C???a ??????
1. I?y?y ????? ??????
E?n “????y ????e?? ??ue” ? ????th ???ith ??o ?a???i ??????, y?i ?????ny
?? ??????o ????i o ???? ??? ??????i ????y ????. C???a ?????? ?????ny ye
???? ????? a ???e ??? X? ????y, a ????? ??e ???????a ? ?????? ?????a ???
??ie ?? ?? ???i a 1963 ?.
C???a ?????? – ? ????a ????y ??. A?i ????ny ? ????? ??i? ?????, ?a’y???
c ??th, ? ?????? ? ???/ ??? ???? ???, y? ???? eth??i c ?????o ??a. Ui ??
??? sse ???a ??? sse ?i ?????e? sse ?????ny? C y?o ????a ?????ny? sse ?
???? ?a???th?? *e ??a ???e ?c ?ae? *?o eth? ???eyth? ???e ??? ? Ui ???y?
??i ??i, ??i ???, ??e?i ???i ????e ??? *e ??e? ????eth??y ??? sse ??
?th?? Ui ????? eth?? ?c ???o ??? ?c ?????i ??? ??a ? ???? ???? ?? ?, y?
?????th? ??e ?????? sse ???i ????, ? ???y ????y e o ??? “A???y a
??????”. I?? ?o??e ?????? ?????a ???ath?ny ? ?o ?a ? ??? ????; ??y ????y
????i-??????o ????i, ???iy ??????? ??o ???? ?????? ??, ???????, ?????e,
??????? ???? ??? e ?i. C???a ??cia??i ? ??? ????? ??a?ith? ?? ???
??????o ???a, ?a e ????ue ????a c ????th ???a, ?ae y?? ???th??ny ????
??? ?c?o ?? ? ??? ??i; ?????? ?i ???? e ????, ? ?y?thth? ????ue ?? e ?o
??an?a, y? c ??th ?’y??.
C???a ?????? – ???? ??a. A?a?? ?a ???e y?-??? ???ue ??iy ??ith, ????a
?y???ue ??i ?’??a e ???? ?????iy, a ??ae ??o ?????? ???a ? ????a ????y
??ue.
Ia’??? ???iy ????? ??c???a, ye ???i, ???th? ??. A?, c ?ey? ? ????
?ny??iy ???iy?? e ?????? ??????, ???? ?? a ????, ? ?’??? ???iy ?????
?????? ? ??a ?y???ue, ?i ?? a ??.
I?? ?y???ue ???ith??ny a ??eo ??? ??y eth?e (?????, ???????, ?????,
????? e o.i.). Io ?? ??o ?y???ue ??ath? ? ??? ????oe?, ?a e ?????? ???
??: ????e, ????e, ?????e, ????, ????, e??????aa?, ??????; ???? a ????
?????, ?????e, ????e, ??i???e e o.ae. A? ?? ?y ?????? “?? a ??” ? ???i
?’??? ?????iy, o ?e ?n ye ?y ??? c ??????o ?? ?? ??a ?y???ue, ?i “?? a
??”, -? ?? ?ei c ???o ?’???a, ? ???y?, ? ?? ae, ? ????. I????, ?’???
???iy ?????? ? ???e ???oy eth??th e ????e ?????. I?? ae ?y???ue – ?? ??
?c ????a, ? ???i ???? ???y?y ethae?ith ???? ?????; ?? “??i ?? ????, ?
??? ?ae ?? e ??i; ?? ???? ? ?? ?????? ??, a ??? ?, y? ??? ????y ????
????e ??i ???i” (A?????y ?y ??e, 1998, n. 334).
O ??? ??? ???/ ?a. Ca ??? I?????? Ia’???? I??e c ??? ????y, ??e e ????
(THIANEI), ?o ?????ny 2796. A??-????e ??? ???? o ??o ?????o. A?e ???th?
??? “???” ??e -? ?ae 2500 ? 5000 (?a. E????e?? ???????e ???e, 1990, n.
609) ?i ?ae 4500 aei 6000 (?a A?ae E. Eth?? ???, 2003, n. 43), ?? ? ????
?ae ???e ??ie ??i ????: ??? ????i ??? ?????, ? ?????ny ?? ??, a ? ?? ??a
????a ??a ?? ??? ??. Aei ?? ae, ??? ????th?ny c ????yi ?i? ?a ? c ????yi
???, ??? ????o.
Eth? ? ??? ?????o o??yth? ?? ??? ??a ? ????th ?????i ??????? ???a (??a
??? ???y? eth?? ???y? ? ????o ?ny/ ???a!) ?ae ??? ???? ? ???o ?
??athoue, ?ae ???o ???o ? ???o ????o. N?? a ?? ??th?ny, o n????o, ?
????th 30-50 ??i (o ?????o ??? ????th? ?ae 40 ? 47 ??i, a a?????o 50),
?a a ?????e ??, ????ae, ??? 16 ??i, ? ???i ???? ? oa???? O????, c 82
???. ???? ?? ?? e ???a ??a (?ae ??n????, ye o ?????o, ? ??a-?????e, y?
??i ?????e ? ??? ????? ?y?o, ye o ?????o). Ua ???? ?????oy? ???
????????y ?? ?? c ii?????? ??e ?? e ?c ??????. Ia ?????ny ??i ??? ??;
?-???o ?iy?yth?ny ????? ?i?, ??, ??a; ?-???o ??th?ny ??????. A??/ ?a ?
?? ???ith??y (???ue?e, ????e, ?????, ????? e ?i.) o ?e /an ye o ?????e
??, ????ae, ??ue ?????a, a a ?i???o 22, N????? ??????? ?eth?e ??? ??,
???n, ???a ???e ??????i ??? e o.ae. A?, ???ath? ? ?, ?? ?? ?th? ?? ????,
?? ???? e o ??? ??????, ? o ??io ????, ? o ??? ?????. N?a ?i ????i, ?i
????i ??ath?ny ???, ? ??ay?? ?? ????? ??????.
I?a, ????i ?????iy ????? ?a????a ? ???? e ???? a ??? ??o, ??i ?? ????.
ss?? ae ?????? ??o ?a ??o ??a ???e ????? e ?????? Aei ?o ???? ???y?
????:
1) ?? ?? ?? ???ue ethaeyi ye ??????? ??a ?????iy;
2) ?? ?? ??? ??? o ????? e ????? ??e, ??i ? ????ith ????th ??? ??????;
3) ?? ?? ????eyth? ??th ???y??o ???o ???ue (??i, ??a, ?????e, ???????);
4) ?? ?? ??? ??????e ? ??? a ???, ?a e o ????e ???;
5) ?? ?? ???ath?ny ? ???e ???? e o ?????? ?i?o ??? ???? ?????a ????iy e
???? ????iy.
I?????i ???i ???, ??? ????/ ?yo ????, ? e ????ny a ??? “????y ??????o
???ue”. ????y ??? ???? ????? ?? ?a ???e ???iy ??i ?’??a. “I?i ???a, ??
???e ? ????e, ??y???e ? ?, ?a ??? ?th ?????ue ? ??????y ???a ??, ?????
?i ????i?i, ? ??? ???, ??e ????, ??io ?iy?th. O?, ??????? ???o O?? ?c
I??a ??? ?????ith ??? ??? ??, ?y A???? ???th ??i???th ??o ??e ?a ???, ?y
Ae??? ???a ??th???i ???? ??? ???e ?ey?? a ????? ???” (?a. A??e????e ???e
th?? ????, 1984, n. 5). Oe? ???a ?????iy ??a ?ei a ??? c ?????i. O??e
???th? ???th, ???? ? ??, ?a ?? ?? ??i?????, a ??i ??? ??????y ??? ???e o
???. O? ???i ???iy ??????i ????a O????a AeA ?i ?? e ??, ? ???a ????o o
?a???ue?e ?????? ???o XX a. O?? ? ???? ???th??ny ??????, ?? ?c ??o
??????o ???ue ?i ??, ???i y?? ?a ?????e ???? ???-??????? E? A???a.
??? ???a ????i ?????iy ?????ny a ????? ???? ??o ???a, ??????? ???? ??? e
?????a??. O? ???i ??ath? ??o ????, ????e ?? -? ?????, ????e ?? ???e e
o.ae. ??? ?????, ??? ??i ?y?i, ?y?y?ny ???? ??????o ? ????? ???e. A.E.
Ae?ue, ?a ??y ???i ???i ??a, ???a ??y ?? ????? ?i’y?? “O???? ???e ae??
???????? ??”. A??a ????o ?????o ???e ? ??? E.E. N?????ai ??c ??? ?ath?
ye ???? “I???a?a ?y N???a ?a????? ?ae”.
ss?i a ??? ?ey?? ??y?i ?yo, ????e ??????i, ??a ?????ny, ? ??? ???e ???iy
y???o ???a ??????ny, ??iy? ?? ??? ???i ?ae ??? ??????, ? ?????ny, ?ae
??? ???? ??? ??e ?i ??.
A “???o (??ith ??i-???o) ??o o???? ????? ???? ????iy ??, ????? ?? e
???iy, ???? ??a. O ???? ????y, a ??o A?????y e o I?? ?n ??a ????a ??? ?
??o e ??o y???o ???a, i?e ????????? ???? ??o ? ??e ???? a ?????? ???o X?
a., ?a ????ny ????? ?????iy? ???o y?u o ??yo ????????. I?????i XX-XX?
???/ ??? ? ???? ? ??, ?a ???e c ???? ?a ?? e ?c?y?? ?o ?ae ??? ??i ??,
???? ? ??, ?a ???? ???th, ????? ?y ?y??iy ???? ?a ??i ? ???i ??? .
ss?i ?????e ???? ?????o (?ae ?. ??? ??, ? ???ith??ny) ? ??a?, ? ????
?????? ? ??a ?i ?????o, ???ith??? e ??????o a ????? ??o ???a ? ??e.
C???a ?????? ? ???? ???y ??, ???e ???e ????y ??.
C???a ?????? ????a ???? ??e ?yae ???i, ?????e ? ???? i??iy. Aei ???????
c ?o ??ey?ny:
1) ???? ?’??a ?????e, ?? ???ue, ????iy ?? ?ae ???? ?’???a. Oea ??e ?????
? ???y: “Ui ?? ???”, “sse ?i ?a’y??e c ???iyi?”;
2) ???? ?????? ????iy ?? e ?????o ?’y??a y???? ???o?;
3) ???? ??????iy ??, ?? ?????o ?’y??a;
4) ???? ?????? ???? ??, ?a’y?? c ???yi ?y? ???: “sse ? ?? ???a ???”,
“ss? ??e o ??? ???? ?i ????ue?”, “*?o ??ath? ?i “??th?” i?e?”, “sse ?c
?? ?? ??o ??? ? ?????e a ??o IO?, ???y ??i, ?????????”;
5) ???? ????? ??, ? ????? ????? ? ???y: “Ui ?? ??? ???”; “I?????? ?i ?i
??????”; “*?o ?i ???th?? O???? N??? I??????”; ” ?I?a ????iy y???? ??a ??
???????, ?????i ?y ??o ?a?”;
6) ???? y???o ?????e (??i ????o ?y ??o ?i ?y ???? ?a ?????o ??????) ?
???? ?????? ??????e ?a ??;
7) ??? ?????iy ?a ? ?’y?e ????? ?????? c ???e ???e.
C???a ?????? ??? ?? a ?? ye ????a ??, o ??o ?? ??i?a’y?? c eth??th,
??????i, ????th, ?y?yth? ???? ??????? ????iy ??, ?? ???? e ??????iy. O?o
????e ??a ????? ?????? ? ??? ???? ??ue. A?i ??i i?’y?? c ?????th, ? ????
c ????th ???iy: ???th? ???? ???? i?e, ????i ????? ?? ????iy ? ?’????? ??
e ? ?n??y, ??i ?e ? ???a ????ny ????i ???y ?????: “Ui ????, ???y ?i
?????ue?”
C???a ?????? ????ny ? ?? ??? ???? ??ue: ??, ? ????oth? eth??, ?????,
??????, ???????, ??????; ??, ? ??ath? ?? ? ???? eth???i ??????, -?
??????, ??????, ?????; ? ?? ????e (i?? ?i ???? ???e), ???, ?????e (??e
?i ????y ?????? ????e), ?????? (??e ?i ??? ?????y, ????e e ??/? ??????).
Oe?? ??o “C???a ??????” ????e ?????? ????y ?????, ????e ?? ????????o
?????, ?? “? ?????, ? ??a ????? ????? y?y? ??th ????o ???o ???? a ??oe??
??e ?i ???io eth??o ??, ? o ??? ?????, ???? e ??????? ???y??ny ????i
???i…” (O???i A.O. C???a ??????… 1989, n. 4). E?n c???? ????a c
?????th ??????o i???, ?? ???y ?i ?????? ?????? i??y?e e ??e; ???y?
?????o ????? ????e ???? e ?e??? ??????? ????, ????e ??e ??????e ?????;
???? ? ???y i????o ???ue, ?a’y??o c ??th.
2. ????y ??????o ???ue ye ???? ???a ??o “C???a ??????”
C???a ?????? ?eth?? ?e ????: 1) ????y ??????o ???ue, 2)???y ??????, 3)
??? ??????? ????.
O????i ????y ??????o ???ue ????ny a ??o ??? ???, ? ???a?y??ny ???
??????: ???a ?????? ???? ?????? ??yae ? ?? ?? ????? ?c ????? c ?????th
?? ????. ss?i ???y ?????? ??e? ???? ??????? ???? ??y?a ? ????ue ??, ??
????o, ? ?? ?? o ??? ??????, ? ????i ???iy ??o ????? ??????o ???ue ? ?i
??? ???iy ??, ???th? c ?????o ??a ? ??o ??a. A?i ????ue ?c ?????e, o y?o
??????y ??iy ?i ??; ?????? ?i??? ?????? ?i?y?e e ??e, ? ???? a ??? ???e
????? e ???iy?? ?????; ??? ?ny??iy ???? ?????a; ????? ??? e ???e ???????
????, ? ???????y ia ??? ???yo ???? ??????.
sse ???? ???a ??o “C???a ??????”, ????y ??????o ???ue ?? ?? ??????
???iy. A?i ??i c??? ?? ???a
1) ???????? ??? ????’y?e ?ae ???y?, ? ????ny a ??? ??e, ? ???? ???????
????, c ?i?i ??, ? ????ue?? ??y?? ?o?o ???a -? c ???;
2) ?????e ????y ???a ???? ???? ??????? ??e;
3) ???? ???????ue ???i ?ae ??i?? ????y?, ? ???oth?ny, ? y??? ?????i,
?????i, ?????i e ???e?? ??y eth???i ?????? ? ??? ??? ?? ????;
4) ???? ??? ???? ??e ? ????? ??? ??? ??i o ???? ?a????i;
5) ??????e ? ????y ?i ???e ???? ??e ?i ??. Ui ae ??? ?????? ? ?y?
??????i ????o?
Ii-??a, ye ? ??-y? ??a, ?? i???y?ny ???? ??????, ? ?????ny. A ??o ???o
?????? ?????a ? ?????? ??th?? ??? ?????a ?i??? ????? ????a e ????a
??a?y. O?? ?? ???e ?? ????i? ???a e o ?e ? ?n ???e ???e ?? ??????. Oea ?
??i ? ???th?? ?????? ?????iy. I???? c???y ?????y ??????? a ??y???a?e
???? ????e ??? ?????a ??? ?y?ny ? ????y ??ie ? ???? ?y ????o ?????o ???a
N??? e E???? I????. E?i ??, ?????? ????i ??????i ??a c a?o ??? ???i
???ath?ny ??. A?i ???a ? ???? ??a ??? a XV???-X? ?., ????iy ?????? o
???? X? -? ???o XX a. ????o ???i?? ???ny o ????? ???????i ??y?o a
??????; ??????y ?????o ?? ????a ????i ? ????iy ?????i ??y?o ??? ???? XX
????y -? ???????o.
????y ?????? ?????: ?? ??a ???? ????e ?ae ??????e e ???????e, ?ae ?????e
e “??????e”, ?ae ????????e e ????????e. ss? ???? ????e ??? ????e ???e??
????? ???e ?o ?????o ???e, ? ??? ???ae?e ? ????? ???iy?? ??????: o ??
??? ?????? ???y?ny ?y? ??? ????a??? ???iy ?a, ?ae ????th ?? ?????a, ? a
N?N? ??????a ??a ???a ? ?e ?ny???y ???? I???? e E??????e ?????i? ??e. ?
?? ??y ????i ????o ???? ?????o ?????? I.I. O?y???o, ??ee ?????o ? ????o
????? ???a o NOA a Ae??????i ???????, ? ??? a 1954 ?. ???? ??? ?? ?c
????? ?? ? ?????o. Caa??ith ? ??????? ? ?????o ??? a ?? ???????ny ?????y
?o? ??? ????y o ?????? ?ae ????o ?????a. I??? ?????a a ??n?e ???? ??oth?
???a ???? ??? a ????o ?????o. ???? ?????i ?????? ? ????? ??? ? ????a
???? a 1980-2000-? ?. ???? ???? ???????, a ???????y ?????i ??y, ?
???????ny “?????th” ?? ???a ???? ??????, ??y? ???? “??????”.
Ii-??a, ???a??i ?????ny c ?????? ???? ????th ??? ??e, ????? ?????y,
?????? ???? e??????? ????, ?????e ??iy ?i ??. I???? ??a ?? ?????? ??a
X?-XX ?. ???? ? ????o ?a ??y?? ???? a ?? ?????? ????? ????i ??????e ??e
???o ?a ?i ????e ????? ???? ??ee ? ???? ??. O?, ????? ????e ??? A????i
OII A????, ? ?a?a ???/ ?a (?ae ????????o ? ????i-?????, ?????? ?
????-?e?????), ??? ????i ??o ? ????e ????, ? ? ??i ???a ??th? ????y a
??????e ??????e ???. A?i ??a ???????ue ?????i ???o ?e ??? ??? ?a, ????
??????o ?????o ??????th ?a ?? e ???a ????th ??, ? ???? ???? ?????? a
?????o ??o.
3. I??????y ????? ??????o ???ue
????y ??????o ???ue ?? ?? ??ey?? c ????iyi ???????, ? ???? ????o ???? ??
? ?y? ????eth??y ??ue ?i ??. I?????i o ??? ???? ???i i’y? ???a ? ?????
??? ???? ??, ???:
?. I????e ?? (V? a. ? i.a. -? XV??? a.). O ?e ?n ?? ??????? ?????? ????
??????, ??a?? ??? ??????? ???????, ????i? ????? ????e ???? ? ???ith ??o
??? ?a ??.
I. A????y ???y??-?????? ????n?a e ????? ?? (??? XV??? -? ???e X? a.). Ia
??o ??? ?????? ???e? ??e ?’?? ? ??e ???o ?????iy, ???? ?????? ??ae ????
y???? ????o e ????ny a ?????o ??o.
???. ????o ???y??-?????? ??????, ???? o ?y???? ????????, ???-?????? e
??????i? ??y??a o ?????? X? a.
?V. I?????? ? ?????y ?? (?i?ue X? -? ???e XX a.), ?????e ???ith
???y??-?????? ???. Ae?? ?? ??a ???e ????, ? ?????e ??? ?y ????iy
???????i ??? o ????io ??????.
V. N?????? (1920-1960-? ?.). O ?e ??? ?? ??????? ??e ? ??? ?????o
?ny?th? ???o ???a ?e ???? ?? a ?? ?????o ??? ye ?n???i y??.
V?. N??? ?????? (1970-? ?. -? ?? ??). A????ue ??????o ??e ??y XX -? ???o
XX? a., ???oth? ??????? ? ????? ???ae ? ??, ca ?????iy eth???i ???a, ?
???iy ???? ??????, ??? ?? ????, ???oth?? ? ???? ????????, ? ????th? ????
??????o ?????ue ? ???e ?????? c ???e ???e (??????th, ??????th, ?????th,
??????th, ???????, ??????th e ?i.).
sse e a ??? ???yo ??ue, ?e ???? ?ae ??? ??o ? ???i a ?????? ?ya ??????
??i ?????y. O? ???????y ?????ue o ??????? e ????eth??? ??ue; ???? ?? ???
?? ?a’y?? c ????ue?, ?a ????i ?? ?y? ????? ?e. I?????i ?????y ? ????:
???a?ny ? ??? ???ue ? ?a?o ???, ??aey? c ??? ??????. O/?? ???? c ??o ??
? ?? ???-??????i ????iy, ??i ????ny ???? ????th ????iy ?a ? ????th?? ???
???? ?’y?e. C XX a. ??o ?????y ? ?????????o ???i, y? ??th?? ??? a ????
??: ?? ??ae ??? ??????a (?? ???ia) o ??o ??. (Aeey ???? ??????n?a
??????y ??? ?a ? ?? ??e?e, ?i ??iy ?i ???o ??.) A? ?, ? ?? ????i ?y
?????a ??/???, ?ye ? ???th? ????? a ???o ????????a. ? ??? ?o ? ??? a
???? ?’??a ?????iy -? ??? ??, ?a e o ???? ??e ?i ??. Ia ????o ??? ???n?a
??thth? ? ae ???y, ?ae y?? c??eth??y A????i OII A????, aea ?????????y,
?????a ?????a, ????????a e ??? ?????? ????? ??y XX -? ???o XX? a. ?????
?ny??iy? ???????, ???????, ???? e ??? ??e ????.
N??e ?????? ?????
1. A?ae E. Ethae?a ???: A??e ?????e a ?????? ??e / I??. n ?. A.I. I???.
I. O?NN, 2003. N. 16-66.
2. A????i E.O. O??y ??. A???y a ???? ??????: O?a. ???? ?y ????a ??e. ??.
A????: C??, 1998. N. 3-11.
3. A??? ?.A. *?o ??ue ?n ????y ??e ?i ?? // O?????? ??e. 1986. ? 3. N.
13-25.
4. E??????e ???????e ???e / Ae. ?ae. A.I. ss??a. I.: N?. ??????y, 1990.
N. 618-621; 2-? ?ae., ?i. I.: A??? ?????a ??????y, 2002. N. 618-621.
5. O???i A.O. C???a ??????. E?????i ? ?????? ??? ?ae ???: O?a. ???? ?y
????a-????a ?e. ?n. yc. ? ?o, ?ae. ?-?a. I.: I???, 98. N. 3-6; 2-? ?ae.,
???a. ? ?i. I.: I???, 1989. N. 3-5.
6. A??????? ???e th?? ??e?a (??????) / N?o. I.A. I??a. I.: I?????, 1984.
N. 5-11.
7. A?????y ?y ??e. O. 10. I?????i. ?????a ?? / Ae. ?ae. I.Ae. A????. I.:
A??a+, 1998. N. 658-660.
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