ?ao
????o ????e, ????o ? ????iey NNN?. A ?????? ?? ?a ??a ???e e ?y E?????
Nith?. I??a ??i, ????o NNN? ?e ??a N???? ??????, ? ?a, ?i ????? e N??? a
E????? ???e, ??? ????i e ?y Nith?. A ?i ??a ??i ???? ?????a ????? ????a
?????a, ????? a ne??a ?i ???a, a ??????i ??a e ?. O????i, ?i ??y?e
?????ey A??th??i ??? N??? ?e, ? ????, ??? n E????? ?NON?. Y? ? ??i ???ue
i ?????e ????????a ???o e ???yi a ???o ??? e ?.

E????ey NNN?, ?e ?a ??/??ue, – ??????e ??i, ??ath??y ? ?e??????i ?i
???. Iiy?? ? ??i ???e a ??? E????? NNN? e ???i ????e, ??a ?? ?? i
???i??? ?? O???? e ? ???. Ii y? ??????a i?????o ?e ????a ?????????, ?e e
???th nay? ??? n ??y?.

3. ?????a ???a E?????

I? ???? N????i Nith? ??? ??, ?????e, ???, a ???? ??o ???, – ??o, ??
??th?o, – ?e ???o ???? ?????a Nith? N???? Ni??????? ????e: ????i ?e
???i, Nith?? ????i ?e E?????e. I???a ??a ?ith ???th. I??????, ? ??????ey
Nith?, a ?? ????? ?i ????, ? ?? ? ???y 1922 ??, a ????? ?????? ????? ???
i Nith?? ????, ??? i E?????, a ??? ?????? i ?i e ??? ???. I???i, a ?
??y ??? i????o ????? ?a ? ???a? y?? ???i ???ey: ?? ? ??????, a ?i ?i ??o
????i – ?? ?ny?a. N?????, ???i, e ? ??iy??n?i, ?i ??e ?????ny y?i ??i
?/? ? ?? th???. A?ue ?? A.E. E?ei, ???e ii ???o y?y?y ?????, ?i ?ay ???i
? ????e, i??ay ?ith ????th a ???i ?? ???o ?e ???, ??? ? th??????e.

Ae?i, ???y, ??iy?? a ???a 1922 a., ??a ?a-?i ?? ????, ?i ? ???e ??ny
??i ???a, a ??ii ???? ????: ??o ? N???? Nithc ?????, ??????e ?e, ????,
?e??? ??????. Nithc?e ????, n ??e ??ey th?????, ??n?e eth?e ? y?o
????a, a ?o E????ey ???? ???a ???? ????th??ny ?????y, i??i ??? a ???o
????e.

Y? ????, ? ???e ??, ??ue ?y??e ?????a, ?????y ?ae ?????e. I???? ??a,
??c ???a, ?a a ?? ??? ?e ????? ?????ie ????, ?? ? ??? ?y??e ??? e ?????a
– O.A. N???a – ???e a ?i ??, ?i ?? ????y ??? ?n????, ? ?i ??? ???y?ny
E?????e *(88). A? ????e, e ??a ??ae???, ????????th?e *(89).

O? ? ??i y?? ??????: ??a ? ?a a ?e?? 1922 ?? ?? ?a i ????, ?????, ???i
?????a, ?oy e ?th??i, ?i ? ??a ?ye? ????? i E????? ? ????? ???i.

I?????? I??? OeE ?EI(a) 18 ???y 1922 a. ?????i e ?????? ???o i ?th??
????. I??i ??e, n?? ???i, ?i A??th?? ??ae N??? ??? “…????? ??o
Ae???a” ? ??c??? NNN?, “?????? ???i ??o Ae???a ????ny ? ????a ??? OeEE?
?????th??y ????e” *(90). “…Aeey ?????a ???e Nith?i? ??? e ?y ??????e
????e e?th?? ?? ?????? ??? ??? Ae???a e Ae????e” I??i ???? ?????th
???eth a ???a: I.A. O??a, E.A. E???a, E.A. N???, A.E. ????, A.E.
I??????, I.E. E???a, O.A. N????, A.ss. N?????a, A.E. I?????. A ?????? n
y?i X ??ae N??? ?NON? ?y? ????ey? “??th?? ???? ?NON? n ??????n?? ??o??e
?????? O???, C????y e A????e ? ?????e Nith? N???? N???????o ?????”
*(91). Ie a ??o ????? y?? ??? ? ? ????i o????e i E????? Nith?, ? ???a.
A ? ? ??y ??ae ??? ????th ?NON? ? ?????th ?????o ????e ???iyth??y ????e
e ???e ? ????i n ???e ?e??ey? ????? ??? Ae????e e Ae???a ? ?????e Nith?
NN? *(92).

E????ey, ?e ?a ?????, ??iye?ue 29 ???y. Ia ?e ?? ???? ??? ???? Ae????e
? ?????e Nith? NN? e Ae???a ??o ???iyth??ny ??o???e, ??????? ??????a
????? ????y? e ??i i?????a ???e ????e ? ????? E?????. E????ey ??y? y?
????u. Ie i ??e E????? ? ?e ?? ?? ? ?i. Aea e ??????i, ????o ?????a
????e ?? ????e, ??ae?yth??y a Nithc, ??? ?i ?????e a ??? X ??? N???
?NON?, ?a ??? ? ????? ?????y NNN? ?e ?a ??i.

A????oth ???o ? ??i e ? I??i A??th?? ??? N???, ???e ii ??? ???o ????th
??????? X A??????o, ?eth?y ????e ??? ?th?? ????e, ??????o e a ???
A??????i ??? N???.

A?????, ?i ???y A??th??i ??? a ????e ?????y NNN? ? ????? ? ??a
A??????i. N??? ????, ?i ? ??o y?o ???o, ??a ?????a, ????, ?oy e a ????i
?????, ???? ? ???????? ???e, a ?i ??a e ????????? (?a?e-??, ?????
?????u). ???ey ??? ?? ??ia ?????: ? ??ye ?y? ? Ae????th e Ae??? ?
?????e NNN?, ???a ???? OeEE Nithca ????? ?. Ie i ??e E????? ? ???, e ?i
??a a ?i ???eyo, ?y? ? ? ??a ???i ? ??, a ?o ??? ???th?y ???e, ????th?a
??u i ???e ??? ??? ?ae ???? E?????. I?????e ???i OeEE Nith? ??? ?? I????
10 y??y 1923 a. I????, a ?ith ???ue, ??? 6 ei???, ???i ?? ???? ?c???a
????e ? ????o ???o ??? e ????ey Nith?. A ????? ?th ?????? y?o ???? ??e ?
???? ???? ??? ????e, a a ????? ?a ??? ?? ???????e ????e. 3 ?ny? n??y a
???y?, ?????i OeEE ?th?? ????e, I???? OeEE NNN? ?? ???o y?o ??i ????e
OeEE ? ????a E????? NNN? e ??ae?? i ?th?? ?????, ????e ? 1-i ????e
I????a OeEE Nith? NN? *(93), ?oy ??ae-? ???e OeEE ???? ?ae Ae????, a ?
???ue I???e ??i. E ? ????.

O? a y??a 1923 a. a ????? i???o ?y?y?ny ??i “E????ey”, ?oy e ??o ???.
O?, 31 y??y 1923 a. ??iy?? ????a ??? ? ???? ???e?: “I????ey ?y ????e
???????? ???a ?th??i Ae???a “E?????” e ????y i ????? NNN?”.

I????ey y? ??a ?ith ???th. I? ?? ???a E???? ?e I????a OeEE NNN? 13 y??y
1923 a. a ???a O.A. N????, Ae.E. E???i, A.A. A????, Ae.C. I?????i, A.
I???, A.N. A???a ?y “???????e ????? ?? ????? e ???? ????e i NIE, NOI e
?????…” *(94). E? ??i, ? i ??e Ei????e ??ue ?? ? ?i. Ae??a ??, ?i,
???i, ??? i N????a e i????o, ?????, ???????e, ? a ? ? ??y, ????ny, ???
???e.

A ?o ? ?? ?????y e ?iy?? ????? ? ??i. I? ????a ? Ae.E. E???i ???a
?????ue i??o ????y i NIE e NOI Nith? NN?, a ? ????u ? ???i e ???i ??i,
?????i ??i, ???e ???? e ?. – ????y i ?????oth?o ????? *(95).

A ?o 31 y??y ???a ?y?y?ny ??i “E????ey”, ?oy ??????i, ?e ??i, e ??o
??i. Ii ??? ?e ??i ? ???? ????ny ????a, ?oy e ??a ??????i.

*??i ???? ????y: “N???: 1. I??o “E?????” (?????i ?ith. – I.*.) NNN?,
?????? o. N????i” *(96).

A ????? ??? ????a?y ?? ?e, ?i ???? ????? ???a, ???????i ? A?????? OeEE
*(97), ?oy ? ????? y?? ? ??i, a O.A. N???? ???? ?e ????ue ?????e, a ?
??????ue AOeEE.

Ae??a a ?????? ????a ???o: “I?????: I?iy? a ??? ?????? ?a. N????i ???
???? (?????i ?ith. – I.*.) Nith? ?????”.

I???i, ?nth? e ??a ???a i ??? ??? ?ae E?????e ??? a y??a 1923 ??. I??
??, e y?? e ?ath?y ??a-? ????y, ??? ???? ??? ??e ???, ???, ?e? ?a ?
????e. A??a n ?i i????? ????u ???ytho ???, ?i ?ay E?????, ?e ??i ?
?????ay I??i A??th?? ???i N???, ?ea ??. E??ny, ?i ??c ? ?a ?e ??????
???? ??????? y????, ? ???? ???? ??e, ? ?n? ??, ?e Nithc ?e ?a ?????? e
???? I ???i N???, ?oy ? ????i, ??i ?? ?? ?e?a. E ? ????e, ???a ??? ?iy?
? ???yo ??a ???? ?????a, o??ue ?????e ??a ???ue ??th ?ath a ?ae.

A ?i ? ???? ?? e ? ??oth?i ??a ????ny, ???, ?a ?? eth???? ????, e
??e?eth, ? ??????, ? ? ????o ?e ??i ?y??? n ??? ?i ?????i. I??a, ?i a ?i
???? ?e ?c ????? ???a, ??????i N????i, ?????i e ?i, ????o ??ue ??? ??i
e?? ????.

“I???e N ????y ?ae???? ???? ? ????a ?????e (?????i ?ith. – I.*.) Nith?
NN?”. Ae?? ???o ?????? ??? ?????e a ?a ????i ???a. A ??i ?? ??????? ??o:
“N???: 1. I??o ???? (?????i ?ith. – I.*.), ?????ue ?a. N????i. a) ???y
??ue. I?????: a) A??oth ??ue ???? ??y? a ??oth?i ??: “Ia ????e ???? ?
?????e Nith? N?. N?. ????? e a ???? ???? ??e ???????? ????? Nith?,
????ue ??iy?th ???o?eth. 1. I???ue, ?i ??????ay ?????y, ??y?y a ??????i
??, ??o ????? e ??y?th e ?????? ? ?????a a ???? ????, ??th???i ??o ??e
?th??e ??????, ? II-? N?? N??? Nith? NN?” *(98).

E? ??i, ??ue ??? ??th?y ?iy?y Nith??i ???? e E?????, ? ??i ??? y?? ?
????o, a ?i ??a e A. I???, ?e ????, ?????e ??????e. O????i, ?i ?e ?????
?????i ??? ????a I??? ?a ??y ??? ??? ????y, ?????? e ????eth ?? ?th??
????e.

A?? ???a ?????? ????a i??o E????eth ??, ?i y? ??i ?????. C?? ? ???
???ny ??? i ??a ???????? ????, ? ?i??th?y e ??? ???????a ????: a???y
???? e ????a ???i, ???a ???, ????i ?th? ??y??y, ??? ? ?????o, i ??a ???a
e o.ae. A ??? ???a ? y?i ?a ? ????y, ? ? ????? ???? ??o i?ei??? A.A.
A????.

Ec ?????o ????? ??i, ?i ???, ???th ??i ???ue ???????e, ??????i ????. Ia
y?i ????o e I.A. O??a ? O????? I??? OeE ?EI(a). A ?i ?y???, ??y??? a??
???? ??o ????, a ????e, ????y e i ????? “E????? Nith?, ????ey?? I?????
OeEE Nith?” *(99).

A?ue y?o ???? ???y? ???ue ????i ???a, ?oy ? n???o e ????a y?? ???e.
I??a ??i, ??iy?i ??? ?????y, ???e ???? ?? ???a ??o ???? ????????
??????a, ??a ?iy?? ????? ?e? ????, ??i ???ue, ?????i ????a, ?? ?? ????ea
Nith??i ???? a ??i ??e ? ???i, ? ??i ???ue, a ?????th ? ??? ?????e, ?
?? e ??e ????, a ???e ?a ??iy?.

Ae??, ?? ?a-?? ????, ?i ?????y N???? ? ??-? ???? ?oy ? ??? ??????a ?
??th ???, ? ??i, ?e ?a ????? ??o Nith?? ????i e E??e???, ???, ?e ??i ?
??? ??iy? e I???? ???.

E ?a ? ??i, ?i ?????y ??? ??a ?????e N????, ? ? ????, ??????? A??????
OeEE ?e ?a ??i-? ???i. A???i, ?i ?? ??ae N??? ??e ???ue Ae??? e
Ae????th ? ?????e NNN? ? ??????? ????? ??? OeEE ????e, ? ? ? ??i ?? ?i
???o ????i? ?????, ?????o ? ??o??.

O?? ???i, ??? ???y, ??? ?????e N???? ??cy ???ue ??? ?????e, ??? ??cy ?
???? ?a ? ????. Ii ?o a ???a ?? ? ?? ?y?y?ny ???y ? ??th ???, ??aey?y,
???, ? ? ???????o, a ? ????? ???. 24-? ??a I??i OeE ?EI(a) ? ????? I.A.
O??a ??ye ???a i ???? ???? OeE ?y ?????a ?????e ???? E????? *(100). N???
????, ?i a ????i ???e “E???????y ??ey N????i Nith? a ??eth?yo e ???yo
???a, ?????e e ???? OeE” ????otho ????u ????o ?y ???????e ???? Ae?????i
(1922) e ??y??? O?????i ie??? Oe?????i E???a, ?i ???iy?, ???i, ???
??????y.

O?? ???i, a ?? ???ey E?n???e Nith? ?eth??? E???????y ??ey. Aeey y?? ?
?????ue ???o ???a?e ? ???u ?????a, ????o ?? ?a ??? i ????. A??a n ?i
???y I??? ???? ????o ???????? ????ey ?????y NNN?.

A ????? ??? ????y i ????i ???? OII ??? E???????e i??e ?y ???ey E?????.
Ae??????, ?e ?a ?????, ia ??? ???a?? e a ??e-? ?? ???? ????a ???????a
???u, ???????i ?y??? n ????e ?????y ?? Nith? e ?th?? ????e. I??i ?y?
???? ????? I???? ??? ? ????o ????yo ?? ? ????ue. C?i a ??? ? ??????o
???o y?? ?? ???i ?????i ??? ???ey.

24 ??ey 1923 a. ????ue ? ??? ?n???, ??y??? “??i ??eyi ? ???o i ??????
???? a ????i ??????a” *(101). I??y ????ue ??? ???a N??? OeE ? ??????o
???o. Ii ???o ? ???a ?????ue ???a.

A ?????yo e ????? ????? ??? ??iy?i ???y?ny Nith?? ???? E?????e e ??? n
???a??e ???? (?????e ?e ? ?????e?). O? O. ????? ???o i ???e E?????, a A.
I???, ???e ???, ?????, ?i ? I ??? N??? Nith? y?? “??? ?e ??i ??i ???i,
?i ??????a ??y?a ?????e ?thca ?????y?ny ??oth?? ???, II ??? a?o ???a, ??
????e ??e” *(102). I? y?i ??? ?a ?????o ?? ?????e Nith?, ???? ???u
?????ey ?i ?? ? ?? ????e, a ??a ???i ????: ??o “??????” e ?????e ??????
? ????ny ???u *(103).

E?th?y ?????y i ??y?a ?????ey OeEE Nith?, ??y??y n ???????e, ????ny
??????ue ??? ???, ?????e N???i *(104).

E????, ?i ?? ??e ?????o, ?e A. I???, ? ????o ??? ????? ??????a ???o a
OeEE, ???o y? ?????? e ????.

E?ey ? ? ????a C???c?? O????, ????ay ?, ????o ??i???? ????a ??? (????,
A????i *(105)) e ? ?????y.

I.A. O??a ????o ??? N??ia ? “???????? ??e ????? ???a” ? ???o ???????o
?????e ??????oy?. A ? ? ??y O??a ????o ??? ???ey ?????o ????e n ?????e
???y?, ??????i I?a?e. A???? ? ?? ??? ???aa????a ? ??? ??? OeEE ? ??-??,
??a ?????o ????e, a ? ? ??y O??a ??o ? ????? ?? ?th?? ????e, ???? a
?cy????o ????. A???? ? e ? ??? ?????a ?th?? ????e, ??? ???i ????y i???
???e a Nith?, a ??a ? ?????a ??o a Oe????? E??????i E???a Nith? *(106).

E? ??i, a ??? ? ??????o ???o ??y?? ??? a???y e??????? ????i, ??? ? ???e
i????ue ?? ???u, ??? a ??i ?i?n i E????? ? ???y. O????i a??a n ?i, ?i i
Nith?? ??a?a ?a ? ?????.

I?? ??? ?? ??i e ??? ????eth. 27 ??ey 1923 a. ????i OeEE Nith? ??e
???ue ?????oth ???eth a ?n?? 25 ???e ? ??????? OeEE ?th?? ????e e ????
??? y?i OeEE? n ?????? ???? ??????? a ?a *(107). Aa ??????i ?e ??? I.E.
E???, ??e nth? e ????, ??????a ??a a E???e OeEE Nith?. I?i? ??? ?? ???
????ue “?a ????u ???o ???? ? ????a Ei????e NNN? e ????e i ?th?? I?e???”.

???a ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ???a E????? a ???? OeE ?EI(a), ???y ???e
??e ???i???a ???? e ????? ? ??? ?ae ??? ?????? ???? OeEE NNN?, ??? ????a
???e ????ue 8 ethiy 1923 a.

O??i ???ue, ????ue ? y? Ei??ey ?a ?y? ?e ???????y, ? i???e ? ????y,
?????? 8 ethiy, ??e??i: “I???e N 1 ?????e E???e ? ????a E????? Nith? N?.
N?. ?????”, ?oy ??? i ?i, ?i ??o c????y E???y – E?????e ?e Nith??
????i, ???y ?c??. C?? ? i???ey?ny ? ??? n ??? ??????ai ? ?????i, ??u
???? ??y?y ?e ??????e ????e: ? ?NON? – N???a, ????e, A???a, E???, I???a,
O??ia, N?ae-A??a; ? ONN? – ?????, I?????, O??a, N???e, C????; ? CNON? –
I????, I???, O?-A??yeyi; ? ANN? – *?ay?a, A???, I??ue. A ????a ???ath?y
? ?a ??u ????, a ?? ??????a a ??? ????e *(108), ? ?? ????a, ???????i
??????e ???e, ??????e, ??a ??, a ??? ??o??? ?a ???a ???? *(109). Ia y?i
??a ?i ??? ??? ??? E???e.

Ii ?e ????? ??y?a ??? ?????? ???? ??o ??? ?? i o?, ?i ??? ?? ????i
?????ey e ?i ?y? ? ???. A?i ?????ii ?a ???a: ??????e ????e OeEE Nith?,
?u?????e ? ???ey ?????? ????, e ??? E??????? ?i??e ONN?, ???i ?????ny ?
???i. O? ?e ?????i ???a ???i ???a ?? ??? ?i ????i ????e OeE, ? ? ????e
???? OeEE ??i, a ?i ??a e ?a????? ONN?, ? ????? ? ?????? ?????i ????. Ca
??? ?e ??yo ??? OeEE, ?oy ?e ?i ????? ????ue e ????a ?????? ? ?????i. A
?? ????e ? y?? ???????? a??? ??? e ?a ?? ??? ?i??u: ?i ?a-?? ??i ???a? –
E????eth ?e ?????????e Nith?? ????? N??? ????, ?i ?????-? ???o ?????e
??? Ae???, a ? E????eth.

E? ?a ?????, y? ?e ? ???? ???, ? ???y th????ay ??i?ue. E???, ?th??
?????i ??o ?? ????i e ??????, e ??a??. Ii ?? ?????y – ????, ?????, a???,
?oy e ??????i ?????a, ? ?th?? ???? ??o ?????? e a ??????. Ai ?y?i ???,
???? ??? ?e ???e ??i ?????ue a ???????i ???. A ??? y?? ?o?e ????? e ?i
???????e ia O??? e a A??e.

I?i ???ue, ?i ??u E???e ?-???o ???? ???? E????? Nith?, ? ?????a n
Nith?? ????i e n ?????y? ?th?? ????e.

I?????ue ???? ???, ?i ??i ????ue ??? E????? e ??? ?i. N??????, ?y I.E.
E???a Ae??? ?a ? ?? ???ey *(110).

I??a y?? ??o ???? ??????ue O??? N???e, ???i ?????e, ?i ??ae N??? ???e
OeEE ???????? Ae???, a ? ????ny E?????e. I??a, ? ???e, ???y ? ??e?ay
???y ? ??th ???o, ???ii, ???ay, ?i a ??i ??? ??i a???ue e i E?????.

A ??a N???e ??ye eth???? ???: ?????iy?ny ? E????ey ? ?a ?th?? ?????.
A??n ??????i ???y ????: ????o ????ey Nithca e ?? ?????? ????e ?? e ? ?,
? i ?i ??o ?? ????? Ii N???? ???? ??ay ?ay: ??i? ? E????ey Nith? ????
??? ????? ?e ??o ?? ???ny ??y-? ??ay ???ay ?y??

Ii ???? ?????y Ae???a e E????? ???? N???a, ???e ???? N????, ?y?a, ?i
???iyy ????th ?eth?? a ?ay Nith?? ????. A ? ? ??y ? ?????, ?i ???
E????? ??? ??? i ??a ???????? ???? Nith? NN? a i??o ???i ?????a, ?i y?
??o ia ?thc ????? (???i, ?i ?????? ?a?i ?????a “Nith?i NN?” ??ue ???), a
??? ?th?? ?????i, ? ??, ???? ???y, ?i NNN? ???ny ? ?e ?????ey, a ?e
????y.

A ??? ????e ??e ?ae “i” ????????th?e. Ii ?????i ????? ??iey A??th??i
??? N???: “E?ue n?? ???iyth?y ????a ????a ?????a a ??? ?th?? ?????i, ?,
????ny, e ??? ?? ?????y ????? ?????a…” *(111) E ?o ? ? ??? ???? ?????y
E????? e Ae???a, ?i?ay, ?i E????ey ??? ? ???? Ae???, a ?????? “???
ae???a”. Ii ?a ?c ?????, ?i, n ?i ??e ??ey: ” Ae??? ??? ??a, ?a?
???iy?ny ? ??? ?????i, a ??a ????? ???iy???a ?????a ???iyth?y ?y ?????
??e”.

N?????a ?????a ?? X. ?????. Ii ?i ??eth, ???a ??i ?????ue ???
?????????? Ae???a, a ??i a ???? ???iy???? ????a – E????eth. E ?? ???
??????y A. I??? *(112). N?i ? ?? ??a ?????a ?? ???i, ????, ?e ???e, ?? a
Ae???a ?? ???th?y ??a ??u ?????y, a ??? ?????e ?n??????i ???? e ?? ???u
???eyth?y a ?????i ???. I??i i???i, ?i ??y ?????y ?? ???y? ? ???oth ???o
??. I???? ????? ????u ???? ?????e ? ?? ??a, a ?i ???? ???, ???i, ? ??.
Ae??? ??, ?i ?ae y?i ??????, ?????, ????? ?e??ay (?e ???y?) ????. A?e
???, a ??? ??th?i, ????? ??? Ae???, ? E????ey ?a ? ??o ??ue ???ey, a,
??????i, eth??y ?a???i ?ay ?????? ??o ????a a ??ue.

Ia ??ue y?a ???y N????: n ??e ???u, ?i ?e ??i ????o, ?i E????ey Nith?
???o I???a ?e?u ????e, a n ??? ???u, ?a ? ? ???? – E????ey ?e Ae????

I?? ????? ????y ss. ????e. Ii ????e ???? ?? ? ???y ???? ” Ae??? ?e
E????ey”, a ?iyo?y ?????e ????a n ?i, ??u ?o? ??a ????y e ?i ???eth. O??
?????a ?? ? ????. I? ???a ??? ???? ???i ?????? ca Ae??? ?????ue ?oy e ?
?????i, ? ???? ???????? ??ia ???? – 9 ???e. Iiy?? ????????th?e ?? ? ??
????? ?????a, a ?y?e, ?i ? ??o ???u ??o ?i e ??? e ?i ???o ????ny ?????e
????a, ???e ?-? ??? ?? ?e E????eth. A? ???? ???n?e, ?????, ?i ?? ? ???
Ae??? e ??? E????? ??i ???th?y – a ??i 32, a a ??? 85 ??? *(113).

N?? ?????y ??i e ?????i, ????i ?c ???? ?????, ?, a ??a ???, ?????ue n
?????? ?????, ??? ? ?????i (? – 12, ?i?a – 6) *(114).

A ???e ?? ????: “I?iyoue ? ??? ??o, ?????? E???? OeEE NNN?, ? ????y
???a i ????a?e ?i ????i ?e E?????e” *(115).

A ?o ? ?? (o.a. 8 ethiy 1923 a.) ?e???e e y?e ???, ???? ?a???? I???
???? ????? ???a ? ??oth?? ????y. A?i ??? ????? ??o e ??? E?????. I????a
?? ?a ?????, ?????i, n ?????? ?? ????. E?????e ?????, ????, ????ue E???y
OeE. Ai ?y?i ???, ?????, ?????a ???? ii ??? ? ???? ?? ????i, ??a?e ?????
???a ??? ??, ? ? ??? A???a, a ??i e ??y ??? ??? E???e. A ????e a ????i?
??ia?? ?y??? ?? ?????i ?????ue, ?i ?ey E???e OeE y?y?ny ????? ?y E???e
OeEE, a ?? ?? ????ue ??? ? ???o, ??i?? a ????i ??y?a, ?????? *(116).

O????i, ?i ??u E???e ? nay??? ?ay ???????th e ?e ?e e?e ???e, ????? ???
? ?ay, a ? ? ??e ??e ?????. A??i ?y??, ?i ??????e ??? ????e ii ???i ????
????? ???, e ???? – ????y ????? ??????ue.

N??th?a ????a ???? ??iy?? ? ??? ?? *(117) – 9 ethiy – ? ??, ????, ????.

N 9 ? 12 ethiy a I??a ????i ????a IV ????a OeE ?EI n ??????? ?????e
?????? ????e e ?e??e, a ???i, ????ny, ?????e e ??u E???e, ?oy e ? ?a (?
????e ??????e ?? ??a ?y??, ?e N???a, Aio??a, E??? e ????a ???).

Y?? ????th a ????? ??y?ny ??? ???a ???? a ??a ??? ?ae ???? E?????. O?,
N.E. ss????y ?????, ?i ?i “???i ???th ?eue a ?????e ????a E????? NNN?”
*(118). Y?, ???i, ??i, ? ?? ???e. N???? ??? ?? ???i, i???i, a ??a ???e
XII ??? ??? ? ??????o ???o, ?y ? ?????. N????i E????? ? ?i ???ey ?
??y??. Iu ???? ?? ????a ????ey i ?e ? ????? ????o ???. I? ??th?y ???
???o ???ia. I??i ??y?e i ???a E????? C???a, ??? ??? ??y?i e ??? i??i
??????, ???a ????th i ???? OeE. Ae?a N??i ??? ??ue ???i, ???????i i ????
??? ??? OeEE, i ?????e ? a ???a E?????. I?????e ? e ?????e ??? O?????
OeEE ? ???e ????ey ?? ?th?? ????e, ?oi?a ???????e ?e ????? ???e e ??????
*(119). Ii y?? ? ??? ???? e O??a, ??? ??a ????i ????ny e y?e ?? ?????i
?????a e ????? i ?i, ?i ??ay ??ea ???ey?ny ????? ???? O???. A???e e
?????, ?????y ?????ny ? ????y a ??????? *(120). A ??i ? E????ey NNN?, ?
???, ??? ?ae ?i ? ?? ????i ????ey n???ey, ?i ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??e
a ???, ??????e ????y?. I??a, a ??eth?e ????y ???a?? ??? ???u, ???a ?neee
???????e ????, – i ???o Oe?????i ???????i ???? Nith?, i ?i I????a, i
?????. I? y?i ??? ???? ?????ue ?? ????e, ?i yoi ??i ??o ???i a E?????.
I??i ??o ???? E????? ??ethoeey ? ????. Aa ????i ?? a?? ???a ????,
??ny??y e ?????? ??e ???, ? ??, ? ????, ?a ?, ?i ?? ?a ??? XII ???i ???.
A “???a ????u ? ??????o ???o e IV ????th, ?????o I??ath? OeE”, a ?????o
E.A. N???i, ???i, ????ath?y ???????a ???u, ? ?? ??y?i ?????e, ?oy e ???,
??? ????a, ? ?? ??i “E????ey” ????y?ny ??i ?? ?c, e ? i???. N??th?a ?
???u ???yo i ?a???e o?aey??y ?????? ???a a ????a e ????a ??????i, i
???ey?yo ? ??y?th ? ?????i ??iy, i ?cy????i ??????a a ??i???o ???o e
o.i. *(121) O? ? ??a ????a, ???i, ???i ?????oth ?? a ?? ???ey ???a
E?????. Iiyo?o-? ??o ? ?i ????e, ? ??oth?e ??, 13 ethiy ?????ay ???ey
????? ???, ???a, ??? ??i, ??y?e ?e??o? ?y????e. Ii ?????th I.A. O??a ??
???: “Aei ??? OeEEa NNN? a ???? ???? ??? ??? E??e??e (Ae???a), ????a a
??oth ???ue e ????eth ???a ? ???th?? ath??a, i A???? N?a, i ?th?? ??a e
??a. C?ai ????? e ??i???th I??i I???ey i I????o, ??y ?a y? ???u ? ????th
??eth OeEEa NNN?. I???ey ? ????o I????o ???? ? ??oth?e N??e OeEEa NNN?.
A ????? ??o ??ey? OeEEa NNN? I???? ??? ?????ue ? i??a I??i I???ey i
I????o ????o, ????o ?e ? ???? ??i ??i ????? i I????o” *(122).

A?? ? y?i ????? e ???a?th ????? ?? e ??? ???a, ??a, ?e e ???, n ???a i
athae??.

Eth???i, ?i ?e y?i ?????? ????ue ? ?????e ??a ????? ??? Ae???a *(123),
??e ? ?? ?????? ???y?a ??????. I????a ????i, ?-????, a ???. E? y? ?? e ?
??? ????e, a ????e ?????ue ??? I???, ?????, a ??a N???e. Ii ???o i
ath??a ?e ??????. Ia ????i ca???e 16 ethiy ?? ??? ? ??. I???a, ?y?? ???
? ???o ??e ? ????i. I??a, ?a-?? ?????? ??????ue O??? – I?? – ?iy?e ?ay a
?? ??o ??y?a, ??? a ??e ?????e ???, ??a ???ey?? ??? ?ei???ey ????a, ?ae
???i ???? E??ney.

I?i ???ue, ?i a ????? ????e E???e ? ?a ?e ? ???? ?a ??iy?i a ????? ?
?????? ?e E???????. Ia ????i ????e ?y?y?ny eth???ay ??????. Any?e ??,
??a a ??? ????y i E?????, a ???o ???ny Ae???, ? a?ue ??????ny ?????ay
????????, ?????? ???a. Ii a ??a ????y ???? ?? ???. A ????? ??? ????y, ?i
?????? ????e Ae.E. Eo??e, a ????a ????? ? y?i ?????o *(124). A ??o ???y
??y?o ??oth?i ???i: “Ae????y ? ?????e Nith? N???? N???????o ???a?e e
Ae??? ? ?????e Nith? N??n?o N???????o ????? ???eytho ???? ??i (E????eth)
Nith? N???? N???????o ?????”.

E ?o ?o ??a ?y??? ????ay ???y. O? ??e ?????? ??????ue ONN?, I??, ?y?e,
?i ? ?e????y ?????ue “a ????? ???i a???”, ???, ?ae ?????i ????i, y?au
???, ?i ?, ??? a ?????a, ?e ????? ??? ??? ????? ????e ? ??o ??? y??
???a. Ae???y, ?i ?????i ?????i ??n???ey ?? ? ????i. N??i ???y, ??th????a
????a E???e ?? ????i??: a ?i ?????i 12 ??? E???e, o.a. ?? ??? ????
*(125).

O? ?e ??a, ? ??? ????a ?? ???, ? ??? ?a ?a ??????i ?????y ???? E?????,
a ia Nith??i ????. N??????, ??? Ae???a y?i ??????ue, ?oy, ???i, ? ?a a
?????? ???? ?????, ???? e ?? ? ?? ????i.

16 ethiy ??? E???e ?? ????a ??y?? ????a a ??i. I??aey ??, ??i ????, ?i
??? E???e ???e? a ????? ??a ?????? n ???????e. I???e ???, e ? ??? ??.

N????ue ??a ????y, E???y OeEE ????a ?ith ???. 16 ethiy, ??a ??y?y ???a
a ??i, ?a ????ue e a? ???eth. A ????? ????e ?? i?iy? ?a ?????yny ??ay
??????, ???iyth?y Ae????th e Ae???, ?????ay ??i e a ??????i ??? I????
???.

A ??a ethiy ??? E????? ?e ????? E??????? ????e OeE ?EI(a), ???e a ??
?????? ????y, ???????i ?????? ? ???? ???? ?th??i ?????a. E?e?ey ?a??a
????a ???e X. ?????i ????ue ???? I???? ???. O? ? ??y? ???? ?ath E????? a
????, ????? ????e ???e ?? ???o: ??y? ?a ????a ?????? – E????eth, a ???
???e ??? ? Ae???oeey, e Ae??? ? ?????e NNN?.

I??i OeE ?EI(a) 26-27 ethiy 1923 a. ???? ??? E??????? ???? e ??ye ? ??
?????a ???a. I???? ??th ?ath ???a, I??i a ? ? ??y ?? ????y a ??, ??????
? ???? ???? ?????? ?th?? ?????.

A ??a ethiy – ??? ethey 1923 a. ??? E????? NNN? ?e ???? ? ?a???? ??eyo
OeEE ?th?? ????e.

4. I?iy?a I???? ??? Nith? e ??o ?????e ????e

6 ethey 1923 a. OeEE Nith? ?????i ???? ??? E????? e ????? ?? ? a ????.
O? ??i ?? i ????a, ???eyth?i ?????a NNN?, ?e ????. Oe?a?????? ??? ???y ?
???? ????. Ii ??? ??? i ??????e ?i. Ai-???, ??ae N??? NNN? ???e OeEEo,
?e ?a ?????, ????ue ??????e ??o Aea???? e Nith??i ????, ????? ??? ?i a
???? e ???a?? ? ??????a ?????a II ???. E? ??i, OeEE ??e ? ???u ????y,
????e ????? ??? ????o ???????o e ????o ????, ???a ?? ? ?? ?????? ? ????
E?????.

Ai-???, ?? ??????ue ?? ??y?a E????? ?? ?e ????a Nith??i ????, ? e a
y?i ??? ? ??i ?y?a ????a ?. 25 Ae???a ? ?????e NNN?, ???y?e: “O?????,
????a e ????? Nith??i ???? ???? ??th????? ???th ??? N??? Nith? N????
N???????o ?????” *(126). N??????, OeEE ???? ?ith ?????th, ?? ?? ?e??, ?i
Nith?? ????, ?e ??ue E?????, y?y?ny ?? ????i ?? ????a, ???e ?e ??yo I
A??th?? ???i N???. E?? ??, ?. 2 ??y?e OeEE? E????? ?? ? ???? “?????a e
????a ???? ??e ??iy?e E?????” e ??th????e ?????e N??a N??? Nith?. Oi ??,
???ay e ??y a ???? E????eth, OeEE ?a ?c ???e?? ???????ue y?? ??. I??a,
??i ???ue, ?i OeEE ?? ???ye ????o I ??? N???, ???e ?e ? ?????e ?o ??
??i ??iy? ???y ????.

A???? ???, ??i ?????? ??y ????ue, ???e ??cy ?? ????ue ?a ???a ? II ???
N???. Aei ?o ?? ??i ? ??? ??? ???a, e ??o ? ?? ??o ??, ???y, ???
????????i, ????o ???o ?y?o ????? ?y ?i ???y ?e ?ae? ? ??i. *? ? ??i
???????

Ae???y, ?i ?????ue ?? ???a ????? e ???e ?????e, a ??a ????? ??????e
????e.

A????ay ??a e ?????y a ???? ??????, ? ???ue, ?i Ni???a ?????i ??i ??
????, ?a-o?e ??cy. A y?o ???yo ???????a ?????a ?y?e n ?????, ???a, ???,
??ue ???i ?e ????? ???a I???? ???, ????ey?? aa?? ?????.

Ia ??a ??? ?? e ????? ????a: ???ae e iy? ???? ????i ???y y?????? ???? ?
???o???? ???, ?????ue ? ? ????i. I??u ?? ??a e ?????? ???ee, ????
????????? e ?????a?? ????e a ?????a, ??ue y?i i?????y a ?? ????? E?????.

I???, oy??y ???ue E??a e i???ay ?????ue ????? ??? ????e ?????ey a
???aey?e ???? ??? e ?????a, ?????e ?????e ???? ???, ?ay?? ??e ??y e
?????y ??? ? ?????? ????a. I?? ?? ????ue ?????a a ???????? ??????a, ?
???y? ?????.

O? ?e ??a, ? E????ey ??ea ?????ue, ?oy ?a-?? ???? ????y? ? ???. C?????
???? N????i ?????a ? ? Ae????i, a ? ???????i ????e ??, ???i, ??a ???e
????e ???? N????i ?n????.

I?i ???ue, ?i ??????ue ??y?y e ???ey a ???? E????? Nith? ? ???a a ? ??y
? o ?? ???o ????. A??a ??, ????? I???? ??? NNN? ?? ?????? ????? ????
?th?? ????e. 29 y??y 1924 a. XI A?????? ??ae N??? ??ye n????? ??????a “I
i?iy?e I???? ??? (E?????) Nith? N???? N???????o ?????”, a ???i ???e:
“O?????e 6 ethey 1923 a. 2-e ???e Oe??a??? E??????? E???a Nith? N????
N???????o ????? 1-? ??? I??i? ??i (Eii???eth) Nith? N???? N???????o
????? ????, i /? ???e ? ???ey II ??? N??? Nith? N???? N???????o ?????”
*(127). I?i??y ia ??????? ?????? e ????th ????????, ??e ??e ?i ???
?iy?i: ??ae ??? ????ny n ???? OeEE Nith?.

A? ???, ? ???ey II ??? N??? Nith?, ???a ???a ??y? O???, ?oy ?????? ??ue
????i e?a, n ????? ?????: “I ?????e E????? NNN? e i ?th?? ??????a”. Ii
??? ??????y ??i, ?i ???n?a ?y?? ? ?o ?? ? ??e ??o??y n ??e ?????i ????ey
Nith?: “C???a e ???a ??? ?????? ?a??a ? ????e Nith? N???? N???????o
????? e ? ????e ??????y VII A??????i ??? N??? ???o, ???y??o e ???????o
???o?, VIII A?????? ??ae N??? ?????:

I. I????e I??i ???i N??? Nith? NN? ???? ? ????e Nith? N???? N???????o
????? e ???ae??th A??e ???e Oe?????i E??????ai E???a Nith? NN? E????eth
Nith? Ni???o N???????o ????? ???????, ???a ????ue y? ???ea?th I????o
A??????i Oe?????i E???o???i E???a” *(128). C???, ?i e ???, ???y?? ?????e
?y?ey?, ??? ??????-????, ?i ???????-????, – ?????ey.

A ???? y??y 1924 a. e A????y ??????? ? E????eth Nith?. V A??????e ??ae
N??? ???e ?ith ?eth a ??o ???: “V A??????e ??ae N??? ????? ??? I??????
A????e a ???e ????e Nith?? E????ee, a ??a e ??th Nith?oth E????eth”
*(129).

???a ?? ??ye ?????oth?th ?c?th?th II ??ae N??? CNON?. I??? O?a?a, ? n
?????i ?????i, ?e????a ?y?? ??a “???????” E????eth Nith?. Eth???a ??iyy
??????: “C?e?? ??? i E????? (I???i ???) Nith? N???????o N???? ?????, II
Ca????? ??ae N??? ?a??, ???y??o, ???????o e ????? ????a ????? (??????)
?” *(130).

O?? ???i, ?a ??u N????i Nith? ???? ?i E????eth, ?oy e ??y?th n ?????
????y? ????u. Ae?i ????? ? ????i ??th?i ??i – ??????i ?????i ??????i
???y II A??th?? ???i N???. E ?i ?????i: 31 y??y 1924 a. n ????? ????ey?
E????ey ?? oo????. I? y?i ?????? ??? ???ue ?? ? ??????, ?-??? ???????a
???a I ??? N???: “I???e C?? (E????eth) Nith? N???? N???????o ?????,
??????? ? ????? ??eth?e I N??a (?????i ?ith. – I.*.) N??? Nith? N????
N???????o ????? ? ??????a ???ae?? II N??a N??? Nith? N???? N???n????
?????, – ????ue…” *(131).

E????ey NNN? 1924 a. ????a ????? ??????i ??? ?????a – Nith? Ni???o
N???????o ?????. I?, ? ????, ???? ??e Nith?? ????, i?iy?e I A??th??
???i N???. A ???e?i ???????i ???a ??? ? Nith?? ???? ??e ??e, ?oy e ?
??c? ???. O?, ? ????i ????ey i Nith?? ???? a E????? O??? 1929 ??. E y?,
????, ? ?o??i: ????? ?y?? ?a ?a ? ??e ????ny n ??e ??????. N??e ia
Nith?? ???? ???ath?y e a ????? ???????o ????e, ? ?i ?? ?? ?a ? i ??i
Ae???a, a ? ?????i ???a E????? Nith?.

I???e ??i NNN? ?? ??i y??i a ???e ????? ???????? ??????a, ???th?i a ? ?
??y ?????oth ???????ue ????a e ??, ?y??th?th ?i n ?????y? ????e, a ??oth
???ue – n ?????e, a ??a n C?????e.

A ?ith ???ue, ? ??? ?e???a ???? ???????? ??????a – ????a I???o ???a
?th?? ??o??.

E????ey NNN? ???? ? ?th??e ?????? ??i ??ue ?? I???a c??u (?. 5), ?i
E????ey – ?????e ???o ?????? ?????a, ?i ??a – ?????i. A??a n ?i I???a
???, ?a ????y a ??????ny ?????o, ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??aey ? ??a ?????y
NNN?, ????u a ?????? n E?????e Nith?. Y? ??? e ?? ????a a ????a ??a
?????y NNN? ??.

N???????? I???o ???a ?th?? ????e ? ???? ???? a ???ea ??o I???o ???a,
????o ??ue ?? ??? e ????i ??????ue ???ae????i ? ??? a ?y? n ?????ai
NNN?, ? e a ?eyo ???ey ???, ??????i ??y, ? ??? ????ey ??a ????????
??????a, ????e a ?????e ???????? ???? ????e e ?. I?? ????y ??? ?? ?? ?
??? ?? ??a ???u, ?i ?y??? ???????i n ?????? NNN?.

I??e ??y? ?ith ??th E????eth C?????y O???ey. A ??? 1925 a. III C?????e
??ae N??? ???? ??? I???? ??? CNON?. A ?i ? ?? ??ea ??th E????eth ?????y
O???ey. A 1927 a. ?? ??y? ??y E????ey Aa????.

I???? ?-??o, ?e ? a ?a y??, ???? ?ith E????eth O????y NN?. N??? ???e
????oth ???eth ???i I???? ???, a ??i ?a ??e ??o. VIII A?????? ??ae N???
a yi?? 1924 a. ??/? AOOeEE a ?????? n Ae???? ? ?????e NNN? e E?????e
NNN? ?????? E????eth ONN? e ?????ue ? ? ?????a ????? ??? N??? O?a?u. IX
??ae N??? ?????i ??????? ???? ????a ????y I???? ??? ?????.

A?ny ????y a E????eth, IX ??ae N??? ??? n ?i ???e AOOeEE ?ae????
???????, ??e ??o I???? ??? ?????. I?i?? ?????o th??? ONN? ???? ??e ???,
E???y ???????o ???? ??? a ?? ????a ?????y. I?????? ??o ??e E????? 15 ?y
1929 a. ?e ?????i ????i XI A?????? ???i N???.

E????? ?th?uo ????e ????th ???????e I???? ??? Nith? NN?. Ii ?e ? ?????e
???th?oth E????eth, ? ???y? ?. I?? I???i ???i Nith? e E????ey? ????e
??n???i ?????? “????? ??a”: ??? ?e ??y?i a ?i??i ???? ?????e ?th??i
?????a e ?i ?????th n ???e Nith?, ??? ???nue ?? ????o ???????o ???? –
??????i ??y, ??u ???????? ???aa, ???????? ????a ??? ?????, ??????? ??a,
????i ???a ???i.

E????? ????e, ????? ? ??o ????o, ?????, ?i ? ??a, ?? ? ??a ?e ? ??a, ?e
e ? ?????o ????eth. I????, E????ey O??? 1929 a. ????a 82 ???, a I???e
??i A?i???e NN? – ??? 76. I??y ???? ? ???a ???u (“I?? ??ae?ey”, “Ia
????? N???? ???”, “Ia ??????o ???” e ?.), ??? – ? ?e?a ??u (“I ????o
???y A??????ai ??? N??? e Oe?????i E??????ai E???a A????? N???????e
N???? ?????e”, “I A??????i ??? N???”, “I Oe????? E??????i E?e?? A?????
N???????e N???? ??i???” e ?.). O????y E????ey ????a ?????e ???e ??? i
ath??a ?????, a A????? ??? ? ??.

I????? ???????o ?????e ???? a ??oth ???ue ? ????e ??o ????e. I???a
????e ??ue ?? ???ey a ??a ???????? ????. E????ey CNON?, ??? a ???a ? ???
????o ????e ?th?? ??????, ???iy? ????o I???? ??? Nith? NN?. I? ??a
????ey?? ? ?a ???o ???a – Ae????th ? ?????e C?????e N???????e O?????e
N???? ?????e e Ae??? ? ? ?????e, ????a ?????th ??o i ????? ??? ????e,
????o a ??? CNON?, ??? ??? y?e ??u ?? ??? ? ??uey? ??u ??? E???o?e Nith?
NN?. ?????y ?????a – ?????i ??? ??u, ?????i n ??ii??e ?????y? – ?eth?? a
?ith E????eth ?????th ??o i ??o ???e?? e ????? ???yo. O???ay A????ay
?????a ? ???? a ??i I???i ??? ???o ???? e ??, ??thu?ny ??u ????????
????. A ?i i? e ?????o ??? ? a???????-???????i ?????.

I??ey a ???????o ?????yo ??e ? ?? ??? e ?????? ????. E??y ????? ????ue
???? ?? ??a ???? e ??a ?? ?-???, ?????i, ??ea ??oth, ???oth ? ??e, ??o
????y. I? y?i ??? ??? ??? ?????e, ?????, ????e, ? o ?o ?? e ???? ???y.

I????? ???y a ?????yo ?th?? ????e ??? i ???????i y??. E????ey O???
????? y?? ?? ???a, ??eyth?o ?????, ??????e (?. 20) e ? ???ey? ??e-?? y?e
a ???? ????????. Ii-???o ??? y?o ??? E????ey A????e: “…A????? y?e
????ny ?e y?e, ???????? ?y ??a?y ??o ?????a??e, ????????e e ??????e
????ey? e ?????y?”. E??? e ??? ???y ??o ?????y? ????e.

I????? ??a ??? ? ???eth ?????e ????? ????e. I???? ? ?o ?? ?? ??y? ????
ANN?. I??i ??? ?? ??y ?????y – I???e ??i I????e ANN? – ?? ????ia ???
???i ?th?? (O????e) ????? e ?y?? ???? a ??.

E??????? ??????i a Nith? ??i e ? ??? ??e. I? ?? ?yc?i n ??????? ??o
?th?? ????e, ?????? a ?y? n ?????i-???????i ??????i N??? A?e, ??? i ???i
???ny ?a a 1918 a. E???y AOeEE, ???ay ???? ??? ??? ?i ????e ??a O??????
ANN?, ??oe? ? ???????????, ? ??? ????ue ???-?i ? ??????i ?????ey, ????
?? ?i ??? ??? ?????? ??iy????: ?????y ??a, a ??a ?????ay ????? N??? Ac?,
a ?????e O??? e A??u.

A ?a??? ????? ??e o???a, ?????? ?????i-???????a ??????, ??? ????ny ???
??? ?cy??a e ???? ???????o ????e. E???, ????y ??? ???e, a ??i e NNN? y?o
??i ??? ???e ?a ???, ??? ????, ?i ? 4 ?aea ??ue ????e ??a-? ???? ????i?a
????y, ?yae ? ??i. Ai ?y?i ???, ????o ??????, ?????th?o y?, ?o.

Ae???y, ?i ??? ????, ????a?i ??????, y??? ????? ?e ?e??y?o ??? N???
A?e, ?e e ????y e ???eth ??e ?????? ????????e.

A 1923-1924 ?. ??? ??? ??? AIN? e OIN? ??????e ?? ????? ?oe???????, a a
???? 1924 a. ????a ??? N??? A?e ???? ????ue?-???????a ?????? ?????i e
?i?????. OeE ?EI(a) ???e ???y ???????o ???a. I?????y ??? ? ??????th ????
??o, a ??o ????e? N??? A?e. A ??y?a 1924 a. OeEE Oo?????e ANN?, V
A??o??? e V A?????? ???? N??? ??? a ??e??? ???e ??????y i ????? ?a?o
????? e ???? ??o, ?????oth?o ??????o ???o ?ay. A ?oy?a 1924 a. OeEE
Nith? NN?, ???a y? ?????iey, ???e ??? I?a???o ???? ?????a ??o ????e a
?????? n ???uy???i ???a N??? A?e.

A ????? ?????i-???????? ??????y a N??? A?e ?? ???u O???ay N???ay
N???????y ?????a, e??ay ????? ??? O????a, A?a? e O???, ????? ????,
O????ay N???ay N???????y ?????a, ????a?y ?????a ??? y?o ? ????e, e
O????y ANN?, ???ay a ??? O?????.

I?????-???????a ?????? N??? A?e ???? ??????a ??a ?????o ???a, ???a ???a
a ???e ???? ?????ue ???ue ?? ?????? ?????a. I?????? ???? ????? O???ay e
O????ay NN? ???? ? ??o ???o N???, ??iy??ny a ?a?? 1925 a.

I????? ??o ?????o ????o ????e ? ???i e ??? N??? A?e ? Nith? NN?. Nay?
???????o i??? ? ??e ???? N???? ??? ?a ??? ???a, ??y??ue ? ??th ???ue,
??ya ??th ???oth ??o. Nu?? N??? O????? e O????, ???????a ?????a y?o
????e, ??a???i ???e ???y i ????e ? a ??? N????i Nith?. A ?a 1925 a. III
A?????? ??ae N??? ??ye ??a ??o??e a ??? NNN? a ???? ????a?? ???. Nithc
NN? ?? ???iy? ??ue ?th?? ????e: ?????th, O????th, A????oth, C?????th,
O????oth e O???oth. A y?o ? ??? ???? e ?a ?? ?th?ay ????? – O?????.

A ?y? n ?????i-???????i ??????? N??? A?e ??? ??? O?????? ANN? e A????
?????e ????e ??? i ??? ?????i ???. A? ?? ??????i ??i ??e ? ???a ????o
????e e ????? ?ith ????oth ???ue. OeE ?EI(a) e I?????? NNN?, ???a a
?e??a ?ath ????e ????, ????? ? ??a ???th ??o – ????oth ?????. Y? ?????
??????? ?eth?? a n??a ?????e O???? NN?. A ?y?a 1924 a. ??? ?i ????e ???
O????? ????e, a ?ith i???, ??? O????e ANN?, ???e ???? ?? ????? ??? ???
N??? O?????a e ????? ?????e ? ???ey ????oe??? ???a.

15 ??a 1925 a. ?? ?uy??i ?????i ?? ?????y O????e ANN?. ???i ?iy?y ????i
???? ????ey ???e?e. A?e ????? ????u e ??? ????a. N??? ?? e ?????a, ???a
??? ??? e ????ey. I???? a N??? A?e ?a ?a ??? n ????e, a O?????a ? ??o
???ue ???ue ???a Nia?u. I?????? ?a?ue ? ??? ?? ??????a ??eth???i ????i.
Ii ?? ????? ?????a ???u ??iy?? N???e e ? ????a??? ????.

I ??ae N??? O????e ANN? ???ny a ???a 1926 a. Ii ??ye Ae????th ? ?????e
????? e ????e aa a O???oth NN? e ??c ?a – a Nithc N???? N???????o ?????.
A?e ?????? OeEE e NIE ?????. II A?????? ??ae N??? a 1929 a. ????
E????eth ????? ?????. Ii a ?i ? ?? ????? e ????a i??u O?????a ????e ???
i ???a???e ??e ANN? a ?th?oth ?????. A 1929 a. ???a ? y?i ?? ??y? III
*?????i ???i N??? O?????a, a a 1931 a. VI ??ae N??? Nith? NN? ?????
????a O?ae??? NN? a ?n?a Nith?.

A? ??ue ????a ?th?? ????? ??y? ?? E????? – O???ay e Oo????y a 1927 ??,
O????y – a 1931 ??.

A?? 3. I???a ??????i?i ?????? a E?????

E? ? ???, ???i ?????i ??? ?e ????? E????? Nith? ?e ??? i ?????e ??
?th??i ?????a e ?i ???, o.a. ???? n?????a, ??? ??? ? ??y?o ??e ?-???
????eye ????? y?? ?iyoey. C??o e ?i, ??? ?aai, ???o ?????y a ??i ????a
???????? ??????, ?i ???? e n????e.

1. I?y?a ??????

Y? ???? ????y e ??o ?e??a ????? e ??????? a ??a ???????? e ??????? ?a?.
Ae ??y?? ???ay ?????, ???y i??i ????????y e ???? ?? ?y, ??a ?a ?y??? ?
??. O??i, ???i, ??e ????, ???y ?? ? a?? ????a e ?????yi ???? ???a, e
????eyi ?th???? ????. O? ? ??a ????i ????ny ? ??th???? ?????e e ????ue
??? a ??a ??? ???.

A?????? ??ey i ?????? ??? ??nyo e XVI ?? e ?y??tho n ??? AE. A??a. A ??
??? ? ????o ????e ??e ??????a ??? ?????ue ??e ??? i ?????? e a ???o
?????, ???? ? ???io “???y – ??? ???” ????? a ????? ???? E?? III, E??o
A????, E?io I?????, E?? A???o. I??i ?? ? a ?i, ?i ??? ??? i ???????i
????a, a a ?i, ??a ? ???. ???ny ? ?????o, ?a??i, ??? n ??i ??????. O?
??a ???? ??????e ???????e ??oe ??? a ?? ????. Ai-???, ???o ?????o ??????
???ny ? ?ca????ue ? ??? ??aey?. Ai-???, ???? ???? ?????y ?????e ??? n
???? ??oy?. E a-???o, ???? ?????a e ????. A ?ith ???ue, ? ??? ???? ???i
???a??? ????a ??????. Ec ???i ?i?oa – ???? ?????e ???????? ????, a ?
???? – ??? i ??? ????o, ???i.

E ? ???? ???a ????a ?????? ???? ??? a N??? ??, ??a ?i ?????? ?????i
????, ??u ????ue ?ith ??? ?ae ????e, ???? ? ??th ?eth, ?????? ???????
????.

A ????? ??eyo ???????e n????? ????y ? ????i ??????, o.a. ?? ???, ?th??
??? ??i e????? a ?????, ?????i e o.i. N????a ???????? ?????? ??e?y ??? e
???? ??????e ????o??? ??? *(132). I???a ??? ?????a ?a????a ? ??? a ???
A.ss. A????i. I? ?? ??????? a “TH???n?i ???a” 1953 a.: “N????? – ??iy?a
??????e ??? ???????e ??? ? ?ye? ??? ??? ?e ???, ?e e ?a ??? y?? ?????a”.
N???? ? o??i ??th?? ? ???u ??i “??iy?a”, ????o ?? ??? ?? ? i ?i, a i ??a
??, ????ey?? ??????. A ??oth?i ???e “TH?????i ???y” (1956 a.) ??ue
A????i (??a ?i ???) ????? ??a ??? e oy??.

A ?????e ?????, ???? i??????, ?oy ??e e a ???e, e ?? a ?????o ????? ??i
????y “?????o e ??????ue”. Oi ?? y? ?iy?y ?e ? ???????yth?y ?e, ? ???e
??, ???ytho ?? ae??. I?? ?i, ? ???? ?e y?yth?y ?????ie e ????? ? a?ue ?
?i ??, ?e ????ey.

I??????e ??e a ??i ????ee ??e ?? ? ????? ?????a – I.I. A???a, ????e ?a
a ???eth???a ??y ???????. “ss?i, – ???e ?, – ?i ?iy?y y? ? ??? ???atho e
? ???atho ?? ??a” *(133). I?????oue, ? ?i ??eth, ? ?y???? ?y ?????a, a
?o ?????o ?y???i, ? ??ue ??? ???y? ?iy?y. I? ??????ueth ? ???? ????y
?????a n ???e, o.a. ??ithth ??????ue, a ?ae ??????i – ??? ?ae ??e ????e?
e ?????, o.a. ?? ??, ? ????, i ???i e ????? ??????.

A??yy ??????ue ??? ???a ??? a ?????, ? ?? ? ???a ? ?????? e ? ?????. E
??a ??????? ???u ????, ???a ???y? ??e ?? ? ? ???a, ??e ??, a ?ith ???ue,
???? ?o?i ???i ??????. A ? ? ??y ??a ?????ii? e ?? ??????a ???e ????,
??ae ????, ???? ?, ????e ?a ????a, a ???????? ???? ? y?o ????o, e ????i
?????? ???????i ??y ???? ?i n ????, a ???i ?? ???e. O? ?i ????eyi ???
?????ue ????y e ???e ???, e ??o ?????o ??????. Iiy?? ??a ???yo i ??????e
???????e ??? ?e ???? ??????, y? ?ae? ???? ??? a ?????? ?? ???i. E???,
?????a ?c ??????a ?? ? ??o. A ? ? ??y, ?e ??? ?i ?? ???i, ??????e
??????e ???a ? ?????? e ? ?????. Y? ???ny ?e ?a??, ?e e ????? ??????e.
E???a?? ??? ??? – y? ???-?????a ?i ? ?one. A?? ? ???a ?y??? ?? ???iy????
??????e, ? a ? ? ??y ????u ?? ??/?ue y??e ? ????a ? ?e ????o ??a.
Iiy??-? ??????a ? ????? ?a ???? ?????i e ?? ???i a OV ?? ??????i. A ? ?
??y ??????y ????i ?????a ???a e ?????eth ????? ???a ? ?????? ???o ?y?e e
?y?. O?? ???i, ????? ???a ?y?y, ???a ???a ??y?, ????ue ????th ?????e
????e, a ? ?????i i???? ???? ?????i.

O? ???o ?? e a ?? ??y. Ae?a ???a e ??????? N????? O?? ?y?? ??????? ???,
?? a ??e-? ?? ? ?????th?? ? ??a???i. *? ???ny ????? ??????e, ? eth?a
???o??a ?????i ? ??o ?? ????th ?????, ????o ?i a ?e ?e ?? ?? ?y?? ??e
??o ???.

A y?e ?y? ????i ??, ????e a ????e th????? ????? ? ??? ?????? ?????
????e. I?e ??? ????, ?i ANN?, ?? ?e y?yth?y ??????e, ??? ???? e ??????i,
?e ?????? ????i ??ae???, ??? ? ???e, ?i ?????y ?????y ????? ????e ????i
??, ?i ?yae ? ? ?? ??i ???? ??????. ss?au ?iy?a ????e ??th?? ?????o.

Eth???i, ?i a y?i ???a ??o?? ??? ????? n ????? ????e ???e, ???a ????,
?i ???? n?????? “??????” e “???????” ?????.

Ae???y, ?i ??a ????a /???i ?????. I??i, ?e ?a ?????, ?? ?????? ??o ??
???. I??? ? ??aey ? 100 ????a e ? ?o?ay? ? 0, ?a ??o ?iy? ? ??o ????o
??iyo. Iiy??, ?e ?a ?????, ?????o, ??????ue ? ??o ???????y a ?????? n ?
??????? e ?? ?????i ?????? ?e ??i ??eth??.

N??? ???? e ??oth ??oth i???o, ??a ????oth a ??a ???a ??u, – ??? i
????e e ?????e n?????a. Iiy? ?, ?? ???? ? ??i ?????? ??????y, ? ???n???
?e ??i ???? ??cy. I??i ia ???? y? ? ??? ???ny, ? ?? e ?????y a ???o.

A ?? ?e ???? ?????y ??????, ?i ??? ??a ????i ??????i ?????i? ??a ??o
???ae??i ????o ????? ????e e Oe??ii. Ae?i ???? n ??, ?i a ??oth ???ue
????e ????ny ? ??a “?????” a ??i ???? ????e. A ??i, ???y? ????? ?????
?????i “???ue ????oa? ???i, ???i ???a ?????”, ???a ????? ?????ue ???ue
?????th ??o ????e ? ??iy ???o ?th??, ?i ??i ???? ?a ??ae ? ?????i Nith?
NN? ???? e ???e. E? ??i, ? ??????i y?? ????? ?aeao ???e a ???? e ? ????e
??i ??e ? ??? ???iy????e.

A??y i ??????, ??i ????ytho ???????a ??a – “???”, “???” e o.i. N ??e
??ey ??? ?????o a???, ???? y?y?ny ??????e. N???ny, ?i ?????o ??? ? ??e
???a ? ??o ?? ????i. E y? a??, ?i ? y? ? ??????ue, ???y y?y?ny ????.

I??i a ????? e ?? a ???????? ? ??iy?i ?????ny n ??????? ? ?????e
??????.

*o?u ??e ? ????y, ??o?? ??? ???yo ???ey ??o ????o?? e ?????? ?????a. N
? ??e ??ey, ?????o ????? ??cy, a ?????th – ??i. Ii ?? ?????o a ?i e
???o, ?i ?????i ??o a ??e ????oe? ?????? ?oa ??. A?e ? y?e ?????e ?i-?
??th??ny, ? y?, ???i, ???? ??i??? ??????, ?? ??a a ???? ????i.

I????y ???ue ??ae, ?i ????o? – ?iy?a ??? ????. O? ? ??a ????i ????o
???? ??o a??o ??? ?ae ???? ??? ?????? ?e ?i ?????ey.

A y?e ?y? ??? ??? e i ?????? a ???????e ?? E???o?e. I? ?e ?c ????
?????th ????ey ?????? ??o Nith?i e ?i ???e. Yoi ?? ?????e ?????, ????o
????a ????e ??? ?e n???e Nith? n ??e o ?a ????? ?????o ??o ????e, ?oy
???e, e? ?a ?????, ? ?a ?????? a ???yo ??????i ?????a. I???i, a ????
ei????a e ?? ???? ?, ?? ? ?????? e ? ??i ??????, – ????? ?????? ??o
Nith?i e ?i ???e.

A y?e ?y? ???o ????ny e ???e ???a. E? ???, O????y N???ay ?????a ?a a
???a 1917 ?? i??c???a ?ay ?????e, o.a. ???i?e. I??i ?a ?o ? ????? ??
?????o ????? ?ay ??ueth ?????e O????. E? ?a ?????, n ??e ??ey ??? ???
??y ?????y ?i???????a: ??ue eth?? ?????a ? ??o a?ue ?????e, ?????. A ??
?????e ??u ??e ??y?e, ? ????, ???????y ? ??ue ???athu? a I????a e C????a
????a ?????. A y?i ???? ????a ????ee e ???e e ?????th NNN?.

E ?o ??ue ??i ?u???o ????e ?? i ???? ???a ????e, ???a ???tho a 1922 ??
Nithc NN? e ????a ??????? ??o ??.

A y?e ?y? ????ey? ???e ???n eth???ay ??? I.I. E???a “I??i??a e ?????a
NNN? ?e ???? ?ae?i???? ??a” *(134). Y?, ? ????, ???ay ??????y, a ??i-?,
????o ???.

A?? ?????, ?i ??u ???? Nith? N???? N???????o ????? ? 30 ???y 1922 a. ??
??????, ?????e ??????e. E y?? ????ny ??e ?yae ?????? ??????a, ??a ? ???
?????: ????? i ??????e ????o ????e a ???, a ???? ??o, a ?????o.

I i?????? ????o ????e ???o y?? e ???? ????e ??o ??, n ??e ??ey I.I.
E???a – ??????-????. A? y? ??? ????. E ? ???? ?a a ??a 40-o ??a ????i ??
??? ??e ??yae ??e ????a ????e ?????a e i??, ? ???o ??i ????y ???, ??? ??
a ??????a ??e ????e.

I??i ????y ??a ??ey ???? ???i ? ?????, ???i e ??????e. *? y? ?
??????ue, ??a ?n???? ?? ?ay ????, ?e ?a ?????, ??ueth ???i. *? y? ?
i??????, ??a ?i ?????a ?? y?yth?y ??ueth ??e ???i ?????a, ??a y? ???
?????i ???? ?i ? ?? ??, ??a ?? ???i ?????a ???otho ? ????? y?? ????? A
?? ??? ?e ?? e ? ??y ?????e ??u e a ??? ?? ??a ?a. Ia ???? ?????i ???a,
a ?i ??a e y, ???? i???ey ??o “??????” ????? ????e?e a ????e ???
??????e. Y?? ???y ??i ????e??, a ?i ??a e ????ey a ?????o e ?????o ??o.
I??a, ??? y ???e ?ith ??o ??ey, ???ny, ?i ????y ??o ?????? ? ?????y NNN?
?? ?? ? ??????e, a ??e, ??a ???e. N????i ???y, ?o ???aa?? ?????y ?????a
n a????? ?????y?, ??? ?? “??y???i”. Ia ??? y?? ??????ue ?NON?, a ???th
???e ?? ? ??? ????ua ?????ey – ????? ?????, ????? ???e, ????? ???? ???u.
Ii ?????? ?????ny e ??ie y?ae, ?a ?ae ?????? ???e ?????ue ??? ?????a,
?eth?th?a a ?ay “?????a” ????a ?????. E??i ??ea ??e ?????e e ????, ?e ?a
?????, A.E. E??. O??-? e ???? ?noiy?y ????y – Nithc N???? N???????o
?????.

A ?? ??y ???? ?????? ??i ??o e ??? ???, e a ??o???? ?????, ??? ??th?y
?a ?y? ???????a ????e: ???? ??e ?????o ???e e ?? ? ?ai ????ny, ?y ????o
?? ???i ????? ?????a, ???? ??? – ?????o ????ey? ??e ????oth ????, ?
???th ??i ???ny eth?? ?????, ? ??y ?????e ??e.

N??????, ??a ? ???i i n??? ??o?? ????e, ?????? N???? Nithc, ??i ?a ??y
???ue, /? ?????? ????th ??e ? ???????i ? th????? ?????. Ia ?? ?????e ?
?? ? ??? ??????, ? ?? e ??????e, ???e ??e ?ae???, a ?oi?? ??? ??i ?
????? ???u.

Y?o ?? ????i ? ??y? ? ??????i ???ey, ? ?????? ????e.

N???a Nith? NN?, ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ???, ??, ???i, n ??e ??ey
??i th????? y???i ??????i. Ii a ?e ? ?? ??ue ? ??????? ?? e ????? ????e
?? ???e, ? e ????. A???, ??ue ??i ????ny ? n??th ???th ????o: “I??? ?iy
?? ???i, ??? a ?? ? ??ue”. Ae???y ?y??, /oi ?????? a E????? 1924 a. ???a
“????? ?????”, ??? ? ???ey? e ? ??ey? e ???o ? ? ??????. E???y ?? y??
“??????” ???ey?ny ?????? ?????e Nith? e ?i ???.

A ????e ????? ?????ea ?a ?? ??? ?????? – n ???a? ???e. I???? ??? ???e,
?i ???o ????ue ?????o ?????a a c????? ? ?i ??, o.a. ???????? ? ?????i,
????? ? ????????ai. Ae???y, ?i ?? ??ae??? ??? ??a ??????i ???ath?y, ?
?????o ??? ???ny ??????i, ??i ? ? ? ?e. I?????? ????????i, ?????i,
?????i ?????a ?? ??? ??????ue, e ???ey ??o ?????ue ?e ??o ??? ?????, ?e
e ??? y?o ??a, e ???? ??o ?? e ???e ?? ??o ? ???? ? ???i ?????i ??.
Iiy?? ?yae ? ??i ????, ?i ?????o a ??i ?? ?????a ??a, ?i a ???, ?e ??.

I??aey ??, ???, ?i ?iy?a ???????? ?????? ??o ?e ? ?a ???? – ?????th,
????oth e th????oth, ?????oth. A ??? ??? y? ??y ????ey – ? ???y, ?
??????ay, ? ?????ay e o.ae. Ai ??? – y? ?????? ?? e ?y????e, ???y ??o ??
????, ?????, ???? e o.i.

TH????? ??? ?????? ????o, a ?ith ???ue, ???? ?i ?????, ??????i ??????y.
A ?nth? ???? ??? i ????e ?????? ??e-?? ??e ?????? ?a????e, ???aeoth?e ?
?, ??u ????y ??????. A?ue ?? y? ?????y ? ???? ???-?? ???e ??????e, ? ??o
?? ?? ? ?????? ??????? n ?e – ??th??y ????a, ?y?? ?? ???? e o.i.

I?????th ?????th ?????? ????e ?a ??????y y?????e ??? I.I. A???a,
???????i ?????ny e ?????e ? ???a, ????ny ?????, ?? ????i ?????i ??????
?u?????a a ?i ??y ????a ??y?e. Ii, a ????e, ???? ????? ???th ?????th
??????, ?????oth a E????? NNN? 1924 a., ??aey ? ????i ????i ??????y, ?i
?????o e ??????ue – ??? ??. I?th? ???y e ??ae, ?i ?????o ???i e ?
??a????, a ?o ??????ue – ??o ?? ??????a ???i ??? *(135). I???i ????, ?i
y? e???ey ?????? ??? I???? ??? NNN?, ?y? ???y?? ? ?????e ?????? ?th??
????e.

I???, ???o ???? ?a ?? ??? ???? ??????. A ??a ??y? ???? ? ??? i
???????i, ? e i ?????? ??????. I? ????i ????ny ??i ??e ? ????????, o.a.
??i ?e ?e ?? ??e ??? ?ith ???????-???oth ??? ? ?????? ???th. N??????, ??
??o ?? i ???? ??? ?????a, i ?i ?ey?e n ???, ? ????e ??u ???????? ???? e
o.i. I???i, ?i ?a y? ???? ????? ?y?? n ???? i ???????i ??????.

A ????e ????? ??? ?? i ???a ??????i ??????. I??a ???????u (A.E. E???i e
?.) ????, ?i ?????? ?????o – ?????? ???? ??e, ?i ? ????y e ???o ??? n
?th. Y?i ???i ???? A.N. O??a *(136) e, ???y, ?????i. Ii n????? ???e, ?i
????a ? ?oe?e ????i ?????? ???o, ? ????, ? ?????i-???? ????e, a ?a
?????? ?????? ???.

Ae?????? a ???e ???e ???a??i ??i ??e, ? ? ?? ? ?o ? ???? ??????i, o.a.
??? e ?????ueth ???? ?ith ???????-?a??th ???. Y? ????? ?? e e ???? ???.
Ae??????, ?i ????e ???o, ?oyo ? ?e ???iy?ny n ??e? ????, ???a ?i ?e ??
??i ?eth??? a ??? ?????e ???e. A?ue ?????? ii???? ???e ????? ???? ???i e
??, ?i ???a ??e ?????? ??????, ???eyy ??a ???? ????y ???.

N ??? ???u, ??i ???? ?? eth???oth ??? ?????ey ?????i ????????? ?????a:
?????? ????? a ?? ????o ???a, o.a. ??c ? ??? ??????i ?????? a ??? ???
?????e ???e. E i?? y?o ?e ??????i e ?????.

Ii-???o ????ue N???? ?????i. C?? ???????e ?????o ?? ????ue n ??????. E
??????? ??? ???? ??i ??? ?ith ??? ?e, ?e ?e ?oyo. A ??a ??? y? e ???i e
???eth Nith? NN?, E????ey ???? ????a ??i ???a e ? ????? ? ?????o, ????
??? ?a????e ??????ey ??o Nith?i e ?i ???e.

2. N???u ????? ?? e ?y????e a I???i ???

E????ey ?y? ? ???o i ?a????a Nith?. I??i ?i ???a ???? ? ??i ????ey ???.
N???? Nithc ????ey? ????a ???e ?????i ?????a: ???a ???ey, ???o ??iu,
?????i ????? ???e ???????e ????e (????o, ?y? e o.i.).

A ?o ?????o ????e ?y??e ??????ny. Y? ??, ???i, ?? ?i ??????, ???a ????
a ???????o ???eyo, ??? a ??? ???o ??? ?th?? ????e, ????o ???o e o.ae.
O????a ?? ?????y ?????y ?????? Nith? e ????e. C?? ???o ??a ? ? ?????
????? i?a ??? Nith?. N??y 3 ????, ?i “N????? ?th?? ????e ???/? ?? a
????, ????o a ??iy?e E?????, e ?? ? ????i, ???i?i e ?????e Nith?. A? y?o
???? ??ay ?th?ay ????? ????ey? ?ith ????n???th ??? ???iy??ii. Nithc
N???? N???????o ????? ??iy? ????? ??a ?th?? ????e”. O?? ???i, ?????y
??y?o ?e, ?i Nith? ?e ? ??ey?ny ??e ??, a ???? ??i ?????? ???y?ny ?
?????ie. A ????????, ???i, ????ny ? ??? ?e. O.a., ????ny, ?? ?????e
Nith? ???i ????ath?, a ??a ????e ?e ? ?????u, ? ?a ?? a ?i, ?i ?????y
Nith? ?eth?? a ?ay ????a ????ey e e ?? ? ? ?th/?? ???? (?. 1). Oi ?? ?
??i, ?i ??????? I???e ??i ??? ???? ??ae ??????e, ? ? ?? ???o ??? ?????i,
???a ?????o a ?? ?? ????a ??? ????ey e e ?? ? a ?????i ?????.

*?? ???? ??????, E???o?y ?eth?? a ?ay ?? ?????th ??o ??oth “I ????? ???
?th?? ????e e i ?th?? ?????a”. N ??e ??ey th????? ?a ????? ? ??a, ????o
? ????? ???? ? ????? ??? E?n???e. C?? i??????y ??i ????? ??? ? Nithca,
???iy??? ????? ??? Nith? ?c ? ???ey, ??? ?th?? ?????i. A??a n ?i a ??a
???? e ??o?? ?y???? ??? Nith?: ????, ??o???? ???ey ???i? a ?i???? ????e
a ?????? ? ?. 5.

E????ey ??????? ?? ???a Nith? e ????e, ????? ?????a i?? ??, ??y?e
?????ey, ????i ????y?? ???e Nith?; ?? ?????y ?n?o ???a ??? e ????ey
??o??, a ???e ?? ?????y ?????e ???a Nith?, ??a ?????? ???????e ??? ?,
?????oth?e ????o. Aea? ??y?e ?????ey ???????? ???a Nith? ??i ?y?i n ???e
????e, ????o ???? ??ae? N??? Nith?, OeEE Nith? a ???e ?? ??n? ? ?th??
????e, ?? ???????o? ?????y ??? a ?????o.

N????? ?????e, ?? Nith? e ?i ??? ?????otho ??? ?????? ???? y?? ?????a.
I?? ?????? i ?????? ? ??e ??ue ??? ?????y a ??ue. A ? ? ??y ??i ????, ?i
??a ????e ?? ????? ?y ??, ??u ?e ??e ??ue ?????th ???iy????ue a ?????a
??? ?????e ???. Ie i ??i ?????, e? y? ??o ???? ?????? ????? ?????a, ???
? ????ny. A y?e ?y? ??i ?i??ue ??????ue ????ey Nith?, ???th ???tho e
???? ?????? ???, ?????ny e ????eth Nith?. E ?i ??i ???e ?oy ? A.
Aa????a, ?????? ????? N???? Nithc a ?????eth *(137). E??i ? y?? ?? ??e
??????i, a 1988 ??, y???? ?????u, ?????ny ?????ue ?y? ??e ????? n Nith?i
a ???????a, a a??a ?????a e y? ??o e ???? ? ?? ???i ????y ? Nith? NN?.

E????ey ???o ? ??, ?i ?a ???? ?????? ????e, ?th?? ????? – ?????u, ?a
?????e ? ???? ? ?????, ????? ????y e ?. A? ?e ??aey?y a ??? ?y? n
Nith?i. I??? ?????y ??? ????e ???? N???? Nithc. A ????? ????yo ? ? ???
??o ??i. O?, ????, ?y ????e A?o-E??, ??????? a 50-o ?. OO a., ?? ?????
??????a ? ???, nay??? n ???????ueth ? ????? *(138).

N????e N????i Nith? ? ???i ? i??y????, ?i ?i ??u ?? ?????? ? ????? e
????? ????y, a ??a ?, ?i ??o ?? ?ath?y e ??? ???ey.

Ec 4-o ?th?? ????e ?a y?y?nue ????? ??????e, a ?a – ????. I? ?i ? y?o
???o, ???a e????? ??????e – ?NON? e CNON? – ??? ?? y?y?? ??iy?e ?????,
C?????y, e ?????? ?????. *? aea ???ny ???e, ? ?a, ?e ?a ?????, ?? n ???
??? ?????? n ?????e ?????y?. A ?ae ???aea?y E????? Nith? ???e ? ??a e
O???, ????o a ? ??a? ?? ?????? I????y ANN?, ??a ?a ??? a ???? ?????y
Ae???. O?ay ??????ue ??u ???????? ???? ?? ??? Nith? ??a ? ??ey? ? ?
??i???. Ia ??ey? e ???y ?????ey ??? ? ?o.

E? ?a ?????, ??e ???e ii ????? e ????th ?? ?????y ?????a, ?a ? y??? e
??? a ???e N???? ??????.

N????? N???? ?????e ?????e ???y ??? n ?th 26 ?oy?y 1917 a. a ?????
????y ??? A????i ??????a. A ????e “????, ???? e ???y?i!” II A?????? ??ae
N??? ???o e ????? ????a ??????: “I??y? ? ?eth ????? ?????a ?a??, ??? e
???yi, ??ay? ? ??????y a I????a ?????? ????a ???o e ????a, ??ae ??o ???
a ?? ??” *(139). A y?e ???e, ? a?? ??a ?????y ?y ???a e ????, e ?????i
?????oa N???? ???e. Ae?? a ????a ??????y ????? ?????o N????i ?????a: “?y
??? ? ??? ????o e N??? ???o, ????? e ???y??o ???oia…” *? ? ???ny ?a??i
??????, ? ? ? ??? I??a?y ?????iy?y ? ????eth ?? ??? a ?o ????, ???a
????? ?ae ??????i ?????i A????i ??????a. Oi ?? N???ay ???y ?????ue
?a?????ae ???e ???eth???e a ??? ???. A?????e y? ??o ??a??? ? ??? ??o
N???? ???.

A ? ? ??y I????, ?????ay ??i ???a ? ???????a, ???i ?????ue ?y ????y
???????o ??e ?????? ??ae???. I??th ??oy y? ??i ??o ????? ?????i a
Ae????e ?? ???a ???e, ??y?e N??? I???o E????a, ???y ?????o “??i ???a
???e ? ????a ??i????? ??? ? ????y e ?????y ???iy???? a?????” *(140).

A ??o ??a ??? N???? ?a????? ???? ?? ?????i ?????ai ?? ??c ? ???, n
?????? i ???? N????i ??????a e ???i ? ??????ue ?i ????y *(141).

I???y ? ?ath ???????, N??n?a ?????i n ??? ?? ??? ??????y ??????, ?i
i???a ???o ?????? ? ?y??? ?i, ?i ?i ??o ??e ?? ?? ? ??o ??a?eyo, a ?i
??a ????y? ? ?????? ????e ??????? ????a ? ???e ????e, ???a ?? ??th?? ?
??eth?e e ??? ? ??e ?? oa??u ??e ???th. A ??? ???, ? ????, ?? ?a ? ?
?????? ???e ? ???o ?y????a, a, ????, i ?????e ath ????? i?a ??a-??? e
?a-??? ?iy?o o ??o-?? ?????. Y? ?ay ?? ????a a Ae??? i ??a, ? ? ? ??i,
????, a ????o ??o ? ???i ????. O?, a ?y??? I???? ?????? ?????o ?e 16
?y?y 1917 a. ?????, ?i N???ay ??? ? ???o ?ay “?y??? ?????e ?y?????? ??uo
??????” ? ?a?o ??u e ?? e ?i ?a “???????y ??ei ????? ????? e ????? ????
???? ???” *(142).

O?? ???i, N???? ?????i n ??? i??a ??i ??????? n?a ????a ?e e ?????, ?
???th ?????iy?y ?i ?????o, ?e e e ??? ????? ??.

A ??e ??e ?????, ???y n Ae??? i ??, e ???? ??ny??y e ??th??th ?? n
A???? e ? ?th???e, N???? ??????i ????i ???y? ?? e ? ? ?ath: ?i ???o ?
?????, ?i ?? ??o ?? ??th?i ??? ? ??? ??? ? ????, ? ?? ???a ?e ????y ??e
????e ??o ??? ?c y?i ??ae??e ?? ?????othueo ???a e ????th ? ?? ?e ??i
?????a. C?? ??i ???ue ?iy?th ??ue: n ??e ???u, N???? ?????i ??? ??
?????? ???o eth?? ???, ???e ? ??o ?? a ???a ???e, n ??? – ?i ?? ???i, ?i
y? ??i? ? ??oyo ??ey?ny ? ??eth???? N????i ?????a. ?????? ?????a ????
??ny a ????i “E???? ????u ?????a i ??”, ?a ??????u ?? ?????? ??e e ??y?e
????ey ???????? ??????e /?? ??? *(143).

E???? ?a ?? ??ue, ????ay a ????o ?????: N???? ?????i ? ??? ??-?? i
????e ?i, ii ?i ????? ????o ??? ??a???? ?????o ??? a ?? ????? ?? *(144).

A ???a 1917 a. ????ny ????a ????? ?????e N???? ?????e, o.a. ?iyth?y
???????a ???u ? ????? ??. I??a, ????y y? ?? ?-???o. I??e ????? ? ????e
N???ay ? O???, ???????y ?ith ??n???th ??????ue ? ???e. E? ?a a????ue,
O??? ??? ?ay e ?????e, e a ? ? ??y ??ueth ?i???? ?????e. Eth???i, ?i
?????? ???? ???th ? ?a ??, a ???a O???. Y? ??i ? I???? Oe?????i ???????i
???? N??? O??? “Ei ?? ???i, ???y?i e ???? Oe??u”. A ?i ? aei???a ? ??i e
????a O???e ?ay ??ueth ???e. O? ????y ? O????e ?????a e “????e ???e”
*(145). O?? ???i, O??? ?e ? ???o ?-i? ??e??? ?????? e a ? ? ??y i???y a
?i ??a.

A ????? OeEE O???, ????e N????? ???e ? ??oth?e ??, 13 ???y, ????ny ?
???? y?? ??? n??? N??? O???, e ??ue ?? ?? i ?? ?????o ?e i ????a?o e
?????o *(146).

A ? ? ??y N???ay ???y ???? ?ay ?a ?e ????? ?????i e a ???eyo n ?????e
????. 16 ???y I??i? ?????o ? ??o??? ??i ???? ????? ???? ??, a ???e
?????e ??? ????y ????? ???e ? ????eth A????e e ????a ? ????th e ?????
????i. I? y?i ?? ?? ????a a ??? ??? ??o *(147).

Ii a ?i ? ?ny? ???y ??e?ue ???? ??e ??e ????? a ?eo ????y ??????e
O?ey??. 18 ???y 1917 ??, ???y? ? ???o ??y??? ???u, N???? ????? ??e ?
AOeEE n ?????? ???? ??????ue O?ey?n?e ?????e *(148). 22 ???y AOeEE ??ye
?????oth?a ??????a, ???a a y??y 1918 a?a ?? ???? III A?????? ???i N?a?a.
O?ey?ey ?? ?-?ae ?????? ???e.

I????yy ?? ???a ????? ??a, N???ay ???y 19 ???y 1917 a. ???? I??e, ?i ?a
???o ?? ??? ? y?e ???, ???? ?? a ?? ???e ??u *(149). Ii y?? ??? ??iye?ue
????a, ???y ????????a i ?i, ?i ????ay ???a ???? N???? ????ue??, ? ???e
??, de fanto.

N???? ?????i ??? ??????ue? ????ey? e ?? ???a y?????? ??a. 29 ???y 1917
a. NIE ??e ?????i? i ????eyo ? ?? e ??c ??? ? ??? *(150).

I???ue ????y N???? ???e e a ?? ?iyi e A??? a ?y? n ???? ???a i “O???e
A???”. N???ay ??? ???, n ??e ???u, ?c?? ???y ?y ????i ???????y y?e
?????, ?y ?? ?uy?? i ??? ????? ??e ? ?a, a n ??? – ????? i ?i, ??u ?iy?,
?????? ? ??? ??yi, ??e ????y ? ??e ?????? ??? e ? ???? ? ????a ???? ???e
*(151).

A ??i 1918 a. ???th?y ?ny????? ? ?????o ???e ? ???u ???e, ??th??y
???????y ???i ????. E? ?c ?ae ??e ?ae ss??y ???? ?? ???e, a ?i ??a ??
?a??, ? A????? ?ae ?????? a ??o ??ayo ????i ??? ??o ???i. Oe????? ???
N???? ??? ?? ia ???, ????, ??????? ? y? ???ey. ?????? ???o ??? ?o ????
?y?y? A??ai????o ??? *(152). Eth???i, ?i ?????e ???o ?y?? ?????? e
A???ay Ae?a *(153).

1 y??y 1918 a. ???????e ??? ? ??a n ?i ?????e – ??? NOA O???? y??y e
?????eth NIE A.E. E?e? n ?????i ????? ????? ??a, ??????i a I????a, a
???? ?????? ? ????? ????o ??e ? ????th e ???i ???? ??yi. N??e a ???????e
???? ????e, ? ??ue ??i ???: ???? ???? ????, ???e ??? ???th, ??e ???? n
??? ??????a ??eth???e ???e. O?? ???i, ? ??i, ?i n ??? ?ny?a ??????y
N???? ???e ?a ????ey? e ?? ???a, e ?? ????? ???e a ???? ??ia ?????i
?????a. A ????? y? ???e ??o ???y?ny e ?????y, ?? N???ay ???y ? ???o a??a
n ???e ?????? a ??? Nith? NN?.

E? ? ???, ??ae ? ?????i?i N???? ??? a ???e e ????i ?????e N???? ?????e
???? O????y ?????a, ?y??ay ??????i ??i???? ??e n ????. O????i? N???? ???
? O??? ????i a ??? ? ?a ???. E? e ? ?? ???, ??ue ??i ?? ????ue ???
A????i ??????a. Ii ?????i ?e?? ??y??? ????ey? ??e ?????? a Oe????? ??a,
????e ??a O??e??e ??eth?e ?????e ?????e e ???????? ??ey?.

I?????? Oe????ay ??a ????? ?? ????e ?y O???, ??? ?? y? ?ay ????a ?????a
??????a A????i ??????a. I?? I?y?y ????? ?????? ??? ?? ?a ia ????a O??? ?
???e.

E?th ???th ?iy? N??u O???, ?????a, ???? a ????o ?????? ? ???o, ? ??????
??????. Iie ????e oy? ?????i ??? e ?c??th ??e ????????e, ?aey a ? ? ??y
? ??????a ?? a o??e ?y? n N???? ????.

11 ???y 1917 a. a O???a ???ny I An?????e ??ae N???, ???e ?????? ????
O????e N???? ?????e, ??ae ? Oe????? ??????? ???o, ??u ?i a ???yth?i
?????a ?ee ??????. OeEE, a ?ith ???ue, ????e ??????i N???? O??? – I???e
N?????. I???e ?????i ????ey ??e 13 ?????a. N?? I???o E????a ?i???? N????
?????e 16 ae???y 1917 a. ????? ???e y? ??????i O???.

A??ay ??? ??eth?e e ???? O????? ????? ?????a ???????ue ???i
????i-y??????i ???ey O??iu, ???e ?e ? ??, ?i a Oe????? ???e *(154). I??
? ????o ???? ?? e ???a ???i ???oth?o i???? ????a a ????? ?????? ???o –
A??????a, E???a, O???a, E??, I??a e ??? ???o.

I??i ? O??? ??????y ?a ????? ???e ??n ????e, ????e e ????, ???e ??i
???? ??? ????th ?ay. Y? ????th ?? ????i ???? ?a A???? ??????i a ?????
?????a n Oe????? ???, ?????o ??i 1917 ?? *(155). I?y???th ??eth?th
Oe????ay ??a ????a ????i. 7 ?y?y 1917 a. ?a ??y? ?e ????? III O?a??e,
???e ?????? ???? O????e I???e ?????e a ???a ?????e O????. I???i, a y?e
???a ??a?? ? ??????? ??, ???a ???e ? ???e ???? I?y?y. E ????y ???ue a ??
? ????y, a ????ay. A ne? y?? ??o ??e ? ????? ??????? N???? O????e
?????e, e 9 y??y 1918 a. ?a ??y? ?? ????e IV O????, a ???i ?????: “I??a
O????y I???y ?????a ????ny ???iy???i, ? ? ?? ? ????i, ????i, ?????
A?????i O????? I??a” *(156). Y? “????a ?????i” 27 y??y ????i ??? ???? n
???i-?????i ???. A 18 ???y ???? e ???-????? ??? ??ee ????th O???.
A?????, ?i a yo? ???yo e N???ay ??? ? O??? ? ??a ????ny, e ? “?????ay”
?y?, ???y ?? ?y??a a ???a 1917 a., ?????.

I?? ???y N???? ??oe ? O??? ??? 1918 a. ? ??? ??? y??????ue ? ????eth
???e. I?th? ?e ????? ???e ?????i ??? ??? ???? ????? e ????????? ????e. A
??? 1918 a. OeEE O??? i???? I?????? ath?, ???a ??i 1918 a. ?? ????
Oe????? ???-??eth???i ????i (OeA?E), ?????? ??? ? ??????? N???? ??? ?
Oe??a. Ia ??? ?????ue ???u, ???a ??i ????? ??????e ???? ???.

A ?y?a ?a ?y O?a?a ?? ???? ?????. A ??a ?y?y a E??a ?????y ? ??? AOOeEE
A???? ???-???y??a ??????i O???, ???? OeA?E ???? ???. Y? ??????i, a y??a
1919 a. ???????a a N?? I???o E????a ONN?, ?ca??ei ??? ? ??????? N????
??? ? O???.

N???y ???? ??e ? ??? ? ???e, ? e n ??? ?????? – ??th???e Ae????? e
??????e ? ??i-??????, ????e, ?????, ????? ??????.

O? a ??? 1919 a. a ?????a ???a O??? ???ue ?????? ??iy?? ????a ???, ???a
?e ???u e ???u. Y? ????i a ??a 1919 a. ???ue III A?????? ??ae N???,
??y?ee ??oth a ???e O??? E????eth ?a????. I???i ?y ?a ??a E????ey ?NON?.
A? ??i ??a ?? ?n??????i ??????a N???? ???e.

O?? ???i, ?????o N???? Oe??u ?e ??????. A??????ue e ?ycue n ????, ??? ?
????yo, ???uo ?i, ???a ?? ??????u a ???a 1917 a. Ii ??? ?e ?????ue e
?????. A???i ?????a ???? ?????a, ?????o ?e, ????. A??a ??? ??? O??? ????
?????? ?a???? ????? ???a, a ?????? i?a e ??oa? ?????i ??a ? ??e ?????.
Oi ?? ?????o O????e NN? ?e a ?????e ?? ????i, ?oy th????e y? ?? ???a?
??? ??????.

I???oth y??? ??? ?e ??? a ????y ????e ???? ??o ??, ?????e 28 ???y 1920
a., ??? ? ?? ?? ??????e ????. Ae??? ?e??? “??????ue e ?????? ??? ec
?????th??y ???”. Ae??, ???, ??i?? ? ???i ?????? ??????: “?i???ay
N???????y O?????y N???ay ?????a e O????y N???n???ay N???ay ?????a ???tho
??o ??e a ???e e ?cy????e ?thc”. A??? ?thc – ?? ?iy??, a ?o ?cy????e
?thc ?e ??i ? ? ?????? ? a ???, ? a ???? ??????o ??oa?e. Ii, ? ?y?i ???,
??uey ? y?i ??? ?e, ?e ??i ?a ????? ?????u a Nith?. A ?o ??? ???th?y
???u. Ae??? ???e ? ?????e ????o ????, ? ??ue ??????. A?e ? ?? a ?? ????
?th??i ?????a ? ?? ????e, ? ??i ?? ? ???ue ??th-? ????? ?ae y?? ?????e.
I??i ???? ?e ??? ? ??? ??e. A ?i ?????: “I?????a ???? ?????? ??o ????e
??yo a ??? N????a ?NON? e ?atho a N??a I?iae?o E????a ONN? ??o ???????,
?????? e ??????? O????? OeEE e ???i N???” *(157). E? ??i, ??ue ?a ????y
? ????a, a ???n?a e ????ey, ??????, ?oy ???? ??????. Y? ??????ny e ?. VI
????: “?????? e ???? ?u????o ??????a ????eyth?y ??c A?????? ??? N???
????a ???o, ???yi e ???????, a ??a Ana????? Oe????? E??????e E??ao, a
???a ONN? ???? ??o ????e??e ? ????e ??????y A??????i ??? N???. Iiy?? ??a
a ??? 1922 a. ????? ?????? ??e ????ny ? ????? ?????e ?NON? na?o ??, n
??e ??ey th????? y? ?? ??eth?i ??????: ?? ? ??????? ? ?????e.

Ii ?y ?n ??i ???, ?i ?i?ey ????ey? ?????? ????? ??a ? ????th e O???, a
???iyy n??????i ??????? a ??o-? ???, ?????????. O? ?i e ?? ? ????, ? ??
?? ??? ???? ???i ? ??? a ??????, ? ?e ??i ? ?? a ???????i ??a, ? a ??a
?i O??? ????a a ???? ??????i ????? ???u. Noa?i, ??????i, ?e ??, ??a
????e ? n O???e e A????. I?? ?????y e n ?????i ??????? O. E??i, ???e
???o, ?i “????a ??????a ???? ???? ??eth???o ????a ?????i e ???? ???a”,
aea????i ????i 1920 a. “???y? ?? ??a ?y ??????e” *(158).

N ??? ?????e ???e O??? e ??? e ????eth Ae???a ? ??c??? NNN?.

I???? ?-???o ????ny ?????o A????e. A????ay N???ay N??????eay ?????a
???? ??a O????e, ?? ? ??y ?????e ??u, ?n? ???ey n ? ????? ???? ?????. 1
y??y 1919 a. ? ??????i ?????? I???o, a ???i ???????ue ?????a A?????
N???? ?????e ?e ?????i ?????a.

Ia I ??? N??? A????e ??e ??? ?iye ??? i ???? ?????, ???e ?y ANN?
*(159). ss.I. N???a ???e ??????a AOeEE i ????e ??????e A????? N???????e
N???? ???a??. O? ? y?i ???, ?e ? ???? ??a, ?e ????i e ?? ?????? ??? – i
?ey?e n E???? NN?, ????e a ???a 1918 a. 17 ???y ? y?i ??? e ? I ??? N???
Ee?u. A A??i ??iy?? ??? ?????? ????a Oe?o???o ??????? ????a ANN? e E??.
Ia ?i ?e ??? ?????? OeEE E??? ?ae ????????i E.A. Oe????i.

E???????a ???????a ???i, a??e ????a ????e ??????, a ?n? ?????ey ? ?o
???? ????, ?i E?? ??? ? ???o ?? – ?a ??o ????? ??????, ?i, a ?ith ???ue,
???i a 1920 a. e ??????eth ???iy???e A????? N???? ?????e. I????a ???a ?
y?i, ???i ??, ?e y? ?? ???i a ???a 1918 a., ??ye ? ???????e, a ??????
??i – ????a ??????? E???????e ??? E?? e A????e, ????o e ???????? ?????e
Ie?? e I??? ????, ??? ??? ?a??????? ??, ?e ??i, ??a ???i *(160).

Ae???o, ???e ????ny 1 ???a 1920 a., ???e ????a ???u ?????y ?????, ???y
?uy?y?ny ?????e. N????? ???y ??? i ???? – ?c ?????e ???????. C???e ??ae
????? ??? ?e ?? ????? ? y???o???? ????, ??? y?o ???i ?-???o ????ny I???
e E??e. I????? ?a ???? ? ??? ?????a, ???? ??? a ??a ??o ????, O???e e
I???. E? ????, A????y ?????? ?? ??a ? ????? ???i ???? ????i-????? ????e.
Ae????y N???y ?uy?y?, ?i ??? aei ??? ??? N??? ??? a A???n? ????ny ????
*(161).

I?????? A????e ?? ????? e ? II ???i N??? a ???a 1920 a. A??a n ?i
????????ue e ? ???????-???? ?y?, ???a ?u????e o A????e n ???? ?a a ???
1919 a. O?, a ????eyo e E????? ?????, ??y?o ???i, ??o ???, ?a???ue, ?i
OeEE A????e “??th?? ? ?????i a ??ue: ??????e A?????? ???a N???”, a ????
ni???? ??????a N???? ????? ??? ????????y ??????y? VII A??????i ??? N???,
a ???? NIE A????e ??? ???????ny “? ???? ?NON?” *(162) (?????i ??a ?ith.
– I.*.).

A??a ?????i ?ay ????e ??o A????? e ???? ?? ??????a a “Nith??
???-???y??i ???? ??o ?NON? e N???????e N???? ?????? A????e”, ??e??? a
y??a 1921 a. Ii ????? Ae???o ???e n O???e. O? a ??i ??? ????a ????y i
“??????e e ??????” ??o ????e. Ii a ? ? ??y Ae??? ??????o, ?i ??ath?y
?????? ????u ?? ????e, ???a “??yo a ??? N??a I???o E????a ?NON? e ?atho
a N??a I???o E????a NN?A ??o ???????, ?????? e ???e???o A????? Oe?????
E??????i E???? e ???i N???”. E ??a: “?????? e ???? ????ii? ??????a
????ey?ny ??c A?????? n??u N??? ????a ???o, ???yi e ???????, a ??a e
A?????? Oe????? E??????e E???, a ???a NN?A ???? ??o ???????, ? ????e
??????y A????n?? ???” *(163). Oi ?? ??????ny ???a, ?a ???ay ?i ? O???,
?????e ????e ????? a ???a ???e.

Nith?? ???? ?e ???? e ???????i ?????i ?????i ? o????i ????, ?????i a
eth? ?? ? ??, ???a, ? ????, ?eth?? o????th ???o A????e a ???o ???e. Ii
?? I???? ?NON? ??? ?e ??ue ??? ??iy??i ???????i a ???a NIE ANN? n ???
??th?? ???, ?????? ??o ???a e ??? ? ????? ANN? ??? ?? ???i??ny ? ????eth
n ???? e a ?????? n ? Ei?????, ?a ???? ????ey ? ????? A????e ???y?? IEO
?NON? e o.ae. *(164)

A y??a 1922 a. ?? ??th?? N????a ??o ?NON? e ANN? i ????e ANN? a O?????
???o ? ????io ??. I? ???? ??a ?????oth ?????ue ?????o ???a ? ?????i
?????i, ? ??a ??oth, ?i ? ??i??i ???? *(165).

I??ath?a ???? a ?? ?????o?? A????e n ???? ?? Ae??o I????a OeEE A????e
“I ?? ?y NN?A ???? e ???y??e ?NON?”. C???, ?i ??ue ? ??i ?? ?a ? n
Ae????, a n ??????i a?? ??e A????e. Ii ??????, ?i ?a “??????y e ???y??y
I???o ??????a ?NON?, ?????? ? ?th??o ???? ??o ?NON? e NN?A ? 16 y??y
1921 a. ??????e n ?????oth?? ??????? NN?A”, ???th?y ?y????? ?y A????e.
*? ? ???ny ??a ? ? ?????? ?????, ? ?e ???? a ???? a ???? ANN? ??? a o?
???, ?? ??????? a ??????i ??y?a ?????? ???? *(166). A?e ???, ?i ??????e
?????? ??a?? ????a – ????u ? ???i e ???i ??i, ???e ????, ????, ANIO,
??a, ??e ????y, ?? e ????? – ? ???? Ae??? ?y ???a A????e ??????? ???
????.

I???, ????a ????, e ? ??? ?y A????e, ??i ????a ????? “I ???? ?NON?
????????a ????o ????e ? I??????? y???/??e ?????e”, ?????a 22 ???y 1922
a., ???i ????a ????? ????? ?? ??a a ???e ???o ???? ????e ???e ? A?oy??e
?????e *(167).

I???a ??? ?i ?????? ??ai ???? ?????? ????e, ?e CNON?, ???y ???? ?????e
????e, ???????i ??ae ?????? Nith?. N?? i??? ???? ????? ?uy?y?? ???
????ueth ?????? ?????, ?????? ????e e ??????e ????? ?n?? ??????e.

N???ay ??? a C????a ????a ??????i ??i. I?????? a ??a 1917 ?? ?a ???
???? ?? a A????a? e ? ? ? ??. Aa ??????o ??? ?e ???a ????? y???u, ?e e
?????a ?????. A ?????a ???e ??? a ?a 1918 ?? ??ue ?? ???u ?e ?????
?????, ?????ny ?ae ?????i ?????i ???a?? e ? i????a N???? ????. I??a, a
?a 1920 ??, ?e ?a i????ue, ?? ? ?o – A????y – ?? ???? ?-??i. A 1920 –
??? 1921 ?? a A??a???, A??? e A??e ????? ????ue?? ?? ????u e ???a ????y
a?????i??ue ?????oth?o ???a. N???? ????? C????y ????? ????y n ????,
?????a ?i, ?i ?a ?????? o ?a n O???e e A?????. Ii a C????a ???ue ?a ??
????, ?????y ?y ??. Ae?i a ?i, ?i ????uei? ?????a, ????a ??ue, ?? ?????i
??? e ???, ?i ???y e O???. I?, ???, ??e ????ny n A????? ? ??? ? ????y a
NNN?. E?? ??, c?????y y???? ??? ?????? ?e ??ay, e ????? ? a ??? ????o
????? ?? ???i ?e ?y ??i ?ay, ?e e ?y ??? ????? a ?????e.

I?? ?i ????? ?????, ???????a a 1918 ??, ? ??? ?????ue ?? ? ??a, ? e
???? a ???eo ??o ??e. I??????a N??n?e ???, ??????a ?????e E???????e ???e
???i ?????a ??????e ?????y? ????e ???e ??? ?? ? ?????? e ?????o ??? ?
?n??? e ???ue ???y ?y ? ????e????i ????y. I??i ?ai??oue ?a ?????ny
?????ey ?? ? i??i. I?????? ??? ??e ? ??e y??????i ?????y ????? ?????.
O??ey iy?, ???????y e a C??e??, ??????? y??????o ???eth ????e, ? ???? e
???e??a ????. A???? ? ?o ?? ????n? e ????????? ???aey?o ??? A???,
A?????a e A??? a ???? ???o y?????? ????e, ?????ay, ??e??, ???e a ??
??????ey ????e ????? ??????. Iae? ? ??????? ??? ? ??? ?????? ??????, ???
? – ???? ???e ?ith ??? ????? n ???i ?y i??? e y???? C????y. O?, ? ?a??
???? ?????? ?ey a O???? e ???? a *???o. I?i ????iue ??i ??th?e ????th ?
???o ?? a A??e, ???y ??a ???e ?????? ??a y???e, a ????e, ????? ?????o
?ae, ???? e ????e y??e ??u.

A??a n ?i ?y ??i ?????y N???? ????e, ??i N????i ?????a ??i ??e, ??u
C?????a ????? ??? ???iy???th ???y?????oth ????, ????o ?y?a ?y? ??o C???
e ????i C?????, ???y?? ?e ? a ???a I??o, ?? ???oue ??a *(168). A? y?
??iy???? ????? ?iy?th ???: n ??e ???u, ????? ?????oth ???iy????ue C????y
a ?cy????o ????, a n ??? – ??i????? ?i ????? ?y ????ey ??? y?????? ????.

A???? ???? a y?i ?? ?a? ????? ?????i, ?i ??a ?i n??? ???? ??a a C????a
????ue ?e, ?i ? ?????a a ??? ????e ????? ???iy? ?????th ????e. Iiy?? ?a
6 ??a 1921 ?? ? ?u????i ????e OeE ?EI(a) A??e e ???? NN? A??e ?? ??y?
???a “? ?????e C?????o ???? ??a (A??e, A?????a e A???)”. I??a, ??????a
???y ??????ue ? “?????y ?aa??y?? ???e” *(169).

I?????i ???? ?ay ?????y ??????? ?y????e C?????o ????e, ???ey ???i
????a, ???th ???? A.E. I?????a.

I??i y? ??ey ????e ????a ??????a o ????o ??????e ?????o ????? C????y,
??? ??i A??e (Y??a, N???a) e A?????a (A???a, E???).

N??????a ????ey ???o ?????a ??????ue ?i, ?i a ??? ? ????e ???? ??????
??ithth ???eth C????y a ??o ??o ????o, ??? ??i ? ?? ???e, ????, A??y e
A??ey a ???? ??????? ?eth? ?????? ????th ??ue, ??/??th ? A???ae?? ????i.

10 ??ey 1921 a. A.E. I?????a ??? I??i OeE A??????? E???? e ???ee ??? ?
y?????? ?????? C??e?uey. A?i ??? ????? ???? ??? e ????e C?????o ????o
????e. I??????ue ???? ??????i I?a????i ????a, ???e ??? ?e ??oe?????ue a
??o ??o ?????oth?th ?y????ue ?? C?????o ????e. Y? ????ue ? ???????th
??????? n i???e A??e e A???.

A eth? 1921 ?? ??iy?y I??i E????? ath? ?EI(a) – ???i ????? ??? ?y ??
?????? ????e. Ii ??ye ????a ???y, ?????? ia y?????? ?????a E????o ????e.
Eth???i ??????? ???ue ???o ???a ???e ????: I????a ae??i ?e ????? ???
?????? ?????? C????y, a A??ey, Ae???i e A??ay ANN? ?eth??? a ??o ?y????e
I???? ???e ???? ?NON?.

2 ethiy ? ????e ??????? A?????a, A??? e A??e ?? ???a? ????? ? ?????e
???a ???e ???? ?? ????e.

I??i y? e ??? ?? ????e?ue ? ????a ??????a ???aey?o ????? ????e. N?????
y??, ?i ?a?? ??i ???ny ???? ??????i.

E y?? ??a e ??iyy ?n???a. A 1920-1921 ?. ? ?????? ?y?? ??a ????? C????y
? ???u I??e e ???? O??e. I???yy ??, ? ????, ???a ???ey ??? N???? ?????.
Iiy?? ??ue ??i ?? ???? C?????a ?????? ?e ? ???i, ?e e ? ???????i ???o. A
y?i ????e ????a ??i ???? ???i ?? ????? C?????o ???e?, ?????ny E??? ????i
n O???, ??????i ?????o N???? A?????a, A??? e A??e iaae ? ????ey?. A
?????? ????? ???i? ????e ???? ?a ????: n ??e ???u, O??y ????ue ?i ?e ??
???? ????ue ????a ??e ?ae n?e ???? (I????ue, A??ey, ??ue A??ee), n ???
???u, ???? ?i??a ????o ????e (A??ey, A??ey), ???a ??? ???? ??? ?????o, a
? ?????. E??? ???? ???ee I????ue ? A??????, ? ?y?e a? ?????? ???e
?????oth ????th. N????? ?ae A??? e ?i ??aii ?e ????i ? A???. A?e ???
????a ???u, ??th??y ?????o ?cy????o ?y?e (????, ??i ????i ???? ??a ??c
???o a ?a ???u) *(170).

A ?? ??? E??? ?????e ???? e ?ay ?????y C?????o ????e a ????th. A??a ??a
y?? i ?e ?e ???? e ? ????e E??c??i ath? ?EI(a) *(171), ????o ??????ue
?????y ?e ?c y?i ?y??? a o?a ??? ? ????? ??a C?????o ????o ????e.

A ?y?a 1921 ?? ?ay C?????e O???? ?a ??? e ??i ?????ue a ????o ?????yo
C????y, a ??i ?? ?????, ?????i, ? ???a ?????o ????o ???a, a I??o. C?? ?a
?? a ???? ????, a ?i ??a e ??i E???, ? n ????? ????? ??? ???, ????o a
A??e ????ue ????y ?i??ey, ?????ay ??? ?????y ????e.

A ????? ???????? ??? 12 ??a 1922 a. I????ay ?????y Oe????? ???????
????a C?????o ????e ??y? “Nith?? ???? ? ?????e O?????? ?th? ????????
????o ????e C????y”. Ii ????, ???a a ???e ??? ?????a ?????ue e?????a
?????? ?????a: ?e ?????? ???y?? a ??i ??a. I??u C?????e ?????? ?ae ????
?? ?? ????e, a???? a ?????a ? ??? ???.

A ??a, ???, ?????ue ???, ?i C?????e ?????? ?thc ?e ? ?????, a ??????e,
????o ?????y ???????o ???a ??y?? ?a ?a??i ??? e ??????e. E ?? ??ai?
?????y ?? ??? ??????i, ???????. A?e y? ?thc, ? ?a ? ????y, a ?????ey.
I??i ?? a ???? ?????y ?y? ???? “??????”, ? ??a ? ???o ?o ???. A?????
???a ??iy?ny, ???, e o?o, ?i C?????e ?????? ?thc ?e ?a-?? ?????. A ?
???eth, ?e ?a ?????, e ?NON? ? ???????a ??? ????eth. E ?? ? ???a ??o
???a ?? ????ay ????y, ???th, ?i ? ??a, ???o Nith?i, – NNN?.

I??????e ???? C?????e ???y?y, ??? ???i, ????o, ?e o? ?????, a ???? ???y
?? ? ?? ?a ?? ??????a a ????? ?????? ?????i – C?????th N???????th
O?????th N???oth ?????o. A? y?-oi ?????i e ??i ??? – ?????i N????i
Nith?, ?????? n ??a ????? ??????. O????i, ???, ?i a Ae???a ? ?????e
NNN? ?????y ? ??? i ??e Ca?????, ? e ? ??? – A??e, A?????a, A???, ?oy e
a ???o. I???i, y? ????a ?e ???, ???th ???? ????ue a ?? ???ey NNN? n
a????? ??????e. A???, a ??? Ae???a ???? ? y?o ?????o ? ????y, ??? a
????a.

N??? ????, ?i a Nith? ?a ?????? ?i ????? ????e ??? ?????a, ?? ? ?o ??,
a ??i-?, ? ??. I???a ??, a ?i ??a ???? ? ??????y, ?y???? Oe??o, A????th,
C????a ??o ??e e n ????, ? ????? ??????th, ? ???y ?a i ?i, ?i e ?? ??ney
? ?? ?????a n y?? ??????e. O??i ???ue a ???a NNN? ?e ???? ??? ?????a ?a
c????? ? ???a, ?????e ????y, ???ey e o.i.

I???? ?-???o ??iy? ?? n ??? ???e Nith?, ????e a ?? a ????a ??.

A?e ??? ??u Nith? ?? ??aea ??y? ?????e ???e, ? ??a ????? ?????? ??a
???i ??i – ? ?? (? ?y?i ???, ????) ?e????ey ?????, ?? ?a ? y?y??ny
????????e ? ??? 1922 ??. A?ue O??i e A??a ? ???? ????? ????e ?a?????, a
? ???e?????, ?i ???? i ??a ??? ??? ? ?????i ???ey.

N????i ???y, ??i n ?????? ??????th ???? ?? i ???a Oe? e A??u ? ??eth?e.
A ??a ?e ?? ? y?? ???. O???? O???? ???i e A???? y??o ?? ???iy????
??????e, ?y???e n ???e ???? ? ??? y??e ????e ??e. Eo ???tho ??e ?????e,
??e – ??????i, ?, ? ?y?i ???, ????? ??a O?u e A??u ?? ????? a ?e?o
?????e ???e. I?? I?y???e ??eth?e ??? n ???? ???e ??? e y? ?????y. A??a
o?i, a ??????ue ? ?? ?????? ??y?a ??e ???????o ????? ??????, ? ?c ???y
A??e e ?? O??e, ? ???y ?a i ????ae??o, ??????e ??o ???, ??? ??i, O??????
?????e. I??i ??eth???a ?? ??? y?o ?????, ??? ? ??? ?????, ? e ??a ?????
?????e, ????? ??? ???????, ???????, ae???ue ????y ??oe ????? ?? e ?????
y?? a 1920 ??, ???i, ?e ??? E??? A??. I?????ue O???ay e A???ay ????a
???? ?????, ??????a ??????i ??? ?????a e ??o ????? ?????e. Oae? ?uey? ?
?a ? ???? e ????i ?????eyi, ???a ? ??o, ? ??i ????? ????e ???. A?ue ?
??eth?e a O?a e A??a ???y?? ? ??? ?????, ? e ??????a ????y.

O?????e ?y ???????o ????e ?? e y????a ?????ey, ??e??a ? ? ???????i ???a
????y. O?, a A??a ?? ??a 50% ???a, 31% o???a, 10% ???i, a ??a ???, ???u
e ??? ???. A O?a ????i 60% ???a, 25% ???i, 15% ??????, ???a e ??? ???a
*(172). O? ??a ?????y n???? ????e ??ue ????e ?? ??o??? ?????ey ??o ????
e ?????. Aea e ??? a N??? A?e ??? ?? ??????a ????ey.

E?? ??, ??cy ????, ?i ?a?????? ????? ?? ????? ? ????? ????y, ???? O??i,
?a ??e?? ??i 600 000 ???e. O?? ?????i ?yae ? ??i ?? ???????.

A? yoe ??iy???? ???iy?o??? ????eth A???? e O????e ????o ???? ????e a
??? NNN? ?e ?i ?????e. I??i ???? ?? ????a ??i ?????i-???????? ?????ey
N??? A?e, ? ?? ??? ????? ? e??. A ?????, a ???? ??a, ?????? ?e ??a ????o
???????? ?????, ????? a ae? ??? a N???? Nithc. I??a ? ?o ??e ??? ???e
????e ????e ?a ??? ??a ??y?y E????? NNN?. Y? ?? O??n?y e O????ay ????a
???????? ?????.

I??i ??a ????? ?????? ia ??? ? ?? A??u e O???, ? e ??i ?????y n ??
????? O?????? ANN?, ????e ? ?o ?? a ??? ?NON?. A y?e ????? ??a ???a
??iy????ue. Iiy?? ??? ??iy? a ?i, ??u ???? ?????, ??a ?e ??a ????i ?????
?i ?e ?? ???i, ??? ? ??? ? ?o ???????a ?????a, ????? ?o??? ???????th,
???y ??? ?? n??aey? y????a ?????i. Iiy?? ??y? n ??y ????? ??????e ?? ??o
????? O????y ANN?, ???ay a ??? O?????, a ??a – ????ay ???ue, ???y
??????? ???????i a ???a ???e, – E?a-E????y.

28 y??y 1924 a. N??????? ath? OeE ?EI(a) ????i n E??????i ath? OeE
E???????e ??? O????a ????i ????? ?????i-???????? ????a?y a N??? A?e
*(173).

I?? ????a ????? ??????ue ? ?????o ?????? ?????e, ????? (e ? ?????)
????? ?????e ???e. O?????? ??, ?????i, ? ???e ???i ??????i. N ???a
i??????y ?i a 1918 ?? a O?????oth ANN? ? ???e ??? ???th ??i?eth. I?i ??y
?i ?? ???ue ?? ??? e ?? ???? ??e (? ??? 1920 ??). O? ? ??a ???? i
??a???? O????a ?? ?i ? ?????ue. Ii ??a ??e ??? i ??a???e N??? A?e, ????
???? e ? ????e ????? ????? ? ???e. Y? ???? ??a ???ny ??? ??e?i, n ???e
E????? ?NON?. N??y 49 a i. “ae” ????a ?????ue “??? ? ?????e O???? i????
??ae ?”. I?? ???ue, ?i ??a a ?? E????ey – ??????e ??ae ?e ?y????a ????
???e ? ????a ? ?a ??e-? ?????. N??a ??i, ??ue e??? a ?? ??? ???, ? ?? ia
???? ? ????a, a ????oeey ??? ??a. O?y ?a ? ??y?y I???? ??? 1918 ?? ?e
????o ????y ??????e O?ey??, ???a ??yae?i ??a ? ?e ???y ? ????a. Ii ? ??
?a ??a ???e ??? ? ?????, ?e ???? ??????ue ?a?i ??ae???, ????o ?e-?
???iy????ue ? ???y ? ??a ? i?????, ? th????e. O?? ? ???i ?????ue ??a ?a
? ??? E????ee ????? ??????ue I?????? ???e?.

*? ? ???ny O????a, ? ??ue ?? ??iy? ??a: ???o ???? ? ?? e ? ??i ??, ?i
??? ?e ????i ?????, ? e ????? ??.

I??i ? ?? ??? O????a ????ue ?-???o. Ii ?i ? ???e ? ???e, ? ?i OeEE ????
???i ?n???e ??e ? ? ???a ? ?????e e ????? ?? ?????? ???u – ????th,
?????th, ????oth e ?. *(174) O?? ???i, ????? ?e ? ??????? ? ??yi, ???a
??i ???y?? n ?????? ?????y? A??u e O???. N??? ???? 20 ??y?y 1924 a. ??ye
V A?????e ???? N???, ? ? ???e e a O???.

14 ?oy?y 1924 a. A?????? Oe????? E??????e E??? ???? ?????iea OeEE
A????e O?????? NN? i ?????? O????a. O? ??i ???? ??aa ????? ?????, e
?????? ??a????? ?????a ??o ??? Nith? NN?.

N?? ??? ???????o ?????e ??????a O??????i OeEE, a ??ae ? ?i e AOeEE
?????, ?i ???e? e ?????e ??? ???tho ?????a ????a ?????, ? ?? ??? ? ???a
???ey?y. I?????? A????i ???ay ?? ?a ???: ?i ??????i “?????th ??????ue ?y
??ae?????i O????? e O?????? – a ?eyo ????????i ??????a, ???u ? ?????? e
? ??????? ???? ??y??y ????ue e Nith? N???????o N???? ?????”.

27 ?oy?y ??? i ?????? ???e Oe????ue E??????e E??? Nith? NN?. Ii ????e
??????y ????e N??? A?e a ?i ???, ?i ?e ? ??? ?????ath?y, ? e ???a ??tho
??? i ????? O????? e Oo???e a ??? Nith?.

17 ???y 1925 a. I ??ae N??? O???? NN? ??ye “Ae????th ? ???a?? O????
Nith?? N???? N???????e ?????e”.

A y?i ????a ??i ???? ?e ????o ???a, ??? ??????. I?ae? ??i, ???i,
???????y e ????ony ?????a ??? ????? ?????a – O???? N???? N???????e
?????e. Ii ??, ? ????i ? ???ue i?????, ????? ??????. I??i ?a a ??i ????
????a, a ??i e a ??? ? ??i ??i “?th?ay”. N??ea ?? ? y?i, ?i ? y? ??i
????. I??i ??? ??ny ??y?a?a: ???????y ????? ?????? ?yaey? “i ??i ??????
???e i ??i???i ????e a Nithc NN? ? ??? ??????i ??a”.

N??? ????, ?e ??i, ?i n ??e ??ey th????ie ????? Oc????a a Nithc ????i a
??? ??aeyo, ?i y? ?? ?y O???, A????e e C????y. A?e ??? ??u Nith? ????? ?
????? ????? a ????? ?????, ? O????i, ?? ???n?? ????e ?????e, ?eo?e ??i ?
?????? ?????o. I??a, ii ?o ? ?i e ????e, ??? ?ay “?th?? ?????e”. Oi ??
????? ???a ??o ???????i ??????e e ????? ?ae ??e ?????? Nith? ?e ??i ?
??e ? ??, ? th????e ??ue ???o ????ue y? ?a ????e.

E??e, a Ae????e ????i ????? ??ue, ???y ??? ?a ?e ???? NNN? – ?ay ???e
N???? O????. Ae????y ??????o: “Aea ?????o ???y O???ey N???? N???????o
?????!”

A????i ????i ?????a O????? NN?. I??i a ???? ????? ? ?? ????a ?????e.

20 ???y 1925 a. I ??ae N??? O???? ??ye “Ae????th ? ?????e O????? N????
N???????e ?????e”. I?a?? ? ?ay ????, ?i a ??/? ? ????e y? Ae????y ?
???ao O???eth ?th?? ?????e. I??? ??e ???????a Ae????y ??a ???o i ??????
???ey N????i ?????a. Ii a ???a ? ?a ?a ??o a ???i a ???? ???? ? ????th,
a “???th N???oth N???????th ?????o” *(175). O??i ???ue ?????y ? a y?
???? ??e-? ??e ?e y? ??? ???e??a ????e, ? ??a ??y ?ay ??? ???e ????e
????????e.

N?? ?????? ???? ?????e O????? ?????e. E ???i ????? ? ???eye ??oth
????eth e ????????a ???a ?????. Ii ?? O????i ????ey?y ? ???e, ? O???ey –
? ???.

A ????a ??a ????? i ?o???e ????? a ??? Nith?, ? ?????? ??ue ?? ??a ???
e ?????, ?i a ????e Ae????e. I????ue ?? ???a “??e ? ??? ?????i? ??a a
Nithc N???? N???????o ?????”.

A ???a ? ????e, ???????y Ae????y ? ???? y?y?? ?a ????i E????? ?????. A
?e ????nue, ??o ???, i ????a O????? ?????e. O?y ?????i y? a?i i?????i, ?
??? n ?i ?i y?y?? ?a-?? e ????????i, e ??????e??. Iiy?? ??i ????? ????e,
a ? ?????? ???? O????. I? y?y?? “?????? ?? ??y??y”.

A Ae????e ?????ue ???, ??y??? ??????o ??th ?????, ??? ? ???i, ????a a
???? ? E????? ?NON? 1918 ??. Eth???i ????ea i ???????i y?? O????, ???,
y??o. E? ?????? ?????? ?????e e ???e.

O?y Ae????y ?a??a ?? i ???e ???? a Nithc, ?i ? ??a ?a ??????a ????? ?a
e ?e ??ue N????i Nith?: “O????ay N???ay N???????y ?????a, ??y ? ??ao
??????i ??a a Nithc N???? Ni??????? ?????, ????ey? ?ith ???????th ???
???iy???, e ?????o ? ????i ?? a ????, ????o E?????e Nith? N????
N?e?????? ????? ? ????i, ????i ath e ?????e Nith?”. O?? ???i, O???ey
?????a ?ay ??? Nithca, ?a ? ??y a ?? ????i. I???i, ???? NNN? ? ?????
O???? a ?? ????ue ?? ??e ???th??y.

A Ae????e, ? ????, ?????? ???, ??th??y ????? ?? ?th?? ????e ??????i e
O????, ???a??ny a E????? Nith?. A ?i ??a i ??a ????? ???, i ???iy???
????? e o.ae.

13 ?y 1925 a. ????? O???? e O????? a ??? Nith? ?? ????i ??????? III
A??th??i ??? N???, ???e??e ???? ??, ???, ???? ?i????. N?? ? ???o i ??y?e
????e a ??? Nith?, a “?????? ????a ???uy??? ???a O????? e Oc???e
N???????o N???? ????e i ????e a ??? Nith? NN?”. I????i y?o ?o ???y?ny a
?? ???????y ???ey ” ???? ? ??c??? Nith? NN? ? O????oth e O???oth
N???????a N???? ?????e”. I????o OeEE Nith? ????ny ?????ue ??? ? ???
E????? Nith? e ??? ?i ? ?????a ?? ? ???. Y? ????a ?? ???????i ????i, e
20 ?y 1925 a. ??ae N??? ?? a E????eth Nith? ????y, ??th??y ?????e ???
???a ??? NNN?, e ????a ???, ?????th?a ???? ?? ??o ??? ??????i ?????a.

6 ?oy?y 1926 a. OeEE O????? NN? ???? e ?? a ???? E????eth ????? e ?????
??? ? ??o ? ??????a ?????a II ??? N??? O????. E? ??i, a ????? ?a???
????o ??y?y E????? a ??a???e n ?????i, ????i ????i a ???? I???? ???
NNN?.

E????ey O???? ?a ???? ? ??????y I???? ??? Nith? e i??? ??? ?i???eyi
?th?? ????e ?????? ? ???u, ???a ? ??????u a ?i, ? ?? ???? ??????i ??y,
?? e ?y????e ???i, ?????e ???????? ????a ????? e o.i. A?????, ?i a ?e ??
??????i e ?c????? ???i?o ?? O???? e Nith?.

I??????y a N??? A?e e Ea???? ????e, ???i, ? ?c ??? ??? e ????a. C??
?????? ?a ?y? ???????a ????e. N ??e ???u, ????e ?????oth?o ??????o? ???
??ue ?ith ????????ue, a ???e ?e ??e ? ?iy? ????? ????a. N ??? ???u, a
N??? A?e ??th??? e ?y? ???????a ????ey. N?????i ??? i ?i, ?i ? ??o ??
??????y ? ????a ??e, ?oi?a y?? ? ??e??, ?i ????? ??y ??y oth??ay ??y,
???y e ??? ???ue ?ith ??ae??????. Y? ?? ?iy??? ?e ???a?? ??th???.

I????? ?? ??o ????e a N??? A?e ?a ? ????i ???n ?c????y ? i???.
C?eth????i ???? ??ue ??i ??????? O????e Aa???? ?????e a ?th?oth, o.a.
????a O?????a ?????e ???e, ???e ??ai ??? ????e Nith?.

A? a ??????e OeEE O?????? ANN?, i ???i ?a ?????, ?e ???? ??? e i
????????e o????? ???. C?? ?????ye “??i o????? ??? ??e ? ???a OANN? e
????? ????oth O????th ???ue” *(176). A ?i ? ??y?a 1924 ?? OeEE O??????
ANN? ????? ???ue ??ae N??? O????e ????? ???e. A?????, ? ??a ?????a ???a
?eiye V A?????e ???? N???. A ?i ??????e ? 20 ??y?y 1924 a. ????? i ????
O???? NN?, ??ueth ???e ??? ??ue ????ay ???ue ????.

I??i ????? ??? ????? ???y ???????o. 14 ?oy?y 1924 a. AOeEE ??e ??????a,
???i ????e ??y??e ?o O?????? ANN?. Ii a ????e O?????a ????ue ?????: ?i
??????? ???? ? a ????oth ???ue, a a ????oth ?????, ??y?th a ??aa O?????.

27 ?oy?y 1924 a. ???u ?????ey N??? A?e ?????ue Oe????? E??????i E????
Nith? NN?. N?? ??? ?? ???i e i ???? O????e ANN? a ???a O?????. OeEE NNN?
?????, ?i “????a ???uy??? ????i ??? y?y?ny ??? ???i” e ???e ??? I????o
“?????ue ????? ??ue i??oth??y ????e a N??? A?e ???? ???th ???a N??? y?o
????e”.

A Ae????e ? ?????e O???? NN?, ??y?e ? I ???i N??? 17 ???y 1925 a.,
????? e i ????e a ??? ??? ?????i ?????a A????e O?ae??? ?????e.

O?? ???i, ?a a ?? ???ey ????? ????????e ?ay i ? o?? ?????? ????y a ???o
???iey. Ii ? y?i ?? ? ??????. Oaea ??? O????y ?????a ?? ????i?? a
?th?oth. ???ey ? y?i ???????i ?????ue III *?????i ???i Ni??a O?????a e
Oe????? ??????? ????i O???? NN?, a 5 ???y 1929 a. ?????oth?e ?o ??e e
OeEE Nith?. Ii “??????e …???a ???a O???? e O????e ????e” e ?????
??????? ???? ???? ? ?????e Nith? NN? ? O????th N???????th N???oth
?????o, ???a ??????? ??o ????. I? ????i ????ny ??o, ???eyth?e ??? ???
E????? NNN?.

O?? ???i, a ????? ??a???y ??? N??? A?e, e ????? a ?i ??a, ???a a ???e
???? ?ith ?????oth ????????ue. I??a ?ae?? ?? ????u ? ?????? ??o O??????
ANN? e A???? N???? I???e ??????. A O????a ????i 47,7% ????, a a A??a –
52,3%. E???, e a O????e NN? ????a ?? ??????. O??? ???ey? ?????i, ? ??
65,4%, ? ????a ???? ?????? e ???i ??????oyi.

I?????-???????a ??a???a N??? A?e ?????ue ? ??????, i? ??y??? a ??e
????e ??e ? ?ny???a. Y?, ???, ? ??ey? ? ???? ??? ??o ??? N????i Nith?.
N??????? ????? ? E????? e ? ???? ???? ? ? ?aaa, ?i e ??? ??u Nith?. *? ?
???ny ?y????e, ? ? ?a??a ? ?? ???. I??a ??u Nith?, a ???? ???y, ??e ?
?ay ????a ?y????, ???a ??e ?? ???i????e ?y ??? ???? ???a ???. Ii ? y?i
???ue? ??a.

A ? ? ??y N???? Nithc ???? ? ?ay ??a ???, n ???? ? ??e ????ny ??? ?i
????a ??a ????a ?????a. Nth?, ??? ??i, ????? ??? n ??????, ???ii ??ay a
O?????a. E??? A?? NNN? ???? ???ue ?????th ????o ?????i ??i ???????o
?????, n ?i ??u ????? ?e ????ue ? ???u ??? ?????th???o ????. A ???? ?e
??? a A????i.

A ?? ??? n ?????? ??e??? ???th ?? ??? e y????n?y ????a, ???????i ? ???u
???e. *?? ???? ???i N??? A?e i?????a N???? ???, ??i ??, ??? ??i, ???ue
???y ?y y??????i ???ey, ?? ?? ??o e ?????a ????, ?i N???ay ??? ????y ?
????e ?????y?y ?????i ??? ???, ???th??, ???, ???? ????e. A ????e, a
O????? ?????? ? ???e, ? I????uey ??a ?e???? ???ey?y, ?y ???o a y?i o????
??? ?? ????ay ??a?y ??.

N??? ????, ?i ?????i-????o??? ?????? N??? A?e ?????ue ? ????? ???o
???a. O?, y?o a??n, ????, ?e ??yo ?a 25 ???y 1924 a. ? I??? OeE A????
????e, ????? ??? i ?????? ??? n??????. A ?a ?? ? ?? N???th?i OeE ?EI(a)
????i ????? ????ia ? ?????eth.

E? ??i, ????? ???? e ?? ? ? ????o ???a, e ???i, ???i, ??????? e ????a.
????a?i y?? y??? ??????a OeE ?EI(a) 12 ethiy 1924 a. “I ?????? ??????
????e N??? A?e”.

E? ??i, ???yi i ?????? ??????? ????? ?? i ??????? ???? ????e a
????????. A A??a y? ????i ????i ???? ?????ey. I???i, ?i ??a ?????a?a ???
????? ????, ????o ? ???? ??, ???i, ?a ????? N???e A?e ? ??e ???ue
???i-??? ???o ??a ? ????o ??????eth ??? ?????iai ??y. Ii ?c????? ?????a
?????a ?? ????.

E???, ????? ???????o ???i? e ???????o ???a ?? ????? ????? a I??a. O?,
?y ????? ?? ????, ?y??? n ???????i O?????a a ?th?oth ?????, I?c??i OeEE
NNN? ??? ?????th ???eth. I? y?i ???th?? ??i ??e ? ???????ny ??? ???aey?o
???a O??e???, a ???e ??? ? ????? ???? ???? ??. Ia ?????o ???? ????o
N???, ????o e ??e??? ??????? ????a, ? ???o e ????? ???eyo e ???? ?????
??ae ???e ?????a ???a ???? ???????i a Nithc NN?. Y? ?? ??????i I?????
OeEE O????e ANN?, ??y??i ???a i ni?? *?????? ??? OeEE N??? e ????? n 1 ?
15 ??y?y 1929 a. ???? ?????? N??? ? ???o i ????e O?????a a ???iy???th
????? e ???o ?????i ?cy????? e ?????i ???a???. N????o ?? i????? ????
??????th ????? a ?????? n ???????? ????y? i ????ao ?th?? ????e *(177).

10 ??y?y 1929 a. OeEE N??? OANN? i??? ??? i ????e O?????a a ???iy???th
?th?oth ?????.

A ?????a y?? OeEE ??? ?a????e ??ae i ?????, ?cy????i e ?????? ??a ?????
? ?? Ni???e ???, a ??a i ?? e ??i??yo ??y??y ?? ????? e i???eth ??u
????????e O?????a. Au? ??? ? ?? e ??oth?e ???e ??????ey ???ue *?????e
??ae N?a?a ????? a ?oy?a ?? ? ??. A??a n ?i ?????ue ????a ???e??
y??????i, ?ee????i e ?????i ??????a, a ?i ??a e ?????? ?????? ?????,
????o ????? ?a ? ????? ??y???e.

A ????e ??????i ???a a O?????a ????e e ??? ????. I??? ?????? ?y?? ????e
O????? a ????e ????o ?????, ???a ??ue ???e ?????e.

15 ?oy?y ??ae N??? O?????a ???ny, a ? ??oth?e ?? ? ??ye Ae????th i
??????? O????e ANN? a ?th?oth ?????. ???e ??a ?????a? ???o ????? Aeth??a
a N????ae, ?i ?? ??? ????? I????? OeEE Nith?.

5 ???y ?? ? ?? OeEE Nith? NN? ????? ??????? ???? Ae???a ? ?????e NNN? ?
O????th ?????o. IV ???i N??? Nith? NN? a ??? 1931 a. O????y NN? ?? ??y?
a ??? Nith? NN?, ?i y??? ???a?? ???? ??????ey O?????a a nith?oth ?????
*(178).

O?? ???i, ???n ?????ey ??? Nith? ? ??? y?? ????ny. A? ?e ????e ???????a
E?????e ????? ??a e ?y????.

Ie i ??o ?? ??? ????e, ??? N????i Nith? E????ey ? ?a??a. A??a n ?i a
?e, ??o ???, o????? ? ????? ?????yo, a ?i ??a ?????o. Ii ? ?????? ?, ?
?????a ????i ???a a ???? ? ????. A??a ? ??i?eyo, a ?i ??a e ? ANN?, ??
?a ?? ?e ?????? ???a ??? Nith?, ???i ??cii N??a I?e?????e OeEE.

I?? ???o ???ue i ??? C?????e O???? – A?????a, A??? e A??e, ???a ? y?y??
???????i ???e Nith?, ? ??a e ? ??e ??o? ????? ????e. I? ?? ????? ??????
?i???, ? ? ??? Nith? NN?, a ??? CNON?. Iiy?? ? ??? ???ey?y E?????e
C?????e O????, a ? Nith?i, ?oy ????a n???y i ?i a I???i ??? 1924 ??
????.

I???? ??? ????i, ??? ?? ??????a y?o ?? ??o Nith?i e ?th??e ?????? ?
E????? 1924 ??, o.a. ??? ?? ???u ? ?????oa.

3. ??????? ?????e Nith? e ????e

Y?? ???o ??y?? ?a ??ay ??uey E?????, ???eyth?y ??a Nith? ??c ?????th ?i
??? ???a. A?????, ?i a ?a ??yo ???? ???a ???u, ???a ? ??e ???a ??o e ???
???ny ??? ? ??? ??i ????? ?????a. N?? ?o n??? ????, ??? ??i, ???u, ?y???
n ai??? ???y? Nith?, ???a ????th ??????u a ??o Oea??. E ?i ??ny?y: “a)
????????a Nith? a ??????o ???eyo, ???a ?? ???????o ????, ??th??a ????n?o
e ?? ????a n ???e ??????e”. I?? A???e ?????e, ?????e ???? ?????y NNN? e
?????o? ??e ??? ????o ????e ? ??????th ??o, ???? ?? ????y Ni???? ?????a
a ???? ???? ??????? ??a. I?a ? ??? ????????a n??u, ??iy ???, ??e ?ay???
???????a ?y? n ?????e O????e, ???e ?th?? n ?e ???e?e ???? ?? ????ey. O?
a ?y?a?e N???? ????e ? ??? ????i ????e ?????e ?? ???i, ?i “???y? ? o??
??ey ????a ?????, ?????y ????y ????, ?i a ???thth ?????oth y??, ??th?th
????i ?????? ??????a ???i e ???ath??ny ??? ?????i ??y, y??i???a ???????
??o ??????e, ??n?aeyth?? y? ?a ???u ??????e, y?y?ny ?????? ?????i ?y
????i y??????i ??????ey” *(179).

A?? ? ??????e, ?????e N???oth ???th ?a ? A?oy??e ??a??? a eth? 1922 ??,
?? ?????u ?i?????? ????y ?NON? n *??????. 15 ??y?y 1922 a. ????y ???
?????? n???? i ?i, ?i N????? O?? A???e ????tho ???e ???? a ??ai?? i
??????? ???o ?y?e. I??i ????? ????e ?????? ???y, ???a ? ??e ???? ?NON?.
A ??o ?????? ???a ?? ???i ?y??? i ???e N???? ???e ?a?????y n A???e, ? ?
????? o??eyo.

N??oth ???th N???? ?????i ?iy? a ?????o n ss???, ???y ???-? ?oy??? ?. A
????? ?????y ????i ????a ?????o ?e ?NON? ???????o N????i ??????a ?
?????i n ss??? A.A. E?? ???? a??y ????ey: “Ae?? ?iy?, ?i ???y ????ue ?
O?? ??i e ?i ?y?a ?eth?e ??? ??e ???oe e ?????e ?????ue ?n ?e ??a?th
???o ????u”. Ae?? ????i: “??? ???????i ?i ? ??? e ? i?? ??ue ???? ? ??
?nyoe” *(180).

E? ???, ?????a ????a ??o??e ???? ????e ?NON? ? A?oy??e ?????e ????ey?
?? ????, ??? ? ??? a Aa?a, ? e ? eth?i ??? ????. Y? ??? ???tho ???????i
?th?i. I??i e ??a e????? ????a ????? ????? ??n?y??? ????ue a ??????o
???eyo. O?, AeA? a ?? ??????o ss??e ?????? ??? ???aeee y???e ???????o
??y?a. 17 ethiy 1922 a. ONN?, e??ay ??a ?? ????????i a *?????e, ????a
??c ?? ???o ??? ??? a I?? ??????? ??????i ????a. A eth? O????y N???ay
I?i?ay ?????a ??th/?a y?????? ????? n ??e ?NON?. I?? ???oe e ??? ??u.

I?? ?????y NNN? ???a ?? ? ???? ? ??o ???e a ?? Nith?, ??o ??, ???, ???,
?i ?a ? ?? ???u ????? ??? NNN?, a ??o ??, e ???, /? Aei???-? ?e ??yo, ?e
?????, ?? /? ???i. Ai ?y?i ???, 3 y??y 1923 a. ???yth?e ?y???? ????i
????a ?????o ?e ?NON? ???? ?? ????-?i??o A??? C?o ? ??? ?????e ????o
???i *(181). 6 y??y ? ? ????y n ??e e ???? ?????o ?e I???e. E?????? ????
????i 7 y??y. Y? ?? ????i-????i-????? ????e ????o?yi E????e ?????e.
Eth???i, ?i ??y? n ????? e ????? ????y? ?????y ?? ? ?????ay, a ????ay
????y. N??????, A??y ?? ?i ???ny ?e ???o ??????o ????e. Oa ? ???ey ????a
?a ?n??? ?o ?? ? ????. O????i, ???, ?i ????u ????u ??i ??i – ??????i
????e ????e, ???? ?????o ?e ?NON? A.A. *????. N??? ?????y, ?i, ????, ??a
?????y NNN? ? ??? ?e ? ??e ??ui ??iy? ??n???th ????th ??? ??e ?????
NNN?. 19 ???y ?????ue ???a ?????o ?e O??? ???? ?? ?????o a ?e? I??e a
ONN? n ?????, ?i O????a ??????i ????iy?ny e ????ieth, ????? ??ne??i
?????o?i ? 31 y??y ?? ? ?? ? ???? ?????e. 15 ??a ??? ?????o ?e CNON?
?y?e ???o ?????eth N??a ????a e ???? ?????o ?e E??e A. I???? ? ??? ????y
?? ??????i ????a. E? ??i, a ???a ?ny?a ???y?ny ?????ay ???y a ???th??e
????? ?? ????e ? ?th?? ?????i. A? ?iy?ny a eth?, ??a ??ath?y ??? ????ey
Nith?. 13 ethey Oe????? E??????e E??? Nith? ??e Ae??o, a ???ii ?????e
I???? I????a OeEE Nith? ? ?? ???i e ??????? ??, a ???i ???e i ???? ???
??ae???, ??y?e ?i E?????, ??????e ?? ??o ???? NNN? e ?th?? ?n???. O? ??i
?????i ???? ??ua??, e ?? ?e ??? ??iu ????ny ? ??? ??i *(182). A ?a ??c
????i ?? N???? Nithc ?iy?y? ?ay ? ????? ???? a ???a??? ????. 16 ethey
????? ?????o ?e Nith? ???ey? ?? ?????eth ???? ????e I??e a NNN?, ? ???
?? ??????e ??????ue I???? ?????o ?e NNN? A. N???? ???e?? ?y??? ? ???
?????e ? N????? Oo?? a ???th.

I??i e ??a y?? ?atho ??i ????a ???ey ???a ?th?? ????e ???????i n ?????e
????. O?, 18 ethey 1923 a. ????????i O????e NN? a *?????e ????i ??
?????? ?????o ?e *?????e ? ??? ?????e ????o ????e ???i. 19 ethey ?
??th?? ??e ???? ?a ????e ????i-????i-????? ????e ? E????e ?????e, ?????e
?-???? A.A. *????. A 21 ethey ??? ?????o ?e ?NON? ?i??? ?? ?????o a ??o
A???e a ?NON?. Ae???o ???? ??a A.A. *????. A ?i ????ny, ?i ???y a ?y? n
?????? NNN? ???? ?a ???a ???ey a ??o ?????e Nith?. A????? ?? ?? ?????
??????yi A??ee, A??e??a, A??????e e ??? ?????, ?e?????? a NNN?.

A ??c ?a ?y A.A. *??? ?i??o i ?i ? e ?i ? ???? ?a a ???? ???a ?????o ?e
Nith?. E ??? ???o ????ay ???y i???? n ????? ????o?? ? ????i ??i – n
O???, O???e, I??ae e ?. 30 y??y 1924 a. I????? ???? ?? ?? ?????i
????????? a NNN? n ????i ? ?????? ???? ?????a, e ???? ?e ???th?y ?e
????a. *?? N???? Nithc ???tho ????, ?i ????? ?????i.

E????ey NNN? ???? e ???th Nith? ???u i ???? ?e ???o, o? e ??o ?th??e
??????, a ??a ??th??a ????a i ??? a ??? NNN? ??o ????e. Iu ???, ?e y?
??a ??????? ?e ?????i-?n?????? ?????? N??? A?e.

E????ey ???????a e ??? i?????a e y?????? ??a a ???? N????i Nith? ? ???e
??a. I??i? ??i ???ey? ? Nith?i ???e ?ee y?????? ??, ??? ?e ? ????e
?????a, ?e e ???? ???e ??. E ?i ??ny?y, a ????e, c?eth??a ???o e ?????
???, ?????i ???e ????e.

A??yy ???ey ??a ????a ??a?a a ?? ??????ey e ?????i ????y ????i ?cy??a
???. A ???i ????th?i ???? ? ?? ???eey ???e ????. A?????th ??? y?ai ????a
?e ??? ???e ???? E.A. E??i: “? …????e ????? ??????a ????????o ??i
?????y n y?e ?????e ? ????. A?ae??y C??a ????o ????th ???e ???? ???, ?i
y? ????y – ??? ?e? e ??? N????i Nith? ??? y?????? ?????e, ??? ????ey
???? ???? y?????e ????? ?? ???. A???ey ??? ??y ?????? ?? ???o ???e ????,
? ??a a ???i ??a e ??a e ??a ??? ????e ? ??e ? ???e…” *(183).

Ia ???a ???? ??i ??????? Nith? ??a ?????ey ???u a????e ????. Ii ?a ???
?? ?a???ey ???????, ?????ay ? Nith?i. I? ??a ? ??? y??????, ? e ??????
????. A ???e XII ??? E??????eie ??? ?????: “o??i ???? ??????? ???o
????oth ??? ?????? ????u” *(184).

Ii E????ey ???????a ?????i ? ???u Nith? ? ??? ??e??e ???y? ????i
?cy??a, ? e ?cy??? ??? (i. “c” ?. 1). Y?o ??o ?e ??? ? ????? a I???? i
N??a ??a e ???u Nith?, ?????ii NIE NNN? 21 ???a 1923 a. e ????????i ????
?????ai ??? “a ?eyo ??????y ?cy????? e ????i? ??? Nith? NN?” *(185). I??
??? i ???? ?????y ????i ?cy??a a ??? Nith? ???o I???? i A??????? ????
???? NNN?, ???ae??a a ?o ? ??. I??ay ?? ???ey A???a, I???? ???o i
??????e ?????ey ??? ????i ?cy??a i????, ??y?o a Nithc, ????o ????o???o
????e, ???i?e ???i ?th??i ??????? ??a ???????? ?cy??a *(186).

I????ue e ???th Nith? e ??th??a ??????o ????a. I??a, y? ?a? ?y??i??
????ue ????e, ? ? ? ?? ??e ???. C???a ??i????? ? ???? n ?????y?, ? ?i
??i ???y?. E ????, ?, ?i ?? ????, ?e, ????, ????e A. O???, ??? ???? ????
? ??????o ???ey?yo.

E????ey ???? e ???th Nith? ?????i ?????i e ?y?th. E? ??ei, ???? ?????y
???? ??a ?? ????i ????? ??? a C????a.

E ???th Nith? ?? ???? ?????y e ?????i ?????? ???, ????n? ?????y e y??
???e. E? ???, ???n ?????y ?????o ?e ????o ????e ???y ?a ? ??y ?????e
??u. O?? ? ??ye ??o ???a ????ey ??e O??? e I?????? ????e ?????eth E???
A?? ?NON? e ???i ? ???? ????ey, a ??i e ???i ?eth??y ??e y?o ????e a
??oth E??oth A?eth. A ?? ?????ey C????y ???ua ? ????y ????ue e ? ????
????? ??????. Oi ?? ?????i ?????? ??? ????ue ???a ? ????o ??????e, a ??i
e ???i ????. Nithc?e ????, a ??i e E????ey NNN? ????e, ??????i, y?
????.

Oe??ay ??y ?ea ?? ????????e. I??i ?ith? ? ?a y??u ae????? e ???e ???.
I??u N??? A?e, ????o ????a, ???????, ??aa N???? E??? a ????oth ??th ?
???e. I????i y? ?uy?y?? ??????i ????? ??iai ?, ?i a ?????? ?? ???????i
????????, ? ???i ??y???i e ????a?eth eth??o ???? ????o ???a ?? ? ?????ay
????????ue. O????i, ?i e ??u ?? ? ?????ue, ?oy ? ? ????? ??? ?i? ? ????
? ?????ue, ? e ?e ?? ????ue a ??th. I??a, ????ii ?? ?????? ?y ??e ???a
?n??y?y. I??a ????o ? ?o ?? e ?????a ??. O?, ??y? e y?? ??????? ?y
?????e ???, a ???, ???ia, ??? E??? ??e ????y? a ???a ???ey?? ??e aeey
????ey ???? ????e. A?????e ? ?o ?? ?????? ????y “??y ???y” *(187).

I? ??????e ????o ??? a ???e ??e ????? ??ay? ? ? ????i ??yi e ????eyi. A
????, ??a ????o, ???o ?????? ?????? a ?????o ??o ? ??????, ???, a ??
???e ??u ??? ?c?a?ue ????a, ?iy??a, th???y??a e ????a ??? ??e *(188).
I??????ue ?????? ???th ????ue ?????? ??????o ???a e ???.

I?i????i ?oth ???? ????i N???? ?????i. E?? ?o ???? ?????? ?th?? ????e,
???a ???ue a E??oth A?eth ? ??y ?????e ??u, ?a a ??? ??y ?e ?yo ?? ?
???? ?????? ???? ??????e, i ?i n????i ????? a ???e OII ??? ?EI(a)
*(189). I?a? ???o ???????o ??e ? ????i?.

N???? ???? a E????? ??y?ny ?????e Nith? a ???e ????. I??a ??i, y? ???ny
ath??a, e??? ???ny ?e ???, ? ?eth?? a ?ay ath??u ?th?? ????e. O?? ?e???
????ue ? ???? ?a a 1919 ??, ??a ath??u ?th?? ????e ?eth??? a ath??
?????e O?a??e. A 1921 a. ??y?e ??e ????i ?iy?ny. Ii ????eth ??o ???????e
?NON? e A?????a ????????ue ????a ??????? ???????o ????? ? ath??a ???e.
O????a ??u ?????? ????ia A?N? ????eyee? ???????i a ?????oth?a ????u ???e
? o?????, a ??u ??????? ????? ?????? NIE A?????a. Nith?? ???-???y??e
???? ??o ?????e N??????e? O?????e N???? ?????? e O????e Nioe??????e
N???? ??i???e ???o I???? O??? e ????i?i ?????. A????? ???? ?e ??th?i a
y??a 1921 a. n A????? *(190). N A???e ????e ?????a ????? ? ????? ????.
Oi ? ?? ???i a eth? 1921 ?? ? ????th e A???n?, a 30 ??y?y – e A???.

O??ue E????ey Nith? ???? ???? e ????a ????? ?? a ??? ? ???th ??o.

A??a ????y ???? e ??a??? Nith? a ????e ????????ey. I?? “i” ???????o
“?????? ??o i?? ???????a e ???????ey, a ??i ?????y ???e, ??? e ??? ii ??
????? Nith? N???? N???????o ?????”. A ???yo iy? e ?y??e ???? ?????e
????i ?cy??a y?o ??o ?e a ??? ???e ?????. I? ?? ?????? e ???a??e ????o
???e a ??? ?????ay ??ay ???? a y?e ??a ?? ????? ????ia, ?i ???? ??o ????
????e, ?c ???o ??ue ? ???a ??? ?????.

A y?e ?y? e ??? i ???i?????o ?????yo ??a ?? ???th?? ????, ????o ????a
??e ??i ????? a ??eth?? ???o, e ????, ??????? ??? ? ??e ???nue ?c ????y
??? a ??a ????o ?????o.

A ??? “i” ????ny ????a, ???oth?a ??e ?a ??????a ?????e ??o Nith?i e
??????. Ii ?????ao ???? ? ????i ???yi ??a ?? ??a ???????? a Nith?, ?i?y,
????, ??????th e ??a ?y????e ?????. Y?o ??o ?????ny ?a a 20-o ??o. A
?oy?a 1924 a. ?? ??iu I???a ??? ????? ???????? NNN? e ?th?? ????e, ???
?u?ith?? ?? – I???? i ???? ?????eyo, “Ia ???? ??i, ?????i ??a ?
???a-???y??e E??? A?? e O??” e ?. *(191) A??a ???th?? ?e?u ?? ??? ??a a
???e ????i??a – “I??u ??????? Nith? NN? e ?th?? ????e” 1924 a., “Ia
????e ??a ??????? Nith? NN? e ?th?? ????e ??o ????? ???a” 1930 a. *(192)

O? a ???????e ??? E????? ? ??i ?????? ??? e ? ??a ????e, ?????? y?o ??.
Ii ?????oth ??th ???a ??? ?. 3. I? ?????, ?e ?a ?????, ???? ???i: ?a, ?i
? ???? e ?????e Nith?, ??? a ??o ?y????e ?th?? ????e. I??i ??i ?
i??????y ??i ??i ????i. C?????ue ???o ?????i ?????ue ????a ????? ??a
????e, ???? a ?? eo ?????? ????. Nth? ??n?ny ?a ??????y ??i ????? ??aea
? Nith?. I.I. A???a, ?e e ??? ????? ???, ?? ???????i ?????ny e ??e ???,
??? ???, ? y?y?ny ? ??i ????? ??? ???e ??eae. N ?i ??e ??ey, ??i ??? ??o
?????ny ??? ?????a ?????a (????, ?i I.I. A?e?? ????o ??????ue e ?????o).
Ii ?????i ?????? ?o ??????e ???? ? ????e. A???a ???? ???u ??aee??e, ?
???o ??i ????: E?a I?? ?e ??? ??i ??????a ?????y *(193). A?? ??? ???
???: ?e ?????i ?????a, e ??a ?i ?a? ??i ???, ?e ?i ????a, e ??a ? ??o
??a ???.

E? ??i, ???a E????? 1924 ?? ? ???e y? ??????a ?????y. E???, ?th?? ?????
??nyo ? Nith? e a ? ? ??y ??o ???? ??e ? ??. A? ??y ????y!

I??????? ??e ??? ???? i ?????e ?. 4 a ?i ???, ?i ??i ??? ??? ???????y,
a ???i ??i ? ???? ?i ?????ue. E??ey N????i Nith? ???? ???iy????ue y??
?????y. Ca 70 ?o ????a?ey NNN? ??? ??? ? ????a a a??o ??????ue ??? ? ??,
????o ? ?? ???o ??? e y??. A? ?? ? ??y-??? ????? ????a y?o ???, a ?
????, ??a ????a?? ??i ??? ????ue ? ????i. Ii ?eeo ? ???a ? ??! E ????
Nithc ?e ??? ? a ?? ??????? ????, ?e ? ??i, ???? ?????a ????u ? ???? ?
???, ?e ??i ???? ?i.

A ????i ???????? ??? i ??a ??? ????? ? ???a ??aea??a ?e ????i e ??i ?a
a E????? ?NON? 1918 ??, ???th ? ?o?? a ???? ? ????? ???th *(194). I??
“ae” ?. 49 y?? I???ai ??? ?????? ???y?y a ?? ??????a ??o ????o ????e.
I????? ??i ??? ?? ?????? ?e ?????? N??? A?e. O? ?i ????e, ?e ?a ?????, ?
e ????eyi, a e ???i, ?oy, ???i, ???i ? ?????? ??a. E ???e y? ? ??????a
???, a OeEE O????n?e ANN?. E??e, ??a ????y ????ay ????? a ??? e ????e ?c
??e ???th ??? ???????e ???, ??? i ?????e ?????, e ?? ? ???y?e e ?????
??e ?a????.

N??e i ??a ????? ??? a?th??? ???a e a ???oth?a ?????e NNN?.

I??? ??? E????? ???e ??? i ??a ??? ?????? e a ??? E????? CNON?, ? ??i
????i ?-??o. N??y 31 i. “a” ???o, ?e e a ???e, e ?????e ??? N??? e OeEE
O???? “????? ??? ? ?a ????o ? ???”. Oi ?? a ???a ? ???e ??ue ????y
?????, a ? ???oth?a ????a *(195). E a ???a ? I???? ??? Nith?, E????ey
C?????e ???o ? i ??? CNON?, a i eth?o ??yo ????e. Y? ?? ???? ????i, ???
?i ??a ?? ???? ???a C????y a ????? ???e e ???, a ???o ????a?e ??????
??????? ????ey. O?? ????a ?? ????i e a ??e E????? CNON?, ??y?e ??a
?????y N????i Nith?.

E????, ?i ?e ?????e CNON? ????? ???? ? ? ??y?o a i? ?th?? ????e, a ?
???a Nith? NN?. *?????e VIII ??ae N??? NNN?, ??ya E????eth, ????? a ?i
???a ??o ??? – A?????, A??eth e A??th. N????i ???y, ?a y?i ?? ?????
C?????y. O? ? ??a ? ?th?? ????ee a ??? 1937 ?? ?? ? ??? ? ??o ???o N???
??y? ????? ??????y ? ?????e C?????e O????, ??ay? ? ? n????? ???a, a ???
? ??th E?n???th Nith? *(196). I????i, ?i e ?? ??a???ey ???? ? i ??? ?e
?e ?? ????? ? C?????e, a ??? ? ?????e CNON?. I????y, ?i ?e ??i ? ??e
???i ??a C?????e ???iy?? ?? yoi ?????i.

E? ?a ?????ue, E????ey NNN? 1924 ?? ???ey? ??i ?th?? ????e ia ?????? ?
?????. A?????, ?i ??a ??????ey ??e ?? ?????u n ???ey ?e ?e ?? ?????.
C???, ?i ?? ?a ? ??? ? ????? ?????, ?, ????, e i ????i ?????. A?ue ?
?y?a ????? ??o ?? ???.

A ??? ??? ???? y? ??a?? ????? ?????. Iu ?a ?????e ? ??????i e
?????i-???????? ?????eth N??? A?e, ???a ???i e ????o ????eth ????? ???e.
Ii ??a ?????y NNN? ?? ????i e ???? ????? A????? NN?, i ???i ??ue ??????
a A????e ?a n 1919 a. *(197) a ?? ????? ????? ?????y Nith?. A ??a 1923
?? XII E????ey E???? A????e ??y? ??? ? ????? ?????, ????y ?i ?i, ?i ?
??? ??????ey ???o ???a a????? A?????i ?????a. O????a ????ue ???? ? ??
“?????o… ???? ???a” ?NON?. A ???a 1923 ?? ??? N??? A????, A????e e
Ni???? ???? ?????ue ? ??????a e ANN? ?o ??? ????, ?a ?????a ????a ???ey?
?????i. A?? ???? a y?e ?y?, ?i a A???? ???? ? ?a ?? ???. A? a ??a 1917
??, ??a ?????? C???y ???ue, ?eth??ay a ?ay ????i ?????o ????, ??????e
A???? ao??? ????? ? ???y a ??? ???a y?e ???e. I? ?????? ??e a N???th
???ue. E ??? ??? ???? ???? ??a ????: ???? ?????? ??????a ? ???u ???o
????o ???a.

N??y 7 E????ee NNN? ???ey? ???i, ? ???? ?y ???i ?th?? ????e ???????ue
??? ?th?? ?????i. O?? ??y?e ???ny ?? ?????e. O? ? ??y ?????e ??u, ??a
????? ??? ??????, ?e, ?e ????, ?o ? ??ie? a ???????-???? ????y, ???e
??ueth ?????a, ?i th?????, ?, ?i ? ??a, ????? ????a. A ?i ??a a??e e ???
i ???? ?????a, ?c???e ? ?????? ???e ??????ueth – ?????ueth ????ue ?aae?i
etha? ?????, ??aey??y ? ????? ???. O?? ?? ??i ?a e ? ??, ?i ?a-?a ?? ???
?? e i ?????e ???i ????o ????e ? ?? ????yo e ????i ??? ?????. E????ey
NNN? ????a ???i ???? a????? ?a ? ??a ???i ???. A???a ???i ?????a ???ue?
? ??y? ?????o ?th?? ????e, ????o ? ?????a ?????i ?????ue. Ii ?i, ?????,
???y? ??i ???i ??? ?th?? ?????, ?i ?e ??e ? ????? ??i Nith? ?????ue ?ay
?cy??e. A ? ???e ??a ?????i Nith? ??? ?????ue ???o ????? ????? ???ue ?ay
?ae ???e ??i ????? ?????a.

A??a ?????i ??????i e ?y?? ?? ?e??e ??o ???????? ????. A ??a ???? ??e
??i, ????, a C????a ? ?????y NNN?, a ????e, a ???o ????yo.

I???a ?????a ??oth ????o ??a a C????a. E????ey CNON? 1925 a. ????? ????
i i?. N??y 6 I???? ??? ???????a ??? ?????i ?y ?? ????e, ??y?o a O???eth.
A ? ? ??y ?????, ?i ???ia CNON? “y?yth?y ?????? ?th??e ??ae??e”. A ?. 6
E????? O??? 1925 ?? ????y ? ? ??a. I????? ???y ??? a E????? ???e, ??yo?
??a a 1925 ??. A ?e ????y ?? i ?????e ???i ??? ?th?? ?n???, ???ath?o ?
????? ?NON?, n ?????e (?. 11). N???? e ????a, ? ???? ??a ????iea ???ny
?? ??y??y-?????a, ???????a ?a ??? ????e E?????e. I ?th?? ?????a ?
?????y. A????i ??i ??? a E????? O???? 1927 ??.

I???e ??i Nith? NN? ??????a? e ????a ?y???? ????e. N????i ???o ? y?i ?.
5, ??oth?y ? ?th?? ????e ???? ?? ?????e a ?????? n I???i ???i NNN?. A?
????? a ????a ?? ????e y? ?y????. Oa ? ?o, ???a o? ???? E????ey?, ??y?
ii?a, a ??ue ????? a Nithc ?e??? ???th?? ??i ?e ???? ??o. C???y ???
????? ?? ?th?? ????e ???? e ? ?. 1 E????? NNN?. O?y ??uey ??y?? ??????
Nith?, ??? a ?e ??i ?????ath?y ??ae???a ????ey ?th?? ????e. E? ?a ?????,
E????ey Nith? ??i??? ???iy??? ??? ????e ?c ? ???ey, ? i. “a” ?. 1 ????
?????ue ??????ey “???? ? ????e a??oe ??o ?th??e ??????”. N??????, ?a
??ue ????ny ?????ay ???a a ???e ???????o ???? ??o ?th??e ??????, ???e
???? ??u Nith?.

Nith?? ????? ??e ??i ???a? ?? ??u, ??? ??? n ????ey ???th?? ???a (i.
“ae”). Y? ????a ?? ???? e a E????eyo ?th?? ????e. O?, a I???i ??? CNON?
????? i ??a ????? ??th?? ? ??? ?????, ? ?? e ???a ??u, ?????i, n ????ey
Nith? (i. “i” ?. 1). N??y 30 (i. “ae”) E????? O?ae? ???? e ?????e
Oe?????i ???????i ???? ????? ?? “????? a ??y?a, ??????i i. “ae” ?. 1
E????? Nith? N???? N???????o ?????, ???o e ????? c??a O????e N???????e
N???? ??i???” *(198). A????? ??o ? ??i a I???i ??? ?NON? 1925 a., ???e
???o ???a e ????? ??u e e????? A??????i ??? N??? e AOeEE. N????y ??ue,
???i, ? ? ???? i ?i, ?i y? ??i ??? “a ?????? n E?????e e ????????i Nith?
NN?” *(199). I?? ?????i ??i?yao ????oth ??o I???e ??i O????? NNN? 1927
a. (i. “ae” ?. 21). Oi ? ? ??i e a A????e. Aa I???e ??i 1927 a. ??????o
????? ????a a ????, ???ath?e n E????ey? ?o?o ?th?? ????e (i. “a” ?. 25)
*(200). I???? ?-???o ????? ???ny I???e ??i O???? NN?. C?? ??? i ?????e
????o ???a a??e ???? a ?????th ??o, ????oth a ??? ??a. I??i ??ay ?i ??a
??????? ?e ?, ?e e a ????? ???o (i. “ae” ?. 56) *(201).

I???a ???????o ??? ???y? ?ith ?????oue a ??? 30-o ??a, ??a ?? ????a
????y ???????o ???. I???? ?? ????? ??? ?? ???? ? ????u ??? ??? ??a ? ??e
???th?? ?nth? ?????y?. E a ????? ??a ???????a ??u ?a ? ??i???.

N?? y?????? ?? ?th?? ??o?? E????ey ??ey? e ????. A?e ??iyy ???ey ????
???i e ???th Nith?, ? n ????? ?? ???o ???a. I???? Nith? ?? ??i ????e??
??? ???o ????? ????, ? ?a ????a, ????, ??o ??? ?? ?????, ??? ??ue ??o ?i
e ??? ???? ???? ??? (i. “ae” ?. 1). A ???yo iy? ???u ???? ?y????e ????
??? ??? ??i a ??o ???????o. XIII ?????y ?EI(a) a y??a 1924 a. ????? ????
??????ue ???ey ???????e e ?i????? ????: “…????a ????? e ???? ???????e
????, ????? ?e ? ??? ?????e ???e o ???? ????i ????, y?????? ?i????? ?e
y?? ???? ????eytho ????oth ??? ?cy????e ???? ???” *(202). OIII ??ae ???
?????a ??ye ?????th ??eth?th “I ???i?e ????”. I? ?????? ???? ??/?o ???a
a y???? ???, ????a ???? ???????e e ??????e ???ee, ???? ? ??, ? a ? ?
?aiy ??????a ???? ???? e ????, ???? ?e ????a ??????eo?. Y? ?? ???u e a
????i? ??eth?e “I ?????”, ?ath?e ??a ???a ????, ?, ?i ? ??a, ??ythu?
???a ???? ???? ??????e ????. “I???? ?????? ??????? ?a ?? ?? ??????a
?????, – ai???y a ????a, – ????o a???a ? ????e ??? ??? ?? c???? ? ?????e
???? e ?????” *(203).

E? ??i, ??eth ?? ????o ??????a ?? a ??a ???? ?ae? Nith?i e ??????. Aeey
?a ??u ??? ?? ????.

A?? ??i ????i ??????a ?? a ??a ?????a ???????th. C?? ???o e ?????e
Nith? “?????? ??a e ??? ??a ??i ??ae?? ?cy??a Nith?” (i. “c” ?. 1). Ii
????????o ????eth ???????th ???ath?y ???ey?y ???th?? e ???????a, ? ????a
? e ?e ?e ?? ??? ???o ??a ? Nith?. O?? ??????a ????i ?e ? ????th e
?aea??i ???ey?yi, ?e e ??i ??neyi ???????. E???? ???ny ??? i ????yo. A
???? ?e ??? ??n?u ?e ??i e ?????e e Nith?, e ????e. Ii a ? ? ??y
????e??? ????e ??? ??th??ny ?? Nithc?, ? ? e?? ????e.

A?? ??i ?????? ????? ??a Nith? e ????e. E? e ? ?????y NNN?, ?th?? ?????
?atho ?? ath??u. Ii, ?e e ? y??, ??a ath??u ????iy???. O??i ?? ??? ?e
?eth??? a ??? ath??a ?NON?, ? ??? ?e ??yo a ??? “???i ???????? ath??a
Nith? N???? N???????o ?????” (i. “e” ?. 1). A?? i? y?i ??? i ???o
???????o ath??? e ??? ??i i ???o. I?y? n ???th??e ???? ????? ??? o/???ue
e ??, ? ??? n ????ey ???th?? ???a.

O????a ??a ????e ????u o?, ??u ????? ????a ???? ??i???o ?????, ???a
???i ???th?y ? y??????i ????y ?NON?. Iiy?? ? ???? ????ay ???a ????ue ?e,
??u ???ue ?????? ?????i ??o ??a e ??a ????e ??????, n ?i ??u ?????
?????? ath??? a ??? ??ath?o.

A???? ??? i ??a ???ny a ??i ??a, ?i ??a ??? ???????a e ???????ey ??ny?y
e ?????e Nith?. Y? ??????, ?i ???c?ey ???? ??o ?????y ??? ????e. Aea ??a
??? ?? ?????ue, ?n??? ????a ???y a ????o ???o Nith? ??? ??????, e ?c ?
o?? ?ai??? ???? ???a ?cy??a. Y? ???? ?? ????i ???????? ????? ????e,
????e ?e ?c a 20-o ??o. A ?NON? CE ?e i?iyo ???? ?????y NNN?, ? ????i?i
????? ??a y?? ? ?????y, ????o ???ae ??? ???????a ???y. A ?? ???????e
???a ???? ????atho ???th?? ??, ??ii a ??oth ???ue – ????a. C????a
??????a OeE AEI(a) 5 y??y 1930 a. “I o?? ???????e e ??o ??? ????o? ?????
n??????” ???? ??? ? ??, ?i ???????y – ?? ???th??. A ? ? ??y a ??????e
????? ??????a ???y ????o ??????? ???a, ? ???i e ????????? ???????y,
?eth?y ? ??u. N??? ??o?ue, ?i ?????a ??? ???????e ?? ? ? ?????i, a a
?????? n ???????e ???, a ?????e ? ???e ???y o?y??a a ?o. O?, ???????
???????e ???? N??? e I??a I???a, N???e E??c, ??eue?a ???? ??? ???
?????????ny ????i i??. I??a ???? ??????eth a ???ithth ???ue.

I???? ???? ? ?th?? ????? ????ny a i. “i”, ???y?i i ????????. Ii ???y? ?
Nith?i ?????a ??a ??i?????a, “?????? ??a ??????? e ????????, a ??a
?????? e ????? ???????? Nith?”. N??????, ???a ????? ???? ???ny a ?????e
????e. Oi ? ????y e e ????o ????????.

***

O?? ???i, E????ey, ? ??y ?????a ?iy?y ??????, ?????e ???o ???? ????ey
????? ?? ?ae? Nith?i e ??????, ??? ????? ?????. Nithc ??ey?ny ???e,
?????th?? ?i ???????? ?e ???e ??? ???u, ? ????? ???ytho ? ??e ?a ?????a
?y ? ????i ???ey a ???o ??????a ?????.

E????ey NNN? ?a a ?. 1 ??????o e ??? i ?i, ?i ??? ??e??? ?????o Nith?,
?i ?????th, i??ay y? ?? ????? ???????i ???i, ??? ??i ???. Ii a In??? ???
??y?ny ????a ???? e ???????i ???i. E ?????eth ????u e ????a ?y????e ?o e
??? ? ??? e ?????.

A?? 4. N???? e e????ey ???????o ???a

I????? NNN? ???? ??????a ??? ?????a n ?????oth?i ????o??? ?????. I????
N???? Nithc i???ye ?a ??? ?????y ?????, o ?? ? ?? ??????e ????ue ?th
???o ???????o ???a ??o ???o. I??u ??? e ????ey Nith? ????ue n ??? ??a,
?????? ??????, a ?????e ?NON?. A ?? y?ai ? ????a e ?????y ??, a i???a,
????? ??????e?.

N?? ??? ? ???eth e ??? ? ???e ??????y ?? ??i, ???th?e ?????? ??y??y, –
??ae N??? Nith? NN?.

I??e A??th?? ??ae N??? y??y ??? ?iy???i ???????e ???a Nith? ? ???a
?????. E? o? ?????, ? ????, ?i ??? ????th ???? n ??? ?i ????i A??????
???i. E ??????i: ?? ? n??a N??? ?NON? ?? ?????? ???ou ? ?? ????e, ???a
??e a n??a Nith?.

I??a, ??? ??????? ???e? ? O A?????? ??? N??? ???? ????a ????. E? ?a
?????, ? IO A?????? ??? N??? ?th?? n ?e ????? ?? ?????? ?e ?????, o.a.
??? ????a ? O???, A????e, C????y ? ???eny ? ???a ????? ????? ????a. N???
?? ??iy? n ????????? ????e ? O ???. I? ?? ??????. A ????? ? ??? ??i
????ue ?????y i ?i, ?i ???? ?th?? ????e e ? O A?????? ??? ?ee ?????u n
???a?i ?????e. Ii ?? e ??? ?????a, ?i ?e ?? ? ??????e ???e?? ???, a ??
??y?, ?? ????e ??y? *(204).

A??a ??? ????ey?ny ??a ??????, ?oy ? ???, ?i ???a O A??????i ??? N???
“Ii ??a? ? ?????e Nith? N???? N???????o ????e” ??????? ?e ? ?????i,
?????y, ?i ???y ??o ?y?i n ?oa?e ??????, ? ?a ?ith? ? ?ae ?? *(205). A ?
? a?iy ???y ?? eth???ay ???: ? ??? ??????? ???? ? ??? ? ????e, ? e ?
E?n?e A??, ??? a ???i ????? – 3,5% ????a, o. a. ???, ????, ?i ? A????e
(1,3%) *(206). I????y, ?i ?????o-? n??????, a ??y ?? ????e ?e?y.

Aea e ?????? NNN? ????i n ??????th ????? ?i ???, ?e y? e ???? a ?th??
?????a. Iiyo?o ?? ??u ????????a ?? ?? e ? ?: ?? ???o ? 25 000 ????o
?????e ?e ? 125 000 ????i ???iey. N??y 9 E????? Nith? ??e ?????i ????o ?
?. 25 I???? ??? ???e. A I???i ??? NNN? ?? ??? ????a ????a: a ?????e
E????? ????? ?? i ????o N???, a a I???i ??? Nith? ?e? e i N??? “????o
????e”. O?? ???i, ???a ???e e o. i., ????, ????ue ? ???? ?????, ? ?? ?
??? ??????? e ????i, a ? e ???? ????eyi.

O????i e ??? ???? ??o ?????y?. Ii ??, ???? ?, ????????i ????i ????y ?
A??th?? ??? ??? ? ?? ? ????e. I??i ??i ??????o a ???? ??? ???????? ???u
? ?????, ?? ?i, ?a ?a ????y, ?e, ????, A????y, a ???eth, oi ?? o?? ?e ?,
?e ?? ? ?o ?? e ????? ????ny a ???e. A??th?? ??ae N???, ??????i, ??o ??,
?e ?a ?????, ? n ??????, a n ?????.

A E????? Nith? ?o ?????e ??u ? ??????i ??a. Nithc ????y ? ??????a ???u
????e, ?i ???, ???a ????u. Ii ?y Nith? ??i ??y?e ?????ey ?i ???i
????????i ???, ???e ????y ? ?? ???????o ??????o ???. A y? ???u, ?e ???,
?i??? a ?? I?y???e ??eth?e e ?? ?? ??? ?a, ??? ?????i ??/??a ??y??y ??.
N??????i, ??? ? A??th?? ??ae N??? ????e ? ???? ????i ?y ??y??y ???????
??a, ? ?? n ??th??? y??oa???a e ?????? e ?i ?oe.

Eth???i, ?i ????? ??? n??a ?ith? ? ??????? ???o ????y. I? ??????
??????a a ??? ???y??a a ??a ????a ? ??? ???yi ?? 26,8%. ???? ???? 44,4%,
? ?? ?????i ???, ?i ? ?? a ????e, ?i ???? ?ath ????u ??????. E?????? ??e
????a ?? 28,8%, ? ?? ???, ?i ???yi, e y? a ???, ?a ??????y ?? ??a?? ??i
*(207). I???i, ?i a ??a ??????a ????ue ???i ?? ????, ????a e ????a, ?i
??? ?iy?i e ?????.

Ia II A??th?? ??? N??? ????? ??? ????i ????y, ii a ????o ????: ???o
???o ???i ????ny, a ??????a – ????ny. I?????? ???yi ???? ? ???i ???
*(208). Ia III ??? ???o ???o a ????e ? ??? ???i ?? (??e ? 9 ???),
??????e – ??n (? 5,5 ???u), ???y??i ???? ? 3%. Ia ??oth?o ???o ?a y?
????? ????? ???? a ?o ? ????, ??? ? VII ??? ?eth????. Ii ?y ?n ?? ?i ??i
??, ?i, ???i, ? A??th?? ???o N??? ???? ??th?o??i ??y??y, ????y ? iyi.
Iy??u, ?e ????, ??, ????ny, ????e, ?e e ???ay ????y – ???.

Io ??? e ??? ??i ????ai ????a. I???? ??u ???????o? ????? ?????e, ?,
????, y? ????? ??? ????y ???. Ia ??? ??? ???? 2214 ???e, ? VII – 2562
????.

Y? ??? ?????otho ????eyi ??? ????y. O??i ????? ???a?????ue ???a ? ???i,
? ?a y?i ??a ? ????o ????th. A 1922 ?? a Nith? ???????? 114 100 000
????i ????y. I? ?? ?????? ? ??? 444 ?????. I? ????e ??a ????????a eo ???
?? ?? ?? i??a – 424. N??????, ?a ?????e ? ????iey n ???i ???i e ???????
?a?uey??i ?? ?????? ?????? *(209), ? a?ue ??? ?y ?ai ?? ?-??iy?? ????e.
I???ay ???a a ???? e ???o ?????o ?????ue, ????, ?i, ?i ?e ?????e ????a
?????ue ?e ?????e ?????i ???a ????a, ????o ?iy?y “???y??i” e “????
????a” ?a-?? ? ??? ???atho. E ??????y ??a ?? e ????e, e ????. O? ? ??a
??i n??? ???e ??ae, ?i ??? ? A??th?? ??ae N???, ?e e ? ??????e? ???, ??
??????i ????e ?y ??y??y.

I???i ????? e ???i ????? ???? ????e ??????e ???u – ?????a ??o ????i e
???? ?????, ???, ??o ????? e ??n?? ??y??ny. I??i ??atho, ?i y? ?????i
????ny a ?????e 1:3 a ??co ???o. I???i ? ? ????ny e ?e ???a ???a A??th??
?a??. A?e ???ue ???o ???o n ??a?? ??????e ? I??i ??? N???, ? ????ny, ?i
? ??? ?? ?i?a 3/4. O?ay ? ???a ??a ? A??i ??? e n ????i ???aeai?i ?
??oth?o. N ??? ?????? ?e ????e ??????e e ???? ?e ????e ?? ??o ?? ????i
??? a ??? ???y??a. Ii a ??i e, ??i ???y, ??????ny ??e ???: ?a???????
???yi ? A??th?? ???o N??? ?? ???? a ?e ??a ???, ?i ? ????? ????y. O??
?????a ???? ?a a 1917-1918 ??o e ???y??, ???y, ? ??a ??????y ??? ????e
??????e ???u.

A?????, ?i ??? ? A??th?? ??? N?a?a ????e a ????? ????????. N??y 9 ?y?
???o ? y?i. Ae???u ? ??ae ???th?y ? a???? N??? e N??? ????o ????e, a ??a
??????? ????? ???a N???. N??????, a ???i ??? ?atho ??i a i???a ??????
???: ????a N??u ???th?y ???????i ????ey?, a ?e ?a ????tho ??o ??????? ?
A??th?? ??ae N???.

N??? ???o ?? n ????e e????y?, ???, ?????e. Ia ????? ??? N??? ????
???th?y ?y? ? ? ???a ??? ????, ? a ? ? ??y e ? ????, ? ??n?? ???a N???.
A ?ith ???ue, ????a ??? ???oth?y ? ??????? ?? ???? ???a ???e. N??????,
?y ???y?? ?? ? A?nith?? ??ae N??? ?? ? ???i ?????: ???? ??o – ????e ??ae
N???, ????? ??ae N???, A??th?? ??ae. Yoi ?? ?y ????? ???yi, a ??? ?????o
? ?e ???? ??, ???a?, ??? ??y a A????e, ?a ? ?? ????. I??a, ?i ???n?a ??i
??iy?ny ???????i (?. 10), ?e e a ??? ?????o, ? ???o ?????i ???y.

Ia ???o ???a ??? N??? Nith? ??ey? ??????a, ????? ???????i-???????a ???a
?? ???. IV ??ae N??? Nith? ???e ?. 9 E?????, ?eth?a a ?a ????? ? ???o e
???? ? ?y?i n ???ey? *(210). Ae?i a ?i, ?i a ?? ??i???ey ????? ???a ??i
??iy?ny ????i e ???i ?y ???e e ???? ?y ??? ????e, ??? e 1927 ?? ???a ?a
? ?? ????. N ?????i ?e????ey e ?????e ???a ??? ? A??th?? ??ae N??? ??e
???e?ny ???? (?e ?????) ???? N???, a a ?????o, ? ?ath?o ?a??i ???y, –
???????? ???? N???, ?i ?? ????? ???? a ????e?? “Ii ???o i ???????o ????”
? VII A??th?? ??? N??? *(211).

I ??y?a ?????y ?e ???? ??? N??? Nith? E????ey ?????. Ia ???? a ?????? n
???i, ??y?i a ?????o, ?????a ????i i??? *(212).

I? ?? ???yo ????????i ??y??y ???a ? ???o N??? Nith? ?? ????? n ?????e
????. I???????? ?? ??? e a ?????? ???a. O?, ? I ??? ???o ?? 62,5%, ????a
– 8, ????? – 1,1, ??? – 10,8, ? ???a E??? – 4,5, ????o oth?? – 5,7, ???e
e y???a- 3,4, ??????? ??? ???????e – 4%. E? ??i, ???? ??i ?i?a? ????,
???a ? ??e ??o ???????o ?????e a ???? N????i Nith? *(213), ? ??? ????th
?? a ???????i e ????i ????. I???th ? ???o ? ??i e ? II ??? N??? n ?????
????y? a ? e ??oth ???o *(214). Eth???i, ?i ???o ????o ???a ??e ????a
??ae? ???i ????ny ? ? ????i ?? a ???a ????y ???. I???i, ?i a ?o ??ayo,
??a ? ??i y? ???a a ???o ????ey, ??i ???? ???th ????oth ????? ?? ?e ??i
???.

A??c ????a a ???i ???a ?a?? i ????i ???e ???. O?, ? I ??? N??? ? ?? ??i
77 /???, ? ??? – 3%, ? ???i, ???, ???? – 162 ????, ? V ??? ????? ???
????? ???? ? 364, a ? VI – ? 20%, n????ue ? VII-i ? 18,7%. Oi an? ?ey
??? ? ???o ? ?th ? ???th ???? ????, ?oy ?a-?? e ? ?????i ???i.

O????i ????e ??? ???a Ni??a Nith?. E???, ??i ???? ???eyth?a ?????i
??y?e ??? – ?????a. Ia I ??? ? ?? 94,1%, ?oy ?a a ??????? ????? (0,2%)
???y?? ????????i ?? ???. Ia II ??? ???o ?????a ????i ???ny – ? 90%, ? ??
?a ? ?? ??????? ??o-?? ?? ???, ? IV ??? ?????a ??i ?a ??? – 72,5%, ? V –
?? ??? ??a?u *(215). Ia VI ??? ????a ????? ??? ??????? – 72,8%. E ?
VII-i ?????ue – 74,1%. Ia ????i ???oth?y ?a e ?????u – 4,9%, ?i ???o i
?????e ???? e ??? ????? ??? ???.

A ?? ????? ?????y NNN? ?????ue e ?ay, ?i ????i ???i ??? Nith? ??? ??
OeEE. I??i ? ????e ???? OeE ?EI(a) a ?y?a 1922 a. ? ????? I.E. E???a ??
???, ?i ??i ???i ??o ?? ??? ??ae N???. Y? ???a ???? i????a ????
????????i ?????? a ??????a ???a Nith?.

O????e ??ae N??? ?e ??? ??i ??? Nith? ?n??e a ??? ??????ey NNN?. I
A??th?? ??ae N?a?a, ?????e ???a ? ?????e Nith?, ?i ??i ?? ?i ??? ???i
???. Y? ????a ???? ? Ae???a ? ?????e NNN?, a ??i ?? ??a???i E?????e.

I???? ??? N??? ??????i ????? ????. II ??ae N??? Nith? n???y a y??a 1924
a., ??c 13 ?ny?a ??a I-?; III ??ae N??? ???e a 1925 a. A?i???? ???a,
?????? ???????a ????e e ?????a ? ??? ??ae?e ??? ????? ??oth ??????ue
????e. IV ??ae N??? NNN? a 1927 a. ???e?, ?i ??? ??? ??o ????ny ?c a ?a
??. E????ey ????a ??a ??a ?????? ???a.

A ?????th A??th??i ??? N??? ???e ?a ?c ??th??y ???u, ?o?? E?????e ??
???? e ???th Nith?. E ??th????e ?????e ??? ????? ?????a e ????a ???? i??
E??e??e NNN?. N??u N??? Nith? ? ???? ??????e ? ???a ??a, ???a ? ??
??????u, e ????e ?? ???????? ???ey. Ia II, III, IV e V ???o N??? ?????ue
????a a??? ???ey ????i ?cy??a, ????, ???????, ????? ??????a, i???u ???e
????. N??u ????ey? ?? ??i ???ey ?ae ???????e ????, ????ay ???? ???u
??????a.

II ??ae N??? ???e a ???? ae?. 21 y??y 1924 a. ?? A.E. E??. N?cae ??ye
?????a ????a e ??y??ny ?????? e ?yae ??????e ? ?????? ??e ??y ????
?????? (i ????? ?iy???, ? ???e ????e, i ????? ???ay, i ??????? I????a a
E????).

A ??? ??o ???? N??ia ????i ???i ??? NNN? y?y?y Oe????? E??????e E???
Nith? (?. 8).

OeEE Nith? a ???a ? ?????i?? ?????o ??????? ????a ?e ???i ??????. Ii
??iye ? Nith??i N??a e N??a I???????. Ii ??y ?????y ????ue ? ??o. A
Ae???a ? ?????e NNN? OeEE ???ny ?e ??????, ?i ?? ?o ??? ? ????th
???????. Ei?? ??i e ?e ??? Oe????? E??????e E??? ???i ???.

Y?o E???, a ?????? n Ae????, ?e ??? a ???a 371 ??a ???????i ????th ???
? ?th?? ????e. Oi ?? ? ???ye ??? ??? N??? a ???th?. A y? ????, ?i e ??ae
N???, e OeEE ? ??? ???o ???? ? ?????? ?????i ?? ????e. I? yo? ????? ?,
?i ???y ???y? a? ????a ????? ??i ?????? e, ??????i, ??? ??o ??? eth?a
???u ?e, ?e ????y ?. A?ue ? I ??? N??? ? ??? ??a 2214 ????a ? ???e ??
1727, ? ONN? – 364, ? C?????e O???? – 91, ? A????e – 33. N??????, ????y
?????e ?????e ?? ??? ??u ?? ????o ????e. N??????i, e a Oe????? E??????i
E???a ??a ?????i ??? ?? ?????y. I? e ?????ue a ???a OeEE 1-? ???, ?oy
???y e O??? ?????i ???? ??ue ??o ?? C????th e A????e. Ae?a ????y y?e
???a C?????y ???? 7% ?? a OeEE ?e 4,2% ??????i ????y a ???a Nith?, a
A????y ?????a?i – 1,9% ?e ???? ?? ????y 1,2%. E ia ???? a ?? ?????e
Ae???a ? ?????e NNN? e ???? E????? ??e ??? i ?e????? Oe?????i E???????
E???a Nith?.

A?????ue y?? ???a e ec ????y OeEE a ???a ??? ???a ??? Nith?. Ae?i a ?i,
?i ?????y OeEE ??e ??y?? ?????e ??? N???. E????ey Nith? a ?. 1 ????yao
????? ??a ?i, ? ??ey? ??a ??? ? ?? Oe?????i E??????? E???a.

A?????ue ???a i ???a OeEE ???? ? ??, ?i ?, ??? ??a ??e ????e, ?i ??ae
N???, ????y ??, ?????i ??, a ???, ?e ??a ???oth ???????th e ?oth ???.

A??n i ??????e OeEE, i ?????e ?i a ?????? ??i ??ee a ????o ???.

Ii ??????i ??? ????y i OeEE ?a ? ??? ?i ??? ???? ?????ue I????o OeEE.
A?a ???a ?y y?? ?????y E???y, ?? ? 6, i??????? ?y ???y ????o ???????o
????.

A??a ???y, ???? ???ey ?????? ??? ?y ??? ????a ????o ???a ?????ue a
?????o ?a ???? ?????y NNN? *(216). A ?????i ???? i ?e ????e ???a E.A.
No??. 4 ???y 1923 a. a ??? ??? e ????? OeE ?EI(a) ? ??? ???i a? ????y
????ue ??? ? ??????o ???o e OII ??? ??? ?, a ????e, ???? e y? ????,
???y, ?i, ??o ??, ???o ??a OeEE ???ue ?????? ?o ??i, y?yth??y ?????????
?? ???????e Nith? ? ???o ????a *(217). O????? I??i OeE i??? ??? N??? e
??ye ???a, a ???i, a ????e, ????? e i ae?????e ???a. A?? ? ?i ???? ??
????? ? ????? a ??? ????o ???o Nith? e ????e. A ????e, ath ????? ??e ???
e VII ?????y E???? O??? a ??? ??ey 1923 ??. ??ue ?a i ?????e ????????a
?th?? e ????? ????e *(218). A ???e E????? a????ue i ??????e ???ey a ???a
???a Nith? ?????? ???, ????i?i ? ??? ????a ?th?? ????e. I???o ???e ??a
II ??ae E???? A???.

I?????? ?a ?? ??? ? OII N??a ?EI(a). E.A. N??i a ???a “I ?????? ???? a
????i e ???????i ??????a” ???? ?e ????o ???ey?y, ???a ??? ?? ????u a
?eyo ????ey ???? ?????? ????. I?? ? ?o ? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?n????, “???e
??? ? ????? ?? e ?????? ?? ?c ??th??y ????e e ???????e”. O?? ???i ???
?ea ??ue ??ay ??? a ???a Oe?????i E??????? E???a Nith? NN?.

N??i ???, a ???a ? ????? ??? ?y??e, ? ???? ????? ??? ??y? n OeEE, a ???
?a?????a Oe?????i E??????? E???a a ?????? ??i, ?a ?? ??? “a????ue ? ?
Nith?? ??? N???, ????? ? ???????e, a ??ay ??? ???ea? ? ?????? e ???y?
(????? ???o e ?????? ???e ?? ???o) e ?????? ? ?i ? ???i N??? Nith?
?????” *(219).

O?? ???i, ?ay ??iy? a ?i, ?i ??ay ??? ??? ?th?e ?????????a ????, ??ay –
????ue ?a ?????? ??????i ???a ???. Ae???? ????, ?i a ??i ??? ???o
?????ue ??? ? ??? 4 ??a Nith?, ? e ??a ?e?a ?????i-???????a ?????y. Ii
???e ?? ??? i ?? ???o. I????, ???i, ? ??? ?????, ????o ?????? ????????i
? ??? e ????? ???a, ???o ??i a ??e ???, i????? ?? ????oa??. I???ue
???????ny ?i, ?i ??? ??ae ??o a ??e-? ????? ?e ????? ???e e y? ?????y, ?
??? ???tho ???? ?? ???a e ???????e.

I? ????? ???a N??? ? ????i ????e ??? nth?o i ??? ??? OeEE ? ??? ????i
????a. Ec ??????? ???ath?o ?i ????ue ??? ??: ??????ue O????a ????a e
???o ? ????? E???? O. ?????. I??e ???e ???? ? ??????ue ??????ey ?????o
?aa ??????? ??? ???????e, ??? ??? ?? ???? ???e ?ath N??? *(220).

A?? ???i ???? ?????ue a ??? ???. I??aey ?? ? ??i?, ????e ???e, ?i ?i ??
?e ? ???o i ???????e ??? ??? OeEE. I????? ???ath?o ???i ???ue?i ???ue
N?? I??????? ??? ? ????a ? ???o ?th?? ????e. A ?????? n ???i ?????a ??ey
???, ?i ??? ??? a?ue ????? ? ??? ?th??e, ? e ?????e ??????, ???
????????i ? ?o e ??? ???o ???ue ?????. E?? ??, a N?? ??? e ???? ? ?????
???? *(221). Ii ? ??ue ?iy?? ???? A. I??? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???. Ii
???e, ?i ???? ????e e ???a ??o ?? ??? ???? e a ??? ???i OeEE *(222).

A ??eth?th ??? ? ??????o ???o ??e ????a ??? ???a ?ee ?eth?? ?a, ??y???
????? ???o ???, ???th?? ???? ?????? ???ia. I?????ue ?eth?? nth? ??a
??????? ????e e ????? ???? ? ???o ????a ??a ????a io ?????o ???a, ??y?o
a y? ????? *(223). Oi ?? ???e ??i ??? ?-??iy?? N??? ???????e, a ? ???
???????o ?????e. I?????? ?????o ???a ??? ?? ??, ????, a ?? ????o.

I???a ??? ??? OeEE ????i ?????ue a ??e??? ???? OeE ?EI(a), ????e ??a
??? e ?y ????? ?i ???e, ??? y?o ??in ?e ????i ???. E???y ????? ????i ???
??? ??? OeEE. I??????ue ?????, ?i ? ?? ????e a ?a ??? ???ue ? 5
?aaen????e, a ? ????? ???? – ? ???. Oi ?? E???y ?? a y?i ?i?? ? ???y
???, ???????i ??ia ????i ?????i-???????o ?????e, ?i, ???i, ?? ??? ?????:
??cy ? ?????? ?th?oth ???ee? e ????? ???e. C?? ??ay ??? ???? ?a ?? ????
– N?? I?e?????e, e ??? ??? ??? ??? *(224). Ii ??? Ae.C. I?????i, y? ???u
?? ????? ?????u, ??? ? ?????? ???? OeEE ???e ??????e a ????? ???o ? ??
*(225). I??a, A. I??? ???y i??a ??-? ????ue, ? ?? ?i ????e ? ????a ? ??a
*(226).

N???? ???? ???? ??? ?e?u ?? ???i ? ????i IV ????e OeE ?EI(a) n ???????
?????e ?????? ????e e ????. Ia ?i E.A. N??i ???e ??????? ? ?i?o ????u ?
??????o ???o, ??a????i ????? I??ath? OeE ?EI(a). A ?i ????? i ???a ????
??ia, ??? ??a ???aa????a ?????? ????i ??????i. A ???a ? ???y ???? OeE
N??i ???e, ?i ????? ??? ?? ?????? ????y “?e ???” ????? ? ?????? ????, ?
????e ????ue ??????oth ??o – 1 ???o ? e??e. I? y?i ??u ??? ??? ? ???
?a??? ?ith ????ue n ????i ? ???. I??a, ?????? ? y?? ???o iy?ay –
“?????”. N??a ??? ?????y ? ???, ? ??? ?????ny A??th?? ???i N???. N??i ??
e ???? ???i: Nith?? N?? e N?? I???????.

Ae???? ????e ??i ????? i?? ??o. I??????ue ? ??? ????i, ????? e a ??eyo.
E??y ? ??o ??? ??ue ??i ???????e ?????, ? ?? ??i ? ??o a?ue ??yo ?c
???ey ??o ??o, ???thu? ????i. I? ????? ??? ????ueny ??????? ????. I?
?????? ???ey ?? ???ny ? ????? ????e ??o. A?e ? e ?i ? ?? ?c???a, ? ???
??? ?????ny ? ?????? ??? N???, ??? ???? ??a y????? ???.

A? y? e ????a ??? ?? ??e ?? ????a a E?????, ???u???? a ??? 3 e 4.
I???yy ??y?? ????? Oe?????o E??????? E???o Nith?.

N????? ??????e ???, ???, ? th??, ?????, ?i ???? a E????eth ?? i ??? ???
OeEE ???? “????? ???e ” Ae???a ? ??c??? NNN?” *(227). A.I. I?????, ???i,
????, ?i I A??th?? ??ae N??? ?e ?c ???e OeEE, ????i n ???? nith?? ????e,
????? ?th?? ????. A???, ?e ?? ???yo ????, ?i ??e “?????” ?e ??? e ??ae?
?th?? ?????i, i ??? ???o i??ny ???, ??ae ? A?????i ???thu?, ?i Nith? NN?
????i ? ?? ? ?????, a ??????e.

O??? ????i ???i ??? e ????ey, ???????i E?????e Nith?, ???? I???? OeEE
Nith?. Ii ??o ??i???? ???e, ? ??? ???????a, ii e ?????a. E?n???y ????o,
??? ??i, i ?i, ?i I???? OeEE ???? ??? Oe?????i E??????? E???a. C?? ????o
i ????o ??a?eyo ?y y??. I??a ??i, ?? ?? ? ????o ??eyo OeEE, ???a ???
????ue ?e ?? a ?ae. Ai-???, ???? e ?????? ???, ?y ?? ??u, ???, ?????? a
c??a ????y. I??a ??i, ??i ????ai ??o ?? ?????y ????? I????a, ?????y
?????i ???????. E?????e ??? ??? OeEE ??o ?oue e I????u ?i ??o, a ??a
????? OeEE ?oy ? ??e ? ?th?? ????e (?. 21).

A ??? ??o ??ey? OeEE ?i I???? y?y?ny ??? ???i ??? Nith?. Ii ????ny
?????? ??i: a ??? I????a OeEE ??????e ??yo ?e??ueth ????? ??o. I?? ??i
??? I????a ??????i ???ey? 21 ??a?. I? ?????? ? ?? ???e. A ?????? ? ?. 25
I????u ??o ?eth/?e a ?ay ? ?? ????a ???. O??y ???a ????? ? ????? ??aea?e
??o. A ??? ? y?i ????y ? ?y?, ? ??ae ??i ???ue ? ???a ?. 25 e 26.

N ?????i ????? ?th?? ??o?? ?iy?? e ????? ??? I????a OeEE, ?y ?? ????ue
a E????eth ?????a ????. O?, III ??ae Ni??a Nith? a 1925 ??, ??a
?????i-?????a??i ?????ey N??? A?e e ?????y O???? e O????? NN?, ???e ?a
??y??a n??e, ????a, ?i ??? I????u ??o ??o ??iy? ? 9 ??? ???. I?? ??i ???
I????? OeEE ??????? ????? ? 27 *(228).

I????? ????? O????e NN? a ?th?oth ????? ? ???? ? ??e ????ey N??a
I???????, ????o ??????e O?????a ?a ??e? a ??? N??a, e ????? ? ? ??? ??
?iy?ny, ??i ?th?? e ????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ei????i ???. Ia ????? y?
????a e ? ???a I????a OeEE.

I???? OeEE Nith?, ???i ??? Oe?????o E??????? E???o, y?y?y ??? ???????i,
??????? e ???yae???? ???i ??? Nith? (?. 29). Oi ?oue, ?e e ?i Oe?????
E??????e E???, y?o ??i ???ny ? ????i ???? “????ey ???e”, ???? N??n?e
???. E?? ??, ? ???ye ???e ???????? ???a, ????o ?. 30 ?c??? ? ?? ??th??a
“? ????eai a ??ue E????? Nith?”. Ia I???? OeEE ?????ue e ??th??a ?
?????i ?? ??????e ??? N??? e OeEE.

I???? OeEE ?? ??i ??????a?ue e ??iy? ??????y NIE, ?? ? ???? ??e ? ??
*(229). E?? ??, ? ?a ???????? e ??iy? ??????y ????o ????? Nith?, a ??a
Oe?o???o ??????? ????a e N????? ?th?? ????e.

Ii E????? I???? OeEE e?e ??i ???????? ?? ??????y ???a N??? ?th?? ????e
(?. 32). I??a, a y?i ??? ?????ue ???oth?a ???? ?????oth?o ??a ? ?????? e
?????a OeEE Nith?.

I???? OeEE ?? ??i ???? ???u, ??????y e ???y??y, ??????? e ????? ???u
???? e ??????e, ???? NIE, ????? ??i??? Nith?, ???????? OeEE, ? ???e??e e
???e ???? ???.

I???? OeEE ?????? ??? OeEE NNN? i ???? ??? ??????yo, ???? ? ??e OeEE a
??? ??o ??ey?. *?? ? ?o ????a ????y OeEE, ? ???ay ??a ??? ????? ? ???ey.

I???? OeEE a ??e ??? ??a?y ? ???e ?? ??? ?????o ????? e ?a????. A ?i
???????? ????? ?????, ????, ???? ????ey ????? e ???????o ??, ??? ??????,
???? ? ????? ????? ??y??y ???, ??? ???c????? ????, ???? E???i E??a e ?.,
??i ??? ??a ?a.

E? y? ?? a ?? ??y n I????? A??????i OeEE, I???? Oe?????i E??????? E???a
Nith? ????ii ?? ???y? ?? ??e ?y????e. Ii ?? ??? ???u, ??y?a a ???a?eth
??? OeEE e ??e ?? ??? N??? Nith?. Y? ???? ? ?? o??, ?i ? ???? ??? N???
??e ????ny ?a ??, a ??i e ??? OeEE ?????e ???o ???i ??? a??e. A ?ith
???ue, ??a ??iy???? ????? ??????th ???u ?a?? ??? Nith?, ????ueth ???
n??? e ??? OeEE. A?ue ?? OeEE ?n???e ??e ??o ???. I???? ? OeEE ?e ???i
????? e ?????i, ii ?a ??? ?a ?? ??? e ? ????.

E????ey ????y? y??, ? ???? ??? ?? ??????y ?? Oe?????i E??????? E???a
Nith? e ?i I????a. E?? ????, ?????i e ??????, ????y?? ?e y?? ????e,
??y?o a ??? CNON?. O????i, ?i y?? y? ??oth?y ? ????????, a
“???io??????”. I?????? e Nith? ???????o ????e ? ??i????ue ????? ?. 34.
I???i, ????ue, ?i ?y ?o ????? e ???? y??, e ?? ? ???????e, ???e E???o?y
???? oth?i-????i, ??o ?????? no??? n ????i e ???i??.

I???? OeEE ????y a ???a ???o ?y?e ? ?????e e ????e. N ??e ???u, ? a ?e
?e ?? ?? ????o ??????? NNN?, a n ??? – ????? ???? ?th?? ????e, ? OeEE e
I?????e OeEE. A /????, ? ??e ???? ???????e i?? ????? ????. ???ay ??e ?
OeEE ?e ??? OeEE, I???? a ? ? ??y ???? ??ae OeEE.

OeEE Nith? ?e ??? ?a I ???i N???. A?? ? ?i ? ?i ??? ?e ????i e I????
OeEE. Aei II ??? N??? Nith? OeEE ?????e ?e ?????? ??i, ? y?i ??? ? a?
?????i ? ??? ???????. A Nith?? N?? ???e 414 ??? e 220 ????ia. N??
I??????? ?????? ? ??????th ?????? ?e?? a ??i ??a 100 ???e. O????i ???
??ia N??a I???????, ???o ??ue ??o?i ??i 13%. I???? ????? e ???e ???e
????a ????o e ??? ??ae?, ??eyth?o ?. O????i ????e ??? N??a I??????ae:
???yi ???, ?i ???o. Y? ?????? ??a N???, ?i ?????? ??? – ? ???? ???y??e,
????a ??? ??, ?e ???i, ???????e. O????i a ? ? ??y ???e ???o ??????e
(53), e ???e ???ey??, e???, ???aeyu? ?y?? ?????? ???a *(230).

N??a OeEE VII ??? ??y?e ????i ??a. A Nith?? N?? ???i ??? 607 ????a, ?i
???? ?? ????y ???, a a N?? I??????? – 150 a ?? ??a ??a ?th?? e ?????
??o??, a ??a e ????? ???? *(231).

I??? ?NON? e ?? ??? nith?? ?????i ??????? Nith? E???o?y ????? N?? I???o
E????a. E? ??i, e ???? ??? ?? ??y? ??????a. I???e ??i ??????o ?i ?e
??????? e ???y????e ??i OeEE. I?? ???? y?? ?aa? ????? ????o ???????o
i?????a, ? a ??eyo ?ath?y ????a ???y. I?????? ???e ???????y aa E?????e
1918 ?? ?e ??i ??? ?????y ??????. N??y 37 E????? Nith? ??????o ?i N????
e? i?? Oe?????i E??????? E???a. I? ?????e ???tho ?? N????u ???????e
????, ? ????? I???e ??i ??ey? N???? ??? ???? ???u, o.a. ??? (?. 38). Oi
? ???? e a E????? Nith?, e ?aea a ??? ?ae ?i ? ???i. Ii ?ath?y e ????a
???y. ?????e ??i ?? ??????o ????? ??a: ?i ??o ????ue “?a ??, ?????a ?y
?????i e a???i ???y ???????e ??e”. E????ey Nith? ??a ??i ???ey? ???u
????? ??????a. I? ???o, ? ????, ? ?? ? Oe?????i E??????? E???a, ???e
???ey? ?? ??, ?????y?? N????o. I??ni????ny ???a ?????? I???ey i N????a,
?? ? ??i a I???i ??? ???e. I?? ??i ??? i ???a ??????a NNN?. Ii ???ey?y
?a Nithc?i ????i. O?? a ???a ??????a ????????ue ???? ????u ? ?????i
??i, ???i e ???i ??i, ???e ????, ??e ????y, ?? e ?????, ???-???y??e
????e, ?????? A??? N??a Ia???i O?y??a, ???? ???? ??a, ???? ????
??????ey, ???? ???? ????. I??i ??i ???? ????? ??a ???e e ???a ???? a??th
????th, ????o ?? ?a, ? ????, i ??????e ?? Nith? e ??o??. Aa oay??? ?? n
????? ????a e ??????, ??????e e ?????a.

O? ? ??????y O????? I??? OeE ?EI(a) a 1923 ?? I.A. O??a ????e ??????
??? i ????? ??? Nith? e ????e a ???o ????ey ????? ????o (ath??, ??u), a
??a i ????yo *(232).

A? ? I??? E.A. N??i ???e ??? ??? e ????? OeE ?EI(a), a ???i ??e ???
??ye ??? i ????? ?????? ?????, ? ????? ? ?????. I? y?i ? ????e, ??u
????? ??? ????y ?a ? ????e. A ??a ?????, ???a??o e ???? a ??????, ?????
???? ?????? ?????y, ????eo ?e, th???, ???????y e ?oe???? ?????y, ? ??
??a, ???a ??i ?y?? n ??????e ?????y?. E??i ?y?? Nithc?e ???? ???e ? e
??o ???????o.

Ia OII ??? ??? N??i ???o ? y?i ??a ????i. A ??i ???a ? ????? ???ue ??th
?????th “??????a a Nith? ?????, ???y ? ?? ?????ue, ? ???e ??, ????
??????oyi ??ue n?? eth?e a ???a ???? e ???y ???a au ??th ?????, ??a ??u
e ?????e ????o ????e ????? ?????y?? ?” *(233). O? ?a ? ?a?i y?i, ??o ? a
?? ????e ? ??th ?ath ?????y ???? ??a ????? ?e ??? ???? a ??? ????
??????a Nith? ????? ? ????e.

A ??eyo, ???, ????ue ???u ? i ????? ??a ?????? ???a?a, a ?e ?c ? ?
?????. O?, A. I???, ??ay? ? E??a, ???e i ??????e “?????? e ????ue” ??i
?????? ????? *(234). A ???a, ?a?????i ? ? ? ?????? ?e?e ? ??????o ???o,
??? 10 ?????? ????? ?????ny ???? ??? 6. A????oth ??ue ???? e A???
???e??? e O???. Ii ????o ??? ????????o ????e, ???? a o?y????e ??a, e a
??oth ???ue a ????????o e ????? ???? *(235). I????, ? ???ay ??? ?????y
???? ??a, ???? ??a ???ai ???y A??e a ????? ?e. N???e ???e ? ?????
????iey ? ????? y?? ? ????e O??? (?? ???ue, ?i ? ????? ?NON? ?? ?a 500
????? ?? e ??? o??? ????e), ? ???? ????? ??? a ???iuo ???o ?o ????, ?a
?ath?y ????, ? ?????a ???? y?? a ????o ???o O???. A???e ? e ??? ?????
?????e ????a e ??? ????o ???a a E??? A??. “…I? ?????: ??y? ??, – ???e
?, – ?i? ?? a?ey ? ?? ???i ?????e” *(236). A???y N????, Y??a ???e, ?i a
A??e ?o y???o ???i, ?i ????? y?e “?????? ?th? e ??a ?i, ?a ????ny
??????y n ???e ????ie ???????” *(237). A???e ? e I???? ? ??? ?????y ????
??a, ?i??, ?i ????? ??? ????? ???otho a y?i ????. E? ?a ?????, n
???????e ?????e ???? O. ?????. A? ???? ?cy????a ?i??, a ????e, ????
I????a, ? ??a e I????a. A? ?????e ?? ?????o ????? – NIE, I????a, I?????
– ? ?????th n ?????e.

I?i ???ue, ?i ????? ?iy?ye ??????? ????ey ? ???i ? ???, ???i ? ??. A??e
??????i N????a ONN?, ?, ???y n 1920 ?? e ?? ??a O??? ??a ?a /??i NNN?,
???? ?????? ????? n ?????? ??????e ? ????a y?i????a ?? e ????? ???? n
?????e e ?????e ?????y?, a ?i ??a ?? ? ??e ???? ?????n?a (???, n ???
I??u), a ??a a ??a ?????y. Ae?i ??i ? ??, ?i a 1922 ?? ????? ???y ????ue
???? n A????, ?????e ??????o, ????? ????? ? ???e. O??i ??????a ??????i
I???? ?????o ?e ?NON? ???i y? ?????iey *(238).

A a eth? 1923 ?? ????? ??????i ??y? ???a, ? ???? ?a y?????? ????,
??th??y O???, ? ?????a a I??a, ?? ???? ????????e e ????e ???????e a
i????o ????? ???o *(239).

N ??????? ??? ???? ? OII ??? e Oe???a, ???????ny e i??th ?o, ?i ?????e
??? ?????, n ?i ??e ??ey, ?????y ???? ??a C????y.

A???a ???e ??????? ????ey a E???? A??e, a ????e, ? ???o i ???iy???e
???? ???a. A ??th????i ??a N?e? ???i ???ey ???? ????? ? ???. A? ???e
??ue ?? ???, ???e ? ????e ????ue a ???e ???: “O?? aea ?????i ????? ???i
???o ???ue ????? ????o ???? ?NON? ??e?? ?? ???iy???a e?????u ????? ????e
e ????ue ?? e ????? ????o” *(240). E? ??i, ?ae????? ????, i ???o ????
??o??? a ??eyo, ? ????e ???i ???ey ?????.

I????ay ?????? N??? ?? ??????? e a ?????oth?e ??eth?e ???. E?? ??, a
???? ???a ?i ?????: “N?? ????o ??? ??? ??i ???ue ? ?i, ??u ?????a ????e
e n?y?a ??????a ? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????e ?e ????a ? ??o?
?????? ?cy????a e ????? ??u ?????? ????e. N?y?a ??????a ?? y??? ?????
????: ?? ? y?o ?? ???e ? ???? ?????????? ?????a, ? ??ey ?? ? ????a ??y?
??? ??? e????y ??a ?????a ??, ??? ? ????? ???a i ????? ?ey?y ????o
??????a ??? ? ?????i i??????y ????? ???? a ae?a ??????i ??????i e
??????i ????i ???ey e ??? e ?????yi ??o e ???? ???????e” *(241).

Ae?? a ?c?th?e ?????: “…??ae ?????o ??? ??? a ???? ?????? ?? ???ny
??, ??u: a) ?e ????? ?????o ???a Nith? a?i ????? ????i ?? e ?y????e
????o ????e ?e ? ???? ??o ?? ????yo, oae e a ????e ?????e ??? Nith?: a)
??e????a ??? Nith? ?? ???????u ia ???o, ?????th?o ???? ???a a ?o ???????
????e e ??????ea ?? e ?????? ???a Nith?” *(242).

E? ??i, ??ae ??? ??e ??e?o ????? a ????????, ?????i, a ? ???????-????
??a. A? ?ae, ??????i, ??? ?? ????y?ny a ??ue ? ??? ???????o ???e.

A ????? ?? ??????? ??ue, ?i ? ??? ?ay ??? ???, ? e ?? ???ey ?? ??a
????? ?????o E.A. N??? e ?e ???? ??? ? ? OII ??? ???. E? ?ae?, ??? ????i
??ue ? ???i.

I?ea ???, ???, ? ??o, ??? ?ith ???, ?e ????, ???ey OeE ???, a ???e, ??a
??? ?i?????? ????, ?????ue e ???? ?????e ?????. A? ??ue ???i ?y??? ?? ??
??a ?????: “?th??” (????oa? ???th??), ???a ?????? ???th?y e ????, ??????
e ?o, ???a ??o ?????? ??? a ?????o (?????? ? ???o ????????). E ?o-?
????ny ????? ?? i ??????? ?o ?e ?? ????o ???a???a e ?e ?e ?? ???. Oi ??
?????e ?e ?a ?o ? ?? i ????? ??? Nith? e ????e. Iu ????i ??ue e c???o
??????, e ? ?????a. O. ????? ???? ??? ????y I?????a e I??????? e ???th??
ia????, ???y, ?i ????? ? n??? ??????e. I?? ????, ???, i???? ??a a ?i
???e: ??? ?? ? ??? y? ????a ?? ? ??????e. Ii-??o ??o ?????th ????? I.A.
O??a. Ii ?e ?c ??e ???ue ??nith??e ????u ?????o ?e, ???e ???? e ???-???o
?e, a IEIN e I?????? ????e a ???yae ??????. E???y ????a ??i: ?a ????a ?a
?????y, ??ny ?a ??????a ????a e ????e ???th??. I????i? ??????, ??u
??????a ???? ?????? ??e a ?????o ??o ???????, ?????o ? ???????i e ??y?o
a ??? N?i???a ????e n ??? ??????? ?e ??th?? ??? ? ???th OeEE ????e. E
????i?i ????? ??n?y ????? ???e I????, I????ae, I????ae, ?EE e ANIO. E??
??, ?a ????, ?i a ???? ????? e a ????????a Nith? ? ???? ??i ??? ???????
?th?? ????e.

E???y OeE ???? ??e??? O. ?????i i ???e ????a ???y ??? ???a ??? Nith? ?
?a ?o???: ??, ???????a 1) ???????i ?e, 2) ? ?????eth n ??????. Ae????
???a ???a i ????o ???y ??? ???a ??? Nith? ??nney OeE ???? ? ?????? ????
OeEE NNN? *(243).

E???y OeE ???? 5 ethiy, a ??a 6-?. Aa ???y ????? ?ae e ??ae ??? ??????
???? OeEE, a ?i ??a, ?????i, e ? ???? ?????. N??????i ???ey OeEE ???
????a ????? ??? Nith??i ????, a ?i ??a e ?????y ? ??? ?????.

C????ue ????e e IV ????a OeE ?EI(a) n ?????e ?????? ????. A ?????i ???a
N??? ??i ??????y ????? ?????, e ? o? ?e ???: ??ay ??? ????ny ????, ??ay
– ??????, e ??ueth ??i ???????ue ?e ?????a. E ???i ????e ????? ???e
????th iy??o – I????i, I?????, A???a, I??? e IEIN. Ae????? ??? ?? ?? iy?
– ANIO, I????ae, I????, I????ae, ????. A??y ??? ????y a ???i ?????.
I?????e ??? ?? ??ue ?????, ????? ? ??/?ey??.

O????i, ?i N??i ?a ???? ?????e ???? E?????e. A??a ??, e Nith?? ????,
??y?e ? I ?a?a N??? Nith?, a ?e ?i ???ee, N??i ?? ???o E?????e *(244).

C?? ????e ??? ????a ?oyae?. A Nith?? ???? ?o ?a ???y ? ???a e ??????.
E??ny ?? ??e ??? ????, ??y?o a ??? ??????a Nith? e ?????e ??? ????,
???eyth?o N??u ???? ????? ?th?? ????e. *?? ?iy?, ??a ? ????? ??ny?y e
??i ???i, ??i ?????ue ?a y?o ???. O?? e ????y, ?i ???ath?a a ?i e ???
??? ??o ??????, ? ???ath?a a ??? ??? – ????, a ? ??? – ????????,
“??????”.

I?? ???iue ???? ??e ????o n ?i, ???e ????ny a E?n???e ?NON? 1918 ??.
???? ??? a ?i, ?i a ???e ??????i ???a ??i?? ?? ????u ??o ?????e ? ???i
??i e ? ???i ??i. A ????? E????? ????ue ????i ???? e ???????, ?e y? ?? e
? ??eth?e, a Nith? ???????ny ???? ???e ????, a ???????, ?????i, ????? e
?????e ANIO.

I?o ??????y ????? ? ??ui ????yi ?e ???? ?a ? ??y ?????e ??u e ????i a
?th?? ????o ?NON? n ???e ??????, ?????o a 1920-1921 ??o. Ae??? n O???e
??????? ?????a, ??? ?????a ?? ? iy?, a ?? ????? e ? ?y?i ??? A????. I
I?????a ???? ?????, ?? ?????e??ny ??? ?????a ANIO, ????? ???? e ??a. Oi
?? ???ue ?????y ???? a Ae???a 1920 ?? n O???e ?? ?? ??, ?i a Ae???a ?
?????e NNN?. I???th ? ???o ?ae? ???ue e a ???? 1921 ?? ?NON? n A?????.
N?ey ?????, ?????o ?NON? n ??????? A?????a a 1920 ??, ???iy? ???? ?o ?
?? ????, a ?o nith?? ???? ?NON? n A??? ???e ?? i ???i ?????e, ???yy ???,
????, ? ???a *(245). A ??a ?????i ??a ???iy????ue ????e ??????, y??
??????? ??o ????? ?????? ? ?????y NNN?, ????e, ??? ?a ? I.E. I???i e
???????e a ????e ? ???e ??? Ae. Oy?a *(246). E?ay ae ?o ???a??y, ??a
????th ???iyth?y ?? ????o ????, ? ?a ? ??? ???i ?ey?y! Ae?a a Nith? e ?
y?? ? ??o.

I???? IV ????y ?? ???? a ??? ????? ??? ?????? ???? OeEE, ???????y ??o
??a ????y. 13 ethiy ?? ??? ???? ????? I???ey i ????? ? 3-e ??? OeEE NNN?
???i ???. Y? ????, ?i ??? ??o ???????y ?a ??a i?iy?y E?????, ?oy a y?o
??? ?yae ? ?a au? ????, ?i e ??a ??o ????ue I???e ??i.

I??i OeE ?EI(a), ??iy??ny a ??a ethiy e ????? ???e ??? E?????, ?? a ??
????a ????y. A ????e ????? ?? ???i ? ??????ue ??y? ????a ?? a ia???i
??y?a, a ????e, ?y ???????y ?? ?th?? ????e ??? a ??? ???? ?th?? ?????
????e??e ???o ???????e.

Ia ??? ??? OeEE Nith? ??? n ??y?? E????? ?? ??? ?a e ????a ?????? ???u
? ?????, a ?i ??a e ??th??y ??????a e ?????. OeEE ???e ??? I????o
?????ue ????y i OeEE, NIE e ????o ????? Nith? NN?, ??oe ? ? ?????a ????e
??? OeEE Nith? NN?.

Oe????? E??????e E??? ????? ??? ???i ?????ey N??a I???o E????a NNN?. Ei
?? A.E. E??, ??? ? ?o ?? ??????i Ni???? ?NON?. Y?o ?o, ??? ??????e, ?i
???e, ???e ????a ?? E?e?, ?a oy?? ???? e ??oe??e ???????i, a ???? N????i
?????a e Nith? N???? N???????o ?????, ????a ???? e ??th ?????i e ???????
??????.

A? ??? ??? ???i ??????a Nith?, ?iy??i ??? ???? ??i a n??? ????ey ???
?????a ??? NIE ?NON?, ???? ???y??i ?y???? ?th??i ??????a.

A??a ??a ??y?y E????? ?? ????u ???ey?y ? ???eth ??? ??? ???a ??? Nith?.
13 ethey 1923 a. I???? OeEE ?n???e ???e ? ???ey OeEE ?th?? ????e, ?i ? a
???a, ????i ?a ? ??? ??? OeEE, ????? ?ith ??? ? ??? E?????. A?i ?????
????i ?????i? AOeEE e NIE ?NON?, ???? ?e a ???? ???a ??? Nith? NN?.
I???? OeEE ????e N????o Nith? ????? ????? e ???, ???ii ??a ??? E?????
Nith? NN?. I?e?? Nith? NN? ?? ????? ?????? ???? e ????? e ???. I????
OeEE Nith? NN? ?y?e NIE NNN? ????? NOI e ????ue I???? i ?i, ????ue ????
?????, ???ue A??? Nith? NN?, ????? ?e NIE e???th ???????o ??????e,
???eth ii ?????eth ????? ???? e A??? ??????e ???o *(247).

A ??y?i OeEE ??? E????? ??ny ?????ey a ????e ?????, e??ay ??o ??i
?????ue ?e ?????y e ???y ??? ? ??y?y ??oth?? I???? ??? – E???o?e NNN?
1936 ??. N??y 50 ???o, ?i “???? ?????? Nith? N???? N???????o ????? ?ey?y
?: a) ???th?? ???? ??????, ??? ?y ??i Nith? N???? N???????o ?????; a)
?????? ???? ?????ou Nith? N???? N???????o ?????”.

E????ey NNN?, ??????y, a ??oe?a, ???th?? ????, ?i ? ??a ? ??a ???? e ?c
?????y ????? ???????o ????. Ia ??ay? a ???, ?a ???? ? ???o ??? e o????y
?th?? ????e, ?c ?? ??? ?? ? ?iy? e ???th?? ????.

I??? ???a ???a ??? e o????y Nith?, ?th?? ????? ????yth?y ? ???? N??? e
Oe?????e ??e????? ????? (?. 64). C?? ???eyao ?????? ???ey ????o ???a –
?i ????? ????e ????? ??? ?????, ?i y?y?ny ??i ? ???e? ?????? ???i
?????a. E? e a Nith?, ????ny ??? i ???????yo ??? N??? e OeEE ?????.
Oe??a??a ??????? ???? ????e ???otho a ?????o ??o ????. N???y ??y?e, ?
???? OeEEe ???thony ? ????i ????e ???, ??ay n?e ????ey ??ae ?i. O?
??????ny ???????ue e ??????ue a ??? y?o ???a, ??th?th?y a ? aea ??y
??????, ?i ??a ?i ????ey ???a e OeEE, ?e e a Nith?, ??e ???atho.

O?, ?. 49 E????? ?NON? 1918 ?? ????y? ?????? ??a ??? e AOeEE. Eo ?????
??a ?????? e ?. 50, ??ieyth?y ?e ???, ?e e A??n???? Oe?????o E???????
E???o i???? e ??? ?????? eth?a ??, ???a ?e ??? ?????? ?????ue e ???.
O??i ?. 51 ?????? ????oeeth AOeEE, ??y ?iy?a ??th????? ??iey ???. Ii e
?? ??ny?y ?? ??????, ????? e ????a ???? ??e E????? e ?????y i??o ????a.
E?? ??, ??a AOeEE ????? ?a a ?? ???, a ???o Oe????? E??????e E??? ??o
???i?? ??? o??, ??a ????? ??a ??? N???. Y? ?????? e ????a ???, a ??i
????? ??? ????? ?NON? ?e ??????o ? ?? (i. “a” ?. 49) e ???? n ??????
??????e, ?uy??? ??u e ??th?i? ?? (i. “c” ?. 49).

A ????, ??a ????a ???y?ny e a E????? ?NON? 1925 ??, ?. 17 ???e ???o i
???i ??a ????, ????? e ????? ?????e ??? N??ia e AOeEE. Ii ??th????y
?????y ??? ???ey?ny ????i ?-???o. E ?e ??ny?y, a ?????? ? ?. 16, ??????,
????? e ????a ???? i?? E????? (I???? ???) ?NON? e ??????a ?????a ????o
????e a E????? ?NON?, ??y?o ??ey? AOeEE a ??? ??o A??????e ??ae?e N???,
a ??a ??????a ?????a ?????e ????? ????o ??????n?o ????e.

E?? ??, a ??e E????? ???e ????ny ?a ? ???? a Nith? N???? N???????o
?????, ???????a ??? ???a ??? ????? n ???? Nith?. A ?????? n y?i ?-???o
??? ?. 18, ?????y ?. 50, ? ???, a ???a ? ???o ???, ?a? A??????i ??? N???
e AOeEE i????u ?????? Nith?. N??????, A?????? ??ae Ni??a e AOeEE ??o
??y? e ??? ?????? eth?a ??, ??? a ???? ?. 1 I???? ??? Nith?, ???? ???o,
?e ?a ?????, ?i ????ath?.

I????th?y a E????? ???e e ???? ???ey ? ? ????? ??a A??th?? n??? ???a,
OeEE e NIE. I? ??o ????ey?ny ?? a ???? ??, ????? e ???th Nith?. Ca y?i
??th??? ???a ??? ? ??o ???? ??, ?y????a e ????eth ? ????? ?NON? (?. 19),
??a ? ???a N???, AOeEE, ?i I?a???a, NIE.

N??i ?????y ???? a ?????yo O???. A ??? ? ?o, ??y?e a 1919 ??, ???ny
?iy?a “?????e N?a??e ???”. A ?? ?eth?th?y ? ??? A?????? ??ae N??? e
AOOeEE, ? ??a e N?? I???o E????a ?????. Eo ??y ?????y ????y?ny a ?. 6 e
??? n ??? ????, ???????o a ?. 49 e 50 I???? ??? ???e *(248).

E????ey O??? a?a ????i? ???? ??a ?????y NNN?, ? ? ??e ??o ?e ????i ???
a 1929 ?? OI A?????? ???i N???. Y?o ??e ??i ?????i ????y ? E????? 1919
??.

C?? ??? ??? ???a ??? e ????ey ???????y ?a ???e??? e ???o ??? a ?????e.
A?????? ??ae N??? ?uy?y?ny ??? i??? ???. E a ??oth ???ue ???????y ?i ?y?
n ???????. N?? ??? ????? ??? N??a I???o E?e???, ?? ??a ia????a ?i a ???e
???? e ????i ?cy??a. C?? ??????o ???? ???e ?? ??th????o ?? ???. N?? ?o
??????, ????a e ????? E????? ONN?, ??????a ?????a E????? A????e I????e
???a?? e ??i?? e ????? ?, ????a ??? O???, ?????? ??? I????e ANN? e ?.,
??i 6 ???a.

E??y, ????, ? ???? ???e, A?????? ??ae N??? ??e ??? e???ue ?? ?c a ?a
??, ?oy ? ????i ????? ??i ?? ? y? ??? e ??, ????ny ????i O??? ?? ?a-??
??a, ?i ? ????? ?NON?, ??????ny ??? ?? ???a.

O??? e y?? ???e ??a ???ny ? ???, ?y?? ???? ? ??ae ????? ? ?o, ?thn
????e?? I???e.

N????ay ??a ??y?? e A???e??? Oe?????o ???????o ????. O??? AOOeEE ?
E????? ?? ??????, ? ?????? ? ??ny ????i ??, ?i a I???i ??? ?NON?. C??
Oea????e ??????? ???o ?uy?y?ny ???????i, ???y????i e ??????? ???i.
E????oth?i ???i, a ???a ? AOeEE, ? ? y?y?ny (?. 25). AOOeEE ???e a ?????
??y?a, ???i ??, ?e y? ?????? a ?NON? n 1919 a. I?? ?i ?????e i????i a 14
???o.

N????? ??u ??y?? ??a I?c??? AOOeEE e N??o ???? ?????, ???? ??????i
O???.

A E????? A????e 1919 ?? ???n???ny ????a ???i I???? ??? O???: ??ue ??a
??? ?a?u ??? e ????ey ?????ath?y a ????o ???. I??? I???? ??? ?NON? 1918
??, E????ey ANN? ???? ?? ??ae N??? “??? ???th ?????e”, ?????n? ????o
???a ?? ????ay – ?a ?? a ?ae. I??a, ?e a ???e, ?e e a A????e ???y n 1919
?? ???i ??? ????? ??.

OeEE A????e ??????y ????i – ??i 50 ???. Ii ?e, ?????i, ????? ??ae ???i
N??? ????? e y?y?y ??? ???th ??o ????. I??? ?????o, OeEE A????e ?uy?y?y
e ?????th?i ???i. OeEEA? ??? ?e ??? ??a ?????a ?y????e ???-???y???
??????a e ?? ???a N?a??e ??? a ?????, ???iy? e ??????ue ??? ? ???????? e
oi???eth, ??th?? ? ?????i a ??ue ????e E?????, ??????e ???a N??? e
?????o ???a, ??????ue e ????? ???u ???? e ?? ?????y, ???? ????? ????a?,
a ??a ???? ?????a ???u e ????y??y.

A ???a ? ??? N???? ????e, OeEE A????e ??ey?y ??y I?????e – ???i e ??i.
Eo ???e e n?? ????ey ????u a ??? ? ?e?? ?y?i.

A???, ?e ?a ?????, A????y ?o ? ?????? n E??e, ??c?? ??oth E???????o.
I?? ?????i, ?e ????, ???????i ???i, ? o?? ???ue e ??e E?????. A A??o?ey,
??? a 1920 ?? ???iy????ue, ?????? e ???? ??e E?????, ??y a ?a, ???,
????ua ???a?y. A ????e, ??? OeEE ?e ???? ? 60 ???, ? ???o ??ue ??iy?i
??? ?? ???? a ???, a ??ay a ???. Ae????y ??????atho ?a ??? I???? OeEE, e
???? ???aeyo ??a Oe?????i ???????i ??o?a a ??? ??o ?i ??ey?. I?????ue
OeEE ?? ?????? e ????o?? N????a *(249).

A ??a 1924 ?? VI ??ae N??? ANN? ???e OeEEA? ??? a ae???th?th E????eth
ANN? ????y a ?????? n ??? ?i ??y?i I???i ???i Nith?.

I??? A????e, a C?????e O?a??e E????ey ??????a ??? ??? ??? e ????ey a
????o ???, ??y??? ??????? ??? N???, OeEE, N????o. N????i ??u i I????a
OeEE ?o, ? i ?i ????y ?e ?????? ???i Oe?????i ???????i ???? ?????.

“A??e ???????e ???th” ?uy?y?ny ??ae N??? ???o, ???y??o, ???a???? e
????? ????a. E???ai ??y?e ?????ey ???. O?y C?????y ?????a y?y?ny ??????
?????ii, ?i ? ??a ????????i ? ??ae ?? ? ? ????e – ??? CNON?, a ?y? ?
???, e ??? a ????i?o ?o?yo ???otho ?????? ??ae N??? ???????a ???.

A??a ??? ??? e ????ey ??o, ???????o ??? Nith? ??y?y ???i ???????i
?????y? ?????o NN?. I???e ??i O?????, ??y?e ?i II ???i N??? a ??a 1927
??, ?????? ??? ??? ??? e ????ey ????? a ????o ???. A?????e ??ae N???
???o, ???y??o e ?a?????? ????a ?????y, a ????, ????e ???? e ????? ????
?? a ?a a?a.

Ii ???? Oe????? ??????? ???o ?????, ???e ?uy?y?ny ??a ????i ???i ???,
??? ?????e??, ???y????e e ?????th?e a ?ae?????e ???. C?? ??????
??th??e?? ??i ??? N??? ia ???a ???????o ???? ?e ??? O???o?a, ?e e A????e
O????e ?????e.

Ia OeEE O????? ???ath?y e iay????, ?y??? n ????i ????? a ???a NNN?. Ii
??? ??th?? ? ?????i a ??ue E????? Nith? NN?, ??????e A??th??i ??? N???,
a ??a ??????e OeEE, NIE e ?????o ???a ??? Nith? (?. 29).

Oe????? ??????? ???o N??? O???? NN? ??o ??i ???????? ?e ??iy? ???u,
??????y e ?n??yae?ey I????a OeEE e ??? N??? O????e ANN?, ????o O????i
yaey?ny ?????? n ?????e ?????y?.

I??? O???? NN?, O???ey ?? ??e ?e ?? ????? ?c ??e Ei????e. Aa ??? I???e
??i ?e ??yo a ??a ??a 1927 ??. Ii ?????th ? ?e ????? ?????, ?oy i????
??? ???y ??e ??i. O?, a ???a ? ?????a ?th?? ????e, a O???? ??ae N??? ???
?e n????y ?? ?c a ?ae. I? ??y?a ?????ey ??? ? ia?? ?n? ??y?y ????a ???,
a ??i ?a ???? e ????, ???a a ????o ??ayo ??o ???? ??o ????a i???????.

Oe????? ??????? ???o N??? O???? ???????y ??? n ????i. A ?i ??a E????ey
???????o e ?i ?y???? ? ????th e N????o Nith?, ?oy e ??a ???. OeEE O????
??? ??th?? ? ?????i ?? ??????e ????o ???a Nith? NN?.

N????? ??u i I????a OeEE I???e ??i O???? ? ????o, ? i ?i ????y, ???i, a
??? ???. Ii y?y?ny ??? ???????i, ???y????i e ?????th?i ???i ??? a ???
??o ??ey? OeEE. A ?i ???e ???, a ????e, ??a ??? Oe?????i ???????i ????.
I?aae ?i, ?e e ??ae ???e ???e ???? ???, ????? N?? ???? ?????.

I????o ??y?? ?????y ??a, ????? ???? ?????oth?y ??? ?a?????. C?? ????,
?i “N??o I???o E????a ?????o ??a o????a O????? N???????e N???? ????e?e”
(?. 35).

A ??? N????a ????? ??yo ? ??? ?i ???, ??a ?????ey e ?i ?????y, ???u
????, ??a, ????, ???-????? ????e, ????eo ?e, th???, ?????y, ???????y,
????ey, ?????i ?????y, a ??a ?????? ANIO O????. E?? ??, ?????i,
?eth?th?y ??????? ????? Nith? *(250).

E????ey O?????a, ???? ?th?? ?????e, ?? ??y? a 1931 a. I? i?i ????ny ?
I???o ???a ?? ae??o ???????o ????e, ? e ? a????? ??.

O?? ???i, ???? ??? ??? ???a ??? e ????ey ?th?? ?????, ???????? I???i
???i Nith?, ??a ???? ???????y a ???????? ??o ????e. I? ?????? ?????? a
??eyo ? a ??i ??y?o ????? ??????i. Ai ?y?i ???, ??????n?i ????e ?
???i??o E????? NNN? 1924 ??.

N????ay ??a a E????? NNN? ??y?? A????o ?? Nith?. A I???i ??? ?NON? 1918
?? ??e ??u ? ?? e ??? ??? ? ????? i ??o. N??????i ??????i? a ???????
????o ???o, ??y?? ?? ??a ? ??y??e 1917-1922 ??a. Ae??? ??y?e a y?i ??
??? ???ay ???a 1922 ??, ?????ay ????? ???oth ???o ???? ???a ?????. A ?e
?e ?????? e A??ai? ?ae ?NON?.

Ia ??????ny ??? i ??????? e a ?????yo O???, A????e, C?????e O????. O??
???i, ???????o ???? ?y ??u VII I???? ??ia NNN? ? ??. Ii ?????e th?????
???? a ???????? ?NON?. Eae ?c ???? ?????y Nith? NN? a ???e ?? ????a
???ay ???a, e a I???? i ??????? ?NON?, ??y?i AOeEE 16 ?y?y 1922 a., ???a
???? ??a? A????o ?? ?????. Ii, ?aey ? ??o, y? ????a ia y??? ???? ?y VII
??u E????? Nith?.

A???? ?ae Nith? NN? ?????y ? E????? ?e Oe????? E??????i E???a Nith?. A
???e A???? ?ae ?????e ?i ? ??. I????y e e????ey A????i ?? NNN?. I? ?y??,
??? ??i, n ????? y?? ???, ?e a ?????? ?? ??u ???? ???u ?????a. A ?. 43
E????? ????y i ?????e ??, ??? ? ??? ??a ??o ??a ??i e ?y???oue, ?e ??
????i ??i ?th?? ????e ?e??y?o ??y??? ? ???? ???th??i ????????. O????i,
???, ?i ???y a ?? ? ?a ???????? NNN?, a ??? ???th??. Oi ?? A???? ?ae
y?y?ny ????? ?e??a ?th??i ?????a.

Y?? ? ??????o e i. “a” ?e ? ???. Ii ???????o ?????? e ??????? ??ae
OeEE? Nith? “??????e, ???e e ????? ????o ??a ?th?? ????e ? ?????yi
?????ey ???o ???th??o ????????, ?e ????o ?e ????athony ???? ??? ????e”.
Oi ?? ??ue ? ??i ?y? ? ?? A????i ??, ?e ????ey ????a Nith? a ??i e ????o
????e. Ia A???? ?ae ?????y e ???y ???????? ??i?. Ii ???, a ????e, ???
??th?iey ? ????eth OeEE Nith? i c????e ?o ?e ?? ??????e ?th?? ????e n
??e ??ey E?????.

N????? ?y A????i ?? Nith?, ?e ??? ?th??i ?????a, y?y?ny ???y ????ey
???? ??? ??o nith??e ??????.

Ia??? ?????? ?????? ?? A????i ?? ?e ??????e ? ???e ?????ey ?e ? ????th
??? ?????o ?oe Nith? a ?????eyo ? ????e. Ii y? ??o ?a a 30-o ??o.

E????ey ???????o ??? A????i ??. Ii ??a ????ny ? ?n?? A????i ?? ???e. A
Nith? ??o??? I???? A????i ??, ?, ?e e a ?NON?, ??????i ????a ????a. A
A???? ?? Nith? ?ath?y ????ei-???ay e ????-???ay ????, ?, a ???a ?
?a???e, ?e ? ???th?y ??ue ??????e, ?i ? ???ytho ???e ??? ????e. A ???e
????????ue ??????a ?????e ???? ????, ?? ? ?? a Nith?. C?i e ?i e ?o
?????e ???y e ???-?????ay ????. A A???ii ?? Nith? ? ????????ue e
??e????y ???ey, ??????ay a ???e.

O?????e ???i ??e ????a e a ???a I??? A????i ??. A ?? ???e ??e ???
??????i 4 ?????ey ????o ????e ????o ??a ?th?? ????e. N ?????i a Nithc
NN? ??o ????e e ??y?? ? III ??? N??? NNN? ???? e E????? ??? A????i ??
??a ????y. A??? ??a ????? ??? ??, ??? 11 ???o ??i 15. E????i ?????e?
????o ??a ????e a ???a I??? ?? ??? ??? ???i. I?a??, ???ue a ??, ?i ?????
??o?? ??? ??e (e y? ??i ?e e ????ue – ?????ue O????y NN?).

*?? A????i ?? ?????ue I?c???i OeEE. N?? ?o ????? e ??? ??????y IAIO.

VI ??ae N??? Nith? ?? ??a ?i???y a E????eth, ??th??y A????i ??. O??ue
?a ? ???ey?ny ??a ?n? ??? ??, ?oy ?i ??i ????ue ??i ???ey. A ????a ????y
?eth?ee e ??????e ????, ??? ?y??? ??y – ?????ay. I???, ?ath?y e ?????a
??u ?? a ??a 4, ?????a I????? OeEE Nith?, ??e ?o ???ny e ??????ue IAIO.

E????ey Nith? ? ???????a ae???? I???? NNN?, a ???a ? ????e, ? ????ue
????ue I???? A????i ??, ?ath?? a ?? ??? ????y ?????oth ?????th. Ii
??a??y ??a I????? OeEE Nith? e ?? ?????? ???e. I??y ? ?o – ?? ??th??e ?
?? ???ai, ????? ????eth A????i ?? NNN?, – ?n?a ??? ?????e ????. A??y ?a
??? ???????a ????o ?????? ?y????e – ?????a ????y ? ????yo A????i ?? – e,
???????, ???? ??? ????o ae?. I???, a-???o, ?e ??????? ???e ????e A????i
?? ? ????o ??a a ?????? ?????? ????. I? y?i, ???, ? ??ue y?i, ?i ???y a
?? ?ae “???y?” – ??????y ? ?????i ??i ?e ??? eth?a ?? n?a.

A???? ?ae ????y a ??? i???? n ??e ??ey ???????. E?a ?oe, ?ath?o ??i
????? a ?i i?????i, ??? ????i. N?? ?o ?o ???i, a ?ath?y ?? ?????e –
OeEE, ?i I????, ???? A????i ?? e o.ae. (?. 47).

C?? ???????o ???? ??? ?????e ?y ???y ????o ????o e ?????o ?e. Nth?
??ny?y ??, ?o???th?a ???? ????? ????e, a o?? ??th??y ???o ?????o ?oe –
??? OeEE e NIE Nith?. I?e y?i i?iy?a ??o ?e e ?????? A????i ?? ??o
??????y ??? ? ??i? ? ??? ?c ??????th OeEE ?e ?i I????a.

A???? ?ae Nith? ? ?e ???e??e ????? ?y ???????o ??a e ???, ??a ????,
??/???? a ?. 43, ? ? ?e ?y?i ?y?e ???ie n ????e ????e ?th?? ????e.

A ?? ?????y E????? NNN? OeEE? ?? ??y? e ??????a “I A???? ?? Nith? NN?”.
I???a, y? ?e ??? ?o, ???e ???e ??????ue e???ey ???? ???u a ?y? n I???i
???i Nith?. A ? ? ??y y? ?e ?o ????? E?????.

I?????? ????i ? ??????ue ?????ue ????a ????a i A???? ?? Nith?, ?????ue
n OeEE?e ?th?? ????e ???othu? ????y i ????o ??o ????e e ??????? ???u
*(251).

I???? OeEE ??? ???? ????a e ?a a ?y?a 1923 ?? I???? i A???? ?? Nith? ??
????? Oe????? E??????i E????. Y?o ??i ????th ??????o ??a ???e E????? e
??? ??? ???y? ? ??uee e ?????? ????a. I???? ???ey? ???? ?????y ?y????e
A????i ?? Nith?. N?? ?o a i??th ???ue ????ny ??e ??? ? ??th??th ?
?????th, ?? ?eth?th?y ya? e ?y????, ?ny?a ???? ???????? ???a. Ae?? ??
???e ????i ???a e ???????i ???? ????ey ??? A????i ??, ???ath?? a ????
??? ????e. I???? ???ey? ??? A????i ??, ???o i ?i ????o ????yo, i ???
???? e ?????o ?????yo, i ??? e ??a. 14 ethey 1924 a. I???? i A???? ?? ??
????i ?ei??? ????e, ??th??ny ???a ??, a ?i ??a ???ey? ?y ?i ???.

I??a ??i, ????? i ????????a ?th?? ????e a ???? ????yo. A????y ??a
????e, ??i ??????? ?????ue ????y a ????yo ????oth?o ? ?i ?e ?? ????
??????e ????o ??a ????e ? ?????y?, n ?i ??u ? ?? ????a ? ????i a ?????
?????a?e ??? ????e.

E?? ??, ??i ?????? ???i ????????? ???? ??? A????i ??. I?? ? ??? A????i
?aea e ?i ???? ? ?a ?? ??? ?? ?e ????? ???o ????eth, ?u?o e ???o ?c ???
e ???ey I????a OeEE NNN?, a y????o ??ayo I?????y OeEE Nith? *(252).

A ?o ? ?? Oe????? E???o??? E??? ??ye “I?? A????o ?? Nith? N????
N???????o ?????”, ??????th?e ??a, ?y???? e ??o aeay????e y?ai ???.

A??y ? ??i ???a, ????ey?? A???? ??i, I?? ?e ?c ?????o e ???e ????????
???a. Ii a???? ? A???? ?ae ???????a e ??? ??????e, ???? e ???y??e ?????o
???a e ????o ??n???? Nith? NN? (??a ??????e OeEE Nith? e ?i I????a) ?
???i ????????e ???o n E?????e Nith? NNN?. Y? ??????y ??? ???ey?ny a
I???? OeEE. E?????e ??o ???? ??o ??: ?i A???? ?ae, ?????? ??? ?th??
????e, ?i y?y?ny ?a ??e ? ???? ? ??????, e ?????? ???.

E??? ?th?? ????e A???? ?ae ??iy? e a ??y?a ????i ???a. A ? ? ??y ? ????
e ??a Nith? ? ??????o ???? ???????? ???a. I?? ???o, ?i “a ??? ?????ey
??????e, ???e e ????? ????o ??a ?th?? ????e, ???? a ???oth ??, n ???th??
????????i, ?e ????o ?e ????ath?y ???? ??? ?th?? ?nio??, ????a ????y
????? N?a Nith? NN? ? ??????th ????a A????i N?a Nith? NN? ?????atho ???
? ??????? ???o ??ae I????? Oe?????i E??????? E???a Nith? NN?”. A?e ????,
??????a ?e ?a??a A????i ?? ??e ?th?? ????ee ????atho ???? ??? ?th??
???e?e, ? ???? ????e ??o ??????ue ????? ??????a, ???? ?e ???a ??i
??????y a A???? ?ae Nith? n ??????i ?????i aei??? Oe?????o ???????o ????
?????, ???? ???e ? ????ey? *(253).

A ?oy?a ?? ? ?? ?? ?eiy? I??u ??????? Nith? NN? e ?th?? ????e. I???y ?
??ue ???a ?????? ????a, ? ??y?i, ? ????, ?? ???? ???? ?th?? ????e, i
A???? ?? Nith? ???ony ?? a ??e ??? e a ???? ??e ??a. A???, ????, a
“I???” ?e e ne???i ????, ?i ??a ?i ??i ????i ?ny?a ??ae ?? ??y? ?????
????a e ????ath?a ?????a ??? i A???? ?? Nith?, ???a ??? ?i ? ??????e.
I?????a ????ey i A???? ?? Nith? ????ny e a In??o ????? ???????? Nith?
NN? e ?th?? ????e, ??y?o 31 ?oy?y ?? ? ??.

A 1929 ?? ?? ????? OeEE e NIE I???? i A???? ?? Nith? NN? e I?????
A????i ?? Nith? NN?, ? ???a, ???, ??????? ??i?? a ??? A????i ??. I??a,
A???? ?ae ???e ??i ???????e ????? e ??????? ??a a ??a ??? ???a.

I?? ?????e ?th?? ????e ??tho ??? i ???? ???a ?-???o. I???e ??i ?NON?
1925 ??, e? e ?????e ?????a ??? ????e, ?- ???? ??? ? ???o i ??????aa.
C?i a E????? C?????e O???? ???y ?????y ??a “I A???? ?? C?????e N???????e
O?????e Ni???e ?????e”, ??e oa????i ????y n I???ey i A???? ?? Nith?.
I???e ??i C????y ? ???notho ????y n ???? Nith? ? ???ie ??e, ? ? ???????
??y?e ????e A????i ?? O???? n ??y?? a ?a ?????? *(254).

N?????e ??? E????ey Nith? ??? i I?????. A ???a ? Aa???? ?? I????? NNN?
? ????y. Ii ??i ???????o ????ue ????a y?? ??. N??????i, ?i ???e ?y?? ??
? ??th????, ? ? ?????? n ?y????ueth A????i ??. Ia ?y???? y?? ????a ??o
?? ??th??e ? ?? ????, ????? ?c???th A????i ??, ?????a ????y a ??ae?? ?i
e a ??? ????ey n ???y? ????? ????y A????i ?? NNN? ??????? ? a I???? OeEE
Nith? (?. 46).

I???? ?th?? ????e ? ?? ????u I???? A????i ?? Nith?. N??? ???????o
?????eo ???a ???e a ??? ????? th??? ????e. I???? ????e ?? ????u e
???????u ??th???? ????i ???i ??o ????e. A 1930 a. ????u A?????a e A??e
?? ???? ? ??i??a e ??i ?? ?o ??iy? i??????? ?e OeEE y?o ????e *(255).

N????ay ??a, ?oy e ??ue ?e??ay, ??y?? a E????? Nith? I?????? ????????
??????o ???e?eth. A? ???e y?y?ny “?????a ??? ?th?? ????e ? ??? n ??????
e y?????? ?????th??, ????i e ?????i” (?. 61). A?? ????, ?i Ei????y Nith?
???ey? ????a ???a ???????e ?e ???oo???o, a ? ??????, ?oy ?a ???a 1922 a.
??th?? ??i “?????ay” ? ? ???ey.

AIO ????e ?? ????u ?a a 1922 ?? a ?? ????e ???u, ??a ?? ????? A*E e
??ue ? ???e ???? ??i. I???? ????ue ?a???i ????? ??? – A???????o ??????o
????eth ?NON?, ?e e ??eo ????e *(256). N ????i Nith? y? ??o????? ??? ??
????? a ?ae???a ??????o ??????o ?????? ????o. E????ey ??i ????? ?? ????,
????o e ?????e IAIO. O?y ??i ? ?? ??? ????ny ??????e ????e, e ?i ???th
???? e ???a: y?????ay ??????th?y e ????i. I??a, a ???yo iy? i?? ??? ??
???? y?????oth ?????eth?th ? ?????? e ???e ????i ? ??????i.

IAIO ?????ny ?e N??a I???o E????a, a ?i ?????? ??? a ??? N????a Nith? n
??????i ???i. Y? ???o i ?i, ?i IAIO ? ??i ????? ? ??? ????o ????th, ?oy
?i ??? ???ey? ?n?a ??oth ???????th ???th.

E???? ?????a IAIO n ????i?e ???????? ????. E????ey i???o A???????
?????? ???a?y ????e ???? ???? IAIO. E ???ue ??????e ??ue ????? ???y:
???????? AIO ???aeyo ??????? IAIO, ???i ??, ?e y? ???ny a ???th?? ?????.
Ii ?????ii? IAIO ??? ?????ue ?e NIE ?th?uo ????e, a ? a ???a ?i, ???i
??, ?e y? ???i e a Nith? (?. 62). O?? ???i, ?????ny ??????, ?i ???a IAIO
?? ????????, ?e y? ??o O.I. E???? *(257), ??????: y? ??????y ??a
?????oth ??.

I??? ? ?y????ueth IAIO E????ey ???? I???? A????i ?? Nith?. Oi ?? ??ue
?????y ?e ? ?i?? ????: ???? ??o ?ae ??e A????i ??, a IAIO – ?ae ????
????a. N 1933 a. ??? ? ?????th ?e??e IAIO ?e ???? ? I???? NNN?.

N??????i ???? ????a IAIO, ?i ?????ey e ??????? ???? a ???ae????a i
A???? ?? Nith?. E????ey ???????o, ?i a ??? A????i ?? ??? ?? ??????ue
I?????? ???????? ??????i o????y a ???? ??a I??? A????i ?? Nith?. I?????a
???????a ?eeo???a ????? ??o ??i ???ey? ? ?????? ????? ????y A????i ??
??, ??y?a, a ???o??e ? ?. 43 E?????, a ?????th yo?i ???.

E????? ?th?? ????e ??ytho ???i AIO ?a ??? ???ey, ?i I???e ??i Nith?.
I???? ??? ????tho i ?o (????ay, ?????y), ??? ???yo ??? ??i (????,
?????y). E????ey C?????e O???? a y?i ???a ????i ????ny n ???th??. I?
?eth?? ?????ey AIO a ??aa ??????a ????? ???a n ????e (????, ????? ????,
???-???y??e ????e e ?.). I? y?i ? ?????y i ?y? ???a C????y n IAIO,
?????? AIO CNON? ? ????y ??????? A??th??i ????a. ???ii AIO C????y ??
???i ?? a 1926 a., ??i ??????ey *E ????? *(258). Ii-???o ???? ??? I?i??
??i O??? 1929 ??, e ??a ??i. N?ouey 43 ???ey? ??? AIO ????? – ?????i
???e n ?????? e y?????? ?????th??. O?? ?????y ?????? ?????ey AIO ????? –
???ae??ue – e ?i ?????a n ?????? IAIO: ?????? AIO ONN? ????o ?????? a
???? ???????i IAIO. A????ay E????ey ???ey? ??? ?????ey AIO ????? ??a
??i. Ii ??? a ??? ??????a, ? ??o ?? ???i ? ?????? ??????th OeEE ?e
??th?i, ?e ??????i ??n?. A???, ? ??o ? ??ao ??yo a ??? ??????a e
???i???a ????? Nith? ? ?????i, ???i e ???i ??i e ?. A?? ???? ???tho ???
?????e O?????a e O?????. A O?????a ?????? ?ae??? ??o??e ???o ?e NIE e n
??????i ???i, ? ????y ? ??????i, a ?????i AIO e ????y? ?a ??? A???????i
??????i ????ey. I??????y, ?i ? ?e?i ?????ue ? ????e ?????? ?e??ey,
?????i? ???????? ???? Nith?, o.a. ???????y ???th?? ????????i (?. 49
E????? 1929 a.). N??i, ? ? ?????? ???ey? ??? AIO ????? E????ey O?????
1931 ??. C?? ?????? AIO ???o ??a ?e i?a?????, ??i ???ey?ny, ?i ? ??o
??????e ??n, ? ????y ??????i AIO (?. 52).

N????? ?e ??i ??? ? ???o ???????e ? ?????. O?y IEIN ?e ???i e ???th??
?????, ?i ? ??a I??a ???, a??iy?? ???e ??? n ??????e ?????eyie ? ?????,
?? ????u ??????e? AIO.

O????? a ?????yo ????o ????? ????a ? I?????i ??????i? ?????? ????? e ?i
???o ?? ????? ?a a ??a 1923 a. I? ???????? ????o e ??? IAIO e ?i ???a,
??ay? ? ??o IX E????? Nith?. I???? ???????i ???? ?e ?????? IAIO ????,
??u ?o?? ?????? NIE NNN? e ?????? ??e ???e ??? e???e ????o ??????a Nith?
NN?. Ia IAIO ?c???? ??? ?????e ???????? ?a?u a ???th?? ????, ?????? ?
????a e ????? ???? ???a, ?????th???o ??????o ?????e e ?iae. IAIO e ?i
??iua ??? ?????? ???e ????? e ??? E??? A??. N????e IAIO ??????? e ??i,
??iy?i ? ??????? ???e ??? *(259). N 1929 ?? a ???a IAIO ?? ???? ??ue
??????i-???? ???e.

A 1934 ?? IAIO ?? ?eth?? a n???? ??????? OeEE NNN? I???e ?i???? ?????
?e Nith? NN? a ??n?a A???i ????ey ???????e ??????.

A IAIO ?????? ???ay e???y ?y ?????ey ?????th???o ?e. O??ue ?a ?? ?????,
? ? ? ??i ??? ?????a I??a ????a – ?????e ??i, ?ath?e, ?i ? ??a, ??i
???y? ????th ????th, ?oy ii ??? ?????? i?????ey ??? ?? ???????y A????
??i Nith?, ????? ??? ?th?? ????e, ???? e ????? ???, ???? ?????e e
??????e ???. I??a ????a ??iy? ?e ???? ????a ????? ?e NNN? e ?ae ?i
?a???????. Ia ????yo N???ey ??? ?e ??????? I???? NNN? ?e ?i ?????ue,
?y??? ???ue ? ??th??? ?????, o. a. ???? ?e ???? ?n????, ?e, ????, e ??a
“?????i”, ????o ???a ??? ? ?a???????. Ia ?????ue, ????? ? ?????ue, e
???a ??? ??iy??i. A??a ??, ? ? ?a e ???ue ? y?i, ? ?ay ?? i ????e, ia
???i ?????y ?i ??.

O.I. E???? ???? ????u, ???? ???atho ? ????a?? I??? ????y ?e IAIO ?a a
20-o ??o, i??i ????? ???i ????y y?e ?? ? ?? *(260). Eth???i, ???, ?????a
i ?i, ?i a 1927 ?? OeEE NNN? ?a???? IAIO NNN? ??i ??????ue ? ?????i
??y?a ?? i ???eyo, ??i?o, ??a ?????ey e ??? ????? ????, ??? ? ????ey ???
?? ????y. A a 1930-1932 ?. ?e ??yo ??e ?yae ??????e, ???a iay??ee IAIO,
??? ?????u e ???a ??iu ??? ???y? ? ????a ??????ey ??th??a a ???????? ???
??? ? 5 ? 10 ?o ?c ??a ????.

A 1932 a. ?? ????? A??? ??a??a ???-???y??e ???e ?e IAIO NNN?. Ia ???th,
a ??? e IAIO, ?? ????i ????? a ??ue ???y i ??????e ????y, ???e ????i?
??? ????. Ae?i a ?i, ?i ?e??a ??? ? ???a, ? e ????a ??? ???y? a ??
???????e ?????ue ec ???? e ????i ? ????.

“A????? ??? a ??? ?????? th??? y?y?? ?????i ????i e ???? ???a, ???ath?i
???????oth ? ?? ?? ????th n ????i ?ae???????” *(261). I? ???y? ????y,
???????a O???? ????, ? ?????e ? ?????e, ? ????, ???????? ????a. I????
??? ???tho ? ?y?? ??????? ???? *(262). I? y?i ???o ????, ?i ?e ?????ue e
?????e ? ??? ?????oth?o ???a e ?? ???? ?????o ??a. ss?i ??????ue ??? ?e
??? ?? n ???a ??y?y a 1936 ?? ??e E????? Nith?, ???y ???, ?i ????? a
NNN? ????ey?ny ??? (?. 102). E?o ???a ????e ????e E????ey ? ???????o.

I?????? ????ey ???????? th??? ?uy?y?? a ???? ??a “??eth???e
????????th”. Ae?i a ?i, /? ??? ????? ?? a ???? ???? ????e n ?????i ????
???a ?????y ????? ???? ? ????i e ?? oy?? ?????? ??i, ?oy a ??o ?a??ey
??ny ????e ?????e ????. O? ??a, ??y ??????ue ???? ??e ? ????y ????? ????
?????o ????. I??a, ?e ????? ?????, ?e, ? ???i ??????i ???ue ??? ??
??y??ey, ?? ? ?e ? ??i. *?a e I??? ????th e ?????i ???i ????e ??a, ??a ?
?? ??? ?????o ????? ? ??, a ???? ?y???? ????ue ?i ? ?i ?e ?? ????
??????i ?????, ??e ?? ??????.

A ????? ??? ???yo ? I??i ????e ?? n 1934 ??, ??a ?i, ?e ?a ?????, ??
???i ?e IEAAe. I??i ?a a 1924 ?? ?? ??? “I???? i ??? IAIO a ??e ????????
???e, ??? e ??th??y a ???????? ???”. E? ??i, ?? ?i ??i ??????? ?? ???ii
iy?? ?? ????e.

N???? ? ????e y?? ????y I??a ????a ??iy? ? ?? ??? IAIO n ?y????i ????
??????i ???a. A??a n ?i ?????th ???neth ???y? e ???a???? ???ey IAIO. A
1929 e 1931 ??o ???ey ??? ???y?, a ?????? n ???? ??????? “???” ?y
???????? ?????ey ?????o ?????? ????? e ???oth?? ? ???a ? ????yo I???
?a??ey ?e ?e??e IAIO. A ??? “??e” ???e ?????? ?????o ?????, ???a IAIO e
?????e ??????ue IAIO a I????i ???i ???. A ????yo “??e” ???? ???a
??????ue ?????u.

3 ???y 1930 a. I???? OeEE NNN? ?aeae ??????a, ???? ???? ? ??y ????ey
???? ? ????? ????? IAIO ???? ??i ?????? ?e???y ? ?????? ?????eth ?e ??i
??????yi a ?ayo e ???yo. Ia ??? ?????ue “???” n ???? ??noa???e ????a
(???a) AEI(a), ??(?e)????? e ?????u. N?o? “??e” ?????y ????e IAIO.

A??u ??????y ??e ?????atho ???? I??? ????y ?e IEAAe NNN? a 1934 ?? ?e
“????? I??? ????y ?e ???a” *(263). A?yae ? y? ??i, ????o IEAAe NNN? ???
?i ????ny. Ae??a ??, ?i ?? ????e, ???????a ?y I??? ????y, ?? a ????
????? ?i, ???a ????y?? ?a a I???? 1924 ??. A?? ???a ?? ??? ???y?ny ??
??a.

A ?a 1935 ?? ???? IEAAe NNN? a ????? e ????eyo ????? ?e ????e, ??a e
???? ??a ?? ???u “???”, ? ???a ??????y?? ??a I??? ????y.

Aei ?n ??e ????u, ???a ?e?????tho i ?i, ?i ? ?a ???aey?a ????e ???
?????e ?y????ue ???a ?????e th???. A.ss. A????, ????i ??y? ???ue ??i ?
???? ?i???a ????e ???? 30-o ??a, 4 ?a?ey 1936 ?? ???? ??? ??? ?????eth
N????a A.I. I???o, a ???i ???e ???? ? ???????ue e ?????????ue ???? I???
????y, ?ae ??oy, ???ay ? O????i-????? I??? OeE AEI(a), ? ??i ????? ???ey
???a IEAAe, ????y???y A. ss??e, ? ??????th ?????? ?e. A???? ???e ?????
??? ?????y e ????th ??iy?? e ??????ue ????y ????? ??? ????y a ??. I???i
?????i a ??? ?????? ???a IEAAe e ???a ?????u A???? ??? “????e ????ue
????a ? ?????i ????e ??iy??i.

I?e ?????e ??ue ?? ??oy?y ? ?????o ???????o, i ?????? ??c?????, ? ???y
?a ? y????a. I?? ?i ??? oy??e ??e???ey ??? ??? ??? a y?o ?????o
???????o. A?ue ??? ?e y?i ???e ??i ?????? ? ????? ????i ????, ? ?, ?i
????a ????? ??io” *(264).

I??a, ? ??? A.ss. A????i A.I. I???o, ? ?i ?????a ? I???, ?aey ? ???? ?
??, ?????? ???e I??? OeE, ? ??e ????n?? ?????. A??a ??, I.E. A?a, ????e
ss?? ? ??o ???a ???i?o ?e NNN?, ???? ??e ?a ???a. I??? 1937 ?ae ??e a
???th ?e ?aiy ????. Ii y? ?a ? ?? ??? E????? Nith?.

C?eth??a

O?ei ???i, E????ey NNN? 1924 ?? y??? ?????i ?????y N???i? Nith? e ?i
????? ?????i. E???ey ??o ??? th?????i ?????y y?? ?????a ?????ue a ???
??? I???? ???, a ? Ae???a. Nith?? ???? ??, ??????i, ?? ?????? y??i a
???e ??i??y Nith? NN?. N?? i ??a ?????oth?? ????a ?? ?iy???i ?e ??????
?????n?o ????? a ?y?o ??????e ????o ?th?? ????e, a ??oth ???ue O???, ?e
e ???i i?????i ???? ????? ???? ??u ?????y ??? ?????a. I???a, ??ei,
?????ay ??y, ????ay ????eyi ???e e ????? ?????u ???ey NNN?.

N???a NNN? a ???? ?th??i ?????a ? ??? ???? ?????i ???yi, ?????yi
??????i ???a ???, ?????i ????????e ??? e ??a ?????a n ?????e ?????y?. Ii
??????y ?????, ???a ? ???th ?e, ?, ???e ??, ??????o?oth ??eth?th ????
A.E.E??a, a ??ae ? ?i e ?a ?????i E???????e ??? e N????i ?????a ????ue
??o ??? ? ?th?? ?????i, ???o??a. A???, e ??y ??a ???????? ???? ?y ??e
??? ????ue ?a-?? ????? ???????, ???? ?? ???? ????y A??? I????i?e ??? e
??? ????e. E ?oy ????? N????i Nith? a ?????? ?? ?????ue ?th?? ???
????????i ????, ?i ? ??a ? a ?e ?? ???y ???a ??.

O? ??????y ???o A.I. I????? ???? ???oth ?ath i ?i, ?i i??y a E?????
1924 a. “????i ???eyy ?????? ???i, …???i ????a ?? ? ???????? ?????? ??
????e e ?????a ? a ????e” *(265). TH??u ?atho, ?i ????? ?th?? ?????i a
????o? n ?????e ?????y? ?????e ????? e, ???i, ??? ???? a ???e N????i
?????a ? ??. Ae??a ??, ?i E?? e N??i ???a ? ????, a ????, ?????? ????e
???? ??????i ?????, ???y, ?i ?o ? ??o ??? ??? ??????n?e ????i – ??a
???????? ????, ??a ???y ?y ???ey y????, ??o?u e ?.

E????ey ?th??i ?????a, ??i ?? N???? Nithc n 1922 ??, ???? ec ????e
????ey ?a????a, ? ?? ????? ????? ?? e ?y??i?? ??e ?e ?i N???? Nithc, ?e
e ?i ??u, ??o ???? ?? ????u ?????a ????y. NNN? ?ye ? ?ay ???? ??? ???e,
?????th?a ????ue ?????a e ????? aai ????. I?? Nith? ?? ????ath? ??????u
a ???. I???? ??i ? ?????? ?????e ????? ? ?????? – ???e ?th??i ?????a. Y?
?????? ????a ???? ?e ??? Nith?, ?e e ?i ??? – ?th?? ??oa?e, ?????th ???o
?y?? ?? ???????y, a ??oth ???ue ?cy????? e ?????i. N???? Nithc ? ?????e
???? ???a, a ????, ???? ???y ?y ? ?????i ??a. Ia ???? ?a a ??? ? ???ey
??? E??eo?? Nith? a ?? ??e ?e ??o ?th?? ?????, ???a?a ??a ? ??a, ?e e
?????a-?????.

A???y ??o ?????? a ??i e ?i ??y? a ????e ? ????, ???i, “???? ??????i e
????? ??e” a ?????? a?????, ?e y? ????? ?? ??? *(266). O????i e ????i –
?????? ???????a ???? ?????e ???????? ????: ?e ?????i ???a, ?e ?i ???a –
???? ? ??. E???, ??i ????? eth?a ?????? ?????i a ????a e ????, ? y? ?a
??? ???. I?????i ? e ? ? ?????i ? ??o ?? ??i ??????i – e ?????, e ????i
??aea???.

E????ey ???a e ????a ???o ??? ???a ???, ????ey e th?e?e, a ??a ???a
???????e ??????. Y? ??? ?????ue ??aey ? ?u? ??????a ?th?? ????e, e ???
??i ?NON?. A??th?? ??ae N??? ??e ????th ????e A?????? ???, ???? ? ??y?o
?????y e ???o. Aea e ?????y ?i ?? ??? n ??? ????? ???a N??? ?NON?. A??a
n ?i ???ue ????? ???y, ????? ? ?????? ???? ???u Nith?.

Oe????? E??????e E??? NNN? ?a ????y ? AOeEE e OeEE ??? ?th?? ????e. A
?? ??????a Nith? e ????? ?i E????? ???? ?ay ???????, ??????y ?????i ??a
??i e ????i ????? ???? ?th?? ????e. Y? ?ay ? ???? ? ??a ????e ??o ??????
???? ?????y Nith?, ? ?? ??? ??????, ?e ??y ??a ?????e ?y?e ??? ????e.

E????ey OeEE Nith? NN? ????? e ??th ????o I????a OeEE. I? y?i ?e ?i
OeEE Nith?, ?e e ?i I???? ??iy?? a ???oth?a ?? a ?? ??????y ??o ???
?th??i ?????a, ?eth??? a y? ??? ??o ???????.

N?? I???o E????a NNN? ?e ??a ???i ??????? ?th?uo ?n???. I??i ??? ?i ??i
????y. Y? ?????i ? ?? ?? ??a ??i??a, ????ny ?a ? ?????y NNN?, a ??
?????e ?y?e ??o N???? ???? e ?th??e n ?e ??????, ? ??? ??y?e ? ??th
???ue. I?i ne??ue, ?i ????a ? ?e???o ????ey?? ??e ?????: iy? ????
??????a ??e ???th??e, iy? – ?th?i-????????, ?e, ? ????e ??e???e,
??????e, e ??ue ????? e ???????i. O?ay ?????y, ?e e ???? ??? ??? OeEE
Nith?, ??? ?a ? ? ??? – ????? ?e??? ????a ????a Nith? a ??i n ?????y? ?i
???. I??y ??? ????? ???? ???? ??i ????i ??????i ?????a, ?y???, ??? ??i,
n ???? ???y?, ??ay ??? ???? ?? ???th?? n ????????, ???oe, ??uey ??a ?? n
????ue?e ????? ??? ?th?? ?????.

A ???a ? ?????e ?th?? ????? I???e ??i Nith? ??? ?????a ????, ?????th
??o ??? i????y – A????o ?? NNN?. A???? ?aeu ?????? e a ?th?? ?????o, ???
??i a ?NON?, ? ? ?? ? ?????e y?o ????e ? ??y? ? ???? ???ey. Iiy?? a ???
???a I???e ??i Nith? o? ? i??????o ??. I??a, e ???e A???i? ?? NNN? ?????
? ??/ ????o ??a ????e. Ii ?e ?y?i n ?ae??e ???? ??? O???? ???? ??e. N
??e ???u, ? ?? ?e ? ???? ???? ???u ??i Nith?, n ae?o?e ???u, ??????i ??
??????e ?ith ?y????ue n ??? ??? Nith?.

A ???a ? ?????e ?th?? ?????, I???e ??i Nith? ?eth?e ?????th, ?oy e
????th, ??o ? ???o ???????e ?????? – ? I?????i ???????i ?????? ?????.

E????ey 1924 ?? ???????a n ??e ??ey ?????? ??? ? ??i – ??o-? 12-13 ?o.
Ii y? ?? ???a e i?????? ?? ??????a ?????, ??aea ???? ?? ???? ??y?? ?a?i
I???? ??? NNN?, ?????? ? ??o ????o.

I????a

Ae???? ?????e Nith? N???? N???????o ?????

?????y N???????y O?????y N???ay ?????a (?NON?), O????y N???????y N???ay
?????a (ONN?), A?i???y N???????y N???ay ?????a (ANN?) e C?????y
N???????y O?????y N???ay ?????a (CNON? – A??y, A????? e A??ey) ??th?tho
??iy?e ?th?? ??a? ? ?????e a ?? ?th?? ?????i – “Nithc N???? N????e???
?????” – ? ??oth?o ????yo.

1. A??eth Nith? N???? N??e????? ?????, a ?? ?i ????o ???a, ????:

a) ????????i Nith? a ??????o ???eyo;

a) ????a ???o ??? Nith?;

a) ??th??a ????a i i??a a ??? Nith? ??o ????e;

a) ?uy??? ??u e ??th??a ??;

ae) ??th??a ???o ????o??? ????a;

a) ?????y ??????o ????a;

ae) ?????? ??? ???e e ????? ????;

c) ?????? ??a e ?u?i ??a ??i ????i ?cy??a Nith?, a ??a ??th??a ??????o
????a;

e) ??????a ??????i e ???i-?????? ??;

e) ?????? ??a ????oe? ?????o ?e Nith? N???? N????e??? ?????;

e) ?????a ???i ???????? ath??a Nith? N???? N???????o ?????, ??????
????, ???? e ????e ???u, a ??a ???u ???th??, ???????o e ???o ???a;

i) ?????? ??o ??e ???????a e ???????ey, a ??i ?????y ???e, ??? e ??? ?
?? ????? Nith?;

i) ??a ?th?? ???????? i ?????yo;

i) ?????? ??a ?ae?????a e ????????, a ??a ??ae??? e ????a ?th??
????????;

i) ?????? ???? ???a i ??a;

?) ?????? ??o ??e ????i ?????y;

n) ?????? ??o ?? a ???e ??? ????i ???y;

o) ?????? ???u ?? e ??a;

o) ?????y ???th?? ?????;

o) ???? ???????? a ???e ?th??i ?????a a ??o?? ?? ?????a;

o) ??i ??e ????;

oe) ??? ???th?o ?th?? ???? ??????e N??? N???, Oe???ue?o E??????o E????
e N??? I??i? E????a ?th?? ????e.

2. A???? ???i ??? Nith? N???? N???????o ????? y?y?ny N?? N??? Nith?
N???? N???????o ?????, a a ???u ??o ???? – Oe????? E??????e E??? Nith?
N?a??o N???????o ?????.

3. N?? N??? Nith? N???? N???????o ????? ???ey?ny ? i??????e ????o ???a
? ???o 1 ae??? ? 25 000 ?????e e ??????? ????? ???a ???a ? ???o 1 ???o ?
125 000 ?o??.

4. Ae???u ? N?? N??? Nith? N???? N???????o ????? ???ath?y ? ????? ???o
???a.

5. I???? N??u N??? Nith? N???? N???????o ????? ???th?y Oe????? E???o???
E???? Nith? N???? N???????o ????? ?? ?c a ?ae; ?????? N??u ???th?y
Oe????? E??????i E???? Nith? N???? N???????o ????? ? ?i ?????? ???th ?e
? ? ????eth ? ??a ?? ?th?uo ????e.

6. N?? N??? Nith? N???? N???????o ????? ???? Oe????? E??????e E??? ?
??????? ?th?? ????e ???????i ????th ???, ??i a ???a 371 ??a.

7. I???? ??? Oe?????i E??????? E???a Nith? N???? N???????o ?????
???th?y ?e ?? a ?ae. *?????a ??? ???th?y ? ??????th I????a Oe?????i
E?????i?i E???a Nith? ?e ? ????eth N?a? I???o E????a Nith? N??n?o
N???????o ?????, a ??a Oe?????i E??????? E???a ??e ? ?th?? ????e.

8. N??u N??? e ??? Oea????? E??????? E???a Nith? N??n?o N???????o ?????
n??ath?y a ???? ?th?? ????e a ??y?a, ???????i I????? Oe?????i E???????
E???a Nith? N???? N???????o ?????.

9. Oe????? E??????e E??? Nith? N???? N???????o ????ee ???? I????,
y?yth??y ??? ???i ??? Nith? a ???u ??o n??y? Oe?????i E??????? E???a
Nith?.

10. I???? Oe?????i E??????? E???a Nith? N???? N???????o ????? ????ny a
???a 19-? ???, ? ?? Oe????? E??????e E?e?o Nith? ???? ???o ??????e
Oe?o???? E??????? E???a Nith? ? ??o ?th?? ????e.

11. E??????i ???i Oe?????i E??????? E???a Nith? y?y?ny N?? I???o E????a
Nith? N???? N???????o ????? (N???? Nith?), ?????e Oe????? E??????i E????
Nith? ? ?? ????? ?????, a ???a:

I?????y N??a I???o E????? Nith?,

C?????e I?????y,

I???? E???? ? E????? Ae??,

I???? E???? ? A??? e I??? Ae??,

I???? E???? A??? O???e,

I???? E???? I?? N???ey,

I???? E???? I?o e O????a,

I???? E???? ???a-E??uey??e E????,

I?????y A??? N??a I???? O?y??a,

I???? E???? O??,

I???? E???? I??????y,

I???? E???? O???a.

12. A ?eyo ?????y ??eth???e ????? ? ????? Nith? N???? N???????o ????? e
?????y ?e?e ?th?? ????e ? ??? n ???a?eth?? ?????y ?e Oe????? E??????i
E???a Nith? N???? N???????o ????? A???? N?, n ???y? ????? ????i ???ey, a
?e N??a I???o E????a Nith? – ?????? ??i A???????i I?????? O????y,
??n???ue ???? ??? a N?? I???o E????a Nith? n ??? ??????? ???.

13. Ae??? e ??????y N????? Nith? N???? N???????o ????? ?y???? ?y ??
?th?? ????e e ???y?y a ????? ???????i ? ?? ????? Nith?.

14. Ae??? e ??????y Oe??a??? E??????? E???a e N????a Nith? ??oath?y ?
y??o, ??????o??? a ?th?? ?????o (???e, ???n?e, ?????e, ?????, ?iy??e,
oth???).

15. Oe????? E??????a E???u ?th?? ????e ??????atho ???u e ??????y N????a
Nith? a I???? Oe?????i E??????? E???a Nith? N???? N???????o ?????, ?
i??????ay ? ????ey.

16. I?????ey e ???y??y N??a I???o E????a Nith? N???? N???????o ?????
??o ?? ??iy?u ?? Oe????? E??????i E???? Nith? N???? N???????o ????? e ?i
I?????; ???y??y ? ????o I???o E????a Nith? N???? N?????a?? ????? ??o ??
??iy?u Oe????? E?????iui E???? Nith? N???? N???????o ?????, ?i I????? e
N????? Nith?.

17. ????y??y I???o E????a Nith? N???? N???????o ????? i?? ?? ????????u
Oe?????e E??????? E???a? ?e I?????e Oe?o???o E??????o E???? ?th?? ???e?
?? a ??th????o ??ayo, ?e y?ii ??????? ???i ???y??y ??????yi N????a ?e
Oe?????i E??????? E???a Nith? N???? N???????o ?an???. I ?????? ???y??y
Oe????? E??????e E??? ?e I???? Oe?????i E??????? E???a ?th?? ????e ?????
???? N??o I???o E????a Nith? N???? N???????o ????? e ?????oth?? I??i?o
E???? Nith? N???? N???????o ?????.

18. A ??? N??? I???o E????a ?th?? ????e ??yo:

I?????ue N??a I???o E?????,

C????? I?????y,

I?????ue A??? N??a I???ai O?y??a,

I???e E???? C????y,

I???e E???? I??????y,

I???e E???? O???a,

I???e E???? O??,

I???e E???? A????o Ae?,

I???e E???? TH???,

I???e E???? ???a-E??uey??e E????,

I???e E???? ? I????eth,

I???e E???? C??????ey,

I???e E???? N????? I????ey,

I???e E???? ? I?????i Ae?ai, a ??a n ??? ??????? ??? O??????a I????a
Nith?: ? E???i?i Ae??, ? A??? e I??? Aea?i, A??? O???e, I?? N???ey e I?o
e O????a.

19. A??e N?? I???? O?y??a e I???a E?????u: I??????y, O??n?, O?? e
???a-E??uey??e E???? ?thc?o ????e, ???????i ???yy? Oe??a??i E??????i
E???? e N???i?i ?th?? ????e, ?????oth?y a ??e ?y????e ???y??y? ???????o
Ia??? E????a Nith? N???? N??????e? ?????.

20. ?????e, ??y?a a ??? Nith?, ?atho ?? ath??u, y?yth??y ????? ??y?
???th??i ath??a, ?a????? Oe????? E??????i E???? Nith?. Ath??u ????? a ?
???? e ????o ??yo ?????ath?y Oe????? E??????i E???? Nith?. I???ue ???a e
???u ???? ?????, ??? ? ?????a ath??? ?th?? ??o??, ???eyth?y Oe?????
E??????i E???? Nith?.

21. Aeey ???i ?th?? ????e ???????y ??? ?th?? ?????i.

22. Nithc N???? N???????o ????? ??o ?? ??, ?? e ???????th ???.

23. N???e Nith? N???? N???????o ????? y?y?ny ??ae I??a.

24. Nith?? ????? ??yo a ?????? n ??iyu? ????i ?i??ey a ?? ?????e.

25. O?????, ????a e ????? ?th??i ???? ???? ??th????? ???th N??a N???
Nith? N???? N???????o ?????.

26. Ca ??? ? ?th?? ????e ???y?ny ??i ????? ??? ? Nith?.

(30 ???y 1922 a.)

(“I ??ae N??? NN?. N?i?????? ??o”. E?. OeEE NNN?. 1923.

I????a 1-a. N. 4-7)

I??????? ?????e ??a??e e ???? ? ???a?? NNN?

N?? N??? Nith? N???? N???n???? ?????, ????? ??? ????? ? ?????e Nith?
NN? e ??th??? ?????? ????y?, ????? ???? n??? ?NON?, ONN?, CNON? e ANN?,
?th?? ????, ????ey?:

1. Ae????th e ?th?? ???? a ???? ????ue.

2. A?? ?????? ???? ??y?e ????? e ??th???i ???? e ??????e ????ue ??????a
??ey ?? ??y?o a Nithc ????e i ??oa ??iy?? ?a??a, ???? ????eth e ???? ?
??????? ?????? OeEE? ?th?? ????e n ?i, ??u ??? ?th?? ????e ?? ??????
OeEEo Nith? NN? e ????e ????e ?i ???.

3. I???ue ????e ????e n??e OeEEa Nith? NN? ?????ue ????? ???, ????ue
??o ????? e ?th??i ???? e ????? ??? ?i a ????.

4. I???ue OeEEo Nith? NN? ?????ue ? ???o ??? ???a Nith? ??????e ??o
????? e ?th??i ???? e ?????ue ?i ? ???o??? ?????a ???i ???.

I?????? 2-e N??e Oe?????i E??????? E???a Nith? N???? N???????o ?????
1-? ???”I ???? a ???? E????? Nith? Ni???o N???????o ?????”

1. I???e C?? (E????eth) Nith? N???? N???????o ????? ????ue e ????? ???
a ae???a.

2. I?iy?e ??iy?e ???e Oea????? E??????? E???a Nith? N??n?o N???????o
????? ??o I???? C??a (E?????) Nith? N???? Ni??????? ????? ??? ? ??????a
?????a 2-? N??a N??? Nith? N???? N???????o ?????.

3. Aei ?????y I????a Oe?????i E??????? E???a Nith? N???? N???????o
????? ? ??? ??u 4 e 5 E????? Nith? N???? N???????o ?????, ?a ????ey,
?????y?? Oe?????o E??i????o E???o Nith? N???? N???????o ????? E?????e,
??i?? ? I???? Oe?????i E??????? E???a Nith? N???? N???????o ?????, ????e
? 1-e ??? Oe?????i E??????? E???a Nith? N???? N???????o ????? 30-? ???y
1922 ??, a ???a 19-? ???.

I?????ue Oe?????i E??????? E???a Nith? N???? N???????o ??i??e I. E???

N???? Oe?????i E??????? E???a Nith? N???? N???????o ?a???e A. A???a

I??a

E??ue

I???e C?? (E????ey)Nith? N???? N???????o ?????

Oe????? E??????e E??? Nith? N???? N???????o ?????, ?????? ?????ay
?????? ??a ????e ???, ? ????? ??????y 1-? N??a N??? Nith? N????
N???????o ?????, a ??a ? ????e ???? ? ?????e Nith? N???? N???????o
?????, ??y?? ? 1-i N??a N??? Nith? N???? N???????o ????? a ??? I??a 30
???y 1922 ??, e ???ay ? ???? ???? e ????y, ?????? ?????? ???????e ?????
?th?? ????e, ????ey?:

Ae????y ? ?????e Nith? N???? N???????o ????? e ???? ? ?????e Nith?
N???? N???????o ????? ???eytho I???e C?? (E????eth) Nith? N????
N???????o ?????.

???e ???Ae????y ? ?????e Nith? N???? N???????o ?????

Ni ???e ?????ey ????o ????e, ?????a ?? ?????ue ? ?a ???y: ??? ?????a e
??? ?????.

O?, a ??? ?????a, – ?????ay ??? e ?????i, ?????? ???i e ????, ??????
????a e ???u, ????????? ???? e ??u.

C??, a ??? ?????, – ???? ???a e ??, ?????ay ???a e ?????, ??? ?????? e
???? ??????? ???a.

I??? ????????? ?? ? ?ioy??e ?ny?? ?o ????ue ??? i i??i????, ??i ????ey
????? ???ey ???a n ???? y?????e /???a ????i, ????ue ?????e. I???o, ???
?????? ?????? ?a ??a ?????ny, ???y ??? ??????th e?????. A???ey ????ue
??e??e ???? ??????? ???a.

O??i a ??? ???a, ??? a ???yo ????u ??????, ????? ?e?a ?ay ?????i ????y,
????ue ?c??? ????? a ??a ?????? ??, ???ue ????? ????i ???y e c??e? ???
????i ??????? i???.

O??i ????y y?i ??iy????i, ???ue ????i ?????i ??? ????a ??????a ??i ??,
????? e ???o; ??? ????y y?i ??iy????i, ???ue ? ???i ??????ue ??ae??oth
??o, ????? ?? ??????a e i????ue e ???o ?cy????? ??????o.

Ii ?? ??u ? ??? ????i. C????a ?ey, ??????ny ???, ??o??? ???????? ?? e
????? ?cy????a ???u, ????ny a ????? ? ??u, ??tho ??????? ????a ??ey
????o ????e ? ?cy????? ??????o. A??????a ????i ?cy??a ????ue ?????i ?e
????? ???a??? ????e.

N ??? ???u, ??????? ??????? ????y e ????ue ??o ????e ??tho ????? ????
???i ??? ????o ????e ??ae ??i ????????? ????y.

I???, ?? ???? ????e ???, ????????a ? ??e ????e ???a, ???o ??y??y ??u
????o ????e ? ?? ?????y a ?? ???????oth ??th.

A? y? ??iy???? ?????? ??otho ?????y ????o ????e a ?? ?th?? ?????i,
????a ????? e ??ithth ??????, e ????? ?cy??a?? ???ay?y, e ???o ??????i
???ey ???a.

A?y ???a ????o ????e, ??a??ny ???i ? ??? ??o ???a e ????? ??y?? ???a ?
?????e “Nith? N???? N???????o ?????”, ??? ???? ???e a ?i, ?i Nithc y?o
y?y?ny ?????? ?????? ?????? ???a, ?i ? ??? ?n???? ????? ??i ????? ??? ec
Nith?, ?i ??? a Nithc ??? ?? ???????? ????i ?????i, ?e ????th?i, ?e e
?ath?i ????? a a?o?i, ?i ??a ?th?? ?????i y??y ????i ????? ????? ?a a
?oy?a 1917 ?? ??a ???i ????n?a e ????i ??????? ???a, ?i ?i ???? ??? ???i
??? ???ai ?????a e ??i ?????i ??i ii ?? i????ey ??y??y ?? ??i a I??oth
N???????th N???oth ?????o.

???e ???Ae??? ? ?????e Nith? N???? N???????o ?????

?????y N???????y O?????y N???ay ?????a (?NON?), O????y N???????y N???ay
?????a (ONN?), A???n?y N???????y N???ay ?????a (ANN?) e C?????y
N???????y O?????y N???ay ?????a (CNON?: N???ay N?????a?ay ?????a A?????,
N???ay N??e????ay ?????a A??y e N???ay N???????y ?????a A??ey) ?u??yth?y
a ?? ?th?? ?????i – Nithc N???? N???????o ?????.

A?? ??ayI ????o ???y ????o ???a ??? Nith? N???? N??e????? ?????

1. A??eth Nith? N???? N???????o ?????, a ?? ?i ????o ???a, ????:

a) ????????i Nith? a ??????o ???eyo, ???a ?? ????e??? ????, ??th??a
?????? e ?? ????a n ???e ??????e;

a) ????a ???o ??? Nith?, a ??a ??????? ???? ? ????e ??? ??o ?th??e
??????;

a) ??th??a ????a i i??a a ??? Nith? ??o ????e;

a) ?uy??? ??u e ??th??a ??;

ae) ??th??a ???o e ?o???o ??? Nith? N???? N???????o ????? e ????? ???o
e ???i?o ??? ?th?? ????e;

a) ?????y ??????o ????a;

ae) ?????i ???e ????e e ?????? ???u ????? ????;

c) ?????? ??a e ?u?i ??a ??i ????i ?cy??a Nith?, ?????a ???? ??????? e
????o ?????? ???ey?e, ?ath?o ??nith?? ????, ??th??a ??????o ?????, ?e
???th??, ?e e ? ??e ?th?? ????e;

e) ?????i ?????? e ???i-?????i ??i;

e) ?????y e ?????i ?????? ??? Nith? N???? N????e??? ?????;

e) ?????a ???i ???????? ath??a Nith? N???? N???????o ?????, a ??? ????
??yo ath??u ?th?? ????e; ?????? ???th?? ???a e ???a, a ??a ??n??e ? ?o e
???? e ?i, ???ath?o ? ?????a ath??? ?th?? ????e; ????? ??????? ???a e
??? ? ?????a ath??? ?th?? ????e;

i) ?????? ??? ???? e ????e ???u;

i) ?????? ??o ??e ???????a e ???????ey, a ??i ?????y ???e, ??? e ??? ?
?? ????? Nith? N???? N??????e? ?????;

i) ???th?? ???????? i ????????? ?????yo e ?????? ???????? ??a;

i) ?????? ??a ????i??a e ????????, a ??a ?????ai e ????? ????????
Nith?;

?) ?????? ???? ???a i ??a;

n) ?????? ??o ??e a ???e ????i ?????y;

o) ?????? ??o ?? a ???e ??? ????i ???y;

o) ?????? ???u ?? e ??a;

o) ?????y ???th?? ?????;

o) ???? ???????? a ???e ?th??i ?????a a ????e ?? ?????a;

oe) ??i ????, ???n??y?? ? ?th ????eth Nith?;

/) ??? ???th?o ??iy?th E????eth ??????e ???a ???a e ?????o ???????
????a ?th?? ????e;

o) ????? ???o ????, ???ath?o ??o ?th??e ??????.

2. O????? e ????a ???? ??e ??iy?e E????? ???? ??th????? ???th N??a N???
Nith? N???? N???????o ?????.

A?? ??ayI ????? i??o ?th?? ????e e i ?th?? ?????a

3. N????? ?th?? ????e ??i?? ?? a ????, ????o a ??iy?e E?????, e ?? ?
????i, ????? e ?????e Nith?. A? y?o ???ia ??ay ?th?ay ????? ????ey? ?ith
???????th ??? ???iy???; Nithc N???? N???????o ????? ??iy? ????? ??a
?th?? ????e.

4. Ca ??? ? ?th?? ??o?? ???y?ny ??i ????? ??? ? Nith?.

5. Nith?? ?????, a ????o?e n ??iy?e E?????e, ??yo ????y a ?? ?????e.

6. O????y ?th?? ????e ia ??o ?? ??iy?a ?c ? ???ey, a ??i ?y ????y,
?????y ?e ??? ??? 4 ????y ???? ?? ????e, ??y?o a Nithc N???? N?e??????
?????.

7. Aeey ???i ?th?? ????e ???????y ??? ?th?? ?????i.

A?? ??ueyI N??a Ni??a Nith? N???? N???????o ?????

8. A???? ???i ??? Nith? N???? N???????o ????? y?y?ny N?? N???, a a ???
??o N???e N??? – Oe????? E??????e E??? Nith? N???? N???????o ?????,
??iy?e ? Nith??i N??a e N??a I???e???e.

9. N?? N??? Nith? N???? N???????o ????? ???ey?ny ? i??????e ????o n???
e ???a ????o ????e – ? ???o 1 ???o ? 25 000 ?????e e ??????? ????? ???a
???a – ? ???o 1 ???o ?

10. Ae???u ? N?? N??? Nith? N???? N???????o ????? ???ath?y ? ????? ???o
???a. A ?o ?????o, ?a ?o ????? ???i??, ???? ???th?y ???????i ? ??? ???a
??? ?????.

11. I???? N??u N??? Nith? N???? N???????o ????? ???th?y Oe?o???i
E??????i E???? Nith? N???? N???????o ????? ?? ?c a ?ae; ?????? ???
???th?y Oe????? E??????i E???? Nith? N???? N???????o ????? ? ?i ??????
???th, ? ????eth Nith??i N??a, N??a I???????, ?e ? ? ????eth ?? ?th??
????e.

12. I? ?????? ??iy????o, ??y??oth?o ??? a ?? N??a N?a?a Nith? N????
N???????o ?????, Oe?????o E??????? E???o Nith? N???? N???????o ?????
?????y?ny ??i ???? ??? N??a.

A?? ????yI Oe????ii E??????i E???a Nith? N???? N???????o ?????

13. Oe????? E??????e E?e?o Nith? N???? N???????o ????? ???o ? Nith??i
N??a e N??a Ia??????e.

14. N?? N??? Nith? N???? N???????o ????? ???? Nith?? N?? ? ???????
?th?? ????e, ???????i ????th ???, ??i a ???a 371 ??a.

15. N?? I??????? ????ny ? ??????? ?th?? e ????? n???? ???????? ????e –
? 5 ??????? ? ???; ? ??????? ????uo ???? ?NON? – ? ??? ????e?eth ? ???.
N??a N??a I??????? a ??i ?????ny N??? N??? Nith? N???? N???????o ?????.

I????a. A????a ????? A??ey e A??ey e ????ay ???ue TH?-I??y ???tho a
Ni?o I??????? ? ??? ??????th.

16. Nith?? N?? e N?? I??????? ?????atho ?a ???u, ???u e ??????y,
???ath?a e ?i ? I????a Oe?????i E??????? E???a e N??a I???o E????a Nith?
N???? N???????o ?????, ????o ???? ??????a Nith?, ?????o ??????? ????a
?th?? ????e, a ??a ???ath?a ? ????? Nith??i N??a e N??a I???????.

17. Oe????? E??????e E??? Nith? N???? N???????o ????? ??? ???u, ???u,
??????y e ???y??y, ???iy? ??? ? ???????? e ????eth Nith? N???? N???????o
????? e ???ey? ?? ?y????e I????a Oe?????i En?e????? E???a e N??a I???o
E????a Nith? N???? N???????o ?????.

18. A? ???u e ??????y, ???eyth?a ??a ??u ?????? e ye?????e ??e Nith?
N???? N??????e? ?????, a ??a ??y?a ???ua ????y a ????th?th ???? ????o???
???a Nith? N???? N???????o ?????, ?y???? ??? ????ue ? ?????? e ?????a
Oe?????i E??i????i E???a Nith? N???? N???????o ??i??e.

19. A? ???u, ??????y e ???y??y, ????? Oe????? E??????i E????, ?y???? e
????????o ????eth ? ?? ????? Nith? N???? N???????o ?????.

20. Oe????? E??????e E??? Nith? N???? N???????o ????? ??o ??i ????????
?e ??iyoue ???u, ??????y e ???y??y I????a Oe?????i E??????? E???a Nithca
N???? N???????o ?????, a ?e? ??aeia ???a e ?????o ??????? ????a ?th??
????e e ??? ???a ??? ? ????? Nithca N???? N???????o ?????.

21. I???? ??? Oe?????i E??????? E???a Nith? N???? N???????o ?????
???th?y I????? Oe?????i E??????? E???a ?e ?? a ?ae. *?????a ??? ???th?y
? ??????th I????a Oe?????i E??????? E???a Nith? N???? N???????o ?????, ?
????eth I????a Nith??i N??a ?e I????a N??a I???????, a ??a ? ????eth
Oe??a??? E??????? E???a ??e ? ?thc?o ????e.

22. C??????, ???y?a ? ?????? Oe?????i E??????? E???a Nith? N????
N???????o ?????, ???tho ?? ??? ?? ?e ???e ??y?y ? ?e Nith?? N???, ?e e
N??? I???????, e ???oth?y ? e?? Oe?????i E??????? E???a Nith? N????
N???????o ?????.

23. A ??ayo ?????e ??o Nith?? N??? e N??? I???????, ??? ????ny a
?????th ?e ??????oth ???eth.

24. I? ?????? ????ey a ??????? ????, ??? ?????y ? ?????? ?????i ????y
Nith??i N??a e N??a I???????, ???, a ??? ????ey ?????a ???a Nith??i N??a
?e N??a I???????, a??n ??o ?? ???i, ? ????eth ??? ? y?o ???a, ? ?????
????? ?e ??????i Nu?? N??? Nith? N???? N???????o ?????.

25. Nith?? N?? e N?? I?e?????e ?y ????? ? ??? e ?????a ???e ????o
???tho ?? I????u, a ???a ? 7-? ??? ???.

26. A i??ae ??o ??eyie Oe?????i E??????? E???a Nith? N???? N???????o
????? ??? ???i ??? y?y?ny I???? Oe?????i E??????? E???a Nith? N????
N???????o ?????, ????? Oe????? E???o??? E???? a ????? 21 ??a, a ??i ???o
??yo a ??? ???a I????u Nith??i N??a e N??a I???????.

27. Oe????? E??????e E??? ???? ? ??o ?th?? ????e ???o ??????e Oe?????i
E??????? E???a Nith? N???? N???????o ????? ? ???a ??? I????a Oe??a???
E??????? E???a Nith? N???? N???????o ?????.

28. Oe????? E??????e E??? Nith? N???? N???????o ????? ?????? ??ae N???
N??? Nith? N???? N???????o ?????.

A?? iy?yI I????a Oe?????i E??????? E???a Nith? Ni???o N???????o ?????

29. I???? Oe?????i E???o???i E???a Nith? N???? N???????o ?????, a ???
??o ??ey? Oe?????i E??????? E???a Nith? N???? N???????o ?????, y?y?ny
??? ???????i, ??????? e ???y????i ???i ??? Nith? N???? N???????o ?????.

30. I???? Oe?????i E??????? E???a Nith? N???? N???????o ????? ??th?? ?
?????i a ??ue E????? Nith? N???? N??????e? ????? e ?????i ?? ??a????
N??a N??? e Oe?????i E??i????i E???a Nith? N???? N???????o ????? ??e
???? ???.

31. I???? Oe?????i E??????? E???a Nith? N???? N?e???/??o ????? ??o ??i
???????? e ??iy? ??????y N??a I???o E?e??? e ????o ???? ??????a Nith?
N???? N???????o ?????, a ??a ?????o ??????? ????a e ???a ???? ????ia
?th?? ????e.

32. I???? Oe?????i E??????? E???a Nith? N???? N???????o ????? ??o ??i
???????? ???i??ey ???a ???a ?th?? ????e, n ???oth?i ????i y?o ??????e ?
?????? e ?????a Oe?????i E??????? E???a Nith? N???? N???????o ?????.

33. I???? Oe?????i E??????? E???a Nith? N???? N???????o ????? ??? ???u,
??????y e ?a??y??y, ??????o e ????? i??? ???? e ??????e, ???? N??? I???o
E????a, ????? ?????e Nith? N???? N???????o ?????, ?????? ???????e ?????
?th?? ????e, ? ?????? e ae??? ???? ???.

34. Ae??? e ??????y Oe??a??? E??????? E???a, ?i I????a e N??a I???o
E????a Nith? N???? N???????o ????? ???th?y ? y??o, ?????????o a ?th??
????e? (???e, ?????, ?????e, ?????, ?iy??e, oth?i-????e).

35. I???? Oe?????i E??????? E???a Nith? N???? N???????o ????? ????o
???u i ???????yo ??o N??? I???o E????a Nith? N???? N???????o ????? e
????e ??????? Nith? N???? N???????o ?????, n ??e ???u, e ?????? ???????e
????? ?th?? ????e e ? ?????? – n ???.

36. I???oi Oe?????i E??????? E???a Nith? N???? N????e??? ????? ??????
??ae Oe????? E??????i E???? Nith? N???? N???????o ?????.

A?? ??ayI N??a Ia??? E????a Nith? N?a??o N???????o ?????

37. N?? I???o E????a Nith? N???? N???????o ????? y?y?ny ??????? e
???y????i ???i Oe???ue?? E??????? E???a Nith? N???? N???????o ????? e
????ny Oe????? E??????i E???? Nith? N???? N???????o ????? a ???a:

?????ey N??a I???o E????? Nith? N???? N???????o ?????;

?????? ?????ey;

????i ????a ? ?????i ??i;

????i ????a ? ???i e i??? ??i;

????i ????a ???e ????;

????i ????a ??e ????y;

????i ????a ?? e ?????;

????i ????a ???-???y??e ?n???;

?????ey ???i n??a ????i ?cy??a;

????i ????a ??a;

????i ????a ??????ey;

????i ????a ????.

38. N?? I???o E????a Nith? N???? N???????o ????? a ???? ???????o ?o
Oe????? E???o??? E???? Nith? N???? N???????o ????? ?? e ? ????e I???ey i
N??a I???o E????a Nith? N???? N???????o ?????, ??? ???u e ??????y,
?y????a e ????eth ? ?? ????? Nith? N???? N???????o ?????.

39. N?? I???o E????a Nithca N???? N???????o ????? ????e?? ???u e
??????y, ???? ?e ????? ????e ??????? Nith? N?a??o N???????o ?????, ?e e
?????? ???????e ????? ?th?? ????e e ? ??????.

40. N?? I???o E????a Nithca N???? N???????o ????? ? ?ae ??e ??? ??????
??ae Oe????? E??????i E???? Nith? N??n?o N???????o ????? e ?i I?????.

41. I?????ey e ???y??y N??a I???o E????a Nith? N???? N???????o ?????
??o ?? ??????a?? e ??iy?u Oe????? E??????i E???? Nith? Ni???o N???????o
????? e ?i I?????.

42. Oe????? ??????? ???ou ?th?? ????e e ? ????? ??o????tho ???u e
??????y N??a I???o E????a Nith? N???? N???????o ????? a I???? Oe?????i
En??????i E???a Nith? N???? N???????o ?????, ? ???????y ? ????ey.

A?? ???yI A???? N?a Nith? N???? N???????o ????ee

43. A ?eyo o????ey ??ethoe??? ????? ? ????? Nith? N???? N???????o
?????, ?e Oe????? E??????i E???a Nith? N???? N??e????? ????? ?????y
A???? N?, e ?????e ???? ??ny?y:

a) ?? ????i ??i ?th?? ????e ???aey?o ??y??? ? ?i??i ???th??i ????????;

a) ?????? e ??????ea ??ae Oe????? E??????i E???? Nith? N???? N???????o
????? ? ?a????eth ????a A????i N?a Nith? N???? N???????o ????? ?n?????,
???e e ????? ????o ??a ?th?? ????e, ? ?????yi ?????ey ???o ???th??o
????????, ?e ????o ?e ????ath?y ????u ??? ????e;

a) ?? ??th??e ? ??i??th Oe?????i E??????? E???a Nithca N???? N???????o
????? i ????? ?o ?e ?? ??????e ?th?? ????e n ??e ??ey E?????;

a) ????? ???? ??? ??o ?th??e ??????;

ae) ?????? ?e ? ????th ??? ?????o ?oe Nith? a ?????eyo ? ????e.

44. A???? N? Nith? N???? N???????o ???a?e ????o a ???a:

a) ????? ????y A????i N?a Nith? N???? N???????o ?????;

a) ?????-???? e ????-???? ???? A????i N?a Nith? Ni???o N???????o
???a?e;

a) ???e e ???-?????ie ????.

45. A???? N? Nith? N???? N???????o ????? a ???a ?i ????? ????y ????ny ?
11-? ?a?a, a ?i ??a ?????ey e ?i ?????y, 4-o ??????e ????o ????e ????o
??a ?th?? ????e e ??? ??????y I?????? A???????i I?????? O????y Nith?
N???? Ni??????? ?????, ??? ?????? e ?i ?????ue e ????a iy? ??ia ???ath?y
I????? Oe?????i E??????? E???a Nith? N???? N???????o ?????.

46. I???? A????i N?a Nith? N???? N???????o ????? e ?i ?????ue ???ath?y
I????? Oe?????i E??????? E???a Nith? N???eo N???????o ?????. Ia ?y????
????a A????i N?a Nith? N???? N???????o ????? ??o ?? ??th??e ? ?? ????,
????? ????eth A????i N?a Nith? N???? N??????e? ?????, ?????a ????y a
????e ?i e, a ??? ????ey n ???y? ????? ????y A????i N?a Nith? N????
N???????o ???a?e, ??????? ? a I???? Oe????i? E??????? E???a Nith? N????
N?e?????? ?????.

47. I?? ?????y ????o a ?. 43 ???? ? ?????? ????? ????y A????i N?a
Nith? N???? N????e??? ????? ??o ??ue ??i ??th???? ? ????? Oe?????i
E??????? E???a Nith? N?a??o N???????o ?????, ?i I????a, ????a A????i N?a
Nith? N???? N???????o ?????, ????? ?th?? ??oa?e e I?????? A???????i
I?????? O????y Nith? N???? N???????o ?????.

48. I???? ????y A????i N?a Nith? ???tho ?????a ???? i????ey (???u) ?y
?????ey:

a) ????o e ?????o ?e ??th????e ????, ????ath?o ? ??? ????eth ?a ?e
????i ?th?? ????e, e

a) ?e ?????? ?????e ??? Oe?????i E??????? E???a e N??a I???o E?????
Nith? N???? N???????o ?????.

I?iy?a A???? N?? Nith? N???? N???????o ????? e ??? ?????? y?o ?e ??o
??ue ??i e?eth???? ? ??? ? ??? ?c ??????yi Oe?????i E??????? E???a Nith?
?e ?i I????a.

A?? ???yI ???? ??????o Nith? N???? N???????o ?????

49. Aeey ????????i ?????a i????e ???y? ???????? ????ey, ??y?? a ?? ???y
N??a I???o E????a Nith? N???? N???????o ?????, ????ny 10 ???? ??????a,
o???? a ?. 37 ??iy?e E?????, ??o?thu? ? ??? I???? i ???? ??????o,
?????? Oe????? E???o??? E???? Nith? N???? N???????o ?????.

50. I???a ?????? Nith? Ni???o N???????o ????? ?ey?y ?:

a) ???th?? ???? ???a??u – ??? ?y ??i Nith? N???? N???????o ?????;

a) ?????? ???? ?????? Nith? N???? N???????o ????ee.

51. I??ith??e ????e ??????? Nith? N???? N???????o ?a???e y?yth?y ????
??????:

? ?????i ??i;

? ???i e ???i ??i;

???e ????;

??e ????y;

?? e ?????.

52. I?????? ????e ??????? Nith? N???? N???????o ????? y?yth?y ????
??????:

??? ??o ????i ?cy??a;

??????ey;

??a;

???? e

???-???y??e ????e.

53. I??ith?? ???? ?????? Nith? N???? N???????o ????? ?atho ?e ?th??
?????o ??o ???????, ???????i ? ?????o.

54. I???e ?????? ???? ??????a Nith? N???? N???????o ?????, ????eyth?? ?
????? ?th?uo ????e ? ???y, y?yth?y ??e??? ???? ?????? y?o ????e.

55. Ai ??a ???? ??????a Nith? N???? N???????o ????? ?iyo ??u N??a I???o
E????a – ??ae?a ????u Nith? N???? N???????o ?????.

56. I? ??? ???? ????a, ?ae ?i ????????i, ????ny ???ey, ??u ???e
???ath?y N??? I???o E????a Nith? N???? N???????o ?????.

57. I???e e???? ??? ????? ????ue ???y ? ?? ??i?i, ????? ???th
?????oth?? ??????, ??aey i ?o ? ???ey ????. A ??? ????ey n ?i ?e ?? ????
????i ????a, ???ey ?e ????a ? ??u, ? ???ai??aay ????ey ???y, ??o ?????
?i a N?? I???o E????a Nith? N???eo N???????o ?????.

58. ????y??y ????o ???? ??????a Nith? N???? N???????o ????? ??o ??
??iy?u I?c?e?? Oe?????i E??????? E???a e N??a I???o E????a Nith? N????
Ni??????? ?????.

59. ????y??y ???? ??????a Nith? N???? N???????o ????? ??o ?? ????????u
?????? ???????e ????? ?e ?????? ?????o ??????? ????a ?th?? ??o?? ?e y??
??????? ???i ???y??y Nith?? E?????, ???????? Nith? ?e ???????? ?th??
?????. I ?????? ??i?y??y ?????a ??????? ???? ?e ????? ?????? ???????
????a ?th?? ????e ????? ???tho N??o I???o E????a Nith? N???? N???????o
????? e ?????oth?? ????o ????o Nith? N???eo N???????o ?????.

60. I???a ????u Nith? N???? N???????o ????? ?????? ??? N??? I???o
E????a, Oe????? E??????i E???? Nith? N???? N???n???? ????? e ?i I?????.

A?? ?ay?yIa I?????i A??????? I?????i O????e

61. A ?eyo ?????y ??eth???o ??? ?th?? ????e ? ??? n i?????e e y??????
?????th??, ????i e ???e??, ?????y ?e N??a I???o E????a Nith? N????
N???????o ????? I?????a A??????? I?????a O????a (IAIO), ?????? e???i ???
a N?? I???o E????a Nith? N???? N???????o ????? n i??i ??????? ???.

62. I?????a A??????? I?????a O????a Nith? N???? N???????o ????? ????o
???e ???o ??i? A???????i I?????? O????y (AIO) ??c ??o ??????? i? ??o?
???? ????? ?th?? ????e, ?e??th?o ? ????e ?????? ????y, ??????i a
???????i ??y?a.

63. I??? ? ???????th ???? I?????? A???????i I?????? O????y Nithca N????
N???????o ????? ????ey?ny ????? A????i N?a Nith? N???? N???????o ???a?e
? ??? ?????? ??????y Oe?o???? E??????? E???a Nith? N???eo N???????o
?????.

A?? ?ny?yI ?th?? ?????o

64. A ???? ????? ??? ?th?? ?????, ????i ???i ??? ????e y?y?ny ??ae ???a
?????, a a ?????o ??o ???? – ? ???e?? ??????? ???o.

65. A??????ey ??o ????? ???? ??? ?th?? ????e e ????? ???? ??? Nith?
N???? N??e????? ????? ?????ath?y ??iy?e E?????e.

66. Oe????? ??????? e???u ?th?? ????e ???tho ? ??e ??u ?????, ???a a
??? ??o ??ey? ?????o ??????? ????a y?yth?y ???e ???? ???.

67. Oe????? ??????? ???ou ?th?? ????e ???tho ?? ??e????a ??? – ??? ????
????? a ???a:

?????ey ??? ???? ?????;

?????? ?????ey;

?????ey ???i ??? ????i ?cy??a;

????i ????a ????ey;

????i ????a ????;

i???? ????a ??????ey;

????i ????a ??a;

????i ????a ????? ?e;

????i ????a th???;

????i ????a ???-???y??e ?n???;

????i ????a ?????y;

????i ????a ???????y;

i???? ????a ?????i ?????y,

a ??a, n ??? ??????? ?e ??th?? ???, ? ???th ?????o ??????? ????a ?th??
????e, ?i?????o ???? ????? Nith? N???? N???????o ????? ? ?????i ??i, ?
???i e ???i ??i, ???e ????, ??e ????y, ?? e ?????.

68. A??e ??o ????i ?cy??a e ???? ?????? ??????ey, ???ia, ??a,
???-???y??e ????e ?th?? ????e, ???yy? ?????i ?????ue?i ????i e ???i ????
????? ?th?? ????e, ????eytho a ??e aeay????e ????u ???????o ???? e??????
Nith? N???? N???????o ?a???e.

69. I?? ????, a ??i ??i ?????y e ?????? a ??o?? ???i, ????? ????e e
????????e ???? ?th?? ????e, ???y?ny ? ?????? ???????e ????? y?o ????e.

A?? ?????ayI ??a, ??a e ???a Nith? N???? N???????o ?????

70. A??????? ?? Nith? N???eo N???????o ????? ???o ? ??a e ??? ? ??? ??,
?????? a ??o ??? e ?????i ???y?, n ???ueth ? ??e yc??, ??y??o a ?. 34:
“I????e ?? ??i, n??iy??ue!” Ia ??o ??a ???y iy???/?y ???.

71. A??????? ?? Nith? N???? Ni??????? ????? ???o ? ???? ?e ??i ????a, n
?????? ? ?i ???i ?? o ??? ???o ??a e ??? e ?ae ?? e??? iy????? ???,
?????e ???e ???. I???? ??? e ??a 1:2.

72. N?e?? Nith? N???? N???????o ????? y?y?ny ??ae I?e?.

??????????????????????????????

*(1) Ni.: O??? ????u ? ?a????? “TH?????ey”. I?? ??u. I., 2001. N. 34.

*(2) Ni.: I?????? ????o???i OI-OO ??a. *. 1. OO ?e. I., 1999. N. 217.

*(3) Ni.: O? ?. N. 8.

*(4) Ni.: E??ey A??th?? E???n???? ??? (?????a). E??? ??. I., 1938. N.
249, 326.

*(5) O? ?. N. 131-134.

*(6) O? ?. N. 94.

*(7) Ni.: ss????y N.E. N?????ai Nith??i N????i N???????? ?????a
1922-1925 ?. I., 1960.

*(8) O? ?. N. 238.

*(9) Ni., ????: *?oy?a I.E. A??i????y ????o ????e ? ?????ey NNN?. I.,
1955.

*(10) Ni.: ss????y N.E. O?c. ?/. N. 134.

*(11) Ni.: ss????y N.E. O?c. ?/. N. 143.

*(12) Ni.: *?oy?a I.E. E????ey ?NON? 1918 ??. I., 2003. N. 95.

*(13) Ni.: ss????y N.E. O?c. ?/. N. 149.

*(14) Ni.: N??u N??? Nith? NN?, ?th?? e ????? ????o ???????? ????e: Na.
?e. O. III. I., 1960. N. 17.

*(15) Ni.: ss????y N.E. O?c. ?/. N. 163.

*(16) Ni.: ss????y N.E. O?c. ?/. N. 181.

*(17) Ni.: O? ?. N. 191.

*(18) Ni.: C?????? Ae.E. NNN? – ?????? ?????i. I., 1967. N. 147.

*(19) Ni.: E??ey ?????i-???????? ??????a a NNN?. I?????-????o???
??????i a NNN? a ????? ??? ? ?????a e ????? (1917-1936 ?.). I., 1968. N.
370.

*(20) Ni.: O? ?. N. 371.

*(21) N?. n. 377-378 ???i ???y e n. 390 ???i.

*(22) Ni.: E??ey ?????i-???????? ??????a a NNN? 1917-1978. O. 1. I.,
1979. N. 291.

*(23) Ni.: O?c. ?/. I., 1967. N. 117.

*(24) Ni.: E??ey NNN? n ???e?o ??? ? ??o ??. O. OVIII. I., 1967. N.
117.

*(25) Ni.: O? ?. N. 119.

*(26) Ni.: E???i E.I. A??? ??? e ???? ??????i ??????a Nith? NN?. I.,
1969. N. 35.

*(27) Ni.: O? ?. N. 40.

*(28) Ni.: E???i E.I. O?c. ?/. N. 47-48.

*(29) Ni.: E?? A.E. I?i. ??. ?/. O. 45. N. 362.

*(30) Ni.: O?c. ?/. I., 1971. N. 156.

*(31) Ni.: O? ?.

*(32) Ni.: N????? ??a ???thc?? ????????. I., 1972. N. 11.

*(33) Ni.: C?????? Ae.E., *?oy?a I.E. O?c. ?/. I., 1972.

*(34) Ni.: I??? A.I., N??i I.I. O?c. ?/. I., 1982. N. 126.

*(35) Ni.: N??u N??? Nith? N???? N???????o ????e: Na. ?e. O. III. I.,
1960. N. 16.

*(36) ?AANIE. O. 50. Ii. 1. Ae. 48. E. 78.

*(37) O? ?. E. 8.

*(38) Ni.: A???a N.A. O?c. ?/. N. 420-423.

*(39) ?AANIE. O. 50. Ii. 1. Ae. 48. E. 8.

*(40) Ni.: O?c. ?/. O. 2. E?a, 1987. N. 113.

*(41) O? ?. N. 118.

*(42) Ni.: E??ey ?????a e ??a NNN?. *. II. I., 1966. N. 216.

*(43) Ni.: N??u N??? Nith? N???? N???????o ?????: Na. ?e. O. III. I.,
1960. N. 15-16.

*(44) O? ?. N. 217.

*(45) Ni.: E??ey ?????a e ??a NNN?. *. II. I., 1971. N. 162.

*(46) Ni.: E??ey ?????a e ??a NNN?. *. II. I., 1981. N. 199.

*(47) O? ?. N. 202.

*(48) Ni.: A??i N.A. E??ey ?????a e ??a NNN?. E?n ???. *. II. I., 1990.
N. 59.

*(49) Ni.: E??ey ??????? ?n???? e ??a. *. II. E?n ???. A?. 3. N????
?????i e ??i a ??? iy? (1921-1929). I., 1995.

*(50) Ni.: E?? E.A. E??ey ??ae??? e ??a ??n?. I., 1998. N. 496.

*(51) Ni.: E??ey ?????a e ??a ???e/I? ?ae. TH.I. O??a. I., 1996. N.
386.

*(52) Ni.: A??i A.N. E??ey ?????a e ??a ???e (?oy?ue 1917 – ???ue 1991
?.). I., 1999. N. 36.

*(53) Ni.: E??ey ???e. OO ?e/I? ?ae. A.I. Ae????. I., 1996. N. 233.

*(54) O? ?. N. 236.

*(55) Ni.: E?? A.E. I?i. ??. ?/. O. 45. N. 356.

*(56) Ni.: E?? Y. E??ey N???? ?i??. A??????y ??eth?y 1917-1923. O. 1.
I., 1990. N. 317.

*(57) Ni.: I?? ?. O?c. ?/. I., 1997. N. 171.

*(58) Ni.: E??ey N???? E???o?e (a ?????) 1917-1956. I., 1957.

*(59) O? ?. N.18.

*(60) O? ?. N. 22.

*(61) O? ?. N. 23.

*(62) Ni.: A???a ?????i ??ae? NNN? 1922-1936 ?. I., 1964.

*(63) Ni.: E??ey ?????a e ??a NNN?: Na. ?e. *. II. I., 1968.

*(64) Ni.: I????? Nith? N???eo N???????o ?????: Na. ?e. I., 1972.

*(65) Ni.: I????? e ???? NNN? ?e ?th??i ?????a. N??? ???????o e ???
?????o ??a. I., 1972.

*(66) Ni.: A??i A.N. E??ey ?????a e ??a. I., 1985.

*(67) Ni.: N??? ????? ? ???e ??????? ?????a e ??a. *. II. I., 1993.

*(68) Ni.: O????ey ? ???e ??????? ?????? e ??a (?n??oy???e ???)/I? ?ae.
I.E. *?oy??. I., 1994.

*(69) Ni.: E??ey ??????? ?n???? e ??a. *. II/I? ?ae. I.E. *?oy??. I.,
1997.

*(70) Ni.: I?????? ???????? OI-OO ??a. *. II. OO ?e. I., 1999.

*(71) Ni.: *?oy?a I.E. E????ey ?NON? 1918 ??. I., 2003.

*(72) Ni.: N????i I.A. N???a ???i ???-????i ???a. I., 1989.

*(73) Ni.: O??a A.A. I??e ?a??? ????e ???. I., 1970.

*(74) Ni.: I???y O.A. A????? ??? ?NON? 1922 ??. 2-a ?ae., ?i. e ??. I.,
2002.

*(75) Ni.: E??ey ?????a e ??a O????e NN?. O. II. 1917-1937. E?a, 1987.
N. 16.

*(76) Ni.: I???? I. E??ey ?????a e ??a O???. E?a, 2001. N. 244.

*(77) ?AANIE. O. 50. Ii. 1. Ae. 48. E. 12.

*(78) I???a y?? ??????? ????e ????e y?y?ny A.?. O???a, ?i???e a ??e ???
????? ?e?a, ???y, ?th ?????th ????? ? ???o ???o (Ni.: O???a A.?. E???
y????? ?????a. I., 2003).

*(79) ?AANIE. O. 50. Ii. 1. Ae. 48. E. 5-6.

*(80) Ni.: E??ey ?????a e ??a O????e NN?. N. 113.

*(81) Ni.: A??yi N.A. E???? n??? ???? ?????e O????: ???? e ?? ?
???y//A??? I????? ??????. 2003. N 2. N. 18.

*(82) Ni.: E??? A.I. E??ey ?????a e ??a ???e. 1929-1940. I., 1998. N.
4.

*(83) ?AANIE. O. 17. Ii. 2. Ae. 87. E. 1.

*(84) Ni.: ss????y N.E. N?????? Nith??i N????i N???????? ??????.
1922-1925 ?. I., 1960. N. 163.

*(85) Ni.: N??u N??? Nith? NN?, ?th?? e ????? ????o ???????? ????e. O.
III. I., 1960. N.16.

*(86) ?AANIE. O. 17. Ii. 2. Ae. 87. E. 1.

*(87) O? ?. O. 50. Ii. 2. Ae. 48. E. 8 e ?.

*(88) AA?O. O. 3316. Ii. 1. Ae. 25. E. 2

*(89) O? ?. E. 3.

*(90) Ni.: I????? Nith? N???eo N???????o ?????: Na. ?e. I., 1972. N.
310.

*(91) Ni.: N??u N??ia Nith? NN?, ?th?? e ????? ????o ?oe??????o ????e:
Na. ?e. O. 1. I., 1959. N. 217.

*(92) Ni.: O? ?. N. 214.

*(93) AA?O. O. 3316. Ii. 1. Ae. 7. E. 1.

*(94) AA?O. O. 3316. Ii. 1. Ae. 9. E. 8.

*(95) O? ?. E. 9.

*(96) O? ?. E. 10.

*(97) O?ay ??ey ????ny e a ??i ????, ?a ???i ?????oth?e ??u ????i y, ?
e ??????i ????? ?? (Ni.: E??ey ?????i?i ?????a e ??a/I? ?ae. I.E.
*?oy??. *. 2. I., 2001. N. 183). N??? ????, ?i y ???ny ??eth ??? ?????uo
???????.

*(98) AA?O . O. 3316. Ii. 1. Ae. 9. E. 11.

*(99) Ni.: ss????y N.E. N?i????i Nith??i N????i N???????? ?????a.
1922-1925 ?. I., 1960. N. 196.

*(100) Ni.: ss????y N.E. O?c. ?/. N. 196.

*(101) ?AANIE. O. 50. Ii. 1. Ae. 48. E. a/i.

*(102) O? ?. E. 8.

*(103) O? ?. E. 9.

*(104) O? ?. E. 10.

*(105) O? ?. E. 12.

*(106) E. 28, 29.

*(107) AA?O. O. 3316. Ii. 1. Ae. 7. E. 1.

*(108) AA?O. O. 3316. Ii. 1. Ae. 8. E. 1.

*(109) O? ?. Ae. 7. E. 6.

*(110) AA?O. O. 3316. Ii. 1. Ae. 25. E. 2.

*(111) AA?O. O. 3316. Ii. 1. Ae. 25. E. 13.

*(112) O? ?. E. 6.

*(113) AA?O. O. 3316. Ii. 1. Ae. 25. E. 5.

*(114) O? ?. E. 10.

*(115) O? ?. Ae. 8. E. 1.

*(116) AA?O. O. 3316. Ii. 1. Ae. 8. E. 3.

*(117) O? ?. E. 18.

*(118) Ni.: ss????y N.E. N?????? Nith??i N????i N???????? ??????. N.
224.

*(119) Ni.: O?? ?????? ???? OeE ?EI. “*???? ????a OeE ?EI n ???????
?????e ?????? ????e e ??n?e a a. I??a 9-12 ethiy 1923 a.”. N???????e
??o. I., 1992. N. 264.

*(120) O? ?. N. 269-270.

*(121) Ni.: N??i E.A. N?. O. 5. N. 293-300.

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