?AOA?AO
ia oaio:
“I?iaeaie iiooeo ? aeei?enoaiiy iiaeo aeieia?/ii /enoeo aeaea?ae
aia?a??. ?icaeoie aia?aaoeee a Oe?a?i?”
?niothoue o?aaeeoe?ei? iaoiaee ae?iaeaiiy aeaeo?iaia?a?? c i?aai?/iiai ?
yaea?iiai iaeeaa (aoa?eey, iaooe, i?e?iaeiiai aaco, o?aio). ?, ia?aoo?,
aeei?enoaiiy a?aeiiaethaaieo aeaea?ae aia?a?? (a?ae?aae?/ii?, niiy/ii?,
a?o?iai?, i?eieeaii?, aaioa?iaeueii? oa ?ioeo). sseiio c ieo a?aeaeaoe
ia?aaaao?
A?Ae?IAEAEO?INOAIOe?ss (AAN)
Aia?aaoeea – aaeocue ainiiaea?noaa, yea ae?iaey? aia?a?th, ia? aaaeeeaa
cia/aiiy aeey ?icaeoeo aeiiii?ee, iaoee e eoeueoo?e iaoi? e?a?ie. Ca?ac
cia/io ieoiio aaao c ae?iaeaiiy aeaeo?iaia?a?? iathoue iaoai?/i?
aeaea?aea aia?a?? — AAN.
Aiaea aoea ia?oei aeaea?aeii aia?a??, ?, iaaooue, ia?oith iaoeiith, a
ye?e ethaeeia aeei?enoaea aia?a?th aiaee, aoea i?ei?oeaia aiaeyia
oo?a?ia.
O no/ani?e AAN iana aiaee c aaeeeith oaeaee?noth ni?yiiao?oueny ia
eiiano? oo?a?i. Aiaea /a?ac caoenio n?oeo ? ?aaoeueiaaiee caoai? oa/a
noaeueiei o?oaii?iaiaeii aei oo?a?ie, iaae yeith anoaiiaeaii aaia?aoi?.
Iaoai?/ia aia?a?y aiaee ca aeiiiiiaith oo?a?ie ia?aaea?oueny
aaia?aoi?ai, a yeeo ia?aoai?th?oueny a aeaeo?e/io. I?ney aeeiiaiiy
?iaioe (iaa?oaiiy oo?a?ie) aiaea aeo?ea? a ??/eo ooiaeai, ui iinooiiai
?icoe?th?oueny, ao?a/ath/e i?e oeueiio naith oaeaee?noue.
Cao?aoe ia aoae?aieoeoai AAN aaeee?, aea aiie eiiiainothoueny oei, ui ia
aeiaiaeeoueny ieaoeoe (i?eiaeii?, a yai?e oi?i?) ca aeaea?aei aia?a?? –
aiaeo. Iiooaei?noue no/anieo AAN ia?aaeuo? 100 IAo, a EEAe noaiiaeoue 95
%. Oaea iiooaei?noue aeinyaa?oueny ca aeineoue iaeeo oaeaeeinoae
iaa?oaiiy ?ioi?a, oiio no/ani? a?ae?ioo?a?ie a?aaeathoue nai?ie
?ici??aie. Oo?a?ia — aia?aaoe/ia aeoaea aea?aeia iaoeia, ine?eueee aiaea
eaaei ? i?inoi ci?ith? iinooiaeueiee ?oo ia iaa?oaeueiee.
Aoae?aieoeoai a?aae? ia ??/oe? aea? ciiao noai?eoe cia/io ??cieoeth
??ai?a aiaee ieae/a ? aeua a?ae AAN ocaeiaae oa/?? ??/ee, oiaoi i?ae
aa?oi?i ? ieaei?i a’?oaie. ?ieiee oey ??cieoey ??ai?a nyaa? iiiaae 100
i. Aiaea aa?oiueiai a’?oa iaaea? ?c cia/ii? aenioe ia ei-iano?
a?ae?ioo?a?ie, iaa?oa? ??, a ?acii c iath iaa?oa? aaia?aoi?
aeaeo?iaia?a??, yeee aei?noei c’?aeiaiee c oo?a?iith. Iiooaei?noue
aoaeue-yei? AAN caeaaeeoue a?ae ??cieoe? ??ai?a aiaee aa?oiueiai ?
ieaeiueiai a’?o?a oa a?ae e?eueeino? eoaiiao??a aiaee; ui i?ioiaeeoue ca
1 n /a?ac eiiano? oo?a?i noaioe??: /ei aiia a?eueoa, oei iiooaei?oa AAN.
Iaeiei ?c i?eioeei?a a?ae?iaeaeo?iaoaeoaaiiy ? iaeneiaeueia aeei?enoaiiy
a?ae?iaia?a?? ??/ie. Ca?aeii c oeei i?eioeeiii, ia ??/eao aoaeothoueny
ia ie?ai? AAN, a eaneaaee oaeeo noaioe?e ? noai?ththoueny aiaeinoiaeua
aeey ?aaoethaaiiy ??/iiai, a ?iiae? e aaaaoi??/iiai noieo aiae. No?e
a?eueoino? ??/ie aeoaea ia??aiii??iee i?ioyaii ?ieo. Oae, o Aei?i?? a
ia??iae aaniyiiai iaaiaeeo, oiaoi i?eaeecii i?ioyaii iaeiiai i?nyoey, o
ii?a no?eaea iieiaeia an?o aiaeieo caian?a ??/ee, o e?oi? i?nyoe?
??aaiue aiaee ??cei cieaeoaaany. Aiane?aeie oeueiai AAN ae?oeo
i?aoethaaea c iieiaeiiith iiooaei?noth. Noai?aiiy aaeeeiai aiaeinoiaeua
a?ey AAN ??cei ci?ieei noaiiaeua. Oaia? aaniyi? aiaee Aei?i?a aaea ia
no?eathoue aac on?eyei? ei?eno? a ii?a, a caa??aathoueny o aiaeinoiaeu?,
a iio?i ieaiii??ii aeei?enoiaothoueny i?ioyaii ?ieo a?ae?inoaioe?yie,
?icoaoiaaieie ieae/a AAN. Oea aeaei ciiao ia eeoa ca?eueoeoe ??/iee
ae?ia?oie aeaeo?iaia?a??, a e ci?iaoe i?eia? iaaaioaaeaiiy a
aia?ainenoai? ?aeiio ?ici?uaiiy AAN. No/ani? AAN aoaeothoue c oaeei
?ic?aooieii, uia ca ?o aeiiiiiaith eiiieaenii ?ica’ycoaaeeny caaea/?
ae?iaeaiiy aeaeo?iaia?a??, c?ioaiiy caiaeue, aiaeiiinoa/aiiy i?iieneiaeo
i?aei?e?inoa oiui. Cacia/eii, ui AAN iathoue i?eiaeii? aea? ia?aaaae
ia?aae OAN ? AAN:
1) a?aenooi?noue i?ae /an ?iaioe aeo?ao ia iaeeai, aiane?aeie /iai ?o
aeaeo?iaia?a?y a 4 — 8 ?ac?a aeaoaaoa a?ae aeaeo?iaia?a??, ae?iaeaii? ia
OAN ? AAN;
2) a?ae?iaia?a?y ??/ie, ui aeei?enoiao?oueny ia AAN, a?aeoai?th?oueny
i?e?iaeii, a aeeiii? aia?ai?ano?ne ia a?aeoai?ththoueny.
A?ae?iaia?aaoe/i? oaoiieia?? iathoue aaaaoi ia?aaaa, aea ? e cia/i?
iaaeie?ee. I?ei??ii, aeiuia? naciie, iecuee? aiaei? ?ano?ne i?ae /an
canooe iiaeooue na?eicii aieeaaoe ia e?euee?noue ae?iaeaii? aia?a??. Oea
iiaea noaoe cia/iith i?iaeaiith oai, aea a?ae?iaia?a?y neeaaea? cia/io
/anoeio a aia?aaoe/iiio eiiieaen? e?a?ie; aoae?aieoeoai a?aaaeue ?
i?e/eiith aaaaoueio i?iaeai: ia?anaeaiiy iaoeaioe?a, ia?aneoaiiy
i?e?iaeieo ?onae ??/ie, caioeaiiy aiaeinoiaeu, aiaeieo noia?a/ie i?ae
non?aei?ie e?a?iaie, cia/ii? aa?oino? oeeo i?iaeo?a. Aoae?aieoeoai AAN
ia ??aieiieo ??/eao i?ecaiaeeoue aei caoiieaiiy aaeeeeo oa?eoi??e.
Cia/ia /anoeia ieiu? aiaeiei, ui ooai?ththoueny, — i?eeiaiaeaey. O
e?oi?e /an ca ?aooiie niiy/ii? ?aae?aoe?? a ieo aeoeaii ?icaeaa?oueny
aiaeyia ?ineeii?noue, a?aeaoaa?oueny oae caaia «oea?o?iiy» aiaee.
Ci?ia ??aiy aiaee, yea iiaeaeoaee aeioiaeeoue aei iiaiiai aenoooaaiiy,
i?ecaiaeeoue aei caaeaae? ?ineeiiino?. A?aae? ia?aoeiaeaeathoue
i?a?aoe?? ?ea. Aaaaoieaneaaei? AAN oaea ca?ac ia?aoai?eee ??/ee ia ieceo
ica?, aea aeieeathoue aieioa. O oeeo ??/eao aeia ?eaa, a iaaeiei ieo
ci?ith?oueny i?e?iee?iao, ua a?eueoa ?oeioth/e i?e?iaei? aeinenoaie.
OAIEIAEAEO?INOAIOeO (OAN)
Aia?a?y ethaeeie caeaaia aoea ni?yiiaaia ia iiooee cania?a iieaaoaiiy
aeeiiaiiy iaiao?aeieo aeey ?? ?nioaaiiy ?ia?o. Aeey oeueiai
aeei?enoiaoaaeeny ??ci? ?ino?oiaioe e i?ino? iaoai?cie, i?e?o/ai?
oaa?eie, aea eeoa oaieiaa iaoeia ??cei ?icoe?eea iiaeeeaino? ethaeeie,
i?enei?eea oaoi?/iee i?ia?an.
Oaieiaa iaoeia – oea nenoaia, yea aea? ciiao ia?aoai?eoe oaieiao
aia?a?th a ?io? oi?ie aia?a?? -iaoai?/io, aeaeo?e/io.
Ia oaieiaeo AN aia?a?y, yea aeae?ey?oueny i?ae /an cai?yiiy ??cieo
aeae?a iaeeaa: aoa?eey, aaco, iaooe, oi?oo, ai?th/eo neaioe?a, ca
aeiiiiiaith aeaeo?iaaia?aoi??a, ui i?eaiaeyoueny a iaa?oaiiy ia?iaeie ?
aaciaeie oo?a?iaie aai aeaeaoiaie aioo??oiueiai cai?yiiy,
ia?aoai?th?oueny a aeaeo?e/io aia?a?th. A?eueo?noue no/anieo iiooaeieo
OAN ? ia?ioo?a?iieie. O ia?ia?e oo?a?i? iaa??oa (aei 500—560 °N) ?
noeniaia (aei 2,4 • 107 Ia) ia?a aeoiaeeoue ?c niiea (o?oae), • ui
?icoe?th?oueny. Ia’?i ia?e c?inoa?, a oene a?aeiia?aeii iaaea?, i?e
oeueiio iioaioe?aeueia aia?a?y noeniooi? ia?e ia?aoai?th?oueny a
e?iaoe/io. Ia?a aeoiaeeoue ?c niiea c aaeeeith oaeaee?noth, aaea?y?oueny
a eiiaoee aeenea oo?a?ie, cae??ieaiiai ia aaeo, ? oaeaeei iaa?oa? ?o,
i?e oeueiio e?iaoe/ia aia?a?y ia?e ia?aaea?oueny ?ioi?o oo?a?ie. Aae
oo?a?ie aei?noei ca’ycaiee c aaeii aeaeo?iaaia?aoi?a, ? oiio oo?a?ia
i?eaiaeeoue a iaa?oaiiy ?ioi? aaia?aoi?a, aiane?aeie /iai ?
ae?iaey?oueny aeaeo?e/ia aia?a?y.
A?eueoa /anoeia aia?a?? iaeeaa ao?a/a?oueny ?acii c aa?y/ith
(a?aei?aoeueiaaiith) ia?ith. Oeth a?aei?aoeueiaaio ia oo?a?iao aa?y/o
ia?iaiaeyio noi?o aeei?enoiaothoue aeey iiaeaiiy aeeoeiaeo i?ei?uaiue ?
ae?iaie/eo iio?aa, ui i?aeaeuo? eiao?oe??io ei?enii? ae?? oaieiaeo
aeaeo?ioeaio?aeae (OAOe). Ne?ae caoaaaeeoe, ui ia OAOe 80 % aia?a??
cai?yiiy iaeeaa aeei?enoiaothoue ca i?yiei i?ecia/aiiyi. I?ae /an
cai?yiiy iaeeaa a oaieiaeo aeaeaoiao aeae?eythoueny oe?aeeea? ?a/iaeie:
caeen aoaeaoeth, niieoee acioo, niieoee naeioeth, a oaeiae aeae?ey?oueny
a aoiinoa?o cia/ia e?euee?noue oaieioe. E??i oiai, canoinoaaiiy ia?iaeo
oo?a?i ia OAN iio?aao? a?aeaaaeaiiy aaeeeeo ieiu i?ae noaaee, a yeeo
ioieiaeaeo?oueny a?aei?aoeueiaaia ia?a. Ui??/ii o na?o? niaeth?oueny 5
ie?ae. oiii aoa?eey ? 3,2 ie?ae. oiii iaooe, oea noi?iaiaeaeo?oueny
aeeeaeii a aoiinoa?o 2-10’°Aeae oaieioe. Caiane i?aai?/iiai iaeeaa ia
Caie? ?iciiae?eai? ae?ae ia??aiii??ii, ? ca oaia??oi?o oaii?a
niiaeeaaiiy aoa?eey aenoa/eoue ia 150—200 ?ie?a, iaooe – ia 40—50 ?ie?a,
a aaco i?eaeecii ia 60 ?ie?a. Aanue oeeee ?ia?o, iia’ycaieo c
aeaeiaooeii, ia?aaacaiiyi ? niaethaaiiyi i?aai?/iiai iaeeaa (aieiaiei
/eiii aoa?eey), a oaeiae ooai?aiiyi a?aeoiae?a, noi?iaiaeaeo?oueny
aeae?eaiiyi aaeeei? e?eueeino? o?i?/ieo caa?oaeithaa/?a. Aeaeiaooie
aoa?eey iia’ycaiee ?c /eiaeei canieaiiyi aiaeieo ?aca?aoa??a eoaee
neeaeathoueny aiaee ?c oaoo. E??i oeueiai, o aiae?, ui a?aeea/o?oueny,
i?noyoueny ?cioiie ?aae?th ? ?aaeii. OAN, oi/a e ia? no/ani? nenoaie
i/euaiiy i?iaeoeo?a niaethaaiiy aoa?eey, aeeeaea? ca iaeei ??e a
aoiinoa?o ca ??cieie ioe?ieaie a?ae 10 aei 120 oen. oiii ieneae?a n??ee,
2—20 oen. oiii ieneae?a acioo, /700—1500 oiii iiiaeo (aac i/euaiiy — a
2o-3 ?ace a?eueoa) ? aeae?ey? 3—7 iei. oiii ieneaeo aoaeaoeth. E??i
oiai, ooai?th?oueny iiiaae-300 oen. oiii ciee, yea i?noeoue aeecueei
400-o oiene/ieo iaoae?a (A?naio, eaaei?th, naeioeth, ?ooo?).
Iiaeia a?aecia/eoe, ui OAN, yea i?aoeth? ia aoa?ee?, aeeeaea? a
aoiinoa?o a?eueoa ?aae?iaeoeaieo ?a/iaei, i?ae AAN oaei? naii?
iiooaeiino?. Oea iia’ycaii c aeeeaeii ??cieo ?aae?iaeoeaieo aeaiaio?a,
ui i?noyoueny o aoa?ee? o aeaeyae? ae?aieaiue (?aae?e, oi??e, iieii?e oa
?i.). Aeey e?euee?nii? ioe?iee ae?? ?aae?aoe?? aaiaeeoueny iiiyooy
«eieaeoeaia aeica», oiaoi aeiaooie cia/aiiy aeice ia e?euee?noue
ianaeaiiy, ui caciaei aieeao ?aae?aoe?? (a?i ae?aaea?oueny o
ethaeeii-c?aa?oao). Aeyaeeiny, ui ia ii/aoeo 90-o ?ie?a ieioeiai
noie?ooy ui??/ia eieaeoeaia aeica ii?ii?iaiiy ianaeaiiy Oe?a?ie ca
?aooiie oaieiai? aia?aaoeee noaiiaeea 767 ethae/ca ? ca ?aooiie aoiiii?—
188 ethae/ca.
O iao /an a aoiinoa?o ui??/ii aeeeaea?oueny 20—30 ie?ae. oiii ieneaeo
aoaeaoeth. I?iaiice na?ae/aoue, ui i?e caa?aaeaii? oaeeo oaii?a o
iaeaooiueiio aei na?aaeeie noie?ooy na?aaeiy oaiia?aoo?a ia Caie? iiaea
i?aeaeueoeny ia aeae?eueea a?aaeon?a, ui i?ecaaaea aei iaia?aaeaa/aieo
aeiaaeueieo ee?iaoe/ieo ci?i. Ii??aithth/e aeieia?/io ae?th ??cieo
aia?aiaeaea?ae, iaiao?aeii a?aooaaoe ?o aieea ia caei?ia’y ethaeeie.
Aenieee ?ecee aeey i?aoe?aiee?a o aeiaaeeo aeei?enoaiiy aoa?eey
iia’ycaiee ?c eiai aeaeiaooeii o oaooao ? o?ainii?ooaaiiyi ? c
aeieia?/iei aieeaii i?iaeoeo?a eiai niaethaaiiy. Inoaii? aea? i?e/eie
noinothoueny iaooe e aaco oa aieeaathoue ia ana ianaeaiiy. Anoaiiaeaii,
ui aeiaaeueiee aieea aeeeae?a a?ae niaethaaiiy aoa?eey e iaooe ia
caei?ia’y ethaeae ae?? i?eaeecii oae naii, ye aaa??y oeio
*i?iiaeeuenueei?, ui iiaoi?th?oueny ?ac ia ??e. Oea – «oeoee
*i?iiaeeue», iane?aeee yeiai aaciina?aaeiuei iaaeaeei?, aea iino?eii
aieeaathoue ia aeieia?th. Eiioeaio?aoe?y oiene/ieo aeii?oie o o?i?/ieo
a?aeoiaeao noaa?eueia, ? a?aoo?-?aoo on? aiie ia?aeaeooue o aeinoa?o, ia
a?aei?io a?ae ?aae?iaeoeaieo a?aeoiae?a AAN, ui ?iciaaeathoueny.
AOIIIA AEAEO?INOAIOe?ss (AAN)
Iniiaa aoiiii? aia?aaoeee — aoiii? aeaeo?inoaioe??, ye? ia?aoai?ththoue
yaea?io aia?a?th a aeaeo?e/io. AAN aeei?enoiaothoue oaieioo, ui
aeae?ey?oueny a yaea?iiio ?aaeoi?? aiane?aeie eaioethaiai? ?aaeoe??
iiae?eo yaea? aaaeeeo aeaiaio?a, ia?aaaaeii 2330, ?E13, ec?e. Iio?i, ye
? ia cae/aeieo OAN, oaieiaa aia?a?y ia?aoai?th?oueny a aeaeo?e/io. I?e
inoaoi/iiio iiae?e? 1 a ?cioiio o?aio /e ieooii?th aea?eueiy?oueny –
22,5 Iaoiae aia?a??, ui ??aiioe?iii aia?a?? 2,8 o oiiaiiai iaeeaa.
I?eioeei ?iaioe AAN oaeee: yaea?iee ?aaeoi?, caoeuaiee aaoiiii, i?noeoue
oeee?iae?e (noa?aei?), ana?aaeei? yeeo i?noeoueny o?ai. O?aiia?
noa?aei?-aeiee ciaoiaeyoueny o aiae?, yea iaeii/anii ? ?
niia?eueithaa/ai, ? oaieiiin??i. Aiaea ia?aaoaa? i?ae aaeeeei oeneii ?
oiio iiaea aooe iaa??oa aei aeoaea aeniei? oaiia?aoo?e (ii?yaeeo 300
°N). Oaea aa?y/a aiaea c aa?oiuei? /anoeie aeoeaii? ciie ?aaeoi?a
iaaeoiaeeoue o?oaii?iaiaeaie a ia?iaaia?aoi? (a yeiio oaeiae
ciaoiaeeoueny aiaea, yea aeia?iao?oueny), ioieiaeaeo?oueny ?
iiaa?oa?oueny o?oaii?iaiaeii o ?aaeoi?. Iane/aia ia?a ?c ia?iaaia?aoi?a
/a?ac o?oaii?ia?ae iaaeoiaeeoue o ia?iao oo?a?io ? i?ney
a?aei?aoethaaiiy iiaa?oa?oueny iacaae ?ioei o?oaii?iaiaeii. Oo?a?ia
iaa?oa? aeaeo?e/iee aaia?aoi?, no?oi a?ae yeiai iaaeoiaeeoue o
?iciiae?eueiee i?eno??e ? iio?i o ciai?oi? aeaeo?e/ia eiei. O?ae
eaioethaiai? ?aaeoe?? ?aaoeth?oueny noa?aeiyie c ?a/iaei, ye? aeia?a
iiaeeiathoue iaeo?iie.
C /ano aaaaeaiiy a ae?th ia?oi? AAN ieioei iiiaae 40 ?ie?a. Ca oeae /an
o oaoi?oe? AAN noaeeny aaeee? ci?ie ??cei c?inee iiooaeiino? yaea?ieo
?aaeoi??a, i?aeaeueeeny oaoi?ei-aeiiii?/i? iieacieee AAN. Ca?ac aeey
?aeii?a, a?aeaeaeaieo a?ae ?ano?n?a o?i?/iiai iaeeaa, nia?aa?o?noue 1
eAo • aiae. aeey AAN iaioa, i?ae aeey oaieiaeo aeaeo?inoaioe?e. Oiio,
iacaaaeath/e ia aeaui aeuo aa?o?noue iaeaaeiaiiy aeey AAN, ?o caaaeuei?
aeiiii?/i? iieacieee a oeeo oiiaao e?au?, i?ae aeey oaieiaeo
aeaeo?inoaioe?e. Caian?a yaea?iiai iaeeaa a aia?aaoe/iiio aea?aaeaio? o.
nioi? ?ac?a a?eueoa, i?ae i?aai?/iiai. AAN i?aeoe/ii ia aeae?eythoue a
aoiinoa?o o?i?/ieo caa?oaeithaa/?a. sseui i?ae ?oiueith ii?iaeueiith
?iaioith ?icoi?oe oaeee ?aaeei aenieoaoaoe??, ca yeiai aeiaeaoeiaa aeica
ii?ii?iaiiy a?ae noaioe?? ia ia?aaeuo? cia/aiue oeoeooaoe?e i?e?iaeiiai
oiio, oi, ye i?aaeei, oey oiiaa aeio?eio?oueny! O oe?eiio ?aaeueiee
?aae?aoe?eiee aieea AAN ia i?e?iaeia na?aaeiaeua ? iaaaaaoi (o 10 ?
a?eueoa ?ac?a) iaioei i?eionoeiiai. sseui a?aooaaoe aeieia?/io ae?th
??ciiiai?oieo aia?aiaeaea?ae ia caei?ia’y ethaeae, oi na?aae ia
a?aeiiaethaaieo aeaea?ae aia?a?? ?ecee a?ae ii?iaeueii i?aoethth/eo AAN
i?i?iaeueiee ye aeey i?aoe?aiee?a, ae?yeuei?noue yeeo iia’ycaia c
??cieie aoaiaie yaea?iiai iaeeaiiai oeeeeo, oae ? aeey ianaeaiiy.
Aeiaaeueiee ?aae?aoe?eiee aianie aoiiii? aia?aaoeee ia an?o aoaiao
yaea?iiai iaeeaiiai oeeeeo iei? noaiiaeoue aeecueei 0,1 % i?e?iaeiiai
oiio ? ia ia?aaeueoue 1 % iaa?oue i?e iae?ioaineai?oiio ?? ?icaeoeo a
iaeaooiueiio.
Aeaeiaooie ? ia?a?iaea o?aiiaeo ?oae oaeiae iia’ycai? c iani?eyoeeaith
aeieia?/iith ae??th. Eieaeoeaia aeica, io?eiaia ia?niiaeii onoaiiaee ?
ianaeaiiyi ia an?o aoaiao aeaeiaooeo o?aio e aeaioiaeaiiy iaeeaa aeey
?aaeoi??a, noaiiaeoue 14 % iiaii? aeice yaea?iiai iaeeaiiai oeeeeo. Aea
aieiaiith i?iaeaiith caeeoa?oueny iioiaaiiy aenieiaeoeaieo a?aeoiae?a.
Ianya iniaeeai iaaacia/ieo ?aae?iaeoeaieo a?aeoiae?a noaiiaeoue
i?eaeecii iaeio noioeny/io /anoeio caaaeueii? e?eueeino? a?aeoiae?a,
na?aae yeeo ? aenieioiene/i? o?i?/i? aeaiaioe oa ?o no?ee? niieoee.
?ic?iaeythoueny iaoiaee ?o eiioeaio?aoe??, iaae?eiiai ca’ycoaaiiy e
?ici?uaiiy o o?eaeeo aaieia?/ieo oi?iaoe?yo, aea ca ?ic?aooieaie
oao?aoe?a, aiie iiaeooue oo?eioaaoeny i?ioyaii oeny/ie?oue Na?eiciei
iaaeie?eii aoiiii? aia?aaoeee ? ?aae?iaeoeai?noue aeei?enoiaoaaiiai
iaeeaa ? i?iaeoeo?a eiai iiae?eo. Oea aeiaaa? noai?aiiy caoenoo a?ae
??ciiai oeio ?aae?iaeoeaiiai aei?ii?ithaaiiy, ui cia/ii i?aeaeuo?
aa?o?noue aia?a??, yeo ae?iaeythoue AAN. E??i oeueiai, ua iaeiei
iaaeie?eii AAN ? oaieiaa caa?oaeiaiiy aiaee, oiaoi ?? iaa??aaiiy.
Oe?eaai a?aecia/eoe, ui ca aeaieie a?oie aiae?enueeeo iaaeee?a, iniae,
ui i?aoethaaee i?ioyaii 1946— 1988 ??. ia i?aei?e?inoaao a?eoainueei?
yaea?ii? i?iieneiaino?, aeeaooue o na?aaeiueiio aeiaoa, a ??aaiue
nia?oiino? na?aae ieo a?ae on?o i?e/ei, aeeth/ath/e ?ae, cia/ii ieae/ee.
sseui a?aoiaoaaoe ?aaeuei? ??ai? ?aae?aoe?? oa eiioeaio?aoe?? o?i?/ieo
?a/iaei a aoiinoa??, oi iiaeia neacaoe, ui aieea inoaii?o ia oei?o a
oe?eiio aeineoue cia/iee ii??aiyii ?c aieeaii ?aae?aoe??.
Iaaaaeai? aeai? na?ae/aoue, ui ca ii?iaeueii? ?iaioe aia?aaoe/ieo
onoaiiaie aeieia?/iee aieea aoiiii? aia?aaoeee o aeanyoee ?ac?a ieae/ee,
i?ae oaieiai?.
Iaaei?aaiei eeoii aeey Oe?a?ie caeeoa?oueny *i?iiaeeuenueea o?aaaae?y.
Aea aiia a?eueoa noino?oueny oiai nioe?aeueiiai no?ith, ui ?? ii?iaeea,
i?ae aoiiii? aia?aaoeee. Aaeaea i? ia iaei?e AAN o na?o?, e??i
*i?iiaeeuenueei?, ia aoei aaa??e, ui aaciina?aaeiuei i?ecaaee aei
caaeaae? ethaeae.
?iia??i?niee iaoiae ?ic?aooieo aaciaee AAN o oe?eiio na?ae/eoue, ui i?e
ae?iaeaii? iaei??? e o??? naii? iaeeieoe? aeaeo?iaia?a??, ?iia??i?noue
aaeeei? aaa??? ia AAN o 100 ?ac?a ieae/a, i?ae o aeiaaeeo aoa?eueii?
aia?aaoeee. Aeniiaee c oaeiai ii??aiyiiy i/aaeaei?.
AEUeOA?IAOEAI? AEAEO?INOAIOe??
C?inoaiiy ianooaa?a aeei?enoaiiy aeaeo?e/ii? aia?a??, caaino?aiiy
i?iaeai ioi?iie iaaeieeoiueiai na?aaeiaeua cia/ii aeoea?coaaee iiooee
aeieia?/ii /eno?oeo niinia?a ae?iaeaiiy aeaeo?e/ii? aia?a??. ?ioaineaii
?ic?iaeythoueny niiniae aeei?enoaiiy iaiaeeaii? a?aeiiaethaaii? aia?a??
— niiy/ii?, a?o?yii?, aaioa?iaeueii?, aia?a?? oaeeue, i?eieea?a ?
a?aeieea?a, aia?a?? a?iaaco oiui. Aeaea?aea oeeo aeae?a aia?a?? —
iaae/a?ii?, aea iio??aii ?icoiii ioe?ieoe, /e ciiaeooue aiie
caaeiaieueieoe on? iio?aae ethaenoaa.
A?O?IA? AEAEO?INOAIOe?? (AAN)
Ca ioe?ieaie ??cieo aaoi??a, caaaeueiee a?o?iaia?aaoe/iee iioaioe?ae
Caie? noaiiaeoue 1200 OAo, iaeiae iiaeeeaino? aeei?enoaiiy oeueiai aeaeo
aia?a?? a ??cieo ?aeiiao Caie? iaiaeiaeia?. Iia?oi? aeine?aeaeaiiy
iai?aaeai? ia?aaaaeii ia ae?iaeaiiy aeaeo?e/ii? aia?a?? ca ?aooiie
aia?a?? a?o?o. Nii?oaeaeothoueny AAN ia?aaaaeii iino?eiiai no?oio.
A?o?yia eieani i?eaiaeeoue o ?oo aeeiaii-iaoeio — aaia?aoi? aeaeo?e/iiai
no?oio, yeee iaeii/anii ca?yaeaea? ia?aeaeueii c’?aeiai? aeoioeyoi?e.
Nueiaiaei? a?o?iaeaeo?e/i? aa?aaaoe iaae?eii caaacia/othoue no?oiii
iaooiaee?a; aiie oni?oii i?aoeththoue o aaaeeiaeinooiieo ?aeiiao, ia
aeaeaeeo ino?iaao, a A?eoeoe?, ia oeny/ao n?euenueeiainiiaea?nueeeo
oa?i, aea iaia? iiaeeco aaeeeeo ianaeaieo ioieo?a ? aeaeo?inoaioe?e
caaaeueiiai ei?enooaaiiy. Oe?ieiio canoinoaaiith a?o?iaeaeo?e/ieo.
Aa?aaao?a o cae/aeieo oiiaao iiee ui ia?aoeiaeaea? ?o aeniea
nia?aa?o?noue. I?e aeei?enoaii? a?o?o aeieea? na?eicia i?iaeaia:
iaaeeeoie aia?a?? o a?o?yio iiaiaeo ? ianoa/a ?? a ia??iae aaca?o?y.
Aeei?enoaiiy aia?a?? a?o?o oneeaaeith?oueny oei, ui a?oa? ia? iaeo
aonoeio aia?a??, a oaeiae ci?ith?oueny eiai neea ? iai?yi.
A?o?ionoaiiaee caeaa?eueoiai aeei?enoiaothoue o oeo i?noeyo, aea aeia?ee
a?o?iaee ?aaeei. Aeey noai?aiiy a?o?ionoaiiaie aaeeei? iiooaeiino?
iaiao?aeii, uia a?o?iaeaeaoi iaa aaeee? ?ici??e, e??i oiai, iia?o?yiee
aaeio o?aaa i?aeiyoe ia aeinoaoith aenioo, ine?eueee ia a?eueo?e aenio?
a?oa? a?eueo noaeee ? ia? a?eueoo oaeaee?noue. Eeoa iaeia
aeaeo?inoaioe?y, ui i?aoeth? ia i?aai?/iiio iaeea?, iiaea cai?ieoe (ca
e?euee?noth ae?iaeaii? aia?a??) oeny/? a?o?iaeo oo?a?i.
AIA?A?ss I?EIEEA?A ? A?AeIEEA?A
A?eaie ethaee ?icaeoioaaee iaae i?e/eiith ii?nueeeo i?eieea?a ?
a?aeieea?a. Nueiaiaei? ie aeinoia??ii cia?ii, ui iiaooi? i?e?iaeia yaeua
— ?eoi?/iee ?oo ii?nueeeo aiae aeeeeeathoue neee oyae?iiy I?nyoey ?
Niioey. Aia?a?y i?eieea?a aaee/acia, ?? noia?ia iiooaei?noue ia Caie?
noaiiaeoue aeecueei 1 ie?ae. eAo, ui a?eueoa ca noia?io iiooaei?noue
on?o ??/ie na?oo.
I?eioeei ae?? i?eieeaieo aeaeo?inoaioe?e aeoaea i?inoee. I?ae /an
i?eieeao aiaea, iaa?oath/e ?ioi? a?ae?ioo?a?ie, caiiaith? aiaeieieua, a
i?ney a?aeieeao aiia c aiaeieieua aeoiaeeoue a ieaai, ciiao iaa?oath/e
?ioi? oo?a?ie. Aieiaia — ciaeoe c?o/ia i?noea aeey anoaiiaeaiiy a?aae?,
a yeiio aenioa i?eieeao aoea a cia/iith. Aoae?aieoeoai e aenieoaoaoe?y
aeaeo?inoaioe?e ia ii?? – neeaaeia caaaeaiiy. Ii?nueea aiaea ni?e/eiy?
ei?ic?th a?eueoino? iaoae?a, aeaoae? onoaiiaie ia?inoathoue
aiaei?inoyie.
AIA?A?ss NIIOess
Oaieiaee iio?e niiy/iiai aei?ii?ithaaiiy, yeee nyaa? Caie?, aeoaea
aaeeeee. A?i a?eueo ye o 5000 ?ac?a ia?aaeuo? noia?ia aeei?enoaiiy an?o
aeae?a iaeeaii-aia?aaoe/ieo ?ano?n?a o na?o?.
Na?aae ia?aaaa niiy/ii? aia?a?? — ?? a?/i?noue ? aeiyoeiaa aeieia?/ia
/enoioa. Niiy/ia aia?a?y iaaeoiaeeoue ia anth iiaa?oith Caie?, eeoa
iiey?i? ?aeiie ieaiaoe no?aaeaeathoue a?ae ?? ianoa/?. Oiaoi, i?aeoe/ii
ia an?e caii?e eoe? eeoa oia?e oa i?/ caaaaeathoue ei?enooaaoeny iath
iino?eii. Oaea caaaeueiiaeinooii?noue ?iaeoue oeae aeae aia?a??
iaiiaeeeaei aeey iiiiiie?caoe??, ia a?aei?io a?ae iaooe ? aaco.
Cae/aeii, aa?o?noue 1 eAo • aiae. niiy/ii? aia?a?? cia/ii aeua, i?ae
io?eiaia o?aaeeoe?eiei iaoiaeii. Eeoa i’yoa /anoeia niiy/iiai na?oea
ia?aoai?th?oueny a aeaeo?e/iee no?oi, aea oey /anoea aeaaeae? c?inoa?
caaaeyee coneeeyi o/aieo oa ?iaeaia??a na?oo.
Ine?eueee aia?a?y niiy/iiai aei?ii?ithaaiiy ?iciiae?eaia ii aaeee?e
ieiu? (?ioeie neiaaie, ia? iecueeo aonoeio), aoaeue-yea onoaiiaea aeey
i?yiiai aeei?enoaiiy niiy/ii? aia?a?? iiaeiia iaoe cae?ath/ee i?eno??e c
aeinoaoiueith iiaa?oiath. Iaei?ino?oee i?eno??e oaeiai ?iaeo — ieineee
eieaeoi?; a i?eioeei? oea /i?ia ieeoa, aeia?a ?cieueiaaia cieco.
Aiia i?ee?eoa neeii aai ieanoianith, yea i?iionea? na?oei, aea ia
i?iionea? ?io?a/a?aiia oaieiaa aei?ii?ithaaiiy. O i?inoi?? i?ae ieeoith
? neeii iae/ano?oa ?ici?uothoue /i?i? o?oaee, a yeeo oa/a aiaea, ianei,
iia?o?y, n??/enoee aia?ae?eae ? o.i. Niiy/ia i?ii?iiy, i?iieeath/e
e??cue neei aai ieanoiano a eieaeoi?, iiaeeia?oueny /i?ieie o?oaeaie ?
ieeoith oa iaa??aa? ?iai/o ?a/iaeio a o?oaeao. Oaieiaa aei?ii?ithaaiiy
ia iiaea aeeoe c eieaeoi?a, oiio oaiia?aoo?a a iueiio cia/ii aeua (ia
200—300 °N), i?ae oaiia?aoo?a iaaeieeoiueiai iia?o?y. O oeueiio
aeyaey?oueny oae caaiee ia?ieeiaee aoaeo. A?eueo neeaaeiei eieaeoi?ii,
Aa?o?noue yeiai cia/ii aeua, ? aaiooa aeca?eaei, yea cina?aaeaeo?
iaaeath/a i?ii?iiy a iaeiio ia’?i? a?ey iaaii? aaiiao?e/ii? oi/ee —
oieona. Caaaeyee niaoe?aeueiei iaoai?ciai eieaeoi?e oaeiai oeio iino?eii
iiaa?iai? aei Niioey. Oea aea?-ciiao cae?aoe Cia/io e?euee?noue
niiy/iiai i?ii?iiy. Oaiia?aoo?a a ?iai/iio i?inoi?? aeca?eaeueieo
eiea?nai??a aeinyaa? 3000 °N ? aeua. ?niothoue aeaeo?inoaioe?? aeaui
?ioiai oeio, ?o a?aei?ii?noue iieyaa? a oiio, ui noieoniaaia ia aa?oeio
aaae? niiy/ia oaiei i?eaiaeeoue o ?oo iao???aee oaieiiin?e, yeee
iaa??aa? aiaeo aei ooai?aiiy ia?e. Ia aeoieo oao?aoe?a,
iaei?eaaaeea?oith ?aea?th uiaei ia?aoai?aiiy niiy/ii? aia?a?? ?
aeei?enoaiiy oioiaeaeo?e/iiai aoaeoo a iai?ai?ia?aeieeao. Iaeiae
iiaa?oiy niiy/ieo aaoa?ae aeey caaacia/aiiy aeinoaoiuei? iiooaeiino? ia?
aooe aeineoue cia/iith (aeey aeiaiaiai ae?iaeaiiy 500 IAo • aiae.
iaiao?aeia iiaa?oiy ieiuath 500 000 i2), ui aeineoue aei?iai. Niiy/ia
aia?aaoeea iaeaaeeoue aei iaea?eueo iaoa??aei?iieo aeae?a ae?iaieoeoaa
aia?a??. Aaeeeiianooaaia aeei?enoaiiy niiy/ii? aia?a?? ni?e/eiy?
a?aaionueea ca?eueoaiiy iio?aa o iaoa??aeao, a ioaea, a o?oaeiaeo
?ano?nao aeey aeaeiaooeo ne?iaeie, ?? caaaa/aiiy, io?eiaiiy iaoa??ae?a,
aeaioiaeaiiy aae?inoao?a, eieaeoi??a, ?ioi? aia?aoo?e, ?o ia?aaacaiiy.
Aoaeoeai?noue niiy/ieo aeaeo?inoaioe?e o ?aeiiao, a?aeaeaeaieo a?ae
aeaaoi?a, aeineoue iaea /a?ac iano?ee? aoiinoa?i? oiiae, a?aeiinii
neaaeo ?ioaineai?noue niiy/ii? ?aae?aoe??, a oaeiae ?? eieeaaiiy,
coiiaeai? /a?aoaaiiyi aeiy ? ii/?.
AAIOA?IAEUeIA AIA?A?ss
Aaioa?iaeueia aia?aaoeea aeei?enoiao? aenie? oaiia?aoo?e aeeaieeo iaae?
caiii? ei?e aeey ae?iaeaiiy oaieiai? aia?a??. O aeayeeo i?noeyo Caie?,
iniaeeai ia e?ath oaeoii?/ieo ieeo, oaieioa aeoiaeeoue ia iiaa?oith o
aeaeyae? aa?y/eo aeaea?ae — aaeca??a ? aoeeai?a. A ?ioeo iaeanoyo
i?aeaiaei? aeaea?aea i?io?eathoue e??cue aa?y/? i?aecaii? ieanoe, ? oeth
oaieioo iiaeia caa?aoe /a?ac nenoaie oaieiiai?io. ?neaiae?y ? i?eeeaaeii
e?a?i, aea oe?iei aeei?enoiao?oueny aaioa?iaeueia aia?a?y.
A?IAAC. A?IOAOIIEIA?ss
Ca?ac ?ic?iaeaii oaoiieia??, ye? aeathoue ciiao aeiaoaaoe ai?th/? aace c
a?ieia?/ii? ne?iaeie a ?acoeueoao? o?i?/ii? ?aaeoe?? ?iciaaeo
aenieiiieaeoey?ieo niieoe ia iecueeiiieaeoey?i? ca ?aooiie ae?yeueiino?
iniaeeaeo aaeoa??e (ye? aa?ooue o/anoue o ?aaeoe?? aac aeinooio eenith c
iia?o?y). Noaia ?aaeoe??: a?iiana + + aaeoa??? -> ai?th/? aace + ?io?
aace + aeia?eaa.
A?iiana— oea a?aeoiaee n?euenueeiainiiaea?nueeiai ae?iaieoeoaa
(oaa?eiieoeoaa, ia?a?iaii? i?iieneiaino?). Iniiaiith ne?iaeiith aeey
ae?iaieoeoaa a?iaaco ? ai?e, yeee aeinoaaeythoue ia a?iaacaaonoaioe??.
Aieiaiei i?iaeoeoii a?iaaciai? noaioe?? ? noi?o ai?th/eo aac?a (90 % o
noi?o? neeaaea? iaoai). Oeth noi?o iinoa/athoue ia onoaiiaee aeey
ae?iaeaiiy oaieioe, ia aeaeo?inoaioe??.
A?aeiiaethaai? aeaea?aea (e??i aia?a?? aiaee, ui iaaea?) iathoue
ni?eueiee iaaeie?e: ?oiy aia?a?y aeoaea neaai neiioeaio?iaaia, ui
noai?th? /eiae? o?oaeiiu? aeey i?aeoe/iiai aeei?enoaiiy. Aa?o?noue
a?aeiiaethaaieo aeaea?ae (ia a?aoiaoth/e AAN) iaaaaaoi aeua,i?ae
o?aaeeoe?eieo. sse niiy/ia, oae ? a?o?iaa oa ?io? aeaee aia?a??,
iiaeooue oni?oiiai aeei?enoiaoaaoenue aeey ae?iaeaiiy aeaeo?iaia?a?? a
ae?aiacii? iiooaeiinoae a?ae e?eueeio aei aeanyoe?a e?eiaao. Aea oe?
aeaee aia?a?? oe?eeii iaia?niaeoeai? aeey noai?aiiy iiooaeieo
i?iieneiaeo aia?aiaeaea?ae.
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